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FLORA OF BERMUDA 
 
 FRONTISPIECE 
 
 f«^u<t.Eafcr 
 
 BERMUDIANA 
 
FLOEA OF BEEMUDA 
 
 (ILLUSTRATED) 
 
 BY 
 
 NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Ph.D.,Sc.D., LL.D. 
 
 DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN; 
 PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
 
 "Oh! could you view the scenery dear, 
 That now beneath my window lies, 
 You'd think, that Nature lavish'd here 
 Her purest wave, her softest skies." 
 
 T. Moore 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
 1918 
 
Copyright, 1918 
 By Nathaniel Lord Britton 
 
 Published February 28, 191 J 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY 
 
 LANCASTER, PA. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Introduction v-xi 
 
 Flora of Bermuda 1-540 
 
 Bibliography 541-546 
 
 Botanical Collections 546-549 
 
 Glossary 550-561 
 
 Index 562-585 
 
 SYMBOLS USED 
 
 ** is used after figures to indicate feet. 
 ' is used after figures to indicate inches. 
 
 " is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch. 
 ' over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the 
 vowel. 
 
 "^ over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close 
 English sound of the vowel. 
 
 In the Metric System. 
 
 The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches. 
 The decimetre = 3.94 inches. 
 The centimetres I of an inch, or 4f lines. 
 The millimetre = 23 of an inch, or i a line. 
 21 millimeters = 1 line. 
 
 ■very nearly. 
 
 66138 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The islands forming Bermuda, or the Bermudas, are an isolated g-roup 
 in the Atlantic Ocean, in north latitude 32° 14" to 32° 23" (Castle Island 
 is 32° 20"), and in west longitude 64° 38" to 64° 52" (Castle Island is 
 almost exactly 64° 40"). The nearest land is Cape Hatteras on the coast 
 of North Carolina, distant about 568 nautical miles; the distance to Halifax 
 is about 736 nautical miles, to Sandy Hook 666 nautical miles, to Charleston 
 about 700 nautical miles, and to Abaco, the nearest West Indian island of 
 the Bahama archipelago, about 700 miles to the southwest, to St. Thomas 
 about 800 miles to the southeast. 
 
 The land area of Bermuda is a little over nineteen square land miles, or 
 approximately one-fourth the size of Staten Island, New York, or about 
 one-seventh the size of the Isle of Wight. There is a main island con- 
 taining perhaps three-quarters of the entire area, five islands each half a 
 square mile in area or more, some sixty little islands or cays, and many 
 more rocks or ledges projecting above the water. The islands are all close 
 together. The Bermuda banks or shoals, stretching northward and west- 
 ward from the islands, are of much greater area than the present land. 
 
 The general outline of the archipelago is irregularly oblong, more accu- 
 rately fishhook-shaped, its longer axis lying northeast and southwest, with 
 a length of about fifteen land miles and a width near the middle (across 
 Pembroke and Paget) of about three land miles, but across the tip of the 
 fishhook from Ireland Island to the south shores of Warwick the distance 
 is about five land miles; the average width is somewhat less than one and 
 a half land miles. 
 
 The rocks of Bermuda are wholly aeolian limestone, of recent geologic 
 age, and the soil has been entirely derived from the weathering and disin- 
 tegration of this limestone. The topography is hilly, with local broad val- 
 leys occupied by fresh water or brackish marshes, salt water bays and 
 lagoons. The highest points above the sea are about 250 feet elevation. 
 
 Like many other portions of the earth, Bermuda has been subject 
 to alternate uplifts and depressions; the last vertical movement has appar- 
 ently been one of depression ; the land area was therefore probably greater 
 formerly than it is now; -possibly the area now occupied by the banks to 
 the north and west of the islands was land during some previous geologic 
 period. These islands and banks are the top of an isolated mountain 
 system or plateau, separated from all others by the abysses of the ocean, 
 and there is no evidence which justifies any assumption that it was ever 
 connected with other regions by land. 
 
VI INTRODUCTION 
 
 The limestone cap is formed of the debris of various lime secreting 
 animals and plants, segregated during periods of submersion, comminuted 
 and eroded by wind and wave action during periods of emergence. In 
 the course of a deep well boring, made a few years ago in the parish of 
 Southampton, at a point about 200 feet above sea level, this limestone cap 
 was penetrated and found to rest upon rocks of volcanic origin. '"'' Of the 
 1400 feet penetrated by the boring, the first 360 feet are in the limestones 
 of the usual character known in Bermuda. Below them for 200 feet, soft 
 yellowish to brown, often clay-like rocks are met, whose nature indicates 
 that they are more or less decomposed volcanic tuffs. Below them blackish 
 to gray compact volcanic rocks are found, of andesitic and basaltic appear- 
 ance. The study of the section made from a chip indicates that this is a 
 lava, and, though considerably altered, an augite-andesite. This rock con- 
 tinues without essential change in character for the further 800 feet pene- 
 trated."* It was a great disappointment to the promoters of this inter- 
 esting boring that no supply of water was obtained. 
 
 The limestone contains locally numerous caves and caverns, formed by 
 the slow leaching of the more soluble portions by the infiltration of rain 
 water. Some of these caves are of large extent and of great interest and 
 beauty. The surface erosion of the limestone has been very irregular, 
 forming many picturesque cliffs. The most rugged region is the neck of 
 land separating Castle Harbor from Harrington Sound, and here the larger 
 caves occur. Many of the native plants are now restricted to this region, 
 presumably because it has been less modified by man than other parts of 
 Bermuda, and also because the numerous pockets of soil in dense shade pro- 
 vide a suitable home for many of the rarer species. Governor Lefroy 
 thought this (Walsingham tract) geologically older than the rest of the 
 land area, " the last surviving contemporary of former Bermudas that have 
 disappeared, whose surface rocks form the reefs that fill Castle Harbor 
 and both the sounds."t 
 
 The soil is calcareous throughout its extent, sandy over parts of the 
 island, especially along the south coasts. The numerous swales among the 
 hills contain a rich,, red, slightly clayey soil, resulting from the leaching of 
 the hillsides and the deposit in the swales of the less soluble portions of 
 the rock; the soil of fresh-water marshes is black or brown, covered by 
 humus, and is either sandy or slightly clayey. There are, locally, salt 
 marshes and mangrove swamps, and, especially along the coasts, some 
 stretches of white sand-beaches. 
 
 Climatic conditions are favorable to the growth of subtropical and 
 warm temperate vegetation. Frost is nearly but not quite impossible; 
 
 * L. V. Pirsson and T. Wavland Vaughan, Amer. Jour. Sci. 36: 70, 71. 
 1913. 
 
 t Bull. r. S. Nat. Mus. 25: 40. 
 
INTRODUCTION vii 
 
 there are a few authenticated records; hail has also been experienced at 
 long intervals. 
 
 The native plants of Bermuda have originated from seeds or other 
 parts brought from the American mainland or the West Indies by the nat- 
 ural agencies of wind, ocean currents and birds. About 80 per cent, of 
 the native land plants inhabit the West Indies or southern Florida or both. 
 About 8.7 per cent, of the total native flora is endemic, there being 61 
 species in Bermuda or its waters not known to grow naturally anyrx-here 
 else in the world. These plants are of the greatest interest to naturalists, 
 as they presumably developed in Bermuda from related plants formerly 
 existing but now mostly extinct here ; some of them may yet be found else- 
 where as botanical exploration proceeds. These true Bermudians are as 
 follows : 
 
 Eleoeharis bermudiana Britton (p. 52) 
 
 Carex bermudiana Hemsley (p. 55) 
 
 Sabal Blackburnianum Glazebrook (p. 56) 
 
 Sisyrinchium Bermudiana Linnaeus (p. 84) 
 
 Peperomia septentrionalis S. Brown (p. 94) 
 
 Phaseolus lignosus Britton (p. 183) 
 
 Elaeodendron Laneanum A. H. Moore (p. 223) 
 
 Ascyrum macrosepalum S. Brown (p. 245) 
 
 Chiococca bermudiana S. Brown (p. 362) 
 
 Erigeron Darrellianus Hemsley (p. 393) 
 
 Juniperus bermudiana Linnaeus (p. 410) 
 
 Adiantum bellum T. Moore (p. 420) 
 
 Diplazium Laffanianum (Baker) Christensen (p. 423) 
 
 Dryopteris bermudiana (Baker) Gilbert (p. 426) 
 
 Dryopteris speluncae (Linnaeus) Underwood (p. 426) 
 
 Campylopus bermudianus R. S. Williams (p. 433) 
 
 Trichostomum bermudianum Mitten (p. 438) 
 
 Thelidium Farlowi Riddle (p. 471) 
 
 Thelidium bermudanum (Tuckerman) Riddle (p. 472) 
 
 Anthracothecium tetraspermum Riddle (p. 472) 
 
 Opegrapha ophites Tuckerman (p. 473) 
 
 Gyalecta Farlowi Tuckerman (p. 475) 
 
 Bilimbia Brittoniana Riddle (p. 475) 
 
 Psorotichia bermudana Riddle (p. 476) 
 
 Collema bermudanum Tuckerman (p. 476) 
 
 Collema thamnodes Tuckerman (p. 476) 
 
 Lecanora bermudensis Nylander (p. 477) 
 
 Ascophanus bermudensis Seaver (p. 485) 
 
 Calonectria granulosa Seaver (p. 485) 
 
 Calonectria Umbelliferarum Seaver (p. 485) 
 
viii INTRODUCTION 
 
 Neetria Lantanae Seaver (p. 485) 
 
 Hirneola coffeicolor Berkeley (p. 488) 
 
 Marasmius bermudensis Berkeley (p. 488) 
 
 Marasmius praedeeurrens MuitIII (p. 488) 
 
 Marasmius Sabali Berkeley (p. 488) 
 
 Pleurotopsis niduliformis Murrill (p. 488) 
 
 Tyromyees graminicola Murrill (p. 488) 
 
 Agarieus alphitopborus Berkeley (p. 488) 
 
 Agaricus belietus Berkeley (p. 488) 
 
 Boodlea struveoides M. A. Howe (p. 496) 
 
 Cladophora Howei Collins (p. 497) 
 
 Cliaetomorpha minima Collins & Hervey (p. 498) 
 
 Triehogloea Herveyi Setebell (p. 511) 
 
 Nitophyllum Wilkinsoniae Collins & Hervey (p. 517) 
 
 Chondria curvilineata Collins & HerA^ey (p. 519) 
 
 Chondria polyrhiza Collins & Hervey (p. 520) 
 
 Lophosiphonia Saecorhiza Collins & Hervey (p. 521) 
 
 Dasya Collinsiana M. A. Howe (p. 524) 
 
 Dasya spinuligera Collins & Hervey (p. 525) 
 
 Ptilothamnion bipinnatum (Collins & Hervey) M. A. Howe 
 (p. 525) 
 
 Spermatbamnion maeromeres Collins & Hervey (p. 526) 
 
 Callitbamnion Herveyi M. A, Howe (p. 528) 
 
 Seirospora purpurea M. A. Howe (p. 529) 
 
 Ceramium leptozonum M. A. Howe (p. 531) 
 
 Halymenia bermudensis Collins & Howe (p. 533) 
 
 Halymenia pseudofloresia Collins & Howe (p. 533) 
 
 Halymenia eebinopbysa Collins & Howe (p. 533) 
 
 Dudresnaya crassa M. A. Howe (p. 534) 
 
 Dudresnaya bermudensis Setcliell (p. 535) 
 
 Nemastoma gelatinosum M. A. Howe (p. 536) 
 
 Melobesia bermudensis Foslie (p. 538) 
 Tbe number of native species known, tbose tbat have reached Bermuda 
 independently of human activities, at least here so regarded, and have per- 
 petuated themselves, including the foregoing list of endemics, is as follows : 
 
 Species 
 
 Flowering plants 146 
 
 Ferns and fern allies 19 
 
 Mosses and hepatics ■. . . . 51 
 
 Lichens 80 
 
 Algae 238 
 
 Fungi at least 175 
 
 Total 709 
 
INTRODUCTION ix 
 
 As regards the fungi, still incompletely known, it is impossible to 
 determine, in the cases of many species, whether they are natives or intro- 
 duced, but a large proportion of those known appear to be indigenous. 
 Some, which are parasitic on cultivated plants, have probably been in- 
 troduced. 
 
 Some native species have almost certainly been exterminated, certain 
 of the older records indicating that this is the case. On the other hand, 
 a few species appear to have reached Bermuda recently through natural 
 agencies. 
 
 The number of introduced and completely or partially naturalized 
 species, those which have reached Bermuda through human activities, at 
 least here so regarded, and have perpetuated themselves, is about 303. In 
 some cases, it is now impossible to determine whether some plants have 
 reached Bermuda naturally or otherwise, and in these cases the refer- 
 ence to one or the other group has been made by considerations of occur- 
 rence, taken together with Lefroy's opinions of forty-five years ago. Some 
 of the naturalized species are so abundant and appear so much like native 
 plants in their habitats that if it were not for definite records proving 
 their introduction by man they would be taken for native plants. 
 
 The number of species of cultivated plants which either grow now in 
 Bermuda or are recorded as having grown here, described or mentioned in 
 the following pages, is 864. Additions to these are made from time to 
 time, principally by flower-lovers, and doubtless many have been grown 
 of which no record has been kept; some probably exist which it has not 
 been my privilege to observe, and, doubtless, many grown in previous years 
 have disappeared. 
 
 In this book will be found descriptions and illustrations of all the 
 kinds of native and more or less completely naturalized, introduced plants 
 of the phyla Spermatophyta (seed-bearing plants), Pteridophyta (ferns 
 and fern allies), and Bryophyta (mosses and hepatics) known to inhabit 
 Bermuda, being 519 species in all. Accounts, not illustrated, are given of 
 the lichens, fungi and algae. 
 
 A bibliography, a glossary, and an account of botanical collections 
 made in Bermuda are appended. 
 
 Botanical Classification accomplishes the grouping of plants inlo cate- 
 gories based on degrees of similarity. All individual plants which resemble 
 each other closely constitute a species; thus, all the Bermuda palmetto trees 
 form the species Sahal Blackhurnianwm ; many species are composed of 
 groups of individuals resembling each other still more closely and often 
 differing very little from each other, and these are termed races; thus, all 
 cabbage plants form the species Brassica oleracea, but there are many kinds 
 (races) of cabbage. Coherent series of species constitute genera, thus the 
 genus Sabal is composed of about a dozen different kinds of palmettoes. 
 
X • • INTRODUCTION 
 
 Genera are gronped into Families, the Palm Family, for example, com- 
 prising the palmettoes and all other true palms. Families are grouped 
 into Orders, the Order Palmales consisting of the Palm Family and the 
 Panama-hat Plant Family. Orders are grouped into Classes, and Classes 
 into Phj^la. 
 
 Botanical Nomenclature provides names for the various categories of 
 plants. Latin is the language accepted for international use, but most 
 common or conspicuous plants are locally known by names in the language 
 of the countr}^ often a translation of the botanical name. 
 
 Species names are binomial; thus the Bermuda Palmetto is Sahal 
 Blackburnianum ; if races or varieties are named a trinomial is used, thus 
 the Variegated India Rubber Fig is Ficus elastica variegata', in this work 
 no attempt is made to describe races or varieties. Genus names are uni- 
 nomial, Sdbal applying to all true palmettoes. Family names are formed 
 by adding the letters aceae to the root of the name of a genus, thus Brassi- 
 caceae, the Mustard Familj^, from Brassica, the genus of the mustards. 
 Ordinal names are formed by adding the letters ales to the root of a 
 generic name. Names of classes are various in formation. Names of 
 phyla take the termination pliyta. 
 
 Priority of publication in time or place, commencing with the ^' Spe- 
 cies Plantarum " of Linnaeus published in 1753, is the general principle 
 maintained in the application of Latin botanical names. In the case of 
 species names, the first one published for a plant is used, even if it was 
 regarded by the original author as belonging to a genus other than the one 
 in which it is now included ; thus, the Sea Grape, named by Linnaeus Poly- 
 gonum Uvifera, when placed in the genus Coccolohis, became Coccolohis 
 Uvifera; Buckwheat, termed by Linnaeus Polygonum Fagopyrum, Avhen 
 included in the genus Fagopyrum, becomes Fagopyrum Fagopyrum. It 
 is also maintained that a name published for a species or a genus is not 
 subsequently applicable to any other species or genus. 
 
 Names of authors (often abbreviated) following genus or species 
 names are those of the botanists who first described the plants concerned; 
 if the plant was first included in a different category from that now ac- 
 cepted, the name of the first author is enclosed in parentheses; thus, the 
 Sea Grape, originally named Polygonum Uvifera by Linnaeus, was sub- 
 sequently transferred to the genus Coccolohis by Jacquin; this is indicated 
 by writing the name Coccolohis Uvifera (L.) Jacq. In the citations of 
 certain genus names, brackets are used to indicate that the name was taken 
 up by Linnaeus from authors preceding him; thus Cassia [Tourn.] L. 
 indicates that Linnaeus adopted the name from his predecessor Tournefort. 
 
 The synonyms cited in this book are mainly names used by previous 
 authors on the Bermuda flora, in case these are different from the names 
 
INTRODUCTION xi 
 
 here accepted. Specific names used by previous authors in other genera 
 are also cited in many cases. 
 
 Botanical Terminology provides concise expression for the description 
 of plants and of their parts. A glossary of terms will be found on pages 
 551-561. 
 
 I gratefully acknowledge aid and cooperation during the investigation 
 which has made this volume possible, from Mr. Stewardson Brown, Curator 
 of Botany in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, who did 
 much of the field work and who has read the proofs; from Dr. John K. 
 Small, Head Curator of the Museums, New York Botanical Garden, who 
 has aided in the determination of specimens, read the proofs, and whose 
 " Flora of the Southeastern United States " has been much used for 
 generic and specific descriptions; from Mrs. N. L. Britton, who assisted in 
 much of the field work and has contributed the chapter on Mosses; from 
 Professor Alexander W. Evans, of Yale University, who has contributed 
 the chapter on the Hepaticae; from Professor Lincoln W. Riddle, of Wel- 
 lesley College, for his contribution of the chapter on Lichens; from Dr. 
 Fred J. Seaver, Curator, New York Botanical Garden, for the chapter on 
 Fungi ; from Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, New York Botanical Garden, 
 for the chapter on Algae ; from Dr. John H. Barnhart, Bibliographer, New 
 York Botanical Garden; from Miss Delia W. Marble and Mrs. Nellie F. 
 Flynn, for collections of specimens; from Dr. B. L. Robinson, of Harvard 
 University, for collections made by Mr. F. S. Collins; from members of 
 the staff of the Royal Gardens at Kew; from Mr. E. J. Wortley, Director 
 of Agriculture of Bemiuda, for information, specimens and help of all 
 kinds during the field work and subsequently; also from his predecessor, 
 Mr. T. J. Harris; from Mr. R. R. Swainson, in charge of the public garden 
 at St. George's, and from the Honorable S. S. Spurling and Colonel W. R. 
 Winter, for aid, information and advice. 
 
 The many beautiful private Bermuda gardens were hospitably thrown 
 open to us, and our appreciation of these favors is cordially tendered to 
 His Excellency General Sir George M. Bullock, Governor of Bermuda, for 
 facilities for study at Mt. Langton; to Rev. Edward J. Lough, of Paget 
 Rectory; to Mrs. W. T. James, of Bellevue; to Dr. Theodore Outerbridge, 
 of Sunny Lands ; to Mr. J. Scott Pearman, of Mount Hope ; to Dr. T. H. 
 Outerbridge, of Somerville ; to the Misses Wood, of Wood Haven ; to Mrs. 
 F. Hodgson Burnett, of Clifton Heights; to Miss Emily Trimingham, of 
 Montrose; to Major T. M. Dill, of Pembroke Hall; to the Misses Frith, of 
 Rose Cottage; to the Messrs. Hollis, of Radnor; to Mr. F. G. Gosling, of 
 Castle Point; to Mr. F. B. Spurling, of Echo Heights; to Mr. Cecil H. 
 Neave, of the Chapman Estate, St. George's; to the managers of estates at 
 Orange Valley, Rosebank, Caledonia Park, and Spanish Point, and to 
 many others who have helped the investigation. 
 
FLORA OF BERMUDA 
 
 All plants may be grouped in four main categories, known as 
 Phyla or Subkingdoms, as follows: 
 
 Phylum 1. Spermatophyta, those which bear seeds, a seed 
 being different from all other vegetable structures by containing an 
 embryonic plantlet. All spermatophytes bear flowers of one kind or 
 another, and this phylum is also called Anthophyta, or flowering 
 plants and, to distinguish it from the three other phyla collectively, 
 Phanerogamia. Phyla 2, 3 and 4 taken together are called Crypto- 
 gamia ; all these are seedless. 
 
 Phylum 2. Pteridophyta, comprises ferns and fern allies; all 
 are flowerless and have two separate and distinct alternating genera- 
 tions, the one represented by the fully developed plant having root, 
 stem and leaves, with vascular tissue and bearing spores, a spore 
 being a single vegetable cell capable of growing into a new plant; 
 the other, called the prothallium stage, is small, inconspicuous, 
 grows from the spores, has no vascular tissue, is not differentiated 
 into root, stem and leaves, and bears the sexual organs; from the 
 female organ of the prothallium (archegonium) the fully developed 
 spore-bearing plant again arises ; the male organ, borne either on the 
 same prothallium or on a different one, is called an antheridium. 
 
 Phylum 3. Bryophyta, consists of mosses and their allies; all 
 are small flowerless plants with alternating sexual and non-sexual 
 (spore-bearing) generations, but the spore-bearing generation never 
 becomes separated and independent; the sexual generation is com- 
 monly the more conspicuous and is, in most cases, differentiated into 
 stem and leaves, while the spore-bearing generation is never thus 
 differentiated; their spores are borne in conceptacles termed cap- 
 sules, and from the spores the plant again develops. Bryophytes 
 consist almost wholly of cellular or non-vascular tissue. 
 
 Phylum 4. Thallophyta, includes the algae, fungi and lichens ; 
 all are flowerless and their methods of reproducing and propagation 
 are varied. They contain no vascular tissue (except a few large 
 2 1 
 
2 SPERMATOPHYTA. 
 
 algae) and the plant body is not differentiated into stem and leaves. 
 Many of them are of microscopic size. 
 
 Phylum 1. SPERMATOPHYTA. 
 
 Seed-bearing Plants. 
 Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or 
 more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle), 
 and a terminal bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes undifferen- 
 tiated before germination. Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne 
 in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the apex or side of a modified 
 leaf (filament). The macrosporanges (ovules) are borne on the face 
 of a flat or inrolled much modified leaf (carpel) and contain one 
 macrospore (embryo-sac) ; this develops the minute female prothal- 
 lium, an archegone of which is fertilized by means of a tube (pollen- 
 tube), a portion of the male prothallium sprouting from the pollen- 
 grain. 
 
 There are two classes whicli differ from each other as follows: 
 
 Ovules and seeds contained In a closed cavity (ovary) ; stigmas 1 or more. 
 
 Class 1. Angiospekmae. 
 Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale ; stigmas none. Class 2. Gymnospermae. 
 
 Class I. ANGIOSPERMAE. 
 
 Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) 
 formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified 
 rudimentary leaf (carpel), or of several such leaves joined together, 
 in which the seeds are ripened. The pollen-grains (microspores) on 
 alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma) germinate, send- 
 ing out a pollen-tube which penetrates its tissues and reaching an 
 ovule enters the orifice of the latter (micropyle), and its tip coming 
 in contact with a germ-cell in the embryo-sac, fertilization is effected. 
 In a few cases the pollen-tube enters the ovule at the chalaza, not at 
 the micropyle. 
 
 Cotyledon mostly one ; stem endogenous. Sub-class 1. Monocotyledones. 
 
 Cotyledons mostly two; stem (with rare excep- 
 tions) exogenous. Sub-class 2. Dicotyledokes. 
 
 Sub-class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Embryo with a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the 
 germinating plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass 
 of soft tissue (parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are 
 irregularly imbedded; no distinction into wood, pith and bark. 
 Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate and entire, com- 
 monly sheathing the stem at the base and often with no distinction 
 of blade and petiole. Flowers often 3-merous or 6-merous. 
 
TYPHACEAE. 
 
 chaffy scales or want- 
 Order 1. Pandanai,es. 
 
 t Carpels 1 or more, distinct (united, at least partially, in Vallisneriaceae and 
 others of the Naiadales, which are aquatic herbs, in Hydrocharitales and in some 
 palms) ; parts of the usually imperfect flowers mostly unequal in number. 
 
 Inflorescence various, not a true spadix. 
 Leaves neither compound nor flabellate. 
 
 Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales. 
 
 Endosperm mealy or fleshy ; perianth of bristles or 
 ing ; flowers monoecious, spicate or capl 
 tate. 
 Endosperm none, or very little. 
 Perianth rudimentary, or none. 
 Perianth present. 
 Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales, ar 
 ranged in spikes or spikelets. 
 Leaves pinnately or palmately compound, or fla 
 bellate 
 Trees or shrubs ; perianth of 2 series of 3 parts 
 Herbs ; perianth none, or rudimentary. 
 Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe 
 or plants minute, floating free, the flowers few or 
 solitary on the margin or back of the thallus. 
 tt Carpels united into a compound ovary 
 flowers mostly in 3's or 6's. 
 Seeds with endosperm. 
 
 Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla Irregular In 
 Commelina). 
 Endosperm mealy ; ovary mostly superior. 
 Endosperm fleshy or horny. 
 Flowers very irregular ; ovary Inferior. 
 Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute 
 ovary inferior ; flowers very irregular. 
 
