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 littp://www.arcliive.org/details/firstbookofarcliOOpall 
 
ANDREA^ P'ALLADIÔ. 
 
 Tranflated out of IX^ LIA N: 
 
 With an Appendix Touching • 
 
 DOORS and WINDOWS, 
 
 hylP'^LE MV E TArchited to the f re;/^^ King : 
 
 Tranflated out of French, 
 
 By G.K. 
 
 Alfo Rules and Demonftrations, with feveral Dcfigns for the 
 Framing of any manner of Roofs either dhovc pitch or under 
 pitch, whether Square or Bevel, never publifhed before. 
 
 With defigns of Floors of variety of fmall pieces of Wood, late- 
 ly made in the Fallace of the Queen Mother, at Sommerfct- 
 Honfe 'j a curiofity never pra(flifed in B-ngUnd before. 
 
 The Third Edition Correli ed and Enlarged, With the new M^' 
 del of the Cathedral of St. Paules as its now to be Built. 
 
 LONDON, 
 
 Printed for N. Simmons at the Prince's Armes in St. P^t^i_ 
 Church-yard, T. Vafjltigir at the three Bibies on Londcn Bridge, T. Sa-w^-''^ 
 bridgi at the three Flower de Luces in Little Britain, and R. Smth 
 at the Bible under the Z^/d\'^^ of the Royal Exch^ngey \3-6. 
 
*//i 
 
 'mtâ 
 
 IMPRIMATUR, 
 
 G.Brabourne, S, S. t,P,Re^erendijp. 
 Jmj.z7, 1662. ^0 in Chrifto Patri^^Djy.Anhiep. 
 Cant* Sacellan* domefiic^ 
 
 nr 
 
 /jf^rfffKT 
 
 r/a,, us fan ckL . -/T^ 
 
 y/é> 
 
To my Worthy and much Honoured 
 
 Friend, DJNIEL COiW'^L/Efq; 
 
 SIR, 
 
 BEing very fenfible of the many Fa- 
 vours which you have a long time 
 been pleafed to afford me, I dare no 
 longer delay to acknowledge my Ob- 
 ligation : Although with the Addition of 
 your farther trouble, in defiring your Peru fai 
 and Allowance of this Tranflation, wherein 
 if you (hall think that I have done the Author 
 no lefi right then he hath done the Subject, 
 I fliall not doubt of the approbation of all o- 
 ther Ingenious perlons ^ and that our Arcifts 
 having ìuch Examples will make it as much 
 eftecmed here as abroad ; and it is only for 
 their lervice that I have undertaken this 
 work. I confels I ought to prefent you 
 fomething fuitable to thofe higher Studies 
 wherein you have with fo much fuccels ex- 
 crcifed your felf, and not by any thing inferi- 
 
 A 2 our, 
 
 131131 
 
J'he Epijlle Dedicatory, 
 
 our diverty ou from the Philofophical and vSub- 
 lime Entertainments, which you find in that 
 Royal Society at Grepam-Colledge^ whereof 
 you are a Worthy Member. But this being 
 intended for an affiftance to our Ingenious 
 Workmen, and Improvement of Englifli Ar~ 
 chiteBure • I fhall therefore hope for your Pa- 
 tronage, andthat )ou willownmeinthis, as 
 in all other occafions, to be, 
 
 SJr^ 
 
 Jour moji Humble and 
 
 obliged Servant^ 
 
 7' tj-^l 
 
 Godfrey Richards, 
 
 THE 
 
THE 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 ■^H £ SttbjeSl of thisTìran(Ialìo?2yheìfig 
 Architecture, dofhj in the opinion of 
 S'r. Hen. Wotton, need no Comment 
 dation^ where there are Noble Men 
 or Noble Minds: Therefore Iffjall only giz^e yon 
 an accompt of the Authors^ and my orvn concern- 
 ment herein : He was Andrea PalladiO)^ famous 
 JrchiteSl of Italy, where taking notice of the 
 Irregularities and Deformities in Buildings in- 
 troduced by inz^afions of the Gothes^ and other 
 Barbarians- toprez^ent thofe inconzfeniencesfor 
 the future^ he thought fitto infìrncì ths rporldin 
 the Rules and PraBicesofthe Learned .ancients ; 
 haz/ing opportunity to obferz/e the foot-fieps of 
 their labours euen at Rome // felf^ where being 
 the gre at e fi Concourfe of îN^ble Men and Noble 
 Minds ^ they f pared neither Care nor Coji in Build- 
 ing : Jnd in imitation of them^ our Author is ex- 
 aBl in hk directions touching ez^ery material^ as in 
 thi cfo^ice 0/ Stone,Timber,Metals, 5aad,Lime, 
 Bxìckyé^c, what good^and what not Jjow to be pre- 
 pared and put in nfe. ' ïis obferzjed how careful 
 they were in the makjng their Brick andLimQ, not 
 forbearing the hardeji Stone • for as Sr. Henry 
 
 Wotton 
 
The Preface. 
 
 Wotton ohfer'vethy that the Italians to this day y 
 and much imre the Ancients ^did burn their firm- 
 eJlStone^ and even Marble itfelf^tphereitwas 
 plentifnlytphich in time became Marble again ^or 
 atleajiof Indiffolnble Dnrity^as appeareth i/Jthe 
 (landing Theatres. And other Learned Men have 
 required that all the Timber be cut outof the fa^e 
 Forrejl^ all the Stone out of the [am: Quarry ^ and 
 the IJrcitbe mide out of the fame Stone ofrphich 
 the Building is intended ^ imagining that they will 
 SyfnpathiZtC and joy n better by a i\tnd of Original 
 Kindred. But tnjlead of this Curiofity^wetoo 
 often mal{e Lime rvithout any great choice^ and of 
 Refufe Stu^y ryhich is an Enghflj Errouryofno 
 fmall moment in eur Bnildtngs, /^fter thefe 
 ParticuUrSj our Juthor proceeds to treat of 
 the Fi*ife Orders of Columns, whofe Members 
 and FroporliovSy as he hath laid them down^ are 
 by the Judicious ejieemed the moji excellent in 
 their h^nd j and for Jome of their terms which I 
 hai/e changed y it was not without the advice of 
 skilful Artiflsy thereby to conform to thoje terms 
 7noii familiar to our IVork^men, To thefe are 
 added Defignes of Doors and Wincl^ws, by 
 Pr Le Muet, Jrchite^ to the Fiench Kin>j ^ 
 which I thought good to prefent ( Pûhdio only 
 
 difconr- 
 
The Preface, 
 
 • 
 
 difconrftng of them ) they being lopell approved 
 by all Arti fis y both for their manner and Propor^ 
 tions^ and tlye fame which are in the Louvre at 
 Paris 5 and ont of him I ha^egi'z/en the Proporr 
 tion of Halls ^« J Chambers, though a little dif- 
 fering from Palladio, becanfe mofi agreeing to 
 the prefent practice both in England ^«r/ Franc e : 
 j4nd for the fame Keafon^ I do^ inflead of Mon- 
 fieur Muets Defigns of Frames of Honfes^ put 
 infuch as are nfed in England, by the dir eB ion 
 of fonte of our ablefi Architeds, vphich (I hope') 
 will be grateful^ and ^ery ttfeful^ notonlyto our 
 Jrtifisjbut Gentlemen and other s which may ha've 
 occafionto Build't gi'^ing an account of all the 
 "Names proper to each Member and principal of 
 the Houfe • and alfo Pjcw the manner of fram^ 
 ing^ with their fei/eraiSc2inûinp> «^«^Buttments* 
 Although we want iiot fnch ingénions Arti fis 
 whofe names deferzfe to be Celebrated for many 
 fianding Examples of their skjll^which do better 
 deferte defcription then many publijhed with 
 much pomp beyond the Seas : Jetwehat/ebutfew 
 Bookj which I can recommend toyon^ be fides the 
 Excellent difcourfes of Sir H . Wotton and John 
 Evelyn Efq- the former on the Elements of 
 ^rcbiteSlnrey and the latter in hk acco^^pt of 
 
 /ir ibi- 
 
The Preface. 
 AtchiteBnre and ArchiteBs {added to hh Eie'' 
 gant trail jlation of the Parallel ) where they 
 halving comprifedfully and clearly the mo fi weigh- 
 ty obferz^ations of the Art ingeneral^the JiudioHS. 
 will need only to ferve himfelf of the particular 
 pans thereof y according to his ownoccafions. 
 
 And fuch Pieces 04 Ihere prefent^ the Reader 
 cannot thinh^ nnfeafonahle^ nor^ that a new and 
 great City iito bebmlt^ wherein the King hazfing 
 p:)ewn hk particular care of keeping the Trade 
 in its former channel^ by fixing the Exchange, 
 Cuftom-houfe, (& c on their old foundations , 
 and the Laws halving provided for fuch a way 
 of bnildingyOS may joyn together {what our Au- 
 thor requires to be obfervedby every nndertal^er^ 
 Accomodation, Hand! omiiefs, and Laftingnels, 
 and prevent that deformity and danger ivhich we 
 have formerly been liable to yby Irregular and flight 
 bnildiîîgs^ narrow Streets^ intollerable encroach- 
 menl'S^ jettings of windows^ and what not ^that 
 might make itcomhuïïibie. I hope now both old 
 and young will rejoyce at the re-building of 
 London, a fécond happy r efior at ion ^ i/j feri our 
 oììly to that of hj6 Majefiies Perfon aiid Govern- 
 ment, 
 
 G R. 
 
 THE 
 
THE 
 
 • ♦ 
 
 FIRST BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 By Andrea Palladio. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 What ought to be confidered and prepared^ 
 before y OH begin to build. 
 
 BEfore you begin to Build , you ought carefully to con- 
 fider every part of the Foundation and Ground-work 
 of the Building which is to be raifed. Three things 
 ina Building (as ^mh yitrnvifti ) ought to be confider- 
 ed, without which it will not deferve commendation : Thofe 
 arc ufefulnefs or accommodation^ laftingnefs and handfomnefs : 
 For that work cannot be accounted perfect, which is ufeful 
 but only for a Ihort time, or not convenient for a longer ; or 
 having thefe two, hath not alfo decency : It will be commodious, 
 when every part hath its due place and fit fcituation, not below 
 its indignity, nor above what its ufe requires ; and they willbe 
 fitly difpofed, when the Galleries, Halls, Chambers, Cellars, and 
 Granaries are in their proper places. As for the laftingnefs, you 
 regard that when all the Walls are right by the line, thicker 
 feelow then above, and hnve good and fufficient foundations ; 
 p. H. HILL LIBRAR? and 
 
 hfertfi Carolina Strf<^ '^oilege 
 
of JrchiteSlure] 
 
 and befides, the pillars above mufl: be direâly over the piilajfs 
 below. And all the Apertures ( as Doors and Windows ) muft 
 "beone above the other, fo that the folid beupon thefolid, and 
 the vacant be upon the^ vacant. The handfomnefs will arife from 
 the fair form, and the correfpondcnce between the whole and its 
 parts, of the parts among themfelves, and of tliem to the whole : 
 Becaufe that a building ought to appear an intire and ipevk^t 
 body, wherein each member agrees with the others, and all the 
 members be neceflfary to what you defign. 
 
 Thefe things confider ed, in the defign and model, you ought 
 then diligently to calculate all the charge that may arife, and 
 make timely provifion of money, and prepare what materials 
 fhall feem requifite : So that in building nothing may be defici- 
 ent, and hinder the Complement of the work, it being no little 
 praife to the builder, nor fmall advantage to the work, that it 
 be finiftied with due expedition: And that all the Walls be at 
 once laid out, and equally difpotched, from whence there will 
 be none of thofe clefts which ufually are feen in Fabricks finiChed 
 unequally, and at divers times. 
 
 And therefore having chofen the mofl: skilful Artiftsthat you 
 can get, that fo the work may be the better carried on, by their 
 advice: you are to provide Timber, Stone, Sand, Lime, and 
 Metal j concerning which provifion, you fhall have fome Adver- 
 îifementâ, astofiamethejoifts of the Hall and Chambers, pro- 
 vide your felf withfo many ]oifts, as when framed, there may 
 lemain between them the fpace of a Joift and ha-If. 
 
 In like manner, concerning Stone, you are to take notice, that 
 to make the Jaumes of Doors and Windows, you are not to have 
 itone bigger then a fifth, nor lefs thenafixth part of the light j 
 and if you intend to adorn the building with Pillars or Pillafters, 
 make the Bafes, Capitels, and Architraves of Stone, and the other 
 parts of Brick. 
 
 Befides, as for the Walls, you are to confider, that they ought 
 to diminirti according as they rife; which inflrudion will ftate 
 the account right, and leflen great part of the charge ; And be- 
 caufe all thefe parts may be difcourfed of in their particular pla- 
 ces, it (hall fumee to have here given this general advice, which 
 is as a rough draught of the whole building. 
 
 Butt 
 
of Architecltirel 
 
 Butbefides the quantity, you arealfo to confnier the quality 
 and goodnefs of the materials, to chufe the beft ; experience 
 gained from the building of others will be a great help, becaufe 
 thereby we may eafily know how to determine what is fit and 
 expedient to our own purpofe. And although Fitruvins, Leon 
 By.nifia, Alberti^ and other excellent Writers, have taught what 
 is requifitein the choice of materials ; yet that nothing may be 
 wanting in thefe Books of mine, I fhall fpeak of fome, confining 
 my felf to the mofl neceflary. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 Of Timber. 
 
 Timber ( F/V r/m«j hath it, c^p. 9. book^i.) ought to be fel- 
 led [n Autumn^ and through all Ûit Winter : becaufe then 
 the Trees recover from the Root that ftrength and foundnefs 
 which in the Spring and Summer was difperfed into leaves and 
 fruit ; and you are to cut them in the wane of the Moon, be- 
 caufe the moifture which is mofl apt to rot wood, is then con- 
 fumed.- From whence there will not come the worm to hurt it. 
 It fhouldbe cut but to the middle of the pith, and folcft until 
 it be dry, becaufe by drops there will pafs away that moiflure 
 which would caufe putrefadion ; being cut, let it be laid in a 
 place free from the extremity of the Sun, Wind and Rain j and 
 thofe ought chiefly to be kept dry, which are of fpontaneous 
 growth ; and to the end that they may not cleave but dry equal- 
 ly, you are to drub them over with Cow-dung; it (hould not be 
 drawn through the dew, but in the afternoon, nor to be wrought 
 being very wet or too dry : Becaufe the one makes it apt to rot, 
 the other hard to woik; nor will it in lefs then Three Years 
 be dry enough, to ufe in Plinkes, Doors and Windows. It 
 is convenient for thofe who arc about to build, to inform thera- 
 fclves from men skilful in the nature of Timber, what Wood 
 
 B 2 is 
 
of ^nhiteB'Ure: 
 
 is fit forfuchufe, and what not. ^r>r«w^, in the Chapter above 
 i\ientioned gives good inftrudions -, and fo other icarned mei 
 who have written thereof at large. 
 
 CHAP. Ill 
 
 Of Stone, 
 
 SOme arc Kfatur al ^Çomc Arttfìcid : The Natural q^ïc hewn out^ 
 of ths Quarry, and arecither to make lime or to build walls ; 
 of thofc which are ufedfor Lime,fhall be fpoken hereafter ; thofc ■ 
 of which walls are built» are cither Marble and hard Stone,or elfe 
 foft and pliant. Marble,- and hard Stone isto be wrought, as foon- 
 as digg d j for it will be at that time more eafie to work, then 
 U'henithath remained a while in the Air : . Seeing, the longer 
 they are out of the Quarry, they become the harder, and muft 
 fuddenly be put in hand. But the fofter the Stone ( cfpeci j1! where 
 its nature and fufficicncy is rot undcrRood, as when.'tisdigg'd 
 in a place from whence Ibrmerly.nonc has been taken) ought to 
 bfe digg'd in Summer, and expofcd to the Air, and not to be 
 ufed within two years 5 it muli: bedigg'd in Summer ^ to the end 
 that not being ufed to Wind, Rain, and Froft, it may by degrees 
 grow hard, and inabled to refift thofe injuries of the weather ; 
 and it fhould be left fo long, that thofe which have been preju- 
 diced may be put in foundations^ and the others not fpoiled 
 (upon trial) areto be ufed above ground in Buildings, bccaufe 
 they endure longefl- 
 
 Anificial Stones? .are from their form commonly called Ou,^^ 
 ■drels -^ thefe are made of a chalkie^ whitifh, and pliable Earth ; 
 ^oumurt: by all means avoid that .which is gravelly and fandy • 
 mc Earth mull be digged in v4/f?«w;, and tempered In Winter, 
 and fo they, may be well made in. the Sprwg • but if neceflity- 
 forces y oa to make them in the IVif? ter or S nmmer y cover them 
 ■mW:mir with dry fand, and in Simmer with ftraw: when mads, 
 
 they; 
 
of ArchìtcBure. ^ 
 
 they require a longer time to dry 5 and 't/s bcflthat they dry m 
 the (hade, fo that not only the outfide, bu: the middle and all 
 parts may be equally h ardncd, which cannot be done in lefs then 
 tivo years- They are made, bigger or lefs accqrding to the qua- 
 lity of the building, and the ufé to which they a're intendc-l- 
 therefore the Ancients made their bricks for publick and great 
 buildings , larger then for fmall and private : The bigger fare 
 might to be hollowed in many places, that fo they may dry and 
 
 bake the better. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 Of S and, 
 
 T Here are three forts of Sand, thatjstofay, Pit-Sand, River- 
 Sand, aid Sea Sand. Pit-Sand'is of all the belh and is 
 black, white, red, orcindry, which isafortof Earth burnt by 
 fire inclofed in the Mountains, and digged up in Tufamy. 
 There is alfo digged m Terra ai 'L.ivoro^ in the Territories of 
 Bitio and Cuma^ a Sand called by Vuravim^ Poz.z.olana, which 
 fijddenly knits together in water, and rrakes building very 
 fbong i it hath been found by long experience, that of all Pit- 
 Sand, the white is the worfe ; And of River-Sand, that from 
 the ftream which is found in the fails of water is the beft, becaufe 
 it is more purged. The Sea-Sand is worll of all, and black- 
 ens and fhines like glafs, but- that is better which is nearefl: the 
 (hore, and bigger. The Pit-Sand, becaufe 'tis fat and tough 
 C but apt to cleave) isrherefore ufedinV/alla andlong V^-iults. 
 TheRiver-Sandisvery good for the covering, orrough-cafting 
 of Walls. Sea Sand, becaufe 'tis foon wet andfoon dry, and 
 moulders away by reafon o^-theSalt^ therefore is unfit to bear 
 weight. All Sand is beft in its kind , if being fqueezed and 
 handled, it crackles \ and if being put upon a white c!oth,- it 
 neither ftains nor leaves it foul ; That is bad, which mingled w^th 
 
 water,^ 
 
,^ of ArchìteSlurel 
 
 water, makes it dirty and muddy, and which has for a long 
 time been in the Air, Sun, Moon, and Froft, bccaufe it wiU re- 
 tain much Earth and rotten humour, apt to bring forth (hrubs 
 and wild fi^-trees, which are greatly hurtful to build- 
 ings. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 Of Lime^ and how to wori\^ it, * 
 
 S Tones, whereof Lime is made, are cither digg'd out of the 
 Hills, or taken out of the Rivers : All Stones of the Hills are 
 good, which are dry without any moifture, and brittle, having 
 no material m it, which when it pafTeth the fire (hall leave the 
 Stone icfs j therefore that Lime will be beft which is made of 
 thehardeft, found, and white Stone, and being burnt remains a 
 third part lighter then its Stone. There are alfo certain forts of 
 Stone, the Lime whereof is very good for the fetting of walls. 
 IntheHillsof P4<5?-v^ they dig a rugged Stone, whofe Limeis ve- 
 ry good in works which lie open, and in the water, bccaufe it 
 prefently hardens, and endures very long. Ail digg'd Stones 
 are better to make Lime, then the gathered • and from a fhady 
 and moid: pit, rather then a dry .• The white is better to work 
 then the brown ^ Stones which are gathered in Rivers and 
 Brookes, that is to fay, Pebbles, make exccllcni: Lime, and 
 very white , and neat work ^ therefore 'tis generally us'd for 
 finiftiing of Walls. All Stones, as well of the Hills as Rivers, 
 arefooner or later burnt, according to the fire which is given 
 them j but ordinarily they are burnt in fixty hours; Being 
 burnt, wet them, but not pour on the water all at once, but at 
 divers times, and frequently (that they may not burn ) till they 
 be well tempered : Afterwards put them in a moifl: and fhady 
 place without any mixture, only cover them lightly with Sand ; 
 and by how much the more thorowly they are ftecpcd, fo much 
 the more rough and better they will be ; Except thofe which 
 
 arc 
 
Of ArchiteSîure. 
 
 are made of rough Stones, as the Paduafi, becaufe they, as foon 
 as they are wet, muft be wrought, other wife they wafte and burn 
 away i whence they will not hold, but become ukìc^s; For to 
 make the Mortar, you muftfo mix the Sand, that taking of Pit- 
 Sand, you muft put three parts thereof with one of Lime i if Ri- 
 ver or Sea- Sand, two partsthereof with one of Lime. 
 
