■■■■■■■■■■■■ ■1 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from NCSU Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/gasequipmentofhoOOnati THE GAS EQUIPMENT OF THE HOME Published by the National Commercial Gas Association 29 West Thirty-Ninth Street New York City Copyright, 1914, by the National Commercial Gas Association First Edition, 25,000. Printed June 13, 1914 Second Edition, 25.000. Printed July 13, 1914 Third Edition. 50.000 (Smaller), Augrust 1, 1914 A Simple, Artistic and Efficient Lighting Effect for a Lady's Redroon INTRODUCTORY THE accompanying pages graphically illustrate many of the appliances util- izing gas for comfort and economy in the modern home. The information is suggestive and general in character, prepared with a view to aiding the ARCHITECT, PLUMBER BUILDING CONTRACTOR and everyone interested in the modern home. In all cases the reader should consult the Gas Company in his city for details and further information in the application of any appliances herein described. The preparation of this booklet was origi- nally undertaken by the Pennsylvania Gas Association. The wide-spread interest that was indicated led to broadening the scope of the work to make it truly national in character. THE Committee has been greatly aided in its work by constructive criticism and advice from the following men well known in the gas industry and representing practically everv section of the country : O. H. Fogg, Engineer of Utilization, Consolidated Gas Co., New York, N. V. E. N. Wrightington, Vice-President, Boston Gas Light Co., Boston, Mass. J. D. Shattuck, General Superintendent, American Gas Co., Philadelphia, Pa. H. K. Dodson, Commercial Manager, Consolidated Gas, Electric Light and Power Co., of Baltimore, Md. L. F. Blyler, New Business Manager, Minneapolis Gas Co., Minneapolis, Minn. H. S. Schutt, The C. H. Geist Co., Philadelphia, Pa. M. A. Bowlin, Sales Manager, Jacksonville Gas Co., Jack- sonville, Fla. J. E. J. Mayer, Commercial Agent, Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co., Chicago, HI. J. H. Maxon, Central Indiana Gas Co., Muncie, Iiul. Lee H. Newbert, New Business Manager, Pacific (ias and Electric Co., San Francisco, Cal. Clare N. Stannard, Secretary, Denver Gas and Electric Co., Denver, Col. C. Willing Hare, New Business Manager, United Gas Improvement Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Through the broad dissemination of the information which this booklet contains not only will the public be benefited, but the work of the architect, plumber and building contractor will be simplified. He will in every case rind the local Gas Company anxious to co-operate with him. L. R. DUTTON, Chairman, Wyncote, Pa. H. H. Ganser, Norristown, Pa. James V. Hanlan, Newark, N. J. R. ff. Pierce, Gloucester, N. J. T. R. Elcock, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. I. W. Peffly, New York, N. V. W. H. Logan, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. COXTENTS Pac Introductory ...... Plan of House Showing Piping Outlets . Every Home Should Be Piped for Ga Throughout ..... Gas Appliances for Each Room in the House Hygiene of Gas; Its Aid in Ventilation . Modern Gas Lighting .... The Newest Semi-Indirect Gas Lighting Fixtures ...... Treatment of Different Rooms Plan of an Idea] Kitchen The Modern Gas Kitchen Water Heating by Gas .... The Most Rapid System of Heating Water Gas is Best for Heating .... Heating of Kitchen from Cellar Furnace Room Heating Calculations Gas Laundry Equipment Sterilizing Water by Gas Refuse Destroyer ..... Garage Heating by Gas .... Vacuum Cleaning by Gas Refrigeration by Gas .... Flue Connections ..... Outdoor Residence Lighting . Gas Furnace Heating .... Gas for Domestic Science Equipments . Measuring the Consumers' Gas Proving- the Gas Meter 8 11 13 17 21 25 25 31 00 37 38 39 40 43 44 44 45 45 46 4(3 46 47 48 4s poect-t. F^iBST puaDU Plan. Ktv. B INDICATES CAS-UlOf+T. an •* GA3 • BRACKET. *H HAWa t. * PEB.C0LATO*. ■ " GttATC. B LoC. WH - Wall Bath Room Heater. \m IMT>ICATU- Ca3-WAT£ a * HCATttt, CA3 FVel. OuTLtT NOTC-LAUHTCY UHPER. KITcnEH. Eoorr with oyTLtTa ro« GlW 1F.OM Uunwv 3Tovt Auron^ric Water Jteater ^E.COND pLODE Pi- AN. A Typical Two-Floor Plan of a Modern Dwelling in which Provision Has Been Made for the Use of Gas Throughout. Sufficient Ceiling, Wall, Floor and Baseboard Outlets Have Been Provided for Existing and Future Gas Appliances Every Home Should be Piped for Gas Throughout EXPERIENCE shows that dwell- ings built, say, fifteen years ago lack adequate facilities for the installation of what are today regarded as necessary modern conveniences. Due to this lack of foresight, some expense must be incurred in makingalterations if the occupants are now to be given the benefit of these household aids. Fur- thermore, this same lack of foresight is cutting, year by year, into the rental and selling value of all properties which have grown out of date because of this lack of modern conveniences. And all of this might have been provided for by a very slight increase in the initial in- vestment. Many owners of such dwellings have been amply repaid for installing the proper facilities in their houses in order that those who occupy them may have at their disposal the latest types of modern gas appliances. ^ ise builders are now looking upon such investments as the highest type of insure ; for by equipping all rooms with the proper facilities for the use of gas appliances their dwellings can com- pete, in this one respect at least, on even terms, for the next twenty years, with all buildings erected at a later date. As time goes on more and more uses will be found for gas, since the tendency on the part of the average householder is to be relieved of the many petty an- noyances and laborious duties connected with the use of coal and oil. Modern Gas Lighting Gas lighting of today is far different from what it was five years ago, as the perfection of modern gas fixtures and the newest types of incandescent gas burners makes Modern Gas Light the finest artificial light in the world. In building a house nothing needs more careful planning than its illumi- nation. The occupants of houses that are fully piped for gas have at their disposal artistic fixtures, reading lamps, domes and semi- indirect lighting pieces, which shed an abundance of soft, restful light so agree- able to tired eyes. These Modern Gas Lighting fixtures are readily and conveniently lighted or extinguished by a turn of a button or a pull of a chain. Modern Gas Light in any house means an abundance of