 Order 
 Order 
 
 2. Naiadales. 
 
 3. Hydrocharitales. 
 
 Order 
 
 L- 
 
 4. POALES. 
 
 !. Order 
 Order 
 
 5. Arecales. 
 
 6. Cyclanthales. 
 
 r 
 
 Order 
 parts of 
 
 7. Arales. 
 
 the usually complete 
 
 Q 
 
 Order 
 Order 
 Order 
 
 8. Xyridales. 
 
 9. Liliales. 
 
 10. SCITAMINALES. 
 
 Order 
 
 11. Orciiidales. 
 
 Order I. PANDANALES. 
 
 The native Bermuda species is an aquatic or marsh plant, with narrow 
 elongated leaves and very small, imperfect and incomplete flowers in spikes. 
 The order takes its name from the Old World tropical genus Pandanus, the 
 so-called Screw-pine, species of which are commonly cultivated in gardens. 
 
 Monoecious marsh or aquatic herbs, the perianth of bristles ; leaves unarmed. 
 
 Fam. 1. Typhaceae. 
 Dioecious trees or shrubs ; perianth none ; leaves usually 
 
 spinulose-margined. Fam. 2. Pandanaceab. 
 
 Family 1. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Cat-tail Family. 
 
 Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and 
 glabrous erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensifonn, striate, sheath- 
 ing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes, 
 which are subtended by spathaceous, usually fugacious bracts, and divided 
 at intervals by smaller bracts, which are caducous, the staminate spikes 
 uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Stamens 2-7, the filaments connate. 
 Ovary 1, stipitate, 1-2-celled. Ovultes anatropous. Styles as many as the 
 cells of the ovary. Mingled among the stamens and pistils are bristly 
 hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate 
 tips. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm copious. Only the following genus : 
 
 1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Characters of the family, [Name ancient.] About 10 species, widely dis- 
 tributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Tyyha latifolia L. 
 
TYPHACEAE. 
 
 1. Typha angustifdlia L. Nar- 
 row-leaved Cat-tail. Shag. {Fig. 
 1.) Stems slender, 4°-10° high. Leaves 
 2"-6" wide; spikes light brown, the 
 staminate and pistillate portions usu- 
 ally distant, the two together some- 
 times 2° long, the pistillate, when ma- 
 ture, 4"-8" in diameter, and provided 
 with bractlets ; stigmas linear or linear- 
 oblong; pollen-grains simple; fruit not 
 furrowed, not bursting in water ; outer 
 coat of the seed not separable. [T. 
 doming ensis (Pers.) Kunth.] 
 
 Common in marshes, often forming 
 large patches. Native. Widely distrib- 
 uted in tropical and temperate regions 
 of both the New World and the Old. 
 Its very light seeds are freely distributed 
 by the wind, and the plant may readily 
 have reached Bermuda by winds, either 
 from the West Indies, or from the Ameri- 
 can mainland. Its leaves are used for 
 bedding domestic animals. Flowers in 
 spring, the furry spikes maturing in 
 autumn and the minute fruits then blown about bv the wind. 
 
 Family 2. PANDANACEAE Endl. 
 
 ScREw-pixE Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, usually with erect trunks, repeatedly branching and 
 emitting aerial roots at least below, the spirally arranged narrow leaves 
 clustered at the ends of the branches and usually spinulose-margined, the 
 small, sessile, dioecious flowers in large, dense, terminal or axillary clusters. 
 Perianth none. Staminate flowers wdth many stamens, the anthers oblong, 
 erect, and a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with a single, 1-celled 
 ovary, containing a single anatropous ovule in Pandanus, the stigma sessile. 
 Fruit a syncarp, the seeds very small. There are nearly 100 species, 
 natives of the Old World tropics, grouped in 2 genera. 
 
 Pandanus utilis Bory, Screw-pine, Madagascan, probably the largest 
 of the genus, is commonly planted for ornament and interest and some very 
 fine specimens may be seen. It may reach a height of 50°-60°, but Bermuda 
 examples have reached only about half that height. It has pale green rigid 
 leaves 3° long or less, their margins very spiny; its globose pendulous beads 
 of fruit are 6'-8' thick. [P. odoratissimus of H. B. Small and of Jones.] 
 
 Pandanus Veitchii Lem., Veitch's Screw-pine, Polynesian, also planted 
 for ornament, is smaller, branches rather freely from near the ground, and 
 has thinner shiny leaves, dark green with marginal white bands, also spiny. 
 
 Pandanus muricatus Thouars, Madagascan, recorded by Jones, is not now 
 known to be represented in Bermuda. 
 
 Order 2. NAIADALES. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh herbs, the leaves various. Flowers perfect, monoe- 
 cious or dioecious. Perianth present, or wanting Parts of the flower 
 mostly unequal in number. Carpels 1 or more, distinct and separate or 
 united; endosperm none, or very little. 
 
ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 
 
 Carpels distinct and separate. 
 Carpels united, or only 1. 
 
 Flowers borne on a 1-sided spike. 
 
 Flowers axillary. 
 
 Fam. 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 2. Zosteraceae. 
 Fam. 3. Cymodoceaceae. 
 
 Family 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. 
 
 PoNDWEED Family. 
 
 Perennial plants, the foliage mostly submerged. Leaves very narrow 
 or filiform. Flowers monoecious or perfect, small, and inconspicuous. 
 Perianth none. Stamens 1-4, with extrorse anthers. Carpels 1-seeded. 
 Fruit drupe-like. Endosperm none. Four genera and sixty or more 
 species, mostly inhabiting fresh water, but the only Bermuda representa- 
 tive lives in brackish pools 
 
 1. RUPPIA L. 
 
 Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate 
 1-nerved leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. 
 Flow^ers on a capillary peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, each 
 wath 2 large separate sacs attached by their backs, having between them sev- 
 eral pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the whole cluster 
 at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf. Stigmas sessile, peltate. 
 Fruit small obliquely-pointed drupelets, several in each cluster and stipitate. 
 [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Eupp, a German botanist.] In the 
 development of the plants the staminate flowers drop off and the peduncle 
 elongates, bearing the pistillate flowers in 2 clusters at the end, but after 
 fertilization it coils up and the fruit is drawn below the surface of the water. 
 Three or four species, widely 
 distributed in salt and brack- 
 ish water, the following typ- 
 ical. 
 
 1. Ruppia maritima L. 
 Maritime Euppia. (Fig. 2.) 
 Stems usually whitish, often 
 3° long, the internodes ir- 
 regular, naked. Leaves 1- 
 3^' long, f" or less wdcle; 
 sheaths with a short free tip ; 
 peduncles in fruit sometimes 
 1° long; stipes 4-6 in a 
 cluster, Y-l¥ long; fruits 
 with a dark hard shell, ovoid, 
 about 1" long, often oblique 
 or gibbous at the base, point- 
 ed with the long style, but 
 varying much in shape. 
 [B. maritima longipes Hag- 
 strom.] 
 
 Brackish pools. Native. 
 Nearly cosmopolitan in brack- 
 ish water. It probably reached 
 Bermuda by ocean currents. It 
 is commonly known as Ditch- 
 grass. 
 
ZOSTERACEAE. 
 
 Family 2. ZOSTERACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Eel-grass Family. 
 
 Perennial marine herbs, with long rootstocks and branching stems. 
 Leaves alternate linear, sheathing. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne 
 on a 1-sided spadix enclosed in a spathe. Staminate flowers of a sessile 
 1-celled anther. Pistillate flowers of 2 united carpels, a distinct style and 
 2 filiform stigTtias. Two genera and seven or eight species, inhabiting 
 the ocean. 
 
 1. ZOSTERA L. 
 
 Marine plants with slender rootstocks and compressed stems. Leaves 2- 
 ranked, the sheaths with infiexed margins. Spadix linear. Flowers monoecious, 
 arranged alternately in 2 rows on the spadix. Staminate flower atached to the 
 spadix near its apex, the anther opening irregularly on the ventral side ; poflen 
 thread-like. Pistillate flower fixed on its back near the middle ; ovary 1 ; style 
 elongated; mature carpels fiask-shaped, membranous, rupturing irregularly, 
 beaked by the persistent style; seeds ribbed; embryo ellipsoid. [Greek, refer- 
 ring to the ribbon-like leaves.] About 6 species of marine distribution, the fol- 
 lowing typical. 
 
 1. Zostera marina L. Eel- 
 grass. Grass-wrack. (Fig. 3.) 
 Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the 
 apex, l°-6° long, about 3" wide, 
 with 3-7 principal nerves. Spa- 
 dix l'-4' long; flowers crowded, 
 usually from 10-20 of each kind 
 on the spadix; ovary somewhat 
 vermiform; at anthesis the stig- 
 mas are thrust through the open- 
 ing of the spathe and drop off 
 before the anthers of the same 
 spadix open; the anthers at an- 
 thesis work themselves out of the 
 spathe and discharge the glutin- 
 ous stringy pollen into the water ; 
 seeds cylindric, strongly about 20- 
 ribbed, about 1*" long, truncate 
 at both ends, the ribs showing 
 very clearly on the pericarp. 
 
 In the ocean, washed ashore. 
 Native. Of very wide marine dis- 
 tribution from GreenLand to Florida, from Alaska to California and on the coasts 
 of the Old World. 
 
 Family 3. CYMODOCEACEAE Kerner. 
 
 Manatee-grass Family. 
 
 Submerged marine perennial herbs with long rootstocks. Leaves 
 narrow, sheathing. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary or eymose. 
 Staminate flowers of two long-pedicelled anthers, the anthers 2-celled, 
 longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers of 1 or 2 carpels, the 1 or 2 
 stigmas filiform. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded. Two known genera, the fol- 
 lowing, and Halodiile. 
 
CYMODOCEACEAE. 
 
 1. CYMODOCEA Konig. 
 Leaves terete in our species, acute. Flowers dioecious. Pistillate flowers 
 of 2 carpels; stigmas 2, Seed pendulous. [Named for Cymodoce, one of the 
 Nereids.] Type species: Cymodocea aequorea Konig. 
 
 1. Cymodocea manatorum Aschers. Mana- 
 tee-grass. (Fig. 4.) Eootstock branched, 
 rooting at the nodes. Leaves li'-13' long, 
 terete or nearly so, about 1" thick, their bases 
 enclosed by membranous stipular sheaths i'-2' 
 long. 
 
 The sketch of the inflorescence In the illustra- 
 tion is from a drawing liindly sent me by Prof. C. 
 H. Ostenfeld, of Copenhagen. Abundant in shal- 
 low bays and coves, in water from 2° to 6° in 
 depth, Castle Harbor. Shallow salt water, from 
 Florida and the Bahamas to Jamaica, Martinique 
 and Curagao. Transported to Bermuda by ocean 
 currents. Flowers in spring or summer. The 
 leaves break from the plant and are washed up in 
 large quantities on the shores. Native. 
 
 Order 3. HYDROCHARITALES. 
 
 Floating or more or less emersed herbs, perennial by rootstocks or 
 stolons. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising from spathes. Perianth 
 of 2 dissimilar series of parts or the corolla wanting. Stamens 3-12. 
 Carpels 3-15, united. Ovary inferior, with several parietal placentae or 
 several-celled. Endosperm none. 
 
 Family 1. HYDRO CHARIT ACE AE Aschers. 
 Frog's-bit Family. 
 
 Aquatic or mud-inhabiting herbs, the leaves clustered. Perianth regu- 
 lar, superior. Filaments distinct or partially united. Ovaiy usually 6-9-- 
 celled. Styles as many as the cavities of the ovary. Ovules numerous. 
 Fruit usually indehiscent. 
 
 1. THALASSIA Banks. 
 Marine herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves several at a joint, sheath- 
 ing at the base, linear, elongated. Scape arising from the cluster of leaves. 
 Flowers dioecious, solitary in narrow spathes of two bracts, the?e united into 
 a tube at the base. Staminate flowers long-pedicelled perianth of 3 petaloid 
 sepals; stamens 6; filaments very short: anthers opening laterally. Pistillate 
 flower nearly sessile in the spathe, caducous: ovary 6-9-celled, beaked. Fruit 
 
8 
 
 HYDEOCHARITACEAE. 
 
 stalked, rugose or nearly echinate, opening by many valves. Seeds numerous. 
 [Greek, referring to its growth in the ocean.] Two known species, the follow- 
 ing typical. 
 
 1. Thalassia testudinum Konig & Sims. 
 
 Turtle Grass. (Fig. 5.) Submersed, glabrous, 
 Rootstocks creeping, elongated; stems short, 
 arising from the nodes of the rootstock; leaves 
 2-5, sheathing the stem; blades linear, strap- 
 like, 6'-l° long, obtuse, withering-persistent; 
 scapes solitary, central; fruit globose or oval, 
 echinate-pubescent, pointed. 
 
 Common in shallow salt water. Native. 
 Coasts of Florida and the West Indies. Doubtless 
 transported to Bermuda by floating. 
 
 The leaves are similar to .those of Zostera, 
 for which the plant is often mistaken ; Zostera 
 apparently inhabits deeper water ; we did not ob- 
 serve it rooted, but it doubtless occurs in place on 
 the Bermuda banks, for quantities were seen on 
 the north shores after a storm. 
 
 Order 4. POALES. 
 
 Grasses and sedges. Monocotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous, 
 with leafy or leafless, usually simple, stems (culms), the leaves usually nar- 
 row and elongated, entire or minutely serrulate. Flowers mostly perfect, 
 small, incomplete, in the axils of dry, chaffy scales (glumes) arranged in 
 spikes or spikelets. 
 
 Fruit a caryopsis (grain) ; culm mostly hollow. 
 Fruit an achene ; culm solid. 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 1. POACEAE. 
 
 2. Cyperaceae. 
 
 Family 1. POACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Grass Family. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees. 
 Culms (stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed. 
 Leaves sheathing, the sheaths usually open to the base on the side oppo- 
 site the blade; a scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or haiiy, rarely 
 wanting, called the ligule, is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflo- 
 rescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed 
 of two to many, 2-ranked imbricated bracts, called scales (glumes), the 
 two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one or both of these 
 sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes 
 the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed 
 by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale 
 and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2- 
 keeled; sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa. 
 Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, subtended 
 by 1-3 minute hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 9 
 
 Anthers 2-ceI ed, versatile. Ovaiy 1-eelled, 1-ovuled. Styles 1-3, eom- 
 monly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hair^ or plumose. Fruit a Led-like TaTn 
 (earyopsis) Endosperm starchy. About 3500 species widely distributed 
 throughout the world, growing in water and on ill kinds of soil T ose 
 yielding food-grams are called cereals. The species are more numerous in 
 tropical countries while the number of individuals is murgrea" tern 
 perate regions, often forming extended areas of turf 
 
 B. 
 
 Inflorescence of clustered racemes ^^"^^^^'''ng tne otliers. (Andropogoneae.) 
 Inflorescence paniculate, decompound o iJ^^^'<^Poyon. 
 
 ceae":)^ ^ ^'^^^^^'' ^^^"^ ^^^ °^^^'^' ^^ wanting. (Pam- 
 ^* ^*^l^ll^^i^ ^""^ sunken in the rachis of a spike. 
 
 intoluSe ''''^ subtended by bristles or by an 
 t Outer scales of the spikelets awnless. 
 bpikeJets obtuse, in spike-like racemes 
 Spikelets acute, in spike-like racemes, or 
 panicled. ' 
 
 Second scale not saccate 
 - Second scale saccate at base, large, manv- 
 nerved. ' "^'^"J' 
 
 Spikelets long-silky; fruiting scale lan- 
 ceolate. 
 Spikelets short-pubescent or glabrous • 
 4.4. ^ X fruiting scale elliptic. 
 
 TT Outer scales of the spikelets awned 
 Third scale with the longest awn. 
 ** o •, I "5^ ^^.^^^ w*t^ <^^e shortest awn. 
 
 i^voP r" °*^^^ ^^ "^ °^ ^""^^ bristles or by an 
 Spikelets subtended by persistent bristles. 
 
 ''Suous';i?h'^'t'" ^ '"^^^^' ^^^^^ ^^^^'--• 
 
 2. Spikelets sunken in the thick rachis of a flat spike 
 Spikelets articu ated above the empty scales or between the 
 flowering scales, 1-many-flowered ueiweeu me 
 
 ^" ^'i^-ll^^ panicled or racemed, or if spicate, not In depres- 
 sions of the rachis of the spike. 
 1. Spikelets not in 2-rowed secund spikes 
 * Spikelets 1-flowered. 
 
 t Empty scales 4. (Phalarideae.) 
 tt Empty scales 2. (Agrostideae.) 
 
 Empty scales of the spikelet persistent, the 
 flowering scales deciduous. 
 Empty scales awned. 
 Empty scales awnless, 
 ** c ..Spikelets wholly deciduous at maturity 
 ** Spikelets 2-many-flowered. 
 
 Flowering scales shorter than the empty ones the 
 
 awn dorsal, usually bent. (Avexeae ) 
 Flowering scales mostly longer than the empty 
 ones, the awn, if present, straight, terminal 
 (Festuceae.) 
 Flowering scales long-hairy ; very tall grass 1 7 
 
 Flowering scales not long-hairy flow grasses 
 Flowering scales 1-3-nerved. 
 
 Panicle-branches distichous. 18 
 
 Panicle-branches spirally arranged. if)' 
 
 Flowering scales 5-many-nerved. 
 
 Flowering scales cordate. 20 Briza 
 
 Flowering scales not cordate. 
 
 Stigmas borne at or near the apex 
 of the ovary. 
 Flowering scales keeled on the 
 ^ back. 21. Poa. 
 
 Flowering scales rounded on the 
 back, at least below. 
 Inflorescence a short-branched 
 
 panicle. 22. Sclcropoa. 
 
 Inflorescence a simple or 
 
 branched spike. 23. Desmazeria. 
 
 2. Holcus. 
 
 3. Paspalum. 
 
 4. Panicum. 
 
 5. Valota. 
 
 6. Syntherisma. 
 
 7. Echinochloa. 
 
 8. Oplismenus. 
 
 9. Chaetochloa. 
 
 10. Cenchrus. 
 
 11. Stenotaphrum. 
 
 12. Phalaris. 
 
 Phleum. 
 
 Sporobolus. 
 
 Polypogon. 
 
 16. Avena. 
 
 Arundo. 
 
 Kochlcria. 
 Era(jrostis. 
 
10 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 Stigmas borne below the apex of the 
 ovary. 
 2. Spikelets in 2-rowed secund spikes. (Chlorideae.) 
 Spikelets wholly deciduous. 
 
 At least the empty scales of the spikelets persistent. 
 Spikelets with only one perfect flower. 
 No scales above the flowering one. 
 One or two empty scales above the flowering 
 one. 
 Spikelets with 2 or 3 perfect flowers. 
 
 Spikes whorled, or close together ; spikelets im- 
 bricated. 
 Spikes distant ; spikelets alternate. 
 Spikelets in 2-rowed spikes, in depressions of the rachis. 
 
 (HORDEAE.) 
 
 Spikelets solitary at the nodes of the rachis. 
 Spikelets 2-6 at each node of the rachis. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered. 
 
 Spikelets 2-several-flowered. 
 
 24. Bromus. 
 
 25. Spartina. 
 
 26. Capriola. 
 
 27. Eustachys. 
 
 28. Eleusine. 
 
 29. Leptochloa. 
 
 30. Lolium. 
 
 31. Hordeum. 
 
 32. Elymus. 
 
 1. ANDROPOGON L. 
 
 Perennial grasses witli usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and 
 axillary racemes. Spikelets in pairs at eacli node of the jointed hairy rachis, 
 one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or 
 reduced to a single scale. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer 2 
 coriaceous, the second keeled and acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more 
 or less awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. 
 Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.] About 150 species, 
 widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Andro- 
 pogon hirtum L. 
 
 1. Andropogon virginicus L. 
 Virginia Beard-grass. (Fig. 6.) 
 Culms tufted, l5°-3° tall, many times 
 longer than the basal leaves ; sheaths, 
 at least the lower ones, more or less 
 tuberculate-hirsute on the margins; 
 leaves 16' long or less, more or less 
 hirsute on the upper surface near 
 the base; spathes l'-2' long, broad; 
 racemes generally in pairs about 1' 
 long; sessile spikelets li"-2" long, 
 the awn 5"-8" long; pedicellate 
 spikelet wanting or rarely present as 
 a minute scale. 
 
 Paget Marsh, abundant in 1905 
 and 1913. Native. Eastern United 
 States. Flowers in late summer and 
 autumn. The light, hairy inflorescence 
 may readily have been transported by 
 hurricane winds. 
 
 Andropogon Schoenanthus L., Lemon Grass, a grass with fragrant leaves, 
 is cultivated, and is reported as at times spontaneous after cultivation; it is 
 native of Old World tropics. 
 
 2. HOLCUS L. 
 
 Tall grasses, with usually broad flat leaf -blades and large terminal panicles, 
 their primary branches verticillate. Spikelets of 4 scales, in pairs, or in 3's 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 11 
 
 at the end of the branches, one sessile and perfect, the rest pedicellate and 
 staminate, dorsally compressed, pubescent or glabrous. Sessile spikelets with 
 the outer 2 scales indurated, the third and fourth hyaline, the latter awned or 
 awnless. Pedicellate spikelets with the outer 2 scales firm-membranous, or 
 rarely reduced to 1 or 2 scales and sterile. Lodicules ciliate. Stamens 3. 
 Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, taken from Pliny.] About 10 
 species of wide distribution. Type species: Holcus Sorghum L. 
 
 1. Holcus halepSnsis L. John- 
 son Grass. (Fig. '<'•) Smooth and 
 glabrous. Culms up to 6° tall, from 
 rootstock ; leaf-blades 2° 
 less, -I '-11' wide; panicle 
 long, oblong to oval, its 
 ascending, the longer ones 
 up to 6' long; sessile spikelet about 
 2" long, ovate, the outer scales 
 densely appressed-pubescent with silky 
 
 a long 
 long or 
 often 2° 
 branches 
 
 hairs and indurated at maturity, the 
 first scale 3 -toothed at the apex, the 
 readily deciduous awn of the fourth 
 scale about V long, geniculate, spiral 
 below, the column much exserted; 
 pedicellate spikelet about 3" long, 
 lanceolate, the 2 outer scales sparingly 
 pubescent. [Sorghum halepense Pers.] 
 
 Spontaneous after cultivation, and 
 occasional in waste grounds. Native of 
 soutiiern Europe and Asia. Introduced 
 by cultivation into the United States 
 and West Indies. Flowers In summer. 
 
 Holcus Sorghum L,, Guinea Corn, is occasionally grown for fodder, 
 and has been observed in waste grounds. It is a tall grass, sometimes 12° high, 
 with leaves l'-2' wide and large, often dense panicles, its grain a valuable food. 
 [Sorghum saccharatum Moench; S. vulgare Pers,] 
 
 3. PASPALUM L. 
 Perennial grasses, various in habit, with generally flat leaves and 1-flowered 
 spikelets, borne singly or in pairs in 2 rows on 1-sided spike-like racemes, which 
 are single, in pairs or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the outer 
 surface, convex on the inner. Scales 3, the outer ones membranous, the inner 
 one indurated and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3, Styles 
 separate. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. [An ancient Greek 
 name for some grass, used by Hippocrates.] About 160 species, of wide dis- 
 tribution in tropical and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Type 
 species: Panicum dissectum L. 
 
 Racemes several or solitary. 
 Spikelets glabrous. 
 Spikelets pubescent. 
 
 Spikelets about 1" long, finely pubescent. 
 Leaves, ^"-3" wide, giaorous. 
 Leaves 3"-6" wide, ciliate. 
 Spikelets nearly 2" long, long-hairy. 
 
 1. P. ciliatifolium. 
 
 P. cacspitosium. 
 P. Chapmaui. 
 P. dilatatum. 
 
12 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 Racemes a pair at the top of the culm. 
 
 Spikelets flat on both sides, long-ciliate. 5. P. conjugatum. 
 
 Spikelets plano-convex, not ciliate. 
 
 Spikelets ovate, the convex side appressed-pubescent. 6. P. distichum 
 
 Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. 7. P, vaginatum. 
 
 1. Paspalum ciliatifdlium 
 
 Michx. CiLIATE-LEAVED PASPALUM. 
 
 (Fig. 8.) Culms tufted, erect, 1°- 
 21° tall, smooth and glabrous; 
 leaf-sheaths ciliate on the over- 
 lapping margin, otherwise gla- 
 brous; blades 2'-10' long, 3"-8" 
 wide, smooth and glabrous on both 
 surfaces, the margins conspicu- 
 ously ciliate with long hairs; 
 racemes single, or sometimes in 
 2 's, 2'-4i' long; spikelets in pairs, 
 about 1" long, glabrous, oval to 
 broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 
 3-nerved or the second one rarely 
 2-nerved by the suppression of the 
 midnerve, both glabrous. [^Pasya- 
 lum setaceum of Reade and Lef roy.] 
 
 Common on dry hillsides. Na- 
 tive. Southeastern United States. 
 The seeds were probably transported 
 to Bermuda by birds. Flowers in 
 summer and autumn. 
 
 The Bermuda plant is referred by Hitchcock and Chase to Paspalum pro- 
 pinquum Nash, not here regarded as a distinct species. 
 
 2. Paspalum caespitosum Fluegge. 
 Slender Paspalum. (Fig. 9.) Tufted; 
 culms slender, l''-2° high. Leaves glabrous, 
 narrowly linear, flat, 2'-8' long, W-W 
 wide, erect or nearly so, with glabrous 
 sheaths; racemes 2-6, erect, i'-2' long, the 
 rachis very narrow; spikelets in pairs, a 
 little less than 1" long and nearly i" wide, 
 elliptic, the first scale wanting, the second 
 and third sparingly papillose-pubescent with 
 appressed hairs, 3-nerved, the fruiting scale 
 yellowish-white. 
 