 7 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of Met ah, 
 
 THE Metals ufed in buildings are Iron, Lead, and Copper - 
 Iron ferves to make Nails,Hinges,and Chains, to fallen the 
 Doors, to make Doors themfelves. Grates, and the like works 
 It is no where found, and digged pure, but when digged is pur- 
 ged by the fire, to the end it may be fo melted, that it may 
 run, and that before it be cool, the foulnefs may be taken away • 
 but after it is purged and cooled, it heats well, and becomes fofrl 
 and eafie to be wrought and beat out with a hammer. But it 
 will not eafily melt, if it be not put again into a fornace made 
 for that pui'pofe ; if being red hot, it do nor work nor yield to 
 the hamnier, it waftes and is fpoiled. 'Tis a fign of the goodnefs 
 of Iron,ifinthemafsyoufeethe veins continued ftraight without 
 interruption, and if the ends of the piece be clean and without 
 foil : Becaufe the faid veins fhew if the Iron be without knots and 
 puffs, and you may underftand the middle by the ends. Being 
 wrought into plates fquarc, or any other figure, if the fides be 
 even, you may conclude, 'tis all alike good, having equally en- 
 dured the hammer. 
 
 With Lead they cover (lately Palaces, Churches, Towers, 
 and other publick buildings, and Gutters and Pipes to convey 
 water, and therewith they faften the Hinges and Iron- work in 
 the Jaumes of Doors and Windows. There are three forts 
 thereof, white, black , and of a colour between both , and 
 
 by 
 
,^ of AfchiteSinre. 
 
 1jy fomc called Afh-co'our ; the black is fo called, not becaufe 
 tis really black, but becaufe being white, with fome blacknefs 
 'i\ it : Therefore in rcfpe<ft of the white, the Ancients with rea- 
 on gave it that name. The white is more perfed and precious 
 ;hcn the black, the Afh-colour is between both : Lead is digged 
 either in great lumps found by therafclves, or in fmall pieces, 
 which thine with a certain blacknefs, or elfe in very thin flakes , 
 amongft the Rocks, Marble and Stones. All forts of Lead will 
 eafily run, becaufe with the heat of the fire it melts before it is 
 red hot : But put it into a very hot furnace, it loofcth its nature 
 and (Irength ^ for one part is changed into Litharge , and the 
 other intodrofs. Of thcfe forts of Lead the black is foft, and 
 therefore eafily wrought with the hammer, and dilates much , 
 and is very heavy. The white is harder and lighter, the Arti- 
 colonr is much harder then the white, and of middle weight be- 
 tween both. 
 
 With Copper fomctimes they cover publick buildings; and 
 the Ancients made Nails or Bolts, which faftned in the ftones 
 above and below, kept the ftones from falling out of order, and 
 the Clafpcsor Hooks;placed to hold two rtones together ; and 
 they ufcd thefc Nails and Clafpes, becaufe that buildings which 
 can't poffibly be made without many pieces of ftones may ( by 
 being thus joined and bound together) as it were become one 
 (lone, and fo more ftrong and durable. They alfo made Nails 
 and Clafpes of Iron, but more often of Copper, becaufe they 
 will laft longer, not being fo fubje<ft to ruft. Alfo they made 
 Letters for Infcriptions, which they placed on the borders of 
 buildings : And we read tha(: of this Metal were the hundred, 
 famous gates of Bîbylonr, and in the Iflcsof Cddcs^ the two 
 Pillars of Hercules eight cubits high. That is clleemed the befl, 
 which burnt and extradcd from Mineral by fire, is red, inclin- 
 ing to yellow, of a^oodgruin^ and full of boles -^ for that isafign 
 'tis well purged, and free from drofs: Copper may be heated 
 likelron, and made liquid, fo that it maybecaft; butin ex- 
 tream hot furnaces, it will not indure the force of the flame , 
 but totally confume. Although it be hard, neverthclefs it fubmits 
 to the hammer, and dilates it felf into thin Leaves j it i:> beft pre- 
 :ferved by Tarr ; And although it doth not ruil: like Iron, 
 
 yet 
 
of ArchiteSÎHre. ^, 
 
 yet it hath a kind of ruft which is called Verdegmce^ efpeciailv ^ 
 \i it touch (harp and liquid things ; of this metal mixed with 
 Tin, or Lead, or Latten ( which is alio Copper ) and coloured 
 with La^U Cdiimineirii^ is made a metal commonly called Brafs • 
 which oftentimes Architects do ufe, asinBafes, Pillars, Capi- 
 tels, Statues, and fuch like. In Rome are four Columns of Brafs 
 ( as St, Giovanni Lateranno) of which one only has its Capitel 
 and were made, by ^Hgnfiui, of metal which was taken from 
 the ftems of Ships, which he took in Egypt from AI. Amonia ^ 
 There remains alfo in Rome^ to this day, four ancient oates 
 which are thofe of the Rotunda^ which formerly was the Panthe- 
 on-^ that of St. Aàrimo^ which was the Temple of Satumus • 
 that of St. Cofmo and DamUno^ which was the Temple of C^/?<7r 
 and Pollnxy or rather of Romnlm ^nd Remus:, and that which is 
 in St. Jgnes, without the gate Fim'piali: -^ but the moli beauti- 
 ful of all thefe, is that of St. Maria Rotunda., wherein thofe An- 
 cients did endeavour to imitate by Art that kind of Corimhia?% 
 metal, in which the natural yellow of Gold prevailed : For we 
 read that when Corinth was deftroyed and burnt, ( which now 
 is called Coranto ) thus they melted and mixed in one mafs. 
 Gold, Silver, and Copper, and fortune tempered, and made 
 th^ mixture of three forts, which afterwards was called Co- 
 rinthian : In one of them the Silver prevailed , whence it 
 remained white , and very near it in luftre : In another the 
 Gold prevailed , and remained yellow , and of a Gold co- 
 lour : And the third was , where all thefe three metals were of 
 an equal temperament ^ and thefe fpecies have been fince divers 
 wayes imitated. Hitherto I have difcourfcd of thofe things 
 feeming moll neceHary to be confidered and prepared before 
 building j It now remains that fomething be faid of foundations, 
 the materials whereof being prepared, the work may be pro- 
 ceeded On. 
 
 /^^ '. V^C CHAP. 
 
of ArchheShtre. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of the Qualities of Ground^ wherein 
 fonndations are to he laid. 
 
 TH E Bafe of the building is that which we call the Foundati- 
 on, which is to fay, the part which is under ground, up- 
 holding the reft of the building that is above ground} therefore 
 of all the errours which do happen in building, thofe are the moft 
 pernicious which are committed in the foundation, becaufe they 
 bring with them the ruine of the whole Fabrick, nor can with- 
 out great dilTiculty be amended j whence the Architeé^s ought 
 toufe their utmoft diligence : Becaufe in feme places they have 
 a natural foundation, and in other places it is necelTary to ufe 
 
 Art. 
 
 A Natural Foundation is when we build on Ston?, afoftfandy 
 
 or moldring Stone, or Gravel ; for thefe, without digging, or other 
 
 help? of Art, are of themfelves excellent foundations ,and moft fit 
 
 to uphold the greateft building both on Land and in Water: But 
 
 if nature affords nota foundation, it muft be attempted by Art, 
 
 and then the place you have to build on, is either a/ò/zW Earth, or 
 
 a gravelly, fandy, moffie,foft, and moorifh place. Ifthe Earth be 
 
 faft and hrm, you may dig fo far as to a difcreet Archited may 
 
 leem requifite for the quality of the building, and foundnefs of 
 
 the Earth : and (when you intend not to make Cellars, or other 
 
 under-ground OfHces ) your depth is to be a fixtls part of the 
 
 height of the building ; to know this firmnefs, obfervation 
 
 from the digging of Wells, Cif^erns, and fuch like, will help 
 
 wcll,^ and 'tis alfo known by Herbs growing there, if they 
 
 ufually fpring up only in firm and fai? grounds ; and befides , 
 
 'tisafignof firm ground, if, a great weight thrown thereon, it 
 
 neither founds nor fhakes j and from the report of Drums 
 
 being fet on the ground , and lightly touched , it does not 
 
 refound again , and if water put in a Veflel doth not (hake : 
 
 The neighbouring places will^^ fo give you to underftand the 
 
 faftnefs 
 
Of ^rchsteSlHre. 
 
 faftnefs and firmnefs of the Earth.- But if the place befandv 
 or grave Jy, obferve whether it be on land or in water : For if 
 Jt be on land, you mud take notice what liath been before dire^* 
 ed, concerning fail ground ; and if you build in a River, the 
 Sand and Gravel is altogether ufelefs, becaufe the water with its 
 continual ftream and flood often changes its bed: Therefore dig 
 till you come to a bottom found and firm ; or if that be 
 difficult, digfomewhat in the Sand and Gravel, and then place 
 piles whofe ends may reach to the found and good Earth and up- 
 on thofe you are to build ; But if you are to build upon a moffie, 
 and loofe ground, then you muft dig till you find found Earth, and 
 therein alfofo much as the bignefs of the walls and the^reatncfs 
 01 the building require. . 
 
 This found ground ( and fitto uphold building) isof divers 
 forts J for (as Alberti well faith ) fomewhere fo hard, asV« 
 Jcarce to be cut with Iron ; fomewhere very Ibff, fomewhere black- 
 ifli, fomewhere whitifh (which is accounted the weakeft ) fome- 
 where like chalk, fomewhere fandy ; of ail thefe the beft \s 
 that which IS cut with moft labour, and when wer, doth notdif- 
 folve into dirt. 
 
 Youfliouldnot build upon a ruine or old foundation, if firft 
 of all you know not its depth, and whether it be fufficient to bear 
 the building ' but if the Earth be foft and fink much, as m 
 moorilh grounds, then you muft place piles, whofe length mull 
 be an eighth part of the height of the Wall, and inlhickncfs 
 a twelfth part of their length .• The piles muft be placed as clofe 
 as one can ftand by the other, and are to be rammed in with 
 blows , rather quick then heavy, fo that the Earth may the 
 better confolidate and faften. You muft place the piles nc^ on- 
 ly under the out- walls, upon the Trench or Gutters, butalfo un- 
 der the inner-walls, which divide the Building : For if vo^ 
 make the foundation for the inner-walls diffaent from thofc 
 without , then laying Beams along one by the other , and 
 others athwart them above, oftentimes it happens, that the m- 
 ner-walls fall down , when thofe without being placed (,n 
 piles, ftir not : Whence all walls come to cleave, the which 
 render the building rdnous, and is very uncomely to look on; 
 wherefore you muft avoid this danger, making the piling wtrk 
 
 C 2 of 
 
 U 
 
li of ÀrchiteSiure» 
 
 of *efs charge ; for according to proportion of walls, the pites in 
 the middle may be placed thinner then them without. 
 
 F 
 
 CHAP. VIIL 
 
 of Foundations, 
 
 \ Ounda-tions ought to by twice fo thick as the walls to be rai- 
 fed thereon, and therein the quality of the Earth, and the 
 greatnefs of the building is to be regarded, making them more 
 large in foft and loofer ground , and where there is a great 
 weight to be fulirained. The ^Uin of the Trench muit be Level, 
 fo that the weight may prefs equally, and not inclining to one 
 part more then another, may prevent the cleaving of the walls. 
 ^lv(YtUe^ a For this reafon the Ancients ufed to pave the plain with Tivertincy 
 :ertain and we lay Planks and Bcams^ and build thereon. 
 )'oifeht Foundations are made floping, that «sto fay, todiminiili as 
 
 Tom Tr/- they rife ^ yet fo, as that there may be fo much left on one fide 5 
 'jolu as on the other : So that the middle of that above may fall per- 
 
 pendicularly upon the middle of the lower work, which muft be 
 alfoobferved in the diminution of Walls above ground i becaufe 
 by this means the building becomes much ftronger, then by ttìa- 
 king the diminutions any other way. -n;» ek " 
 
 There is fometimes made ( efpecially in moorifh grounds 
 where there is need of piles ) to avoid charge. Foundations dif- 
 continued but with certain Vaults, upon which they afterwards 
 build. In great buildings 'tis very commendable to make vents 
 ^ through the body of the Wailsy from the Fourdatrion to the Roof, 
 
 becaufe they letforth the wind (which is very prejudicial to build- 
 ings ) lefifen the charge, and are of no fmall convenience, if in 
 them you make winding flairs from the bottom to the top, 
 
 «-,•'1 -i^t 
 
INSERT FOLDOUT HERE 
 
of ArchiteBnre, 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of ihe Fafiiomf Walls. 
 
 THE Foundation being laid, it remains that we treat of tke 
 Sup€rrrru(!^ure. The Ancients had fix forts of Wails 9 one 
 ciikd Reticolata, or Nét-wori^i Another of i^adrels, or Brtck^: 
 A third of Cement , which is of rough ftones from the Hills or Rt- 
 vers .• A fourth of various ftones ; a fifth of fquared ftones : The 
 fixth Riempiuta, which isalfo called Coffer- work. Of the Net- 
 work there is no life at all in thefedays; but becaufe FUruvim 
 relates it was common in his time, I do here put alfo that defign. 
 They made the Coignes and Corners of their building of i^Ji^- 
 dreU, and every two foot and half took up three Ccurfes of^a- 
 drels, which bound the whole thicknefs of the Wall. 
 
 A. Coignes-i or Corners of Qjtadrels. 
 
 B. CoHrfesof Quadrels, which bwd the whole Wall, 
 
 C. The Net-work: 
 
 D. 77?^ Courfes of Quadrels, through the thicknefs of the Wall, 
 
 E. The inner fart of the Wall made of Cement. 
 
 Walls of Brick-, or Qu:îdr&ïs,'%(Â\i t\\(^é'-2^h^^^ 
 other great Edifices, muft be (6 made, that the infide and obtftde 
 may be of Qn^idrels, and in .the middle filled up with Cement, 
 and with Brick, Earth, and Stone, rammed together; and to 
 every three foot in hefght, there muft be three Courfes of Qm- 
 drels of thebiggeftfort, which may take the whole breadth of" 
 the Wall. And the firft Courfe muft be kid with the -length 
 inward, that the lefier part of the Brick be expofed : The fccond, 
 the length laid fide ways, and the third as the firft. Of this fort 
 are the Walls of the Rotwnda in Rome, and the Bathes of Diode-- 
 fian, and all other ancient buildings which are there. 
 3A 
 
 E. The Courfes of Quadrels, which bind the whole Wall, 
 
 F. The middle fart of the wall made of Cement , between one 
 Courfe and the other, and the outward Cuadrcls. 
 
 The 
 
of ArchiteEinre» 
 
 The Walls of Cemem muft be made fo, that to every two foot 
 atleaft, there be three Courfes of ^adr^lsox Buck--, and that 
 the Quadrels or Brick. , be prepared according to the manner 
 aforefaid. Such are the VJsAls of TMrin in Piedmonty which are 
 made of River pebbles fplit in the middle, which being placed 
 with'the fplit lide outwards, make very even and fmooth work. 
 The Walls of the Arenaoî Verona dLtt{iktv/\fQ of Cemem ; and 
 there are three Courfes of Qnadreh to every three foot : And 
 in like manner are made other ancient Edifices, as appears in my 
 Books of Antiquities. 
 
 G. Cement or River Pebbles. 
 
 H. Courfes of Quadrels which bind the whole Wall. 
 
 The Walls of irregular fiones were fo called, becaufe they were 
 made of Stones of unequal fides and Angles j and to make thefe 
 Walls, they ufed a plumb Rule, which applied to the place where 
 the Stone was to be put, fervedto place them ftraight and even : 
 Thereby to try, time after time, if the Stone ftood right in the 
 defigned place. Of this fort may be feen Walls at Prenefie, and 
 Ancient ftreets were paved in this manner, 
 
 I. IrreguUr Stones. 
 
 M 
 
of ArchiteSìnre. 
 
 htRome may be feen Walls of fquared Stones, where was the 
 riazz.a, and the Temple of Jugnfipu, in which they locked in 
 the lefler Stones with Courfes of. greater. 
 
 K. Courfes ef leffer Stor.es. 
 L. Courfes of bt^ger Stones. 
 
 The manner Riempiuta, or filled Walls, which is alfe called 
 CofFer-work, which the Ancients did ufe ; taking Planks, and 
 placing them edgwife, allowing fo much fpaceas they would 
 have the thicknefs of the Wall, filling it with mortar, and llones of 
 all forts mingled together; and fo they went oh from Courfe to 
 Courfe. There is feen fuch like Walls at Sermion» upon the 
 Lake De Gradu^ 
 
 M. TUnks pit edge-wife, 
 
 N. The inmr pan of the wall. 
 
 O. ThefAce of the Wally the Flanks tAken aw Ay. 
 
 Of this kind may be called the ancient walls of Naples., which 
 had two walls of fquared Stones fotr foot thick, and fix foot di- 
 sant th' one from the other; chofe walls were bound together, 
 with other crofs walls, and the C/fj which were between the 
 Traverfe walls and the Out walls were four footfquare, and 
 were filled up with Stones and Earth. 
 
 P. The Outward Stone Wall. 
 
 Q^ The Traverfe Walls. 
 
 K. Cafes filled with Stones and Earth. 
 
 Thefewere the formes of which the Ancients did ferve them- 
 felves, and the foot fteps thereof are yet to be feen j whence it 
 may be concluded , that walFs of what fort foever ought to 
 have fome Tires or Courfes, whk;h are like finews that hold 
 
 faa 
 
g of JtchiteShre, 
 
 fad all other parts together, which chiefly may be obferved when 
 Walls are made of Brick ; For the ftrudure through age falling 
 afunder in the middle, the Walls may not become ruinous, as 
 hathhapned, andisfeen in many Walls, efpecially on that fide 
 which rcfpeds the North. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of the Method which the Ancients did 
 praBife in making their Stone 
 Buildings, 
 
 BEcaufe it happens, that fometimes buildings are made (the 
 whole, or good part) of Marble, or fome other great ftones j 
 I think it convenient, in this place, to acquaint you what the 
 Ancients did in fuch cafes j for we may obferve, in their work, 
 that they were fo diligent in joining their ftones together , that 
 in many places their connexion can fcarcely be perceived. And 
 befidcs, the Beauty, Firmnefs, and Duration of the Fabrick is 
 very much to be regarded. 
 
 And for as much as I can underftand, they firfl: fquared and 
 wrought the fides of the ftones which were to be placed one 
 upon the other, leaving the other fides rough, and fo ufed them ; 
 whereupontheedgesof the ftones were beyond thefquare, and 
 might manage them better , and more varioudy attempt to 
 place them right without danger of breaking, then if they had 
 been fquared on all fides before ; for when the edges are made 
 fquare , or Icfs then fquare , they are very weak and fubjedi to 
 accidents : In this manner they made all buildings rough, or, as 
 one may fay, ruftickj and that being done, they go on working 
 and polifliing the face of the ftone which is to be feen. It is true 
 that the Rofcs which are between the Af(7^i7/o;^j, and other fuch 
 like ornaments of the Cornich, could not commodioufly be done 
 when the ftones were fixed, therefore they made them while 
 
 they 
 
of JrchiteSture^ if 
 
 they were on the ground. This is well attefl^d by many an- 
 cient buildings, where may befeen many ftoncs rough and un- 
 polifhed. The Arch by the old Calile in Ferona, and all other 
 the Arches and buildings there, were done in the fame manocrj 
 which is eafily made out by one curious in obferving the marks 
 of their 'Tools, that is to fay, the manner how theftones were 
 wrought. The pillars of Trajan^ and jûmonine in Rome^ Were 
 fo made, nor could they otherwife have fo exadfy joined the 
 ftones, that might fo clofely meet where they go crofs the heads, 
 and other part of the figures. And the fame may be faid of the 
 other Arches which are there. 
 
 kiJ if the works were very great, as the Ar^naoî Verona^ 
 the Amphitheatre of Po/.ï, and the like, to fave charge and time, 
 which they would have required, they wrought only the Imports 
 of the Arches, Capitels, and the Corniches; and the reft they 
 left Ruftick, having only regard to the fair front of the building. 
 But in Temples, and other buildings, which required curiofity , 
 they fpared no pains in the working them, and glazing and fmoo- 
 thingeven the very fluces of the Columns, and polifhing them 
 diligently. Therefore, in my judgment, you (hould not make 
 Walls of Brick in the Ruftick manner, much lefs Mantles of 
 Chimnies, which require curious work ; forbefidestheunhand- 
 fomnefs, 'twill happen that they will fplit and divide afunder , 
 which naturally ought to be intire ; but according to the great- 
 nefs and quality of the building, you may make them Ruftickor 
 Polite : And in a work that requires altogether neatnefs, we 
 need not do as the Ancients ufed, with Reafon, and neceflitated 
 by the grcatnefs of their works. 
 