mellow, eye- pleasing illumination and its use a con- tinuous, artistic, convenient and depend- able service. Modern Gas Light has particular properties of its own that make it the ideal light for homes, as it enables those living therein to work, read, sew or study without eyestrain. It is the light which portrays those living in the home and their surroundings at their very best. And from drawing room to kitchen Modern Gas Lighting will be found the ideal illumination. It is supreme in quality, decorative, economical, hygienic and convenient. The best light money can buy. Cooking by Gas Recent years have witnessed a won- derful development in gas-cooking appli- ances. V\ e now have gas ranges of various types and capacities and with many refinements and accessories, all of which have been designed to meet, and are now taking care of, the cooking Gas Appliances for Each Room in the House LIVING ROOM OR LIBRARY Gas Lighting Gas Heating Stoves Gas Reading Lamps Gas Grates or Logs DINING ROOM Gas Lighting Open Fire Grates or Logs Gas Charing Dishes Tea Samovars Portable Table Lamps Coffee Percolators Gas Heaters Art Glass Domes and Showers Gas Steam Radiators KITCHEN Gas Lighting Warming Ovens Gas Ranges Plate Warmers Circulating Water Heaters Water Stills Automatic Water Heaters Gas Steam Radiators Refuse Destroyers LAUNDRY Clothes Dryers Gas Heating Stoves Gas Lighting Automatic \\ ater Heaters Gas Mangles Circulating Water Heaters Gas Irons BEDROOMS Gas Lighting Gas Grates Gas Heaters Gas Sick Room Lights BATHRCH >MS Gas Lighting Gas Wall Heaters Night Lamps Water Sterilizers NURSERY-PANTRY Gas Lighting Water Sterilizers Gas Ranges Plate Warmers Night Lamps requirements of the smallest dwellings and largest residences. The only cooking service to consider for a house that is heated, whether it be a cottage or a mansion, is a Gas Cook- ing Service, because it offers the best method of cooking, judged from the points of view of (l) Economy of Instal- lation and Operation, (2) Labor Saving, (3) Cleanliness, (4) Convenience, (5) Satisfactory Service. The best indorsement of cooking by gas exclusively is the fact that hundreds of thousands of people now use it exclu- sively for cooking and find it the most satisfactory, as well as the most econom- ical, of cooking services. Water Heating by Gas The process of heating water for do- mestic purposes has been revolutionized in the past few years through the intro- duction and perfection of gas water heaters, until today it is no longer a problem to secure an abundance of hot water quickly and economically in any dwelling, large or small. Today, in the countless thousands of homes where gas water heaters are in- stalled, an abundance of hot warer is available for any purpose. By some types of heaters the water is heated in- stantly at the turn of a faucet, by others within a few minutes after lighting the heaters, and all without labor, incon- venience or discomfort and at a nominal cost for gas. Auxiliary House Heating by Gas Gas as a fuel for auxiliary heating purposes has rapidly forged to the front, so that today there can be had scores of efficient, odorless and economical gas- heating stoves of many types and designs. It is no longer necessary to sacrifice attractiveness to secure an auxiliary heating stove that will radiate an abun- dance of cheerful, odorless heat. With the improvement in appearance of these heaters a marked increase in their efficiency has also been brought about, so that they are quite inexpensive to use for auxiliary heating purposes. Miscellaneous Heating Appliances Among many other appliances which are now giving splendid service in homes are gas-heated coffee percolators, tea samovars, chafing dishes, toasters, waffle and griddle cake bakers, refuse destroy- ers, water sterilizers, gas-heated laundry irons, mangles and clothes dryers. There is scarcely any important do- mestic operation in the modern home requiring heat that cannot be satisfac- torily and inexpensively performed by gas. Today more gas light is used, more meals are cooked, more water and more rooms are heated by gas in homes than ever before, and this being true, we may rightly say that gas promises to be the household servant of the future. No Home Complete Unless Fully Piped for Gas No home is complete in which pro- vision has not been made in each room for modern gas light and other purposes for which gas can be used, such as a portable reading lamp, a chafing dish or a percolator, a gas-heated flatiron or a heating stove. Therefore, every room in a house should be piped for gas, so that these very necessary housekeeping aids may be made full use of. All fire- places and nursery-pantries should also be piped for gas. And since the satisfactory operation of gas appliances depends to a large extent upon piping of proper size, it is to the interest of all concerned to consult the local gas company relative to this matter. 1 41 fl^L ^-**-^— s 41B wy|i ■**i A Suggestion of the Use of Gas as an Aid to Ventilation 10 Hygiene of Gas Its Aid in Ventilation NOT the least among the advan- tages of the use of gas for light- ing and other purposes is the marked beneficial effect upon hygienic conditions. In connection with this subject it is well to call attention to a prevailing erroneous opinion built upon insufficient knowledge or superficial thought. It is often stated that the products of gas com- bustion vitiate the air. All impartial inves- tigations by competent authorities have shown that this statement is groundless, and that, due to unexpected but none the less reasonable and effective causes, the burning of gas in small quantities such as are required for lighting is always ac- companied by an improvement in the breathing quality of the air. Furthermore, gas light has been found to be compara- tively free from the injurious effects upon the eyes which have lately become so painfully apparent with the more glaring light sources. Exhaustive Scientific Tests During a period of three months in 1907, Dr. Samuel Rideal, of Royal West- minster Institute, London, carried on a most exhaustive series of tests to deter- mine the relative hygienic effects of gas and electric lighting. These tests left nothing to be desired in the matters of thoroughness and conclusiveness. The complete results are too lengthy to be fully set forth here, but they plainly showed : 1. That thepulse rate, frequency of res- piration, blood pressure, number of blood corpuscles, body temperature, bodily weight, and mental fatigue over the entire three months' test showed no greater change with gas lighting than with elec- tric lighting. 