 Rocky cliffs and on Hall's Island, Harring- 
 ton Sound, and on hillsides, west side of Castle 
 Harbor, 1912. Native. Florida and West Indies. 
 This may be the grass recorded by Reade, Le- 
 froy and Hemsley as Paspalum filiforme Sw., 
 no Bermuda specimen of which could be found 
 in the Kew Herbarium. Flowers in summer 
 and autumn. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 13 
 
 3. Paspalum Chapmani Nash. Chap- 
 man 's Paspalum. (Fig. 10.) Tufted; 
 culms glabrous, slender, li°-3° tall. 
 Leaves 8' long or less, 21" -1" wide, ciliate, 
 the sheaths of the lower ones pubescent, 
 those of the upper glabrous, or pubescent 
 on the margins; racemes 3'— 5' long, usually 
 two on the main stem and one on the 
 branches; spikelets in pairs, oval, about V 
 long, on short pubescent stalks; first scale 
 wanting; second and third scales densely 
 pubescent with gland-tipped hairs; fruit- 
 ing scale yellowish-white. 
 
 Hillsides between Harrington Sound and 
 Castle Harbor. Native. West Indies and 
 soutlieastern United States. Both this and 
 the preceding species are apparently indigenous 
 grasses ; they are locally abundant in the 
 areas indicated. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. 
 
 4. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Broad-scaled 
 Paspalum. (Fig. 11.) Perennial by rootstocks, 
 2°-5° long, the culms and leaves glabrous. Leaves 
 flat, 4-12' long, 6" wide or less; spike-like racemes 
 3-8, li'-3' long; spikelets crowded, in 2 rows, but 
 appearing as if in 4 rows, about li" long, and 1" 
 wide, ovate-orbicular, acute, the first scale want- 
 ing, the second scale ciliate with long soft hairs, 
 the third scale ciliolate, the fruiting scale orbicular. 
 
 Marsh, Shelly Bay, 1913; in the lawn, Agricul- 
 ural Station, Paget, June, 1914. Introduced, Native 
 of continental America. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. I suppose, from its manner of occurrence 
 that this is an introduced grass, and it may have 
 been introduced recently. It has not previously been 
 recorded from Bermuda and can scarcely have been 
 mistaken for another species. 
 
 None of the Paspalum species occurring in Bermuda are of any considerable 
 value as forage grasses. 
 
14 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 5. Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 
 Two-spiked Paspalum. (Fig. 12.) 
 Smooth, and glabrous. Culms compressed, 
 3° high or less, finally decumbent at the 
 base and rooting at the lower nodes; 
 leaves 2-5' long, 2"-6" wide: racemes 
 in pairs, slender, often curved, spread- 
 ing or ascending, li'-6' long, the rachis 
 straight, or flexuous toward the apes: 
 spikelets crowded, much compressed dor- 
 sally, singly disposed, about ^" long, 
 apiculate, the 2 outer scales 2-nerved, 
 the nerves marginal, the first scale ciliate 
 on the margins with very long lax hairs, 
 the third scale smooth, white. 
 
 Lawns, fields and cultivated soil. Nat- 
 uralized. Native of the southern United 
 States, West Indies and tropical continental 
 America. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 1 regard this grass as a naturalized rather 
 than a native species, on account of its 
 manner of occurrence in Bermuda. It may 
 be said, however, that in Porto Rico, and 
 elsewhere in the West Indies, where there 
 can be no doubt that it is indigenous. 
 It occurs in cultivated places as well as In 
 wild situations. 
 
 6. Paspalum distichum L. Joint- 
 grass. (Fig. 13.) Culms 2°-4° tall, 
 from a long stout rootstock; leaf -sheaths 
 compressed, keeled, usually crowded and 
 overlapping, especially at the base and 
 on the innovations, glabrous, or more or 
 less hairy on the margins; blades com- 
 monly less than 4' long, li"-3" wide, 
 generally glabrous; racemes terminal, in 
 pairs, ascending, f'-2' long; spikelets 
 singly disposed, ovate, l"-li" long, acute, 
 the 2 outer scales firm, 5-nerved, rarely 
 7-nerved, the first scale glabrous, the 
 second appressed-pubescent, the third 
 apiculate, pubescent at the apex. 
 
 Frequent in marshes and waste grounds. 
 Native. Southern United States, West In- 
 dies and tropical continental America. Its 
 seeds probably transported by birds. Flow- 
 ers In summer and autumn. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 15 
 
 7. Paspalum vaginatum Sw. 
 
 Sheathed Paspalum. (Fig. 14.) Culms 
 8'-2° tall, from a long stout rootstock; 
 leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, usually 
 crowded and overlapping, at least at the 
 base and on the innovations, glabrous; 
 blades folded, or involute when dry, 6' 
 long or less, l"-2" wide, glabrous, or 
 sparingly hairy; racemes terminal, usu- 
 ally a pair, rarely more or but a single 
 one, erect or ascending, 2'-3' long: spike- 
 lets singly disposed, ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute, l5"-2" long, the 2 outer scales gla- 
 brous, thin, the first scale 4-nerved, the 
 lateral nerves approximate at the margin, 
 the midnerve suppressed, the second scale 
 5-nerved, the lateral nerves rather near 
 together, the third scale glabrous at the 
 apex or with 2 or 3 hairs. 
 
 Frequent in brackish marshes. Native. 
 Southern United States and West Indies. 
 Its seeds probably transported by birds. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 Paspalum filiforme Sw., a West Indian grass recorded as Bermudian by 
 Jones, Eeade and by Lefroy, as wire-grass, and admitted by Hemsley, has not 
 been found by recent collectors. (See P. caespitosum.) 
 
 4. PAOTCUM L. 
 
 Annuals or perennials, various in habit, with open or contracted panicles 
 or 1-sided spike-like racemes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, when 2-flowered the 
 lower one staminate only. Scales 4, the 3 lower membranous, empty, or the 
 third with a staminate flower, varying in the same species; the inner or fourth 
 scale chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect 
 flower. Awns none. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 free, enclosed in the hardened fruiting scale and palet. [Old Latin name for 
 some grass, probably the cultivated Sorghum, referring to its panicle, taken 
 from Pliny.] About 500 species, in temperate and tropical regions. Type 
 species: Panicum miliaceum L. 
 
 Spikelets In pairs in one-sided spike-like racemes. 
 Glabrous. 
 
 Pubescent, at least at the nodes. 
 Spikelets panicled. 
 
 Fourth scale of the spikelet smooth. 
 Annual grasses. 
 
 Leaf-sheaths pubescent. 
 Leaf-sheaths glabrous. 
 Tall perennial grass. 
 Fourth scale transversely rugose ; tall grass. 
 
 1. P. germinatum. 
 
 2. P. barbinode. 
 
 3. P. capiUarc. 
 
 4. P. dichoiomiflorum. 
 
 5. P. virgatum. 
 
 6. P. ma-rimum. 
 
16 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 1. Panicum geminatum Forsk. Water 
 Grass. (Fig. 15.) Aquatic. Culms 2°-4° 
 long, usually clothed with sheaths below; leaves 
 glabrous, 10' long or less, 3"-5" wide; racemes 
 10-20, one-sided, the rachis broadly winged, 
 appressed, f'-li' long; spikelets about li" 
 long, ovate, acute, glabrous, singly disposed in 
 2 rows, the first scale broader than long and 
 clasping the spikelet at its base, truncate at 
 the apex, the fourth scale transversely wrinkled. 
 [P. paspaloides Pers.] 
 
 Bermuda, collected only by Moseley. Native. 
 In shallow water, southern United States ; tropical 
 regions of the New World and the Old, Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. Seeds presumably trans- 
 ported by birds. 
 
 2. Panicum barbinode Trin. Para 
 Grass. (Fig. 16.) Sterile calms 3°-6° long, 
 rooting at the nodes, the fertile ones erect, 
 2°-3° tall or more, the nodes densely barbed; 
 leaf-sheaths often overlapping, papillose- 
 hirsute; blades 4'-12' long, glabrous or 
 pubescent, 3"-8" wide; panicle 6'-8' long, 
 its branches spreading or ascending; spike- 
 lets about IV' long, glabrous. 
 
 Abundant In marshes. Naturalized from 
 tropical America. Naturalized also in the 
 southern United States. A very valuable fod- 
 der-grass, often erroneously called Panicum 
 molle, as by Jones. 
 
 3. Panicum capillare L. Witch 
 Grass. Quaking Grass. (Fig. 17.) 
 Culms l°-2° tall, simple, or branched 
 near the base, stout; leaf -sheaths usu- 
 ally purplish, papillose-hirsute; blades 
 3"-8" wide, pubescent; primary pan- 
 icle 8'-l° long, the larger branches 
 6'-9' long, the lateral panicles smaller ; 
 spikelets very numerous, about V 
 long, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. 
 
 Waste grounds and cultivated soil. 
 Naturalized. Eastern temperate North 
 America. Its light panicles are widely 
 transported by winds. Flowers in sum- 
 mer and autumn. Regarded as native 
 by Lefroy, but its habitat makes this 
 improbable. [P. hrevifolium of Rein.] 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 17 
 
 4. Panicium dichotomiflorum 
 
 Michx. Cane Grass. (Fig. 18.) 
 Culms at first erect, l°-2° tall, simple, 
 later decumbent and longer, branched 
 at all the upper nodes. Leaf-sheaths 
 loose, glabrous, somewhat flattened; 
 blades 6-2° long, long-acuminate; 
 panicle pyramidal; spikelets I'^-li" 
 long, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. [P. . 
 proliferum of Eeade and of Mills- I 
 paugh.] 'I 
 
 Roadsides and wet soil. Natural- 
 ized. Eastern United States. Flowers 
 in summer and autumn. Branches of 
 its panicles are transported by winds. 
 
 5. Panicum virgatum L. Switch 
 Grass. (Fig. 19.) Culms erect from a 
 stout rootstock, 3°-6° tall; leaf -blades 
 elongated, 1° long or more, 3"-6" wide, 
 flat, glabrous or pubescent: panicle i°- 
 1^° long, its branches widely spreading 
 or sometimes nearly erect ; spikelets 
 ovate, acuminate, about 2" long, glabrous. 
 
 Coastal rocks and borders of marshes. 
 Native. Eastern North America and Cuba. 
 Seeds transported by birds or by the wind. 
 Flowers in summer or autumn. The Ber- 
 muda plant is referred by Hitchcock to P. 
 virgatum cuhetise Griseb. 
 
 6. Panicum maximum Jaeq. Guinea Grass. 
 (Fig. 20.) Culm 2°-6° tall or more, leafy; leaf- 
 sheaths overlapping, glabrous, or tuberculate- 
 pubescent; blades elongated, V-IV wide, glabrous; 
 panicle l°-2° long, its branches erect or nearly 
 so, very long; spikelets glabrous, li"-2" long, the 
 fourth scale transversely rugose. 
 
 Waste grounds and cultivated soil. Naturalized. 
 Native of tropical America. Naturalized also in the 
 southern United States. A valuable fodder grass. 
 
 Panicum palmifolium Poir., Palm-leaved 
 Panicum, a tall grass with strongly, plicately 
 nerved leaves often 1° long and 1' wide, more or 
 less pubescent with long hairs, the spikelets in a 
 narrow panicle, is sometimes planted for ornament. 
 It is native of Tropical America and naturalized 
 in Jamaica. 
 
 3 
 
18 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 5. VALOTA Adans. 
 Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaves and large terminal pubescent 
 panicles. Spikelets lanceolate, acute or acuminate; scales 4, the 3 outer ones 
 membranous, empty, the first minute or rudimentary, the second silky-pilose 
 and ciliate, the fourth one shorter, glabrous, shining, chartaceous. [Perhaps 
 in honor of P. Vallot.] Several species of warm temperate and tropical 
 America, the following typical. The genus has formerly been included in 
 Panicum by authors, but present knowledge of grasses justifies its separation, 
 returning to the view of Adanson. 
 
 1. Valota insularis (L.) Chase. Silky 
 Grass. (Fig. 21.) Culms erect, slender, 
 3°-5° high, clustered. Leaves 1° long or 
 less, 5"-10" wide, acuminate, glabrous, or 
 their sheaths pubescent; panicle narrow, 
 often 1° long, little, if any more than 1' 
 thick; spikelets 2"-3" long, acuminate; 
 second and third scale 3-nerved, long-hairy; 
 fruiting scale chestnut-brown. [Ahdropo- 
 gon insulare L. ; Trichachne insularis Nees.J 
 
 Wooded bluff. Abbot's Cliff, Harrington 
 Sound. 1912. Native. Florida and West In- 
 dies. Perhaps of recent introduction. Flowers 
 nearly throughout the year. This conspicu- 
 ous grass has not hitherto been recorded 
 from Bermuda, although seen in large quanti- 
 ties at the locality noted. 
 
 Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash of the 
 southeastern United States and Cuba, an 
 aquatic perennial grass up to 6° high with 
 spikelets in a narrow panicle, was described 
 by iSprengel in 1825 as from Bermuda 
 under the name Panicum aquaticum Bosc, 
 but nothing further has been known about 
 it here since that time. 
 
 6. SYNTHERISMA Walt. 
 Annual grasses, with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence of spike-like 
 racemes which are disposed in whorls, or scattered and approximate, at the 
 summit. Spikelets narrow, acute, in 2 's or 3 's on one side of the flat and 
 winged or triangular rachis, one of the spikelets generally longer-pedicelled 
 than the others. Scales 3 or 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first small or want- 
 ing, the fourth chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclos- 
 ing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles dis- 
 tinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop-making, referring to its abundance.] 
 About 25 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Synther- 
 isma praecox Wald. [Digitaria Scop., not Heist.] 
 
 First scale minute ; fruiting scale greenish or yellowish. 
 
 Rachis nearly i" wide ; spikelets Ih" long. 
 
 Rachis i" wide; spikelets about 1" long. 
 First scale wanting ; fruiting scale deep brown. 
 
 1. 8. sanguinalis. 
 
 2. 8. difjitata. 
 
 3. 8. longifiora. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 19 
 
 1. Syntherisma sanguinsllis 
 (L.) Dulac. Common Crab- 
 grass. (Fig. 22.) Culms 2i° 
 long or less, finally branched, 
 prostrate at the base and root- 
 ing at the lower nodes. Lower 
 leaf-sheaths densely papillose- 
 hirsute; blades 2"-5" wide, 
 erect or ascending, glabrous or 
 more or less pubescent: racemes 
 2-9, l'-5' long, erect or ascend- 
 ing, alternate, in pairs or 
 whorls; spikelets about 1*" 
 long, lanceolate, very acute, in 
 pairs; first scale small, gla- 
 brous, the second and third ap- 
 pressed-pubescent with long 
 hairs, the second one 3-nerved, 
 the third slightly exceeding the 
 flowering scale, 7-nerved, the 
 pubescence usually becoming 
 widely spreading, the fourth 
 one lanceolate, very acute, yel- 
 lowish-white at maturity. [Pan- 
 icum lineare of Lefroy; Pani- 
 cum sanguinale L. ; Digitaria 
 marginata Link ; Syntherisma 
 marginatum Nash.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated grounds, often a pernicious weed. Naturalized. 
 Southern United States ; Bahamas ; tropical South America. The characters relied 
 upon by authors to separate S. marginatum from S. sanguinale do not appear to be 
 specific. 
 
 2. Syntherisma d i g i t a t a (Sw. ) 
 Hitchc. Narrow Crab-grass. (Fig. 23.) 
 Culms lh°-2>° long, branched, tufted, at 
 length decumbent below and rooting at 
 the lower nodes. Leaves more or less 
 densely hirsute, l'-5' long, l"-3i" wide; 
 racemes several, IV-^Y long, whorled or 
 alternate or approximate in pairs, widely 
 spreading; rachis very narrow, spikelets in 
 pairs, about 1" long, lanceolate, acuminate; 
 first scale minute, glabrous; second scale 
 3-nerved, appressed-pubescent ; third scale 
 7-nerved, also appressed-pubescent ; fruit- 
 ing scale nearly 1" long, shorter than 
 the third, elliptic, greenish when mature. 
 \Milium digitatum Sw.; Digitaria sctigcra 
 Roth; Panicum Jiorizontale Meyer.] 
 
 Bermuda (according tc Lefroy, and North 
 American Flora 17: 154). Florida; West In- 
 dies ; tropical continental America. 
 
20 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 3. Syntherisma longiflora (Eetz.) 
 Skeels. Slender Crab-grass. (Fig. 24.) 
 Culms slender, 1A° long or less, erect or 
 reclining, glabrous. Leaves linear, long- 
 acuminate, glabrous, 6'-12' long, 2"-3" 
 wide; racemes in a terminal whorl of 3-5, 
 or rarely fewer, sometimes 1 or 2 addi- 
 tional ones below, 4' long or less; rachis 
 winged; pedicels hispidulous; spikelets in 
 2 's or 3 's, about f " long, white, elliptic, 
 acute; first scale wanting; second and 
 third scales about equal, 3-5-nerved, ap- 
 pressed-pubescent ; fruiting scale brown, 
 acute. [Paspalum longiflorum Eetz.; Digi- 
 taria longiflora Pers.] 
 
 Abundant on hillsides about Hamilton. 
 Naturalized. Native of Jamaica, Trinidad and 
 tropical continental America. Flowers In 
 summer and autumn. 
 
 7. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. 
 Usually tall grasses, commonly an- 
 nuals, with broad leaves and a terminal 
 inflorescence consisting of one-sided, ra- 
 cemes, racemosely or paniculately arranged. Spikelets 1-flowered, singly dis- 
 posed, or in smaller racemes or clusters on the ultimate divisions of the in- 
 florescence. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, hispid on the nerves, the third 
 and usually also the second scale awned, or sometimes merely awn-pointed, the 
 awn often very long ; fourth scale indurated, shining, frequently pointed, enclos- 
 ing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the stout hispid hairs 
 of the spikelets.] Species about 12, mostly in warm and tropical countries. 
 Type species : Panicum Crus-galli L. 
 
 Spikelets 3 mm. long, the second and third scales awned. 1. E. Crus-galli. 
 
 Spikelets 2 mm. long ; second and third scales merely awn-pointed. 2. E. colonum. 
 
 1. Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) 
 Beauv. Barnyard-grass. Cockspur- 
 GRASS. (Fig. 25.) €ulms l°-4° tall, 
 often branching at base. Sheaths 
 smooth and glabrous; leaves 6-2° 
 long, glabrous: panicle composed of 
 5-15 sessile branches; spikelets ovate, 
 green or purple, densely crowded in 
 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis; 
 second and third scales about 11" 
 long, scabrous or hispid, the third 
 scale more or less awned, empty, the 
 fourth ovate, abruptly pointed. 
 
 Waste grounds, Pembroke Marsh, 
 1905, apparently recently introduced as 
 it is not recorded by the older authors ; 
 abundant in Devonshire Marsh. 1914. 
 In cultivated and waste places, through- 
 out North America except the extreme 
 north. Widely distributed as a weed 
 in all cultivated regions. Naturalized 
 from Europe. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. [Panicum Crus-galli L.] 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 21 
 
 2. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. 
 Jungle Rice. (Fig. 26.) Culms tufted smooth 
 and glabrous, 6-2° tall, often decumbent and 
 rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths compressed, 
 usually crowded; leaves flat, l'-8' long; inflo- 
 rescence composed of 3-18, 1-sided more or less 
 spreading, dense racemes, disposed along a 3- 
 angled rachis; spikelets single, in pairs, or in 
 3 's in 2 rows on one side of the hispidulous, 
 triangular rachis, obovate, pointed, the first 
 scale about one half as long as* the spikelet, 
 3-nerved, the second and third scales a little 
 more than 1" long, awnless, 5-nerved, hispid 
 on the nerves, the fourth scale cuspidate. 
 [Panicum colonum L.] 
 
 Frequent in waste grounds. Naturalized. 
 Southeastern United States ; tropical regions of 
 both the New World and the Old. Flowers from 
 spring until autumn. 
 
 8. OPLISMENUS Beauv. 
 Perennial grasses, often decumbent and branched at the base, with broad 
 flat leaf -blades and inflorescence composed of spikes, bearing on the lower side 
 scattered clusters of a few spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 4, the 3 
 outer membranous, the first and second empty, awned, the first equalling or 
 somewhat shorter than the spikelet, the third scale usually awned, empty, or 
 enclosing a small palet, the fourth one shorter than the others, obtuse, awnless. 
 chartaceous, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and 
 a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct to the base. Stigmas plumose. 
 
 [Greek, armed, presumably referring 
 to the awns.] About 4 species, natives 
 of warm regions. Type species: Oplis- 
 menus africanus Beauv. 
 
 1. Oplismenus hirteUus (L.) R. 
 &S. Wood Grass. (Fig. 27.) Culms 
 prostrate or nearly so, rooting at the 
 nodes, very slender, 2° long or less. 
 Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, Y-2Y long, Y wide or less, 
 their sheaths often pubescent ; panicle 
 3^' long or less, its filiform short 
 branches erect or spreading; spike- 
 lets H" long, the awns up to 4" long. 
 [Pamcum hirteUiim L. ; P. Oplismenus 
 of Lefroy ; Oplismenus ^(ndulntifolius 
 of Moore; O. setarrus R. & S.] 
 
 Frequent on shaded hillsides and in 
 wooded marshes. Native. Southern 
 United States and tropical America. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. Its 
 seeds transported by birds. 
 
 Oplismenus Burmannii Pal., Variegated Oplismenus, Asiatic, commonly 
 planted for ornament in garden borders, has lanceolate leaves l'-2' long, striped 
 with white and pink. 
 
22 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 9. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. (Setaria Beauv. 1812. Not Ach. 1798.) 
 Mostly annual grasses with erect culms and flat leaves, the inflorescence 
 in spike-like clusters. Spikelets 1 -flowered, or rarely with a second staminate 
 flower, the basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the 
 rachilla, and therefore persistent. Scales of the spikelet 4, the three outer 
 membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower ; 
 the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and 
 a perfect flower. Stamens. 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the bristles of the 
 inflorescence.] Species about 35 in temperate and tropical regions. Type 
 species : Setaria longiseta Beauv. 
 
 Annuals. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed. 
 
 Bristles upwardly barbed. 
 Perennial ; bristles upwardly barbed. 
 
 1. C. verticillata. 
 
 2. C. viridis. 
 
 3. C geniculata. 
 
 1. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) 
 Scribn. Fox-tail Grass. (Fig. 28.) 
 Culms erect or decumbent, l°-3° tall. 
 Sheaths glabrous; leaves 2'-8' long, sca- 
 brous above; spikes 2'-3' long, green or 
 purple, 6"-8" thick; spikelets about 1" 
 long, equalled or exceeded by the down- 
 wardly barbed bristles; bristles 1-3 
 at the base of each spikelet, not involu- 
 crate; first scale less than one half as 
 long as the spikelet, 1-nerved; second 
 and third scales 5-7-nerved, equalling 
 the oval fourth one. [Setaria verticil- 
 lata Beauv.] 
 
 Common as a weed in waste and cul- 
 tivated grounds. Naturalized. Native of 
 the Old World. Naturalized in the southern 
 United States and in tropical America. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. 
 
 2. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. 
 Green Fox-tail Grass. (Fig. 29.) An- 
 nual, culms l°-3° tall. Sheaths glabrous; 
 leaves 3-10' long, 2' -6" wide; spikes 1- 
 4' long; spikelets about 1' long, elliptic, 
 much shorter than the green, or some- 
 times yellowish, bristles; first scale less 
 than one half as long as the spikelet, 1-3- 
 nerved; second and third scales 5-nerved; 
 fourth scale equalling or slightly exceed- 
 ing the second. [Setaria viridis Beauv. [ 
 
 Common as a weed in waste and cul- 
 tivated grounds. Naturalized. Native of 
 Europe. Widely naturalized in North 
 America. Flowers from spring until autumn. 
 
 Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) 
 Scribn., a very large West Indian species, 
 was, apparently, collected in Bermuda 
 by Munro in 1864, but is not known to 
 grow here now. 
 
rOACEAE. 
 
 23 
 
 3. Chaetochloa geniculata (Lam.) 
 Millsp. & Chase. Perennial Fox-tail 
 Grass. (Fig. 30.) Perennial, by 
 rootstocks; culms tufted, l°-2i° tall, 
 slender, compressed, rough below the 
 raceme: leaf -sheaths glabrous, com- 
 pressed; blades 4'-12' long, 11"-^" 
 wide, the upper surface often with a 
 few long hairs at the base: racemes 
 dense, spike-like, l'-2' long, nearly 5" 
 in diameter, exclusive of the bristles, 
 the rachis pubescent: bristles 3"-5" 
 long: spikelets ovoid, acute, the flow- 
 ering scale acute, striate, finely trans- 
 versely rugose. [Panicum genicula- 
 turn Lam. ; Setaria glauca of Eeade, 
 Lefroy and Hemsley.] 
 
 Common as a weed in waste and 
 cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native 
 of the eastern United States and tropical 
 America. Flowers nearly througliout, the 
 year. 
 