 D CHAP. 
 
lg of ^rchiteBiire. 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 Of the Diminution of IVallf, and of their 
 
 fartf. 
 
 1 T is to be obferved, that by how much the higher the Walls 
 ^ are, fo much the narrower theymuftbe^ therefore that part 
 which is above ground is to be one half thinner then the founda- 
 tion, and the fécond ftory a half brick thinner then the firfl ; and 
 fo continue till you come to the top of the building, but with dif- 
 cretion, that it be not too weak. The middle of the uppep 
 Wall ought to fall direa^ to the middle of the lower, thatfo all 
 the Walls be in a Pyramidal form. But if you would make a fu- 
 perficies, or face of a Wall, above, diredly over that below, it 
 mud be on the inner part ; becaufe the raftings of the Floors, 
 the Vaults, and other fupporters of the building, may not fuf- 
 fer the Wall to fall or give way. The difcharged part, which is 
 on tbe outfidc, muft be fupplyed with a Border or Corniche, in- 
 compafling the whole building, which will be an ornament and 
 faftningtothe whole Fabrick. 
 
 The Angles, becaufe they partake of both fides, and are to 
 keep them upright and faft together, muft be very ftrong, and 
 held with long a'nd hard ftones, as it were with arms ; therefore 
 the Windows and Apertures muft be as far from them as may be ^ 
 or at leaft, fo much fpace muft be left between the Aperture and 
 the Angle, as is the breadth of the Aperture. 
 
 Having fpoken of meer Walls, 'tis convenient to pafstorhe 
 ornaments, the grcateft whereof are the Columns when they 
 are meetly placed, and have fair proportion to the whole Fa- 
 brick. 
 
 C H A F. 
 
of ArchiteUnre^ i^ 
 
 CHAP. XIL 
 Of the five Orders nfed by the Ancients. 
 
 Five were the Orders among the Ancients, that is to fay, the 
 Tufcan, Dorickj, lonick-, Corinthian-, and Comfofta, which 
 ought to be fo difpofed in the building, that the ftrongcft be fet 
 loweft ; for then 'twill be more capable to bear the weight, and 
 the building will have a more fure foundation : Wherefore they 
 alwayes place the Dorrei^ under the/o?;?VJ^, the Ioniche under the 
 Corinthian^ and the Corinthian under the Compfita ; the Tufcan, 
 as being rude, feldome is ufed above ground, unlefsina building 
 of one Order onely, as in Town-houfes, or in vafl buildings, as 
 Amphitheaters and fuch like, where being many Orders, this in- 
 ftead of the Doriche is placed under the Ionici?^ ^ and if you leave 
 out one of themt and place, for example, the Corinthian immc- 
 diately over the Dorick-, which may be done according to the 
 Rule aforefaid, provided alwayes, that the more folid be the 
 foweft. I fhall fet down, particularly, the meafureof each of 
 thcfe Orders ; notfo much according to the Dodrinc of Titruvi- 
 m-t as according to my own obfervations in Ancient buildings j 
 but firft I will fay thofc things which belong to all in general. 
 
 CHAP. XIIL 
 
 Of the fuelling of Columns^ and their 
 
 diminutions \ of Inter- column s 
 
 and Pillajlers. 
 
 Columns of every Order muft be fo formed, that the up- 
 per part muft be lefler then the lower, and the middle 
 Ibmewhat thick j in diminilhing it muft be obferved, that by 
 
 D z how 
 
of ArchiteUnre, 
 
 how much longer the Columns are, fo much the Icfs mud they 
 be diminilhed. in regard that the height of it felf works the ef- 
 itCioi diminifhing by the diflance ; therefore if the Column be 
 1 5. foot high, the Diamètre of the Column below muft be di- 
 vided into 6\. parts, and the Diamètre thereof above (hall be 
 5* . of thofe parts. If from 1 5 . to 20. the Diamètre below mull 
 be dividedintofeven parts, and 6^. muft be the thicknefsof the 
 upper parti ^^ likewife thofe which are from twenty to thirty 
 the Diamètre below muft be divided into 8. parts, and 7. muft 
 be the Diamètre of the upper part, and fo the Columns which 
 are higher are to be diminifhed proportionably by their feveral ■ 
 parts, as Fitrnviiu (hews in his Second Chapter of this Third- 
 Book. But now the fweiling is to bemade inthemiddle, wc 
 have no more to ftiew from him then a bare promife j and there- 
 fore many have written varioufly thereof. I am wont to make 
 the profile of the faid fv/elling in this manner j I divide the bo- 
 dy of the Column into three equal parts, and leave the lower third 
 part perpendicular, at the end of which I lay a long thia rule as 
 long as the Column, or a little more, and move that part which 
 leachcth from the third part upwards, and bend it till the end 
 touch at the point of the diminution, at the top of the Co- 
 lumn under the Collarino or Aftragal-, according to that bend- 
 ing I proceed, and fo the Column becomes fomewhat fwelled in 
 the middle, and appears very handfomc ^ and although I could 
 not have contrived ( befide this ) a form either fliortcr or more 
 expedient, or that might be more acceptable; lam yet more 
 confirmed in this my opinion, fince it hath fo much pleafed Tr, 
 Cattaneo that ( I having told him of it ) he hath put it into one 
 of his Works of Archite^ure, with which he hath not a little 
 Illuftratcd this profelHon. 
 
 A. B. The third fan of the Column which ù fcrfenMcular,. 
 
 B. C. The trvo thirds diminifhed, 
 
 C. The foint of the Diminution under the Ctllarino cr JffirÀ^ 
 gaL 
 
. . of ArchiteSlnre, 2=g^ 
 
 The Inter-Columns, that is to fay, the fpaces between the 
 Columns, may be made of a Diamètre, and '. . of the Column 
 and the Diamètre is to be taken at the lower part of the Column^ 
 of two Diamètres , of two and i. of three, and fometimes of 
 more. But the Ancients were not wont to allow more then 
 three Diamètres of the Column, except in the Tufcan Order, 
 in which the Architrave i^ wont to be of wood ; they made the 
 Inter-columns very large, not lefs then a Diamètre and half, and 
 this fpace they allowed fometimes,- cfpccially when they made 
 the Columns very big ^ but thofe Inter-columns wcremoft pre- 
 ferred tl^it were of two Diamètres, and',, of the Column; and 
 they accounted this the moil noble and beautiful manner of the 
 Inter-columns. 
 
 And you ought to take notice, that between the Inter columns 
 and the Columns, there ought to be proportion and correfpon- 
 dence, for leaving too much vacancy between fmall Columns , 
 you will take away great part of their beauty • becaufe the great 
 quantity of air that will be between them will diminifh very 
 much their thicknefs ; and on the contrary, leaving too little fpace 
 to the great Columns, by the ftreightnefs and narro wnefs of the 
 fpaces they will appear gouty, and very ungraceful ; There- 
 fore if the fpaces exceed three Diamètres, you mull make the 
 Columns in thicknefs a feventh part of their height, as I ob- 
 fcrve hereafter in the Tnfcan Order; but if the fpaces fhall be 
 three Diamètres, the length of the Column mull be yl. or eight, 
 as in the Doriche Order ; and if 2^.. the length of the Column 
 mud be 9. Diamètres, as in the lonkk^ ; [t 2. the len«th of the 
 Column muft be 9'. as in the Corimhia». Lailly, if i [ . the length 
 of the Column muft be 10. as in the Compfta. Concerning thefc 
 Orders, I have took this care, that they may be examples for all 
 other Inter- columns, which Fitruvins intimates in the Chapter 
 aforefaid. 
 
 In the front of buildings, the Columns ought to bean even 
 number, fo that the middle Inter-column may be made bigger 
 then the reft, that the Doors and Entries may be the better feen ; 
 ^hich ufually are placed in the middle : And thus much for Pil- 
 lar work only. 
 
 But if Galleries be made with Pillafters, they mull be fo dif- 
 
 pofedj 
 
 L) 
 
^^4, Of ArchiteSiuye, 
 
 pofed, that the Plllailcrs be not lefs then a third of the vacancy 
 between Pillaftcr and Pillafter, and thofe at the corners muft be 
 two thirds bigger then theother, that fo the Angles of the Fabrick 
 may be firm and ftrong ; and when they are to fupport an extra- 
 ordinary great weight, as in very great buildings, then they 
 Hiuft be the half of the vacancy : As thofe of the Theatre of 
 Vtcenx.^^ and the Amphitheatre at Ca^ua : Or elfe two thirds, 
 as thofe of the Theatre of Marcellusm Rome^ and off the Thea- 
 tre of ^^«^«^^ which now belongs to Si^. Lodovico de Gabrieîliy 
 a Gentleman of that City. The Ancients alfo made them forae- 
 times as lart'e as the whole vacant, as in the Theatre of Ferona^ 
 in chat part*which is not upon the Hill. But in private buildings, 
 they are not to be made lefs then a third of the vacant, nor larger 
 then two thirds, and they ought to be fquare ^ but to fave charge, 
 and to make room to walk more freely, they may be made lefs 
 in the flank then in the front. 
 
 And to adorn the frontifpicce, you may put in the middle of 
 the front half Columns, or other Pillafters which may bear up 
 the Corniche, which fhall be upon the Arches of the Gallery ; 
 and they muft be as large as their height (hall require, according 
 to their feveral orders, as intheenfuing Chapters and dcfignes 
 may appear -, for underftanding whereof ( that I may not repeat 
 the fame thing often ) you may underûand, that I in the dividing 
 and meafuring the faid Orders, would not take a certain and de- 
 terminate mcafure, which is peculiar to any City, as Cubit, Foot 
 or Span ; well knowing , that meafures are as various asthe Ci- 
 ties and Countries. But in imitation of /''^zVr^x'ij^, who divides 
 the i)omi^ Order with a Meafure taken from the tbicknefs of 
 the Column, which is common to all, and by him called a Mo- 
 Me : I will alfo ferve my felf with fuch a Meafure in all the Or- 
 ders, and the J</o^«/f fhall be the Diamètre of the Column, ta- 
 ken at the Bafe, divided into 60." parts ; except in the Doyìc\ , 
 in which the Module is to be the half Diamètre of the Column, 
 and is divided into 30. parts : For fo it falls more commodious in 
 the Compartiments of the faid Order. Wherefore every one 
 may ferve himfclf ( making the Module greater or leflTer, accord- 
 ing to the quality of the Fabrick) with the proportions and pro- 
 files defigned convenient to every Order. ' '"^.* 
 
 CHAP. 
 
of ArchiteSme, 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Of the Tufcan Order. 
 
 TH E Tufcan Order, according to that which Fitruvim 
 writes of it, and is fo indeed, isthemoft fimpleand intire 
 of all the Orders of Archite<flure ; Becaufe it retains the moft of 
 Antique, and wants all thofe Ornaments which renders the 
 others fo pleafant and agreeable. This had its Original m 
 Thfcana^ a place very remarkable in Italy ^ whence the Name is 
 derived. 
 
 The Column with it's Bafe and Capite!, ought to be in length 
 feven Models, and at the top are diminifhcd a fourth part of 
 their Diamètre, having occafion of a row of Columns of this 
 Order only, you may make the Inter-columnes very large j be- 
 caufethe Architraves maybe of wood, and will be very conve- 
 , nient for Country life, for the paflage in and out of Carts, and 
 other Country conveniences j and beiides the charge will be lefs • 
 but if you make Gates or Galleries with Arches, you mud ob- 
 ferve the meafures that I have marked in the defign, in which you 
 may obferve the Stones fo difpofed or joyned together, as when 
 the whole work is of Stone \ the which I have alfo dire<fted in the 
 defignsof the other four Orders. 
 
 H 
 
 And 
 
 p. a HILL LIBRARY 
 t^^ertfi Carolina Stale College 
 
^^ of jinhiteSinre ^ 
 
 And thÎ9 way of difpofing and fadning the Stones ^ Ì have 
 derived from many Ancient Arches, as appears in my 
 Books of Arches i aad herein I have ufcd great, diU^ 
 ^cncc. 
 
 [ A. ArchitYA'Ve of wood. 
 
 B. The ends of the Snmmers which bear up the p/ojeBuftof the 
 Cermccs 
 
 ïht 
 
B 
 
 vo 
 
 ^ 
 
 f^ 
 
 MO 1 P 4^ i 
 
 MO. 4< 
 
 

of ArchiteSiHre, ^j 
 
 The Pedeftats which are made under the Columns of this 
 Order mufl: be the height of one Model, and made plain. The 
 height of the Bafe is to be the half Diamètre of the Column* 
 This height muft be divided into two equal parts ; one is given 
 to the Orb or Plinth^ which muft be made round ; the other 
 is divided into four parts ; one for the Li/iella^ or CinBitre 
 which may be made a little lefs, and is alfo called Cimbia- 
 and in this Order only is part of the Column, the other three 
 arc for i)\tTotHS. The Proje^ure of this Bafe is a fixth part of 
 the Diamètre of the Column below. The Capitel is the height 
 of half the Diamètre of the Column below, and is dividedin- 
 to three equal parts. One is given to the ^bacm^ which from 
 its form is commonly called DWo, or Dye. The other to the 
 Ouolo^ or Echifitti, and the third is divided inro fevcn parts of 
 one is made the Liftei/a under the Ouolo, and the other fix remain 
 to the CoUor wo, or neck of the Column. The yijiragal is dou- 
 ble, the height of the LifielU under the O;iolo, and the Centre 
 thereof, is made upon the line, which falls plum upon the faid 
 LiflelUy and upon the fame line doth fall theproje^ure of the 
 Cimhia , which is as thick as the LiflelU The Projefture of 
 the Capitel anfwers to the body of the Column below ; its Ar- 
 chitrave is made of Wood as high as broad; and the breadth 
 ought not to exceed the body of the Column at the top. The 
 Summers which carry on the Eaves, projeifleth a fourth part of 
 the length of thejColumn, Thefe are the meafures of the Tuf 
 san Order, as Vitruvm tcacheth. 
 
 A, jih^cus 
 
22 Of sArchìuSiuYe^ 
 
 A, Ahacus, 
 
 C. 0ypotrachelÌHffti orfriu of theCapteL 
 
 D. Aflragd, 
 
 E. 5<?^> «/ f ^^ Column above. , 
 
 F. 5^^^ of the Column below. 
 
 G. AnnHletCein^nrey or LiflelUi, 
 H. TorcHS. 
 
 I. Or/(?, cr Tlinth, 
 
 K. Eedefialy orStylohatim. 
 
 The Pr<?jî/f J which are placed by the plain of the Bafe and Ca- 
 fitel^ are the Imports of the Arches, 
 
 But 
 
^ of ArchiteSiure. 
 
 But if they make tbe Architraves of flone, It mufl be obfe/- 
 ved, which was fpoken before of the Inter-columns-, there is, 
 Î0 be fecnfome Ancient Buildings, which may be faid to be bui Ir: 
 according to this Order, becaufe they retain m part the fame 
 Meafures- as in the Arena of Ferû??a, and Theatre of FoU, and . 
 many others^ of which I have undertaken the profiles, not on- 
 ly of the Eafe of the Gapitel of the Architrave of the Frez,e and 
 of thçCormce, putdownin the laft page of this-Chapter. Bur. 
 alfothofeof the Imports of Arches^ and of allthele buildings^,. 
 I-fhall put the defigns in my Books of Antiquities. 
 
 A. ScimaRefta. 
 
 B. Corona. 
 
 C. The Yi-oyBure of the Corona^ andthsSsimn ReUa. 
 
 D. Cavetto. 
 
 E. Frez.e. 
 
 F. Archetrave» 
 
 G. CimMium» 
 H. Ah acuì. ? 
 
 I. Scima Refla, ^ - 
 
 K. Hyptracheliim, orfrizeof thsCA^iiel 
 
 L. AfrAgolM. 
 
 M. Body of the Column under the CapiJeh 
 
 N. Body of the Column below. 
 
 O. Anmlet, orCinFthre. 
 
 P. ToruSf or Scima Reverfa. 
 
 ex Or/a, or Flmh of the Bafe, 
 
 Over againft the Archeirave marked f . is the profile or defiga 
 of an Archetravsvcïy curioufly wrought. 
 
 C H A Pc 
 
• 
 
 J . 
 
 N 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 IC , 
 
 ié^ 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 ; ■ 
 
 P 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,'■ 
 
 e 
 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
Of ArchiteElureo 5^ 
 
 CHAR XV. 
 
 Of the Dorick Order. 
 
 THE DmV^ Order had its Original and name from the 
 Dorians^ a Grecian people which dwelt in Afia j the 
 Columns when made alone without Pilafters, ought to be feven 
 and a half, or eight Diamètres long j the Inter-columns are little 
 lefs than three Diamètres of the Columns. And this manner of 
 placing Columns, by Fitmvim-, is called Dyafiylos-^ but if they 
 join to Pilafters, they mufl: be together with the Bafe and Capi- 
 tei feventeen Models, and one third in length ; and you muft ob- 
 ferve, that ( as I have faid before in the 1 3. Chapter ) the Mo- 
 del in this Order only is the half of the Diamètre of the Column, 
 divided into thirty parts; and in all the other Orders, it is the 
 whole Diameircj divided into fixty parts. 
 
 A mon" lì 
 
SR^ES *Ç SOOSSS ^ ^ *^ SXAÂAA' VtAJkAAA' *X.kAAA.jf 
 
 Ò 
 
 Moiir 
 
 /$^^i 
 
 Alo ^ 
 
 -^ i 
 
 A\o .5â 
 
 iv\o . 5f . ^^ 
 
■tal 
 
 'Tt'pm the raiâlie oj ane--^ ^ 
 cffliMìuie V'irlo tne nuaat-^ of ! 5» 
 
of JrchìteSJnn^ 
 
 Amongft Ancient Buildings, we fee no Pedeftah to this Or- 
 der, yet they are feen amongft the Modern. And if you join 
 a Vedeftal to them, you mud make the Dado of the Pedejhat a per- 
 fedifquare-, and from it you mufttake thenKafures of its Orna- 
 ment: Therefore it muft be divided into four equal parts, the 
 Bafe with its Zocco or Plinth muft be two of them, and the Cy- 
 macium one, towhich muft be joined the Orb, or Plinth of the 
 Bafe of the Column. This kind of Pedejld may alfo be feen in 
 the Cori/^jthian Order, as at Ferona^ in the Arch which is called 
 De Lioni. I have fet down divers Meafures of defigns, which 
 maybe joined to the P^^f/?4/of this Order, which areali very 
 agreeable, and taken from Antiquity, and are very carefully mea- 
 fured.This Order hath no proper Bafe, wherefore in many Build- 
 ings, you may fee Columns without Bafes ^ d&xwRome, in the 
 Theatre of Mdrfellm, in the Temple De la Pietà, near to the faid 
 Theatre ; in the Theatre of Ficenzji, and in divers other places. 
 But fometimes the AtticK Bafe is joined to them, which adds ve- 
 ry much to their Beauty, and here is the meafure of it. 
 
 The height is the half Diamètre of the Column, and is divided 
 into three equal parts ^ one is given to the Zocco or Plinth ; the 
 other two are divided into two parts, of one is made the Tonts 
 fuperiour, and the other which remains is divided into two, and: 
 one isgiventotheTor^inferiour, and the other to the 5coaVi, or 
 Cavetto with its Annnlets. Therefore if you divide it into fix. 
 parts, of one muft be made the Annulet above, and the other 
 that below, and four muft remain to the Scoda. The projedlure 
 muft be the fixth part of the Diamètre of the Column; the 
 Ceinture muft be the half of the upper TortK : If it be divided^? 
 from the Bafe, its projedure muft be the third part of the whole 
 pro jedure of the Bafe. But if the Bafe and part of the Column ■■ 
 fhall be of one price, you muft make theCcin^nre fmall j as you^ 
 may fee in the third defign of this Order, where are alfo two. 
 manners of Impofis of Arches. 
 
 G 3 A. Body 
 
of ArchiteSture. 
 
 K. Body of the Column, 
 B. Afìfìdleì, orCeihBme. 
 Ç. - The Hp^er Termi 
 
 D. Scoda with its Arinuttts. 
 
 E. The lower Torus. 
 
 F. Plmthycr Zocco, 
 
 » r:'i -. • '■>'/_ '■. » < '-; ; 
 
 G. Cimacium, Wv^c'qfiiS I 
 
 
 H. X>W^,>y'5^/wrf. V of the PedefiaL 
 
 ^.^ Jmfisof Jrcm}f^ '} .\^^^^ . 
 