2. That the percentage of carbonic acid gas and moisture in the air varied no more with gas lighting than with electric light- ing of equal intensity, and that the rise in room temperature at the breathing level was substantially the same in either gas or electricity both with and without adequate facilities for ventilation. The gas-lighted room was somewhat cooler under the latter condition. Ventilation Increased 3. That ventilation was much more vigorous with gas lighting than with elec- tric lightingeven with doors and windows closed, and was sufficient to remove the products of gas combustion, thus account- ing for the results in (2). This ventilating effect is produced by the uprising currents of air from the gas burners. 4. That the organic matter from the lungs (which produces "stuffiness" and depression), as well as bacterial matter, were present to a much less degree in the gas-lighted room. This effect was prin- cipally due to the burning of this matter in the flame of the gas burner. Less Eye Fatigue 5. That gas light is less fatiguing to the eyes than is electric lighting. This is because of the lower brilliancy of the gas mantle, reducing "glare" from polished surfaces, glazed papers, etc. These tests indicated that gas properly used is not only not deleterious to the health, but is distinctly beneficial, and that the heat produced by gas lamps and heaters may be utilized to prfeduce very effective ventilation. This is a most im- portant consideration. 11 Designs of Modern CJas Lighting Fixtures 12 Modern Gas Lighting MODERN incandescent gas lamps suitable for residence lighting are made in both up- right and inverted types, and in sizes ranging from 40 to 120 candle-power. These lamps are suitable for use upon any type of fixture or bracket required to obtain any desired effect in illumina- tion or decoration. Incandescent gas lamps are usually lighted by means of continuously burn- ing pilot flames, consuming a few cents' worth of gas per month each. Means are provided for turning the light on or off by means of a pull-chain or a key at the lamp or by a push-button located at any desired point. In neither case are matches required. The choice between upright and in- verted lamps is largely a matter of per- sonal taste. The new types of small upright lamps, with which decorative or plain glassware can be used, are particu- larly well adapted for residence lighting, as they may be used instead of open gas flames without changing the fixture arms. Inverted mantles are more durable than upright mantles, and when used with the proper shades, distribute most of the light downward. Semi- Indirect Lighting Page 12 shows a "semi-indirect " fix- ture, containing one 80 candle-power inverted lamp. By this arrangement about half of the illumination in the room is obtained by light reflected from the ceiling. The semi-indirect system is coming into vogue very extensively for residence lighting. It provides a soft, mellow illumination, reducing glare from bright light sources and glazed papers, such as are used in most maga- zines and periodicals. When properly designed, so that the brightness of the bowl is sufficiently reduced, the semi- indirect possesses every advantage of the indirect system, besides avoiding the most prominent fault of the latter — the absence of an apparent source of light. For lighting of this character the ceiling should be light in color, and plain. Because of the quality and abundance of illumination which may be secured at slight expense with Modern Gas Light, it is particularly well adapted for semi- indirect or indirect lighting purposes, if indirect lighting be desired. Indirect Lighting Indirect lighting fixtures from which all the illumination is obtained by reflec- tion from the ceiling are unsuitable for residence lighting unless a visible light source is also furnished in the form of portable reading or wall bracket lamps, and even then the appearance of an ap- parently unlighted fixture is not pleasing. 13 14 Quality of Lamps To secure the benefits obtainable with Modern Gas Lighting appliances, it is essential that lamps and mantles be of the best grade, and that glassware be carefully selected. Inferior lamps cannot be ex- pected to operate satisfactorily or to ren- der continuous service. Inferior mantles rapidly lose their illuminating power and mechanical strength. In both these par- ticulars the purchaser should seek the advice of the gas company, which is pri- marily interested in furnishing satisfactory service to its patrons. Incandescent gas mantles are furnished in two color-qualities — one producing a practically white light, the other a light of amber tint. The latter is particularly suited to residence lighting or wherever it is desired to bring out "warm" tints and shades. For use on wall bracket or cluster fix- tures, lamps consuming not more than 2 cubic feet of gas per hour should be used, since with the number of arms usually found on fixtures these sizes will produce ample illumination when all lamps are lighted, and for the sake of appearance this is the most desirable arrangement. Importance of Glassware Glassware should be selected with a view to concealing the mantle from sight, directing the light where required, and harmonizing in appearance with the fix- tures and room furnishings. It should preferably be of such texture that it will be illuminated evenly when the lamp is lighted, and show no spots of light indi- cating the position of the lamp. It is also most desirable that the glassware be of a size appropriate to the size of the lamps used, as glassware designed for small lamps using but 2 cubic feet of gas per hour will be too brightly lighted when used with lamps which consume 4 cubic feet of gas per hour. The lower the brightness of the glassware, the more satisfactory and pleasing the illumination of the room. The quantity of gas to be provided for ordinary illumination depends mainly upon the type of glassware. One cubic foot of gas per hour will illuminate from 20 to 50 square feet of floor space, de- pending upon the glassware used. Since the cost of Modern Gas Lighting is so trifling, it is better to assume that the more artistic and inefficient shades will be used, and provide, say, one incandes- cent gas lamp consuming 2 cubic feet per hour for each 40 square feet of floor space, or one consuming 4 cubic feet per hour for each 80 square feet, etc. Gas lamps may be obtained in a wide range of sizes, but for residence use the smallest