 10. CENCHBUS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with 
 flat, convolute or complanate leaf- 
 blades and terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-6, in an ovoid or globose involucre, 
 consisting of two thick hard valves which are exteriorly armed with stout spines 
 and sometimes also with basal bristles which are thickened at the base, the in- 
 volucres articulated to the rachis and readily deciduous, carrying the persistent 
 spikelets with them. Scales 4, awnless, the first and second empty, the first small 
 or minute, the third equalling or longer than the second, enclosing a palet 
 and also sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth scale chartaceous, firmer, 
 
 enclosing a palet of similar texture 
 and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. 
 Styles often connate at the very base. 
 Stigmas plumose. [Ancient Greek name 
 for some grass.] About '20 species in 
 temperate and tropical regions. Type 
 species: Cenchriis echinaius L. 
 
 1. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Bur- 
 grass. (Fig. 31.) Stems at first 
 erect, later prostrate and forming 
 mats, 8'-2° long, branching: leaf- 
 sheaths compressed; blades '2Y--^' 
 long, 2"-4" wide, smooth or rough, 
 usually flat: spikes l'-2i' long: in- 
 volucres 6-20, l*"-2^" broad, enclos- 
 ing 2 spikelets, pubescent, the spines 
 l*"-2" long: spikelets 3"-3^" long, 
 usually not exserted beyond the in- 
 volucre. 
 
 In sandy soil, especially on dimes 
 and beaches. Native. Eastern T'nited 
 States. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 Its burs perhaps brought to Bermuda 
 by ocean currents. Flowers from spring 
 to autumn. 
 
24 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 2. Cenchrus echinatus L. Southern Bur- 
 grass. (Fig. 32.) Culms finally prostrate and 
 rooting at the nodes, branched; leaf -sheaths 
 loose; blades 4'-16' long, 2i"-8" wide, smooth 
 or rough, flat: spikes 1^-5' long, finally more 
 or less exserted; involucres 20-50, densely 
 crowded, containing 4—6 spikelets, glabrous, 
 green to purplish, pubescent, villous at the 
 base, the spines l^"-2" long, the bristles at the 
 base numerous, slender, distinctly barbed for 
 their whole length; spikelets 3"-3i" long, ex- 
 serted from the involucre. 
 
 Common as a weed in cultivated and waste 
 grounds. Native. Southeastern United States and 
 tropical America. Its burs perhaps brougiit to 
 Bermuda by attachment to migratory birds. Flow- 
 ers from spring to autumn. 
 
 11. STENOTAPHRUM Trin. 
 
 Perennial creeping branched grasses, with rather stout flattened culms 
 and short linear leaves. Spikelets spicate or panicled, acute, mostly '2-flowered, 
 imbedded in depressions on one side of the flattened rachis; scales 4; first 
 scale small or minute, second about as long as the spikelet, third similar to the 
 second, subtending a staminate flower, fourth rigid, enclosing a perfect flower. 
 Stigmas plumose. [Greek, a narrow depression.] A few species of tropical 
 and subtropical distribution, the following typical. 
 
 1. Stenotaphrum secunditum (Walt.) Kuntze. 
 Crab-grass. (Fig. 33.) Widely creeping, some- 
 times 15° long, glabrous, rooting at the lower nodes. 
 Leaf-sheaths keeled, flattened, the blades linear, 
 lY-6' long, 2"-5" wide, blunt and rounded at the 
 apex; spikelets about 3" long. [Iscliaemum secun- 
 datum Walt.; S. americanum Schrank; S. dimid- 
 iatum of A. H. Moore; S. glahrum Trin.] 
 
 In nearly all dry or moist situations. Native. 
 Southeastern United States and tropical America. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. Its seeds per- 
 haps transported to Bermuda by migratory birds. 
 One of the best grasses for forming lawns in warm 
 and tropical climates. 
 
 Zizania aquatica L., the Wild Eice of north- 
 eastern North America, is recorded by Eeade as 
 once found by him in marshes north of Hamilton, 
 but it has not been seen in Bermuda by recent 
 collectors and probably would not long exist. 
 
 Library 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 25 
 
 12. PHAIiARIS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves, the inflorescence spike-like, 
 capitate or a narrow panicle. Spikelets crowded, l-flowered. Scales 5, the first 
 and second about equal in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing- 
 keeled; third and fourth scales much smaller or reduced to mere rudiments; 
 fifth scale subtending a palet similar to itself and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. 
 Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, smooth, enclosed in the 
 indurated scales. [Greek, alluding to the shining grain.] About 10 species, 
 mostly natives of southern Europe. Type species: Phalaris arundinacea L. 
 
 1. Phalaris canari^nsis L. Ca- 
 nary-grass. (Fig. 34.) Culms 1°- 
 3° tall. Leaves 2'-12' long, 2"-6" 
 wide, strongly scabrous; spikes i'- 
 11' long, ovoid; spikelets 3"-4" long; 
 outer scales whitish with green 
 nerves; third and fourth scales about 
 half the length of the fifth, broadly 
 lanceolate, thin-membranous^ spar- 
 ingly hairy; fifth scale about two- 
 thirds as long as the spikelet, pu- 
 bescent with appressed hairs. 
 
 Occasional in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Introduced, presumably by 
 seed for caged birds. Native of Europe. 
 Flowers in spring. Introduced into the 
 United States. 
 
 13. PHIiEUM L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. 
 Spikelets l-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membranous, compressed, 
 keeled, the apex obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn ; the 
 third scale much shorter, broader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit; 
 palet narrow, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, somewhat elongated. Stig- 
 mas plumose. Grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name 
 Greek, taken from Pliny; originaly applied to some very different plant.] 
 About 10 species, inhabiting the temperate zones of both hemispheres, the fol- 
 lowing typical. The English name Cat-tail Grass is applied to all the species. 
 
26 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 1. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. 
 Herd-grass. (Fig. 35.) Glabrous and 
 smooth or very nearly so throughout. Culms 
 l°-4° tall, erect, simple; sheaths usually 
 exceeding the internodes, sometimes shorter, 
 the upper one long and not inflated, or 
 very slightly so; leaves 3'-9' long, 2"-3" 
 wide, smooth or scabrous; spike usually 
 elongated, cylindric, IJ'-T' in length, 2V'- 
 4" in diameter; outer scales of the spikelet, 
 exclusive of the awn, l"-2^" long, ciliate on 
 the keel, the awn less than half their length. 
 
 Occasional in fields and waste grounds. 
 Introduced as hay, from the United States, 
 but not naturalized, tlie climate being too 
 warm. Native of the north temperate zone. 
 
 Alopecunis prat6nsis L., Meadow Fox- 
 tail Grass, is recorded by Eeade as occa- 
 sionally met with, and also mentioned by 
 Jones and by Lefroy. It resembles Tim- 
 othy, but the spikelet s readily fall away 
 from the spike at maturity. 
 
 1. 8. virginicus. 
 
 2. 8. Berteroani 
 
 14. SPOROBOLUS E. Br. 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open 
 
 or contracted panicles. Spikelets generally small, 1-flowered, occasionally 2-3- 
 
 flowered. Scales in the 1-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer empty, 
 
 the first somewhat shorter; the third scale equalling or longer than the empty 
 
 ones; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas 
 
 plumose. Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, referring to the 
 
 deciduous grain.] About 100 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very 
 
 numerous in America. Type species: Agrostis indica L. 
 
 Rootstocks elongated ; leaves short, spreading. 
 Rootstocks short ; leaves long, erect. 
 
 1. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. 
 Seashore Rush-grass. (Fig. 36.) Culms 
 6'-2° tall, erect or sometimes decumbent, 
 from a stout rootstock. Sheaths numer- 
 ous, short, overlapping and crowded at 
 the lower part of the culm, smooth, gla- 
 brous or sometimes pilose on the margins 
 and at the throat; leaves 1-8' long, 2" 
 wide or less at the base, distichous, acu- 
 minate; Involute on the margins and at 
 the apex, smooth beneath, scabrous above 
 or sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle 
 l'-3' long, 2'''-5" thick, dense and spike- 
 like, usually exserted; spikelets l"-li" 
 long, the outer scales about equal, acute, 
 smooth and glabrous; third scale acute, 
 slightly shorter than the second. [Agros- 
 tis virginica L.; S. Uttoralis Kunth.] 
 
 Common on beaches and in salt marshes. 
 Native. Southeastern United States and 
 tropical America. Probably transported to 
 Bermuda by floating. Flowers in summer 
 and autumn. (8. purgans of Rein?) 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 27 
 
 2. Sporobolus Bertero§,nus 
 
 (Trin.) Hitchc.& Chase. Bull Grass. 
 (Fig. 37.) Slender, wiry, 3° tall or 
 less. Leaves smooth, nearly erect, 1"- 
 3" wide, long-attenuate, the lower ones 
 6'-10' long, the upper shorter ; panicle 
 narow, often 1° long; spikelets about 
 1^" long, crowded on the short ap- 
 pressed branches of the panicle; sec- 
 ond scale ovate-oblong, about one 
 half as long as the spikelet. [Vilfa 
 Berteroana Trin.; S. angustus Buck- 
 ley.] 
 
 Common In dry situations. Native. 
 Southern United States and Bahamas. 
 Flowers In summer and autumn. Its 
 seeds transported to Bermuda by birds or 
 by winds. Recorded as 8. indicus R. Br. 
 by Jones, Reade, Lefroy, Hemsley, Mllls- 
 paugh and Moore, and(?) as 8. elongatus 
 R. Br., by Lefroy. 
 
 15. POLYPOGON Desf. 
 
 Mostly annual grasses, with decumbent or rarely erect culms, flat leaves 
 and spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered; scales 3; the 2 outer empty, each 
 extended into an awn; third scale smaller, generally hyaline, short-awned from 
 below the apex, subtending a palet and perfect flower; palet shorter than the 
 scale. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, 
 enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the many long awns 
 which resemble a beard.] About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate 
 and warm regions, rare in the tropics, P. Tnonspeliensis typical. 
 
 Empty scales with awns 2-5 times 
 their length ; panicle silky, shin- 
 ing ; annual. 1. P. monspelicnsL^. 
 
 Empty scales with awns of about 
 their length ; panicle dull ; peren- 
 nial. 2. P. littoralis. 
 
 1. Polypogon monspeli6nsis 
 
 (L.) Desf. Beard-grass. (Fig. 
 38.) Culms 2° tall or less, erect 
 from a usually decumbent base, 
 plant annual. Leaves lA'-6' long, 
 \V'-2" wide, scabrous, especially 
 above; panicle l'-4' in length, 
 dense and spike-like, the branches 
 ascending; spikelets crowded; 
 outer empty scales about 1" long, 
 obtuse, slightly bifid, scabrous, 
 bearing a more or less bent awn 
 2"-3"' long; third scale much 
 shorter, erose-truncate, hyaline, 
 bearing a delicate awn, inserted 
 below the apex. 
 
 In waste places occasional. Nat- 
 uralized from Europe. Naturalized 
 In both eastern and western North 
 America. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. 
 
28 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 2. PoljTpogon littoralis Smith. Short- 
 AWNED OR Perennial Beard-grass. (Fig. 
 39.) Tufted, perennial, erect, 6'-2^° tall. 
 Leaves 6' long or less, 2"-4" wide; panicle 
 li'-6' long, moderately dense, dull, with 
 ascending branches 4"-10" long; outer 
 empty scales about Ij" long, scabrous, 
 bearing an awn of about the same length; 
 flowering scales awnless, much shorter than 
 the empty ones. 
 
 Roadsides, waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Abundant. Introduced from Europe. Natural- 
 ized in the southern and western United States. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 16. AVENA L. 
 Annual or perennial grasses with panicled, large spikelets. Spikelets 2- 
 several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect, the upper often imperfect or stami- 
 nate; scales 4-many, the 2 lower ones empty, sometimes unequal, membranous, 
 persistent, the flowering ones rounded on the back, acute, usually bearing a 
 dorsal awn and often 2-toothed at the apex, deciduous; palet narrow 2-toothed. 
 Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, deeply 
 furrowed. [Old Latin name for the Oat.] About 30 species, widely distributed 
 in temperate regions. Type species: Avena sativa L. 
 
 "Flowering scales more or less hispid, the awn distinctly spiral. 
 Flowering scales glabrous, awnless or with a nearly straight awn. 
 
 1. Avena f&tua L. Wild Oat. 
 (Fig. 40.) Culms l°-4° tall, erect, 
 simple, stout, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the sum- 
 mit, sometimes sparingly hirsute, the 
 lower often overlapping; leaves 3'-8' 
 long, l"-4" wide; panicle open, 4'-12' 
 in length, the branches ascending; spike- 
 lets 2-4-flowered, drooping; outer scales 
 f'-l' in length, smooth, enclosing the 
 flowering scales; flowering scales 6"-9" 
 long, with a ring of stiff brown hairs at 
 the base, pubescent with long rigid 
 brown hairs, bearing a long bent and 
 twisted awn. 
 
 Collected by F. S. Collins at Flatt's, 
 1914. Introduced. Native of the Old 
 World. Widely naturalized in the western 
 United States. 
 
 1. A. fatua. 
 
 2. A. sativa. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 29 
 
 2. Avena sativa L. Oats. 
 
 (Fig. 41.) Annual, glabrous; culms 
 erect, li°-i3° tall. Sheaths smooth; 
 leaf-blades 1° long or less, 4"-6" 
 wide; panicle 4'-9' long, its branches 
 ascending; spikelets erect, spread- 
 ing or drooping, the outer, empty 
 scales about 10" long, the flowering 
 scales glabrous, awnless, or with a 
 filiform straight awn sometimes a 
 little twisted at the base. 
 
 Occasional on roadsides and in 
 waste grounds, not persisting. Prob- 
 ably always from grain imported for 
 fodder. Native of Europe and Asia. 
 Widely cultivated in temperate regions. 
 
 17. ARUNDO L. 
 
 Tall perennial grasses, with thick 
 stout somewhat woody culms, broad 
 flat leaves and dense panicles. Spike- 
 lets 2-many-flowered, the rachilla- 
 internodes glabrous. Scales 4-many; 
 broader, 3-nerved, hairy on the back 
 
 plumose. [Name said to be derived from the Celtic for water.] 
 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical. 
 
 empty scales narrow; flowering scales 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas 
 
 About 6 
 
 1. Arundo Donax L. Cow-cane. (Fig. 
 42.) Culms stout, erect, 9°-25° tall. 
 Leaves often 2° long or more and 2'-3' 
 wide; panicle Vj°-3° long, oblong; spikelets 
 numerous, crowded. 
 
 Persistent after planting, and occasional 
 in marshes and waste grounds. Introduced. 
 Native of the Mediterranean region. Flowers 
 in summer and autumn. Very conspicuous by 
 its large size and large inflorescence. The 
 variegated-leaved race is commonly planted 
 for ornament. 
 
 18. KOELERIA Pers. 
 
 Annual or perennial tufted grasses, 
 with narrow flat or involute leaf-blades 
 and usually dense spike-like cylindrie 
 panicles. Spikelets numerous, crowded, 
 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the 
 upper ones staminate. Scales 4-7, mem- 
 branous, the 2 lower empty, narrow, unequal, the flowering scales similar 
 to the second, sometimes mueronate or short-awned at or just below the apex, 
 the upper scales gradually smaller, the upper 1 or 2 often empty; palet 
 
30 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 hyaline, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. 
 [In honor of Georg Ludwig Koeler, German botanist.] Some 15 species widely 
 distributed. Type species: Poa niiida Lam. 
 
 1. Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers. Timothy 
 KoELERiA. (Fig. 43.) Annual; culms slender, gla- 
 brous, 3'-18' high. Leaves narrowly linear, acumi- 
 nate, 2'-5' long, l"-li" wide, more or less pilose; 
 spike-like panicle narrowly cylindric, l'-3' long, 3"-5" 
 thick; spikelets very numerous, 4-5-flowered, long- 
 villous, the flowering scales short-awned. [Festuca 
 phleoides Vill.] 
 
 In fields and waste grounds. 
 Europe. Flowers in spring. 
 
 Naturalized from 
 
 19. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. 
 Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, 
 from a few inches to several feet in height, the spike- 
 lets in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2- 
 many-flowered, more or less flattened. Two lower 
 scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, 
 keeled, 1-nerved, or the second 3-nerved; flowering 
 scales membranous, keeled, 3-nerved; palets shorter 
 than the scales, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the 
 rachilla after the fruiting scale has fallen. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, 
 short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. 
 [Greek etymology doubtful, perhaps signifying a low grass, or Love-grass, an 
 occasional English name.] A genus of about 120 species, widely distributed 
 throughout all warm and temperate countries. Type species: Briza Era- 
 grostis L. 
 
 Palets glabrous ; panicle open. 
 
 1. E. megastachya. 
 Palets long-ciliate ; panicle dense. 
 
 2. E. ciliaris. 
 
 1. Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) 
 Link. Strong-scented Eragrostis. 
 (Fig. 44.) Annual; culms 6-2° tall, 
 erect, or decumbent at the base, usually 
 branched. Sheaths sparingly pilose at 
 the throat ; leaves 2'-7' long, l'''-3" wide, 
 flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above; 
 panicle 2-6' in length, the branches 
 spreading or ascending, l'-2' long; 
 spikelets 8-3o-flowered, 3"-8" long, 
 about lY' wide, very flat; empty scales 
 acute, the first slightly shorter than the 
 second ; flowering scales obtuse, about 1" 
 long, the lateral nerves prominent. [Poa 
 magastachya Koel.; E. major Host.] 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground, Warwick Pond, 1905 ; roadside, Paget, 
 troduced. Native of Europe. Widely naturalized in temperate North 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 1913. In- 
 America. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 31 
 
 2. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link. Fringed 
 Eragrostis. (Fig. 45.) Annual; culms densely 
 tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 1° high 
 or less; leaf-sheaths with a tuft of hairs at 
 the top and usually ciliate, the blades flat, 
 I'-S^' long, V'~2Y' wide; panicle narrow, dense, 
 l'-4' long, its branches appressed; spikelets 
 small, 6-16-flowered; palet-nerves long-ciliate. 
 \Foa ciliaris L.] 
 
 Dry sandy or rocky soil. Naturalized. 
 Southern United States, West Indies and tropical 
 continental America. Abundant in flower on top 
 of Wreck Hill, Sandy's, Sept., 1912. 
 
 20. BRIZA L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or 
 convolute leaves and open or rarely contracted 
 panicles. Spikelets flattened, tumid, many- 
 flowered, nodding, the flowers perfect. Scales 
 thin-membranous, strongly concave, the 2 lower 
 empty, 3-5-nerved, somewhat unequal ; flowering scales imbricated, broader than 
 the empty ones, 5-many-nerved ; uppermost scales often empty; palets much 
 shorter than the scales, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles dis- 
 tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain usually free, enclosed in the scale and palet. 
 [Greek name for some grain, perhaps rye.] About 12 species, natives of the 
 Old World and temperate S. Am. Type species: Brisa minor L. 
 
 1. Briza maxima L. Quaking-grass. 
 (Fig. 46.) Annual, tufted; culms glabrous, 
 slender, 2|° high or less. Leaves narrowly 
 linear, 2-5' long, l"-2" wide, acuminate; 
 ligule acute, elongated; spikelets few, large, 
 5"-8" long, 4"-6" wide, ovate, 9-15-flowered, 
 nodding on filiform peduncles, shining; flow- 
 ering scales loosely pubescent, about as long 
 as the glabrous empty lower ones. 
 
 Frequent on banks, in fields and in lawns. 
 Introduced from Europe for cultivation as an 
 ornamental grass in gardens. Flowers in spring 
 and summer. Naturalized in Jamaica, and Intro- 
 duced into the United States. 
 
 21. POA L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or 
 convolute leaves and contracted or open 
 panicles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed, 
 the rachilla usually glabrous; flowers per- 
 fect, or rarely dioecious. Scales membranous, keeled ; the 2 lower empty, 
 
32 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 1-3-nerved.; the flowering scales longer than the empty ones, generally with 
 a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5-nerved, the marginal nerves usually 
 pubescent, often also the dorsal one; palets a little shorter than the scales, 
 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palet. [Name Greek, for grass or 
 herbage.] A genus of about 150 species, widely distributed in all temperate 
 and cold regions. The English name Meadow-grass is often applied to most of 
 the species. Type species: Poa pratensis L. 
 
 Annual with fibrous roots. 1. P. annua. 
 
 Perennial by running rootstocks. 
 
 Empty scales elliptic-oblong ; flowering scales ovate-lanceolate 
 
 in side-view. 2. P. pratensis. 
 
 Empty scales lanceolate; flowering scales linear in side-view. 3. P. nemoralis. 
 
 1. Poa annua L. Annual Mead- 
 ow-grass. Low^ Spear-grass. (Fig. 
 47.) Culms 2-10' tall, from an an- 
 nual root, erect or decumbent at the 
 base, somewhat flattened, smooth. 
 Sheaths loose, usually overlapping; 
 leaves J'-4' long, wide, smooth; pan- 
 icle i'-4' in length, open, branches 
 spreading, naked at the base; spike- 
 lets 3-5-flowered, li"-2i" long; lower 
 scales smooth, the first narrow, acute, 
 1-nerved, about two thirds as long 
 as the broad and obtuse 3-nerved 
 second one ; flowering scales distinctly 
 5-nerved, the nerves pilose below. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 places. Naturalized from Europe. Na- 
 tive also of Asia. Widely naturalized 
 in temperate North America. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. 
 
 2. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky 
 Blue-grass. June-grass. (Fig. 48.) 
 Culms l°-3i° tall, from long running 
 rootstocks; leaves smooth or rough, 
 those of the culm 2'-6' in length, the 
 basal much longer; panicle 2*'-8' long, 
 usually pyramidal, the branches 
 spreading or ascending, sometimes 
 flexuous, divided and spikelet-bearing 
 above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flow- 
 ered, 2"-2i" long, exceeding their 
 pedicels ; scales acute ; flowering scales 
 webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the 
 marginal nerves and mid-nerve silky- 
 pubescent below, the intermediate 
 ones naked. 
 
 ClifEs, south shores near Tucker's 
 Town, abundant in 1909 ; lawn Abbes- 
 ford, 1914. Introduced, probably in 
 hay. Native of the north temperate 
 zone. Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 33 
 
 3. Poa nemoralis L. Wood Poa. (Fig. 
 49.) Culms .l°-4° tall, from rootstocks; 
 leaves smooth or rough, those of the stem 
 usually 3' or more long; panicle 3'-10' long, 
 the usually lax branches spreading or ascend- 
 ing, often flexuous, up to 3' long, dividing 
 and spikelet-bearing above the middle; 
 spikelets 2-3-flowered, li"-2" long, exceed- 
 ing their pedicels; scales acute, the empty 
 basal ones lanceolate, equal or the first a 
 little shorter; flowering scales linear in 
 side-view, webbed at the base, 5 -nerved, the 
 intermediate nerves rather obscure, the mid- 
 nerve and lateral nerves pubescent below the 
 middle, but not so copiously as in Poa pra- 
 tensis. 
 
 Collected by F, S. Collins at Flatt's, 1913. 
 Introduced. Native of Europe. Introduced as 
 a waif in the eastern United States. Flowers 
 in summer. 
 
 22. SCLEROPOA Griseb. 
 
 Low, annual, tufted, glabrous grasses, with narrow, flat leaf-blades, and 
 several-many-flowered compressed spikelets in narrow panicles, the panicle- 
 branches short and stiff. Spikelets with 2 empty lower scales, the flowering 
 scales 5-nerved, rounded on the back. Stigmas borne near the apex of the 
 ovary. Grain linear-oblong, obtuse. [Greek, hard Poa.] Two species of the 
 Mediterranean region, the following typical. 
 
 1. Scleropoa rigida (L.) Griseb. 
 Hard Grass. (Fig. 50.) Some- 
 what glaucous; culms several, 
 erect or ascending, 3-18' high. 
 Leaves narrowly linear, 2'-4' long, 
 about IV' wide, acuminate, the 
 short ligule lacerate; panicle V- 
 3^' long, its branches 4"-8" long, 
 spreading or ascending; spikelets 
 2"-3" long, 5-11 -flowered. [Poa 
 rigida L. ; Sclerochloa rigida 
 Beauv.; Festuca rigida Kunth.] 
 
 In waste grounds, and on walls 
 and hillsides. Naturalized from 
 southern Europe. Flowers from 
 spring to autumn. Introduced into 
 the southern United States. 
 
34 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 23. DESMAZERIA Dumort. 
 Low, tufted grasses, with short narrow leaves, and several-many-flowered, 
 compressed spikelets, sessile and 2-ranked in narrow spikes, the rachis angled 
 and flexuous. Scales nearly equal, or the lower a little larger than the others, 
 all convex or obtusely keeled. Grain channeled on the inner face. [Named 
 for M. Desmazieres.] A few species of Europe and Africa. Type species: 
 Foa sicula Jacq. 
 
 1. Desmazeria loliacea (Huds.) Ny- 
 man. Darnel Desmazeria. (Eig, 51.) 
 Annual, glabrous; culms rather stiff, as- 
 cending or spreading, 2'-5' long. Leaves 
 i'-2' long, about 1" wide; spike l'-2' long: 
 spikelets alternate, in 2 rows, oblong, 2"- 
 3" long, 7-11-flowered; flowering scales 
 about 1" long, obtuse, finely nerved. [Poa 
 loliacea Huds.; Catapodium loliaceum'Lm'k.] 
 
 Waste ground Spanish Point, 1905. In- 
 troduced. Native of southern Europe. Flow- 
 ers in summer and autumn. 
 