 ,;nc ,ûV/-j orni hobivib ei zninm-ji fuirlv/ idìjo 
 
 iOSlO'iq 
 
 j"i 
 
 Alo '^^i*^ 
 
-±2: 
 
 «^ 
 
>.i 
 
 l„ :. 
 
 rW i, i i< t ,iai m i( W l M i j. ji«MiiB 
 
 .■^ 
 
 I .-., 
 
 tf-xr-srn 
 
 '■. iaih9 »;'•"*>?■> - •>'«T .^ 
 
^ 4 
 
 -■jf»x.m*i^-mmr'im'mBM'^ ■ w»^-..»..^,»,.,,,*-,,^.,^, 
 
of ArchitcEiitre. 51 
 
 The height of the Capitel ought to be the half Diamètre of 
 the Column below, and is divided into three parts \ that above 
 iliall be divided into five parts, three (hall be for the Abacm ^ 
 and the other two parts for the Cimatium , - the which mull 
 be fubdivided into three parts ^ of one is made the Lijicl'a^ or 
 Anndet, and of the other two, the Scim.^ Rdla. The fceond' 
 part is divided into three equal parts, one is given to the Jînnn- 
 /ft which are three, and are equal, the other two which remains 
 to the Oitolo^ or Echynvj^ whofe projediure is two thirds of its 
 height. The third principal part of the faid Capitel, is for 
 theHypotrachelinm, or Fri.z.e of the Capite!, given to the Col'.t- 
 rinoj the whole projedure is the fifth part of the Diamètre 
 of the Column. The -^/r^^^/ is as high as all the three ^/;w;/- 
 letsy and is in projedure equalto the body of the Column be- 
 low. The Annulet or CeinHure^ is half the height of the Aftra- 
 galy the projecflure thereof is plum with the Centre of the faid 
 ylftragaL 
 
 Upon the Capitel is made the Architrave-, which is to be m 
 height half the thieknefs of the Column, that is to fay, one 
 Model 'j it is divided into feven partSj of one is made the Teriia^^ 
 whofe projedurc muft be equal to its height. The whole is di* 
 vided into fix parts, one whereof is given to the Gutta, ihe 
 which ought to be fix in number, and to the Lijhlla which is un- 
 der the Tenea, which is a third of the faid Giittx. The reft is di- 
 vided into feven parts, from the Tema downwards, three where- 
 of is given tothe firfi: Fafcia, and four to the fécond. The FrUe 
 is in height a Model and a half, the breadth of the TngUph^ is 
 one Model, and its Capitel is the fixth part of a Model. The 
 Trigliph is divided into fix parts, two whereof is given to the 
 two chanels in the middle, and one to the two half chanels at the 
 extremities, and the other three make the fpaces that are below 
 the faid chanels. The Met opa y that is to fay, the fpace between . 
 two Triglifhs ough t to be fo broad as h igh . 
 
 The Cornice ought to be in height one Model, and a fixth 
 part, and is divided into five parts and a hai f^ two whereof is 
 given to the Cavetto and Onolo ; the Cavetto is lefs than 
 
 Û 2 the 
 
^X of Architt^me. 
 
 the OhoIo^ as much as is the Liftetta-^ the otlicr three and half 
 is given to the Corona, and for the Scima Revcrfa, and Scima 
 Kefta. 
 
 The Corolla ought to have in projeâurc four fix parts of the 
 Model, and on its plain which looketh downwards, and proie<5l- 
 eth forth, mull have in length CiKGnita, and three in breadth 
 over the Tri^Uphs with, th-ir lifts, and over iht Metopa certain; 
 Rofes. ^ 
 
 The6'«.'f^, or bells, anfwcr tothofe which arc under the Ti:- 
 may which are made in form like a Bell. 
 
 The Cimatiim mufl: be an eight part thicker than the Coro- 
 7ia , and is (;livided into eight pan s : Two whereof is given to 
 the Orlo or Liflelky and fixremains tothcOOT.?/M, wharcpro- 
 jedure is feven parts and a half. Whereupon the >^^f/;;/r^zf 
 îhe Prize, and the Cornice, fail out to be in height the fourth 
 part of the length of the Column j and thcfe are the mea'iircs • 
 of the Cornice^ according to VitrHvim, from whom I have a 
 little fwerved, altering the members, and making them a little 
 bigger. 
 
 Î-- 
 
 A'a ,Scimji^ 
 
54 Of /ivchiteUuri. 
 
 A. Selma ReBa, 
 
 B. Scima Reverfit* 
 
 C. Coronna^ 
 
 D. 0«o/<7. 
 
 E. Cavetto. 
 
 F. TheCafitelsef theTriglifho 
 
 G. Trigliph. 
 H. Afetopa, 
 I. Tema. 
 
 K. C^?/^. 
 
 L. VrimaFafcia. 
 
 M. SecHndaFafiia. 
 
 Parts ûf the CapitcL 
 
 N. Cimatmm. 
 
 O. Ahacu4. 
 
 P. 0;/tj/o, or Echinm, 
 
 Qj^ AnnnUts. 
 
 R, Hyfotracheliumy or Trlzje. 
 
 S. Afiragal. 
 
 T. Li ft ell A^ or Ceinïiure. 
 
 V. 5tf <5/y fl/" ^^^ Column. 
 
 ^' ^mf.^''''^'^' ^^^'''^' ''"^^^^^dddmdedtnt.thmy^ 
 X* The under part of the Ceronna, 
 
 c H AP, 
 
v>^,^^^^^?rx^-^. ^, ^ ^^ A^^^;^>r-r,-^-^-; n ^^:^^^ :^---^~^-ir^^ 
 
 -7v::>s>r^ ^/i 71 
 
 /^■nux 
 
 ^J' 
 
 
 
 J^UUIT^ 
 
 i-a^ ila 
 
 ■-P-^ 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 :! 
 
 
 
 iV 
 
 
 
 
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 .1 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■~^^ 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 »- 
 m"^ 
 
 •'rC-, --Tï,-«:-apBt- 
 
b 
 
 'i ' 
 
 XZl 
 
 r 
 
 J- 
 
 ^-=y^i 
 
 (\ 
 
 
 -M 
 ^ 
 
 ' V 
 
 7 
 
 r4 (p 
 
 Ò' 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 .L 
 
 ^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 ? 
 
 1 ►;_-;-. 
 
 "^T 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;,--^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 =^" 
 
 : -i^'^ 
 
 
 -It? 
 
 L:_,...~:-r"- ■■ 
 
 :^..'^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
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 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 \' 
 
 
 
 
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 .^1 
 
of JrcJjìteSiiire^ t^c^> 
 
 G HAP. XVL.. 
 Of thelomck Or den 
 
 THE /(3///H Oi'der had itsOngxnû'mlonla^ a Provìnce in 
 j4fu ; and we read, that the Temple oïDia-m at Efhcj'us 
 was built of this order : The Columns withCapitel and Bafe, 
 are nine models long, and by a raodelisunderilood the Dia- 
 mètre of the Column below. The Ar ch etrave. F riz.c^ and Comke^ 
 are the fifth piirt of the height of the Column, in the following 
 defign, which is of Columns alone, the Intcr-columns arc of 
 two Diamètres, and a fourth part. And this is the faireft and 
 moft commodious manner of Intcr-columns, and by ritrnvim is 
 called E fifii/los. In the other defign, which is of Arches, the 
 Pilafters are in breadth a third part of the height of the Arch 5.. 
 and the Arches are in height two fcy^ares. 
 
 îi- îf 
 
a^sH 
 
 Tram the middle (T erri s 
 cplum'tig to fne inid^âXe^ affile. 
 crfher filer is y QRcnlells anâ, 
 l'y V arts 
 
■ «■fi«it-i>»-»r.i- 
 
jH , (/ 
 
 œWBSK'»?«ÎS2ar*-«rr4'.â2*S^St3a«aKn«ï'îE«Ba3t.5 
 
of Archite^ure, ^î 
 
 If you put a Fedefial to the Column of the lomck^Otder, as 
 in the defign of the Arches, it muft be made as high as half the 
 breadth of the Hght of the Arch, and mult be divided into fevcn 
 parts aiid half, of two of them (hall be madethe Bafe of one ; 
 the CimattHm, and half, which remains, (hall be for the £><^- 
 doj or fquare of the Fedefial. 
 
 TheBafe of this Order is in thicknefs half a model, and is 
 divided into three parts ; one is for the Plinth^ it's projedure is 
 the fourth part of the faid thicknefs, and confequently the eight 
 partof amodei. The other two parts of the Bafeare divided 
 into fcven, of three is made the upper Torus 5 the other four 
 are divided again into two parts, one is given to the Scotia above, 
 and the other to that below, which ought to h^e moreprojefTture 
 then the other. 
 
 The Aftragals ought to have the eight part of the'5f 5? m ; the 
 Ceinture of the Column is the third partof the Torm of the 
 Bafe; but if it be fo that you make the Bafe join with part of 
 the Column, you mufl: make the CeinBnre fmalj, as I have alfo 
 faid in the Doriche Order, the Cw/^wvt /?^f^ in projeû,ute haîf 
 the projedure aforefaid ; thefe be the meafures of the Ioniche 
 Bafe, according to ^^>r«^'/^«. '.th-^i^i. -xq ^q\ ,0 .H 
 
 Butbecaufe in many antique buildings are feen to this Order 
 ^mc^Bafes, and to me feeras more agreeable, upoa the Fe- 
 defial -j I have defigned the jûttick. Bale with afmalJTcrw or 
 jiflragal, xxndtrthtCeinUiire'^ not omitting therefore to make 
 the defign thereof as Vitrmim teacheth us. 
 
 The defignes L. are two different profiles for to make the 
 Imports of Arches • and of each there is fet down the Meafures 
 by Numbers, which (hew the parts of amodei, as is done in all 
 the other defigns ; thefe Impfls are in a height half as much 
 again as the thicknefs of the Pillafier which fupports the 
 jArch. 
 
 K A. Body 
 
gè of ArchiuBnre, 
 
 A. Body of the ColHvtn. 
 
 B. The Ajtragd with theCeinUhre, vphic,hare members of the: 
 Column. 
 
 C. Vp^ey Torni. 
 
 D. The hollow called Scotia, 
 
 E. The lower Torus. 
 
 F. The Plinth faftned to the Cymatim of the PedefiaL 
 
 G. CytftAtinm in two formes '\ 
 
 a I>odo^ or fUin fquare ^ of the PedefiaL 
 
 I. Safe in two formes. J 
 
 K. Orlo, or Plinth. 
 
 L. JmfopfortheJnhes. 
 
 To 
 
^•? 
 
 41 T' 
 
 (~- 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 J!i iti ~ ^M 
 
 3 !i '[ ).-^^r-^" 
 
 /OL^ 
 
 Ji 
 
 ^^_^ 
 
 V^ 
 
 t&.^&=iJh2v,ii..^^' 
 
 KMMZEZp 
 
 Ms/ 
 
 
 Vs 
 
 ^^ 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 ho 
 o 
 
 t 
 
 Mo I P 22^ 
 
 K 
 
 ±i 
 
 v. 
 
 T"r 
 
 J-1 
 
 ^ 
 
 7 "ZI 
 
 t-^ 
 
 -^ 
 
1 « 
 
 -•iwrififlf-*. 
 
t 
 
 ■ igyiifNie-i-- 
 
of ArchiteBtire, 7' 
 
 To make the Capitela the foot of the Column mud be divided 
 into eighteen parts, and nineteen of fuch parts is the breadth 
 and length of the Abacus, and the half is the height of the Cafi- 
 tel with the Folma \ whereupon it becomes to be nine parts 
 and a half high : One and half is for the jihacta with its Cimati- 
 urn, the other eight remains to the Voluta^ which is made in this 
 manner. From the extremity of the Cimat'mm^ within, is placed 
 one of the nineteen parts, and from the point which is there made, 
 is let fall a line plumb, which divides the Fb/;/r^ in the middle, 
 and is called Catheta ^ and where the point falls in this line 
 which feperates the four parts and half above, and the three 
 and half below , there is made the Centre of the eye of the 
 Folma-j whofe Diamètre is one of the eight parts -, and from the 
 faid point is drawn a line which interceds at right Angles. The 
 Catheta dividesthe rdnta into four parts, intheeyeof which is 
 formed a fquare, the bignefs whereof is the half Diamètre of 
 the faid eye. The Diagonal lines being drawn in it, in them are 
 made the points whereon the fixed foot of the Comfafs is to ftand 
 to make the n?/«M, and they are f computing the Centre of the 
 eye) thirteen Centres ^ as to the Order which mufl beobfervcd 
 in them, it appears by the number placed in the defign. The 
 jip^ragaloî the Column is right againfl: the eye of the Fointa ; 
 the Folntes are as thick in the middle as isthe/jri^jf^^r^ of the 
 OhoIo or Echinw, which reacheth beyond the Ahacpts, fo much 
 as is the eye of the Voluta -, the hollow of the Voluta is even 
 with the body of the Column. The Aftragal of the Column 
 turns about under the Voluta, and is alwayes feen : As apjjears 
 in the platform of the Column ; and 'tis natural, that fo flen- 
 der a thing as is the Voluta (hould give way to one fo hard 
 as is the Ajiragal j and the Voluta is alwayes equally dirtant from 
 it. 
 
 They were wont to make in the Angles of Rowes, of Columns, 
 or Porches of the Ioniche Order, Capitels which had thé Voluta 
 not only in the front, but alfo in that part that, making the Capitel 
 as they were wont to do, would be the flank; whereupon they 
 come to have the front on two fides, and are called Angular Capi- 
 tels -^ and howthey made them, I fliall demonftrate in my Book 
 ^Temples. 
 
 A. Abaçiiiy 
 
^i of JrchiteSltire. 
 
 A. Ahacm. 
 
 B. Holhms of the VoUta. 
 
 C. OhoIo^ erEchwHS. ^ 
 
 D. Aflragd under the Bchinm- 
 
 E. CeinBure-, er Annulet. 
 
 F. Body of the Column. 
 
 G. iï«« c4//f ^ Catheta. 
 
 On the Plat-form of the Capite! of the Column, the faid Mem- 
 bers are marked ^A;ith the fame Letters. 
 
 S. the eye of the Voluta in a Urge form. 
 
 Members of the B afe, aceording to Yitïuwius. 
 K. Body of the Columns. 
 L. CeMure, or Amulet. 
 M. Torns. 
 N. Scotiafrlma. 
 O. Tondino, or AflragaL 
 
 v. Scotia femnda. • £3fb';og *io 
 
 j ni o! iij- :u:j , 'n 'hi 5r!3 ni v'fio joit 
 Q^Orh, or Plinth. 
 
 R. ?ro]eBHT€ofthcBafe, 
 
 
 •'■^e 
 
 X 
 
Of ArchiteSture, 
 
 The Architrave, FrUe, and Cormce, make ( as I have faid ) 
 the fifth part of the height of the Column, and the whole is di- 
 vided into twelve parts 3 the Architrave four, the Fn;cf three, 
 «nd the Corner five: Ih^ Architrave is divided into five parts,' 
 of one is made the Cimatium, and the reft are divided into twelve, 
 three are given to the firft Fafcia, and its Aftraf al, four to the 
 fécond and its Afira^al, and five to the third. 
 
 The Corfiice is dividen into feven parts, |. two are given to 
 the Scotia and OhoIo, two the ModUions^ and the i. to the Co- 
 rona, and Scima Re^a^ and projedeth forwards as^much as its 
 thicknefs. 
 
 I have defigned the Front, the Flank, and the Plat-form of the 
 Cafitel, ûiQ Architrave, Friz^e, ^nd Corme, with their conveni- 
 ent Sculptures. 
 
 ^ ^ h. Sema 
 
of ÀrchiteSturel 
 
 A. Scima ReBa» * 
 
 B. Scima Reverfa, 
 
 C. Corona, 
 
 D. Cimammof the Modilions. 
 
 E. Modilions, 
 
 F. 0/iç/(?. 
 
 G. Cavetto^ 
 
 I. Cimatinmof the Architrave. 
 
 K. L. M. Are the fir fi, fece fid, and third jFafiiA» 
 
 Members of the Capitd, 
 N. Abacus. 
 
 O. Hollow of the Voliitd.. 
 P. Ouolo^ or Echimi. 
 Q^ Aflragd of the Colimn. 
 R, Body of the Colimfh 
 
 CHAP. 
 
of ArchiteSlure, 8i 
 
 CHAP. XVIL 
 
 Of the Corinthian Orde 
 
 r. 
 
 AT Corinth a noble City of Felofonefe^ or Morecy firll; of all 
 was found the Order which is called Corinthian, which is 
 more adorned and beautified then any I have yet treated on. 
 
 The Columns are like the lonick^^ and with the Bafe and Cafi- 
 tel joined to them, they are nine models and a half long. If you 
 make them fluted, they muft have 24. flutes or channels, which 
 mufl: be made half fo deep as broad : The plains or fpaces be- 
 tween one flute and the other muft be a third part of the breadth 
 of the faid flutes. The Amhetrave^ Friz.e and Cornice-, are a fifth 
 part of the height of the Column ; in the defign of Columns 
 alone, the Inter-columns are two Diamètres, as is the Portal of 
 St. Maria Rot Hn da m Rome J and this form of Rowes of Pillars, 
 is by Vitrnvipti caWcd Syfiylos. And in that of Arches, the Pil- 
 lafters are of two parts of five of the light of the Arch , and the 
 light of the Arch is in height two fquares and half the thicknefs 
 of the Arch being comprehended. 
 
 U The 
 
*.^- 
 
 ^.,y .^ 
 
 ■i.. 
 
^tluaui Barfrfeft: his hoolic^^ 
 
 1 ^ fix 
 
i 
 
.M 
 ft 
 
 ^rcnn ihenvtddle of ente 
 Ccrlnìnnetoi'ne miàMi ajfnù |^ 
 afìier fher is 6QTLcrcltUs i' 
 
I ■■ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 I { 
 
of ArchiteCiure. g- 
 
 The Pf^fj?^/ under the Corinthian Column muft be in height a 
 fourth part of the length of the Column, and being divided into 
 eight parts, one is given to the Cimatinm^ two to its Bafe and 
 five remains to the Dado^ or plane of the PeJe fiai j the i^^ muft 
 be divided into three parts, two fot the Zocco or F.Iimh and one 
 to the Cornice. ' 
 
 The Bafe of the Column is the^^f^Vi^, but in this Order k 
 differs from that which is put to the Derick Order: In this the 
 ProjeBnre is the fifth part of the Diamètre of the Colupin where- 
 as in the Dorick it is the fixth part ; it may alfo vary in fome other 
 parts, as may be feenin the defign, where alfo isfetc^own the 
 Jmpofis of the Arches, the which is in height one half more then 
 the thicknefs of the Membretto, that is to fay, the Pi/lafier which 
 bears up the Arch.. -^ 
 
 yv. ^y..:...i. ,1^ 
 
 A.B 
 
 Oil 
 
 1> 
 
Sg of JrchiteBnre. 
 
 A. Body of the Ca/«w/f»nijio J orii io n j^ijai v.i^j lo îifc'-i njii -o'. 
 
 C, The upper Torus. 
 
 \ ."B, Scotia with the AfiragaU. ., 
 
 Ê. The lower Term. 
 
 ' F. Or/^, or Tlinth of the Bafe fafined to. the Cimatiamofthe 
 Pedefial. 
 
 i. 
 G. Cimatinm n 
 
 H. VadoorvUin p of the Tede f^d. 
 
 I. Coronna of the Bafe J 
 
 ^. Oy/<?, (?r Plinth of the Bafe. 
 
 The Jmpofi of the Arch is at the fide of the Coltmfh 
 
 XilC 
 
ep' 
 
 \~>^^;^<v^<>^;-o;^cK:^3^<^-c;ô3ôg^^^^ 
 
 1 I 
 
 \^\^.^.^U.V'-.r...-xU^-A^'AS..^^'^^^t^W 
 
 T'-\ -X. 
 
 H 
 
 -|<* 
 N- 
 
 Mo.î.P. z^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 K 
 
. -e^ — 
 
 
 -i"^ 
 
 
 :\ 
 
 
 
 
 ''i -r. 
 
 
 
 ■«-' 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 II C" ■ 1 
 
 
 \. 
 
