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 1985 
 
A MONOGRAPH 
 
 THE MYXOGASTKES 
 
 GEORGE MASSEE. 
 
 IHetljuen ^ (iTo., 
 
 18, BURY STKEET, LONDON, E.G. 
 1892. 
 
 [AH right.') rentrva'..] 
 
^^* 
 
 42\\,^ 
 
 RicuARD Clay & Sons, Lihitkd, 
 London & Buncjay. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The preparation of a monograph dealing with minute organ- 
 isms, where the descriptions of the old authors are compara- 
 tively or often absolutely valueless, depends on the facilities 
 afforded for a critical examination of type or authentic speci- 
 mens. In this respect I have enjoyed exceptional facilities. 
 The splendid collection of Myxogastres in the Royal Herbarium, 
 Kew, rich in types, and with numerous annotations by Rosta- 
 finski, who examined the collection in detail, and which indeed 
 served as the basis for his excellent monograph, also served me 
 in like manner. To other workers in the same field in different 
 countries I am also indebted for the loan or gift of valuable, 
 and in some instances unique, specimens. To all who have in 
 this or other ways assisted, I offer my sincere thanks. 
 
 Notwithstanding the excellent work initiated by the late 
 Professor De Bary, and continued by Brefeld, Cienkowski, 
 Woronin, Zopf, and others, the life-history of the majority of 
 forms is still unknown ; hence all attempts at classification, as 
 also the conception as to what constitutes a species, must be 
 considered as tentative. When we are better aquainted with 
 the main lines of development and lines of variation, also the 
 conditions determining these variations, it is certain that the 
 main factor in the discrimination of species will not be a one- 
 twelfth oil-immersion objective. 
 
 Geo. Massee. 
 
 Kew, 1892. 
 
A 
 
 MONOGKAPH OF THE MYXOGASTRES. 
 
 HISTORICAI.. 
 
 Neglecting the allusions made to members of the present 
 group by the pioneers of science, we find amongst the earliest 
 of unmistakable accounts, an essay on the organism popularly 
 known as " Flower of tan " — Fuligo varicms, Rost., by Marchand, 
 a Frenchman.^ The account, as would be expected, savours 
 of the mysterious; but it is evident from the name used, 
 ' Eponge,' and from certain remarks made, that the author 
 considered the organism as being most nearly allied to what 
 are at present considered as members of the animal kingdom. 
 From this period until within the last thirty years, the Myxo- 
 gastres have almost universally been considered as fungi, 
 and with but few exceptions regarded as belonging to the 
 Gastromi/cdcs. 
 
 Characteristic figures by early authors occur in the works 
 of Micheli,2 Gleditsch,^ Schaeffer," Bulliard,^ Sowerby,^ and 
 Schrader." Fries was the first to clearly grasp the leading 
 features of the group to which he gave the name of Myxogastres, 
 and defined as follows, "Primitus mucilaginosi, fiuxiles." '^ In 
 
 1 Sur une vegetation particuliere qin vient sur le tan, Ilist. tie Vacad. 
 roy. des sciences, Paris (1727). 
 '2 Nov. Plant. Gen. (1729). ^ _^^^7(,_ jr,,,,,,. (1753). 
 
 * Icon. Fung. (17G2). ^ Ili.'it. Champ, France (1791—1798). 
 
 « FJngl. Fhwj. (1797—1809). ' Schrud., Nov. Gen. (1797). 
 
 8 Syd. Myr., iii. p. G7 (1829). 
 
2 A Monograph of the My. roga litres. 
 
 the Friesian arrangement of fungi, the Myxogastres constitute 
 one of the two sub-orders of the Gastromi/cetcs, a position that 
 was perfectly justifiable when we remember that at the period 
 in question, external resemblances were accepted as proofs of 
 affinity; and considering the advances made in almost every 
 other group of minute organisms due to microscopic research, 
 it is somewhat remarkable to find that until the year 1864 the 
 classification of the Myxogastres was based almost entirely on 
 naked eye, or at most, pocket-lens characters. At the date last 
 named, the appearance of Professor De Bary's splendid work on 
 the present gi-onp ^ completely revolutionized all the pre-exist- 
 ing ideas as to structure and affinity, and has served as the basis 
 upon which all subsequent writers have endeavoured to demon- 
 strate kinship amongst the various sections comprising the 
 group. 
 
 Ajfinitics. 
 
 Respecting the nature and affinities of the Myxogastres, we 
 find the following in Professor De Bary's last work on the 
 subject — " I have, since the year ] 858, placed the Myxomycetes 
 under the name of Mycetozoa outside the limits of the vegetable 
 kingdom, and I still consider this to be their true position." - 
 This statement has been generally interpreted, and probably 
 correctly, as signifying that De Bary looked upon his Mycetozoa 
 as animals ; but it would perhaps have been wiser to have stated 
 this belief point-blank, and to have chosen some other word 
 than Mycetozoa to designate the group, thereby dispelling any 
 lingering of doubt as to his meaning. The difficulty is not 
 lessened by De Bary's introductory paragraph on the Mycetozoa, 
 which is as follows — " Tlie name Mycetozoa is here applied to 
 a group of fuugus-Hke organisms amounting at the present time 
 to nearly three hundred species, the larger number of which 
 are contained in the division Myxomycetes or Slime-Fungi (the 
 Myxogastres of Fries), together with the smaller one distin- 
 guished by Van Tieghem under the name of Acrasieae. 
 
 ' Die Mycdozoen (Sclileinipilze), (1864). 
 
 ■^ FiUKji MijcetoMu and Bacteria; Engl. eJ., p. 444. 
 
A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 3 
 
 " The resemblance of the Mycetozoa to the Fungi is due partly 
 to their mode of life and nutrition, partly to the close agree- 
 ment in structure and biological characters between their organs 
 of reproduction and the spores of Fungi. A spore-terminology 
 corresponding to that of the Fungi will therefore be applied to 
 the present group." ^ In the Myxogastres, the life of an indi- 
 vidual consists, under normal conditions, of two very sharply 
 defined stages; first, the vegetative phase, concerned with 
 functions tending towards the well-being of the individual ; 
 second, the reproductive phase, concerned entirely with the 
 continuation of the species. The above quotation not only 
 shows that De Bary's reasons for placing the Myxogastres in 
 the animal kingdom are derived entirely from the vegetative 
 'phase, but what is equally important to note, that the disparity 
 between the reproductive phase in the Myxogastres and that 
 exhibited by any of the lower groups of animals is so great, 
 while "the close agreement in structure and biological cha- 
 racters between their organs of reproduction and the spores of 
 fungi " are so pronounced, that De Bary was compelled to adopt 
 the terminology used by fungologists in describing all the ixirts 
 belonging to the reproductive phase, and not only the spores ; 
 such terms as sporangium, cajnllitium, cohtmella, &c., are used 
 by fungologists for structures in fungi that are identical in 
 function with the structures designated by the same names by 
 De Bary in the Myxogastres, 
 
 Passing to the evidences of affinity afforded by the vegetative 
 phase, we find De Bary's idea on this point expressed in the 
 following quotation — 
 
 "The group of the Mycetozoa differs distinctly from the 
 Fungi which have been the subject of the first part of this book 
 in all such characteristics as do not belong to all organisms 
 alike, and the descriptions already given of both kinds of plants 
 render any further explanation of the point unnecessary ; their 
 connection also with other known plants is still more remote. 
 The difference would not be less decided if the Mycetozoa were 
 without their remarkable movements, for such movements ai'e 
 
 1 Tom. cit. p. 421. 
 
4 A Monog)'a2)li of the Myxogastres. 
 
 observed in other vegetable cells which have not a firm 
 membrane. The characteristic mark of separation lies in the 
 formation of plasmodia or aggregation of swarm-cells." ^ 
 
 We find in the above paragraph the reasons why the Myxo- 
 gastres are placed outside the vegetable kingdom ; these reasons 
 we further find to be two in number — one general, the other 
 specific. Commencing with the general reason, " The group of 
 the Mycetozoa differs distinctly from the Fungi . . . in all such 
 characteristics as do not belong to all organisms alike." In 
 estimating the value of the above reason, it will be most 
 satisfactory to accept De Bary's own idea as to what constitutes 
 a standpoint for comparison, which is as follows — " We find it 
 impossible to establish any strict homologies, and we are limited 
 to the observation of resemblances in form, structure, and mode 
 of life." 2 As stated above, the Myxogastres are so far differ- 
 entiated as to have the vegetative and reproductive phases 
 sharply defined, and it is customary, I believe, to take the sum 
 of characters presented by loth phases, in determining affinities ; 
 hence while admitting that reproduction is common to all 
 organisms alike, I maintain that differences of degree in 
 connection with reproduction, are also of value in determining 
 affinities, and consequently cannot reconcile " the resemblance 
 of the Mycetozoa to the Fungi is due partly to their mode of 
 life and nutrition, partly to the close agreement in structure 
 and biological characters hetwcen their organs of rc^jroduction and 
 the sjjorcs of Fungi " — (the italics are ours) — with " the group 
 of the Mycetozoa differs distinctly from the Fungi . . . in all 
 such characteristics as do not belong to all organisms alike" — 
 (italics ours) — especially as De Bary admits that in such simple 
 groups, our proofs of affinity are " limited to the observation 
 of resemblances in forms, structure, and mode of life." 
 
 Second, or specific reason. — " The characteristic mark of 
 separation lies in the formation of plasmodia or aggregation of 
 swarm-cells." 
 
 To realize the true value of the two 2^oint.<;, both presented by 
 the vegetative phase, and cousidered by De Bary as of sufficient 
 1 Tom. cit. p. 443. 2 Xoiii. cit. p. 443. 
 
A Monograph of the Myocogastres. 5 
 
 importance to place the Mycetozoa outside the vegetable 
 kingdom, tiic formation of a plasmodmiii in the Myxoviycctes, or 
 the aggregation of sioarni-celh in the Acrasieae, tlie two primary 
 divisions of the Mycetozoa, it is necessary to commence with 
 the germination of the spore. In the M//xomycetes, the spores 
 on germination give origin to one, two, or more naked cells, 
 which possess the power of movement due to the protrusion of 
 pseudopodia or the presence of a cilium ; these cells are known 
 as swarm-eclls. The swarm-cells possess a nucleus, multiply by 
 bipartition, and eventually coalesce to form a plasmodimn in 
 the following manner. After the production of numei-ous 
 swarm-spores by repeated bipartition, little groups are formed 
 by the close approach of two or more of these bodies; these 
 groups often disperse again, but eventually the components of 
 a group coalesce, and lose their individuality ; this coalescence 
 and loss of individuality results in the formation of a small 
 ^Plasmodium, which, in some unknown way, possesses the power 
 of attracting surrounding free swarm-cells ; these at once coalesce 
 and add to the bulk of the plasmodium. The nuclei of the 
 component swarm-cells retain their individuality in the plas- 
 modium, the latter retaining the power of motion originally 
 possessed by its components, and represents the vegetative 
 phase of a Myxogaster. The above is De Bary's conception of 
 the formation of a plasmodium, to which may be added, in his 
 OAvn words — " Nuclei were not at first observed in the plasmodia. 
 Cienkowski even stated expressly that the nuclei present in 
 the swarm-cells disappear when they coalesce. But Schmitz 
 and Strasburger have recently established the presence of 
 numerous nuclei in the plasmodium, and it may be presumed 
 that they are the persistent nuclei of the swarm-cells and 
 products of their division." ^ The presence of a thick, colourless 
 membrane surrounding the plasmodia in Lycogala, Arcyria 
 punicea, and Stemonitis fusca has been noted by De Bary, who 
 also found that in the last-named species, the inner and thicker 
 portion of the envelope became blue with iodine. Under 
 certain conditions unfavourable for active vegetative work. 
 
 ' Tuin. cit. p. 425. 
 
6 A Monograph of the Mifxogastres. 
 
 Plasmodia possess the power of passing into a temporary 
 sclerotioid or resting stage ; the preliminaries for this condition 
 are the breaking up of the protoplasm into innumerable roundish 
 or polyhedric cells with an average diameter of from 25 — 40 /x. 
 In some species, as Fidigo and Didymmm scoyula, the cells 
 become surrounded by a distinct, colourless membrane, which 
 shows the reaction of cellulose with iodine and sulphuric acid or 
 with Schulze's solution. 
 
 In the Acrasicae, the spores on germination give origin to 
 ameboid swarm-cells, ciliated cells never being produced ; 
 after undergoing repeated bi partitions, the swarm-cells form 
 dense masses, but although crowded together, do not coalesce ; 
 this crowding together without loss of individuality constitutes 
 what De Bary terms, aggregation of swarm-cells. 
 
 From the above account we learn that the coalescence of 
 naked, motile cells, or even the aggregation of naked motile 
 cells without loss of individuality, is, from De Bary's standpoint, 
 the proof that the Myxogastres are not plants. 
 
 Naked or primordial cells are as a rule motile; in fact a 
 considerable amount of motility is usually exhibited by proto- 
 plasm when imprisoned in a cell-wall ; hence we may presume 
 that motility, being so general, is not an important factor in 
 the character that proves Myxogastres to be animals; in fact 
 De Bary admits that the differences between the Mycetozoa 
 and the Fungi " would not be less decided if the Mycetozoa were 
 without their remarkable movements, for such movements are 
 observed in other vegetable cells which have not a firm 
 membrane," The Aco'asicae show that the coalescence, with 
 loss of individuality of the component cells, may be om'itted 
 from the character that separates the Myxogastres from 
 plants; hence we find that the only point not neutralized 
 by De Bary's own statements is that of naked cells; conse- 
 quently we may, by following De Bary's reasoning, formulate 
 the character that excludes the Myxogastres from the vege- 
 table kingdom as follows — Cells naked during the entire vege- 
 tativc period. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that the above definition covers 
 
A Monogvcq^li. of the Myxogastres. 7 
 
 the crucial point in De Bary's characteristic Avork of separation, 
 which "lies in the formation of plasmodia or aggregation of 
 swarm-cells," it will be well to treat individually, all the points 
 embodied in the original, commencing with the coalescence of 
 cells. This coalescence, and consequent loss of individuality 
 of cells to form a common mass of protoplasm capable of 
 spontaneous movement, is the leading characteristic of a 
 Plasmodium ; but it is an undoubted fact that motility is to a 
 very considerable extent influenced by the presence or absence 
 of a cell- wall, or to the relative plasticity of the cell-wall Avhen 
 present; and coalescence of protoplasm, even when cell-walls 
 intervene, is highly characteristic of fungi, and has received differ- 
 ent names depending on its supposed morphological or physio- 
 logical functions; it is sufficient to name "clamp-connections" 
 characteristic of the vegetative hyphae of the Basidiomycctcs ; and 
 the complex irregular network formed by the vegetative hyphae 
 of many of the forms included in the Hypliomycetes as being due 
 to the fusion of portions of protoplasm originally distinct. In 
 the above examples the component hyphae are septate ; but in 
 the Mmorini, where the hyphae are entirely without septa, 
 there is a still nearer approach to a plasmodium. 
 
 In the last-named group, the spore on germination gives 
 origin to an intricately branched mycelium, the component 
 branches of which eventually form a dense, irregular network, 
 due to the numerous points at which coalescence of originally 
 distinct branches has taken place. If single spores, picked up 
 under a low magnifying power, on the point of a needle touched 
 with glycerine, are sown on glass slips in a thin smearing of 
 sterilized decoction of raisins, covered with large squares of thin 
 glass sterilized by passing through the flame of a spirit-lamp, 
 raised at one end by a strip of tracing-paper to prevent crushing 
 the spore, and at once sealed up with cement, it will be found 
 that in most cases, spores of the Hypliomycctcs or Phycomycetcs Avill 
 germinate at once, and continue to grow until a considerable 
 mass of mycelium is formed ; such preparations can be examined 
 at any moment under high powers without loss of time, and 
 the behaviour of the mycelium followed. A noteworthy feature 
 
8 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 presented during the growth of the primary mycelium is the 
 gradual tapering of the hyphae ; this tapering is of a two-fold 
 nature; the main trunk, or first portion emitted by the spore 
 produces secondary thinner branches, these in turn bear still 
 thinner branches, and this production of successively thinner 
 hyphae results in a complex structure, which may be compared 
 to the branching of a tree, commencing with the trunk and 
 ending with the youngest and thinnest ramifications. The 
 second type of tapering is seen in the gradual attenuation of the 
 component hyphae ; this is most conspicuous in the case of 
 elongated, unbranched hyphae, which from a basal width of 
 8 — 10 \i taper gradually towards the apex, which may not exceed 
 2 /lA in width. If a spore of Mucor lateritius, a species met with 
 on semi-putrid potatoes, be sown on a glass slip in a drop of 
 sterilized decoction of decayed potato, and kept in a damp 
 atmosphere under a small bell-jar, growth proceeds somewhat as 
 described above ; a dense mycelium showing the two aspects of 
 attenuation is developed; and as growth proceeds an irregular 
 reticulation is formed, due to the coalescence of originally 
 distinct lateral branches. This coalescence is not confined to 
 cases where two hyphae happen to meet in the ordinary course 
 of growth, but in many instances, as described in detail by 
 Professor Marshall Ward in the instance of a species of 
 Botrytis} the hyphae attract each other, and may be deflected 
 from their previous course through a right angle or even more. 
 The peripheral hyphae usually elongate for some distance in 
 straight lines, the unknown factor in connection with coalescence 
 being apparently absent from the youngest portions, and only 
 manifests itself at some distance behind the tips of the hyphae, 
 where it possibly determines first the origin of lateral branches, 
 and subsequently their direction. This yearning for coalescence 
 is not common to all lateral branches. The hyphae possess a 
 cell-wall but no transverse septa, hence the protoplasm is 
 continuous throughout the intricate mycelium, and, as would be 
 expected, the cell-wall is exceedingly thin and yielding, and 
 becomes very pale blue with iodine, and very pale brownish- 
 
 1 A Uly-ditiease. Annals of Botany, vol. ii. pp. 319—378, 5 plates. 
 
A Mo7io{/raph of the Myxogastres. 9 
 
 purple with cellulose reagents. After the vegetative mycelium 
 has acquired a certain amount of reserve material, one or more 
 of the thickest portions give origiu to yet thicker branches 
 which grow erect; each erect branch at length becomes dilated 
 into a large sphere at its apex ; into this sphere a considerable 
 amount of protoplasm, obtained from the vegetative mycelium, 
 becomes concentrated, and retained by the development of a 
 transverse septum at the base of the sphere where it passes into 
 its support. After these preliminaries, the reproductive phase 
 may be said to commence, the protoplasm undergoes differenti- 
 ation, resulting in the separation of lime which appears in the 
 form of a thin frosting outside the wall of the sphere or 
 sporangium ; another portion of the protoplasm becomes differen- 
 tiated into the broadly elliptical conidia or spores ; while a third 
 portion of the protoplasm, which may be considered as of no 
 value in the process of spore-making, remains in the form of 
 very thin, irregular strands in what may be termed the 
 intercellular spaces between the spores. Most species of the 
 Phycomycdcs and Mmorini pass through the above phases 
 during their development, differing in minor points, as form of 
 conidia, presence or absence of lime on sporangia, &c. The 
 above description covers many points in the development of a 
 typical member of the Myxogastres. The latter differ at the 
 starting-point in the first product of germination, being more 
 motile than in Mucor, after coalescence of the cells to form a 
 Plasmodium; the latter usually behaves somewhat similar to 
 the mycelium of Mitcor, advance of the mass being effected by 
 the protrusion of long tapering strands which at some distance 
 behind the tips coalesce to form a dense, irregular network; 
 every portion of a plasmodium, even the thinnest outlying 
 strands, are furnished with a distinct, thin, yielding membrane, . 
 analogous at least to the membrane called the cell-wall, protect- 
 ing the protoplasm in the Mucor mycelium ; the two membranes 
 agree in origin, being secreted by the protoplasm ; both become 
 blue with iodine, and pale dirty brownish-violet with " chlor-zinc 
 iodide." The reproductive phase consists in the conversion of 
 certain portions of tlic protoplasm into erect sporangia with tliu 
 
10 A Monograph of the Mpxogastres. 
 
 apical portion usually more or less globose ; the membrane of 
 the Plasmodium is continued upwards to form the wall of the 
 stem and sporangium, the protoplasm of the plasmodium passes 
 into the newly formed sporangia, undergoes differentiation 
 frequently resulting in the separation of lime which may form a 
 crust outside the sporangial wall ; spores are differentiated, and 
 generally a surplus portion of the protoplasm takes the form of 
 a more or less complicated network mixed with the spores, and 
 homologous with the strands described as being present in the 
 sporangium of Mucor, inasmuch as both structures are made 
 from a substance separated from protoplasm during spore- 
 formation ; finally, the cell- wall of the spores of the Myxomycctcs 
 agrees with that of the spores of fungi in giving a cellulose 
 reaction when young ; as differentiation of the wall proceeds, in 
 common with the spores of fungi, mosses, and ferns, the 
 cellulose reaction is no longer obtained, except perhaps in the 
 inner layers. The above comparison between Mucor and the 
 Myxomycctes is not introduced with the view of showing close 
 homologies, but to draw attention to what I consider may, at 
 least, be accepted as a series of analogies, which, accepting De 
 Bary's opinion, would, in the present connection, indicate 
 affinities, as we find it formulated that in searching for affinities, 
 "we find it impossible to establish any strict homologies, and 
 we are limited to the observation of resemblances in form, 
 structure, and mode of life." 
 
 I regret to say that I am not sufficiently familiar with the 
 lower forms of animal life to indicate any group presenting an 
 equal number of analogous points with the 3Iyo'omycctcs, as have 
 been described above in the fungi belonging to the Mucorini, 
 otherwise I should be too pleased to do so ; it is not my desire 
 to endeavour to force the Myxogastres into filling a preconceived 
 gap in the vegetable kingdom, but simply to analyze the reasons 
 advanced in favour of their exclusion from the plant world ; 
 personally it is not a matter of prime importance whether it be 
 eventually shown that I have been a botanist or a zoologist. 
 It is admitted by De Bary that the wall or membrane of 
 Plasmodia, the cell- walls of spores, and various other structures 
 
A Monor/raj^li of the Myxogastres. 11 
 
 belonging to different orders of the Myxogastres, give a charac- 
 teristic cellulose reaction, and more extended experiments 
 wore only required to show that the presence of cellulose 
 during some or other phase of development is general in the 
 Myxomycetcs ; cellulose as a protective substance cannot be said 
 to be so generally present as in phanerogams, neither is it so 
 general in the fungi, hence the term fungus-cellulose. In the 
 Acrasicac the stipes in many species consists of one or more 
 rows of superposed cells having the walls composed of cellulose. 
 
 The presence of cellulose, according to De Bary, is the only 
 character showing that the Myxogastres are in touch with the 
 vegetable kingdom — " The Mycetozoa show only a slight agree- 
 ment, either in the general course of their development or in 
 the characteristic features of its separate stages, with organisms 
 that are of undoubted vegetable origin ; whether they be fungi 
 or plants other than fungi ; the agreement, with the exception 
 of a few cases in which cellulose makes its appearance, is 
 confined to phenomena which are common to all organized 
 bodies." ^ 
 
 I cannot reconcile the above sweeping statement with the 
 two following, first — in connection with affinities, " we are limited 
 to the observation of resemblances in form, structure, and mode 
 of life " ; second, " the resemblance of the Mycetozoa to the 
 Fungi is due partly to their mode of life and nutrition, partly 
 to the close agreement in structure and biological characters 
 between their organs of rej^roduction and the spores of Fungi." 
 One more point given by De Bary in support of the animal 
 nature of the Myxogastres requires to be noticed. " It is obvious 
 moreover according to our present knowledge that the Mycetozoa 
 are the superior terminal member or the two terminal members 
 of a series of forms or developments which commence elsewhere. 
 The most highly differentiated sections of the group, tlie 
 Ca/careae, Trichiae, Lycogcda, and others, give evidence of no 
 close affinity with any more highly differentiated group ; in other 
 words, like the Gastromycdcs with which they were classed by 
 earlier botanists, they do not connect with any group above 
 
 1 Tuin. cit. p. 444. 
 
12 A Monogrcqih of the Myxogastres. 
 
 them. Hence in inquiring after their affinities we must be 
 content with searching for a possible connection with an in- 
 ferior group, and for the simpler forms from which they have 
 proceeded. 
 
 " When we seek for such a connection among the forms with 
 which we are acquainted, we find it impossible to establish any 
 strict homologies, and we are limited to the observation of 
 resemblances in form, structure, and mode of life. Such a course 
 of unprejudiced comparison leads us by a very short step to 
 the naked 'Amoebae' of the zoologists, especially in Biitschli's 
 sense, as the starting-point, organisms witii bodies having the 
 amoeboid movements of the swarm-cells of the Myxomycetes, 
 which multiply, as far we at present know, by successive biparti- 
 tions without forming plasmodia, and which may pass singly and 
 without aggregation or coalescence into states of rest not essen- 
 tially different in their characteristics from those of the spores 
 of the Myxomycetes." ^ 
 
 Undoubtedly the Myxogastres must be considered as a 
 terminal group, and the very fact of this admission implies a 
 certain amount of differentiation, ■ in fact sufficient to give 
 individuality to the group. I accept De Bary's reasoning as to 
 the origin of the Myxogastres, and as an evolutionist am ready 
 to extend the same reasoning to other groups, as having had a 
 common origin from the lowest forms of life, where, owing to 
 absence of differentiation, the ideas implied in the terms animal 
 and vegetable respectively are not evolved, and I consider that 
 the entire evidence as to the animal or plant tendency of any 
 departure from this neutral starting-point consists of the aggre- 
 gate tendency of the evolved features which collectively consti- 
 tute the characteristics of the group under consideration ; and 
 this tendency as manifested by the Myxogastres I consider to be 
 in the direction of the vegetable kingdom, and more especially 
 in the direction of the Fungi, for the following reasons, which, 
 keeping in view the fact that we are dealing with a terminal 
 group, and consequently can draw no comparisons from higher 
 forms of the same type, "we find it impossible to establish any 
 
 1 Tom. cit. p. 443. 
 
A Monograpli of the Myxogastyei<. 13 
 
 strict homologies, and we are limited to the observation of 
 resemblances in form, structure, and mode of life." 
 
 1. Frequent presence of cellulose in the general membrane 
 protecting plasmodia, cell-walls of spores, sporangia, and walls 
 enclosing the protoplasm in the sclerotioid or resting stage of 
 Plasmodia. 
 
 2. Presence of germ-pores in the cell-walls of the spores, of 
 some species. 
 
 3. The frequent separation of lime from the protoplasm at the 
 commencement of the reproductive phase. 
 
 4. In the frequent separation of a substance from the pro- 
 toplasm during the period of spore formation, homologous with 
 the substance separated during the same period in the Ascomy- 
 ccks, Mucorini, &c. This substance in the Myxogastres forms 
 the capillitium. 
 
 5. The agreement with many fungi in the contrivances for 
 spore dissemination. 
 
 6. The production by free cell-formation of spores protected 
 in the early stage with a wall of cellulose, which eventually 
 becomes differentiated, and as stated by De Bary, "behaves 
 towards reagents in a similar manner to cuticularized plant- 
 cell-membranes and to spore-membranes as in the Fungi." ^ 
 
 7. Presenting analogy with undoubted members of the 
 vegetable kingdom, as Hydrodidyon, where the naked, motile 
 swarm-cells coalesce to form a coenobium which eventually 
 becomes invested with a membrane. 
 
 8. In the close affinity with the genus Ceratium, where we 
 trace the sequence which leads to what is morphologically a 
 mycelium furnished with transverse septa. In Ceratium the 
 spores do not originate by free-cell-formation within a sporan- 
 gium, but are produced after the manner of the spores of the 
 Baddiomyrctrs or the conidia of the Ilyphomycctcs. The general 
 course of development in all the species, so far as can be deter- 
 mined from herbarium specimens, agrees with that of Ceratium 
 hydnoidcs as described by Famintzin and Woronin,- the specific 
 
 1 Tom. cit. p. 441. 
 
 2 Mem. Acad. Petersburg, XX, No. 3 (1873). 
 
14 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 distiactions depending more especially on the mode of branching 
 and colour. The point of interest in the present connection is the 
 mode of spore formation. Without entering into details, the proto- 
 plasm, immediately preceding spore formation, becomes arranged 
 on the branches as a peripheral layer of cells enclosed in cell- 
 walls, which, in the case of Gcratmm hychwides, give a cellulose 
 reaction when young. Owing to local growth, the central por- 
 tion of the free side of each cell grows outwards in the form of a 
 slender elongated cylinder until it measures about 10 jix in 
 length by about 3 /x in diameter ; the next change consists 
 in the expansion of the free end of this outgrowth which con- 
 tinues until it assumes in C. hydnoidcs, a broadly elliptical form, 
 about 10x6 — 7 /a in size; into this swollen apical portion the 
 whole of the protoplasm then passes through the stalk from the 
 parent cell, after which a transverse septum is formed in the 
 stalk-like portion close up to its swollen apex, which eventually 
 breaks away at the septum as a mature spore. In C. hydnoides 
 the stalks persist after the spores have fallen away, each closed 
 at the apex by the septum which formed the line of dehiscence, 
 and the homology with the formation of conidia or spores in the 
 Basidiomycetes is perfect. In each case we find a cell richly 
 supplied with protoplasm giving origin by local growth to one or 
 more thin spine-like processes, each of which becomes much 
 enlarged at its apex ; into these enlarged portions all the proto- 
 plasm from the mother-cell becomes concentrated and retained 
 by the formation of a septum across the stalk close to the 
 swollen apex, which eventually falls away at the septum as a 
 ripe spore. The first appearance of a transverse septum being 
 for the purpose of isolating a mass of protoplasm concentrated 
 for purposes directly concerned with reproduction suggests the 
 idea, if nothing more, that the Myxogastres are in touch with 
 other acknowledged members of the vegetable kingdom. The 
 remaining species of Ccratiuiii show the same mode of spore 
 formation, but in G. arhusmla, B. and Br., a very fine much- 
 branched species, the thin outgrowth bearing the spore at its 
 apex is much larger than in C. hydnoidcs, and the transverse 
 septum is even more distinct, while in C.Jillforme, B. and Br., the 
 
A Mouograp/t of the Myxogastres. 15 
 
 slender stalk-like outgrowth measures from 18 — 20 ju, in length, 
 and after having become inflated at the apex and absorbing the 
 protoplasm from the parent cell, is cut off from the latter, first 
 by a septum close to the parent cell ; this is followed by the 
 formation of a second septum close to the base of the swollen 
 apical portion or spore. 
 
 9. In the coalescence of the naked cells to form a plasmodium 
 being the result of conjugation between the component cells, 
 thus presenting features in common with the primitive forms 
 included in the group Zygosporeac. The reasons for the above 
 statement are as follows — The frequent occurrence of forms 
 intermediate between well-marked, but closely allied species, 
 suggested the idea of hybridity, especially as the supposed 
 hybrids varied in their degree of morphological agreement wdth 
 one or other of the two species between which they were 
 intermediate. With the object of ascertaining whether hybrids 
 were formed in nature, the young plasmodia of Physarum 
 leucopus and Physarum le2icophaeum were so placed that the 
 Plasmodia of the two became blended together at the point of 
 contact ; this experiment resulted in the formation of sporangia 
 intermediate between the two species from the blended portion 
 of Plasmodium, whereas sporangia typical of the two ^species 
 respectively were produced from those portions of plasmodia 
 farthest removed from the point of contact of the two plasmodia. 
 Without entering into minute specific details, it will be suf- 
 ficient to state that Physarum Icucojihacum has a dark-brown 
 stem and a thin capillitium with few knots of lime, whereas 
 Physarum leiicopus has a white stem and stout capillitium with 
 numerous large knots of lime. The hybrid has a white stem 
 and a slender capillitium with few knots of lime. In the Kew 
 herbarium there is a specimen collected at Highgate by Dr. 
 Cooke, which agrees exactly with the hybrid described above, 
 and which appears to have specially attracted the attention of 
 Mr. Arthur Lister, who in going over the collection of Myxo- 
 gastres, made a careful drawing of the specimen, adding, 
 " Pliysarum Ic acophac ion yyith a pale stalk." I have also pro- 
 duced a hybrid from two species of TricJda. Mr. Harold 
 
16 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Wingate, of Philadelphia., sent along with other Myxogastres, 
 a specimen with the following comment — 
 
 " No. 25. Is the teratological result of an amour between 
 the Plasmodium of Arcyria punicea and that of Arcyria cmcrea. 
 It gives a point as to the absolute autonomy of plasmodia." 
 
 In reply to further inquiry respecting the supposed hybrid, 
 Mr. Wingate writes, "The Arcyria hybrid is not doubtful. 
 Two patches of Arcyria, punicea and cinerca, grew on the same 
 log, side by side ; where the two came together the plasmodia 
 fused and produced the result I sent." The specimen is 
 extremely interesting, different individuals varying to a con- 
 siderable extent in the relative resemblance to one or other 
 of the parent forms. For the production of a hybrid, it is 
 assumed that conjugation — or its physiological equivalent — 
 had taken place between the cells of the two parent forms. 
 The significance of the possibility of hybrid forms occurring in 
 nature may eventually qualify to some extent present ideas as 
 to '■' species." 
 
 Zopf ^ has recently investigated the Myxogastres, more especi- 
 ally from the biological side, but so far as I can ascertain, does 
 not express himself definitely as to their animal or vegetable 
 nature. 
 
 Mr. Saville Kent ^ espoused De Bary's view as to the animal 
 nature of the Myxogastres, and suggested their affinity with the 
 sponges. The two principal reasons given as favouring their 
 exclusion from the vegetable kingdom are — (1) first product of 
 spore germination, bodies capable of spontaneous movement; 
 (2) presence of crystals of lime in substance of cell- walls. The 
 first objection proves nothing at all, and the second, if any- 
 thing, how little Mr. Kent knew about plant morphology. 
 
 Dr. R. Hesse has recently announced ^ that the members of 
 
 ^ Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze. Sclienck's Handb. dcr Bot., vol. iii. 
 
 2 A Manual of the Infusoria. 
 
 3 Bot. Centralbl, xx.wiii. (1889), pp. 518-20, 553-7. 
 
A Monograph of the Mijxogastres. 17 
 
 the Tulcraceae and the Elaphomycctae originate as masses of 
 swarm-cells, which after passing through various phases, assume 
 the well-known ascigerous form, and that these groups, if kept 
 in the fungi at all, must be placed with the Mycdozoa. He 
 further considers that the typical members of the Hymenogastreac 
 and the Lyco'pe/rdeaccae present similar characteristics in the 
 earliest condition. If corroborated , the above statement will 
 show how imperfect and superficial has been all previous work 
 on these groups. 
 
 The following remarks by Mr. A, Lister are considered by the 
 author as favouring the animal nature of the Myxogastres ; but 
 as usual, the evidence is afforded entirely by the vegetative 
 phase, and consequently still much in touch with their aquatic 
 progenitors, the Flagcllatae, whereas the individuality of the 
 Myxogastres, as it appears to me, is to be found in the repro- 
 ductive phase, and further, the individuality is obviously due 
 in main to the change from an aquatic to an aerial habitat. 
 In all probability the sexual method by conjugation was the 
 one followed by the aquatic primitive forms, and if so, we find 
 an agreement more or less pronounced with the ferns, where 
 the prothallus, the sexual organ of reproduction, is structurally 
 in touch with the aquatic forms from which this group is 
 supposed to have evolved, whereas the truly aerial spore-pro- 
 ducing form is the portion that gives most individuality to the 
 ferns. 
 
 "At a meeting of the Linnean Society in April 1889, I 
 described the mode of feeding which I had observed in the 
 swarm-cells of Stcmoniiis fusca. I have since been able to 
 watch the same process in the swarm-cells of several other 
 species. Those of Ferichacna corticalis afforded an interesting 
 instance, because of the great activity of the bacilli which 
 abounded in the preparation, and as showing the voracity of a 
 few individual swarm-cells. One was noticed which already 
 contained four vacuoles stuffed with bacilli, probably six to 
 eight in each. It was observed to throw out several long 
 pseudopodia from the posterior region, to which active bacilli 
 became attached. In the course of twelve minutes four were 
 
 c 
 
18 A Monograpli of the Myxogastres. 
 
 seen, under a Beck's y^^th immersion lens, to be drawn in and 
 conveyed into freshly formed vacuoles. 
 
 "I have repeatedly seen bacteria taken by swarm-cells of 
 Chondrioderma diffonnc in the manner above described, and it 
 would appear that bacteria form their principal food. On one 
 occasion I had a favourable opportunity for observing the 
 digestion of bacilli on account of the quiescent state assumed 
 by a swarm-cell, which remained with little active movement 
 for an hour and a half. On the previous evening I had placed 
 some spores of Chondrioderma difforme in water under a thin 
 cover-slip ; on the following morning swarm-cells were in great 
 abundance in the pure water. I introduced a drop containing 
 multitudes of bacilli from a glass in which a piece of Stcreum 
 hirsutum had been soaking for several days. In a short time 
 a number of the swarm-cells were seen, attended by bacilli, 
 some of which were attached to their pseudopodia, and some 
 were already enclosed in vacuoles. The swarm-cell in question 
 had taken an amoeboid form, occasionally producing and again 
 withdrawing the cilium, while from time to time thin pseudo- 
 podia were extended from the opposite end, but more frequently 
 the posterior region expanded into a somewhat funnel-shaped 
 mouth. Into such an expansion a stout bacillus, about 2 ii long, 
 was seen to enter; in the course of a few seconds it was 
 enclosed with a noticeable amount of water, by the folding over 
 of the lips of the funnel, and conveyed into the body-substance ; 
 a few minutes after, another bacillus was taken in, much in 
 the same manner, but no globule of water was introduced. Ten 
 minutes later a large bacillus, 4 /m x 0"75 /x, was caught by a 
 prolongation of one side of the funnel, and in the course of 
 half a minute a tube-like extension of protoplasmic substance 
 invested the bacillus, and it was drawn in. It remained for 
 a short time in direct contact with the granular matter of the 
 body, but was soon surrounded by an oval vacuole. The 
 swarm-cell continued inactive for nearly an hour, when it 
 assumed an extended form, and shortly after swam away with 
 rapid jogging movement. Constant observation was maintained 
 during this hour, and the bacilh were seen gradually to dissolve 
 
A A[(mo</rapli of the Miixn(i(iHreii. 1 9 
 
 in the vacuoles in which they lay, until at length ail trace of 
 them had disappeared together with their containing vacuoles, 
 and only the contracting vacuole remained in the homogeneous 
 granular substance of the swarm-coll. 
 
 "At the commencement of the observation this granular 
 protoplasm was much more turbid than at the close, when it 
 was remarkably hyaline ; the swarm-cell appeared also to have 
 increased in size, though it was difficult to determine by 
 measurement in consequence of its changing form. No rejec- 
 tion of refuse matter took place while the observation lasted. 
 
 " In the same preparation I watched a swarm-cell creeping in 
 a straight line with the strange snail-like movement, so difficult 
 to understand. In its course it came to a small group of motion- 
 less bacilli lying against the glass; immediately it changed 
 its linear form and spread itself out, covering four of the bacilli. 
 In about two minutes it resumed its former shape and movement 
 and crept away, carrying off two of the bacilli in vacuoles. 
 
 " These observations seem to confirm the opinion of De Bary, 
 that the organisms under consideration should be classed among 
 the animal rather than the vegetable kingdom, which led him 
 in 1858 to adopt the term Mycetozoa in place of that of 
 Myxomycetes for the group. When a creeping swarm-cell is 
 watched, with the projecting cilium j^laced immediately in 
 advance of the nucleus, which never shifts its position, and 
 when, as in the last-mentioned case, we note the manner in 
 which the vibrating extremity of the cilium appeared to detect 
 the j)resence of the bacilli before the swarm-cell spread itself 
 over them ; again, when we observe the creeping action suddenly 
 change, and raising itself from the decumbent attitude, with a 
 few lashing strokes of the cilium the swarm-cell releases its 
 foot-hold and swims away ; and when to these remarkable 
 movements is added the process of ingestion which has been 
 described ; we cannot but feel the force of the conclusion at 
 which De Bary arrived, if indeed a distinct line of demarcation 
 between the two kingdoms can be said to exist." ^ 
 
 The brilliant and pure colours presented by the plasmodia of 
 
 1 Notes oil Oiondriodcrma difforme and other Mijcctor-oa ; Ann. Lot., 
 Vol. IV. No. xiv. (May 1890), pp. 281—298, 1 pi. 
 
20 
 
 A Monograph of the Mi/<ror/astres. 
 
 the Myxogastres are very remarkable ; their significance is at 
 present unknown. 
 
 The following list of colours observed is taken froni Mr. A. 
 Lister's paper, " Notes on Chondrioderma difformc and other 
 Mycdozoa" ^ 
 
 Species. 
 
 Colour of Plasmodium. 
 
 Amaurochaete atra 
 
 yellowisli white. 
 
 Arcyria cinerea ... 
 
 greyih^li wliite. 
 
 „ ferruginea 
 
 rose. 
 
 „ incarnata 
 
 white. 
 
 „ nutans {hnS variety) .. 
 
 Avliite. 
 
 „ mifans (red variety j .. 
 
 white. 
 
 „ punicea 
 
 white. 
 
 Badhamia pnntcea 
 
 greyish white. 
 
 „ ntriculnris 
 
 orange yellow 
 
 Brefeldia viaxima 
 
 pure white. 
 
 Choiulrioiicrma difformc 
 
 white to orange yellow. 
 
 „ Miclielil 
 
 opaque white. 
 
 „ spumarioidea 
 
 watery white. 
 
 Clathroptijch htm riujnlos'nm 
 
 rose. 
 
 Comatricha Fries la }ia 
 
 watery white. 
 
 „ typhina 
 
 watery white. 
 
 Cornuvia metaUica 
 
 colourless. 
 
 Crateriutn aureuiii 
 
 lemon yellow. 
 
 „ leucocepliahnn 
 
 yellow. ~ 
 
 „ molgare 
 
 yellow. 
 
 Cribraria arg/llacea 
 
 lead-coloured in rising sporangia. 
 
 „ aunttdiaca 
 
 sap green. 
 
 Diachaea leucopoda 
 
 white. 
 
 Dictydium ceiimum 
 
 purple in rising sporangia. 
 
 Didym'mm clavus 
 
 . grey. 
 
 „ dubium ... 
 
 colourless. 
 
 ( = D. Listtri, Mass.) 
 
 
 „ microcarpoH 
 
 brownish grey. 
 
 „ squamnlosnm 
 
 watery white. 
 
 Enteridium, olivaceum ... 
 
 rose. 
 
 F'lilifin rarians 
 
 yellow\ — 
 
 lhiiiiiirr,ji-la rubiformis 
 
 purple in rising sporangia. 
 
 Luinjn-iiilriitia iridea (Cke.) 
 
 colourless. 
 
 Lycogalii '[iiilindrnni 
 
 rose. 
 
 Physariini i-mnprcssimi ... 
 
 greyish whit''. 
 
 „ lriiri,j>hiicnm , 
 
 watery white to greenish. 
 
 „ leucopus 
 
 opaque w^iite. 
 
 Reticularia lycoperdon ... 
 
 white. 
 
 Spumaria alba 
 
 w^hite. 
 
 IStemoidtis ferniginea , 
 
 lemon yellow. 
 
 „ fnsca ... . 
 
 white. 
 
 Tilmadoche mutablUs 
 
 yellow. - 
 
 Trichia affinis 
 
 pure white. 
 
 „ fallax 
 
 white and rose. 
 
 „ rnria 
 
 white. 
 
 Ann. Bat., Vol. IV. No. xiv. (1890). 
 
A Monogra'ph of the Mi/xogastres. 21 
 
 The Plasmodium of most species inliabitiiig dead leaves is 
 discoloured by foreign matter before the change to sporangia 
 takes place. 
 
 The foregoing remarks may be summarized as follows — 
 
 1. The Myxogastres, as stated by De Bary, appear to have 
 originated from a primitive group of aquatic organisms, the 
 Flagellatae. 
 
 2. The sequence of differentiation which gives individuality 
 to the group, is almost entirely confined to the reproductive 
 phase, and follows in many important points, the lines of 
 development observable in. the Fungi. 
 
 3. The subordinate position occupied by the Fungi and the 
 Myxogastres in the general evolution of the vegetable kingdom 
 may be traced to the absence of chromatophores. The lichen- 
 forming fungi have succeeded in correcting this fundamental 
 omission in an indirect manner. 
 
 4. There is no evidence in favour of the supposition that the 
 Myxogastres are degenerated members of the vegetable kingdom, 
 whereas the idea that fungi originated by differentiation from 
 chlorophyll-bearing plant ancestors is generally admitted. 
 
 5. The Myxogastres with allied forms included by Zopf 
 differ from all known members of the vegetable kingdom in 
 having the component cells naked, or without a cell-wall, during 
 the entire vegetative phase. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 In addition to the Myxogastres as defined in the present 
 work, other smaller groups, as the Acrasicae of Van Tieghem ; 
 the Monadlncae of Cienkowski, &c., are supposed to possess 
 certain important characters in common with the Myxogastres, 
 and have been by some authors united into one group. 
 
 The following outlines of the various schemes of classification 
 will indicate the views of affinity as proposed from time to time. 
 
 The term Mycetozoa as already explained, was first used by 
 De Bary, 1 and in his latest work on the subject this name is 
 retained as follows : — 
 
 1 D'tc Mijcetozoeii, ZclischriJ'i f. nnss. Zoohxjic, Bd. .\. 18.09. 
 
22 A Mo?ioff)-ap/i of tl/e Myxogastres. 
 
 MYCETOZOA. 
 
 I 
 
 I . I 
 
 Swarm-cells coalescing to Swarm-cells becomiiif; 
 
 form a plasmodium. aggregated, but not 
 
 = Myxomycetes. coalescing to form a 
 
 Plasmodium. 
 
 = ACRASIEAE. 
 
 Cienkowski's Nnclcariae and Vampyrellae along with such 
 genera as Bur sella, Protomyxa, Myxastrum, Monas, Monadopsis, 
 Pscudospora, Colpodella, and Plasmodiophora are considered by 
 De Bary as " doubtful Mycetozoa " for the following reasons. " I 
 here exclude from the ranks of the true Mycetozoa a few forms 
 or groups of forms, some of which have been occasioually 
 mentioned in the preceding sections. Those forms, so far as 
 they are known, have many points of resemblance with the 
 Mycetozoa, but either our knowledge of them is imperfect, or 
 else they depart so far in certain points from the typical 
 Myxomycetes and Acrasieae, that it is better to leave their 
 position in the system for the present undetermined." ^ 
 
 Although De Bary clearly indicated that the existing classifi- 
 cation of the Mycetozoa was very imperfect, being the outcome 
 of pocket-lens observations oa mature forms, and as above 
 indicated, pointed out a scheme in accordance with the modern 
 system of research, yet, lacking time, he never completed all 
 the details necessary for a thorough revision of the group. This 
 was done however by Dr. Rostafinski, a student of De Bary's, 
 and as at least some of Rostafinski's important work on this 
 subject was done by Rostafinski in De Bary's laboratory at 
 Strassburg, we may presume that the general scheme was more 
 or less inspired by De Bary. 
 
 Rostafinski confined his attention to the group Myxomycetes 
 as defined by De Bary, and this group he calls Mycetozoa, thus 
 using the same name in a narrower sense than De Bary, who 
 included the Acrasieae that do not form a plasmodium, and in 
 his ilonograph ^ recognized two primary divisions — ExosPOREAE, 
 
 1 Fiouji Mycetozoa ciud Bacteria, Engl. ed.. p. 446. 
 - Monyrajia Sluzowce, Paris, 1875 (in Polisli). 
 
.1 Monograph of the Myxogastres. 23 
 
 having the spores produced externally on slender sporophores, a 
 feature met with only in the genus Ccralmm ; and Endosporeae, 
 having the spores produced in sporangia. In the second 
 " Aj^pendix " to the Monograph, amongst other changes in the 
 classification, the Exosporeae division is omitted altogether, 
 and the Eudosporous division alone retained. In Rostafinski's 
 classification the two primary divisions are founded on the 
 colour of the spores as seen under the microscope by transmitted 
 light; each primary division is further divided into two sections 
 determined by the presence or absence of a capillitium as 
 shown in the following arrangement — 
 
 MYCETOZOA. 
 
 ENDOSPOREAE. 
 
 Amaurosporeae. Lamprosporeae. 
 
 Spores violet or brownish- Spores yellow or brownish, 
 
 violet. never violet. 
 
 , \ I 
 
 Atrichae. Trichophorae. Atrichae. Trichophorae. 
 
 Von Tieghen uses the name Myxomycdes in a broader sense 
 than De Bary's Mi/ccf ozoa, ciud arranges the groups as follows: — ^ 
 
 MYXOMYCETES. 
 
 THALLUS. 
 
 I 
 
 Unicellular. Pluricellular. 
 
 without a Plasmodium. _ I 
 
 = Plasmodiophoreae. r 
 
 1 I 
 
 I cells aggregated but not fusii 
 
 to form a plasmcdinni. 
 I =Acra.sieae. 
 
 Cells fusing to form 
 a Plasmodium. 
 
 ^ ! ^ 
 
 Spores produced in Spores produced externally, 
 
 a sporangium. =Ceratikae. 
 
 = Endoiiyxeak. 
 
 1 Traitcdc lJu(on>\ji',; p. 992 (1884). 
 
24 A Monogra2)h of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Zopf s Mycdozoa include many forms that do not come within 
 De Bary's conception of the Mycdozoa as already defined. The 
 following illustrates the primary divisions as adopted in his 
 latest work.i 
 
 A. MONADINEAE. 
 
 Mostly aquatic, partly parasites ; resting cysts are usually 
 formed. 
 
 I. Monaclincae azoosjjorcae. 
 Vampyrelkac ; Bursellineae ; Monocystaccae. 
 
 II. Monad-ineae zoos2}oreae. 
 Pscudos]Joreae ; Gymnococcaccae ; Flasriiodio2Jhoreae. 
 
 B. EUMYCETOZOA. 
 
 Aerial. Never parasites ; plasmodia always present, generally 
 well developed ; fructification generally well developed. 
 
 I. SOROPHOREAE. 
 
 Gfcttulincae ; Didyostdiaceae. 
 
 II. Endosporeae. 
 
 a. PcritricJieae. 
 Clcdhroptydiiaccac ; Crihrariaccae. 
 
 /3. Endotricheae. 
 * Stereonemeae. 
 Cahariaccae ; Amaurodiadaceae. 
 
 * * Ccdonemcae. 
 Trichiaccae ; Arcyriaccac ; Bdicidariaceae ; Liceaceac ; Fcri- 
 chaeTiaccae. 
 
 III. EXOSPOREAE. 
 
 In Raunkier's Myxomycdcs Daniae - the following classification 
 is proposed — 
 
 1 Die Pilztliiere ocler Sclileiinpilze (Sclienk's Handbnch der Butanik, 
 ill Encylcl. der Naturtoisscnuchaften), 1884. 
 
 2 Botanisk Tiddskript, 17 Bind. (1888). 
 
A Monograph of the Myxogastrex. 25 
 
 A, Capillitium absent. 
 I. HOMODERMEAE. 
 
 Liceaceae. {Ttthulina, LindUadia.) 
 II. Heterodermeae. 
 
 Clathroptycliaccae. {Enteridium, Clathroptychium.) 
 Cribrariaceae. {Crihraria, Dictydium.) 
 
 B. Capillitium present. 
 
 III. C(ELONEMEAE. 
 
 Arcyriaceae. {Pcrichaena, Zachnoholus, Arcyria, Cor- 
 
 nuvia, Lycogala) 
 Trichiaceae. {Hcmiarcyria, TricJda.) 
 
 IV. Stereonemeae. 
 
 Physaraceae. {Badhamia, Physarum, Tilmadochc, Fuligo, 
 
 Leocarpus, Craterimn.) 
 Didymiaceae. {Chondriodcrma, Lcpidoderma, Didymium, 
 
 Spumaria.) 
 Stemonitaceae. {Lamprodcrma, Bncrthcncma, Ancyro- 
 phorus, Comatricha, Stemonitis, Brcfeldia, Ecticularia.) 
 The Myxomycetcs are divided by Schruter^ into three prin- 
 cipal groups as follows — 
 
 A. Mature fructification consisting of a mass of free spores. 
 * Saprophytes ; the amoeboid bodies unite in masses, but 
 
 do not coalesce = Acrasieae. 
 * * Parasitic in the interior of living cells, forming in 
 the known instances, a true plasmodium = Phyto- 
 myxineae. 
 
 B. Spores formed in the interior of sporangia, or on the 
 
 outside of discoid or columnar fructifications = Myxo- 
 GASTRES. 
 
 At the close of the vegetable period, the passage of the motile 
 Plasmodium into the stationary reproductive condition is abrupt, 
 and takes place as follows; the surface of the plasmodium 
 becomes elevated into one or usually many protuberances, the 
 original investment of the plasmodium is continuous over these 
 1 Eiigler u. Prantl.s' Natiirl. Pflaiizenfam., 30 Leif., von Y. Sclirolor, 1889. 
 
26 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 protuberances into which the whole of the protoplasm passes, 
 leaving behind the remainder of its pellicle attached to the 
 substratum, and known as the hypotlialhcs. When these 
 protuberances, which may be sessile or stipitate, are symmetrical 
 and individually distinct, they are called sporangia; when 
 sporangia are irregular in form, usually veinlike and creeping, 
 the term jjifi-^inodiocarp is used ; finally, when the sporangia are 
 densely aggregated, so that their individuality disappears to a 
 greater or less extent, an acthlium is produced. The three 
 conditions are connected by intermediate links. Aethalia are 
 most fi'equently sessile on a broad base, as in Tubulina cylindrica 
 and Entcridium olivaceiim, but stipitate aethalia are not un- 
 common, especially in the Trichiaceae, where the transition from 
 tj-pical sporangia to aethalioid forms in many species is very 
 instructive. 
 
 As previously stated, the late Professor De Bary was the 
 first to show, by his admirable researches on the morphology 
 and physiology of the Myxogastres, that the systematic arrange- 
 ment then in vogue was no longer tenable, owing to the fact 
 that it was founded on analogies rather than affinities; and 
 although at the present day it must be admitted that, within 
 the group, affinities are far from being settled, yet, the appear- 
 ance of Dr. Rostafinski's Monograph based on De Bary's I'e- 
 searches, gave a fresh impetus to the study, and showed in a 
 masterly manner, that well-marked morphological features, far 
 beyond the ken of pocket-lens revelation, could be utilized in 
 connection with the systematic disposition of the members of 
 the group. Among the essentials still lacking for an approxi- 
 mately correct classification are more especially — amount of 
 variability, as also its direction in the various sections ; the 
 relative value of such structures as the columella, capillitium, 
 sporangial, aethalioid and plasmodiocarp forn;s; the presence or 
 absence of lime, as also its amorphous and crystalline condition 
 as presented in different sections ; and finally, what is undoubt- 
 edly of primary importance, a complete knowledge of the life- 
 history of at least the representative species of each section ; and 
 although complete life-histories might not in all cases be 
 
A Mo?io(jrrfp// of tlie Myxogastres. 27 
 
 possible, yet iu so difficult a subject, the modus o'j)crandi alone 
 would enable others to follow along the same lines. In the 
 present state of knowledge, the markings usually present on the 
 epispore appear to be constant within narrow limits, are often 
 very characteristic, and of value as one factor in the discrimina- 
 tion of what we at present consider to be species, nevertheless I 
 wish to express the strongest dissent to species founded on spore 
 characters alone, or indeed on any one character. Rostafinski 
 was the first to use spore characters in a specific sense. It is 
 important to bear in mind, that the apparent nature of spore 
 ornamentation depends entirely on the amount of magnifying 
 power used; the complex epispore of Trichia affinis appears 
 only as a confused series of minute irregular projections under a 
 quarter-inch objective, consequently there is no absolute char- 
 acter in the spore unless a uniform magnifying power is agreed 
 upon. The objective used in determining the nature of the 
 epispore as described in the present work is a ^^ oil immersion, 
 which gives a magnifying power of 1200 diameters. So far as 
 the synonymy is concerned, I can only repeat in substance what 
 I have written on a previous occasion in connection with the 
 same subject. I have not included the synonymy further back 
 than Rostafinski's Monograph, unless justified by the presence 
 of type or authentic specimens. Rostafinski has given syno- 
 nyms dating from the time of Micheli (1729), but on referring 
 to the earlier descriptions, I realize my weakness, in not being 
 able to reconcile the wonderfully brief descriptions, and equally 
 crude drawings, with modern species, which in many instances 
 reipiire a magnifying power of 1000 diameters for their deter- 
 mination, hence I wish to be clearly understood that the 
 synonyms headed "Rostafinski's Synonyms," are copied from 
 Rostafinski's Monograph without any attempt at corroboration. 
 I feel certain that nearly one-third of Rostafinski's work would 
 not have been sacrificed to synonyms unless they mean some- 
 thing more than I have been able to discover, hence I have not 
 felt justified in ignoring them altogether. 
 
28 A Monograph of the Myocogastres. 
 
 MYXOGASTRES (Feies). 
 
 Myxogastres, Fries, Syst. Myc, iii. p. 67 (1829) ; Schroeter, 
 Kr. Fl. SMcs., Vol. iii. p. 98. 
 
 Myxomycetes, Wallr., Fl. Cryi^t., ii. p. 333 (1833) ; Cooke, 
 Brit. Myx., p. 1 ; Raunk, Myx. Dcm., p. 20 ; Sacc, Syll., Vol. vii. 
 pt. i. p. 323. 
 
 Mycetozoa, De Bary {Die Mycctozocn, 1864); Kost. {Mon. 
 Sluzoivce) (in part). 
 
 Pilzthiere, Zopf, in Schenk's Handb. der Bot., Vol. iii. 
 (1884) (in part). 
 
 Consisting during the entire vegetative period of an accumula- 
 tion of nahed cells forming a plasmodiuiii possessed of the poiver 
 of movement, and invested with an imperfectly differentiated, 
 yielding mcmhrane. This plasmodinm at length hccojiics trans- 
 formed into sporangia containing numerous spores lohich form 
 a powdery mass at maturity. First product of spores on 
 germination either ciliated zoospores or amoeboid cells, which 
 after repeated bijKirtition and conjugation, combine to form a 
 p)lasmodium. 
 
 The species are usually aerial, the plasmodium stage being 
 passed in rotten wood or amongst decaying vegetable matter, 
 and coming to the surface only to form the sporangia ; never- 
 theless several species have been observed to pass the whole of 
 tlieir existence under water. The sequence from the aquatic to 
 the aerial condition may frequently be seen in the same batch 
 when developing on logs that are partly submerged. 
 
 The most pronounced feature in the evolution of the Myxo- 
 gastres is in connection with spore dissemination, and the 
 following arrangement is based on the relative development of 
 the capillitium, which is seen in its most perfect form in the genera 
 Trichia and Arcyria. In the Gastromycetcs I have shown else- 
 where ^ that the sequence of evolution all tends towards securing 
 in the most efficient manner, the dissemination of the spores ; 
 commencing with the subterranean genera Bhizopioggn and 
 
 ' A Monorimph of the British Gastromycetes. Ann Bot, Vol. iv. pp. 
 1—103 (4 plates). 
 
A Monograph of the Mii.rogastreif. 29 
 
 ITymcnogastcr, where the spores are liberated only by tlie decay 
 of the plant without any apjoarent morphological provision for 
 their dispersion, we trace, as the above ground genera appear, 
 the gradual evolution of the capillitium through such genera as 
 Diploderma and Scleroderma, until in Lycopcrdon we find the 
 highly specialized hyphae forming the capillitium effecting at 
 maturity the rupture of the peridium, and consequent disper- 
 sion of the spores. This phase is the most perfect, so long as 
 dispersion is effected by mechanical methods, but in the Phal- 
 loidcae we find the mechanical method superseded by a totally 
 different idea ; brilliant colours, usually combined with a strong 
 odour, and the presence of a sweet substance, bid for the visits 
 of insects, which in return disperse the spores. In the Myxo- 
 gastres the mechanical method of spore dispersion is the most 
 perfect condition attained, as illustrated by the rough, elastic 
 capillitium of many species of Arcyria. The above allusion 
 must not be interpreted as implying relationship between the 
 Gastromycetes and the Myxogastres ; in fact I see in this point 
 of agreement no more proof of affinity than exists between the 
 Pballoideae and those flowering plants that make use of the 
 same announcements to insects, in the form of colour, scent, and 
 honey in connection with pollination. I consider the Myxogas- 
 tres as illustrating one of the earliest known attempts at 
 differentiation in the direction that has eventually resulted in 
 the mass of organisms constituting the vegetable kingdom, but 
 having originated from the Flagellatae, a group more in touch 
 with the animal side of life, the work of developing individuality 
 has been slow, as illustrated by the tardy appearance of cellu- 
 lose cell-walls, which, as would be expected, is most complete in 
 the newly evolved reproductive phase, itself to a great extent 
 the outcome of a gradual change of environment from aquatic to 
 aerial — but the radical mistake, after having adopted the plant 
 line of development, consisted in the non-development of chro- 
 matophores, and retention of the animal mode of nutrition, 
 which in the plant world means parasite or saprophyte. The 
 fungi, a later group, differentiated from ancestors that had 
 already evolved the leading plant characteristics, including cell- 
 
30 A Monograi^li of the Miixogastres. 
 
 walls, chlorophyll, starch, hence in this respect are more typical 
 plants than the Myxogastres ; but in the fungi the check to pro- 
 gress was due to the degeneration of chromatophores, already 
 evolved by their ancestors, whereas in the IVIyxogastres the 
 check was due to their inability to differentiate these essentials. 
 
 MYXOGASTRES. 
 
 Order. Peritricheae. 
 
 Wall of sporangium not incrusted with lime; capillitium 
 absent or formed from wall of sporangium. 
 
 Sub-Order. Tiilmlinae. Wall of sporangium not perforated. 
 Sub-Order. Cribrariae. Wall of sporangium perforated. 
 
 Order. COLUMELLIFERAE. 
 
 Wall of sporangium without lime ; capillitium originating 
 from a central, usually elongated columella. 
 
 Sub-Order. Stcmonitac. Capillitium springing from every 
 part of an elongated columella. 
 
 Sub-Order. Lctm'prodcrmae. Capillitium springing from the 
 apical portion of a short or elongated columella. 
 
 Order. LiTHODErxMEAE. 
 
 Wall of sporangium with an external deposit of lime; 
 capillitium present. 
 
 Sub-Order. Didymcae. Threads of capillitium without lime. 
 Sub-Order. Physarac. Capillitium containing lime. 
 
 Order. Calotricheae. 
 
 Wall of sporangium without an external deposit of lime ; 
 capillitium present, not spriDging from a columella. 
 
 Sub-Order. Trichcac. Threads of capillitium free, simple or 
 branched, not anastomosing to form a network. 
 
 Sub-Order. Arc/jriae. Threads of capillitium either attached 
 by one end with the free tips more or less branched, or combined 
 to form aji irregular network. 
 
 The following diagrammatic arrangement is an attempt to 
 illustrate my ideas of relationship between the several orders. 
 
 The bracketed generic names represent the 2:)oints of contact 
 
A Monograj^h of the Myxogastres. 
 
 :u 
 
 between respective orders, and the names in italics to the riglit 
 and left indicate tliose genera that illustrate the maximum 
 of development characteristic of the orders to which they are 
 respectively attached. 
 
 Choiidriudenna. 
 
 
 
 Badhamia. 
 
 j_ 
 
 -LiTHODERMEAE. 
 
 1 
 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 / Diac 
 V Laiiipr 
 
 laca. \ 
 xlurma./ 
 
 
 Stemonitis. 
 
 
 
 Eoierthonema. 
 
 1 
 
 COLUMELLIFERAE. . 
 
 1 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 /Siphot 
 (, TnL 
 
 ychiuniA 
 ulina. / 
 
 
 Crlhrai ia. 
 
 
 
 Dicfydixm. 
 
 1 
 
 PF.RTTRTnHKAR 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ((^latliroptj^cliimiiA 
 Pericliaena. / 
 
 Trie! hi a. 
 
 .Calotkicheae . 
 
 Arcyria. 
 
 i 
 
 In each order we find the special characteristic idea evolving 
 through a sequence of genera, the terminal one not connecting 
 with any higher order, hence the special feature terminates 
 abruptly within the order where it originated, and it is invari- 
 ably in some comparatively undifferentiated genus near the 
 initial point of each order that we meet with the suggestion of 
 a new line of evolution, which at its maximum of development, 
 constitutes the characteristic feature of the order immediately 
 
32 A Monogra2)h of the Myxogastres. 
 
 in advance of the one from which it emanated in an incipient 
 condition; hence in the Feritricheae, starting with the genus 
 Tuhulina, the marked characteristic of the order — a perforated 
 sporangial wall — evolves gradually through Frotodermmm to 
 Didydimn, where it attains its highest phase of development, 
 and then terminates abruptly ; whereas' in Entcridmm, a com- 
 paratively primitive genus, we get a transition from slightly 
 perforated walls to a complete breaking up of their substance 
 into an irregular network, which leads by degrees to the central 
 columella and capillitium characteristic of the Colvyinellifcrae. 
 
 FERITRICHEAE. 
 
 The present order includes the most primitive types met with 
 in the Myxogastres, illustrated by such genera as Ttilulina, of 
 which the plasmodiocarp condition, representing a plasmodium 
 covered by a common cortex, is the lowest phase ; when the 
 substance of the plasmodiocarp becomes broken up into smaller 
 portions by special walls, an aethalium is produced, and finally, 
 by the gradual isolation of the components of an aethalium we 
 get the sporangium or most highly specialized form of repro- 
 ductive organ, characteristic of the higher sections ; but we 
 everywhere meet with plasmodiocarp and aethalioid conditions, 
 proving the comparative instability of the acquired sporangial 
 phase. In the present order we learn that the primitive idea 
 in connection with spore dissemination was that of modifying, 
 or rather differentiating, the sporangial wall. The original 
 function of the wall was protective, as illustrated in the genus 
 Tuhdina, where we find this to be its only function, there being 
 no provision for spore diffusion other than that brought about 
 by the decay of the wall, which does not take place readily, and 
 the subsequent dispersion of the spores by wind or rain. 
 Passing on to such genera as E^iteridium and Clalhro^itychium, 
 we find the sporangial wall yet perfonning, as it continues to 
 do in every section, the function of protection, and remaining 
 intact until the spores are fully differentiated ; but in these 
 genera certain portions of the wall have become specially 
 
A Afonorjnrph of the Myjroga^tres. 33 
 
 thickened, and at the period of maturity, the thickened portions 
 are persistent, while the remaining portions of the wall dis- 
 appear, and as this thickening is usually of a determinate 
 nature, and utilized as a generic factor, we meet with the small, 
 fairly regular openings in the lateral walls presented by one of 
 the members of the genus Entcridium, or the still larger 
 openings of Clathroptychium ; but, although the modification is a 
 step in the right direction, owing to the fact that the species 
 constituting the two genera named retain the aethalioid con- 
 dition, the new idea is of but little practical value; and it is only 
 when we come to Crihortria, the components of Avliich for the 
 most part have reached the condition of forming small detached 
 Plasmodia, each only sufficiently large to form a single spor- 
 angium, that we realize the value of the perforated sporangial 
 wall, which, other things being equal, is better than the sealed 
 up, entire sporangium, inasmuch as at the moment the spores 
 are mature, there is a chance of being removed from the 
 sporangium by wind or rain ; but in Crihraria the stem, although 
 usually elongated, is rigid, and it is in the genus Didydium that 
 arrangements for spore diffusion from a perforated sporangium 
 is most perfect. In this genus the thickened, permanent 
 portions of the sporangium are arranged in the form of ribs 
 radiating from the base and converging again at the apex, being 
 connected by very thin, transverse bars, forming a hollow sphere 
 of lattice-work ; this globe is pendulous from a long stem curved 
 at the apex, and while the stem is rigid during the young 
 'condition, towards maturity the upper portion above the curve 
 becomes shrivelled and flaccid, and the sporangium hangs in 
 a condition ready to be dangled by the wind or the movements 
 of minute insects ; how effectual this method of spore diffusion 
 is in its way is proved by the specimens being generally found 
 destitute of spores. In Entcridium, as already mentioned, we 
 find in one species the wall symmetrically perforated, whereas 
 another species has the walls of the component sporangia 
 forming the aethalium so irregularly perforated, and forming a 
 variable network, that at first sight the aethalioid nature of the 
 mass is masked, and this species may be considered as forming 
 
 D 
 
34 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 a connecting link with another order, the ColumcUifcme, where 
 the caiiillitiura originates in a totally different manner. The 
 following arrangement illustrates the evolution of the genera 
 included in the Pcritrichcac, and the points of affinity with other 
 orders — 
 
 DiCTYDIUM. 
 
 <d^ 
 
 :> 
 
 I 
 
 Cribraria. 
 
 Clathroptychium.- 
 
 ft o 
 
 -Prutodermium. 
 
 PERITEICHEAE. 
 
 (British genera are printed in small capitals, exotic genera in italics.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 PERITEICHEAE. 
 Sub-sect. TUBULINAE. 
 
 TUBULINA. Sporangia crowded to form an aethaUum. , 
 
 Protodermium. Sporangia scattered. 
 
 Sub-sect. Cribrariae. 
 
 Orcaddla. Sporangia perforated at tlie apex. 
 
 Enteridium. Sporangia with small lateral perforations, or 
 broken up into an irregular network. 
 
 Clatiiroptychium, Sporangia with large symmetrical open- 
 ings in side walls, apices of sporangia permanent. 
 
 Cribraria. Permanent portions of upper part, or whole 
 of sporangium forming an irregular network. 
 
 DiCTYDIUM. Permanent ribs of sporangium radiating from 
 the calyculus and converging towards the apex, joined by 
 thinner transverse bars. 
 
Tuhalina. 35 
 
 Sub-sect. TUBULINAE. 
 
 TuBULiNA, Pers. (emended). 
 
 Sporangia scattered and regular, or irregular and forming a 
 plasmodiocarp, or compacted together to form a naked or corti- 
 cated aethalium ; walls very thin, single, often iridescent, not 
 perforated ; columella and capillitium absent. 
 
 Tuhuliim, Persoon, Syn. Fung., p. 197; Rost., Mon., p. 219; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 54 ; Sacc, Syll., Vol. vii. p. 406 ; Schroeter, 
 p. 102; Zopf, p. 172 f. Licca, Schrader, Nov. PI. gen., p. 17 ; Rost., 
 Mon., p. 218; Schroeter, p. 102 ; Zopf, p. 171 ; Sacc, Syll., Vol. 
 vii. p. 404 ; Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 54. Lindhladia, Fries, Summ. 
 Veg. Scand., p. 449; Rost., Mon., p. 223 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 
 55 ; Sacc, Syll, Vol. vii. p. 408 ; Zopf, 172. 
 
 A careful examination of ample material has convinced me 
 that the three genera given above constitute but one natural 
 genus, and Tuhidina, having priority, has been adopted. The 
 structure and origin of an aethalium being unknown to the old 
 mycologists, explains the origin of these genera ; but it is 
 remarkable that Rostafinski, who so lucidly explains the origin 
 and value of aethalia, did not notice the sequence so clearly 
 stated in his own diagnoses of the three genera, which he 
 retains. In all three the sporangial walls agree in being 
 membranaceous and not perforated ; Licca has the sporangia 
 regular, as in L. minima, Fr,, or irregular and forming a 
 plasmodiocarp, as in L. flexuosa, Pers. ; in Tulmlina the sporangia 
 are cylindrical or prismatic from mutual pressure, and combined 
 to form a naked aethalium ; while in Lindhladia, the sporangia 
 also form a naked aethalium, but although prismatic, as in 
 Tuhulina, arc not quite so much elongated ; finally, the species 
 described as Licca simmarioidcs, Cke. and Mass., belongs to one 
 of the trio, but differs from all in having the sporangia flexuous, 
 and in the aethalium being covered with a common cortex. If 
 Rostafinski's view as to the autonomy of the three genera in 
 question is correct, it follows that the aethalioid condition of 
 such species as Hcmiarcyria ruhi/ormis, Rost., must not only 
 be separated from the form with simple, normal sporangia, 
 
36 A Monograph of the Myxogastves. 
 
 but must constitute a new genus, which exactly illustrates 
 the difference between Licca and Lindhladia or Tuhdina 
 respectively ; whereas the only distinction given by Rostafinski 
 between T^ihclina and Lindhhulia amounts to saying that in the 
 former the sporangia are elongated ; in the latter, shorter. 
 
 A well-defined hypothallus is often present, and in some 
 species, as T. stipitata, B. and C, forms an elongated, stem-like 
 stmcture which possibly consists of sterile, modified sporangia. 
 
 Dr. Geo. A. Rex has kindly furnished me with a sequence of 
 specimens, all belonging to Tululina cylindrica as defined in the 
 present work, which to my mind show clearly the transition 
 from Tiibulina to Siplioiotychium, and thus furnishing a connect- 
 ing link between the Fcritrichcae and the Culumelliferae. 
 
 Distrih. Europe ; North America ; India; Ceylon; Australia; 
 Bonin Island: species, 11. 
 
 A. Sporangia, regular or plasinodiocarp. 
 Tubulina minima, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia scattered, sessile on a broad base, hemispherical or 
 varioicsly elongated, little depressed ; wall thin, smooth ; from clear 
 to ohscure hrown; torn above into ^e,\evsl persistent, irregular teeth ; 
 mass of spores umber, spores globose, minutely warted, 10 — 12 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Licca minima, Fr., Syst. Myc, iii. p. 199 ; Karst., Myc. Fenn., 
 iv. p. 125; Sacc, Syll., 1385. 
 
 Licca variabilis, Schrad., Nov. pi. gen., p. 15, t. vi., £f. 5, 6. 
 
 Uxsicc. — Karst., Fung. Fenn., 798. 
 
 (Specimen from Fries in Herb. Berk.) 
 
 Britain (Bulmer, Yorks). 
 
 On pine wood and sawdust. Germany ; Sweden ; Finland. 
 
 An obscure species, which, from its scattered habit, is easily 
 overlooked ; when circular from "5 — 1 mm. across ; frequently 
 2 — 8 mm. when elongated. The colour varies from almost chest- 
 nut to blackish brown ; ruptured above in an irregularly stellate 
 manner. 
 
 The inner surface of wall of sporangium has numerous 
 coloured cells or masses arranged in groups. 
 
Tubulina. 37 
 
 Rostafinski's gratuitous suggestion that the present species 
 is a Phclonitis is altogether wrong. 
 
 Tubulina flexuosa, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia scattered, sessile on a broad base, circular or varioushf 
 elongated and flexicous, wall thin, single, shining; deep olive or 
 tinged loith hroiun ; mass of spores olive ; spores globose, pale 
 olive-brown, minutely wartcd, the warts showing a tendency to 
 form very short ridges, 12 — 15 [x diameter. 
 
 Licea fleoMOsa, Pers,, Syn. fung., p. 197, t. 1, f. 5, 6; Rost., 
 Mom, p. 218; Schroet., p. 102; Sacc, 1382. 
 
 (Specimen named by Rostafinski in Herb. Berk.) 
 
 On decaying wood, especially pine. Britain (Aboyne, N. B.) ; 
 Finland ; Sweden ; Germany. 
 
 From 1 — 1"5 mm. when circular, often 2 — 3 mm. when 
 elongated. The wall of the sporangium is furnished inside with 
 a layer of fine granules of organic matter. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Licea fiex^iosa, Pars., Syn. p. 197, t. 1, f. 5, 6 (1801). 
 Tululina flexuosa, Poir., Enc, I.e. viii. no. 8 (1808). 
 L. serpula, Fr., Sym. Gast., p. 12 (1817). 
 L. spadicea, Fr., cfr., I.e. iii. p. li)7 (1829). 
 Lycogala contortium, Lk., Herb, non Ditm. 
 Acthalium minimum, Wallr., in litt. 
 Aethalmm microscojncum, Wallr., Herb. 
 Zicea ahUacca, Wallr., Fl. Ger. cr. n. 2106 (1833). 
 
 Tubulina spermoides, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia cylindrical, shorter than broad, crowded, rarely 
 scattered towards the circumference of the clusters, apex slightly 
 rounded, wall very thin, dull, breaking up into whitish fragments, 
 seated on a well-developed, thin hypothallus; mass of spores 
 olive ; spores globose, 6, 7 /x diameter, equally covered, cdl over 
 with minute iveirts. 
 
 Licea spermoides, B. and C, Grev. v. 2, p. 68. 
 
 Crihraria argillacea, Sacc, Syll., 7, n. 1415 (in part). 
 (Type in Herb. Berk. n. 10854.) 
 
 On wood, leaves, &c. Alabama. Sporangia in a single stratum, 
 
38 A Monogr<(2>li of the Myjcogastyes. 
 
 often forming patches 6 — 9 cm. long and broad ; the hypothalkis 
 although thin, is tough, and can be peeled otf the matrix. 
 Sporangia about 5 mm. diameter and not quite so high ; before 
 dehiscence yellowish olive and resembling a crowded Ferichaena. 
 
 Tubulina speciosa, Speg. 
 
 Sporangia densely gregarious, fasiculate, fascicles subcircular, 
 1 — 2 cm. long and broad, 1 — 1 mm. high, seated on a slightly 
 convex hypothallus ; sporangia cylindrical, apices rounded, 
 dehiscing irregularly, at fio^st ficsh-colonr then cinncibar, shining ; 
 spores warted, rusty-ochre ; depressed, dry concavo-convex, with 
 a thick ish margin. 
 
 Spegazzini, Nov. Add. ad Myc.Ven. n.l23; Sacc.,Syll.,7,n.l393. 
 
 On rotten wood of Finns silvcstris. N. Italy. 
 
 I have had no opportunity of examining the present species, 
 the spores of which are described as concavo-convex when 
 dry, but in all probability become spherical when moist. 
 
 Tubulina stipitata, Rost. 
 
 Hypothallus stem-like, often sulcate, spongy within; spo- 
 rangia crowded in a sub-globose head, cylindrical, apices 
 rounded ; walls very thin, evanescent ; mass of spores brownish- 
 umber ; spores globose, 4 — 5 'ix diameter, about three-fourths of 
 the surface luitJi a regular small nctwm^k, the remainder with 
 much larger mesltes. Rost., Mon., p. 223, f. 2; Cooke, Myx. Brit., 
 f. 2; Sacc, Syll., 7, n. 1392. 
 
 Lieea stijntata, B. and C, Grev. v. 2, p. 68. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk. n. 10851.) 
 Exsicc. Fung. Cub. Wrightiani, 551. 
 
 On dead wood, bark, &c. Stem 2 — 4 mm. thick and high, 
 umber, porous within; sporangia 1"5 — 2 mm. long. The sjiores 
 are globose when thoroughly soaked. 
 
 Dr. G. A. Rex of Philadelphia has recently sent specimens 
 of the present species having the hypothallus very much 
 reduced, and also informs me that sessile forms are not un- 
 common, hence the specific distinction between 2\ cylinchica 
 and the present species turns mostly on spore differences. 
 
 Cuba; Java; Bonin Islands; United States. 
 
Tahulina. 39 
 
 Tubulina guaranitica, Roumeg. 
 
 Gregarious ; sporancjia glohose, sometimes slightly attenuated 
 below on passing into the stem; wall single, thin; clingy 
 ochraceous with a tinge of olive, sometimes greyish below, 
 about 1 mm. diameter; ston rather thick, slightly incrassatcd 
 doivmoards, and 2^a!ising into a hypothalhis, 1-5—2 mm. long, 
 ochraceous-brown ; mass of spores umber ; spores globose, smooth, 
 7 — 8 [X diameter. 
 
 Tiibulina guaranitica, Roumegu^re, Fung. Sel. exsicc., no. 5196. 
 
 Licea ? guaranitica, Speg., Fung, guaran.. Pug. I, no. 322. 
 
 On decayed bark. Guarapi ; Argentine Republic. 
 
 With the general appearance of a small specimen of Ttdmlina 
 stipitata, differing in having only a single sporangium, or 
 aethalium surrounded by a thin, friable cortex. The dimorphic 
 capillitium described by Spegazzini as consisting of septate 
 threads is clearly nothing more than the mycelium of some 
 minute fungus spreading in the mass of spores. The tail-like 
 appendages to the spores mentioned by the author are to be 
 explained in the same way. The above description is drawn 
 up from the specimens in Roumeguere's exsicc. These speci- 
 mens were supplied by Balansa, and may therefore be con- 
 sidered as authentic, inasmuch as Spegazzini's Fungi guaranitica 
 is an account of the Fungi collected by Balansa. 
 
 B. Acthaliuvi nalrd. 
 
 Tubulina cylindrica, Rost. (f 1 — 0). 
 
 Sporangia usually crowded and forming a naked cake-like 
 brown aethalium, rarely scattered, seated on a well-developed 
 flat or slightly convex hypothallus, cylindrical or subangular 
 from mutual pressure, more or less elongated, apex rounded ; 
 wall single, thin, often iridescent; mass of spores brownish- 
 umber; spores globose, ahoat three-fourths of the surface with 
 a regular, Jine-meshcd nctworh, the remainder with sccdtered 
 ridges and ivarts, 7 — 9 \x diameter. Rost., Mon., p. 220 ; 
 Ckc., Myx. Brit., p. 54; Sacc, Syll., 1391; Schrocter, p. 102. 
 
40 A Monograph of tiff Mi/rogastres. 
 
 Tuhdina nitidissima, Berk., Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 18, p. 387 
 (from examination of type); Licea rulifm-mis, B. and Curt, 
 (from exam, of type). 
 
 Licca micro&perma, B. and C. (from exam, of type). 
 
 Exsicc. — Syd., Myc. March., 1498; Cke., Brit. Fung., ed. ii., 
 528 ; Karst., Myc. Fenn., 697 ; Fekl., F. Rhen., 1470 ; Roum., 
 Fung. Gall, 3066 ; Ellis and Everh., N. A. Fung., ser. II. 2096. 
 
 On wood. Forming compact cakes varying from half an inch 
 to a foot or more in diameter, varying from umber-brown to 
 chestnut, the surface granular with the convex apices of the 
 sporangia. When immature and pulpy, of a beautiful straw- 
 berry colour. Hypothallus spongy, resembling when thick the 
 sterile base of a Lycopcrdon. Dr. Rex considers that two 
 distinct species are confounded under the above name. 
 
 Britain (Apethorpe, Powerscourt, Brandon, Scarboro', Car- 
 lisle, Glamis, N. B.) ; Germany ; France ; Sweden ; Finland ; 
 Hungary; Belgium; United States; India; Ceylon; Australia. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Tululifcra cercdum, Fl. Dan., t. 659, f. 2 (1777). 
 Tubidifcra arachnoidea, Jacq., Misc., t. 15 (1778). 
 Mucor iuhulosus, Retz. 
 Stemonitis ferruginea, Batsch, f. 175 (1786). 
 Sphacrocarpus cylindrims, Bull., t. 470, f. 3 (1791). 
 Sphacrocarpnis fragiformis, Bull., t. 384 ? (1791). 
 Tuhiferaferruginosa, Gmel., Syst. 1472 (1791). 
 Tiibifera cylindrica, Gmel, Syst. 1472 (1791). 
 TuUf era fragiformis, Gmel, Syst. 1472 (1791). 
 Trichia fragifm-mis, With., Arr., iii. 480 (1792). 
 T'lbhidifcra coccinea, Trent., p. 243 (1797). 
 Licca tuhulina, Schrad., N. G., 16 (1797). 
 Licca clavata, Schrad., N. G., 18 (1797). 
 Tuhdina fragiformis, Pers., Disp., p. 11 (1797); Pers., Syn., 
 
 t. 4, f. 3, 4. 
 Tnlndimtfallax, Pers., Obs., ii. 28 (1799). 
 Tuhulina fragiformis, a. papiUata, /3. clavata, y. coiiica, b. 
 
 coccinea, e. opcrculcda: Pers., Obs., ii. 29. 
 
Tuhulina. 41 
 
 lieiicularia multiccqmda, Sow,, t. 179 (1790). 
 
 Tuhidina cylindrica, D, C, FJ. F,, 674 (1805). 
 
 Tuhdina fragifera, Poir., Ency., viii. No. 3 (1808). 
 
 Zicea fragiformis,'Nees,f. 102 (1816); Eng. Fl., v. p. 821; 
 
 Cooke, Hdbk., 1194; Fung. Brit., ii. 528. 
 Bermodium fallax, Nees, f. 103 (1816). 
 Licca cylindrica, Fr., S. Myc, iii. 195 (1829) ; Eng. FL, v. 391 ; 
 
 Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1193. 
 Licea iricolor, Zoll., in Flora (1847), p. 300. 
 Tuhulina concjlohata, Preuss., Linnaea, 140 (1851). 
 
 Tuhulina effusa, Mass. 
 
 ActJiali'itm naked, sporangia seated on a firm, common hypo- 
 tliallus, irregular from mutual pressure, in a single stratum or 
 superposed, walls very thin, lustrous, grown together ; free apices 
 of spoQ^angia slightly convex, giving the surface of the aethalium a 
 granular appearance ; mass of spores ochraceous-umher ; spores 
 globose, yellowish-brown, very indistinctly vcrruculose, 6 — 8 ix 
 diameter. 
 
 Lindhladia effusa, Rost., Men., p. 223; Schroct., p. 103; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit, p. 55; Sacc, Syll., no. 1395. 
 
 On the ground and on wood. Britain (Leicester, Epping, 
 Scarboro', Aboyne, Forres, Linlithgow); Germany; Sweden; 
 France ; Bohemia. 
 
 Often forming compact, flattened cakes extending for three 
 or four inches, sometimes much smaller; superficially closely 
 resembling Tuhulina cylindrica, but the mass of spores with 
 a yellower tinge, and the present species also differs in the 
 shorter sporangia, which are not so uniform in their arrange- 
 ment as in T. cylindrica. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Licca effusa, Ehr., Sylv., p. 26, f. i. (1818). 
 Aethalium melaenum, Chev. Byss., iii. (1837). 
 Lindhladia tuhulina, Fr., S. V. S., 449 (1849). 
 Acihiliiiiii alrum, Preuss., Linnaea, 141 (1851). 
 
42 A Monoijra])li of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Reticularia maxima, Corda, Ic. vi. 85 (1852), 
 Beticularict granulosa, Qi^rstd. MSS. 
 
 0. Aetlialium covered with a common cortex. 
 Tubulina spumarioidea, Cke. and Mass. 
 
 Aethalium large, irregular, cortex membranaceous, higUt grey, 
 with anastomosing veins inside ; walls of sporangia almost 
 colourless, very thin and soon disappearing; mass of spores 
 orange with a tinge of olive ; spores globose, with oxtther large, 
 oltuse loarts, 16 — 18 /x diameter. 
 
 Licea sj)%imarioidca, Cke. and Mass., Grev., vol. xvi. p. 74 
 (1888). 
 
 Running over twigs and on the ground. Near Melbourne, 
 Australia. 
 
 Aethalia subglobose or irregular, varying from | to 1 inch 
 across, creeping up grass and twigs like Siyivmaria alhcc ; common 
 cortex bright grey, thin, subpersistent, with numerous anasto- 
 mosing vein-like thickenings in the inside of the wall. Spor- 
 angia densely crowded, flexuous, wall thin, at first imperforate, 
 soon disappearing. 
 
 Imperfectly known species. 
 Tubulina brunnea (Preuss.). 
 Closely gregarious; sporangia ochraceous-brown, rotund, sub- 
 depressed, wall papyraceous, irregularly torn, upper portion 
 disappearing in a subcircumscissile manner ; spores globose, 
 minute, ochraceous, threads none. 
 
 Licea hrunnca, Preuss., Hoyersw., n. 275 ; Schroet., p. 102 ; 
 Sacc, SylL, 1887. 
 
 On semi-putrid trunks of pines. Germany ; Silesia. 
 
 Tubulina Lindheimeri, Mass. 
 
 Broadly effused, externally blackish, mass of spores ferru- 
 ginous-orange ; spores globose, smooth, — 7 fx diameter. 
 
 Luxa Lindheimeri, Berk., Grev. v. 2, p. 05 ; Sacc, Syll., v. 7, 
 n. 1388. 
 
Tuhulina. Pvotodenmum. 43 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk. n. 10848.) 
 
 On dead bark. Texas. 
 
 The type specimen is so thoroughly crushed that it is im- 
 possible to say whether the plant is a Licca or a Tuhulina, but 
 in all probabiKty the latter, as there appear to be indications 
 of the bases of crowded sporangia. 
 
 Tubulina caespitosa, Mass. 
 
 Peridia aggregated in tufts or clusters, crowded, sessile, 
 smooth, brown or blackish-brown ; spores dingy ochre, smooth, 
 globose, .00025 in. in diameter (=5.5 ii). 
 
 Thysarunt cacsintos%tm, Peck, 26th Report, State Mus. N. York, 
 p. 75. 
 
 Rotten wood. Greenbush ; U. States. 
 
 Protodermium, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia simple, solitary, regular in form; mass of spores 
 blackish violet ; capillitium entirely absent. 
 
 Protodcrma, Rost., Mon., p. 00; Schroeter, p. 103; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., p. 10. 
 
 Frotodcrmium, Sacc, Syll, Vol. vii., pt. I., p. 325. 
 
 Rostafinski's name ProtGderma was altered by Berlese in 
 Saccardo's Sylloge to Protodermium, as the former had been 
 already used for a genus of algae. 
 
 The present genus is identical with Talmlma except in the 
 colour of the spores, a character which I look upon with doubt. 
 Colour as presented by spores is undoubtedly of some signifi- 
 cance, but being altogether in ignorance as to its relative 
 physiological value, I cannot accept colour in Rostafinski's 
 sense as being of such supreme importance as to constitute the 
 basis for the primary divisions of the Myxogastres, even if the 
 divisions indicated had really existed in nature, which however 
 is far from being the case. 
 
 Disirih. Europe; United States: species 1. 
 
 Protodermium pusillum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious, distinct, hemispherico-subdeprcsscd, 
 about 1 nnu. broad, chcdnnt-broivn, shiuiuff ; mass of si)ores 
 
44 A Monograjyh of the Mi/xogastres. 
 
 black; spores globose, IG — 18// diameter; episporc blackish 
 violet, smooth. 
 
 Protoderma ]p%silla, Host., Mon., p. 90. 
 
 Protodermiwm imsillum, Sacc, Syll., Vol. vii., pt. I, n. 1139. 
 
 On rotten wood. Germany; Russia; United Status. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Zicea pusilla, Sclirad., Nov. Gen., p. 19, t. vi., f. 4 (1797). 
 Pliysarum licea, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 143 (1829). 
 
 Sub-sect. Cribrariae. 
 Enteridium, Rost. (emended). 
 
 Aethalium covered with a general, irregularly perforated, 
 membranaceous cortex ; walls of component sporangia with 
 symmetrical perforations, or irregularly broken up to form a 
 capillitium-like structure. 
 
 Rost., Mon., IX 226; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. .56; Schroeter, 
 p. 103; Sacc, Syll, Vol. vii., pt. I., p. 409. 
 
 Very closely allied to the CkctliroptijcMum, which differs 
 chiefly in the more complete absorption of the walls of the 
 sporangia. 
 
 In E. olivacenm, which most nearly approaches CJatliropty- 
 chiitm in structure, the side walls of the sporangia are not so 
 completely absorbed as in the last-named genus, hence the 
 thickened angles formed by the walls of contiguous cells have 
 broader and more irregular wings. 
 
 Distrih. Europe ; United States ; W. Australia : species 3. 
 
 A. Spores Beticulatcd. 
 E)ifcridii(m olivacctt.m,'Rost. (f. 14 — 18). 
 Aethalium very variable in form, flattened or pulvinate, olive ; 
 general cortex papery, pellucid ; walls of the crowded sporangia 
 pellucid, yellowish-brown, perforated; mass of spores olive; 
 spores in clusters of from 5 — 20, single sjwrcs truncate, the free 
 portion convex ami wartcd, rcmaini^ig 2'>ortion smooth, 11 — 15 /x 
 diameter. 
 
Enteridium. 4 5 
 
 Rost., Mon., p. 227, fig. 5 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. oG, fig. 5 ; 
 Schroeter, p. 103; Sacc, Syll., n. 1399. 
 
 Eetimlaria ai^iAancda, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. (188G), 
 t. ii., f. 8. 
 
 (Specimen in Herb. Berk., named by Rostafinski.) 
 
 On wood. Britain (Kew, Scarborough, Appin, N. B.) ; 
 Germany ; Denmark ; France ; United States ; W. Australia. 
 
 Irregularly effused for 1—2 inches, or sometimes in the 
 cracks of wood and then elongated ; colour dark greenish olive, 
 the minute sporangia showing through the thin general cortex, 
 and giving the surface a slightly papillose appearance. The 
 side walls of the sporangia are more or less regularly perforated, 
 the angles where adjacent sporangia meet being permanent 
 and winged with the side portions of the walls that are not 
 absorbed. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 LycoiKvdon undulimLm, Schum. Saell., 1404 (1803). 
 Enteridium olivaceum, Ehr., f. 1, 5 A.E. (1818). 
 Reticnlaria versicolor, Fr., Obs., ii., 147 (1818). 
 Licogala olivacea, Link, Hb. 
 
 Betioularia olivacea, Fr., Syst. Myc, iii., 89 (1829). 
 Rcticularia unyidina, Fr., in Fl. Dan., t. 1977, f 2 (1823). 
 Enteridium airum, Preuss., Linnaea, 142 (1851). 
 Beticidaria ajyjylanata, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. (1866), 
 
 t. ii., f 3 ; Cke. Hdbk., No. 1098. 
 Zicea olivacea, Fckl. Symb., 338 (1869). 
 Zicca glomulifera, De Bary and Rost, in Alex. (1872). 
 Licaethalium olivaceum, Rost. Vers., p. 4 (1873). 
 LindUadia versicolor, Rost., in Fckl, 68 (1873). 
 
 Enteridium Rostrupii, Raunk. 
 
 Aethaha irregular, lengthened, the greatest length is 4 cm., 
 consisting but of one stratum of sporangia, which is 1 mm. 
 thick. Wall of sporangium olive; the lateral wall towards 
 ripening of the spores perforated by large, oval openings. Mass 
 of spores olive; the single spore ratlier colourless. Spores in 
 
4G A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 oval hall-shaped clusters of from 5 — 25. Only the convex surface 
 warted, 11 — 12 ix diameter. 
 
 Enteridium Bostriqni, Rauuk., Myx. Dan., p. 1 OG (in English). 
 
 On fir-stumps and rotten oak branches — autumn. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 From the above description alone it is difficult to indicate 
 the points of difference between the present species and E, 
 olivacetom. 
 
 Enteridium macrosporum, Raunk. 
 
 Aethalia hemispherical, 2 mm. diameter, at first reddish, later 
 olive. Spores in oval ball-shaped clusters of from 5 — 25. 
 Only the convex surface s'pinulose, 12 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
 Entcridktm macrosporum, Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 106, t. 2, 
 f. 1. 
 
 On rotten fir branches. Autumn. Near Copenhagen. 
 
 This species I have only fo\md once, and then but very few 
 specimens. It seems to be especially different from the other 
 species of Enteridium in the size of the spores and the par- 
 ticularly developed sculpture of their convex surface. (Raunk.) 
 
 Enteridium Rozeanum, Wing. (f. 108). 
 Aethalium of irregular shape, - globose, ovoid, or rounded- 
 pyramidal, attached to the substratum by a wide base. Vari- 
 able in size, from 5 — 30 mm. in diameter. Cortex and mass 
 of spores ferruginous brown ; occasionally the cortex shining ; 
 sometimes membranaceous, pellucid. Interior structure very 
 variable, the walls of the individual sporangia (which form a 
 capillitium) membranaceous, pellucid, band-like, combined into 
 an all-sided network attached uniformly to all sides of the 
 cortex. The bands have triangular or polygonal expansions 
 at the angles where they join each other. Spores globose, 
 about two-thirds of the surface covered with a delicate, regular, 
 fine-meshed network, the remainder with simple warts or 
 elongated ridges. The warted portion has the outline of a 
 wide spindle lying at the poles of the little sphere. Spores 
 measure 7 5 — 9 ^. 
 
Enteridium. 47 
 
 Eiitcridiniii Bozcanum, Wing., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 
 1889, p. 15G. 
 
 Beticularia (?) Eozcana, Rost., Mori,, SuppL, no. 179 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., no. 1425. 
 
 Licea fallax, Pers., in Herb. Schwein. 
 
 On wood, bark, &c. Britain (Scarboro') ; France; United 
 States. 
 
 The spaces in the capillitium, wliich represent the individual 
 sporangia of the aethalium, have about the same dimensions 
 in the same plant, but vary considerably, comparing one speci- 
 men with another. The extremes of variation may be ex- 
 pressed by the proportion 1 to 10. Sometimes the bands of 
 the capillitium are very much lacerated longitudinally, and 
 form a filamentous mass, when the characteristic structure of 
 the genus is entirely lost after the dispersal of the spores. 
 Capillitium yellowish under the microscope. 
 
 The whole of the above is from Mr. Wingate's article, which 
 also contains an interesting historical sketch of the species. 
 
 The present species appears to be generally distributed in 
 the United States, judging from the specimens in the Kew 
 herbarium sent by various American correspondents; one 
 specimen communicated by Ravenel from Lower Carolina is 
 irregularly circular in outline, three and a half inches in 
 diameter and half an inch thick. The European form, judging 
 from the specimens I have seen, has the sporangial walls very 
 much reduced, and will probably be found in herbaria under 
 Beticularia, where I was at first disposed to place it until con- 
 vinced by Mr. Wingate of its nearer affinity with Enteridium. 
 
 B. . S'porcs wartcd. 
 Enteridium simulans, Rost. 
 
 Very similar to B. olivaccum, but the spores are free or loosely 
 aggregated, irregularly spherical, and minutchj wartcd all over, 
 10 — 12 IX diameter. 
 