sizes are preferable, except for semi-indirect lighting. General Considerations The prime considerations in the light- ing of the home should be comfort and beauty. Neither are inconsistent with economy. Pages 2, 10 and the Colonial Dining Room at the top of page 22 show what may be accomplished by good taste and a disposition to avoid the stereotyped forms. In this charming home simplicity is the keynote. Though the rooms are not large, the removal of ceiling fixtures gives them a spacious appearance that is quite deceptive as to the actual dimensions of the rooms. While the selection and location of the glassware and lamps were made upon purely artistic grounds, yet the installa- tion could hardly have been made less expensive had economy been the prin- cipal consideration. Naturally these fixtures of Colonial de- sign are suited only to interiors furnished and decorated in this period. In ail cases the lighting fixtures and glassware should be unobtrusive and in harmony with the furnishings and decorative treatment. 15 *\\ . ' A /f ^ u il W if" L6 The Newest Semi-Indirect Gas Lighting Fixtures THESE are the very latest fixtures the lighting effect produced is wonder- designed for Semi-Indirect light- fully pleasing. ing with gas. Gas is pre-eminently the ideal illumi- A burner of special design has been nation for Semi-Indirect lighting, and produced for use with these fixtures. when used in these new types of fixtures This burner is simplicity itself, all glass- it excels all others in quality of light. ware and the usual brass parts being en- In quantity of light for a given cost no tirely eliminated. It is a most efficient other illumination approaches modern burner, and when in use in these fixtures gas light. 17 19 Application "t Modern Gas Lighting Kixtun 2ii Treatment of Different Rooms FOR the Entrance or Reception Hall the conventional treatment is the decorative lantern (shown in the accompanying illustration), particularly if the hall be of rather small dimensions. In a larger hall a cluster of small lamps or a Semi-Indirect Bowl may be used to good advantage. The Drawing Room, being usually de- voted to functions of a rather formal nature, usually received a somewhat or- nate treatment (see page 19). The room usually being a large one, fixtures sus- pended from the ceiling are generally used. Cut glass shades and prism show- ers (samples of each are shown on page 14) produce, if desired, a brilliant effect, and since the room is not occupied for many hours at a time, and is not much used for reading or for any purpose in- volving close application of the eyes, the strain upon the eyes from the brilliant lighting is not of a serious order. The Living Room takes the place of the Drawing Room in most homes where comfort rather than display is the desired result. No matter how sumptuous the appointments may be, this is primarily a room in which to enjoy the less formal social activities. Wall brackets may provide illumina- tion for comfortable corners likely to be used for reading, etc. A fixed or porta- ble pedestal lamp, suitably shaded, may be provided for the piano. For the general illumination of the room the semi-indirect system is prefer- able, as a soft but ample well-diffused light is required. By dispensing with ceiling fixtures an appearance of sim- plicity and spaciousness may be obtained which is often most desirable. Gener- ally speaking, ceiling fixtures are suitable only for large or ornate rooms of some- what formal character. The illustration at the top of page 20 shows a semi-indirect table lamp designed especially for the living room. It is fitted with an inverted reflector (invisible from ordinary positions in the room) which directs about two-thirds of the light upon the ceiling. The resulting illumination is sufficient to permit reading with ease and comfort in any part of the room, and enough light falls directly downward to make the table, as it should be, the "focus" of the room. The photograph was made by the light of the lamp alone, and shows the restful and comfortable character of the illumination. The or- dinary Portable Reading Lamp cannot be used to obtain this effect. Dining Room. The customary treat- ment of the Dining Room involves the (Continued on bottom of fa S t .'$) 21 Dining Room Lighting by the Direct and Semi-Indirect Method 22 PlaN op aH Ideal KitcheH LaweeHce Visschec Boxd.A.I.A. architect 12,15 HAR-E-lSOrl BLDCj. PHI LA., PcK r( A. LlBCACY DlNlNq \2oOM 23 Gas Kitchens in Small Hemes 24 The Modern Gas Kitchen THE modern kitchen is being planned as carefully as any other part of the home. It is not built so large as formerly, since the necessary gas appliances for cooking and heating water have been so constructed that there is a great saving of space as well as labor. The kitchen should be well lighted and ventilated. A transom or swinging door should be installed over the kitchen window to allow for proper ventilation and to carry off the steam and odors when cooking. All kitchen window openings should extend to the ceiling and be provided with means for opening the entire win- The Modern Gas Range The Cabinet Gas Range is now accepted as the standard type of gas range, and should always be installed, as it is the most desirable type to use in every respect. Cabinet ranges are being manufac- tured in sizes ranging in width from 86 inches to 60 inches, and may be had in various combinations of equipment and capacity. It is advisable, however, to provide space of at least 46 inches, as this will permit of the installation of a cabinet range with at least two ovens 18 inches in size. Treatment of Different Rooms {Continued from page 21) use of the central ceiling fixture. This may be a " Shower," a Semi-Indirect Bowl, or a " Dome." (An example of each is shown on page 22.) If the lat- ter, it should always be so placed that the lamp will never be visible to those seated around the table. The diagram in the upper right-hand corner of page 22 shows the proper arrangement of lamp and dome. The cut in the upper dow space. Casement windows or windows with casement transoms are preferable. Houses so constructed will be cooler and receive better ventilation than those in which these ventilating facilities are absent. A single inverted gaslight fixture sus- pended from the center of the ceiling provides general illumination for the kitchen. In large kitchens it is also well to install one or more side-wall brackets, so arranged as to provide special illumi- nation. An additional outlet should be installed to allow for the use