 
 
 ■oewEil 
 
of Archite^nre. pj 
 
 The CorirtthUn Capitel ought to be as high as the thicknefs 
 oF the Column below, and a fixth part more which is allowed 
 to &.Q Abacus-^ the reft is divided into three equal parts, the firft 
 isgiventothefirftleaf, the fécond to the fécond ; and the third 
 is divided again into two, and of that part next the Abacm is 
 made the Caulicoli with the leaves, which feem to fupport them 
 whence they grow ; and therefore the ftalk from whence they 
 growmuft be made thick, and in their foldings muft diminifK 
 by little and little : The example hereof is taken from plants, 
 which are bigger at the root then at the extremity of the 
 branches. The Bell which is the body of the Capitel under the 
 leaves, ought to be dired to the bottoms of the flutes of the Co- 
 lumn. 
 
 To make the Abacus, that it may have a convenient Pro]eHurey 
 make the fquare A B C Di each fide whereof muft be a Model 
 and half, and the Diagonal Lines muft be drawn init from one 
 Angle to the other, and where they interfecfl each other in the 
 point E. which is the middle and centre of the faid fquare ; the 
 fixed foot of the Com^afs muft be placed, and towards each Angle 
 of the fquare muft be marked a Model ; and where the points 
 F G H I. are, the lines muft be drawn, which intercedes at right 
 Angles with the faid Diagonals, and that they may touch the 
 fides of the fquare in LMNO. Thefe ftiallbe the bounds of 
 the Proje^Hre, and how much the length is, fo much ftiall be the 
 breadth of the homes of the Abacus. 
 
 The Cnrvatiire, or hollowing of the ^W^, is made by lay- 
 ing a long a thred from one horn to the other, which is from the 
 point t. to the point N. then from the faid points, draw two Ar- , 
 chesof Circles, then fet in one foot of the Compafs in the inter- 
 fedion at the point P, with the other defcribe the Arch,which will 
 make the hollowing or curvature of the Ajhagal of the Column, 
 and is fo made that the tongues of the leaves toucheth it, or rather 
 advanceth a little beyond, and this is their ProjeHrure. The Rofe 
 ought to be as large as the fourth part of the Diametreof the 
 Column at the foot : The Archetrave, Frize and'Cornice ( as I 
 have faid ) are to be a fifth part of the height of the Column , 
 and the whole is to be divided into twelve parts, as in the lonick.; 
 but here is the diflfercnce 5 in this the Cornice is divided into eight 
 
 N 3 parts 
 
5^4 Of JrchìteSiure. 
 
 parts and half, of one is made the Intabliment, of thcothcf 
 the DendicHli, of the third the Onoloy of the fourth and fifth the 
 A/odilmis, and of the other three and half the Coronna, and the 
 Scima. The Cornice hath as much Proje^ure as it is high, the 
 Coffers or places of the Rofes that go between the ModiUons muft 
 befquare, and the ModiUons as big as half the plain of the faid 
 Rofes. T he members of this Order have not been marked with 
 Letters as the foregoing, becaufe by them thefe may eafily ht 
 wn^erftood.. 
 
 ' 03 •<-» . 
 
 iff 'l' I 
 
 .liti t • 
 
h h h h h h H^ h M- F F M II 
 
 - --^itT 
 
 ^y■^r.-.r -.K >u-.^.i-. ■--' -.-^ ■^J^.-^^^-,/^^^ -■/s.-.^S^^' 
 
 «it»^— »»i'l I iif I "^ • '^li I ' '"'""~ 
 
 ,J>> 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ^' 
 
 n 
 
 *c/i 
 
 r 
 
 i L 
 
"vu 
 
 ^n 
 
 
 
 
 -It* 
 
 *o 
 
 
 00 
 
-«^j*^Ta;-.:V "y i '<f«? C***'>g'''i<Wi^' 
 
of AfchiteSìnre^ loi 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 Of the CompoGta. Order. 
 
 TH E Corneo fit a Order, which is alfo called Roman^ bccaufe it 
 was an Invention of the Ancient Romans-, and is fo called be- 
 caufeit partakes of two of the aforefaid Orders; andthemoft 
 Regular and Beautiful is that which is compounded of the lonkk^ 
 and Corinthian ; it is more (lender then the Corimhiaft, and may 
 be made like it in all parts, except in the Capitel. 
 
 Thefe Columns ought to be in length ten Models ; in the 
 defign of Columns alone, the Intcr-columns are one Diamètre 
 and a haîf, and this manner is called by Vitruvim Picnoftilos. In 
 thofe of Arches the Pillafiers are half the light of the Arch 3. 
 and the Arches are in height under the Vault two fquares and 
 half, that is to fay, two Diamètres and half of the light of the 
 Arch. 
 
 And 
 
^rcrni the lìlid.d.u of ente, columm 
 tpihe tnlAâie affhe atkev there. 
 IS "yOTicrdch parts i^ 
 
of Jr chit e Sì urei 107 
 
 And becaufc (as I have faid) this Order ought to be made 
 more neat and flender then the Corinthian^ its Pedeflal is to be 
 the third part of the height of the Column, and is divided into 
 eight parts and half ; of one partis made the Cimatintn of the 
 Bafe, and five and half remains to the Dodo or Plinth of the 
 PedefiM '■, the Bafe of the Pedefial is divided into three parts > 
 two is given to the Zocco or Plimhy and one to its Torui with its 
 Cimatiunt. 
 
 The Bafe of the Cokimn may be made Attiche as in the Corin- 
 thian, and it may alfo be compounded of the Attiche and the /o- 
 nickji as appears in the defign. The Profile of the Impoft of the 
 Arches, is by the fide of the plain of the P^^^y?^/, and its height 
 is as much as the thicknefs of t\\^ Membretto. 
 
 P^. The 
 
; ■: i, 
 
 -^ 
 
 jjuijuuuuuul::;:. 
 
 J 
 
 C 
 
 •-\ 
 
 .1 
 
 .^^ 
 
 iv^ 
 
 ^^s^^g<:K-^'^>v.x>^.^<^^>v.^>^:^^^y^:^^ 
 
 J 
 
 "^ i ^ w^.^ì^^^>ì^;^^.yyA^^^^^ 
 
 
 
 I i 
 
 Ô 
 
 T 
 
 M.iP. 24, 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 'i^y^ -^'j^ï^^';f^:^^'S^^, 
 
* 1 
 
of ArchiteSlure* 1*3 
 
 The Capitel of the Cowpofia Order hath the fame mcafures as 
 ihc Corinthia^/y but it difiFers from it in the roluta, OhoIo, Fttf4- 
 roloy or Fufcy which are members attributed to the Ionici^ ; and 
 the way of making it, is thus : From the Abacm downwards, 
 the Capitel is divided into three parts, as in the Corinthian : The 
 firftisgiventothe firfl; leaves, the fécond to the fécond, and the 
 third to the rolnta, which is made in the fame manner, and with 
 the fame points with the which the hnick^ is faid to be made , 
 and takes up fo much of the Abacm^ that it feems to grow out 
 of the Ondo near the flowers which are put in the middle of the 
 Curvatures of the faid Abacus ^ and is as thick in the front, 
 as the breadth of the homes thereof and a little more : The 
 Onolo is as big as three parts of five of the Abacm^ and its low- 
 er part begins right againftthe lower part of the eye of the Fo^ 
 Una ; it hath in ProjeSture |. parts of its height, and is with it- 
 Vro]e^iiYe perpendicular to the hollow of the Abacus, or a lit- 
 tle more. 
 
 The Fnfe is a third part of the height of the OhoIo^ and hath in 
 Trojeilure fomething more then the half of its thicknefs, and 
 turns about the Capitel under the Voluta, andisalwayes feen. 
 The Gradetten, or Moulding, which goes, under the Fufcy and 
 makes the Orb of the Bell of the Capitel, is the half of the Fdje : 
 The body of the Bell anfwers direcH: with the bottom of the flutes 
 of the Column -, of this fort 1 have feen one ztRomcy from which 
 fort I have drawn the faid Meafures, becaufe it appeared to me ve- 
 ry beautiful, and well ordered. 
 
 There are Çapitels made after another manner, which may 
 be called Compofitay of which fhall be difcourfed, and the figures 
 thereof {hallbeputinmy Books of Antiquities. 
 
 The Archetrave, Fri je and Cornice^ are the fifth part of the 
 height of the Column, and their Compartiments may be well 
 known by that which hath been faid before in the other Orders, 
 <in& by the numbers placed in the defign. 
 
 Q^ CHAP. 
 
Tr 
 
 "M 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
: 1*» vrz^- 
 

 
 •îi 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 V 
 
 ^H 
 
 »^1 
 
 se 
 
 irk 
 
 s. 
 
 "^E 
 
 r 
 
 5 
 
 4 1 
 
 1 
 
 aj 
 
 '^''J- 
 
 
 »c^ 
 
 _££^ 
 
 r* 
 
 ^ 
 
 to 
 
 Vl°o 
 
 '-'loo 
 
 
 3^ 
 
 CII|V^ 
 
^ -V t^ 
 
 Of ArchiteSlHre. \ z i 
 
 
 ■ «"■.. J - iij ■ ' ■ . 
 
 0/ Tedcfials. 
 
 Hitherto I have difcourfed ( what to me feemed convenient ) 
 of Walls and their Ornaments ^ and in particular, touch- 
 ing the Pedeflals which may be applied to every Order • but 
 becaufe it a,ppears that the Ancients had not a regard to make 
 the Pedefial bigger for the one Order then for another, although 
 this part much adds to the Beauty and Ornament, when it is 
 made with difcretion and proportion to the other parts ; to 
 the end that the Architedis may take notice and ferve them- 
 felves upon occafion, and know that they made them fometimes 
 fquare, that is to fay, as long as broad, as in the Arch DiLioni^ 
 at Verona. And thefe I have afligned to the Dorkk Order, be- 
 caufe it requires Solidity j fometimes they are made taking the 
 mcafurcfrom the light of the Arch, as in the Arch of littis at 
 SanUa Maria Nova mRome^ and in that of Tra]an on the gate 
 of Ancona^ where the Pedeflal is half the height of the light of 
 the Arch ; and of that kind of Pedeftal I have put to the Io»ick^ 
 Order j and fometimes they took the meafure from the height 
 of the Column j as is feen at Snfa, a City fcituate at the foot of 
 the Mountain which divides Italy from France , in an Arch 
 made to the honour of Anguflm Cafar, and in the Arch of PoUy 
 a City 0Ï Dalmatia, and in the Amphitheatre of ^owe • in the 
 Jonick^ and Corinthian Order, in which Building the Pedefld is 
 the fourth part of the height of the Column, as I have made in 
 the C(?mfÂ?i^» Order. InVerona^ in the Arch Di Cafid Vecchio, 
 which is very beautiful, the Pedefial is a third of the height of the 
 Column, as 1 have put in the Compofaa Order ; and thefc arc 
 the handfomcft formes of Pedefials, and have the beft proporti- 
 on with their other parts : And when Vitrnvim difcourfing of 
 rTheatres makes mention of the Po^.^io^ you may know that the 
 
I al Of ArchiuSiwrel 
 
 Poggio is the fame with the Pedefial, which is the third of the 
 length of the Column put for Ornament of the Scene ; but of 
 Tede fais which exceed a third of the Column, fuch are fecn at 
 Rome in the Arch of Conflmtine, where the Pedeflals are two 
 parts and half of the height of the Column; and almoft in all 
 the Ancient Pedeflals, the Bafes are obferved to have been made 
 twice as big as the Cimacmmy^%h feen in my Book of Ar- 
 ches. 
 
 CHAP. XX, 
 
 Of Errours. 
 
 HAving fet down the Ornaments of the Architedurc, that 
 is to fay, the Five Orders, and fhewed how they are 
 made and laid down, the Profiles of each of their parts, which 1 
 found that the Ancients did obferve ;. it feemstomenot unfit 
 here to acquaint the Reader of many abufes, which being brought 
 in by the Barbarous, are yet obferved ; to the end that the ftudi- 
 ous in this art may avoid them in their own Works, and under- 
 ftand them in others. 
 
 Ifaythen> that Archi tedure fas all other Atts are) being 
 Imitatrix of Nature, accounts nothing tollerable which is eftrang- 
 cd, and differs from that which is natural: Wherefore we fee 
 that thofe Ancient Architeûs who built with Timber, when they 
 began to build with Stone, direfted that the Columns might 
 be lefsat the topthen^at the footj taking example from Trees , 
 which are lefs at the top, then in the Trunk, and near the 
 Koot. Likewife becaufe it is very convenient that thofe things 
 iipon which any great weight is put fhould be prelTed , under 
 $Ke Column they put a ^^y?, which with their Torus zxiaScotiAy 
 
 feem 
 
of Archite^ure] 1Î2 
 
 fccm by the burthen over them to be fwelled ; fo alfo in the Cor- 
 niceSy they bring in the TrigUfes, Modiglionsy and the Dentils^ 
 which fhould reprcfent the heads of the Joiccs, which in the feal- 
 ing arc placed to bear up the Roof. The fame may be obferved 
 in all other parts, if you arc curious: And being fo, you cannot 
 but blame that formof Building which deviates from that which 
 Nature inftrudeth , and from that fimplicity which is direO- 
 ed in things by her produced, framing ( as it were) another Na- 
 ture, and departs from the true, good and handfome manner of 
 Buildings ^ for ,which reafon you ought not ( inftead of Co- 
 lumns or Pillafters, which are to bear up fome great weight ) to 
 place CartoHches, which are certain Scroles, which to the intelli- 
 gent fccm deformed, and to the ignorant rather confufion then 
 pleafure, nor do they produce other effets , then increafe 
 the charge of the builders. Likewife you muft not make any 
 of thofe Cartouches come out of the Cenike^ for it is requifite 
 that all the parts of the Cornice be made to fome end, and to 
 make appear what it would be if the work were framed of Tim- 
 ber. And befides , being it is convenient that to uphold a 
 great weight fomething folid and fit to fupport that weight be 
 required , queftionlefs thofe Cartonches are altogether fuper- 
 fluous , becaufe it is impoflible that any Timber whatever 
 could really perform what thefe feem ^ for feigning it felf to 
 befoftand gentle, I know not by what rule they put them 
 under any thing heavy and hard. But that which ( in my 
 opinion ) imports much, is the abufe in making Frontifpieces 
 of Doors , Windowes and Galleries, divided in the middle , 
 becaufe they were made to defend the Inhabitants from rain ; Ï 
 know nothing more contrary to natural reafon, then to divide 
 and open that part which the Ancients intruded by neccflity it 
 felf did make whole, and raifed in the middle, to fhew that it 
 ought to ferve to defend the Inhabitants of the Houfe , and 
 thofe that enter therein, from Rain, Snow andHaile. And al- 
 though Variety and Novelty (hould pleafe all,yet we are not to go 
 againft the precepts of Art,and that whichReafon demonflrates ; 
 whence we fee that although the Ancients did vary , yet they 
 never departed from the general and neceflary Rules of Art, as 
 tnay be fecn in my Book of Antiquities : Alfo concerning the pro- 
 
 R 2 jedure 
 
12A of ArchiteSlure] 
 
 jedure of the Cornice and other Ornaments, 'tis no fmaU abufc 
 in making them come too forward, becaufe when they exceed 
 that which according to Reafon is fit for them, efpecially if they 
 be in a clofc place they fecm narrow, and uncomely, and put 
 fear in thofe which ftand underneath, threatning alwayesto fall, 
 yououghtasmuchto avoid making the Cornice difproportiona- 
 ble to the Column, putting great Cor^iCfj upon little Columns, 
 or upon great Columns little C(7r;?;f^^, who doubts but thatfuch 
 a Building will feem very ill favoured. Befides, to make the Co- 
 .lumnsfeem to be of feveral parts, making rings and wreathings 
 about them, as it were to hold them together, ought as much as 
 miy be to be avoided; becaufe how much the more intire and 
 ftrong the Columns appear, fo much the more they perform the 
 defign for which they are placed, which is to render the work 
 above fecure and firm. Many other like abufes might be reck- 
 oned up, as of feme members which in the Cornices are made 
 difproportionableto the other, which by what 1 have (hewed be- 
 fore, and by that which is now faid, may be eafily known ; it re- 
 ïTKiins now to come to the difpofing of the particular andprincir 
 pal parts of the Building, 
 
 CHAP. XXL 
 
 : ( noii 
 
 Of Galleries, Entries, Halls, Anti- 
 Chambers ^/; J Chambers, and of 
 their proportions. 
 
 GAUeries, for the moft part, are wont to be made on the 
 wings and fides, or on the front ; they ferve for many ae- 
 commodations i as Walking, Eating, and other Divertifements, 
 and they are made bigger orlefler, according to the greatnefs 
 and conveniencv of the Building; but ordinarily, they ought 
 ^ not 
 
of Archite^nrf, 2%c 
 
 not to have lefs thtn 1 6. 1 8. and 20. foot in breadth, and in great 
 Buildings unto 24. and their length aj leali five times their breadth, 
 fix, feven, or eight times at moft. 
 
 Bx ample t ^--i • 
 
 Let A A reprefent a Gallerie, the breadth whereof is AB*, 
 you mufl give it in length five timesj-^y^readth unt-d the nugibe* . 
 marked 5^ or fix times unto thenumbWó j or feven time^unto 
 the number 7 ^ or laftly , eight times unto the number 8. which is 
 the greatefl: length allowed to Galleries,. ^ 
 
 to. 3 A ^ 6 7 ^ 
 
 And befides, every Houfe well compofed ought to have in: 
 the middle and chiefeft part fome place, to the which all the 
 other part of the Houfe may relate and appertain ; which place 
 vulgarly is called Entry, Lohhy, or Fajfage if it be below, and 
 the Hall, if it be above j and is in the Houfe as a common place, 
 for it ferves to entertain thofe who attend the Mafìrers going 
 forth tofalutehimand negotiate with him^ andfuch places are 
 thefirft part of the Houfe that prefent themfelves to thofe that 
 would enter therein. The Halls ferve for Feafts, Nuptials 
 and Banquets, to Ad Comedies, and to take other fuch 'ike 
 pleafures and enjoynnents ; therefore it is, that thefe places 
 ought to be greater then other, and of a Capacious form, to the 
 end that many perfons may commodioufly be there entertained^, 
 and behold what is done. 
 
 Of the proportion which the Halls c tight to have. 
 
 As for my part, I have not been accuficmed to allow to the 
 kngth of Halls lefs then twice their breadth, or twice and U. or 
 
 a third 
 
1^^ of oYr chit e Slur e* 
 
 a third part of the breadth at moft. And to gteat Buildings you 
 may allowthe length to be three times the breadth, whereupon 
 they will be fo much the more beautiful and convenient. 
 
 Example, 
 
 Let A A prcfent a Hall, the breadth whereof is A B. having 
 i4.foot, within the work you may allow the length, twice the 
 breadth unto the number marked 2, to wit, 48. foot in length , 
 for 24. foot in breadth, or twice the breadth, and i,. more unto 
 the number marked zl. to wit, 54. foot long for 24. foot broad, 
 or twicethe breadth, and '-.more unto the number marked 2\. to 
 wit, 56. foot long for 24. foot broad ; or laftly, to great Build- 
 ings the Hall may have in length three times the breadth, unto 
 the number marked 5 . to wit? 72. foot long for 24. foot broad. 
 
 A 
 
 ^^Vé 
 
 3 
 
 The Jlmi-Cbxmhers and Chambers ought to be fo divided, that 
 they may fall on each fide of the Entry and of the Hall ; and you 
 muft take heed that thofe on the right hand may anfwer and be 
 equaltothofeon the left; to the end, that the Building may be 
 on one fide as on the other, and the walls bear equally the bur- 
 den of the Roof. 
 
 Of the proportion of jénti-Chambers. 
 
 A well proportioned jinti-Chawber ought to have in length 
 the Diagonal line of the fquare of the breadth, or the breadth 
 and;, at moft. 
 
Qf ArchiteHnre , 
 
 Example for the frfi hignefs of Ami-Chamhers. 
 
 Let AB CD beafquare, whereof each fide is 24. foot, and 
 the Diagond Ime thereof being drawn A C, the fame length that 
 the Diapmlis of, you muft give to the faid Anti-Chamber from 
 A unto E, and from D unto F, in this manner. 
 
 127 
 
 A 
 
 D 
 
 
 B E 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 The Aml-Chamher will have |4- foot in length, to 2^, foot in- 
 breadth. 
 
 Jixant' 
 
of ArchiteSinrf» 
 
 Example of the fécond bigoefs of Anti'Chamhersl 
 
 Let A B C D be a fquare, of which each fide is 24. foot as be- 
 fore, and to the faid A B C D the half their length, to wit, 12. 
 foot from B to F, and from C to G, you (hall make the Ami-, 
 Chamber, 3 6, foot in length to 24. foot in breadth. 
 