 24. BROMUS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with usually closed leaf-sheaths, flat blades 
 and contracted or open panicles, the branches often nodding. Spikelets usually 
 large, often drooping, few-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper 
 ones imperfect. Scales few-many, membranous, the 2 lower empty, persistent, 
 narrow, unequal, acute or the second sometimes short-awned; flowering scales 
 longer and often broader, rounded on the back, at least below, usually awned, 
 rarely awnless, the awn dorsal and inserted just below the 2-toothed apex; palet 
 shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Ovary crowned by 
 a villous appendage, at the base of which arise the very short but distinct 
 styles. [Greek name for a kind of oat.] About 60 species, vridely dis- 
 tributed. Type species: Bromus secalinus L. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 35 
 
 1. Bromus unioloides (Willd.) 
 H.B.K. Southern Chess. (Fig. 
 52.) Annual. Culms l^°-3*° tall: 
 leaf-sheaths commonly pubescent, 
 or sometimes glabrous; blades 
 rough, sometimes sparingly pubes- 
 cent, 2"-3" wide; panicle usually 
 long and narrow, 6'-20' long: 
 spikelets 8"-17" long, 7-11-flow- 
 ered, the flowering scales thick, 
 firm, 6"-8" long, each commonly 
 with a short stout awn. [Poa 
 unioloides Willd.] 
 
 Locally plentiful in fields and 
 on hillsides. Naturalized. Native of 
 warm-temperate America. Flowers 
 in spring and summer. 
 
 25. SPARTINA Schreb. 
 
 Perennial glabrous grasses, 
 with long horizontal rootstocks, 
 flat or involute leaves, and an in- 
 florescence of one-sided spreading 
 or erect alternate spikes. Spike- 
 lets 1-flowered, narrow, deciduous, 
 borne in two rows on the rachis, 
 articulated with the very short pedicels below the scales. Scales 3; the 
 two outer empty, keeled, very unequal; the third subtending a perfect 
 flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second; palet often longer 
 than its scale, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated. Stigmas fili- 
 form, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the cord- 
 like leaves of some species.] About 7 species, widely distributed in saline soil, 
 a few in fresh-water marshes. Type species: Spcrtina Schreheri Gmel. 
 
 1. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. 
 Salt Grass. (Fig. 53.) Culms r-4° 
 tall, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth. 
 Leaves 6'-25° long, l"-2" broad, invo- 
 lute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth 
 and glabrous beneath; spikes 2-10, l'-2' 
 long, usually ascending, more or less 
 peduncled, the rachis slightly scabrous; 
 spikelets 3"-4" long; outer scales acute, 
 scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first 
 usually rather less than one half as long 
 as the second; third scale scabrous on the 
 upper part, emarginate or 2-toothe(l at 
 the apex, longer than the first and ex- 
 ceeded by the palet. {Da^'tifUs patens 
 Ait.; Spartina juncea Willd.] 
 
 Rocky and sandy coasts. South Shores 
 and along Castle Harbor, very abundant on 
 liushy Island, and about Ely's Harbor. 
 Native. Coast of eastern North America. 
 I'robably transported to Bermuda by float- 
 ing. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 Erroneously recorded by Reade and by 
 Moore as S. cynosuroides. 
 
36 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 26. CAPRIOLA Adans. 
 
 Perennial grasses with short flat leaves and spieate inflorescence, the spikes 
 digitate. Spikelets l-flowered, seeund. Scales 3, the 2 lower empty, keeled; 
 flowering scale broader, membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than 
 the scale, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plu- 
 mose. Grain free. [Name medieval Latin for the wild goat, that feeds on this 
 grass in waste rocky places.] Four known species, of which three are Austra- 
 lian, the following typical one widely distributed. 
 
 1. Capriola Dactylon (L.) 
 Kuntze. Bermuda-grass. Scutch- 
 grass. Dog 's-tooth Grass. Run- 
 ning Grass. Hell-grass. Devil 
 Grass. (Fig. 54.) Culms 4-12' 
 tall, erect, from long creeping and 
 branching stolons, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths glabrous or some- 
 what hairy, crowded at the bases 
 of the culms and along the stolons; 
 leaves l'-3' long, l"-2i" wide, flat, 
 smooth beneath, scabrous above ; 
 spikes 4-5, Y-2' in length, digi- 
 tate; rachis flat; spikelets l"long; 
 outer scales his-pid on the keel, nar- 
 row, the first shorter than the sec- 
 ond, about two thirds as long as 
 the broad and strongly compressed 
 third one. [Paniciim Dactylon L. ; 
 Cynodon Dactylon Pers.] 
 
 Common in all dry places, a per- 
 nicious weed in gardens, but desir- 
 able for forming lawns. Naturalized from Europe. Naturalized in the eastern 
 United States. Flowers nearly throughout the year. The name Bermuda-grass, by 
 which this grass is most widely known is unfortunate, as it is not a native of 
 Bermuda. 
 
 27. EUSTACHYS Desv. 
 
 Perennial grasses, with flat or folded usually obtuse leaf-blades and 
 spieate inflorescence, the spikes single, in pairs, or 3-many and digitate. 
 Spikelets usually l-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, sessile, crowded in 2 rows. 
 Scales 4, rarely 5, the 2 lower empty, persistent, unequal, keeled, the first 
 generally acute, the second oblong, .truncate or 2-lobed at the apex, short- 
 awned, the others awnless, mucronate, or short-awned, firmer than the empty 
 scales, the third scale enclosing a perfect flower and a palet, the fourth scale 
 empty, or rarely enclosing a staminate flower. [Greek, beautiful spikes.] 
 About 8 species, native of tropical America, the following typical. The genus 
 is united with Chloris by some authors. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 37 
 
 1. Eustachys petra^a (Sw.) Desv. 
 West Indian Grass. (Fig. 55.) Culms 
 l°-3° tall: leaf -blades 1° long or less, 
 3"-5''' wide, smooth: spikes 3-11, usually 
 4-6, erect, lV-4:' long: spikelets about 1" 
 long: scales 4, the second, exclusive of the 
 awn, about 5" long, 2-toothed at the 
 apex, the teeth triangular, acute or ob- 
 tusish, the awn about i" long; third scale 
 about 1" long, in side view elliptic and 
 about i" wide, the awn short or wanting; 
 fourth scale in side view obovate-elliptic, 
 rounded at the apex, awnless. [Chloris 
 petraea Sw.] 
 
 Common in dry soil, a weed in cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of the south- 
 eastern United States, West Indies and trop- 
 ical continental America. Flowers from 
 spring until autumn. 
 
 28. ELEUSINE Gaertn. 
 Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflores- 
 cence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spike- 
 lets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the 
 rachis, which is not extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper 
 staminate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2 lower empty; the others subtend- 
 ing flowers, or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- 
 mose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [From the Greek name 
 of the town where Ceres was worshipped.] Species 6, natives of the Old 
 World. Type species: Cynosurus coracanus L. 
 
 1. EJeusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. 
 Wire-grass. Crab-grass. Yard-grass. 
 (Fig. 56.) Culms 6-2° tall, tufted, 
 erect, or decumbent at the base. Sheaths 
 loose, overlapping and often short and 
 crowded at the base of the culm, gla- 
 brous or sometimes sparingly villous; 
 leaves 3'-12' long, l"-3" wide, smooth 
 or scabrous; spikes 2-10, l'-3' long, 
 whorled or approximate at the summit 
 of the culm or one or two sometimes 
 distant; spikelets 3-6-flowered, lA"-2" 
 long; scales acute, minutely scabrous on 
 the keel, the first 1-nerved, the second 
 3-7-nerved, the others 3-5-nerved. [Cy- 
 nosurus indicus L.] 
 
 Common in fields, dooryards and waste 
 places. Abundant over North America ex- 
 cept the extreme north. Naturalized from 
 the warmer regions of the Old World. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. 
 
38 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 29. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. 
 
 Usually tall annual grasses, with fiat leaves and numerous spikes forming 
 a simple panicle. Spikelets usually 2-many-flowered, flattened, alternating in 
 two rows on one side of the rachis. -Scales 4 to many; the 2 lower empty, 
 keeled, shorter than the spikelet; the flowering scales keeled, 3-nerved. Palet 
 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, en- 
 closed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the slender spikes.] 
 About 12 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Type 
 species: Cynosurus virgatus L. 
 
 1. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) 
 Beauv. Northern Leptochloa. (Fig. 
 57.) Culms l°-4° tall, finally branch- 
 ing. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, 
 commonly more or less hirsute; leaves 
 2Y~10' long, 5" or less wide, rough; 
 inflorescence 6'-2° long; spikes gen- 
 erally elongated, ascending, 2'-6' long; 
 spikelets about IV long; scales usually 
 5, the outer empty 2 acute, equal, or 
 the first somewhat shorter than the 
 second, the first scale usually a little 
 shorter than the first flowering scale. 
 [Eleusine mucronata Michx.; Festuca 
 filiformis Lam.] 
 
 Waste or cultivated grounds. Ap- 
 parently uncommon. Introduced. Native 
 of the southeastern United States and 
 tropical America. Flowers in autumn. 
 
 30. LOLIUM L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spike- 
 lets several-flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of the usually 
 continuous rachis, compressed, the edge of the spikelet (backs of the scales) 
 turned toward the rachis. Scales rigid; lower scale empty in the lateral spike- 
 lets, and the 2 lower empty in the terminal; flowering scales rounded on the 
 back, 5-7-nerved; palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very short. 
 Stigmas 2, plumose. Grain adherent to the palet. [Latin name for Darnel.] 
 About 6 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Lolium perenne L. 
 
POACEAE. 
 
 39 
 
 1. Lolium multifldrum Lam. 
 
 AwNED Eay-grass. Awned Darnel. 
 (Fig. 58.) Culms tufted, 2°-3i° tall. 
 Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 
 4'-8' long, lV'-4" wide; spikes often 
 1° long; spikelets 20-30, 7"-10" long, 
 the flowering scales bearing an awn 
 equalling or a little shorter than them- 
 selves. 
 
 Roadsides, Abbotsford, Mount Hope 
 and south side of Harrington Sound, 1914. 
 Introduced. Native of Europe. Flowers 
 in spring and summer. Appears as of 
 recent introduction. Naturalized in the 
 United States. 
 
 31. HORDEUM [Tourn.] L. 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with 
 flat leaves and terminal cylindric spikes. 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, usually in 3 's at 
 each joint of the rachis, the lateral gen- 
 erally short-stalked and imperfect; 
 rachilla produced beyond the flower, the lower empty scales often reduced to 
 awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spikelets. Empty scales 
 rigid; flowering scales rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex, awned; palet 
 scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, dis- 
 tinct. Grain usually adherent to the scale, hairy at the summit. [Latin name 
 for barley.] About '20 species, widely distributed in both hemispheres. Type 
 species: Hordeum vulgare L. 
 
 1. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. 
 Little Barley. (Fig. 59.) Culms 
 4-16' tall, erect, or decumbent at 
 the base; leaves V-3' long, V'-l" 
 wide, erect, smooth beneath, rough 
 above ; spike 1-3' in length ; spike- 
 lets usually in 3 's, the central one 
 containing a palet and perfect 
 flower, the lateral imperfect ; scales 
 awned, the empty ones scabrous, 
 thope of the central spikelet and 
 the lower ones of the lateral spike- 
 lets dilated above the base; flower- 
 ing scales smooth, that of the cen- 
 tral spikelet 3"-4" long, short- 
 awned, the corresponding scale in 
 the lateral spikelets smaller and 
 very short-stalked. 
 
 Waste grounds, St. David's Is- 
 land, abundant in 1009. Introduced. 
 Native of western North America, 
 and naturalized along the Atlantic 
 coast. Flowers in spring. 
 
40 
 
 POACEAE. 
 
 Hordeum sativum Juss., Barley, presumably Asiatic in origin, is occa- 
 sionally grown; a large patch was seen at Rose Cottage in 1914. 
 
 32. ELYMUS L. 
 
 Tall grasses, with usually flat leaves and dense terminal s.pikes. Spikelets 
 2-several-flowered, sessile, usually in pairs, occasionally in 3 's or more, in 
 alternate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the empty scales forming 
 an apparent involucre to the cluster. Two lower scales empty, narrow, acute, 
 sometimes awned, entire; flowering scales shorter, rounded on the back, 5- 
 nerved, usually bearing an awn. Palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. 
 Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain sparsely 
 hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. [Greek, to roll up, referring to the 
 involute palet.] About 40 species, natives of temperate regions. Type species: 
 Elymus avenarius L. 
 
 1. Elymus virginicus L. Terrell- 
 grass. Virginia Wild Rye. (Fig. 60.) 
 Culms l*'-3° tall; sheaths sometimes 
 pubescent, the uppermost often inflated 
 and enclosing the peduncle and the base 
 of the spike; leaves 5-11' long, 2"-8" 
 wide, rough; spike 2'-7' in length, dense, 
 stout, upright; spikelets divergent from 
 the rachis, 2-3-flowered; empty scales 
 thick and rigid, lanceolate, ^'-1' long, 
 including the short awn, 5-7-nerved; 
 flowering scales 3"-4" long, glabrous, 
 bearing a rough awn 2"-9" in length, or 
 rarely awnless. 
 
 Found by A. H. Moore on Ireland 
 Island in 1905. Introduced from eastern 
 North America. 
 
 Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl., the Small Cane of the southeastern 
 United States, is mentioned by Lefroy as native in Bermuda, and doubtfully 
 recorded by Jones, but it has not been observed here by subsequent collectors, 
 and was probably mistaken for some other grass. [Arundo tecta Walt.] 
 
 Saccharum officinanim L., Sugar Cane, a tall, broad-leaved species with 
 conspicuously jointed culms, which are used as sticks for chewing, is frequently 
 grown in the marshes. In the early years of the colony its cultivation was much 
 more extensive, and Lefroy notes that in 1675 it was thought necessary to pass 
 a law to prevent the destruction of cedars for sugar-boiling. 
 
 Zea Mays L., Indian Corn, Maise, extensively grown in several races, 
 is one of the most important food-plants both for green corn, and for fodder. 
 
POACEAE. 41 
 
 and is the only valuable cereal crop of the colony. Verrill records that it was 
 introduced in 1610. 
 
 Zea japonica Van Houtte, recorded by Jones, is a low race of the preced- 
 ing, with small ears of corn, its leaves white-striped, said to have originated in 
 Japan. 
 
 Triticum vulgare L., Wheat, was formerly grown but with indifferent 
 success, and its cultivation ceased many years ago. 
 
 Bambos vulgaris Schrad., Chinese Bamboo, a giant of the Grass Family, 
 its jointed culms reaching forty feet or more in height, is planted for ornament 
 and thrives luxuriantly. 
 
 Bambos glaucescens Merrill, Low Pole Bamboo, East Indian, seen at 
 Paget Rectory in 1914, is a small species, with upright branches, und lanceo- 
 late leaves only about 1' long. I am indebted to the Kew botanists for the 
 determination of this plant. 
 
 Another species of Barnbos, with slender culms about 15° high, and 
 leaves about 8' long by i' wide, has been planted at the Agricultural Station, 
 and several other kinds of Bamboos have been planted experimentally. 
 
 Cortaderia argentea (Nees) Stapf, Pampas Gr.vss, a large South Ameri- 
 can species, is grown for ornament on lawns, and is a highly decorative plant, 
 the culms up to 6° high, the numerous, elongated leaves linear, the large 
 plume-like panicles white and shining. [Gynerium argenteum Nees.] 
 
 Pennisetum macrostachyum (Brongn.) Trin., Purple Pennisetum, of 
 the Molucca Islands, grown for ornament, is a grass 6°-8° high, with purple 
 leaves 1° long or more, about 1' wide, the narrow purple spikes 8'-12' long, 
 the flowers subtended by tufts of long, roughened bristles. 
 
 Pennisetum Ruppellil Steud., Ruppell's Pennisetum, Abyssinian, also 
 grown for ornament, is similar to the preceding with a purple spike up to 12' 
 long, but its involute leaves are only l"-2" wide and the bristles are plumose. 
 It has also been observed on a roadside near Salt Kettle. 
 
 Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hilaire. 
 
 Sedge Family. 
 
 Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely 
 hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous 
 (many species perennial by long- rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with closed 
 sheaths. Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one (rarely 
 2) in the axil of each scale (ghime, bract), the spikelets solitarj^ or clus- 
 tered, l-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent 
 or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or interior 
 scales, rarely calyx-like, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more. 
 Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, Ovule 1, 
 
42 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 anatropous, erect. Style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple or minutely 2-toothed. 
 Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or trigonous achene. Endosperm mealy. 
 Embrj'o minute. 
 
 About 65 genera and 3000 species, of very wide geographic distribu- 
 tion. The achenes of many species are transported by birds, and most of 
 the native sedges have probably reached Bermuda by them or by winds. 
 
 Achene not enclosed in a perigjTiium. 
 Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked. 
 
 Spikelets with several or many perfect flowers. 
 Spikelets with but one perfect flower. 
 Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated. 
 
 Spikelets with several or many perfect flowers. 
 Style wholly deciduous. 
 Perianth-bristles 4-6. 
 Perianth-bristles none. 
 Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 
 Spikelets capitate, involucrate ; culm leafy. 
 Spikelet only 1, naked; leaves mere basal sheaths. 
 Spikelets only 1-4-flowered, some of the flowers imperfect. 
 Style, or its base, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 
 Style wholly deciduous. 
 Achene enclosed in a perigynium. 
 
 C II perns. 
 KylUnga. 
 
 Scirpvs. 
 FimhristyUs. 
 
 Dichromena. 
 Eleocharis. 
 
 Rynchospora. 
 
 llarisciis. 
 
 Carex. 
 
 1. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, triangular, leafy 
 near the base, and with 1 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to 
 the simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Eays of the umbel 
 sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes 
 commonly sessile. Spikelets flat or subterete, the scales readily falling away 
 from the rachis as they mature, or persistent and the spikelets falling away 
 from the axis of the head or spike with most of the scales attached. Scales 
 concave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower ones 
 empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, de- 
 ciduous from the summit of the achene. [Ancient Greek name for these 
 sedges.] About 600 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate 
 regions. Type species: Cyperus esculentus L. 
 
 Style 2-cleft ; achene lenticular ; annuals. 
 Scales obtuse ; achene ovate-orbicular. 
 Scales acute ; achene oblong. 
 Style 3-cieft ; achene trigonous. 
 
 Spikelets falling away from the axis of the spike, the lower 
 pair of scales persistent. 
 Annual ; spikelets nearly terete. 
 Perennials ; spikelets flattened. 
 
 Spikelets i" wide, greenish brown. 
 Spikelets l"-li" wide, chestnut brown. 
 Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flat- 
 tened spikelets. 
 Basal leaves elongated ; spikelets spicate. 
 
 Spikelets purple brown : achene linear-oblong. 
 Spikelets straw color ; achene obovoid. 
 Basal leaves reduced to sheaths ; spikelets digitate. 
 
 1. C. flavescens. 
 
 2. C. paniculatus. 
 
 3. C. speciosiis. 
 
 4. C. glohtdosus. 
 
 5. C. hrtmncus. 
 
 C. rotund us. 
 C. esculentus. 
 C. alternifoUus. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 43 
 
 1. Cypems flavescens L. Yellow 
 Cyperus. (Fig. 61.) Annual; culms 
 very slender, tufted, leafy below, 3'- 
 12' tall, mostly longer than the leaves. 
 Leaves 1"-1^" wide, smooth, the longer 
 usually exceeding the inflorescence; 
 clusters terminal and sessile, or on 1-4 
 short rays; spikelets in 3's-6's, linear, 
 subacute, yellow, many-flowered, flat, 
 4"-9" long, l^"-2" broad; scales ovate, 
 obtuse, 1-nerved, appressed, twice as 
 long as the orbicular-obovate black 
 obtuse lenticular shining achene; sta- 
 mens 3; style deeply 2 -cleft; superficial 
 cells of the achene oblong. 
 
 Grassy places, Pembroke Marsh, 1905. 
 Serpentine, March, 1912. Native. Eastern 
 United States ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Mexico ; 
 Europe. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 This pretty sedge was seen in abundance 
 at the localities mentioned ; while not 
 recorded by the earlier authors I think it 
 a native species : its minute fruits may 
 have reached Bermuda by the agency of 
 birds in recent times. 
 
 2. Cyperus paniculHtus 
 
 Rottb. Gates' Cyperus. (Fig. 
 62.) Annual, bright green. 
 Leaves ^"-2" wide; culms slen- 
 der, tufted, 4'-16' tall, often 
 surpassing the leaves; bracts of 
 the involucre 3-5, surpassing the 
 umbel, the longer ones up to 8' 
 long; umbel with 3-8 rays, or 
 rarely nearly capitate ; spikelets 
 few, linear or linear-lanceolate, 
 3"-7" long, acute; scales light 
 chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acute, shining, striate, de- 
 ciduous at maturity; achenes ob- 
 long, grayish, abruptly apicu- 
 late, fully half as long as the 
 scale. [Cyperus Gatesii Torr. ; 
 C. Nuttallii of Reade.] 
 
 Frequent in salt and brackish 
 marshes. Southeastern T'nited 
 States, West Indies and continen- 
 tal tropical America. Flowers in 
 summer and autumn. Native. 
 
44 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 3. Cyperus speciosus Vahl. 
 
 MicHAux's Cyperus. (Fig. 
 63.) Annual; culms usually 
 tufted, 4'-20' tall, reddish to- 
 ward the base. Leaves rough- 
 margined, lV'-2i" wide, the 
 midvein prominent; leaves of 
 the involucre much exceeding 
 the umbel; umbel 3-7-rayed, 
 the primary rays 1'— 6' long; 
 involucels narrow ; spikelets 
 subterete, very narrowly linear, 
 4"-12" long, less than 1" thick, 
 10-30-flowered, falling away 
 from the axis at maturity; 
 scales dull brown, thin, ap- 
 pressed, ovate, obtuse, faintly 
 3-5-nerved on the back ; rachis- 
 wings broad, clasping the 
 achene, persistent; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft, slightly exserted; 
 achene pale, 3-angled, about 
 one half as long as the scale. 
 [C. MicJiauxianus Schultes; C. 
 flexuosus of Reade, Lefroy 
 and H. B. Small; C. odoratus 
 of Hemsley.] 
 
 Borders of marshes. Eastern and southern United States. Cuba(?) Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. Closely related to Cyperus ferax L. C. Richard, of the 
 southern United States and tropical America. Native. 
 
 4. Cyperus globulosus Aublet. Bald- 
 win's Cyperus. (Fig. 64.) Perennial 
 by tuber-like corms; culms slender, 
 smooth, erect or reclining, mostly longer 
 than the leaves. Leaves pale green. IV'- 
 2" wide, those of the involucre 5-10, the 
 longer usually much exceeding the umbel ; 
 umbel 6-13-rayed; the rays filiform, 
 their sheaths short, mucronate ; spikelets 
 many, 2"-12" long, i" wude, linear, flat, 
 capitate in globose heads; scales thin, 
 pale green, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute, 9-13-nerved, with narrow scarious 
 margins; joints of the rachis broadly 
 winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
 oblong-obovoid, obtuse, one half as long 
 as the scale, about twice as long as thick. 
 [Cyperus ligularis of Reade; C. Bald- 
 winii Torr.] 
 
 Sandy fields, hillsides and borders of marshes. Native. Southeastern United 
 States, West Indies and tropical continental America. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. 
 
CYPEKACEAE. 
 
 45 
 
 5. Cyperus brunneus Sw. Coast 
 Cyperus. (Fig. 65.) Perennial, pale 
 green. Leaves overtopped by the stout 
 culm, l"-4" wide, smooth, sometimes 
 involute; culms erect, usually solitary, 
 l°-2i° tall, 3-angled, smooth; bracts of 
 the involucre 4-5, all of them or the 
 longer ones surpassing the umbel, 
 spreading; umbel compound, capitate, 
 or some of the rays becoming V-2' 
 long; spikelets linear or linear-lanceo- 
 late, 5"-8" long, V'-ll" wide, chestnut- 
 colored, densely crowded; scales oval or 
 ovate-oval, often apiculate, ribbed; 
 achenes 3-angled, elliptic-obovoid, dark- 
 brown, granular. 
 
 Coastal sands, Paget, 1905. Native. Coasts of Florida and the West Indies. 
 Probably transported to Bermuda by floating. Flowers* in summer and autumn. 
 This sedge is not recorded as Bermudian by any previous author ; it may have 
 reached Bermuda recently. It was not abundant when collected by us in 19u5. 
 
 6. Cjrperus rotundus L. Nut- 
 grass. (Fig. 66.) Perennial by scaly 
 tuber-bearing rootstocks ; culm rather 
 stout, 4'-2° high, usually longer than 
 the leaves. Leaves lV'-3" wide, those 
 of the involucre 3-5; umbel 3-8- 
 rayed, the longer rays 2'-4i' long; 
 spikelets linear, clustered, few in each 
 cluster, acute, 4"-10" long, 1"-1^" 
 wide; scales dark purple-brown or 
 with green margins and centre, ovate, 
 acute, appressed when mature, about 
 3-nerved on the keel ; stamens 3 ; style 
 3-clef t, its branches exserted ; achene 
 3-angled, about one half as long as 
 the scale. [C. hydra Michx.] 
 
 Common as a weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Native. Southeastern 
 United States, West Indies, tropical continental America : tropical and subtropical 
 regions of the Old World. Flowers from spring to autumn. The plant is freely 
 propagated by its tubers which are readily detached in plowing or spading and 
 this makes it a difficult weed to eradicate. 
 
46 
 
 CYPEKACEAE. 
 
 7. Cypenis esculentus L. Yellow 
 Nut-grass. (Fig. 67.) Perennial by 
 scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks; culm 
 usually stout, l°-3° tall, shorter than the 
 leaves or longer. Leaves light green, 2"- 
 4" wide, the midvein prominent; those 
 of the involucre 3-6, the longer much 
 exceeding the inflorescence ; umbel 4-10- 
 rayed, often compound; spikelets numer- 
 ous in loose spikes, straw-color or yellow- 
 ish-brown, flat, spreading, i'-l' long, 
 about ly wide, many-flowered; scales 
 ovate-oblong, subacute, 3-5-nerved ; rachis 
 narrowly winged ; stamens 3 ; style 3- 
 cleft; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled. 
 