of a small portable heating stove, or a gas-heated flatiron. Cabinet ranges are now to be had which will meet the needs of the largest families or residences. Hoods and Canopies All hoods and canopies are designed to collect spent heat and odors of cook- ing and carry them out of the room. If it is desired to do this, connection may be made to existing flues where they have been provided. Many people believe this to be desirable practice, and it is therefore advisable to provide the necessary flues when building. left-hand corner on page 22 shows a dining room in which wall brackets only are used. The artistic effectiveness of this arrangement is apparent. The Bedroom may or may not be fur- nished with general illumination. If so, a Semi-Indirect Bowl is excellent, bracket lighting, as shown on page 2, being provided for the dressing table. In the installation shown, the bracket lamps furnished all the illumination required in the room. 25 Gas KitchciiN Have Proven Invaluable - in Solving the Servant Problem in Larger Residences 27 Cabinet Ranges ten- Large Residences 28 Standard Types of the Cabinet Gas Range 29 Gas kitchens in Small Homo 30 Water Heating by Gas The Ordinary Kitchen Boiler Water Heater THE ordinary kitchen boiler water heater is an appliance which operates entirely inde- pendent of the gas range. It is con- nected to the circulating boiler in the kitchen and is very economical to use, as after the burner is lighted for a short time, hot water may be drawn from any hot-water faucet in the usual manner. Circulating water hearers should not be recommended for boilers of larger capacity than 60 gallons. Automatic water heaters or storage systems should be used where boilers are found over this size and where there is an unusual demand for hot water. The approximate space occupied by a Circulating Water Heater is 8 inches in width by 30 inches in height. A heater can be connected within three inches of a vertical boiler and should be at least 8 inches from the wall. If the door, which swings to the right, is installed on the left-hand side of a vertical boiler, it can be placed in a space of 20 inches between the boiler and side wall. If the heater is put on the right-hand side of a vertical boiler 22 inches should be allowed for the diameter of the heater and the swing of the door. Kitchens, laundries or cellars are the best locations to install gas water heaters. Locate the small boiler types of heaters in kitchens, the large automatic instan- taneous heater in laundries or cellars, the smaller instantaneous or automatic instantaneous heaters in kitchens. Do not install a Circulating Water Heater in a cellar if a circulating boiler is on the first floor. If a Circulating Water Heater is desired, room should be provided for its connection in the kitchen. The Combination Boiler and Gas Circulating Water Heater This combines in one fixture a gal- vanized or copper boiler and a Gas Water Heater. The water heater consists of brass sections or copper coils located within the body of the boiler. Beneath these sections is a powerful but economical gas burner. It may be used in connec- tion with gas range or independent of it. Light the gas burner, and in a short time hot water may be drawn from any hot-water faucet in the house. On one style of these combination boilers and water heaters an attachment may be had for thermostatically control- ling its operation, and when this attach- ment is used this combination becomes in reality a storage system. The Ordinary Kitchen Boiler Water Heater 31 An Automatic Instantaneous (i:»s Water Heater 32 The Most Rapid System of Heating Water Automatic I nstantaneous Water Heater AN Automatic Instantaneous Water Heater is an appliance which is L automatically operated and con- trolled by the opening and closing of a faucet on the hot-water line in any part of the house. The heater should be placed in the cellar or laundry. This appliance may be operated inde- pendent of other water-heating appliances or may be arranged to supplement other means, such as furnace coils, etc. The former is known as the direct method; the latter, the connection for which is shown on the opposite page, is known as the indirect or reheating method, and is the more economical in cold weather, but requires a storage tank or boiler. The ther- mostat on the heater can be so adjusted as to have the water heated to almost any degree Fahrenheit, but is usually set at about 140 degrees. The manufacturers of this style of heater make them in sizes which are so constructed as to supply hot water at the rate of 3, 4, 6 and 8 gallons per minute, raising the temperature of the water approximately 63 degrees above the initial temperature. The gas does not burn continuously, but only during the time when water is being drawn. Should the temperature of the water when being drawn go above 140 degrees the thermostat automatically shuts off the eas until such time as the temperature of the water gets below 140 degrees, when the gas is again ignited and heats the water to the proper degree. The supply of hot water is inexhaust- ible; it is there when needed, day or night. The service obtainable is ideal. During the winter months, when the house-heating furnace is in operation, and where a furnace connection has been installed, or other methods of heat- ing water are used during these months, the Automatic Heater can be used to advantage for reheating the water to a higher temperature, should it be needed. If the Automatic Heater has been set to heat water at 140 degrees and the water passing through it from the tank has only been heated by other means to 120 degrees, the Automatic Heater will reheat this water to 140 degrees. Should the water coming from the tank be 140 degrees or more, it will pass through the Automatic Heater with- out causing the gas burners to ignite, and therefore no additional expense for heating the water would be incurred. This method has found great favor among those who have had this system installed. An Automatic Water Heater can be installed in any home where there is sufficient water pressure to operate it, and where it can be vented into a flue. Special and interesting information can be had on this subject from the manu- facturers and your local gas company. Automatic Storage Systems This system is designed to supply hot water where there is a large quantity re- quired, as in cases of very large residences that have a number of bathrooms with showers, in addition to tubs, lavatories, etc. Storage tanks of from 100- to 500- gallon capacity