 Rost., Monogr,, Appendix, p. 81 ; Karst., ^Mvc. Fran., iv. 
 p. 12G; Sacc, Syll, n. 1400. 
 
48 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 On decorticated brandies of Almis incana. Finland. 
 
 Aethalinm variable in form, suborbicular or elongated, convex, 
 pulvinate or depressed, 2 — 5 mm. broad. 
 
 I have had no opportunity of examining the present species. 
 If the spores are minutely warted all over, the species may 
 be distinct, but clustered spores with warts all over are not 
 common ; and remembering the numerous inaccurate descrip- 
 tions in the works of Karsten and Rostafinski in connection 
 with epispore marking, I am inclined to suspect the autonomy 
 of the present species. 
 
 Orcadella, Wing. 
 
 Sporangia with coarse stipes; sporangium wall likewise 
 coarse, but at the top of the sporangium replaced by a delicate 
 membrane which forms a more or less flattened deciduous lid. 
 
 Orcadella, Wingate, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada., 1889, 
 p. 280. 
 
 The present genus is considered as the type of a new family 
 of the Myxogastres, described as follows by Mr. Harold Wingate 
 in the article quoted above — 
 
 " This curious minute plant presents anatomical character- 
 istics which lead me to propose a new family of the Myxo- 
 mycetes, and which, in Dr. Rostafinski's classification, would 
 come imder Order IV., Ancmeae, and after Family 13, Clathro- 
 ptychiaceac. 
 
 " OTcadcllaccac, fam. no v. 
 
 " Sporangia without columella or capillitium, and the upper 
 part of the coarse sporangium wall replaced by a delicate 
 membrane having a defined outline. 
 
 " This family seems to bridge, to a certain extent, the gap 
 between Rostafinski's orders Ancmeae and Hetcrodermcae, as we 
 here have a stage between the uniform wall of Licea, Tuhulioia,, 
 &c., and the lacerate upper wall of some species of Crihraria, 
 where the receptacle is strongly developed and covered with 
 minute granulations. The epispore seems to be absolutely 
 without thickenings even under very high magnification." 
 
Orcadella. 40 
 
 I am indebted to the kindness of the author for an oppor- 
 tunity of examining authentic specimens, and quite agree as 
 to the validity of the generic characters, and also admit that 
 the new family founded is quite as good as most others at 
 present admitted iu the Myxomycdcs, but I am afraid that if 
 such trivial characters are admitted as sufficient for family 
 characteristics, those left for generic distinctions will be reduced 
 to inappreciable quantities. 
 
 Compared with allied genera, as Clatltroptijcldnm and 
 Entcridiitm, we find that in the genus under consideration, the 
 ajncal portion of the sporangium is differentiated and event- 
 ually disappears, whereas in the two last-named genera the 
 differentiation and disappearance of the sporangium is confined 
 to certain portions of the lateral wall; or finally, it may be 
 looked upon as a scattered, stipitate Tubulina with a dehiscent 
 apex to the sporangium. 
 
 Distrih. United States: species 1. 
 
 Orcadella operculata, Wing. (f. 201). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, without columella or capillitium, very 
 variable in form, barrel-shaped, urn-shaped, vase-shaped, jar- 
 shaped, ovoid or nearly globose, or all varieties appearing in 
 one small group ; stipe slightly tapering, erect or bent, blackish, 
 rough and coarse from deposits of plasmodic refuse ; very 
 variable in height. Sporangium wall likewise coarse, blackish, 
 containing deposits of plasmodic refuse, but at the top part 
 of the sporangium replaced by a delicate, yellowish, iridescent, 
 lustrous or vernicose membrane which forms a flat or slightly 
 convex circular deciduous lid, sometimes smooth, sometimes 
 reticulately wrinkled. Mass of spores yellowish. Individual 
 spores almost colourless, globose or irregularly roundish, smooth, 
 8 — 11 ju, in diameter. 
 
 Orcadella oj^erciilata, Wing., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1889, 
 p. 280, with fig. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada.) 
 
 On truul^s of living red-oak trees {Oucrcus ruler). United 
 States. 
 
50 A Manor/ i' ft ph of the Mi/jcogastres. 
 
 I have given the author's own diagnosis of the species. 
 Scattered in cracks of the bark, from -5 — 1 mm. high, some- 
 times a Httle more, stem suberect, sometimes rather flexuous, 
 sporangium very small. 
 
 Clathroptychium, Rost. 
 
 Aethalium naked ; sporangia sessile, prismatic or cylindrical, 
 densely crowded on a hypothallus, walls of sporangia persistent 
 at the apex, lateral walls reduced to 5 — 6 slender threads which 
 extend from the hypothallus and support the apical portion. 
 
 Rost., Mon., p. 225 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 55 ; Schroeter, 
 p. 1G4- ; Sacc, Syll., p. 405 ; Zopf, p. 137. 
 
 Rostafinski was the first to point out the true aethalioid 
 nature of Glathroptychiam rugulosum, and in his diagrammatic 
 arrangement, Mon., fig. 80, represents the sporangia as circular 
 in outline, packed close together, and consequently leaving 
 triangular interspaces; each sporangium is represented as 
 having six triangular thickened portions of its wall projecting 
 into the interior of the sporangium. A careful examination of 
 several specimens in various stages of development show that 
 Rostafinski's interpretation is not correct. The sporangia, when 
 young, are cylindrical, with both ends slightly convex, and the 
 walls entire; towards maturity the lateral walls, due to mutual 
 pressure, become flattened, and the sporangia are then hexagonal 
 or rarely pentagonal in transverse section ; at the angles where 
 three contiguous cells meet the walls of the sporangia become 
 thickened, agglutinated together, and persist as the upright 
 threads that support the slightly convex, persistent, cap-like 
 portions of the sporangia. From the above description it will 
 be seen that the triangular upright threads correspond in 
 position to the triangular interspaces in Rostafinski's diagram, 
 and further, that the black triangular thickenings shown in 
 the diagram have no existence in nature. During the period 
 between the formation and maturing of the spores, the fiat 
 lateral walls of the sporangia are dissolved, with the exception 
 of a narrow jagged wing projecting from each aogle of the 
 upright permanent portions. In G. rugulosum these wings are 
 
Clath I •optiirh 'mm. 5 1 
 
 very rudimentary, but in C. Bcrkcleyi arc often broader than 
 the triangular portion, and recalling to mind the similar struc- 
 ture in Enteridium olivaceum. The triangular upright threads 
 almost invariably show traces of a central cavity, which cor- 
 responds to the intercellular space between the originally 
 cyhndrical sporangia. The persistent apices of the sporangia, 
 when viewed from above under a low power, are seen to consist 
 of very slightly convex hexagons, rarely pentagons, so firmly 
 agglutinated together that the whole can be removed as a 
 continuous membrane ; if this is done, and the membrane then 
 viewed from the under side, after the spores have been cleared 
 away, the stumps of the triangular threads will be seen to 
 originate from the angles where the permanent apices of three 
 sporangia meet ; if this membrane is treated with potassie 
 hydrate, the apices separate from each other as do also the 
 triangular threads ; this separation sometimes takes place in 
 water alone, when the apices with their threads appear as 
 represented in Eostafinski's figures 28 and 29. 
 
 The above account applies to the typical structure, but both 
 species appear to be very variable. Zopf has figured an aberrent 
 form of G. rugidosurti, haVing the threads supporting the apical 
 persistent portion of the sporangium varying in number, irregu- 
 larly branched and anastomosing. I have met with a similar 
 form, also another variety where the threads are branched and 
 anastomosing and not confined to the margin of the apical 
 portion, but originating from any portion of its under surface, 
 and approximating so closely in structure to certain forms of 
 the genus Pericliacna as to be almost indistinguishable. 
 
 Distrih. Europe ; Africa ; India ; Ceylon ; Australia ; United 
 States : species 3. 
 
 Clathroptychium rugulosum, Rost. (f. 25 — 28). 
 Hypothallus well developed, often extending as a whitish 
 membrane for some distance ; sporangia prismatic, apex slightly 
 rounded, and supported by five or six slender triangular per- 
 sistent threads, the fiat face iwinting to the interior of the sporan- 
 gium rugidose ; colour of mass of sporangia reddish, bright 
 
•52 A Monof/fffpli of the 3fi/xo(/astres. 
 
 brown, or umber; mass of spores clear yellow, ochraceous, or 
 tinged with brown, spores globose, very minutdy vcrruculose, 
 8 — 11 M diameter. 
 
 Host., Mon., p. 225, figs. 25, 28, 29, 30; Cooke, Myx. Brit., 
 p. 55, figs. 25, 28, 29, 30 ; Scliroeter, p. 104. 
 
 Licea tcnuissima, B. and Br., Fungi of Ceylon, in Journ. Linn. 
 Soc., Vol. xiv., p. 86 (Hb. B., n. 10858). 
 
 Zicea cinnaharina, B. and Br., Ceylon Fungi, in Journ. Linn. 
 Soc, Vol. xiv., p. 80 (Herb. Berk., 10854). 
 
 Ostoricoderma spadiccum, ScliAvein. (specimen so named by 
 Schweinitz in Herb. Berk., 10864). 
 
 Cornuvia Scliwcinitzii, Berk, in Herb. 
 
 Eu'sicc. — Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 335. 
 
 On dead wood. Britain (Oxford, Leicester, Eltham Park, 
 Scarborough, Glamis, N. B.) ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Bel- 
 gium ; Hungary ; Algeria ; United States ; Ceylon ; Australia. 
 
 The crowded sporangia form compact cakes of irregular form, 
 varying from a \ to 1^ in. across, and about 1 mm. thick. 
 The surface is generally chestnut-brown, often with olive shade, 
 and minutely rugulose. The hypothallus often extends con- 
 siderably beyond the sporangia. Differs from C. cinnaha- 
 rinum in the verruculose spores, and from C. Bcrkelcyi in 
 the absence of wings to the triangular supports of the apex 
 of the sporangium. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Fuligo phtmhea, Fl. Dan., 1976, f. 1 (1803). 
 
 Reticularia plumhca, Fr., S. M., iii. 88 (1829). 
 
 Licea rugulosa, Wallr, Fl. Germ., 2107 (1833). 
 
 Licca applanata. Berk., Hook Journ. (1845) ; B. and Br., 
 
 Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 313 ; Cke, Hdbk., n. 1195. 
 Lycogala Icnticulare, D. R. and M., Fl. Alg., 401 (184G). 
 Reticularia leoiticularis, Mort., Herb. 
 Dictydiacfhalium cqyplanatum, Rost., in Fckl., Symb., 2 Nach. 
 
 69 (1873). 
 
Clathvopt jfch inm. 5 3 
 
 Clathroptychium Berkeley!, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Hypothallus stout, not extending beyond the sporangia, 
 which are densely crowded, forming cakes 1 — 3 cm. across, 
 and 1'5 — 2 mm. thick, very minutely and indistinctly rugulose, 
 brownish-olive ; apices of sporangia almost plane, supported by 
 5 — 6 triangular, holloio threads, vjhich are strongly winged at the 
 angles, free edges of wings eroded ; mass of spores dirty olive ; 
 spores globose, warted, warts with a tendency to become elon- 
 gated, 10 — 13 fJL diameter. 
 
 Licca cijlindrica, Fr., Berk, and Br., Fungi of Ceylon, Journ. 
 Linn. Soc, Vol. xiv., p. 86. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10857 a.) 
 
 On wood. Ceylon. 
 
 The large spores with the warts showing a tendency to 
 become elongated and form ridges, and the strongly-winged 
 threads supporting the apices of the sporangia characterize the 
 present species. 
 
 Clathroptychium cinnabarinum, Sacc. 
 
 Sporangia prismatic, broadly diffused, closely crowded, 
 \ — I mm. high, vivid vcriiiilion, above (operculum) blackish- 
 purple, rather shining, sessile, rising erect from a hypothallus ; 
 spores globose, smooth, 9 — 12 ju, diameter, vermilion, guttulate ; 
 threads descending from the operculum, filiform, thickish, 
 fuliginoiis. 
 
 Sacc, in Michelia, I., p. 545 ; Sacc, Syll., Vol. vii., pt. I., 
 n. 1397. 
 
 On decayed oak wood. North Italy. Forming flattened 
 heaps, 4 — 6 cm. long. Differs from C lathropt jjchiitm rugulosum 
 in the different colour of the mature plant, the narrow, prismatic 
 sporangia, and smooth, vermilion spores. 
 
 The vermilion colour and smooth spores suggest the possi- 
 bility of the present being an immature condition of some 
 species. 
 
 Clathroptychium dissiliens, Hazl. 
 Sporangia forming a rotund or oval cushion, 2 — 5 mm. 
 
54 A Motwr/j-ajyh of the Mi/x<>(faf?tres. 
 
 diameter, chestnut-brown, pruinose ; mass of spores and sup- 
 porting threads yellowish brown. 
 
 Dictijdiathaliu.m dissilicns, Hazl., Just, Bot. Jahresb., 1877, 
 p. 156 ; Sacc., Syll, Vol. vii., pt. I, n. 1398. 
 
 Hazlinsky states the present species, when ripe, dehisces in 
 an elastic manner on the slightest touch, brought about by 
 the sudden expansion of the elaters (= threads supporting 
 apical portion of sporangium) which in(n'ease to three times 
 their previous length. 
 
 Cribraria. Pers. (emended). 
 
 Wall of sporangium single, with thickened permanent portions 
 arranged in the form of more or less parallel ribs at the base, 
 branching and anastomosing above to form an irregular net- 
 work, angles of network sometimes dilated and enclosing 
 granules; thin portions of wall entirely disappearing at ma- 
 turity, or the basal portions between the radiating ribs per- 
 sistent and forming an imperforate calyculus ; columella and 
 capillitium absent. 
 
 Cribraria, Pers. Syn., p. 192 ; Rost., Mon., p. 57 ; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit, p. 57; Schroeter, p. 104; Zopf, p. 141; Sacc, SylL, 
 Vol. vii., pt. I., p. 412. 
 
 Hderodidyon, Rost., Mon., p. 231 ; Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 57 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., p. 411. 
 
 After a careful comparison of specimens or figures of all the 
 species, with two exceptions, I find it impossible to retain 
 Rostafinski's genus Hderodictyon. In Cribraria we find, as 
 a rule, a calyculus at the base of the sporangium, composed 
 of more or less parallel ribs, with the thinner intermediate 
 portions persistent ; from the irregular margin of the calyculus, 
 the upper network commences, or rather, may be looked upon 
 as a continuation of the ribs of the calyculus; if the upper 
 portion starts from the margin of the calyculus, as an irregular 
 net-work consisting of well-defined nodes united by thin 
 strands, it represents Rostafinski's conception of Cribraria; 
 but if the lower portion of the network consists of more or 
 less parallel, broad ribs, joined laterally by thin strands, and 
 
Crlhiutrld. 55 
 
 passing into the Cribraria type of network towards the apex, 
 then, according to Rostafinski, it is Hctcrodidyon. There is, 
 in reality, every shade of transition between the two extremes, 
 and G. Blcniaszii closely connects the genus Cribraria in the 
 wider sense, with Dictyilmm. 
 
 Distrib. Europe; United States; Ceylon: species 19. 
 
 Sub-Gen. Hctcrodcrma. Calyculus 'present. 
 
 Network thickened, and forming nodes at the angles. 
 
 Cribraria elegans, B, and C. 
 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate, more or less cernuous, p%trj)le, 
 calyculus occupying nearly lower half of sporangial wall, with 
 numerous radiating ribs, and studded with organic purple 
 granules inside ; nodes of network numerous, large, angular or 
 irregularly stellate, containing purple granules, connected by 
 thin bands; stem elongated, expanding downwards, and pass- 
 ing into a small hypothallus, curved near the apex, p)U'^'l>^^ »* 
 spores — mass purple ; spores globose ; minutely warted, 5 — 7 joi 
 diameter. 
 
 Cribrao'ia elegans, B. and C, Grev., Vol. ii., p. G7 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 n, 1412 ; Rost., Mon., App., p. 82. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10873.) 
 
 On decayed wood. Lower Carolina. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, stem variable in length, 2 — 3 mm., 
 sometimes flexuous. There are no free ends in the network 
 of the sporangium. 
 
 Cribraria piriformis, Schrad. 
 Sporangia 2W^tform> stipitate, erect, p^urplc-brovjn before de- 
 hiscence, then yellowish-brown above, calyculus funnel-shaped, 
 occupying the lower third of sporangium, with radiating ribs, 
 margin eroded, nodes of network large, angular, coloured, with 
 prominent, acute processes, containing granules, united by very 
 slender threads ; stem about equal in length to sporangium, sub- 
 equal, purple-brown, expanding at the base into a hypothallus 
 of the same colour ; spores very pale salmon-colour, globose, 
 smooth, o — 7 fj. diameter. 
 
56 A Manor/ r(iph of the Mjijcona^tres. 
 
 Crihraria piriformis, Sclirad., Nov. PI. Gen., p. 4, pi. S., 
 f. 4—5 ; Rost., Mon., p. 237, fig. 14; Cooke, Brit. Myx., fig. 14 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., n. 1416. 
 
 On rotten pine wood. Scotland ; Sweden ; Germany. 
 
 Gregarious, several often springing from a common hypo- 
 thallus; 2 — 3 mm. high, resembling superficially some forms 
 of C. macrocarpa, but at once distinguished by the large, 
 irregularly stellate, distinct nodes of the network, connected by 
 slender strands. 
 
 Cribraria macrocarpa. Schrad. (f. 110). 
 
 Sporangia hroadhj oJwraie, stipitate, erect, upper portion 
 ycUowisk-hroum, calyculus Irownish-jnirplc, funnel-sJiajwd, occu- 
 pying one-third or more of the sporangium; sometimes ^)c?-- 
 f orated toivards the very irregular margin, the projections of 
 which are prolonged as flattened, granulose, coloured, iiTegularly 
 curved bands of varying width, and anastomosing at various 
 points, with numerous lateral projections which are continuous 
 with the projections of adjoining ribs as thin strands bridging 
 the irregular meshes formed by the larger ribs; stem stout, 
 erect, simple, or 2 — 8 more or less grown together, purple- 
 Irown, rugulose, expanded at the base into a spreading hypo- 
 thallus; spores pale yellow, globose, smooth, 7 — 10 ^ diameter. 
 
 Crihraria iiwcrocar'pa, Schrad., Nov. PI. Gen,, p. 8, t. ii., 
 f. 3—4; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 59; Sdcc, Syll., n. 1417; Rost., 
 Mon., p. 238. 
 
 On decayed wood. Britain (Glamis, N. B.) ; France ; Switzer- 
 land ; Germany ; Sweden. 
 
 Crowded or scattered, sometimes 2 — 3 more or less combined 
 to form an aethalium. The obovate sporangia and peculiar 
 structure of reticulation characterize the present species, the 
 broad, flattened, primary ribs by irregular bifurcation, combine 
 to form a network of irregularly elongated meshes, which are 
 bridged over by lateral thin strands from the sides of the 
 larger ribs. Well defined distinct nodes connected by thin 
 strands are absent. 
 
Criljrari((. 57 
 
 (Ilostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Grihraria viacrocarpa, Sclirad., Nov. Gen., p. 8, t. ii., f. 3 — 4 
 
 (1797). 
 TricJda macrocarpa, Poir., Ency., 1. c. viii., no. 80 (1808). 
 
 Cribraria purpurea, Sclirad. (f. 109), 
 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate, darh imrplc, calyculus well- 
 developed, with thickened ribs, sometimes irregularly perforated 
 near the dentate margin; nodes of network containing purple 
 granules, small, usually elongated, but very irregular in form, 
 with numerous processes, connecting threads thin, some of the 
 processes are 2)rolongcd into simiilc or branched irregularly bent 
 threads that remain free at the tips, and not connected with 
 other nodes or threads ; stem elongated, flcxuons, purple ; spore- 
 mass dark purple, spores almost colourless, or with faint tinge 
 of rose, globose, smooth, 5 — 7 /x diameter. 
 
 Cribrao-ia purpurea, Schrad., Nov, PI. Gen., p. 8; Post,, Mon,, 
 p. 233 ; Sacc, Syll, 1408. 
 
 On decayed pine trunks, Germany; Britain (specimen in 
 Herb. Kew marked, " Herb, Dawson Turner, British ") ; Sweden 
 (specimen collected by Lindblad, and communicated to Berkeley 
 by Fries), 
 
 Gregarious or scattered, about 1"5 mm, high, stem 3 — 4 
 times as long as sporangium, usually more or less flexuous. 
 Agrees in colour with C. elcgans, but readily distinguished by 
 the smooth spores and numerous free ends in the permanent 
 network of the sporangium. Distinct from C. macrocarpa in 
 the globose sporangium and long, slender, flexuous stem, 
 
 Cribraria aurantiaca, Schrad. (f, 104), 
 Sporangia globose, usually more or less cernuous, orange 
 brown, calyculus occupying one-third or more of the sporangial 
 urill, furnished with ribs which pass upwards to form the net- 
 work, nodes colotired, containing gramdcs, large, irregular, united 
 by thin, colourless bands ; stem elongated, attenuated upwards, 
 where it is curved, briglit broivn, expanding at the base into a 
 
58 A Monograph of the Ifyxogasives. 
 
 small hypothallus ; mass of spores dark orange ; spores globose, 
 smooth, 5 — 7 II diameter. 
 
 Cribraria aurantiaca, Scliracl, t. i., f. 3 — 4 ; Rost,, Mon., 228, 
 f. 21; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 58, fig. 21; Schroet., p. 105; 
 Ilaunk., p. 50 ; Sacc, Syll., 1409. 
 
 On decaying wood, especially pine. Britain (Carlisle, 
 Aboyne, Linlithgow); Sweden; Germany; Belgium; Hungary. 
 
 Gregarious or scattered, 2 — 2-5 mm. high ; the nodes of the 
 network of the sporangial wall are numerous, large, and very 
 irregular, usually irregularly stellate, the rays tapering gradu- 
 ally and without much smooth internode, again expanding as 
 a ray of an adjoining node. Spores sometimes minutely 
 verruculuse under a high power. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Crihmria aurantiaca, Schrad., t. i., f. 8—4 (1797) ; Fr., S. M., 
 
 iii. 174; Cke., Hdbk., 1169 ; B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., 1087. 
 Cribraria vulgaris, /3 aurantiaca, Pers., Syn., 194 (1801). 
 Trichia rufcsccns, (3 aurantiaca, Poir, Ency., viii. 81. 
 Cribraria, aurantiaca y sidphurca, Wallr., Fl. Germ. (1888). 
 Cribraria intermedia, Berk., Eng. Fl. v., 318 (1880); Cooke, 
 
 Hdbk., 1166. 
 Cribraria variabilis, Ficinus Dresd., Fl. 260 (1838). 
 
 Cribraria tenella, Schrad. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, generally more or less cernuous, stipi- 
 tate, calyculus occujitying about half the sporangium, brown, 
 shining, often perforated above, margin irregularly eroded, 
 nodes numerous, coloured, containing granules, small, more or 
 less circular in outline, connected by very delicate strands; 
 stem elongated, slender, subequal, often flexuous, brown, with 
 a tinge of purple ; spores globose, almost colourless, smooth, 
 5 — 7 /x diameter. 
 
 Cribraria tenella, Schrad., Nov. PI. Gen., p. 6, t. iii., f. 2 — 3 ; 
 Rost., Mon., p. 235, f. 28 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., lig. 28 ; Schrocter, 
 p. 105; Sacc, Syll, no. 1411. 
 
 On rotten wood. Germany ; Sweden ; Italy. 
 
Crihraria. 59 
 
 Gregarious, 1-5 — 2 mm, liigh, resembling superficially C. 
 intricata, but distinguished by the nodes of the network being 
 almost circular in outline, and without the prominent angles 
 from which the delicate strands spring in the last-named 
 species. 
 
 Cribraria intricata, Schrad. (f. 11 — 13). 
 
 Sporangia globose, erect, stipitate, ochraccoics hrown, calyculus 
 ocmpying half the sporangmm, margin dentate, nodes of network 
 numerous, containing granules, colowed, irregidarly angular, 
 with several large, jjointed, marginal prqfcetions, connected by 
 very delicate strands, often arranged in more or less jxirallel 
 series; stem erect, attenuated upwards, Irown, with usually a 
 purple tinge ; spores pale, globose, wall thick, smooth, 5 — 7 /u. 
 diameter. 
 
 Crihraria intrieaia, Schrad., Nov. PI. Gen., p. 7, t. iii., f. 1 ; 
 Rost., Mou., p. 287, fig. 27; Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 59, I 27; 
 Raunk., p. 50, t. ii., f. 7 ; Sacc, SylL, n. 1415. 
 
 On rotten wood, especially pine. Britain (Lyndhurst, Wey- 
 bridge, Carlisle, Glamis, N. B.) ; Germany ; Sweden ; United 
 States. 
 
 Gregarious or crowded, 2*5 — 3 mm. high; distinguished 
 amongst species with a large, hemispherical calyculus, by the 
 large, angular, irregularly stellate nodes of the network being 
 connected by slender bands, which are often arranged in 
 parallel pairs. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Crihraria intricata, Schrad., Nov. PI. Gen., p. 7, t. iii., f 1 
 (1797). 
 
 Cribraria minima, B. and C. 
 Sporangia globose, cernuous, stipitate, dusky ochraceous, 
 calyculus hemisjjherical, margin irregularly toothed, thiclrncd 
 rihs rudimentary; nodes of network numerous, irregularly 
 stellate, coloured, not containing granules; stem elongated, 
 attenuated upwards, brownish; spores globose, almost colour- 
 less, smooth, 5 — 7 // diameter. 
 
GO A Monogntph of the Mijxogastres. 
 
 Co'ihrcma minima, B. and C, Grev., Vol. ii., p. 67. 
 
 Crihraria viinutissima, Rost., Won., App., p. 31 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 n. 1405 (in part). 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10874.) 
 
 On pine planks. Lower Carolina. 
 
 Scattered, about f mm. high, stem erect, or usually curved 
 above. Perfectly distinct from C. minutissiiiia in the presence 
 of a well-developed calyculus occupying the basal half of the 
 sporangium. Most nearly allied to C. intricata, which is distinct 
 in its larger size, presence of granules in nodes of network and 
 minutely warted spores. Rostafinski has evidently not seen 
 the type specimen of the present species, otherwise he could 
 not jDossibly have given it as a synonym of G. minutissima. 
 
 Cribraria mirabilis, Mass. 
 
 Sporangium spherical with a small, irregular calyculus; 
 2Jcrsistent thickened pm^tions of wall continuing for some distance 
 from the base as inore or less parallel, irregular, flattened ribs, 
 joined laterally by thin threads, towards the apex forming an 
 irreo'ular network with large, irregular nodes; mass of spores 
 obscure fulvous, spores smooth, 7 ju. diameter. 
 
 Hctcrodictyon mirahile, Rost., Mon., p. 231, fig. 16; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., fig. 16 ; Sacc, Syll., no. 1403. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 The characteristics of the present species are— the small, 
 irregular calyculus, and the great length of the more or less 
 parallel flattened ribs, which only break up to form a reticu- 
 lation towards the apex of the sporangium. 
 
 Cribraria Bieniaszii, Mass. 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate, brown, calyculus occupying the 
 lower third of the siiorangium, on the inside furnished with a 
 thickened network, margin dentate, teeth 30 — 40, continuing 
 Hpirards as long, linear, parallel ribs united by very thin hori- 
 zontal strands, p)cissing above into a Cribraria-lihe nctivorh, nodes 
 small with from 3 — 6 angles and concave sides ; stem elongated, 
 becoming attenuated upwards, hnnv)i, expanding into a small 
 
Crlbrarla. Gl 
 
 liypotliallus ; spores clear yellow, vxtll smooth, thin, 5 — 7 jj. 
 diameter. 
 
 Hctcrodictyon Bieniaszii, Racib., Hedw. 18S0, p. 121. 
 
 On rotten trunks. Poland. 
 
 Stem 1'5 — 2-5 mm. high, sporangium 0'8 — 1 mm. diameter. 
 
 Distinguished from C. mirabilis by the larger sporangium 
 and the greater number of ribs forming the lower part of the 
 network. 
 
 Cribraria vulgaris, Schrad. 
 
 Sporangia globose or slightly flattened below, stipitate, caly- 
 culus shallow, ribs very thin, jT'ii-allel, crowded, margin regularly 
 dentate, the very thin threads of the network springing from 
 the teeth of the calyculus, and combining to form a dense net, 
 nodes distinct, hut very small, rarely containing a few granules ; 
 stem slender, elongated, often rather flexuous, Iroivn, with tinge 
 of 2yurple, becoming thicker downwards and expanding into a 
 small hypothallus ; spores very pale, globose, smooth, 5 — 7 fJi- 
 diameter. 
 
 Cribraria vulgaris, Schrad., Nov. PI. Gen., p. 6, t. i., f. 5.; 
 Rest., Mon., p. 234, f. 26 ; Cke., Brit. Myx., fig. 2G ; Schroeter, 
 p. 105 ; Karst., Myc. Fenn. iv., p. 85 ; Sacc, Syll., no. 1410. 
 
 Exsicc. Rab., Fung. Eur., 676 ; Fckl., Fung. Rhen., 2100. 
 
 On decayed wood, especially pine. Germany ; Sweden ; Fin- 
 land. 
 
 Gregarious, about 1'5 — 2 mm. high. Stem straight or curved 
 above. The features of the present species are — the shallow 
 calyculus with thin, crowded, parallel, or more accurately, 
 radiating ribs, and the very small knots of the network. 
 
 Cribraria elata, Mass. 
 Sporangia globose, erect or sub-cernuous, stipitate, ccdyculus 
 small, funnel-shcqjcd, radiating ribs well-developed, margin regu- 
 larly dentate, teeth elongated, acute, nodes of network numerous, 
 coloured, irregularly angular, crowded with granules, with 
 several prominent, tapering processes, connected by very slender 
 bands ; stem with the calyculus dark reddish-brown, elongated. 
 
62 A M(mo(jraj)h of the Myxogastres. 
 
 erect or slightly curved above, becoming thicker downwards and 
 expanding into a small hypothallus ; spores pale yellow brown, 
 globose, smooth^ 7 — 8 \x diameter. 
 
 On wood and twigs. Ceylon. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kcw, no 10871.) 
 
 Gregarious, 3 — 3'5 mm. high, superficially resembling Cri- 
 hraria microccnya, but distinguished from this and all other 
 species by the small, funnel-shaped calyculus with the very 
 long, tapering, marginal teeth. The spores sometimes show a 
 tendency to granulation under a high power. 
 
 * * Network not thickened at the angles. 
 Cribraria microscopica, B. and C 
 
 Sporangia broadly obovate or globose, stipitate, calyculus 
 occupying almost the lower half of the sporangium, without 
 rib-like thickenings, permanent ribs of upper portion thin, eqiial, 
 without granules, not ioicrctssated at the angles, eomhined to form 
 large, irregular jJolygons of about equal size; stem about equal 
 in length to siwrangium, erect, brownish umber : spores globose, 
 smooth, 6 — 7 /u, diameter. 
 
 Cribraria microscopiccL, Berk, and Curt., Grev., Vol. ii., p. 67 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., 1406. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10175.) 
 
 On shingles. South Carolina. 
 
 Scattered, about 1 mm. high, stem about equal to sporangium 
 in length, expanding at the base into a minute hypothallus.. 
 Every part dingy ochraceous. Distinct from G. minima in the 
 absence of thickened nodes in the network of the sporangium. 
 
 Cribraria tatrica, Racib. 
 Sporangia globo.se, rufous-brown, stipitate, stem obscure 
 rufous, straight; lower part of sporangium persistent, forming 
 a calyculus with the margin irregularly crcnato-dentate ; per- 
 sistent thickenings of upper portion of sporangium cdtout equal, 
 not thickoicd at the nodes ; spores yellow, globose, smooth, 6 — 7 {J- 
 diameter. 
 
Cribraria. 63 
 
 Crihraria tatrica, Racib., Hedw., 1885, p. 170; Sacc, Syll., 
 n. 1407. 
 
 On rotten wood. Hungary (Tatra). 
 
 Sporangia f — 1 mm. diameter, stem 2 mm. long. 
 
 Cribraria rufa, Rost. (f. 103). 
 
 Sporangia broadly obovate or sub-globose, stipitate, orange- 
 rufous, calyculus well-developed, occupying one-third or more 
 of the sjwrangkcm, furnished with radiating ribs, which extend 
 above and combine to form a more or less regular net not 
 thickened at the angles ; stem Irown, often with a imr2:)le tinge, 
 elongated, erect, attenuated upwards, expanding at the base 
 into a small hypothallus; spores pale brown, often with a 
 decided jDurple tinge, sviooth, 5 — 7 /u. diameter. 
 
 Crihraria rufa, Rost., Mon., p. 232, f. 15 ; Cke., Brit. Myx., 
 p. 58, f. 15; Schroeter, p. 105; Sacc, Syll., n. 140-i; Raunk., 
 p. 49, t. ii., f. 5. 
 
 On wood. Britain (Epping, Carlisle, Linlithgow); Germany; 
 Sweden ; Denmark. 
 
 Gregarious, 2 — 3 mm. high. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Stcmonitis rufa, Roth., Fl. Germ., 548 (1788). 
 Crihxtria rufesccns, Pers. disj)., t. i., f. 5 (171)7). 
 Crihraria fnlva, Schrad., t. i., f. 1 (1797). 
 Crihraria intermedia, Schrad., t. i., f. 2 (1797) ; Berk, and 
 
 Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1601. 
 Trichia rufesccns, Poir., Ency., viii., no. 31 (1808). 
 
 Sub-Gen. Homodcrma. Calyculus cdmnt. 
 
 * Network thickened and forming nodes cd the angles. 
 
 Cribraria microcarpa, Rost. (f. 134 — 136). 
 
 Sporangia globose, small, erect or cernuous, stipitate, ccdi/culus 
 
 cd)scnt, primary ribs of network radUding from apex of stem as 
 
 elongcded, hroad bands, anastomosing Icdercdly and forming 
 
 elongated meshes passing upwards into an irregular network of 
 
64 A ]\[(mo(jraj>h of the Myxogastres. 
 
 very thin threads connecting large, brown, irregularly stellate 
 knots crowded \Yith granules ; stem slender, very muck elongated, 
 straight or flexuous, erect, or curved above, hro'ivnish intrph ; 
 spores very pale, globose, minutely verruculose, 5 — 7 ju, diameter. 
 
 Crih-aria microcarpa, Rost., Mon., p. 236; Schroeter, p. 105; 
 Karst., Myc. Fenn., iv., p. 86; Sacc, SylL, no. 1413. 
 
 Exsicc. — Ellis, North Amer. Fung,, 1398 (as Cribraria tenellet, 
 Schrad.) ; Rav. Fung. Car., 79 (as C. intrieatct). 
 
 On decayed pine-wood and on sphagnum. Britain (Cleve- 
 don, Bristol) ; Germany ; Sweden ; Finland ; United States. 
 
 Gregarious, 2'5 — 3 mm. high. Distinguished amongst species 
 without a calyculus by the small sporangium and elongated 
 stem ; also by the elongated, flattened, radiating ribs at the 
 base of the network, thus approaching the type of structure 
 on which Rostafinski's genus Hetcroclictyon was founded, 
 
 Cribraria splendens, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate, erect, yellowish, calyeulns not 
 differentiated, membrane bettveen the thickened portions for a long 
 time 2Jcrsi$tent ; nodes large, angular, containing granules ; stem 
 elongated, slender, sometimes flexuous, pm^i^k-brown ; spores 
 pale yellow, globose, smooth, 5 — 7 /^ diameter. 
 
 Cribraria splendens, Rost., Mon., p. 236 ; Karst., Myc. Fenn., 
 iv., p. 85; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 50, t. ii., f. 6; Sacc, SylL, 
 n. 1414. 
 
 On rotten pine-wood. Germany ; Finland ; Sweden ; Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 Scattered, about 2 mm. high, stem about three times as long 
 as sporangium. Distinguished by the very persistent nature 
 of the membrane between the thickened portions. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Dictydium splendens, Schrad., Nov. PI. Gen., p. 14, t. iv., 
 
 f. 5—6 (1797). 
 Grih-aria spilendens, Pers. Syn., p. 191 (1801). 
 Triehia splendens, Poir., Eucy., 1. c. viii., no. 28 (1808). 
 
Crihraria. 65 
 
 Cribraria dictydioides, Cke. and Balf. 
 
 Sporangia globose, stipitatc, dingy ochraceous, calyculus 
 absent ; permanent ribs broad and Jiaticned below, anastomosing 
 laterally, filled with granules, passing upwards into numerous 
 elongated or irregularly angtdar, 2^'^^om'inently convex, coloured 
 nodes containing granules, and connected at various i^oints by 
 very thin, colotirless threads; stem elongated, slightly thinner 
 upwards, straight or flexuous, from dirty ochraceous to brown ; 
 spores globose, almost colourless, minutely v&rrucose, 5 — 7 /x 
 diameter, 
 
 Cribraria dictydioides, Cke. and Balf., Rav. Fung. Amer,, 
 475. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Kew.) 
 
 On wood. Aiken, S. Carolina, and Philadelphia, U. S. 
 
 Gregarious, about 3 mm. high. The permanent portion of 
 the sporangium closely resembles that of C. argillacca, but in 
 the latter the spores are warted and the sporangium sessile. 
 The present species also agrees with C. microcarpa in the 
 absence of a calyculus, but in the last-named species every 
 part of the permanent portion consists of irregularly stellate 
 nodes connected by thin bands, and the spores are warted. 
 In C. dictydioides, the nodes of the upper portion of the net- 
 work are convex and very prominent. The stem is sometimes 
 branched, or composed of two or three stems more or less 
 completely blended together. 
 
 Cribraria argillacea, Pers. (f. 105 — 107). 
 
 Sporangia crowded or scattered, shortly stipitate or sessile, 
 subglobose or broadly pyriform, thin portions of sporamjium 
 very persistent, dirty ochra.ceous, shining, calyculus absent ; 
 thickened portions of sporangium in the form of long, more 
 or less parallel, laterally connected ribs, passing upwards into 
 an irregular network with irregular nodes containing granules ; 
 the internodes have frequently a central, swollen, fusiform, 
 granular portion ; mass of spores dingy ochre ; spores globose, 
 ■minutely warted, 5 — 7 /x diameter. 
 
66 A MonograpJi of the Mijxogastres. 
 
 Crihraria argillacea, Pers., Obs., i., p. 90 ; Rost., Mon., 239 ; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., 59; Sacc, SylL, 1418; Raunk., p. 51, 
 t. ii., f. 8. 
 
 Exsicc. — Cooke, Fung. Brit, ser. ii., 526. 
 
 On wood. Britain (Smetbwick, Brandon, Carlisle) ; Germany ; 
 Denmark ; France ; United States. 
 
 Characterized by the sessile or subsessile sporangia, absence 
 of calyculus, and in the granular swellings of the thickened 
 portions of the capillitium not being confined to the nodes. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Stemonitis sphaerocaoya, Schr., Bot. Mag., xii. 20 (1790). 
 
 Stemonitis argillacea, Pers., in Gmel., 1409 (1796). 
 
 Crihraria argillacea, Pers., Obs., i. 90 (1796) ; B. and Br,, 
 
 Ann. Nat. Hist. (1865), no. 1036; Cooke, Hdbk., 1168; 
 
 Fung. Eritt., ii. 526. 
 Crihraria microincs, Schrad., t. ii., f. 1 — 2 (1797). 
 T7'ichia argillacea, Poir., Ency., viii., no. 32 (1808). 
 
 ■^ Network not thickened at the angles. 
 
 Crihraria minutissima, Sz. 
 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate, calyculus ahsent, permanent ribs 
 thin, forming a more or less uniform reticulation ; angles not at 
 all, or very slightly enlarged, rarely enclosing a few granules ; 
 stem filiform, larger than sporangium, erect or curved above, 
 brownish ; spores globose, almost colourless, minutely warted, 
 4 — 6 ju, diameter. 
 
 Crihraria minutissima, Schweinitz, in Syn. Fung. Amer. Bor., 
 no, 2362 ; Rost., Mon., App., p. 31 (Excl. Syn. C. minima, 
 B. and C.) ; Sacc, Syll., 1405 (Excl. Syn. C. minima, B. 
 and C). 
 
 (Specimen in Hb. B. from Schweinitz.) 
 
 On decaying pine wood. United States. 
 
 Scattered, very minute, from "5 — 1 mm. high, recognized at 
 once by the absence of a calyculus and absence of enlarged, 
 
Dictydium. 67 
 
 angles in the network. Stem from 2 — 3 times as long as 
 sporangium. 
 
 Dictydium, Sclnad. 
 
 Wall of sporangium single ; permanent rib-like thickened 
 portions radiating from base to apex and joined by numerous 
 thinner transverse bands ; thinner portions of wall situated 
 between the ribs disappearing at maturity, or persistent at the 
 base and forming an imperforate calyculus ; columella and 
 capillitium absent. 
 
 Dictydium, Schrad., Nov. Gen. PI., p. 11 ; Rost., Mon., 
 p. 229 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 57 ; Sacc, Syll., p. 410 ; Zopf, 
 p. 140. 
 
 The primary, vein-Hke, permanent portions of the sporangium 
 radiate from the base and converge at the apex without 
 becoming much broken up or distorted, although there is 
 usually an indication of a reticulate arrangement near the apex ; 
 these primary ribs are united laterally by straight, thinner 
 portions, hence the arrangement of the skeleton is into more 
 or less regular rectangular meshes. 
 
 Distrih. Europe; N.America; S.America; Ceylon; Australia : 
 species 2. 
 
 Dictydium cernuum, Nees. (f. 183). 
 
 Sporangium globose, cernuous, more or less umbilicate at 
 the apex, reddish brown ; stem elongated, slightly thinner 
 upwards, with a sharp curve near the apex, above which the 
 stem is hyaline and shrivelled at maturity ; below the curve 
 dark brown, opaque, smooth, passing into a small hypothallus ; 
 calyculus small ; mass of spores purple brown ; spores globose, 
 smooth, 5 — 7 fj. diameter. 
 
 'Dictydium cernutcvi, Nees., Syst., f. 117; Rost., Mon., p. 229, 
 figs. 17, 19, 22; Cooke. Myx. Brit., p. 57, figs. 17, 19, 22; 
 Sacc, Syll., no. 1401; Schroeter, p. 106; Raunk., p. 51, Tab. 
 ii. fig. 4. 
 
 Dictydium cernuum, var. laxum, B. and C, Grev. 1873, p. 07. 
 
 J^'xsicc. — Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 1445 and 2099 ; Syd., Myc. 
 
68 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 March., 164; Rab., Fung. Eur., 2519; Jack, Leiner. &c., 422 ; 
 Rav., Fung. Car., 78 ; Rav., Fung. Amer., 476 ; Ellis, N. Amer. 
 Fung., 1122. 
 
 On decaying wood, especially pine. Britain (Milton, Norths ; 
 Kew, Suffolk, Scarboro', Carlisle, Appin, N. B.) ; Germany ; 
 Sweden ; Finland ; Belgium ; Denmark ; Hungary ; United 
 States ; S. America ; Ceylon. 
 
 Gregarious, 1 — 1"5 mm. high; the stem varies from 2 — 3 
 times as long as the sporangium ; the lower three-fourths is 
 erect, blackish-brown, and opaque ; at the top of this erect 
 portion there is a sharp curve, above which the pendulous 
 portion of the stem consists, at maturity, of a colourless, 
 shrivelled membrane, from which the sporangium hangs sus- 
 pended, and easily moved by wind or insects ; in all probability 
 this peculiar structure of the stem is connected with spore- 
 dissemination. The inner surface of the calyculus and the 
 ribs are furnished with numerous dark brown granular masses 
 of organic matter. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Mtccor cancdlatus, Batsch, f. 232 (1789). 
 
 Stemonitis cancdlata, Gmel, Syst., 1468 (1791). 
 
 SjjJiaerocmytos frichioides, Bull, p. 124 (1791). 
 
 Crihraria cermia, Pers., Obs., i. 91 (1796). 
 
 Didydium umhilicahcm, Schrad., t. iv., f. 1 (1797) ; Fr., S. M., 
 
 iii. 165 ; Berk., Eng. Fl., v. p. 818 ; Cooke, Hdbk., 1165, 
 
 fig. 134. 
 Didi/dium amhiguum, Schrad., t. iv., f. 2 (1797). 
 Tridiia ccrnua, Poir., Ency., viii., no. 25 (1808). 
 Didydium cernuttm, Nees., f. 117 (1816). 
 Didydium tridiioidcs, Chev., Fl. Par., 327 (1827) ; Corda Ic, 
 
 v., f. 36. 
 
 Dictydium venosum, Schrad. 
 
 Sporangium globose, cernuous, brownish-yellow owing to 
 the spore-mass showing through the translucent wall, which is 
 
Dictydiam. 69 
 
 almost colourless when empty and furnished with 9 — 12 darker 
 coloured ribs giving off lateral, free, not anadoiiiosiiig branches ; 
 stem elongated, flexuous, brownish. 
 
 Dictydium venosum, Schrader, Nov. Gen., p. 14, pi. iii., fig. 6; 
 Sacc, Syll., v. 7, pt. L, no. 1412 ? 
 
 On rotten prostrate trunks of pine. Germany. 
 
 It is doubtful whether the species described by Berlese in 
 Sacc, Syll., 1. c, is the species intended by Schrader. 
 
 COLUMELLIFERAE. 
 
 The most pronounced features of the present section are the 
 presence of a central columella, which in most instances is a 
 direct continuation of the stem within the peridium, and the 
 absence of lime from every part. The two sub-sections as 
 defined appear distinct, but this, as usual, is only true of the 
 two poles, and curiously enough, transitions have been met 
 with where they would have been least expected. In the 
 Lamprodcrmeae, characterized by the capillitium springing from 
 the apex of the columella, we find this character fairly satis- 
 factory in the typical genus Lamprodxrriia, and yet more rigidly 
 carried out in Enerthen&ma, where the copious capillitium 
 originates entirely from a peltate disc springing from the apex 
 of the columella after the latter has passed quite through the 
 sporangium ; yet we find in the genus Anct/roj^horus all the 
 characteristics presented by the genus Encrthencma, plus a few 
 scattered branches springing from various points of the columella 
 throughout its length, in addition to the main bulk of the 
 capillitium which originates from the apical disc as in Encr- 
 thenema. The branches of the capillitium springing from the 
 columella are again broken ujd into smaller and smaller branch- 
 lets, which usually combine to form an irregular network. The 
 sporangial wall is always very thin and blackish in colour and 
 remarkable for its brilliant metallic tints, and also for its 
 ephemeral nature, disappearing entirely or in part as the spores 
 approach maturity, or as in the genus Orthotrichia being absent 
 
70 
 
 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 from the earliest condition. In Lamfroderma violaceiim the 
 columella is filled with large spherical, or from mutual pressure, 
 polyhedral cells, a character repeated in the stem of several 
 species of Arcyria. The three genera Amaurochaete, Brefeldia, 
 and Retiadaria are only known in the aethalioid condition, and 
 superficially appear quite isolated from the remaining genera, 
 but structurally are nothing more than confluent forms of such 
 genera as Stemonitis and LamjJroderma. Comatricha confiucns 
 is a connecting link between the two extremes. According to 
 the preconceived idea that the presence of a columella is of 
 sectional importance, the genus Si'plwptychium belongs to the 
 present division, nevertheless its affinity with the Fcritricheae 
 is obvious. 
 
 The following arrangement indicates the affinities of the 
 genera included in the Colw/ielliferac, and the points of contact 
 with other sections. 
 
 Stemonitis. Ancyrophorus. 
 
 Brefeldia.—— Rodajinskia. 
 
 Amaurochaete. 
 
 I 
 
 Reticularia. 
 
 -Enerthenema. 
 
 I 
 
 Lamproderma.- 
 
 Echiiiostelium. 
 
 I 
 Orthotricha-. 
 
 I 
 
 Raciborskia. 
 
 X — H 
 
 ° I 
 
 H 
 !3 
 
 Siphoptychiitm. 
 
 TURHMXA. 
 
 I 
 PERITRICHEAE. 
 
Stewouitae. 71 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Sub-sect. Stemonitae. 
 
 A. S2)0')'angia free. 
 
 Stemonitis. Capillitium threads springing from all sides 
 of an elongated columella. 
 
 B. Sjiorangia forming an acthalmm. 
 
 Si23ho2>tycMum. Sporangia straight, parallel, each containing 
 a central columella. 
 
 Amaueochaete. a large, pulvinate aethalium, bifurcating 
 branches of capillitium connected for some distance by a thin 
 membrane. 
 
 Brefeldia. Aethalium large, threads of capillitium with 
 clusters of vesicular bodies. 
 
 Rostafinskia. Threads of Lnver portion of capillitium septate. 
 
 Reticularia. Aethalium pulvinate ; capillitium threads 
 forming an irregular network without vesicles or flat mem- 
 branous expansions. 
 
 Sub-sect. Lamprodermae. 
 
 Enerthenema. Threads of capillitium springing from a 
 flattened disc at the apex of the columella. 
 
 Ancyroijhorus. Threads of capillitium springing from a 
 flattened disc at the apex of the columella, and also from the 
 columella throughout its length. 
 
 Lamproderma. Threads of capillitium springing from the 
 abrupt apex of the short columella. 
 
 Echinostdmni. Columella absent ; capillitium springing from 
 apex of stem. 
 
 Bacihorslda. Wall of sporangium absent, main branches of 
 capillitium springing from apex of a short columella, becoming 
 branched, branches forming a network. 
 
 Orthotricha. Sporaugial wall absent from the first. 
 
72 A Mojiograjfli of the Mijxiyjastres. 
 
 Sub-sect. I. Stemonitae. 
 Stemonitis, Gled. 
 
 Sporangia cylindrical, ovate, or globose, stipitate ; stem con- 
 tinuing into the sporangium as a columella of greater or less 
 length, and giving origin to numerous branches throughout its 
 length, which combine to form a dense, irregular network ; 
 wall of sporangium thin, soon disappearing, often with metallic 
 tints. 
 
 Stemonitis, Gleditsch, Meth., p. 141 ; Rest., Mon., p. 193 (in 
 part); Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 40 (in part); Sacc, Syll., vii., pt. I., 
 p. 397. 
 
 Comatricha, Preuss. in Sturm's Deutschl. (in part) ; , Rost., 
 Mon., p. 197 (in part) ; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 47 (in part) ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., p. 894. 
 
 The genus Comatricha was distinguished according to Preuss 
 by the globose or shortly elliptical sporangium from the species 
 of Stemonitis, a character shown by Rostafinski to be untenable, 
 hence the last-named author used characters suisposed to be 
 presented by the capillitium for the separation of the two 
 genera. In Comatricha the meshes of the network are arcuate 
 or curved, and not attached to the wall of the sporangium, 
 by short branches, whereas in Stemonitis the threads are not 
 arcuate at the surface, and the capillitium is attached to the 
 wall in numerous places by short branches. These characters, 
 not being constant, and furthermore overlapping in the two 
 genera, cannot be considered as of generic value, neither in my 
 opinion would they be so even if constant. 
 
 Distrib. Scattered over temperate and tropical regions. 
 Species 23. 
 
 A. Spores Uacldsh hroton in the mass. 
 § Spores wartccl. 
 Stemonitis fusca, Rost. (figs. 155 — 157 and 1G2— 104). 
 Densely grcyarioiLS, springing from a vxll-dccelopcd, broadly 
 
Steiiumitis. 73 
 
 spreading hyiiothallus ; sporangia cylindrical, obtuse or attenu- 
 ated at the ajDcx, wall thin, evanescent ; blackish with metallic 
 tints ; stem slender, equal, shorter than the sporangium, blackish, 
 shining ; columella reaching nearly to apex of sporangium ; 
 capillitium dense, threads blackish, tapering, combined into a 
 dense, irregular net, the periplural meshes smaller or equal to 
 the S2Jorcs in diameter : spores in the mass hlacJc, luith violet tinge, 
 dingy violet by transmitted light, globose, varying from dis- 
 tinctly verrucose to almost smooth, size also variable, from 
 5 — 11 [JL diameter. 
 
 Stemonitis fusca, Rost., Mon., p. 193, fig. 40; Cke., Myx. Brit., 
 p. 4G, fig. 40; Sacc, Syll, n. 1362. 
 
 Exdcc.—^owm., Fung. Sel. Gall. (Rel. Moug.); Ellis, N. 
 Amer. Fung., 1119; Fckl, Fung. Rhen., 1149; Holl, Schmidt, 
 and Kunze, Deutschlands Schwamme, n. cix. ; Cke., Fung. Brit., 
 Ed. ii., n. 522 ; Fung. Cub. Wrightiani, n. 538 ; Roum., Fung. 
 Gall, Cent. xiv. (number indistinct). 
 
 On rotten wood, &c. Britain (Bournemouth, Kew, Ilfra- 
 combe, Epping ; Bulmer, Yorks ; Carlisle, Aboyne) ; Europe ; 
 N.America; Cuba; Venezuela; Natal; Mauritius; Himalayas; 
 Ceylon ; Victoria ; Tasmania. 
 
 From 5 — 14 mm. high. The only large British species with 
 a small meshed capillitium and spores blackish violet in the 
 mass. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Lycoperdon capite cylindracca, Rupp. Jenn., 304 (1718). 
 
 Clathroidasto'um ohscuriim, Mich., t. 94, f. 1 (1729). 
 
 Emlolus nigcrrimus, Hall, t. i., f. 1 (1742). 
 
 Claihonis nudus. Linn., Fl. Suec, 1263 (1745). 
 
 Stemonitis I, Gled., Meth., 141 (1753). 
 
 Emholus, Hall, 2137, t. 48, f. 1 (1768). 
 
 Tubulifcra cremor, Fl. Dan., t. 659, f. 1 (1777). 
 
 Tremella typhina, Willd. Fl. Ber., 420 (1787). 
 
 Mucor araneosus, Jacq. Misc., t, 15 (1778). 
 
 Stemonitis ftcsca, Roth. Mag. Bot, p. 26 (1782); Elir. Ber., 
 f. 5 ; Grev., S. C. Fl., t. 170 ; Corda Ic, ii., f 87 ; Eng. Fl., 
 v., 317; Cooke, Hdbk., 1155, fig. 132, Fung Britt., ii, 522. 
 
74 A Monograpli of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Trichia mida, With. Arr., iv., 477 (1792). 
 Stemonitis fascicnlata, Pers., Syn., 187 (1801). 
 Stcmonitis tyj^hoides, Auct. 
 
 Stemonitis maxima, Sz. 
 
 Sporangia crowded, stipitate, springing from a well-developed 
 hypothallus; sporangia cylindrical; wall blackish, reflecting 
 metallic tints, evanescent; columella reaching almost to the 
 apex of the sporangium; capillitium dense, branches often 
 arcuate, sometimes more or less irregularly dilated, especially 
 at the nodes, peripheral meshes nutch larger than the diameter 
 of the spores; mass of spores hlacJdsh brown; spores globose, 
 very minutely verrucnlose, 5 — 10 /a diameter; stem filiform, 
 black, shining, shorter than the sporangium. 
 
 Stemonitis maxima, Schweinitz, Syn. Fung. Amer., n. 2349 
 (specimen from Schweinitz in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10835). 
 
 Stemonitis splc7ulens, E,ost., Mon., p. 195 ; Sacc, Syll., vii. 1, 
 n. 1364. (Authentic specimen named by Rostafinski.) 
 
 On wood, &c. Russia ; Finland ; France ; Ceylon ; Mauritius ; 
 Cuba ; United States ; Australia ; Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 A fine large species, distinguished amongst the dark-spored 
 species by the large peripheral meshes of the capillitium. 
 Lumps of organic matter are sometimes met with in consider- 
 able quantities on the threads of the capillitium ; 1'5 — 3 cm. 
 high. 
 
 Stemonitis typhina, Mass. 
 
 Gregarious, but not usually crowded, springing from a delicate 
 hypothallus ; sporangia cylindrical, ohtuse a.t loth ends, wall 
 very thin, brownish, disappearing; columella reaching to the 
 apex, capillitium dense, threads originating at numerous points 
 from the columella, dingy brown, copiously branched and form- 
 ing a dense, irregular network, thickest at the point of origin 
 and tapering towards the perijDhery where they are very slender, 
 and form a network of irregular pattern, with the meshes usually 
 not larger than the diameter of the sjmres ; stem erect, slender, 
 cylindrical, usually rather shorter than the sporangium, blackish ; 
 
Stemonitis. 75 
 
 mass of spores brotrnish-UaeJc, lilac-brown by transmitted light, 
 globose, very minutely asjJo-atc, 5 — 8 /x diameter. 
 
 Rostafinski gives the following forms, but it is not unusual 
 to meet with both in the same cluster. 
 
 a. Genuina. — Sporangium with stem 2^ — 4 mm. high. 
 
 /3. Pumila. — Sporangium with stem 2 mm. high. 
 
 Comatricha typliina, Rest., Mon., p. 198, figs. 46, 47; Cke., 
 Myx. Brit., p. 47, figs. 46, 47; Sacc, Syll., vii., n. 1355. 
 
 On rotten wood. Britain (Lyndhurst, Kew, Scarboro', Car- 
 lisle, Aboyne, N. B.) ; Europe ; U. States ; Cuba ; Ceylon ; 
 New Zealand. 
 
 From 4 — 7 mm. high. Closely allied to G. 2)ulchella, but 
 distinguished by the dark brown colour of the spores in the 
 mass. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Glathwidastrum ohsmrum, Mich., t. 94, f. 2 (1729). 
 
 Muco7' capiUdo fnsco, Scop., Fl. Carn., 66 (1760). 
 
 Mucor Stemonitis, Scop., Fl. Carn., 493 (1772); Schpf., t. 296. 
 
 Emhohts lacteus, Jacq., Muse. 1, t. 6 (1778). 
 
 Clathrus nudtos, Fl. Dan., t. 755 (1782). 
 
 Clathrus fertnsus, Batsch, f. 176 (1753). 
 
 Stemonitis typhina, Roth. Fl. Germ., 1, 547 (1788); Pers., 
 
 Obs., 1, 57. 
 Stemonitis filicina, Schrk., Fl. Bav., 1782 (1789). 
 Tricliia typhoides, Bull., t. 477, f. 2 (1791). 
 Stemonitis typhoides, D. C, Fl. Fr., ii., 257 (1805); Cooke, 
 
 Hdbk., n. 1157. 
 Stemonitis hicolor. Fries, Herb. 
 Stemonitis leiicopoda, Fr. Gast., 16 (1817). 
 Stemonitis pumila, Corda Ic, v., p. 37 (1842). 
 
 Stemonitis macrosperma, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia naked, stipitate ; stem continued into the sporan- 
 gium as a columella, reaching nearly to the apex, threads of 
 capillitium passing from the columella to the wall and pro- 
 
7(j A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 ducing very much thinner branchlets, which are combined 
 amongst tliemselves at all points to form a rather loose net- 
 work, the, -pcrvplieral mesJies of the netwoQ'k formed of combined^ 
 arcuate threads, and slightly smaller than the rest, especially 
 towards the base of the cajnllitium ; spores 9 — 12 /x diameter, 
 pale violet, vcrrucidose. 
 
 Stemonitis macrosperma, Racib., Myx. Crac, p. 8 ; Sacc, SylL, 
 vii„ 1, n. 1361. 
 
 Var. ohovata. Racib., sporangia obovate, 0'5 — 0'75 mm. 
 broad. With the type. 
 
 Var. oUonga. Racib., sporangia oblong, 0'75 — 1 mm. long, 
 0'3 — 0'5 mm. broad. With the type. 
 
 Poland. 
 
 Stemonitis Suksdorfii, Mass. 
 
 Gregarious, stipitate, sporangia cylindrical, very obtuse at 
 both ends, wall iridescent, evanescent ; stem blackish-brown, 
 shiuing, about equal in length to sporangium, tapering upwards, 
 rather stout, becoming dilated at the base into a hypothallus ; 
 spores in the mass hlackish-'jiurple. Columella rather thick, 
 sub-equal, blackish, Visually becoming abruptly divided into 
 branches at some distance below the apex of the sporangium; 
 sometimes more or less flattened at the apex, and with a 
 tendency to become discoid ; capillitium exceedingly dense, dark, 
 main branches originating from the columella; stout, taper- 
 ing, branches arcuate, combined to form an irregular, small- 
 meshed network ; spores bright lilac, minutely loarted, 7 — 8 ju, 
 diameter. 
 
 Goiiiatricha Sahsdorfii, Ellis and Evorh. 
 
 On wood, bark, &c. United States. 
 
 (Described from a portion of type specimen communicated 
 by Wingate.) 
 
 From 5 — 6 mm. high. 
 
 Stemonitis affinis, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia cylindrical, obtuse, up to 2 mm, high ; stem^ from, 
 Us shortness scarcely distinct : columella reaching almost to apex 
 
Stemonitis. 77 
 
 of the sporangium, then dividing into 2 — 5 branches ; threads 
 of capillitiuni much more rigid at the base than in the ulterior, 
 very loose network, nodes often triangular, ultimate branches 
 arcuate, transversely joined, some free and excurrent; spores 
 pale violet, warted, 5 — 6 /u diameter. 
 
 Comatriclia affinis, Rost., Mon., p. 202 ; Sacc, Syll, vii., 1 
 n. 1359. 
 
 Germany, 
 
 Stemonitis confluens, Cke. and Ellis, 
 
 Forming compact tufts about 2 mm. high, from 8 — 15 ; 
 individuals spring from a firm, spreading, venulose hypothallus ; 
 stems usually simple and distinct, dark brown, wrinkled to- 
 wards the base, about -5 mm. high, then hrcaking up into 
 from 2 — 4 main tranches or columellas which anastomose later- 
 ally tcith those of other individuals forming an irrcg^dar 
 plasmodiocarp, covered with a blackish-violet, evanescent, 
 common cortex; mass of spores black with violet tinge; the 
 main branches springing from the columellas form a dense 
 network, threads arcuate, many of the meshes closed by a 
 thin membrane ; spores globose, dingy violet, minutely warted, 
 7 — 8 ^ diameter. 
 
 St&monitis confluens, Cke. and Ellis, Grev., vol. v., p. 51. 
 
 Comatricha confluens, C. and E,, Myx., U. States, p. 896. 
 
 On oak bark. United States. 
 
 A very interesting species, and highly instructive in showing 
 how the fundamental simple form becomes modified by con- 
 fluence. The general mass of the plasmodiocarp is sometimes 
 spherico-depressed, and even at others the columella of one 
 individual of the colony remains simple and projects above 
 the mass as a finger-like projection; in others all the individuals 
 are more or less free at the tips. When the wall and spores 
 are completely blown away, the resemblance of the capillitiuni 
 to that of Heticularia is striking. 
 
78 A Monograph of the Mi/xogaatres. 
 
 § § Sjjwes smooth. 
 Stemonitis atra, Mass. (n. sp.)- 
 
 Scattered ; sporangia cylindric-ovate, black, slightly iridescent ; 
 stem twice as long as sporangium, thin, equal, dull, black, 
 expanding at the base into a minute, circular hypothallus ; mass 
 of spores hroion with a lilac tinge ; columella as thick as the 
 stem, equal, reaching to apex of sporangium ; main branches 
 scattered, remaining simple for a short distance then branching 
 and forming a network, the meshes becoming smaller towards 
 the periphery where they equal the spores in diameter ; all the 
 tranches of the network of equal thickness, very stout. So — 4 fx 
 diameter; dark brown; spores globose, dingy lilac-brown, s?/ioo^/i, 
 10 /x diameter. 
 
 On wood. New Zealand. 
 
 Remarkable in the scattered habit, 6 — 8 mm. high. Readily 
 distinguished by the very thick threads of the capillitium. 
 The columella sometimes breaks up into branches a short 
 distance below the apex of the sporangium. 
 
 Stemonitis acuminata, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Gregarious, or often densely crowded on a well-developed, 
 iridescent hypothallus ; sporangia cylindrical, elongato-acicminate 
 at the a'pcx ; wall blackish-purple, iridescent, disappearing; 
 stem equal to or shorter than sporangium, filiform, slightly 
 attenuated upwards; blackish, shining; mass of spores black 
 with purple tinge ; capillitium continuing to the apex of the 
 sporangium, primary branches scattered, short, sui)2^orting a 
 network of irregularly polygonal meshes which are large and 
 everywhere of equal size, 40 — 50 n in diameter ; spores globose, 
 smooth, 13 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
 On rotten wood. Cape of Good Hope (Table Mountain). 
 
 Agreeing with Stemonitis Morgani in the large-meshed 
 capillitium, but distinguished by the acuminate apex of the 
 sporangium and the larger spores ; 1"5 cm. high. 
 
Stemonitis. 79 
 
 Stemonitis Bauerlinii, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Densely gregarious on a well-developed, firm hypothallus ; 
 sporangia elongato-fusiform, wall blackish, iridescent, very 
 evanescent, mass of s^wres Uach with a violet tinge ; stem erect, 
 black, shining, slightly tapering from the base; columella ex- 
 tending to apex of sporangium ; fiexuous above ; capillitium of 
 lotocr half of sporangium of large, equal meshes which are peri- 
 pheral only and supported on distant, thin, simple or rarely divided 
 branches springing from the columella, the main branches heeome 
 more and more numerous, thicker, and irregulctr towards the apex 
 of the sporangium, and often form irregular, flattened expansions; 
 the hunches forming the net are also much thicker, and the meshes 
 irregular, and not all p)eripheral as towards the base of the 
 S2wrangium; many of the branches of the nettvork towards the 
 apex with short free ends; spores globose, smooth, 5—6 fi 
 diameter. 
 
 On wood. New Guinea (Strickland River). 
 
 From 1-5—2 cm. high. Distinguished by the capillitium 
 being very scanty and the network being entirely peripheral 
 below, becoming very dense towards the apex. 
 
 Stemonitis laxa, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, scarcely -5 mm. diameter; stem rigid, 
 black, not attaining to 1 mm. in length ; columella alm^ost 
 reaching to apex of sporangium, and then dividing into 2—3 
 branches; threads of the capillitium of equal width throughout, 
 very rigid, forming a regular, lax network, ultimate branches 
 arcuate, connected by transverse bands, some remaining free and 
 furcately divided; spores smooth, lilac, 9—11 /a diameter. 
 
 Comatricha laxa, Rost, Mon., p. 201; Sacc. SvH vii 1 
 no. 1358. ' 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Stemonitis fluminensis, Speg. 
 
 Hypothallus very thin, broadly effused, mucedinous, black, 
 rather shining; stem erect, rather rigid, shining, black, 0-5- 1 
 
80 A Monogrnpli of the Miixogaatres. 
 
 mm. long, 0"7 — 0'6 mm. thick ; smooth when moist, rugulose 
 when dry, sub-contorted, extended into the sporangium as a 
 cokimella, not reaching to the apex; sporangium cylindrical, 
 rarely sub-clavate, rounded at both ends, 0*8 — 1'2 mm. long, 
 0"3 — 0"2 mm. thick, black, ajyaqiic, wall persistent fm^ a long 
 time; capillitium springing from the columella, forming a 
 rather dense network, the swperjicial meshes equal to or tioice the 
 diameter of the spores, with uncinate free tips ; spores globose 
 or sub-elliptical, 5 — 8 /x diameter, perfectly smooth, smoky brown. 
 
 Stemonitis Jtuminensis, Spcg., Fung. Arg., N. 261 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1366. 
 
 On bark, moss, &c. Brazil. 
 
 Stemonitis subcaespitosa, Mass, 
 
 Stems subcaespitose or loosely clustered, thickened at the 
 base, about half the length of the sporangia, extending through 
 the capillitium as a columella; peridia ovate-oblong, obtuse, 
 fugacious ; capillitium growing from the columella, reticulately 
 connected and also forming a superficial net with coarse meshes, 
 blackish ; spores globose, even, (smooth ?), blackish-brown, 
 •0004— -00045 in. in diameter. 
 
 Comatricha sulcacspitosa, Peck, 43rd Report, New York State, 
 Mus. Nat. Hist. (1890), p. 25, PI. iii., figs. 6—9. 
 
 Decorticated wood of hemlock. Tsuga Canadensis. Sandlake. 
 July. 
 
 This species resembles Stemonitis fusca in colour. In size 
 it approaches Comatricha typhina. Its capillitium is variously 
 connected, and appears to combine the reticulation of Comatricha 
 and Stemonitis, but on account of the network not being wholly 
 parallel to the walls of the peridium, it is placed in Comatricha. 
 The plants are mostly connected in small groups or loose 
 clusters of two to ten individuals. Its coarser meshes and 
 larger spores distinguish it from Comatricha typhina. (Peck, 1. c). 
 
 Stemonitis aequalis, Mass. 
 
 Gregarious or loosely clustered, about three lines high, arising 
 from a thin hypothallus ; sporangia cylindrical, obtuse, fugacious, 
 
Stenioint/'s: 81 
 
 ■wholly falling away; capillitium brown or blackish-brown, 
 forming an intricate network ; stem slender, smooth, black, 
 penetrating the capillitium as a columella, and extending nearly 
 or quite to the apex, the free portion about equal in length 
 to one-half the altitude of the entire plant; spores globose, 
 smooth, violet-black, '0003' — '00035' in diameter ( = about 
 8-9 ,.). 
 
 ComatricJia aeqiicdis, Peck, 31st Report of State Mus., N. Y., 
 p. 42; Sacc, Syll., n. 1300. 
 
 Decaying wood. Catskill Mountains, Sept. 
 
 In colour this species is almost exactly like Stemordtis fusca, 
 from which its more lax habit, proportionally longer stem and 
 different capillitium separate it. The larger size, both of the 
 plant itself and of the spores, will separate it from Comatricha 
 tifpliina. The length of the stem and of the capillitium are 
 nearly equal, hence the specific name. (Peck.) 
 
 Stemonitis tenerrima, B. and C. 
 
 Gregarious ; sporangia cylindrical, hasc and apex very obtuse, 
 wall thin, blackish-purple, iridescent, evanescent ; stem about 
 equal in length to sporangium, filiform, blackish, sub-equal ; 
 columella reaching nearly or quite to apex of sporangium ; 
 primary branches short, breaking up into a network, the meshes 
 becoming smaller towards the pcrijjhery where they equal the 
 spores in diameter, the threads taper towards the periphery; 
 spores in the mass black with violet tinge, globose, smooth, 
 13 — 14 IX diameter. 
 
 Stemonitis teneri'ima. Berk, and Curt., Grev., vol. ii., p. 69. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10831.) 
 
 On wood. Lower Carolina. 
 
 Distinguished by the small size 3'5 — 4 mm., cylindrical 
 sporangium, and the large, smooth spores. 
 
 Whether the present species is identical with "Stemonitis 
 tenerrima Curtis in Sill., Journ., 1. c, p. 349 (1848)," as quoted 
 by Rostafinski, Mou., Append., p. 27, I have no means of 
 deteiniiuiug. 
 
82 i Monof/raj)/f of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Stemonitis Friesiana, De Bary. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious ; sporangia glohosc or aliorthj elliptical, 
 wall very thin, disappearing, whitish with a silvery sheen or 
 purjDle black ; stem hlacJc, shining, elongated, tapering ujnvards, 
 expanding at the base into a small, circular, irregularly ribbed 
 or latticed hypothallus ; columella reaching cdiout two-thirds the 
 height of the sjjorangium, then breaking up into several branches, 
 threads of capillitiuni dark brown, arcuate, forming a dense 
 net; spores in the mass blackish, violet-brown by transmitted 
 light, globose, smooth, 8 — 10 /x diameter. 
 
 Stemonitis Friesiana, De Bary, in Rab. F. Eng., n. 568. 
 
 Comatricha Friesiana, Rost., Mon., p. 199, figs. 51 and 56 ; 
 Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 48, figs. 51 and 56 ; Sacc, Syll, vii., 1356. 
 
 Exsicc. — Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., n. 1446 (as Stemonitis ovata). 
 
 On wood, branches, leaves, &c. 
 
 Britain (Lyndhurst, Kew, Hereford, York, Carlisle, Aboyne, 
 N. B.) ; Europe ; U. States ; Ceylon ; Tasmania. 
 
 From 3 — 5 mm. high. The threads of the capillitiuni are 
 of nearly equal thickness throughout, and sometimes studded 
 with amorphous lumps of organic matter. Distinguished by 
 the long, tapering stem, and small globose, or shortly ovate 
 sporangium. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Mucor emholns, Linn. Sp., 1185 (1753). 
 
 Lycogala, Hall, 2146? (1768). 
 
 Stemonitis reticulata, Trent, p. 223? (1797). 
 
 Stemonitis iiigra, Pers., Gmel. Sys., 1467 (1791). 
 
 Stemonitis atrofusca, Pers., Disp., 11 (1797). 
 
 Stemonitis atrofusca, ^ nigra, Pers., Disp., 54 (1797). 
 
 Stemonitis ovata, Pers., Syn., 189 (1801); Berk., Eng. FL, v., 
 
 p. 317; Cooke, Hdbk., no. 1158. 
 Trichia mucoo^iformis, Schum., Saell., 1469 (1803). 
 Stemonitis violacea, Schum., SaelL, 1491 (1803). 
 Stemonitis nigra, Schum., Saell., 1493 (1803). 
 Stemonitis glohosa, Schum., Saell., 1494 (1803). 
 
Stemonilis. 83 
 
 Trichia alba, Sow., t. 259 (1818). 
 
 Siemonifds obtusata, Fr. Sym. Gast., 17 (1818); Eng. Fl., v., 
 
 p. 317; Cooke, Hdbk., no. 1150. 
 Comatricha obtusata, Preiiss., Sturm. (1851). 
 Comatricha alba, Preuss. in Sturm (1851). 
 Stcmoiiitis Friesiana, De Bary (1870) ; Rabh., Fung. Eur., 
 no. 568. 
 
 § § § Spores reticulated. 
 Stemonitis longa, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious, slender, cylindrical, straight, or usually 
 fiexuouSy very long; wall evanescent; stem filiform, slender, 
 rather short, blackish ; columella, capillitium, and mass of spores 
 brotonisli-violet ; columella extending nearly to apex of sporan- 
 gium, tapering upwards; capillitium springing from the colu- 
 mella at numerous points throughout its length, main branches 
 soon branching, axils usually rounded, often occupied for some 
 distance by a thin membrane, sometimes connected laterally, 
 branches towards the periphery much branched in a penicillatc 
 manner, ti2)s free ; spores globose, epispore very minutely reticu- 
 lated, 7 — 8 /x diameter. 
 
 Comatricha longa. Peck, 43rd Report of New York State 
 Mus., p. 24, pi. 3, f. 1—5. 
 
 On wood, bark, &c. United States. 
 
 Fasciculate, capillitium often curved or twisted after the wall 
 has disappeared, 3 — 6 cm. long. 
 
 Stemonitis dictyospora, Rest. (fig. 112). 
 
 Sporangia gregarious, cylindrical, both ends obtuse, wall 
 silvery, soon disappearing, stem shorter than sporangium, rather 
 thick, equal, blade, springing from a well-developed hypothallus ; 
 columella reaching nearly to apex of sporangium, capillitium 
 dense, threads like the columella blackish, combined to form 
 a network having the peripheral meshes not larger t1ian the 
 diameter of the sjiores ; spores in the mass blacldsh-violet, globose, 
 epispore with thin ridges forming a polygonal network, 1 2 — 1 5 ii 
 diameter. 
 
84 A Mo7ioffraph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Stcmonitis didi/osjwra, Rost., Mon., p. 195 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 1803. 
 
 On palm leaves. Venezuela ; Amazon Valley ; United States. 
 
 The type specimen on wliich Rostafinski founded the species 
 is in the Berkeley herbarium, Kew, and had evidently been 
 considered as distinct as the MS. name of " S. trechispora, B. 
 and C," is on the paper in Berkeley's writing. It seems a pity 
 that Rostafinski could not accept this name. Distinguished at 
 once by the silvery white sporangial wall, very small peripheral 
 meshes of the capillitium, and reticulated spores. 
 
 B. Spores brown or ferruginous in the mass. 
 
 § Sjwrcs smooth. 
 
 Stemonitis Carlylei, Mass. (n. sp.) (figs. 158, 159). 
 
 Growing in small scattered tufts, sporangia cylindrical, apex 
 obtuse, wall very thin, evanescent except the apical portion, 
 which remains like a cap, dark, with purple or dark blue tints ; 
 stem short, dark, expanding into a tough, brown, common hypo- 
 thallus ; mass of spores dull oraoigc-browii ; columella attenu- 
 ated upwards, disappearing just below the apex ; capillitium 
 dense, originating in numerous stout branches from the colu-' 
 mella, which soon break up into thinner branches that anasto- 
 mose to form a dense, irregular net, threads arcuate, peripheral 
 meshes large, at least tivice the diameter of the spores, and bearing 
 numerous free tips which are at first attached to the wall, brown, 
 becoming paler towards the periphery; spores globose, pale, 
 clear orange-brown, smooth, 11 — 15 fx diameter. 
 
 On wood. Carlisle. 
 
 Growing in small scattered tufts of from 8 — 14 plants, 
 3"5 — 4 mm. high, the sporangia are cylindrical with abruptly 
 rounded ends, or rarely slightly attenuated below, and passing 
 into the stem, which is not usually a quarter the length of the 
 sporangium. At once distinguished from Stemonitis ferruginca, 
 the remaining bright-spored species by the large peripheral 
 meshes of the capillitium, with numerous free tips, and the 
 
Stemo7iitu. 85 
 
 larger spores. The spores sometimes sliow indistinct iudicatious 
 of warting under 1200 diameters. 
 
 Stemonitis ferruginea, Rost, (figs. 160, 161). 
 
 Densely gregarious, on a well-developed hypothallus; spor- 
 angium cylindrical, obtuse, wall thin, dark brown, evanescent; 
 stem slender, blackish, equal to or shorter than sporangium; 
 columella reaching to the apex of the sporangium, blackish ; 
 capillitium dense, threads dark brown, tapering, combined to 
 form an irregular network, the periidlieral meshes cthaut equal- 
 ling the s2Jores in diameter; spores in the mass bright hroivn, 
 pale brown by transmitted light, globose, smooth, 6 — 9 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Stemonitis ferruginea, Rost., Mon., p. 196, figs. 31 — 89, 41 — 44, 
 and 50 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 47, figs. 31—39, 41—44, and 50 ; 
 Sacc, SylL, vii., n. 1365. 
 
 Exsicc. — Rav., Fung. Car., 75 (typical) ; Rav., Fung. Amer., 
 788. 
 
 On rotten wood, &c. Britain (Lyndhurst, Highgate, Scarboro', 
 Carlisle, Linlithgow) ; Europe ; United States ; Mexico ; S. 
 Domingo; Cuba; Rangoon; Ceylon; Queensland; New Zealand. 
 
 Usually densely gregarious, 1 — 1"5 cm. high. Readily dis- 
 tinguished by the small peripheral meshes of the capillitium 
 and the bright brown colour of the spores in the mass. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Stemonitis typhina, Willd., Ber., 408 (1787). 
 
 Clathrus midus, Bolt., t. 93, f. 1 (1789). 
 
 Trichia axifera. Bull, t. 447, f 1 (1791). 
 
 Stemonitis fasculata, Pers,, Syn., 187 (1801). 
 
 Stemonitis violacea, Schum., Saell., 1491 (1803). 
 
 Stemonitis fasciculata, DC, Fl. Fr., ii., 256 (1805). 
 
 Stemonitis ferruginea, Ehr., Syl. Ber., f. vi. a b (1818) ; Cooke, 
 
 Hdbk., No. 1156. 
 Stemonitis decijncns, Nees. Nov. Act. Leop., xvi. 95 (1821). 
 Stemonitis hctcros^Jota, Oudem. Ned. Kr. Arch., i., 167 (1872). 
 
86 A Monograph of the Mijjcogastres. 
 
 Stemonitis Morgani, Peck, 
 
 Sporangia crowded, stipitate, springing from a well-developed 
 hypothallus ; cylindrical, wall evanescent ; stem much shorter 
 than sporangium, black, shining ; mass of spores Irmon loith a 
 fcro-^iginmcs tinge ; columella evanescent just below the apex of 
 the sporangium ; threads of capillitium forming the network 
 brown, suh-cgual, about 3 fA thicJc, meshes large, and about equal 
 in size at every part, spores globose smooth, 6 — 7 \x diameter. 
 
 Stemonitis Morgani, Peck, Bot. Gaz., vol. v., p. 83 ; 84tli 
 Report State Mus., N. Y., p. 43; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 13G8. 
 
 Exsicc. — Ellis and Everhart, N. Amer. Fung., Ser. II., n. 2088. 
 
 On bark, wood, &c. United States. 
 
 Agreeing in the large meshed capillitium with 8. Carlylci 
 and S. maxima; differing from the former in the much smaller 
 spores, and from the latter in the brown or sub-ferruginous 
 colour of the spores in the mass. 
 
 § § Spores loarted. 
 
 Stemonitis pulchella, Bab. 
 
 ' Scattered or gregarious, springing from a delicate hypothallus ; 
 sporangic cylindrical or cylindrical-ovate, apex obtuse, base 
 usually slightly umbilicate, wall delicate, silvery or dark ; stem 
 rather stout, blackish, sub-equal or slightly tapering upwards, 
 expanded at the base, shorter than sporangium ; columella 
 reaching nearly to the apex of the sporangium ; capillitium 
 dense, threads tapering, arcuate, brown, forming a dense, 
 irregular net with the j7C7nj:)/ic?rtZ meshes not larger than the 
 diameter of the spores ; spores in the mass clear ferruginous, pale 
 brown by transmitted light, globose, minutely warted, 6 — 8 ix 
 diameter, 
 
 Stemonitis lyidchclla, Babington, Linn. Soc. Trans., 1839 ; 
 Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist , 1841, p. 431, t, 12, f, 11 ; Cke., Hdbk., 
 n. 1160. 
 
 Comatricha pidchella, Rost., Mon., Suppl., p. 27; Cke., Brit. 
 Myx., p. 40 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., pt. I., n. 1357. 
 
Stemonitis. 87 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10S41.) 
 
 On twigs, herbaceous stems, ferns, &c. 
 
 Britain (Bardon) ; Germany. 
 
 The pcridium is sometimes ahnost white with a silvery sheen, 
 at others brown. From 4 — 6 y. high. Much shorter and not 
 so densely crowded as S. fnrnginca. Quite distinct from S. 
 2Mlcherrima, B. and C. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Stcmonitis 2^ulchcUa, Bab., Trans. Linn. Soc, cfr. Berk., A. 
 
 and M. (1841), p. 431, t. 12, f. 11 (1839). 
 Stcmonitis tencrrima, Curtis, Sill. Journ., 1. c, p. 849 (1848). 
 Stemonitis tcnerrima, B. and C, Grev., n. 373 (1873). 
 
 Stemonitis herbatica, Peck. 
 
 Sporangia densely gregarious, stipitate, springing from a thin 
 hypothallus, sub-cylindrical, wall evanescent ; stem usually 
 shorter than sporangium, thin, blackish; spores in the mass 
 hroum ; columella reaching nearly to apex of sporangium ; 
 capillitium dense, peri2Jhcral meshes not larger than diameter of 
 spores, threads sometimes furnished with a few short, free ends ; 
 spores globose, very minutely tvartcd, 8 — 9 /x diameter. 
 
 Stemonitis herlatiea, Peck, 26th Report State Mus., N. Y., 
 p. 75; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, no. 1367. 
 
 (Authentic specimen from author.) 
 
 On living leaves, stems, &c. United States. 
 
 Often in scattered, small, densely crowded clusters, 5 — 8 mm. 
 high. Allied to S. ferriiginea in the colour of the spore-mass, 
 and in the small peripheral meshes of the capillitium, differing 
 in the very minutely warted spores. 
 
 Stemonitis tubulina, A. and S. 
 
 Aethalium at first white, soft, 1|— 2 in. broad, 4—6 lines 
 
 high, orbicular, rarely sub-oblong, basal membrane stout, silvery, 
 
 pellucid, iridescent, easily removable from the substratum; 
 
 surface very smooth, shining, with hemispherical warts above, 
 
88 A Monograiih of the Myxor/astres. 
 
 regularly arranged and corresponding to the apices of the 
 component sporangia; columella (stylidia) brown, slender, 
 capillary, aggregated, but for the most part individually free; 
 capillitium loosely interwoven into a common mass; mass of 
 spores brown. 
 
 Stcmonitis TvJmlina, Alb. and Schu. Consp., p. 102. 
 
 On decorticated pines. Germany, 
 
 From the description given by Albertini and Schwoiuitz, I 
 have very little doubt but that the organism they had in view 
 was Sipli<yptijchium Casparyi, Rest. 
 
 In Saccardo's Sylloge, vii., p. 390, the following synonyms and 
 remarks are given. 
 
 Stcmonitis fusca, var. /3 Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. ; Amaurochaete 
 spcciosa, Zukal, Eni. Pilze Myx. Bact., p. 5, t. 15, f. 3. 
 
 According to Raciborski, Hedw. 1887, p. 3, the above species 
 is neither a species of Stcmonitis nor Amaurochaete, but a new 
 genus described under the name of Jimclzillia, Racib. 
 
 SiPHOPTYCHIUM, Rest. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, densely crowded, springing from a well- 
 developed hypothallus, cylindrical, or prismatic from mutual 
 pressure, the whole forming a naked aethalium ; wall of spor- 
 angium single, thin ; columella central, springing from the 
 hypothallus and reaching to the apex of the sporangium, tubes 
 of capillitium rather scanty, radiating from the columella to the 
 wall of the sporangium. 
 
 Sijjhoptychium, Rost., Mon., App., p. 32 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., 
 p. 83; Sacc, Syll., vol. vii., part I., p. 417. 
 
 The general habit and appearance of some species of Tiibulina 
 from which the present genus differs in the presence of a 
 central columella and capillitium; yet the general structure 
 and arrangement of the sporangia and the spore sculpture of 
 the only known species is so thoroughly that of Tululina 
 cylindrica, that it seems very probable that the present genus 
 is an evolution from the last-named species, or some close ally, 
 the columella and radiating tubes being derived from modified 
 sporangial walls. 
 
Sipkoptychinm. Amaurochnete. 89 
 
 Siphoptychium Casparyi, Host. (fig. 111.) 
 
 Sporangia crowded on a well-developed hypotliallus, elongated, 
 cylindrical or prismatic from mutual pressure, apices slightly 
 convex, wall tbin, brownish, iridescent; mass of spores umber; 
 columella thin, reaching nearly or quite to apex of sporangium, 
 tubes of capillitium simple, rarely branched, springing from the 
 columella and extending to wall of sporangium; spores globose, 
 ivith a minutely raised network, 7 — 9 ii diameter. 
 
 Siphoptychium Casparyi, Rost., Mon., Append., p. 32, lig. 245 ; 
 Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1428. 
 
 Exsicc. — Ellis and Everh., N. Amer. Fung., n. 2092. 
 
 On wood, &c. United States. 
 
 Sporangia up to 'o cm. high, and about 'b mm. diameter of 
 equal height, and densely packed side by side, forming cake- 
 like aethalia, stated in letter from Dr. Rex, of Philadelphia, 
 who has collected this species in abundance, to average from 
 three to five inches in diameter ; but one aethalium collected in 
 the Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., measured one foot and a 
 half in length by one foot in width, with various prolongations 
 besides. 
 
 Amaurochaete, Rost. 
 
 Aethalium consisting of numerous elongated, naked sporangia, 
 compacted together in several layers, and enclosed in a common 
 delicate cortex; the capillitium consists of several columella- 
 like, erect tubes springing from the base of the aethalium, and 
 anastomosing amongst themselves form tree-like branches, 
 which along with the secondary branches combine to form an 
 irregular network ; angles of the larger forks of the capillitium 
 connected for some distance by a thin web-like membrane. 
 
 Amaurochaete, Rost., Mon., p. 210; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 52; 
 Sacc, Syll., p. 401. 
 
 Closely related to if indeed distinct from Rcticularia. 
 
 Distrih. Europe ; United States. Species 1. 
 
 Amaurochaete atra, Rost. 
 Aethalium variable in size, i)ulvinatc, covered with a thin. 
 
90 A Monogrcqyh of the Myxoriastres. 
 
 fragile, blackish cortex ; capillitium dense, forming an irregular 
 network, the two branches forming the angles of the larger 
 dichotomies connected by a membrane; spores brownish-violet, 
 globose, minutely Avarted, 14 — 17 ju, diameter. 
 
 Amaurochactc atra, Rost., Mon., p. 210, fig. 67 ; Cke., Myx. 
 Brit., p. 52, f. 67; Sacc, Syll., vii., no. 1375. 
 
 On wood and bark, especially of pines. Britain (Ascot, 
 Lyndhurst, Leicester, Somerset, Aboyne, N. B.) ; Germany ; 
 France ; Sweden ; United States. 
 
 Varying from 1 — 3 in. or more across. 
 
 In the typical form the sporangia are very irregular and have 
 nearly lost their individuality, whereas in other specimens the 
 whole structure suggests the idea of a number of confluent 
 individuals of a sessile Stcmonitis. 
 
 Brefeldia, Rost. 
 
 Aethalium composed of numerous naked, elongated, closely- 
 packed sporangia, arranged in several strata; columellas of the 
 various sporangia coalescing to form tree-like branchings, 
 branches of the capillitium meeting at the boundary of 
 the sporangia and coalescing by the formation of polycellular 
 vesicles. 
 
 Brefeldia, Rost., Mon., p. 212; Cke., Myx. Brit., jd. 53; Sacc, 
 Syll, vii., p. 402 ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 96. 
 
 Like Bcticularia, the one species constituting the present 
 genus is only known in the aethalioid form, and the component 
 sporangia are much contorted. The principal feature of the 
 genus is the presence of numerous very peculiar structures met 
 with scattered at intervals in the threads of the capillitium. 
 These bodies usually consist of eight cell-like vesicles more or 
 less quadrate in outline, measuring 8 — 15 /u, in diameter, and 
 arranged in a quadrate manner, the capillitium threads are 
 attached to the four cells forming the two ends of the cluster 
 of vesicles by short branches, usually four in number, one 
 being attached to each vesicle. Rostafinski says that these 
 
Brefeldia. Rostajinskid. 91 
 
 bodies are situated at the points where adjacent sporangia 
 meet. 
 
 Disirih. Europe. Species 1. 
 
 Brefeldia maxima, Rest, (figs. 254 — 256). 
 
 Aethalium large, pulvinate, surflice blackish with purple or 
 olive tints, rough with irregular wart-like nodules, seated on 
 a firm, silvery-looking hypothallus; capillitium dense, threads 
 irregularly anastomosing, dark coloured, with numerous inter- 
 calary clusters of vesicles ; spores in the mass blackish with 
 a purple tinge, globose, minutely warted, 13 — 17 \x diameter. 
 
 Brefeldia maxima, Rost., Mon., p. 213, figs. 60, 65, 66, 69, 
 70; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 53, figs. 60, 65, 66, 69, 70; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., no. 1377 ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 96, t. 5, f 13. 
 
 Licea pcrrexttans, Berk., Gard. Cliron., 1848, p. 451. 
 
 JExsicc.—CkQ., Fung. Brit, Ed. II., n. 518. 
 
 On fallen trunks, &c. Britain (Rolleston, Kew) ; Germany. 
 
 Forming large pulvinate patches of irregular form varying 
 from 1 — 6 inches across. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Lycoperdon epidcndrum, Sow., 400, f 2, 3 (1809). 
 
 Dcrmodiitm inquinans, Fr. Gast., 9 (1817). 
 
 Bdicidaria maxima, Fr. S. M., iii., 85 (1829); Eng. FI., v., 
 
 308; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1097; Fungi Britt., ii., 518. 
 Lycoperdon echiniformis, Sow., t. 400, f 1. 
 Zicca pcrreptaiis, Berk., Gard. Chron. (1848), 451 ; Ann. Nat. 
 
 Hist., No. 392; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1196. 
 
 ROSTAFINSKIA, Speg. 
 
 Sporangia flexuous, intricately combined to form aethalia of 
 varying magnitude, seated on a fioccoso-paj^yraceous liypothalhis ; 
 columellas absent; capillitium well-develo])ed, not furnished 
 with granules of lime, persistent, naked ; spores globose or 
 irregular, coloured, present only in the central stratum of the 
 aethalium. 
 
92 A Mono(jra2'>h of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Rostafinshia, Speg., Fung. Arg., Pug. III., p. 27 ; Sacc, Syll, 
 vii., 1, p. 403 (not of Raciborski). 
 
 I am not, acquainted with the single species constituting the 
 present genus which appears to be exceptional in the septate 
 tubes of the capillitium, &c. 
 
 Distrih. Argentine Republic. Species I. 
 
 Rostafinskia australis, Speg. 
 
 Aethalia variable in form, thickly pulvinate — effused ; ecorticate, 
 surface softly velvety-tomentose, at first with a longish cottony 
 tomentum, then breaking up into powdery filaments, purple- 
 violet or bright reddish-violet; capillitium tubes of the inter- 
 mediate stratum cylindrical, 3 — 4 jx thick, branched, not septate, 
 everywhere rough with minute warts, hyaline or tinged violet, 
 tubes of inferior sterile stratum cylindrical septate, nodulosely 
 branched, 5 — 6 [x thick, smooth, brownish ; spores globose, 
 ovoid or irregular, filled with granular protoplasm, smooth, 
 bright lilac, 8 — 10 x 5 — 6 /x. 
 
 Rostafinskia australis, Speg., Fung. Arg., Pug. III., n. 5U; 
 Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1381. 
 
 On rotten trunks, sawdust, &c. Everywhere very common. 
 
 Argentine Republic. 
 
 Reticularia, Bull. 
 
 Aethalia composed of numerous elongated, naked sporangia, 
 arranged in strata and covered with a thin, common cortex ; 
 capillitium consisting of several columella-like, slender, thin- 
 walled tubes, that give off several lateral branches Avliich 
 anastomose to form an irregular network. 
 
 Reticularia, Bulliard, Hist. Champ., Rost., Mon., p. 240 ; 
 Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 60; Sacc, Syll, vii., p. 418. 
 
 In the present genus numerous naked, elongated sporangia, 
 arranged in a few superposed layers or strata, are covered with 
 an external cortex. Each sporangium has its OAvn long colu- 
 mella, which gives off lateral branches that anastomose to form 
 an irregular network, the branches of contiguous sporangia also 
 
Reticularia. 93 
 
 anastomose. The structure of the entire hody may be compared 
 with the dense clusters of sporangia in Stemonitis, differing in 
 the irregularity of the sporangia and absence of sporangial walls. 
 Enteridium Bozeanum bears a close resemblance to the present 
 genus, but there the capillitium is formed from the walls of 
 the component sporangia. Several exotic species placed by 
 Berkeley in Ecticularia belong to the genus Chromospormm. 
 Distrih. Europe and N. America. Species 3. 
 
 Reticularia lycoperdon, Host. (figs. 311, 312). 
 
 Aethalium large, pulvinate, completely surrounded by a 
 delicate cortex which varies from dull umber, through reddish- 
 brown, to pale grey with a silvery lustre ; sometimes rough with 
 irregular, yellowish, minute warts ; threads of the capillitium 
 springing from the base, consisting of erect, columella-like 
 portions with slender, anastomosing branches ; spores in the 
 mass varying from umber to chestnut-colour, globose, about one- 
 half the surface of the spore covered ivith a regular nctioork of 
 liaised lines, the remainder smooth, 7 — 9 jm diameter. 
 
 Beticidaria lycoperdon, Rest., Mon., p. 240, figs. 3, 4, 6, 13 ; 
 Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 60, figs. 3, 4, 6, 13 ; Sacc, Syll, vii., n. 1424. 
 
 Exsicc.—F\xc\Q\, Fung. Rhen., n. 2583. 
 
 On wood, bark, &c. Britain (Bristol, Kew, Ecclesfield, 
 Scarboro', Carlisle, Coed Coch, Linlithgow) ; Europe ; United 
 States. 
 
 Forming lumps varying from 1 — 3 inches across, more or less 
 circular or elongated, sometimes compressed, at others pulvinate, 
 and 1 in. or more high. Care must be taken not to confound 
 small specimens of the present species with Lycogala e^ndendrum, 
 which differs in the thick capillitium threads with ornamented 
 walls. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 .Lycogala griscnm major, Mich., t. 95, f. 1 (1729). 
 
 Lycoperdon fuscuvi, Huds. Fl. Aug., 645 (1778). 
 
 Mucor lycogalus, Bott., t. 183, f. 2 (1789). 
 
 Beticularia lycoperdon, Bull., t. 446, f. 4, t. 470. f. 1—3 (1791). 
 
94 A Monograph of the Mjixogastres. 
 
 Lycogcda argcntea, Pers., Disp., 7 (1797). 
 Lycogala turhinatum, Pers., Syn., 157 (1801), 
 Strongylium fuliginoides, Ditm., t. 2, f. 1 (1809). 
 Fidigo lycapcrdon, Schum., Saell., 1409 (1803). 
 BcticiUaria argentca, Poir., Ency., vi., 20 (1806). 
 Rcticularia umhrina, Fr. S. M., iii., 87 (1829) ; Corda, Ic, vi., 
 f. 36 ; Eng. Fl., v., 308; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1100. 
 
 Sub-sect. 11. Lamprodermae. 
 Lamproderma, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia globose or broadly obovate, usually stipitate, stem 
 continuous within the sporangium as a columella; threads of 
 the capillitium originating from the apex only of the columella, 
 primary branches either remaining simple for some distance 
 or branching irregularly from the base, the branches combining 
 to form an irregular network ; wall of sporangium usually 
 iridescent, soon disappearing. 
 
 Lamproderma, Rost., Mon., p. 202 ; Cke., Brit. Myx., p. 49 ; 
 Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, p. 390 ; Zopf, p. 1 .56. 
 