 Occasional in cultivated grounds. Na- 
 tive. United States, West Indies, tropical 
 continental America, tropical and temperate 
 regions of the Old World. Flowers in sum- 
 mer and autumn. 
 
 8. Cyperus altemifolius L. Umbrella 
 Sedge. (Fig. 68.) Perennial by short root- 
 stocks, glabrous; culms stout, clustered, 3°- 
 4^° high, smooth and 3-angled. Basal leaves 
 reduced to lanceolate sheaths; leaves of the 
 involucre 12-20, spreading, 10' long or less, 
 2'''-5" wide, longer than the inflorescence; 
 umbel decompound, often 8' broad; rays 
 numerous, nearly filiform; heads very 
 numerous; spikelets few, digitate, linear, 
 many-flowered, blunt, 4' -5" long, about 1" 
 wide; scales greenish-yellow, lanceolate, 
 acute, appressed; achene oblong, a little 
 shorter than the scale. 
 
 Occasional in marshes and along roads. 
 Introduced by cultivation as an ornamental 
 sedge, and escaped. Native of Africa. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. Naturalized in the 
 West Indies. 
 
 Cyperus Papyrus L., Papyrus, Egyptian, successfully grown for six years 
 in a tub at Orange Valley, and observed there in 1914, is a very large sedge, 
 with 3-sided culms, 7°-9° high, the numerous, nearly filiform leaves of the 
 involucels 8'-12' long. 
 
 2. KYLLINGA Eottb. 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular culms, leafy below, and 
 with 2 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the strictly sessile, 
 simple or compound, dense head of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed, 
 falling away from the axis of the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4 
 scales, the 1 or 2 lower ones small and empty, the middle one fertile, the upper 
 empty or staminate. Joints of the rachis wingless or narrowly winged. 
 Scales 2-ranked, keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, decid- 
 uous from the summit of the achene. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. [In 
 honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the seventeenth century.] About 
 45 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Type species: KylUnga 
 monocepTiala Eottb. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 47 
 
 1. Kyllinga brevifolia L. Short- 
 leaved Kyllinga. (Fig. 69.) Perennial 
 by slender rootstocks, pale green. Leaves 
 mostly shorter than the culm, V'-li" wide, 
 smooth; culms very slender or filiform, 4'- 
 15' tall, smooth; bracts of the involucre 3, 
 one erect, the others spreading; spike soli- 
 tary, globose or ovoid, 2V'-^" long, green- 
 ish, with many spikelets; spikelets oblong- 
 ovoid, 1"-!^" long, acuminate; scales vari- 
 ous, the 2 outer minute, the third and fourth 
 ovate, with recurved tips and serrulate- 
 eiliate keels; achenes lenticular, orbicular- 
 obovate, about V' long. [K. monocephala 
 of Reade, Lefroy, H. B. Small and Hemsley.] 
 
 Common along the borders of marshes. 
 Native. Southeastern United States, West 
 Indies, tropical America ; Old World tropics. 
 
 3. SCIRPUS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial very small to very 
 
 large sedges, with leafy culms or the leaves 
 
 reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete 
 
 or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate, 
 
 spieate or umbellate, subtended by a 1- 
 
 several-leaved involucre or the involucre wanting in some species. Scales 
 spirally imbricated all around, usually all fertile, the 1-3 lov^'er sometimes 
 empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6, slender or rigid, short or elongated, 
 barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, or none in some species. Stamens 2 or 3. 
 Style 2-3-cleft, not swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or 
 its base persistent as a subulate tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano- 
 convex. [Latin, Bulrush, said to be from sirs, Celtic for rushes.] About 150 
 species of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Scirpus lacustris L. 
 
 Spikelets few, appearing as if lateral ; 
 culm ,3-angled. 
 Involucral leaf short, stout. 
 
 1. 8. Olneyi. 
 Involucral leaf long, slender. 
 
 2. -S. amrrironus. 
 Spikelets several or numerous, umbellate ; 
 
 culm terete. 3. /S. valid us. 
 
 1. Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray. Olnet 's 
 Bulrush. (Fig. 70.) Perennial by 
 rootstocks; culms stout, sharply 3 -angled 
 with concave sides, l^°-6° tall. Leaves 
 1-3, l'-5' long, or sheaths sometimes 
 leafless; spikelets capitate in dense 
 clusters of 5-12, oblong or ovoid-oblong, 
 obtuse, 2^"-4" long, the involucral leaf 
 short, stout, erect, V-IV long; scales 
 oval or orbicular, dark brown with a 
 green midvein, emarginate or muoronu- 
 late, glabrous; bristles usually 6, slightly 
 shorter than or equalling the achene, 
 downwardly barbed ; stamens 2-3 ; style 
 2-eleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, 
 brown, mucronate. 
 
 In Warwick Marsh, 1905; marsh near Whale Bay, 1014. Native. Atlantic. 
 Gulf and Pacific coasts of the United States ; Cuba. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
48 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 2. Scirpus americanus Pers. 
 Three-square. Chair-maker's 
 Rush. (Fig. 71.) Perennial by 
 long rootstocks; culms sharply tri- 
 angular, erect, stiff, l°-3*° tall. 
 Leaves 1-3, narrowly linear, keeled, 
 shorter than the culm ; spikelets ob- 
 long-ovoid, acute, 4"-6" long, capi- 
 tate in clusters of 1-7, appearing 
 as if lateral; involucral leaf slender, 
 l'-4' long; scales broadly ovate, 
 brown, often emarginate or sharply 
 2-cleft at the apex, the midvein ex- 
 tended into a subulate awn some- 
 times 1" long, the margins scarious; 
 bristles 2-6, downwardly barbed, 
 shorter than or equalling the achene; 
 stamens 3; achene obovate, plano- 
 convex, smooth, dark brown, mucro- 
 nate. 
 
 Marsh near Whale Bay, 1914. 
 
 Native. Continental North America. 
 
 Flowers in summer. 
 3. Scirpus validus Vahl. Ameri- 
 can Great Bulrush. Mat-rush. . (Fig. 
 72.) Perennial by rootstocks; culm 
 stout, terete, smooth, erect, 3°-9° tall, 
 sometimes f in diameter, sheathed be- 
 low. Involucral leaf solitary, erect, 
 shorter than the umbel ; umbel com- 
 pound, appearing lateral, its primary 
 rays V-4:' long; bracts linear-lanceolate; 
 spikelets becoming oblong-cylindric, ses- 
 sile or some of them peduncled, in capi- 
 tate clusters of 1-5, 2i"-8" long, l*"-2" 
 in diameter; scales ovate or oblong, with 
 a strong midvein which is sometimes ex- 
 current; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, 
 equalling or longer than the achene; 
 stamens 3 ; style 2-cleft ; achene plano- 
 convex, obovate, gray, abruptly mucro- 
 nate, dull. [S. lacustris of Reade, Le- 
 froy, Hemsley, Harshberger and H. B. 
 Small.] 
 
 Frequent in marshes. Native. Con- 
 tinental temperate and tropical America ; 
 West Indies. 
 
 4. FIMBRISTYUS Vahl. 
 Annual or perennial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or 
 capitate, terete, several- to many-flowered, subtended by a 1-many-leaved in- 
 volucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile. 
 Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base 
 much enlarged, falling away from the summit of the achene at maturity. 
 Achene lenticular, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, cancellate, or longitudi- 
 nally ribbed or striate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style 
 of some species.] Some 125 species, widely distributed in temperate and 
 tropical regions. Type species: Fimhristylis acuminata Vahl. 
 
CYPEKACEAE. 
 
 49 
 
 1. Fimbristylis castlbnea 
 
 (Michx.) Vahl. Marsh Fimbri- 
 STYLis. (Fig. 73.) Perennial by 
 a thick base; culms slender, 3- 
 angled, 2^° high or less, usually 
 exceeding the leaves. Leaves in- 
 volute, less than 1" wide; leaves of 
 the involucre 2-4, short; umbel 
 simple or compound, the rays ^'-2' 
 long; central spikelets sessile; 
 spikelets oblong, 3"-6" long, 
 about I5" in diameter; scales thin, 
 brown with a lighter midvein, 
 broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, 
 obtuse or mucronate ; stamens 2-3 ; 
 style 2-cleft; achene obovate or ob- 
 long, biconvex, pale brown. [Scir- 
 pus castaneus Michx.; Fimhristylis 
 spadicea of Moore, and referred to 
 that species by C. B. Clarke.] 
 
 Frequent in marshes. Native. 
 Eastern United States, Bahamas and 
 Cuba. Summer and autumn. 
 
 6. DICHROMENA Michx. 
 
 Leafy-stemmed sedges, peren- 
 nial by rootstocks, the spikelets in 
 a terminal head involucrate by the upper leaves. Spikelets compressed, several- 
 many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated, several with imperfect flowers, or 
 empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Achene lenticular, trans- 
 versely rugose, crowned with the broad base of the style (tubercle). [Greek, 
 alluding to the two-colored Involucral leaves.] About 20 species, of America, 
 the following typical. 
 
 1. Dichromena colord,ta 
 
 (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. White- 
 headed Rush. Narrow-leaved 
 Dichromena. (Fig. 74.) Gla- 
 brous; culm slender, erect, rather 
 sharply triangular, l°-2^° tall. 
 Leaves distant, narrowly linear, 
 about 1'" wide, much shorter 
 than the culm, those of the in- 
 volucre 4-6, reflexed when ma- 
 ture, yellowish white at the base; 
 head globose, o"-10" in diam- 
 eter; spikelets narrowly oblong, 
 acute; scales membranous, lan- 
 ceolate, nearly white, l-ne'-vod, 
 subacute at the apex; achene ob- 
 ovate, brown, nearly truncate at 
 the summit, compressed, covered 
 by the tubercle. [Schoe7iu3 
 coloratiis L. ; D. leucocephahi 
 Michx.; Hhynchospora stellata 
 of Rein, Reade, H. B. Small and 
 Lefroy; i?. pitra of Rein, Lefroy 
 and Ilemsley.] 
 
50 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Common in marshes. Native. Southeastern United States and West In- 
 dies. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 6. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular, 
 terete, flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very 
 rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, 
 not subtended by an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated all around. 
 Perianths of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, wanting in some species. 
 Stamens 2-3. Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-cleft and 
 achene 3 -angled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid. 
 Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal 
 tubercle. [Greek, referring to the growth of most of the species in marshy 
 ground.] About 140 species, widely distributed. Type species: Scirpus pains- 
 tris L. 
 
 Spikelet little thicker than the stout culm ; scales coriaceous. 
 Culm nodose-septate. 
 Culm continuous. 
 Spikelet much thicker than the slender culm ; scales not cor 
 aceous. 
 Style 2-cIeft : achene lenticular ; annuals. 
 Upper sheath truncate, 1-toothed. 
 Sheath membranous, hyaline. 
 Style 3-cleft ; achene trigonous ; perennials. 
 Achene smooth. 
 Achene finely reticulated. 
 
 E. interstincta. 
 E. cellulosa. 
 
 E. capitata. 
 E. praticola. 
 
 5. E. hermudiana. 
 
 6. E. rostellata. 
 
 1. Eleocharis interstincta 
 (Vahl) R. & S. Knotted Spike- 
 rush. (Fig. 75.) Perennial by 
 stout rootstocks; culms terete, 
 hollow, nodose, papillose, 3° tall 
 or less, the sterile ones sharp- 
 pointed. Sheaths membranous, 
 the lower sometimes bearing 
 short blades; spikelet terete, 
 cylindric, many-flowered, sub- 
 acute, I'-lf long, 2" in diam- 
 eter, not thicker than the culm; 
 scales ovate, orbicular or obo- 
 vate, obtuse or the upper acute, 
 narrowly scarious-margined, 
 faintly many-nerved, persistent; 
 bristles about 6, rigid, retrorsely 
 barbed, as long as the body of 
 the achene or shorter; stamens 
 3; style 3-cleft, exserted; achene 
 obovoid, brown, shining, with 
 minute transverse ridges, con- 
 vex on one side, very obtusely 
 angled on the other, 2 or 3 times as long as the conic acute black broad-based 
 tubercle. [Scirpus interstinctus Vahl; E. equisteoides Torr. ; Scirpus plan- 
 tagineus of Lefroy and of Hemsley; apparently mistaken for Equisetum 
 palustre by Lefroy and by H. B. Small.] 
 
 Frequent in marshes. Native. Eastern United States ; West Indies ; tropical 
 continental America. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 51 
 
 2. Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. Hound- 
 stemmed Spike-rush. (Fig. 76.) Perennial 
 by horizontal rootstocks. Culms invested by 
 discolored sheaths at the base, terete above, 
 l°-2i° tall, continuous; spikelet cylindric, V- 
 IV long, li"-2^" thick; scales broadly obovate, 
 with white hyaline margins, appressed, rounded 
 at the apex, minutely nerved; perianth-bristles 
 6, slightly unequal, nearly smooth; style 3- 
 clef t ; achenes broadly obovoid, copiously pitted, 
 about as long as the bristles; tubercle deltoid, 
 about i as broad as the widest part of the 
 achene. [E. palustris of Reade and of H. B. 
 Small.] 
 
 Occasional in marshes. Native. Southeastern 
 United States and West Indies. Flowers in sum- 
 mer and autumn. 
 
 3. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. 
 
 Capitate Spike-rush. (Fig. 77.) An- 
 nual ; roots fibrous ; culms densely tufted, 
 nearly terete, almost filiform, 2-12' tall. 
 Upper sheath 1-toothed; spikelet ovoid, 
 obtuse, much thicker than the culm, 1*"- 
 3" long, I'-li" thick, many-flowered; 
 scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, pale 
 or dark brown with a greenish midvein, 
 narrowly scarious-margined, persistent ; 
 style 2-cleft; bristles 5-8, slender, down- 
 wardly hispid, as long as the achene; 
 achene obovate, jet black, smooth, shin- 
 ing, nearly i" long; tubercle depressed, 
 apiculate, constricted at the base, very 
 much shorter than the achene. [Scirpus 
 capitatus L.; E. melanocarpus of Reade; 
 Scirpus melanocarpus of H. B. Small 
 and Lefroy.] 
 
 Common in marshes. Native. Southeastern 
 United States, West Indies, tropical continental 
 America and Old World tropics. Flowers nearly 
 throughout the year. 
 
 4. Eleocharis praticola Britton. Meadow 
 Spike-rush. (Fig. 78.) Annual, small. Culms 
 slender, tufted, 3' tall or less. Upper sheath 
 hyaline, membranous; spikelet ovoid or oblong- 
 ovoid, about 1" long; scales brown, lanceolate 
 or oblong-lanceolate, lax in age; perianth- 
 bristles 5-7, retrorsely barbed, shorter than 
 the achene; style 2-cleft; achene obovoid, 
 about i" long, dark brown, shining, the 
 tubercle very small. 
 
 Pembroke and Warwick Marshes. Native. 
 Southeastern United States. Flowers in spring 
 and presumably later in the year. 
 
52 
 
 CYPEEACEAE. 
 
 5. Eleocharis bermudiana Britton. Bermuda 
 Spike-rush. (Fig. 79.) Perennial by very slen- 
 der rootstocks; culms slender, erect, i°-li° high, 
 tufted. Basal sheath oblique, 1-toothed; spikelet 
 short-OToid to oblong, obtuse, much thicker than 
 the culm, 2"-3V' long, l2"-2" thick, many-flow- 
 ered; scales ovate, whitish, obtuse, persistent; 
 style 3-cleft; bristles 3 or 4, downwardly barbed, 
 as long as the achene and tubercle '^r somewhat 
 longer; achene oblong-obovate, 3-angled, brown, 
 shining, i" long, smooth, short-beaked under the 
 short-conic, acute tubercle. 
 
 Occasional along borders of marshes. Endemic. 
 Nearest related to E. alhida Torr. of the eastern 
 United States. Referred by Hemsley to E. melanocarpa 
 Torr. and by Clarke to E. Berlandieri (Britton) Clarke. 
 First named as a distinct species in Journal N. Y. 
 Botanical Garden, 13 : 191. 
 
 6. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. 
 
 Beaked Spike-rush. (Fig. 80.) Per- 
 ennial; culms slender, wiry, the fer- 
 tile ones erect or ascending, the sterile 
 reclining or recurving and rooting at 
 the tip, often 5°-6° long. Upper 
 sheath truncate; spikelet oblong, 10- 
 20-flowered, 3"-6" long; scales ovate, 
 green with a darker midrib; bristles 
 4—8, retrorsely barbed, longer than 
 the achene and tubercle; style 3- 
 clef t ; achene 3-angled, reticulated. 
 
 Abundant in marsh east of Cam- 
 den, 1912. Native. United States and 
 Cuba. 
 
 7. RYNCHOSPORA Yahl. 
 Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3-angled or terete 
 culms, narrow flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously 
 clustered spikelets. Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucro- 
 nate by the excurrent midvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the 
 lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6) upwardly or downwardly barbed 
 or scabrous bristles, or wanting in some species. Stamens commonly 3. 
 Style 2-cleft, 2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or swollen, not 3- 
 angled, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the 
 style (tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. [Greek, referring to the 
 beak-like tubercle.] About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, most 
 abundant in warm regions. Type species: Bynchospora aurea Yahl. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 53 
 
 Achenes smooth, not stalked. 
 Achene wrinkled, stalked. 
 
 1. R. distana. 
 
 2. R. Htipitatu. 
 
 1. Rynchospora distans (Miehx.) Vahl. Dis- 
 tant-clustered Beaked-rush. (Fig. 81.) Peren- 
 nial, pale green. Culms tufted, slender, l°-2i° tall; 
 leaves filiform or nearly so by the involute margins; 
 spikelets ovoid, about 11" long, several together in 
 terminal and axillary clusters; perianth-bristles 
 mostly 6, usually upwardly barbed, about as long 
 as the achene; achenes oval or oblong-oval, nearly 
 1" long, excluding the broad conic smooth tubercle. 
 \^Schoenus distans Michx. ; ByncJiospora dommucensis 
 A. H. Moore; E. fusca of Lefroy.] 
 
 Frequent in marshes. Native. Southeastern United 
 States and West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 2. Rynchospora stipitata Chapm. Stipi- 
 TATE Beaked-rush. (Fig. 82.) Perennial, 
 bright green. Culms tufted, 2^-3*° tall, arch- 
 ing above, 3-angled; leaves elongated, '2"-5" 
 wide, smooth; spikelets about 4" long, nar- 
 rowly ovoid, numerous, in 4-5 compound axil- 
 lary corymbs; ijerianth-bristles 6-8, upwardly 
 barbed; achenes lenticular, 1-3 in a spikelet, 
 orbicular-obovoid, stalked, the body about I" 
 long, finely trans^^ersely wrinkled, less than A 
 as long as the bristles; tubercle conic, setose. 
 {Rynchospora florida of Lefroy.] 
 
 Frequent along marshes. Native. Florida. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn, its inflorescence 
 much infested by a black smut. 
 
 8. MARISCUS [Hall.] Zinn. 
 
 Perennial leafy sedges, the spikelets oblong or fusiform, few-flowered, vari- 
 ously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, the middle ones 
 mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper usually fertile. Perianth none. 
 Stamens 2 or sometimes 3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the 
 achene, its branches sometimes 2-3-parted. Achene ovoid to globose, smooth or 
 longitudinally striate. Tubercle none. [Greek, referring to the branched in- 
 florescence of some species.] About 30 species, natives of tropical and tem- 
 perate regions. Type species: Schoenus Marismis L. 
 
64 
 
 CYPEEACEAE. 
 
 1. Mariscus jamai- 
 censis (Crantz) Britton. 
 Saw-grass. Prickly 
 Sedge. (Fig. 83.) Culm 
 stout, 3°-9° high, ob- 
 tusely 3-angled. Leaves 
 very long, glabrous, 3"- 
 10" wide, the margins 
 spinulose-serrulate ; um- 
 bels several or numerous, 
 decompound, forming a 
 large panicle ; spikelets 
 mostly 2-5 together at 
 the ends of the raylets, 
 narrowly ovoid, acute, 
 2"-2l" long; uppermost 
 scale subtending a per- 
 fect flower; stamens 2; 
 achene ovoid, abruptly 
 sharp-pointed, wrinkled, 
 narrowed to the base, 1" 
 long. [Cladium jamai- 
 cense Crantz; C. occi- 
 dentale Schrad. ; C. Ma- 
 riscus of Hemsley and of 
 H. B. Small.] 
 
 Common in marshes. Native. Southern United States, West Indies and tropical 
 continental America. Flowers in summer and autumn. This is the largest sedge 
 of the Bermuda flora and the only one with serrate-margined leaves. It covers 
 large areas in some of the marshes, forming dense masses of vegetation. 
 
 9. CAREX L. 
 
 Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3-angled. Leaves 
 3-ranked, the upper elongated or very short (bracts) and subtending the spikes 
 of flowers, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of 
 bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing 
 both staminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous). Perianth none. Stami- 
 nate flowers of 3 stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single 
 pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of 
 a sac-like bractlet or second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which com- 
 pletely encloses the achene. Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. A 
 vast genus, of more than 1000 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the 
 temperate zones. Type species: Carex p^ilicaris L. 
 
 Spikes sessile with few staminate flowers at their bases ; styles 2. 1. C. albolutescens. 
 Lower spikes filiform-stalked, pistillate, the upper staminate ; 
 
 styles 3. 2. C. bermudiana. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 55 
 
 1. Carex albolutescens Schwein. 
 Greenish- WHITE Sedge. (Fig. 84.) Culms 
 l°-2° tall, stout. Leaves l"-2" wide, 
 shorter than the culm; bracts filiform or 
 wanting; spikes 3-8, oblong, usually 
 narrowed at both ends, silvery green 
 when young, becoming brownish, 4"-6" 
 long, clustered; perigynia broadly ovate, 
 not twice as long as wide, broadly winged, 
 strongly nerved on both faces, about 2" 
 long, the roughish be'ak about one third 
 as long as the body; scales lanceolate, 
 acuminate; achene nearly or quite sessile. 
 
 Marshes and grassy fields. Native. 
 Eastern United States. Flowers in spring. 
 
 2. Carex bermudiana Hemsley. 
 
 Bermuda Sedge. (Fig. 85.) Eoot- 
 stock stout, short ; culms rather stout, 
 smooth, sharply 3-angled, nearly erect, 
 li°-2i° tall. Leaves glabrous, rough- 
 ish-margined, about 2" wide, the 
 lower often as long as the culm; 
 spikes 5-8, linear, l'-2' long, densely 
 many-flowered, the upper 1-4 stami- 
 nate, at least at the summit, the 
 lower 2-4 mostly all pistillate, the 
 lowest filiform-stalked, the others ses- 
 sile or nearly so; scales ovate, green- 
 ish-white, aristate, glabrous, longer 
 than the perigynia or the upper about 
 equalling them; perigynia glabrous, 
 oblong, strongly ri])bed, the short 
 beak 2-cleft; styles 3; achene short- 
 stalked. 
 
 Wooded marshy situations and 
 shaded rocky places. Very rare, and 
 presumably on the verge of extinction. 
 Endemic. Flowers in spring. 
 First collected by J Dickinson about ICno, the specimen preserved in the 
 Sloane Herbarium at the British Museum of Natural History and not again 
 collected by botanists until found by us in the autumn of 1005. Its nearest relative 
 is Carex Waltcriana Bailey of the southeastern United States, and the species mny 
 have sprung from seeds of that species transported to Bermuda by winds or liirds. 
 Its affinity with Carex praealtn Boott. of St. Helena, suggested by Henislev, is much 
 more remote; it was illustrated by Mr. Hemsley in ".Journal of Botany " 21 : p/. 2.^9, 
 fig. 2, and his original description and discussion of the plant may be found on p. 260 
 of the same volume. 
 
 Order 5. ARECALES. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with erect or horizontal stems (caudices), growing by 
 a single terminal bud. Leaves at the end of the stem, the petioles with 
 imbricated bases: blades plaited in the bud, fan-shaped or pinnate. 
 Flowers perfect or polygamous, in more or less compound axillary pan- 
 icles. Perianth in 2 series of parts, persistent. Calyx of 3 united or 
 
56 
 
 AEECACEAE. 
 
 nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 3 partially united or distinct petals. 
 Stamens mostly 6, sometimes 9-12 ; filaments dilated at the base and par- 
 tially united; anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 3 more or less united or 
 distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, erect, orthotropous or 
 anatropous. Fruit usually a drupe, sometimes a berry. Seeds often 
 hollow. Endosperm horny or cartilaginous, rarely channelled. 
 
 Family 1. ARECACEAE Reichenb. 
 Palm Fa:\iily. 
 Characters of the order. About 1200 species of palms are known; 
 they are grouped in about 150 genera. 
 