 A. 11 12 ? 
 
 Of the frofortton of Chambers, 
 
 As for the Chambers^ you may make thereof five forts and 
 proportions ; for they are either fquare, or they may be in length 
 their breadth with an eighth part, afeventh, afixth, or a fifth 
 |)art above their breadth. 
 
 Example, 
 
of /irchiter^Hrel u^ 
 
 Example of the ^irfi hignefs of Chambers, 
 
 Let A B C D be a perfed fquare, of which the 4. fidds and the 
 4. Angles may be equal, thisfl^all be thcbignefsof the Chmi 
 ber. 
 
 Example of the Second. 
 
 Let AB C D be a fquaf e , whereof each fide is 24. foot, you 
 may divide one of the faid fides into 8. equal parts, whereof each 
 maybe 3. foot, add one of the faid parts to the fide AB and 
 continue it to E, and as much to the fide DC, continue it to V 
 and you will make the Chamber 27, foot long to the 24. foot 
 broad. 
 
 ^J7.J4-^6^B 
 
 C F 
 
 Example, 
 
3^ 
 
 Of ArchiuSinre* 
 
 Example of the Third. 
 
 Let A B C D be a fquare, as before, of 24. foot ; to each fide, 
 divide the fide of AB into feven equal; parts, add to it one, 
 continuing the fame to E, and the fide DC unto F, the faid 
 Chamber mW have 27. foot 5. inches and -, part in length to 24. 
 foot in breadth, 
 
 A__ J_e'' 
 
 Examfliof theFaurtM 
 
 LctABCD, as before, be a fquare, having oniCach iide,?4. 
 foot V divide one of thefides^ as AB into fix eqtial partd, add 
 thereuritooncof the faid parts, drawing thejfaidfe tinto E> and 
 E) G uaoî^i^ou m{lmukctìiQ€bambm-2^.kot\oRgt0ZflkÌQO% 
 !)iroad« : ^ìncì ;-aoI jooì.^:: j o'.Ij 'J7\r.mì\ì'i/ uov i:rt£ 
 
 A. 
 
 1 -1 ? ^ 
 
 bso'ivj 
 
 -T T" 
 
 28 
 
 • ri 
 
 f 
 
 T> 
 
 ?. 
 
 ^xampp 
 
of ArchiteSturel 
 
 Example of the Fifth and Ufi bigmfs of Chambers: 
 
 Lctthcfigurc ABCDbe, as before, each fide thereof to be 
 24. foot, divide one of the fides into five equal parts, add one of 
 the faid parts drawing the fide A B unto E, and D C unto F, you 
 will make the Chamber 28. foot p. inches, and y\, in length to 24. 
 foot in breadth. 
 
 r f 
 
 Ijt 
 
 IS. § 
 
 ;ghap. 
 
ïji cf. ArchiteUure, 
 
 CHAP. XX H. 
 
 Ì0 on<^j^ floors a>^^'Su|j''6rfîcfc^ 'of Départe- 
 ^^'^^^.V'ntóits, Planchers, ^«û( FlatSeelings. 
 
 AFter having feen the formes of Galleries, Halls, Jnti- 
 Chambers and Chambers , it is needful to difcourfe of 
 Floors OÏ SHferficies^ of Département s , Planchers, and Flat Seel- 
 
 * Floors or Superficies, may be of fquare Tyles or hard Stone, 
 or of Marble, or fmall fquares of Çaipentcrs work, and may be 
 made of divers forts, and divers colours, according to the va- 
 riety of the materials, which renders thcrn very agreeable to the 
 eve : In lodging C/!?^»»^^"^ they arc feldoitiemade of Marble or 
 other hard Stone, becaufe in the m»rfr they will be too cold j. 
 But m Carries, or oth'e'r publick places, they will agree very 
 well. 
 
 This fort of Floors of fmall fquares of Carpenters xvorkj, may 
 he feen at Somerfet-Houfe, of which, being a novelty in England, 
 J thouqht^goQàto .prefent the Difign thereof , although'not in my An* 
 
 
 You 
 
r 
 
or 
 
 Of JrchiteSinre^ 
 
 You muft lake heed that the H.ill, Anti-Chnmhers^ and Ch 
 hcrsy which are of the fame ftory, may have all the Floors yj 
 Pavements equal in fuch manner, that the threlholds may not be 
 higher then the reft. 
 
 The P/^'7c/?r^j are alfe made of divers waycs, forfomc there 
 are that take p'eafure to make them very handfomc of wc!4 
 wrought Joi!b ; where you may take notice that the Joi/bmuffc 
 bediltantthe oiefrom the other, the thickncfs of a Joifl: and 
 half, and fo the feeling will be very handfome ; And there will 
 be fo much wall between the ends of thejoilb, as vviilbe fuffi- 
 cient to bear up the walls about it ; whereas if they ftand wider 
 one from the other, it will-- be very ill favoured ; and if clofer 
 'twill be as a dividing of the upper wall from the lower ; and if 
 the Joifts rot and be eonfUmed with fire, the wall of necelTity mufl: 
 be ruined. • . 
 
 Others will hdy-c'Compartements of Piailler, or Wood, in- 
 riching them with" pîûures and gilded work, and beautifie them 
 according to their Various humours j wherefore in this there can 
 be given no certain no;: determinate rules. A 
 
 IS 
 
 CHAP. XXIIL 
 
 Of the height of Halls, Anti-Chambers^, 
 <^/?^ Chambers. 
 
 HjéUs, Anti'Chamhers , and Chambers , are made either 
 arched or flat ; If you make them flat, divide the breadth 
 into three parts, and two of thoie parts (hall be the height of the 
 Story, from the floor to the Joifl* 
 
v3 
 
 Of ArchiteSiure^ 
 
 Example of th:frft height of Halls, Anti-Chambcrs, 
 and Chambers. 
 
 Let the figure M reprefent the Chamber whofe height you 
 would find, which fuppofe to have in breadth 24. foot within the 
 work, which (hall be divided upon the line A B, into three equal 
 parts with poinîs, where is marked the number 123. each part 
 being eight foot , two of each parts (hall be the height of the 
 Chamber, to wit, 1 6. foot from the Floor to the Joift. 
 
 M 
 
 6—1 8- 
 
 
 T 
 i 
 
 
 B 
 
 ^ And if you would have it higher, the breadth muft be divided 
 into feven parts j take thereof five, which will give the height. 
 
 Examfle 
 
of ArchiteHnre, 
 
 »3r 
 
 ExJiMple of the fece fid height, 
 
 LcÊ the figure Nbe of the fame breadth as the foregoing, to 
 wit 24. foot within the work, which (hall be divided upon the 
 line A B into feven equal parts,take thereof five to make the height 
 of the Story A C, and B D, the faid height will be 17. foot z , in- 
 ches, from the Floor onto the Joifts. 
 
 J 
 
 N 
 
 A 
 
 BreM 14- 
 
 " 
 
 
 ^ 
 .^ 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ji 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 Or divide the faid height into 4. parts, and three of thofe pans 
 will likcwife give a greater height. 
 
 
 \\X 
 
 \ Exiim^ 
 
 aoi .C'4 
 
 .riî oriOolTr'nu/iOii ^io'm M 
 
ijS of ArchiteSiure, 
 
 Example of the third height y yet higher. 
 
 ' Let the figure O be of the fame breadth as the former , to 
 wit of 24. root within the work, which (hall be divided upon 
 the line AB, into four equal parts, thic- thereof you mull take 
 for the height of the Story , fo it will be of 18. foot from the 
 Floor to the Joift. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 - 
 
 
 J 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 'Brcdfk 24. 
 
 Pl 
 
 ,. f — 1 
 
 _l. 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. 
 
 Of the Proportion of the height <!>jf Chambers 
 of the fécond Story, 
 
 THE height of ChAmhers of the fécond Story (hall be a 
 twelfth part lefs then the C^/iw^^r/ below. 
 
 JBxÂmple of the height of the Second Story in the Figure 
 
 marked M. 
 
 Be it, as it is faid is the Figure marked M, its fird Story of 
 36. foot, from the Floor to the Joid, divide the faid x 6. foot into 
 
 twelve 
 
of drchite^nrel \^p 
 
 twelve equal parts, take eleven which will if ake 14. foot 8. in- 
 ches for the height of the fécond Story, from the Floor to the 
 Joift. 
 
 Example of the Second Story of the Figure marled N. 
 
 Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked N, its firft Story of 17. 
 foot 2. inches high, from the Floor to the Joift ; divide the faid 
 17, foot 2 inches into twelve equal parts, take thereof 1 1 , which 
 will make 15. foot 7. inches, for the height of the fécond Story 
 from the Floor to the Joift. 
 
 Example of the height of the fécond Story of the Figttrt O. 
 
 Be it, as it is faid in the Figure O, itsfirft Story of 18. foot 
 from the Floor to the Joift, divide the faid 18. foot into twelve 
 equal parts, take thereof 1 1, which will make 16. foot and j for 
 the height of the fécond Story from the Floor to the Joift. 
 
 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 Of the Proportion of Halls, Anti-Cham- 
 bers, and Chambers, of the firfi 
 Story which are Ar€hecl. 
 
 IN great Buildings the Hall^Aftti^Cbamierj^ana other Rooms 
 of the firft Story may be arched, whereupon they will be 
 much more handfome, and lefs fubjeû to fire : Their height is 
 made by dividing the breadth into fix parts, and thereof take five, 
 which will give the height that it ought to have from the Floor or 
 Superficies unto the bottom of the key of the Arch, 
 
 T 2 Example 
 
, Ao Of ArchiuSinre. 
 
 ■■■.%■■ 
 
 Example of the flrfl height of Halls, Anti- CbambcrSj arjd 
 Chambers, which are Arched. 
 
 Let the Figure marked A be of 24. foot in breadth more or 
 !cfs, and be divided into fix equal parts i take thereof fi ve, which 
 will make it 20. foot high, from the Floor unto the bottom of the 
 key of the Arch, 
 
 And if you would have one higher, you muft divide the 
 faid breadth into eight parts , and fevcn thereof fliall be the 
 height. 
 
 •o5T 
 
 f * 
 
 
Vf JrchiteSlnre, 
 
 141 
 
 Example of the fecondheight. 
 
 Let the Figure B having the fame breadth as the former of 24. 
 foot within thc^work. Èie divided into eight equal parts, and 
 take thereof feven, which will make 21. foot for the height from 
 the Floor unto the bottom of the key of the Arch. 
 
 And if youdi vide the fame breadth into 22. parts, you muft 
 take thereof 1 1. which will make it higher. 
 
 example of the thirdyet higher. 
 
 Let the Figure C be of 24. foot broad within the work, as the 
 former, divide the 24. foot into 12. equal parts, take thereof 1 1. 
 which make 22. foot in heighr> from the Floor into the bottom of 
 thekeyof thcArch. 
 
 1 ti _ 
 
 -8 \ 
 
 - 7 ' 
 
 
 1" 
 
 « < . 
 
 \ Bredf/l ~ 
 t * * t f f 1 1 
 
 - 6 
 1 
 
 ■^ , , 1 , 
 
 A. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 CHAP. 
 
1^2 Of Architecture. 
 
 CHAP. XXVI. 
 
 Of the Proportion of the height of Cham- 
 bers of the fécond Story, 
 
 TH E Chambers of the fécond Story mufl: be i-aiTed a fixth 
 part lefs then the Chambers below. 
 
 Examfle of the height of the fecund Story of the 
 Figure marked A. 
 
 Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked A, its firfl; Story of 
 20. foot in height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the key of 
 the Arch, divide the faid 20. foot into Hx equal parts, take there- 
 of five which will make the fécond Story 16. foot eight inches 
 from the Floor to the Joift. 
 
 Example of the height of the fécond Story of the 
 ■ Figure marked B. 
 
 Be it, as it is faid in the Figure B, its firft Story of twenty and 
 one foot in height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the key of 
 the Arch, divide the faid 21. foot into fix equal parts, take there- 
 of five, which will make the fécond Story 17. foot. 6. inches in 
 height, from the Floor unto the Joifl. .., f^\,^*-j 
 
 Example of the height of the fécond Story of the 
 Figure marked C 
 
 Beit, as it is faid in the Figure marked C, its firft Story \s of 
 22. foot in height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the key 
 of the Arch, divide the faid 22. foot into fix equal parts, take 
 thereof five which wi^l make the fiecond Story 1 8. foot 4. inches 
 in height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the key of the 
 Arch. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
of JrchiteSÎHre» 143 
 
 CHAP. XXVII, 
 of the Proportion of the third Story ^ 
 
 IF you would make above the fécond Story, an Attique or 
 third Story : The fécond muft alwayes be divided into twelve 
 equal parts, nine whereof will give the height of the third 
 Story, from the Floor unto the bottom of the Joift. 
 
 In the building of Chambers you ought to have regard as well 
 to the place of the bed j which isufually iixor feven foot fquare, 
 and the pafiage, as well as to the f:ituation of the Chimaey,. 
 which for this confideration ought not to be placed jufi: in the 
 middle) but.diftant from it about two, or two foot andlj,, to the 
 end it may make room for the bed, and by this means the inequa- 
 lity is little difcerned if it be not in buildings, the breadth at leali: 
 of 24. foot within the work j and in this cafe it may be placed juil 
 in the middle. 
 
 CHAP. XXVIII. 
 
 Of the height of Galleries. 
 
 THE lower Galleries mufl: be as high as the Halls, j^nti- 
 Chambers Siiid Chambers of thefirft Story, jo the end that 
 «ncmay enter theiein on even ground, which is to be underftood 
 then, when the faid lower Galleries have the fame framing, which 
 the (zìa Hallsy j4»ti'Chambers , and C Lumber s y whofe Floors 
 ought ordinarily to be raifed higher then the ground work of the 
 Court about two foot at leaft, or of three or four foot; and is 
 afcendcdby fteps, which ought not to have more then fix inches 
 in height, nor lefs then four, aid in breadth one foot, or at thé 
 rood i5«or x6.ÌDch€s. 
 
 BiiC 
 
of ^rchiteSìttre, 
 
 But if the Galleries be made all open, fo as they enter into it 
 from the Court; in this cafe you may lay the Floor lower then 
 the neighbouring Rooms, and 'twill fufficc that the faid Floor be 
 onci foot higher then the ground work of the Court ; thus doing 
 'twill appear very graceful ; for by this means they come near 
 to the fair proportion which they ought to have in their height 
 fror#the Floor or Superficies unto the bottom of the key of the 
 Arch -, and their entrance is by Heps which are between the open- 
 ing ©f the Arches. 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. 
 
 Of thejuji Proportion rvhich the upper 
 Galleries ought to ha^e. 
 
 THE upper Galleries are made either fìat or Arched, if flat? 
 they muft be as high as broad ; Galleries which are arched 
 mufl: be as high as broad, with a fifth, fourth, or third part over • 
 and above their faid breadth. 
 
 CHAP, XXX. 
 
 Of the Meafures of Doors ^«<^ Windows. 
 
 TH E certain and determinateMeafures cannot be given of the 
 height and breadth of principal Gates of Buildings : Nor o/ 
 Doers and Windows of Chambers^ becaufe, for to make the prin- 
 cipal 6".??^^, the Archited muft accommodate them to the great- 
 nefs of the Building, and the quality of theMafter, andtheufe 
 that is to be made of them ; neveithelcfs he will not omit to give 
 jhe Meafures following. CHAP, 
 
of ArchiteUnre^ f - - 
 
 CHAP. XXXL 
 
 Of the Proportion of Principal Gates. 
 
 PRincipal Gates of Entrance where Coaches and Wagons 
 ought to pafs, and other fuch neceflarics, muft not have lefs 
 then feven and 5, eight, or nine foot: And to great Buildings, 
 unto ten or twelve foot in breadth. 
 
 Their height mud be their breadth and half at leaft ; and to 
 Flave it well proportioned, you muft give it in height twice their 
 breadth. 
 
 CHAP. XXXII. 
 
 Of the Proportion of Inner-Doorcs. 
 
 DOores within the Houfe in the leaft Building, ought not to 
 have lefs then two foot and I in breadth, and five foot 
 and 5 in height ; Thofe from three to four foot broad muft 
 have in height twice their breadth ; and to great Buildings you 
 may allow even to five or fix foot in breadth, and the height 
 double , and fometimes a fifth or fourth part lefs then their 
 breadth. 
 
 The Ancients were wont to make their Z><7<7y^^ narrower above 
 then below, as may be feen in a Church which is at Tivoli, which 
 VitrttviM teacheth ; and 'tis likely they did fo, to give them more 
 
 force. ?' ':-: ^^ '''^^^ 
 
 V CHAP. 
 
i^é of ArchiteSlnre. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIII. 
 
 Of the Froportionof Windowes, 
 
 TH E Apocrtmes of Wirtdowes mufl: have four foot and \ or 
 five foot, and to great Buildings unto fix ^ between the two 
 jaumes their height mull be at lead double their breadth; and to 
 make them comely and well proportioned, a fourth part, a third, 
 or a half part more then the breadth : And according to the big- 
 nefs of thcfe, you may make all the reft' in the other Rooms of 
 the fame Story ; but thofe of the fécond Story ought to be lower 
 by one twelfth part then thofe of the firft ; and if you make Win^ 
 doives above them, you ought to make them a fourth part lower 
 then thofe in the fécond. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIV. 
 of the Froportionof Soiles of Wmdowcs. 
 
 THE S^/fj of TK»W<?wf^muft have two foot eight inchcs,iitj. 
 to three footat.mofl in height. IheTra^fom, or crofs pie- 
 ces of iVmdowesy muil be four or five inches thick ; their Rebates 
 muft be from one inch and I unto two inches at mort:, to the end 
 they may have greater ftrength, and that the frames of wood 
 which carry the (butters may have convenient ftrength. The 
 Jaumes of Wtndoxves mull: be much rebated, and let in from two 
 inches and', to three inches at leaft, to the end that the wood- 
 enframes may be ftrong, and join to the wall j when the wall is 
 thin, the (butters of the Windoxves ought to (hut over the rebates 
 the half or one third only; alfoit is needful to divide the faid 
 (butters, that they may not be a hindrance to the Chamber, nor 
 
 obfcure the light*. \t ^,, 
 
 ^ CHAP. 
 
of JrchiteBnre. 1 47 
 
 CHAP. XXXV. 
 
 Kides to be ohfer'ved in making Doores 
 /jii^Windowes. 
 
 ÏN making Windowes you arc to take heed that you do not 
 give them more or lefs light then is neceflary, nor make them 
 wider or narrower then is needful ; wherefore you ought to 
 have regard to the greatnefs of the places , which ought to re- 
 ceive the light, it being evident that a great Room hath need of 
 more light then a little one ^ fo that if the Windoms be made 
 kfs then they ought to be, the place will be obfcure and dark. 
 And becaufe in Houfes Come Chambers are made large, fomc in- 
 different, fome little, you muft take great care that all theW^^^.- 
 ^flww may be equal one with the other in their rank and Or- 
 der fo that thofe on the right hand may anfwer thofe on the 
 left, and thofe above may be right over thofe below. Like- 
 wife the Door^-f muft be right over one another, to the end that 
 che void may be upon the void, and the full upon the full : And 
 moreover, let the Doors be placed in fuch manner, that one 
 mavfeefromoneendof the Houfe to the other, which is very 
 graceful i And befides, 'tis cool in Summer, and hath many 
 other conveniencies. 
 
 It is very fecure to turn Arches over Doores and Wtudowes , 
 which Arches do difcharge and hinder that the Doores and Win- 
 doms be not prelfed with too much waight, which is of great im- 
 portance Cpr the lafting of Buildings 
 
 ThtWindovfes m\\^ht conveniently diltant from the Corners 
 «nd Angles of the Building, becaufe that part ought not to be 
 open and infeebled, whofe ofRce is tofupport and faften all the 
 lea of the Building, 
 
 V 2 CHAP. 
 
It 
 
 J a8 Of ArchiteStire. 
 
 GHAP. XXXVL 
 
 
 Of the JHJi Proportion which the Pillafters 
 of Doores j«^ Windowes ought to 
 have in thicknefs and 
 ProjeBure. 
 
 PllUfiers of Doores and I^/Woww ought not to be thicker 
 then the fifth part of their Apperture, nor lefs then a 
 r K 
 
 The Pro]efthre of TilUflers in general is found by dividing 
 their thicknefs into fix parts, and one of thofe parts muft be the 
 Projf^^rf they ought to have. ■* r 
 
 It remains to fee their Ornaments. t" * 
 
 
 CHAP. XXXVII. 
 
 ■-■iàr^ 
 
 Of the Ornaments of Doores ^«dWihdowes. 
 