 Closely allied to Diachaca and Sicmonitis, but differing from 
 both in having the threads of tlie capillitium originating from 
 the apex of the columella only. 
 
 Distrib. Europe; United States; Ceylon; Australia; New 
 Zealand. Species 18. 
 
 A. Spores smooth. 
 
 Lamproderma violaceum, Rost. (figs. 152 — 154). 
 
 Gregarious on a strongly-developed hypothallus; sporangia 
 sub-globose, convex above, fiattmed or slightly umhilicatc Mow ; 
 wall thin, blackish, with a dark violet lustre ; stem elongated, 
 black, thick at the base, attenuated upwards ; columella about 
 half the height of the sporangium, filled with large colourless 
 cells; hrccnchcs of capillitiuni almost colourless, springing from the 
 apex and sides of the columella, irregularly branched and com- 
 
Lawprofh'i'ma. 95 
 
 bined into a network; spores violet, globose, smooth, — 12 ju, 
 diameter. 
 
 LamiJrodcrma violacca, Rost., Mon,, p. 204, fig. G4; Cke., 
 Brit. Myx., p. 50, f. 64 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., no. 1894. 
 
 On wood, moss, &c. Britain (Shrewsbury, Castle Howard, 
 Yorks); United States. 
 
 A very distinct and beautiful species, characterized by having 
 the sporangium flattened or umbilicate below, and the almost 
 colourless capillitium springing from every part of the columella. 
 From 2 — 3 mm. high. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Stcnwnitis violacea, Fr. S. M., iii., 102 (1829) ; B, and Br., 
 Ann. Nat. Hist., 387; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1162. 
 
 Lamproderma irideum, Mass. (figs. 149 — 151). 
 
 Scattered ; sporangia globose, wall thin, with steel-blue, green, 
 or coppery metallic tints; stem elongated, blackish-brown, 
 tapering upwards, expanded at the base into a small, circular 
 hypothallus ; columella cylindrical, about one-third the height 
 of the sporangium, giving origin at the apex to several thick, 
 ascending branches, which remain simple throughout the greater 
 2wrtion of their length, towards the tips repeatedly bifurcating, 
 rarely anastomosing laterally, violet-brown, not paler at the tips ; 
 spores globose, violet-brown, smooth, 11 — 15 /x diameter. 
 
 Lamproderma areyrioidcs, Var. iridea, Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 50, 
 figs. 246—249 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., n. 1353. 
 
 Mvsicc. Cke., Fung. Brit., Ser. I., 523 (as Stemonitis arcy- 
 rioides); Cke., Fung. Brit., Ser. II., 523 (as Lamproderma 
 areyrioidcs). 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On dead leaves, moss, &c. Britain (Hampstead). 
 
 Distinguished by the scattered habit, smooth spores, and in 
 the primary branches of the capillitium remaining unbrauched 
 except at the tips. 
 
 Lamproderma suboeneum, Mass. 
 Scattered ; sporangia globose, small, wall thin, hrovm, with a 
 
96 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 hright co^ypery tinge, basal portion often remaining as a frill 
 round the stem ; stem elongated, tapering upwards, expanding 
 at the base into a minute, circular hypothallus, brown; colu- 
 mella cylindrical, not more than one quarter the height of the 
 sporangium, producing at the apex several primary branches, 
 which arc at once divided into numerous arcuate hrctnchcs of equal 
 thickness that combine to form a dense net, threads brown, often 
 studded with organic lumps ; spores lilac-brown, globose, smooth, 
 1-i — 16 /x diameter. 
 
 Stemonitis jjhysarioides, A. and S., Var. sulocneus, Berk., in 
 Herb., n. 10842. 
 
 On slender twigs, moss, &c. Britain (Bulmer, Yorks) ; United 
 States. 
 
 Remarkable in the capillitium consisting entirely of equal, 
 rather stout, arcuate threads combined into a network of small, 
 sub-equal meshes. From 2*5 — 3 mm. high, sporangium rarely 
 attaining to '5 mm. diameter, constantly the colour of new 
 copper. 
 
 Lamproderma leucosporura, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, about "5 mm. diameter, with various 
 metallic tints ; stem black, shining, subulate, thin, passing into 
 the sporangium as an exactly cylindrical, truncate columella; 
 threads of the ca]_nllitium from the base variously branched and 
 combined to form a compact nctivorh, blackish when the spores 
 are blown away ; spores pale violet, 8 — 9 \x diameter, smooth. 
 
 TjCimiyroderma leucosptprum, Rost., Mon., App., 26 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1350. 
 
 Lamproderma nigrcscens, Rost., Mon., p. 205 (in part). 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Lamproderma arcyrionema, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, very small, with a silvery metallic lustre, 
 stipitate, stem straight, subulate, black, shining, dilated into a 
 very thin, blackish-purple hypothallus, and passing into the 
 Sporangium as a very slender, cylindrical, truncate columella; 
 branches of the capillitium everywhere of uniform thickness. 
 
Lamproderma. 97 
 
 divided from, the base, arcuate, variously interlaced, and combined 
 to form a dense net withmtt free branches; spores pale violet, 
 smooth, 6 — 7 /x diameter. 
 
 Zainproderma arcyrioncma, Rest., Mon., p. 208 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1352. 
 
 Poland. 
 
 Judging from the description, the present species appears to 
 approach very closely such species as Stemonitis Fricsiana, 
 
 B. Spores warted or cchinulate. 
 
 Lamproderma echinulatum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia globose, dark steel-blue or blackish, iridescent; 
 stem thick at the base, becoming attenuated upwards, some- 
 times sub-cylindrical, black, filled vnth large cells that become 
 smaller upwards; columella thick, filled with cells like the 
 stem, about one-third the height of the sporangium, sometimes 
 clavate; capillitium dense, originating from apex of columella 
 and at once forming an irregular network without the usual 
 ttndivided primary branches, tubes pale, irregular, arcuate, often 
 flattened and triangular at the nodes; spores globose, dingy- 
 purple, coarsely echinulate, 15 — 22 /x diameter. 
 
 Lamproderma echinulatum, Rost., Mon., Append., p. 25 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, n. 1344. 
 
 Stemonitis echimdata, Berk., Fl. Tasm., p. 268. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 
 Amongst moss. Tasmania. 
 
 Gregarious, springing from a hypothallus, 3 — 4 mm, high. 
 Departing from the usual type of Lamproderma in having every 
 part of the capillitium combined to form a network with arcuate 
 branches. Differs from Comatricha in the capillitium origin- 
 ating from apex of thick columella only. Remarkable in having 
 the stem and columella filled with large cells. 
 
 Lamproderma Listeri, Mass. (n. sp.) (figs. 202, 203). 
 
 Sporangia globose, dark-purple or blackish, iridescent, lower 
 portion sometimes remaining as a frill round the stem ; colu- 
 
 II 
 
98 .1 Momxfraph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 mella slender, about one-third the height of the sporangium, 
 capillitium rather dense, the main branches springing from the 
 apex of the columella which is sometimes expanded in a discoid 
 manner, branches stout, simple for half their length, then two or 
 three times dichotomous, axils ac^ite, secondary branches straight, 
 sometimes anastomosing laterally, tips colourless, the other 
 portions blackish ; stem elongated, straight or sub-flexuous, conical, 
 smooth, blackish-brown, filled with amorphous organic matter, 
 springing from a hypothallus ; spores globose, dingy purple, 
 coarsely spinulose, 15 — 17 /x diameter. 
 
 Scotland (Moffat) ; Tasmania ; N. Zealand. 
 
 On moss, wood, &c. ; gregarious, 2 mm. high. A very fine 
 species, remarkable for the elongated stem becoming usually 
 much incrassated downwards, and in the apex of the columella 
 being in some specimens expanded into a disc from the margin 
 of which the primary branches of the capillitium originate. 
 Both these features are characteristic of the genus Enerthenema, 
 and the present species forms a connecting link between the 
 last-named genus and Lamproderma. Agreeing with L. ecliinu- 
 lata in the large, spinulose spores ; differing in the long, straight 
 branches of the capillitium, and the stem being filled with 
 amorphous lumps of organic matter. 
 
 Lamproderma Ellisiana, Cooke. 
 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate, minutely rugulose, blackish- 
 purple, rather dull ; columella short ; capillitium originating 
 from apex of columella, threads blackish-purple, very slender, 
 equal throughout, repeatedly forking from the base, angles very 
 acute; stem coloured like the sporangium and twice as long, 
 slender above, becoming very thick downwards, and expanding 
 into a small, circular, brown hypothallus; spores in clusters of 
 5 — 7 ; when the spores break up the clusters are sub-angular 
 but soon become globose when free, pale lilac, minutely warted, 
 15 — 16 IX diameter. 
 
 Larivproderma Ellisiana, Cke., Myx., U. States, p. 397. 
 
 Badhamia p)enetralis, Cke. and Ellis, Grev., vol. v., p. 49. 
 
Lamproderma. 99 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 About 1 mm. high ; scattered. " On pine boards not much 
 decayed, white at first." (Ellis.) 
 
 United States. 
 
 The clustered spores probably suggested the genus Badhaniia, 
 but the plant is a true Lam'prodermct, and quite distinct from 
 a small species of GomatricJia, with which it is mixed. 
 
 Ellis appears to have confused the true Lamprodcrma of 
 Cooke with the ComatricJia in the N. A. F., Ser. II. 
 
 Lamproderma robusta, Ellis and Everh. 
 
 Sporangia globose or slightly contracted below, stipitate, 
 blackish-purple, dull ; when in perfect condition covered with 
 a very delicate bloom, lower portion usually remaining like 
 a frill round the stem; columella short, thick, wrinkled; 
 capillitium very dense, springing from apex of columella, the 
 main branches 3 — 5 /u thick, simple for a very short distance, 
 then h'anching and anastomosing to form a small-meshcd, very 
 irregular dense 7ictioork ; threads tapering from the base, mostly 
 flattened, angles often rounded, with scattered interstitial 
 swellings, brownish-purple at the base, becoming paler upwards, 
 attached at numerous points to sporangial wall; stem equal 
 in length to sporangium or a little longer, blackish, smooth, 
 equal, springing from a hypothallus; spores globose, dirty 
 brownish-purple, minutely ivarted, 9 — 10 \j. diameter. 
 
 Lamproderma robusta, Ellis and Everhart. 
 
 (Described from portion of type communicated by Mr. 
 Wingate.) 
 
 On wood. United States. 
 
 A very distinct and beautiful species, gregarious, springing 
 from a common liypothallus, 2 — 2-5 mm. high. The sporangium 
 is covered with an exceedingly thin layer of some substance 
 resembling the bloom on a plum, which may be lime ; it cracks 
 and breaks up into angular patches in water. 
 
 Lamproderma Schimperi, Rost. 
 Sporangia spherical, green, becoming blackish, or with a 
 
100 A Monograph of the Mi/xogastres. 
 
 reddish metallic slieen; stem black, shining, rigid, subulate, 
 entering the peridium as an obovate columella, and about half 
 its height; capillitium of dusky threads springing" from apex 
 of columella, Iranches for some distance simple, then lecoming 
 very much branched, laterally connected, and forming a dense net 
 at the periphery, spores dingy- violet, minutely spinulose, 10 — 11 fj. 
 diameter. 
 
 Lamp)roder7iia Schim2Jeri, Rest., Mon., p. 203, fig. 63 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., n. 1343; Cke., Myx. Brit., fig. 63. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Lamproderma Sauteri, Rost. 
 
 Similar to L. violaccum, but more rigid in every part ; 
 sporangia spherical, slightly flattened below, 1 mm. broad, 
 shining with various metallic tints ; stem black, stibulate, 
 springing from a well-developed hypothallus; columella cylin- 
 drical, truncate ; capillitium threads branched from the base and 
 forming a dense network, pale when the spores are blown away ; 
 spores dingy-violet, densely covered with sjnnules, 12 — 15 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Lamproderma Sauteri, Rest., Mon., p. 205 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 no. 1348. 
 
 Tyrol. 
 
 Entire specimen 2 mm. high. 
 
 Lamproderma minutum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, f mm. diameter, slightly metallic ; stem 
 black, slender, equal ; columella cylindrical, thin, truncate ; 
 threads of capillitium colourless, rarely fasciculately branched, 
 fascicles blending together; spores violet, delicately verruculose, 
 66 /x diameter. 
 
 Lamproderma minutmn, Rost., Mon., Append., p. 20 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, n. 1351. 
 
 France. 
 
 Lamproderma columbinum, Rost. 
 Sporangia stipitate, sub-ovate or globose, blackish, reflecting 
 
Lamproderma. 101 
 
 variously coloured metallic tints ; stem slender, attenuated up- 
 wards, longitudinally wrinkled below, purple-black ; columella 
 cylindrical, more or less attenuated at the apex, about half the 
 height of the sporangium ; capillitium 2mIc, 2')rimary hranclies 
 sh(n't, hut distinct, thick, soon branching and dichotomosing in 
 an irregular manner, combined by transverse branches to form 
 an irregular network with numerous free, thin tips; spores 
 globose, pale violet, minutely wartcd, 12 — 16 \x diameter. 
 
 Lamproderma columhinum, Rost., Mon,, p. 203, f. 61 ; Cke., 
 Myx. Brit., f. 61 ; Sacc, Syll, n. 1345. 
 
 Laviprodcrma iridcsccns, Rost., Mon., App., p. 25 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 n. 1346. 
 
 Physarum iridcsccns, Berk., Hook. Journ., 1851, p. 20. 
 
 Exsiec.—Roh., Fung. Eur., 2213; Roum., Fung. Gall. Exs., 
 n. 1685. 
 
 On moss, wood, &c. Britain (Orton Wood, Leicester; Rudloe, 
 Twycross, Carlisle) ; Europe ; United States. 
 
 From 2 — 3 mm. high, sometimes sessile and even aethalioid ; 
 distinguished by the very short, stout, primary branches of the 
 capillitium, the smaller branches are sometimes nodulose at 
 intervals. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 3Iucor violaceus, Leess., Fl. Herb., n. 1128 (1775). 
 
 Trichia violacea, Hoffm., Veg. Cr., p. 5, t. 2. f. 1 (1790). 
 
 Physarum columhinum, Pers., Syst., p. 173 (1801). 
 
 Trichia columhina, Poir., Encycl, no. 17 (1808). 
 
 Physarum salicinum, Schum., Fl. Saell., n. 1431 (1803). 
 
 Physarum hryoj^hilum, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 135 (1829). 
 
 Pliysarum hryophilu7n, (3 melanocephcduvi, Cda., Ic. 1, p. 22, 
 t. 4, f. 287 (1837). 
 
 Lamproderma Saccardianum, Mass. 
 Broadly gregarious, altogether blackish, sporangia perfectly 
 spherical, not umbilicate, \ mm. broad, at first yellowish then 
 opaqnc black, smooth, persistent, erect ; stem filiform, ^ mm. 
 high, 40 ju, thick, black; hypothallus (when evident) distinct, 
 minute, rufescent ; columella terete, half the hcis^ht of the 
 
102 A Monograph of the Mi/.wgaHres. 
 
 sporangium, apex rather obtuse ; branches of the capillitium 
 springing from apex of columella, dichotovionsly hrancluxl, fili- 
 form, fuliginous; spores globose, 9 — 10 /x diameter, pale smoky- 
 violet, minutely echimdate. 
 
 Lamproderma nigrcscens, Sac, Michelia, II., p. 2G2 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, no. 1354 (not of Kost.). 
 
 On fallen leaves of Buxus, Bobinia Binus, heaps of chips, &c, 
 Selva, N. Italy. 
 
 Distinguished from Z. 'physarioides by its smaller size and 
 smaller spores, and from L. violaccum by the black spherical 
 sporangium, etc. (Sacc.) 
 
 Saccardo's name is antedated by Rostafinski's. 
 
 Lamproderma arcyrioides, Rost. (figs. 145 — 148). 
 
 Gregarious or scattered, springing from a firm hypothallus ; 
 sporangia globose, shortly elliptical or obovate, wall thin, 
 blackish, with blue, purple, gi'een, or reddish metallic tints ; 
 stem usually becoming thinner upwards, blackish, shining, 
 sometimes obsolete, passing directly into the sporangium as 
 a short columella that breaks up at the apex into several 
 equal, ascending branches, these again produce mtmerous lateral 
 branches, at some distance from the base, that anastomose laterally 
 and form a dense, irregular network, threads pale greyish- 
 bro^vn ; spores globose, dirty violet, minutely ivartcd, 11 — 16 ju 
 diameter. 
 
 Lamproderma arcyrioides, Rost., Mon., p. 20G ; Cke., Myx. 
 Brit., p. 50 ; Sacc, Syll, vii., n. 1353. 
 
 Exsicc.—Rixh., Herb. Myc, 431; Roum., Fung. Gall, 908; 
 Fuckel., Fung. Rhen., 1447; Rab., Fung. Eur., 797. 
 
 On rotten wood, dead leaves, &c. Britain (New Forest, 
 Scarborough, Carlisle) ; France ; Germany ; Sweden ; Denmark ; 
 United States. 
 
 From 1-5 — 3 mm. high. Near to L. violacca, but dis- 
 tinguished by the larger and more coarsely warted spores, and 
 in the main branches of the capillitium remaining unbranched 
 for some distance at the base. 
 
Lamiiroderma. 103 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Stcmonitis arcyrioides, Somm., Tidsk. (1827); Berk., Ann. N 
 
 Hist., No. 114; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1163. 
 Stemonitis chalyhea, Pers., in litt. 
 
 Stew.onitis Carestiae, Ces. and Not. (1861); Erb. Cr. Ital. 888. 
 Stcmonitis Morthieri, Fckl., Exs., n. 1447 (1860). 
 
 Lamproderma physarioides, Rost. 
 
 Gregarious or scattered ; sporangia globose, wall ^m/c, with a 
 silvery sheen, stem elongated, tapering upwards, base expanding 
 into a small circular hypothallus, black ; columella about one*^ 
 third the height of the sporangium, clavate ; threads of capil- 
 litium purple-brown, springing from the clavate portion of the 
 columella, repeatedly Ircmching in a dichotomous manner, the 
 branches anastomosing to form a network, becoming dense and 
 small meshed towards the periphery; spores globose, brown, 
 minutely verruculose, 11 — 15 ju, diameter. 
 
 LamprodeTma physarioides, Rost., Mon., p. 202; ficrs. 5.5, .59, 
 62; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 49, figs. 55, 59, 62; Sac'c, "syll 'vii.' 
 n. 1842. 
 
 On rotten wood, moss, &c. Britain ; Germany ; U. States. 
 
 Distinguished by the pale, silvery sporangial wall, the clear 
 brown spores, and the clavate columella ; 2—3-5 mm. high. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Stemonitis p)hysarioidcs, A. and S., Consp., t. 11, f. 8 (1805); 
 B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 386; Cke., Hdbk., no. 1161.' 
 
 C Sjwres rctieulated. 
 Lamproderma Fuckelianum, Rost. 
 Sporangia globose, almost sessile, slightly umbilieate below, 
 reddish, metallic ; stem from its shortness almost incons2)icuous, 
 entering the peridium for nearly half its length as a conical 
 columella ; threads of the capillitium sparingly branched, com- 
 bined into a loose network ; sjiores pale violet, with thin ridges 
 combined to foim a networh, 8 — 9 /x diameter. 
 
104 A Monopraph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Lam'prodcrma Fuckclianum, Rost., Mon., p. 207; Sacc, Syll,, 
 vii., 1, n. 1347. 
 Germany. 
 Distinguished more especially by the reticulated epispore. 
 
 Lamproderma Lycopodii, Raunk. 
 
 Sporangia single, globose, sessile, on a violet-brown hypo- 
 thallus. Wall, columella, capillitium, and spores violet-brown. 
 The lower part of the wall remains, with irregular, tattered 
 margin. Columella cylindrical, nearly reaching half the height 
 of the sporangium. Capillitium originating singly from the 
 upper part of the columella, in continuation forked more and 
 more, especially at the surface of the sporangium, combined 
 into a net by transverse branches, extremities rather colourless, 
 Spores 12 — 18 ju, diameter, on the surface furnished ivith a 
 delicate network of fine thickenings. 
 
 Zanqirodcrma Lycqwdii, Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 108 (in 
 English). 
 
 (Raunkier's Synonyms.) 
 
 Stcriionitis cribrarioidcs, Fries, Syst, Myc, iii., p. 163; Sacc, 
 
 Syll., vii., 1, no. 1370. 
 Crihraria Lycoperdi, Nees, in litt. 
 On the leaves of Lyeopodimn annotinum. 
 Sealand, 
 
 Enerthenema, Bowm. 
 
 Sporangial wall very thin, fragile, soon disappearing; stem 
 continuing as a columella quite through the sporangium and 
 expanding at its apex into a discoid membrane from which the 
 capillitium originates; capillitium of slender, sub-equal threads 
 which bifurcate and anastomose more or less laterally, tips free ; 
 spores free or at first in clusters. 
 
 Enerthenema, Bowman, Trans., Linn. Soc. (1828), xvi,, p. 151 ; 
 Rost., Mon., p. 209; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. -51; Raunk., Myx. 
 Dan., p. 02 ; Sacc, Syll, v. 7, p. 402. 
 
Enerthenema. 105 
 
 A well-marked genus, characterized by the capillitium 
 originating solely from the peltate, flattened apex of the colu- 
 mella; capillitium dense, threads coloured, thin, sub-equal, 
 branching in a dichotomous or irregular manner, main branches 
 frequently connected by transverse bars, tips free ; that is, not 
 combined into a net, but evidently in many instances showing 
 indications of having originally been attached to the inside of 
 the evanescent sporangial wall. Connected with the typical 
 structure met with in the Cohimdlifcrae by Raunkier's genus 
 Ancyrophonis, which agrees with Encrthmema in having the 
 columella dilated at the apex, but the capillitium originates 
 from the columella throughout its length as well as from the 
 disc, and the tips of the threads are not so decidedly free from 
 anastomosing as in the present genus. 
 
 Distrih. Europe ; United States ; New Granada. Sp. 3. 
 
 Enerthenema elegans, Bowm. (figs. 302 — 304). 
 
 Sporangia globose, with usually a minute apical umbo, wall 
 very thin, brownish, iridescent, fugitive ; stem thick, conical, 
 Uackish-hrrnvn, opaque, continuing as a thin columella quite 
 through the sporangium and supporting the pendulous capil- 
 litium from its apical disc, threads of cajnllitium hroivn, suh-equal, 
 2*5 — 3 /x thick, often minutely and irregularly nodulose ; spores 
 globose, free from the first, very indistinctly verruculose, 8 — 10 /i 
 diameter. 
 
 Enerthenema elcyans. Bowman, Linn. Trans. (1828), xvi., 
 p. 151, t. 16 ; Rost, Mon., p. 209, figs. 45, 48, 49, 52, 57. 
 
 Enerthenema papillata, Rost., Mon., App., p. 28 ; Cooke, Brit. 
 Myx., p. 51, figs. 45, 48, 49, 52, 57; Sacc, Syll., no. 1378; 
 Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 92, t. 5, f. 7. 
 
 Britain (Wothorpe, Carlisle, Edinburgh) ; Germany ; Finland ; 
 United States. 
 
 On wood and bark. From 1-5 to 2 mm. high, wall of spor- 
 angium disappearing very early, hence the plant is usually 
 met with having the capillitium streaming from the discoid 
 apex of the columella. 
 
106 A Mo7iof/raph of the Myxogastrei^. 
 
 Owing to an oversight, Encrtlienema Bcrkeleyana was intro- 
 duced by Cooke in Myx. Brit., p. 51, as a native of Britain. 
 Tliis species, so far as I am aware, has only been met with in 
 S. Carolina, and is known by the clustered spores. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Arcyria atra, Schum., Saell, no. 1487; Fl. Dan., t. 410-i 
 
 (1803). 
 Enerthencma elegans, Bowm., Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi., p, 151, 
 
 t. 16 (1828). 
 Stemonitis mammosa, Fr., iii., 161 (1829). 
 Stcmonitis papillata, De Bary, I.e. (1859). 
 Encrthcnema p]iocnicolcp)ta, Bowm., msc. 
 
 Enerthenema Berkeleyana, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, globose, blackish, wall evanescent ; stem 
 black, very thick at the base, conical, becoming contracted into 
 a thin, cylindrical, black columella that reaches to the apex of 
 the sporangium, and there becoming expanded into a disc ; 
 capillitium threads dark, springing from the margin of the disc, 
 pendulous, sparingly forked, rarely joined laterally ; spores 
 blackish-purple in the mass, at first in chisters of 4 — 14, sub- 
 triangular at ^rst, free portion warted, 10 — 13 /x diameter. 
 
 Enerthencma Bcrkeleyana, Rost., Mon., Append., p. 29 ; Cke., 
 Myx. Brit., p. 51. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, no. 10888.) 
 
 On boards. South Carolina. 
 
 Closely resembling S. elegans, but distinct in the clustered 
 spores that are warted on the free surface only. The stem is 
 not always thickened below. 
 
 Enerthenema muscorum, Lev. 
 
 Gregarious, black ; stem setaceous, smooth, expanding at the 
 base into a shield-like hypothallus ; sporangium smooth ; tubes 
 of the capillitium springing from the lenticular apex of the 
 
Ancj/rophorus. 107 
 
 columella; simple for some distance, then branched in a 
 dichotomous or vague manner; spores globose, brown. 
 
 Enerthcnema musconim, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. IV., vol. 
 xix., p. 289 (1863) ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, no. 1380. ' ' '' ' 
 
 On moss. New Granada. 
 
 The information respecting the present species is insufficient 
 to indicate its specific features with exactness. 
 
 Ancyrophorus, Raunk. 
 
 Sporangium stipitate. Stem prolonged within the sporangium 
 as a columella, reaching the apex of the sporangium and there 
 expanding into a discoid membrane. Capillitium originating 
 from this stout discoid membrane, and from the upper part of 
 the columella proper. Threads of the capillitium only towards 
 the extremities inconsiderably forked, the extreme branches 
 arcuate and furnished with numerous subulate spines. 
 
 Ancyro]:^]iorits, Raunkier, Myx. Dan., in Bot. Tidsskrift. 
 (Journ. Bot. Soc. Bot. de Copenhague), 1888, p. 92, and 1889, 
 p. 110 (in English). 
 
 Clossly allied to i:7ierthenema, known by the branches of the 
 capillitium springing from the upper portion of the stem as 
 well as from its discoid apex. 
 
 Bistrih. Denmark. Species 1. 
 
 Ancyrophorus crassipes, Rauuk. 
 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate. Stem shorter than the spor- 
 angium, from an exceedingly thick base lengthened directly 
 mto the subulate columella. Threads of capillitium combined 
 by very few transverse branches. The extreme branches arcuate, 
 and provided with numerous subulate spines. Stem, columella', 
 and capillitium dull violet-black. Spores smooth or delicately 
 warted; bright violet, 10—12 ju diameter. 
 
 Ancyroiihorus emssipcs, Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 93 (1888) and 
 p. 110 (1890) in English. 
 
 On rotten wood. Denmark. 
 
108 A Monogmph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Raciborskia, Berl. 
 
 Sporangia naked, globose, stipitate, stem elongated, entering 
 the sporangium as a columella from one-tliird to half its height, 
 bearing at the apex secondary, short, slender columellas, these 
 in turn divide in a similar manner to the primary columella ; 
 ultimate branches combined amongst themselves at every point 
 to form a network ; extreme branchlets not free but arcuately 
 combined with each other, 
 
 Racihorslda^ Berlese, Sacc, Syll., vii., pt. I., p. 400. 
 
 Bostafinskia, Racib., Myx. Crac, p. 9 (not of Spegazzini). 
 
 Distrib. Poland. Species 1. 
 
 Raciborskia elegans, Berl. 
 
 Sporangia naked, globose, up to '5 mm. broad, stem erect, 
 1 — 2 mm. high, thickest at the base, then subulate-attenuated, 
 plicate, black ; columella half to one-third shorter than the 
 sporangium, cylindrical, 8 — 10 ju, thick; capillitium blackish- 
 violet, exterior threads exceedingly thin, not free ; the extreme 
 branches furnished with scattered spines; spores 9 — 10 yi 
 diameter, obscure violet, aculeate. 
 
 RacihoTsJda elegans, Racib., Myx. Crac, p. 10, fig. 5. 
 
 Poland. 
 
 Raciborski considers that the present species is allied to 
 Rostafinski's genus Echiiwstdiwin. He also inclines to the idea 
 that the genus Oiihotricha may prove to be identical with his 
 Bacibm-slda (= Bostafinskia, Racib.).* 
 
 EcHiNOSTELlUM, De Bary. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, columella absent, capillitium originating 
 from apex of stem, tlireads arcuate, combined to form a loose 
 network, furnished with numerous spine-like free arms. 
 
 EcMnostdium, De Bary, in Rost., Mon., p. 215; Cooke, Brit. 
 Myx., p. 53. 
 
 * Hedwigia, March and April, 1889. 
 
Orthotricha. 109 
 
 Echinostelium minutum, De Bary (fig. 202). 
 
 Sporangia scattered, stipitate, globose, naked, whitish; the 
 arcuate threads of the capillitiiim springing from the apex of 
 the stem, furnished with numerous acute, free branches; spores 
 coloured, 6*7 — 8*3 ju, diameter, smooth. 
 
 Echinostelium minutvAii, De Bary, in Rest., Mon., p. 215, 
 figs. 53, 54, 58, and 68 ; Cke., Brit. Myx., figs. 53, 54, 58, 68 ; 
 Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, no. 1340. 
 
 Orthotricha, Wingate. 
 
 Sporangium globose ; stipe elongated, entering the sporangium 
 as a very short or obsolete columella, and then dividing into 
 a few branches at a sharp angle. These branches fork several 
 times, thus forming a capillitium of straight threads. The last 
 branches meet at the surface of sporangium at a very sharp 
 angle by twos or threes, where they are joined together by 
 small membranaceous plates. Wall of the sporangium, with 
 the exception of the plates and a very small collar around the 
 stipe, not apparent. 
 
 OrtJwtricha, Wingate; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1886, 
 p. 125; Sacc, Syll., vii., pt. I, p. 400. 
 
 Distrih. United States. Sp. 1. 
 
 Orthotriclia microcephala, Wingate. 
 Sporangia globose, very variable in size, from one-twelfth to 
 one-fourth of a mm. in diameter; stipe elongated, broAvn or 
 blackish at the base, growing lighter towards the top, more 
 or less translucent, ten to thirty times the diameter of the 
 sporangium in height, tapering, rugose, except at the upper 
 part, where it more or less suddenly becomes a smooth filament, 
 entering the sporangium as a very short, sometimes almost 
 obsolete columella. It then divides into a few (sometimes only 
 two) branches at a sharp angle. These branches fork several 
 times, forming a very loose caiDillitium of straight threads, the 
 
110 A Monograjyfi of the Myxogastres. 
 
 last branches meeting at the surface of the sporangium by twos 
 or threes at a very sharp angle, where their slightly thickened 
 ends are joined together by minute, membranaceous plates. 
 Sporangium wall not apparent, except a slight collar around 
 the stipe as it enters the sporangium ; spores brown in mass, 
 very light-violet, almost colourless, under the microscope, per- 
 fectly smooth, 7 — 8 mm. in diameter. 
 
 On rotten logs, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 This plant has been found during three seasons in Fairmont 
 Park, Philadelphia, Pa., in many localities. The plasmodium 
 has a dirty-brown colour. When erecting, the dark, granular 
 substance of the mass is left in the matter which is to form 
 the stipe, and the globule of the sporangium becomes milky 
 white. Before the stipe has reached its full height, say in the 
 upper fifth, the sporangium mass leaves behind it, clustered 
 around the stipe, several (2 — 8) clear, highly-refractive, minute 
 globules, which, in a recently-matured plant, sparkle like dew- 
 drops. The plant continues erecting, but from the place where 
 the globules are left behind, the stipe very frequently suddenly 
 narrows, sometimes to a mere filament. As the plants become 
 old, the dew-like globules become amber-coloured, but remain 
 transparent. These clear globules have been occasionally noted 
 by the writer on the sporangium wall of Comatrichas, and have 
 been considered as an indication of some degree of immaturity, 
 hence they have not been mentioned in the description as 
 having a specific value. In the plants, as found in different 
 places, they are constant, though sometimes fused into one 
 mass. The finer filaments of the capillitium, in fluid under 
 the microscrope, are almost colourless. The plants are more 
 or less sociable, sometimes forming patches an inch or so in 
 diameter, and may readily be mistaken for a mould. (Wing.) 
 
 Orthotricha inicrocej^hala, Wingate, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Science, 
 Philadelphia, 1886, p. 125; Sacc, Syll., vii., pt. I., n. 
 
 Ilxsicc.^EWis and Everhart, N. Amer. Fung., Ser. II., n. 2498. 
 
 A very beautiful and at the same time puzzling form. I am 
 not at all convinced in my own mind as to whether the present 
 genus belongs to the present division or to the Fcritrichcae. 
 
Calotrirlteae. Ill 
 
 CALOTRICHEAE. 
 
 The varied types of ornamentation under the form of warts, 
 spines, or raised bands, often arranged in the form of half-rings, 
 or anastomosing to form a network on the surface of the capil- 
 litium tubes, constitute the most pronounced character of the 
 present order. In connection with spore dissemination, the 
 capillitium here reaches its highest development, due to the 
 elasticity of the tubes, which are never rigid with lime, and 
 in the most perfect genera are quite free from the sporangial 
 wall. The elasticity is not due to stretching, but to the sudden 
 straightening out of previously coiled-up tubes. If an immature 
 sporangium of Arcyria cinerca having the spores and capillitium 
 fully differentiated, is hardened in alcohol, a section shows the 
 tubes of the capillitium, which are combined to form a network, 
 to be much contorted, and consequently shortened so that the 
 net-like structure is not evident, the interspaces between the 
 convolutions of the tubes being filled with spores. This arrange- 
 ment of parts continues until the spores are mature, and owing 
 to the disappearance of water, form a powdery mass, when the 
 coiled-up tubes straighten out and the network becomes fully 
 expanded, resulting in an increase of ten or more times in the 
 length and breadth of the capillitium. This expansion takes 
 place suddenly, with the result that the mass of spores are 
 carried up and dispersed. During the expansion of the capil- 
 litium the sporangial wall is torn into fragments, and disappears 
 with the exception of a small portion at the base which, owing 
 to its firmer consistency and comparative freedom from the 
 expansion exerted by the capillitium, remains in the form of 
 a cup or calyculus. In the genius Trichia the free tubes or 
 elaters are very much coiled up and contorted until the spores 
 are mature, when by suddenly straightening out, the wall of 
 the sporangium is ruptured and some of the spores thrown out, 
 but the arrangement is not so perfect as in Arcyria. In some 
 of the comparatively imperfect genera, as Pcricliacna, the 
 capillitium is scanty or obsolete. Yellow is the picdoniinating 
 
112 
 
 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 colour of the s2:)ores as seen in the mass, passing in some species 
 to deep orange and orange-brown ; similar colours are met with 
 in the sjDorangial wall. In the genus Pcrichaena the inner 
 surface of the sporangial wall is frequently covered with a layer 
 of amorphous granules of lime. In stipitate forms of some 
 species belonging to the genera Arcyria, Hderotrichia, and 
 Trichia, the stem is filled with cells which are either spherical 
 or polygonal from mutual pressure. These cells, when young, 
 contain protoplasm, and the wall gives a cellulose reaction ; 
 they are usually largest at the base of the stem, and become 
 smaller upwards, passing insensibly into normal spores at the 
 point where the stem expands into the sporangium. The tubes 
 of the capillitium frequently pass down between these cells 
 into the stem. It would appear as if the stem cells had 
 originally been intended for true spores, but owing to the 
 contraction of the base of the sporangium into a stem had been 
 checked in their development. 
 
 Arcyria. 
 
 Trichia. 
 
 Oligonema. 
 
 I 
 Prototrichia.- 
 
 Heterotrichia. 
 
 I 
 
 Lachnobolus. 
 
 I 
 
 — Ophiotheca. 
 
 Lycogala. 
 
 I 
 
 -Perichaena. 
 
 CALOTRICHEAE. 
 
 (Clathroptychium.\ 
 PERITRICHEAE./ 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 CALOTRICHEAE. 
 Sub-sect. Tricheae. 
 Elatcrs free, 7iot forming a nchoorh. 
 Trichia. Elaters with well-developed spirals. 
 Oligonema. Elaters without distinct spirals. 
 
Arci/riae. ii3 
 
 Sub-sect. Arcyriae. 
 
 Elaters attached to wall of sporangium only slightly branched 
 or forming a network. 
 
 Prototrichia. Elaters fixed by one end to base of spor- 
 angium, tips free. 
 
 Perichaena. Sporangial wall with a layer of lime granules 
 inside ; capillitium scanty. 
 
 Ophiothcca. Threads of capillitium usually spiny, of equal 
 thickness, forming a net with numerous blunt, free arms. 
 
 Hctcrotrichia. Threads of capillitium of two distinct thick- 
 nesses, forming a net, outer network with numerous free, 
 pointed arms, 
 
 Lachnohol'us. Threads of capillitium forming a network 
 attached at numerous points to wall of sporangium. 
 
 Arcyria, Threads of capillitium forming a network usually 
 elastically protruded at maturity. 
 
 Lycogala. Cortex containing numerous cells filled with 
 protoplasm, capillitium tubes thick. 
 
 Sub-sect. Arcyriae. 
 Perichaena, Fries. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, gregarious, dehiscing irregularly or in a 
 circumscissile manner, wall usually double, the outer often 
 containing granules of lime or a layer of granules of organic 
 matter; capillitium variously developed, in some species form- 
 ing an irregular network attached at various points to the upper 
 portion of sporangial wall, in other species almost obsolete, 
 threads of the capillitium without definite markings, either 
 quite smooth or with a few scattered, rudimentary spinules or 
 notch-like constrictions ; spores globose. 
 
 Perichaena, Fries, Gast., p. 12; Rost., Mon., p. 292; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., p. 77; ^opf, p. 169; Sacc, Syll, vii. pt. I., p. 420. 
 
 The most prominent generic features are the circumscissile 
 dehiscence of the sporangium, which however is not universal, 
 the layer of amorphous particles of lime or of organic matter 
 
114 A Monograph of the Mt/jcogastres. 
 
 inside the sporaugial wall, and the smooth or obsoletely marked 
 threads of the capillitium. The present genus is allied to 
 Arcijria; in Arcyria paradoxa we meet with lumps of lime and 
 of organic matter on the inner surface of the sporangial wall, 
 but the capillitium is characteristic of Arcyria. 
 
 The present genus is yet more closely allied to Oiyhiotheca ; 
 in fact it is impossible to say where one ends and the other 
 commences ; in Fcrichaena the capillitium threads are typically 
 without external markings, whereas in Lachnoholus the threads 
 have distinct raised markings, but in each genus species occur 
 deviating from the typical idea and in the direction of the other 
 genus, and it is doubtful whether the presence or absence of 
 markings on capillitium threads alone, even if constant, is of 
 sufficient value to constitute a generic distinction. 
 
 Distrih. Europe ; Borneo ; W, Australia ; Canada ; United 
 States. Species 9. 
 
 Perichaena depressa, Libert, (figs. 118 — 120). 
 
 Sporangia usually gregarious or much crowded, polygonal 
 from mutual pressure, very much dcjnrsscd, and almost plane 
 above, dehiscing in a circumscissile manner, brown, sometimes 
 with a purple tinge, polished ; mass of capillitium and spores 
 bright orange-ydltno ; capillitium usually well-developed, threads 
 variable in width, smooth, rarely notched or furnished with 
 rudimentary scattered spinules ; spores globose, minutely warted, 
 9 — 12 ii diameter. 
 
 Perichaena depressa, Lib., PI. Cr. Ard., Fasc. IV., n. 378 ; 
 Rost., Mon., p. 292; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 77; Sacc, SylL, 
 ll-S-t ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 54. 
 
 ^.mcc— Sacc, Myc. Ven. 500; Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 1218; 
 Roum. Fung. Gall, 2113; Fuckel., Fung. Rlien., 2200; Lib., PI. 
 Crypt. Ard., Fasc. IV., n. 378. 
 
 On wood, &c. Up to 1 mm. diameter. Characterized by the 
 very much flattened sporangia and bright yellow mass of spores. 
 
 Britain (Carlisle) ; Germany ; Bohemia ; Belgium ; Italy ; 
 France ; United States. 
 
Perichaena corticalis. 115 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Perichaena vaporaria, Schw., Am., 2311 (1831). 
 Ferichaena depressa, Lib., Exs., n. 378 (1837). 
 Stcgasma deprcssitm, Cda., Ic. V., f. 13 (1842). 
 
 Perichaena corticalis, Rost. (figs. 114 — 117). 
 
 Sporangia spherico-depressed, crowded, dehiscing in a circum- 
 scissile manner, lid convex, brown, bluish-purple, sometimes 
 whitish, smooth ; mass of capillitium and spores pale ycllcno ; 
 capillitium scanty, sometimes almost obsolete, threads thin, 
 smooth, or here and there notched ; spores globose, warted, warts 
 variable in size, sometimes very indistinct, at others well- 
 developed, never smooth, 9 — 12 // diameter. 
 
 Perichaena corticalis, Rost., Mon., p. 293, figs. 188 ; Cke., Myx. 
 Brit., 78, fig. 188; Sacc, Syll., n. 1435; Raunk., Myx. Dan., 
 p. 53. 
 
 Perichaena fusco-atra, Rost., Mon., p. 294 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., 
 78 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1436. 
 
 Perichaena qucrcina, Fr., Gast., p. 12. (Specimen from Fries 
 in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 Exsicc. — Sydow, Myc. March., 1669; Karst., Fung. Fenn., 
 179; Fuckel., Fung. Rhen., 1899; Berk., Brit. Fung., 47; 
 Desm., Cr. Fr., Ser. L, 671. 
 
 On bark and wood. Britain (Lyndhurst, Kew, Derby, Castle 
 Howard, Yorks ; Carlisle, Edinburgh, Appin, N. B.) ; Europe ; 
 Canada ; United States ; W. Australia ; Ceylon. 
 
 Very closely allied to P. depressa, if indeed really distinct as 
 a species, the less depressed sporangium and scanty capillitium 
 are the distinguishing features of the present species. 
 
 In some specimens the wall of the sporangium has a dense 
 layer of angular particles of lime, and is consequently nearly or 
 quite white externally, in others the lime is scanty and in its 
 place a layer of amorphous, coloured granules of organic matter 
 which give the brown or reddish-purple colour to the sporangial 
 
116 A Monograpk of the Myjcogastres. 
 
 wall. The spores vary in markings from vague granulations 
 to well-defined warts. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 (Ferichaena coriicalis). 
 Lycoperdon corticate, Batsch. EL, p. 155 (1783). 
 Sphao'ocarpns sessilis, Bull., t. 417, f. 5 (1791). 
 Trichia gymnosj^erma, Pers., Obs., vi., f. 1, 2 (179G). 
 Tricliia circumscissa, Schrad., p. 19 (1797). 
 Licca circuviscissa, Pers., Syn., 196 (1801). 
 Physarum lutco-alhum, Solium., Saell., 1430 (1803). 
 Tuhulina circumscissa, Poir., Ency., viii., 5 (1808). 
 Pcrichacna ^^ojmlina, Fr., Gast., 12 (1817); Grev., t. 252; 
 
 Eng. Fl., v., 821 ; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1192. 
 Perichaena pojndina, /3 sorhca, Weinm. in Fr. S. M., iii., 192 
 
 (1829). 
 Pcrichacna qucrcina, Fries, Gast., p. 12 (1817). 
 Trichia varia siobrufcsccns, Bong. Herb. 
 Licca qucrcina, Wallr. Fl. Cry., 2103 (1833). 
 Licca ccriocrcas, B. and Rav., Fungi Car., ii., 82. 
 Pcrichacna artocreas, B. and Rav., Grev., No. 370 (1873). 
 
 (Pcrichacna ftisco-atra.) 
 Mucor lycoperdioidcs. Scop. Ann., iv., t. 1, f. 11 (1772). 
 Trichia fusco-atra, Sibth. Fl. Ox., 1152 (1794). 
 Sphacrocarpus sessilis. Sow., t. 258 (1803). 
 Licea circumscissa, (3 ahictina, A. and S., p. 108 (1805). 
 Perichaena ahictina, Fr., Gast., p. 17 (1817) ; Eng. FL, v., 321 ; 
 
 Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1191. 
 Perichaena microcar2M, Sauter. Rabh. DC. FL, No. 2180 
 
 (1844). 
 
 Perichaena applanata, Mass. 
 
 Sessile, adnate on a broad base, much depressed, circular in 
 outline or aethalioid and irregular, dehiscing in nn irregularly 
 circumscissile manner, wall with a dense layer of granules 
 of lime on its inner surface, hright Uuc-grcy ; mass of capillitium 
 
PeyicJiaena. 117 
 
 and spores clear mrtnrjc-yclloio ; capillitiuin rather scanty, form- 
 ing a loose net, threads 3 — 5 yi diameter, sometimes notched or 
 with scattered rudimentary spinules; spores globose, minutely 
 ivarted, 11 — 12 // diameter. 
 
 Hcmiarcyria cvpjilanata, Cke. and Mass., Grev., vol. xvi., p, 20. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On wood. Brisbane. 
 
 From 1 — 2 mm. diameter. Readily known by the bright 
 grey sporangium and the clear orange spore-mass. The present 
 species, owing to superficial examination, was originally described 
 as a Hemiaoxyria. 
 
 Perichaena microcarpa, Schroet. 
 
 Sporangia distinct or confluent in minute clusters, generally 
 globose, 0'5 mm.. diameter, rarely unequal, depressed, yellow- 
 brown, smooth, dehiscing irregularly ; capillitium well-developed, 
 threads golden-yellow, 1*5 — 2 /x thick, combined to form a loose, 
 regular net, thickened at the angles, smooth ; spores golden-yellow, 
 globose, 15 — 17 /x diameter, epispore strongly aculeolate. 
 
 Perichaena microcarpa, Schroeter, Krypt. Fl. Schles. Pilze, 
 p. 108; Sacc, Syll, vii., pt. I., n. 1445. 
 
 On rotten leaves. Silesia. 
 
 Perichaena Rostafinskii, Karst. 
 
 Sporangia scattered or sub-gregarious, sessile, spherical, yellow- 
 ish then bay, shining; capillitium ohsolete ; spores globose, 
 smooth, or nearly so, in the mass llachish-hroum, brownish under 
 the microscope, variable in size, 10 — 27 /x diameter. 
 
 Perichaena Rostafinskii, Karst., Myc. Fenn. IV., p. 130 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., n. 1444. 
 
 On dead moss, rotten leaves, &c. Finland. 
 
 The variability in the markings and size of the spores suggests 
 that Karsten has had an immature species under consideration. 
 
 Perichaena confusa, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Sporangia hemispherical ami scattered or aefhalioul, and. often 
 forming an irregular nctiuorlc, pale umber or dingy ochraceous, 
 
118 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 dehiscing irregularly; capillitium well developed, forming an 
 irregular, loose network, threads 2 — 4 /x thick, irregularly 
 notched; spores globose, smooth, 13 — 14 fx diameter; mass of 
 capillitium and spores dingy ochraceous, sometimes with a 
 suggestion of olive. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 Exsicc. — Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., n. 726 (as OjMotheca ^imbrina, 
 Berk.). 
 
 On wood, leaves, &c. Britain (Lyme Regis, Yatton) ; U. 
 States. 
 
 Berkeley's description of Ojihiotheca umhrina is very imperfect, 
 as shown by examination of his type specimen, which proves 
 to be identical with Physarum vermiculare, Sz. Rostafinski had 
 not seen Berkeley's type, but gave the original description and 
 changed the name to Pcrichaena variabilis, Rost. Berkeley's 
 imperfect description of Ophiothcca umbrina curiously agrees in 
 many points with the present species which was unknown 
 to him. Rarely with simple, normal sporangia, usually elon- 
 gated and curved, forming rings, flexuous vein-like strands, or 
 combined to form a network. The species is a connecting link 
 between Perichacna and Ophiotheca, having the capillitium of 
 the former without distinct markings, but the peculiar habit 
 of Ojyhiothcca. ■ 
 
 Perichaena liceoides, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia globose, scattered or gregarious, dehiscing in an 
 irregularly circumscissile manner; spores smooth, globose, 9 — 10 
 fx diameter ; capillitium scanty, threads slender, branched, with 
 minute included granules. 
 
 Perichaena liceoides, Rost., Mon., p. 295 ; Sacc, Syll., vol. vii., 
 part I., n. 1438. 
 
 Zicca ^;a7i7io7'«?7i, Cienk,, Pringsh. Jahrb., vol. iii., p. 407, 
 t. 17, fig. 1 (not of Wallr.). 
 
 On leaves. Germany. 
 
 Douhtful species. 
 Perichaena pallida, Berl. 
 Sporangia gregarious, very pale tan colour; spores yellow, 
 
Lycogala. 1 1 9 
 
 but paler than in Fcrichaena australu, whose chestnut-coloured 
 sporangia and intense golden spore-mass distinguish it from 
 the present species. 
 
 Po'ichaena pallida, Berl., Sacc, Syll., n. 1446. 
 
 Stegasma pallidum, Cesati, Myc. Born,, p. 12, 
 
 Borneo (Sarawak), 
 
 Perichaena australis, Berl. 
 
 Sporangia often circinnate, angular, central ones orbicular, 
 at first yellow, passing through chestnut to brown, smooth, lid 
 plane ; capillitium yellow ; spores sub-globose, granular within, 
 opaque, yellow. 
 
 Perichaena australis, Berl,, Sacc, Syll, vii,, 1, n, 1447. 
 
 Stegasma australe, Cesati, Hedwigia, 1874, p, 186. 
 
 Borneo. 
 
 Perichaena ? pseudaecidium, Speg, 
 
 Sporangia cylindrical, conical, or calyciform, 1 — 1*5 mm, long, 
 by 0'5 — 1 mm, broad, sessile or shortly stipitate, wall very thin, 
 cartilagineo-membranaceous, base even or minutely rugulose, 
 dehiscing at the apex in an irregularly laciniate or fimbriate 
 manner, chestnut or hroioiiish ; mass of spores and capillitium 
 citrin or yellowish ; capillitium threads very slender, 1 fx thick, 
 sparingly h-anched, here and there with solitary conical or elon- 
 gated h^anch-lihe spines, yellowish, hyaline ; spores globose, 6 — 7 ju, 
 diameter, often irregularly angular from mutual pressure, per- 
 fectly smooth, pale vinous with yellow tinge, 
 
 Perichaena '^.pseudaecidium, Speg,, Fung, Guar., n, 821, 
 
 On living fronds of many different species of fern, and on 
 Tillandsia muscoides. 
 
 Argentine Republic. 
 
 A very beautiful but paradoxical species exactly resembling 
 a folicolous Aecidium, will probably form the type of a new 
 genus (Speg.). Possibly a sp. of Chondrioderma. 
 
 Lycogala, Mich. 
 Sporangia aethalioid, grouped together in an intricate manner, 
 
120 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 and forming a large plasmodiocarp, enclosed in a well-defined, 
 thick, common cortex, enclosing near the outer side numerous 
 cell-like masses of protoplasm ; capillitium originating at 
 numerous points in the inner portion of the cortex, forming an 
 irregular, loose net with numerous free ends, threads ornamented 
 with warts or raised bands forming irregularly arranged rings, 
 spirals, or anastomosing to form a network ; spores globose. 
 
 Lycogala, Mich., Rest, Mon., p. 285; Cooke, Myx. Brit., 
 p. 74 ; Sacc, Syll., v., 7, pt. I., p. 435. 
 
 Lycoxicrdon, Bux., p. 203. 
 
 Dcrmodmm, Host., Mon., p. 284; Sacc, Syll, p. 434; Cke., 
 Myx., p. 74. 
 
 The species resemble those of Reticularia in their large size, 
 forming hemispherical or irregularly elongated masses up to 
 four inches in diameter. The stout cortex covering the inter- 
 woven mass of aethalioid sporangia presents a complicated 
 structure. In L. epidendron, the most highly evolved species, 
 the cortex contains towards the outside numerous irregularly- 
 shaped coloured masses of protoplasm of various sizes, each 
 surrounded by a special wall ; these are sometimes so numerous 
 as to present the appearance of closely aggregated polygonal 
 cells when seen in section. The tubes of the capillitium originate 
 in the thick cortex from the cells of protoplasm just described, 
 and frequently combine to form an irregular reticulation in the 
 substance of the cortex ; in this position the tubes are very 
 thick, reaching to 20 jix in diameter, and consist, as it were, of 
 two tubes, one enclosed within the other ; the outer tube, the 
 wall enclosing the protoplasm, has very thick, perfectly smooth, 
 colourless walls, and disappears at the point where the capil- 
 litium breaks through the walls to enter the mass of aethalia 
 forming the plasmodiocarp. The inner tube has a very thin, 
 faintly-tinged wall furnished with intermixed warts and raised 
 bands anastomosing to form an irregular network; the inner 
 tube is completely surrounded by the outer at its apex, until 
 the whole structure has grown beyond the inner surface of the 
 cortex, when the inner tube pushes through the apex of the 
 outer smooth tube and alone forms the capillitium. The outer 
 
Lycogala. 121 
 
 common cortex cannot in the present instance be considered 
 as excretory, and solely for protective purposes, but must be 
 considered as a living portion of the organism giving origin to 
 the complex capillitium, the tubes of which appear to increase 
 in length by apical growth. The tubes of the capillitium that 
 enter the aethalia collapse before the spores are mature, and 
 consequently exercise no dispersive function. The scheme of 
 classification adopted in the present work, I much regret to 
 say, is founded mostly on characters presented by mature forms, 
 hence the elaborate ornamention of the capillitium tubes places 
 the present genus in the sub-family Calotriclieae ; whereas, if 
 the capillitium is a continuation of the cortex, or rather a 
 development directly from the cortex, Peritrichcue would be its 
 proper position. 
 
 Distrib. Cosmopolitan. Species 6. 
 
 Lycogala epidendrum, Rost. (figs. 121, 122). 
 
 Plasmodiocarp sub-globose, gregarious or rarely solitary, 5 — 2 
 cm. diameter, surface mimttely warted, variable in colour, rose- 
 red, dingy vermilion, or brownish red ; threads of capiUitium 
 almost colourless, 8 — 12 /u thick, springing from the cortex, 
 becoming irregularly branched with various free, slightly in- 
 crassated tips, now and then anastomosing laterally, furnished 
 with warts, short bands, irregular rings or spirals, or with the 
 raised bands anastomosing to form an irregular network ; 
 frequently all the above modifications may be seen on the 
 same tube, wall thin and soon collapsing ; spore-mass variable 
 in colour, dingy purple, flesh-colour, greyish-yellow, or some- 
 times with a dingy green tinge, spores globose, mimttely hut 
 distinctly warted, 4 — 6 /x diameter. 
 
 Lycogala e2yidendrum, Rost., Mon., 85, figs. 1, 7 — 12; Cke., 
 Myx. Brit., 75, figs. 1, 7—12; Sacc, Syll, vol. vii., pt. I., 
 n. 1484; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. G2 ; Zopf, p. 1G8. 
 
 Lycogala ajjine, Berk, and Br., Ceylon Fung, (type in Herb. 
 Berk., Kew, n. 10702). 
 
 Lycogala atrojmrjmreum, B. and Br., Ceylon Fung., n. 735 
 (type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10703). 
 
1 22 A Monograph of the Myocogastres. 
 
 Lycogala nitidum, B. and Br,, Ceylon Fung., n. 734. 
 
 Lycogala terrcstre, Fr., Syst. Myc, iii., p. 83 (specimen from 
 Fries in Herb. Berk., Kew). 
 
 Exsicc.—Cke., Fung. Brit, Ed. II., 614; Ellis, N. Amer. 
 Fung., 834; Karst., Fung. Fenn., 287; Thum., Fung. Austr., 
 522; Fckl., Fung. Rhen., 1475; Rav., Fung. Car., 78; Mong. 
 and Nest., n. 85; Kunze, Fung. Sel., 197; Westendorp, Crypt. 
 Belg., 741 ; Jack, Leiner u. Sitz., 380 ; Desmaz. Cr. Fr., Ser. I., 
 609 ; Rab., Fung. Eur. 2140 ; Sydow, Myc. March., 186 ; Roum., 
 Fung. Gall., 2813. 
 
 On decaying trunks, stumps, &c. Plasmodium rose-coloured, 
 or sometimes bright scarlet. Britain (Kew, New Forest, Rudloe, 
 Scarboro', Carlisle, Appin, N. B., Abergavenny); Europe; U. 
 States ; Bermuda ; Venezuela ; Cuba ; Algeria ; S. Africa ; 
 Himalayas; Ceylon; Madagascar; New Guinea; W. Australia. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Fungus coccineus, Ray Syn., ii., 386 (1690). 
 
 Fungus sangtdneus, Bocc. Mus., p. 304 (1697). 
 
 Fungus non vcsms, Lses. Fl. Prus., 96 (1703). 
 
 Lycoperdon sanguineum J' ^.u^iip. Fl. Jen., 304 (1718). 
 
 Bovista miniata, Dill. Cat. PL, 197 (1719). 
 
 Lycoperdon e'pidcndron, Bux, Hall, p. 203 (1721) ; Fl. Dan., 
 
 t. 720; Light, f. Fl. Scot., No. 1068; Holms. Ot., t. 31; 
 
 Bolt, t 119, f. 1; Sow., t 52; Purt Midi. FL, p. 701; 
 
 RehL Cant, p. 566 : With. Arr., iv., p. 457. 
 Lycogala glohosum^ Mich., t. 95, f. 2 (1729). 
 Lycoperdon sanguineum, Buxb., t. 29, f. 2 (1740). 
 Lycoperdon sphaericum, Gled. Meth., 150 (1753). 
 Mucor iii. sphaericus, Gled. Meth., 161 (1753). 
 3fucor secundus, Schff., t 193 (1762). 
 Lycogala sessile, Retz., Ac. Holms., 254 (1769). 
 Mucor lycogala, Scop. Cam., ii., 1645 (1772). 
 Mucor fragiformis, Schff. Bar., No. 283 (1774). 
 Lycoperdon variolosum, Huds. FL Ang., 645 (1778). 
 Lycoperdon epijihyllum, Huds. FL Ang., 645 (1778). 
 
Lycogala. ] 23 
 
 Lyco]perdon pysiformc, Jacq. Misc., t. 7 (1788). 
 Galepcrdon epidendron, Wigg. Fl. Hols?it. 1148 (1780). 
 Lycoperdon chalyhettm, Batsch. El., p. 155 (1781). 
 Zycoperdon verrucosum, Batsch, El, p. 155 (1781). 
 Reticularia rosea, DC. Bullet. Phil, f. 8 A, B, c (1798). 
 Lycogala miniata, Pers. Obs., ii., 26 (1 790) ; Grev. S. C. Fl, 
 
 t. 38 ; Nees., t. 8, f. 97 ; Gray. Arr., i., 568. 
 Lycogala punctata, Pers. Syn., p. 158 (1801). 
 Lycogala plumhca, Schum. Saell, 1408 (1803). 
 Lycogala fcrniginca, Schum. Saell, 1406 (1803). 
 Reticularia miniata, Poir.,'Ency., viii., 22 (1808). 
 Reticularia punctata, Poir., Ency., viii.. No. 21 (1808). 
 Reticularia rosea, Poir., Ency., viii.. No. 4. 
 Lycogala miniata, Johnst. Fl Berw. 
 Lycogala cpide7idribm, Fr., S. M., iil, 80; Berk. Engl Fl, 
 
 V. 307; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1095. 
 Lycogala ajffinis, B. and Br., Ceylon Fungi, No. 735. 
 
 Lycogala conicum, Pers. 
 
 Plasmodiocarp sessile on a broad base, often attenuated 
 towards the apex, hence more or less conical, shining, purple, 
 or pale ochraceous-brown, at maturity minutely wartcd or scurfy ; 
 mass of spores ochraceous-olive, sometimes with a tinge of flesh- 
 colour; tubes of capillitium numerous, originating from the 
 inner portion of the cortex, 8 — 10 ju diameter, almost colourless, 
 frequently branched and anastomosing laterally, free ends 
 numerous, markings variable, warts or irregular raised bands 
 more or less anastomosing or sometimes almost obsolete ; spores 
 globose, minutely wartcd, 4 — 6 /x diameter, 
 
 Lermodium conicum, Rost., Mon., p. 284; Sacc, Syll, vil, 
 pt. I., n. 1483. 
 
 Gregarious, '5 — 1 cm. or more in diameter. 
 
 From a careful examination of specimens of the present 
 species that have been examined and named by Rostafinski, I 
 am satisfied that the genus Lermodium is synonymous with 
 Lycogala. In both cases the leading idea is a vein-like plas- 
 modiocarp covered with a common cortex, the outside portion 
 
124 A Mono(jf?Yfph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 containing numerous cell-like aggregations of protoplasm, while 
 the inner portion gives origin to the tubes of the capiUitium 
 which originate from the cell-like masses of protoplasm. 
 
 Rostafinski's generic diagnosis of JDcrmodium is altogether 
 misleading, inasmuch as it implies that we are dealing with a 
 single sporangium, whereas in Rostafinski's own specimens the 
 plasmodiocarp structure is distinct. Furthermore it is very 
 doubtful as to whether the present species is anything more 
 than Lycogala epidcndrum. It is certain that Lycogala atropur- 
 picoxum, B, and Br., and Lycogala nitidum, B. and Br., referred 
 to the present species by Rostafinski, both belong to Lycogala 
 epideiidrum. 
 
 On rotten wood. Sweden ; Germany ; Ceylon. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Lycogala conica, Pers., Syn., 159 (1801). 
 Lycogala conicum^ Fr., S. M., iii., 82 (1829). 
 Lycogala atroj^uriyurettm^ B. and Br., Ceylon Fungi, II., 
 n. 735. 
 
 Lycogalc nitidum, B. and Br., Ceylon Fungi, II., n. 734. 
 
 Lycogala flavo-fuscum, Rest. (fig. 123). 
 
 Plasmodiocarp hemispherical or elongated, 3 — 9 cm. diameter, 
 cortex smooth or slightly wrinkled when dry, yellow-brown, 
 bright chestnut-brown, or greyish-umber ; mass of spores greyish- 
 umber or with a flesh-coloured tinge; tubes of capiUitium 
 rather scanty, almost colourless, 4 — 5 /x tliich, slightly rugidosc 
 01- with indistinctly raised lands, sparingly branched ; spores 
 globose, very minutely wartcd, 5 /x diameter. 
 
 Lycogala jiavo-fuscum, Rost., Mon., p. 288; Cooke, Brit. Myx., 
 p. 76; Sacc, SylI.,.no. 1485 ; Zopf, p. 167. 
 
 On stumps and trunks. Britain (King's Cliffe); Europe; 
 United States ; Ceylon. 
 
 A large species, usually solitary, distinguished from L. epi- 
 dcndrum by the smooth cortex and the scanty capiUitium with 
 thinner tubes and rudimentary ornamentation. 
 
Li/cogala. 125 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Di^jhtherium flavo-fiiscurii, Ehr., Syl., p. 27 (1818). 
 Eetimlaria fiavo-fusca, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 88 (1829) ; B. and Br., 
 
 Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 591. 
 Edicularia testacca, Wallr., Fl. Germ., 209 (1833). 
 
 Lycogala ochraceum, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Plasmodiocarp sessile, sub-globose, gregarious, springing from 
 a firm, hroadly ejpused kypothallus, ochraceous, at first smooth, 
 becoming minutely furfuraceous ; mass of spores very pale 
 ochraceous; capillitium scanty, tubes sparingly branched, with 
 a few indistinctly liaised bands, 5 ix diameter, collapsing ; spores 
 globose, 3' 5 — 4 \x diameter, minutely and sjmrsely vcrrueulosc. 
 
 On rotten wood. Baliia ; Java. (Challenger exped.) 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 
 Often densely gregarious and variously angular from mutual 
 pressure, at other times larger and scattered ; from '5 — 2*5 cm. 
 diameter. 
 
 Lycogala minutum, Sacc. and Paol. 
 
 Plasmodiocarp gregarious, superficial, sessile, base narrow, 
 globoso-depressed, 4 — 5 mm. h^oad, smooth (not punctate), at 
 length with crowded, very minute depressions, yellow, becoming 
 ochraceous ; hypothallus scanty, white, mucedinous ; tubes of 
 capillitium filiform, short, sulsimplc, hyaline ; spores globose, 
 aspcrulose, 3 ix diameter, yellow, then colourless. 
 
 Lycogala minutum, Saccardo and Paoletti, ' Mycetes Mala- 
 censes' Atti del R. Instit. Veneto di scienze, lettere, ed arti. 
 Tome VI., Ser. VI., p. 5, t. 5, f. 1 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1486. 
 
 On fallen decorticated rotten branches. Malacca. 
 
 Apparently closely allied to Lycogala ochraceum, but distin- 
 guished by the scanty mucedinous hypothallus and in the cortex 
 not becoming furfuraceous. 
 
 Lycogala rufo-cinnamomeum, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 Plasmodiocarp hemispherical, gregarious, "5 — 1 cm. diameter, 
 surface smooth, ochraceous or greyish, some times with a tinge 
 
126 A Monogrcqyh of the Myxogastres. 
 
 of red ; mass of spores bright reddish-cinnamon ; threads of 
 capillitium colourless, much branched, vjolls smooth, not collapsing 
 when dry, 4 — 5 \x thick ; spores globose, 10 ju diameter, rather 
 coarsely warted. 
 
 On fragments of rotten wood lying on the ground. 
 
 South Africa. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10706.) 
 
 Gregarious. Distinguished by the dense capillitium, the 
 tubes of which have thick, smooth walls, and the large spores. 
 
 Prototrichia, Rost. (emended). 
 
 Sporangia simple or fasciculate, stipitate or sessile, thin, 
 reflecting metallic tints, dehiscing irregularly ; capillitium well- 
 developed, elaters attached by one end to the basal portion 
 of the sporangium, becoming attenuated upwards and dividing 
 into a variable number of slender, tapering, free tips, the slender 
 branchlets are sometimes more or less connected laterally, elaters 
 furnished with spirals, irregular rings, or entirely smooth. 
 
 Prototrichia, Rost., Mon. App., p. 38; Cooke, Myx. Brifc., 
 p. 65; Sacc, Syll., vii., pt. I., p. 437; Mass., Revis. Trich., 
 p. 349. 
 
 Trichia, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. III., vol. xviii., 
 p. 56, pi. 2., f. 4. 
 
 Coo^nuvia, Rost., Mon., p. 289 (in part); Cooke, Myx. Brit., 
 p. 76 (in part) ; Sacc, Syll., vii., pt. 1, p. 289 (in part). 
 
 Alwisia, B. and Br., Joum. Linn. Soc, xiv., p. 87, t. 2, f. 6, 
 and XV., t. 2, f. 1 ; Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 348. 
 
 Trichia, Rost., Mon., p. 246 (in part) ; Sacc, Syll, vii., pt. I., 
 n. 1494 (in part). 
 
 As above defined the main features of the genus are the thin 
 iridescent sporangial wall and the elaters 'attached at one end 
 to the base of the sporangium, and becoming divided above into 
 a variable number of tapering, free tips, the branchlets are 
 rarely connected transversely, but never to such an extent as 
 to suggest a network. 
 
 Distrib. Europe ; Tasmania ; Ceylon : 5 species. 
 
Prototrkhia. 127 
 
 A. Spores smooili. 
 Prototrichia flagellifera, Rost. (figs. 130—132). 
 
 Sporangia scattered, globose, attenuated below to a narrow 
 point of attachment, wall thin, smooth, copper-colour, and 
 reflecting metallic tints ; mass of capillitium and spores flesh- 
 colour; elaters 7 — 9 ix broad at the base, tapering towards the 
 apex, branching at some distance towards the point of attach- 
 ment into two or three arms, each generally again divided near 
 the apex, spirals thin, not prominent, sometimes crowded, at 
 others distant, disappearing below the ultimate branchlets, 
 brown, becoming colourless towards the tips; spores globose, 
 smooth, 10 — 18 IX diameter. 
 
 Prototrichia flag ellifer, Rost., Mon. Appendix, p. 38 (in part); 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 65 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1492 (in part) ; Mass., 
 Rev. Trich., p. 850, pi. vii., f. 23. 
 
 Trichia fiagellifer, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist,, Ser. III., vol. 
 xviii., p. 56, pi 2, f. 4 (no. 1143). 
 
 Dermatricha fiagellifer, Cooke, MS. 
 
 (Type specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10,905), 
 
 On dead wood. Britain (Badminton, Gloucester, Carlisle) ; 
 Sweden. 
 
 Scattered, or rarely 3 — 5 in a cluster, but not crowded 
 together, '5 or a little more in diameter. A very neat species, 
 the sporangial wall is unusually persistent, hence the plant is 
 generally found in good condition. The smooth spores and 
 elaters thickest at the point of attachment mark the species. 
 
 Prototrichia metallica, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia scattered, stipitate or sessile on a broad base, 
 spherical or depressed and lenticular, smooth, shining, copper- 
 colour with metallic tints ; stem very short, rather thick, darker 
 in colour than the sporangium ; mass of capillitium and spores 
 pale fiesh-colour or yellowish ; elaters elongato-fusiform, 6 — 7 [i 
 at thickest part, 300 — 400 /x long, tcrminatiiig at the apex in a 
 
128 A Monograjyh of the Myxogastres. 
 
 peticil of simiile or branched, cylindrical, smooth, somctiuics nodu- 
 lose filaments, 2 \i thick, and 40 — 60 ju, long; spirals broad, flat, 
 close ; spores globose, smooth, 9 — 1 1 /x diameter. 
 
 Prototrichia metallica, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 350, fig. 26. 
 
 Trichia metallica, B. and Br., Fl. Tasm., p. 268. 
 
 Prototrichia fiagcUifera, Rost., Mon. Append., p. 38 (in part) ; 
 Sacc, Syll., n. 1492 (in part). 
 
 Prototrichia clcgantula, Rost., Mon. Append., p. 39, fig. 246 ; 
 Sacc, Syll, n. 1491. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10,905 a.) 
 
 On wood, Tasmania; Sweden, 
 
 Sporangia "5 — 1 mm. diameter. Rostafinski founded his 
 Prototrichia clcgantula on a specimen in the Berkeley Herbarium 
 at Kew, which was sent by Fries, and marked " {Pcricliacna ?) 
 nova species, in Betula, Lindblad." This specimen on examin- 
 ation proves to be identical with Trichia metallica, B. The 
 last-named species is given as a synonym of P. fi.agcllifcr, B. 
 and Br., by Rostafinski, the outcome of superficial examination. 
 
 Prototrichia bombarda, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia broadly fusiform or elliptical, several seated on the 
 apex of an elongated stem, smooth, darh-hrown, sometimes with 
 a purple tinge ; stem same colour, hollow, springing from a 
 well-developed hypothallus ; mass of elaters and spores brown ; 
 elaters cylindrical, 6 — 7 /a thick, sometimes furnished with one 
 or two swollen portions, walls thin, collapsing when dry, un- 
 hranchcd, with a few scattered, very rudimentary spinules, and a 
 very indistinct open spiral, free ends obtuse, rarely attenuated 
 and bifid ; spores globose, smooth, 5 — 6 ^x diameter. 
 
 Ahoisia ho^nharda, B. and Br., Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv., p. 87, 
 t. 2, f. 6, and xv., t. 2, f. 1. 
 
 Trichia fragilis, Rost., Mon., p. 246 (in part) ; Cke., Brit. 
 Myx., p. 63 (in part) ; Sacc, Syll, n. 1494 (in part). 
 
 On decayed wood. Gongolla Forest ; Ceylon. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10921). 
 
 From 2 — 3 mm. high, scattered. The fasciculate sporangia 
 
PrototvicJiia. 120 
 
 are in some specimens connate excejot at the tips, and then 
 present the appearance of a single sporangium with several 
 subacute apical lobes. The stem is somewhat contracted and 
 wrinkled longitudinally when dry. The present plant resembles 
 to a certain extent, when examined with a pocket-lens, fasci- 
 culate forms of TricUa fragilis, and from such superficial 
 examination Rostafinski gave it as a synonym of the last- 
 mentioned species. If it had been properly examined this 
 mistake would not have been made. 
 
 B. Spores warted. 
 Prototrichia cuprea, Mass. (figs. 127 — 129). 
 
 Sporangia scattered or rather crowded, sub-globose, usually 
 sessile on a broad base, rarely attenuated below, or with a very 
 short distinct stem, bright copper-colour, shining, sometimes 
 iridescent; mass of capillitium and spores reddish flesh-colour; 
 capillitium copious, elatcrs G— 8 /x thich at ■point of origin from 
 wall of sporangium, 60—80 ^ long, then branching once or 
 twice in a dichotomous manner, branches tapering upwards, 
 150—200 [I long, each ending in a corymhosc tuft of slender, 
 smooth, colourless filaments, 1—2 /x tliiek, main trunk and 
 branches brownish, with rather close, not prominent spirals; 
 spores globose, minutely warted, 10—13 jix diameter. 
 
 Prototrichia cupora, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 351, pi. vii., f. 24. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On dead thorn. Scarborough ; Carlisle. 
 
 Sporangia pure white when immature, -5—1 mm. diameter, 
 bright copper-colour, polished and often iridescent, especially 
 when old and empty. Characterized by the warted spores and 
 the slender filaments terminating the main branches of the 
 elaters, which are not always so densely corymbose as figured 
 in Rev. Trich., pi. vii., f. 24. A form of the present species 
 sent by Mr. Camm from Smethwick has the elaters without a 
 trace of spiral marking, thus approaching 1\ chamacleontina. 
 
130 A Monoriraph of the Myrogastres. 
 
 Prototrichia chamaeleontina, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia spherical or spherico-depressed, attached by a 
 narrow base, wall very thin, highly iridescent, dehiscing irregu- 
 larly; capillitium well-developed, threads thick at the point 
 of attachment, tapering upwards, often nodulose, without external 
 markinc/s, breaking up into several free, pointed spines that 
 are sometimes connected hy to'cmsvcrsc hands, dingy brown ; spores 
 pale pink, globose, minutely wartcd, 9 — 11 ^x diameter. 
 
 Cornuvia metallica, Kost., Mon. App., p. 35 ; Cooke, Myx. 
 Brit., p. 76 ; Sacc, Syll, n. 
 
 Fhysarum metcdlicum, Berk., IVtag. Zool. and Bot., No. 29, 
 t. 3, f. 8 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 16. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 
 On twigs, bark, dead leaves, &c. Britain (Clifton, Notts ; 
 Carlisle, Smethwick). 
 
 Scattered or in groups of 2 — 3, about 1 mm. diameter. 
 Sporangial wall very iridescent, reflecting green or rosy tints, 
 mass of spores pinkish or flesh- colour. The previous existence 
 of a species of Frototrichia called mctcdlica, accounts for the 
 change of name in the present species. 
 
 Ophiotheca, Curr. (emended). 
 
 Sporangia sessile with single or double wall, frequently con- 
 taining amorphous particles of lime, either regular, circular, or 
 depressed, with circumscissile dehiscence, or aethalioid, or form- 
 ing a vein-like, anastomosing plasmodiocarp ; capillitium form- 
 ing a loose network, attached to the wall at various points, 
 and usually with free arms, threads with spines, warts, or short 
 bands irregularly scattered ; spores globose. 
 
 Ophiotheca, Currey, Quart. Journ. Micr. Science, vol. ii., 
 p. 240. 
 
 Pcrichaena, Rost., Mon., p. 292; Cke., Brit. Myx., p. 77; 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, p. 420 (all in part). 
 
 Cm^nuvict, Rost., Mon., p. 289 ; Cke., Brit. Myx., p. 76 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, p. 423 (in part). 
 
Opiilotltcca. 131 
 
 Closely allied on the one hand to Perichacna, and on the 
 other to Arcyria. Differs from the latter in the sessile, much 
 compressed sporangia often becoming aethalioid, presence of 
 lime in the wall, and the capillitium with numerous free arms 
 and attached to the wall at many points. From Pcricliciena 
 in the threads of the capillitium being in some way ornamented. 
 Lachnobolus differs in the stipitate sporangia. 
 
 Didrih. Europe ; United States ; Cuba ; Ceylon. Species 9. 
 
 A. Threads of rcjdllitmm spinnlosc. 
 Ophiotheca circumscissa, Curr. 
 
 Sporangia either regular, circular, depressed, or dehiscing in 
 an irregularly circumscissile manner, or becoming aethalioid, 
 sinuous, and often combined into a network ; wall smooth, 
 chestnut, or brown ; mass of capillitium and spores yclloic ; 
 threads of caiyiUitium 2 — 4 }i tJiicIc, with scattered, straight, or 
 hent spines, 1 — 2 ju long, combined to form an irregular network, 
 with numerous free arms often slightly incrassated at the tips ; 
 spores globose, smooth, 8 — 19 /x diameter. 
 
 Olihiotheca chrysospcrma, Curr. Quart. Micr. Journ., v., ii , 
 p. 240, t. 9, f. 1—5. 
 
 Cornuvia circumscissa, Rost., Mon., p. 290 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., 
 p. 76; Sacc, Syll., n. 1452; Schroeter, Kr. Fl. Schles., 108. 
 
 Cornuvia dictyocarpa, Crupa, Cosmos, Lemberg, 18C6; Sacc, 
 Syll., n. 1453. 
 
 On bark. Britain ; Germany ; France ; Switzerland. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Lignidium quereinuni, Fr., Stirp. Femsp., 83 (1825). 
 Trichia circumscissa, Wallr., Fl. Cr. Germ., n. 2219 (1833). 
 Arcyria glomcrata, Fr., Sun. Veg. Scand., 457 (1849). 
 Ophiotheca chrysosp)crma, Microsc. Journ., p. 240, t. 9, f. 1 — o 
 
 (1854), 
 Trirhia Curreyi, Crouan, 1. c, 16 (1867). 
 
132 A MonograpJi of the Myjcogastres. 
 
 Far. scahra, Schroeter, Kr. FI. Schles. (Pilze), p. 1 09. Threads 
 of capillitiuni with rigid spines, 1 — 2 /x long. 
 
 Silesia. 
 
 Var. sjnnosa, Schroeter, Kr. Fl. Schles. (Pilze), p. 109. Threads 
 of capillitiuni with scattered acute spines, 5 — 6 jj. long. 
 
 Silesia. 
 
 Ophiotheca Wrightii, Berk, and Rav. (fig. 197). 
 
 Sporangia circular, much depressed, dehiscing in a circum- 
 scissile manner, or becoming aethalioid and irregularly vein- 
 like; wall bright or blackish -brown, smooth, with granules of 
 lime inside ; mass of capillitium and spores Iright, deep yellow, 
 sometimes with a flesh-coloured tinge; capillitium well de- 
 veloped, forming a loose, irregular network, the threads are 
 densely and very minutely vemoculose, and in addition are 
 furnished with numerous straight or ficxuous sharp-pointed 
 spines, 2 — 4 /x long ; spores globose, minutely wartcd, 10 — 14 u 
 diameter. 
 
 OjJhiothcca Wrightii, Berk, and Curt., Linn. Journ., vol. x., 
 p. 349. 
 
 Gornuvia Wrightii, Rost., Mon. App., p. 36 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1, n. 1454. 
 
 Exsicc. — Fung. Cub. Wrightiani, 540. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10888.) 
 
 On wood. Cuba ; Ceylon. 
 
 Very closely allied to 0. circumscissa, more especially the 
 Var. spinosa, but distinguished by the warted spores. 
 
 OpMotheca irregularis, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, much depressed, rather convex above, 
 usually gregarious, dehiscing in an irregularly circumscissile 
 manner, wall bright-brown, containing lime inside; mass of 
 capillitium and spores bright yellow ; capillitium well-developed, 
 forming a loose net, threads 3 — 4 /x diameter, equally covered 
 with distinct slender spines 'b — 1 ju lung ; spores globose, minutely 
 verriiculose, 9 — 11 /x diameter. 
 
Ophlotheca. 133 
 
 Pcrichacim irrcf/ularis, Berk, and Curt., Grev., vol. ii., p. G8 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., n. 1439. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 
 On bark. Lower Carolina. 
 
 Sporangia up to 1 mm. diameter, often much crowded and 
 consequently irregular in outline. Resembling Pcricliaena 
 deiJressa in general appearance, but distinguished by the distinct 
 spines uniformly and rather thickly scattered over the capillitium 
 threads. 
 
 Ophiotheca nitens, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia single or few gathered in clusters, gIoho^c.-2niriform , 
 sessile, or with a short stem, splitting irregularly, greyish-brown 
 with a fine violet tone of metallic lustre, '5 mm. broad. Wall 
 single, almost without particles. Tubes of the capillitium long, 
 slightly branched, by irregular enlargements fastened to the 
 wall, unequally and very delicately sinnulose, equally broad 
 throughout, 1 — 1*5 /x broad. Spores delicately spinidose, yellowish, 
 hyaline, 10 — 12 jx diameter. 
 
 Pcrichaena nitens, Raunkier, Myx. Dan., p. 107, t. 2, f 11, 
 On bark of oak and fir, and on decayed leaves of pine. 
 Denmark (Sealand, Jutland). 
 
 B. Threads of elaters with raised lands which may he short 
 and wart-like, or comhined to form rings or a nctworJc. 
 
 OpMotheca reticulata, Mass. (figs. 199, 200). 
 
 Plasmodiocarp venulose, sinuous or anastomosing to form an 
 irregular network, dingy ochraceous-umber, wall containing 
 numerous masses of lime inside ; mass of capillitium and spores 
 pale ochraceous-umber; capillitium scanty, threads forming a 
 very loose network, 3 — 5 /x thick, densely covered with short, 
 straiglit, or curved raised hands and rounded, warts ; spores 
 globose, luith minute, scattered urtrts, 13 — 14 fj. diameter. 
 
 Licea reticulata, B. and Br. 
 
 Pcrichaena reticulata, Rost., Mon. App., p. 35 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1442. 
 
134 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 (Type in Heik. Berk., Kew, n. 10852.) 
 Ou bark. Ceylon. 
 
 Resembling in many respects Ophiothcca vcDiiicuIaris, but 
 distiuguislied by the very minute, scattered warts on the spores. 
 
 OpMotheca cano-flavescens, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious, standing on a thin, yellow-grey hypo- 
 thallus, globose to hemispherical, or lengthened to rcniform, 
 sessile, '5 mm. broad, bright yellow-grey, splitting more or less 
 regularly with a lid. The wall contains numei'ous round or 
 angular particles. The upper part of the wall, on its inner 
 side, provided with delicate thickenings combined into a regular 
 network ; meshes of the network 5 — 6-gonal and 12 fx diameter. 
 Civpillitium scarcely evident, only consisting of a few, slightly- 
 branched or quite unbranched threads of variable width, un- 
 cc[ually warted, colourless, yellowish ; without regard to the 
 thickenings the tubes are 1"5 — 2 ju broad. 
 
 Spores golden-yellow, delicately warted, 12'5 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
 Perichacnct cano-Jlavesccns, Raunkier, Myx. Dan., p. 107, t. 2, 
 fig. 10. 
 
 On bark of beech. Denmark (Lolland). 
 
 OpMotheca vermicularis, Mass. (figs. 198, 198 «). 
 
 Sporangia circular, irregularly lobed, or venulose and anasto- 
 mosing to form an irregular network ; when the sporangia are 
 circular or simply lobed there is usually a well-defined, up- 
 raised marginal portion, wall smooth with masses of lime insitle, 
 varying from flesh-colour, through brown to umber; mass of 
 capillitium and spores flesh-colour or bright-yellow ; capillitium 
 well-developed, attached at numerous points to wall of spor- 
 angium, combined to form a loose, irregular net, threads 3— 4 ix 
 diameter, cqv.ally covered vjith mimerous sliort, straight or curved, 
 sometimes branched, raised hands ; sometimes a few rounded warts 
 are intermixed, these latter now and again run out with 
 prominent spines; spores globose, densely and thichly covered 
 njiih small, dejrrcssed vxtrts, 10 — 13 /x diameter. 
 
O pit lot her a. 135 
 
 Physarum vermicnlarc, Sz., Syn. Fung. Amer., n. 229G. 
 (Specimen from Schweinitz in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 
 Perichaena vermicularis, Rost., Mon, App., p. 84; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1437. 
 
 Ophioiheca umhrina, B, and C, Grev., vol. ii., p. 68 (1873). 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) (Not Perichaena variahilis, Rost., 
 Mon., p. 205 ; Sacc, Syll, n. 1440.) 
 
 Perichaena artocreas, B. and Rav., Grev., v. ii., p. 68 (1873). 
 (Type in Herb, Berk., Kew). 
 
 Perichaena corticalis, Rost., Mon., p. 293 (in part) ; Sacc, Syll, 
 n. 1435 (in part) ; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 73 (in part). 
 
 Perichaena Friesiana, Rost., Mon., 296 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1441. 
 
 On rotten wood and bark. United States, 
 
 In Schweinitz's specimen there is a clear transition shown 
 from normal perithecia to the venulose, reticulate plasmodiocarp. 
 In the non-venulose form the margin is uniformly raised all 
 round. The threads covered with short raised bands, looking 
 like warts under a low power, and the spores densely covered 
 with depressed warts are very characteristic, 
 
 Ophiotheca anomala, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia scattered or gregarious, sessile, sub-sphaeroid, dingy- 
 ochraceous, rather shining, about 1*5 mm. diameter ; threads of 
 the capillitium 4 — 6 /x thick, cylindrical, ends numerous, truncate, 
 often terminated hy clavately swollen tips, icith crowded raised 
 hands arranged as circles; spores globose, smooth, dingy-ochra- 
 ceous, under tlie microscope very pale tinge of yellow, 6 — 7 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Cornuvia anomala, Karst., Myc Fenn., 4, p. 131 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, 1455. 
 
 Trichia anomala, Karst., Not. Siillsk. pro Faun, et Flor. Fenn., 
 ix. (1868), p. 354. 
 
 Ophiotheca serpula, Mass. 
 
 Plasmodium venulose, yellow; mass of spores and ca])initium 
 golden-yellow; capillitium threads cylindrical, 3'3 ju Ihid; ■iriih 
 
136 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 raised hands in the fcn-ia of o-ings, '4^ — "7 /it high, combined into 
 a net with free, more or less swollen tips; spores globose, 10 /it 
 thick, with raised hands forming a j^ohjgonal nctworl-. 
 
 Arcyria serpnla, Wigand, Pringsh. Jahrb., vol. iii,, p. 44, 
 t. 3, f. 18. 
 
 Cornuvia serpula, Rost., Mon., p. 289 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1451. 
 
 On wood. Germany. 
 
 Wigand describes the spores as areolate on the surface, but 
 judging from his figure of a spore, mag. 720 diameters, it appears 
 that the areolation is due to raised bands combined to form a 
 polygonal network. 
 
 OpMotheca pallida, B. and Curt. 
 
 Sporangia Jlcxuous, 'paU ; threads of capillitium yellow, nodu- 
 lose, minutely echinnlate ; spores globose, "0004 inch in diameter 
 ( = about 11 ii). 
 
 02?hiotheca 'pallida, Berk, and Curt., Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. x., 
 p. 350 (1869). 
 
 On dead stems of herbaceous plants. Upper Carolina. 
 
 The flocci are very irregular in outline, and have far shorter 
 processes than the other two species. [6*. chrijsospcrma and C. 
 Wrightii] (M. J. B.) 
 
 There is no specimen in the Berkeley Herbarium. 
 
 Lachnobolus, Fries. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, sessile, or aethalioid, dehiscing irregularly 
 or by the disappearance of the upper evanescent portion of the 
 wall ; capillitium combined into a net, which is attached 
 at numerous points to the wall of the sporangium ; spores 
 globose. 
 
 Lachnoholns, Fries, Flor. Scand., p. 356 ; * Sacc, Syll, vii., 
 p. 433; Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 74; Zopf, p. 170. 
 
 Very closely allied to Arcyria; in fact the only important 
 point of difference consists in the present genus having the 
 capillitium attached by arms at numerous points to the wall 
 of the capillitium, hence it is not protruded elastically when 
 
Lachnuholus. 137 
 
 mature as an aid in spore dispersion, a function performed by 
 the elastic capillitium in some species oi Arcyria, but not all, 
 as in several species belonging to the last-named genus, the 
 capillitium is in many places attached to the wall, as in A. 
 chrysosiwra, A. imllidula, &c. In Arcyria the markings on the 
 capillitium threads are generally more developed than in 
 Lachnoholus. 
 
 Distnh. Europe ; United States. Species 4. 
 
 Lachnobolus globosus, Rest. (fig. 204). 
 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate, lower half of qjorangial wall 
 stout, persistent, upper half very thin, eva^iesccnt, yellow, becoming 
 whitish; stem about equal in length to sporangium, straight, 
 coloured like the sporangium, filled with large irregular angular 
 cells; mass of capillitium and spores colour of ground ginger; 
 capillitium dense, combined into an irregular network, attached 
 at many points to persistent portion of sporangium, threads 
 varying from 3 — 6 ^ broad, closely covered with minute warts ; 
 capillitium not elastic ; spores at first sub-angular from mutual 
 pressure, then becoming globose, but the thick wall remains 
 slightly thickened at the angles, hence looking as if furnished 
 with a few rudimentary warts, 6 — 7 ju. diameter. 
 
 Lachnoholus glohosics. Rest., Mon., p, 283 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 pt. L, n. 1479. 
 
 On dry involucres of sweet chestnut. 
 
 United States. 
 
 (Specimen from Schweinitz in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 
 Gregarious, about 15 mm. high. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Arcyria glohosa, Sz., Consp. Fung. Carol., n. 400 ; A.mcr. 
 
 Fung., n. 2340 (1822). 
 Cratcrium globosum, Fr., S. M., iii., 154 (182D). 
 Nassula glohosa, Fr., Summ. Veg. Sc, 4o() (1849). 
 
 Var. minor, Ellis, N. Amer. Fung. Exs., n. 1397. 
 
138 A Mono<jraph of the Mi/dcoydstres. 
 
 Ditfers from the typical form in the smaller size of the 
 sporangium and longer stem. 
 United States. 
 
 Lachnobolus Rostafinskii, Racib. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, ovate-conoid, apex rounded, ycllcnoish- 
 grcy, loivcr 2^ortion- of sporangium with a distinct mcrtibranc, 
 hemispherico-patelliform, the npi^cr ^Jor^io?i destitute of a mem- 
 hrane , capillitium well-developed, forming a net adnate to 
 the peridium by numerous branches, the itijper portion tvith 
 numerous free Lranches ; threads with thin, plate-like processes 
 forming a reticulation, varying from 4*2 — 8'2 ju. diameter ; spores 
 yellow, membrane firm, smooth, 7"5 — 8-3 /x diameter. 
 
 Lachnoholus Bostafinskii, Racib., Myx. Cracov., p. 12, fig. 6; 
 Sacc, Syll, n. 1482. 
 
 Very closely allied to Lachnoholus glohosus. 
 
 Poland. 
 
 Lachnobolus arcyrella. Rest. 
 
 Sporangia 2Jiriform, fulvous or almost straw-coloured, stc7n as 
 long as sporangium, or slightly shorter, sub-gilvous ; capillitium 
 not elastically extruded, forming a lax irregular network, threads 
 2-5 — 8'3 II diameter, attached at many points to the sporangial 
 wall, sometimes descending into the hollow of the stem, orna- 
 mented with numerous oUitse, small vmrts ; spores smooth, 7 — 8 ^ 
 diameter. 
 
 Lachnoholus arcyrella, Rost., Mon., p. 431 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 n. 1480. 
 
 Jutland. 
 
 Lachnobolus incarnatus, Schroet. 
 
 Sporangia when free globose or elongated, sessile, usually 
 clustered and forming a plasmodiocarp, wall thin, brittle, pinkish, 
 becoming hroiun, smooth, shining, dehiscing irregularly ; mass of 
 spores flesh-colour ; threads of capillitium combined to form a 
 dense net ; 4 — 5 /x thick, ornamented ivith warts and short, 
 
Heterotrich ia. 139 
 
 irregular hmuls, incrassated at the nodes ; spores globose, smooth, 
 C — 8 fx diameter. 
 
 Lachnohokis incarnatus, Schroeter, Kr. Fl. ScLles., 110; Sacc, 
 SylL, vii., 1, n. 1478. 
 
 Lachnoholus circinana, Rost., Mon., p. 281. 
 
 Lachnoholus congcsta, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1604, 
 t. 9, f. 2 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 74 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1481. 
 
 On rotten wood, especially pine. Britain (King's Cliffe) ; 
 Germany ; Switzerland ; Lapland. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Arcyria circinans, Fr., Stirp. Femsj., p. 83; Fr., S. M., iii.-, 
 
 p. 177 (182.5). 
 Lachnoholus circinans, Fr., Fl. Scsn., 3j6 (183.5). 
 Lachnoholus Sattteri, Rost., in Fckl. Synib., 2, p. 7G (1873). 
 
 Licea incarnata, A. and S., Consp., 109, t. 10, f. 6 (1805). 
 Lycof/ala incarnahtm, Swrtz, Vet. Ac. Handl., 112 (1815). 
 Pcrichacna incarnata, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 193 (1829). 
 
 Lycoiierdon pinctttm, Batsch., Elench... p. 155, n. 29 (1783). 
 Phijsaruiii congestum, Somf., Fl. Lap., p. 241 (1825). 
 Pcrichacna congrsta, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 192 (1829). 
 Licca congcsta, Wllr., Fl. Cr. Germ., n. 2108 (1833). 
 
 Heterotrichia, Mass. (Nov. Gen.). 
 
 Sporangia densely crowded or scattered, stipitate ; wall single, 
 tliin, upper portion disappearing at maturity, leaving the basal 
 portion as a calyculus ; stem filled with large, thick-walled cells 
 that are sub-angular from mutual pressure; these become smaller 
 upwards, and pass gradually into normal spores; capillitium 
 free from wall of sporangium, its lower branches passing between 
 the cells filling the stem, central portion composed of very thin 
 tubes anastomosing to form a loose, irregular network ; towards 
 
140 A MonograpJt of the My.mgaMre^. 
 
 the periphery the brandies become many times thicker, and 
 form a small-meshed rogulir network, furnished with numerous 
 stout, acute, free tips ; the free tips are simple, or once or twice 
 furcate; the entire capillitium is protruded elastically during 
 dehiscence ; columella absent ; spores globose. 
 
 Distinguished from Arcyria, its nearest ally, by the very 
 numerous free, pointed, simple or branched spines springing 
 from the tubes of the stout peripheral portion of the capillitium, 
 the meshes of which are much more uniform in size and shape 
 than in Arcyria. The present genus agrees with Ojihiothcca 
 in the presence of numerous free arms on the capillitium, but 
 in the last-named genus the free ends are not attenuated at 
 the point, but usually inflated, and furthermore the tubes of 
 the capillitium are of equal thickness throughout, and not of 
 two distinct types as in Ileterotrichia. 
 
 Heterotrichia Gabriellae, Mass. (n. sp.) (figs, 205 — 207). 
 
 Sporangia densely crowded, becoming scattered towards the 
 margin of the cluster, cylindric-ovate, wall thin, smooth, even, 
 at first red, becoming yellowish-brown at maturity, upper por- 
 tion disappearing, leaving a small calyculus ; stem much shorter 
 than sporangium, thin, filled with large cells ; mass of capil- 
 litium and spores yellowish-brown ; threads of central portion 
 of capillitium about I'D ju, thick, with slightly raised rings or 
 short bands partly encircling the tube, almost colourless, threads 
 of peripheral portion bright-yellow, 5 — 6 ju. thick, forming an 
 even network, free arms of equal thickness to tubes of network, 
 40 — 60 //. long ; every part densely and uniformly covered with 
 warts or short bands, a few scattered elliptical swellings are 
 present on the tubes and spines ; spores globose, smooth, 7 — 8 fj^ 
 diameter. 
 
 On wood. South Carolina. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 Sent to Dr. Cooke by the late H. W. Ravenal, accompanied 
 by the following note : — " Arcyria Galricllac, n. sp. Primary 
 state red, becoming fuscous, closely congregated, elongated. 
 
Arryy'Kf. 141 
 
 stipitato, pcridia circumscised, upper part fugacious, spores 
 reddish fuscous. April 1850. S. C, H. W. R." 
 
 The species was considered by Cooke to be Arcyria hicolor. 
 Berk. 
 
 Arcyria, Hill (emended). 
 
 Sporangia regular, plasmodiocarp, or aethalioid, wall single, 
 dehiscing irregularly or in a circumscissile manner, basal portion 
 persistent, columella absent ; stem usually filled with large cells 
 which become smaller upwards and gradually pass into normal 
 spores ; capillitium dense, usually becoming elastically elongated 
 and protruding during dehiscence, free, or the basal threads 
 attached to the inside of the stem, or attached at several points 
 to the lower, persistent portion of the sporangial wall, threads 
 combined to form a dense network with or without free ends, 
 ornamentation in the form of continuous ridges arranged in a 
 spiral, or prominent, plate-like half-rings or spines arranged in 
 a very open spiral, or wart-like spines scattered equally over the 
 entire surface of the threads. 
 
 Arcyria., Rost., Mon., p. 270 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 60 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., p. 425. 
 
 Hemiarcyria, Rost., Mon., p. 2G1 ; Cke., Myx. Brit,, p. 67; 
 Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 27; Sacc, Syll,, vii., 1, p. 446. 
 