 1. SABAIi Adans. 
 Unarmed palms. Leaves ample, fan-shaped, many-cleft, the segments 2- 
 cleft, filamentose; ligule partially united to the rachis; petioles concave above, 
 sharp-edged. Spadix decompound. Flowers perfect, sessile. Perianth white 
 or green, glabrous. Calyx cup-shaped. Sepals 3, unequal. Petals 3, nearly 
 distinct, imbricated. Stamens 6; filaments subulate or lanceolate, their dilated 
 bases united and adnate to the corolla. Ovary 3-celled; style 3-angled; stigma 
 truncate. Drupe usually developed from 1 carpel, with a membranous epicarp 
 and a fleshy pericarp. Seed solitary, spheroidal, erect with a dark brown, shin- 
 ing testa. Endosperm horny. [Name not explained.] About 20 species, 
 natives of warm-tem.perate and tr\Dpical America. Type species: S. glabra 
 (Mill.) Sarg. j^ g^^^j Blackburnianum Glaze- 
 
 brook. Bermuda Palmetto. (Fig. 86.) 
 Trunk cylindric, up to 35° high, averag- 
 ing 10' in diameter, often variously con- 
 stricted, that of young trees invested by 
 the overlapping petiole-bases, but old 
 trees mostly naked up to the crown of 
 leaves. Young leaves scurfy on the veins 
 beneath; old leaves bright green on both 
 sides, averaging about 6° broad, but 
 those of young trees often 9° broad, 
 cleft at base and apex § to i and at the 
 middle i to § toward the midrib which 
 is convex and marginally 2-winged below 
 and sharply 1-ridged above; leaf -seg- 
 ments l'-2' broad, 2-cleft toward the 
 apex; there is usually a fibril at each 
 primary and secondary cleft of the 
 leaves; ligule narrowly triangular, 2-4' 
 long, acute, with winged margins; 
 petioles as long as the blades or some- 
 what longer, convex beneath, channeled 
 above, much broader, and finally splitting 
 at the base, fibrous-reticulate, margined 
 below; inflorescence branched, longer than the petiole; flowers white; drupe 
 black, obovoid, i'-f long. [Saial Palmetto of Eein, Jones, Lefroy and H. B. 
 Small; S. umbracidifera of Reade and of H. B. Small; S. Adansonii of Lefroy, 
 of H. B. Small and of A. H. Moore; Chamaerops Palmetto of Michaux; C. 
 glabra of Jones; Inodes Blackbumiana Cook; Saljal Mocini Eiccobono.] 
 
AEECACEAE. 57 
 
 Common in all but saline situations. Endemic. Flowers in summer, the fruit 
 ripe in autumn. The plants differ greatly in size, depending on soil and situation, but 
 there is only one species of I'almetto wild in Bermuda, records of two or more species 
 notwithstanding. After the Cedar it is the most conspicuous native tree. This palm 
 was first named as distinct from all others, in 182!), by Glazebrook, in the London 
 Gardeners' Magazine 5 : 54, and there illustrated ; the specific name is in honor of a 
 Mr. Blackburn, in whose collection, in England, it was then known, but all record 
 of its origin had been lost, other than that it came into the possession of his grand- 
 father in 1787. It is now frequent in greenhouses in Europe, and occasional in 
 \Yest Indian gardens. Its closest relative is probably iiobal I'altnetto (Walt.) 
 Lodd., of Florida, the Bahamas and Cuba, from the seeds of which, brought to 
 Bermuda by floating, it may have sprung through isolation. Baskets of many 
 kinds, hats, dish-mats, napkin-rings, fans and other small articles are made from 
 the bleached leaves ; the leaves are also torn into strips and extensivelv utilized for 
 stringing fish. Where growing protected from the wind, the trees hold their old 
 withering leaves for some time, but ordinarily the leaves fall soon after maturing. 
 
 An intoxicating beverage called " Bibey " was formerly distilled from its 
 fruit (H. B. Small). 
 
 It has often been illustrated, as on plates 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the Botany of the 
 Challenger Expedition ; Garden and Forest 4 : f. 53 : Annual Report, Missouri 
 Botanical Garden 15 : pi. 21 ; .Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, 13 : pi. 
 107. Constrictions in the trunk of this palm are described by llarshberger in I'ro- 
 ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 57 : 701-704, 1905. 
 
 Cocos nucifera L., Coconut, tropical American, has been locally planted 
 and grows to maturity. This palm succeeds best in loose sandy soil where its 
 roots have perfect drainage. Its fruit, as produced in Bermuda, is mostly 
 small, and not of good quality. 
 
 Phoenix dactylifera L., Date Palm, African, has been locally planted for 
 ornament and interest and grows well; a number of large trees may be seen. 
 b}it the climate is neither dry nor hot enough to enable it to perfect very good 
 fruit. Fine old plants were seen at the Public Garden, St. Georges. 
 
 Phoenix rupicola T. Anders., a low, bright green species, is grown in 
 gardens; it is native of India. 
 
 Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) Cook, Eoyal Palm, Cuban and Floridian, com- 
 monly planted for shade and ornament, and of rapid growth, has pinnate 
 leaves often 9° long or longer, their narrov^' segments spreading in more than 
 one plane, long drooping panicles of white flowers, and subglobose, slightly 
 fleshy fruits about 4" long. [Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. ] 
 
 Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) Cook, Cabbage Palm, Jamaican, is similar to 
 the preceding species but taller, sometimes 90° high, the leaf-segments spread- 
 ing nearly in one plane, the oblong slightly curved fruit nearly V long. 
 [Oreodoxa oleracea (Jacq.) Mart.] 
 
 Livistona chinensis R. Br., Bourbox Pal:m, a fan-leaved species with spiny 
 leaf-stalks and very large leaves is commonly grown in gardens, forming a 
 trunk up to 12° high or more. [L. mauritiana Wall.] 
 
 Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Cook, Grugru Palm, West Indian, may be 
 seen in several fine specimens on lawns; it has pinnate spiny leaves and a cylin- 
 dric stout densely spiny trunk up to 20° high. It has been erroneously 
 recorded as an Astrocaryum. 
 
 Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl., Golden-fruited Palm, native of 
 Madagascar, a species usually forming clustered trunks, slender and becoming 
 15° or 20° high, with light green, long, pinnate leaves and small yellow fruit, is 
 occasionally planted for ornament. 
 
 Rhapis flabelliformis L'ller., of Western Asia, occasionally planted for 
 ornament, is a very slender palm, 9° high or less, forming thickets; its slendcr- 
 petioled palmate leaves are about 1° broad, cleft nearly to the end of the 
 petiole into 3-10 linear segments i'-lV wide, which are incised at the apex and 
 with spinulose margins; its flowers are in panicled spikes under the leaves. 
 
 Caryota ureus L., Toddy Palm, Wine Palm, Asiatic, seen at the Agri- 
 cultural Station in 1913, but not vigorous, becomes 40° or 50° high under 
 favorable conditions; it is unarmed, with pinnately divided leaves up to 10° 
 or 12° long, the segments obliquely wedge-shai>ed and toothed ; when mature, it 
 
58 AKECACEAE. 
 
 develops large drooping flower-clusters at the upper axils and progressively 
 downward nearly to the base. 
 
 Areca Catechu L., Betel Nut, Asiatic, occasionally planted, is an un- 
 armed palm with a slender trunk, becoming 40° high or higher, its pinnate 
 leaves 4°-6° long, with many, narrowly lanceolate, plicate segments; its in- 
 florescence is much-branched, drooping, with small white flowers, its ovoid, 
 smooth, orange or scarlet fruit about 2' long, used in large quantities in trop- 
 ical Asia for chewing. The Agricultural Station had seedlings in 1914. 
 
 Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd.) Sarg., Silver Thatch Palm, Floridian 
 and West Indian, a fan-leaved palm up to 20° high, the slender-petioled leaves 
 silvery beneath, the petiole-bases fibrous-netted, the panicled, small, globose, 
 fruits black, is occasionally planted for ornament. 
 
 Pinanga Kuhlii Blume, Kuhl's Pinanga, Malayan, was taken to Mt. 
 Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913. Seedling plants 
 were also seen at the Agricultural Station. It is a pinnate-leaved palm, with 
 long leaf-sheaths and acuminate, falcate segments, the upper ones cuneate at 
 the base and incised at the apex; the fruits are small and ellipsoid. 
 
 Chamaerops humilis L., Dwarf Palm, of southern Europe, a low, fan- 
 leaved species with slender spiny petioles, linear leaf-segments, the dark green, 
 orbicular leaves about 1° broad, the flowers in short, dense panicles, is occa- 
 sionally planted for ornament. 
 
 Howea Belmoreana (F. Muell.) Becc, Curly Palm, from Lord Howe's 
 Island in the Pacific Ocean, is occasionally planted, and often eroneously called 
 Kentia. It becomes at least 20° tall, with great pinnate leaves 8°-12° long, 
 their narrow long-acuminate segments 2°-3° long, about 7' wide; the flowers 
 are borne on greatly elongated, solitary or few spadices, the fruit partly 
 enclosed in notches. [Kentia Belmoreana F. Muell.] 
 
 Rhopadostylis Baueri H. Wendl., Bauer's Khopadostylis, native of 
 Norfolk Island, is a pinnate-leaved palm, becoming 10° high or more, the 
 leaves 6°-10° long, the tips of their numerous, narrow segments at first con- 
 nected by a very slender marginal band which disappears as the leaves become 
 older; it has white flowers and small, scarlet, short-ellipsoid fruits. A fine 
 specimen, apparently this species, was seen at Norwood in 1914. 
 
 Neowashingtonia filifera (Linden) Sudw., Weeping Palm, of Lower 
 California, taken to Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913, 
 has fan-shaped leaves 2°-4° broad on slender, unarmed petioles, the numerous 
 linear segments with marginal filaments; the inflorescence of this palm is 
 paniculately branched, with small white flowers. [Washingtonia filifera 
 Linden.] 
 
 Dictyosperma album (Bory) Wendl. & Drude, White Dictyosperma, 
 of the Mascarene Islands, seen at Bellevue in 1914, is a pinnate-leaved palm, 
 with short-petioled, stiff leaves 6° long or more, short panicles of small, white 
 flowers, the narrowly ovoid pointed fruits nearly V long. I am indebted to 
 Mr. O. F. Cook, of the United States Department of Agriculture, for the identi- 
 fication of this species. [Areca alha Bory.] 
 
 Dictyosperma rubrum Wendl. & Drude, East Indian, was represented by 
 seedlings at the Agricultural Station in 1914. 
 
 Ptychosperma elegans (R. Br.) Blume, Elegant Ptychosperma, Austra- 
 lian, is a pinnate-leaved palm, similar to the preceding species, but with longer 
 panicles. One of the palms in the collection seen at Bellevue in 1914, is prob- 
 ably referable to this species. [Seaforthia elegans R. Br.] 
 
 Martinezia caryotaefolia H.B.K., Martinezia, South American, recorded 
 by Jones in 1873, is a tall slender palm, wuth a spiny trunk, the pinnate leaves 
 3°-6° long also spiny, their segments wedge-shaped, clustered. 
 
 Seedling palms, under the following names, were seen at the Agricultural 
 Station in 1914 : 
 
AEECACEAE. 59 
 
 Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & Wendl., Samoan ; this species is recorded by 
 Jones as grown in Bermuda in 1873. 
 
 Pritchardia Thurstoni Muell. & Drude, Fijian, 
 Oncosperma fasciculatum Thwaites, CeyloneJ^e. 
 Licuala grandis (Bull) Wendl., of New Britain. 
 Martinezia coroUina Mart, of Martinique. 
 Livistona Hoogendorfii Andre, Javan. 
 Dypsis madagascariensis Nicholson, Madagascan. 
 
 Order 6. CYCLANTHALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or some species woody vines, with petioled flabellate 
 leaves and monoecious flowers in axillary, peduncled, fleshy, spadix-like 
 spikes, the perianth wanting or rudimentary. Staminate flowers with 
 many stamens, the anthers linear to oval. Pistillate flowers usually with 
 4 staminodes; ovary 1-celled, truncate or 4-lobed; stigmas 1 or 4; ovules 
 many. Fruit a fleshy syncarp. The order is composed of a single family. 
 
 Family 1. CYCLANTHACEAE. 
 
 Cyclanthus Family. 
 Six genera and about 40 species, natives of tropical America. 
 
 Carludovica palmata R. & P., Panama-hat Plant, Peruvian, grown for 
 ornament, has long-petioled dark-green leaves '2°-3° broad, cleft into linear, 
 acuminate spreading and drooping segments. From the petioles the fibre is 
 obtained for weaving hats of fine quality, and in 1903 the Botanical Station 
 had some 7000 plants for distribution raised from seed, but the industry was 
 not established. 
 
 Order 7. ARALES. 
 
 Monoeotyledonous herbs, mostly fleshy. Inflorescence in the Araceae 
 
 a fleshy spadix, subtended by a spathe, or naked. The Lemnaceae are 
 
 minute floating thalloid plants, with few or solitary flowers on the margin 
 
 or back of the thallus. 
 
 Large terrestrial plants, the inflorescence a spadix. Fam. 1. Arace.4E. 
 
 Minute floating thalloid plants with few or solitarj' flowers. Fam. 2. Lemnaceae. 
 
 Family 1. ARACEAE Neck. 
 
 Arum Family. 
 
 Herbs mostly with basal long-petioled leaves, and spathaceous inflo- 
 rescence, the spathe enclosing or subtending a spadix. Rootstock tuberous 
 or a corm. Spadix densely flowered, the staminate flowers above, the 
 pistillate below, or the plants wholly dioecious, or wdth perfect flowers in 
 some species. Perianth wanting, or of 4-6 scale-like segments. Stamens 
 2-10. Filaments veiy short; anthers 2-celled, commonly with a thick 
 truncate connective, the sacs opening, by dorsal pores or slits. Ovary 1- 
 several-celled ; ovules 1-several in each cavity; style short or wanting; 
 stigma terminal, mostly minute and sessile. Fruit a berr>^ or utricle. Seeds 
 various. Endosperm copious, sparse or none. About 105 genera and at 
 least 1000 species, mostly of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. 
 
60 
 
 AEACEAE. 
 
 1. ZANTEDESCHIA Spreng. 
 Succulent glabrous herbs with thick rootstocks and sagittate or hastate 
 long-petioled leaves, showy white or yellow spathes, the monoecious flowers on a 
 stout spadix; staminate flowers uppermost, with 2 or 3 stamens; pistillate 
 flowers with 3 spatulate staminodes, an ovoid ovary, a very short style and a 
 discoid stigma. Berries 1-5-celled, 2-lQ-seeded. [Dedicated to Francesco 
 Zandeschi.l About 6 South African species, the follo^^ng typical. 
 
 1. Zantedeschia aethiopica 
 
 (L.) Spreng. Calla Lilt. 
 (Fig. 87.) Leaves sagittate, 
 ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
 bright green, 2° high or more, 
 apiculate; peduncle stout, as 
 long as the leaves or shorter; 
 spathe bright white, 5'-7' long, 
 yellowish within below, narrow- 
 tipped; pistillate part of the 
 spadix about one fourth as long 
 as the yellow staminate por- 
 tion; berries yellow. [Calla 
 aethiopica L. ; Eichardia afri- 
 cana Kunth.] 
 
 Quite abundantly naturalized 
 in fresh-water marshes. Escaped 
 from cultivation. Native of 
 Africa. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. 
 
 Anthurium Veitchii Mas- 
 ters, Yeitch 's Tail-flower, 
 Colombian, seen at Paget Rec- 
 tory in 1914, has large, lance- 
 olate, recurving, petioled leaves often 5° long, arising in tufts from thick root- 
 stocks, their veins impressed; the thick yellowish spadix is about 8' long, the 
 green spathe about 1° long. 
 
 Dieffenbachia segnine (Jacq.) Schott, Dumb Cane, West Indian, recorded 
 by Lefroy as grown at Mt. Langton, has erect stems 3°-5° high, the ovate, 
 petioled leaves 8-15' long, clustered toward the top; the narrow spathes are 
 5'-7' long. [Arum seguine Jacq.] 
 
 Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Blume, Jack-in-the-Pulpit, North American, 
 was recently planted in a garden near Bailey's Bay, but did not become 
 established. It has acrid corms, and long-petioled, 3-foliolate leaves. [Arum 
 triphyllum L.] 
 
 Caladium "bicolor (Ait.) Vent., Caladium, South American, grown for 
 ornament, is stemless, with long-petioled, ovate, peltate, sagittate, pointed, often 
 variegated leaves. [Arum hicolor Ait.] 
 
 Xanthosoma sagittaefoiimn (L.) Schott, Yautia, Malanga, of tropical 
 America, sometimes grown for its edible tubers, is stemless or nearly so, with 
 long-petioled, sagittate leaves l°-3° long. [Arum sagittae folium L.] 
 
 Xanthosoma violaceum Schott., Violet Xanthosoma, West Indian, has 
 ovate, sagittate leaves with violet petioles about twice as long as the blades, its 
 spathe pale violet; it is occasionally planted for ornament. 
 
 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Eddoe-Coco, Elephant 's_ Ears, a low 
 stemless species with large long-petioled cordate leaves, is cultivated for its 
 edible tubers. It is native of the East Indies. [Arum esculentum L.] 
 
ARACEAE. 
 
 61 
 
 Monstera deliciosa Liebm., a vine with large ovate perforated leaves is 
 grown on walls for ornament and for its eylindric edible fruit. { Philodendron 
 lacerum of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Phnodendrcn giganteum Sehott, West Indian, a very large-leaved, half- 
 cdimbing species, existed in the Victoria Park, Hamilton, 1912. 
 
 A species of Philodendron, climbing to a height of 8°, with cordate, ovate, 
 short-acuminate, yellow-mottled leaves about 1° long, was seen at Oranee 
 Valley in 1914. ^ 
 
 Several other species of this family are grown in gardens as ornamentals*. 
 
 Family 2. LEMNACEAE Diimort. 
 
 Duckweed Family. 
 
 Minute perennial floating aquatic plants, without leaves or with only 
 very rudimentary ones. The plant-body consists of a disk-shaped, elon- 
 gated or irregular thallus, which is loosely cellular, densely chlorophyl- 
 lous and sometimes bears one or more roots. The vegetative growth is by 
 lateral branching, the branches being but slightly connected by slender 
 stalks and soon separating. The inflorescence consists of one or more 
 naked monoecious flowers borne on a slight lateral prominence on the edge 
 or upper surface of the plant. Each flower commonly consists of but a 
 single stamen or a single flask-shaped pistil. The anther is provided with 
 two to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical minutely barbellate grains. 
 The pistil is narrowed to the funnel-shaped scar-like stigmatic apex, and 
 produces 1-6 erect or inverted ovules. The fruit is a 1-6-seeded utricle. 
 The family comprises the smallest of the flowering plants and contains 4 
 genera and about 30 species of wide distribution. 
 
 1. LEMNA L. 
 Thallus disk-shaped, usually provided with a central nerve and with or 
 without two or four lateral nerves. Each thallus produces a single root, which 
 is devoid of vascular tissue and is commonly provided Avith a thin blunt or 
 pointed rootcap. The ovary contains from one to six ovules. Fruit ovoid, 
 more or less ribbed. Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion to 
 the growth of these small plants in swamps.] About 8 species, in temperate 
 and tropical regions. Type species: Lemna trisiilca L. 
 
 1. Lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Val- 
 DiviA Duckweed. (Fig. 88.) Thallus oblong- 
 elliptic, l"-2i" long, thin, subfalcate and 
 shortly stalked at the base, provided with 
 numerous stomata, except on the borders, nerve- 
 less ; rootcap blunt ; spathe renif orm ; fruit 
 ovoid-oblong, unsymmetrical ; seed prominently 
 12-29-ribbed. [L. minor cyclostasa Ell.; L. 
 valdiviana Phil. ; L. minor of Rein, Reade, Le- 
 froy, Moore and Harshberger.] 
 
 Common in ditches and marshes, often cover- 
 ing the surface of water. Native. United States, 
 West Indies and tropical continental America. Its 
 minute flowers are seldom observed. Probably 
 transported to Bermuda on the feet or feathers of 
 birds. 
 
62 LEMNACEAE. 
 
 Lemna trisulca L., of the cooler parts of the north temperate zone, is 
 recorded as Bermudian by Eein and copied by Hemsley, but it has not been 
 found by recent collectors, and probably could not withstand the warm climate. 
 The plant described under that name by H. B. Small is Salvinia Olfersiana. 
 
 Order 8. XYRIDALES. 
 
 Monocotyledonous herbs, mostly with narrow leaves. Flowers usually 
 complete, their parts mostly in 3's or 6's. Corolla re^ilar or nearly so 
 (except in Commelina). Ovary compound, superior. Endosperm of the 
 seed mealy. 
 
 Plants not epiphytic ; leaves not scurfy. 
 
 Perianth of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals) colored. 
 
 Fam. 1. COMMELINACEAE. 
 
 Perianth G-parted. Fam. 2. Pontederiaceae. 
 
 Plants epiphytic ; leaves scurfy. Fam. 3. Bromeliaceae. 
 
 Family 1. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Spiderwort Family. 
 
 Perennial or annual leafy herbs with regular or irregular perfect and 
 often showy flowers in cymes, commonly subtended by spathe-like or leafy 
 bracts. Perianth of 2 series; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals and a 
 corolla of mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals. Sta- 
 mens mostly 6, hypogynous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 or 3 
 of them different from the others and sterile; filaments filiform or some- 
 what flattened; anthers 2-celled, mostly longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
 superior, sessile or xery nearly so, 2-3-celled ; ovules 1 or several in each cell, 
 anatropous or half anatropous; style simple; stigmas terminal, entire or 
 obscurely 2-3-lobed. Seeds solitaiy or several in each cell of the capsule. 
 Capsule 2-3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Embryo small. Endosperm 
 copious. About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly natives of tropical 
 regions, a few in the temperate zones. 
 
 Fertile stamens 2 or 3. 1. Commelina. 
 
 Fertile stamens 6. 2. ZehHna. 
 
 1. COMMELINA L. 
 
 Somewhat succulent, branching herbs, with short-pet ioled or sessile leaves, 
 and irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by spathe-like 
 bracts. Sepals unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united. Petals 
 unequal, 2 of them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of 
 them incurved and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3, 
 smaller, their anthers various. Filaments all glabrous. Capsule 3-celled. 
 Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, the testa roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedi- 
 cated to Kaspar Commelin, 1667-1731, Dutch botanist.] About 95 species of 
 wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Type species: Commelina 
 communis L. 
 
 Spathes not united, acuminate. 1. O. longicaulis. 
 
 Spathes united toward the base, acute. 2. C. elegans. 
 
COMMELINACEAE. 
 
 63 
 
 1. Commelina longicaulis 
 J acq. Creeping Day-flower. 
 Chicken-grass. Poultry- 
 grass. (Fig, 89.) Glabrous or 
 very nearly so; stems procum- 
 bent or creeping, l°-3° long. 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, l'-3' long, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, their 
 sheaths sometimes ciliate ; 
 spathe acuminate, f'-lj' long, 
 peduncled, the 2 bracts not 
 united by their margins; flowers 
 few in each spathe, 3"-6" 
 broad; ventral cavities of the 
 ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal 1- 
 ovuled; capsule commonly 5- 
 seeded (2 seeds In each of the 
 ventral cells, 1 in the dorsal) ; 
 seeds oblong, reticulated, about 
 1" long. [C. agraria Kunth; C. 
 communis of Jones ; C. nudi- 
 flora of Clarke, not of Linnaeus.] 
 
 Common in moist or wet 
 shaded situations. Native. South- 
 eastern United States, West In- 
 dies and tropical continental 
 America. Flowers nearly through- 
 out the year. Its seeds perhaps 
 transported by birds. 
 
 leaves, and few subsessile 
 a cylindric tube, persistent. 
 
 2. Commelina elegans II.B.K. 
 
 Larger Day-flower. (Fig. 90.) Stems 
 branching at the base, the branches de- 
 cumbent, rooting at the nodes, pubescent 
 at least below the nodes; leaves lanceo- 
 late to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 1'- 
 4' long, acute or acuminate at the apex, 
 often rounded at the base, the sheaths 
 naked or sparingly ciliate on the mar- 
 gin ; spathes short-peduncled, pubescent, 
 7"-10" long, acute; petals blue or white; 
 capsules broadly obovoid, 2" long; seeds 
 3, about 1^" long, slightly flattened, 
 smooth. This species has been referred 
 by authors to C. virgiiiwa L. 
 
 Frequent in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of Florida, 
 West Indies and tropical continental 
 America. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 2. ZEBRINA Schnitzl. 
 A succulent, decumbent or pros- 
 trate, perennial herb, with ovate nearly 
 small clustered flowers. Sepals connat*^ 
 Petals also connate below, with spread- 
 
 mto 
 
 ing limbs. Stamens 6, equal, perfect. Ovary 3-celled, the cavities with 
 2 ovules. Capsule 3-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cavity. [Latin, from the 
 striped leaves.] A monotypic genus. 
 
64 
 
 COMMELINACEAE. 
 
 1. Zebrina pendula Schnitzl. Wandering 
 Jew. (Fig. 91.) Stems 1° long or more, 
 branclied. Leaves l'-2' long, acute or acumi- 
 nate, purple beneath, longitudinally green- or 
 white-banded above, their sheaths ciliate at the 
 throat; flowers glomerate between 2 upper 
 leaves; calyx-tube white; corolla-tube white; 
 limbs of the petals ovate, rose-purple. [Trades- 
 cantia discolor of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Locally escaped from gardens, where it is com- 
 monly planted for ornament and is very luxuriant. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. Native of 
 the West Indies and Central America. 
 
 Rhoeo discolor (L'Her.) Hance, Oyster 
 Plant, West Indian, a nearly stemless succu- 
 lent plant, with large imbricated lanceolate 
 purplish leaves, the short-peduncled clustered 
 flowers subtended by large ovate concave bracts, 
 is occasional in gardens. [Tradescantia dis- 
 color L'Her.; Cyanotis discolor of Jones.] 
 
 Tradescantia virginica L., Blue Spiderwort, North American, with linear 
 leaves and showy blue umbellate flowers is another garden plant of this family. 
 
 Family 2. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Pickerel-weed Family. 
 