may be had according to requirements. Where the storage-tank system is used, there is at all times a quantity of water heated ready for use. After the system has been installed, the heater will operate continuously until the tank is filled with hot water up 33 to the temperature at which the thermo- stat is set, which usually ranges from 140 to 155 degrees. The temperature of the water is controlled by a thermostatic valve located at one end of the tank, which can be regulated to have the water at any temperature desired. When a quantity of hot water has been drawn from the tank, and cold water has run in to replace the hot water drawn, which has thereby reduced the temperature of the water in the tank to approximately 20 degrees below the temperature of the water drawn, the thermostat automatically operates in such a manner as to allow the gas burners to ignite in the heater, and in this way the water in the tank is reheated to the original temperature. This tank is the only one required in the residence. Where a steam or hot-water hearing system is installed, a coil can be run from it into the hot-water tank, and in this way during the winter months water can be heated by the steam coils. When this connection is made the Automatic Heater would not operate or consume any gas unless the temperature of the water when drawn would be below that at which the thermostat had been set for. Under such conditions the Automatic Heater with the thermo- static valve is an ideal system, supple- menting the other when called upon, furnishing large quantities of clean, hot water, working automatically and requiring no attention. The Storage System will work satis- factorily where there is a low water pressure. Very interesting data on the subject of Storage Systems can be secured from the local Gas Company. Automatic Storage System of Water Heating 34 Small Water Heaters These small auto- matic instantaneous water heaters will supply a hot water service for cottages, bungalows, and also Automatic Type for small apart- ments having not more than one bath and where the hot water requirements are moderate. 35 A Gas Grates and Heateis Used for Auxiliary Heating 36 Gas Is Best for Heating GAS furnishes the one satisfac- • tory and, if rightly used, eco- nomical method of heating where auxiliary heat is required. With the ordinary house-heating sys- tem there are many days, particularly in the spring and fall, after the fires have been allowed to go out, or before they have been started, when heat is desired and necessary in certain rooms. Gas is the ideal fuel to supply this heat, and also to supply heat for certain rooms in the house which the regular house-heating systems do not heat sufficiently in ex- tremely cold weather. Some of the Radiator types of heaters may be connected to regular house- heating systems or used independently when regular steam or hot-water heat is not available. These Radiators can be decorated to harmonize with the environments of the room. The types of heaters illustrated have proven satisfactory to thousands of users. Gas Grates, Open Fireplaces, Heaters and Odorless Gas Logs One of the special and valuable fea- tures of these types of Heaters is the highly artistic and ornamental effects that can be produced by their installa- tion. They are designed to meet the most varied requirements and are made in the plainest styles or in ornamental designs. They may be used in the humblest home as well as the finest resi- dences. They can be had in shapes and colors to harmonize with the sur- roundings in rooms where installed. Portable Gas Heaters During the spring and fall, and even during the summer, when we have wet, chilly days, these heaters have been found to be just what is needed to drive away dampness and chill. Why go to the trouble of using oil heaters, which have to be regularly cleaned and filled, when such satisfac- tory ones as these are at your disposal? Hall and Office Heater This heater is built on the lines of a grate, but is equipped with cast-iron sides and top, so that it may be placed close to a wall where no mantel is available. It has been specially designed for this purpose. 37 Heating of Kitchen from Cellar Furnace IN modern houses kitchens are heated either by floor register or a wall radiator, utilizing the cellar furnace to not only warm the kitchen, but heat the household supply of water in winter. This is a very economical way to heat water during the period furnace is in use. In houses where the furnace does not have a water pot or jacket, the furnace may be used to heat water and warm the kitchen by installing a Furnace Water Heater in the boiler. There are several types of Furnace Connections, generally referred to as the disc heater, bulb heater, or pipe-coil heater. In square furnaces the pipe connec- tion should not extend less than 20 inches and not more than 24 inches into the fire box. It should also be located 5 inches above the grate and not less than 3 inches from the side or end walls of the furnace, permitting large sizes of coal to be used and allowing perfect combustion. A 24-inch pipe Furnace Connection is used to heat the water in a .'!(»-gallon boiler. A 1-inch pipe connection is used to heat the water in a 40-gallon boiler. Larger size Furnace Connections may be installed for heating larger quantities of water. It is a common practice to install furnace water heater connections in furnaces not fitted with water jacket or pot. Information can be secured from representatives of the Gas Company, who will inspect the furnaces and give definite information as to cost, etc. 38 Room Heating Calculations TO be able to select a room garding the most efficient and satisfac- heating appliance with a fair tory type, degree of assurance that it will The results obtained must be further perform the required service in an eco- increased by one or more of the follow- nomical manner requires rather careful ing factors if the corresponding condi- calculation. Many methods of appar- tions are present : ent simplicity have been advocated, but Northern exposure 1 3 in most cases this simplicity is secured E astern or western exposure '. '. 1.2 at the expense of accuracy and conse- p oor frame construct i n .... 2.5 quently of economy. p air frame 2.0 The following is a satisfactory method Good frame or i 2 -inch brick . 