 The genus Hemiarcyria was founded by Rostafinski on those 
 species of Arcyria having continuous ridges arranged in a spiral 
 manner on the threads, as in the genus Triclda, and remodelled 
 Arcyria to include all those species having the threads orna- 
 mented in any other fashion than by spirally arranged ridges. 
 It is an open question as to whether ornamentation of the 
 capillitium threads is of generic value even if constant, as 
 supposed by Rostafinski, but sv^ch is certainly not the case ; 
 the two extreme characteristics overlap and are combined in 
 several species. In some species oi Hemiarcyria the spiral ridges 
 are accompanied by numerous spines, as in //. ridnformis and 
 H. scrpula, whereas in H. mekmojKzizcc, a Brazilian species, the 
 spines are abundant, and the spiral ridges present, but shadowy 
 in some individuals and entirely absent in others, consequently 
 
142 .( Monograph of the Myocogastres. 
 
 in the same species, and sometimes in different portions of 
 the same individual we meet with the features of the two 
 supposed genera. Finally in Arcyria, in Rostafinski's sense, 
 the markings, whether in the form of prominent, ridge-like 
 half- rings or spines, are arranged in a spiral manner, and may 
 be looked upon as the remaining portions of continuous spiral 
 ridges, the greater portions of which are obsolete. For the 
 above reasons the two genera proposed by Rostafinski have 
 been merged into one under the older name of Arcyria. 
 
 Distrih. Europe; S. Africa; India; E. Indies; Ceylon; 
 Australia; N. Zealand ; Tasmania; United States; S. America. 
 Species 38. 
 
 A. Eu-Aoxyria. Threads of capillitium without continuous 
 spirally arranged ridges. 
 
 * Spores smooth. 
 Arcyria punicea, Rost. (figs. 242 — 244). 
 
 Sporangia globose, ovate or elliptical, stipitate, wall vermilion, 
 sometimes with a brownish or purple tinge, rarely yellowish- 
 brown ; stem slender, about equal in length to sporangium or 
 longer, same colour, filled with large cells, expanding at the 
 base into a hypothallus, capillitium and mass of spores dull- 
 vermilion, crimson-lake, brownish, or sometimes yellow-brown ; 
 capillitium dense, protruding elastically, attached at many points 
 to the firm, plicate, persistent hasal portion of the sporatigial wall, 
 threads combined to form a very irregular network with or 
 without free ends, furnished with prominent half-rings arranged 
 in a very open spiral, remainder smooth ; spores globose, smooth, 
 pink, or pale-brown, 6 — 8 // diameter. 
 
 Aoxyria ^^unicea, Rost, Mon., p. 268, figs. 190, 192, 197; 
 Cke., Myx. Brit., p. hd, figs. 190, 192, 197 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 n. 1457; Zopf, p. 165. 
 
 Arcyria vernicosa, Rost., Mon. Supp., p. 69. 
 
 Exsicc. — Jack, Leiner u. Sitz,, n. 613; Cke., Fung. Brit., 613; 
 ed. II., 020; Syd., Myc. March., 915; Rab, Fung. Eur., 1914; 
 
Arc If rid. I43 
 
 Fckl., F. Rhen., 1441; Karsten, Fung. Fenn., 378; Ellis N 
 Anier. Fung, 1114; Klotzsch. Herb. Myc, 671; ikv., Fung. 
 Car., 80 ; WentenJorp, Herb. Crypt. Belg., 81 ; Desm Cr Fr° 
 Ser. L, 1510. ' ■ ■' 
 
 On rotten Avood. Britain (Poole, Woolwich, Kew, Chester 
 Searboro', Carlisle, Aboyne,N.B.); Europe; S.Africa; Ceylon- 
 S.Australia; New Zealand ; United States; Canada; Brazil. 
 
 Gregarious, often springing from a common hypothallus 
 1-5-3 mm. high. Distinguished by the capillitium being 
 attached to the cup-like permanent portion of the sporangia! 
 wall, and the prominent, flattened half-rings arranged in a loose 
 spiral on the threads of the capillitium, ^which are otherwise 
 smooth. The threads of the capillitium are often compressed 
 or triangular, but not unfrequently terete. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Clathroidcs jmojmo'cum, Mich., t. 94, f 1 ] c (17-'>9) • Hall 
 pi 1, f. 6 (1742). ' ■ \ - J' 'V 
 
 Clathrus 2Jcdiculatus, Guett., Obs. 1, 16 (1747). 
 
 Arcyria pedimla, Hill, p. 47 (1751). 
 
 Clathrus demidatus, Linn., Sp. PI., 1179 (1753). 
 
 Tridiia, Hall, No. 2164, t. 48, f. 6 (1768). 
 
 Mucor clathroidcs, Scop. Carr., ii., 492 (1772). 
 
 Mucor injriformis, Leers. Fl. Herb., 1135 (1775). 
 
 Clathrus pcdunculcikis, Batsch. FL, p. 141 (1783). 
 
 Lyco2icrdon rufttm, Dicks Cry., fasc. i., p. 25 (1785). 
 
 Stcmonitis dcnudata, Rehl. Fl. Cant. (1786). 
 
 Emlolus crocatus, Batsch, t. 30, f. 176 (1786). 
 
 Stcmonitis crocata, Willd. Fl. Ber., 1189 (1787). 
 
 Stcmonitis coccinea, Roth. Fl. Germ., i., 548 (1788). 
 
 Triclna dcnudata, Vill. Fl. Dauph., 1060 (1789) '• Purt Mid 
 Fl, t. 24,f. 2; Sow., t. 49. 
 
 Trichia graniformis, Hoffm. V. Cr., i., p. 3 (1490). 
 
 Trichia cinnabaris, Bull, t. 502, fig. 1, b. c. (1791). 
 
 Stcmonitis crocca, Gmel Sys., 1467°(1791). 
 
 Trichia rufa. With. Arr., iii., p. 478 (1795). 
 
144 A Monograph of the Myxoijaatve^. 
 
 Arcyria punicca, Pers. Disp., p. 10 (1797); Eng. Fl., v., 318; 
 
 Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1170 ; Fung. Brit., ii., 520. 
 TricJda 2yu7jmrca, Schura. Saell., 1472 (1803). 
 Arcyria rufa, Sebum. Saell., 148G (1803). 
 Arcyria melanocqiliala, Solium. Saell., 1484 (1803). 
 Arcyria conjugata, Sebum. Saell., 1485 (1803), 
 Arcyria cincta, Sebum. Saell., 1480 (1803). 
 Arcyria cylinclrica, Sebum. Saell., 1486 (1803). 
 Trichia cinnaharis, DC. Fl. Fr., No. 688 (1805). 
 Arcyria f'lisca, Fr. Gast., p. 17 (1818). 
 Arcyria vcrnicosa, Rost., Mon. Supp., p. 36. 
 
 Arcyria punicea. Var. cribroides, Raunk. 
 
 Tlie inner mesbes equal and of ordinary widtb ; on tbe 
 surfaee of tbe capillitium, on tbe contrary, groups of very small 
 and single laj^ers sueeeed eaeb otber alternately. 
 
 Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 108, t. 3, f. 12. 
 
 Jutland. 
 
 Arcyria ferruginea, Rost. (figs. 250 — 253). 
 
 Sporangia globose or ovate, sometimes deformed, stipitate, 
 dull vermilion or rusty-red, sometimes pale reddisb-pink ; stem 
 tbin, length variable, usually short, filled witb large cells ; mass 
 of capillitium and spores brick-red, brownish, sometimes oebra- 
 ceous ; capillitium becoming elastically protruded, threads com- 
 bined to form a dense, irregular network, viorc or less acutely 
 triangttlar, one side with imrallel iirojccting ridges, the two others 
 vnth a fine, irregular network ; spores globose, smooth, 9 — 1 1 fx 
 diameter. 
 
 Arcyria ferruginea, Rost., Mon., p. 280, fig. 194; Cke., Myx. 
 Brit., p. 73, fig. 194 ; Sacc., Syll, vii., 1, n. 1470. 
 
 Arcyria intricata, Rost., Mon. Suppl, p. 72. 
 
 Exsicc. — Fuckel, Fung. Rben., n. 1444. 
 
 On rotten wood. Britain (Hampstead, Carlisle, Scarboro') ; 
 Europe; United States ; Ceylon. 
 
 Distinguisbed amongst tbe red species of Arcyria by tbe 
 
Arcyria. 145 
 
 portion of the capillitium threads not occupied by tlie pro- 
 minent ridges being ornamented with a dehcate network of 
 slightly raised lines. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Arcyria fcrruginea, Sauter., p. 316 (1811). 
 Arcyria latcritia, DeBy. Mycet., 24 (1859). 
 Arcyria fcrruginea, Fckl. Sym., p. 337 (1869); Berk, and Br., 
 Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1603 ; Grevillea, v., p. 13. 
 
 Arcyria incarnata, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia crowded, ovate or sub-globose, stem very short or 
 absent, wall reddish, often with a brown or yellow tinge ; mass 
 of spores and capillitium flesh-colour, rosy, or reddish-brown, 
 sometimes ochraceous ; ccqnllitium attached to the apex of stem- 
 wall, and ivith very few attachments to hasal portion of thin, 
 sporangial wall, threads combined to form a dense, elastically 
 protruding network, with many free, fattened, or swollen sjnnose 
 tips, markings in the form of half-rings or spines, or a mixture 
 of the two arranged in a loose spiral, and mixed with small, 
 spinose warts, there are frequent swellings in the length of the 
 threads; spores globose, smooth, pinkish or tinged with ochre, 
 6 — 8 ju, diameter. 
 
 Arcyria incarnata, Rost., Mon., p. 275, figs. 187, 199 ; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., p. 71, figs. 187, 199. 
 
 Arcyria adnatcc, Rost., Mon. Supp., p. 72. 
 
 M'sicc. — Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 1442. 
 
 On rotten wood and bark. Britain (Lyndhurst, Kew, King's 
 Cliffe, Norths, Carlisle, Aboyne, N. B.) ; Europe ; United States ; 
 India ; Ceylon. 
 
 Usually crowded, sub-sessile. To — 2 mm. high. The wall of 
 the sporangium is thinner, and the permanent base little or 
 not at all longitudinally ribbed ; the capillitium threads are 
 generally round, but sometimes compressed. Closely allied to 
 A. jmnirra, of which the present is perhaps only a variety; 
 intermediate stages between the two ai'e not wanting. 
 
146 A Monorfraj>h of the Afijjcoijastres. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Syuonyms.) 
 
 Clathroidcs pmjmTeurn, Mich., t. 94, f. 2 (1729). 
 
 Arcyria scssilis, Hill, p. 47 (1751). 
 
 Clathrus ramosus, a., Retz. Vet. Hand,, 253 (1769). 
 
 Lycoperdon hypoxylon, Pallas., ii., 503 (1771). 
 
 Clathrus adnatus, Batsch., p. 141 (1783). 
 
 Stemonitis trichia, Roth. Fl. Germ., 1,, 549 (1788), 
 
 Stemonitis lilacina, Schr,, Fl. Bav., ii., 1784 (1789). 
 
 Stemonitis incarnata, Pers., in Gmel., 1467 (1791). 
 
 Trichia cinnabaris. Bull, t. 502, f. 1, D (1791). 
 
 Arcyria incarnata, Pers., Obs., t. 5, f. 4, 5 (1796) ; Eng. Fl., 
 
 v., 318; Cke., Hdbk., 1171. 
 Stemonitis carnea, Trent., 222 (1797). 
 Stemonitis glohosa, Trent., p. 222 (1797). 
 Trichia fiexuosa, Schum. Saell., 1465 (1803). 
 Arcyria lilacina, Schum. Saell,, 1476 (1803). 
 Arcyria carnea, Schum, Saell, 1477 (1803). 
 Arcyria dcntata, Schum, Saell., 1478 (1803), 
 Arcyria rosea, Spr. 
 
 Arcyria incarnata, ^fiexuosa, Fr., S. M., iii., 179 (1829). 
 Arcyria nutans, /3 cxigua, Bong., in Weinm., 609 (1836). 
 Arcyria fiextiosa, Rabh., Fl. Cry., 2158 (1844). 
 
 Arcyria irregularis, Racib. 
 
 Sporangia pinkish-red, stipitate ; stem up to '5 mm. high, 
 filled with large, colourless cells; calyculus hemispherical, mcm- 
 hrane mi7iutely ivarted ; capillitium forming an irregular net, 
 meshes of variable size; threads flattened, margin undulate, 
 from 4'5 — 9*1 ju wide, 2-5 — 4*5 thick, threads everywhere densely 
 covered with irregular obtuse cones 0*8 — 1*5 /x broad, for the most 
 part elongated; spores 7 — 7*5 jix diameter, membrane firm, 
 smooth, almost colourless. 
 
 Arcyria irregularis, Racib., Myx, Crac, p. 15, fig. 10; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, n. 1406. 
 
 Poland. 
 
Ai-rf/rid. 147 
 
 Arcyria (Erstedtii, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia ovate, in the typical form, stipitate, stem sliortcr 
 than sporangium, firm, erect ; like the sporangium, dirty brown ; 
 mass of capillitium and spores hrown, often ivith a red tinge; 
 capillitiura forming a rather dense net, threads cylindrical, 
 3 — 5 /x diameter, loitli scattered, elliptical, swollen portions, spar- 
 ingly and equally covered with slender spines of various lengths ; 
 spores smooth, 8 — 10 /x diameter. 
 
 Arcyria (Erstedtii, Eost., Mon., p. 278, fig. 19G; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1468 ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 60, t. 8, f. 1 ; Cke., 
 Myx. Brit., fig. 196. 
 
 On wood. Britain (Burnham Beeches, Bucks) ; Denmark ; 
 Russia. 
 
 Characterized by the net, without free arms, having its 
 threads swollen at intervals, and sparingly and equally covered 
 with slender spines of variable length, the longest about equal 
 to diameter of thread. 
 
 Arcyria umbrina, Schum. 
 
 Sporangia single or gregarious, on a thin, shining hypothallus, 
 ovate, stipitate. Receptacle on the inner side provided with 
 a network of delicate thickenings. Stem brownisli-black, longer 
 than the sporangium. After dehiscence of the sporangium the 
 capillitium enlarges itself but slightly. Capillitium and the 
 mass of spores ochre-brown. Tubes of net of the capillitium 
 with thickenings in the form of half-rings encircling the thread 
 in a spiral, without regard to the thickenings 2'5 — 3 // broad. 
 Spores smooth, 5 — 7 /u, diameter. 
 
 Arcyria umhrina, Schum., t. 3, f. 5. Scliumacher : Fl. Saell., 
 No. 1479; Fl. Dan. Tab., 1975, fig. 1; Raunk., Myx. Dan., 
 p. 108, t, 3, f. 8. 
 
 On rotten stumps. Summer ; autumn. Near Copenhagen. 
 
 When comparing the two Arcyria — species delineated in the 
 Flora Danica, 1975, figs. 1 and 2, with the descriptions of them, 
 it will be seen that the text to fig. 1 in reality belongs 
 
148 A Monogra])h of the Myxogastres. 
 
 to fig. 2, which no doubt is Arcyria cincrca, what also may be 
 seen by comparison of this figure with the authentic figure in 
 Bulliard's Hist, des champ., &c., Tab., 447, fig. 3. 
 
 This error is to be found in all authors who have cited Tabula 
 1975 of Fl. Dan. I beg to observe that I follow the figure no. 
 I. of the Tabula and correct the text according to this, con- 
 sequently for A. cinerea I have cited Fl. Dan. Tab. 1795, fig. 2. 
 
 Fig. 1 on the Tabula — fig. 2 in the text — Arcyria umhrina, 
 Schum., is hitherto quoted as synonymous with A. pomiformis, 
 Roth., but I think they are rather different both in their shape 
 and in their colour. 
 
 On a rotten stump near Copenhagen I have found the above 
 described Aoryria, which throughout harmonizes with the figure 
 named and with Schumacher's description of his A. iimlrina. 
 This species I therefore believe to have again found. As may 
 be seen from the description, A. umhrina is in the thickenings 
 on the tubes of the cajDillitium very different from A. pomi- 
 formis, and more connected with A. inmicca. (Raunkier, in 
 Myx. Dan.) 
 
 From the above it appears that Raunkier considers he has 
 collected the species intended by Schumacher. It Avill be 
 noted, however, that no type specimens are factors in the 
 determination, but only figures. 
 
 Arcyria insignis, Kalchb. and Cke. 
 
 Sporangia scattered, very minute, not more than -5 mm. high, 
 cylindric-ovate, rosy or vermilion, upper portion falling away, 
 calyculus minute ; stem half as long as sporangium, similarly 
 coloured, filled with large, globose, coloured cells which pass 
 into normal spores at the apex; capillitium dense, protruded 
 elastically, threads cylindrical, thick-walled, combined into an 
 irregular network ; everyiuhere densely and equally covered loith 
 stout, acute spines about 1 [x high ; spines not connected into a 
 network at the base; spores globose, smooth, 11 — 12 /x diameter. 
 
 Arcyria insignis, Kalchbr. and Cke., Grev. x., p. 143; Sacc, 
 Syll., no. 1475. 
 
 On rotten wood. S, Africa. 
 
Arcyria. 149 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 Distinguished amongst the red species by the cylindrical 
 threads of the capillitium being equally and densely covered 
 with short spine-like warts or very short bands. 
 
 Arcyria fusca, Fries. 
 
 Every part unibo^-brown, sometimes with a tinge of olive ; 
 sporangia stipitate, globose or very hroadly elliptical ; basal por- 
 tion remaining as a calyculus ; stem 3 — 4 times as long as 
 sporangium, very thin, equal, filled with large cells that become 
 smaller upwards ; capillitium protruded elastically, attached to 
 base of sporangium, the threads passing down between the 
 cells of the upper portion of the stem, threads round, combined 
 to form a dense network, with a single row of warts or very short 
 2'>lates arranged in a very open spiral; spores globose, smooth, 
 7 — 9 /x diameter. 
 
 Arcyria fusca, Fries, Gast., p. 17. 
 
 Arcyria punicea, Rost., Mon., p. 268; Cke., Myx. Brit,, p. 69; 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, no. 1457 (all in part). 
 
 Exsicc. — Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 1443. 
 
 (Specimen from Fries in Herb. Berk.) 
 
 Pn wood. Britain (Batheaston) ; Sweden ; Germany. 
 
 Gregarious, 3 — 4 mm. high. Considered by Rostafinski as 
 synonymous with Arcyria punicea, from which it differs in the 
 ornamentation of the threads, consisting of spines or short 
 flattened plates not occupying more than \ diameter of thread, 
 long, thin stem, colour, &c. 
 
 Arcyria versicolor, Phill. 
 
 Sporangia elongato-pyriform or clavatc, often attenuated 
 downwards into a short, thin, weak stem ; wall of sporangium 
 smooth, polished, varying from bright clear yellow to dark olive ; 
 dehiscing irregularly, basal portion persistent; springing gre- 
 gariously from a well-developed hypothallus ; mass of capillitium 
 and spores clear yellow to dusky olive ; capillitium attached 
 only to inner surface of stem-like base of sporangium; forming 
 
150 A Morwgrcrph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 a dense, irregular network, protruded elastically ; threads cqiudly 
 covered in every part %vith short, variously curved, and frequently 
 anastomosing, slightly raised hinds; sometimes a more or less 
 perfect ring occurs; spores globose, smooth, 8 — 10 /x diameter. 
 
 Arcyria versicolor, Phillips, in herb. 
 
 Arcyria versicolor, Phill., Grev., v., p. 115, t. 88, f. 8, a — e; 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1473. 
 
 Arcyria vitellina, Phill,, Grev., v., p. llo, t. 88, f. 7, a — e; 
 Sacc, Syll, n. 1474. 
 
 On tiunks. California. 
 
 A beautiful species, 3 — 3'5 mm. high. Variable in colour, 
 but constant in all important characters. I am indebted to 
 Mr. Phillips for an oj^portuuity of examining the type specimens. 
 
 Arcyria nutans, Rost. (figs. 140, 141). 
 
 Sporangia cylindrical, sometimes ovate, very shoiily stipitate, 
 wall dingy yellow ; stem same colour, filled with large cells ; 
 capillitium and mass of spores pale opaque yellow; eapillitium 
 elastically protruded, elongated, drooping, threads combined to 
 form a dense, irregular network, thickenings in the form of 
 prominent half-rings, often with projecting spines arranged .in 
 a diffuse spiral, the remainder covered loith a fine, irregular net- 
 woQ'h ; spores globose, pale yellow, smooth, 7 — 8 fx diameter. 
 
 Arcyria nutans, Rost., Mon., p. 277 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 72. 
 
 Exsice. — Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., n, 1439. 
 
 On rotten wood and bark. Britain (Kew, Scarboro', Carlisle) ; 
 Europe ; United States. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, 1'5 — 2 mm. high. Somewhat re- 
 sembling A. cinerea, but distinguished by the short stem, the 
 elastically protruded, very long, drooping capillitium, which is 
 usually the colour of ground ginger, but sometimes tinged with 
 brown, and more especially by the portion of the capillitiam 
 threads not occupied by the half-rings being ornamented with 
 a fine network of slightly raised lines. 
 
A irifvia. ] 5 1 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Clathroidcs fiavescens, Mich., p. 214 (1729). 
 
 Clathroides longissimum, Hall, p. 10 (1742). 
 
 Clathrus ramosus, 13. Retz. Vet. Handl., 253 (17G9). 
 
 Trichia nutans, Bull, t. 502, f. 3 (1798) ; Sow., t. 260. 
 
 Stemonitis nutans, Gmel., Sys., 1467 (1791). 
 
 Arcyria flava, Pers. Obs., i., 85 (1796) ; Grev., t. 809. 
 
 Stemonitcs amaena, Trent., p. 222 (1797). 
 
 Trichia clongata, Schuni. Saell., 1464 (1803). 
 
 Arcyria ahdacca, Sclmm. Saell., 1474 (1803). 
 
 Arcyria nutans, Grev. Fl. Ed., p. 455 (1824); Eng. Fl., v., 
 
 319 ; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1173. 
 Arcyria ^aliens, Wallr. in litt. 
 
 Arcyria straminea, Wallr. Crypt. Germ., 2232 (1833). 
 Arcyo'ia nutans, c, minor, Bong., in Weinm, p. 609 (1836). 
 
 Arcyria cinera, Mass. (figs. 137—139, and 248, 249). 
 
 Sporangia varying from globose to cylindrical, stipitate, 
 simple or digitato-fasciculate on a common stem, wall thin, 
 smooth, grey, or yellowish, cup-like base persistent after de- 
 hiscence ; stem slender, aboiU equal in length to sporanginiji or 
 longer, straight, colour of sporangium, filled with large cells 
 that become smaller upwards; mass of capillitium and spores 
 yellowish-grey or grey ; capillitium dense, [irutriiding elastically, 
 and remaining erect, threads combined to form an irregular 
 network, variable in thickness, often smooth or minutely warted 
 towards the base, the remainder equally covered with close-set 
 short spines, or half-rings or spines arranged in a diffuse spiral ; 
 spores globose, smooth, rarely minutely granular, 7 — 9 /x diameter. 
 
 Arcyria cinerea, Rost., Mon., p. 272, figs. 182 — 185, 193; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 71, figs. 182—185, 193; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1, n. 1459. 
 
 Arcyria 'j-jomiformis, Rost., Mon., p. 271 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., 
 p. 70. 
 
 Arcyria stricta, Rost., Mon. Sujjp., p. 71. 
 
152 A Monogiutph of the Mihrogastres. 
 
 Arcyria Friesii, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1G02 (type 
 in Herb, Berk., Kew) ; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 71, figs. 251 and 259. 
 
 Exsicc. — Fuckel, Fung. Khen., 1440; Sydow, Myc, March., 
 n. 1499; Rab., Fung. Eur., 369 ; Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 1115. 
 
 On wood and bark. A variable species, from 1*5 — 4 mm. 
 high, the capillitium remains erect after expansion. In the 
 fasciculate form the sporangia are cylindrical and elongated, 
 2 — 8 springing from a long, slender stem. 
 
 Britain (Lyndhurst, Swansea, Kew, Buhner, Scarboro', Car- 
 lisle, Appin, N.B.); Europe; United States; Brazil; Venezuela; 
 S. Africa ; Himalayas ; Ceylon. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 (Under A. cinerea.) 
 Clathrus recutitus, Linn. Sp., 1649 (1764). 
 Trichia, Hall., No. 2166 (1768). 
 Trichia cinerea, Bull, t. 477, £ 3 (1791). 
 Stcmonitis recutita, Gmel. Sys., 1467 (1791). 
 Stemonitis cinerea, Gmel. Sys., 1467 (1791). 
 Arcyria albida, Pers. Disp., t. 1, f. 2 (1797). 
 Stemonitis glauca, Trent., p. 221 (1797). 
 Arcyria cinerea, Schum. Saell., 1480 (1803) ; Fl. Dan., t. 1975, 
 
 f. 1 ; Eng. FL, v., 318; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1172. 
 Trichia carnea. Wall, in litt. 
 Arcyria camea. Wall. Fl. Germ., 2234 (1833). 
 Arcyria trichioides, Corda Ic, ii., f. 86 (1838). 
 Stemonitis grizca, Opiz. in Lotos, 215 (1855). 
 Arcyria iKillida, B. and C. Grev. (1873), No. 365. 
 Arcyria stricta, Rost., Mou. Supp., p. 36. 
 
 (Under A. pomiformis.) 
 
 Stemonitis X)oriiiformis, Roth. Fl. Germ., i., 548 (1788). 
 Stemonitis ochroleuca, Trent, in Roth., 221 (1797). 
 Stemonitis lutea, Trent., 221 (1797). 
 
 Arcyria umbrina, Schum. Saell., 1479 (1803); Berk. Ann. N. 
 Hist, No. 389; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1174. 
 
Arcyria. ' 153 
 
 Arcyria silacea, Ditm., t, 8 (1817). 
 
 Arcyria ochroleuca, Fr. S. M., iii., 181 (1829); Berk. Ann. N. 
 
 Hist., No. 115; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1175. 
 Arcyria hitea, Scliwz. Fung. Car., 2339 (1831). 
 Arcyria globosa, Weinm, teste Fr. 
 Stemonilis ochracca, Opiz. herb. 
 
 Arcyria cinerea. Var. cribroides, Raunk. 
 
 Tubes of the capillitium broader than those of the type 
 species, the inner meshes equal and of ordinary width, on the 
 surface of the capillitium, on the contrary, groups of very small 
 meshes and single larger succeed each other alternately. 
 
 Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 107. 
 
 On decayed branches of fir. Denmark. 
 
 Arcyria digitata, Rost. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, several s^wrangia, S—7 , fasciculaic on 
 a common stem; sporangia shortly cylindrical, apex obtuse, basal 
 cup-like portion persistent; mass of capillitium and spores pale 
 opaque greyish-yellow, or with an ochraceous tinge; stem 
 elongated, equal, rather slender, expanded at the base into a 
 cn^cular hypothallus; capilHtium dense, hecoming very much 
 elongated after dehiscence, threads forming a network, meshes 
 very irregular in size ; here and there minutely warted, varying 
 m thickness ; spores globose, sinooth, 7—10 )u diameter. 
 
 Arcyria digitata, Rost., Mon., p. 274; Sacc, Syll vii 1 
 n. 1460. 
 
 Stemonitis digitata, Sz., Syn. Amer., n. 2350. 
 
 (Specimen from Schweinitz in Hb. Berk.) 
 
 Arcyria Zeprieurii, Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. IV., vol. iii., 
 p. 141. (Type in Herb. Mus., Paris.) 
 
 Arcyria hicolor, B. and C, Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. x.,'p. 349. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk.) 
 
 Exsicc.~Vm,g. Cub. Wrightian., 542 (as Arcyria hicoLr, 
 B. and C). 
 
 On woud and bark. Cuba; U. States; Cayenne. 
 
154 A Monogrrtph of the Mi/xogastres. 
 
 From 3 — 4 mm. high ; several sporangia fasciculate on a 
 common stem, rarely simple. Closely allied to Arcyria cioierea, 
 differing in the larger size of the sporangia. Sometimes the 
 capillitium and spores are brownish or red. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Stcmonitis digitata, Sz., Amer., f., n. 2350 (1834). 
 Arcyria Lepricurii, Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., v. iii., p. 141, 
 no. 603 (1855). 
 
 Arcyria Cookei, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Gregarious ; every part hluish-grcy ; sporangia narroirly 
 cylindrical, elongated, wall very thin except the basal portion 
 which persists as a shallow calycnlus ; stem erect, elongated, 
 very slender, eo^a], filled toith irreynlar lumps of organic matter ; 
 capillitium dense, becoming protruded elastically during de- 
 hiscence and remaining erect, innermost threads very thin, 
 1*5 — 2 // smooth, combined to form a very large-raeshed, irregular 
 network, outer threads 4 — 5 ix thick, densely and uniformly 
 covered with minute warts, forming a small-meshed network ; 
 spores globose, smooth, 8 — 9 /u diameter. 
 
 On wood. Brazil. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 From 3"5 — 4 mm. high ; stem about equal in length to 
 sporangium. Placed by Dr. Cooke along with Arcyria cinerea, 
 from which it differs in the thin, elongated sporangium, the 
 details of the capillitium, and in the thin long stem being 
 filled with amorphous lumps of organic matter. 
 
 Arcyria dictyonema, Rest, 
 
 Sporangia ovate, stipitate ; stems sjJO'inging in clusters from 
 the substratum, capillitium not very much divided, threads 
 cylindrical, width variable, generally 3'5 /n thick, siih-equally 
 covered loith an elevated net^cork, the hands of which are sjnnulose, 
 spines 1 — 2 ix high ; spores smooth, 9 — 10 /x diameter. 
 
Arcyria. 155 
 
 Arcyria didyonema, Rost., Mon., p. 279, fig. 195; Cke., Myx. 
 Brit., fig. 195; Sacc, SylL, vii., 1, n. 14G9. 
 
 Russia; Germany. 
 
 Appears to approach very closely some forms of A. cmcrea 
 and A. nutans. 
 
 (Rostafiuski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Arcyria nutans, (a) sordide ochracea, Bong., in Wein., 1. c, 
 
 p. 609 (1836). 
 Arcyria ochracea, D. By., MS. 
 Arcyria cinnaviomca, Kaulfuss, MS. 
 
 Arcyria Hariotii, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Gregarious or much crowded and irregularly polygonal from 
 mutual pressure, depressed, sessile on a broad lase, sporangial wall 
 primrose-yrlloiv, smooth, shining, capillitium and mass of spores 
 dingy yellow ; threads of capillitium 6 — 8 ix diameter, forming 
 a dense, irregular net, uniformly and densely covered with mimUe 
 warts ; spores globose, wall thick, synooth, 7 — 9 fx diameter. 
 
 France. Communicated by M. Hariot of the Pai-is Museum. 
 
 On decayed wood. About "5 mm. diameter, superficially 
 closely resembling Oligoncma nitcns. Agrees in the smooth 
 spores, dense capillitium, and polished sporangium with Arcyria 
 versicolor, but in the latter the sporangium is clavate or elongato- 
 pyriform, and the markings of the capillitium consist of short 
 irregularly arranged bands. 
 
 Arcyria aurantiaca, Raunk. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious, ovate, or shortly cylindrical, stipitate ; 
 stem same length or shorter than sporangium. Thickenings 
 on the inner side of the receptacle, in the form of fine warts ; 
 wall, capillitium, and mass of spores brick-red to orange. Tubes 
 of the capillitium with irregularly connected, close-standing, 
 ring-like thickenings, 5 — 7 /x broad; spores smooth, 10 — 11 /x 
 diameter. 
 
lo6 A Monograjih of the Mi/jcogastres. 
 
 Arcyria aurantiaca, Rauuk., Myx. Dan., p. 109, t. 3, figs. 4, 
 and 9—11. 
 
 On rotten wood, Denmark. 
 
 From the above description it is difficult to indicate either 
 the prominent features of the species intended, or its affinity 
 with other species. 
 
 * * Spores luartcd. 
 
 Arcyria similis, Racib. 
 
 Sporangia shortly stipitate, cherry-coloured ; threads of capil- 
 litium thick-walled, 4*2 — 5 — 8 yi. broad, cylindrical or a little 
 compressed, everywhere ivith plate-elevations; plates generally in 
 the form of half-rings not arranged in a regular spiral manner, 
 hut irregularly, or overlapping, or in spirals irregularly broken 
 up; spores 8.3 /u. diameter, almost colourless, wall thin, dis- 
 tinctly verruc^Uose. 
 
 Arcyria similis, Racib., Myx. Crac, p. 13, f. 8; Sacc, Syll., 
 n. 1462. 
 
 Poland. 
 
 Arcyria Raciborsckii, Berlese. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, stem filled with cells; calyculus hemi- 
 spherical, membrane thin, reddish, densely covered on the inner 
 surface with very short, acuminate warts ; capillitium at the nodes 
 and often also on the internodes inflated into globose vesicles, 
 forming a loose net ; threads of lower portion of the capillitium 
 flattened, one margin with incrassated teeth, remainder of threa/is 
 smooth, the remainder and greater portion having the threads 
 sich-cylindrical, with the teeth arranged in a spiral, the remainder 
 of the thread with undulating ridges, in a varying number of 
 spirals, here and there becoming indistinct, or anastomosing to 
 form an irregular network on the surface of the thread ; spores 
 vcrrucidose, 10*5 — 11*6 /a diameter. 
 
 Arcyria BacihorscJcii, Berlese, Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1467. 
 
Arryria. 157 
 
 Arcyria decvpiens, Racib., Myx. Crac, p. 16, f. D (not of 
 Berkeley). 
 Poland. 
 
 Arcyria inermis, Racib. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, brick-red ; stem filled with cells of various 
 sizes, the interspaces filled with capillitium threads ; capillitium 
 forming a network, threads cylindrical or a little flattened, 
 4*2 — 10*8 ix hrosid, protuherances comhincd into a nettvorh, meshes 
 1"6 — 2 u long and almost equally broad ; spores 9"9 — 10'8 \x. 
 diameter, membrane firm, reddish, distinctly vemiculose. 
 
 Arcyria inermis, Racib., Myx. Crac, p. 14, f. 7 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1465. 
 
 Poland. 
 
 Position uncertain, o^uing to absence of information ixspecting 
 the spores. 
 
 Arcyria bonariensis, Speg. 
 
 Sporangia minute, | — f mm. long, J — \ mm. broad, in densely 
 crowded clusters of 5 — 20 individuals, bright citrin-ycUow ; stem 
 half as long as peridium and same colour ; tubes of the 
 capillitium springing from the hollow of the stem, equal, 
 3 ju, thick, densely micricate, very pale yellowish-green ; spores 
 globose, protoplasm granular or guttulate, wall rather thick, 
 10 // diameter. 
 
 Arcyria bonariensis, Speg., Fung. Arg., Pug. III., n. 90 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, n. 1471. 
 
 On old worked wood. Argentine Republic 
 
 Allied, to A. mitans, but distinct. (Speg.) 
 
 Arcyria affinis, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia cylindric-ovate, 1 mm. high, stem of about equal 
 length to sporangium, gregarious; mass of capillitium and sjjores 
 purple-ferruginous, dull orange-red ; threads of capillitium 
 forming a network, lower meshes o'6, upper 5"4 fx broad, mark- 
 ino-s as in C. incarnaia. 
 
158 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Arcyria affmis, Rost., Mon., p. 276 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1463. 
 On trunks. Sweden ; Germany. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Arcyria vcrmicularis, Schum., Fl. Saell., n. l-iTo, teste Fr. 
 
 (1803). 
 Arcyria pimicca, ^ vcrmicularis, Fr., 1. c, iii., p. 178 (1829). 
 
 Arcyria cinnamomea, Hazsl. 
 
 Ginnajnon-colour inside and out; sporangia gregarious, at 
 length distinct, cylindrical ; stem equal to sporangium in length, 
 diaphonous-white ; tubes of capillitium combined into a hexa- 
 gonal network, 3 — 4 //, thich, with sliwt, cylindrical, diaphonaus 
 warts; spores cinnamon. 
 
 Arcyria cinnamomea, Ha,z&\., Just., Bot. Jahr., 1877, p. 156; 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 1477. 
 
 Arcyria decipiens, Berk, 
 
 Gregarious, sporangia stipitate, obovate, ochraceous, capil- 
 litium free above, obovate, erect, with the mass of spores 
 ochraceous ; spores globose. 
 
 Arcyria decipiens. Berk., Fung, of Darwin's Voy,, Ann. Nat. 
 Hist,, v., 4, p. 447, t. 10, f. 3, 
 
 On palm stem. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 Habit of Trichia clavata, but capillitium reticulated, and 
 thread without spirals (Berk.), No specimen exists in Berkeley's 
 herbarium, 
 
 B. Hcmiarcyria. Thrcaxls of capillitium ivith continuous 
 ridges spirally arranged. 
 
 § Spores minutely warted. 
 
 Arcyria rubiformis, Mass. (figs. 262 — 264). 
 
 Sporangia olovate-ollong, usually fasciculate on a common 
 ridged or contorted stem of variable length, sometimes sub-globose 
 
Arcf/ri'f. 159 
 
 and sessile on a hypotliallus, rarely an irregular plasmodiocarp, 
 hrown or almost black, polislied and with a metallic lustre or 
 opaque ; mass of capillitium and spores orangc-lroicn ; threads 
 of capillitium orange-brown, 8 — 9 /u thick, combined into a 
 dense elastic net, which at maturity elongates considerably, 
 carrying the apical portion of the sporangium at its apex, 
 where it remains in the form of a cap, free tips numerous, 
 usually terminated by from one to three short, smooth spines, 
 rarely obtuse, spirals rather distant, furnished with numeroiis 
 slender sphies ; spores globose, very minutely verruculose, 10 — 12 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 a. genuina; sporangia cylindrico-turbinate, dark-brown, 
 opaque, or with a steel lustre, seated on a common fasciculate 
 stem. 
 
 ;8. sessilis ; sporangia sessile, cylindrical or sub-angular from 
 mutual pressure. 
 
 y. plasmodiocarpa ; irregular, attached by a broad base to a 
 hypothallus. 
 
 Hemiarcyria ruUformis, Rost., Moo., p. 262; figs. 201, 230, 
 231; Cooke, Myx. Brit., figs. 201, 230, 231 ; Schroeter, p. 114; 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., n. 1512; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 63, t. 3, f. 15, 
 t. 4, f. 6 ; Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 353, fig. 31 (in part). 
 
 Exsicc.—Roxun., Fung. Gall, 1686 ; Fckl, Fung. Rhen., 1438 
 (as Trichia ruhiformis) \ Cooke, Fung. Brit., 612 (as Trichia 
 Neesiana) ; Jack, Leiner u. Sitz. Krypt. Bad., 421 (as Trichia 
 ruhiformis) ; Sacc, Myc. Ven., 962 (as Trichia ^jyj-^/brwiis) ; 
 Hemiarcyria Ellisii, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 354, f. 30; Karst., 
 Fung. Fenn., 700. 
 
 A widespread and very beautiful species, characterized by the 
 cylindrical or obovate-oblong, brown, fasciculate sporangia, fre- 
 quently exhibiting metallic tints, and the dense orange-brown 
 capillitium of spinulose threads. The spores vary in marking 
 when magnified 1200 diameters from being almost perfectly 
 smooth, to minutely but distinctly warted. 
 
 On rotten wood, moss, &c. Britain (Apetliorpe, Weybridge, 
 Twycross, Birmingham, Bulmer, N. Yorks ; Orton Wood, 
 Leicester; Wothorpe, Scarboro', Carlisle); France; Germany; 
 
160 A Monograph of the Mijxogastres. 
 
 Switzerland; Italy; Belgium; Denmark; Hungary; Finland; 
 Bohemia; Venezuela; United States; Cuba; Ceylon; Australia; 
 New Zealand. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Clathroidcs 2-)yriformc, Hall, t. 1, f. 5 (1742). 
 TricMa, Hall, t. 48, f. 5, No. 2167 (1798). 
 Lycoperdon vesjparium, Batsch, t. 30, f. 172 (1786). 
 Stemonitis ciimabarina, Roth. Fl. Germ., 347 (1788). 
 Lycoxjcrdon favaceum, Schr. Fl. Bav., ii., 667 (1789). 
 TricMa 2njriformis, Hoffm. V. Cr., t. 1, f. 1, (1790). 
 Stemonitis fasciculata, Pers. in Gmel. Sys., 1468 (1791). 
 Stemonitis vesparia, Gmel. Sys., 1070 (1791). 
 Trichia rubiformis, Pers. Disp., t. 1, f. 3, t. 4, f. 3 (1797); 
 
 Berk. Ann. N. H., No. 218; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1177. 
 Trichia rubiformis, /3 minor, Pers. Disp., 54 (1797). 
 Lycoi^erdon ferrugincum, Hedw., t. 10, f. 1 — 4 (1802). 
 Trichia chalybea, Chev. Fl. Par., t. 9, f. 24 (1827). 
 Trichia Ncesiana, Corda Ic, i., f. 288 c (1837). 
 Trichia Ayresii, B. and Br., Ann. N. H., No. 390 ; Cooke, 
 
 Hdbk., No. 1179. 
 
 Arcyria paradoxa, Mass. (fig. 272). 
 
 Sporangia scattered or aggregated, sessile on a broad base, 
 hemispherical or irregularly elongated, smooth, rather shining, 
 dirty ochraceous, iomer surface of the wall with a layer of organic 
 particles ; mass of capillitium and spores pale lemon-yellow ; 
 capillitiura scanty, threads 4 — 5 /^ thick, much contorted and 
 forming a very loose net with hut few ahrniot free tips, spirals 
 very much crowded, not prominent ; spores globose, very minutely 
 loarted, 8 — 10 /x diameter. 
 
 Hemiarcyria paradoxa, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 350, 357, fig. 35. 
 
 On wood. Weybridge ; Surrey. 
 
 Sporangia when hemispherical about '5 mm. diameter, 1 — 2 
 mm. when elongated. Distinguished amongst species with 
 
Arcj/ria. 161 
 
 wartcd spores by the densely crowded spirals of the elaters, 
 and the presence of organic particles on the inner surface of 
 the sporangial wall. 
 
 A note by Currey, who collected the specimen, now in the 
 Currey collection in the Kew herbarium, says, "The spores of 
 this specimen sown in water produced de Bary's zoospores in 
 24 hours." 
 
 Arcyria Bucknalli, Mass. (figs. 270, 271). 
 
 Sporangia sessile on a broad or narrow base, seated on a very 
 thin hypothallus, circular, reniform, or subangular from mutual 
 pressure, wall very thin, gilvo-ochraccmis, soon disappearing; 
 mass of spores dull orange ; capillitium well-developed, threads 
 sparingly branched and combined to form an irregular open 
 network with numerous, long, free tips, 4 — 5 n thick, walls with 
 annular ridges mostly crowded, but here and there scattered, 
 and sometimes passing into a spiral, the ridges with numerous 
 thin, straight spines 3 — 4 jj. long the free tips irregularly swollen, 
 ivithout spirals or rings, hut h^istling with s^yincs, as arc also 
 certain interstitial sioollen portions ; spores globose, pale yellow, 
 minutely wartcd, 7 — 9 ju diameter. 
 
 Hemiarcyria Buchiallii, Mass., Grev,, v., 18, p. 27 (1889) ; 
 Bucknall, Fungi of the Bristol district, in Bristol Nat. Soc. 
 Proc, vol. vi., pt. II., 1889, 1890, p. 4, pi. 2, f. 5. 
 
 On wood. Bristol. 
 
 Generally crowded, about o mm. diameter, but extending 
 to 1*5 mm. when isolated and elongated. Most closely allied 
 to Hemiarcyria Wigandi, Rost., but at once distinguished by 
 the larger sporangia, the markings on the elaters being mostly 
 rings and not spirals, and in being furnished with numerous 
 spines. The present species combines the characters of Rosta- 
 finski's genera Hemiarcyria and Cormcvia, the spirals on the 
 threads of the capillitium pointing to the former, and the 
 numerous free arms to the latter. The spirals technically 
 separate this species from 02)hiothcca as understood in the 
 present work. 
 
162 A Monogmpli of the Myxogastrea. 
 
 Arcyria melanopeziza, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, creeping, suhierctc, generally forming rings, 
 1 — 2 mm. long, very Hack, scarcely or not at all shining, very 
 smooth; wall black, opaque, subcellular, rather coriaceous, 
 splitting longitudinally and deliiscing in a valvate manner; 
 capillitium yellow, protruded elastically, threads round, 4 — 5 ix 
 thick, combined into a loose net, everywhere covered with erect 
 spines, 5 — 6 x 1 /a, spirals almost obsolete ; spores elliptico-glohose, 
 pap)illoso-scalrid, 10 — 12 x 10 /x, yellow. 
 
 Hemitriehia melanopeziza, Spegazzini, Fung. Arg., Pug. IV., 
 n. 268. 
 
 Hemiarcyria melanopeziza, Berlese, Sacc, SylL, vii., 1, n. 1520 ; 
 Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 356. 
 
 On bark. Brazil. 
 
 Looking exactly like some black Peziza. 
 
 Arcyria calyculata, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia simple, gregarious, stipitate, globose or elliptical, 
 dirty foxy-brown, 1 — 2 mm. diameter; stem 3 — 5 mm. long, 
 200 — 250 /a thick, round, glabrous, rather tough, apex dilated 
 into a little dimidiate cup equal to the pcridium, base dilated, 
 fibrillose, colour of the sporangium ; spores and capillitium dingy 
 yellowish -fulvous; elaters 7 — 8 }x thick, cylindrical, yellowish, 
 sparsely branched, free tips acute ; spirals 3 — 5, flat, not very 
 conspicuous, separated by interspaces their own width, spinulose ; 
 spores discoideo-lenticular, concavo-convex, margin muriculate, 
 10 X 3 fA diameter. 
 
 Hemiarcyria calyculata, Speg., Fung. Arg., Pug. III., n. 92 ; 
 Sacc, Syll, n. 1518; Mass., Revis. Trich., p. 356. 
 
 On rotten willow trunk. Argentine Republic. 
 
 It is very doubtful as to whether the spores in the normal 
 condition present the shape described by Spegazzini ; the 
 spores of many species become concavo-convex when dry, but if 
 soaked for a sufficient length of time, assume the usual spherical 
 form. 
 
Arri/rlti. if]3 
 
 Arcyria stipitata, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia pyriform, from 2—5 on a common stem, or solitary, 
 pale kmon-yellou; opaque; stem elongated, equal, dark hrown 
 hlack, longitudinally rugulose; mass of capillitium and spores 
 dingy ochre ; capillitium dense, much hranched and forming a 
 net without free tips, threads 4—5 // thick, s^nrals very open, 
 rather distant, thin, not prominent; spores globose, minutely 
 warted, 7 — 8 )a diameter. 
 
 a. genuina. Sporangia single on an elongated stem. 
 13. fascieulata. Sporangia fasciculate on a common stem. 
 Eemiarcyria stipitata, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 354, fig. 32. 
 On palm stems. Java. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 Scattered or aggregated, 3—4 mm. high, stem about 2 mm. 
 long, thin, hollow. Capillitium elastic, protruding after dehis- 
 cence. Allied to Arcyria clavata, but distinct in the dense 
 capillitium without free tips, the loose spirals, and the long, 
 thin, black stem. 
 
 Arcyria Wigandii, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia clavate, discoid, or irregularly subrotund, very 
 small, almost sessile, mass of spores and capillitium hay or 
 flcsh-eolcur, verging on yellow ; elaters rarely branching, spirals 
 one or two, flcrnous, either separated hy interspaces from three to 
 four times their oivn width, or croivded and almost forming rings, 
 tips scarcely narrowed, truncate and inflated ; spores minutely 
 verruculosc, 10 — 11 ju, diameter. 
 
 Eemiarcyria Wigandii, Rost., Mon., p. 2(i7, fio-. 232 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, no. 1517; Cooke, Myx. Brit., fig. 232; Mass., Rev. 
 Trich., p. 356. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Trichia ahietina, Wigd., 1, c, p. 33, t. 2, f 11 (18(j3). 
 
164 A Monograph of the Mi/ocoijaiftres, 
 
 § § Simres with raised hamis combined to form a network. 
 Arcjrria chrysospora, Mass. (figs. 268, 269), 
 
 Sporangia sessile on a broad base, generally closely aggre- 
 gated, bright ochraceous yellow ; mass of capillitiura and spores 
 yellow ; threads 5 /x thick, forming a loose net with many free 
 ends, which generally terminate in slightly expanded, smooth, 
 bent or straight conical apices, i^/pircds four, rather close, not 
 ^prominent, connected by less prominent ridges rimning paixdlel to 
 the long axis of the thread ; spores globose, with raised fiat bands 
 forming a polygonal network, 16 /x diameter. 
 
 Hemiarcyria chrysospora, Lister, Grev., vol. v., p. 126; Mass., 
 Rev. Trieh., p. 357, fig. 37- 
 
 On larch twigs lying on the ground and on the surrounding 
 herbage. Lyme Regis. 
 
 A fine species with the sporangia reaching to 1 mm. diameter, 
 approaching in habit and general structure the form sessilis of 
 Arcyria scrpula, but quite distinct in the larger spores, the 
 thinner capillitium threads without spines, and having the 
 spirals connected by ridges parallel to the axis of the elaters. 
 From three to five polygons on a hemisphere of the spore. 
 
 Arcyria serpula, Mass. (figs. 273, 274a). 
 
 Either a vein-like, creeping plasm bdiocarp, usually anasto- 
 mosing to form a net, or subglobose, scattered, and sessile on 
 a broad base, wall thin, fragile, yellow, sometimes tinged brown ; 
 mass of spores and capillitium yellow or orange ; threads of the 
 dense capillitium 5 — 6 jx thick, forming a net with numerous 
 free ends which usually terminate in a smooth, thin, tapering 
 spine 8 — 10 /x long, sjnrals thin, not prominent, rather distant, 
 furnished loitli numerous long, slender spinules ; spores globose, 
 with narroio, raised fiat bands forming an irregular network, 
 10 — 12 [X. diameter. 
 
 a. plasmodiocarpa. Plasraodiocarp vein-like, usually forming 
 a network. 
 
Arcpria. 105 
 
 /3. sessihs. Sijorangia sessile on a broad base, scattered or 
 gregarious, capillitium orange, elastic. 
 
 Ilemiarcyria serpula, Host,, Mon., p. 267, lifs. 200 227 228 • 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit, p. 68, figs. 200, 227, 228 ; Schroeterp' 115 ;' 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., pt. I., n. 1514; Raiink., Myx. Dan., p. 04, t. 8,' 
 f. 16 ; Mass, Rev. TricL, p. 357, f. 34. 
 
 Exsicc.—FMcke\, Fung. Rhen., 2692 (as HemitricMa contorta 
 (Ditnj.) Rost.). 
 
 On rotten wood, branches, leaves, &c. Britain (Carlisle; 
 specimen in Herb. Berk., from Sowerby's herbarium, no locality' 
 called To^ichia reticulata, undoubtedly British); Germany;' 
 Sweden; Belgium; Italy; United States; Cuba; St. Vincent,' 
 Bombay; N. W. Australia; New Zealand; Ceylon. 
 
 Distinguished amongst the clear yellow species by the very 
 spiny elaters and the reticulate spores. The subglobose sessile 
 form has not, so far as I am aware, been met with in Britain, 
 but, although differing in habit and in the bright orange elastic 
 capillitium, agi-ees in the structure of the elaters and the spores. 
 The type of the form sessilis is in the herbarium of the Paris 
 Museum, and was collected in Cuba. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Mucoo^ serpula, Scop. Fl. Carn., t. 65 (1772). 
 Lycoperdon lumhricak, Batsch., f. 174 (1786). 
 Trichia spongioides, Vill. Fl. Dauph., 1061 (1789). 
 Stemonitis hcmhricalis, Gmel. Sys., 1470 (1791). 
 Trichia orticidata, Pers. Disp., 10 (1797) ; Ic. and Desc, 1. 12, f 1 
 Trichia serjmla, Pers. Disp, 10 (1797); Eng. Fl, v., 320; 
 
 Cooke, Hdbk, 1189. 
 Trichia serpula, /3 Sjwngioidcs, Pers. Syn., 181 (1801). 
 Trichia vcnosa, Schum. Saell, 1456 (1803). 
 Hyporhamma reticulatum, Corda Ic, v., 34 (1842). 
 Trichia rctiformis, Payer. Crypt., I 574 (1850). 
 
 Arcyria clavata, ^lass. (fig. 124). 
 Sporangia varying from clavate to globose, ycUounsh, p)olishcd, 
 
166 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 stem thin, length variable, yellow, often reddish at the base, 
 filled with large, glolosc, or mlangular cells, ivliich jmss upwards 
 into normcd spores; mass of spores clear yellow, ochraceous- 
 orange, or tinged with olive ; threads of capillitium 4 — 5 fx 
 thick, forked repeatedly and combined into an irregular open 
 net, free ends not mcmeo'ous, obtuse, sometimes sligldly swollen, 
 spirals thin, not prominent, rather distant ; spores globose, very 
 mimdely and irregularly reticidated, 8 — 10 fx diameter. 
 
 Hcmiarcyria clavata, Rost., Mon., p. 264, figs. 205, 207, 210, 
 238; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 68, figs. 205, 207, 210, 238; Sacc, 
 Syll, vii., 1, n. 1513; Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 31 ; Raunk., Myx. 
 Dan., p. 64; Schroeter, p. 114. 
 
 Exsiee. — Fckl., F. Rhen., 1434; Jack, Leiner u. Sitzenb, 
 Krypt. Badens., 621 ; Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 523. 
 
 On decayed wood, &c. Britain (King's Cliffe, Apethorpe, 
 Scarboro', Carlisle) ; France ; Germany ; Denmark ; United 
 States ; Cuba ; Brazil ; Ceylon ; Benin Islands. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, 1'5 — 2 mm. high, stem slender, often 
 attenuated downwards and longitudinally wrinkled, sometimes 
 very short, especially when the sporangium is almost globose. 
 
 The spores are usually covered with very thin, slightly raised 
 ridges combined into a very fine, irregular network, but the 
 ridires are sometimes short and distinct or even wart-like. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Clathrus 2Jedcdits, Schm. Ic, t. 33, f. 1, 17 (1776). 
 Sphaerocarj)US iiyriformis, Bull., t. 417, f. 2 (1791). 
 Stemonitis pyriformis, Gmel. Sys., 1469 (1791). 
 TricJda pyri/ormis, Sibth. Fl. Ox., 406 (1794); Sow., 400, f. 6. 
 Triehia clavata, Pers. Disp., p. 11 (1797) ; Eng. Fl., v., 320 ; 
 
 Cooke, Hdbk., 1183. 
 Ti'ichia citrina, Schum. Saell., 1460 (1803). 
 Arcyria trichioidcs, Rudolph, Linnaea, p. 120 (1829). 
 Triehia erythropiis, Borszczow (1856). 
 Triehia oUusa, Wigand, p 30, t. 11, f. 4 (1863). 
 Triehia Thwaitcsii, B. and Br., Ceylon Fung., No. 776 (1873). 
 
Arcyria. 1G7 
 
 § § § ^^l^ores smooth. 
 Arcyrio leiocarpa, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia scattered or aggregated, obovate or pyriform, rarely 
 almost globose, pallid, stem same colour, as long as diameter 
 of sporangium; mass of capillitium and spores concolorous, or 
 with a slight ochraceous tint; capillitium sparse, forming a loose 
 net, threads 5 /x thick, spirals tliin, rather close, slightly pro- 
 minent on the convex side of the bent threads, usually furnished 
 with scattered, rudimentary spinules, free tips very rare or 
 absent ; spores globose, smooth, 12 — 14 ju diameter. 
 
 Hemiarcyria leiocarpa, Cooke, Myx., U. States, in Ann. Syc. 
 Nat. Hist., New York, xi., n. 12, p. 405 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., 
 figs. 252, 255; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1519; Mass., Rev. Trich., 
 p. 353, fig. 33. 
 
 In Saccardo's Sylloge VIT., pt. I., p. 440, n. 1519, Rostafinski 
 is given as the author of the present species, and the reader is 
 referred to "Rost., Mon., p. 267" for the description, but in 
 reality the jDresent species is not included in Rostafinski's work. 
 
 Arcyria leocarpoides, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia globose or pyriform, 0'6 — 0'8 mm. diameter, flesh- 
 red or fulvous, often depressed and deeper coloured at the apex, 
 not at all or only a little shining, very smooth, cortex rather 
 thick, subcartilaginous, soon breaking away in pieces above, 
 usually persistent, cup-like at the base ; stem rather rigid, erect, 
 brownish or blackish, slender, even or subrugulose, about as 
 long as diameter of sporangium ; capiUitimii after dehiscence 
 protruding elastically, attached at the base, very persistent, 
 brownish-fulvous, or olive-fulvous, threads slender, cylindrical, 
 5 — 6 ii thick, foi-ming a dense net with numerous terete, aWuptly 
 rou7ided free arms, threads with 3 — 4 spirals, very smooth, not 
 papillate; spores globose, 8 — 10 )a diameter, very smooth, proto- 
 plasm granular, fulvous-olive. 
 
 Cornuvia leocarpoides, Speg., Fung. Arg. Pug. I., n. 264 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, n. 1546. 
 
 On rotten wood. Brazil. 
 
168 A Monograph of the Mifjcogastres. 
 
 Tbe stipitate sporangia and elastically protruded capillitium 
 attached at the base, as also the spiral markings on the threads 
 prove the present species to be an Arcyria, in which genus 
 free arms to the capillitium are frequent in several species. 
 
 Arcyria Karsteni, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia effused, vermiform, sinuous, sometimes forming 
 irregular reticulations, or hemispherical, scattered, and sessile 
 on a broad base, varying from dirty ochraceous brown to dark 
 chestnut ; mass of capillitium and spores dingy ochre ; threads 
 often irregularly branched, and forming a very loose net, 3 — 4 \x 
 thick, witli scattered, inflated portions 12 — 15 ix tldch, and 
 30 — 50 /x long, spirals very indistinct, a few scattered rudimentary 
 spines now and then present, free tips not distinctly attenuated, 
 usually abrupt or clavate; spores globose, smooth, 12 — 12 jot 
 diameter. \ 
 
 Hcmiarcyria Karsteni, Rost., Mon. SuppL, p. 41 ; Karst., 
 Myx. Fenn., iv., p. 14^; Schroeter, p. 115; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 n. 151G ; Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 342, fig. 8G. 
 (Specimen from Ceylon in Herb. Berk., named by Rostafinski.) 
 
 On wood. Finland ; Silesia ; Ceylon. 
 
 Characterized by the threads of the scanty capillitium being 
 considerably swollen at intervals, and by the indistinct spirals. 
 
 Arcyria pusilla, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia rather closely gregarious, subcylindrico-elliptical, 
 0'4 — 0"5 mm. high, 0*15 — 025 mm. diameter, rather obtuse 
 above, abruptly subtruncate below, with only a trace of a stem 
 or altogether without; at first hlood-red with an amber tinge, 
 afterwards rose-colour ; capillitium rather dense, forming a rose- 
 coloured network, threads round, 3 — 4 ix thick, spirals three or 
 four, furnished with minute spinules ; spores rose or flesh-colour, 
 globose, smooth, 7 — 9 ju diameter. 
 
 Hemitriehia p)usiUa, Speg., Fung. Arg. Pug., IV., n. 269. 
 
 Hcmiarcyria j^ws27/«, Berlese, Sacc, Syll., IV., 1, n. 1512; 
 Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 352. 
 
 On bark. Argentine Republic. 
 
Ai'ci/ria. ig9 
 
 Arcyria fuliginea, Cke. and Mass. (fig. 113). 
 
 Sporangia (?), mass of capillitiuni and spores smolcy-olive, 
 threads round, 6 — 7 /^ diameter, thivldy and equally covered ivith 
 slender s^nnes 3 — 4 /x long, combined to form a dense, irreo"ular 
 network ; spores globose, smooth, 8 /a diameter. 
 
 Hemiarcijria fuliginea, Cke. and Mass., Grev., vol. xvi., p. 74. 
 
 On living leaves. Mount Wilson, N. S. Wales. 
 
 Nothing is known of the sporangium, which had been com- 
 pletely crushed and lost; capillitiura forming a large mass 
 spreading over the leaves. May possibly prove to be a broadly 
 effused, plasmodiocarp form of an 0])hiotheca. 
 
 Sub-sect. Tricheae. 
 Oligonema, Host. 
 
 Wall of sporangium single, dehiscing irregularly; capillitium 
 scanty, composed of free, simple or branched elaters, furnished 
 with ring-like thickenings, or a single very diffuse, rudimentary 
 spiral, tips obtuse. 
 
 Oligonema, Rost., Mon., p. 2.91; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 77; 
 Sacc, Syll., p. 436 ; Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 21. 
 
 Agreeing with the genus Trichia in having the elaters per- 
 fectly free, but readily distinguished by the rudimentary mark- 
 ings on their walls, never having more than a single, indistinct, 
 very open spiral, which may be present on one portion of an 
 elater and absent on another part, or not unfrequently altogether 
 absent from all the elaters of one sporangium, and present 
 on some of those from another sporangium taken from the 
 same group. A second type of ornamentation on the walls 
 of the elaters iii the present genus consists of annular or 
 ring-like thickenings, which present the appearance of thin, 
 flat discs, rather larger than the diameter of the elater, and 
 placed at right angles to its long axis. These ring-like thicken- 
 ings are very unequally distributed, five or six being sometimes 
 met with at unequal distances on an elater, whereas tliev mav 
 
170 A Monograph of the Myxogastres'. 
 
 be entirely absent from all the elaters next examined. These 
 annular thickenings are also met with on the threads of the 
 capillitium of some species of Cornuvia, Didymium, Tilmadoche, 
 &c. In rare instances the two ends of an elater coalesce and 
 form a closed ring, as figured by Rostafinski in Oligonema nitens, 
 Rost., Mon., fig. 198. 
 
 Distrih. Europe ; North Africa ; North America. Species 7. 
 
 * Epispore reticulated. 
 Oligonema nitens, Rost. (figs. 193 — 195). 
 
 Sporangia densely crowded, in one or several superposed 
 layers, when scattered, sessile on a broad or slightly contracted 
 base, clear jprimrosc-ycllow, very smooth and shining ; mass of 
 capillitium and spores yellow; elaters scanty, 4 — 5 /x thick, 
 simple or sparingly branched, very variable in marking, with 
 scattered, thick, projecting rings, or a very indistinct, open 
 spiral on the whole or part of an elater, or a combination of 
 both, not unfrequently perfectly smooth, tips obtuse or more 
 or less pointed ; spores globose, with narroio raised ridges of 
 varying thickness, forming an irregular network, 11 — 13 fi 
 diameter. 
 
 Oligonema nitens, Rost., Mon., p. 291, f. 198 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., 
 f. 198 ; Schroeter, p. 108 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1488 (the sporangium 
 described as of a gilvous colour by mistake) ; Mass., Rev. Trich., 
 p. 347, f. 29. 
 
 Oligonema havarica, Balf. and Berl., Sacc, Syll, n. 1490. 
 
 Oligonema nitens, a havarica, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 347, f. 25, 
 
 Trichia nitens, Libert, PL Cr. Ard., fasc. iii., n. 227. 
 
 Exsicc. — Lib., PI. Crypt. Ard., fasc. iii., n. 227 (as Trichia 
 nitens) ; Klotzsch, Herb. Myc, (Rabeuh.) 137 (as Trichia circum- 
 scissa^ ; Fuckel, F. Rhen., 2198 (as Trichia nitens) ; de Thum., 
 Myc. Univ., nos. 399 and 1497 (as Trichia Bavarica). 
 
 On wood, bark, &c. Britain (Carlisle, Bristol, Birmingham) ; 
 France ; Bavaria ; Germany. 
 
 Sporangia "5 — 1 mm. diameter, clear yellow, polished ; the 
 elaters are extremely variable in marking, as is also the 
 
Oligonema. 171 
 
 epispore, but the latter always in the markings forming a 
 reticulation. 
 
 Oligonema flavidum, Mass, 
 
 Sporangia crowded, sessile, Iriglit yclloio, shining, mass of 
 capillitium and spores bright yellow; elaters scanty, short, 
 4 — 5 1^ thick, sometimes with an elliptical interstitial swelling, 
 tips variable, subacute or inflated, densely covered with minute 
 raised jjoints ; spores globose, with thin raised hands combined 
 to form a very irregidar nctioorh, bands not punctate, 7 — 9 fx 
 diameter. 
 
 Ferichaena fiavida, Peck, 26th Annual Report of New York 
 State Mus., p. 76 (1874). 
 
 On moss, wood, &c. United States. 
 
 The sporangia are irregular in form, circular, angular, or 
 elongated. Forming patches of considerable extent. 
 
 Superficially resembling 0. nitens, but distinct in the elaters 
 and spores. The elaters agree with those of 0. minntula in 
 being rugulose or covered with small points or band-like 
 wrinkles, but in the present species the spores are smaller and 
 the reticulations more irregular in form and size. 
 
 Oligonema minutulum, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia scattered, rarely aggregated, sessile on a narrow 
 base, lemon-yelloiv, dull, capillitium very scanty, elaters simple, 
 short, cylindrical, 5 — C ix thick, ontgulose, and tvith a very open, 
 indistinct spiral, tips obtuse, rounded ; spores globose, and with 
 slightly raised, flattened bands forming a netivork of mcmerous, 
 almost regular and eqital-sizcd polygons, 12 — 14 \x diameter. 
 
 Oligonema minntula, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 848, fig. 20. 
 
 Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, no. 10902, marked " Trichia 
 minutula, D. R., et Montag., Algiers," Algeria. 
 
 So far as I am aware, the present species has not been 
 described by Montague. Related to 0. nitens, but known by 
 the scattered, dull sporangia, and the very few, short elaters 
 having thick, rugulose walls, with an indistinct open spiral ; 
 
172 A Monograj)h of the Mi/.rogastres. 
 
 in rare instances a swollen portion 15 — 20 )u long, and 8 — 12 \i 
 thick is present near the middle of an elater, but there is no 
 indication of the narrow, ring-like thickenings as in 0. nitcns. 
 From 7 — 9 complete polygons present on a hemisjDhere of a 
 spore. 
 
 * * Episporc warted. 
 
 Oligonema Broomei, Mass. (figs. 185, 186). 
 
 Sporangia scattered or in small grotq^s, adnate by a broad 
 base, hemispherico-depressed, circular or irregularly elongated, 
 wall smooth, dark hrown, dull ; mass of capillitium and spores 
 reddish-ochre ; elaters cylindrical, 3 — 4 /x thick, irreff^ilarly 
 hranched, dull-orange, furnished with narrow, ring-like thicken- 
 ings, at regular distances, tips obtuse ; spores rather coarsely 
 warted, dull orange or yellowish, globose, 13 — 14 ju diameter. 
 
 Oligonema Broomei, Mass., Rev. Trich., Journ, Roy. Micr. 
 Soc, 1889, p. 345, pi. vii., f. 22. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Broome in Brit. Mus., marked " Trichia 
 scrpula" (?).) 
 
 On bark. Britain (Warleigh, Somerset). 
 
 The present species is most neai'ly allied to 0. aeneum, Karst., 
 which has up to the present been only met with in Finland, 
 and is distinguished by the crowded habit, polished sporangia 
 with metallic tints, and smaller spores. 
 
 When circular the sporangia vary from "5 — 1 mm., and when 
 elongated 2 — 3 mm. long. 
 
 Oligonema aeneum, Karst. 
 
 Sporangia densely crowded, often confluent and venulose, rarely 
 scattered, orbicular or angular from mutual pressure, depressed, 
 sinning, with copper, green, or olive metallic tints; threads of the 
 capillitium free, 2 — 3 /a thick, with scattered thickenings in the 
 form of circles; spores globose, wao'ted, rather ferruginous or 
 pale reddish-ochre, 12 /a diameter. 
 
 Oligonema aeneum, Karsten, Myc. Fenn., iv., p. 125; Sacc, 
 Syll, n. 1487 ; Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 346. 
 
 Finland. 
 
Olhjoneind. 173 
 
 Oligonema furcatum, Buckiuill. 
 
 Sporangia scattered, globose, shining, lirujlit cJiromc-ycUoir, as 
 well as the capillitium and spores; elatcrs cylindrical, simple 
 or branched, slightly thickened at the obtuse ends, with a faint 
 open spiral, 3 — 4 /x diameter ; spores globose, minatdy luartcd, 
 11 — 12 jM diameter. 
 
 Oligoneii\a furcatum, Bucknall in litt. 
 
 On a rotting trunk. Britain (Abbotts Leigh). 
 
 Superficially closely resembling Oligonema nitens, from wliich 
 however it is quite distinct in the minutely warted spores, and 
 the absence of thickened rings on the usually furcate elaters. 
 
 Oligonema brevifilum, Peck. 
 
 Sporangia crowded in effused heaps, bright ochraceous yellow ; 
 elaters few, short, cylindrical or suhfusiforiii ; spores globose, 
 rugose, 11 ix diameter. 
 
 Oligonema nitens, Peck, in 81st Report of State Agric. Mus., 
 p. 42; Sacc, Syll., n. 1489; Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 346. 
 
 On mosses. United States. 
 
 Mr. Wingate of Philadelphia thinks that the present species 
 will prove to be an abnormal condition of 0. fiavida. 
 
 Trichia, Haller (emended). 
 
 Wall of sporangium single, dehiscing irregularly ; capillitium 
 consisting of free, simple or branched threads, having the wall 
 furnished with raised bands arranged in a spiral manner ; spores 
 globose, epispore smooth, or variously ornamented. 
 
 Trichia, Haller, Helv., iii., p. 114 ; Rost., Mon., p. 243 ; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., p. 61 (in part) ; Sacc, Syll., vol. vii., pt. I., p. 438 
 (in part) ; Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 328. 
 
 The genus is readily distinguished by the presence of well- 
 developed external ridges arranged in a spiral manner on the 
 perfectly free elaters or threads of the caiiillitium. The elaters 
 are in most species unbranched, cylindrical or fusiform, and 
 more or less attenuated at the tii)s. In a few species the 
 
174 A Monotjr(n>k of the MiixogaMres. 
 
 elaters are branched, the free ends varying from three to ten 
 in number. Tlie only other genus with free elaters is Oligonema, 
 but here the spirals are at most rudimentary and the tips 
 obtuse. 
 
 Distrih. All temperate and tropical countries. Species 30. 
 
 A. SiJorcs smooth. 
 Trichia Carlyleana, Mass. (173—175). • 
 
 Sporangia clavate or cylindric-oblong, stipitate, dark brown, 
 often with a purple tinge, smooth ; stem usually about half as 
 long as sporangium, equal, or slightly thickened downwards 
 and expanded at the base into a small circular hypotiiallus ; 
 inner surface of sporangial wall and holloiv of stem with numerous 
 rather large organic lumjjs, of a bright reddish-purple colour; 
 mass of spores bright yellow ; elaters fusiform, 5 — 6 \x at thickest 
 part, simple or frequently branched, tips running into a long, 
 smooth, very thin, straight or Hexuous spine, spirals crowded, 
 thin, not prominent; spores globose, smooth, 10 — 12 /x diameter. 
 
 Trichia Carlyleana, Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 5, f. 15. 
 
 On wood. Britain (Carlisle). 
 
 Sporangia in fascicles of 3 — 5 ; 2^3 mm. high. Superficially 
 resembling some forms of Trichia fragilis, but quite distinct 
 in the smooth spores, and the narrow, crowded, and not at 
 all prominent spirals of the elaters. The colouring matter in 
 the organic lumps on the wall of the sporangium and in the 
 stem is soluble in dilute potassic or ammonia hydrate. 
 
 Trichia heterotrichia, Balf. 
 
 Sporangia sessile in clusters, dark yellow, wall thick, tough 
 and leathery, inner layer areolate ; elaters few, cylindrical, 7 /x 
 diameter (thickenings excluded), with walls of medium thick- 
 ness, irregularly and variously thickened, either with spines 
 often twice diameter of elaters, or with short prickles or warts, 
 or with complete or half-rings, or sometimes with interrupted 
 and irregular spirals leaving large intervening unthickened 
 portions, swollen towards the extremities, and ending in a 
 
I'rlcliia. 175 
 
 tapered, rarely smooth, arcuate or twisted point, in lengtli twice 
 the diameter of elater; spores globose, pale yellow, smooth, 
 16 — 17 [x diameter. 
 
 Trichia heterotricJda, I. B. Balfour, Grev., vol. x,, p. 117; 
 Sacc, SylL, n. 1505; Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 5, f. 16. 
 
 On bark. Britain (in Herb. Currey, Kew ; no locality). 
 
 A species resembling most nearly forms of Trichia varia, 
 Pers., but the few elaters with the very varying sculpturing 
 and the larger smooth spores sufficiently separate tliem. (I. 
 B. B.) 
 
 B. S])orcs luarted. 
 
 § Elaters fusiform. 
 
 Trichia frag^ilis, E,ost. (figs. 7—10). 
 
 Sporangia var3;ing from globose to pyriform, stipitate, solitary, 
 or fasciculate on a common stem, wall smooth, blackish or 
 purple-brown, pale brown or yellowish ; stem dark, longitudinally 
 wrinkled, equal or tapering upwards, erect or curved, often 
 twisted in the compound forms, inside of the wall often with 
 coloured organic lumps ; mass of capillitium and spores varying 
 from dull orange-brown to primrose-yellow, separated from the 
 hollow of the stem by a membrane ; elaters fusiform, 4 — 5 y. at 
 thickest part, sometimes branched, sinrals flat, rather broad, 
 not very prominent, tips smooth, tapering to a thin point, spores 
 globose, minutchj warted, 11 — 14 ju, diameter. 
 
 a. genuinct. Sporangia pyriform, solitary or fasciculate, clear 
 or black-brown, opaque ; mass of capillitium and spores varying 
 from reddish-brown to dirty ochre ; stem erect. 
 
 /3. Lorinscriana. Sporangia pyriform, solitary or fasciculate, 
 reddish- brown, polished; mass of capillitium and spores dirty 
 ochraceous ; stem generally curved. 
 
 y. serotina. Sporangia clavate or pyriform, solitary or fascicu- 
 late ; mass of spores and capillitium clear yellow to ochraceous ; 
 stem erect or curved. 
 
 8. lateritia. Sporangia subglobose, solitary or fasciculate, 
 almost black ; mass of capillitium and spores dark orange-brown ; 
 stem attenuated upwards. 
 
176 A Mono(jraph of the MiiJro(jastres. 
 
 Trichia fra;/ilis, Rost., Mon., p. 246, figs. 203, 204, 225, 226 
 (in part); Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 63, figs. 203, 204, 205, 226 
 (iu part) ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1494 (in part) ; Balf., Grev. v., 
 10, p. 116 (in part); Mass., Mon. Tricli., p. 6, figs. 14 and 28. 
 
 Trichia latcritia, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. III., vol. v., 
 p. 167; Sacc, Syll., vii., n. 1494 ; Balf., Grev., vol. x., p. 116. 
 
 Trichia hotrytis, Schroeter, p. 112; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 67. 
 
 Sphaerocarpus fragilis, Sow., t. 279. 
 
 ^a-szcc— Cke., Fung. Brit, 612; Rab., Fung. Eur., 244; Jack, 
 Leiner. u. Sitzenb. Krypt. Badens., 329; Erbar. Critt. Ital., 
 640; Ellis and Everh., N. Amer. Fung., Ser, II., 2097 and 
 2098 ; Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 1437. 
 
 On wood, twigs, &c. Britain (Brighton, Kew, Gloucester, 
 Castle Howard, Yorks ; Carlisle, Appin, N. B.) ; Europe ; United 
 States ; Canada ; Chili ; S. Africa ; Ceylon ; S. W. Australia ; 
 Tasmania ; N. Zealand. 
 
 A variable species in colour of sporangium and mass of spores 
 and capillitium. The distinguishing characters are the fusiform 
 elaters with long, smooth, tapering tips and flat spirals, and 
 the warted spores. Varying from 2 — 4 mm. high ; solitary, or 
 in more or less confluent clusters of from 2 — 7 on a common 
 stem, which is obviously composed of several confluent stems, 
 and hence forming a stipitate aethalium. The elaters are 
 sometimes branched near the tips. I have examined the type 
 specimen of Trichia latcritia in the Paris Museum, and find 
 that it agrees exactly with Trichia fragUis in the structure of 
 the spores and capillitium. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Lycoperdon hombaciwwni, Batsch, El., p. 153 (1783). 
 Stemonitis hotrytis, Pers. in Gmel. Syst., 1468 (1791). 
 Trichia hotrytis, Pers. Disp., p. 9 (1797); Ic. Pict., t. 12, 
 
 f. 1—2. 
 Trichia hotrytis, 13. minor, Pers. Disp., 54 (1797). 
 Trichia serotina, Schrad., Journ., t. 3, f. 1 (1799) ; Engl. FL, 
 
 v., p. 310; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1181. 
 
Trie hid. 177 
 
 SphaerocarjMS fragilis, Sow., t. 279 (1803). 
 
 TricMa notata, Fl. Dan., 1680 (1823). 
 
 Trichia hadia, Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 83 (1825). 
 
 TricJiia pyriformis, Fr., S. M., iii., 184 (1829) ; Curr., Micr. 
 
 Journ., v., p. 129; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1178. 
 Tridda Zorinseriana, Corda, Ic, f. 228 D (1837) ; Curr., 
 
 Micr. Journ., v., p. 129 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1180. 
 Trichia pyo'iformis, (3. scrotina, Rost., in Fckl. Synib., 2 N., 
 
 75 (1873). 
 Craterium floriformc, Schu., Ann., No. 2307. 
 Al'wisia homharda, B. and Br., Ceylon Fung., No. 784, t. 2, 
 
 f. 6 (1873). 
 
 Trichia purpurascens, Nyl. (figs. 183, 184). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, ovate or spherieo-ovate, solitary or gre- 
 garious, jmrjjlish-rcd, opaque; stem longitudinally wrinkled, 
 erect or cernuous, rather firm and thickish, expanding at the 
 base into a small hypothallus, coloured like the sporangium, 
 which it equals or exceeds in length ; mass of elaters and spores 
 bright ochraceous ; elaters rather short, fusiform, attamatcd into 
 long, tapering, smooth, straight or fiexuoiis tips, simple or branched, 
 about 5 fl thick at the centre, spirals sharp-edged, rather ^jro- 
 minent and distant ; spores globose, verruculose, yellow, 9 — 11 ft 
 diameter. 
 
 Trichia purpurascens, Nyl., in Siillsk. pro Faun, et Flor. 
 Fenn. notis. Ny., Ser. 11., 2, p. 12G ; Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 332; 
 Sacc, Syll., no. 1508; Grev., v., 18, p. 27 (1889); Karst., Myx. 
 Fenn., iv., p. 137. 
 
 On fir-wood, moss, &c. Britain (Carlisle) ; Finland. 
 
 Requires to be carefully distinguished from some forms of 
 Trichia fragilis, to which species the present is closely allied. 
 In T. purpurascens the spirals are sharp-edged, in T. fragilis 
 flattened. The inner surface of the sporangial wall is studded 
 with amorphous, organic purple particles ; the colouring matter 
 is soluble in potassic or ammonic hydrate. 
 
178 A Monograj^h of the Myxogastres. 
 
 § § Maters cylindrical. 
 
 * Sjnrals not spinulose. 
 
 Trichia varia, Rost. (figs. 169—172). 
 
 Sporangia scattered or aggregated, stipitate, or sessile on a 
 narrow or broad base, turbinate or subglobose, smooth, yellow, 
 dirty ochraceous or tinged with olive; stem when present 
 blackish ; mass of capillitium and spores yellow ; elatcrs cylin- 
 drical, 4 — 5 /x thick, spirals distant, prominent, more especially 
 on the convex side when curved, rarely branched, tips smooth, 
 tapering, straight or bent, 8 — 10 ju. long, sometimes shorter; the 
 elaters are sometimes swollen at the commencement of the taper- 
 ing tips; spores globose, minutely loarted, 10 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
 Triehia varia, Host., Mon., p. 251, figs. 191, 202, 208, 212, 
 218, 237; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 63, figs. 191, 202, 208, 212, 
 218, 237; Schroeter, p. 112; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, no, 1497; 
 Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 65, t. 3, f. 14, t. 4, f. 3; Mass., Mon. 
 Trich., p. 9, f. 17. 
 
 Exsicc. — Jack, Leiner u. Sitz., 419 ; Karst., Fung. Fenn., 288 
 and 690; Fuckel, Fung. Ehen., 1431 and 1433; Roum., Fung. 
 Gal]., 1101 and cent. xiv. 1315; Rab., Fung. Eur., 799, 2137 
 and 2138 ; Thum., Myc. Univ., 1999 ; Sacc, Myc. Van., 794. 
 
 On bark, wood, moss, &c. Britain (Kew, Bishop's Wood, 
 Highgate ; Weybridge, Scarboro', Carlisle, Abergavenny, Appin, 
 N. B.) ; France ; Denmark ; Germany ; Finland ; Italy ; Bo- 
 hemia ; United States ; Tasmania ; New Zealand ; Australia. 
 
 A variable species, sometimes with a distinct, dark-coloured 
 stem, at others quite sessile on a narrow or broad base. 
 Characterized by the cylindrical elaters with distant, prominent 
 spirals, and the minutely warted spores. In the specimen in 
 Rabenh., Fung. Eur., n. 2137, the warts show a slight tendency 
 to become elongated and flattened. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 a. Trichia varia, v. nigripes. 
 
 Mucilago minima, Mich., t. 96, f. 4 (1729). 
 
Tric/n 
 
 179 
 
 3mholus albissimus, Hall, Herb., p. 8 (1742). 
 
 Emholus, Hall, No. 2138 (1768). 
 
 Mucor pyriformis, Scop. Fl. Carn., 402 (1772). 
 
 Mucor lyomiformis, Leers Fl. Herb., IISO (1775). 
 
 Mticor ladeus, Leers Fl. Herb., 1132 (1775). 
 
 Stemonitis pyriformis, Willd. Fl. Ber., 409 (1787). 
 
 Emholus ladeus, HofF. Veg. Cr., t. 2, f. 3 (1790). 
 
 ^phaerocarpus chrysospermus, Bull., t. 417, f. 4 (?). 
 
 Trichia olivacea, Pers. Obs., i., 62 (1796). 
 
 Arcyria olivacea, Ransch (1797). 
 
 Trichia cylindrica, Pers. Obs., ii,, 33 (1799). 
 
 Trichia cm-data, Pers. Obs., ii.,- 33 (1799). 
 
 Trichia nigripes, Pers. Syn., 178 (1801). 
 
 a pyriformis, /3 cordata,y cylindrical, h vulgaris; Fl. Dan., t. 
 
 1313, f. 2; Curr., Micr. Journ., v., p. 128; Cooke, Hdbk 
 
 No. 1185. 
 Trichia craterioides, Corda, Ic, ii., f. 85 (1838). 
 
 y Trichia varia, v. genuina. 
 
 Lycogala luteum, Mich., t. 95, f. 4 (1729). 
 Mucor quintus, Schff., 296 (1770). 
 Mucor granulatus, Schff., No. 286 (1770). 
 Lycoperdon vcsiculosum, Batsch., 283 (1786). 
 Sphaerocarpus chrysospermus, Bull., t. 417, f. 4 (?). 
 Stemonitis varia, Pers. in Gmei. Sys., 1470 (1791). 
 Stemonitis vesiculosa, Gmel. Sys., 1470 (1791). 
 Trichia olivacea, Pers. Obs., 1., 62 (1796). 
 Trichia varia, Pers. Disp., p. 10 (1797) ; Eng. FL, v., 320 • 
 Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1188. > > - , 
 
 Lycojicrdoii luridum, Hedw. Obs., t. xi. a (1802). 
 Trichia favoginca, Schum. Saell., 1455 (1803). 
 Trichia applanata, Hedw., in DC. Organ, t. 60, f. 1 (1827). 
 
 Trichia nitens, Fries. 
 Sporangia sessile on a broad base, crowded, hemispherical, 
 convex above, circular or angular from mutual pressure, jpnm- 
 
180 A MonoffJ'aph of the Myocogastres. 
 
 rosc-yeUmo, j^oli^hcd, shining; mass of spores and elaters dull- 
 orange; clatcrs cylindrical, 14 — 16 /x thick, rather short, ending 
 in a very short, abrupt, smooth apiculus, spirals rather pro- 
 minent, distant, without spines; spores globose, with rather 
 large, rounded warts, 14 — 16 ix diameter. 
 
 Trichia nitens, Fries, MS.; Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 833, fig. 11. 
 
 (Specimen from Fries in Herb. Berk., Kew, and named by 
 Fries " Trichia nitens, Fr.") 
 
 On wood. Upsala. 
 
 A very fine large species, forming dense clusters 1 in. and 
 more across. Externally resembling Oligoncma nitens, Rost,, 
 distinct from T. varia in the polished, shining sporangia, and 
 the thicker elaters, with very short, abruptly apiculate tips. 
 
 Trichia inconsplcua, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia very minute, Irovm, shining, subspherical, collected 
 in clusters or scattered ; hypothallus absent ; elaters cylindrical, 
 3 '3 \x thick, tips pointed, 6 — 7 i^- long, curved, sometimes with 
 elongated swellings near the ends, spircds 3 — 4, hut slightly 
 2')rominent, rather close; spores delicately vcro^uculose, 10 — 12 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Trichia inconspicua, Rost., Mon., p. 259; Sacc, SylL, n. 1502 ; 
 Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 335. 
 
 Germany ; France. 
 
 Trichia proximella, Karst. 
 
 Sporangia substipitate or sessile, circular or irregularly angular 
 from pressure, yellow or dingy ochraceous, polished ; mass of 
 elaters and spores ochraceous; elaters cylindrical, sometimes 
 branched, ending abruptly in a short, smooth, straight or oblique 
 apiculus, 4 — 5 fx thick, sjjirals prominent, distant ; spores globose, 
 rather coarsely wartecl, 12 — 14 /a diameter. 
 
 Trichia proximella, Karst., Myc. Fenn., iv., p. 139; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, no. 1507; Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 335. 
 
 On wood. Finland. 
 
TricJiia. 181 
 
 Allied to Trichia nitens, but known by tlui much thinner 
 elaters. Forming crowded j)atches of considerable extent. 
 
 Trichia advenula, Mass. (figs. 142 — 144). 
 
 Sessile on a broad base, densely crowded or with a few out- 
 side scattered sporangia, circular, or subangular from mutual 
 pressure, rather depressed, ^jWrnrose-^/cZ/o^y, shining; mass of 
 capillitium and spores orange ; elaters cylindrical, 4 — 5 ju, thick, 
 ustcally inflated at one or both ends, and also with' 1 — 3 interstitial 
 swollen portions, the swollen ends terminating in a thin, straight, 
 or usually Jiexuous slender spine, 15 — 20 /x long, spirals very 
 close, but little prominent, almost obsolete on the swollen 
 portions ; spores globose, minutely verruciUose, 12 — 14 fj, diameter. 
 
 Trichia advenula, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 336, fig. 38. 
 
 On rotten wood. Glamis, N. B. 
 
 Sporangia *5 mm. diameter, forming densely crowded patches 
 1 — 2 inches across. Most nearly related to Trichia minima, 
 but distinguished by the long, slender tips to the elaters, and 
 the interstitial swollen parts ; in T. minima the capillitium and 
 spores are pale primrose in the mass, and not orange as in the 
 present species. 
 
 Trichia nana, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia scattered or aggregated in small clusters, rarely 
 exceeding "o mm. in diameter, sessile on a broad base, smooth, 
 pale bright ochre, opaque, wall very thin ; mass of spores and 
 elaters pale primrose yellow ; elaters cylindrical, short, 3 — 4 /x 
 thick, spirals irregular, very distant, pirominent, tips abrupt, not 
 apiculate, the spirals usually running quite to the end ; spores 
 globose, minutely verruculosc, 6 — 8 [x diameter. 
 
 Trichia nana, Mass., Mon Trich., p. 336. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On wood. Westbrook, Maine, U. S. 
 
 Sporangia hemispherical or sausage-shaped ; by far the 
 smallest of known species, resembling superficially T. minima, 
 from which it differs in the distant and prominent spirals of 
 
182 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 the elatcrs ; in the latter character it agrees with T. varia, but 
 differs in the spirals not being markedly more prominent on 
 the convex side of the bent elaters, the abrupt tips, and smaller 
 size of every part. The elaters are rarely more than 200 ^ 
 long. 
 
 Trichia minima, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia crowded, sessile on a broad base, circular, elliptical, 
 or irregular from mutual pressure, _2-^a/c ^^'rimrosc-ydlow ; mass 
 of elaters and spores same colour; elaters cylindrical, 5 — 7 \j. 
 thick, ending in smooth, tapering points about 8 — 10 ^i long, 
 spirals thin, rather distant, not prominent, without spines; 
 spores globose, very minutely warted, 10 ft diameter. 
 
 Trichia minima, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 836, fig. 18. 
 
 On wood. Britain (Oldham). 
 
 Sporangia o mm. diameter, forming dense clusters. Allied 
 to T. scahra, but distinct in the smaller size of every part, and 
 in the absence of spines on the spirals of the elaters. 
 
 Trichia contorta, Rost. 
 
 Plasmodiocarp creeping, fiexuous, suhronq^orsscd, umler or hay- 
 hrown ; mass of elaters and spores yellow ; elaters 2'5 — 3"5 /x, 
 cylindrical, tips usually stvollcn and terminated by a long, 
 slender spine; there is sometimes an interstitial swelling ; spirals 
 indistinct ; spores globose, minutely warted, 12 — 15 ju diameter. 
 
 Trichia contorta, Rost., Mon., p. 259, f. 229; Cooke, Myx. 
 Brit., f. 229; Schroeter, p. 113; Sacc, SylL, vol. vii., pt. I., 
 no. 1503; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 68, t. 3, £ 13; Mass., Rev. 
 Trich., p. 337. 
 
 On rotten wood. Britain ; Germany ; France ; Denmark ; 
 Sweden; Australia, 
 
 I have seen no specimen of the present species, which is 
 said to have occurred in Britam. The cylindrico-compressed 
 flexuous plasmodiocarp of a dark brown colour, and the elaters 
 with long, spine-like tips and indistinct spirals mark the species. 
 The elaters appear to agree in structure with those of Trichia 
 
Trichia. 183 
 
 advcnula, but the latter differs in every other character. The 
 figure of the elater is copied from Rostafinski. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Lycogala contortum, Dit., in Sturm. Dent. Cr. Fl, t. 5 (1817). 
 Trichia retimlata, b., Grev. Sc. Cr. Fl., t. 266 (1827). 
 Ferichaena contorta, Fr., S. M., iii., 192 (1829). 
 Licea contorta, Wallr., Fl. Cr. Germ., n. 2110 (1833). 
 Hcmitricliia contorta, Rost., ap Fckl. Syn., 2, Nach., p. 75 
 (1873). 
 
 Trichia subfusca, Rex. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, simple, very rarely double or triple, 
 generally exactly spherical, exceptionally globose-turbinate, 
 about ^ — I of a mm. in diameter. Colour of sporangia, a dull 
 tawny brown above, shading to a dark brown at the base. 
 Stipes uniform in diameter, and equal in height to the diameter 
 of the sporangium, brown or brownish-black in colour, longi- 
 tudinally rugose and separated from the cavity of the sporangia 
 by the internal layer of the sporangium wall. Spores and 
 capillitium concolourous, of a bright yellow colour in mass. 
 
 Elaters cyhndrical 3'5 — 4 /u, in diameter, terminating generally 
 in a smooth elongated end 10 — 12 /x long, which is either sharp 
 or blunt, straight or curved to one side. Spirals four in 
 number, non-spinulose, winding more or less unevenly, with 
 interspaces as wide or wider than the thickness of the spirals. 
 Spores 11"5 — 12*5 /ia in diameter, delicately but distinctly warted. 
 
 Adirondack Mts., New York. 
 
 This Trichia is more nearly allied to some of the forms of 
 Tr. fragilis than to any other species. There seem, however, 
 to be sufficiently well-marked specific differences. In addition 
 to the different external characters, the elaters are undoubtedly 
 cylindrical in a majority of the specimens. Occasionally 
 individual sporangia are found in which the elaters are a little 
 thicker in the centre, narrowing slightly toward the ends, but 
 even these exceptions terminate abruptly in the same form of 
 ends as the true cylindrical elaters. Occasionally also, as with 
 
184 A Monogmi^ of the Myxogastres. 
 
 all Trichias, sporangia will be found in which the elaters are 
 branched or distorted, or have a tendency to bulbous expansions 
 near the ends or in their course, but these are abnormal and 
 exceptional. The specimens distributed under this number 
 (2495) were collected in August 1889, with a few exceptions. 
 The unusually wet season had the effect of rendering many of 
 them much darker in colour than is indicated in the foregoing 
 specific diagnosis, which was drawn from types developed and 
 collected under the most favourable conditions. (Rex.) 
 
 Trichia mhfusca, Rex, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil., 1890, p. 192. 
 
 Uxsicc. — Ellis and Everh., N. Amer. Fung., n. 2495. 
 
 Trichia reniformis, Peck. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious or clustered, sessile, subgiobose or reni- 
 form, small, brown ; flocci few, short, sparingly branched ; spores 
 globose, minutely echinulate, yellow-ochre, sometimes tinged 
 with green, -0005 in. in diameter ( = 12 — 13 //). 
 
 Peck, 26th Report of the State Museum, New York, p. 76 ; 
 Sacc, SylL, no. 1510; Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 337. 
 
 United States. 
 
 I am not acquainted with the present species, and the inform- 
 ation given by Peck is too scanty to insure future identification. 
 
 § § Sjnrals sjmmlose. 
 Trichia erecta, Rex. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, usually simple, occasionally double or 
 triple and very rarely fasciculate, with a cluster of 6 — 8 on a 
 single stipe. Single sporangia globose or globose-turbinate 
 ^ — § of a mm. in the transverse diameter. 
 
 Colour of sporangia a dark nut-brown, which is uniform 
 below, but checkered or broken above into irregular patches 
 with broad septa of a bright yellow colour. 
 
 Stipes about 1 mm. in height, rough or granular on the 
 surface, quite thick and equal throughout their length, and 
 dark brown in colour. Spores and capillitium concolourous, 
 being a bright yellow colour in mass. 
 
Trklda. 185 
 
 Elatcrs cylindrical, 375 — 4 /x in diameter, terminating in 
 sliort, sharp, smooth ends 4 — 6 /x long. Elater spirals 4 in 
 number, spinulose with numerous irregular spines, coarse, wind- 
 ing irregularly. Adjoining spirals often united with each other 
 by interspiral branches which run either longitudinally or 
 obliquely in the direction of the spirals. 
 
 Spores 12 — 13 /x in diameter, delicately warted when examined 
 under a high power lens. 
 
 Shawangunk and Adirondack Mts., N. Y. 
 
 This Trichia is conspicuous for the checkering or areolation 
 of the upper surface in the perfectly mature sporangia, showing 
 a sharp contrast between the adjoining nut brown and bright 
 yellow colours. In this respect it resembles Tr. fi-agilis, which 
 sometimes exhibits in its var. latcritia and also in one of its 
 simple forms, a dull mottling of the colour of the upper siu-face 
 of the sporangia. 
 
 Trichia erecta, Eex, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil., 1890, p. 193. 
 
 Uxsicc.—EWk and Everh., N. Amer. Fung., Ser. II., n. 2496. 
 
 Trichia Decaisneana, De Bary. 
 
 Sporangia pyriform, brownish flesh-colour, shining, stipitate ; 
 stem red, then blackish-brown, very much plicate, equal; mass 
 of capillitium and spores yelloivish fiesh-colour ; inclosed in an 
 inner mc/nhrane connate with the outer loall of the sporangium ; 
 elaters cylindrical^ inflated near the tips and ending in smooth, 
 tapering, curved spines 3 — 6 times as long as elater, spirals 5 — 6, 
 fiexuous, spinulose^ in some cases parts of the elaters have the 
 spirals in the form of distant ridges or wrinkles ; spores delicately 
 warted, 10 — 11 /^ diameter. 
 
 Trichia Decaisneana, De Bary, in Rost., Mon., p. 250, figs. 
 219, 220; Schroeter, p. 112; Cooke, Myx. Brit., figs. 219, 220; 
 Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 338. 
 
 On Jungermannia. Germany. 
 
 According to Schroeter the spores measure from 13 — 14 fx, 
 the elaters have 4 spirals, and are 4 — 5 mm. thick. As these 
 measurements differ from those given by the author of the 
 
186 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 species, the question that naturally suggests itself is, has 
 Schroeter had the true species in view ? In Rostafinski's 
 Monograph, fig. 220, the spirals of the elaters are represented 
 as broad and fiat, no spines are shown in the figure. 
 
 C. Spores with elongated, raised, fiat hmds not comhined to 
 fm^iii a netioorh. 
 
 § Bands not jntnctate. 
 Trichia Balfourii, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, base broad or narrowed, crowded, hemi- 
 spherical or angular from mutual pressure, clear primrose-yellow ; 
 mass of elaters and spores deeper and duller yellow; elaters 
 cylindrical, 9 — 10 jx thick, sometimes swollen near the apex, 
 which is abrwptly narrowed into from 1 — 3 sliort, smooth spines, 
 generally more or less bent, spirals thin, not prominent, rather 
 distant, furnished with scattered, rudimentary sp)ines ; spores 
 globose, with a few broad, slightly raised, fiat lands, not punctate, 
 nor combined in a reticulate manner ; 16 — 18 ju. diameter. 
 
 Trichia Balfourii, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 339, fig. 4. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On wood. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Closely allied to T. JacJcii, but known by the absence of 
 punctiform markings on the raised bands of the spores. In 
 T. verrucosa the bands on the spores are much shorter and 
 more numerous, the elaters of the last-named species also differ 
 in the crowded spirals without spines and the simple stout 
 tips. 
 
 Trichia sulphurea, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia densely crowded, subdepressed, circular, angular, 
 or reniform in outline, pale yellow, smooth, mass of elaters and 
 spores pale lemon-yellow; elaters cylindrical, simple, or fre- 
 quently branched, especially near the tips, 9 — 10 /x thick, spirals 
 crotvded, not very prominent, tips not thickened, smooth, acute, 
 straight or slightly curved, 10 — 14 /u. long; spores globose, with 
 numerous short, slightly raised, straight or crescent-shaped fi,at 
 s, 10 — 14 iM diameter. 
 