 HO W to adorn the PTtWowf J and principal Doores inBuildr 
 ings, may eafily be known from that which Vitruvius 
 teachethTn the fixth Chapter of his fourth Book, adding there- 
 unto all that the moft Reverend X)^^/ ^^r^^ro hath faid thereof, 
 and fhewn in defign : And alfo of that which - have faid before 
 of all the five Orders j therefore leaving ^at, 1 ihall only put 
 fome defigncs of the Ornaments of Doores and Windowes of 
 Chambers^ fo as they may be made divers wayes ; and I fhall mark 
 particularly every member which is graceful, and how muchPr<>. 
 jf^«r^ is needful.. 
 
 The 
 
of JrchiteSture^ 14^ 
 
 The Ornaments which arc given to Doores and Windoxves, arc 
 the ArchetrfWCj Fnz.e^ and Cornice. 
 
 The Aychetrave turns about the Dosir^, and ought to be as 
 thick as the PilUfter, which ( as I have faid ) oughc not to be lefs 
 then the fixth part of the Apperture, nor more then a fifth j and 
 from the Archetrave^ the Fvtz-e, and Cornice^ take their thicknds 
 according to the two inventions which follow. 
 
 Example, 
 
 Let the breadth of the Apperture of the Door e A A. be divided 
 into fix equal parts, one of thefe parts (hall be the Archetrave B, 
 which winds about the DooreAnà muft be divided into four parts, 
 of three thereof is made the height of the hyiz.ç C, and of five j, 
 t]iat of the Cornice D. 
 
 The 
 
of Arehite^Hre^ iiç 2 
 
 The Mcafurcs of each member of the Ornaments may be found 
 in this manner. 
 
 The Archetrave B, mud be divided into ten parts, three mufl: 
 be for i\\cTrim4Fafcia G, for four the fécond V ; and the three 
 which remains muft be divided into 5. three for the Sema Rever- 
 /iP, and the other two for theOr/^?, or Recula R, whofe Pro- 
 jeUitre is the fourth part of its thicknefs ; the Scima Reverfa P, 
 hath in Projefinre its height, and is marked in this manner : They 
 draw a ftrait line which terminates at the end thereof, under the 
 Orlo or RegfiU R, and on the fécond Fafcta V, and is divided in 
 half, fo as each of thefe halfcs is the Bafe of a Triangle of two 
 equal fides ; and on the Angle oppofed to the Bafemuft be placed 
 the fixt foot of the Compa/s, and the Curve lines mufl be drawn, 
 wh ich make the faid Scima Reverfa P. 
 
 The Prize is three parts of four of the Archetrave, divided in- 
 to four, and is defigned of a portion of a circle lefs then the femi- 
 circle, the fwelling whereof comes diredlly over the C/w^rî«w of 
 the Archetrave. 
 
 The 6ve parts which are given to the Cornice, diftribute them- 
 felvcs in this manner to its members : One to the Scotiamth its 
 Liflella, which is a fifth part of the faid Scotia. 
 
 The Scotia hath in Projeftnre two thirds of its height ; to 
 defign it they form a Triangle of two equal fides, and to the An- 
 gle G they place the Centre, and fo the Scotia becomes the Bafe 
 of the Triangle j another of the faid five parts is for the 0;^<?/6?, 
 and hath in Projeftitre the two thirds of its height and is defign^ 
 ed making a Triangle of two equal fides, and the Centre is made 
 at the point H ; the other three parts are divided again into 
 feventeen, eight for the Coronna with its Lifts, of which that 
 above makes one of the eight parts ; and that which is below 
 and makes the hollow of the Coronna^ makes one of the fix parts 
 of the Omlo : The other nine are for the Sctma ReU:a, and its 
 Orlo ox Régula, which is a third of the hxà Scima. To frame 
 it fo as may be well and graceful, they draw the right line A 
 B, and 'tis divided into two equal parts: At the point C, one of 
 thofe parts is divided into feven, whereof fix are taken at the 
 point D ; then they form two Triangles, A E C , and C B F , 
 and on the points E and F, they put the fixt foot of the Com- 
 
 X pafs, 
 
x«4 Of Archite^ure. 
 
 pafs, and draw the portions of the Circles ACandCB, which 
 niake the faid Scima. 
 
 Tì^Q Archetrave likewife, in the fécond invention, is divided 
 into four parts ; of three is made the height of the Friz^e, of five 
 that of the Cormce, then the Archetrave is divided into three 
 parts, two of them are divided again into feven, of which fe- 
 vcn, three are the firft Fafeia^ and four for the fécond ; and 
 the third part of the Archetrave is divided again into nine parts ; 
 of two is made the Aflragal-, the other feven are divided into 
 five parts; three are the Scima Reverfa, andtwotheOr/o or 
 Kegnla. 
 
 The height of the Cornice is divided into five parts and 
 ^ one of which is divided again into fix parts, of five is made 
 the Scima Rever fa above the Friz^^ and of the fix the LiftelU j 
 the Scima Reverfa hath ^s much ProjeBure as it is high, and the 
 fame allò hath the Liflellay the fécond part of the height of the 
 Corniceis fot the Ouolo, which hath in Projfff«rf | of its height. 
 The Moulding above the OhoIo, is the fixth part of the Onoh, and 
 hath thciame ProjeH^Hre ; the other three parts of the height of 
 the faid Cornice are divided into 17. parts, eight of which are for 
 the Coronna^ which hath in projetìure three parts of four of its 
 height, the other nine are divided into four parts, three are for 
 the Cimatiumj and one for the Orlo or LiftelU j the i which 
 remain are divided into five parts and \ ; of one fs made 
 the Moulding , and of four and L the Scima Reverfa above the 
 Coronna : The faid Cornice hath as much ProjeHure as it hathi 
 thicknefs. 
 
 Members 
 
i^S of ArchìteSwre. 
 
 Members of the Cornice oî the firft Invention^ 
 I. Scotia, 
 K. Omlo, 
 L. Coronna. 
 N. Cimatiaf», 
 O. Orlo^ or Regular 
 
 ÎAtmhtnoî ^\t Ai'chetravf, 
 G. PrimaFafcia» 
 y. SecundaV/tfcia^ 
 p. Scima Reverfd. 
 R. Or/o, orReguUo 
 
 S. Swelling of the Frizcç ^ 
 
 T, Part of the Friz.e which enter into the ÎValL 
 
 By the means of thcfc two, you may know the members of the 
 fécond Invention. 
 
 Of 
 
 .?"^;: 
 
Of ArchiteBnre, 159 
 
 Of thefc two other Inventions, the Archetrave of the firft 
 which is marked F, is hkewife divided into four parts, of three 
 and 1; is made the height of the FriTLe^ and of five that of the 
 Cornice ; the Archetrave is divided into eight parts^ five are for 
 the plain of the Archetrave., and three are for the Ctmatitifn^\v\\\Q\i 
 is divided again into eight parts; three for the Scima Reverfa^ 
 three for the Scotia^ and two for the Onob or Regnla ; the height 
 of the Cornice is divided into fix parts, of two is made the Scf 
 ntaRectay with itsO/7o or Régula^ and of another the Sctma Re- 
 ver fa '^ the faid 5c; w.i Re^ia is divided again into nine parts, of 
 eight thereof are made the Coronna and the moulding ; the Aftrà- 
 galy ox Rondeau 2hovQt\\t Friz^e, is a third of one of the faid fix 
 parts, and that which remains between the Coronna and the 
 Aftragal, is left for the Scotia. 
 
 In the other Invention the Archetrave makrcdH ; is divided 
 into four parts, and of three and I. is made the height of the 
 Friz,e , and five the height of the Cornice : The Archetrave 
 is divided into eight parts, five of themfare for the plain of the 
 Archetrave-, and three are for the C?w4r/««;, which is divided in- 
 to feven parts, of one is made the Afiragal, and the reft are di- 
 vided into eight parts; three of which are for the 5«^^ ^^-z^^r- 
 fa, three for the Scotia, and two for the Orlo or Regain ; the 
 height of the Cornice is divided into fix parts and |, of three are 
 XÇ[SÀt Ùit Scinta Rever fa. The Dentelts and itolo, the Scima Rc" 
 verfa, hath as much Projeflure as it is thick : The Dentells are 
 two of three parts of their height, and the Owa/i? three of four 
 parts. Of thei; is made the Scima Rever fa, between theScimd 
 ReHa and the Coronna } and the three other parts arc divided into 
 feventeen, nine make the Scima Reda, and the Orlo or Régula , 
 and eight the Coronna. 
 
 This Cornice hath much as Projeftnre as it hath thicknefs, as all 
 the other aforefaid. 
 
 Herefoîlowsdcïignesof DooresandWindowes according to 
 the five Orders of Andrea Palladio, and are the fame which are 
 in.the Louvre mParù. 
 
 Demon- 
 
y.oïz iDfiJo 
 
 
i^t; 
 
 ^ ^^Tpre and ivlndjwe nc^crrdJiia to fhs 'Titsi-nn Ûi'der 
 
^-f ^crzrre and wtndcnve accaniti;:: *c the <J)cTici: ûrâer 
 
ièç- 
 
■•"\l 
 
jJcrctr^ and ivi ltd aw e ac/^tn'âtnq -tothe^pnck Orâer 
 
 Û 
 
ty î 
 
yt 'Dmire accardma to the laitich Orli 
 
 '/ 
 
 ter 
 
^^ Çi^crpve acccrr,4.inp fa the Cunittrhtan Order 
 
llQ 
 
 ì^jhe Cûi'intliian Caviti' l 
 
I«7 
 
of ArchiteSÎHre. îoi 
 
 CHAP, xxxviir. 
 
 0/ Chimaies i« Halls, Chambers^ Studies^ 
 and Wardrobes, and of their 
 Proportions, 
 
 HAll'Chimnies ought to be within work fix or fevcn foot, and 
 in great Buildings unto eight, between the two Jaumes; 
 and 'twill be convenient to make their funnels in the thicknefe 
 of the wall, if poffibly it can be ; if not, they muft be fet in 
 a place where they may correfpond to thofe of the Chambers , 
 the which fpreads it felf but little in the middle, as it hath been 
 faid • and if it be poflTiblc , it muft be fo difpofed , that the 
 Chimney be feen in the front by them that (hall enter into the 
 
 Hall, n r . 
 
 Their height muft be four foot and '^ to five at molt, from the 
 bottom of the Plate- band to the Mantle-tree ; they muft projet 
 two foot and half, or three foot at moft, from the wall unto the 
 mantle-tree. The Jaumes mufl: be from eight to twelve inches 
 in breadth : And in great Buildings even to 24, or more, accord- 
 ing to that Order of Architecture, with which they are to be 
 adorned. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIX. 
 
 Of Chambcr-Chimnies, and of their 
 
 Proportions, 
 
 CHamher-Chimmes mufl: have in breadth five and \ or fix 
 foot, and in great Buildings unto feven, and mull: be placed 
 as I have faid before, becaufe of the place of the bed. T'heir 
 height muft be four foot, or four and I from the Mantle-tree or 
 ^ C c ï'iat- 
 
îp2 Of ArchiteSïure, 
 
 Plate-band, their Prcjcf?;/rf muft be t'^'o foot, or two and l from 
 the back to the fort-lidLS of the Jaunies. 
 
 C H A P. X L. 
 
 Of the Chimnies in Studies ^«^ Wardrobes. 
 
 CHimntes in thefe Rooms mufl be four foot, four and I or five 
 foot at raoft in breadth : Their height from the Mantle-tree 
 mufl; be like to that above of four foot, and '_ , and alfo their Fro^ 
 )diii re two foot, or two and \ from the back. 
 
 CHAP. XL I. • 
 
 Of Funnels 6?/ Chimnies. 
 
 rVmels 0Î Chimnies mull be carried thorow the Roofy and 
 above the ridge, three foot, four or five foot at moft, that 
 they may carry the fmoak into the Air. You mull: take care 
 that they be made neither too wide nor too narrow j for if 
 they be too wide, the wind will drive back the fmoak into the 
 Room, and will not permit it freely to afcend and pafs forth ^ 
 and in pHnneb too narrow, the fmoak not having free pafìage 
 is repulfcd, and returns backwards : Therefore 'tis that 
 Chamher-C'himnies arc not made narrower then ten or eleven 
 inches, nor broader then fifteen, which is the ordinary depth 
 of Funnels of great Kitchin Chimnies, by reafon of the great 
 fire that is made therein; and for their breadth, they mull be 
 four or five foot at moft within the work, from the place where 
 thebrefl ends unto the top of the Funnel'^ now the faid brcfl 
 reacheth from the Mantle-tree unto the Sieling or pitch of the 
 Arch, alwayes diminifhing within the work, until you come 
 
 to 
 
Of 
 
 ^rchiteSÎHre, 
 
 1 
 
 to the meafurcs of depth and breadth before mentioned : and 
 from thence arifing unto the end of the Funnel^ it mull be carried 
 up as even as you can poiïibly j for faih'ng in this, it often hap- 
 pens the fmoak is offenfive. 
 
 CHAP. XLII. 
 
 What is tabe ohferved in malting Cliimnies, 
 and thefajhion which tvas praciifed 
 among the Ancients. 
 
 TH E jAumes and Mamie-trees of Chim/uss mud be curi- 
 onfly wrought ', for ruftick work doth not appear well, un- 
 lefs it be in very great Buildings, fortheRcafonsaforcfaid. 
 
 The Ancients, to heat their Chambers, did ferve themfelvcs 
 in this manner : They made their Chimnies in the middle , 
 with Columns or Corbeaux which bore up the Archetrave^ upon 
 which were the Funnels of the Chimnies which conveyed away 
 the fmoak -, of which kind one may be feen at B-iy near the 
 Pifcifje of N'ero, and one which is not far from Civita Vecchia j 
 and when they would not have Chimnies , they made in the 
 thicknefs of the wall pipes or funnels, thorow which afccnded 
 the heat of the fire which was under the Chambery and was 
 conveighed forth through certain vents and condu<fis which was 
 on the top of the funnels. Much like this, the Trenti Gentle- 
 men of Ffw/cf in the Summer refrefhed their Chjmb(rs2tCofioz.a, 
 their Country dwelling : For in that place there arc great Moun- 
 ^ains in which are certain great Caves, which in times pail 
 were Quarries, Vv'hich ( I fuppofe ) Fitrnviui means in his fécond 
 Book, where he treats of Stone. In thefe Caves areingcndred 
 extream cool winds, which thefe Gentlemen caufcd to be 
 brought into their Houfe, through certain S/i/^'e t./'.<?^;^ vaults; 
 and by the means of certain truncks , like to thofe whereof 
 1 have fpoken before, make them to run thorow all the Cham- 
 bersy opening and fhutting them at plcafurc to take more cr 
 
 C c 2 / lefs 
 
 93 
 
of ArchiteEitàÊ. 
 
 lefsof Air, according to the time and {Qti^on j and this place 
 would be wonderful were it only for this great Commodity, 
 neverthelefs that which renders it yet more admirable and 
 worthy to be feen in the prifon of the wind, which is a certain 
 Chamber under ground, made by the moft Noble Seignieur Tre-a- 
 tiy and by him called ^oU-^ where many of thofe trunks and 
 conducts of wind are difcharged -, and to render it beautiful, and 
 worthy of this name he hath given it, he hath fpared neither care 
 nor charge. 
 
 CHAP. XLÎÎI. 
 
 Of Stair- Cafes, afjd their di'vsrs man- 
 tiers^ and the nnmhers and great- 
 nefs of their Steps 
 
 THere ought to be great care taken in the well placing the 
 Stair^Cafe j for there is not a little difficulty to find a place 
 convenient, fo as the Stairs may be diftributed without preju- 
 dice or hindrance to the reft of the Building', 'tis therefore that 
 ordinarily they are placed in the corner of the Building, or on 
 the wings, or in the middle of the front, which is but feldom , 
 nnlefs it be in great Buildings ; becaufe much of the Stone- work 
 will be hindred by reafon of the Stairs being in the middle, un- 
 lefs the Houfc be double. 
 
 There are three openings necelTary to the leafi: Stair-Cafe^ 
 thefirftis the door- way that leads to them, which is the better 
 when it isfpacious, andpleafeth me moft if itbeinfuch a place 
 where, before one approacheth, one may fee the beft part of the 
 Houfe : For although the Houfe be little, by this means it ap- 
 peareth much larger ; neverthelefs it behoves that thefaid Door- 
 way be obvious and eafie to be found. 
 
 The fécond opening is that of the Windows^ which are need- 
 ful to give light to the Stairs^ and when there is but one, let it be 
 in the middle as near as you can, to the end that all the Jr^zV- 
 Cafe may be inlightned» J,he 
 
of ArchiteSinre, 1 05 
 
 The third opening is the landing place, by which we are to en- 
 ter into the Rooms above, and ought to lead to places large, fair, 
 and well adorned. 
 
 5m;>/ will be well made, if they be fpacious, light, and eafic, 
 fo as they may invite people to go up. 
 
 They will be lightfome when they have a perfed light, that 
 difpcrfethit felf to all parts equally. 
 
 They are fpacious when they appear not little, nor narrow m 
 refpeû of the bignefs and quality of the Fabrick ^ but they muft 
 never be narrower then four foot ; to the end, that if two perfons 
 meet, theymay commodioufly pafs oneby the other; theymay 
 be made of five or fix foot, or feven and half, and to great Build- 
 ings unto tenor twelve foot broad to every flight, and they mull 
 be made as commodious as poiTibly you can. 
 
 CHAP. XLIV. 
 
 Of the Height and Breadth of 5teps. 
 
 THE Step ought not to be more then fix inches high ; and if 
 they be lower, they muft chiefly be to long and continu- 
 ed Stairs ; they will be fo much the eafier, becaufe one needs not 
 lift the foot fo high; but they muft never be lower then four 
 inches. 
 
 Their breadth ought not to be lefs then a foot, nor more then 
 fifteen or fixteen inches. 
 
 The Ancients obfervcd not to make the number of Steps even, 
 to the end that beginning to afcend with the rightfoot,they might 
 end with the fame foot, which they took to be a good Ome^h and 
 with greater devotion ib to enter into the Temples. . 
 
 CHAP. 
 
ï p5 of JrchiteSînre, 
 
 CHAP. XLV. 
 
 Of Divers manners of Stairs. 
 
 Q Ttairs are made Straight or Winding : The Straight are 
 v3 made fpread abroad into two branches or pafTages ; or fquare, 
 which turns into four branches or paflagcs ; and to make them in 
 this lafl: manncr^all the Çpace mud be divided into 4. parts, where- 
 of 2, muli: be for the Stairs^ and two for the vacancy ^ the mid- 
 dle whereof if it be open, the 5f^;rj receive light. They may be 
 made with a wall within, and then within the two parts which are 
 taken for the Stalrs^ the thickncfs of the wall ought to be 
 comprehended and inclofed, which makes the Cafe or Newel ^ 
 they may alfo be made without a wall within : Thefe two forts of 
 Stairs were made by the Invention of ScignieHr Lovii Cornaroy a 
 Gentleman of an excellent Judgment. 
 
 Wmdhig'Stairs^ fome are made round, fomcoval, fomewith 
 a Newel in the middle, and fome open f and fuch Winding- 
 Stairs are made chiefly where there is little room, becaufethey 
 takeuplefs room then the ftraight Stuirs^ yet not fo eafic to 
 afccnd. Thofe which are open in the middle are very handfome, 
 bccaufc they may have light from above, and thofe who are 
 cbovemay fee thofe who are coming up, and are alfo Icen by 
 them. 
 
 Thofe which have a Niwd in the middle, having but little 
 room, are made in this manner : Y*oumuf]: divide the Diamètre 
 into twelve parts, ten whereof are for the Stairs-, and the two 
 which remain are for the Newel in the middle ^ or divide the 
 ' faid Diamètre into eight parts, fix whereof are for the Stcfs^ 
 and two for the Novell and if there be mucii room, you mufl 
 divide the Diamètre into three parts, whereof two are for the 
 Stdtrs, and one for the Newel, as in thedefignA ; or other- 
 wife, you may divide the Diamètre in fcvcn parts, of which take 
 three for the Newel in the middle, and four for the Stairs. 
 Jufl in this manner is the Stair-Caje of the Column of Tra]an 
 at Rome ; and if you make Stairs winding as in the dcfign B, 
 
 they 
 
of AnhiteBure . \ p^ 
 
 tliey willbehandiomer and more agreeable, and longer then if 
 they had been ftraight ; but to Stah>Cafes open in the middle, the 
 Diamètre muft be divided into four parts, two v\ hereof mufi: be 
 for the middle, and two for the Sr.iirs. 
 
 Befides the fafhion of Stairs which are in pradice, there hath 
 been a Winding-Stair invented by MAy\ Anhony B.irbaro , a 
 Gentleman of Ki;/?/cr of an excellent Judgment, who made ex- 
 cellent experiments in very narrow p'aces, where there i^ no Nc- 
 V9el in the middle; and the Sa^»v in their turning are much longer, 
 and are divided after the manner aforefaid. 
 