1.2 for determining the requirements for in- Room heated in day time only u dividual room heating: Room heated occasionally only 1.3-1.4 For Steam Heating Cold cellar below or attic above L1 Allow 1 sq. ft. of radiator surface for each The above method is based upon the 80 cu. ft. of volume of room. following conditions : 13 sq. ft. of exposed wall surface. Sufficient ventilation to change air 3 sq. ft. of exposed glass surface (sin- of room twtce hourly. ele window) Maintenance of room temperature 6 sq.ft. of exposed glass surface(double at 70 degrees Fahr., with outside window). air at ° degree Fahr. c u xxt u With more ventilation, the cu. ft. of For Hot Water Heating room vo i ume allowed for each sq.ft. of ra- Add 50 per cent, to the amount of diator surface or cu. ft. of gas consumption radiator surface obtained by the above provided must be decreased proportion- calculation, ally; e. g.., for three changes perhour allow r r> u lj 2 A the cubical capacity per cu. ft. of gas. tor Lras Heaters Having Tr , , c . :, r »t 77/ r' If the lowest outside temperature is J\o tine Connection , , ~ , T ^ , , greater or less than degree rahr. the Allow 1 cu. ft. of gasf per hour for each amount of ra diator surface or gas con- 215 cu. ft. of volume of room. sumption provided for must be increased 35 sq. ft. of exposed wall surface or decreased, respectively, in proportion 9 sq.ft. of exposed glass surface (sin- to the difference between inside and gle window). outside temperature; e. g., if the lowest 18 sq ft. of exposed glass surface outside temperature is 35 degrees Fahr., (double window). the difference (70 — 35 = 35) will be but Gas Heaters having flue connection half that where zero weather (70 — = require from 25 to 100 per cent, more 70) is encountered, and only one-half gas consuming capacity for a given room the heat will be required to maintain the than those without flue connection, on room temperature at 70 degrees. account of chimney losses. The local In all cases radiators or heaters of suf- gas company should be consulted re- ficient capacity to meet the most extreme weather conditions likely to be encoun- * Robert ffrench Pierce, in "Utilization of Gas Appli- tPrp A chrmlrl Kp I'ncfcllprl cinrp mpans ances," National Commercial Gas Association, New York, tereO SnOUld De installed, Since means 19 i 4 . ... . . ,^-« -_..,, , . for reducing their consumption of gas T Artificial gas of 600 B. T. L.s per cu. ft. Other artificial c , to ... r . , , eas or natural E as in propomon. for less extreme conditions are provided. 39 A Bathroom Wall Heater as well as in bathrooms is equipped This may be placed in any wall with with shclf for heatin 8 Water ' etC ' perfect safety. It is constructed to keep A gas wall bracket should be located sides, back and top of heater far below a on each side of the mirror for shaving temperature liable to cause fire. A per- purposes. In the absence of a mirror, a feet heater, finished in nickel, which may single inverted small lamp may be placed be used to good advantage in bedrooms at the center of the ceiling. Gas Laundry Kquipment IAUNDRY work can be done in a the wash boiler is set for boiling clothes very rapid and simple manner is made with a stand at a height conve- _^A if the proper appliances are in- nient for lifting the boiler on and off. stalled for this purpose. There are a On this type of laundry stove a plate number of gas appliances which are can be used to heat four of the ordinary used in modern laundries in homes, sad irons on each burner. There is also which are giving great satisfaction to another type of stove which has proven t.he users. satisfactory, that holds from one to six The small laundry stove on which irons, and has a space for a wash boiler. 40 Gas-Heated Flat Iron The most up-to-date method is the use of the gas iron, heated by a gas burner supplied from a I convenient outlet by a piece of small tubing. We would thoroughly recommend the use of this device. The cost ■ of operating a gas iron ■ is very small, and from tests made, with gas at $1.00 per 1000 cubic feet, it has been found that three hours' ironing may be done for one cent. The Gas-Heated Mangle For laundry use this appliance is found to be most satisfactory and is a great labor-saver ; with it work can be done better and more rapidly than in any other way. Mangles are made in vari- ous widths to accommodate the require- ments of any household. They are operated by hand or other power. Gas-Heated Clothes Dryer The use of a gas-heated clothes dryer permits of clothes being dried indepen- dent of weather conditions. It is a san- itary way to dry clothes, as heated fresh air only comes in contact with the clothes, which assures their being dried as pure and white as if they were dried in the open air. Gas-heated clothes dryers are not expensive to use, as thou- sands of those who use them know. The standard size cabinet is seven feet high and seven feet long. An addi- tional space of seven feet must be al- lowed in front of dryer to provide room for pulling out racks. The width is governed by the number of racks in the cabinet. These racks are furnished in widths of 7, 9, 12 and IO/4 inches. Special size dryers are built to order. A Complete Laundiy, with Gas-Heated Washer, Mangle, Dry Room and Irons 41 A 9 1^ [ | «J *A* |.A:f- 4: Sterilizing Water by Gas THERE is a very practical device for sterilizing water used for drinking and culinary purposes. It will render water absolutely safe to drink without changing its taste or in any way affecting its healthful properties. It will sterilize water and deliver it ready for use at about its original tem- perature. The construction of the sterilizer per- mits the cold water which is to be steril- ized to pass down through one com- partment and back through another, into the chamber where it is brought to the boiling point, and then runs back in such a manner as to pass on its return over the chamber in which the cold The Water Sterilizer in Operation water is contained. In this way the water is cooled to almost its original temperature on its way to the bottle or tank which is to receive it. Pure drinking water is as important as pure food. The cost of sterilizing water, with gas at $1.00 per 1000 cubic feet, will be about one cent for every ten gallons sterilized, and it is readily seen that the gas consumption is indeed very small. The Conceal-O Plate THE modern ornamental device for connecting portable gas ap- pliances from the wall, baseboard or floor. A prominent architect says: "The Conceal-O is the ideal method for connecting gas reading lamps, desk or piano lamps, portable gas heating stoves, chafing dishes, gas irons, etc., where appearance counts as much as utility." The Conceal-O may be installed in old as well as new houses. Since Conceal-O plates are inexpen- sive to install, one could readily be placed in each bathroom, bedroom, living room, library, dining room and kitchen. Gas Chafing Dishes, Percolators and Samovars THESE handsome cooking appli- ances are a pleasing aid to the housekeeper. They help to pre- pare dainty luncheons in a convenient and economical manner. The sample pieces shown are the best of the medium-priced dishes and perco- lators. They are of excellent quality and design. The use of gas chafing dishes and percolators eliminates the danger and annoyance connected with the hand- ling of alcohol. 