Trichia. 187 
 
 Trichia sulphnrca, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 330, fig. 3. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10906.) 
 
 On wood. Ceylon. 
 
 A very fine, large species with sporangia up to 1 mm. 
 diameter, forming densely crowded patches of considerable size. 
 Characterized by the thick cylindrical elaters with crowded 
 spirals, and the numerous short flat bands on the spores, which 
 look, like warts under a low power. Most nearly allied to 
 T. nitens, but the spores of the latter have true rounded warts, 
 and the spirals on the elaters are further apart. 
 
 § Bands with minute dejjrcssions. 
 Trichia abrupta, Cooke. 
 
 Sporangia densely gregarious, sessile on a broad base, hypo- 
 thallus firm, usually angular from mutual pressure, pale yellow ; 
 mass of elaters and spores orange ; elaters cylindrical, 7 — 9 /x 
 diameter, spirals rather distant, not prominent, with scattered, 
 rudimentary spinules, tips usually smooth and equal in thick- 
 ness to elater for a length of 8 — 10 ju., then terminating ahra^My 
 in tioo or three tldn, straight or curved sjnncs 8 — 10 /x long; 
 sjwres globose, toith numerous slightly raised, straight or c^irvcd 
 short lands of irregidar width, furnished with miivute, scattered 
 flits, 10 — 16 /x diameter. 
 
 Trichia abrupta, Cooke, Ann. Lye. Nat Hist., N. York., 
 vol. xi., No. 12, p. 404 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., fig. 256 ; Mass., Mon. 
 Trich., p. 16, f. 2; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1511. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On wood. Britain (Ken Wood, Hampstead ; Kew, Carlisle) ; 
 United States, 
 
 Allied to Trichia Jachii, but distinguished by the more 
 numerous and shorter bands on the spores and the different 
 elaters; separated also from T. intermedia by tlie numerous 
 hands on the spores not anastomosing, and by the absence of 
 thin ridges parallel to the long axis of the elaters. 
 
188 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Trichia Jackii, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia usually crowded, sessile on a narrow or broad base, 
 liypothallus well-developed, circular, angular, or elliptical in 
 shape, dull yellow ; mass of elaters and spores yellow ; elatcrs 
 cylindrical, 5 — 7 ju, thick, tips smooth, acute, straight or a little 
 bent, spirals not very prominent, distant, sometimes with 
 rudimentary spinules ; spores globose, with scattered, slightly 
 elevated, irregular, broad fiat hands, slightly curved or sinuous, 
 not combined to form a network, surface of bands with minute, 
 pits, 12 — 15 /x diameter. 
 
 Trichia Jacldi, Rost., Mon., p. 258, f. 242 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., 
 f. 242; Schroeter, p. 113; Sacc, Syll., vii. 1, no. 1500; Raunk., 
 Myx. Dan., p. 69, t. 4, f. 5 ; Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 16, f. 5. 
 
 On wood and bark. Britain (Brighton, Highgate, Castle 
 Howard, Yorks; Glamis, N. B.) ; Germany; Italy; Switzerland; 
 Denmark. 
 
 Allied to Trichia ahrupta, but distinguished by the fewer 
 and longer bands on the epispore, and the undivided tips of 
 the elaters. 
 
 Trichia intermedia, Mass. (figs. 180 — 182). 
 
 Sporangia subglobose, sessile on a broad base, crowded, often 
 irregular from mutual pressure, smooth, shining, bright ochre ; 
 mass of spores and capillitium clear pale chrome-yellow ; threads 
 simple, cylindrical, 8 — 10 /x thick, ending rather abruptly in a 
 short, smooth apiculus, spirals rather close, not prominent, 
 sometimes branched, with a few rudimentary scattered spinules, 
 and connected by thinner raised bands running more or less 
 parallel to the long axis of the elater; spores globose, with a 
 few distant raised flat flexuous bands that anastomose to form 
 an irregular network, often leaving free ends, surface of hands 
 ivith mimcte depressions usually arranged in a single row, 9 — 11 /ut 
 diameter. 
 
 Triehia intermedia, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 341, pi. v., fig. 1. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On trunks. Scarborough, Epping Forest ; Finland. 
 
T rich id. 189 
 
 The spores somewhat resemble those of Triclna Jachii, Rost., 
 but are smaller ; the raised bands are narrower and anastomose 
 irregularly, and the minute depressions more constantly arranged 
 in a single row. Agreeing with Trichia clirysospcrma, Rost, in 
 having the spirals on the elaters connected by ridges, but at 
 once distinguished by the bands on the spores being furnished 
 with minute depressions. I was at one time led to believe, 
 from examination of a specimen supposed to be authentic, 
 communicated by Mr. H. Wingate, of Philadelphia, who received 
 it from the author, that the present species was synonymous 
 Avith Trichia 'p'^^oximcUa, Karst., but a second authentic speci- 
 men of the last-named species agrees with the characters given 
 by Karsten, hence T. intermedia will remain as a distinct species. 
 
 Var. persimilis, elaters very much and irregularly branched, 
 hranehes usually short, and as thick as the elaters; rest as in 
 typical form. 
 
 Trichia persimilis, Karst., in Not, Sallsk. pro Faun, et Flor. 
 Fenn., Forh., 1868, ix., p. 353; Karst., Myx. Fenn., p. 139; 
 Sacc, Syll., n. 1506 ; Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 338. 
 
 On wood. Finland. 
 
 An authentic specimen from the author proves the present 
 form to be a variety, or more probably an abnormal form, of 
 the present species. 
 
 D. Spores loith raised fiat hands combined to form a network. 
 
 * Bands -plain. 
 
 Trichia chrysosperma, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia crowded or scattered, sessile, base broad or naiTow, 
 yellow or ochraceous cinnamon; mass of elaters and spores 
 bright primrose-yellow; elaters cylindrical, 5 — 7 ix thick, tips 
 short, smooth, straight or curved, spirals not very prominent, 
 rather distant, sometimes with a few scattered spinules, con- 
 nected ly thin ridges running parallel to the lang axis of the 
 elater; spores globose, with deep, narroio raised hands combined 
 to form an irregular polygonal netioork ; surface of lands not 
 punctcde, 12 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
190 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Trichia chi-ysospenna, Rost., Mon., p. 255, figs. 209, 213, 240 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 65, figs. 209, 213, 240; Schroeter, p. 113 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1498 ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 69, t. 4, f. 1 
 Mass., Mon. Tricli., p. 17, f. 10. 
 
 Exsicc. — Rab., Fung. Eur., n. 567. 
 
 On wood, bai'k, moss, &c. Britain (Highgate) ; Germany. 
 
 A rare species, characterized by the deep narrow ridges 
 forming a network on the epispore and the surface of the bands 
 not being punctate, and by the narrow, raised lines running 
 parallel to the long axis of the elaters. 
 
 It is amazing how Rostafinski managed to give so many 
 synonyms for the present species, considering that the specific 
 characters require for their elucidation at least a y^th oil 
 immersion objective, yet this is done, and without any query 
 as to their accuracy, although presumably not many of the 
 types, if indeed any, were forthcoming. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Lycoperdon gregarium, Retz. Obs., i., 33 (1769). 
 
 Zycoperdon favogineum, Batsch., f. 173 (1786). 
 
 Stcmonitis i^yriformis, Roth. Fl. Germ., i., 548 (1788), 
 
 SphaerocarpiLs chrysospcrinus, Bull., t. 417, f 4 (1791). 
 
 Stemonitis favoginea, Gmel. Sys., 1470 (1791). 
 
 Trichia nitens, Pers. Obs., i., 62 (1796). 
 
 Trichia favoginea, Pers. Disp., 10 (1797). 
 
 Trichia chrysosperma, DC. Fl. Fr., 673 (1805); Eng. Fl., v., 
 
 320; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1187; Fung. Britt., ii., 524, 527. 
 Trichia turhinata, Purt, Brit., ii., 1115 (1817). 
 Claihroides fluvesccns, Hall. t. ], f 7 (1742). 
 Trichia, Hall, 2168, t. 48, f. 7 (1768). 
 Lycopcrclon aggrcgatum, Retz, Fl. Scan., 1627 (1769), 
 Lycopcrdon cpiphyllam, Light. Fl. Sc, 1069 (1777), 
 Glathrus turhinatus, Huds. Fl. Ang., 632 (1778) ; Bolt., t. 94, 
 
 f. 3. 
 Trichia pyriformis, Vill. Fl. Dauph., 1060 (1789). 
 Stemonitis pyrifm-mis, Pers., in Gmel. Sys., 1468 (1791). 
 
Trkhia. 191 
 
 TricJiia tiirUnata, With. Arr., iv., 480 (1702) ; Sow., t. 85 ; 
 
 Eng. FI., v., 320; Cooke, Hdbk., 118G. 
 Trichia jvjrifoo'mis, Pers. Disp., 10 (1797). 
 Trkhia olivacca, Pers. Obs., i., 62 (1796), in part. 
 Trichia ovata, Pers. Obs., ii., 35 (1796) ; Schum. Saell., 1454 ; 
 
 FI. Dan., t. 1313, f. 1. 
 Trichia vulgaris, Pers. Obs., ii., 32 (1799). 
 rhysarum contextum, Spr. Sys., ix., 20 (1817). 
 
 Trichia verrucosa, Berk. 
 
 Sporangia fyriform, brown or chestnut, shining, passing down- 
 wards into a long, slender stem, simple or botryoid, scattered, 
 springing from a thick, Iroadly effused hypothallus ; mass of 
 capillitium and spores ochraceous ; threads of capillitium not 
 branched, cijlindrical, 8 — 10 ii thick, with smooth, tapering tips 
 of variable length, and straight or curved, spirals close, thin, 
 not prominent ; spores globose, with 7iarroiv, raised fiat hands 
 comhined into a few large, irregular, polygonal meshes, hands not 
 2mnctate, 14 — 16 ix diameter. 
 
 Trichia verrucosa. Berk,, Flor. Tasm., p. 269 ; Mass., Rev. 
 Trich., p. 343, fig. 9. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10906.) 
 
 On wood. Tasmania. 
 
 Differs from T. chrysosperma and T. dictyospora in the scat- 
 tered sporangia springing from a stout hypothallus, and also 
 in the characters of the elaters and spores. From 2 — 3 mm. 
 high. Usually not more than one complete polygon is present 
 on a hemisphere of the spore. 
 
 Trichia Kalbreyeri, Mass. 
 Sporangia crowded, sessile, often irregular from mutual 
 pressure, pale yellow, smooth ; mass of capillitium and spores 
 pale primrose-yellow; threads of capillitium cylindrical, 9 — lOjix 
 thick, with short, smooth, tapering ends, spirals not 2Ji'ominent, 
 thin, close ; spores globose, with raised, narroiv fiat hands form- 
 ing an irregular, polygonal network, bands not punctate, 11 — 14 /x 
 diameter. 
 
192 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Trichia Kcdhreyeri, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 344, fig. 8. 
 
 On wood and living leaves. New Granada. 
 
 Externally resembling T. ckrysospcrma, but known by the 
 absence of ridges between tlie spirals, and the bands forming 
 more numerous polygons, 2 — 3 complete ones being present on 
 a hemisphere of the spore. 
 
 Trichia scabra, Kost. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious or scattered, attached by a broad base 
 to a hypothallus, circular or irregular from mutual pressure, 
 varying from pale yellow, through dirty orange to brown ; mass 
 of elaters and spores clear orange ; elaters cylindrical, 6 — 8 jx 
 thick, ending in smooth, acute, straight or slightly bent tips 
 7 — 10 IX long, spirals not very prominent, rather distant, hearing 
 numerous short, acute, straight spines; spores globose, covered 
 with a very fine networlz of raised lines, 8 — 12 \i. diameter. 
 
 Trichia scalra. Host., Mon., p. 258, figs. 214—217, 239; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit, figs. 214—217, 239; Mass., Mon. Trich., 
 p. 13, fig. 13 (spore incorrectly drawn with a warted instead 
 of a very delicately reticulated epispore) ; Schroeter, p. 113; 
 Sacc. Syll., vii., n. 1500 ; Eaunk., Myx. Dan., p. 68, t. 4, f. 2. 
 
 Trichia scahra, v. aurea, Cke., Myx., U. States, Ann. Lye. 
 Nat. Hist., N. York., v. xi.. No. 12, p. 403. 
 
 Exsicc. — Roum., Fung. Gall., 1005; Ellis and Everh., N. 
 Amer. Fung., 2100. 
 
 On wood, moss, &c. Britain (Queen's Cottage Grounds, Kew, 
 Birmingham ; Taunton, Notts ; Scarboro' ; Carlisle) ; France ; 
 Germany ; Denmark ; U. States ; Ceylon ; Australia. 
 
 Var. analogia. Spores on spirals of elaters rudimentary or 
 absent. 
 
 Cke., Myx., U. States, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. York, vol. xi.. 
 No. 12. p. 403. 
 
 Britain (Carlisle) ; U. States. 
 
 Trichia fallax, Rost. 
 Sporangia pyriform, stipitate or subsessile, ochraceous, some- 
 times tinged olive, dull or shining; stem dark, usually longi- 
 
T rich id. 193 
 
 tiulinally wrinkled, filled with large, globose, suhcmgalar cells 
 wliieh become smaller icjnvards and pass into normal spores; 
 elaters pyriform, simple or branched, 5 — 6 fx thick, ending in 
 long, smooth, tapering tips, spirals rather close, thin, not pro- 
 minent; spores globose, epispore, covered with a very fine, 
 irregular network, 10 — 12 n, diameter. 
 
 Trichia fallax, Rost., Mon., p. 243, figs. 211, 221, 222, 233— 
 236; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 61, figs. 211, 222, 233—236; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, n. 1493 ; Mass., Mon. Trich., p. 8, figs. 21 and 
 27 (the spores incorrectly represented as warted instead of being 
 delicately reticulated); Schroeter, p. Ill; Raunk., Myx. Dan., 
 p. m, t. 4, f. 4. 
 
 Exsicc. — Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 1435 ; Jack, Leiner u. Sitz., 
 420; Rab., Fung. Eur., 1666; Mong. and Nest., 284; Roum., 
 Fung. Sel. Gall, 42. 
 
 On rotten wood. Britain (Bristol, Kew, King's Cliffe, 
 Norths ; Carlisle, Scarboro', Linlithgow, Glamis, N. B.) ; France ; 
 Germany ; Switzerland ; Denmark ; United States ; Cuba ; 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Distinctly marked amongst the species with fusiform elaters 
 by the stem being filled with large cells, and the very delicately 
 and minutely reticulated spores. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Mucor capitulis pyriformis, Fl. Dan., t. 647, f. 2 (1770). 
 Mucor miniatus, Jacq. Misc., t. 290 (1778). 
 Stemonitis fiavcscens, Schrank., p. 19 (1792). 
 Lycoperdon aggregatum, Liljeb. Fl. Scan., 460 (1792). 
 Lycoperdon p)usilhim, Hedw. Abh., t. 3, f. 2 (1793). 
 Trichia fallax, Pers. Obs., iii., t. 4, 5 (1797); Nees, f. 113; 
 
 Corda Ic, iv., 97; Eng. Fl., v., 319; Cooke, Hdbk., 1182. 
 Fhysamm pyriforme, Schum. Saell., 1448 (1803). 
 Trichia virescens, Schum. Saell., 1459 (1803). 
 Trichia cerina, Ditm., t. 25 (1817); Curr. Micr. Journ., v., 
 
 p. 127; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1184. 
 Trichia ficlva, Purt. Mid. Fl., 1534 (1817). 
 Trichia clavata, Wigaud, No. 3 (1S63). 
 
194 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 TricUa furcata, Wigand, No. 4 (1863). 
 Arcyria clongata, Bong. Herb. 
 
 * Bands icith minute depressions on the surface. 
 Trichia afiinis, De Bary. 
 
 Sporangia clustered, circular or elliptical, sessile on a broad 
 base, seated on a distinct hypothallus, clear pale yellow ; mass 
 of elaters and spores pale yellow; elaters cylindrical, 4 — 6 ii 
 thick, ending in short, tapering, smooth tips, spirals thin, rather 
 close, not prominent, sometimes with short spinules ; spores 
 globose, with Iroad, slightly raised fiat lands comhined into a 
 network, or sometimes ivith free ends, surface of hands ^9t^<cf?, 
 10 — 14 /A diameter. 
 
 Trichia affinis, Rost., Mon., p. 257, f. 241 ; Cke., Myx. Brit., 
 f. 241 ; Schroeter, p. 113 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1499 (?) ; Mass., Mon. 
 Trich., p. 20, f. 7. 
 
 On wood, twigs, moss, &c. Britain (Epping, Brandon, 
 Scarboro', Castle Howard, Yorks ; Carlisle, Appin, N. B.) ; 
 Europe ; United States ; Cuba ; Australia ; Tasmania. 
 
 Superficially resembling T. chrysosjyerma, distinguished by the 
 presence of pits on the raised bands of the epispore, and the 
 absence of raised ridges running parallel to the long axis of 
 the elater. 
 
 Trichia superba, Mass. 
 
 Botryoid, rarely simple. Sporangia hroadly ohovate, pale 
 yellow, common stem more or less wrinkled longitudinally, 
 often twisted, colour of the sporangium above, becoming orange 
 downwards, springing from a well-developed hypothallus ; mass 
 of capillitium and spores deep yellow ; elaters simple, cylindrical, 
 9 — 11 ju, thick, with abruptly tapering, smooth, short ends, often 
 more or less bent, spirals close, thin, but little prominent; 
 spores globose, with raised flat hands comhined into a polygonal 
 network; hands %uith a roio of minute depressions, 17 — 20 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Trichia superha, Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 345 f. 6. 
 
Trlch'ut. 195 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On mosses and logs. New Zealand. 
 
 Scattered, 3 — 4 mm. high, stem about equal in length to 
 the sporangium, thin and weak, so that the sporangia are often 
 drooping. Allied to T. affmis, but distinct in the much larger 
 spores, with smaller and more numerous reticulations, and the 
 stipitatc, obovate sporangia usually arranged in a botryoid 
 manner. 
 
 Trichia Kickxii, Rest. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, sessile, in several croivded strata, forming 
 cakes some mm. high, and sometimes cm. looig atid broad; walls 
 of single sporangia rigid, Jlcsh-colour, polished and shilling; 
 elaters simple, either flexuous or curved into circles, 4*2 /x thick, 
 spirals two, not very prominent ; tips obtuse ; spores with an 
 irregular network, 14 — 15 jx diameter. 
 
 Trichia Kiclcxii, Rost., Mon. App., p. 40; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 n. 1504; Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 845. 
 
 I have no knowledge of the present species except from 
 Rostafinski's diagnosis, which strongly suggests to my mind a 
 species closely allied to Oligonema nitens. 
 
 Trichia pusilla, Schroeter. 
 
 Sporangia subglobose, very small, 0"3 — 0'5 mm. diameter, 
 gregarious, scattered or collected in clusters, golden or brownish- 
 yellow, smooth, shining, fragile ; hypothallus absent ; elaters 
 very short, about 100 ja long, 4 — 5 ix thick, here and there thick- 
 ened, aiAces rounded, often mucronate and c^o^ed, spirals 2 — 3, 
 slightly prominent, here and there inconsijicuous ; spores globose, 
 uneqvially costulato-reticulate, 11 — 12ju, diameter. 
 
 Trichia imsilla, Schroeter, p. 114 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1509 ; 
 Mass., Rev. Trich., p. 345. 
 
 On bark. Germany. 
 
 LITHODERMEAE. 
 
 The most pronounced characteristic of the present section is 
 the almost universal presence of carbonate or rarely bicarbonate 
 
196 A Monograph of the Myxogastres, 
 
 of lime in the form of crystals, or more frequently as minute 
 amorphous particles. In the sub-section Physarac, which in- 
 cludes the terminal members of the section, lime is present in 
 very considerable quantity both on the sporangium and in the 
 threads of the capillitium, whereas in the sub-section Didymeae 
 lime is abundant on the sporangium, but absent from the 
 capillitium, although usually present in the columella when the 
 latter is present. The genus Crateriaclica is intermediate 
 between the two sub-sections as regards the disposition of lime. 
 In the genus Diacliaca lime is absent from the sporangium, 
 although present in quantity in the columella and stem ; this 
 genus, as explained later on, forms a connecting link between 
 the present section and the CohLmellifcrae, and as such, does 
 not come within the diagnosis of either. Owing to rigidity 
 due to the abundance of lime, especially in the sub-section 
 Pliysarae, there are no marked contrivances for spore dispersion, 
 which appears to be effected by wind on the dissolution of the 
 sporangium, but in the Didymeae, where the capillitium is free 
 from lime and possesses a certain amount of elasticity, the 
 sporangium frequently dehisces in a definite manner. 
 
 Badhamia. 
 
 I 
 Craterium. 
 
 I 
 
 Leocarpus. 
 
 I 
 
 ClENKOWSKTA. PhYSARUM. 
 
 i 
 
 TiLMADOCHE. 
 
 I 
 
 Chondrioderma. Crateriachea. 
 
 I I 
 
 DiDYMIUM. FULIGO. 
 
 I I 
 
 Lepidoderma. Spumaria. 
 
 I 1 
 
 DiACHAEA. 
 
 LITHODERMEAE. 
 
 (Lamproderma. \ 
 COLUMELLIFERAE.) 
 
Lithodermeae. 197 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 Sect. LITHODERMEAE. 
 
 Sub-sect. DiDYMEAE. 
 
 Chondrioderma. Sporangia with a continuous porcelain- 
 like coat of lirae. 
 
 DiDYMiUM. Sporangia with a pulverulent, crystalline coat 
 of lime. 
 
 Lepidoderma. Sporangia with isolated, large patches of 
 lime. 
 
 Spumaria. Aethalium consisting of sporangia arranged in a 
 dendritic manner. 
 
 DiACHAEA. Sporangia iridescent, without lime. 
 
 Sub-sect. Physarae. 
 
 Badhamia. Threads of capillitium thick, containing lime 
 throughout their length. 
 
 Craterium. Sporangia with a well differentiated lid, or 
 splitting in a circumscissile manner. 
 
 Physarum. Capillitium with numerous large, irregular nodes 
 containing lime, and connected by thinner portions with- 
 out lime. 
 
 TiLMADOCHE. Capillitium with small, scattered, elliptical 
 nodes containing lime internodes thin, elongated, with- 
 out lime. 
 
 Leocarpus. Sporangia obovate, polished. 
 
 Ceinkowskia. Capillitium with curved, free tips. 
 
 Cratcriaclica. Columella present; threads of capillitium 
 mostly without nodes, containing lime. 
 
 FuLiGO. A cake-like aethalium. 
 
 Sub-sect. DiDYMEAE. 
 
 Chondrioderma, Rost, (in part). 
 Sporangium stipitate or sessile, wall single or double, outer 
 wall charged with lime, perfectly smooth, porcelain-like, dehis- 
 
198 A Monograph of the Mihwgastres. 
 
 cing irregularly or in a stellate manner ; inner wall, when 
 present, very thin, containing no lime, often iridescent; colu- 
 mella present or absent; threads of capillitium thin, without 
 lime ; either sparingly bifurcating, or branching and anasto- 
 mosing to form a more or less dense net. 
 
 Clwndriodcrma, Rost., Mon., p. 167 ; Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 36 ; 
 Schroeter, p. 123 ; Sacc, Syll., v., 7, pt. I, p. 362. 
 
 The characteristics of the present genus are, a well-developed 
 capillitium not containing lime, and the outer wall highly 
 charged with lime, externally perfectly smooth and porcelain- 
 like. Closely allied to Didymiuin; in fact so closely allied, that 
 leaving out imaginary or book distinctions, the only point of 
 difference consists in the outer surface of the wall in Bidymium 
 never being porcelain-like, but always more or less granular 
 or pulverulent. Such a division is convenient from the system- 
 atic point of view, as to whether it is of generic value or not 
 is a question that cannot perhaps be decided in the present 
 state of knowledge as to what constitutes affinity in the 
 Myxogastres. The space between the outer and inner wall I 
 do not find sufficiently constant to adopt as part of the generic 
 character, its presence depends on the contraction of the spore 
 forming mass of protojilasm, due to expulsion of water after 
 the outer calcareous wall has become rigid ; in C. suhlcderitium, 
 the contraction of the inner spore-mass takes place before the 
 outer calcareous wall becomes rigid, hence the latter also 
 collapses and becomes normally umbilicate above. The same 
 condition of things may sometimes be met with in species that 
 usually have a space between the two walls. 
 
 Bistrib. Temperate and tropical regions; most abundant in 
 the former. Species 34. 
 
 Stch-Gcn. Leangium. Sjwrangmvi siMtting in a stellate manner. 
 
 A. Columella ^iresent. 
 
 Chondrioderma floriforme, Rost. (figs. 58, 59). 
 
 Gregarious, springing from a well-developed hypothallus ; 
 
 sporangia broadly obovate, stipitate, yellowish-brown, dehiscing 
 
Chondrioderma. 199 
 
 in a stellate manner, the lohes becoming rejiexed ; stem longer 
 than height of sporangium, equal, minutely longitudinally 
 rugulose, erect, colour of sporangium ; columella clavate, stipitate, 
 rugulose above, pale brown or ochraceous ; mass of spores blackish 
 with purple tinge ; threads of capillitium brownish-purple, 3 /x 
 thick, branching at acute angles and combining laterally to 
 form an irregular network, furnished with irregular thickenings ; 
 spores globose, dingy violet, with a few rather large conical warts, 
 10 — 12 \ji diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma fioriforme, Rost, Mon., p. 184 (excl. syn. 
 Diderma concinnum, B. and Br., added by Rostafinski in IMon. 
 Append.) ; Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 41 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1285 (excl. 
 syn. Diderma concinmtm, B. and Br.) ; Raunk., p. 84. 
 
 Exsicc. — Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 1121 ; in Fuckel, Fung. 
 Rhen., 2496, the specimen agrees in every respect with the 
 above description except that the spores are almost smooth. 
 Rostafinski describes the spores as having scattered spines, 
 which is translated by Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 41, as "rarely 
 spinulose," and the description in Saccardo's " Sylloge " is a 
 translation of Cooke's version, hence incorrect. 
 
 On decaying wood. Britain (Queen's Cottage Wood, Kew ; 
 Grace Dieu, Leicester) ; Germany ; France ; Denmark ; United 
 States. 
 
 About 2"5 mm. high, sporangia polished, wall thick ; super- 
 ficially resembling some stipitate forms of Lcjndodo'ma radiatum 
 before dehiscence, but the latter is distinguished by the stem 
 being much attenuated towards the base. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Sphacrocarims fioriformis. Bull., t. 371 (1791). 
 Stemonitis fioriformis, Gmel., Syst., 1469 (1791). 
 Lycoperdo^i fim^ifonne, With., Arr., iv., 379 (1792). 
 Reticularia fioriformis, Poir., Ency. 
 Didymium fioriforme, Schrad., N. G., 25 (1797). 
 Diderma fioriforme, Pers. Syn., 164 (1801) ; Fr., S. M., iii., 
 p. 99 ; Berk., Engl. Flora, v., p. 310 ; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1105. 
 
200 A Monogi'aph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Chondrioderma radiatum, Rost. (figs. 92 — 95). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate or sessile, subglobose or depressed, ximhili- 
 cate below, pallid or with a brown tinge, when mature splitting 
 in an irregularly stellate manner from the wpex^ segments re- 
 flexed, persistent; stem, when present, shorter than sporangium, 
 attenuated downwards; columella large, globose or slightly elon- 
 gated, rugulose, pallid or with a rufous tinge ; threads of capil- 
 litium thin, fuliginous, or almost colourless, simple below, then 
 bifurcating at acute angles, now and then combining laterally ; 
 spores globose, violet-brown, minutely tvarted, 9 — 12 ^x diameter, 
 
 Chondrioderma radiatum, Rost,, Mon., p. 182, figs, 152, 153, 
 155, 156, 170; Cooke, Myx, Brit., p, 40, figs, 152, 153, 155, 156, 
 170 ; Schroeter, p. 125. 
 
 Diderma stellare, Fries. Seler. Succ. Exs. 
 
 On wood, bark, &c, Britain (King's Cliffe, Scarboro') ; 
 Sweden ; Germany ; Denmark ; France ; United States. 
 
 Sporangia scattered or loosely gregarious, about '5 mm. 
 diameter before dehiscence. Recognized amongst the species 
 that dehisce in a stellate manner by the umbilicate sporangium, 
 which is constant when the specimens are sessile, the large 
 rugulose pale columella, and the minutely warted spores, 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Lyco'perdon radiatum, Linn., sp., 1654 (1753). 
 Didymium stellare, Schrad,, t. 5, f. 3, 4 (1797). 
 Diderma stellare, Pers, Syn., 164 (1801), 
 Didcrma umbilicatum, Pers, Syn., 165 (1801); Eng, Fl, v., 
 
 310 ; Cke„ Hdbk,, No. 1106. 
 Diderma crassi})es, Schum, Saell, 1421 (1803). 
 Betieularia umbilicata, Poir., Ency. 
 Didymium geaster, Link, diss, ii., 42 (1809), 
 Leangium stellare, Link, diss, ii., 42 (1809). 
 Cionium stellare, Spr. Syst, iv., 529 (1827). 
 Cionixim umbilicatum, Spr. Syst., iv., 529 (1827). 
 Leangium umhilicatiim, Rabh, FI, Crypt., 285 (1844). 
 Didymium comi^lanatum, Fckl., Sym. Myc, 341 (1869). 
 
Chondrioderma. 201 
 
 Chondrioderma geasteroides, Phil. 
 
 Sporangia sessile or shortly stipitate, globose or broadly 
 pyriform, oclwaceous-hrown, polished, dehiscing in a stellate 
 manner into five or six unequal, acute segments which become 
 strongly reflexed, inner surface of wall white, rough with 
 granules of lime ; stem, when present, shorter than sporangium, 
 thick, obscure brown; columella glohose, ochraccous-lrmvn ; 
 threads of capillitium brownish or almost colourless, repeated 
 branching in a dichotomous manner, and anastomosing laterally 
 to form a network ; hase of each Infurcation swollen and dark- 
 colotcrcd; spores globose, brown, vcinutcly warted, 11 — 14 \i 
 diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma geasteroides, Phil., in Herb. 
 
 Diderma geasteroides, Phil., Grev., v., 5, p. 113, t. 87, fio-. 1^ 
 a— f ; Sacc, Syll., 1293. 
 
 Diderma laeiniatwm, Phil., Grev., v., 5, p. 113, t. 87, fig. 2, 
 a— f; Sacc, Syll., n. 1294. 
 
 (Types in Herb., Phillips.) 
 
 On rotten wood, mosses. &c. California. 
 
 For an opportunity of examining the present and other types 
 of Myxogastres from California, I am indebted to the kindness 
 of Mr. Wm. Phillips, F.L.S., of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Gregarious or scattered, f — 1 mm. high. After dehiscence 
 the present species is a very beautiful object under a low power, 
 the snow-white inner surface of the reflexed segments standing 
 out in contrast to the purple-black mass of spores, and the 
 ochraceous-brown or fulvous outside colour. Distinct from C. 
 o-adiatitm, its nearest ally, in the peculiar structure of the 
 capillitium and the colour and coarsely granular ioside of the 
 sporangial wall, the spores are also larger in the present species. 
 
 Chondrioderma Lyallii, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Scattered or aggregated ; sporangia globose or hroadly ohwate, 
 stipitate, wall thick, polished, whitish or pallid, splitting in an 
 irregularly stellate manner; stem shorter than sporangium. 
 
202 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 thick, irregularly rugulose, expanding at the base into a small 
 hypothallus, pale ocliraceous ; columella cylindraceo-clavate, nearly 
 half the height of the sporangiunt, smooth, pallid ; mass of spores 
 blackish-violet; capilUtium copious, threads dingy lilac, 3 — 3*5 fx, 
 thick at the base, tapering, branching irregularly and anasto- 
 mosing laterally, furnished with numerous elongated swellings 
 usually containing a few dark granules; spores globose, deep 
 violet, almost opaque, coarsely wartcd, 13 — 15 /x diameter. 
 
 On thin decorticated twigs. Fort Colville, Canada. (Dr. 
 Lyall.) 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 From 1'5 — 2 mm. high, with the habit of Chondrioderma 
 Oerstcdii, differing in the highly developed columella and irregular 
 mode of dehiscence. 
 
 Chondrioderma Carmicliaelianum, Cooke (figs. 245 — 247). 
 
 Sporangia S23hcrical, quite sessile, splitting when mature into 
 4 — 5 acute segments, pale red, polished ; columella s])herical, 
 attenuated at the base, jJale red ; threads of capillitium very thin, 
 colourless, branching in a dichotomous manner, here and there 
 laterally connected ; spores globose, dark- violet, smooth, 11 — 13 /n 
 diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma Carmiehaelianum, Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 42. 
 
 Chondrioderma radiatum, Rost., Mon. Append., p. 40 (in 
 part) ; Sacc, Syll, 1284 (in part). 
 
 Diderma Carmiehaelianum, Berk., Eng. FL, vol. v., p. 34; 
 Cooke, Hdbk., no. 1112. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 
 On moss. Britain (Appiu, N. B. ; Trifreu, Wales). 
 
 Sporangia about '5 mm. diameter; distinguished from C. 
 radiatum in being sessile and globose, not umbilicate below, 
 and in the smooth spores. 
 
 Chondrioderma Trevelyana, Rost. 
 Sporangia ovate or subglobose, sessile, wall single, polished 
 ivory coloured, sjdiUinf/ half way to the hase into numero^ts 
 
Chondrioderma . 203 
 
 narrow segments which leccnnc refiexcd ; columella white, minute ; 
 mass of spores blackish-purple; capillitium dense, threads 
 colourless, 2 — 3 /x thick, frequently forking at a wide angle, 
 and combined laterally to form a net, slightly thicker at the 
 point of bifurcation ; spores globose, itiimdcly vcrruculosc, 12 — 14 /x 
 diameter, 
 
 LcmKjiitm? Trevclyani, Grev., Scot. Cr. Fl, pi. 132. 
 Chondrioderma Trcvclyana, Ilost.,Mon., p. 182, figs. 161—163 ; 
 Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 40, figs. 161—163; Sacc, Syll., n. 1289. 
 
 In the Appendix to Rostafinski's Monograph, the present 
 species is referred as a synonym to Chondrioderma radiatum. 
 
 On living leaves of Brytim ligulatitm. Britain (Northumber- 
 land). 
 
 Sporangia scattered ; 1—15 mm. diameter before dehiscence. 
 The above description is drawn up from a specimen originally 
 in Sowerby's Herbarium, and now in the Berkeley Herbarium, 
 Kew, and said to be from Greville. It is certainly quite 
 distinct from C. radiatum, in the greater number of segments 
 (14—16) into which the sporangial wall splits, the colourless 
 capillitium, and larger spores. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Leangium (?) Trevclyani, Grev., Scot. Cr. Fl., t. 132 (1825). 
 
 Cionium Trevclyani, Spr., Syst., iv., 529 (1827). 
 
 Didcrma Trevclyani, Fr., S. M., iii., 105 (1829); Eng. Fl., v., 
 
 311 ; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1111. 
 Polyschismium Trevclyani, Corda, Icon., v., p. 20 (1842). 
 
 JB. Columella absent. 
 Chondrioderma Oerstedtii, Rost. (figs. 87, 88). 
 Sporangia stipitate, subglobose or broadly pyriform, when 
 mature sjjlitting in a stellate manner into 4 — 6 irregular, acute 
 segments, pallid ; stem short, usually darker than sporangium ; 
 columella entirely ahscnt ; threads of capillitium colourless or 
 dirty-lilac, combined to form a net, often furnished with darker 
 
204 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 thickenings ; spores globose, violet, densely covered with minute 
 warts, 10 — 14 [x diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma Oerstedtii,'Ro?,i., '^low., p. 184, figs, 154, 157; 
 Cooke, Brit. Myx.,' p. 41, figs. 154, 157; Sacc, Syll., 1286; 
 Grev., vol. v., p. 12. 
 
 (Specimen named by Rostafinski in Herb. Berk.) 
 
 On wood, &c. Britain (Jedburgh) ; Germany. 
 
 I have not been able to observe the glistening glassy warts 
 described by Rostafinski as present on the sporangium. Dis- 
 tinguished from G. radiatum by the absence of columella, and 
 from G. Garmicliaelianwm in the presence of a stem. 
 
 Chondrioderma lucidum, Cooke. 
 
 Sporangia subglobose, sessile, either scattered or crowded, 
 splitting in an irregular stellate manner, bright reddish-yellow ; 
 internally yellow, mass of spores globose ; capillitium brown, 
 irregular at the points of ramification, yellowish, spores globose, 
 violet-black, "0125 mm. ( = 12 jn) diameter, minutely echinulate. 
 
 Ghondrioderma lucidum, Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 42; Sacc, 1288. 
 
 Diderma lucidum, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 938, t. 15, 
 fig. 9; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1110. 
 
 On moss and Jungcrmannia. Britain. 
 
 I have seen no specimen of the present species. 
 
 According to Berkeley's figure the sporangium is sometimes 
 furnished with a short, distinct stem thickened upwards, the 
 sporangium may be spherical or considerably depressed; after 
 dehiscence the basal portion is persistent with an irregularly 
 toothed margin; an "obscure columella" is also present. May 
 not this be a form of G. o'cidiatum ? 
 
 Sub- Gen. Ghondrioderma. Spora7igium irregularly ruptured. 
 
 A. Golumclla present. 
 
 Chondrioderma Michelii, Rost. (fig. 312). 
 
 Sporangia springing from a well-developed more or less torn 
 hypothallus, stipitate or almost sessile, circular in outline, 
 
Chondriodei •nui . 205 
 
 discoid, tJiin, fiat or slighthj convex cd)Ovc, rather concave helo^v, 
 lohite or cream-coloured ; the wall breaking away in irregular 
 patches above ; stem equal, pale ochraceous or whitish, longi- 
 tudinally wi-inJdcd, the ridges continuing on the under side of the 
 sporangium; in some specimens the stem is obsolete, and a 
 broadly extending plasmodiocarp, forming continuous patches, 
 or an irregularly branched anastomosing structure is produced ; 
 columella flattened, dingy red ; mass of spores black with purple 
 tinge ; threads of capillitiura 1 — 2 /x thick, pale or colourless, 
 forked, combining laterally to form a loose net ; spores globose, 
 dingy lilac, smooth, 8 — 9 [x diameter. 
 
 Chondriodcrma Michelii, Rost., Fckl., Symb. Myc, Nach, 2, 
 p. 74; Host., Mon., p. 172, figs. 131, 146, 149, 150; Cooke, 
 Brit. MyK., p. 37, figs. 131, 146, 149, 150; Sacc, SylL, n. 1268 ; 
 Schroeter, p. 123. 
 
 Didymium Michelii, Lib., PI. Crypt. Ard., Fasc. II., no. 180 
 (1832). 
 
 Uxsicc—Lih., PI. Crypt. Ard., Fasc. II., n. 180; Fuckel, 
 Fung. Rhen., 2691 ; Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 615. 
 
 On living or dead leaves, twigs, wood, &c. ; some of the 
 specimens were found on horse-dung. Britain (specimen from 
 Sowerby's Herbarium ; Appin, N. B.) ; Sweden ; Germany ; 
 France ; Belgium ; Italy ; United States ; India. 
 
 Sporangia 1 — 1'5 mm. diameter. Resembling an Agaric 
 in miniature ; the stem is sometimes obsolete, and then the 
 sporangia frequently coalesce in series of three or four. In 
 the Indian form there is a very thin ochraceous inner pellicle 
 without lime ; in every other respect it agrees with the typical 
 state of the plant. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Diderma contortum, Huffm., t. 9, f. 2a (1795). 
 Reticularia contorta, Poir., Ency., vi., 182. 
 Rcticularia hemisjpherica. Sow., t. 12 (1797). 
 Physarum dcpressum, Schum. Saell., No. 1439 (1803); Fl. 
 Dan., t. 1972, I 2. 
 
206 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Didcrma jyhysarioides, Schum., Herb. 
 Diderma depressum, Fr., S. M., iii., 108 (1829). 
 Diderma lentimlare, Wallr,, Herb. 
 Didymium Miclidii, Lib., Exs. ii., ISO (1832). 
 Didymium hcmisjjhericum, Berk,, Engl. Fl., v., p. 312 (1836); 
 Cke., Hdbk., No. 1119. 
 
 Chondrioderma globosum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia globose, seated on a broad or narrow base, hypoihallus 
 dronfjly devdojyed, chalk-white, containing much lime, outer wall 
 thick, white, at length irregularly ruptured ; inner wall cine- 
 reous, often iridescent ; columella ivhite, small, globose or 
 ellipsoid ; threads of capillitium bright violet, sometimes almost 
 colourless, forming a dense net ; spores lilac with tinge of 
 brown, mimttely tvartcd, 8 — 10 /x diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma globosum, Rost., Mon., p. 180, fig. 138; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., p. 39, 40, fig. 138; Schroeter, p. 370; Sacc, Syll., 
 n. 1278. 
 
 On leaves, twigs, &c. Britain (Norths) ; France ; Germany ; 
 Belgium ; Italy ; U. States. 
 
 Sporangia often subangular from mutual pressure, f — 1 mm. 
 diameter. Columella pure white. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Mucilage, 7, Mich., t. 96, f. 6 (1729). 
 
 Lycogala, Hall, n. 2143 (1763). 
 
 Rctictdaria sj)haeroidalis, Bull., 446, f. 2 (1791). 
 
 Diderma glohosum, Pers. Disp., t. 1, f. 4, 5 (1797) ; Eng. Fl., 
 
 v., p. 312; Cke., Hdbk., 1114. 
 Didymium candidum, Schrad., Nov. Gen., 25 (1797). 
 Didymium glohosum, Chev., Fl. Par., t. 9, f. 28 (1827). 
 Physarum sjjhaeroides, Chev., Fl. Par., 339 (1827). 
 Gionium glohosum, Spr., iv., 529 (1827). 
 
 Chondrioderma niveum, Rost. (figs. 89 — 91). 
 Sporangia sessile, hemispherical, elliptical or irregular from 
 
Chondrioderma. 207 
 
 mutual pressure, snow-white, polished, dehiscing irref;ularly ; 
 columella large, depressed, dirty ochraceoics or hroionish ; capil- 
 litium dense, threads 2 — 3 \x thick at the base, rcmainiiKj for 
 some distance simple, then hifurcating and anastomosing laterally, 
 pale and lilac-brown ; spores globose, pale lilac, very miimtcly 
 verrueulose, many of the warts showing a tendency to become 
 elongated into ridges, 10 — 12 /x thick. 
 
 Chondrioderma oiiveum, Rost,, Mon., p. 170 ; Cooke, Myx. 
 Brit., p. 37; Sacc, Syll., 1259. 
 
 (Specimen named by Eostafinski in Hb. Berk.) 
 
 On leaves, grass, wood. Britain (Linlithgow). 
 
 Scattered or crowded, 2 — 2'o mm. across. 
 
 Chondrioderma virgineum, Mass. (n. sp.) (figs. 216 — 220). 
 
 Gregarious; regular, hemispherieal, sometimes slightly de- 
 pressed, sessile on a broad base, ivall at first polished, snow-white, 
 the outer film falling away in patches, grey or pulverulent below ; 
 columella snow-white, depressed, rugose, extending over the 
 greater portion of base of sporangium ; capillitium forming a 
 dense net, threads very thin, colourless, combining at mimerous 
 ptoints to form large, ir^rgular, membranaceous expansions of a 
 pale lilac colour ; spores globose, pale lilac, very minutely vcrru- 
 culose, 8 — 11 fjL diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma Coohei, Mass., in Herb., Kew. 
 
 On leaves. Britain (Hampstead). 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew. ) 
 
 Densely gregarious, but not crowded, about '5 diameter. 
 Agreeing with Chondrioderma Friesianum, Host., in the struc- 
 ture of the sporangial wall, but distinct in the capillitium and 
 spores. 
 
 Chondrioderma dealbata, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia scattered or crowded, subglobose, sessile on a broad 
 
 base, sometimes seated on a white hypothallus, wall very smooth, 
 
 ■white, fragile, dehiscing in a circuinscusilc manner; columella 
 
 s^tbglobose, white, sometimes almost obsolete ; capillitium dense. 
 
208 A Monograx>li of the Myxogastres. 
 
 threads often forked at acute angles, anastomosing laterally, 
 hrotviiish-lilac, furnished here and there with thickenings ; spores 
 dusky violet, globose, with 'j)rominent, elongated, Jicxuoiis ridges, 
 8 — 11 /x diameter. 
 
 " Didymium dealhatum, B. and C," in Herb. Berk., n. 10756. 
 
 Chondrioderma siibdictyosijermuin, Rost., Mon. Append., p. 16; 
 Sacc, Syll., n. 1260. 
 
 On wood, amongst moss. Venezuela. 
 
 A very fine and distinct species, sporangium pure white, 
 polished, about "5 mm. diameter. There appears to be no good 
 reason why Berkeley's specific name, although only a manu- 
 script one, should have been changed by Rostafinski. The 
 description of the present species in Saccardo's Sylloge is 
 meaningless. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Didymium dealhatum, B. msc. 
 
 Chondrioderma Friesianum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, subhemispherical, wall very much charged 
 with lime, snow-white, after the crust has fallen away, grey ; 
 columella distinct, lenticularly depressed, yellowish-gilvous or 
 flesh-colour ; capillitium well-developed, colourless, threads com- 
 bined to form a network ; spores pale violet, 8 //, diameter, 
 smooth. 
 
 Chondrioderma Friesianum, in Fuck el's Sym. Myc, 2, p. 74<; 
 Rost., Mon., p. 172 ; Sacc, Syll, no. 1266. 
 
 On bark, stems, &c. Europe. 
 
 Distinguished from Chondrioderma glohosum by its irregular 
 form, by the inside of the sporangial wall subreticulate, and 
 the almost umber spores. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Diderma difforme, Sommf , Fl. Lap., p. 217 ; non Pers ; sed 
 
 Fr., S. M., iii., p. 106 (1825). 
 Chondrioderma Friesianum, Rost., in Fuckcl's Symb. Myc, 2, 
 
 Nach., p. 74. 
 
CliondriodeniKi. 209 
 
 Chondrioderma albescens, Phil. 
 
 Sporangia fjlohose or slightly depressed, sessile on a hrond hasc^ 
 outer wall crustaceous, white, polished, becoming irregularly 
 ruptured above, inner wall very thin, ochraccous towards base 
 of sporangium and where it passes over the columella, colour- 
 less and very delicate above; columella well-developed, more 
 or less globose, ochraccous ; mass of spores, blackish-purple ; 
 4;hreads of capillitium fuliginous or almost colourless, about 
 3 /x thick at the base, remaining for some distance simple, 
 then branching at acute angles, towards the apices anastomosing 
 freely to form a dense, irregular net; spores globose, lilac-brown, 
 minutely vcrrucidose, 10 — 13 /x diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma albescens, Phil., in Herb. 
 
 Diderma albescens, Phil., Grev., v., 5, p. 114, t. 87, f. 3, a — f ; 
 Sacc, Syll, 1291. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Phillips.) 
 
 On pine bark. California. 
 
 Gregarious, or towards the margin of the clusters, scattered, 
 1 — 1*5 mm. diameter. After dehiscence, when the spores are 
 blown away, the bright ochraceous columella and base of 
 sjiorangium are very conspicuous. The threads of the capil- 
 litium are sometimes furnished with scattered swollen portions. 
 
 Chondrioderma simulans. Rest. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, narrowed at the base, adnate to a well- 
 developed, chalk-white hypothallus composed mostly of lime, 
 outer wall crustaceous, clialk-ichitc, inner wall cinereous or 
 variously bright-coloured ; columella generally very small, chalk- 
 wliite, spherical or conical ; threads of capillitium forming a 
 dense net, with triangular protuberances at the nodes, brownish- 
 violet ; spores dingy violet, very spinulosc, 1 2'5 ix diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma simulans, Rost., Mon. Append., p. 20 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., 1270. 
 
 Chondrioderma Saundersii, B. and Br. 
 Sporangia scattered, sessile on a broad base, \vy\ much 
 
210 A Monograpk of the Mijjcogastres. 
 
 depressed, circular in outline, wall veiy thin, chalk-white, 
 polished, breaking away in irregular patches ; cohimcUd flattened, 
 v:hitc, small, mass of spores blackish-puiiDle ; threads of capil- 
 litium equal, about 2 ju, thick, frequently branching and com- 
 bined laterally to form a dense net; spores globose, smooth, 
 dingy violet, 9 — 10 fx diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma Saundersii, B. and Br., in Herb. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., no. 10744.) 
 
 On living fronds of ferns. Java. 
 
 Resembling superficially circular forms of Chondriodcrmct dif- 
 formc,h\xi distinguished by the columella and dense capillitium. 
 Sporangia 2 — 3 mm. diameter, outline circular, often waved; a 
 very thin powdery layer of minute granules of lime is frequently 
 present on the mass of spores, which then appears dark grey. 
 
 Chondrioderma afRne, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia small, densely crowded on a common hypothallus, 
 irregularly angular, depressed, surface smooth, greyish-white; 
 columella irregular, small, white, rarely very conspicuous; 
 threads of capillitium thin, forming a net, dirty-violet, often 
 furnished with fusiform subviolaceous protuberances; spores 
 subviolaceous, densely aculeate, 10 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
 Clwndriodcrma ajfine, Rost., Mon. App., p. 18; Sacc, Syll,, 
 1271. 
 
 Poland ; Germany ; France. 
 
 Appears to be very closely allied to Didymium sjmmarioides 
 of the present work (Chondrioderma spumarioides, Rost.) ; differ- 
 ing in the smooth surface of the sporangial wall, the dingy 
 colour of the capillitium, and the lai-ger, densely aculeate 
 spores. 
 
 * * Sjwranfjiiim coloitrcd. 
 Chondrioderma testaceum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious or crowded, sessile on a broad base, 
 hemispherical or elliptical, rather depressed, sometimes irregular 
 from mutual pressure, outer wall smooth, from hrich-rcd to almost 
 
ChondvioiJcnna . 211 
 
 colunrh-Hii, dehiscing irregularly, inner wall violet- r/ri\i/ ; threads 
 of capillitium slender, brownish-lilac or almost colourless, fre- 
 quently bifurcating and anastomosing, sometimes flcxuous; 
 columella sibhglohose or dcjn'esscd, reddish or almost colourless; 
 rugose, spores globose, brownish-lilac, minutely vcrruculose, 
 9 — 11 fi diameter. 
 
 Ghondrioilcrma testaceum, Host., Mon., p. 179, figs. 135 — 136 ; 
 Schroeter, p. 135; Sacc, Syll., n. 1274; Cooke, Myx. Brit., 
 figs. 135, 136. 
 
 JExsicc. — Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 14G7 ; Dcsm., Cr. Fr., Scr. I., 
 706 (as Diderma testaceum) ; Ellis and Everh., N. Amer. Fung., 
 2093. 
 
 On mosses, leaves, twigs, &c. Sweden ; Germany ; Finland ; 
 Hungary; United States. 
 
 Varying from 'o — 1 mm. diameter; the colour of the spor- 
 angium bright brick-red, but it is sometimes much paler. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Bcticularia spJiaeroidalis, Var. 2, Bull. Champ., p. 94, t. 446, 
 
 f. 2, D (1791). 
 Didymium testaceiim, Schrad., p. 25, t. 5, f. 1, 2 (1897). 
 Diderma testaceum, Pers. Syn., p. 167 (1801). 
 Gionium testaceum, Spr. Syst., iv., p. 529. 
 
 Chondrioderma sublateritium, Rost. 
 
 Densely gregarious, sessile on a broad base, but rarely deformed 
 by crowding, circular in outline, depressed, umlilieate ahote, X)cde 
 Irich-red, jyolishcd ; inner wall lead-colour ; columella small, 
 Jlattened, reddish, capillitium forming a flaccid network, threads 
 thin, sometimes flexuous, with here and there small fusiform 
 swellings without lime ; spores globose, pale lilac-brown, minutely 
 vcrruculose, 9 — 11 fx diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma suhlateritimi, B. and Br., Journ. Linn. Soc, 
 vol. xiv., p. 82. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10728.) 
 
 On leaves. Ceylon. 
 
212 A Monogrcrpfi of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Closely allied to Chomlrioderma tcstaccum, if indeed it is more 
 than a geographical variety. Sporangia flattened, umbilicate 
 above, frequently dehiscing in a circumscissile manner, 
 
 Chondrioderma mutabile, Schroeter. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, deformed, hemis2')hcrico-dciirc&sed, or elongated 
 and curved, reniform, semicircular, &c., 1 — 3 /x long, 1 mm. 
 broad, hard, fragile, bright, greyish-hroivn ; columella tvcll de- 
 veloped, same shape as the sporangium, bright rufaiis-hroum ; 
 threads of capitulum thin, violet., here and there thickened in 
 a nodulose manner; spores globose, 11 — 14 \x diameter, blackish- 
 violet, mucronulate. 
 
 Chondrioderma mutaUle, Schroeter, Kr. Fl., p. 123; Sacc, 
 Syll., 1273. 
 
 On rotten wood. Silesia. 
 
 Chondrioderma fallax, Rest. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, sessile, yellowish-vMte, seated in numbers, 
 but not crowded, on a distinct common hyjriothallus ; columella 
 either minute and flcdtened,or of medium size and ovate; threads 
 fasciculate for some distance then branching copiously, obscure 
 violet; spores obscure violet : ivaoied, 12 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma fallax, Rest., Mon., p. 171 ; Sacc, Syll., no. 
 1261. 
 
 Salzburg, Tyrol. 
 
 B. Columella ahsent. 
 Chondrioderma difForme, Rost. (figs. 35 — 38). 
 Sporangia sessile on a Iroad base, convex, circular or irregularly 
 elongated, outer wall snow-white, rather thick, breaking away 
 in patches, inner wall separated from the outer by a space 
 containing air, thin, without lime, brownish-ochre, sometimes 
 iridescent ; mass of spores blackish ; columella absent or repre- 
 sented by a small accumulation of lime at base of sporangium, 
 which is covered by the inner wall ; capillitium scanty, some- 
 times almost o\i?>o\Q,iQ,thrccuh springing from base of sporangium, 
 
Chondriodennd . 213 
 
 3—4- ^ at base, sliyhtly attenuated upwards, forked, pale brown 
 or colourless; spores globose, smooth, dingy violet, 10 — 13 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Ghondriodcrvia difforme, Rost,, Mon., p. 177, fio-s. 137, 164, 
 165; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 39, figs. 137, 164, 165; Sacc.,' Syll.,' 
 1282; Raunk., 83. 
 
 CJwndrioderma Cnhcnsc (B. and C), Rost., Mon. Append., 
 p. 19; IHderma Cuhcnsc, B. and C, Journ. Linn Soc v x 
 p. 347. ' ' " 
 
 Ex8icc.—Uh., PI. Crypt. Ard., Fasc. III., 276 (as Didervia 
 liceoides)', Fckl, Fung. Rhen., 2300 (as Didcrma liceoidcs)- 
 Rabh., F. Eur., 1423 (as Didymiitm Lihertianum, De Bary); 
 Rab.-Wint., Fung. Eur., 3172; Roum., Fung. Gall., 1311 and 
 2956; Rab., Herb. Myc, 456; Roum., Fung. Gall., 243 (as 
 Diderma candidum); Sydow, Myc. March., 1497; Desra., Cr. 
 Fr., Ser. I., 370 (as Diderma difforme); Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 
 1464 (as Leocarpus calcareus, Link); Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 
 1217; not typical, the spores smaller than in type, and the 
 inner wall bright grey. 
 
 On twigs, leaves, &c. Britain (Elmsted, Kew, Northampton, 
 Rudloe, Twycross, Carlisle, Scarboro', Linlithgow, Appin, N. B.) ; 
 France ; Germany ; Switzerland ; U. States ; India ; Australia. 
 
 Sporangia 1 — 2 mm. across when circular, hemispherical in 
 section. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Fu'ticularia angulata, Pers. in Gmel, p. 1472 (1791). 
 Didcrma difforme, Pers. Disp., p. 9 (1797); Icon. Pict., t. 12 
 
 f. 3— 5; Nees, f. 105. 
 Lieca caesia, Schum. Saell, 1500 (1803). 
 Physancm difforme, Link, Diss., i., 27 (1809). 
 Am2jhis!porinm versieolor, Fr., Gast., 19 (1818). 
 Licea alba, Nees, in Kze., Myk., Heft., ii., 66 (1823). 
 Lyeorjala mimdum, Grev., S. C. Fl., t. 40 (1823). 
 Betieularia imsilla, Fr., Orb. Vet., i., 147 (1825). 
 Diderma eyanescens, Fr., S. M., iii., 109 (1829); Eng. Fl., v., 
 
 p. 312; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1115. 
 
214 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Physat'um caesium, Fr,, S. M., iii., 147 (1829). 
 
 Physaimm alhnm, Fr., S. M., iii., 147 (1820); LetelL, t. 710, 
 
 f. 4; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1140. 
 Didymium difforme, Duby, Bot. Gall., ii., 858 (1830). 
 Didcrma nitcns, Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb.; Eng. FL, v., 
 
 p. 312; Cooke, Hdbk., 1113. 
 Didcrma Ncesii, Corda, Ic, ii., f. 58 (1838). 
 Leocarpus cyanesccns, Fr., S. V. S., 450 (1849). 
 Zeocarpics mtem, Fr., S. V. S., 450 (1849). 
 Didcrma Lihcrtianum, Fres., Beit., t. iv., f. 16 — 27 (1850). 
 Didymium Lihcrtianum, De Bary, Mycetozoa (1864). 
 
 Chondrioderma Berkeleyanum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia slightly scutcllate, snow-white, stipitate ; stem rigid, 
 hay at the hase, hecoming jJaler upivards; threads of capillitium 
 slender, anastomosing to form a net ; spores dingy violet, strongly 
 vxcrtcd, 10 — 11 II diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma Bcrkelcyanum, Rost., Mon. App., p. 16 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., no. 1258. 
 
 Island of Tahiti. 
 
 There is no specimen in the Berkeleyan Herbarium answer- 
 ing to the above description, and in the " Introduction to 
 Cryptogamic Botany," p. 335, the spores are described and 
 figured with a reticulate epispore. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Tricha7iiphora ]iczizoidcs, Berk., Intr. Cr. Bot., p. 335, non 
 Jungh. 
 
 Chondrioderma physarioides, Rost. (figs. 59 — 62). 
 
 Gregarious, sessile on a broad base, circular or irregularly 
 elongated, depressed, outer cretaceous wall polished, pure white 
 or ivory tinted, inner wall dirty ochraccons, sometimes separated 
 from the outer wall by a space containing air ; columella ohsoletc ; 
 threads of capillitium equal, about 3 jw thick, colourless, some- 
 times rough in parts with minute particles of lime, hranchi^ig 
 
Chondriodcrmd. 215 
 
 ioTefj/nlarli/ and foi-ming a flaccid net; spores globose, dingy 
 violet, minuteljj verruculose, 12 — 13 [j. diameter. 
 
 Chondriodernia 2^hysarioidcs, Rost, Mod., p. 170; Cooke Myx 
 Brit., p. 37. 
 
 Cho')id,Tiodemia dtylanatum, Rost., Mon. Append p 17 • Sacc 
 Syll.. 1264. ' ' ' 
 
 On rotten wood, leaves, &c. Britain (King's Cliffe, Black- 
 heath, Carlisle) ; France ; Switzerland. 
 
 Sporangia 1 — 3 mm. when circular, from 8—5 mm. when 
 elongated ; in the elongated form the sporangium is frequently 
 folded on itself, and sometimes it takes two or three spiral 
 turns, leaving a minute cavity in the centre. Distinguished 
 from Chondriodcrma difforme by the warted spores and large 
 size of the sporangia, and from 0. nivetim by the absence of 
 tlie columella. Sometimes the whole of the outer calcareous 
 coat breaks away in a circumscissile manner close to the adnate 
 
 Chondriodcrma crustaceum, Berl. 
 
 Effused or circumambient, crowded, sessile, subglobose, smooth, 
 white, outer peridium crustaceous, like the shell of some small 
 egg, the inner delicate, appearing cinerous to the naked eye, 
 iridescent under the microscope; columella none; spores 
 globose, black, -0005 in. in diameter ( ^ about 13 ju). 
 
 Chondriodcrma crustaceum, Berlose, in Sacc, Syll., no. 1290. 
 
 Didcrma crustaceum, Peck, in 26th Report of State Mus. 
 N. Y., p. 74. 
 
 On fallen sticks and leaves. Memphis ; United States. 
 
 Owing to absence of information respecting the capillitium 
 and presence or absence of markings on the epispore, the 
 p(jsitiun of the species is uncertain. 
 
 Chondrioderma liceoides, Rost. 
 Plasmodium scarcely as thicli as a needle, creepmff or x>ulvinate, 
 wall highly charged with lime, wliite externcdly, inside reddish- 
 brown ; inner wall contiguous to outer, delicate, viokt ; capil- 
 litium f.iirly abundant, threads swq^le, or once or ticiec diehoto- 
 
216 A Monograjyh of the Myxogastres. 
 
 maics near the ajKx, spores smooth, obscure violet, 11 — 12 /ut 
 diameter. 
 
 Chondnoderma liccoides, Rost, Mon. Append., p. 17; Sacc, 
 Syll, 1262. 
 
 On rotten jiourd. Carolina. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Licca macrosperiiia, Sz., Am. Fung., no. 2317 (1834). 
 Ligynota nigra, Fr., Sra. Veg. Scan., p. 459 in notam. (1840). 
 
 Chondrioderma reticulatum, Rost. 
 
 Plasmodium sessile, vein-like, flattened, arcuate, comhined into 
 an irregular nctworic, seated on a whitish, delicate, reticulated, 
 S2')reading hypothallus ; columella absent ; threads of capillitium 
 colourless, veo^y thin, comhined to form a dense net ; sjjores smooth, 
 obscure violet, 7 — 8 /x diameter, 
 
 Chondrioderma reticulatum, Rost., Mon., p. 170. 
 
 On rotten branches of pine. Switzerland. 
 
 I have not seen the present species, but the description seems 
 to suggest that it may possibly be a plasmodiocarp form of 
 C. Miclielii. 
 
 * * S'porangiitm coloured. 
 Chondrioderma ochraceuin, Schroeter. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, irregular, globose, reniform, semicircular, 
 &c., 1 — 2 mm. long, 1 mm. across, densely gregarioics, outer wall 
 oehraceous-brown, falling away in irregular squamules; inner 
 wall thin, colourless; columella cd)sent ; capillitium copious, 
 threads- 2 — 3 fx thick, violet, smooth, straight or flexuous, 
 frequently anastomosing, and here and there forming a dense 
 reticulation; spores globose, indistinctly i)unctulatc, blackish- 
 violet, 9 — 11 ix diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma ochraceum, Schroeter, Kr. FL, 124 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 v., 7, part, I., no. 1283. 
 
 On hepatics. Silesia. 
 
Chond node rum. 217 
 
 Chondrioderma Sauteri, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, irregularly elli'iisoid, dejyorsscd, Uood-red, 
 shiniui/ ; iDiier wall wliitisli-brown, dull; columella alsent, 
 threads of the capillitium fasciculate but not forming a net; 
 spores pale violet, verruculosc, 8 — 12 [x diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma Sauteri, Host., Mon., p. 181 ; Sacc, Syll., 1281. 
 
 Tyrol. 
 
 There is some difficulty in ascertaining the exact meaning 
 of the colour of the sporangium as given by Rostafinski, who 
 calls it " kawowo-mleczne." It is translated in Saccardo's 
 Sylloge as " sanguineo-lacteis." 
 
 Chondrioderma vaccinum, Rost. 
 
 Sessile, adnate, orbicular, obiter wall thick, adnatc, inner very 
 thin, evanescent ; columella ahsent ; threads of capillitium 
 hyaline, delicate; spores pale brownish-violet, 10 — 11 ij. diameter, 
 minutely wavted. 
 
 Chondrioderma vaccinum, Rost., Mon., p. 180 ; Sacc, SylL, 
 no. 1275. 
 
 Diderma vaccinum, Dur. et Mont., Fl. Alg., p. 407, t. 22 bis., 
 f. 1 ; Mont, SylL, n. 1071. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Mus., Paris.) 
 
 On fallen brandies of Ojyuntia. Algeria. 
 
 Externally bearing a close resemblance to Chondrioderma 
 testaeeum, but easily recognized by the absence of a columella; 
 Chondrioderma sMateritiwm is separated from the present species 
 in having the upper surface of the sporangium broadly um- 
 bilicate, and in the presence of a columella. 
 
 Chondrioderma simplex, Schroeter. 
 
 Sporangia sphaeroid, slightly flattened, scattered, simple, 
 rigid, fragile, bright chestnut ; columella ahsent ; tubes of capil- 
 litium radiating, repeatedly dichotomous, violet; sjyores smooth, 
 bright violet, 7 — 9 fx diameter. 
 
 Schroeter, Kr. Fl. Schles. Filze, p. 123; Sacc, Syll., 1272. 
 
 On dead trunks. Silesia. 
 
218 A Monoprffph of tJie Myxogastres. 
 
 Chondrioderma calcareum, Rost. 
 
 SporaDgia sessile and variahlc in form, ovate, elongated and 
 curved, &c., convexo-depressed, glaucous and hyaline when 
 moist, ajiaque and reddish or ^mZc v^hen dry, very fragile, at 
 length rupturing irregularly, leaving a brow^n impression of the 
 base after falling away; spores 9 — 11 ju, diameter, mixed with 
 a few black threads. 
 
 Chondrioderma calcareum, Host., in Fckl. S. Myc, 2 Nch., 
 p. 74; Rost, Mon., p. 179; Sacc, SylL, 1280 ; Schroeter, p. 124. 
 
 On dry stems. Germany. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Zcocarjms calcareus, Link, Diss. I., ]. c, p. 23 (1809). 
 Diderma liceoides, Fr., 1. c, iii., p. 107 (1829). 
 Diderma chalyheum, Wein., 1. c, p. 592 (1836). 
 Diderm.a deplanahtm, Fckl, S. M., p. 341 ; Non. Fr. (1869). 
 Chondrioderma calcareum, (Lk.) in Fckl., S. M., ii., Nch., p. 74 
 (1873). 
 
 Chondrioderma Stahlii, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, slightly flattened below, either dull 
 whitish-brown or shining and dingy brown; dehiscing by a 
 central pore, a long slit, or irregularly; stem hroivn, shining; 
 columella absent ; threads of capillitium either simple or more 
 or less repeatedly bifurcate above, net cmiihining to form a 
 network; spores pale violet, minutely verruculosc, 9 /^ diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma Stahlii, Rost., Mon., p. 185, f. 168; Cooke, 
 Brit. Myx., fig. 168; Sacc, Syll., 1287. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 DiDYMiUM, Schrad. (in part). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate or sessile, wall single or double, surface 
 covered with lime, either in the form of a pulverulent stratum 
 of amorphous particles or crystals, or compacted into a granular 
 (but not porcelain-like) crust; columella present or absent; 
 
Didymium, 2 1 9 
 
 capillitiunr usually well-devoloped, threads thin, without lime, 
 coloured or colourless, either radiating from the columella or 
 base of sporangium as simple or furcate threads, which usually 
 combine laterally towards the apex, or combine throughout 
 their length to form a dense, irregular network, with the anodes 
 more or less triangular and flattened. Spores lilac or violet- 
 brown. 
 
 Didymium, Schrad., Nov. pi. gen., p. 20. Rost., Mon., p. IGO 
 (in part); Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 30 (in part); Sacc, Syll., v., 7, 
 pt. I, p. 376 (in part); Zopf, p. 150. 
 
 The leading idea of the genus as defined above is, the wall 
 of the sporangium with lime outside, the thin threads of the 
 capillitium not containing lime, either radiating, subsimple or 
 bifurcating, or anastomosing irregularly throughout their length 
 and forming a net as in the subgenus Hcmididymiuiii, the 
 species of which are distinguished from those of Tilmadoche 
 by the absence of well-defined, small, usually fusiform knots 
 containing granules of lime. Thickenings are not uncommon 
 in the capillitium of various species of Didymium, but lime is 
 never present. 
 
 Distrih. Temperate and tropical regions. Species 50. 
 
 Sub-Gen. Didymium. 
 Threads of capillitium almost simple, or bifurcating at acute 
 angles, here and there connected laterally, but not forming a 
 uniform net throughout the capillitium. 
 
 A. S'porangium stipitate. 
 (Sessile forms occur in D. squamulomm and D. farinaccum.) 
 
 * Spores wartcd. 
 
 Didymium farinaceum, Schrad. (figs. 29—35). 
 
 Sporangium hemispherical, usually a little depressed, more 
 
 or less umbilicate below, at first white with a continuous crust 
 
 of lime, which soon becomes broken up into white ghstening 
 
 granules scattered on the inner dark, wrinkled wuU ; stem 
 
220 A MonograpJi of the Myiognstres. 
 
 variable in length, blackish or rnfmis, wrinkled longitudinally, 
 equal or slightly attenuated upwards, expanding at the base 
 into a rudimentary hypothallus; coluinella hemispherical or 
 depressed, covered with the inner darlc hrmun wrinkled skin, 
 lacunose, the cavities filled with amorphous masses of lime; 
 capillitium copious, threads springing from the columella, 2 — 3 /x 
 thick, almost equal, dividing in a dichotomous manner, and 
 becoming attached to the inner wall of the sporangium, the 
 branches often connected laterally, and often more or less 
 studded with very minute granules of lime, varying from colour- 
 less, through pale brown lo dingy violet ; spores globose, dirty 
 brownish-purple, minutely warted, 1 — 1 3 ju, diameter. 
 
 a. gemoinum. Stem blackish or brown, as long or longer 
 than the height of the sporangium. 
 
 /3. suhsessile. Stem short, almost or altogether concealed in 
 the umbilicus of the sporangium. Sporangia solitary or more 
 or less confluent. 
 
 y. nigrum. An abnormal form without lime, hence the 
 sporangium from the first blackish. Stem short. 
 
 Didymium farinaccum, Rost., Mon., p. 154, figs, 128, 171, 
 174; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 31, figs. 128, 171, 174; Sacc, Syll., 
 1039 ; Schroeter, p. 121 ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 89. 
 
 Didymium lohatum, Ft. (specimen named by Fries, in Herb. 
 Berk., n. 10753). 
 
 Exdcc. — Jack, Leiner u. Sitzenb., 424 ; Cooke, Fung. Brit., 
 Ed. II., 521; Fuckel, Fung. Khen., 1461; Klotzsch., (Rab.) 
 Herb. Myc, 138; Rab., Fung. Eur., 369. 
 
 On wood, bark, leaves, living moss, &c. 
 
 Britain (Chislehurst, Kew, Carlisle, Scarboro', Durham, Lin- 
 lithgow, Appin) ; Sweden ; Germany ; Bavaria ; France ; United 
 States ; S. W. Australia ; Benin Islands. 
 
 Sporangia b — 1 mm. across, sometimes lobed, a character 
 which gave origin to the spurious species D. lohatum; some- 
 times two or several sporangia coalesce, the stems remaining 
 distinct. The stem varies considerably in length, even in the 
 same group, thus showing the small amount of value to be 
 attached to Rostafinski's forms; in some specimens the stem 
 
Didymiam. 221 
 
 is three times as long as the height of the sporangium, in 
 others so short as not to project beyond the umbilicus or 
 depression at the base of the sporangium. The threads of the 
 capillitium are often flexuous. The cokimella is at first dusky 
 owing to being covered with the dark inner skin of the spor- 
 angium, but in old plants this pellicle frequently disappears, 
 leaving a white mass of lime, hence the columella appears 
 white. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 S'phacroccplmlus nigcr. Hall, t. 1, f. 2 (1742). 
 
 Trkhia, Hall, No. 2160, t. 48, f. 2 (1768). 
 
 M'ucor si^hacrocephcdus, Batsch., p. 157 (1783). 
 
 Clathrus S2Jhaerocc2)hahcs, .'Rehl. (1786). 
 
 Trichia glohosa, Vill., Fl. Dauph., 1061 (1789). 
 
 Beticularia Jicmisj^herica, Bull., t. 446, f. 1 (1791). 
 
 Trichia cojnjrressa, Trent, p. 229 (1797). 
 
 Trichia sj)hacrica, Trent, p. 230 (1797). 
 
 Trichia dcpressa, Trent, p. 231 (1797). 
 
 Physarum mclanosjyervuwi, Pers. Disp., p. 8 (1797). 
 
 Lidymium farinacmm, Schrad., t. 3, f. 6 (1797) ; Engl. Flor., 
 
 v., 313; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1123; Fung. Brit., Ed. H., 521.' 
 Trichia sphacrocei^hala, Sow., t. 240 (1799). 
 Trichia farinacca, Poir., EncycL, viii., 53. 
 Physarum farinacmtm, Pers. Syn., 174 (1801). 
 Physarum cinerasccns, Schum. Saell., 1426 (1803). 
 Physarum dextrcssttm, Schum. Saell., 1439 (1803). 
 Physarum glohosiwi, -Schum. Saell., 1442 (1803). 
 Physarum oxyacanthae, Schum. Saell., 1427 (1803). 
 Physarum cinercum, multis ? 
 Physarum clavus, Link, Diss., i., 27 (1809). 
 Physarum sinuosum, Link, Diss., i., 27 (1809), 
 Physarum capikchirn, Link, Diss., i., 27 (1809). 
 Diderma muscicola., Link, Diss., i., 27 (1809). 
 Bidymiuiii ca2ntcdum, Link, Diss., iii., 27 (1816). 
 Didymium lokdiim, Nces, f. 104 (1817); Cooke, Hdbk No 
 
 1129. 
 
222 A MonoyrapJi of the Myocogastres. 
 
 Didymium physarioides, Klotzsch. 
 
 Strongylium minor, Fr., Gast., p. 9 (1817). 
 
 Physarum melanopus, Fr., Gast., p. 23 (1817). 
 
 Conium lobahtm, Spr., Syst., iv., 529 (1827). 
 
 Didymmm marginatum, Fr., S. M., iii., 116 (1829). 
 
 Didymium mdanopus, Fr., S. M., iii., 114 (1829); Berk., Ann. 
 
 N. H., No. 882; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1118. 
 Didymium licmisphcricum, Fr., S. M., iii,, 115 (1829). 
 Physarum nigrum, Fr., S. M., iii., 146 (1829); B. and Br., 
 
 N. H., No. 1598; Grevillea, v., p. 12. 
 Cionium farinaceum. Link, Hdbk., iii., 416 (1833). 
 Didymium filamentosum, Wallr., 2187 (1833). 
 
 Didymium affine, Raunk. 
 
 Sporangia spherical-hemispherical, stipitate. Stetn thin, of 
 equal length or longer than the sporangium, expanded into a 
 circular hypothallus at the base, bright brown. Wall grey, 
 withrmt lime, under the microscope colourless. Columella glo- 
 bose-semiglobose, with the colour of the stem or brighter. 
 Threads of the capillitium nearly hyaline, expanded into numer- 
 ous shortly fusiform, Iro'ivnish-violet sioellings. Spores smooth 
 or delicately warted, 8 — 9 /x diameter. 
 
 Didymium affine, Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 109 (in English), 
 Tab. 5, figs. 8, 4. 
 
 On germinating seeds in laboratory. 
 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 An unusual Didymium certainly in the wall being without 
 lime. Possibly abnormal. 
 
 Didymium Fuckelianum. Rost. 
 
 Sporangia hemispherical, umbilicate below, stipitate, stem 
 whitish with gilvous or brownish shades, strongly plicate longi- 
 tudinally, lime on the wall in the form of stellate crystals, after 
 removal of the lime the wall is covered with unsymnietrical Irown 
 or violet s]-)ots separated ly colourless veins; stem entering the 
 sporangium as a distinct clavate or ap)planatc hroivnish columella. 
 
Didi/iuidiH. 223 
 
 not at all adherent to lower fart of the sjyoraiif/ial wall, mrface 
 covered with jyrotuherances which give origin to the threads of 
 the capillitium, threads violet, with numerous irregular pro- 
 tuberances; spores lilac, delicately toarted, 9 — 11 fx diameter. 
 
 Dichjmimn Fuckeliamim, Kost., Mon., p. 161, f. 134; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., f.l34; Sacc, Syll., No. 1307. 
 
 On twigs and pine leaves. Germany. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Didymiuin squamulosum, Fckl., Symb. Myc, p. 341, non A. 
 
 et. Sz. (1569). 
 Didymium Fuckelianum, Rost., Fckl., S. M., 2, Nach., p. 73 
 
 (1873). 
 
 Didymium praecox, De Bary. 
 
 Sporangia irregularly hemispherical, wall double, the outer 
 white, strongly rugulose, after maturity breaking away in small 
 colourless patches, covered with minute stellate crystals; inner 
 wall greyish lead-colour, rigid, with small irregular granules of 
 Hme, yellowish flesh-colour after removal of the lime; stem 
 generally short, yelloioish fiesh-colotir, with delicate oblong 
 striations, passing into the iJeridiuvi as an irregularly spherical, 
 often applanate yellowish flesh-coloured p)rolongation ; threads of 
 capillitium very delicate, solid, colourless, or some violet with 
 many irregulaily spherical protuberances below the acute angles 
 of the bifurcations, combined constantly by the branches and 
 transverse threads to form a network ; spores subviolet, mem- 
 brane very rigid, with a few scattered short spines, 8 — 9 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Didymium praecox, De Bavy, in Rab., Fung. Eur., n. 307 ; 
 Rost., Mon., p. 103 ; Sacc, Syll., 1306. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Didymium squamulosum, Fr. (figs, 40 — 52). 
 Sporangia subglobose, slightly flattened below, and more or 
 less umbilicate, stipitate or sessile, coat of lime at first consist- 
 incc of a continuous white crust of minute cfrauules, which soon 
 
224 A Monograp]( of the Myxogastres. 
 
 becomes hrokcii wp into large, irregular, persistent patches ; mass 
 of spores brownish-black ; stem ivJdte, equal in length to spo- 
 rangium or much shorter, slightly rugulose ; eolumella ivhite or 
 dirty ochraccous, large, suhglohose ; threads of capillitium pale 
 or colourless, about equal throughout their length, 2 — 3 /x thick, 
 branching at acute angles and connected laterally, forming a 
 net, sometimes flexuous ; spores globose, dingy violet, minutely 
 verrucose, 8 — 11 /x diameter. 
 
 Diclymium hypnophilum, Mass., Journ. R. Micr. Soc, v., 5. 
 p. 757. 
 
 Didymium ncglectum. Berk., hiun. Soc. Journ., v., 14, p. 83; 
 Sacc, 1325. 
 
 a. genuinum. Sporangia stipitate, stem elongated or short, 
 and almost lost in the umbilicus of the sporangium. 
 
 ^. scssilis. Sporangia sessile, distinct, or sometimes several 
 confluent, when tlie columella becomes elongated. 
 
 Didymium squamulosum, var. genuinum,, Rost., Mon., p. 159, 
 f. 148; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 33, f. 148; Schroeter, p. 122; 
 Raunk., p. 88; Sacc, SylL, 1301. 
 
 Exsicc.—^y±, Myc. March., 1387, 1388; Cke., Fung. Brit., 
 Ed. II., 613; Rab., Fung. Eur., 813; Rab.-Wint., Fung. Eur., 
 2969; Roum., Fung. Gall, 1212; Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 2497; 
 Syd., Myc. March., 396 (as Didymium farinaeeuni) \ and 492 (as 
 Didymi^im herlarum, Fr.); Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 1216 ; Roum., 
 Fung. Gall., 1684 (as Didymium farinaeeum) ; Klotzsch (Rab.), 
 Herb, Myc, 455 (as Didymium liemisphericum). 
 
 On rotten wood, leaves, moss, &c. 
 
 About 1 mm. high, distinguished by the calcareous crust of 
 the sporangium becoming broken up into large irregular patches, 
 separated from each other by the blackish inner layer and the 
 pale columella. Most closely allied to Didymium virgineum. 
 For distinctive characters see under the latter. 
 
 Britain (Kew, Wothorpe, King's Cliffe, Norwich, Scarboro', 
 Carlisle, Glamis, Appin, N. B.) ; France ; Italy ; Germany ; 
 Switzerland ; Belgium ; U. States ; Cuba ; Ceylon ; Australia ; 
 Tasmania; New Zealand. 
 
Didymium. 225 
 
 Var. costcdum. 
 
 Sporangia covered uniformly with minute particles of lime, 
 not hcGoming broken u^ into large, distinct 2>tttchcs ; stem white, 
 variable in length, expanding at the base into a small hypo- 
 tliallus with prominent radiating ridges. Stem sometimes very 
 short, sunk in the umbilicus or entirely absent. 
 
 Didynvium squaviulosum, /3. leucoims, y. costatum, Rost., Mon., 
 p. 159; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 33; Sacc, Syll., no. 1301. 
 
 Exsicc, — Rab,, Fung. Eur., 367 (as Didymitiiii jJi'uecox, De 
 Bary) ; Fuckel, Fung, llhen., 2690 (as Didymium squamulosum 
 y. costatum) ; Rab.-Wint., Fung. Eur., 2675 (as Didymium Nca- 
 polifanum, Ces.). 
 
 On leaves, wood, &c. 
 
 Distinguished from the type by the white crust of the pileus 
 not becoming broken up into patches, and by the markedly 
 costate hypothallus. Somewhat i-esembling Didymium. dqnrs- 
 sum, Fr., which however is readily distinguished by the much 
 larger and more coarsely warted spores. 
 
 Britain (Epping Forest, Chiselhurst, Kew, Carlisle) ; France ; 
 Germany; Austria. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Bcticularia hemispherica, Bull., p. 93 (1791). 
 Diderma sqtiamulosum, A. and S., t. 4, f 5 (1805). 
 Didymium glohosum, v. stipitatiim, Schwarz., Ac. Holm., p. 
 
 114 (1815). 
 Zicca stipitata, D. C, Fl. Fr., No. 670 (1815). 
 Tuhulina 2)ediccUaf.a, Poir., Ency., v., p. 373. 
 Cionium fariimceum, Spr., Syst., iv., 528 (1827). 
 Didymium herhantm, Fr., S. M., iii., 120 (1829). 
 Didymium kucojms, Fr., S. M., iii., 121 (1829); Cooke, Hdbk., 
 
 No. 1127. 
 Didymium costatum, Fr., S. M., iii., 118 (1829). 
 Didymium Ikcoidcs, Duby, Bot. Gall., ii., 864- (1830). 
 Duhjmiitmfilamndosnm, Wallr., Fl. Germ., No. 2187 (1833). 
 
 Q 
 
226 A MonograpJi of the Alyxogastres. 
 
 Didymium squ.nimUosnm, Fr., S. M., iii,, 118; Eng. Fl., v., 
 
 312; Cke., Hdbk, No. 1122. 
 DifJymium ncghctum, B. and Br., Ceylon Fungi, No. 747. 
 Didymium aastralc, Berk., Hdbk., Flor. Nov. Zealand, p. 191. 
 
 Var. virgincnm, Mass. 
 
 Scattered, or in clusters of two or three ; sporangia subglobose, 
 flattened and slightly umbilicate below, external crust of lime 
 pure white, rugulose and crumjdcd but continuous; stem lohite, 
 stout, equal to sporangium or shorter, expanding at the base 
 into a small wrinkled hypothallus ; mass of capillitium and 
 spores blackish; columella siihglohosc or hemisjyJicrical, white or 
 ycllmvish, rugulose; threads of capillitium copious, radiating 
 from the columella to the wall of the sporangium, 3 — 4 jj. thick 
 at the base, a little thinner upwards, often flexuous, sparingly 
 branching at an acute angle, and sometimes connected laterally, 
 with scattered, small, elliptical swellings, pale dingy violet or 
 brownish, sometimes almost colourless ; spores globose, epispore 
 rather thick, brownish- violet, minutely verruculose, 10 — 13 ii 
 diameter. 
 
 On leaves, wood, &c. 
 
 Britain (Scarborough, Carlisle, Epping Forest) ; Italy. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 Sporangia 1 — 1"5 mm. diameter. The outer coat of lime is 
 very much crumpled, with prominent irregular ridges, but does 
 not become broken up into dctaclicd particles as is usual in 
 the genus Didymium. 
 
 Didymium microcarpon, Rost. (hgs. 44, 45). 
 
 S'porangia glohose, at first with an external continuous white 
 crust of lime, which soon becomes broken up into minute 
 glistening particles, resting on the inner dark membrane, more 
 or less umbilicate below, stein slender, slightly attenuated ufumrds, 
 blackish or rufous, longitudinally rugulose, expanding at the 
 base into a small subcircular hypothallus, straight or slightly 
 curved above, generally cd)o^it twice the length of the s^iorangium ; 
 
Didipniinn. 227 
 
 colniiiclla small, sj^heriml, 2>(d<' ochrcremis, internally traversed 
 by irregular strands giving it a cellular appearance, cavities 
 containing crystals of lime ; capillitium radiating from the 
 columella to the wall of the sporangium, threads about equal, 
 2 — 3 jj. thick, repeatedly forked and joining laterally, sometimes 
 flexuous and rough in parts with minute granules of lime, 
 varying from colourless, through pale brown to dirty violet; 
 spores globose, very minutely verruculose, brownish-purple, 5 — 7 fx 
 diameter. 
 
 a. nif/ripes. Stem blackish. 
 
 /3. rnfi2')cs. Stem rufous or yellowish. 
 
 Didymium microcarpon, Rest., Mon., p. 157, f. 138, 177 ; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., p. 82, f. 133, 177; Sacc, Syll, 1310 ; Eaunk., p. 87. 
 
 Exsicc. — Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 1893 (as Didymium micro- 
 mrpmi, Fr.), var. nigri'pcs ; Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 412 (as 
 Didymium xanthoinLs). 
 
 On twigs, leaves, living mosses, &c. 
 
 Plants 2-5 — 3 mm. high, lumps of lime on the sporangium 
 in the form of stellate crystals; umbilicus at base of spor- 
 angium sometimes very slight; columella small but rather 
 prominent; the capillitium varies considerably, sometimes 
 copious, anastomosing, various, inclined to be rough here and 
 there with minute granules of lime, or even nodulose ; at other 
 times scanty, colourless, and threads very thin. So far as I 
 have had an opportunity of ascertaining, the pale-stemmed 
 form is confined to living mosses. 
 
 Britain (Kew, King's Cliffe, Carlisle, Shere, Forden, Edin- 
 boro', Glamis, N. B.) ; Sweden ; Denmark ; France ; United 
 States; Ceylon. 
 
 (Rostatinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Lyca'pcrdon stiintatuin, Retz,, Vet. de Handl. (1769). 
 Triehia hemispheric a, Trent., p. 228 (1797). 
 Physarum nigripcs, Lk,, Diss., 1, 27 (1809) ; Ditm., t. 42. 
 TricJiia alba, Purt., Midi. Fl., iii., 1113 (1817). 
 Cioniicm xantho]ms, Ditm., t. 43 (1817); Nees, f. 106. 
 Physaruvi 7nicrocarpon, Fr., Gast., p. 23 (1818). 
 
228 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Didymium lolatutn, j3. stipitatmn, Somm., Fl. Lapp,, 210 
 
 (1825). 
 Didijmium nigripes, Fr., S. M., iii., 119 (1829); Eng. FL, v., 
 
 313; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1124. 
 Difhjmiuvi xantJiopus, Fr., S. M., iii., 120 (1829); Berk., Ann. 
 
 N. H., iii. ; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1126. 
 Difhjmmm iridis, Fr., S. M., iii., 120 (1829). 
 Didymium micToccpuhaluiii, Chev., Byss., f. 11 (1837). 
 Diilymium melanojms, Wallr,, Fl. Germ., 2184 (1837). 
 Didymium WallrotUi, Eabh., Fl. Cr., 2289 (1844). 
 Didymium porphyroiyics, D. R. and M., Fl. Alg., 409 (1846). 
 Didymium megalosporum, B. and C, Grev., No. 318. 
 
 Didymium macrospermum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia spherical or hemispherical, very much fiattencd 
 vertically, umbilicate below, grey, stipitate, membrane of spor- 
 angium colourless or pale brownish; stem generally longer 
 than peridium, dilated at the base into a distinct discoid 
 hypothallus, attenuated above, strongly plicate longitudinally, 
 snmv-white or yellowish-white; columella versifonn, discoid, &c., 
 threads of capillitium shnple, rarely branching at acute angles, 
 colourless or pale brown ; spores subviolaceous, strongly aculeate, 
 12 — 13 ju diameter. 
 
 Didymium macros^ierinum, Rost., Mon., p. 166; Schroeter, 
 p. 122; Sacc, Syll., n. 1304. 
 
 On trunks. Germany. 
 
 Gregarious; stem three or more times longer than the 
 sporangium, thinner above, much wrinkled, ridges membran- 
 aceous, pellucid, peridium thin, sometimes dehiscing by be- 
 coming ruptured at the base, and almost all disappearing; at 
 other times torn into shreds which persist. Appears to be 
 allied to Didymium squamulosum, var. costatum, and distin- 
 guished by the flattened sporangium, long stem, and larger 
 spores. 
 
 (Rostafiuski's Synonyms.) 
 (?) Trichia alata, Trent., 1. c, p. 228 (1797). 
 
Didym'inm. 229 
 
 (?) Physarum alatum, Fr., 1. c, iii., p. 132 (1829). 
 Diclymium costatum, Fckl., Syni. Myc. I., Nach., p. 339. 
 
 Didymium discoideum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia dueoid, almost sessile, umbilicate, inferior part of 
 wall violet, superior spotted, with irregular pellucid veins, 
 breaking away after maturity in small patches ; stem from its 
 shortness scarcely apparent, hid in the iimhilicus, dilated at the 
 base into a circular hypothallus; columella discoid or hemi- 
 spherical, like the stem yellowish Jlesh-colour ; threads of capil- 
 litium flexuous, rarely forking, bay, tips colourless; spores 
 strongly wartcd, blackish-violet, 11 — 13 ju diameter. 
 
 Didymium discoideum, Rost., Mon., p. 162; Sacc, Syll., no. 
 1305. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 * * SpiOTCs smooth. 
 
 Didymium radiatum, B. and C. (figs. G8 — 72). 
 
 Scattered, sporangia vertically compressed, not umbilicate, but 
 sometimes slightly depressed below, dark grey, with crowded, 
 small, white, innate patches of lime, dehiscing irregularly ; 
 stem longer than height of sporangium, slightly attenuated 
 upwards, white or pale grey, expanding into a smcdl, circular 
 hypothallus, longitudincdly costctte, the ribs passing in a radiate 
 manner into the hyjjothallus ; columella brownish, much com- 
 pressed; capillitium abundant, radiating from the columella to 
 the wall of the sporangium, tlireads thin, brownish-lilac, some- 
 times forked; spores globose, lilac, smooth, 8 — 10 ix diameter. 
 
 Didymiuiih radiatum, B. and C, Journ. Liim, Soc, vol. x., 
 p. 348; Sacc, Syll., n. 1328. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, no. 107G5.) 
 
 Didymium commutahile, B. and Br., Journ, Linn. Soc, v. xiv., 
 p. 83; Sacc, Syll., n. 1300; Rost., App., p. 21. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10766.) 
 
 Didymium botryoidcs. Berk, in Herb. 
 
 /. gcniduum. Simple, scattered ; stem usually lunger than 
 sporangium. 
 
230 A Monogi'a2)1i of the My,wgastres. 
 
 f. fasciculatnm. Three to five sporangia confluent, supported 
 on a common stem. 
 
 On wood, leaves, moss, &c. Cuba ; N. Zealand ; Ceylon. 
 
 Remarkable for the circular, sharply limited hypothallus 
 with prominent, regularly radiating ribs, resembling the hy- 
 menium of a small agaric. Resembling superficially some forms 
 oi Didymium sqummdosum, var. costatum. 
 
 Didymium clavus, Rost. (figs. 53, 54). 
 
 Sporangia very 'much depressed, slightly convex above, plane 
 below, lime sprinkled in tine crystals on the surface of the dark 
 membrane ; stem short, Uacldsh-hroivn, more or less longitudinally 
 rugulose ; columella absent ; mass of spores blackish ; threads of 
 capillitium 3 — 4 fx thick at base, slightly tapering, sparingly 
 forked at acute angles, and sometimes laterally connected and 
 furnished with small ring-lilce dark-coloured thicl'enings, pale 
 brown to dirty violet ; spores globose, smooth, dingy lilac, 6 — 8 fx 
 diameter. 
 
 Didymium clavus, Rost., Mon., p. 153; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 3U ; 
 Raunk., p. 87; Schroeter, p. 121 ; Sacc, Syll., 1299. 
 
 On twigs, leaves, &c. Britain (Wey bridge, Kew, Otton Wood, 
 Leicester ; Epping Forest, Forden, Linlithgow) ; France ; Bel- 
 gium ; Germany ; United States ; Canada ; Egypt ; Ceylon. 
 
 Sporangia scattered, 1 — 1*5 mm. across wlien circular, some- 
 times irregular and larger. Remarkable for the much flattened, 
 pileus-shaped sporangia. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 lieticularia hemisphcrica, Bull., t. 446, f 2 (1791). 
 Physarum clavios, A. and S., t. 2, f. 2 (1805). 
 Didymium melanop^ts, j8. clavus, Fr., S. M., iii., 114 (1829); 
 B. and Br., Ann. N. H., No. 110 ; Cooke, Hdbk., No. 1118, /3. 
 Didymium hemiq)hericum, Wallr., Fl. Germ., 2192 (1833). 
 Didymium clavus, Rabh., Fl. Crypt., 2282 (1844). 
 Didymium clavus, Berk., Eng. FL, v., p. 314. 
 
Dklym'uim. 231 
 
 Didymium neglectum, Mass. (nov. sp.) ; (tig. 207). 
 
 Sporangia globose or slightly depressed, flattened or some- 
 times slightly umbilicate below, stipitate ; wall single, at first 
 with a continuous, rugose, white crust of lime, which at maturity 
 becomes broken up into minute, persistent particles; stem 
 equal to or longer than height of sporangium, erect, slightly 
 attenuated upwards, hlaclx, longitudinally wrinkled, expanding 
 at the base into a small hypotballus ; columella circular in 
 outline, much dcjircssed, placcntifoi'm, with a distinct margin, 
 covering the base of the sporangium, rugulose, imle hrownish- 
 lilac, capillitium dense, threads radiating from the columella, 
 lilac-brown, becoming colourless towards the tips, bifurcating, 
 now and then anasmosing laterally; spores globose, smooth, 
 7 — 9 IX diameter. 
 
 On wood. Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, U. S. 
 
 Solitary or in scattered clusters of 2 — 6 specimens, about 
 
 1 mm. high ; superficially resembling Lidymiuvi farinaccu.m, 
 but quite distinct in the smooth spores, which only show vague 
 indications of roughness when magnified 1200 diameters. The 
 columella is very characteristic, being broad and flattened with 
 a distinct margin ; at maturity the sporangium falls away 
 except a minute frill round the lower edge of the columella, 
 which, with the stem, in this condition resembles a little table. 
 The original specimens were found mixed with specimens of 
 I'ihiiadoclic ohloiuja, communicated by Mr. Harold Wingate, of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Didymium Barteri, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Gregarious; sporangia sphcrico-depressed, slightly umbilicate 
 below, stipitate, cretaceous layer pure ivhitc, rugulose, for a long 
 time persistent, then breaking away in small granules; stem 
 elongated, slender, attenuated uincards, jj76?-(! white, strongly 
 wrinkled longitudinally; columella small, globose, u'At^^c; mass 
 of spores blackish-purple ; capillitium copious, threads about 
 
 2 ju thick, equal, sometimes floxuous, forked at an acute angle 
 
232 
 
 Monograph of the Mijocotjastres. 
 
 and combined laterally to form a flaccid, irregular net ; spores 
 globose, smooth, pale dingy lilac, 10 — 11 }x diameter. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On moss. W. Africa (Niger Expedition, Barter). 
 
 A very beautiful and distinct species, known at once by the 
 snow-white sporangium, stem, and columella, and the smooth 
 spores. Plant 3 mm. high; stem 2-5 mm. high, sporangium 
 •5 mm. high, a little more in diameter. 
 
 B. Sporangium sessile. 
 
 (In B. sjntmarioidcs and D. 2>hi/sarioides, a very short stem is 
 sometimes present.) 
 
 Didymium Alexandrowiczii, De Bary and Rost. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, defm^med, not truncate, several often collected 
 in little clusters, rugidose, granulose ; columella ahsent ; threads 
 brownish, colourless at both ends, simple or bifurcating and 
 laterally connected; sjjorcs smooth, obscure violet, 10 — 12 jut 
 diameter. 
 
 Didymiu'ia Chomlroderma, De Bary and Rost., in Alex. Stroz,, 
 p. 89. 
 
 Chondrioderma Alexcmdrmviezii, Rost., Mon., p. 1G9, f 17G ; 
 Sacc, Syll, 1253; Cooke, Myx. Brit., f. 176. 
 
 On wood. Britain (Kew) ; Poland. 
 
 Didymium spumarioides, Fr. 
 
 Sporangia substipitate or sessile, scattered or densely crowded 
 on a well-developed, white or imle fiesh-coloured hypothallus con- 
 taining much lime; wall of sporangium white or grey, crust of 
 lime ^ndvcrulent ; columella variable, smooth or irregularly 
 rugulose, white or pale flesh-colour, sometimes almost obsolete ; 
 threads of capillitium about equal, 1"5 — 2 ju, thick, repeatedly 
 bifurcating and connected laterally to form a net, colourless or 
 dingy lilac, spores globose, minutely warted, 9 — 12 ju diameter. 
 