 Thofe which are oval divided in the fame manner as the 
 Round J they are very handfome and pleafant, becaufe all the 
 Windows -SiVÀ Doors are in the middle and head of the oval, and 
 are very commodious; I have made one open in the middle in 
 the Monaftery of Churity at Fenice, which hath fiiccecded very 
 well. 
 
 There is another very handfome manner of Stairs which 
 King Fr^;7CM the Fi rftcaufed to be made in thcCaftleof Cham^ 
 hor near Bloyfe^ and is in this manner ; there are ïomStdir-CAfes 
 •which have four Entrances, to wit, one Entry to each, and gp 
 up the one over the other in fuch manner, that being made in' 
 the middle of the Building, the four may ferve for four Appj;; t- 
 j^^ments ; fo that the Inhabit3nts of one need p.ot go up and down 
 the Stairs oii\\t other ; and becaufe it is open in the middle, 
 they all fee each other go up and down, without any hindrance 
 the one to theother. This Invention being new and handfome , 
 I have placed it here, and marked with Letters from the foot to 
 the head, to the end every one may fee where each Stair begins, 
 and where it ends. 
 
 There was alfo to the P(7r//r^f of Tomfey at Rome, leading to 
 the place of the Tews, Windi-ng-Stairs of an admirable form ; 
 for being placed in the middle, in fuch manner that they could 
 not receive light but from on high, they were fet upon Columns, 
 to the end that the light might diilribute it felf to all parts alike ; 
 according to which example, BrammtCj an excellent Architcd 
 in his time, made one of them at Belncderc, and without Stefs , 
 havingthe four Orders of Arch ite dure, Dorick , Ioniche, Corin- 
 thian, andCo'?jpoj7ta, To make thcfe Sr^/r-C^/c^^ yon mufc di- 
 vide 
 
of AtchiteSiure, 
 
 vide the whole fpace into four parts, two whereof are for the 
 void place in the middle, and one on each fide of the Stefs and 
 
 Columns. . ^ , 
 
 There are many other fafhions of Stair-Cafes m Ancient 
 Edifices, 2isTriar/giiUrs -^ and of this fort are thofe of the Cupo- 
 le of St. Maria Rotunda, whichare open in the middle, and re- 
 ceive light from above : Thofe alfo which are at Sa-^Ho jlfoflo, 
 h in the fame City, by which we go to MoH?n C avello, which are 
 very magnifick, and they are double. Many perfons have taken 
 the model thereof, and carried it to a Temple on the top of the 
 Mountain, as appears in my Books of Temples; and of this fort 
 is this lafldcfign. 
 
 You muft note, that in Stair-Cafes which are fquare or ob- 
 long, when you are conltrained to place Sffpji'n the Angles, in 
 t urning y ou cannot make more then fix in a Semici rcle, which are 
 three in ^ of a Circle, and is then, when the Stair-Cafe fhall have 
 but fix or fcvcn foot in breadth within work, which is the leak 
 that can be made. 
 
 To Stair-Cafes of eight foot broad, you mufl: put eight Sffp^ 
 from the Angle, turning to a Semicircle, which will be four to ^ of 
 a Circle. 
 
 Anàto Stair-Cafes (romnint to ten foot broad, youmufl: put 
 ten Steps to a Semicircle. 
 
 ]f they have eighteen foot more or lefs, yoii may make twelve 
 Steps to a Semicircle. 
 
 You muft take heed that the landing place of the Stairs, which 
 is the fpace between the wall and the Sr^pJ which one afcendeth , 
 and which doth diftribute to the Apartements, be broader a fourth 
 part atleaft then the length of the laid Steps. 
 
 Exam-' 
 
t-^ 
 
toi 
 
toy 
 
•^f.-^: M i»#iMi . ,yVT ..**»»fer(»ïsi*ir 
 
 r.«^- 
 
 : 3 
 
 ^ .--, 
 
 • f 
 
 1 
 
 « '«.'•»*•»»• 
 
I / / 
 
 H 
 
.LLi>. 
 
 ì 
 
 n 
 
 
UK 
 
O F 
 
 ROOFS. 
 
 R U t E s 
 
 ■' ' AND 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS, 
 
 FOR 
 
 Framing all manner of Koofs^ whether Square 
 or Bei/ely either above pitch or under pitch, 
 according to the befl: manner praótiied in 
 England. 
 
 Alfo to find the length of the Hips and Sleep- 
 ers, with the back or Hip-niould,neveryet 
 Publidied by any Architect, Modern or 
 Antique • a Curiofity worth the Regard even 
 of the moll Curious Workmen ; Exactly 
 demonfttated in the following Rules and 
 defigns • by that Ingenious Aichite(5t Mr.. 
 William f of e ^ of London. 
 
 E e 
 
2i8 of JrchïteBurel 
 
 CHAP. XLfl. OfR^off. 
 
 HAving raifcd the Walls to their defigned height, and made 
 the Vaults, laid the Joifts, brought up the Stairs, and per- 
 formed all thofe things fpoken of before j we are now to raife the 
 Roof, which imbracing every part of the Building, and with its 
 weight equally preffing upon the Walls, is as a band to all the 
 work j and befides defends the Inhabitants from Rain,from Snow, 
 from the burning Sun, and from themoifture of the night j adds. 
 no fmall help to the Building, carting off from the Walls the 
 Rain water, which although for a while feems to do but little hurt, 
 yet in procefs of time is caufe of much Dammage. .Thefirll 
 Men C as faith Vitruvius ) Built their Houfes with flat Roofs, but 
 finding that thereby they were not defended from the weather , 
 they ( conftrained by neceffity j began to make them ridg'd (that 
 is to fay ) raifed in the middle .* Thcfe Roofs are to be raifed to 
 a higher or lower pitch according to the Country in which they 
 are ; wherefore in Germany by reafon of the great quantity of 
 Snow that falls there, they raife their Roofs to a very great pitch, 
 and cover them with Shingles, which are fmall pieces of wood, 
 or of thin Slate or Tyles \ for if they (hould raife them other 
 wife, they would be ruined by reafon of the weight of the Snow. 
 Butwe who dwell in a more temperate Country ought to chufe 
 fuch a pitch which may fecure the Building and be of a handfomc 
 form ; therefore we divide the breadth of the Roof into four 
 equal paVts, and take three, which makes the moft agreeable 
 pitch for our Country, and is the foundation for the raifing 
 of any manner of Roof, whether Square or Bevel ; as appears 
 in the following defigns and defcriptions. 
 
 "The manner of framing a Floor,w?>^ the names of each Aiemhcr. 
 
 1. "IT HE thick^efs of the Wally and Lintel^or Wall- f Ut ( \ and 
 
 if it be in Timber-work^, then a BreJjHmmer^ 
 
 2. The Summer. 
 
 3 . Girders framed into the Summer, 
 
 4. Spaces between the Joifts, 
 
 5. Joifts. 
 
 6. Trimmers for the Chimney way. 
 
 7. Trimmers for the Stair-Caje, or wdl'-hole for the Stairs, 
 
 CHAP. 
 
,^:h;V 
 
211 Of ArchiteSlure» 
 
 CHAP. XLVII. 
 Of the Defign A. 
 
 A. A. 'T* H E breadth of the Houfc, Cant Hiver s ^Cornices, and Eaves j 
 A. B. the length of the Raftings, and Furrings, which ought to 
 be \ of the breadth of the Houfe A A. 
 
 The principal Rafters to be cut with a Knee ( as in the Defign) 
 
 that they may the better fupport themfelves and the burthen over 
 
 them upon the upright of the Wall, and alfo fccure that part from 
 
 the dripping in of the Rain ; which otherwife would happen if 
 
 * the Rafters were made ftr aight and furred . 
 
 The Beam to the Roof, or Girder to the Garret floor, ought 
 to projeiTt without the work, as far as the Furring or Shreading, 
 which is the ProjeBure of the Cornice. 
 
 This manner of framing the Roof will be ufeful 
 from 20. to 30. foot, or thereabouts. 
 X. GroHnd-Plate. 
 
 2. Girder, or binding Inter duce, or Brejfnmmer. 
 
 3 . Beam to the Roof or Girder to the Garret floor 
 
 4. Principal fofi and upright brick^ Wall, 
 
 5. Braces. ,1 
 
 6. Quarters, J ' r 
 
 7. Interdnces. 
 
 8. PrickcpoftjOrWindow-fofl. 
 
 9. Jaumes or Door-pofi. 
 
 1 o. King piece J or Joggle piece, 
 
 11. Strutts. 
 
 12. Coller-heatK^Strutt-beam^mnd"be^!tn$yOr top-beam, 
 
 13. Door-head, 
 
 14. Principal Rafters. 
 
 15- Furrings or Shreading f. 
 
 16. Ends of the Lintels, and pieces. 
 
 17. Bedding-moulding of the Cornice over the Windows , and 
 
 fpace between. 
 
 1 8 . Knees of the principal Rafters, which are to be of one piece, 
 ip. Purline Mortices. Ee 6 CHAP. 
 
o 
 
2i6 of ArchiteSlnre. 
 
 CHAP. XLVIII. 
 
 Veftgn of the Gable End or Roof B. 
 
 LE T the whole breadth of the Gable End or Roof A A be 2 o. 
 foot, divide the fame into 4. equal parts, take thereof three 
 for the length of the principal Rafter A B, and placing that per- 
 pendicular from the point C to the point D, begets the length of 
 the Sleefer A D, which will be 1 8. foot. And the length of the 
 Dormers principalRafter from A to E, when laid to its pitch upon 
 the back of the principals, will reach to the level line F B, or top 
 of the principal Rafter , and this is a general rule for all breadths. 
 
 1 . Summer or Beam. 
 
 2 . King fiece^ Crown pofi, or Joggle ^isee. 
 
 3 . Braces, or Strutts. 
 
 4. Trinci fai Rafters. • 
 k 
 
 5. The Sleefer. 
 
 5 
 
 6. JpHrline of the Dormer. 
 
 7. Principal Rafter of the Dormer. 
 
 2. Single Rafter of the Dormer^ flanding on the Sleeper and Pur- 
 line. 
 
 8 
 
 §. Point of the Sleeper. 
 10,1 1. Thethicknefj of the Wall and Lintels^ or wall-plates. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
u^ 
 
 B 
 
 ^'H 
 
^ 3 ® Of AnhiuSÌHrel 
 
 CHAP. XL IX. 
 Of the Italian or Hip Roof C. 
 
 A ^' T* ^ ^ breadth of the Roof, being 20. foot. 
 
 ^' ^' 1 The length of the Sleepers or Hips^ being i Ooot, which 
 
 is proportionable to the breadth of the Houfe. 
 E. D. The heigtit of the Roof perpendicular. 
 ^' E>' The length of the ////?, and the Angle which it maketh upon 
 
 the Df^^oW line, which is (hewed by the prick line G, from 
 
 FcoC. 
 
 1.2. The Wall and Lintels. 
 
 3. Dragon Beam for the Hif to fiand on, 
 
 4. Beam or Summer ^ wherein the Dr aggen^ Beams are framed, 
 
 5. King pece or Crown foft. 
 
 6. Strutts or Braces from the Crown pfi to the Hi^ Rafter, 
 
 7. Hifs oi they make the Angle equal to the breadth oftheHoufe. 
 
 8. Hips Oi they make the Angle in the Diagonal lines from Cor- 
 ner to Corner. 
 
 9. The Additional length which the Hips make uf on the Dia- 
 gonal line, mere then the breadth of the Houfe, 
 
 Ff6 CHAP 
 
Î34 ^f -^^chiteElure* 
 
 CHAP. L. 
 0/Hat Roofs D. 
 
 Within a Camber-Beam and Rifters joggled în , whok 
 weight lyeth not chiefly in the middle and may be fo 
 made that without hanging up the Beam, the principals may dif- 
 charge the weight j and how Drips may be made to walk on. 
 
 I. Cfimher-B4am. 
 
 J.. Trinci fais ]oggkd into the Camber- Beam, 
 
 3 . The flace where the Principals are joggled in. 
 
 4^. pHnchons or Braces, 
 
 5. Drips to walk-on, and may be made with the lep current that 
 the Roof may be made the more pitch for the ftrengthening 
 thereof: And may be made higher or lower according to the 
 Building and Difcretion of the ArchiteB^ 
 
 ^. Battlements» 
 
 A Hat Roof, roith a Crown poll, or 
 King piece^ 
 
D 
 
of ArchiteSinre, 237 
 
 CHAP. LI. 
 
 Of thejfjtp Roof E. 
 TNflruftions to find the length and back of the Hip, foas itmay anfwer 
 •* the fide and the end ; of the perpendicular line, of the gable e >!d^ the 
 two Skirts , the fide of the Roof in PUno, or lying in ledgLient with 
 the hip and gj'o'.e tnd ; the Diagonal and perpendicular lines being laid 
 down proportional to any breadth or length, by which the mofk Ingenious 
 mav ferve himfelf, and an ordinary capacity (already acquainted with the 
 ufe'of the Ruler and Compafs ; may plainly demonftrate all the parts of a 
 Roof whether Squjrt or B(vi!, above Pitch or under Pitch by lints of pro- 
 portion, as may appear in the defign following. 
 Suppoff the Roaf 20. foot Brosd, and in Ltn^th 50. 40. or 5c. foot more or Icfs. 
 
 LEt A. B. C. D. be the fides and ends of the faid Roof, one end to be 
 Hìpiì the other zè:ihlî tnd. Draw the lines A. B. C. D. the breadth 
 and leng'th of the Roof. Then draw the gâblt end A. E. E whofe fides or 
 principal Rafters being ? of the breadth of the Houfe \ Uien draw the per- 
 pendicular line E. F. the heighthof the gibl! end, which line is of gene- 
 ral ufe to level the ridge of all Roofs i and if the other end be Hipt as in the 
 defign D. C. G. thenìtferves co find the length of the Hip, and the back 
 of the Hip, 10 that it mav anfwer both fides and ends of the Roof, alwayes 
 obferving 'that the middle of the breadth of the Houfe is as I. H. then 
 draw the Une K. L. N. through the Centre I. which will make right angles 
 tothe line E.F. H. G. both in bevtl and fquare Houfes. Then extend the 
 line A. B. on both fides to O. being the length of A. E. or E. B. the length 
 of the principal Rafters or ' of the breadth of the Home. So will O. N. 
 and O.K. make thelengtlfof the ridge I. F. and K. D. and C. N. the 
 
 two skirts. , , . 
 
 To find the length of the Hip. 
 rv-Raw the Diagonal line D. T. and I. C. over which the Hip is to hang 
 ^ when in its due place ; then take the perpendicular line E. b. and 
 Vhce it from the point I. to P, P. perpendicular to the Diagonal or Bafe 
 lines D. I. and 1. C. at I. So is I. P. and I. P. the pitch of the kp equal to 
 the ^abU end E. F. and when erefted will hang perpendicular to the point I. 
 Then take P. D. the hvpotenuie of the triangle D. I. P. and C. P. the hypo- 
 tenufe of the triangle C. I. P. placing them from D. to G. and C. to G. gives 
 the length of the H;> D.G.C, and when laid to their ;/rrl;, will all meet 
 
 perpendicular to the point I. ^ , , r:, j . j. 
 
 To find the bici^ of the Hip, fo that it miy anftver both ftdes and ends ■ 
 of the Ronf, Tvhether Sqari or T.evel. _ 
 
 T AY the Ruler from the point L. to the peint H. and from the point H.. 
 •*-^ to M and mark where it cuts the Diagonal lines D. I. and I. C. at Q. q. 
 then Cet one foot of theCompai'es on the point q. and extend the other 
 f^ to the H;> lines D. P. andC.P. at the neareft difta-'ce with that n.ark 
 the point R. upon the fame Diagonal lines, then draw the prickt lines L. R. 
 K. and H R. M. which makes the back of the Hip for the two corners of 
 
 that Roof. 1 •* f 
 
 This Rule fervcsfor all Roofs whether over or under pitch. _ ^ . p 
 
 G g 5 CHAI'. 
 
^3^ ^f ^rchiteSinre^ 
 
 CHAP. Lit. F 
 
 Of Roof Revel at one end, and Square at the other ; the Gable end 
 Square^ the Bevel end Hip. 
 
 ^Uppofe the breadth of the Roof 20. foot, the length more on one fide 
 then on the other, as in the defign A. B. CD. then draw the ^^^/? f;^^ A 
 i.. E. vvhofe fides from A. to E. and from E. to E. is s. of the breadth of tlie* 
 Houfe, or is the length of the principal Rafters ; then draw the perpendicu- 
 lar E. F. the height of the Roof from the floor ; and if kneed, then from 
 the top of the knee, as in the defign of a kneed Rafter before-goinc 
 
 .< V'ac t ""I'K^T^ ""'"^'^ T}^' "^'^ ^^^8*= G. H. I. K. ?o be'drawn 
 as IS defcnbed in the fore-going defign. "i*vvu 
 
 Divide the breadth of the Roof in two equal parts, as F. L. O. then take 
 the difiance L.N. which is the i breath of the Houfe, and malTe it parrai! 
 
 J^^?<^-.^I^-3sM.I..M. and L.Will be the point whofe perpendiculars 
 O. T. will meet the principal Rafters and Hifs. F^imicuiars 
 
 To find the Uiigtb of each Hip, dì (lin ft one [rem the other. 
 Of the longiji Hips. 
 Q Raw the Diagonal line I C. and take the heighth of ihcgable end 
 IL.F. and place it perpcndic-lar toL.C.at O. So have you the heiehth 
 of the Roof perpendicular from O. L. equal toE.F. thtg^bletnd-znA 
 thelmeOC, will be the length of the H;/, Rafter, which vfill be equal to 
 C. H. the skirt for that fide ot the Hip, and C. W the fide of that Hio end 
 
 To find the hac(' of the lovgefi Hip CO. 
 LA Y the Ruler from the point M. to Q. and mark where it cuts the Dia- 
 gonalhne at R. then fet one foot of theCompaffes at the point R and 
 extend the other foot till it touch the line CO. at the nearefi difbnre 
 then make it touch the Diagonal line at S. then draw the lines M S o' 
 which lb the back of the Hip for that Corner of the Roof. '• ^- ^1 
 
 To find the Ihnrtffl. Hip. 
 
 ^ /X/^^^"Pr'' ''"'/ V ^-'"^ ''^^ ^' ^-^'^^ perpendicular of the 
 gf.e end as before, and place it from L. to T. perpendicular to L D 
 
 then draw the line T. D. which is the length of die H,p for that corner and 
 
 IS equal to the ^kirt D. I. and the fide of that HtP D. P. which when eretìed 
 
 will meet with the other principals perpendicular to the point L. 
 
 To find the Bacl^ of this Hip. 
 
 L^.Tc.1 n" \T ?^P°^"f <^ to the point M. and mark where it 
 cuts the Diagonal line L.D. at V. Extend the Compares from the point 
 V. ro touch the line T. D. at the nearert difiance, and carry that dXnce 
 en the Diagonal line to die point W. Then draw the piickt fines M. WO 
 which Will make the back of that Hip fit for that Bevel corner. ^ 
 
 And ûm Rule ferves for all Bevel Roofs whedier over or wvAqx pitch. 
 
 CHAP 
 
of Architetture. ^39^J 
 
 CHAP. LUI G. I 
 
 Of aKoof Be^elatboth ends^ and broader atone 
 
 end then the other, 
 
 A B r n T^H E length and breadth of the Houfe. 
 F F r i The length of the Rafters or fitch between the widelt 
 " and nar roweft end about the middle of the Houfe, to ftand over 
 the prickt line T. T. as the foot F. to ftand on the one T. the foot 
 G.toftand on the other T. , . , , 
 
 u H The point of the two Hipnds when brought to their due place, 
 
 * will be perpendicular to P. P. and will meet the fides I. K. L. M. 
 over the points p. P. 
 OOOO The points of the perpendiculars and length of the Hip from 
 
 * A.B.C.D. 
 Q Q QC) The backs of the Hip or Hif mould due to each corner. 
 RRRR The points to find out Q^ the point for each backs. 
 S.S.S.S. The lines reprefenting ^ the breadth of the Houfe parallel to 
 
 each end. 
 'V -r Reprefenting the middle of the Houfe. 
 
 _,/ 
 
 Notwithftanding the Bevel ends you may place your Beams fior 
 vour principal Rafters to ftand on. Square, or fo near a Square 
 -■jias may be, or between both, as from the ends of the prickt 
 lines I. K. L. M. bringing the out-fide of them ftraight under P. 
 P. which will be more handfome for the Houfe in the infide al- 
 though it Bevels outward. 
 
 FINIS, 
 
 ^ P. R HILL LIBRARY 
 North Carc'ina Sîrî? College 
 
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