43 Refuse Destroyer A GAS Refuse Destroyer is a device designed to store household l. waste temporarily in a sanitary way, and to consume it finally by gas fire. This device tills a long-felt want, as one of the problems of the city and suburban household has been the satis- factory disposal of waste matter. It is preferably installed in the kitchen. and may be connected with the kitchen range flue or any other flue without in any way decreasing the efficiency of the flue or the service itself. This is the sanitary and economical way to dispose of refuse. Gas Refuse Destroyers may be ob- tained in several sizes, and in Detached or Wall types. The Detached type is that commonly used, and is supplied in several sizes. The Wall type is designed to be set within the chimney brace, with only it> face exposed. Architects usually specify the Wall type for new buildings; it is supplied in several sizes. Special - and types may be manufactured to order for special sen ice. Gas Refuse Destroyers must be con- nected with flues. Garage Heating by Gas A PRIVATE garage may be equipped with a gas heater. > They are efficient, safe, and require small space to install. 44 Vacuum Cleaning by Gas EVERY person who has stopped to consider the question knows, for a thorough sanitary cleaning of any house, that vacuum cleaning is the only method to be used. It is labor- saving, efficient, and meets all require- ments. It is the only system of clean- ing which will remove the fine grit and dirt. The cost of operating is slight. The gas vacuum cleaner is an ap- pliance which makes cleaning easy and sanitation sure. The gas vacuum cleaner can be installed at a compara- tively low cost in a new or old house, where the water pressure does not drop below 30 pounds per square inch. The gas vacuum cleaner is usually installed in the cellar or laundry and pipes run from the cleaner to baseboard outlets conveniently placed in various parts of the house, where the portable hose can be inserted to reach all points requiring cleaning. The cleaner works practically automatically, and it is not necessary to go to the cellar to light the burner in order to have thecleaner operate. W ith this gas-operated cleaner, all dirt, dust and germs are carried back to the machine and burned. The ash from this operation falls into a small pan in the bottom of the heater, and can easily be disposed of. Refrigeration by Gas INVENTORS have been at work the past year or more perfecting an apparatus which uses a gas flame to produce refrigeration to displace the use of ice. The apparatus is designed to be at- tached to the regular family ice box or refrigerator and operates automatically at an expense not to exceed the cost of ice. 45 Flue Connections WITH the exception of small hot plates, heaters and portable appliances, practically all ^as- burning appliances are designed so they may be connected with a flue. Local rules or regulations enter so largely into the matter of flue connections that no general practice may be stated in this respect, except as regards appli- ances in which the consumption is com- paratively large, such as Instantaneous Water Heaters, Refuse Destroyers, etc. Flue connections should invariably be made to appliances of this class. It is suggested that all matters relating to the installation of gas-burning appli- ances be taken up with your local gas company, who are fully informed as to the best methods to pursue to secure the most economical and efficient results. Outdoor Residence Lighting MODERN homes with large lawns and drives or walks may be equipped for private lighting with posts of ornamental design. 1 hese Gas Lamps may be equipped with automatic lighters and extinguish- ers located in the base of the post. The automatic attachments require weekly inspection, and are generally satisfactory in their operation. Gas Furnace Heating HEATING by gas from a cen- tral plant in the cellar or base- ment is a practical method which has the advantage <>f closely reg- ulating the temperature, and is therefore important from the point of view of sanitation and hygiene. I he cost of gas for this service may appear to be high when compared to coal, unless the saving due to the elimi- nation of labor, storage space, ash hand- ling, etc., is favorably considered. "1 he advantages of gas, however, are such as to warrant serious consideration being given this system. Miscellaneous Appliances for Use on (Jas Range 40 Gas for Domestic Science Equipments CLOSELY related to the gas equipment of the home is the furnishing of high schools and seminaries with domestic science cook- ing appliances. The illustrations are of domestic sci- ence departments in which the young women are taught the ease, cleanliness, comfort and efficiency of cooking with gas. 47 Measuring the Consumers* Gas THE interest of the Gas Utility does not end with the furnish- ing of the best gas appliances and an abundant supply of good quality gas, but it equips the consumer with a scientifically constructed measuring de- vice at the point of use of its product. The gas meter in its present form is the result of many years of scientific study and development, but the general principle governing its construction has been found impossible to improve upon and is the same as it was half a century ago. The accuracy of the meter is such that thecon- sumer can be assured that he is getting all the gas he pays for. Proving the GaS Meter Interior ot Gas Meter Public Service Commissions in many States, with inspectors to test gas meters, have found them so accurate in registration that the standards formulated by them call for consumers' meters to be tested not more frequently than once in from three to six years. The appliance illustrated, used by ail Gas Companies for proving meters, is equioped with graduated scales for capacity, thermometers for temperature correction, etc., and is mechanically exact in its operation of testing. The Gas Meter Prover 4«