 Didymium spumarioides, Fr., Symb. Gast., 20. 
 
 Chondrioderma sjmmarioidcs, Rost., Mon., p. 173, f. 142 — 145, 
 
Diih/mmw. 233 
 
 151; Cooke, Myx., p. 38, f. 142—145, 151; Schroeter, p. 123 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., n. 12G9. 
 
 Chondriodcrma stroviateum, Rest,, Mon. Append., p. 18, f. 151. 
 
 Didcrma farinaccnni, Peck, 26tli Report State Mus., N. Y., 
 p. 74. 
 
 Exsic.c. — Fckl., F. Rlien., 2495 (as Carccrina spuntarioidrs, 
 Fr.) ; Rab., F. Eur., 432 (as Carccrina sjnwiarioidcs, Fr.) ; Cke., 
 F. Brit., Ed. II., 825 ; Roum., Fung. Gall., 1682. 
 
 On living or dead leaves, moss, &c. 
 
 Britain (Higligate, Shore, Scarboro') ; France ; Germany ; 
 Sweden ; Belgium ; Italy ; United States ; Australia. 
 
 The present species was placed by Rostafiuski in the genus 
 Chondrioderma, from which it differs, according to our inter- 
 pretation of the genus, in the pulverulent, instead of porcelain- 
 like coat of lime. Very variable in colour and size of the 
 columella, but well marked by the highly-developed hypo- 
 thallus, which sometimes becomes so thick as to suggest the 
 idea of a stroma. Sporangia from '5 — 1"5 mm. diam., circular 
 or irregularly angular from mutual pressure, sometimes the 
 stroma, when very thick, forms a short stem-like projection ; 
 the colour of the stroma and columella varies from chalk-white 
 through pale tints to pale flesh-colour. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Sjnomaria physarioides, Pers. Syn., 163 (18U1). 
 Fhysarum didcrmoides, Fries, Herb. 
 Spumaria alha, Schum. Saell., No. 1414 (1803); Fl. Dan., 
 
 t. 1798, f. 2. 
 Didymium spiumarioidcs, Fr., Symb. Gast., 20 (1818). 
 Fhysarum stromatium, Link, Hdbk., iii., 409 (1833). 
 Carccrina sp'amarioides, Fr., S. V. S., 451 (1849). 
 Didcrma sjmmarioidcs, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 104; Eng. FL, vol. v., 
 
 p. 311; Cke., Hdbk., No. 1109. 
 
 Didymium physarioides, Rest. 
 Sporangia cylindric-ohlonff, often crowded and ilefornied, 
 seated on a well-developed hypothallus, sessile or with a short 
 
234 A Mo7W(ji'aph of the Mij-xogastres. 
 
 stem, wall dark grey, at first with granules of lime ; coluinella 
 irregular, more or less confluent and common to all the sporangia ; 
 threads of capillitium 2 — 3 fi thick at base, with but few 
 bifurcations, with mimerous fusiform or discoid dingy 'pmylc 
 thichcnings, spores globose, brownish purple, vmrtcd, 12 — 14 fx 
 diameter. 
 
 Didymium ]ihysarioidcs, Rost., Mon., p. 158, fig. 147; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., p. 33, f. 147; Sacc, Syll., no. 1811. 
 
 On moss and wood. Britain (King's Cliffe, Carlisle); Ger- 
 many ; Sweden ; United States ; Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Often superficially resembling Fhysarum didermoides. 
 
 Didymium serpula, Fr. (figs. 55 — 57). 
 
 Sxmrangia sessile on a hroad base, much addressed, circular in 
 outline, or variously elongated and flexuous, and sometimes the 
 branches combine to form an irregular network, wall dark grey, 
 sparingly sprinkled with minute luhite jJarticles of lime ; columella 
 absent ; mass of spores blackish ; threads of capillitium branched 
 and connected laterally, forming an irregular network, dirty 
 brown to colourless, plentifully furnished with dark-coloured, 
 riug-like, or irregularly-shaped thickenings; spores globose, 
 very mimitely verricculose, 7 — 9 fj. diameter. 
 
 Didymium serpula, Rost., Mon. Append. ; Cooke, Hdbk., 30, 
 figs. 166, 180 ; Schroeter, p. 121 ; Sacc. Syll, no. 1297. 
 
 Didymium complanatum, Rost., Mon., p. 151, figs. 166, 180. 
 
 On leaves, &c. Sporangia when circular -5 — 1 mm. diameter ; 
 when elongated often several mm. in length. Sometimes the 
 lime on the sporangium is more abundant, forming a white 
 crust ; but the species cannot be mistaken if attention is paid 
 to the much flattened sporangia, the well-developed capitulum 
 having the threads furnished with numerous, variously-shaped, 
 dark browu thickenings, and the very minutely verruculose 
 spores. 
 
 Britain (Kew, Batheaston, Scarboro', Carlisle); all Europe; 
 United States. 
 
Didymmm. 235 
 
 (Rostafiiiski's Synonyms.) 
 Lycopcrdon comi^hniatum, Batscli, t. 170 (178C). 
 Didymmm scrpida, Fr., S. M., iii., 126 (182!)); Eng. Fl., v., 
 
 314; B. and Br., Ann. N. H., No. 1035; Ckc, Hdbk., 
 
 n. 1134. 
 Physarurii conjlnem, Fckl., Symb. Myc, p. 342 (1809), non 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Didymium confluens, Rost, 
 
 Simrangia sessile, sometimes scattered and then hemispherical, 
 at others densely crowded on a well-developed hypothallus, 
 hemispherical reniform, or irregularly angular from mutual 
 pressure; columella distinct, yclloioish, or with a ^nWj tinge; 
 threads of capillitium very slender, forlced at acute angles, ixde 
 hrownish-lilac' ; spores globose, rather coarsely wartcd, dingy 
 purple-brown, 10 — 15 // diameter. 
 
 Didymium conjliiens, Rost., Mon., p. 164. 
 
 Didymium erustaceum, Sacc, SylL, no. 1303. 
 
 On leaves, wood, &c. Britain (Castle Howard, Yorks) ; 
 France; Italy; Russia; Finland. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Didymium eomplanatum, Schrad., Nov, Plun. Gen., p. 24, t. 5, 
 
 f. 5 (1797). 
 Physarum confluens, Pers. Syn., p. 169, et v., a truncigerum 
 
 (1801). 
 Physarum confluens, /3 muscigcnum, A. et Sz., 1. c, p. 9 (1805). 
 Didymium erustaceum, F., 1. c, iii., p. 124; Excl. Syn. (1829). 
 Cionium complanatum, Lk. ap. Wallr., 1. c, no. 2176 (1833). 
 
 Var. ohducens, Karst., Not. Sallsk., pro. faun, et flor. Fenn., 
 ix., p. 356 (1880). 
 
 Sporangia irregular (plasmodiocarp), flattenetl, often umbili- 
 cate, concave below, solitary or gregarious, sometimes densely 
 crowded ; stem short or almost obsolete, irregular, broadening 
 out below into the common hypothallus. Remainder as in 
 type. 
 
236 A Monograph of the MyxogaMres. 
 
 Didymium eflFusum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia densely aggregated or scattered, sr.ssi/e on a hroad 
 hasc, circular or irregular in outline, dcjyrcsscd, wall grey, pruinose 
 with numerous minute crystals aggregated in masses; columella 
 hemis2oherical, white or pallid, rugulose ; threads of capillitium 
 very slender, colourless or pale inXiguxoxxs,, furnished with scat- 
 tered coloured protuherances, combined to form an irregular dense 
 net; spores globose, brownish-purple, minutely warted, 10 — 12 ju, 
 diameter. 
 
 Didymium effusum, Rost., Mon., p. 163; Sacc, Syll, no. 1302. 
 
 On leaves, wood, &c. Britain (Cornwall) ; Finland ; Sweden ; 
 France ; Germany ; United States ; Ceylon. 
 
 About '5 mm. diameter, characterized by the white columella, 
 the capillitium threads furnished with numerous well-defined 
 projections in the form of thickened plates or pyriform swellings, 
 and the dense meal of crystals on the wall. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Diderma effusum, Link, Obs. I., p. 42 (1809). 
 Didymi'um effusum, Fr., 1. c, iii., p. 124 (1829). 
 Pliysarum conjlucns, Fr., Excl. Syu., 1. c, iii., p. 146 (1829). 
 
 Sub-Gen. Hemididymium . 
 
 Capillitium usually dense, threads branching and anastomosing 
 to form an irregular network throughout the capillitium, angles 
 usually flattened and more or less triangular. 
 
 The species included in the present sub-genus are distin- 
 guished from those belonging to the sub-genus Didymium by 
 the absence of the simple or bifurcating threads at the basal 
 portion of the capillitium. 
 
 A. Siwrangium stipitate. 
 
 * Sjjores smooth. 
 
 Didymium longipes, Mass. (n. sp.) (fig. 226). 
 
 Sporangia small, globose, snoiv-v:hitc, frosted with a few 
 scattered granules or crystals of lime ; stem very long and 
 
Didyiuiitm. 237 
 
 slender, erect, snoiv-whitc, very slightly attenuated upwards, 
 almost smooth, expanding at the base into a small, circular, 
 white hyiwthallus ; columella absent ; capillitium well-developed, 
 threads very thin, colourless, hranching and anastomosing irregu- 
 larly to form a network, nodes usually triangular; spores 
 globose, dingy hlac, smooth, 8 — 10 /u, diameter. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, with Tilmadochc nutans.) 
 
 On bark and wood. Britain (Yorks) ; Lower Carolina. 
 
 A very distinct species, characterized by its snow-white colour 
 throughout, 2'5 — 3 mm, high, sporangium very small. Spores 
 perfectly smooth under a yV objective. 
 
 Didymium fulvellum, Mass. (n. sp.) (fig. 232), 
 
 Sporangia spherical, very little or not at all umbilicate, 
 stipitate, outer cretaceous coat pure white, co'mposcd of minute 
 granules which fall away in the form of ijowder, inner wall with- 
 out lime, rather tough, bright fulvous; stem slender, elongated, 
 straight or slightly curved above, attenuated ujnvards, same 
 colour as inner wall of sjiorangium,, much wrinkled longitudin- 
 ally, expanding at the base into a similarly coloured circular 
 liypothalhts ; columella broicn, not very prominent ; mass of 
 spores blackish with a purple tinge ; capillitium copious, threads 
 repeatedly forked, 2 — 3 /u., thick, rather broader at the base of 
 each bifurcation, combined laterally to form an irregular net- 
 work, colourless; spores globose, smooth, pale dirty lilac, 8 — 10 \x 
 diameter. 
 
 On fallen oak leaves ; scattered or gregarious. 
 
 United States. 
 
 (Type in Herb,, Kew.) 
 
 Sporangium 1 mm. diameter, stem about 2 mm. high, 
 
 Didymium australis, Mass, (fig, 208), 
 
 Sporangium globose or slightly flattened above and below, 
 slightly umbilicate, at first with a thick, white la^^er of crystals 
 which soon brealcs up into large, 2'>crsistent, irorgnlar patches; 
 stem thill, hrig/tt Irovm, slightly attenuated upwards, often bond- 
 
238 A Afonograph of the Myxoga,9tres. 
 
 ing under the weight of the sporangium ; columella alscnt ; 
 mass of spores blackish-purple ; capillitium copious, threads 
 colourless, 3 — 4 fi thick, branching at wide angles and anasto- 
 mosing irregularly ; spores globose, smooth, dingy lilac, 9 — 10 ju 
 diameter. 
 
 Didyniium australis, IVIass., Grev., vol. xvii., p. 7. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 Gregarious, on an old decayed species of Auricularia. 
 
 Brisbane, Australia. 
 
 Plant about 2 mm. high, stem equal or a little longer than 
 sporangium. Resembling Didymium sqtiamnlosum, in the wall 
 of the sporangium breaking up into large detached patches, 
 but readily distinguished by the absence of a columella, and the 
 tliin, coloured stem. 
 
 Didymium proximum, B. and C. (figs. 227 — 229). 
 
 Sporangium globose, white or pallid, sprinkled with lime, 
 mostly in the form of stellate ci'ystals ; stem more or less longi- 
 tudinally wrinkled, suhequal, rufous, erect, expanding at the 
 base into a small hypothalhis; columella suhclavate, ivhitish, 
 reaching one-third the height of the sporangium; capillitium 
 dense, threads colourless, sometimes rough with projecting 
 granules ; 3 — 4 mm. thick at the base, bifurcating and anasto- 
 mosing laterally to form an irregular reticulation, often dilated 
 and flattened at the axils; spores globose, pale dirty lilac, 
 smooth, 9 — 12 fx diameter. 
 
 Didymium proximum, B. and C, Grev., vol. ii., p. 52 (1873) ; 
 Rest, Mon. App., p. 23; Sacc, Syll., no. 1308. 
 
 Didymium ptisillum, B. and C, Grev., ii., p. 53. 
 
 On dead pine leaves and on herbaceous stems. Carolina. 
 (Types in Herb. Berk., nos. 10760 and 10764.) 
 
 Scattered, 2 — 2'5 mm. high, columella large, usually more or 
 less clavate, sometimes irregularly fusiform. Owing to a slip 
 of the pen, Berkeley says, in describing D. pusiUum, " columella 
 nulla," yet the large columella is shown in Berkeley's sketch, 
 and the type specimen is identical with that of D. p)ro:nmum. 
 
Didyminm. 230 
 
 Spores smooth, or with sometimes the shghtest suggestion of 
 gramilatiou under a -pV objective. 
 
 Didymium pezizoideum, ]\Iass. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, discoid, ijczizacfonn, greyish-white, Avail 
 single, hccoming fnrfuraceous ; stem subulate, curved above, 
 brownish, smooth, expanding at the base into a small, shining, 
 closely adnate hypothallus ; threads of the capillitium combined 
 to form a net, spores smooth, violet, 8 — 9 /x diameter. 
 
 Trichampliora ijczizoidea, Jungh., Fl. Cr., Java, p. 12, t. 2, f. 9. 
 
 Chondrioderma2)ezizoidcu'm,'Ro&t.,'Mon.,Tp. 424, f. 122; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., fig. 122; Sacc, Syll., 1256. 
 
 On rotten trunks. Java. 
 
 Didymium platypus, Hanzl. 
 
 Greyish-white, primrose, sporangia scattered, convex above, 
 deeply umbilicate below ; stem cylindrical, dilated in a discoid 
 manner at the aj^cx ; spores globose, smooth, blackish, 8 n. diam., 
 capillitium scanty, formed of black tubes connected in a reticulate 
 manner, columella absent. 
 
 Hanzl. Ein neue Myxog. typus in Just. Bot. Jaliresbericht, 
 1872, p. 155; Sacc, Syll., 1326. 
 
 Agaricus platypus, Bischoff (sec. Hanzl.). 
 
 On putrid plant stems. Hungary. 
 
 * * Spores icartcd. 
 Didymium echinospora, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 Sporangia globose, usually with a shallow umbilicus below, 
 wall membranaceous, almost colourless, with a dense coat of 
 white amorphous particles of lime, upper portion breaking away 
 in flakes during dehiscence, and leaving a permanent cu2^-like 
 hasal portion with torn edges; stem elongated, slender, erect, 
 very slightly attenuated upwards, white, rugulose below ; colu- 
 mella absent; capillitium very dense, threads lilac-brown, about 
 2 /x thick, hifurccding, and towards the apex freely anastomosing 
 
240 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 to form a dense net, with the angles usually triangular ; spores 
 dingy purple, globose, loartcd, 12 — 14 ^ diameter. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew., with Tibnadodie nutans.) 
 
 On bark. Ceylon. 
 
 Scattered, 1'5 — 2 mm. high. Bearing a superficial resem- 
 blance to Tilmadoche nutans, but distinct in the capillitium, 
 which contains no trace of lime, and in tlie spores. 
 
 Didymium zeylanicum, B. and Br. 
 
 Sporangium hemispherico-depressed, with a shallow umbilicus 
 below, wall thin, colourless, frosted with white granules of lime ; 
 stem elongated, attenuated v^nvards, or almost obsolete, brovn 
 or yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, filled with small grains of 
 lime, expanding below into a spreading hypothallus ; capillitium 
 forming a dense irregular net, threads colourless, very thin ; 
 spores dark purple, globose, very minutely verruculosc, 7 — 9 ju 
 diameter. 
 
 Didymium zeylanicum, B. and Br., in Journ, Linn. Soc, vol. 
 xiv., p. 84. 
 
 Chondrioderma zeylanicum, Bost., Mon. App., p. 15 ; Sacc, 
 SylL, no. 1254. 
 
 Chortdrioderma. exiguwm, Racib., Hedw., 1889, p. 118. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., no. 10770.) 
 
 On decayed Avood. Ceylon ; Poland. 
 
 The species described as Clwndrioderma cxiguum cannot be 
 separated from the present species; the points of difference 
 given by Raciborski only apply to certain individuals which, 
 from an examination of the type, is a variable species. 
 
 Didymmm obrusseum, B. and C. 
 
 Sporangium white or pale yellow, almost globose, sometimes 
 slightly umbilicate below, wall very thin, ivith little or no lime, 
 often iridescent when empty ; stem attenuated ujnvards, fattened 
 and distorted helow, weak and droojnng, hrigJif yelloio, expanding 
 at the base into a very thin, irregular hypothallus of the same 
 colour ; columella absent ; capillitium rather scanty, threads 
 
Didyminm. 241 
 
 thin, colourless, repeatedly forked and joined laterally to form 
 a loose, irregular net ; spores globose, dingy lilac, mry minutely 
 verruculose, 8 — 10 [x diameter. 
 
 Didyminm ohrusscum, B. and C, Grev. (1873), vol. ii., p. 53. 
 
 Physarum ohrusscum. (B. and C), Sacc, Syll., 1195 (in part). 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 Exsicc. — Fung. Cubenses Wrightiani, 532. 
 
 On twigs, leaves, &c. Cuba ; United States. 
 
 Gregarious, stem flaccid, irregular and flattened below, very 
 thin above, about 2 mm. long, hypothallus very thin and 
 shining. 
 
 Didymium pertusum, Berk. 
 
 Scattered. Sporangium globose or depressed, generally more 
 or less umbilicate, u^hitc, frosted with minute crystals of lime ; 
 stem elongated, sliglitly attenuated upun7ds, rufous; columelki 
 entirely absent ; threads of capillitium very thin, colourless, vari- 
 ously branched and combined to form a net ; spores globose, 
 dirty lilac, verruetolose, 10 — 13 /x diameter. 
 
 Didymium pert'USiLm,^exk., Eng. Fl., vol. v., p. 313; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., p. 35; Sacc, Syll., 1317. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk.) 
 
 On dead herbaceous stems. Appin, N. B. 
 
 Scattered, varying from 2'5 — 3 mm. high. There is no trace 
 of a columella, although after dehiscence the basal persistent 
 portion of the sporangial wall falls down, and this under a 
 pocket-lens might be mistaken for a columella. The threads 
 of the capillitium anastomose freely and form a very irregular, 
 scanty network. The stem is more or less longitudinally 
 rugulose, and filled with amorphous particles of lime. 
 
 Didymium eximium, Peck. 
 Sporangia subglobose, slightly or not at all umbihcate below, 
 grey, frosted with stellate crystals of lime ; stem elongated, erect 
 or slightly curved above, almost equal, slender, i^alc yelloioish- 
 hrourii, darker towards the base, which expands into a minute 
 hypothallus, slightly rugulose, filled with amorphous particles 
 
242 A Monograph of the Myxogastves. 
 
 of lime, as is also the orbicular, depressed, jJCf'l^ columella; capil- 
 litium colourless, threads very slender, combined into a dense 
 ii'vegidar net ; spores globose, brownish-lilac, miimtely loartcd, 
 8 — 11 \x. diameter. 
 
 Didymium eximiu)ii, Peck, in 81st Rep. N. York State Mas., 
 p. 41 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1314. 
 
 Uxsicc.—Ellis and Everhart, N. Amer. Fung., Ser. II., 2089. 
 (Authentic specimen from author in Hb., Kew.) 
 
 On dead leaves, hei'baceous stems, &c. U. States. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, from 1 — 1"5 mm. high, stem twice 
 or more the length of the sporangium. Threads of capillitium 
 often more or less dilated at the angles, and rarely with a 
 sliglitly thickened interstitial portion, which does not however 
 contain lime. 
 
 Didymium flavicomum, Mass. (figs. 76 — 78). 
 
 Sporangium depresso-globose, minutely umbilicate below, 
 pale yellow, at first frosted with a few scattered crystals of lime ; 
 stem elongated, slender, erect or slightly curved near the apex, 
 subequal or attenuated upwards, yellowish-rufous, often darker 
 at the base, which expands into a minute hypothallus, longi- 
 tudinally wrinkled and containing amorphous granules of lime ; 
 columella absent; capillitium pale yellow, threads variously 
 combined to form a rather dense net, dilated at the nodes, which 
 are without a trace of lime ; spores almost colourless, very 
 minutely verruculose, 9 — 10 [i diameter. 
 
 Physarum fiaviconuLm, Berk., Hook. Journ. Bot., vol. iv., 
 p. m-, Sacc, Syll, n. 1193 (in part). 
 
 Physarum Bcrheleyi, Host., Mon., p. 105. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10,782.) 
 
 On decorticated wood. Australia (Swan River), 
 
 Gregarious, 2-5 — 3 mm. high, stem slender, three to four 
 times as long as the sporangium. The present very distinct 
 species has been hopelessly confused by Rostafinski and by 
 Berlese in Saccardo's Sylloge, and the mistakes committed by 
 both can be traced to the modern pernicious system of paying 
 attention to books rather than specimens, always a mistake, and 
 
Didymmm. 243 
 
 more especially so when dealing with diagnoses of microscopic 
 species described half a century ago. The following synonyms 
 by Rostatiuski, although absolutely worthless from a scientific 
 standpoint, may be historically interesting. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Physarum Jiavicomum, B., Hook. Journ., p. QQ, n, 63 (1845), 
 Stylonitcs fulviceps, Fr., Fung. Natal, p. 33 (1848). 
 Physarum mjjriceps, B. et Rav., Fung. Car. Exs. iii., n. 76 
 (1855). 
 
 Ophiotheca ? Roussel. Antil. (1872). 
 
 Physarum cuprijjes, B. and Rav., Grev., p. 65, n. 355 (1873). 
 Physantm rosetcm, B. et Br., cfr. Grev., p. 65 (1873). 
 
 Didymium elegantissimum, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Sporangia scattered, stipitate, hemispherico-depressed, with a 
 broad, shallow umbilicus below, smw- white, with a dense coat- 
 ing of stellate crystals; stem elongated, equal, rather stout, 
 longitudinally rugulose, bright orange-hroivn, passing into a small 
 hypothallus of the same colour; capillitium absent; threads 
 3 — 4 /^ thick at the base, forking at acute angles, here and 
 there anastomosing to form irregular portions of network, most 
 of the main branches with numerous small nodulose siuellings at 
 regular intervals, giving a moniliform appearance, pale and 
 lilac-brown below; spores globose, 8 — 10 /x diameter, mwrni^gZy 
 vMrtccl, pale lilac. 
 
 Physarum striatum, Fr., Syd. Myc. March., 490 (Kew copy). 
 
 On twigs and leaves. Britain (Scarboro') ; Germany. 
 
 About 1-5 mm. high. Stem two or three times as long as 
 sporangium. Bears a superficial resemblance to Didymium 
 p>crtusum, Berk., from which it is readily distinguished by the 
 denser capillitium aud the moniliform thickening of the threads. 
 
 B. Spoi'angimii sessile. 
 Didymium leptotrichum, Mass. 
 Sporangia venulose or irregular, depressed, wall single. 
 
244 A MoJior/rapk of the Myocogastres. 
 
 covered with minute sqiiaraules of lime ; columella absent ; 
 threads of the capillitium very slender (08, 3 ju diam.), forming 
 a flaccid, very dense net; spores blackish-brown, verruculose, 
 12, 5—13, 2 ix diameter. 
 
 Chondriodervia leptotrichum, Racib., Myx. Crac, p. 7, f 4 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., 1267. 
 
 Poland. 
 
 Eemoved from Chondrioderma on account of the furfuraceous 
 and not porcelain-like wall of the sporangium. 
 
 Didymium Listeri, Mass. (figs. 97 — 101). 
 
 Plasmodium jndvinato-comprcssed, in large, irregular, scattered 
 2')atdies ; outer wall white, with a thick layer of stellate crystals 
 of lime, rather fragile, breaking away in irregular patches ; 
 inner wall very thin ; columella absent ; cainllitiwn dense, threads 
 parallel, without free ends, often forming acute-angled dichoto- 
 mies and connected by transverse bars, dark brown, usually 
 branched near the paler tips that are attached to the wall; 
 spores globose, dingy lilac, minutely warted, 8 — 10 /x diameter. 
 
 " Didymium dulium, Rost.," Lister in Herb., Kew. 
 
 On dead leaves. Britain (Lyme Regis). 
 
 The present species superficially resembles D. didnum, but is 
 quite distinct in the copiously anastomosing threals of the 
 capillitium which are entirely destitute of free, curved, spine- 
 like branches, Plasmodia 3 — 7 mm. across. 
 
 Didymium Tussulaginis, Mass. 
 
 Sjiorangia sessile on a hroad hase, hemispherical or irregular 
 and plasmodiocarp, wall thin, pinkish-grey, more or less iri- 
 descent, with minute, scattered crystals of lime, dehiscing irregu- 
 larly ; capillitium well-developed, springing from the base of the 
 sporangium, threads repeatedly branching in a dichotomous manner, 
 rarely anastomosing, with scattered, small sivellings usually con- 
 taining one large or two. to four small crystals of lime; spores 
 Uack-lroion in the mass, pale brown with a lilac tinge by 
 transmitted light, globose, very minutely verruculose or quite 
 smooth, 12 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
Didymiam. 245 
 
 Didymium Coolri, Raiink., Myx. Dan., p. 109, t. 5, f. o. 
 
 Physarum tussilaginls, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1597; 
 Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 16. 
 
 Chondriodcrvia Coolxi, Rost., Mon. App., p. 17. 
 
 Exsicc. — Cke., Fung. Brit., Ser. I., 520 (as Badhamia ca]}su- 
 llfcr); Cke., Fung. Brit., Ser. II., 206; Tliura., Myc. Univ., 
 1100; Vize. Micro-fungi Brit., 1 and 101. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On the under surface of living leaves of colts-foot, Tnssilago 
 farfara. Britain (Cheshire) ; Denmark. 
 
 A very remarkable species, not agreeing in important points 
 with any established genus, scattered or in groups of 2 — 4, 
 15 — 3 mm. across. Apparently quite normal in its develop- 
 ment, and not accompanied by any other species, it occurred 
 in abundance for several years in succession in Cheshire, and 
 has also been found in Denmark. In a note attached to the 
 specimens in the Kew Herbarium, Mr. A. Lister says, "The 
 whole appearance conveys the impression that it may not be 
 a stable form, and the habit is so peculiar." Of course it is 
 a matter of opinion as to whether the appearance described 
 above can afford any clue as to stability, but certainly many 
 species occur on living plants. 
 
 The presence of lime in the capillitium prevents the present 
 species from being a typical Didymium or Chondrioderma ; the 
 lime is too scanty and the capillitium too slender for a 
 Physarum. 
 
 Didymium anomalum, Mass. 
 
 Plasmodium venulose, iircuate or variously conturtcd, very 
 convex, surface minutely granulose ; columella very strongly dc- 
 velo2)ed, with a broad base resting on the substratum, arcuate, 
 folloiving the shape of the plasriiodioearp ; threads of capillitium 
 very delicate, thin, colourless, ^ixccvX, forming a dense net ; spores 
 oninutcly verrueulose, yellow, 11 — 13 ju diameter. 
 
 Chondrioderma anonialwii, Rost., Mon., p. 169 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 1263. 
 
 Russia. 
 
24G A Monn(fraj)h of the Miixogastres. 
 
 Tlic granulosc wall of the sporangimii separates the present 
 species from the genus Chmidriodcnnc. 
 
 Didymium dubium, Host. (fig. 102). 
 
 Plasmodium pulvinate, arcuate, in crowded clusters, the outer 
 Avail white, with stellate crystals of lime, hreaking away from 
 inner wall in irregular pieces; threads of capillitium rigid, 
 rarely forking, forming a loose net, fvrniahed with curved sinnes, 
 spores obscure violet, minutely vcrrundosc, 10 — 11 ix diameter. 
 
 Didyriiium. duhium, Rost., Mon., p. 153; Sacc, Syll., n. 1298. 
 
 Britain (Lyndhurst) ; Bohemia. 
 
 Sub-Gen. Atricha. 
 
 Capillitium obsolete ; columella absent. 
 
 The two species constituting the present subgenus are un- 
 doubtedly degenerate species of Didymium, characterized by 
 the very rudimentary condition, or entire absence of the 
 capillitium. 
 
 Didymium sinapinum, Cooke (figs. 167, 168). 
 
 Clavate, subcylindrical, or more or less irregular, wall brittle 
 with lime, at first compact, then hreaking ujy into bright yellow, 
 easily detached, 2)articlcs, becoming irregularly ruptured at the 
 apex, basal attenuated stem-lilcc 2^ortiun darker, often vAth a 
 ■purjile tinge ; hypothallus spreading, thin ; mass of spores 
 blackish -purple ; spores globose, dingy lilac, minutely warted, 
 7 — 9 [X diameter. 
 
 Didymium sincqnnum, Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 33, fig. 245 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., n. 1319. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On leaves. Wales (Forden). 
 
 Growing in isolated patches, gregarious or crowded, springing 
 from a common hypothallus, sporangia 1 — 1 '5 mm. high, usually 
 moro or less clavate, now and then irregularly lobed and form- 
 ing a small aethalium consisting of two or three sporangia, 
 bright sulphur-yellow ; in rare instances a few very thin, bifur- 
 
Didymram. 247 
 
 eating thrccads are present, but iu most sporangia there is no 
 trace of a capillitiuin. 
 
 Didymium flavidum, Peck. 
 
 Sporangia glohose, or hroadly obovate, sessile on a broad or 
 narrow base, wall brittle with lime, rugulose, sid'phur-yellow, 
 sometimes with a tinge of orange, becoming irregularly ruptured 
 at the apex, or the apical portion breaking away in an irregu- 
 larly circumscissile manner, basal half persistent ; mass of spores 
 blackish- violet, spores globose, dingy lilac, very mimitely ver- 
 ruculose, 10 — 12 // diameter. 
 
 Didymium flavidum. Peck, 28th Report State Mus., N. Y., 
 p. 54. 
 
 Physarum flavidum, Peck, Berl., Sacc, Syll., n. 1215. 
 (Authentic specimen from Peck, in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On wood. United States. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, about '5 mm. diam., springing from 
 a very thin hypothallus ; capillitium consisting of a few scat- 
 tered, very thin, bifurcating threads, or most frequently entirely 
 absent. 
 
 Owing to iiivpcrfed diagnoses and absence of type sijccimcns, the 
 folloiving cannot he arranged in their respective sections. 
 
 Didymium tenerrimum, B. and. C. 
 
 Sporangium globose, white, venulose, umbilicate below ; hypo- 
 thallus obsolete; stem elongated, thickened below, pallid, hyaline; 
 threads of capillitium colourless ; spores black. 
 
 Didymium tenerrimuvi, B. and C, Linn. Soc. Journ., vol. x., 
 p. 348. 
 
 Didymium ohrusseum, Sacc, Syll., n. 1195 (in part). 
 
 On leaves of grass, nearly allied to D. ohrusseum, B. and C. 
 Cuba. 
 
 The present species is given as a synonym of D. ohnisseum , 
 B. and C, in Saccardo's Sylloge, but as the authors considered 
 the two species to be distinct, and as no specimen exists in 
 Berkeley's Herbarium, I have considered it advisable not to 
 
248 A Monograph of the Afj/avgastres. 
 
 combine the two, as the present species appears to differ in the 
 absence of a hypothallus. 
 
 Didymium Weinmanni, Fr. 
 
 Sporangia turbinate, very fragile, covered with grey meal, 
 stem short, with a yellow tinge, columella absent ; spores 
 blackish. 
 
 Didymium Weinmanni, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 121 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 n. 1331. 
 
 On living herbaceous stems. Russia. 
 
 Minute, closely gregarious, and often arranged in lines ; stem 
 equal, expanded at the base ; sporangia membranaceous, oblong 
 or pyriform, covered with grey meal. (Fr.) 
 
 Didymium humile, Hanzl. 
 
 Sporangia applanate, grey, pruinose, apex slightly, below 
 deeply umbilicate ; stem cylindrical, brown, short; capillitium 
 of simple, tortuous, smooth, brown threads ; spores brown, 6 — 7 /a 
 diameter. 
 
 Hanzl. Ein neue Myx. types, in Just. Bot. Jahresb., 1872, 
 p. 155 ; Sacc, Syll., 1324. 
 
 Hungary, 
 
 Didymium fulvipes, Fr. 
 
 Stem compressed, sulcate, foxy-vermilion ; sporangium globose, 
 delicately villose, grey. 
 
 Didymimn ftdvi2KS, Fr., Stirp. Femsj., p. 83 ; Fr., Gast., p. 24 ; 
 Sacc, Syll, 1323. 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 Stem and hypothallus resembling those of Hemiarcyria ruhi- 
 formis, very unequal, compressed, subconfluent, longitudinally 
 sulcato-rugose, 2 mm. and more in length ; sporangium globose, 
 or slightly depressed, obtuse, often confluent, with a very 
 delicate grey villose covering ; columella absent ; threads brown. 
 (Fr.^) 
 
 The villose covering of the sporangium alluded to by Fries 
 would in all probability consist of a very subtle coating of a 
 pulverulent nature. 
 
Didymium. 249 
 
 Didymium versipelle, Fr. 
 
 Sporangia lenticular, umbilicate below, at first white, pruinose, 
 becoming polished, chestnut, stem conical, rugose, pallid fulvous ; 
 columella brown ; spores smoky-black. 
 
 Didymium vcrsixidle, Fr., Syst. Myc, iii., p. 117; Sacc, 1830. 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 Stem about 2 mm. long, conical, wrinkled, sporangium de- 
 pressed, umbilicate, wall thin, whitish-pruinose, then naked and 
 shining, chestnut, dehiscing by a longitudinal fissure like a 
 bivalve ; columella large, globose, brown. (Fr.) 
 
 Didymium Fairmani, Sacc. 
 
 Sporangia scattered, sessile, with stellate crystals; columella 
 subglobose, brownish ; threads of capillitium hyaline, forming a 
 loose reticulation ; spores smooth, 8 — 10 /x. 
 
 Didymium Fairmani, Sacc, Journ. Myc, vol. v., p. 180 ; I.e., 
 vol. v., p. 78. 
 
 On leaves of Smilacina hifolia. Syndonville, Orleans County, 
 N. Y. 
 
 The diagnosis is altogether inadequate, and it is much to be 
 regretted that the seventeenth century style of description 
 should be resuscitated at the present day. Professor Saccardo's 
 description is thoroughly bad, inasmuch as it does not describe 
 anything. 
 
 Didymium erythrinum, Berk. 
 
 Stem equal, vermilion, as is the globose sporangium, spores 
 black, flocci Avhite. 
 
 Berk., Grev., vol. ii., p. 52 ; Sacc, Syll., 1322. 
 
 The pulverulent matter with which the peridium is clothed 
 soon rubs off. 
 
 As there is no specimen of the above species in Berkeley's 
 Herbarium, I am unable to add to the above meagre description. 
 
 Didymium angulatum, Peck. 
 Sporangia delicate, subglobose, whitish, externally mealy 
 with numerous granules and crystals of lime; stem short. 
 
250 A Mouor/rajy/i of the Myxogastres. 
 
 whitish ; columella subglobose, white or pale yellow ; capillitium 
 sparse, delicate, whitish or slightly coloured ; spores irregular, 
 angular, blackish in the mass, -OOOSo' — -0005' long. 
 
 Didymium angulatum, Peck, 31st Report, State Mus., p. 41 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., 1312. 
 
 Fallen leaves. Adirondack Mountains. Aug. 
 
 I have no knowledge of the present species except from the 
 above description from Peck. 
 
 Didymium Paraguayense, Speg. 
 
 Sporangia at first globose or elHptico-elongated, '5 — 1 x "5 mm., 
 sessile, rarely shortly substipitate, deep violet, siDringing from 
 a brown, mucedinous, very thin hypothallus, then hemispherical 
 or reniform, 1 — 2 mm. long by -8 — 1 mm. high, sessile, sub- 
 repens, wall white, thick, cracked or breaking up in flakes; 
 mass of spores ftdvous or ;pale huff; threads of capillitium very 
 thin, hyaline, not evanescent; spores globose, inrfcctly smooth, 
 pale olive brown, or tobacco-colour, 7 — 8 ju, diameter. Granules 
 of lime very numerous, minute, hyaline, globose, or irregularly 
 angular. 
 
 Didymium Paraguaycnse, Spegazzini, Fung. Guarauit., n. 320. 
 
 On fallen leaves and decayed wood. Guarapi. 
 
 Didymium daedaleum, B. and Br. 
 
 Sporangia connate, simcous, forming a dacdalioid mass, reddish- 
 brown inclining to orange like the stem, sprinkled with white 
 meal; stem connate, as if composed of a bundle of little flat 
 membranes ; capillitium white, vei^y variable in undth, being in 
 jjarts broad, fiat, membranous; spores violet-black, globose, 
 smooth. 
 
 Didymium dacdalcuvi, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 885, 
 p. 336 (1850); Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1131; Cooke, Myx. Brit., 
 p. 35 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1313. 
 
 In a cucumber frame. Britain. 
 
 There is no specimen of the present species in the Berkeley 
 Herbarium, hence I am unable to add anything to the above 
 somewhat imperfect description. 
 
Lejndodannfi. 251 
 
 Didymium connatum, Peck. 
 
 Peridium depressed or subglobose, cinereous, furfuraceous, 
 stipitate; stems mostly connate at the base, tapering upward, 
 lono-itudinally wrinkled, whitish or cream-colour; spores sub- 
 olobose, black, -OOO-i in. in diameter. 
 
 Didymium cotmatiom, Peck, 26th Report, N. Y. State Mus., 
 p. 74. 
 
 Fhysarnm polymoiyhum, Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1196. 
 
 Decaying fungi. Portville, U. States. 
 
 The subfasciculate mode of growth is characteristic of this 
 species. (Peck.) 
 
 Unknown to me. In Saccardo's Sylloge the present species 
 is oiven as a synonym of Physarwn polymorphum, but the 
 description above does not justify this, and it is very doubtful 
 whether the type specimen has been examined by Berlese. 
 
 Didymium flavidum, Peck. 
 
 Peridium subglobose, sessile, thin, yellow, clothed with a 
 minute yellow mealiness ; spores subglobose, black, "0004' in 
 diameter. 
 
 Didymium flavidum, Peck, 28th Report, N. York State Mus., 
 p. 54. 
 
 Physarum Jlavidum, Berlese, Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1215. 
 
 Bark of dead balsam trees, Abies halsamca. North Elba; U. 
 States. 
 
 Lepidoderma, De Bary, 
 
 Sporangia sessile or stipitate or a plasmodiocarp, wall fur- 
 nished externally with large scales consisting of bicarbonate of 
 lime, superficial or enclosed in lenticular cavities of the mem- 
 brane ; columella generally present. 
 
 Rost., Mon., p. 187; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 43; Sacc, SyU., 
 vol. vii., p. 386. 
 
 Closely related to Didymium, and differing only in the fact 
 that the external coating of lime is broken up into large, per- 
 sistent patches, instead of forming a pruinose coating consisting 
 
252 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 frequently of stellate crystals. Cliondriodcrma differs in having 
 the external wall of lime forming a polished, porcelain-like crust. 
 In the present genus the carbonate of lime is present in the form 
 of very minute amorphous lumps until near to maturity, when 
 it is dissolved and reappears as bicarbonate of lime deposited 
 in comparatively large Hakes. The same change takes place 
 in Physanoii granulatum, Balf. fil., and Mr. Harold Wingate, of 
 Philadelphia, has remarked the same conversion of carbonate 
 of lime into the bicarbonate in Chondriodcriaa Michdii, and 
 adds, " I feel positive it takes place after tlie plant has matured, 
 and possibly after it has been dry and again subjected to 
 moisture." 
 
 Distrih. Europe ; West Indies ; Ceylon ; Java, Species 8. 
 
 A. Spores smooth. 
 Lepidoderma stellatum, Mass. (figs. 223 — 225), 
 
 Sporangia spherical, stipitate, slightly or not at all umbilicate 
 below, UacJcish-hrown, variegated with rather large lohite sccdes, 
 ruptured at maturity nearly to the base in a stellate manner, into 
 4 — 6 acute, irregular segments; stem rather thick, erect or 
 rarely curved, striate, white; coluviella hemispherical or suh- 
 clavate, rather prominent, whitish or tinged yellow ; threads of 
 the capillitium very slender, branching at acute angles, hyaline, 
 flexuous; spores smooth, dingy violet, globose, 10 — 12 fx diam. 
 
 Grevillea, vol. xvii,, March (1889). 
 
 On rotten wood. Dominica (Ramage). 
 
 A very fine and distinct species, 2 5 — 3"5 mm. high ; scattered 
 or gregarious. When young the sporangia are pure white, 
 the outer coat becoming broken up into large white distinct 
 scales as the sporangium expands. Readily recognized by the 
 white stem, colourless capillitium, whitish columella and smooth 
 spores ; the mode of dehiscence is also characteristic. 
 
 Lepidoderma reticulatum, Mass. 
 Sporangia gregarious, sessile on a hroad base, convex, circular 
 or elongated, often Jlexuous and anastomosing in a reticulate 
 
Lejndodernia. 253 
 
 manner, wall thick, brown with a tinge of purple, furnished 
 with large, scattered, innate, yellow patches of lime ; columella 
 absent ; mass of spores purple-brown ; capillitium very scanty, 
 threads 1 — 2 mm. thick, colourless ; spores globose, sniuoih, 
 11 — 12 fM diameter. 
 
 Licea reticulata, B. and Br., Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. xiv., p. 86 
 (1873). 
 
 Didymium reticulaium, B. and Br., in Herb. Berk. 
 
 On bark and mosses. Ceylon. 
 
 Distinguished from Lcjndoderma Chailletii by the absence 
 of a columella, and from Z. Carestianum by the smooth spores 
 and yellow patches of lime on the wall of the sporangium. 
 
 Lepidoderma fulvum, Mass. (n. sp.) (figs. 39, 40). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, hemispherical, depressed, umbilicate 
 hQueoXh., fulvous, with scattered, large, suiter ficial tvhite or yellowish 
 scales ; stem stout, equal, or very slightly attenuated upwards, 
 straight or a little bent, longitudinally rugulose, fulvous, hypo- 
 thallus well developed ; columella large, hemispherical, brownish ; 
 capillitium copious, threads slender, hranchcd at acute ' angles, 
 flex%bou>s, Irownish-molct ; spores globose, smooth, brownish-purple, 
 10 — 12 IX diameter, some few much larger. 
 
 On mosses, twigs, &c. Britain (Yorks.) ; France. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., 10,783.) 
 
 In groups of 2 — 4, springing from a firm, well-developed 
 hypothalluB, 2-5 — 3 mm. high. Differing from Zcjndoderma 
 stellatum, the only other stipitate, smooth-spored species, in the 
 coloured columella and stem. The calcareous scales on the 
 pileus very thin, glistening, not so regular and distant as in 
 L. fulvum. 
 
 B. Spores vmrtcd. 
 
 Lepidoderma tigrinum, Rest. (figs. 41 — 43). 
 Sporangia hemispherical, depressed, stipitate, umbilicate 
 beneath, Uachish-hrown, and furnished with rather distant, large 
 yellowish scales ; stem erect, thick and equal, or slightly attcnu- 
 
254 A Monograjih of the Mijxogastres. 
 
 ated upwards, brownish rust colour or dingy ochre, wrinkled 
 longitudinally ; columella hrown, globose or hemispherical ; 
 threads of capillitium thin, brownish-violet, branches forming 
 acute angles, sometimes united laterally ; spores globose, brown- 
 ish-purple, minutely wartcd, 10 — 13 /x diani. 
 
 Host., Mon., p. 187, figs. 159, 160; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 44, 
 figs. 159, 160; Sacc, Syll., vii., p. 386. 
 
 On mosses, wood, &c, Britain (Teesdale, Yorks. side ; New 
 Pitsligo) ; France ; Germany ; Finland ; Sweden ; Ceylon. 
 
 Superficially resembling Lepidoderma stcllata before dehi- 
 scence, but known at once by the warted spores, which also 
 separate the present species from L. fulva. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, 2 — 2'5 mm. high, the base of the 
 stem expanding into a small, irregular hypothallus. Threads 
 of capillitium sometimes with slight granular swellings. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Didymmm tigrinum, Schrad., t. 6, f. 2, 3 (1797) ; B. and Br., 
 
 N. H., 383; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1121. 
 Physarum tigrinum, Pers., Syn., 174 (1801); FL, Dan., t. 
 
 1434, f. 2. 
 Physarum squamulosum, Pers., Syn., 174 (1801). 
 Trichia tigrina, Poir., Ency., viii., 53. 
 Tricliia squamidosa, Poir., Ency., viii., 53. 
 Cionium tigrinum, Lk., Hdbk., iii., 410 (1833). 
 Didymium riijijjes, Fr., S. M., iii., 116 (1829). 
 Leangium squamulosum, Fr., Stirp. Femsj., 13 (1825). 
 
 Lepidoderma obovatum, Mass. (n. sp.) (figs. 45 — 47). 
 
 Broadly obovate, stipitate ; wall dirty ochraceous, thick and 
 firm, studded with large, innate whitish patches of lime ; stem 
 short, thick, dark hrown, wrinkled ; mass of spores blackish with 
 purple tinge; columella absent; capillitium springing from the 
 base of the sporangium, threads dingy violet, 3 — 4 /^ thick, 
 equal, repeatedly branching in a dichotomous manner, furnished 
 with a sioelling at the base of each dichotomy, the whole com- 
 
Lepidoderma . 255 
 
 billed into an irregular net; spores globose, dingy violet, 
 minutely wartcd, 11 — 13 ju. diameter. 
 
 On grass and twigs. Sweden. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 Plant 1*5 mm. high, 1 mm. diameter; characterized by the 
 obovate sporangium and the swelling at the base of each 
 bifurcation of the capillitiura. The minute warts on the 
 spores often show a tendency to become elongated. 
 
 Lepidoderma Chailletii, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia hemispherical, adnatc hy a hroad base to a hypo- 
 thallus, blackish-violet, with numerous shining brown pro- 
 tuberances; columella very small, brownish; threads of the 
 capillitium subviolaceoics, loith scattered swollen poo^tions, forming 
 a dense net ; spores subviolaceous, toarted, 10 — 12 ju diam. 
 
 Rost., Mon., p. 189, fig. 179 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., p. 887 ; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., fig. 179. 
 
 France ; Germany. 
 
 Lepidoderma Carestianum, Rost. 
 
 PlasmodiocarjJ hroadly effused, pulvinate, flattened, wall mem- 
 branaceous, fragile, greyish brown, with numerous rather small 
 white squamules of lime ; threads of capillitium brownish gxey, 
 yellowish, or almost colourless, branched, and sometimes slightly 
 rough with minute granules of lime; spores globose, warted, 
 brown with tinge of purple, 14 — 15 /u. diam. 
 
 Rost., Mon., p. 188 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., p. 387. 
 
 Beticularia Carcsiiana, Rabenh., MS., and in Rab., Fung. Eur., 
 n. 436. 
 
 On twigs. Italy ; Belgium. 
 
 A peculiar species surrounding thin twigs like a cushion, 
 1 mm. thick, and extending for 1 cm. or more in length. 
 
 Scetion douUful. 
 Lepidoderma Kurzii, Berk. 
 
 Sporangium globose, stipitate, nodding, obscure ycllov:ish- 
 
256 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 green with siolphnr-coloured ixUchcs of lime ; stem slender, attenu- 
 ated upioards and curved, sulphur-coloured, or whitish, becoming 
 brownish towards the base ; hypothallus spreading ; spores 
 blackish-brown, globose. 
 
 Berk., in Herb., n. 10,785. 
 
 On palm. Java. 
 
 The above description, accompanied by sketches, is in Berke- 
 ley's Herbarium, but the specimen has disappeared, hence I am 
 unable to supplement the diagnosis. 
 
 Spumaria, Pers. 
 
 Aethalium consisting of numerous crowded, irregularly 
 branched sporangia, the whole at first surrounded by a common 
 friable cortex containing granules of lime ; sporangia dendritic, 
 the thin walls containing granules of lime; columella central, 
 not containing lime, sending off branches into the lobes of 
 the sporangium; threads of the capillitiuin forming a dense 
 network, extending from the columella to the walls of the 
 sporangium. 
 
 Sjmmaria, Pers., Disp., t. 1, figs, a, h, c; Rost., Mon., p. 191 ; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 45 ; Sacc, SylL, p. 838; Zopf, 153. 
 
 The present genus, along with Diaehaca, form a transition from 
 the Lithodermcae to the Gohimelliferae ; showing affinity with 
 the former in the presence of granules of lime in the sporangial 
 walls, and with the latter in the central, elongated columena. 
 
 Distrih. Europe ; United States ; Canada ; Australia ; S. 
 Africa; Ceylon. Species 1. 
 
 Spumaria alba, D. C. 
 
 Common cortex whitish, deciduous; sjwrangia ninnerous, 
 dendritic ; columella empty, hranchcd, shorter than the branches 
 of the sporangium, capillitium springing from the columella and 
 passing to the wall of the sporangium, branches 2 — 4 ju thick, 
 foi^ming a dense irregidar net, widened at the angles, obscure 
 violet or brownish ; sjDorcs globose, mrructdose, obscure purple, 
 10 — 13 IX diameter. 
 
 Spumaria alba, D. C, Flor. Fr., ii., 2G1 ; Rost., Mon., p. 191, 
 
Spumana. 257 
 
 figs. 158, 172, 175; Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 45, figs. 158, 172, 175; 
 Schroeter, p. 120 ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 89 ; Sacc, Syll, 1338. 
 
 ^a;sicc.— Rab., Fung. Eur., 1323; Lib., PI. Crypt. Ard., Fasc. 
 IL, 179 ; Karst., Fung. Fenn., 497 ; Fckl., Fung. Rheu., 1471 ; 
 Syd., Myc. March., 397; Desm., Cr. Fr., ser. I., 768; Kunze, 
 Fung. Sel., 198. 
 
 On wood, bark, leaves, twigs, grass, &c. Britain (Kew, 
 Scarboro', Carlisle, Capel Ciirig, Aboyne, N. B.) ; Germany ; 
 France ; Belgium ; Italy ; Hungary ; Denmark ; United States ; 
 Canada ; Australia ; S. Africa ; Ceylon. 
 
 The Plasmodium often creeps up the stems of grasses for 
 a distance of several inches, forming aethalia varying from 
 I — 2 inches or more in length, at first covered with the thick, 
 white, common cortex, which soon falls away, leaving the 
 numerous, crowded, branched sporangia arranged in a dendritic 
 manner, and of a bluish-grey colour. Mass of spores blackish, 
 very copious and pulverulent. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Mucilago, 2, Mich., t. 96, f. 2 (1729). 
 
 Mucorii, Gled. Meth., p. 160 (1753). 
 
 Mucilago Crustacea alha, Batt., t. 40, f. 9, H. I. (1755). 
 
 Mucilago, Hall, n. 2129 (1768). 
 
 Byssus homhycina, Retz., V. Handl., 251 (1769). 
 
 Mucilago filamentosa, Bonamy., t. 3 (1772). 
 
 Beticularia alha, Bull., t. 326 (1791). 
 
 Sjmmaria mucilago, Pers., Disp., t. 1, f. ct, h, c (1797). 
 
 Beticularia ovata, Var., With. Arr., iv., 1978 (1803). 
 
 Sjyumaria cm-nuta, Schum., Saell., 1415 (1803); Fl. Dan., 
 
 t. 1978, f. 1. 
 Spumaria alba, D. C, Fl. Fr., ii., 261 (1805); Fr., Syst. 
 
 Myc, iii., 25; Eng. Fl., v., 310; Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1103. 
 Spumaria alha, a. laminosa, (3. cornuta, Fr., S. M., iii., 95 
 
 (1829). 
 Didymium spumarioidcs, Fr., S. M., iii., 95 (1829). 
 Diderina spumariacformc, Wallr., Fl. Germ., 2208 (1833). 
 
258 A Monograph of the Mi/xofjastres. 
 
 DiACHAEA, Fr. 
 
 Wall of sporangium without lime externally, but sometimes 
 containing scattered granules on its inner surface, tliin, usually 
 with metallic tints ; columella either thick and elongated, rigid 
 with amorphous lumps of lime, or more or less rudimentary 
 and represented by an accumulation of lime at base of spor- 
 angium; capillitium forming a dense net, springing from the 
 columella or base of sporangium, threads usually coloured, 
 without lime, thickest at the point of origin. 
 
 Diachaca, Fries, Syst. Orb. Veg., i., p. 143 ; Fr., Syst. Myc, 
 iii., p. 155; Kost., Mon., p. 190; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 44; 
 Sacc, Syll, p. 387. 
 
 Although placed in a different order by Rostafinski, Lami^ro- 
 dcrma approaches the present genus so closely, that it is open 
 to doubt whether the two genera, as at present understood, 
 should not be merged into one. The generic diagnoses of the 
 two, as given by Rostafinski, illustrate the two poles of the 
 genus in the larger sense, and read very distinct, but when a 
 complete sequence of the species included in the two genera 
 are examined, then the difficulty of " drawing the line " becomes 
 only too apparent, and the only character that remains is, the 
 presence of lime in the columella and stem iu Diachaca^ and 
 its absence in Lam'proderma. In Laminodcrma violacca, Fr., 
 the columella is filled with large vesicles as in Trichia fcdlax, 
 and in Lampo'odcrma sulweneus, B., well-developed granules of 
 lime are by no means rare in the threads of the capillitium ; 
 lime is by no means always absent from the capillitium of 
 several species of Stemonitis, and other genera belonging to 
 the order Amaurochacte, the most important feature of which 
 consists in the absence of lime. 
 
 DiacJmea is as far from being a typical member of the 
 Calcarcae, owing to the entire absence of lime on the surface 
 of the wall of the sporangium, as it is from being ty])ical of 
 the Amaurochaetcae on account of the lime contained in the 
 columella and stem. 
 
 Distrih. Europe; United States; W. Indies; Brazil; S.Africa; 
 India; Australia; New Zealand. Species 5. 
 
Did elided. 259 
 
 Sub- Gen. DUirliaca. 
 Columella well developed, elongated, rigid with amorphous 
 masses of lime. 
 
 A. S2)orcs smooth. 
 
 Diachaea confusa, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Gregarious, springing from a thin, irregular, yellowish hypo- 
 thallus ; sporangia elliptico-cylindrical, stipitate, obscure purple, 
 iridescent, stem equal to, or a little shorter than the sporangium, 
 2Jale ochraccous, suhequal, slightly wrinkled longitudinally; 
 columella two-thirds the height of the sporangium, (Hrty imh 
 ochraccous, suhclavate, filled with masses of lime, very brittle ; 
 threads of the capiJlitium springing from the columella, much 
 branched and irregularly anastomosing to form a very dense net, 
 about 3 /x thick near the columella, tapering, pale olive or 
 smoky; s]Jores at first in clusters of 6 — 8, smooth, globose, 5 — 6 ^ 
 diameter, dingy lilac. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 Sporangia 2'5 — 3 mm. high ; distinguished by the ochraceous 
 subequal stem and the small spores in clusters of 6 — 8. The 
 capillitium is very dense, and the columella so very brittle 
 that it requires care to see it intact. 
 
 On living geranium leaves. Jamaica. 
 
 Diachaea leucopoda, Rest. (figs. 165, 166). 
 Gregarious, springing from a spreading white hypothallus ; 
 sporangia elliptico-cylindrical, stipitate, brownish-purple, some- 
 times iridescent, often subumbilicate below ; stem shorter than 
 sporangium, white, thin above, cxjmnding eonsideraUy dmcmcards, 
 smooth ; passing upwards as a thick, equal or slightly tapering 
 coluviclla aJiout two-thirds the length of the sporangium, white, 
 and filled with granules of lime ; mass of spores blackish ; 
 capillitium dense, threads springing from the columella whore 
 they are 3 — 4 fx thick, much branched and iiTegularly anasto- 
 mosing to form a dense net, bccominq: thinner and attached 
 
260 A Monograijli of the Mi/dcogastres. 
 
 to the wall of the sporangium, dusky or almost colourless ; 
 spores globose, minutely vcrnoculose, lilac, 7 — 9 fx diameter. 
 
 Diachaea kucopoda, Rost., Mon., p. 190, f. 178; Cooke, Myx, 
 Brit., p. 44, f. 178 ; Sacc, SylL, n. 1335. 
 
 Exsicc. — Rab., Fung. Eur., 434 and 1071 ; Roum., Fung. 
 Gall., 3174 ; Klotzsch (Rab.), Herb. Myc, 86 ; Syd., Myc. March., 
 1900 ; Rav., Fung. Car., 80 ; Desm., Cr. Fr., Fasc. ii., 261 ; 
 Fckl, Fung. Rhen., 1451 ; Westendorp, Crypt. Belg., 1260. 
 
 On leaves, twigs, &c. Britain (King's Cliff e, Carlisle, Lin- 
 lithgow) ; France ; Germany ; Belgium ; United States ; Cuba ; 
 Brazil ; S. Africa ; India ; E. Australia. 
 
 Varying from 1'5 — 2 mm. high, characterized by the white, 
 acutely conical stem, and smooth spores not produced in 
 clusters. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Trichia kucopoda, Bull., t. 502, f. 2 (1791). 
 
 Stcmonitis ekgans, Trent., in Roth., Cat., 220 (1797). 
 
 Stcmonitis kucostyUi, Pers., Syn., 186 (1801). 
 
 Stemonitis l&itcopoda, D. C, Fl. Fr., ii., 257 (1805). 
 
 Diachaea ekgans, Fr., Stirp. Femsj., p. 84 (1825); Fr., S. M., 
 
 iii., 156; Berk., Ann. N. H., n. 112; Cooke, Hdbk., 
 
 n. 1154, f. 131. 
 Diachaea kucopoda, Rost., Mon., p. 190 (1875). 
 
 Var. cylindrica, Mass. 
 
 Sporangium cylindrical, elongated, stem cylindrical. 
 
 Exsicc— mXiB, N. Amer. Fung., 336. 
 
 On pine wood lying on the ground. United States. 
 
 Differs from the type form in its larger size, 2'5 — 3 mm. 
 high; the longer cylindrical stem, and elongated, cylindrical 
 sporangium. 
 
 Diachaea Hookeri, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, slightly flattened or umbilicate below, 
 wall thin, pale ochraceoics or iviih a Jicsh tinge, slightly iridescent; 
 with minute granules in detached patches on the inside ; stem 
 
Diarhaea. 261 
 
 about equcal to sporangium, stout, expanded at the base into 
 a circular liypothallus, longitudinally rugulose, colour of spor- 
 angium ; columella pale, cylindrical, ahmit half the height of the 
 sjiorangiuiii, containing irregular masses of lime; threads of 
 capillitium springing from the columella, irregularly branching 
 and anastomosing to form a dense net, attached by its ultimate 
 branches to the wall of the sporangium, threads 3 — 4 /x broad 
 near the columella, flattened, tapering, pale dirty lilac to 
 colourless; spores globose, minutely warted, brownish lilac, 
 11 — 14 }x. diameter. 
 
 Didcrma Hool^eri, Berk., Fl., New Zealand, p. 191, T CV 
 f. 12. 
 
 Lamproderma Hookeri, Rost., Mon. Append., p. 24. 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 Gregarious on living fronds of Ilyvmiojjhylhm. New Zealand. 
 
 A true Diachaea, as the genus is at present defined, and well 
 marked by the pale coloured globose sporangium, and the large 
 spores. 
 
 (Rostafiuski's Synonym.) 
 Diderma Hookeri, Berk., FL, New Zeal., p. 191, T. CV., f 12. 
 
 Sub-Gen. Hemidiachaca. 
 
 Columella short or obsolete, and represented by a few lime 
 granules at base of sporangium. 
 
 B. Spores ivith irregular, raised hands. 
 Diachaea splendens, Peck (figs. 37, 38). 
 Sporangia spherico-dq)rcsHcd and u/nhilicate heloiu, or rcniform, 
 solitary or fasciculate on a common stem, deep peacock-blue 
 or purple, iridescent ; stem equal to or shorter than sporangium, 
 white, expanding into a vague liypothallus; columella white, 
 cylindrical or reniform, containing lime; capillitium dense, 
 threads brown, anastomosing to form a network extending from 
 the columella to the sporangial Avail; spores globose, purple- 
 
262 A Monograph of the Mi/,ro(/astres, 
 
 brown, with scattered, broad, irrcgularly-shapcd raised hands of 
 various lengths, 8 — 11 ju. diameter. 
 
 Diachaea spkndcns. Peck, 30th Report, State Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 p. 50; Sacc, Syll., 1336. 
 
 On leaves, &c. United States. 
 
 For specimens of the present very distinct and beautiful 
 species, I am indebted to Mr. Harold Wingate, of Philadelpliia. 
 
 Gregarious, about 1'5 mm. high, evidently allied to Diachaea 
 kucojxida, but abundantly distinct in the spore marking, and 
 the short reniform sporangia and columella. 
 
 Diachaea suhsessilis, Peck. 
 
 Gregai'ious or crowded ; sporangia subglobose, sessile, or with 
 a very short white stem, the walls delicate, iridescent with 
 various metallic tints; columella ohsolete ; capillitium and mass 
 of spores violet-brown ; spores globose, rough, '0004' — 'OOOo' in 
 diameter ( =■ about 12-5 fx ). 
 
 Diachaea sicbsessilis, Peck, 31st Report, State Mus., p. 41. 
 
 Fallen leaves. Adirondack Mountains, U. States. 
 
 This is a most singular species, and apparently very rare. 
 In its lack of a distinct columella, it departs from the generic 
 character, but it cannot be placed in the genus Lamproderma, 
 for the same objection would hold there, and besides that, 
 another is found in the presence of lime granules in the stem. 
 Even when no distinct stem is present, a small whitish mass 
 of granules can generally be seen at the point of attachment. 
 The capillitium appears to originate at the base of the spor- 
 angium. The spores are larger, but less rough than those of 
 D. splendcns. (Peck.) 
 
 I have had no opportunity of examining the present species, 
 hence can add nothing to tlie vague description of the epispore. 
 
 Subord. Physarae. 
 
 Craterium, Trent. 
 Sporangia usually distinct and stipitate, wall consisting of two 
 or three distinct layers, dehiscing by a sharply-differentiated 
 
Crateriiiin. 263 
 
 apical lid, or by an irregularly circuinscissile separation of the 
 undifferentiated apical portion of the sporangium, basal portion 
 of sporangium persistent after dehiscence ; capillitium of stout 
 threads attached at numerous points to the sporangial wall, 
 combined to form an irregular, rigid network, containing a large 
 quantity of lime which is usually localized in swollen, irregular, 
 often more or less flattened portions ; these towards the base 
 of the sporangium are compacted to form an irregular columella. 
 
 Crateriuvb, Trent., Obs. Bot. ; Rost., Mon., p. 118; Cke., Myx. 
 Brit., p. 18 ; Zopf, p. 146 ; Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, p. 355. 
 
 The species of Craterium are more or less gregarious in habit, 
 but rarely crowded, although now and again specimens occur 
 with the sporangia more or less confluent, the stems remaining 
 distinct. The sporangia persist for a long time after dehiscence, 
 owing to the rigidity of the wall and capillitium, and in this 
 stage resemble in shape miniature wine-glasses. Craterium is 
 closely allied to BadJiamia, difl'ering more especially in the 
 double wall and the presence of a columella, and the circum- 
 scissile dehiscence. 
 
 Distrib. Europe ; Algeria ; Natal ; Ceylon ; Tasmania ; Brazil ; 
 United States. Species 13. 
 
 A. Dehiscence hy the sejmratiou of a disthict lid at apex of 
 S])oi'angium. 
 
 Craterium confusum, Mass. (fig. 280). 
 
 Sporangia variable in form, cyathiform, infundibuliform, or 
 pyrifonn, stipitate or rarely subsessile, varying in colour from 
 bright brown, through ochraceous to nearly white, lid sharply 
 differ entiafcd from wall of sporanijinui, flat or slightly convex, 
 ■HSU((Ily chalky-white, rarely ochraceous, deciduous ; stem variable 
 in length and depth of colour ; capillitium abundant, knots of 
 lime large, irregular, white or yellowish, usually by aggregation 
 forming a more or less distinct columella ; spores globose, dirty 
 violet, vei'y minutely verrucnlose, 8 — 11 ii diameter. 
 
 Craterium vulgare, Rost., Mon., p. 118, figs. 94, 9G ; Cke., 
 Brit. Myx., p. 18, figs. 04, 0(J. 
 
264 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Craterium i^yriformc, Rost., Mod., p. 120; Cke., Brit. Myx., 
 p. 19; Sacc, Syll., n. 1234. 
 
 Cratcrium minntum, Rost., Mon., p. 120, f. 95; Cke., Myx. 
 Brit, p. 19, f. 95 ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 79. 
 
 Craternim 2'>cdunculatum., Sacc, Syll., 1233; Raunk., Myx. 
 Dan., p. 79. 
 
 Exsicc.—QkQ., Fung. Brit, Ed. II., 208 (as G. minutum); 
 Fckl., Fung. Rhen., 1453; Roum., Fung. Gall., 2957; Syd., 
 Myc. March., 489; Desm., Cr. Fr., Ser. I, 869; Fckl, Fung. 
 Rhen., 1454 (as Cratcrium pyriforme). 
 
 On leaves, twigs, bark, moss, &c. Britain (Kew, Weybridge, 
 Penzance, Apethorpe, Bungay, Lyme Regis, Shere, Scarboro', 
 Carlisle, Abergavenny, Appin, Glamis, N. B.); Germany; 
 Hungary; France; Italy; Finland; Belgium; Bavaria; Sweden; 
 United States ; Cuba ; Brazil ; N. Zealand ; Australia ; Natal ; 
 Tasmania. 
 
 After a careful examination of numerous specimens from 
 Europe and other parts of the world, I find that the only course 
 left is to combine the three species and five varieties acknow- 
 ledged by Saccardo, into one species characterized by the sharply- 
 differentiated operculum, which is usually chalk-white, and 
 flat or slightly convex, and the dull-coloured sporangium. In 
 the above idea I am confirmed, or rather anticipated, by Mr. 
 A. Lister, who, during a critical examination of the Myxogastres 
 in the Kew Herbarium, has attached the following note to 
 the specimen-sheet of G. vulgarc. " I have added to the col- 
 lection some specimens of Graterium viUgare, representing a 
 few varieties in form and colour from a heap of dead leaves 
 in my grounds at Lyme Regis. The white form is abundant 
 in such localities, and given in several of the Kew specimens, 
 is the result of age and exposure, on originally more deeply 
 coloured, but pale sporangia. I have cultivated a large 
 number of sporangia from orange-yellow plasmodium, and 
 gathered many thousands of the ripe fruits during the last 
 three years from this particular heap. Among them I find 
 all the characters given in the description of Rostafinski's three 
 species, G. vidgarc, G. inirifornu, and G. rninuiuin, with (as it 
 
Cratermm. 2G5 
 
 appears to me) all shades of intermediate form. From careful 
 observation of sporangia developed from plasmodium, botli in 
 the open air and mider bell-jars, I believe that while varying 
 in form and colour, they belong specifically to one species. The 
 Plasmodium appears to be always ultimately, of a more or less 
 orange-yellow, though in some stages it is often dirty brown 
 from the quantity of foreign matter held in suspension. 
 The differences in form and colour of the sporangium are the 
 only characters by which these three species (?) are separated, 
 and these characters vary so much in sporangia rising simul- 
 taneously, and apparently from the same plasmodium, that, I 
 venture to submit, they cannot be considered as specific. 
 
 " In all varieties the wall of the cup consists of two or three 
 layers, the outer smooth, with granules of lime equally dis- 
 tributed throughout its more or less coloured substance, the 
 inner white, and heavily charged with lime, though the lime 
 differs in amount even in sporangia of the same cluster. The 
 lid is deciduous, and usually paler than the cup, and in most 
 instances distinctly marked off from the rim. In abnormal 
 forms, caused by rapid drying, the lid is often sunk below the rim. 
 
 " The capillitium is white, consisting of large knots of lime 
 connected by scanty hyaline threads; these threads are some- 
 times yellow, when the colour extends over the inner wall. 
 A central aggregation of lime knots or columella is sometimes 
 present. Spores smooth, 5 — 9 /x, bright violet or violet-brown." 
 
 The appearance of the epispore depends on the amount of 
 magnification. I find in Mr. Lister's own specimens that under 
 a power magnifying 1200 diameters the epispore is distinctly 
 warted. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 (Under C. vulgare.) 
 Fangoides wfumlihiliforine, pendulum, pediculo donatum, 
 
 Mich., Nov. PL Gen., p. 205, n. 10, t. 86, f 13 (1729). 
 Crateriiim 2Jed%onculatitm., Trent., I.e., p. 2-i-i (1797). 
 Cratermm mdgarc, Ditm., I.e., t. 9; Nees, Syst., f. 120; 
 Chev., Fl. Par., t. 4, f. 2G (1817). 
 
266 A Monograph of the Myjcogastres. 
 
 Cratcrium hucocephahtm , Desm., Cat. 27, non Auct. (1823). 
 
 (Under C. 2)yriforme.) 
 Craterkwi 2)1/^/0^116, Ditm., I.e., p. 19, t. 10 (1817). 
 
 (Under C. viinutum.) 
 Peziza minuta, Leers., Fl, Herbor., n. 1085 (1775). 
 Cyathus minutus, Hoff., Veg. Crypt., p. 6, t. 2, f. 2 ; Sow., 
 
 Eng. Fg., t. 239 (1790). 
 Trichia minuta, Relh., Teste Fr. (1786). 
 Nidularia onimcta, With. (1792). 
 
 Sphaerocarpa operculata, Scliuni., Fl. Saell., n. 1503 (1803). 
 Physarurii turbinatum, Schum., Fl. Saell., n. 1450 (1803). 
 Craterium leucocephalum, Grev., Fl. Scot., t. 65 (?) (1824). 
 Craterium minutum, Fr., I.e., iii., p. 151 (1829). 
 Ci'atermm turbinatum, Fr., I.e., iii., p. 152 (1829). 
 Arcyria leucoce])liala, Auct. 
 
 Craterium Oerstedtii, Rest. 
 
 Sporangia pyriform, along with the stem hlacJcish-lroim, lid 
 convex, snotv-v;Jdte ; columella distinct ; spores pale violet, 
 8 — 10 fl diameter, smooth. 
 
 Craterium Oerstedtii, Host., Mon., p. 120, fig. 99; Cke., Myx. 
 Brit., fig. 99 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1235. 
 
 On wood. Denmark. 
 
 Unknown to me. Appears to differ from C. confusum in the 
 darker-coloured stem and sporangium. 
 
 Craterium Friesii, Rost. (fig. 265). 
 
 Sporangia cyathiform, stipitate, wall smooth, shining, orange- 
 red, lid distinct from cui^, lohitish, flattened, stem very thin, 
 equal, longer than sporangium, red; capillitium dense, knots 
 of lime large, joined by short, hyaline internodes ; spores globose, 
 brownish-violet, smooth, 10 — 11 ix diameter. 
 
 Craterium Friesii, Rost., Mon., p. 122, f. 105; Cooke, Brit. 
 Myx., f. 105. 
 
 Cratcrium nutans, Sacc, Syll, 1237. 
 
Craterium. 267 
 
 On mosses, decaying lichens, &c. Britain (Lyndhurst, Haw- 
 thornden, Edinboro') ; Sweden ; Germany. 
 
 From 1"5 — 2 mm. liigli, sporangia and stem varying from 
 orange to deep blood-red, stem elongated, slender. 
 
 B. A'pcx of siwrangium not differentiated into a distinct lid. 
 Craterium leucocephalum, Rost. (figs. 298 — 301). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, conico-cylindrical, pyriform or subglobose, 
 apex rounded and eventually Ireaking away in a circumscissile 
 manner, upper portion of sporangium whitish and rough loith 
 minute, inmate particles of lime which eventually fall away, 
 leaving minute pits in the wall, basal portion of sporangium 
 dark reddish-brown, much wrinUed ; capillitiura dense, knots 
 large, irregular, numerous, usually aggregated in the centre to 
 form a columella, granules of lime colourless, yellow or brownish ; 
 spores globose, dull violet or brownish, mimUely ivartcd, the 
 wart often with a tendency to form anastomosing lines, 8 — 11 i^ 
 diameter. 
 
 Craterium leueocei^halum, Eost., Mon., p. 123, f. 98, 100; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 19, f. 98, 100 ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 80, 
 t. 4, f. 12; Sacc, Syll., 1238. 
 
 Exsicc.—'^ydi., Myc. March., 1500; Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 
 1452; Roum., Fung. Gall, 1679; Rab.-Winter, Fung. Eur., 
 2G74. 
 
 On leaves, twigs, bark, &c. Britain (Jedburgh, Chiselhurst, 
 Epping, Gloucester, Wanstead Park, Scarboro', Carlisle, Appin, 
 N. B.) ; Germany ; France ; Italy ; Denmark ; United States ; 
 Brazil. 
 
 PJasraodium yellow. Gregarious or scattered, 1'5 — 2 mm. 
 high, variable in form and length of stem, the upper convex 
 portion of the sporangium breaks away in a circumscissile 
 manner, there is not a differentiated lid as in C. vulgarc. The 
 present species is best characterized by the pale upper portion 
 of the sporangium being incrusted with minute particles of 
 white or yellowish lime, and also by the presence of numerous 
 circular discs sunk in the substance of the wall; these discs vary 
 
268 A Monograph of the Myxogastreif. 
 
 in size from 10 — 50 [i diameter, have the margin more or less 
 grooved, and show indications of hnes radiating from the centre 
 to the circumference. Tliese discs occur also rarely in the 
 capillitium threads. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Fungoides minimum infundibiliforme, albicans, pediculo dona- 
 
 tum. Mich., Nov. PL Gen., p. 205, n. 13, t. 86, f 14 
 
 (1729). 
 Peziza convivalis, Batsch., Elenoh. Fung., p. 121 (1781) (not 
 
 convivalvis, as erroneously quoted by Rostafinski and Cooke). 
 Stemonitis leucocephala, Pers., in Gmel., Syst, Nat., p. 1467, 
 
 n. 9 (1791). 
 Stemonitis cyathiformis, Schrnk., I.e., p. 19 (1790). 
 Trichia cinerea, Trent., I.e., p. 227 (1797). 
 Arcyria ImLCocephala, Hoffra., Fl. Or. ger., t. 6, f 1 (1795). 
 Physarum pcdunmlatum,, Schum., Fl. Saell., n. 1453 (1803). 
 Trichicce aureae affinis, Fl. Dan., t. 1314, f. 2 (1810). 
 Cyathus cinereus, Purt., Brit, iii., n. 1561, t. 35 (1817). 
 Crateriwn leucocepJicdum, Ditm., I.e., t. 11, Grev., Fl, Scot., 
 
 t. 65 (1817). 
 Craterium viilgare, Chev., Fl. Paris, 340, non Ditm. (1826). 
 Physamm leucostictum, Chev., Fl. Paris, p. 336, t. 9, f 29 
 
 (1826). 
 Craterium leucostictum, Fr., I.e., iii., p. 152 (1829). 
 Gupularia hucocephala, Lk., Hdbk., iii., 421 (1833). 
 Physarum xanthopus, Wallr., in Sched. (1833). 
 Craterium xantJiojJUS, Wallr., Fl. Germ., ii., 358 (1836). 
 Craterium deojoerculattim, Fr., in Wein., I.e., p. 597 (1836). 
 Cupularia xanthopus, Rabh., Fl. Cr. Germ., n. 2226 (1844). 
 Craterium pruinosum., Corda, Icon., vi., p. 13, t. 2, f. 33 (1854). 
 
 Craterium cylindricum, Mass. (n. sp.) (fig. 213). 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, stipitate, sporangium cylindrical, 
 elongated, apex rounded, smooth, even, lower portion pale clear 
 red, white above, upper portion breaking away in a circum- 
 
Crateriam. 269 
 
 scissile manner; stem thin, elongated, red, like base of spor- 
 angium; capillitium dense, nodes very large, irregularly angular, 
 filled with yellowish granules of lime, connected at various 
 points by long, very thin internodcs not containing lime, com- 
 bined at the base of the sporangium to form a short columella ; 
 spores dirty lilac, globose, smooth, 9 — 10 fx diameter. 
 
 Uxsicc.—EWis, North Amer. Fung., exs., n. 1400 (as Craterium 
 leiicocephnlum). 
 
 On twigs, &c. United States. 
 
 Stem about two-thirds the length of the sporangium, 2—2-5 
 mm. high. Allied to C. leucoccjyhahim, but distinguished by 
 the elongated, narrowly cylindrical sporangium, the long, thin 
 internodes of the capillitium, and the smooth spores. 
 
 Craterium aureum, Rest, (figs, 257 — 261). 
 
 Sporangia elliptic-oblong, subglobose, or pyriform, stipitate, 
 wall i\nck,hvittle,riigtdose,from hright lemmi-yellow to reddish- 
 orange, upper convex portion breaking away in an irregularly 
 circumscissile manner; stem usually shorter than sporangium, 
 arange-yelloio, subequal, expanding at the base into a small 
 hypothallus; capillitium dense with numerous large, irregular 
 knots with yellow or white granules of lime, connected hy elon- 
 gated, thin, emjJty internodes; knots aggregated in the centre 
 towards the base to form a columella ; spores globose, brownish- 
 lilac, miniLtcly verruculose, 8 — 10 [jl diameter. 
 
 Craterium aureum, Rost., Mon., p. 124; Cooke, Brit. Myx., 
 p. 20 ; Sacc, Syll., 1239. 
 
 Craterium mutaUlc, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 154. 
 
 On leaves, bark, twigs, moss, &c. Britain (Kcw, Carlisle, 
 Lyndhurst, Appin, N. B.) ; Sweden; Germany; Algeria; United 
 States. 
 
 Plasmodium clear lemon-yellow. Scattered, 1-5 mm. high, 
 distinguished by the rugulose, bright yellow, rigid sporangium, 
 and the long slender internodes in the capillitium, in which 
 respect the present species approaches the genus rhysarnm. 
 
270 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 TrkUa aurea, Schiim., Fl. SaelL, 1461 (1803). 
 Craterium mutahik, Fr., I.e., iii., p. lo-i, non S. Gast. (1829). 
 Cuimlaria mutalilis, Rab., Fl. Germ., Cr., n. 2225 (1844). 
 Physarum Duricui, M,, Herb. 
 
 Craterium rubiginosum, Mass. (figs. 309, 310). 
 
 Sporangia globose, broadly elliptical, or obovate, stipitate, 
 dehiscing in a more or less regular circumscissile manner, lower 
 portion of sporangium permanent, reddisli-brown, often with a 
 purple tinge, lid or apical portion paler, sometimes whitish ; 
 stem about equal in length to sporangium, stout, dark red- 
 brown, passing downwards into a spreading hypothallus; 
 capillitium dense, white, threads aggregated in the centre to form 
 a darh-coloured columella ; spores dingy violet, globose, minutely 
 warted, warts sometimes more or less arranged in lines, 10 — 13 /^ 
 diameter, 
 
 Badhamia ruMginosa, Rest., Mon. App., p. 29 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., n. 1158. 
 
 Scyphium riddginosum, Rost., Mon., p. 148, fig. 115 ; Cke., 
 Myx. Brit., p. 29, fig. 115. 
 
 Hxsicc.—EiMs, N. Amer. Fung., 1215. 
 
 On wood. Britain (Appm, N. B.) ; Germany ; France ; United 
 States. 
 
 Gregarious, 2'5 — 3 mm. high. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 
 Physancm ruUginositm, Chev., Fl. Par., 338 (1826); Eng. FL, 
 v., 315; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1137. 
 
 Craterium dictyospermum, Mass. (figs. 805, 306). 
 
 Sporangia globose or obovate, dehiscing in a chxumscissih 
 manner or irregularly, lower portion of sporangium permanent, 
 reddish-brown, becoming paler or whitish at the apex; stem 
 about equal in length to the sporangium, rather stout, dark 
 
Craterium. 271 
 
 brown ; capillitiura dense, white, threads aggregated in the centre 
 to form a hroumish columella; spores violet with usually a 
 brown tinge, globose, covered with irregular simple or hranclicd 
 ridges, ivhich here and there combine to form an imx)erfect network, 
 10 — 14 i*. diameter, 
 
 Badhamia dictyos2wra, Rost., Mon. App., p. 4; Cke., Myx. 
 Brit., p. 82. 
 
 On wood, moss, &c, Britain (Carlisle) ; United States. 
 
 Gregarious, 2 — 3 mm. high ; indistinguishable from C. ru- 
 higinosuiii, except by the nature of the markings on the epispore. 
 May possibly prove to be a form of the last-named species. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Physarum canum, Klotzsch., Hb. Houk. 
 Physaritm rubiginosum, Berk., Eng. FL, v., p. 31; 
 
 Craterium lilacinum, Mass. (figs. 307, 808). 
 
 Sessile, aggregated, globose, smooth, reddish-lilac, capillitium 
 threads variable in diameter, clustered together in the centre and 
 forming an irregular columella ; spores purple, sometimes tinged 
 with brown, globose, epispore furnished with short, irregular 
 ridges, which sometimes combine to form an irregular network, 
 12 — 16 ju diameter. 
 
 Badhamia lilacina, Rost, Mon., p. 145, figs. 108, 109; Cke., 
 Myx. Brit., p. 27, figs. 108, 109 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., n. 1156. 
 
 Exsicc. — Syd., Myc. March., 1297 (as Leocarims irrnicostis). 
 
 On rotten wood, bark, twigs, &c. Britain (Carlisle); Ger- 
 many ; United States. 
 
 Usually crowded, sporangia seated on a broad base, wall 
 generally smooth, but sometimes rather rough. The present 
 species may eventually prove to be a sessile form of C. dietyo- 
 spcrmum. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Physarum lilacinum, Fr., I.e., iii., p. 141 (1829). 
 
272 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Craterium Curtisii, Mass. 
 
 Gregarious, sessile, obovate, fixed by a point to a very thin 
 hypothallus, umher-hroivn, wall tliin, smooth or sometimes rugu- 
 lose, soon disappearing at the apex ; capillitium dense, nodes 
 large, irregular, sepao^ated only hy short constrictions, everywhere 
 containing pale brown granules of lime, the nodes become 
 confluent towards the base and form an irregular columella ; 
 spores brown with indistinct lilac tinge, globose, minutely warted, 
 7 — 8 ju, diameter. 
 
 Badhamia Curtisii, Rost., Mon. App,, p. 3; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1, n. 1159. 
 
 Didymium Curtisii, Berk., Grev., vol. ii., p. 65. (Type in 
 Herb. Berk., n. 10,758.) " 
 
 Bcypliium Curtisii, Rest., Mon., p. 149. 
 
 On leaves, grass, &c. United States. 
 
 Sporangial wall very thin, shining, containing very little or 
 no lime. About 1 mm. high, 
 
 Craterium Fuckelii, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Sporangia perfectly globose, contracted below into a short, 
 stout stem, every part hrownish-ochre, upper portion breaking 
 away in an irregularly circumscissile manner; nodes of capil- 
 litium large, angular, combining towards the base to form an 
 irregular columella; spores dirty lilac, globose, rather coarsely 
 warted, 12 — 14 fx diameter. 
 
 Craterium mutcdiile, Fr., in Fuckel's Fung. Rhen., Exs., n. 
 1455. (Kew copy.) 
 
 On wood. Germany. 
 
 Distinct from C. auretim in the globose, differently-coloured 
 sporangia, the absence of the long, thin internodes of the 
 capillitium, and the larger, coarsely-warted spores. 
 
 Craterium minimum, B. and C. 
 
 Sporangia broadly elliptical, apex convex, breaking away in 
 an irregularly circumscissile manner, pale yellow, becoming 
 
Pln/mrum. 273 
 
 brownish towards the base, as is also the very short, equal stem ; 
 nodes rather scanty, large, irregularly angular, connected at vririous 
 2ioints hy rather long, thin internodcs ; spores globose, dirty lilac, 
 7 — 8 ix diameter, smooth. 
 
 Craterkim minimum, B. and C, Grevillea, vol. ii., p. 67 ; 
 Host., Mon., p. 125 ; Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1240. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10,827.) 
 
 On herbaceous stems, &c. Lower Carolina. 
 
 Usually growing in lines on slender, dead herbaceous stems, 
 •5 up to nearly 1 mm. high ; the long, thin internodes of the 
 capillitium are unusual in the genus. 
 
 Craterium minutum, Kickx. 
 
 Sporangium stipitate, campanulate, rounded and umbilicate 
 below, 1 — 1-5 mm. long, of a yellowish clay-colour, tinged 
 brownish or reddish towards the base, sprinkled with very 
 minute, wart-like, paler spots. Operculum the same colour as 
 the upper part of the sporangium. Filaments whitish. Spores 
 globose, black. Stem 2, rarely 3 mm. high, attenuated towards 
 the apex, wrinkled, often compressed, russet-brown or reddish, 
 springing from a blackish-brown indistinct hypothallus. 
 
 Craterium. minutum., Kickx, Flor. Flanders, ii., p. 23. 
 
 On rotten wood. 
 
 The present species is considered as a species of Tilmadoche 
 by Rostafinski, but as his description differs very materially 
 from that of Kickx, the latter is given above. There is 
 no reason, judging from the description alone, to show why 
 Kickx was not quite correct in considering his specimen as a 
 Crateriiom. 
 
 Physarum, Pers. 
 Sporangia solitary, plasmodiocarp, or combined to form an 
 aethalium, wall single or of two distinct layers; threads of 
 capillitium springing from all parts of the sporangial wall, 
 combined to form an irregular network, with the numerous 
 nodes or angles very much and irregularly swollen and filled 
 
274 A Monorfraph of the My^rogastres. 
 
 with granules of lime, the interuodes thin and without lime ; 
 dehiscence irregular, or by a longitudinal fissure in the plas- 
 modiocarp form. 
 
 Physarum, Pers. 
 
 Rost., Mon., p. 93; Cke., Brit. Myx., p. 11; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 p. 38G ; Zopf, p. 144. 
 
 The principal characteristic of the present genus is the 
 presence of numerous large, irregularly swollen nodes, or points 
 of junction of capillitium threads, filled with granules of lime, 
 the in te modes, or threads connecting the nodes, being thin and 
 free from lime. Physarum passes by numerous transitional 
 forms into Tilmadoche, which in the typical condition differs 
 in the much fewer and smaller lime-containing nodes of the 
 capillitium. 
 
 Distrib. Europe ; Africa ; Himalayas ; Ceylon ; Java ; Japan ; 
 W. Australia ; N. Zealand ; Tasmania ; S. America ; W. Indies ; 
 TJ. States. Species, 70. 
 
 A. Sporangia stvpitate. (Some species included in the 
 present section have sessile forms.) 
 
 * Ujrisjjore loarted. 
 
 Physarum psittacinum, Ditm. (figs. 290, 291). 
 
 Scattered, gregarious, or fasciculate, sporangia stipitate, 
 globose, slightly rugulose, lime scanty, gree^i, often with orange 
 and deep violet tints ; stem elongated, subequal or attenuated 
 upwards, expanding at the base into a small hypothallus, longi- 
 tudinally rugulose, orangc-rcd ; capillitium abundant, consisting 
 of irregularly anastomosing, rather thin threads, connecting 
 numerous large irregular nodes filled with lime, cither colourless 
 or usually some shade of orange; columella absent; spores 
 globose, hrawnish-purplc, very minutely verructdose, 7 — 9 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Physarum j^sittaeinum., Ditm., Sturm, t. 62 ; Rost., Mon., p. 
 104, figs. 75, 76 ; Cooke, Brit. Myx., figs. 75, 76 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 n. 1179 (Excl. Syn. Didymium, Ravenslii, B. and C.) ; Raunk., 
 Myx. Dan., p. 74. 
 
Pliysartim. 275 
 
 Lidyminm crythrinum, Cke., Grev., 1873. 
 
 On bark, &c. Britain (Neatishcad, Norths); Germany; 
 Sweden ; France ; Italy ; Denmark. 
 
 Distinguished amongst the red-stemmed species by the green 
 sporangium, and the capillitiura consisting of thin, elongated 
 internodes, some of the nodes are flattened, with one or more 
 perforations and contain no lime, numerous others are filled 
 with lime which is usually tinged orange ; from 2 — 2'5 mm. 
 high. 
 
 Care must be taken not to confound the present species with 
 the green forms of TUmadocfie uiatahilis. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Phi/sarum 2)sittaci)iwn, Ditm., I.e., t. G2 (1817). 
 
 Physarum Schumacheri, Rost. (figs. 287, 288). 
 
 Scattered or gregarious; sporangia globose, stipitate, warted 
 with granules of lime, ycllmvish-olive, often with a tinge of 
 green; stem erect, subequal, usually longer than the spor- 
 angium, filled with lime, longitudinally rugulose, expanding nt 
 the base into a small hypothallus, j)«/c yellow; columella 
 cylindrical, whitish ; capillitium dense, forming an irregular net, 
 with numerous rather smrdl knots containing yclloivish granules 
 of lime ; spores globose, dull violet, minutely verruculose, 7 — 9 /i 
 diameter. 
 
 Physarwiih Schumachcri, Rost., Mon., 99 ; Cke., Myx. Brit,, 
 p. 11 ; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 74. 
 
 Physarum citrinum, Sacc, Syll., n. 1176. 
 
 Physarum chrysojpeplum, B. and G., in Herb. 
 
 Exsicc.—EWi?,, N. Amer. Fung., n. 1395. 
 
 On bark, leaves, &c. Britain (Neatishead, Carlisle); Ger- 
 many ; Italy ; Finland ; Ceylon ; United States ; S. America. 
 
 About 2 mm. high. Capillitium dense, rather flaccid, inter- 
 nodes long, thin, many of the angles flattened and not contain- 
 ing lime, others irregularly branched and tilled with yellow 
 granules; columella prominent. The above description applies 
 
276 A Monograpli of the Myocogastres. 
 
 to the typical form, but Rostafinski has given as forms of this 
 species a heterogeneous collection, varying considerably in habit, . 
 colour, and size of spores, but all agreeing in having a colu- 
 mella; how many of these forms are British I do not know, 
 /3. chryscypus, which appears to be the same as Physarum citri- 
 7inm, Schum., has been collected in Yorkshire, and a specimen 
 probably corresponding to y. anrantiacum has been met with 
 at Neatishead. 
 
 The following are Rostafinski's forms. 
 
 Var. a. genuinum. Sporangium yellow or greenish-yellow, 
 5 mm. wide, stem yellow ; spores 7 — 8 \x diameter ; granules of 
 lime yellow. This variety is the one described above as the 
 type form. 
 
 /3. chrysojms. Sporangium 1 mm. diameter, with the stem 
 golden-yellow; spores 10 [x diameter; granules of lime golden- 
 yellow. 
 
 y. cmrantiacum. Sporangia I mm. diameter ; stem brown ; 
 spores orange, 11 /x diameter; granules of lime brown. 
 
 8. rufipes. Sporangium yellow or orange, sometimes iridescent ; 
 stem orange-red ; granules of lime yellowish. 
 
 e. compadum. Plasmodiocarp veinlike, creeping, short, yellow 
 or golden ; columella absent, disappearing with the stem. 
 
 Didymium melleum, B. and C, given as a synonym of the 
 present species by Bostafinski, although a Physarum, is quite 
 distinct, as shown by an examination of the type specimen in 
 the Berkeley collection in the Kew Herbarium. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Physarum citrimtm, Schum., Saell., i., 436 (1803). 
 
 Physarum aurantiacum, fi. ritfipes, A. and S., Cons., 262 (1805). 
 
 Physarum verrucosum, Link, Herb. 
 
 Physarum compadum, Ehr., Syl. Ber., p. 21 (1818). 
 
 Physarum Schumacheri, Spr., Syst., iv., p. 528 (1<S27). 
 
 Piderma citrinum, Fr., S. M., iii., 100 (1829); Cooke, Hdbk., 
 
 n. 1107. 
 Didcrriia rufiiJcs, Fr., S. M., iii., 101. 
 Pidcrma comimdum, Wallr., Herb. 
 
Physarum. 277 
 
 Physarum aureum, /3. chryfiopns, Lev., Ann. Sc. Nat. (184G), 
 
 p. 166. 
 Physarum Jlavum, Fckl., Syn., p. 343 (1869). 
 Bidyviium meUciim, B. and C, Ceyl. Fung., 751. 
 Didymium chrysopc^^bim, B. and Br., N. A. Fung., 348. 
 
 Physarum virescens, Ditm. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, sessile and crowded, an irregular plas- 
 modiocarp, or an effused aethalium, wall rough, yellow, with 
 green or olive tints, stem when present yellow, wrinkled, equal 
 to or shorter than the sporangium ; columella absent ; cajnl- 
 litium scanty, knots of lime few, small; spores globose, dingy 
 lilac, very minutely verruculose, 7 — 9 /x diameter. 
 
 Physarum virescens, Ditm., in Sturm, t. 61 ; Rost., Mon., p. 103 ; 
 Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 13 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1183 ; Schroeter, p. 128. 
 
 Physarum thej'oteum, Fr., Gast., p. 21. 
 
 Physarum Ditmari, Rost., Mon. Append., p. 13. 
 
 Didymi'itm crocco-fiavium, B. and Br., Fung. Ceylon, n. 757. 
 
 Exsicc. — Fckl., F. Rhen., 1460 (as Physarum anccps, de By). 
 
 a. gcmtinum.. Sporangia sessile on a broad base, crowded, 
 rarely scattered. 
 
 /3. siipitatum. Sporangia stipitate, stem stout, longitudinally 
 wrinkled, yellow. 
 
 y. confiuens. Sporangia sessile, plasmodiocarp or confluent, 
 and forming a cake-like aethalium. 
 
 On leaves, moss, &c. Britain (Chiselhurst, Bristol, N. Wales, 
 Carlisle) ; Sweden ; Germany ; Madras ; Ceylon ; United States. 
 
 Usually sessile and crowded, sporangia subaugular from 
 mutual pressure, varying i'rom clear yellow through olive to 
 greenish-yellow, the last being most frequent, and with the 
 scanty capillitium with very few small knots containing lime, 
 marks the species in all its forms. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Physarum virescens, Ditm., t. 61 (1817). 
 Physaraiii ihrjotcum, Fr,, Gast., p. 31 (1818). 
 
278 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Phymrum anccps, Fckl., Sym. Myc, 343 (1869). 
 Didymium nectriaformc, B. and C, Grev., 353. 
 Didymmm croceo-fiavium, B. and Br., Fung. Ceylon, u. 757. 
 Didymium latcritium, B. and Br., MSS, 
 
 Physarum melleum, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, hemispherical, flattened below, wall thin, 
 yellowish-olive or honey-coloured, sprinkled with minute particles 
 of lime ; columella small, white ; capillitium very dense, snow- 
 white, oiodes nuvierous, very large, angularly stellate, separated 
 from each other hy constrictions only, lime in the form of granules 
 present in every portion ; spores globose, pale lilac, minutely 
 vcrruculose, 6 — 7 /x in diameter ; stem about equal to the 
 sporangium in length, rather thick, equal, white, longitudinally 
 wrinkled, filled with particles of lime, Itypothallus ahsent. 
 
 Didymium mcllcum, Berk, and Broome, Ceylon Fung., n. 751, 
 in Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. xiv., p. 83. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10,810.) 
 
 Physarum Schitmacheri, Bost., Mon., p. 99 (in part). 
 
 Physarum citrinum, Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1176 (in part). 
 
 On dead leaves. Ceylon. 
 
 About 2 mm. high. Distinct from P. Schummheri in the 
 dense Badhamia type of the capillitium, smaller spores, and 
 absence of the hypothallus. 
 
 Physarum citrinellum. Peck. 
 
 Sporangia subglobose or slightly attenuated at the base, sub- 
 stipitate, wall thin, pcde yelloio, sometimes with a greenish tinge, 
 rough with numerous crystals of lime, becoming irregularly 
 ruptured at the apex; the very short stem is rufous, longi- 
 tudinally wrinkled, and expands into a minute hypothallus; 
 columella absent; capillitium rather dense, nodes irregularly 
 stellate-angular, large, containing colourless granules of lime, 
 intcrnodcs elongated, very thin, colourless, without lime; spores 
 globose, pale lilac, minutely wartcd, 7 — 8 \x diameter. 
 
 Physarum citrinellum. Peck. 
 
 On mosses. United States, 
 
Pln/sanim.. 279 
 
 Prom i — f mm. high. A very hue specimen named as above 
 was sent to me by Mr. H. Wingate, of Philadelphia. It appears 
 to differ from Physarum chrysotrichum only in the white nodes 
 of the capillitium and the very short stem. 
 
 Physarum rufibasis, B. and Br. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, stipitate ; sporangia globose, dull 
 yellow or tawny, even, sprinkled with minute particles of lime, 
 dehiscing irregularly ; stem elongated, slender, tapering upwards, 
 longitudinally furrowed, exioanding at the base into a small, 
 circular hypothallus, bright hmon, filled with minute granules of 
 lime; columella absent; capillitium dense, forming an irregular 
 network, nodes incrassated, irregularly angular, large, mtmerous, 
 filled with bright yellow granules of lime, connected at various 
 points by rather thin, long internodes ; spores pale lilac, globose, 
 very indistinctly verruculose, 10 /:x diameter. 
 
 Physarum rufibasis, Berk, and Broome, Fungi of Ceylon, 
 Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. xiv., p. 85. 
 
 Tilmadochc Mans, Host., Mon. Append., p. 14 (in part). 
 
 Tihnadoche minuta, (Kickx) Berlese, Sacc, SylL, vii., 1, 
 n. 1251 (in part). 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10,800.) 
 
 On twigs. Ceylon. 
 
 A very fine species, about 2-5 mm. high, resembling a Tilma- 
 duche in the small sporangium and long, slender stem, but the 
 nodes of the capillitium are large and stellately angular. 
 
 Physarum flavum, Fries, (fig. 215). 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, but not crowded ; sporangia globose 
 or slightly depressed ; wall rugulose, rigid, bright lemon-yello^v, 
 sometimes with a tinge of green, breaking away in irregular 
 patches ; stem stotot, about equal to sijorangium or shorter, bright 
 yellow, very much longitudinally wrinkled, containing amorphous 
 masses of lime, expanding at the base into a small hypothallus; 
 columella absent; capillitium ratiier douse, nodes irregularly 
 
280 A Mo7Wf/rap/i of tJie Myxogastres. 
 
 angular, internodes rather long, tliin ; si^ores globose, pale lilac, 
 very minutely vcrrucidose, 10 /u. diameter. 
 
 Physarum Jlcnm')n,Yr., Sym. Gast., p. 22; Rost., Mon., p. 100; 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1186. 
 
 (The above description drawn up from a specimen named by 
 Fries.) 
 
 On mosses, &c. Britain (Wales) ; Sweden ; Germany. 
 
 Usually growing on living mosses, scattered, To — 2 mm. 
 high; stem stout. Very closely allied to Physarmn Ditmari, 
 Rost., of which the present may possibly prove to be a stipitate 
 form ; however, in the absence of such evidence, it is well for 
 the present to retain it as a species. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Fhysarum fiavurn, Fr., Symb. Gast., p. 22, I.e., iii., p. 185 
 
 (1818). 
 Physcirum citrineUa, Fries, in Herb. ; Kunze. 
 Crateriujji fiavum, Fr., Sm. Veg. Sc, p. 454 (18499. 
 
 Physarum Schroeteri, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, hemispherical, depressed ; stem conical, 
 thich, golden, shining, continued as an obtusely conical columella ; 
 threads of capillitium slender, combined to form a dense net- 
 work, furnished with nodes containing lime ; spores spinulose, 
 blackish-brovm, 10 — 12 ju diameter. 
 
 Physarum Schroeteri, Rost., Mon. App. I., p. 419 ; Karst., 
 Myc. Fenn, iv., p. 102; Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1172. 
 
 On leaves and twigs of Almis. Finland. 
 
 Physarum brunneolum, Phillips (figs. 221, 222). 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, but not crowded, sessile ; sporangia 
 globose or subdepressed, wall single, thick, smooth and polished, 
 bright yelloio-hrown, dehiscing in a stellate manner, the segments 
 becoming rejlexcd, snov)-white inside; columella absent; capil- 
 litium very dense, snow-white, nodes very large and numerous, 
 
Plil/sarum. 281 
 
 irregularly anf/iilar, filled with lime, connected at several points 
 by very thin, short internodes ; spores globose, dirty lilac, very 
 minutely vei'ruculose, 6 — 7 /x diameter. 
 
 Physarum hrunncolum, Phil., in Herb. 
 
 Diderma hrunneolum, Phillips, Grev., v., p. 114, t. (S7, f. 3, 
 a—f; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 1292. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Phillips.) 
 
 On oak bark. San Francisco. 
 
 A very beautiful and remarkable species, reaching up to 
 1 mm. in diameter. Intermediate between the genera Chon- 
 driodcrma and Physarum, agreeing with the former in the 
 polished, porcelain-like sporangial wall dehiscing in a stellate 
 manner, and with the latter in the structure of the capillitium, 
 whereas the very large and numerous nodes of the capillitium 
 separated from each other by constrictions rather than by true 
 internodes, suggests affinity with the genus Badhamia. 
 
 Physarum Ravenelii, Mass. (figs. 234, 235). 
 
 Scattered, stipitate ; sporangia perfectly spherical, not um- 
 bilicate, dirty hroion, sometimes rugulose ; stem elongated, rather 
 slender, equal or slightly fusiform, coloured like the sporangium, 
 filled with granules of lime; columella absent; capillitium 
 copious, forming an irregular net ; nodes small, filled with yellow 
 granules of lime, internodes thick, elongated, colourless, empty; 
 spores dingy lilac, globose, very minutely verruculose, 6 — 7 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Didymium Ravenelii, Berk, and Curt., Grev., vol. ii., p. 53 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1318. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10,771.) 
 
 On wood. Sulphur Springs, N. Carolina. 
 
 From 2-5—3 mm. high. Remarkable for tlie dirty brown 
 colour of sporangium and stem. In form and size almost 
 identical with Physarum. Kalchhrenneri. The knots of the 
 capillitium are small and usually elliptical, resembling those 
 characteristic of Tilmadoche, but the capillitium is altogether 
 too robust to admit of the present species being placed in the 
 
282 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 last-named genus. Sometimes two or three sporangia are 
 seated on a common stem, forming a plasmodiocarp. 
 
 Physarum scyphoides, Cke. and Balf. (fig. 231). 
 
 Sporangia globose or broadly obovate, stipitate, nppcr portion 
 of wall whitish, rough with amorphous lumps of lime, lasal 
 portion bright Iro^on, persistent as a very shalloiu, irregular cup ; 
 stem almost equal to sporangium in length, hright hroivn, erect, 
 usually attenuated upwards, irregularly wrinkled and often 
 compressed and twisted, expanding at the base into a minute, 
 brown hypothallus ; capillitium dense, knots of lime white or 
 yellowish, very numerous, large, irregularly hranehed, connected 
 by short, thin, colourless portions, becoming concentrated 
 towards the base to form a columella ; spore globose, pale lilac- 
 brown, minutely warted, 7 — 9 ju diameter. 
 
 Physarum seyphpides, Cke. and Balf., in E.av., Fung. Amer., 
 Exs., 480 (without description) ; Mass., Journ. Mycol, vol, v., 
 p. 186, t. 14, f. 7 (1889). 
 
 On living leaves, grass, &c. Darien, Georgia ; (Rav., 2407). 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 A very fine species, about 1 mm. high, scattered or gregarious ; 
 the upper portion of the sporangium is whitish, with sometimes 
 a suggestion of pink, falling away in patches when mature, and 
 leaving the small, thicker, basal portion in the form of an 
 irregular shallow cup or disc, which, with the character of the 
 capillitium, suggest a leaning towards the genus Cratcrium. 
 
 Physarum Readeri, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Sporangium stipitate, spherico-depressed, plane or slightly 
 umbilicate below, greyish, covered ivith distinct hut closely arranged 
 'white, innate fiahes of lime ; stem equal to or longer than the 
 sporangium, very thicJc, equal, broivn, longitudinally rugulose, 
 expanding into a broad, dark-brown hypothallus, filled with 
 masses of lime and organic matter; capillitium absent, but 
 when the sporangium is empty a brown spot is seen at the 
 base which corresponds to the apex of the stem ; capillitium 
 
Physarum. 283 
 
 dense, nodes few, large, angularly stellate, filled with colourless 
 granules of lime, internodes elongated, slender; spores dirty 
 lilac, globose, very mimdely verruculose, 15 — 16 ix diameter. 
 (Type in Herb,, Kew.) 
 
 On wood. Melbourne. 
 
 Scattered ; 2o — 3 mm. high ; allied to Fhysarwiii Icucojohaenm, 
 but quite distinct in the larger spores, thicker, equal stem, and 
 in the large well-developed nodes of the capillitium. 
 
 Physarum polymorphum, Rost. 
 
 Gregarious, stipitate, rarely sessile, sporangia coinpressed, grey, 
 simple or more or less confluent, obovate, obcordate or lenti- 
 fomi, margin lobed or waved ; stem filiform, subulate, or several 
 confluent and forming a membranaceous, sulcate cone, yellowish ; 
 threads of capillitium forming an irregular network, white, here 
 and there with angular dilatations ; spores subglobose, violet- 
 brown, sinnulose, 9 — 11 /x diameter. 
 
 Physarum itolymorphum, Host., Mon., p. 107 ; Sacc, SylL, 
 vii., 1, n. 1196. 
 
 On bark. Cuba ; United States. 
 
 Sporangia variable in form, often confluent, dark grey, trun- 
 cate ; stem subulate, strongly longitudinally wrinkled, yellowish- 
 pink, rarely simple, usually fasciculate, curved or procumbent ; 
 capillitium strongly developed with angularly-globose dilatations 
 containing lime (Sacc, Syll., I.e.). Unknown to me. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Didymmm iiolyeephalum, Mout., Ann. Sci. Nat., p. 361 ; Syll, 
 
 n. 1074 (1873). 
 Didymium luteo-griscum, B. and C, Grev., p. 65 (1873). 
 Didymium polycephalum, Rav., cfr. Grev., p. 53 (1873). 
 
 Physarum afiine, Rost. 
 Sporangia spherico-de])ressed or subreniform, ichite ; stem 
 snow-white, opaque, about eipud in length to the s])orangium ; 
 
284 A Monograph of the Myocogastres. 
 
 capillitium well developed, snow-white; spores pale brownish- 
 violet, epispore thick, wartccl, 10 — 12 nx diameter. 
 
 Fhysarum aj/ine, Rost., Mon., p, 94; Sacc, SylL, vii., 1, 
 n. 1200. 
 
 On rotten wood. Germany ; Poland. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 (?) Trichia nivca, Fl. Dan., t. 776, f. 4 (1782). 
 (?) Trichia rugosa, Trent., I.e., p. 288 (1797). 
 
 Physarum glaucum, Phillips. 
 
 Sporangia subglobose, and depressed or irregularly lobed, 
 more or less umbilicate below, grey, covered densely at first 
 with snow-white particles of lime ; stem much shorter than 
 height of sporangium, blackish, thick, longitudinally lorinkkd, 
 expanding into a common, firm, pale hypothallus ; columella 
 absent ; capillitium very dense, snow-white, nodes numerous, 
 large, angularly stellate, connected by very short internodes; 
 spores bright violet, globose, rather coarsely wartcd, 12 — 14 fx 
 diameter. 
 
 Physarum glaucum, Phillips, in Herb. 
 
 Physarum lividum, Oke., Myxomycetes of the United States, 
 in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist , of N. York, vol. xi., n. 12, p. 384. 
 
 Didymium glaticum, Phillips, Grevillea, vol. v., p. 113, t. 88, 
 f. 6, a — e; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1315. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Phillips, examined.) 
 
 On dead branches. California. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, up to 1 mm. across, stem sometimes 
 obsolete. Certainly not' synonymous with Physarum lividum 
 as supposed by Cooke, but much more nearly allied to Physarum 
 nephroideum, from which it is distinguished by the very dense 
 capillitium of numerous large nodes only separated from each 
 other by constrictions, hence every portion contains granules of 
 lime as in the genus Badhamia. 
 
 Physarum cnpripes. Berk, and Rav. 
 
 Sporangia subglobose, umbilicate below, dark grey, often with 
 
PInisarnm. 285 
 
 a purple tinge; stem elongated, slender, attenuated upwards, 
 straight or slightly bent above, cojijKr-colour, longitudinally 
 wrinkled, filled with masses of lime and organic matter, usually 
 expanding at the base into a small, circular liypothallus ; colu- 
 mella absent ; threads of capillitium numerous, thin, combined 
 to form an irregular, dense net, swollen cllip)tical portions con- 
 taining yellowisJi granules of lime, numerous, small, either formed 
 at the angles of hifureation or interstitial ; spores globose, pale 
 lilac, minutely warted, 9 — 12 jw diameter. 
 
 Physarum cupripcs, B. and R., Grev., vol. ii., p. 65. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10,779.) 
 
 Physarum Berlcclcyi, Rost., Mon., p. 105 (in part). 
 
 Physarum jiavicomum, Sacc, Syll, vii,, 1, n. 1193 (in part). 
 
 Exsicc. — Rav., Fung. Car., n. 76 (under the name of Physarum 
 cupriceps, B.). 
 
 Berkeley's type specimen is a portion of the same gathering 
 issued in Ravenel's Exs., quoted above, and possibly Berkeley 
 in sending Ravenel the name, wrote cupriceps instead of 
 cupo'ipes ; however this may be, it is certain that the two names 
 refer to the same species. The present species has been hope- 
 lessly confused with others by Rostafinski. 
 
 The following note accompanied Ravenel's specimen to 
 Berkeley. 
 
 " At first a yellowish-green mucus, spreading on the surface 
 12 — 18 in. square, interlaced with veins. On these veins small 
 clavate pedicels arise of the same colour, the heads becoming 
 thicker and assuming finally the subspherical form, changing 
 to lilac-blue." 
 
 On dead wood. United States. 
 
 Gregarious, 2 — 2-5 mm. high. 
 
 Physarum nefroideum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia longitudinally comp)rcssed, circular in outline, hut 
 owing to the umUlkus at the base, reniform, minutely cinereo- 
 furfuraceous, scarcely 1 mm. broad; stem § — 1 mm. long, 
 cylindrical, slightly striate, hro/nt ; columella almost obsolete; 
 
286 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 threads of capillitium hyaline, here and there with irregular 
 swellings containing lime, intcrnodes long, slender, some of the 
 nodes cm^ty; spores globose or angularly subgiubose, 11 — 13 /x 
 diameter, blackish-violet, minutely verruculose. 
 
 Physarum nefroideum, Rost., Mon., p, 93, figs. 80 — 82 ; Cke., 
 Brit. Myx., figs. 80—82. 
 
 Plnysarum compressnm, Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1167. 
 
 On leaves, rotten wood, &c. Britain (Lyndhurst, New 
 Forest) ; Germany ; Italy. 
 
 Closely allied to P. Pliillir>sii, but differing in the structure 
 of the capillitium, the nodes containing lime are much smaller, 
 the internodes long and slender, and many of the nodes are 
 empty and collapsed, or contain air only and not lime. 
 
 Physarum candidum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia strictly or irregularly globose, sessile or stipitate, 
 dehiscing irregularly, wall charged with lime, snoiv-tvhite ; stem 
 luhite, elongated, plicate, 1 mm. high, rigid, crustaceous, capillitium 
 with snoio-white roundish nodes containing lime; spores pale 
 violet, murieatc, 12 — 15 fx diameter. 
 
 Physarum eandidtcm, Rost., Mon., p. 9G ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 n. 1170. 
 
 On rotten wood. Juan Fernandez. 
 
 Physarum simile, Rost. 
 
 Gregarious, stipitate, sporangia globose, gory, densely covered 
 with small white lumps of lime, rigid ; stem usually twice as 
 long as sporangium, equal, or slightly thickened below, and 
 passing into a small, orbicular hypothallus, ycllmoish, sometimes 
 with a pink tinge, rigid, filled with particles of lime, usually 
 longitudinally wrinkled ; columella subcylindrical, whitish, one- 
 fourth the height of the sporangium or less; capillitium dense, 
 threads thin, colourless, forming an irregular network, stvcllings 
 of nodes or interstitial parts sonall, elliptical or triangular, with 
 colourless or yelloioish granules of lime; spores dingy lilac, very 
 miiiutcd vcronic'idose, 7 — 8 fx diameter. 
 
Plijl^iwum. 287 
 
 Physarum simile, Rost., Mon. Append, p. 6 (species founded 
 by Rostafinski on a specimen in Heib. Berk.); Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1, n, 1175. 
 
 Physarum Petcrsii, var. Farlowii, Rost., Mon. Append., p. 6 
 (specimen named by Rostafinski in Herb. Berk.). 
 
 Krsicc. — Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., n. 1120. 
 
 On wood, moss, &c. United States. 
 
 Closely resembling P. Petcrsii, differing in the grey sporangium. 
 About 1.5 mm. high. 
 
 Physarum leucopus, Rost. (figs. 60 — 02). 
 
 Sporangia globose, broadly ellipsoid or a little depressed, 
 stipitate or sessile, rarely elongated and flexuous or anasto- 
 mosing, wall at first covered tvith a continuous, snow-white coat of 
 lime, which soon becomes hrohen up into smooth, innate 2Mtches ; 
 stem variable in length, white, containing lime, straight, brittle, 
 slightly thinner upwards, longitudinally rugose, passing into a 
 more or less evident hypothallus ; columella absent ; capillitium 
 strongly devclojjcd, snow-white, loith numeroiLS large, irregularly 
 branched knots, containing lime in small granules; spores 
 globose, dingy lilac, rather coarsely ivarted, warts almost black, 
 9 — 12 \j. diameter. 
 
 /. stipitatum. Stem present, length variable, in the typical 
 form, equal to, or longer than, the sporangium. 
 
 /. sessile. Stem very short or entirely absent, when the 
 sporangia are sessile on a broad base, sometimes confluent, 
 elongated, sinuous, or anastomosing irregularly. 
 
 Physarum leucopus, Rost., Mon., p. 101 ; Cke., Myx, Brit., 12; 
 Schroeter, p. 129; Karsten, Myc. Fen., p. 102; Sacc, Syll., 
 vol. vii., pt. I., n. 1188. 
 
 Physarum Imcophacum., y. flc.cuosum, Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 15. 
 
 Exsicc. — Rab., Fung. Eur., 835 (as Pltysarum alhipcs); Cooke, 
 Fung. Brit., Ed. II., 519. 
 
 On wood, moss, &c. Britain (Highgate, Carlisle); Germany; 
 Finland ; Sweden ; S. Africa ; S. America ; Ceylon ; Australia. 
 
 A somewhat rare species, often represented in Herbaria by 
 
288 A Monogra2'>h of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Didymium sqi/amnlosum, which differs in the large, white 
 columella. Distinguished from sessile forms of Fhysarum leu- 
 copliaeum, by the coarser capillitium furnished with numerous 
 large nodes, and the slightly larger and more coarsely warted 
 
 spores. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Didymium Icucopiis, Link, Diss., 2, p. 42 (1809). 
 
 Fhysaimm hullatum, Link, Diss., 2, p. 42 (1809); Ditmar, 
 
 t. 22. 
 Physaritm cdhopunctatum, Link, Herb. 
 JDidymiiLm leucojms, Fr., S. M., iii., 121 (1829); Engl. FL, v., 
 
 p. 313; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1127. 
 Fhysarttm o-amentaceum, Fr., in litt. ad Wein (1836). 
 
 Physarum leucophaeum, Fr. (figs. 63 — 66 and 96). 
 
 Sporangia subglobose, usually a little depressed below, stipitate 
 or sessile, wall thin, with irregular, white, innate patches of 
 lime, dehiscing irregularly ; stem usually longer than the spor- 
 angium, erect, slightly attenuated upwards, longitudinally rugu- 
 lose, brown, paler above, passing into a dark hypothallus ; capil- 
 litium dense, colourless, anastomosing very irregularly, threads 
 thill, often flattened at the angles ivhich rarely contain lime; 
 spores globose, dingy lilac, minutely warted, 8 — 10 fx diameter. 
 
 /. fasciculatum. Stems confluent. 
 
 /. sessile. Stem very short or entirely absent, sporangia 
 scattered or confluent, regular or sometimes elongated and 
 anastomosing. 
 
 Physarum lcicco2)haeicm, Fr., Symb, Gast., p. 24; Rost., Mon., 
 p. 113, figs. 77, 78, and 89; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 15, figs. 77 
 78, and 89; Sacc, Syll., n. 1192; Schroeter, 129; Raunk., Myx. 
 Dan., p. 75. 
 
 Didymium pruinosum, B. and C, Cuban Fungi, n. 530. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk.) 
 
 On leaves, twigs, bark, moss, &c. Britain (Queen's Cottage 
 grounds, Kew ; Hampstead, Bristol, Deal, Scarboro', Carlisle, 
 
PItymriun. 289 
 
 Edinburgh); France; Germany; Italy; Hungary; Denmark; 
 S. Africa ; Australia. 
 
 About 1*5 mm. high ; stem, when perfect, clingy brown, slightly 
 attenuated upwards ; the sessile and irregular forms are dis- 
 tinguished from Physarmn cinereum by the dense, irregular 
 capillitium having most of the angles flattened and rarely 
 containing lime. 
 
 Va7\ violasccns, Rost. Sporangium subglobose or compressed, 
 wall thin, iridescent, with violet or reddish tints, with very few 
 small, innate patches of lime, or these may be entirely absent; 
 stem short or equal to sporangium, stout, expanding at the 
 base into a small hypothallus, yellowish, darker below, strongly 
 wrinkled longitudinally ; capillitium and spores as in the type. 
 
 Physarum Icueophacum, 13. violascens, Rost., Mon., p. 113; 
 Cke., Myx. Brit., p. 15. 
 
 On moss. Epping Forest. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 S2'>hacrocar2nis alhus, Bull., p. 136, var. 3, 4 (1791). 
 
 Trichia filamcntosa, Trent, p. 227 (1797). 
 
 Physarum eonjiuens. Link, Diss., ii., 42 (1809). 
 
 Physarum connexum, Link, Diss., ii., 42 (1809). 
 
 Pliysarum hy'pnorum, Link, Diss., ii., 42 (1809). 
 
 Physarum alho'punctatum. Link, Herb. 
 
 Physarum clavus, Ehr., Herb. 
 
 Physarum conglohaticm, Ditm., t. 40 (1817). . 
 
 Physarmn leucojjhaeum, Fr., Sym. Gast., p. 24 ; Syst. Myc, 
 
 iii., 132 (1818); Cooke, Fung. Brit., ii., n. 519. 
 Didymium mclanoims, fi. clavus, Wallr., non Fries (1833). 
 Didymium tcrrestre, Fr,, in Weinm. (1836). 
 Physarum alhipcs, De Bary, not Link (1859). 
 Physarum striatum., Fckl., Sym. Myc, 342 (1869). 
 Didymium licmisphcricum, Fckl., Sym. Myc, 341 (1869). 
 
 Physarum granulatum, Balf. fil. (figs. 68 — 70). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, globose, sometimes slightly flattened 
 below, grey, with small innate granules of lime, and having in 
 
290 A Monograpli of the Myxogastres. 
 
 addition a sprinkling of large, m^Jcrficial, snmv-ivhitc, amorplwus 
 lumps of lime; stem about equalling the sporangium, from 
 dirty grey to brown, dilated downwards, and passing into a dark 
 hypothallus, longitudinally striate ; capillitium colourless, form- 
 ing an irregular net, threads very thin, often flcxuous, nodes 
 small, often flattened, only very few containing lime; spores 
 globose, minutely warted, 9 — 10 ju diameter. 
 
 Physarum granulatum, Balf., Grev., vol. x., p. 116 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., n. 1204. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On wood. In Herb. Currey, Kew. No locality, but un- 
 doubtedly British. 
 
 About Vo mm. high, closely resembling Physarum leiicophaeum 
 in the capillitium and spores, but distinguished by the large 
 granules of bicarbonate of lime on the sporangial wall. In the 
 capillitium the present species approaches the genus Tihnadoche, 
 but differs in the great amount of lime on the sporangium wall. 
 
 Physarum Phillipsii, Balf. fil. (figs. 77. 78). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate or subsessile, laterally comjiressed, irregular, 
 subreniform, subpyriform, sometimes coalescing, dark grey, 
 generally more or less rugose, with numerous minute, white, 
 innate particles of lime ; stem much shorter than sporangium, 
 thick, often flattened, blackish, sometimes almost obsolete ; colu- 
 mella absent; capillitium well developed, white, knots of lime 
 large, irregular, numerous, conneetcd by short, thin portions; 
 spores lilac, globose, minutely ■warted, 10 — 12 }x diameter. 
 
 Physarum Phillipsii, Balf. fil., Grev., vol. x., p. 116; Sacc, 
 Syll., n. 1208. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 On manured ground in an orchard house. Shrewsbury. 
 
 A very marked species, possibly having its nearest ally in 
 Physarum nephmdcum, Rost. (I. B. B.). 
 
 Mr. A. Lister has appended the following note to the type 
 specimen of the present species in the Kew Herbarium : — 
 
 " Should not this be called Physarum comprcssum, A. and S., 
 
Phymrnin. 201 
 
 as the older name? I have grown it from plasniodium in large 
 quantity, and have sporangia answering both descriptions." 
 
 The description of Physarum compressum, by Albertini and 
 Schweinitz, is as follows : — " P. compressum. Stipitate, peridium 
 umbilicate, compressed like a bivalve shell, obversely parabolic, 
 grey. Stem of medium length, firm, brown. Peridium convex 
 above, dehiscing by a longitudinal fissure. Threads of capil- 
 litiuui rather abundant, white." Alb. and Schw., Com. Fung., 
 p. 97. 
 
 I am convinced that the present species is Phymrvm PhiUipsil, 
 Balf. fil., the type specimen is in a good state of preservation, 
 and the detailed description given by the author will enable 
 any one to recognize the species. In reply to Mr. Lister's 
 question as to whether it is not the P. compo'essicm of A. and S., 
 I must admit that I am not at all certain; the stem is not 
 hroivn as it should be, according to the description by the last- 
 named authors; the white capillitium, without further ([uali- 
 fication, is common to scores of species, therefore the only 
 feature which remains is the compressed sporangium, and this 
 I cannot admit as sufficient proof that Physarum Phillipsii 
 should be reduced to a synonym of Physarum compressum, 
 A. and S. If Mr. Lister's reasoning is sound, then we must 
 admit that pocket-lens characters are all-sufficient for the 
 determination of species, and that the more laborious and exact 
 system of microscopic examination initiated by Dr. Rostafinski 
 is a mere farce, and altogether unnecessary. In writing the 
 above I have assumed that Dr. Lister is not in possession of the 
 type specimen of Physarum compressum^ A. and S. 
 
 Physarum didermoides, Rost. (figs. 82 — 84). 
 Sporangia clUptic-oUong, stipitate or rarely sessile, spriiujiug 
 from a h'oad, membranaceous, whitish hypotliallus, wall double, 
 outer chalk-white, brittle, soon falling away; inner membran- 
 aceous, gi'ey; capillitium with numerous, rather large nodes 
 containing colourless granules of lime ; spores globose, brownish- 
 violet, minutely vxtrtcd, the warts often arranged in lines ; 
 12 — 15 ix diameter. 
 
292 A Monograph of the Myxogastves. 
 
 Fhysaruvi didcrmoides, Rost., Mon.,p. 97, ffgs. 74, 87; Cooke, 
 Brit. Myx., p. 11, figs. 74, 87; Sacc, Syll., n. 1171; Raunk., 
 Myx. Dan., p. 72. 
 
 Didymiiim congcdum, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. (1850), 
 p. 865 ; Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1130. 
 
 Spv.maria lichcniformis, Sz. (specimen from Schweinitz in 
 Herb. Berk.). 
 
 Exsicc. — Sacc, Myc. Ven., 269 (as Didymium conycsium, 
 B. and Br.). 
 
 On grass, twigs, bark, &c. Britain (King's Cliffe, Bulnier, 
 Yorks. ; Carlisle) ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Russia ; Sweden ; 
 United States; Ceylon. 
 
 Usually crowded or gregarious in considerable numbers, 
 springing from a tough, common hypothallus ; sporangia 1*5 — 2 
 mm. long, stem variable in length, usually shorter than spor- 
 angium, generally very weak, flattened or twisted. When 
 sessile the sporangia are sometimes shorter than usual. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Sj)W)naria didermoides, Ach., in Pers., Syn., p. xxix (1801). 
 Diderma oUongum, Schum., Saell., n. 1423 (1803); Flor. 
 
 Dan., t. 1973, f. 1 ; Fr., S. M., iii., 103. 
 Claustria didermoides, Fr., S. V. S., 451 (1849). 
 Didymium congestum, B. and Br,, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1850), 
 
 p. 365 ; Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1130. 
 Didiimium farinaceum, Purt., M. F., p. 273. 
 
 Physarum imitans, Racib. 
 
 Sporangia hemispherical, umbilicate, greyish-white, dehiscing 
 irregularly, stipitate, erect or slightly nodding, stem subulate, 
 brownish-black, slightly longer than the sporangium, rigid; 
 columella absent, capillitium white, copious, forming an irregular 
 net, nodes irregular, sometimes filled with lime ; spores 9*5 — 10 
 mm. diam., violet, warted. 
 
 Racib., Myx. Crac, p. 5, f, 8, a, h; Sacc, Syll, 1205. 
 
 On branches. Poland, Sporangia (stem included) up to 
 1 nnn. hifrh. 
 
Phij.^dnun. 293 
 
 Physarum pulcherrimum, B. and R. 
 
 Sporangia globose or broadly elliptical, sometimes slightly 
 umbilicate below, stipitate, varying in colour from clear dccj) 
 rose-red to pink; stem similarly coloured, varying length from 
 once to twice the length of the sporangium, slender, expanding 
 at the base into a circular hypothallus, filled with particles of 
 lime, longitudinally wrinkled ; columella absent ; capillitium 
 variable, sometimes scanty, at others rather copious, threads 
 thin, forming an irregular network, colourless, or tinged pink, 
 swollen portions elliptical, small, nuviher variaUe, interstitial, 
 rarely produced at the nodes, containing pink granules of 
 lime ; spores globose, reddish-lilac, very minutely verruculose, 
 8 — 10 [M diameter. 
 
 Fhysarum pulcherrimum, B. and Rav., Grev., vol. ii., p. 65, 
 fig. 84; Cke., Brit. Myx.. fig. 84; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1178; 
 Rost., Mon. Append., p. 8. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10,781.) 
 
 On wood, &c. United States; Paraguay. 
 
 A slender, delicate species, stem thin, erect; sporangium 
 covered with a smooth crust composed of minute granules of 
 lime. The hypothallus is usually pale ochraceous and wrinkled. 
 Gregarious, sometimes becoming crowded, rarely 2 — 3 sporangia 
 supjDorted on a common stem, from Vb — 2 mm. high. 
 
 * Epi^porc smooth. 
 Physarum Carlylei, Mass. (figs. 240, 241). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, broadly pyriform, orange-vermilion, mi- 
 nutely furfuraccous ; stem about equal in length to diameter 
 of sporangium, thick, rugulose, vermilion, expanding downwards 
 into a small wrinkled hypothalkis ; threads of capillitium thin, 
 yellow, forming a dense net, swollen at the angles and there 
 containing orange-coloured granules of lime ; columella absent ; 
 spores globose, smooth, dirty violet, 7 — 8 /x diameter. 
 
 Grev., vol. xvii., March (1881)). 
 
 On rotten wood. Carlisle. (Dr. Carlyle.) 
 
294 A Monograj^h of the Muxoaastres. 
 
 A very distinct species, sporangia I'o — 2 mm. high, scattered 
 singly or in groups of two or three. Most nearly related to 
 Physarum rnhiginosum, Fr., but readily distinguished by the 
 smaller spores, and the scattered stipitate sporangia. Readily 
 distinguished from the red form of Physarum ScJmmachcri, by 
 the absence of a columella and the pyriform sporangium passing 
 insensibly into the short stem. 
 
 Physarum atrorubrum, Peck. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, stipitate ; sporangia globose, even or 
 somewhat wrinkled, dark-red ; stem cylindrical, even, blackish 
 or subconcolorous, capillitium when cleared of the spores 
 whitish, sometimes with a slight pinkish tinge ; columella none ; 
 spores globose, smooth, dark-brown in the mass, dark-red when 
 separated, -0008— -00035' in diameter ( = about 8—9 /x). 
 
 Physarum atrorulrum; Peck, 31st Report, N. York State 
 Mus., p. 40; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1202 (as Physarum atro- 
 piirpurciim by mistake). 
 
 Decaying wood. Adirondack Mts., U. States. 
 
 The plants are scarcely one line high. The capillitium is 
 very delicate, and when cleared of the spores the knot-like 
 thickenings are seen to be very small and of a dark-red colour, 
 to which probably is due the pinkish tinge sometimes observed. 
 The dark-red granules of the sporangium walls are abundant, 
 and appear to form a coatinuous crust. (Peck.) 
 
 Physarum roseum, B. and Br. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, globose, broadly elliptical or obovate, 
 dark reddish-jnnjile, sporangial wall covered with a thin crust 
 of minute granules of lime; stem brownish-purple, equal, 
 longitudinally wrinkled, filled with granules of lime, equal to 
 or usually lunger than sporangium, expanding at the base into 
 a small, circular, pale brown, wrinkled h}^othallus ; capil- 
 litium well developed, threads thin, tinged pink, tvith sndtered, 
 eUijitical, interstitial swcllinys containing lime, nodes not usually 
 enlarged or containing granules ; spores globose, smooth, 10 — 11 m 
 diameter. 
 
Fliys((ri(m. 295 
 
 Pliysarwm roseum, Berk, and Broome, Fungi of Ceylon, ii., 
 n. 760, in Journ, Linn. Soc, vol. xiv,, p. 84; Rost., Mon. 
 Append., p. 10; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1194. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk,, Kew.) 
 
 On grass, moss, bark, &c. Ceylon ; Paraguay. 
 
 Gregarious, '2o — 3 mm. high. Closely allied to Pkysarum 
 pulchcrrimiim, of which the present species may eventually 
 prove to be only a varfety. The spores are generally smooth 
 under a jVth objective, but some show a minutely verruculose 
 surface. 
 
 Physarum ornatum, Peck. 
 
 Sporangia depressed or hemispherical, plane or slightly con- 
 cave beneath, greenish-cinereous, dotted with small yellow 
 granules, the empty walls whitish ; stem short, black or Uacldsh- 
 h'Gwn, generally longitudinally wrinkled when diy; columella 
 none ; ca^nllitium with mimerous, yelloiv, hnot-lihe thickenings ; 
 spores globose, smooth, violet-brown in the mass, '0004' — '0005' 
 in diameter ( = about 10 — 11 \x). 
 
 Physarum ornatum, Peck, 31st Report of N. York State Mus., 
 p. 40; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1220. 
 
 Decaying wood. Albany, U. S. 
 
 Physarum Petersii, B. and C. 
 
 Gregarious, stipitate, sporangia globose, wall thin, yellow, 
 with a thin sprinkling of minute particles of lime that soon 
 disappears ; stem elongated, slender, subequal or slightly thicker 
 below, expanded at the base into a small, orbicular hypothallus, 
 rcddish-hrovm, longitudinally wrinkled and filled with lime; 
 columella subglobose or shortly cylindrical, whitish ; capillitium 
 rather dense, forming an irregular network, threads thin, with 
 scattered, elliptical, interstitial swellings containing yellow granules 
 of lime, nodes rarely swollen ; spores dirty lilac, smooth, 7 — 8 /m 
 diameter. 
 
 Physarum Petersii, B. and C, Grev., vol. ii., p. GO; Rost., 
 Mon., p. IIG, Append., p. 6 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 1174. 
 
29G A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk.) 
 
 Physarurii galhcum, Wingate, in E. aud E., N. Amer. Fung., 
 2491. 
 
 On moss, wood, &c. U. States. 
 
 Resembling in the long, slender stem, and small, elliptical 
 lumps of lime, some species of Tilmadoche from which genus 
 it differs in the presence of a columella. About 2 mm. high. 
 
 Physarum hians, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, yellowish-red, then blackish, globose or 
 slightly elongated ; stem reddish-brown, sulcate, expanding at 
 the base into a small, circular hypothallus, penetrating the 
 sporangium as a columella which reaches nearly to the apex ; 
 threads of capillitium yellowish, with violet tinge, forming a 
 somewhat dense network, nodes irregularly oblong, reddish- 
 yellow, spores violet, smooth, 8 — 10 /x diameter. 
 
 I'ilmadoche hians, Rost., Mon. App., p. 14. 
 
 Tilmadoche minuta, Berl,, Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1251. 
 
 On dead leaves. Belgium. 
 
 The present species is removed from Tilmadoche on account 
 of the columella. 
 
 Physarniii rufibasis, B. and Br., quoted by Rostafinski as a 
 synonym under the present species is quite distinct, hence the 
 Ceylon habitat of the latter is incorrect. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Craierium mimitum, Kickx, non Fr. 
 
 Physarum ritjihasis, B. and Br., Fung, Ceylon, n. 762 (1873). 
 Chondnoderma infiatum, Rost., Mon., p. 425, n. 177 (1874), 
 See Kickx's description of Craterium minutum under Cra- 
 terium. 
 
 Physarum Leveillei, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia lenticular, fuifuraceous, golden, as is also the 
 upwards attenuated stem, threads of capillitium vanishing ; 
 spores globose, smooth, 10 — 11 ij. diameter. 
 
Physarum. 297 
 
 Physarum Zeveillei, Rost., Mon. App., p. 7; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1,11.1177. 
 
 On dead leaves. Chili. 
 
 Var. chryso2yiijS, Rost., stern and qiorangiuiii goldcn-ycUow, 
 1 mm. diameter; spores 10 /x diameter, lime granules golden- 
 yellow. 
 
 Var. auri2)cs, Rest. ; stem golden, sporangium eitrin. 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Var. Fuistingii, stem orange, sporangium rii/ous-hrown. 
 
 Westphalia. 
 
 (Rostafiuski's Synonym.) 
 
 Physarmn cmreurn, ^. ehrysopns, Lev., Ann. Sc. Nat., p. 116 
 (1846). 
 
 Physarum Kalchbrenneri, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Scattered, stipitate, sporangia spherico-depressed, umbilicate 
 below, pale yclloiu-green, rough with minute particles of lime ; 
 stem elongated, thickest heloiv or fusiform, pale 2^'inJx;, rigid, filled 
 with granules of lime; capillitium forming a very dense, 
 irregular network, nodes numerous, large, irregularly angular, 
 containing yellow granules of lime, internodes 6 — 9 ju. thick, 
 colourless, without lime, collapsing ; spores dingy-lilac, smooth, 
 11 — 13 /x diameter. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Kew, along with Tilmadochc varialilis.) 
 
 On wood. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Superficially resembling a typical Tihnadoehe in the long, 
 slender stem, but separated from that genus by the very thick 
 capillitium tubes, and the numerous large, irregularly angular 
 nodes. From 2-5 — 3 mm. high. 
 
 Physarum globuliferum, Rost. 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate, greyish ; stem equal to spor- 
 angium or twice as long, rigiel, fragile, lohite, suleede ; eolumeUa 
 large, cyliiulrical, ohtuse, white ; capillitium well developed, rigid, 
 not collapsing, vesicles containing lime numerous, of variable 
 size, yellowish or reddish; spores globose, smooth, 9 — 11 /oi 
 diameter. 
 
298 A Mo7io(jraph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Physarmn glolndifcritia, Rost., Mon., p. 98 ; Sacc, Syll, vii., 
 1, n. 1173. 
 
 On moss, leaves, rotten wood, &c. Sweden ; France ; Ger- 
 many. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Sj)haerocarpus glolndifcr, Bull., Champ., j). 134, t, 484, f. 3 
 
 (1791). 
 Stemonitis globulifcra, Gmel., Syst. Nat., ii., p. 1467, n. 2 
 
 (1791). 
 Phymrurii glohvMfcrum, Pers,, Syn., p. 175, t. 3, f. 11, 12 
 
 (1801). 
 Trichia globulifera, D.C., Fl. Fr., 2, p. 253 (1805). 
 Diderma globuliferum, Fr., I.e., iii.^ p. 100 (1829). 
 
 B. Sporangia sessile, j^^'^sinGdiocarj), o?' aethalioid. 
 
 * Epis'iwre warted. 
 
 Physarum cinereum, Rost. (figs. 71 — 73). 
 
 Sporangia sessile on a broad base, sometimes globose, scattered 
 or crowded, at others elongated, flexuous and depressed, wall 
 rigid with lime, white ; columella absent ; capillitium abundant 
 with numerous la7'ge, irregular knots of lime connected by very 
 thin threads; spores globose, dingy violet, niimttely warted, 
 10 — 13 fj. diameter. 
 
 Physarum cinereum, Rost., Mon., p. 102, figs. 71, 72, 85 ; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 13, figs. 71, 72, 85; Sacc, Syll, n. 1189; 
 Schroeter, p. 128; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 75, t. 4, f. 9. 
 
 Exsicc. — Ellis and Everhart, N. Amer. Fung., ser. II,, n. 
 2085 ; Rav., Fung. Car., 79 and 83. 
 
 Fung. Cub. Wrightiani, 535; De Thum., Myc. Univ., 1598; 
 Holl, Schmidt and Kunze, Deutsch. Schw., 38 ; Roum., Fung. 
 Gall., 1881. 
 
 On leaves, wood, twigs, &c. Britain (King's Cliffe, Bury St. 
 Edmund's, Bungay, Kew, Hitchin, Carlisle, Scarboro', Berwick, 
 N. Wales, Linlithgow) ; Germany; Fhdand; Sweden; Belgiimi; 
 
PJnjmrum. 299 
 
 France; Switzerland; Algiers; S. Africa; United States; 
 Ceylon ; Australia ; India. 
 
 Varying from -5—2-3 mm. when elongated ; some forms of 
 the present species resemble externally Didyminm scrpula, Fr., 
 but are readily distinguished under the microscope. 
 
 Var. ovoidcutn, Sacc. Sporangia vertically ovoid, densely 
 gregarious. 
 
 riiymruvi cinercum, var. ovoidcuvi, Sacc, Mich., ii., p. 334. 
 
 Britain (Lyndhurst, New Forest) ; France. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) ^ 
 
 Mncilago crusfacca, Mich., Gen., t. 96, f. (1729). 
 Lycoperdon cincreum, Batsch, fig. 1G9 (1783). 
 Lycoperdon alni, Bjer., in Vet. Handl, p. 39 (1789). 
 Trichia caerulea, Trent., p. 229 (1797). 
 Physarum cincreum, Pers., Syn., p. 170 (1801) ; Nees, f. 107; 
 
 Let ell., t. 710, f. 2. 
 Fhysaruvi violaccnm, Schum., Saell., 1428 (1803) ; Fl. Dan., 
 
 t. 1980, f. 2. 
 Fhysarum corrugatum, Link, Herb. 
 Physartt77i coelahim, Ehr., Herb. 
 Fhysarum conglolatum, Fr. Gast., p. 21 (1818); Letell., 
 
 t. 710, f. 3. 
 Didymium cincreum, Fr., S. M., iii., 126 (1820); Eng. Fl., 
 
 v., p. 314; Cke., Hdbk., 1133. 
 Fhysariim plumhcum, Fr., S. M., iii., 142 (1829). 
 Fhysarum Weinmanni, Fr., var. in litt. 
 Didymium melanoims, Wallr., n. 2193 (1833). 
 Fhysarum sinuosum, Wallr. 
 
 Didymium scrohiculcdum, Berk., Hook. Journ. (1845), p. ijQ>. 
 Fhysartim album, Fuckel, F. Rhen., 1469 (1865). 
 
 Var. ficxuosum, sessile on a broad base, depressed, spherical 
 in outline, or elongated and variously curved, wall at first white, 
 becoming grey when the outer chalky layer has broken away 
 in flakes; columella ab-scnt; capillitium dense, threads thin, 
 2 ju diameter, culnirless, Jlcxuous or spindly coiled, furnished 
 
300 A ]\/ono{/raj)h of the Mifxiyjastres. 
 
 witli nuniermos small, discoid, coloured 2'>'>'oj<-'<'tions irregularly 
 scattered, combined to form an irregular network, intcrstiticd, 
 small, ellipticcd siocllings containing colourless gramdes of lime, 
 very rare ; spores brown witli lilac tinge, globose, coarsely tcartcd, 
 14 /u, diameter. 
 
 Physariim cinerettm, Sacc, Myc. Ven., Exs., n. 1101. 
 
 On living or dead leaves, twigs, &c. Britain (Epping Forest) ; 
 Italy. 
 
 The above, if in reality a variety of Pliysarwn cinereum, 
 differs considerably in the structure of the capillitiiini and the 
 large, coarsely warted spores. Its occurrence in Britain and 
 Italy suggests it to be a constant form. 
 
 Physarum chrysotrichum, B. and C. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, subglobose when scattered, often irregular 
 or crowded and more or less confluent, wall rigid, usually 
 granulated with 'projecting lum'ps of lime, varying from yellow 
 through fulvous to almost clear vermilion; capillitium dense, 
 nodes mtmcrous, large, irregularly angidar, filled loith yellow or 
 taiuny lumjps of lime, connected at various jwints by long, thin, 
 cm2Jty internodes, some of the nodes are small and without lime ; 
 spores lilac, globose, mimttely warted, 7 — 8 /x diameter. 
 
 Physarum chrysotrichum, B. and C, Grev., vol. ii., p. QQ. 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10,804.) 
 
 Physarum inacqualis. Peck, 31st Report, p. 40. 
 
 Badhamia decijnens, Host., Mon. App., p. 4. 
 
 "Physarum suhglohosum, (B. and C.)." Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 n. 1226. (I am not aware that there is any such species by 
 B. and C, and it is obviously a slip in Saccardo's Sylloge for 
 P. chrysotrichtiin. 
 
 On moss, wood, &c. United States. 
 
 The type specimen is a true Physarum, as will be seen by 
 the above description, and on the same piece of moss-covered 
 wood ranges through the colours given above. 
 
 Physarum scrobiculatum. Mass, 
 
 Sporangia sessile on a broad or narrowed base, seated on a 
 
Phiisarnm. 301 
 
 thick, vAde-sjrreadinff Jn/jwthallns, scattered or aggregated, often 
 irregular and aetlialioid, or several blending together to form 
 a plasniodiocarp, ^:>a/(; JlcHli-colour, brittle, often furfuraceous ; 
 capillitium dense, forming an irregular network, nodes numerous, 
 large, irregularly angular, filled with yellow granules of lime, 
 connected at several points by long, thin, colourless internodes 
 without lime ; columella absent ; spores lilac-brown, globose, 
 minutely loarted, 13 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
 Didyminm scrobiculatum, Berk., Hook. Journ., vol. iv., p. 60. 
 
 Physariim cinerenm, Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1189 (in part.). 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10,774.) 
 
 On charred wood. Australia. 
 
 Distinct from P. cincreuvi in the size of the, spores, wide- 
 spreading, firm hypothallus, and colour of the sporangial wall, 
 
 Physarum Rostafinskii, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia distinct, conglomerated, sessile, rounded or angular, 
 depressed, exterior membrane thickish, granular, chalky, fragile, 
 yellow or ochraceous, interior wall thin, grey or yellowish, from 
 0'2 — 0"5 mm. diameter; capillitium furnished with numerous 
 irregularly angular nodes containing coloured granules of lime ; 
 columella cylindrical, spores minutely spinulose, blackish-violet, 
 8 — 9 jm diameter. 
 
 Physarurii eonglomeratum, Eost., Mon., p. 109; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1184. 
 
 On leaves, moss, &c. Germany; Sweden; Finland; San 
 Francisco. 
 
 I am not acquainted with the present species, which is 
 certainly not Biderma eonglomeratum, Fr., as supposed by 
 Rostafinski, hence the localities given by Rostafinski may or 
 may not show the distribution of this species ; the same applies 
 to his synonyms. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Biderma ochraceum, Hoffm., Fl. Germ., iii., t. 9, f 2, h (1795). 
 Ecticularla ochracca, Poir., Ency. ap Streintz (1795). 
 
302 A Moiio<iraplt of tJie Myxogastres. 
 
 Spumaria gmnidaria, Schum., Fl. Saell., n. 1419; Fl. Dan., 
 
 t. 1979, f. 2 (1803). 
 S^yuMaria muiuta, Schum., Fl. Saell., n. 1419; Fl. Dan., 
 
 t. 1979, f. 1 (1803). 
 Diderma vitellinum, Link, Herb. 
 Didymiu7n glomeirdum, Fr., Herb. 
 Didymium contexhim, /3. glomerulosum, Fr., Sym. Gast., p. 20 
 
 (1818). 
 Diderma conglomcratum, Fr., I.e., iii., p. Ill (1829). 
 Diderma granidatum, Fr., I.e., iii., p. 110 (1821). 
 Diderma minutum, Fr., I.e., iii., p. Ill (1829). 
 Diderma ritgulomm, Wein., I.e., p. 594 (1836). 
 Diderma flavum, Fr., in Wein., I.e., p. 593 (1836). 
 Leocarpus minutus, Fr., Sm. Veg. Scan., p. 540 (1849). 
 Leocar^ms granulatus, Fr., Sm. Veg. Scan., p. 541 (1849). 
 Garcerina conglomerata, Fr., Sm. Veg. Scan., p, 451 (1849). 
 
 Physarum rubiginosum, Kost. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious, usually nearly globose, attached by a 
 broad or narrow base, wall douUe, outer layer brittle, breaking 
 atoay in fiakes, from dirty orange to clear vermilion, inner wall 
 very thin, grey; columella absent; capillitium copious, nodes 
 and interstitial swollen portions numerous, variable in size, 
 containing yellow or reddish granules of lime ; spores dingy 
 violet, 10 — 13 II diameter, with a slight indication of being 
 vermculose. 
 
 Physarum rubiginosum, Rost,, M(m., p. 1 04 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1, n. 1180. 
 
 On moss, &c. Sweden ; Finland ; United States. 
 
 Sessile, globose, 1 — 1*5 mm. diameter; distinguished by the 
 bright colour of the outer layer of the sporangial wall, the very 
 thin, grey, inner layer, absence of columella and spores which 
 vary from being perfectly smooth to very minutely verrueulose. 
 The granules of lime present on the outer wall of the spor- 
 angium, when examined under the microscope, are seen to be 
 mostly minute and yellow, amongst which are a few scattered, 
 larger ruby-red lumps. 
 
Fhiimrnm. 303 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Physarnm ruhiginosum, Fr., Sym. Gast., p. 21. non Che v. 
 
 (1818). 
 Leangium ruhiginosum, Fr., Stirp. Femsj., p. 83 (1825). 
 Physarum fuhuvi, Fr., I.e., iii., p. 143 (1820). 
 
 Physarum contextum, Rost. (figs. 276 — 283). 
 
 Sporangia sessile on a broad base, crowded, subglobose, reni- 
 form, or elongated and variously interlocked, wall double, outer 
 thick, containing lime, varying from colourless to deep lemon- 
 yellow, inner thin, yellowish; capillitium well developed, with 
 numerous, irregularly Iranched nodes containing lime, usually 
 tinged yellow ; spores globose, brownish-violet, minutely warted, 
 11 — 14 ju diameter. 
 
 Physarum contextum, Rost., Mon., p. 109 ; Cooke, Brit. Myx., 
 p. 13; Raunk., Myx. Dan., p. 73; Sacc, Syll., n. 1185; 
 Schroeter, 130. 
 
 Exsicc.—¥cV\.., Fung. Rhen., 2400 (as Diderma contextum, 
 Pers.) ; Ellis and Everh., N. Amer. Fung., ser. II., 2086. 
 
 On moss, leaves, and bark. Britain (Shore, Kew, King's 
 Cliffe) ; France ; Germany ; United States ; Ceylon. 
 
 In some of its forms resembling Physarum conglomeratum, 
 from which it is known by the denser capillitium of numerous 
 large, irregular knots containing yellow granules of lime, and 
 the larger sporangia usually of a pale lemon-yellow, sometimes 
 with a very faint tinge of green. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Diderma contextum, Pers., Obs., i., 89 (1796) ; Ditm., t. 39 ; 
 
 Cke., Hdbk., n. 1117. 
 Physarum contextum, Pers., Syn., 168 (1801). 
 Didymium contextum, Fr., Gast., p. 20 (1818). 
 Leocarpus contcxtus, Fr., S. V. S., 450 (1849). 
 Chondrioderma contextum, Rost., in Fckl., Sym. Myc, ii., 74 
 
 (1873). 
 Diderma ochrolcucum, B. and C, Grcv., 343. 
 
304 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Physarum diderma, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, adnate by a narrow base, globose, snoio-white, 
 wall do'uUe, outer dense, fragile, thick, charged with lime, inner 
 thin, scjmrafed for some distance from the outer, the obsolete 
 columella composed of numerous angularly-globose granules of 
 lime; spores dingy violet, spinulose, 9 — 10 ^i diameter. 
 
 Physarum Diderma, Rost., Mon., p. 110 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 9, 
 n. 1168. 
 
 Poland. 
 
 The above imperfect description suggests the genus Chon- 
 drioderma rather than Physarum. 
 
 Physarum lividum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia crowded, sessile, subglobose or irregular, blackish, 
 thickly covered with small white 2}cirticles of lime; columella 
 absent ; spores globose or subangular, opaque, minutely aspcru- 
 lose, 10 — 12 II diameter; capillitium almost absent. 
 
 Physarum lividum, Rost., Mon., p. 95; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 1169. 
 
 On fallen Opuntia. Sweden ; Germany ; Algeria ; N. 
 America. 
 
 I have no knowledge of the present species, which appears 
 to be too briefly described to insure future identification. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Physarum griscum, Link, Diss. II., f. 42 (1809). 
 Physarum effusum, Link, Herb. (1809). 
 Physanvm conglobatum, Fr., Sym. Gast., p. 21, p.p. non Dit. 
 
 (1818). 
 S])umaria lichcniformis, Sz., Amcr. Fung., n. 2364 (18.34). 
 Didymium jyhysaroidcs, M. Fl. Alg., p. 412, non Fr. (1846). 
 Zicea alba, Boug., Herb. (1846). 
 
 Physarum conglomeratum, Mass. (figs. 210—212, 284 — 286). 
 Sporangia sessile on a broad base, convex above, crowded, 
 subangular from mutual pressure, wall double, outer containing 
 
Phi/sarnm. 305 
 
 much lime, rough, dirty ochraceous, breaking away irregularly, 
 inner membranaceous, grey ; columella absent ; mass of spores 
 blackish-violet ; capillitium rather dense, flaccid, threads colour- 
 loss, 25 — 3 /x thick, irregularly anastomosing, nodes distant, 
 irregtUarly globose, filled with colourless grannies of lime; spores 
 globose, dusky violet, coarsely warted, 11 — 13 /x diameter. 
 
 Didcrma congloincratuvi. Fries, Syst. Myc, iii., p. Ill (not 
 Pliysarum conglomcratnm of E.ost., Mon., f 90 ; Cke., Brit. Myx., 
 f. 90; Sacc, Syll., v., 7, n. 1184). 
 
 (Specimen from Fries in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 
 On bark. Britain (King's Cliffe) ; Sweden. 
 
 Sporangia about "5 mm. diameter. Capillitium consisting of 
 long, thin, anastomosing internodes, nodes distant, subglobose, 
 without tapering rays, but giving origin at once to the thin, 
 empty, flaccid internodes. 
 
 The above description is compiled from a specimen sent by 
 Fries to Berkeley, and marked in Fries' handwriting, " Diderma, 
 conglomeratum, Fries, Suec, Lindberg." The specimen is now 
 in the Berkeley collection in the Kew Herbarium. From the 
 above it will be seen that Rostafinski's Physarum co7iglomeratnm, 
 which he considers to be the Diderma conglomeratum of Fries, 
 is not that species at all, hence synonyms have not been given. 
 I am not acquainted with a species corresponding to Rostafinski's 
 description. 
 
 Physarum sinuosum, Rost. (figs. 292, 293). 
 
 Plasiaodiocarp kderally compressed, elongated, flexuous, or 
 irregularly anastomosiog, ivhite or yclloivisli, usually dehiscing by 
 a split along the upper, free margin, wall double, the outer 
 mostly converted into lime, brittle, the inner without lime, 
 grey; capillitium dense, knots containing lime large, numerous, 
 connected by short, thin portions ; spores globose, brownish- 
 violet, variously but always very minutely verruculosc, 8 — 9 ja 
 diameter. 
 
 Physarum sinuosum, Rost., Mon., p. 112, f. 91 ; Cooke, Brit. 
 Myx., p. 14, f 91 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1198 (Excl. Syn. Bidcrma 
 2xdlidtim, B. and C). 
 
306 A Monograjih of the Myxogastres. 
 
 j?3;sicc.— Karst, Fung. Fenn., 698; Lib., Crypt. Ard., 376; 
 Fckl., F. Rhen., 1466; Cke., Brit. Fung., Ed. 11, 206; Ellis, 
 N. Amer. Fung., 1394; Klotzsch, Heib. Myc. (Rab.), 761; 
 Syd., Myc. March., 257; Rab., F. Eur., 798, 1913, 1070, 2139. 
 
 On bark, wood, &c. Britain (Bristol, Hampstead, Castle 
 Howard, Yorks ; Carlisle, Linlithgow) ; France ; Germany ; 
 Finland ; Austria ; United States ; Cuba ; Ceylon. 
 
 Readily distinguished by the very much laterally compressed 
 plasmodiocarp. The outer wall is sometimes almost as porce- 
 lain-like as in Chondriodcrma, but is usually rugulose. The 
 epispore varies, when seen under a power of 1200 diameters, 
 from almost smooth to being distinctly warted, anil in some 
 instances the warts become bar-like and more or less combined 
 to form a very delicate and broken network. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Reticular ia siyiuosa, Bull., t. 446, f. 3 (1791); Sow., t. 6. 
 Physarum bivalve, Pers., Obs., t, 1, f. 2 (1796). 
 Trichia sphaerica, ^. polymorplia, Trent., p. 230 (1797). 
 Angioridi%tin sinuosum, Grev., S. C. FL, t. 310 (1828); Eng. 
 
 FL, v., 315; Cooke, Hdbk.', n. 1142, fig. 128. 
 Diderma valvatum, Fr., S. M., iii., 109 (1829). 
 Didymium sinuosum, DR. and M., Fl. Alg., p. 411 (1846). 
 Carcerina valvata, Fr., S. V. S., p. 451 (1849). 
 Lcocarpus melalcumis, Gay, in Mont. Syll., 1072 (1855). 
 Diderma contortum, Fckl., Sym. Mrc, 341 (1869). 
 Diderma pallidum, B. and C, in Grevillea, iii., 59 (1873). 
 
 Physarum cerebrinum, Mass. (n. sp.) (fig. 275). 
 
 Aethalium naked, broadly effused, or in small scattered 
 patches, consisting of very much contorted and anastomosing folds, 
 greyish-lilac, sprinkled with minute particles of lime ; capillitium 
 consisting of numerous, irregularly anastomosing threads about 
 3 \x thick, with here and there usually interstitial, large, elon- 
 gated swellings filled with large, amorpihous, yclloio granules of 
 
/*h//sarnw. 307 
 
 lime; spores globose, dull violet, very minutely vcrruculose, 
 9 — 11 fjL diameter. 
 
 On wood and soil in a pot of palm-seeds from Java. Palm 
 House, Kew. 
 
 Contorted and forming a brain-like mass from '5 — 4 cm. 
 across, very friable. The present species connects the genera 
 Physaruni and Fidiffo, if indeed the letter be anything more 
 than an aethalioid condition of the former. 
 
 Physarum gyrosum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia vermiform, sinuous, or varUmsly anastomosing to 
 form an irregular network, often forming more or less regular 
 closed circles, wall double, outer very thin and delicate, inner 
 thicker, rigid with granules of lime, varying from rusty-orange, 
 through dull ochre to ^ja/e yelloiv, dehiscing in an irregular 
 manner, capillitium fairly abundant, nodes large, angular, con- 
 taining yellow or white granules of lime, internodes thin ; spores 
 dingy violet, 11 — 12 }x diameter, minutely warted, globose. 
 
 Physarum gyrosum, Rost., Mon., p. 111. 
 
 Physarum mtcseorum, Sacc, SylL, vii., 1, 1197. 
 
 Hxsicc.—EWis, N. Amer. Fung., 1896. 
 
 On leaves, mosses, &c. Britain (Carlisle); Germany; Sweden; 
 France ; Portugal ; United States. 
 
 Variable in size, the large reticulations often extending up 
 to 1 cm. diameter. Superficially closely resembling Ceinkoicskia 
 reticulata. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Fuligo m^cscortwi, A. and Sz., I.e., p. 86, t. 7, f. 1 (1805). 
 Lignidium griseo-flavum. Link, Obs., i., p. 24, t. 2, f. 37 ; 
 
 Nees, Syst., f. 95 (1809). 
 Lignidium muscicola, Fr., Sym. Gast., p. 10 (1817). 
 Lignidium rcniforme, Fr., Sym. Gast., f. 10 (1817). 
 Beticularia muscorum, Fr,, I.e., iii., p. 91 (1829). 
 Physarum sinitosum, Wein., in Fr., I.e., iii., p, 145; Excl. 
 
 sinom. Non. Auc. (1829). 
 
308 A ]\[ono<ir((ph of the Miiocogastres. 
 
 * * Einsporc reticulated. 
 Physarum concinnum, Mass. (figs. 22 — 2-i). 
 
 Gregarious or crowded, sessile on a broad or narrowed base, 
 globose, outer wall white, thick, at first crust-like or continuous, 
 pulverulent, falling away in flakes and exposing the inner, thin, 
 iridescent wall ; columella absent ; capillitium dense, knots 
 large, irregularly stellate, white, connected by short, thin inter- 
 nodes ; spores globose, dingy purple, with slightly raised ridges 
 of various lengths anastomosing to form an irregular network, 
 11 — 13 ju, diameter. 
 
 Diderma concinnum, B. and C, Grev., 1873, n. 343. 
 
 Chondrioderma floriforme, Sacc, Syll, n. 1285 (in part.). 
 
 On moss and wood. Britain (King's Cliffe) ; United States. 
 
 Sporangia about "5 mm. diameter; the outer chalky layer 
 is at first compact and somewhat resembles that characteristic 
 of the genus Chondrioderma, but differs in being minutely 
 pulverulent and not porcelain-like. The British specimen 
 differs from the type in the Berkeley collection at Kew in 
 having the ridges on the epispore more decided, and forming 
 a more distinct reticulation. In the type the epispore is 
 furnished with a mixture of warts and bars, but the warts are 
 usually arranged in anastomosing lines. Saccardo's synonym 
 is clearly due to some mixture of specimens, not, however, 
 present in the type specimen. 
 
 * * * Eiiisporc smooth. 
 Physarum Braunianum, De Bary. 
 
 Sporangia irregularly globose, minute, sessile, scattered or 
 collected in little clusters, hrovm ; columella absent; capillitium 
 well developed, knots of liuie small, hronm, angularly globose ; 
 spores violet, smooth, 10 — 11 /-<. diameter. 
 
 Physarum Braunianum, De Bary, MS.; Rost., Mon., p. 105; 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 1182. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 About '5 mm. diameter. 
 
Phi/xarum. 309 
 
 Physarum Famintzini, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, minute, crowded, sometimes confluent, 
 dingy chestnut, irregularly hemispherical, dehiscing at the apex ; 
 columella absent; ccqnllitiwii clastic, becoming elongated after 
 dehiscence, nodes not nsucdly developed, sometimes containing pale 
 f)inkish granules of lime •, spores pale violet, smooth, 10 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Physaruni Famintzini, Rost., Mon., p. 107 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1, n. 1181. 
 
 On branches. Poland. 
 
 I don't know the present species, which, judging from 
 Rostafinski's description, must be a very peculiar and far from 
 typical species of Fhysarum. 
 
 Physarum capense, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia irregularly hemispherical or turbinate, sessile, 
 simple, or most frequently in crowded clusters springing from 
 a tvell developed hypothalhts, greyish-white ; columella absent ; 
 capillitium copious, nodes of lime few, sidiglohose with angidar 
 p)rojcctions, interuodes very long; spores pale violet, smooth, 
 11 — 14 /x diameter. 
 
 Physarum Capense, Rost., Mon., p. 113, f. 92; Cke., Brit. 
 Myx., f. 92; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1190. 
 
 On branches. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Physarum luteolum, Peck. 
 
 Sporangium small, closely gregarious, sessile, yellowish, in- 
 clining to tawny, rupturmg irregularly ; flocci abundant, yellow- 
 ish-white; spores globose, purplish-brown, -0004' in diameter 
 ( = about 10—11 /x). 
 
 Physarum luteolum. Peck, 30th Report of N. York State 
 Mus., p. 50, pL ii., figs. 15—18; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1199. 
 
 Living leaves of Gornus Canadensis. Adirondack Mts., 
 U. States. 
 
310 A Monognq^k of the MtiJcfxjastres. 
 
 * * * * Sjwrcs eUi2^iical. 
 
 Physarum ellipsosporum, Rost, (fig. 214). 
 
 Plasmodiocarp variable in form, vermiform; sinuous, or reticu- 
 lately comUncd, depressed, wall firm, charged with particles of 
 lime, whitish or grey ; capiUitium well developed, nodes numer- 
 ous, containing colourless granules of lime, internodcs long, 
 slender ; spores dirty lilac, broadly cUvptical, waoied, many of the 
 loarts becoming elongated and ridgc-lihc, 12 — 16 + 9 — 11 /x. 
 
 Physarum, ellipsosportim, Rost., Mon. App., p. 10; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1191. 
 
 Enteridium cinereum, Schweinitz, Amer. Fung., n. 2365. 
 
 (The specimen from Schweinitz in Herb. Berk., Kew, is the 
 one examined by Rostafinski.) 
 
 On decaying herbs. Carolina. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Enteridium cinereum, Schweinitz, Amer. Fung., n. 2365 (1834). 
 
 C. Position uncertain, owing to im^jerfect description and 
 absence of specimens. 
 
 Physarum flavo-virens, A. and S. 
 
 Sporangia obovate, greenish-yellow ; stem brownish ; spores 
 black. 
 
 Physarum. flavo-virens, Alb. and Scliwz., Nisk., p. 97 ; Fr., 
 Syst. Myc, iii., p. 187; Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1216. 
 
 Amongst moss on rotten trunk. 
 
 Stem of medium length ; sporangium piriform, fragile, smooth, 
 not squamulose. (A. and S.) 
 
 Physarum luteo-valve, Sz. 
 
 Irregularly lobed, convex, more or less confluent ; sporangia 
 externally shining, gold-colour, more or less compressed like a 
 bivalve shell ; spores deep yellow. 
 
Physarum. 311 
 
 Phi/sarum lutco-valvc, Schweinitz, Syn., Fung. Amer. Borealis, 
 n. 2298; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1218. 
 On fallen twigs. Carolina. 
 
 Physarum sulphureum, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia spherical, rugoso-sqibaiiudose, sulphur-coloured ; stem 
 smooth, short, white, tapering from the incrassated base in an 
 exactly conical manner, about equal in length to the sporangium 
 or slightly longer; capillitium threads yellow; spores blackish - 
 violet, 10 — 12 II diameter. 
 
 Physarum sulphureum, Rost., Mon., p. 101 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1, n. 1187. 
 
 On dry fallen leaves. Germany ; Russia. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Physarum suljyMireum, A. et Sz., I.e., n. 259, t. 6, f. 1 (1805). 
 Physarum virescens, Fuckel, Syst. Myc, p. 343; non Ditm. 
 (1869). 
 
 Physarum Schweinitzii, Berk. 
 
 Gregarious, shining, yellow ; the few capillitium threads and 
 globose granulated spores the same colour, about 16 /x diameter, 
 sometimes rather irregular. 
 
 Physarum ScMoeinitzii, Berk., Grev., vol. ii., p. Q'o ; Sacc, 
 Syll, vii., 1, n. 1225. 
 
 Polyangiitm vitellimtm, Schweinitz (according to Berkeley). 
 
 On vegetable fragments. Bethlehem, U. S. (Schweinitz.) 
 
 Berkeley has probably at some time had a specimen from 
 Schweinitz's Herbarium, but no such specimen exists in 
 Berkeley's Herbarium, consequently I am not able to determine 
 the nature of the specimen those authors had in view. 
 
 Physarum caespitosum, Sz. 
 
 Substipitate or at least contracted at the base, caespitose or 
 scattered ; sporangia close packed, turbinate, obovate, base con- 
 tracted, exterior membrane with yellow squanudes or rough 
 
312 A Monogrcqjk of the Mijxogastres. 
 
 with particles; spores blackish-brown, threads of capillitiuiii 
 citrin. 
 
 Physarum caesjntoswn, Schweiaitz, Syn., Fung. Amer. Bar., 
 n. 2310; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1212. 
 
 On leaves and stems of Bhododc7idron. Bethlehem ; United 
 States. 
 
 Physarum muscicolum, Pers. 
 
 Sporangia turbinate, grey ; stem short, yellowish ; capillitium 
 white ; spores black. 
 
 rhysao-mu vntscicolum, Pers., Obs., i., p. ; Pers., Syn., p. 176 ; 
 Alb. and Schw., p. 93; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1219. 
 
 On the larger mosses in pine woods, peat mosses, &c. 
 Sweden ; Gern)any. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, hypothallus not distinct ; stem vari- 
 able in length, about twice as long as sporangium, often reddish; 
 sporangium smooth, at length squamulose, varying from obovate 
 to cylindrical; threads adnate, white, spores compacted. (Pers.) 
 
 Physarum albicans^ Peck. 
 
 Sporangia whitish, fugacious, except at the base, externally 
 mealy with lime granules, globose, as well as the more per- 
 sistent whitish capillitium; stem white, tapering upwards, 
 sometimes connate at the base, slightly ^:*e7ie^r«i{m^ ; spores 
 globose, purplish-brown, -00033' in diameter ( = about 8 — 9 ju,). 
 
 Fhysarum albicans, Peck, 30th Report, State Mus. of N. York, 
 p. 50, pi. ii., figs. 5—8;. Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1201. 
 
 Didyiimim S'uhroscum, Peck. 
 
 Bark and mosses. Adirondack Mts., U. States. 
 
 The fragments of the base of the peridium sometimes remain 
 just below the capillitium, surrounding the stem like a calyx 
 or collar. The stem is even and generally longer than the 
 peridium, which it penetrates. After the spores have fallen 
 the whitish colour of the capillitium becomes apparent. It 
 then resembles a small globose tuft of wool. The plants grow 
 on the branches and mosses of a standing dead birch tree. 
 
PInjmriim. 313 
 
 Didyiiiiuni suhroseurn is apparently the same species, with a 
 pinkish tinge to the peridium, (Peck.) 
 
 Physarum effusum, Schw. 
 
 Broadly effused or vermiform, sinuous, and combined to form 
 a reticulation, whitish, almost membranaceous, very much flat- 
 tened ; threads of capillitium and mass of spores blackish. 
 
 Physarum effusum, Schweinitz, Syn., Fung. Amer., Bar., n. 
 2207; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1 n. 1211. 
 
 Broadly effused on ashes or soot (^' inUvere vaporario "). Salem ; 
 United States. 
 
 Physarum elegans, Sz. 
 
 Sporangia crowded, subrotund, difformed, convex, flattened 
 above, subrugose, clear amethyst-colour ; spores blackish-brown ; 
 threads of capillitium thickish. 
 
 Physarum ckgaus, Schweinitz, Syn., Fung. Amer., Bar., n. 
 2294; Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1218. 
 
 Salem ; United States. 
 
 Physarum piceum, Fr. 
 
 Scattered ; sporangia sessile, globose, pitch-black, shining ; 
 capillitium threads very slender, and with the spores, smoky- 
 black. 
 
 Physarttm inceum', Fr., Syst, Myc, iii., p. 143 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1222. 
 
 On heaped up decorticated oak branches. Sweden. 
 
 Sporangial wall very thin, membranaceous, very sniooth, but 
 rugulose, dehiscing irregularly, the size of a turnii)-sccd ; 
 capillitium threads very slender, almost inconspicuous. (Fries.) 
 
 Physarum antiades, Fries. 
 
 Sporangia globose, smoky-brown, marked with siiiuous lines; 
 stem branched, blackish, sulcate ; threads and spores brown. 
 
 Physarum antiades, Fr., Syst. Myc, iii., p. 135; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1209. 
 
314 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Sphaerocarpus antiadcs, Bull., Champ., p. 127, t. 3G8. 
 
 Trichia antiades, D.C., Fl. Fr., 2, p. 252 ; Chev., Par., p. 325. 
 
 On rotten wood. France. 
 
 Stem thick, deformed, several confluent, branched, irregularly 
 lacunose ; hypothallus membranaceous, whitish ; sporangia de- 
 hiscing by irregular rupture towards the apex from wliich the 
 capillitium protrudes. (Fr.) 
 
 Judging from Bulliard's figure, and also from some points in 
 the description, the present species is much more likely to be 
 a Crih-aria than a Physarum. 
 
 Physarum reticulatum, Berl. 
 
 Sessile, oblong or subdeformed, aggregated, externally black 
 or greyish ; sporangia smoothish but elegantly reticulated ; 
 spores black ; threads of capillitium whitish, rare. 
 
 Physarum reticulatum, Berlese, Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1210. 
 
 Physarum atrum, Schweinitz, Syn., Fung. Anier., Bor., n, 
 2297. 
 
 On bark. Bethlehem ; United States. 
 
 Allied to Physarum cinereum, but larger. (Sz.) 
 
 Schweinitz' s specific name was antedated by Persoon. 
 
 Physarum fimetarium, Schum. . 
 
 Sporangia obovate, pale purple-umber ; stem short, sub- 
 flexuose ; capillitium and spores brown. 
 
 Physarttm fivieiarium, Schum., Saell, ii., p. 205 ; Fr., Syst. 
 Myc, iii., p. 138; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1214. 
 
 On cow-dung. Scandinavia. 
 
 Scattered; at first semi-liquid and white, then yellowish, 
 piriform, substipitate, at length purple-umber; sporangia be- 
 coming torn at the apex ; stem subflexuous, slightly thickened 
 upwards. (Schum.) 
 
 Physarum hypnophilum, Fr. 
 
 Subsessile ; sporangia rounded, smooth, bay-coloured ; the 
 very delicate threads and spores black. 
 
Physarum. 315 
 
 Physarum hy2mophilum, Fries, Stirpes Femsj., p. 83 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii, 1, n. 1217. 
 
 On Hypmtm cuprcssiformc, growing on damp rocks. Sweden. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, hypothallus not persistent; stem 
 either absent or very short, rather thick, subdecunibent, coloured 
 like the sporangium, which is very delicate, subglobose or 
 attenuated at the base, the size of a turnip-seed, bay, rather 
 shining, dehiscing by the irregularly torn apex ; rugulose when 
 old, but not hyaline, threads very slender, black, adnate to the 
 wall of the sporangium. (Fries.) 
 
 There is a specimen of Lamprodcrma pliysaroides^ sessile or 
 nearly so, marked '^ Pliysarum hypoiophihim," by Fries, and 
 judging from the above description. Fries had probably had a 
 Lamproderma in view ; the bay colour is rather against this idea, 
 unless the coppery tint often present on the wall was intended. 
 
 Physarum atrum, Fries. 
 
 Closely aggregated, confluent, black; sporangia very thin, 
 rounded ; capillitium threads none ; spores black. 
 
 Physarum atrum, Fr., Syst. Myc, iii., p. 147 (not of Schweinitz); 
 Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1221. 
 
 Lycogala atra, Pers. 
 
 On dead trunks. 
 
 Sporangia adnate by a broad, flat base, rounded, connate 
 from the centre downwards, often densely crowded and forming 
 a continuous patch 2 mm. broad ; dehiscing irregularly, spores 
 very abundant. (Fries.) 
 
 Rosfcafinski says (Mon., p. 302), that the present species is 
 •not a Myxogaster but an Aptiosporium, probably A. imersum, 
 but he had not examined an authentic specimen from Fries, 
 and as Fries' description of the present species does not agree 
 at all with the genus Apiosporium, it appears at best doubtful 
 as to whether this synonymy is correct. 
 
 Physarum pulcherripes, Peck. 
 Peridiuin globose, variable in colour, ochraceous, grey, brown. 
 
316 A Moiiogmph of the MyxogaMres. 
 
 or black ; stem slender, equal, or slightly tapering upward, 
 vermilion ; spores globose, brown, -00033 in. in diameter ( = 
 about 9 /m). 
 
 Phi/sarum j^u^chco-ripcs, Peck, 26th Report, New York State 
 Mus., p. 75 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1207 (as P. 2ndchripes). 
 
 Rotten Vv'ood. Richmondville and Worcester. 
 
 The bright colour of the stem is quite conspicuous, notwith- . 
 standing the small size of the plant. 
 
 Physarum polyaedron, Sz. 
 
 Gregarious or slightly scattered ; sporangia rather large, 
 smoky -black, dull, subhemispherical, exactly pentagonal, sides 
 plane, rugulose, dehiscing in an irregularly stellate manner, 
 lower portion persistent; spores smoky-black, mixed with 
 threads of a similar colour. 
 
 Physarum polyaedron, Schweinitz, N. Amer. Fung., n. 2300, 
 p. 257 ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 1224. 
 
 On very old walnut trunk. Bethlehem ; United States. 
 
 Schweinitz says the present species resembles some minute 
 sea-anemone, 
 
 Badhamia, Berk, (emended). 
 
 Sporangia stipitate or sessile, wall single, dehiscing by the 
 irregular rupture of the upper portion ; threads of the capillitium 
 springing from all parts of the sporangial wall, combined to 
 form an irregular network, usually thick, and containing granules 
 of lime throughout their length ; columella absent ; spores 
 originating in clusters or free from the first, globose or elliptical.. 
 
 Badhamia, Berk., Linn. Trans., xxi., p. 153; Berk., Outl, 
 p. 303; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 391 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 25; Rost., 
 Mom, p. 139; Sacc, Syll, vii., p. 329; Zopf, p. 147. 
 
 The genus, as founded by Berkeley, was characterized by the 
 clustered spores, a feature now well known to be far from 
 constant, even in the same species ; Berkeley further considered 
 that the clusters of spores originated in hyaline cysts or mother- 
 cells ; this has not been corroborated. The genera included in 
 
li(«lliaiiiin. 317 
 
 the riiysarac are very closely allied, in fact so much so, that 
 only the most typical species can be recognized from the features 
 usually considered characteristic of each, numerous transitional 
 species connecting the genera at various points. The most 
 pronounced character of Badhamia, as defined above, is the 
 thick capillitium threads which contain lime in the form of 
 small granules throughout their entire length, and not con- 
 centrated in large nodes separated by thinner portions without 
 lime, as in the genus Physarwrn. Very closely allied to Cratcrium. 
 For distinguishing features see note following last-named genus. 
 Distrih. Europe ; N. America. Species, 18. 
 
 § Spores equally warted all over. 
 Badhamia macrocarpa, Rost. (figs. 79 — 81 and 294 — 297). 
 
 Sporangia gregarious or scattered, stipitate or sessile, spring- 
 ing from a slender hypothallus, subglobose, grey, lase dirty 
 hroivnish-ycllmv, tJds colour usually eontinuing upwaoxis in a vein- 
 Wee manner, upper part of sporangium with vein-like patches 
 of white lime. Avail thin, stem when present variable in length, 
 rather stout, h^ownish-yellow, or pale, rugulose ; capillitium 
 dense, knots numerous with scattered granules of lime ; spores 
 free, globose, equally warted all over, the warts sometimes show 
 a tendency to become elongated, brownish-purple, 10 — 15 /x 
 diameter. 
 
 Badhaiiiia macrocarpa, Rost., Mon., p. 143, figs. 118, 120, 121 ; 
 Cooke, Brit. Myx., figs. 118, 120, 121 ; Sacc, Syll., n. 1144. 
 
 Physarum maerocarpon, Ces., in Rab. Fung. Eur., n. 19G8 ; 
 Flora, 1855, p. 271. 
 
 ^,mcc.— Rab. Fung. Eur., n. 1968; Syd. Myc. March., n. IGOO 
 (stipitate form as Physcirum le^icophaeum). 
 
 On decaying fungi, bark, &c. Britain (Lyndhurst, East 
 Bergholt, Glamis, Aboyne, N. B., Kensington Gardens) ; France ; 
 Germany; Italy; Poland. 
 
 Plasmodium yellow. Sporangia up to 1"5 mm. diameter, 
 either crowded and sessile on a broad base, or with a stem equal 
 to or longer than the sj^orangium. The yellowish colour at 
 
318 A Mono[;raph of the Mi/xor/astreff. 
 
 base of sporangium shows inside when the spores are blown 
 away. For distinguishing characters from B. panicea, see under 
 that species. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 
 Physarum macrocar]jon, Caes., Rab. Fung. Eur., n. 1968; Cfr. 
 Flora, 1885, p. 271 (1855). 
 
 Badhamia panicea, Rost. (figs. 74 — 76). 
 
 Sporangia gregarious on a thin hypothallus, sessile on a 
 broad or narrow base, globose or irregularly angular from mutual 
 pressure, wall thin, often iridescent, studded all over with innate, 
 detached, irregular patches of lime, the whole with a grey tint ; 
 capillitium very dense, snow-white, knots large, branched, con- 
 nected by thick bands, every part densely filled ivith granules 
 of lime; spores free, or with an indication of being originally 
 in clusters, globose, very minutely verruculose, dull violet, or 
 brownish-purple, 9 — 12 //. diameter. 
 
 Badhamia panicea, Rost., Mon., p. 144, f. 114 and 116 ; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit., f. 114 and 116: Sacc, Syll., n. 1141. 
 
 Physarum paniceum, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 141. 
 
 Exsicc. — Fckl., Fung. Rhen., 2499 (as Bidymium cinercum); 
 Desm., Cr. Fr., 272. 
 
 On leaves, twigs, bark, &c. Britain (Hitchin, Blackheath, 
 Dunton Green, Bungay, Kew) ; France ; Germany ; Sweden. 
 
 Plasmodium white. Sporangia up to 1 mm. diameter, gener- 
 ally crowded and forming dense pale grey patches. Closely re- 
 sembling superficially Badhamia macrocarpa, but distinguished 
 by the coarser capillitium having every part crowded with lime, 
 the much smaller warts on the epispore, and the absence of 
 rugulose veins on the sporangial wall. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Mv^cilago, n. 8, Mich., Nov. Gen., p. 216, t. 96, f. 8 (?) (1729). 
 
 Physarum pa^dceum, Fr,, I.e., 141 (1829). 
 
 Pveticuluria Schintzii, Debey, l.c., p. 1, t. 2, f. 1 — 3 (1847). 
 
Badhamia. 319 
 
 Badhamia varia, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia more or less aggregated, sessile or stipitate, globose 
 or obovate, grey and opaque, or shining with metallic tints; 
 stem when present generally weah and decumhent, several often 
 moi'e or less grown together, pale yellow or reddish, springing 
 from a well developed hypothallus of the same colour; capil- 
 litium variable, well developed, knots large or not very evident ; 
 spores in clusters or free from the first, globose, minutely ivarted 
 all over, dingy lilac-brown, 9 — 12 fx diameter. 
 
 Badhamia hyalina, Berk., Linn. Trans., xxi., t. 19, f. 3 ; Kost., 
 Mon., p. 140, fig. 113; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 25, f. 113; Sacc, 
 SylL, vii., n. 1150. 
 
 Exsicc.—Kowm., Fung. Gall., 43 ; Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 2G89. 
 Badhamia caysulifera, Berk., Linn. Trans., xxi., p. 153 ; 
 Rost., Mon., p. 141 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 26; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 n. 1151. 
 
 Badhamia utricularis, Berk., Linn. Trans., xxi., p. 153; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., n. 1149. 
 
 Badhamia magna, Peck, and Dictydium magnum, Peck, 31st 
 Report, N. Y. Mus., p. 56. 
 
 On wood, moss, &c. Britain (Batheaston, Kew, East Berg- 
 holt, Scarboro', Carlisle, Glamis, N. B.) ; France ; Germany ; 
 Sweden; Belgium; Italy; United States; Ceylon; W.Australia; 
 Tasmania. 
 
 The examination of a large series of the three species given 
 as synonyms above, shows every shade of transition from one 
 to another. When sessile the sporangia are globose or irregular 
 from mutual pressure; when stipitate, usually more or less 
 obovate or irregular. The amount of lime present on the wall 
 varies considerably ; when abundant, the surface is usually grey 
 and opaque ; when scanty, iridescent. The clustered stems are 
 usually very slender and decumbent, and the clusters of spor- 
 angia are sometimes pendulous. The capillitium is snow-white. 
 The distinctive features of the species as defined above are the 
 globose spores warted all over, and the smooth wall of the 
 
320 A Mouor/rapk of the Mtj^rogai^tres. 
 
 sporangium, not rugulose as in B. macrocarim, or with white, 
 superficial patches of lime as in B. panicea. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 (Badhamia hyalina.) 
 Phijsancm hycdmnm, Pers., Disp., t. 2, f. 4, (1797) ; Eng. Flor., 
 
 v., p. 315 ; Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 213. 
 Physarum meinbranacewn, Schum., Herb. 
 Physarum glolndiferum, DC, in Herb. 
 Physarum hyalinum, a. alhidum, A. and S., 256 (1805). 
 Physarum cinereum, Link, Diss., i., 27 (1809). 
 Physarum hotryoidcs, a. hyalinum, Fr., Stirp,, p. 83 (1825). 
 Physarum hotrytis, Somm. (1826). 
 Physarum gracile, Weinm., Herb. 
 Physaomm caiicellatum, Walk., Fl. Germ., 2128 (1833). 
 Diderma paijaverinum, Wallr., Fl. Germ., 2210 (1833). 
 Badhamia hyalina, Berk., Linn. Trans., xxi., t. 19, f. 3 (1851), 
 
 Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1143. 
 Physarum gracilcntum, Fckl., Sym., 342 (1869), non Fries. 
 
 (Badhamia capsulifcra.) 
 Sjjhaerocarpus capsulifer. Bull, t, 470, f. 2 (1791). 
 Trichia capillifera, DC, Fl. Fr., 684 (1805). 
 Physarum capsuliferum, Chev., Fl. Fr., i., 330 (1826). 
 Badhamia capsuliferum, Berk., Linn. Trans., xxi., p. 153 
 
 (1851); B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1595; Grevillea, 
 
 vol. v., p. 12 (not Cooke). 
 
 {Badhamia utricularis.) 
 Sphacrocarp^LS ^itricularis, Bull, t. 417, f. 1 (1791). 
 Physarum ovoidcum, Schum., Saell., 1425 (1803). 
 Trichia utricularis, DC, Fl. Fr., 676 (1805). 
 Physarum hyalinum, /3. chalyheum, A. and S., n. 256 (1805). 
 Physarum hotryoides, fi. chalyheus, Fr., Stirp., p. 83 (1825). 
 Physarum utriculare, Chev., Fl. Par,, i., 337 (1826); Berk., 
 
 Ann. Nat. Hist., 214. 
 Physarum caerulcsccns, Pers. in Litt. 
 Pliysarumalutacmm, Wallr., Herb. 
 
BuiVhiinhi. 321 
 
 Badhamia utricularis, Berk., Linn. Trans., xxi., p. loS (1801); 
 
 Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1147. 
 Physancm 'mclalcucum, Nyl., p. 126 (1859). 
 
 Badhamia granulifera, Pliill. 
 
 Gregarious, but not crowded, sessile on a broad base, liemi- 
 spherical or slightly elongated, subdepressed, wall thick, with 
 croiuded, large, flattened, glistening, pale hrown scales of hicar- 
 honate of lime ; inner wall very thin, iridescent ; splitting irregu- 
 larly above ; mass of spores blackish-purple ; columella slwrtly 
 cylindrical or sulglohose ; capillitiuni copious, forming an irregular 
 network, passing from the columella to the inner wall, threads 
 with numerous, irregular flattened inflations containing minute 
 granules of lime ; spores at first in clusters ; spherical when free, 
 with a small circular portion of the wall thinner and convex, 
 minutely luarted all over, 18 — 20 /x diameter. 
 
 Badhamia gramdifera, Phillips, in Herb. 
 
 Didymium granulifcrum, Phill., Grev., vol. v., p. 114, t. 88, 
 f. 1, a—f', Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1316. 
 
 (Type in Herb., Phill.) 
 
 On herbaceous stems. San Francisco. 
 
 A very beautiful and remarkable species, externally resembling 
 a Lepidodermct in the large, distinct, scale-like patches of bicar- 
 bonate of lime. Sporangia circular or elongated, slightly de- 
 pressed, 2 — 3 mm. long. 
 
 Badhamia Fuckeliana, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia discoid, 1 mm. broad, stipitate, frequently umbili- 
 cate above or below ; stem even, elongated, coloured ; spores 
 blackish-violet; epispore delicately spinulose, 9 — 12 ju. diameter. 
 
 a. gemiincL Sporangia 1 mm. diameter, stem 1 mm. long. 
 
 /3, gracilis. Sporangia o mm. diameter, stem 1 — \b mm. 
 long. 
 
 Badhamia Fuckeliana, Rost., Mon. App., p. 2; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1148. 
 
 Trickatnpliora Fuclccliana, Rost., Mon., p. 138. 
 
322 A Monograpli of the Mi/jcogastres. 
 
 On wood and decaying Auricularia. Germany ; France ; 
 Sweden. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Fhysanom maco'ocarjpum, FckL, Sym. Myc, p. 343, non Cesati 
 
 (1869). 
 Trichamjjhoo'a Fachelianum, Rost., in Fckl., S. M., 2, Nach., 
 
 p. 74 (1873). 
 A specimen named by Rostafinski in Herb., Berk, has the 
 superficial appearance of a Tilmadoche ; a slender, elongated, 
 wrinkled, bright brown stem, and grey sporangial wall. 
 
 Badhamia nodulosa, Mass, 
 
 Sporangia globose, stipitate, wall very thin, almost colourless 
 above, and covered with an irregular white crust of lime, basal 
 portion without lime and beautifully iridescent; becoming 
 irregularly ruptured at maturity; stem longer than sporangium, 
 weak, often suhdecumhent, attenuated upwards, hroivn, longi- 
 tudinally wrinkled, expanding at the base into a small, irregular 
 hypothallus; columella absent; capillitium well developed, 
 flattened, intricately branching from the nodes, scantily furnished 
 tliroughout with granules of lime; spores globose, dingy lilac, 
 ^liinutely vcrruculose, 10 — 12 ju, diameter. 
 
 Badhamia nodulosa, Mass., Journ. Myc, vol. v., p. 186, 
 t. 14, f. 6. 
 
 Physarum nodulosum, Cooke and Balf., in Rav., Fung. Amer., 
 Exs., n. 479. 
 
 On acacia bark. Aiken, S. Carolina (Rav., 2972). 
 (Type in Herb., Kew.) 
 
 A very distinct and good species of the genus Badhamia, 
 Vb mm. high ; stem twice as long as sporangium, weak, usually 
 subprostrate ; capiUitiuni' dense, with the characteristic flatten- 
 ings met with in Badhamia, and everywhere containing granules 
 of lime, although the quantity is not so great as is usual. 
 Sparsely scattered, rarely two springing from the same hypo- 
 thallus. 
 
Bddluiniia. 323 
 
 Badhamia irregularis, C. and E. 
 
 Scattered, sessile ; sporangia suborbicular or confluent, at 
 length hlackish-hrowii ; spores brown, globose, asjKO'ulate, 10 /:a 
 diameter. 
 
 Badhamia irregularis, Cooke and Ellis, 
 
 On pine wood. N. America. 
 
 I have seen no sjjecimen of the present imperfectly described 
 species. 
 
 § § Spores in clusters, free, surface wartcd, remainder smooth. 
 
 Badhamia papaveracea, Berk, and Rav. 
 
 Sporangia usually densely gregarious, with a few scattered 
 marginal individuals, hemispherical or irregularly polygonal 
 from mutual pressure, sessile, or with a rudimentary stem, wall 
 smooth or rugulose, white, greyish, or yellowish, iridescent when 
 empty ; capillitium usually dense, white, threads with large 
 nodular or interstitial swellings containing lime, combined to 
 form an irregular network ; mass of spores hlacldsh-purple, spores 
 at first in clusters of 8 — 7, triangularly jryramidal, with a 
 rounded base which corresponds to the free portion of the spore, 
 and is covered with minute warts, the remainder smooth, pale 
 lilac or brownish-lilac, 9 — 10 /x diameter. 
 
 Badhamia papaveracea. Berk, and Rav,, Grev,, vol, ii,, p. QQ 
 (1873); Rost., Mon,, p. 147; Sacc, Syll,, vii,, 1, n, 1152, 
 (Type in Herb. Berk,, Kew, n. 10704.) 
 
 Badhamia pallida, Berk,, Linn, Trans., xxi., p, 153, t. 19, f, 2; 
 Sacc, Syll,, n. 1153 (in part,), 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk,, 10790,) 
 
 JS'.mcc.— Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 1214 (as Badhamia hyalina, 
 p, 320). 
 
 On wood, &c. Britain (East Bergholt, Weybridge) ; U. States. 
 
 Allied to B. nitens, which differs in the bright yellow spor- 
 angial wall, and the much more coarsely warted free portion of 
 the spores. 
 
324 A Monograpli of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Badhamia nitens, Berk, (figs. 176 — 170). 
 
 Sporangia globose, sessile, aggregated, Iriglit yclloui, covered 
 with minute, scale-like particles of lime ; splitting irregularly 
 above; capillitium well developed, threads thick, yellowish, 
 lime almost obsolete; spores purple, aggregated in dusters, free 
 ]Jortion coarsely warted, remainder smooth, 10 — 16 ix diameter. 
 
 Badhamia nitens, Berk., Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi., p. 153, t. 19, 
 f. 1 ; Rost., Mon, App., p. 27 (in part.). 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk.) 
 
 Badhamia inauraia, Currey, Linn. Trans., xxiv. (1851), t. 25, 
 f. 8; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 28; Sacc, Syll, vii., n. 1162. 
 (Type in Brit. Mus.) 
 
 On moss, wood, &c. Britain (Carlisle, East Bergholt, Wey- 
 bridge). 
 
 Eeadily distinguished by the bright yellow sporangia and the 
 clustered spores. 
 
 § § § Spores smooth. 
 Badhamia Alexandrowiczii, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious but distant, irregular, sulrotund or reni- 
 form, about 0'7 mm. broad, 0'7 — 2 mm. long, bright ycllow-broion 
 or pallid; capillitium well developed, tubes thick, nodes 35 fx 
 broad; spores 9 — 11 /x diameter, obscure violet, smooth. 
 
 Badhamia Alexandrowiczii, Rost., Mon., p. 146 ; Sacc, Syll., 
 vii., 1, n. 1154. 
 
 On dead leaves. Poland; Germany. 
 
 Sporangial wall thick, rufous-brown, dehiscing in a circum- 
 scissile manner by an operculum. (Berlese in Sacc, Syll.) 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Bhysarum Alexandrowiczii, De Bary and Rost., in Litt., Ad. 
 Alexand., l.c, p. 88 (1872). 
 
 Badhamia verna, Rost. 
 Sporangia gregarious, dciircssed, xaricd^le in form, confluent, 
 not sinuous, wall very thin, blackish-broivn, smooth, very fragile. 
 
Badhamia. ■ 325 
 
 becoming lacerated during dehiscence, at length evanescent ; 
 threads of capillitium adnate, vague, white; spores hlackish- 
 hrown, 12 — 13 fi diameter, smooth. 
 
 Badhamia vcrna, Rost., Mon., p. 145 ; Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n, 
 331. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Physamm vcrnimi, Somf., in Litt., Ad. Fries, S. M., iii., p. 146 
 (1829). 
 
 Badhamia microcarpa, Schroeter. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, about '5 mm. broad, collected in small 
 clusters or arranged in rows ; hypothallus nearly obsolete ; spor- 
 angial wall thin, hright grey ; capillitium slender, white, threads 
 irregularly nodulose ivith masses of lime, from 3 — 4 up to 12 /x 
 thick, nodes not incrassatcd ; spores not clustered, 7"5 — 9 p. 
 diameter, smooth, violet. 
 
 Badhamia microcarpa, Schroeter, Kr. Fl. Schles., p. 131 ; 
 Sacc, Syll., n. 1145. 
 
 Badhamia melanospora, Speg. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, densely gregarious, spherical, smooth, greyish- 
 Avhite, after the spores have disappeared, snow-white ; columella 
 absent ; tubes of capillitium rigid, united to form a compact 
 network, internodes fusiformly thickened in the centre, nodes flat- 
 tened ; spores in clusters or free, smooth, black, opaque, sub- 
 angular from mutual pressure, 15 /ix diameter, 
 
 Badhamia melanosperma, Speg., Fung. Arg., Pug. I., p. 88 ; 
 Sacc, Syll, n. 1164. 
 
 On rotten trunks. Argentina. 
 
 Badhamia coadnata, Rost. 
 Sporangia very numerous, conglomerated ; sporangia spring- 
 ing from a white, well-developed hypothallus ; capillitium threads 
 snow-white, copious, rigid, aggregated in the centre toicards the 
 base of the sporangium to form an irregular columella; spores 
 globose, bright violet, epispore thick, smouih, 8 — 9 ix diameter. 
 
326 A Motiograjyfi of the Myocogastres. 
 
 Badhdmia coadnata, Rost., Mon,, p. 14G ; Sacc, SylL, vii., 1, 
 u. 1142. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 Didytnium crnstaceum, M. 
 
 Badhamia fasciculata, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia globose, white, dehiscing irregularly, upper portion 
 disappearing, lower portion persistent, irregularly cupulate with 
 a torn margin; stems fasciculate, cacspitoso-connate, 8 — 6 or more, 
 connected at the base, erect, tough, dirty yellowish, shining, 
 attenuated upwards, subsulcate, base thickened, blackish ; spores 
 violet, 11 — 12 yLi diameter, smooth. 
 
 Badhamia fasciculata, Rost., Mon., p. 146; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 n. 1143. 
 
 On trunks of Pandanus. Java. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonym.) 
 FIi//sarum fasciculatum., Jungh., Fl. Crypt, Java, p. 14, t. 11, 
 f. 8 (1838). 
 
 Badhamia ovispora, Racib. 
 
 Sporangia sessile, globoso-depressed, 0'5 — 075 mm. broad, 
 membrane calcareous, scabrid, fragile, base yellow, apex dis- 
 coloured ; capillitium with abundance of lime, white, rigid, 
 nodes large, irregular; columella absent; spores violet, ellipsoid, 
 smooth, 14 — 16 x 7 — 8 //. 
 
 Badhamia ovispora, Racib., Myx. Crac, p. 4, f. 2, a, h ; Sacc, 
 Syll., 1165. 
 
 On poplar branches. Poland. 
 
 § § § § Position uncertain. 
 Badhamia fiilvella, Berk. 
 
 Sporangia gregarious, but not forming distinct patches, sessile, 
 globose, blackish, invested with a delicate tawny pubescence, 
 when the spores are expelled, yellowish ; capillitium not coloured, 
 
Tilmndorhe. 327 
 
 tubes swollen ; spores dark violet, agglutinated in clusters, 
 •0125— -018 mm. 
 
 Badhamia fulvella, Berk., Trans. Linn. Sec, xxi., p. 1.54; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 27; Sacc., SylL, vii., 1, n. 1166. 
 
 On dead wood. Britain (East Bergholt, Suffolk). 
 
 I have seen no specimen of the present, hence cannot add to 
 Berkeley's description. 
 
 TiLMADOCHE, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia stipitate, wall thin, single, with a tliin deposit of 
 lime in the form of minute, irregular lumps, either continuous 
 or most frequently in patches, dehiscing in an irregularly 
 reticulate manner ; stem elongated, slender, filled with irregular 
 particles of lime, becoming longitudinally Avrinkled when dry; 
 columella absent ; capillitium well developed, threads slender, 
 attached to the wall at various points, combined to form an 
 irregular network, nodes small, scattered, mostly elliptical, filled 
 with granules of lime. 
 
 Tihnadoche, Rost., Mon., p. 126; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 21; 
 Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, p. S59 ; Zopf, p. 148. 
 
 The present genus is characterized amongst its allies by the 
 thin sporangial wall furnished with a scanty deposit of lime 
 in the form of minute, amorphous granules, the slender threads 
 of the capillitium with small, sparingly scattered elliptical nodes 
 containing lime, and the elongated, slender stem filled with 
 lumps of lime. Closely allied to the genus Fhysarum, with 
 which it is connected by a form of Tihnadoche nutans, having 
 the capillitium threads stouter, and the nodes larger and more 
 numerous than usual. Another form of the same species having 
 the capillitium very slender and without nodes connects with 
 the HcDiididymium section of Didyniium. 
 
 Tilmadoche nutans, Rost. (figs. 19 — 21). 
 Sporangia spherico-depressed, more or less umbilicate below, 
 wall thin, greyish or white, with a thin layer of minute, amor- 
 phous lumps of lime, becoming irregularly cracked ; stem slender. 
 
328 A Monograph of the Mijxogastres. 
 
 elongated, becoming thinner upwards, usually slightly curved 
 at the apex, filled with irregular masses of lime, brownish below, 
 2mIc upiocirds, expanding into a small hypothallus; capillitium 
 well developed, threads thin, combined to form a very irregular 
 network, /twms/ief^ with scattered, small, ellix)tical nodes contain- 
 ing granules of lime ; spores globose, pale lilac, smooth,* or very 
 minutely verruculose, 9 — 11 /x diameter. 
 
 Tilmadoche nutans, Rost., Mod., p. 127, f. 129 ; Cooke, Myx. 
 Brit., p. 21, f. 129; Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, n. 1244; Raunk., p. 76, 
 t. 4, f. 10—11. 
 
 Exsicc. — Rab., Fung. Eur., 40 (the specimen shows a transition 
 to Physarum leuco2)hacnm) ; Sacc, Myc. Fenn., 1102; Syd., Myc. 
 March., 491; Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 1456 and 1457; Jack, 
 Leiner u. Sitzenb., 423. 
 
 On wood, bark, dead leaves, &c. Britain (Bournemouth, New 
 Forest, Kew, Chester, Scarboro', Carlisle, Inverness, N.B.) ; 
 Europe ; N. Africa ; United States ; Ceylon ; Australia ; India. 
 
 From 1'5 — 2*5 mm. high, gregarious, stem slender, usually 
 slightly bent at the apex, consequently the sporangium is more 
 or less drooping. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 S'phaerocarp'^LS albus. Bull., t. 407, f. 3, c — g (1791). 
 
 Stemonitis alba, Gmel. Sys., 1469 (1791). 
 
 Mticor alhus, Sobolen. Petr., 324 (1779). 
 
 Physarum nutans, Pers., Syn., p. 171 (1801 ; Berk., Eng. Fl. 
 
 v., 314; Cooke, Hdbk,, n. 1135 (partly). 
 Physarum siobtilc, Pers., Syn., p. 171 (1801). 
 Trichia cernua, Schum., Saell., 1410 (1803). 
 Physarum hulbifmmie, Schum., Saell., 1432 (1803) ; Fl. Dan. 
 
 t. 1974, f. 3. 
 Physarum marginatuvi, Schum., Saell, 1440 (1803). 
 Physarum. didymium, Schum., Saell., 1441 (1803). 
 Physariim. alhopunctatum, Schum., Saell, 1433 (1803). 
 Physarum brcvijJcs, Schum., Herb. 
 Physarum cinercum, Schum., Herb. 
 
^ilwadoche. 329 
 
 Physarnm Icucojnos, Schum., Herb. 
 Tric?cia alba, DC, Fl. Fr., ii., 202 (1805). 
 Physarum alhipes. Link, Diss., i., 27 (1809). 
 Physarum sulcatum, Link, Diss., i., 27 (1809). 
 Physarmn connedum, Ditm., t. 41 (1817). 
 Physarum cernuum, Fl. Dan., t. 1974, f. 2 (1823). 
 Physarum nutans, a. alhocinereum, Fr., S. M., iii., 128 (1829). 
 Didyniium marginatum, Fr., S. M., iii., 116 (1829). 
 Tihiiadoche ccrnua, Fr., S. V. S., 454 (1849). 
 
 Tilmadoche mutabilis, Rost. (figs. 286—239). 
 
 Sporangia spherical or spherico-depressed, flattened or slightly 
 umbilicate below, wall thin, with a thin layer of yelloio, dingy 
 orange, or greenish coloured 2^ccrticles of lime, usually cracking in 
 an areolate manner; stem elongated, slender, slightly thinner 
 upAvards, straight or usually a little curved at the apex, filled 
 with granules of lime, yelloio, hroumish-orange, or red, darkest 
 helow ; capillitium rather dense, threads slender, combined to 
 form a very irregular network, with scattered, small, elliptical 
 nodes containing coloured granules of lime ; spores globose, pale 
 lilac, often with a brown tinge, minutely verruculose, 9 — 11 ju, 
 diameter. 
 
 Tilmadoche nmtahilis, Rost., Mon., p. 130, figs. 123—127, 132; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 22, figs. 123—127, 132; Raunk., Myx. 
 Dan., p. 77. 
 
 Tilmadoche viridis, Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1247. 
 
 ^mcc— Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 1213. 
 
 On wood, bark, dead leaves, moss, &c. Britain (New Forest, 
 Epping Forest, Buhner, Yorks. ; Carlisle); Europe; S. Africa; 
 W. Australia ; United States. 
 
 Differing from Tilmadoche nutans in colour more than in any 
 other character. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Stemonitis viridis, GmeL, Sys., ii., 1469 (1791). 
 Stemonitis aurantia, Gmcl., Sys., ii., 1469 (1791). 
 
330 A Monogmph of the Myxoga^tves. 
 
 Stemonitis hicolor, Gmel., Sys., ii., 1469 (1791). 
 Sphaerocarjms luteus, Bull, t. 407, f. 2 (1797). 
 Spliaerocarints viridis, Bull., t. 407, f. 1 (1797). 
 Sphaerocmjms mcrantius, Bull., t. 484, f. 2 (1797). 
 Physarum aureiom, Pers., Disp., t. 1, f. 6 (1801) ; Grev., t. 
 
 124; Ditm., t. 23. 
 Plujsarmn viride, Pers., Syn., p. 172 (1801); Ditm., t. 24; 
 
 Nees., f. 108. 
 Fhi/sarum aurantmr/i, Pers., Syn., t. 3, f. 7 (1801). 
 Physancm luteum, Pers., Syn., 172 (1801). 
 TricUa viridis, DC, Fl. Fr., ii., 252 (1805). 
 Trichia aurantia, DC, Fl. Fr., ii., 253 (1805). 
 Physamm nutans, /3. viride, Fr., S. M., iii., 129 (1829) ; Cooke, 
 
 Hdbk., n. 1135, var. B. 
 Physctrurii nutans, y. atirenm., Fr., S. M., iii., 129; Cooke, 
 
 Hdbk., n. 1135, var. y. 
 Physancm nuta^is, 8. coccineum, Fr., S. M., iii., 129. 
 Physarmn striatum, c. aurantiaciim, Fr., S. M., iii., 131. 
 Physarum nutans, c. luteovire7is, Rabh., Fl. Cr., 2268 (1844). 
 Physarum viride, Fr., S. V. S., 453 (1849). 
 Physarum aureicm, Fr., S. V. S., 453 (1849). 
 Physarum coccineum, Fr., S. V. S., 453 (1849). 
 
 Tilmadoclie gracilenta, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia globose, slightly umbilicate below, wall hlacJcisJi- 
 hrotun, hoary with scattered particles of lime ; stem elongated, 
 thick at the base, which is expanded into a small hypothallus, 
 tapering upwards and usually slightly curved, dark brown below, 
 paler above, longitudinally wrinkled, filled with particles of 
 lime; capillitium rather scanty, threads irregularly anastomos- 
 ing, nodes scattered, small, elliptical, containing colmircd granules 
 of lime ; spores globose, brownish-lilac, very minutely verruculose 
 or smooth, 8 — 10 jn diameter. 
 
 Tilmadoclie gracilenta, Rost., Mon., p. 129; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, 
 n. 1246; Raunk., Myx. Dan., 76. 
 
 On bark and wood. Britain (a specimen from Sowerby's 
 Herbarium^ uamed by Rostafinski) ; Europe ; United States. 
 
Tllmadoche. 331 
 
 Appears to be a variety of T. nutans, with a blackish-brown 
 sporangial wall 
 
 ("Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Mucor, Fl. Dan., t. 467, f. 3 (1770). 
 
 Trichia nutans, Trent., I.e., p. 227. 
 
 Physaruvi sohitum, Schum. Fl. Saell., n. 1446 ; Fl. Dan., t. 
 
 1974, f. 1. 
 PJiysarnm suhulatum, Schum., Fl. Saell., n. 1437. 
 Physaruvi glohosnm, Schum., Fl. Saell., n. 1442. 
 Physarum f^io'furaceum, Schum., Fl. Saell, n. 1445. 
 Pliysanuti glohosmn, Sommf., Fl. Lap., p. 243 (1825). 
 Physarum gracilcntum, Fr., I.e., iii., p. 133 (1829). 
 Didymium furfiiraceum, Fl, I.e., iii., p. 116. 
 Tilmacloche soluta, Fr., Sum. Veg. Scand., p. 454 (1849). 
 
 Tilmadoche columbina, Rost. 
 Sporangia globose, or spherico-depressed, usually more or less 
 umbihcate below, at first pale grey or whitish, dehcately frosted 
 with minute white particles of lime, dark grey and slightly 
 iridescent after the lime has been removed; stem 3 — 4 times 
 as long as height of sporangium, snovj-white, tapering upwards, 
 straight or slightly inclined above, longitudinally wrinkled, rigid, 
 filled with particles of lime; columella absent; capillitium well 
 developed, threads thin, colourless, combined to form an irregular 
 network, furnished here and there with small, ellijJtical, inter- 
 stitial swellings containing colourless granules of lime; angles 
 of bifurcation not swollen ; spores globose, pale dingy lilac, very 
 minutely verruculose, 10 — 11 \j. diameter. 
 
 Tilmeidochc columbina, Host., Mou. App., p. 13; Sacc, Syll, 
 vii., 1, 1249. 
 
 Dielymium cohimhinum, B. and C, in Herb. 
 
 (Type from which Rostafinski founded the species in Hurb. 
 Berk.. Kew, n. 10,767.) 
 
 Gregarious on rotten wood. Venezuela. 
 
 About 2 mm. hioh. 
 
332 A Monograph of the Mi/ucogastres. 
 
 Tilmadoclie Berkeley!, Mass. 
 
 Sporangia globose, very slightly or not at all umbilicate 
 below, da7'Jv Uite-grey, frosted with minute particles of lime ; 
 stem hlackish-hrou-n, slender, attenuated upwards, thick at the 
 base, and passing into a very distinct, circular, 2Mle brown hypo- 
 thcdlus, longitudinally wrinkled, filled with granules of lime and 
 masses of organic matter, usually straight; capillitium dense, 
 threads 3 — 4 fi thick, ^mle yelloivish-brown, combined to form 
 a very irregular network, swollen portions very rare, small, and 
 u4th only a few scattered granules of lime, apparently entirely 
 absent; spores globose, lilac-brown, very minutely warted, 
 11 — 12 fi diameter. 
 
 Fhysarum columhimmi, Fr. 
 
 A specimen so named by Berkeley, but certainly not that 
 species. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., n. 10,813.) 
 
 On twigs. New England, U. S. 
 
 Gregarious, growing often in rows, 2 — 2'5 mm. high. 
 
 Tilmadoche compacta. Wing. 
 
 Sporangia brownish -white, flattened, globose, occasionally 
 globose, nodding, borne on subulate, yellowish-white stipes, which 
 have a brown or blackish base, and reach to a height of three 
 or four times the width of the sporaugium ; sporangium wall 
 studded with numerous, snow-white lime-granules, the remainder 
 of the wall bronze-colour, with a metallic lustre, splitting on 
 maturity in a floriform manner, with from six to twelve laciniae ; 
 capilhtium, after removal of the spores, white, with a faint 
 bluish tint under reflected light owing to the translucence or 
 iridescence of its delicate threads ; the latter originate from a 
 central lime-granule which is generally quite large, branch 
 several times as they proceed towards the surface of the spor- 
 angium, and join into a dense, compact net, the ends of the 
 last branches attached to the inner side of the sporangium wall ; 
 lime-granules in the capillitium, very few, small, white, fusi- 
 
Tilm (I docile. 333 
 
 form ; spores bright brown-violet (brown in the mass), very 
 delicately warted, 7 — 9 mk. 
 
 Fairmount Park, Phila., Pa, and Ohio (]\Iorgan). 
 
 This Tilmadoche has marked characteristics. The stipe for 
 a short distance from the base is very dark, but suddenly 
 changes to a yellowish-white. When the sporangium bursts, 
 the top part of the wall generally pulls out the capillitium 
 immediately over the central lime-granule, so that the latter 
 is exposed to view. In some cases, when quite large, the 
 granule falls out, leaving a circular empty space in the centre 
 of the sporangium, without disturbing the outline of the capil- 
 litium. The capillitium is very flimsy, and its faint bluish tint 
 in *the mass quite marked under a parabolic reflector. The 
 metallic lustre of the sporangium wall is constant in the speci- 
 mens collected during different summers. (Wing.) 
 
 Tilmadoche coii^mda, Wingate, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, 1889, 
 p. 48. 
 
 Exsicc. — Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 2087 (as Tilmadoche cohim- 
 hina, B.). 
 
 Tilmadoche cavipes, Berk. 
 
 Plasmodium white, venulose, anastomosing ; young sporangia 
 flesh- colour, when older becoming sprinkled with brick-red 
 powder, globose, stem white, thickened at the base, hollow; 
 spores blackish-purple, globose, smooth; capillitium scanty, 
 yellow. 
 
 Tilmadoche cavipes, Berk. Three new Indian Fungi ; in Grev., 
 vol. xi., p. 39 (1882) ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1252. 
 
 On leaves of different species of Phalaenopsis. Andaman 
 Isles. Lieut. -Col. E. S. Berkeley, 1882. 
 
 The filmy reticulate mycelium at length disappears, and the 
 peridia are scattered, looking at first sight from their white 
 stems like Diachaca. The species is altogether distinct from 
 T. latcritia, Lev. The dust of the peridia consists of irregular 
 fragments of a bright orange-red. 
 
 Tilmadoche anomala, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 Gregarious ; sporangia globose or slightly depressed, minutely 
 
334 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 umbilicate below, white, sprinkled with minute particles of 
 lime ; stem elongated, slender, equal, straight, pale yellow, longi- 
 tudinally wrinkled, filled with particles of lime, expanding at 
 the base into a minute circular hypothallus ; capillitium rather 
 dense, threads everywhere equal, about 3 \>. thick, combined to 
 form a loose, irregular network, nodes very rarely slightly in- 
 crassated, and containing a few minute, colourless granules of 
 lime; spores globose, dirty lilac, smooth, 10 fj. diameter. 
 
 On wood. Venezuela. 
 
 An apparently very distinct species, remarkable for the almost 
 total absence of thickened nodes or swollen interstitial portions 
 of the capillitium tubes, hence approaching the section Hemi- 
 didymium of Didymium. From 3 — 3"5 mm. high. 
 
 Tilmadoche oblonga, Kost. 
 
 Scattered or gregarious, stipitate ; sporangia cylindrical, obtuse 
 at both ends, apex hroadly and deeply umhilicate, tawny-olive, 
 sprinkled with pale particles of lime ; stem elongated, slender, 
 becoming thinner upwards, straight, or usually more or less 
 curved near the apex, reddish or yellow-brown, more or less 
 longitudinally wrinkled, filled with minute particles of lime ; 
 capillitium well developed, threads colourless, thin, with scat- 
 tered, small, interstitial, fusiform swellings containing colourless 
 or yellowish granules of lime, angles of bifurcation not in- 
 crassated ; spores dingy lilac, globose, mimitely vcrrucidose, 
 7 — 9 [i diameter. 
 
 Tilmadochc ollonga, Rost., Mon. App., p. 13; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1, n. 1250. 
 
 Trichamphora oblonga. Berk, and Curtis, Grev., vol. ii., p. QQ ; 
 N. Amer. Fung., n. 360. 
 
 (Type specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 10,917.) 
 
 Physarella mirahilis, Peck, Bull., Torr. Bot. Club., vol. ix., 
 p. 61, pi. 24, figs. 1—6 (wretched figures); Rev. Myc, 1882, 
 p. 172, tab. xxix., fig. 5 (after Peck's figures) ; Sacc, Syll., vii., 
 1, n. 1227. 
 
 Exsicc.—EW'is, N. Amer. Fung., n. 1212. 
 
 On wood, leaves, &c. United States, 
 
Tilmadoclie. ^ 335 
 
 About 2 mm, high, stem straight or curved, thin, sporangium 
 typically cylindric-oblong, broadly and deeply umbilicate at the 
 apex; there is no trace of a columella. The present species 
 appears to be inclined to sport. Mr. Harold Wingate, of 
 Philadelphia, has sent me a fine series of forms of the present 
 species passing from the typical form described above to speci- 
 mens that are much larger, with a shorter, thicker, red stem, 
 which is in some instances branched and bearing 3 — 5 sporano^ia. 
 These vary in form from the typical condition, through cyathi- 
 form to broadly funnel-shaped, with a recurved, often flexuous 
 margin, externally reddish-brown, internally orange-yellow; in 
 these forms the umbilicus has become so deeply depressed that 
 the cavity of the sporangium is almost obliterated. It is the 
 inner depressed apical portion of the sporangium that Peck 
 describes as a spurious, hollow columella; he has obviously 
 formed the genus Physardla from an abnormal condition of the 
 present species. 
 
 Tilmadoche gyrocephala, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia irvcgnlarly lobcd or lacimosc, often compressed and 
 umbilicate below, stipitate, wall thin, covered with irregular 
 yelloio or greenish-yellow scales of lime ; stem elongated, tapering 
 upwards, weak and often curved, irregularly rugulose, passing 
 downwards into a thin, wrinkled hypothallus, bright yellow or 
 orange ; columella absent ; capillitium well developed, formino- a 
 loose net, nodes elongated, filled with yellow granules of lime, 
 internodes long, thin; spores globose, minutely wartcd, dingy, 
 lilac, 7 — 9 ii diameter. 
 
 Didymimn gyroce-phalwm, Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. II. 
 vol. viii., p. 362; Mont., Syll, n. 1073. 
 
 Tilmadoche gyrocc^Jhala (Mont.), Rost., Mon., p. 131; Sacc, 
 Syll, vol. vii., pt. I., n. 1248; Mass., Journ. Myc, vol. v., p is/ 
 t. 14, f. 8 (1889). 
 
 Oribraria staminiformis, Speg., Fung. Arg., Puo-. II., n. 109. 
 
 ^xsicc.—Rav., Fung. Amer., n. 477 (as Physarum ScJinmachcri, 
 Spr.). 
 
336 A Monograph of the Mi/xogastres. 
 
 On twigs, moss, &c. Brazil ; Argentine Republic ; Aiken, 
 S. Carolina. 
 
 Gregarious, 1"5 — 2 mm. high, having the habit of rinjsarum 
 Schumacheri, but readily distinguished by the absence of a 
 columella and the very irregular sporangia which is not due 
 to the coalescence of several individuals, as proved by the thin, 
 simple stem. 
 
 Tilmadoche reniformis, Mass. (n. sp.). 
 
 Gregarious ; sporangia reniform, deeply umbilicate below, some- 
 times umbilicate above also, and then presenting a dumb-bell- 
 like form, coating of lime white, often becoming cracked, stem 
 elongated, slender, erect, straight, tapering upwards, pale brown, 
 wrinkled, filled with granules of lime ; capillitium rather scanty, 
 threads forming a very loose net, with scattered, fusiform swell- 
 ings, colourless or tinged yellow ; spores globose, dull purple, 
 coarsely spinulose, 16 — 17 /x diameter. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) 
 
 On bark. Gregarious, rarely scattered, 2 mm. high. The 
 sporangium is sausage-shaped and curved, the stem entering 
 the concave side or umbilicus. This peculiarity, and more 
 especially the large, coarsely spinulose spores, characterize the 
 species. 
 
 Ceinkowskia, Rost. 
 
 Wall of sporangium single, containing lime, dehiscing irregu- 
 larly; capillitium attached at many points to wall of spor- 
 angium, forming an irregular network having numerous free, 
 curved, pointed ends. 
 
 CeinkowsJcia, Rost., Mon., p. 91; Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 11 ; 
 Schroeter, p. 181 ; Sacc, Syll., vol. vii., pt. I., p. 329. 
 
 Physarum, Alb. et Schwz., p. 90. 
 
 Didcrma, Fr., S. M., iii., p. 112. 
 
 Didymium, Bischoff. Kryptogamenkunde, f. 361. 
 
Ceink<)iv><kia. 337 
 
 Very closely allied to the genus rhijsarum, differing only in 
 having some free ends to the network of the capillitium. 
 Distrih. Europe ; United States, Species 1. 
 
 Ceinkowskia reticulata, Rost. (figs. 266, 267). 
 
 Plasmodiocarp elongated, sinuous or irregularly anastomosing, 
 wall rough with lime, deep yellow, sometimes with a tinge of 
 brown; capillitium rather scanty, threads yelloiv, about 3 /ix 
 thick, forming an irregular net, ^oith free, curved, pointed ends ; 
 here and there large, irregular, flattened nodes containing yellow 
 granules of lime are present; spores globose, dull violet, very 
 minutely verruculose, 8 — 10 /x diameter, 
 
 CeinJcowsJcia reticulata, Rost., Mon., p, 91, fig, 107; Cooke, 
 Myx. Brit, fig, 107; Schroeter, p, 131 ; Sacc, Syll, n, 1440. 
 
 On dead leaves and wood. Britain (Sibbertoft) ; Germany ; 
 Sweden ; United States. 
 
 Usually forming an irregular network '5 — 2 cm. across, de- 
 hiscing irregularly. The number of flattened, lime-containing 
 nodes varies considerably in different individuals, being some- 
 times very numerous and originating mostly from the wall of 
 the sporangium. Closely resembling in habit and general 
 appearance Physarum gyrosum, Rost., a species not yet dis- 
 covered in Britain, 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 Physarum retieulatum, Alb, and Sz,, l.c, 251, t. 7, f 2 (1805). 
 Diderma retieidatum, Fr., I.e., iii., 112 (1829). 
 Didymium retieulatum, Bischoff, Kryptogamenkunde, f 361 
 (1842). 
 
 Leocarpus, Rost. 
 Wall of sporangium composed of two distinct layers, dehiscing 
 in an irregular manner ; capillitium attache4 at numerous points 
 to wall of sporangium, threads combined to form a dense, 
 irregular network with numerous nodes, many of which are 
 empty, the remainder large and filled with small granules of 
 
338 A Jlonor/raph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 lime ; columella absent ; spores free from the first, or originating 
 in clusters. 
 
 Leocarpus, Host., Mon., p. 132; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 23; 
 Sacc, Syll, vii., 1, p. 358; Zopf, p. 148. 
 
 The one species included in the present genus is characterized 
 by the smooth, polished sporangial wall, and by the hetero- 
 geneous structure of the capillitiura, most of the swollen nodes 
 containing air, wliile a few of the largest are filled with granules 
 of lime as in the genus Fhysarum. Some years ago I met with 
 a batch of Leocarpus fragilis having the spores arranged in 
 clusters as in some species of Badhamia, and the following note 
 by Mr. A. Lister, attached to the present species in the Kew 
 Herbarium shows that this condition, although not constant, 
 is not altogether abnormal, and what is of more interest, tends 
 to show that aggregation of the spores in clusters is not of 
 specific value. " In some sporangia the aggregation of the 
 spores is as marked as in any Badhamia hyalina, while in others 
 there is no such appearance at all." 
 
 .Distrib. Europe; United States; Tasmania. Species 1. 
 
 Leocarpus fragilis, Rost. (figs. 187 — 189). 
 
 Sporangia obovate, with a more or less elongated, slender, 
 weak stem, or sub-globose and nearly or quite sessile, vary in 
 colour from bright chestnut to ochraceous, very smooth, shining ; 
 hypothallus well developed, capillitium dense, some of the nodes 
 empty, others filled with colomxd granules of lime ; spores globose, 
 either free from the first or in clusters, dingy purple, sometimes 
 with a brown tinge, 11 — 15 \x diameter, mimttely warted. 
 
 Leocarpus fragilis, Rost., Mon., p. 132, f, 93; Cooke, Myx. 
 Brit., p. 23, f. 93; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1242; Zopf, p. 148. 
 
 Exsicc.—^l. A. Libert. PI. Crypt. Ard., Fasc. I., n. 76 ; Syd., 
 Myc. March., 1297; Flor., Exs. Austro-Hung., 1854; Karst., 
 Fung. Fenn., 377 ; Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 1465 ; Rab.-Klotzsch, 
 Herb. Myc, 37; Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., 1123; Rav., Fung. 
 Car., 78. 
 
 On twigs, grass, moss, &c. Britain (Helston, Cornwall ; New 
 
Fidiijo. 339 
 
 Forest, Epping, Hereford, Scarboro', Carlisle, Denbigh, Appin, 
 N. B.) ; Europe ; U. States ; Tasmania. 
 
 Usually tlensely gregarious, sometimes several sporangia are 
 more or less grown together, 2—3 mm. high, distinguished by 
 the pyriform or obovate, polished sporangia. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 Lycoperdon fragile, Dicks. Cr., t. 3, f. 3 (1785) ; Sow., t. 136. 
 Retimlaria fragilis, Poir, Ency. 
 Zycoperdmi pao'asiticum, With. Arr., iv., 379 (1792). 
 Didcrma vcrnicomm, Pers., Obs., t. 3, f. 7 (1796); Fl. Dan., 
 
 t. 1312; f. 2 ; Eng. FL, v., 311 ; Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1108. 
 Trichia lutea, Trent., p. 230 (1797). 
 
 Diderma vernicosum, ^.parasitica, Pers., Syn., 165 (1801). 
 Plmjsarum nitiduin, Schum., Saell., 1451 (1803). 
 Physarum vernicosum, Schum., Saell., 1452 (1803). 
 Lcocarpus vernicosus, Link, Obs., i., 25 (1809); Nees., f. 100; 
 
 Grev., S. C. Fl., iii. ; Corda, v., f. 32. 
 Leocarp'us sp)crmoides, Link, Obs., i., 25 (1809). 
 LcocarpiLS atrovirens, Fr., Gast., p. 13 (1817). 
 Lcaiigium vernicositm, Fr., Stirp., 83 (1825). 
 Diderma atrovirens, Fr., S. M., iii., 103 (1829). 
 Tripotrichia elcgans, Corda, Ic, i., f. 288 A (1837). 
 
 FULIGO, Rost. 
 
 A pulvinate, large, irregular aethalium, formed of intertwined, 
 elongated sporangia, springing from a tough hypothallus, the 
 peripheral sporangia forming a friable, spurious cortex contain- 
 ing a large quantity of lime; capillitium strongly developed, 
 threads anastomosing to form a very irregular network, furnished 
 with irregularly stellate nodes containing granules of lime. 
 
 Fidigo, Rost., Mon., p. 134 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 23 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, p. 353; Zopf, 149. 
 
 Closely approaching the genus Physanuii in the structure of 
 the capillitium, differing in its aethalioid nature, a character 
 certainly not of generic value taken alone. The absence of a 
 
340 A ]\f(moffraph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 well-defined sporangial wall in the component sporangia form- 
 ing an aethalium is what woidd be expected from analogy, and 
 in the present genus the external covering of the aethalium, the 
 cortex, consists of sterile sporangia, showing a division of labour 
 as is often the case in various parts of the vegetable kingdom, 
 when originally isolated structures become concentrated, as 
 illustrated by the ray and disc florets in composite plants. The 
 cortex is very friable, and consists largely of flake-like masses 
 of lime, and in some cases the cortex is quite rudimentary. 
 
 Distrib. Europe; United States ; Cuba; Venezuela; S.Africa; 
 Ceylon; W. Australia; N. Zealand. Species 5. 
 
 Fuligo varians, Rost. (figs. 190 — 192). 
 
 Aethalium usually large, either naked, with the surface more 
 or less venous, or covered with a cortex which is either smooth 
 and continuous, or friable with flakes of lime, clear yellow, 
 brownish, or greyish-white; capillitium abundant, forming an 
 irregular network, with large irregularly branched nodes filled 
 with minute granules of yellow or white lime ; spores globose, 
 pale lilac-brown, smooth, 7 — 11 /x diameter. 
 
 Fidigo varians, Rost., Mon., p. 134; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 23 ; 
 Zopf, p. 149. 
 
 Fuligo septica, Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1228. 
 
 Aethalium septicum, Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1101. 
 
 Aethalium vaporarium, Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1102. 
 
 Fxsicc.—Konm., Fung. Gall, 1678; Rabh., Fung. Eur., 81; 
 Thum., Fung. Austr., 523 ; Sacc, Myc. Ven., 963 ; Karst., Fung. 
 Fenn., 379; Kunze, Fung. Sel., 298; Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., 
 1472 ; Desm., Crypt. France, Ser. I., n. 1844. 
 
 Amongst dead leaves, and amongst tan in greenhouses, on 
 rotten wood, &c. Biitain (Highgate, Kew, Hereford, Scarboro', 
 Appin, N. B.); S. Africa; India; W. Australia; New Zealand; 
 United States ; Cuba ; Bolivia. 
 
 Very variable in size, form, and colour; in the plasmodium 
 condition often occurring amongst dead leaves as a bright 
 yellow soft moss, and hardening into yellow, crust-like patches. 
 
Falhjo. 341 
 
 varying from one to eight or ten inclits across, and nearly one 
 inch thick. The cortex is usually bright yelluw and very brittle, 
 sometimes whitish ; the lime of the capillitium also varies from 
 bright yellow to white ; spores in the mass blackish-brown. 
 
 (Rostafinski's Synonyms.) 
 
 EiK»uje, March., 427, t. 12 (1727). 
 
 Mudlago aestiva, Mich., t. 96, f. 1 (1729). 
 
 Mucorcs, Gled, p. 138, 160 (1753). 
 
 MucoT unduoms flavus, Huds., Fl. Ang. 
 
 Mucor scpticus, Link, Sp. PI, n. 1656 (1753); Fl. Dan., t. 
 
 778; Bolt., t. 134. 
 Mucor primus ovatus, Schff., t. 192 (1765). 
 M^LCor iertius, Schff., t. 194 (1763). 
 Fuligo, Hall, n. 2133, 2134, 2135 (1768). 
 Miocor mucilago, Scop., Fl. Carn., ii., 1638 (1772). 
 LycoiK.rdon luteum, Schr., Fl. Bav., ii., 629 (1789). 
 Beticularia carnosa, Bull., t. 424, f. 1 (1791). 
 Bcticularia hcyrtensis, Bull, t. 424, f. 2 (1791). 
 Beticularia lutca, Bull., t. 380, f. 1 (1791). 
 Fuligo septica, Gmel., Sys., 1466 (1791). 
 Fidigo Candida, Pers., Obs., i., 154 (1796). 
 Fuligo ixcporaria, Pers., Obs., i., 155 ; Fl. Dan., t. 1363, f. 1. 
 Fuligo fiava, Pers., Disp., p. 8 (1797). 
 Fuligo i-iifa, Pers., Disp., p. 8 (1797). 
 Fuligo pallida, Pers., Obs., ii., 36 (1799). 
 Fuligo laevis, Pers., Syn., p. 161 (1801). 
 Fuligo violacea, Pers., Syn., 160 (1801) ; Ic. Pict., t. 1. 
 Bcticularict scptica. With. Arr., iv., 463 (1801); Purt., p. 703. 
 Bctic'itlaria ovata, var. With. Arr., iv., 463 (1801). 
 Fuligo Jiavesccns, Schum., Saell., 1413 (1803). 
 Fuligo ceo'ca, Sow., t. 399 (1803). 
 Aethalium Jlavum, Link, Diss., i., 42 (1809); Nees., f. 92; 
 
 Grev., S. C. Fl, t. 272. 
 Fuligo cerebrina, Brondeau, p. 74, t. 3, f. 1 — 4 (1824). 
 Fuligo varians, Somra., Fl. Lapp., p. 231 (1826). 
 
342 A Monograph of the JMjixogastres. 
 
 Beticularia vapmnria, Chev., Fl. Par., i., 342 (1827). 
 Aethcdium violaceum, Spr. Sys., iv,, 533 (1827). 
 Aethalmm candidum, Sclileclit., in Spr. Sys., iv., 533. 
 Aethalium scpticum, Fr., S. M., iii., 93 (1829), Cooke, Hdbk., 
 
 n. 1101, a. Jlavum, h. cinnamomeum, c. rufum, d. violaceum. 
 Fuligo carnosa, Duby., Bot. Gall., ii., 863 (1830). 
 Fulicjo liorUnsis, Duby., Bot. Gall., ii., 863 (1830). 
 Aethalium rufum, Wallr., Fl. Germ., 2097 (1833). 
 Aethaliiim septicum, b. vaporarium, Rabh., Fl. Germ., 2133 
 
 (1844). 
 Aethalium ferrincola, Schwz. Am., 2372 (1834). 
 Rctimdaria ri(fa, Schwz. Am., 2377 (1834). 
 Aethalium rufum, Alexandr., t. 11, f. 6 — 11 (1872). 
 Aethalium vapiuraQ-imn, Fr., Berk., in Gard. Chron. (1860), p. 
 
 409; Cooke, Hdbk., n. 1102. 
 
 Fuligo stercoriformis, Mass. 
 
 Aethalium resembling the dung of some young animal, size 
 and shape variable, most frequently sausage-shaped, unequally 
 gibbous, attached to the substratum throughout its length by a 
 broad base ; covered with a very friable, seceding, white cortex 
 abounding in lime; capillitium greyish-white, tubes with numerous 
 swollen portions containing granules of lime, combined to form 
 a netAvork ; hypotliallus rudimentary ; spores ellip)Soid, hroivn, 
 densely covered toith minute warts, 10"5 — 18'5 -f- 9'3 — 14*5 ju. 
 
 Aethaliopsis steoxoriformis, Zopf, p. 150, fig. 26, vii. ; Sacc, 
 SylL, vii., 1, n. 1232. 
 
 On rotten leaves. Germany. 
 
 Zopf founded the genus Aethaliopsis on the mistaken sup- 
 position that the ellipsoid spores distinguished it at once amongst 
 the Lithodermeae. 
 
 Fuligo ochi-acea, Peck. 
 
 Sporangia variously interwoven to form a small aethalium, 
 springing from a delicate, whitish hypothallus, seated on a broad 
 or narrow base ; common cortex delicate, covered at first with 
 
Fuligo. 343 
 
 rminded or irregidarly hranched or sinuous, minute ochraceous 
 imtchcs of lime ; capillitium well developed, extending uniformly 
 throughout the aethalium; nodes rather large, more or less 
 elliptical, furnished with irregularly hranched arms, filled with 
 yellowish gramdes of lime, internodes thin, irregularly anasto- 
 mosing ; spores dingy lilac, globose, smooth, or sometimes with 
 indications of minute warts, 7 — 10 ix diameter. 
 
 Fuligo ochracca, Peck, 31st Report of State Mus., N. York, 
 p. 56; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1231. 
 
 Zicea ochracca, Peck. 
 
 On various living and dead plants. United States; Cuba; 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Aethalia reaching up to 1 cm. diameter, usually smaller. 
 Very close to Fidigo varians, if indeed distinct. The present 
 species is in Berkeley's Herbarium from Cuba and Venezuela, 
 marked " Aethalium indchrum, B. and C," but I am not aware 
 of any published description. 
 
 Fuligo simulans, Karst. 
 
 Very similar to' ecorticate forms of Fuligo varians, but the 
 spores are darker, blackish-violet or almost black, and larger, 
 9 — 16 ju., generally 10 /x diameter. 
 
 Fuligo simulans, Karsten, Myc. Fenn., part IV., p. 108 ; Sacc, 
 Syll., vii., 1, n. 1230. 
 
 Yellow. On leaves of Vaccininm vitis-idaca, either unequally 
 effused or surrounding the living stems and twigs. Finland. 
 
 Raciborski says in Hedwigia, 1887, p. Ill, that the present 
 species is the same as Fuligo varians, but he does not state that 
 the examination of an authentic specimen has enabled him to 
 arrive at that conclusion, hence the statement must be accepted 
 as an opinion only. 
 
 Fuligo tatrica, Racib. 
 
 Aethalium and capillitium very similar to Fuligo varians, 
 spures obscure violet, minutely warted, 8 — 10 // diameter. 
 
344 A MonograpJi of the Myxogastves. 
 
 Faligo tatrka, Raciborski, in Heclwigia, 1885, p. 10!); Sacc, 
 SylL, vii., 1, n. 1229. 
 
 On fallen trunks. Hungary. 
 
 Crateriachea, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia irregularly ruptured during dehiscence, lower 
 portion persistent, margin lacerated. Columella central, cylin- 
 drical, containing lime. Threads of the capillitium delicate, 
 combined to form a network, nodes not usually developed, here 
 and there inflated and containing granules of lime, meshes of 
 the network becoming smaller towards the periphery, termin- 
 ating in short arms that are attached to the wall. 
 
 CrateriacJica , Rost., Mon., p. 125; Sacc, Syll, vol. vii., part I., 
 p. 858 ; Cooke, Brit. Myx., p. 20. 
 
 Apparently intermediate in some respects between the Litho- 
 dermcac and the Columcllifcrae, departing from the former in 
 the paucity of lime and the thin tubes of the capillitium, form- 
 ing a network which originates from the elongated columella, 
 but differing from the latter in the tendency to form nodes 
 containing lime not being yet obliterated. Distinct from 
 Gratcrium in the distinct columella and rudimentary nodes of 
 the capillitium. 
 
 Distrib. Germany. Species 1. 
 
 Crateriachea mutabilis, Rost. 
 
 Sporangia cylindrical, attenuated below, then expanding into 
 a discoid hypothallus, every part reddish-brown ; spores dingy 
 violet, globose, 8—10 ix diameter, strongly loartcd. 
 
 Crateriachea inutahilis, Rost., Mon., p. 126, figs. 102, 103; 
 Cooke, Myx. Brit., figs. 102, 103; Sacc, Syll., vii., 1, n. 1243. 
 
 On wood. Germany. 
 
 Sporangia i — f mm. high, sometimes slightly curved. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. 
 
 PLATE 1. 
 
 Fig. 1. THbulina cylindrica, Bull. Portion of an aethalinm broken to show 
 the arrangement of the component sporangia ; nat. size. 
 
 „ 2. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 2rt. Diagrammatic view of a sporangium of same, showing the imper- 
 forate wall, the sporangia are usually hexagonal from mutual 
 pressure, and the free apical portion convex. 
 
 „ 3. THhulina Jlexuosa, Mass., plasmodiocarp sporangia, x 40. 
 
 „ 4. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 5. Ti(bvlina effnaa, Mass. Aethalium cut to show section ; nat. size. 
 
 „ 6. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 7. Trichia fragilu, Rost., a. ge'unina, showing single sporangium ami 
 fasciculate or aethalioid form springing from the same hypo- 
 thallus, hence from tlie same plasmodium, x 40. 
 
 „ 8. Var. serotina, of same, x 40. 
 
 „ 9. Elater of same, x 500. 
 
 „ 10. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 11. Cribrariaintricata,SchTa,d. Sporangium showing stem, o ; passing 
 into a thin hypothallus, b ; calyculus or lower persistent portion 
 of sporangium, c ; and the permanent upper portion of tlie 
 sporangium, consisting of numerous nodes or irregularly angular 
 portions tilled with coloured granules of lime, and connected by 
 long, thin internodes ; the spores have been blown away, x 250. 
 
 „ 12. Unnamed species. Group of sporangia, one of which is ruptured 
 above and showing the pale yellow spore-mass, x 40. 
 
 „ 13. Spores and portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 14. Eideridinm olivaceiun, Ehr. Aethalium ; nat. size. 
 
 „ 15. Fragment of sporangial walls of same, showing perforations, x 350. 
 
 „ 16. Spore-cluster of same, x 500. 
 
 „ 17. Single spore of same with the convex free portion (when in the 
 cluster) warted, x 1200. 
 
 „ 18. Diagrammatic representation of a sporangium of same showing the 
 perforated lateral wall. 
 
 „ 19. Tilmadoche mdann, Rost. Single sporangium, x 50. 
 
 „ 20. Spores and portion of capillitium showing the small, elliptical 
 swellings containing lime, a, x 350. 
 
 „ 21. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
346 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Fig. 22. Physarum concinniim, Mass. Two sporangia seated on the leaf of 
 a moss, X 40. 
 
 „ 23. Spores and portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 24. Spore of same, x 1 200. 
 
 „ 25. Clathroptychium rugulosinn, Rost. Aetlialium -with a portion 
 removed to show the bright yellow spore-mass ; nat. size. 
 
 „ 26. Upper part of a sporangium showing the permanent, convex, 
 apical portion, b ; with its six descending threads, a ; corre- 
 sponding to the permanent angles of the lateral wall of the 
 sporangium, x 350. 
 
 „ 27. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 ,, 28. Diagrammatic representation of a sporangium of same, showing 
 tiie perforations in the lateral wall, which is reduced to the 
 angles. 
 
 PLATE 2. 
 
 Fig. 29. Didymium farinaceuiri, Schrad., plant, x 40. 
 
 30. Section of same, showing the columella, x 40. 
 
 31. Portion of same, showing the capillitium radiating from the colu- 
 mella, rt, to the wall of the sporangium, b, x 350. 
 
 32. Portion of inner wall of sporangium passing over the colu- 
 mella, showing rib-like thickenings arranged in a reticulated 
 manner, x 350. 
 
 33. Spores, x 350. 
 
 34. Portion of a spore, x 1200. 
 
 35. Crj'stals of lime from wall of sporangium, x 350. 
 
 36. Chondrioderma difforme, Rost., plant, x 40. 
 
 37. Section of same showing the outer calcareous wall, a, separated 
 from the thin inner wall, b, by a space containing air, c, x 40. 
 
 38. Threads of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 39. Lejndoderma fnlmim, Mass., plants, x 40. 
 
 40. Spores of same, x 350. 
 
 41. Lepidoderma tigrvuvm, Rost., plant, x 40. 
 
 42. Section of same, showing columella, x 40. 
 
 43. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 44. Didyminm microcarjia, 'Rost., a. nigripes ; plants, x 40. 
 
 45. Spores of same,— 350 ; a portion of a spore, x 1220. 
 
 46. Didymium sqnamnlomm, Fr., a. genuinnm ; plant, x 40. 
 
 47. Section of same, showing columella, x 40. 
 
 48. Spores of same, — 350 ; portion of a spore, x 1200. 
 
 49. Didymium sqnamulosum, Fr., var. codatnm, Mass., plant, x 40. 
 
 50. Didymium squamulosnm, var. virginenm. INlass., plants, x 40. 
 
 51. Section of same to show columella, x 40. 
 
 52. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, . . 350 ; a portion of a 
 spore, X 1200. 
 
DescrijJtion of the Figures. 347 
 
 Fig. 53. Didymium chmiis, Eost., plants, x 40. 
 
 54. Purticm of capillitiuiii and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 55. Didymium serj)ida, Ft., plants, x 40. 
 
 56. Portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
 57. Spores of same, x 350 ; a portion of a spore, x 1200. 
 
 58. Chondrioderma Jloriforme, Rost., plants ; «, before dehiscence ; 6, 
 after dehiscence, x 40. 
 
 59. Spores of same, x 350; portion of a spore, x 1200. 
 
 PLATE 3. 
 
 Fig. 60. Physarum leiwopiis, Host., plants, x 40. 
 
 61. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 62. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 63. Physarum lencophaeum, Fr., plants, x 40. 
 
 64. Portion of sporangial wall of same, showing innate patches of 
 lime, X 200. 
 
 65. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 66. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 67. Hybrid between Physarum levcopus and Phiisarum leucoijhaeum, 
 X 40. 
 
 68. Physarum grannlatum, Balf., fil., plant, x 40. 
 
 69. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 70. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 71. Physarum cinereum, Rost., plants, x 40. 
 
 72. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 73. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 74. Badhamia panicea, Rost., plants, x 3, 
 
 75. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 76. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 77. Physarum Phillipsii, Balf., fil., plants, x 40. 
 
 78. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 79. Badhamia macrocarpa, Rost., var. sessilis, Rost., plants, x 40. 
 
 80. Portion of capillitium and spore of same, x 350. 
 
 81. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 82. Physarum didcrmoides, Rost., plants, x 40. 
 
 83. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 84. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 85. Badhamia fnsea, Mass., plants, x 40. 
 
 86. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 87. Chnndrioderma Oerstedii, Rost., plants, x 40 ; a, Ijcfore, c, after 
 dehiscence. 
 
 88. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
348 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 PLATE 4. 
 
 Fig. 89. Choixdriodei-ma niveum, Rost., plants, x 40. 
 „ 90. Ghondrioderma Trevelyani, Rost., plants, x 30. 
 „ 91. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 92. Chondriudernui radiatum, Rost, plants, x 40. 
 „ 9.3. DidymiuTni tussilaginu, Mass., plants, x 40. 
 „ 94. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 400. 
 „ 95. Swollen angles of capillitium of same, showing crystals of lime, 
 
 X 1200. 
 „ 96. Physarum lencophcieum, var. violascens, Rost., plants, x 40. 
 „ 97. Didymium Listeri, Mass., plants ; nat. size. 
 „ 98. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 400. 
 „ 99. Section of same, x 40. 
 „ 100. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 101. Crystals of lime from wall of sporangium of same, x 400. 
 „ 102. Didymium duhium, Rost., portion of capillitium, x 400. 
 „ 103. Cribraria rvfa, Rest., plant after the spores have been blown 
 
 away, x 80. 
 „ 104. Oribraria anrcmtiaca, Schrad., plant after the spores have been 
 
 blown away, x 80. 
 „ 105. Cribraria argillacea, Pers., plants, x 40. 
 
 „ 106. Portion of inner permanent wall of sporangium of same, x 400. 
 ;„ 107. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 ,, 10b. Spore of Etderidium Bozeanuin, Wing., x 1200. 
 „ 109. Cribraria j^^i^'P^^ref^, Schrad., portion of permanent wall of 
 
 sporangium, x 400. 
 „ 110. Cribraria macrocarpa, Schrad., x 80. 
 „ 111. Siphoptychinm Casparyi, Rost, showing the prismatic sporangia 
 
 with slightly convex apices, some have the lateral wall removed 
 
 showing the long, slender, central columella with its lateral 
 
 branches, x 60, 
 „ 112. Steinonitiii dictyospura, 'Rost,, s'poTe, X 1200. 
 „ 113. J.rci/rm/i«Zt3inea, Mass., portion of capillitium, x 750. 
 
 PLATE 5. 
 
 Fig. 114. Ferlchaena corticalis, Mass., sporangia of pale form, x 40. 
 
 „ 115. Sporangium of dark form of same, x 40. 
 
 „ 116. Spores and portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 117. Spore and portion of capillitium of same, X 1200. 
 
 „ 118. Peric/ioena dfjjressa. Lib., sporangia showing dehiscent lid, X 40. 
 
 „ 119. Sporangia of same, seen from above, x 40. 
 
 „ 120. Spores and porti(_)n of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
Description of the Figures. 349 
 
 121. Lycngala epidendrnm, Bux. ; nat. size. 
 
 122. Spore and portion of capillitinm of same, x 1200. 
 
 123. Lycoijala flavo'/imca, Rost. ; nat. size. 
 
 124. Arcyria clavata, Mass., base of sporaii^nnni and siPin, slioM-in^' 
 
 tlie latter filled with large cells which become smaller upwards 
 and pass gradually into normal spores, x 100. 
 
 125. Sporangia of same, x 40. 
 
 126. Spores and portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
 127. Prototrichia ciiprea, Mass., sporangia, x 40. 
 
 128. Spores and branched elater of same, x 350. 
 
 129. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 130. Prototrichia flaf/ellifer, Rost., sporangium split open showing the 
 
 flesh-coloured mass of spores, x 40. 
 
 131. Spores and branched elater of same, x 350. 
 
 132. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 133. Didydium cernmcm, Mass., sporangium, after the spores have 
 
 been blown away, showing the calyculus or persistent basal 
 portion of the sporungial wall, a ; the persistent latticed por- 
 tion of the remainder of the sporangial wall, b ; and the 
 shrivelled apical portion of the stem, x 100. 
 
 134. Cribraria macrocarpa (Schrad.), R., sporangia showing at a the 
 
 original continuous sporangial wall ; at b the external porti(jn 
 of the wall has fallen away, leaving only the thickened per- 
 sistent portion, the spores have been blown away, x 40. 
 
 135. Portion of permanent network of the sporangial wall of same, 
 
 showing the nodes, a, filled with granules of lime, connected 
 by the thin, elongated intemodes, 6, destitute of lime, x 350. 
 
 136. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 137. Arcyria cinerea, Mass., sporangia, x 40. 
 
 138. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 139. Portion of capillitium, x 1200. 
 
 140. Arcyria nutans, Rost., sporangia a, before, b, after dehiscence ; 
 
 c, the long, elastic capillitium, x 50. 
 
 141. Portion of capillitium of same, x 1200. 
 
 142. Tricliia advenida, Mass., group of sporangia, x 40. 
 
 143. Spores and portion of an elater of same, showing the smooth, 
 
 long apiculus and interstitial swelling, x 350. 
 
 144. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 PLATE 6. 
 
 Fig. 145. Lamproderma arcyrioides, Rost., plants, x 40. 
 „ 146. The same after the sporangial wall and mass of spores have 
 fallen away, showing a, base of wall of sporangium ; ^, colu- 
 mella ; c, capillitium ; d, stem, passing into the hypothallus,e, 
 X 100. 
 
350 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Fig. 147. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 „ 148. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 „ 149. Lamproderma iriclea, Cooke, plants, x 40. 
 „ 150. Spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 151. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 „ 152. Lamproderma viola^ea, Rost., plants, x 40. 
 „ 153. Portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 „ 154. Spores of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 155. Stemonitis fusca, Eost., group of plants ; nat. size. 
 „ 156. Single plant of same with the sporangial wall and spores blown 
 
 away, showing the dense capillitium, x 100. 
 „ 157. Portion of capillitium and spores of same ; a, part of columella ; 
 
 b, main brunches of capillitium originating from tlie columella, 
 
 whicli branch and anastomose irregularly, the meshes becoming 
 
 small towards the periphery, x 350. 
 „ 158. Stemonitis Carlylei, Mass., group of plants, x 10. 
 „ 159. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 „ 160. Stemonitis ferrwjinea, Ehr., plants, x 8. 
 „ 161. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 „ 162. Stemonitis fusca, R., var. a. ; plants, x 6. 
 „ 163. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 „ 164. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 „ 165. Diachaea leucopoda, Rost., plant, x 25. 
 „ 166, Spores of same, x 350 ; one spore, x 1200. 
 
 PLATE 7. 
 
 Fig. 167. Dldymium sinapinum, Mass., plants, x 40. 
 
 168. Spores of same, x 350 ; a portion of one x 1200. 
 
 169. Tricliia varia, var. 7iigripes, Rost., plants, x 40 ; a, before 
 dehiscence ; b, after dehiscence. 
 
 170. Trichia varia, var. genuina, Rost., plants, x 40. 
 
 171. Spores of same, x 350. 
 
 172. Portion of spore and tip of elater of same, x 1200. 
 
 173. Trichia Carlylei, Mass., plants, x 40. 
 
 174. Spores and an elater of same, x 350. 
 
 175. Portion of sporangial wall of same, seen from the inside, showing 
 the purple masses of organic matter, x 350. 
 
 176. Badhamia nitens, Berk., plants, x 40. 
 
 177. Spores of same ; a, in clusters ; b, detached, x 350. 
 
 178. Single spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 179. Portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
 180. Trichia intermedia, Mass., plants, x 40. 
 
Description of the Figures. 351 
 
 Fio. 181. Two spores of same, showinj^ tlie extreme variations of inarkin<,'s ; 
 
 a, having the bands all united to form a network ; 6, having 
 
 the bands not at all combined, x 1200. 
 „ 182. Portion of an elater of same, x 1200. 
 „ 183. Trichia pmynrascens, Nyl., plants, x 40. 
 „ 184. Spores and elaters of same, x 350 ; portion of a spore, x 1200. 
 „ 185. Oligonema Broornei, Mass., plants, x 40. 
 „ 186. Spores and elater of same, x 350. 
 „ 187. Leocarpns fragilis, Rost., plants, x 25. 
 „ 188. Pale-coloured form of same, x 25. 
 „ 189. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350 ; portion of a 
 
 spore, X 1200. 
 „ 190. Fnlujo varians, Rost., a small specimen ; nat. size. 
 „ 191. Section of same ; nat. size. 
 
 „ 192. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 „ 193. Oligonema liitois, Host., <^TOu^ oi 'pl&nts, x 40. 
 „ 194. Portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 „ 195. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 PLATE 8. 
 
 . 196. Physani/m tenerum, Rex., x 100. 
 197. Ophiotheca Wrightii, Berk, and Curtis ; portion of capillitium 
 
 thread, x 1200. 
 19«. Ophiotheca vermicnlaris, Mass., portion of capillitium thread, 
 X 1230. 
 198a. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 199. Ophiotheca reticulata, Mass., group of specimens showing various 
 
 forms of the venulose plasmodiocarp, x 50. 
 
 200. Portion of same showing the numerous free arms, o, a, of the 
 
 capillitium, and the attachment of the latter to the wall of the 
 sporangium, 6, x 600. 
 
 201. Orc^della operculata, Wingate ; two entire specimens ; a, the 
 
 deciduous operculum, x 100. 
 
 202. Lamproderma Listen, Mass. , showing a specimen after the dis- 
 
 appearance of the sporangial wall, and the dispersion of the 
 spores ; a, stem, passing into the hypothallus, b ; c, remains of 
 the wall of the sporangium, which forms a frill round the apex 
 of the stem ; d, columella, which in the present specimen is 
 expanded in an irregularly discoid manner at the apex ; e, 
 threads of the capillitium which originate from the discoid 
 apex of the columella, x 400. 
 
 203. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 204. Lachnobolxs gJobos)is, Schweinitz. A specimen growing on a 
 
 spine of the involucre of the sweet chestnut ; o, the basal per- 
 manent portion of the sporangium, x 100. 
 
352 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 Fio. 205. Hcterotrichia Gabriellae, Mass., two entire specimens : a, before, 
 b, after (ieliiscence,^ and showing the protruded capillitiiim, 
 X 80. 
 
 „ 206. Spores and portion of capillitiura of same ; a, thin inner portion 
 of capillitium without free ends ; b, thick, peripheral portion 
 of capillitium with numerous, pointed, free ends, x 500. 
 
 „ 207. Dklymimn ^teglednm, Mass., section of sporan^dum ; a, colu- 
 mella ; b, wall of sporangium covered externally with minute 
 granules of lime ; c, threads of capillitium, x 200. 
 
 „ 208. Dldymmm australis, Mass., single specimen showing the shallow 
 umbilicus on the under surface of the sporangium, x 100. 
 
 „ 209, Echinostellnni minutmn, Rost., portion of capillitium. (After 
 Rostatinski.) 
 
 ,, 210. Physarum conglomeratnm, Fries, a group of specimens seen from 
 above, x 100. (Drawn from a specimen named by Fries.) 
 
 ,, 211. Section of a sporangium of same, X 150. 
 
 „ 212. Spores and a portion of the capillitium of the same, x 400. 
 
 PLATE 9. 
 
 FlQ. 213. Crateriimi cylindricnm, Mass., x 100. 
 
 214. PInjsmmm ellipsospurum, Rost., spore, x 1200. 
 
 215. Physarum flavnm, Fries, entire specimen, x 100 (figured from 
 specimen by Fries). 
 
 216. Gwndrioderma virginea, Mass., two specimens showing the 
 smooth wall and irregular mode of dehiscence, x 80. 
 
 217. Clusters of the same growing on a dead leaf ; nat. size. 
 
 218. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 219. Section of a sporangium of same, showing columella and capil- 
 litium, X 100. 
 
 220. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 400. 
 
 221. Physarum brunneolnm, Phil., two entire specimens ; a, before, 
 b, after dehiscence, x 100. 
 
 222. Section of same, showing the very numerous, large nodes of the 
 capillitium, x 300. 
 
 223. Lejyidoderma stellafa, Mass., young specimen, showing the origin- 
 ally continuous white crust of bicarbonate lime just beginning 
 to break up into large, detached, persistent patches, x 150. 
 
 224. Two specimens of same ; a, before, b, after dehiscence, which 
 takes place in a stellate manner from the apex, x 150. 
 
 225. Section of same, showing tbe columella and capillitium, x 150. 
 
 226. Didymium longlpes, Mass., three specimens, showing irregular 
 mode of dehiscence ; a, hypothallus, x lOO. 
 
 227. Didymium proximum, Berk, and Curt., specimens growing on 
 dead grass ; nat. size. 
 
 228. Two specimens of same ; a, showing the elongated columella, 
 which is very brittle and easily broken olf, x 100. 
 
Description of the Figures. 353 
 
 Fic. 229. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 400. (All tlie 
 figures are drawn from the type specimen in Herb. Berk., 
 Kew, n. 10,760.) 
 
 „ 230. Lepidoderma reticnlatnm, Mass., two specimens, showing variety 
 of form assumed by the plasmodiocarp, x 100. 
 
 „ 231. Physarnm ttcijphoides, Cooke and Balfour, three specimens ; a, 
 after dehiscence, showing the columella ; h, showing the irregu- 
 larly circumscissile mode of dehiscence, x 100. 
 
 „ 232. Dldyminm fnlvellum, Mass., single specimen showing the frosting 
 of lime partially removed from the sporangium, x 200. 
 233. Tfirh id svprrba, Mass., spore showing the raised. Hat bands com- 
 bined to form a nearly polygonal network ; the flat surface 
 of the flat raised band is ornamented with a row of minute 
 depressions, x 1200. 
 
 „ 234. P%,«(r«»i iZttwweZn, Mass., single specimen, X 100. 
 
 „ 235. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 400. 
 
 PLATE 10. 
 
 Fig. 230. Tilmadoche mntabllis, me. a/uvo/Y/V/crt, Rost., plant, x 40. 
 
 „ 237. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 238. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 239. TUmadoche mutahilis, var. Intea, Rost, plants, x 40. 
 
 „ 240. Physarum Carhjlei, Mass., plant, x 40. 
 
 „ 241. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 242. Arcymi puiiicea, Rost., plants, x 40. 
 
 „ 243. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 244. Portion of capillitium of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 245. Chondnoderma CarniichaeUana, Mass., plants, x 40. 
 
 „ 246. Section of same, x 40. 
 
 „ 247. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 248. Arcyria cinerea, Mass., plant, x 40. 
 
 „ 249. Spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 250. Arcyria fi(rru<jinca, Sauter., plants, showing the various forms of 
 
 sporangium ; in a, the sporangium has been ruptured by the 
 
 elastic capillitium, b, x 40. 
 
 „ 251, Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 252. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 253. Portion of capillitium thread of same, x 1200, 
 
 „ 254. Brefeldia maxima, Rost., plant ; nat. size. 
 
 „ 255. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 256. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 257. Cratcrinin aHronn, Rost., plant, x 40, 
 
 „ 258. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 259. Spore of .same, x 1200. 
 
 AA 
 
354 A JSFoiK^graph of the Miijcoriastrea. 
 
 Fk;. 260. Craterium aureum, Rost., plant, x 40. 
 
 „ 261. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 262. Arcyvla rnbiforrnis, Rost., a, the stipitate, fasciculate form ; h, 
 sessile form ; in c, the sporangium has dehisced in a circuni- 
 scissile manner, the apical portion, d, being carried np by the 
 elastic capillitium, e, x 40. 
 
 „ 263. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 264. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 ,, 265. Craterium Friedi, Rest., x 40. 
 
 PLATE 11. 
 
 Fk;. 266. CeiuJcowskla wticnlata, Rost., specimen, x 40. 
 „ 267. Spore-s and portion of capillitium of same, showing the free, 
 
 curved, pointed tips, a, a, x 400. 
 „ 268. Arcyria chrysosjmra, Mass., spore, x 1200. 
 „ 269. Free apex of thread of capillitium, x 1200. 
 „ 270. Arcyria Buchudli, Mass., tip of elater, x 1200. 
 „ 271. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 272. ^?r?/?-m^x/?-ocZo^a, Mass., portion of an elater, X 1200. 
 „ 273. Arcyria serpula, specimen, x 40. 
 „ 274. Tip of elater of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 274a. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 275. Physarimi cerehriimm, Mass., specimen, x 40. 
 
 „ 276. Physarnm contextuin, specimen, x 40. 
 
 „ 277. Spores and portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
 ., 278. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 279. Physarnm virescens, sessile form, x 40. 
 „ 280. Stipitate form of same, x 40. 
 
 „ 281. Aethalioid form of same, x 2. 
 
 „ 282. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 283. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 284. Physarnm conylomeratnm, Fries, group of sporangia, x 40. 
 
 „ 285. Spores and portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
 ,, 286. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 287. Physarnm Schitmacheri, plants in different stages of development, 
 
 tJie one to the left %yith the sporangium broken away and 
 
 showing the columella, x 40. 
 
 „ 288. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 ,, 289. Crateritim confnsnm, Mass., group of sporangia, x 40. 
 
 PLATE 12. 
 
 Fig. 290. Pltysanim psUtacrnum, 1)111111, x 40. 
 „ 291, Spores and portion of capillitium of same, x 350. 
 
Desci'iptio?i of the Figures. 355 
 
 Fig. 292. Physamm sinvmum, entire plants after dehiscence, x 40. 
 
 „ 293. Section of same, x 50. 
 
 ,, 294. Badhann'ia macrocarpa, sessile scattered form, x 50. 
 
 „ 295. Stipitate form of same, x 50. 
 
 „ 296. Spores and portion of capillitiuni attached to sporangial wall of 
 same, x 350. 
 
 „ 297. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 298. Craterium leucocephalum, specimens showing the varioaxs stages 
 of dehiscence, x 50. 
 
 „ 299. Vertical medium section of same showing the irregular columella, 
 dense capillitium, and perforations in the wall, a, x 100. 
 
 „ 300. Portion of wall of sporangium of same, seen from the inside, 
 showing the general crust of lime in the form of very minute 
 granules, the circular discs of organic matter, a, and the 
 cavities from which the discs have been removed, b, x 400. 
 
 „ 301 . One of the discs of organic matter removed from wall of same, 
 X 400. 
 
 „ 302. Enerthenema elegans, specimen from which the wall of the spor- 
 angium has been removed and the spores blown away, showing 
 the thin columella with its apical disc-like portion from which 
 the capillitium originates, a fragment of the basal portion of 
 sporangial wall still adhering to the stem is marked, a, x 50. 
 
 „ 303. Portion of capillitium and spores of same, x 350. 
 
 „ 304. Spore and portion of capillitium of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 305. Craterium dictijospermnm, x 50. 
 
 „ 306. Median vertical section of same, showing the columella and 
 capillitium, x 100. 
 
 „ 307. Crateri>mi Ulaciiwm, x 50. 
 
 „ .308. Spore of same x 1200. 
 
 „ 309. Oraterinm rnhiginosiim, x 50. 
 
 „ 310. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 ,, 311. Retimlaria lycoperdon, a. castaiieu.ni ; nat. size. 
 
 „ 312. Spore of same, x 1200. 
 
 „ 313. Clwndriodcrma Michelii, a, hypothallus, x 50. 
 
GENERA AND SPECIES EXCLUDED. 
 
 Endocalyx, B. and Br., belongs to the Fungi. 
 
 Reticularia affinis, B. and C, -\ 
 
 „ atro-rufa, B. and C, - = Trichospormm Curtisii, 
 
 „ venulosa, B. and C, i ^''''■' ^^'''''- ^^^^^ ^^^^- 
 
 ^ . . , , ^ 1 r Trichosporium phyrrho- 
 
 Reticiilariapliyrrliospora,Berk.J ^^^^.^^^ ^^^^^^ j^^^.^ 
 
 „ rubra, Ayres. ( ^^^^^ ^gg^ 
 
 {Trichosporium apio- 
 = sporium, Mass., Journ. 
 Myc, 1889. 
 Badhamia fulvescens, Cke,, is probably a member of the 
 Ferisjjoriaceae. 
 
 Didymium bulbillosum, Br. and Br., = minute galls on a leaf, 
 as proved by examination of type. 
 
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Bibliv(jv(ip}nj. 357 
 
 Brefeld; Didyostelmm'mucoroidt's ; Abhandl. Jer Senk. Nat. 
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 Brunchorst, T. ; Sjion.fpsjwra Solani (a new Myxomycete 
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 Myxomyceten ; Hedw., 1887, p. 100. 
 
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INDEX OF GENERA. 
 
 Bynomjms arc printed in Italics. 
 
 Alv-Lsia, B. and Br., 126. 
 Amaurochaete, Rost., 89. 
 Ancyrophorus, Raiuik., 107. 
 Arcyria, Hill., 141. 
 
 Badhamia, Berk., 316. 
 Brefeldia, Rost., 90. 
 
 Chondrioderma, Rost., 197. 
 Chromdsjinrhnii, Sacc, 93. 
 Cienkowskia, Rost., 336. 
 Clathroptychium, Rost., 50. 
 Omiidrirhd, Preuss., 72. 
 Conntria, Rost., 126, 130. 
 Crateriachea, Rost., 344. 
 Craterium, Toent., 262. 
 Cribraria, Pers., 54. 
 
 Dcnnodlnm, Rost., 120. 
 Diachaea, Fries., 258. 
 Dictydium, Sclirad., 67. 
 Didymium, Schrad., 218. 
 
 Echinostelium, De Bary, 108. 
 Enerthenema, Bowin., 104. 
 Enteridium, Rost., 44. 
 
 Fuligo, Rost., 339. 
 
 Hernia rcyria, Rost., 141. 
 Hetcrodictiion, Rost., 54. 
 Heterotrichia, Mass., 139. 
 
 Lachnobolus, Fries., 136. 
 Lamproderma, Rost., 94. 
 Iieocarpus, Rost., 337. 
 Lepidodex-ma, De Bary, 251. 
 Licea, Schrad., 35. 
 Lindbladia, Fries, 35. 
 Lycogala, Midi., 119. 
 Lycojjcrdon, Bux., 120. 
 
 Oligonema, Rost., 169. 
 Ophiotheca, Curr., 130. 
 Orcadella, Wiii!^., 48. 
 Orthotrichia, Wing., 109. 
 
 Perichaena, Fries., 113, 130. 
 Physaruni, Pers., 273. 
 Frotuderma, Rost., 43. 
 Protodermium, Ro.st., 43. 
 Prototrichia, Rost., 126. 
 
 Raciborskia, Berl, 108. 
 Reticvilaria, Bull., 92. 
 Rostafinskia, Speg., 91, 108. 
 
 Siplioptycbium, Rost., 88. 
 Spumaria, Pers., 256, 
 Stemonitis, Gled., 72. 
 
 Tilmadoche, Rost., 327. 
 Trichia, Haller., 126, 173. 
 Tubulina, Pers., 35. 
 
INDEX OF SPECIES. 
 
 ASynonyms arc in roinan ty]_)C. 
 
 Ahrupta (Trich.) 187. 
 acmnliKifa (Stem.) 78. 
 Adnata (Arcy.) 145. 
 advennla (Trich.) 181. 
 aeneuin (Olig.) 172. 
 o^ne (Phys.) 283. 
 affi,)ie (Chon.) 210. 
 njjiue (Didy.) 222. 
 affinis (Coma.) 77. 
 oijinh (Arcy.) 157. 
 dfiinis (Trich.) 194. 
 affinis (Stem.) 77. 
 alha (Spurn.) 256. 
 albescens (Chon.) 209. 
 albescens (Dider.) 209. 
 Albicans (Fhjs.) 312.^ 
 Alexandrowiczii (Chon.) 212. 
 AlexcuKlroroic'di (Badh.) 324. 
 AlexandrovAczii (Didy.) 232. 
 angnlatmn (Didy.) 249. 
 anomala (Tilm.) 333. 
 anomala (Ophi.) 135. 
 anomala (Trich.) 135. 
 anomala (Corn.) 135. 
 anumalnm (Didy.) 245. 
 anomalum (Chon.) 245. 
 antiades (Trich.) 314. 
 antiades (Sphaer.) 314. 
 antiades (Pliys.) 313. 
 applanata (Retic.) 45. 
 applanata (Peri.) 116. 
 applanata (Hemi.) 117. 
 arojrclla (Lach.) 138. 
 arcyrioides (Lamp.) 95. 
 arcyrioides (Lamp.) 102. 
 arcyrioncma (Lamp.) 96. 
 aiijillacca (Crib.) 65. 
 argillacea (Crib.) 37. 
 
 artocreas (Peri.) 135. 
 atra (Stem.) 78. 
 cdra (Amaur.) 89. 
 atropurpureum (Lyco.) 121. 
 atroruhrum (Phys.) 294. 
 atrum (Phys.) 314, 315. 
 aurantiaca (Arcy.) 155. 
 avrantiaca (Crib.) 57. 
 anreum (Crat.) 269. 
 australe (Steg.) 119. 
 australis (Rost.) 92. 
 austrulis (Didy.) 237, 
 aiistralis (Peri.) 119. 
 
 Balfouri (Trich.) 186. 
 Barteri (Didy.) 231. 
 Bauerlinii (Stem.) 79. 
 Bavarica (Olig.) 170. 
 Bavarica (a) 170. 
 Berkeleyana (Ener.) 106. 
 Berkeleycumm (Clion.) 214. 
 Berkeley i (Phvs.) 285. 
 Berkeleyi (Pliys.) 242. 
 Berkeley i (Clat.) 53. 
 Berkeleyi (Tilm.) 332. 
 bicolor (Arcy.) 153. 
 bieniasdi (Crib.) 60. 
 bieniaszii (Heter.) 61. 
 bornharda (Proto.) 128. 
 Bonarioisis (Arcy.) 157. 
 botryoides (Didy.) 229. 
 botrytis (Trich.) 176. 
 Braunianum. (Phys.) 30S. 
 brevijilmn (Olig.) 173. 
 Broomef (Olig.) 172, 
 brunuea (Tubu.) 42. 
 brunnea (Licea) 42. 
 brunncolum (Phys.) 280. 
 
362 
 
 A Monograph of the Mi/jeogastres. 
 
 brunneolum (Dider.) 281. 
 BucknaUi (Arey.) 161. 
 Buckmilli (Heuii.) 161. 
 
 caespitosa (Tiibu.) 43. 
 cafspitosum (Pliys.) 43, 311. 
 cdlcarenm (Clion.) 218. 
 calyndata (Arcy.) 162. 
 calyculata (Hemi.) 162. 
 candidum (Pliys.j 286. 
 cnnojiavescens (Ophi.) 134. 
 Capoise (Phys.) \309. 
 capsulifera (Badli.) 319. 
 Cdfcstidnuin (Lepi.) 255. 
 Cdrr.stiaiia (Rcti.) 255. 
 Varhjlmna (Tricli.) 174. 
 Carlylei (Pliys.) 293. 
 Carlylei (Stem.) 84. 
 CarmdchaeUanum (Chon.) 202. 
 Carmicliaelianum (Dider.) 202. 
 Caspnvfii (Siph.) 89. 
 C'(viprs\Ti\m.) 333. 
 cervhi-iinim (Fliys.) 306. 
 ccnatum (Diet.) 67. 
 ChailetUi (Lepi.) 255, 
 Chamaeleontina (Proto.) 130. 
 chondroderma (Didy.) 232. 
 chrysopeplum (Phys.) 275. 
 clirysosperma (Ophi.) 131. 
 chrysosperma (Trich.) 189. 
 chrysospora (Arcy.) 164. 
 chrysospora (Ilenii.) 164. 
 Chrxjsotricimm (Phys.) 300. 
 cinerea (Arcy.) 151. 
 cinerea (Arcy.) cribroides (Var.) 153. 
 cinereum (Phys.) 301. 
 cinereum (Phys.) 310. 
 cinereum (Phys.) 298. 
 cinnaharina (Licea) 52. 
 cinnahariu.um, (Chit.) 53. 
 clnnammnea (Arcy.) 158. 
 circinans (Lach.) 139. 
 ciicumscissa (Corn.) 131. 
 rirriim.scissa (Ophi.) 131. 
 cit rlnelh wi (Phys.) 278. 
 citriiium (Phys.) 275. 
 citrimun (Phys.) 278. 
 davafa (Arcy.) 165. 
 clavata (Hemi.) 166. 
 damts (Didy.) 230. 
 coaihiata (Badli.) 325. 
 cohnnhhin (Tilm.) 331. 
 cohiuil)innm (Phys.) 332. 
 culumbinum (Didy). 331. 
 
 confliiens (Coma.) 77. 
 conflnens (Didy.) 235. 
 cotijliisiis (Stem.) 77. 
 canfnsa (Peri.) 117. 
 covfnsa (Diac.) 259. 
 fonfnsnm (Crat.) 263. 
 colicmbhmin (Lamp.) 100. 
 commutable (Didy.) 229. 
 compada (Tihn). 332. 
 complanatum (Didy.) 234. 
 compresseum (Phj^s.) 286. 
 concinnum (Dider.) 308. 
 coiiciiiniim (Phys.) 308. 
 congesta (Lach.) 139. 
 congestiim (Didy.) 292. 
 conglomeratum (Phys.) 301. 
 conglomeratum (Phys.) 304. 
 conglomeratum (Dider.) 301. 
 conicum (Dermo.) 123. 
 conicum (Lyco.) 123. 
 connatum (Didy.) 251. 
 contextiim (Phys.) 303. 
 contoHa (Trich.) 182. 
 Cookei (Didy.) 245. 
 Cookei (Chon.) 245. 
 Cookei (Chon.) 207. 
 Cookei (Arcy.) 154. 
 corticaUs (Peri.) 115. 
 corfcicalis (Peri.) 135. 
 crassipes (Ancy.) 107. 
 cribrarioides (Stem.) 104. 
 cribroides (Var.) 144. 
 croceo-flavium (Didy.) 277. 
 crndacenm (Chon.) 215. 
 crustaceum (Dider.) 215. 
 crustaeeum (Didy.) 235. 
 ernstacevm (Dider.) 215. 
 cubense (Chon.) 213. 
 cuprca (Proto.) 129. 
 cup)ripeii (Phys.) 284. 
 Curtisii (Didy.) 272. 
 Gnrtmi (Crat.) 272. 
 Curtisii (Badli.) 272. 
 Curtisii (Scyp.) 272. 
 cylindrica (Tubu.) 39. 
 cylindrica (Licea) 53. 
 cylindricum (Crat.) 268. 
 
 daedaleum (Didy.) 250. 
 dealbata (Chon.) 207. 
 dealbatum (Didy.) 208. 
 Dccaisnemia (Trich.) 185, 
 decipiens (Arcy.) 158. 
 decipiens (Arcy.) 157. 
 
Index. 
 
 3G3 
 
 decipions (Badli.) 300. 
 depliiiiJituin (Clion.) 215. 
 drpirssii (Peri.) 114. 
 dldiidloidrs (Crib.) 65. 
 dictyociirpu (Corn.) 131. 
 didi/onoiia (Arcy.) 154. 
 dktuuspennvm (Crut.) 270. 
 dictyospora (Badli.) 271. 
 dictyospora (Stem.) 83. 
 diderma (Phys.) 304, 
 didcrmoidrs (Pliys.) 291. 
 diffonne (Clion.) 213. 
 dipitata (Stem.) 153. 
 dUjitata (Arcy.) 153. 
 discoideum (Didy.) 229. 
 dissllien.s (Clat.) 53, 
 dissiliens (Diet.) 54. 
 Ditmari (Pliys.) 277. 
 dubiiim (Didy.) 244. 
 dubiiim (Didy.) 246. 
 
 eehinoHpora (Didy.) 239. 
 echiniilata (Stem.) 97. 
 echinidatiim (Lamp.) 97. 
 effusa (Lind.) 41. 
 efum (Tubu.) 41. 
 cfvsum (Pliys.) 313. 
 ctf'iisntii (Didy.) 236. 
 data (Crib.) 61. 
 clecjam (Pliys.) 313. 
 elecians (Crib.) 55. 
 elegants (Euer.) 105. 
 elegans (Raci.) 108. 
 elegantissimum (Didy.) 243. 
 ele-antula (Proto.) 128. 
 eUipsospoiiim (Pliys.) 310. 
 milsi(n,<( (Lamp.) 98. 
 cpidendrum (Lyco.) 121. 
 ereda (Trich.) 184. 
 erytliriniun (Didy.) 275. 
 arythrinum (Didy.) 249. 
 exigium (Clion.) 240. 
 eximium (Didy.) 241. 
 
 Fainnani (Didy. ) 249. 
 I'allax (Licea) 47. 
 faUax (Chon.) 212. 
 fallax (Trich.) 192. 
 Famintzini (Phys.) 309. 
 farinacenm (Didy.) 219. 
 'farinaceiim (Dider.) 233. 
 fascicidafa (Padli.) 326. 
 iasciculata (/I) 163. 
 iascieulatum (f.) 230. 
 
 fasciculatum (f.) 288. 
 ferrvginea (Arcy.) 144. 
 ferriiiihwa (Stem.) 85. 
 Jimdariinii (Pliys.) 314, 
 Jhuidlifer (Proto.) 127. 
 ilagellifer (Derm.) 127. 
 lia-elliter(Tricli.) 127. 
 flagellifera (Proto.) 128. 
 flavicommn (Didy.) 242. 
 fiavicomum (Phys.) 242. 
 liavicomnm (Phys.) 285. 
 flavida (Peri.) 171. 
 flavidum (Didv.) 251, 
 flavidiim (Didy.) 251. 
 flavidum (Phy.s.) 247. 
 flavidum (Didy.) 247. 
 flavidum (Olig.) 171. 
 flavo-fnscum (Lyco.) 124. 
 flavu-virens (Phys.) 310. 
 flaviim (Phys.) 279. 
 flexuosa (Tubu.) 37. 
 flexuosa (Licea) 37. 
 floriforme (Chon.) 308, 198. 
 fluminoitiis (Stem.) 80. 
 'fragilis (Spha.) 176. 
 frag His (Trich.) 175. 
 fragilis (Trich.) 176. 
 Friesiana (Coma.) 82. 
 Friesiaiia (Stem.) 82. 
 Friesiana (Peri.) 135. 
 Friesianum (Chon.) 208. 
 Fricsii (Crat.) 266. 
 Friesii (Arcy.) 152. 
 Fvckdiana (Badh.) 321. 
 Fuckeliana (Trich.) 321. 
 Fuckdiannm (Didy.) 222, 
 Fiidielia)nim (Lamp.) 103. 
 Fnckelii (Crat.) 272. 
 fuliginea (Hemi.) 169. 
 fidiginea (Arcy.) 169. 
 fulvdla (Badh.) 326. 
 fulvellum. (Didy.) 237. 
 fidvipcs (Didy.) 248, 
 fidcmii (Lepi.) 253. 
 fumdiiw. (Olig.) 173. 
 fnsca (Stem.) 72. 
 I'usca (Stem.) 88. 
 fusca (Arcy.) 149. 
 fnsco-atra (Peri.) 115, 
 
 GahrieUae (Hetev.) 140. 
 galbcnm (Phys.) 296. 
 gcastroides (Chon.) 201. 
 geastroides (Dider.) 201. 
 
364 A Monograph of the Myxogastres. 
 
 glaucnm (Didy.) 284. 
 (jlavcnm (Phys.) 284. 
 '(llobosmn (Chon.) 206. 
 qlohofoi.^ (Lach.) 137. 
 illohidlfennn (Pliys.) 297. 
 yracih'vta (Tiliii.) 330. 
 (jmnulatvm (Phys.) 289. 
 fjranuUfcra (Badh.) 321. 
 graniiliferum (Didy.) 321. 
 Guaranitica (Tubu.) 39. 
 Guaranitica (Licea I) 39. 
 qiiroccpluila (Tilm.) 33'). 
 gyrocephaluin (Didy.) 335. 
 (ly)'Otmm (Phj's.) 307. 
 
 Hariotii (Arcv.) 155. 
 herbatica (Stem.) 87. 
 heteratricJila (Aric.) 174. 
 hians (Ailm.) 279. 
 hians (Phys.) 296. 
 Huolcri (i)iac.) 260. 
 Hookeri (Dider.) 261. 
 Hookeri (Lamp.) 261. 
 hiunile (Didy.) 248. 
 Lyalimi (Badh.) 319. 
 hypnophiliun (Didy.) 224, 
 hypiiophilum (Phys.) 314. 
 
 inaurata (Badh.) 324. 
 incamcda (Arcy.) 145. 
 incarmitus (Lach.) 139. 
 hiconspiciia (Trich.) 180. 
 imitans (Phys. ) 292. 
 inaequalis (Phys.) 300. 
 iiiermis (Arcy.) 157. 
 insignis (Arcy.) 148. 
 intermedia (Trich.) 188. 
 intricata (Arcy.) 144. 
 intricata (Crib.) 59. 
 iridescens (Lamp.) 101. 
 iridei(/m (Lamp.) 95. 
 irrecjnlaris (Badh.) 323. 
 irregidarls (Ophi.) 132. 
 irregularis (Peri.) 133. 
 irregularis (Arcj\) 146. 
 
 Jackii (Trich.) 188. 
 
 Kalhreyeri (Trich.) 191. 
 Kalrhhreiitieri (Phys.) 297. 
 A'r'r.s/r//((Arcy.) 168. 
 K!ck.rli (Trich.) 195. 
 Kxrzii (Lepi.) 255. 
 
 laciniatum (Dider.) 201, 
 lateritia (Trich.) 176. 
 laxa (Stem.) 79. 
 laxa (Coma.) 79. 
 leicorpa (Hemi.) 1G7. 
 leicorpa (Arcy.) 167, 
 leocarpoides (Corn.) 167. 
 leocarpuidi's (Arcy.) 167. 
 Leprieurii (Arcy.) 153. 
 leptotrichum (Chon.) 244. 
 leucuphaeiun (Phys.) 288. 
 leptotrichum (Didy.) 243. 
 leucucepliahini (Crat.) 267. 
 leucophaeum (Phys.), o. flexuosuni, 
 
 287. 
 leucophaeum (Phys. ) 288. 
 leucupoda (Diac.) 259. 
 leucopus (Phys.) 287. 
 leihcosporum (Lamp.) 96. 
 Leveillei (Phys.) 296. 
 liceoides (Peri.) 118. 
 Uceoides (Chon.) 215. 
 licheniformis (Spum.) 292. 
 lilacina (Badh.) 271. 
 Ulacinnm (Crat.) 271. 
 Liudheimeri (Licea) 42. 
 Lindheimeri (Tubu ) 42. 
 Lisicri (Lamp.) 97. 
 Listeri (Didy.) 244. 
 lividnm (Phys.) 304. 
 lividum (Phys.) 2S4. 
 lobatum (Didy.) 220. 
 longa (Coma.) 83. 
 lonya (Stem.) 83. 
 longipes (Didy.) 236. 
 Lorinseriana (j3.) 175. 
 lucidum (Dider.) 204. 
 lucidum (Chon.) 204. 
 luteolvm (Phys.) 309. 
 luteo-valvc (Phys.) 310. 
 Lyallii (Chon.) 201. 
 lycoperdi (Crib.) 104. 
 hjcoperdon (Retic.) 93. 
 lycopodii (Lamp.) 104. 
 
 macrocarpa (Badh.) 317. 
 macrocarpa (Cril).) 56. 
 macrocarpon (Phys.) 317. 
 nuicrosperma (Stem.) 76. 
 inacrospermum (Didy.) 228. 
 macro.'ipxiriim (Enter.) 45. 
 magna (Badh.) 319. 
 magnum (JJicty.) 319. 
 viaxima (Brei'.) 91. 
 
Index. 
 
 365 
 
 maxima (Stem.) 74. 
 mdnnopeziza (Arcy.) 162. 
 melanopeziza (Hemi.) 162. 
 mdanospom (Badh.) 325. 
 inelleum (Didy.) 278, 279. 
 melUnm (Didy.) 276, 278. 
 metallioa (Corn.) 130. 
 mdallira (Proto.) 128. 
 mutallica (Tricli.) 128. 
 inetallicum (Phys.) 130. 
 Michel a (Chon.) 204. 
 Michelii (Dider.) 205. 
 'microcarpa (Badh.) 325. 
 microcarpa (Crib.) 63. 
 microcarpa (Peri.) 117. 
 nucrocarpou (Didy.) 227. 
 micrcnirpon (Didy.) 226. 
 
 mirroaphala (Ortli.) 109. 
 
 microscop'ica (Crib.) 62. 
 
 niicrosperma (Licea) 40. 
 
 minima (Crib.) 59. 
 
 minima (Tubu.) 36. 
 
 minima (Licea) 36. 
 
 minnna (Trich.) 182. 
 
 m.iiuituna (Crat.) 272. 
 
 minuta (Tilm.) 296. 
 
 minuta (Tilm.) 279. 
 
 minutissima (Crib.) 66. 
 
 minutulum (Olig.) 171. 
 
 minutnm (Lamp.) 100. 
 
 mimUnm (Ecliin.) 109. 
 
 minutum (Lyco.) 125. 
 
 minutnm (Crat.) 264. 
 
 minntum (Crat.) 273. 
 
 mirabile (Heter.) 60. 
 
 mirahilis (Crib.) 60. 
 
 mirabilis (Phys.) 334. 
 
 Mortjaiu (Stem.) 86. 
 
 muscicolnin (Phys.) 312. 
 
 miisconiiii (Ener.) 106. 
 
 muscorum (Phys.) 307. 
 
 mutabilc (Chon.) 212. 
 mutal)ile (Crat.) 269. 
 mntabile (Crat.) 272. 
 mntubUis (Tilm.) 329. 
 
 nana (Trich.) 181. 
 nefroideiim (Phvs.) 285. 
 neglect nm (Didy.) 231. 
 neglectum (Didy.) 224. 
 nigrescens (Lamp.) 96. 
 nigrescens(Lamp.) 102. 
 nigripes (a.) 227. 
 nitcns (Badh.) 324. 
 
 nitem (Ophi.) 13,3. 
 nitens (Peri.) 133. 
 nifeus (dig.) 170. 
 nitens (Olig.) 173. 
 nilens (Trich.) 179. 
 nitidissima (Tubu.) 30. 
 nitidum (Lyco.) 122. 
 nimnm (Chon.) 206. 
 nivevm (Chon.) 207. 
 nodvlom (Badh.) 322. 
 i,o<hdusi,m (Phy.s.) 322. 
 )(,M/<ni.s (Arcy.) 150. 
 nutans (Crat.) 266. 
 mctans (Tilm.) 327. 
 
 ohlonga (Tilm.) 334. 
 oblonga (Trich.) 334. 
 obovatum (Lepi.) 254. 
 obrusseum (Didy.) 241. 
 obrusseum (Lidy.) 247. 
 ohrussenm (Didy.) 240. 
 obrusseum (Phys.) 241. 
 ochracenm (Chon.) 216. 
 ochraceum (Lyco.) 125. 
 Uerstedtii (Chon.) 203. 
 Oerstedtii (Crat.) 266. 
 Oerdedtii (Arcy.) 147. 
 oliraeenm (Enter.) 44. 
 opermlata (Orca.) 49. 
 ornatum (Phys.) 295. 
 ovispora (Badh.) 326. 
 
 papaveracea (Badh.) 323. 
 pallida (Badh.) 323. 
 2xdlida (Peri.) 118. 
 pallida (Ophi.) 136. 
 pallidum (Steg.) 119. 
 panicea (Badh.) 318. 
 paniceum (Phys.) 318. 
 pannorum (Licea) 118. 
 papillata (Ener.) 105. 
 paradoxa (Arcy.) 159. 
 paradoxa (Hemi.) 160. 
 Faraijuayense (Didy.) 250. 
 pedunculalum (Crat.) 264. 
 penetralis (Badh.) 98. 
 perreptans (Licea) 91. 
 pertnsnm (Didv.) 241. 
 Petcrsii (Phys.") 295, 287. 
 ped::oidcum (Didy.) 239. 
 Phillips;: (I'hvs.) 290. 
 ij/H/.s-( /■;<*/>/ c'.s (Chon.) 214. 
 plujsarioides (Lamp.) 103. 
 physarioides (Stem.) 96. 
 
:^6G 
 
 A Mo)iofj)'ap]i of tlie Myxogastres. 
 
 physarioiihs (Didy.) 233. 
 picemn (Pbys.) 313. 
 pirifannis (Cril).) 55. 
 platypus (Anaricus) 239. 
 2)latiipvs (Didy.) 239. 
 polyacdron (Phys.) 316. 
 po'ymorjihum (Phys.) 283. 
 polymorpliuni (Phys.) 251. 
 pomiformis (Arcy.) 151. 
 praecoM (Didy.) 223. 
 pro'ximella (Trich.) 180. 
 proximum (Didy.) 238. 
 pruinosiim (Didy.) 288. 
 pseudaecidium (Peri.) 119. 
 ■psittacumm (Phys.) 274. 
 pnlcheUa (Stem.) 86. 
 pulchella (Coma.) 86. 
 jjulcherrimnm (Phys.) 293. 
 pttlcherripes (Phys.) 315. 
 puuicm (Arcy.) 142. 
 punicea (Arcy.) 149. 
 pii/rpiirascens (Tricli.) 177. 
 purjnorea (Crib.) 57. 
 pusilla (Hemi.) 168. 
 pusilla (Arcy.) 168. 
 pusilla (Hemi.) 168. 
 pusilla (Trich.) 195. 
 pusilla (Proto.) 44. 
 pusillum (Proto.) 44. 
 2)nsUlum (Proto.) 43. 
 pusillum (Didy.) 238. 
 pyriforme (Crat.) 264. 
 
 quercina (Peri.) 115. 
 
 Eaciborsckii (Arcy.) 156. 
 radlatnm (Didy.) 229. 
 radiatmn (Chon.) 200, 202. 
 Eavenelii (Didy.) 281. 
 Ravendil (Phys.) 281. 
 Eeaderi (Phys.) 282. 
 reniformis (Trich.) 184. 
 rnuformis (Tilm.) 336. 
 reticulata (Licea) 253. 
 reticulata (Licea) 133. 
 reticulata (Ophi.) 133. 
 reticulata (Peri.) 133. 
 r('//c^'/((^M/H (Chon.) 216. 
 reticnlutuiii (Didy.) 253. 
 rrticuldtxtn (Lepi.) 252. 
 reflcidatimi (Phys.) 314. 
 robvda (Lamp.) 99. 
 roseiim (Phys.) 294. 
 liostufinsliii (Lach.) 138, 
 
 Rodajitiskii (Peri.) 117. 
 RostafinsUi (Phys.) 301. 
 Rostnijiii (Enter.) 45. 
 Rozeana (Relic.) 47. 
 ii''ovo( /(Hi, (Enter.) 47. 
 rubiformis (Arcy.) 158. 
 rnbiijinosa (Badh.) 270. 
 ntbigiuosum (Crat.) 270. 
 rnhiginosvin (Phys.) 302. 
 riibifjinosHm (Scyphium) 270. 
 nifa (Crib.) 63. 
 rufibasis (Phys.) 296. 
 rvjibasis (Phys.) 279. 
 rufipes (jS ) 227. 
 
 rnfo-cinnamomeiim (Lyco.) 125. 
 rngidosum (Clat.) 51. 
 
 Saccardianum (Lamp.) 101. 
 Sanndersii (Chon.) 209. 
 Sauteri (Chon.) 217. 
 Santeri (Lamp.) 100. 
 scabra (Trich.) 192. 
 Schimperi (Lamp.) 99. 
 Schroeteri (Phys. ) 280. 
 Schnnuicheri (Phys.) 275. 
 Schumacher! (Phys.) 335. 
 Schumacheri (Phys.) 278. 
 Schweinitzii (Corn.) 52. 
 Scluocmitzii (Phys.) 311. 
 scrobiculatum (Didy.) .301. 
 scrobicidatum (Phys.) 300. 
 scyphoides (Phj's.) 282. 
 serpida (Arcy.) 164. 
 serpula (Arcy.) 136. 
 seipuJa (Didy.) 234. 
 scpvla (Ophi.) 135. 
 serpula (Hemi.) 165. 
 simile (Phys.) 286. 
 simdis (Arcy.) 156. 
 simplex (Chon.) 217. 
 smiulans (Chon.) 209. 
 simulans (Enter.) 47. 
 sinapinicm (Didy.) 246. 
 sinuosum (Phys.) 305. 
 spadiceum (O.str.) 52. 
 speciosa (Tubu.) 38. 
 spleHdens (Crib.) 62. 
 splendens (Stem.) 74. 
 siAendens (Diac.) 261. 
 spermoides (Licea) 37. 
 spermoides (Tnlm.) 37. 
 spumarioidea (Licea) 42. 
 spumarioidea (Tubu.) 42. 
 spumarioidcs (Didy.) 232. 
 
Imle^r. 
 
 367 
 
 spumarioides (Cli<in.) 232. 
 squamiilosnm (Didy.) 223. 
 Stdldil (Chon.) 218. 
 stellare (Dider.) 200. 
 stcUatum (Lepi.) 252. 
 stlplfata (Arcy.) 163. 
 stipituta (Hemi.) 1(33. 
 sti[)itala (Lieea) 38. 
 .sti/>it,((,i (Tubu.) 38. 
 slipitata (Spor.) 219. 
 stipitatuiu (y.) 277. 
 strarainifonuis (Crib.) 335. 
 striatum (Phys.) 243. 
 stricta (Arcy.) 151. 
 stromateum (Chon.) 233. 
 snlir„rsi>;f,>s,( (Stem.) 80. 
 subdictvospermniu (Clion.) 208. 
 iinhfii.^ra (Trich.) 183. 
 sub.4b,lM,sum (Phys.) 300. 
 s>illif,, -11 1 urn {Chon.) 211. 
 subucncinn. (Lamp.) 95. 
 subroseum (Didy.) 312. 
 siibsessilis (Diac.) 262. 
 Suksdorfii (Coma.) 76. 
 Suk^dor/li (Stem.) 76. 
 svlphicrea {Tvich.) 186. 
 sidphnreum (Phys.) 311. 
 superba (Tricli.) 194. 
 
 Tatrica (Crib.j 62. 
 tenella (Crib.) 58. 
 tenerrima (Stem.) 81. 
 <enerW//Mn/i (Didy.) 247. 
 tenuissima (Licea) 52. 
 terrestre (Lyco.) 122. 
 U'stitceuvi (Chon.) 210. 
 tliyoteum (Phys.) 277. 
 tujriiinm (Lepi.) 253. 
 Trevelyana (Chon.) 202. 
 Treveiyani (Leaner.) 203. 
 tnbuli)M (Stem.) 87. 
 
 tussulmjinis (Didy.) 244. 
 tussulaginis (Phys.) 245. 
 typhina (Coma.) 75. 
 typhimi (Stem.) 74. 
 
 nmbriiia (Arcy.) 147. 
 umbrina (Ophi.) 135. 
 utricularis (Badh.) 319. 
 
 vaccinum (Chon.) 217. 
 vaccinum (Dider.) 217. 
 varia (Badh.) 319. 
 varia (Trich.) 178. 
 variabilis (Licea) 36. 
 venosum (Diet.) 68. 
 vermicidare (Phys.) 135. 
 vermkdhiris (Opbi.) 134. 
 vermicubuis (Peri.) 135. 
 verna (Badh.) 324. 
 vernicosa (Arey.) 142. 
 verntcom (Trich.) 191. 
 versicolor (Arcy.) 149. 
 versipelle (Didy.) 249. 
 violacea (Lamp.) 95. 
 violacenm (Lamp.) 94. 
 virescens (Phys.) 277. 
 virgineiim (Var.) 226. 
 viridis (Tilm.) 329. 
 vitellina (Arcy.) 150. 
 vitellinnm (Poly.) 311. 
 vulgare (Crat.) 263. 
 oulgaris (Crib.) 61. 
 
 Wrhimannl (Didy.) 248. 
 Wiiiandil (Arcy.) 163. 
 Wri^htii (Corn.) 132. 
 Wrightii (Ophi.) 132. 
 
 Zeylanicum (Didy.) 240. 
 Zeylanicuni (Clion.) 240. 
 
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