 Perennial aquatic or bog j^lants, the leaves petioled, with thick blades, 
 or long and grass-like. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular, solitary 
 or spiked, subtended by leaf-like spathes. Perianth free from the ovary, 
 corolla-like, 6-parted. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube or the base of 
 the perianth; filaments filiform, dilated at the base or thickened at the 
 middle; anthers 2-celled, linear-oblong or rarely ovate. Ovary 3-celled 
 with axile placentae, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; style filiform or 
 columnar; stigma terminal, entire or minutely toothed; ovules anatropous, 
 numerous, sometimes only 1 of them perfecting. Fruit a many-seeded 
 capsule, or a 1-celled, 1-seeded utricle. Endosperm of the seed copious, 
 mealy; embryo central, cylindric. About 5 genera and 25 species, in tem- 
 perate and tropical regions. 
 
 1. PIABOPUS Eaf. 
 Herbs, with floating rootstocks copiously root-bearing at the nodes, the 
 leaves clustered at the nodes, the petioles slender or inflated, the blades commonly 
 dilated. Flowers s^essile, solitary, or in terminal spikes or racemes. Perianth 
 showy, its 6 parts in 2 series, united into a tube below, the limb oblique. Stamens 
 6, irregularly adnate to the perianth, 3 included, 3 exserted ; filaments sometimes 
 flattened at the base. Ovary 3-celled; stigma terminal; ovules numerous. 
 Capsule included in the withering-persistent perianth, loculicidal. Seeds many- 
 ribbed. [Greek, referring to the swollen petiole of the following species.] 
 About 5 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Pontederia 
 azurea Sw. 
 
PONTEDERIACEAE. 
 
 66 
 
 1. Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) 
 Britton. Water Hyacinth. (Fig. 
 92.) Floating or rooting in the mud. 
 Foliage glabrous below; leaves erect, 
 or ascending; petioles elongated, 
 wholly or partly inflated or sometimes 
 gradually tapering from the base; 
 blades l^'-S^' broad, ovate to orbicu- 
 lar or nearly renif orm, leathery ; 
 scapes 4'-16' tall, simple ; spadix 
 glandular-pubescent; perianth showy, 
 bluish purple; tube curved, about 1' 
 long; lobes suborbicular or obovate, 
 longer than the tube, the upper one 
 with a yellow center. [Pontederia 
 crassipes Mart. ; Eichornia crassipes 
 Solms; Pontederia azurea of H. B. 
 Small.] 
 
 In water, Devonshire and Pembroke 
 Marshes, multiplying so rapidly that it 
 chokes outlets and has to be removed 
 at intervals. Introduced. Native of the 
 West Indies and tropical continental 
 America. Completely naturalized in 
 Florida, where it chokes streams and 
 rivers, impeding navigation. Flowers in 
 summer and autumn. 
 
 Family 3. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 Pine-Apple Family. 
 
 Epiphytic herbs (some species terrestrial or on rocks), mostly scurfy, 
 with elongated, entire or spinulose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, pan- 
 icled, or solitary, regular and perfect, usually conspicuously bracted. 
 Perianth of 3 thin distinct or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed dis- 
 tinct or united petals. Stamens 6, usually inserted on the base of the 
 corolla. Ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each 
 cavity, anatropous; style short or elongated; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved 
 in our species. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous. Embryo small, 
 situated at the base of the copious endosperm. About 35 genera and 900 
 species, all natives of tropical and subtropical America. 
 
 No species of the family is native or naturalized. 
 
 Dendropogon usneoides (L.) Raf. [Tillandsia usneoides L.], Long-moss, 
 Florida Moss, Spanish Moss, of the southeastern United States and West 
 Indies, a much-branched, grey-green, scurfy plant with drooping, thread-like 
 stems, filiform leaves and small axillary flowers with linear-spatulate petals, has 
 been introduced for interest and grown on trees and porches, in places appear- 
 ing almost naturalized. 
 
 Guzmania lingulaU (L.) Mez., Capitate Guzmania, of tropical America, 
 growing naturally on rocks and trees, is a stout-stemmed plant about 1° high, 
 with tufted, linear, pointed leaves 1° long or less, about 1' wide, the yellowish 
 flowers in a terminal dense head subtended by foliaceous red bracts, the cap- 
 sular fruits narrowly oblong, containing many seeds provided with brown wool ; 
 
 6 
 
66 BROMELIACEAE. 
 
 it was seen growing on rock work at Bellevue in 1913. [Caraguata ungulata 
 Lindl.] 
 
 Ananas Ananas (L.) Cockerell, Pine Apple, presumably of South Ameri- 
 can origin, now occasionally grown, but of no commercial importance in Ber- 
 muda, is recorded as introduced from the West Indies in 1616, and was, ap- 
 parently, quite extensively grown for a good many years. [Bromelia Ananas 
 L. ; Ananas sativa Mill.] 
 
 Tillandsia fasciculata Sw., Fascicled Tillanesia, West Indian, occa- 
 sionally grown on rock work and in greenhouses, has large tufts of grey-green 
 linear-lanceolate leaves about 1° long and blue flowers in bracted, fascicled 
 spikes at the top of a stem l°-2° long. 
 
 Aechmaea polystachya (Veil.) Mez, Violet Aechmaea, South American, 
 occasionally planted for ornament and interest, has linear-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, spinulose-serrate leaves l°-2° long and about 1' wide above the much 
 wdder base, the many-flowered, erect scape somewhat longer than the leaves, 
 the flowers in panicled, flattened erect spikes, the corolla violet-blue. [Tillandsia 
 polystachya Veil.] 
 
 Dyckia altissima Lindl., Tall Dyckia, Brazilian, was sent to Paget Eec- 
 tory from the New York Botanical Garden in 1914. 
 
 Order 9. LILIALES. 
 
 Monocotyledonous plants, mostly with well-developed perianth, the 
 flowers usually regnlar and complete^ and their parts in 3's or 6's. Ovary 
 superior or inferior, compound. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or horny. 
 
 Ovary superior. 
 
 Perianth-segments distinct, green cr brown, not petal-like ; herbs with grass-like 
 
 leaves and small flowers. Fam. 1. Juncaceae. 
 
 Perianth-segments distinct, or partly united, at least 
 the inner petal-like. 
 Herbaceous plants or vines. 
 
 Fruit a capsule. Fam. 2. Liliaceae. 
 
 Fruit a fleshy berry. 
 
 Erect herbs or vines ; tendrils none ; flow- 
 ers perfect. Fam. 3. Convallariaceae. 
 Tines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect ; 
 
 flowers dioecious, in axillary umbels. Fam. 4. Smilaceae. 
 
 Large tall woody plants. Fam. 5. Dracae>'aceae. 
 
 Ovary inferior, wholly or in part. 
 Stamens 6 in our species. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs ; flowers perfect. Fam. 6. Amaryllidaceae. 
 
 Twining vines : flowers dioecious. Fam. 7. Dioscoreaceae. 
 
 Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 8. Iridaceae. 
 
 Family 1. JUNCACEAE Vent. 
 
 Rush Family. 
 
 Perennial or sometimes annual, grass-like, usually tufted herbs, com- 
 monly growing in moist places. Inflorescence usually compound or de- 
 compound, paniculate, cory^mbose, cymose, or umbelloid, rarely reduced to 
 a single flower, bearing its flowers singly, or loosely clustered, or aggre- 
 gated into spikes or heads. Flowers small, regular, with or without bract- 
 lets (prophylla). Perianth 6-parted, the parts glumaeeous. Stamens 3 or 
 6, rarely 4 or 5, the anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled, dehiscing by a slit. 
 
JUNCACEAE. 
 
 67 
 
 Pistil superior, tricarpous, 1-eelled or 3-celled, with 3-many ascending 
 anatropous ovules, and 3 filiform stigmas. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. 
 Seeds 3-many, small, cylindrie to subglobose, with loose or close seed-coat, 
 with or without caruneular or tail-like appendages. Seven genera and 
 about 200 species, widely distributed. 
 
 1. JUNCUS L. 
 
 Usually perennial plants, principally of swamp habitat, with glabrous 
 herbage; stems leaf-bearing or scapose, leaf -sheaths with free margins, and 
 leaf-blades terete, gladiate, grass-like, or channeled. Inflorescence paniculate 
 or corymbose, often unilateral, sometimes congested, bearing its flowers either 
 singly and with 2 bractlets (prophylla), or in heads and without bractlets, but 
 each in the axil of a bract ; bractlets almost always entire ; stamens 6 or 3 ; 
 ovary 1-celled or by the intrusion of the placentae 3-celled, the placentae cor- 
 respondingly parietal or axial; seeds several-many, usually distinctly reticu- 
 lated or ribbed, often tailed. About 215 species, most abundant in the north 
 temperate zone. The plants bloom in summer. [Latin, from jungo, to bind, 
 in allusion to the use of these plants for withes.] Type species: J uncus 
 acutus L. 
 
 Leaf-blades terete ; tall perennials. 
 
 Inner perianth-segments obtuse ; capsule ovoid. 
 
 rerianth-segments acute ; capsule oblong. 
 Leaf-blades flat. 
 
 Annual ; low ; flowers solitary on the branches of the in- 
 florescence. 
 
 Perennial ; tall ; flowers in panicled heads. 
 
 1. J. acutus. 
 
 2. </. maritimus. 
 
 3. J. hufonins. 
 
 4. J. aristtilatus. 
 
 1. Juncus acutus L. Large Marsh 
 Rush. (Fig. 93.) Stems stout, 2^°-3*° 
 high, from stout rootstocks. Basal leaves 
 several, stout, stiff, often as long as the 
 stem, pungently tipped, terete; leaves of 
 the inflorescence stout, erect, tipped like 
 the basal ones, as long as the panicle or 
 shorter, or sometimes exceeding it; panicle 
 3'-9' long, its stiff branches nearly erect; 
 heads few-flowered; perianth about 2" long, 
 its outer segments lanceolate, the inner 
 oval-oblong, obtuse; stamens 6, shorter 
 than the perianth; capsule about 34" long, 
 ovoid, tipped, about twice as long as the 
 perianth; seeds tailed at each end, oblong. 
 
 Camden Marsh ; Coney Island ; St. 
 George's Island. Naturalized. Coasts of 
 southwestern Europe and the Mediterranean 
 region ; southern and lower California. 
 
68 
 
 JUNCACEAE. 
 
 2. Juncus maritimus Lam. Sea 
 EuSH. (Fig. 94.) Stems 3° high or less, 
 from a stout horizontal rootstock. 
 Outer basal leaves reduced to bladeless 
 sheaths, the innermost Avith a long terete 
 stout blade about equalling the stem; 
 leaf of the inflorescence erect, some- 
 times 1° long; panicle 3'-8' high, its 
 branches stiff, erect ; heads 2-6-flow- 
 ered; perianth IV' long, its parts green, 
 lanceolate, with hyaline margins; flow- 
 ers perfect; stamens 6, two thirds as 
 long as the perianth; filaments about 
 as long as the anthers; capsule l^'long, 
 narrowly oblong, acute, mucronate, 
 brown above, 3-celled; seed brown, the 
 body narrowly and obliquely oblong, 
 tailed at either end. 
 
 Salt marshes, uncommon, but locally 
 forming large colonies, especially at 
 Spittle Pond. Native. Europe, and very 
 locally on the coast of the eastern United 
 States. Probably transported to Bermuda 
 by floating. 
 
 3. Juncus bufonius L. Toad Rush. 
 (Fig. 95.) Plant branching from the 
 base, annual, erect, seldom exceeding 
 8' in height ; leaf -blades flat, ?"-i" wide, 
 in low plants often much narrower; in- 
 florescence with blade-bearing leaves at 
 the lower nodes; flowers inserted singly 
 on its branches; perianth-parts 2"-3i" 
 long, lanceolate, acuminate, equal; sta- 
 mens usually 6, sometimes 3; anthers 
 shorter than the filaments; capsule 
 about two thirds as long as the perianth, 
 narrowly oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 3- 
 celled; seeds broadly oblong, with 
 straight tips, minutely reticulate in 30- 
 40 longitudinal rows. 
 
 Pembroke Marsh, and in cultivated 
 ground, Harrington House, 1909. Nat- 
 uralized. Native of the north temperate 
 zone. Flowers in spring. 
 
 Juncus tenuis Willd., Slender Eush, a similar perennial North American 
 species, recorded as Bermudian by Eein, Eeade, Lefroy and H. B. Small, has 
 not been found by recent collectors. Eeade states that it occurs in the marshes. 
 A specimen of a Juncus collected by Eein but not named by him proves to be 
 J. hufonius, and all Bermudian references to J. tenuis are probable errors for 
 J. 'bufonius. 
 
JUNCAGEAE. 
 
 69 
 
 4. Juncus aristulatus Michx. 
 
 Large Grass-leaved Rush. (Fig. 
 96.) Plants solitary or sparingly 
 tufted, 2°-4° high or sometimes 
 lower. Stems markedly bulbous- 
 thickened at the base; leaves 
 sometimes 2^" broad; panicle 10' 
 high or less, composed of niuner- 
 ous, usually 20-100 relatively small 
 2-5-flowered heads ; perianth about 
 li" long; sepals acute or acumi- 
 nate; petals oblong or obovate, 
 obtuse, longer than the sepals; 
 stamens as long as the perianth 
 or longer; anthers much shorter 
 than the filaments; capsules obo- 
 void, about 1" long, truncate or 
 depressed at the apex. 
 
 Frequent in marshes. Native. 
 Eastern United States, Cuba, Mexico. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. Its 
 seeds presumably transported to Ber- 
 muda by winds. 
 
 Family 2. LILIACEAE Adans. 
 Lily Family. 
 
 Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or eorms, or rarely with 
 rootstocks, the leaves various. Flowers solitary or clustered, regular, 
 mostly perfect. Perianth parted into 6 distinct or nearly distinct seg- 
 ments, or these more or less united into a tube, inferior or partly superior. 
 Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the bases of its seg- 
 ments; anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse, sometimes extrorse. Ovary 3- 
 celled; ovules few or numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; 
 styles united; stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. 
 Seeds various, winged or wingless. Embryo in copious endosperm. About 
 125 genera and 1300 species, widely distributed. Many showy-flowered 
 plants are members of this family, and favorites for cultivation. 
 
 Bulbous plants with umbellate flowers and linear leaves; perianth-seg:ment9 spread- 
 ing 1. Xothoscordunu 
 
 Plants with a caudex, the flowers racemose, the thick leaves 
 
 spiny-toothed; perianth suboylindric. -. A Joe. 
 
70 
 
 LILIACEAE. 
 
 1. NOTHOSCORDUM Knntli. 
 
 Scapose herbs, similar to the onions, but T\ithout alliaceous odor, with 
 membranous-coated bulbs, narrowly linear basal leaves and small yellow or 
 yellowish-green flowers in an erect 2-bracted umbel. Perianth 6-parted, wither- 
 ing-persistent, its segments 1-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the bases of the 
 perianth-segments; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; 
 ovules several in each cavity; style filiform, jointed near the base, but com- 
 monly persistent; stigma small, capitate. Capsule 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds 
 angled or flattish, black. [Greek, signifying false garlic] About 10 species. 
 Type species: Northoscordum pulchellum Kunth. 
 
 1. Nothoscordum fragrans (Vent.) 
 Kunth. Large False Garlic. (Fig. 97.) 
 Bulb ovoid. Leaves 3"-8" wide, flat; 
 bracts ovate-acuminate, persistent; umbel 
 6-22-flowered; pedicels filiform, l'-2' long 
 in fruit; flowers 5"-6" long; perianth-seg- 
 ments thin, oblong, or oblong-spatulate, 
 longer than the stamens; capsule obovoid, 
 3 "-4" high, the style as long or slightly 
 shorter. [Allium fragrans Vent.] 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds, Hamilton 
 Parish and St. George's. Naturalized in the 
 southern United States and Jamaica. Sup- 
 posed to be native of Africa. Flowers in 
 spring and summer. Known as " Wild Onion " 
 in Bermuda, and, presumably, recorded by H. 
 B. Small as Allium sativum. The plant differs 
 from ]V. hived ve (L.) Britton with which it has 
 sometimes been confused, by its usually broader 
 leaves and its obovoid capsule; the capsule of 
 K. bivalve is globose or depressed globose. 
 
 2. AIiOE L. 
 
 Succulent plants with a short or elongated caudex, the thick tufted leaves 
 with spiny-toothed margins, the racemose flowers nodding. Perianth subcylin- 
 dric, the segments connivent or coherent, their tips somewhat spreading. 
 Stamens 6, with slender filaments and oblong anthers. Ovary sessile, 3-angled 
 and 3-r'Blled; style filiform, tipped by the small stigma; ovules many in each 
 cavity of the ovary. Capsule leathery, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, 
 black. [Name ancient.] Over 75 species, mostly African, the following 
 typical. 
 
LILIACEAE. 
 
 71 
 
 1. Aloe vera L. Aloes. Common Aloes. 
 (Fig. 98.) Acaulescent, or nearly so, stolo- 
 uiferous. Leaves l°-2° long, narrowly lanceo- 
 late, long-acuminate, turgid, very watery 
 within, pale glaucous-green, the marginal 
 spiny teeth V apart or less; scape stout, 2°- 
 3^° high, bearing distant, broad, acute scales; 
 raceme dense, 4'-12' long; bracts lanceolate, 
 acute, longer than the short pedicels; flowers 
 yellow, about 1' long; stamens about as long 
 as the perianth, the style longer. [A. vulgaris 
 Lam.] 
 
 Waste grounds and woodlands. Escaped 
 from cultivation and naturalized. Native of the 
 Mediterranean region. Flowers in summer. 
 Called Bxi.MBOO, according to Lefroy. 
 
 Aloe soccotrina Lam., Bitter Aloes, is 
 
 occasionally cultivated, as well as a few other 
 
 African species, interesting as ornamentals. 
 
 Aloe lingua Hook, is mentioned by Jones. 
 
 Medeola virginica L., Cucumber Root, a 
 
 North American plant of the related family 
 
 Trilliaceae, with a whorl of 4 to 10 leaves 
 
 under an umbel of small greenish flowers, 
 
 is said, by Lefroy, to be " a small annual weed 
 
 found under walls," but this appears to be an 
 
 error in record or determination. 
 
 Allium Cepa L., Onion, is one of the most important food-crops of 
 the islands, and the bulbs are largely exported, although the industry is 
 not nearly as extensive as it was some years ago. Lefroy states that 
 
 over 4,000 tons were exported in 1875. 
 
 Lilium longiflorum Thunb., Easter Lilt, White Japanese Lily, is ex- 
 tensively grown for export in a race (L. Harrisii Carr.) sometimes said to have 
 originated here, but this industry is not as important as it was some years ago, 
 although the Lily fields are yet a very conspicuous feature in spring. The 
 industry commenced about 1878 and reached its greatest development from 
 1890 to 1903 ; there are many references to it in horticultural literature, as in 
 Garden 28: 72, 1885; 30: 124, 125, 1886; 31: 561, 1887; Gardener's Chronicle 
 58: 113, 1885; Garden and Forest 2: 184, 185, 1889. C. W. Hervey published 
 an article describing it in New England Magazine 32: 193-198, 1905. The 
 lilies were attacked by a disease which is described and discussed by Woods, 
 in the 14th Bulletin of the Division of Vegetable Physiology of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture, by A. L. Kean in Botanical Gazette 15: 
 8-14; and by Mr. George A. Bishop in a paper published at Hamilton in 1S9S. 
 The cover-page of ''Horticulture," June 16, 1917, shows a field of this 
 ' ' Fairy Isle Lily ' ' at Sunny Lands. 
 
 Lilium candidum L., Tall White Lily, of southern Europe, is occasionally 
 planted ; it has flowers with a tube wider than that of the Easter Lily, and its 
 leaves are broader. 
 
 Lilium Henryi Baker, Henry's Lily, Chinese, with reddish-yellow flowers 
 and short-stalked lanceolate leaves, was grown at Paget Rectory prior to 1914, 
 and other kinds of lilies have been grown there from time to time. 
 
 Lilium chalcedonicum L., Chalcedonian Lily, of southern Europe, has 
 few, scarlet, nodding flowers in rather long peduncles, the leaves linear; it has 
 been planted occasionally. 
 
 Lilium speciosum Thunb., Shoavy Lily, Japanese, also occasionally planted 
 has several or numerous nodding white flowers blotched with red; its lower 
 leaves are ovate, the upper lanceolate. 
 
72 LILIACEAE. 
 
 Phormium tenax Forst., New Zealand Flax, of New Zealand, recorded 
 by Lefroy as planted in Devonshire Marsh in 1875, but not flourishing, has 
 2-ranked, linear leaves about 4° long and 3' wide, its red or orange flowers 
 about f long, panicled on a scape longer than the leaves. 
 
 Hemerocallis fulva L., Day Lily, European, with long linear leaves, and 
 few large clustered yellow flowers opening for a day, on scapes l°-2° high, its 
 roots fibrous-fleshy, its basal linear leaves V-¥ wide, is occasional in gardens. 
 H. B. Small's description, under this name, applies to some wholly different 
 plant with broad crinkled leaves and white tubular flowers on a scape 6'-8' high. 
 
 Omithogalum latifdlium L., Star-of-Bethlehem, of the Levant, with long 
 racemes of large greenish- white flowers and long narrow leaves, is grown in 
 gardens and about houses. 
 
 Abumon africanum (L.) Britton, Blue Lily, South African, with an 
 umbel of blue flowers on a leafless scape, is common in cultivation, generally 
 known as Star-of-Bethlehem. The linear leaves, shorter than the scape, ap- 
 pear after flowering time. [Crinum africanum L.; Agapanthus umbellahis 
 L'Her.] 
 
 Gloriosa simplex L., Climbing Lily, African, an herbaceous climber S** or 
 4° long, with alternate, broadly lanceolate, thin leaves 3-4' long, their tips 
 tapering into a coiled tendril, the solitary long-peduncled flowers about 3' 
 wide, yellow or reddish-yellow, the perianth-segments 6, spatulate, was grown 
 at the Agricultural Station in 1913. 
 
 Gloriosa superba L., Climbing Lily, of the Old World tropics, differing 
 from the preceding in having longer, wavy-crisped perianth-segments, is occa- 
 sionally planted. 
 
 Kniphofia Uvaria (L.) Hook., Eed-hot Poker, African, seen in a Hamil- 
 ton garden in 1914, has narrowly linear, rough-margined leaves '2°-3° long, the 
 dense racemes of flaming red nodding flowers on scapes as long as the leaves 
 or longer, the perianth nearly cylindric. [Aloe Uvaria L. ; Tritoma Uvaria 
 Ker; K. aloides Moench.] 
 
 Gasteria decipiens Haw., Tufted Gasteria, grown at the Agricultural 
 Station in 1913, native of South Africa, has fleshy, nearly triangular, thick, 
 concave leaves 2'-3' long, tufted on a very short stem, and a stalked raceme 
 of curved tubular flowers about 1' long, the perianth-tube dilated below, 
 
 Gasteria maculata Haw., Spotted Gasteria, is a similar South African 
 species, with blotched leaves; it is recorded by Jones as grown in Bermuda. 
 [G. oMiqua Duval.] 
 
 Hyacinthus orientalis L., Hyacinth, of southern Europe, is grown in 
 gardens to some extent. 
 
 Sansevieria guineensis (Jacq.) Willd., African Bowstring Hemp, of 
 tropical Africa, a fibre-plant with long, basal, flat mottled leaves up to 3° long, 
 l'-4' wide, and dense racemes of greenish-white, fragrant, tubular flowers on 
 scapes, the corolla V-IV long, is common in gardens and occasionally seen in 
 waste places. [Aletris guineensis Jacq.] 
 
 Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Willd., Ceylon Bowstring Hemp, of southern 
 Asia, similar, but with narrower concave leaves, was grown at the Agricultural 
 Station in 1913. [Aletris hyacinthoides zeylanica L.] 
 
 Chlorophytum elatum E. Br., Chlorophytum, South African, with narrow 
 tufted basal leaves and small whitish flowers in a narrow panicle, is grown in 
 flower-gardens. 
 
' CONVALLARIACEAE. 73 
 
 Urginea maritima (L.) Baker, Sea Onion, Sea Squills, of the Mediter- 
 ranean region, with large deep bulbs up to 6' in diameter, a slender scape l°-3° 
 long bearing a many-flowered raceme, often 1' long, of slender-pedicelled, 
 purplish-white flowers, their perianth-segments V long, the later-appearinn- 
 lanceolate leaves about 1° long and 3' wide, is grown in flower-gardens. 
 [Scilla maritima L.] 
 
 Family 3. CONVALLARIACEAE Link. 
 LiLY-OF-THE- Valley Family. 
 
 Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, with simple or branched rootstocks. 
 Flowers solitary, racemose, panicled or umbelled, regular and perfect. 
 Leaves broad, parallel-veined and sometimes with cross-veinlets, in Aspara- 
 gus and its allies reduced to scales bearing filiform or flattened branchlets 
 in their axils. Perianth inferior, 4-8-paii:ed with separate segments, or 
 oblong, cylindric or urn-shaped and 6-lobed or 6-toothed. Stamens 6-8, 
 rarely 4, hypogynous or borne on the perianth; anthers introrsely, ex- 
 trorsely or laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-eelled, superior; ovules ana- 
 tropous or amphitropous; style slender or short; stigma mostly 3-lobed. 
 Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds few or numerous. Embryo small. Endosperm 
 copious. About 23 genera and 215 species, widely distributed. 
 
 There are no native nor naturalized plants of this family in Bermuda. 
 
 Asparagus officinalis L., Asparagus, European, is occasionally grown as a 
 vegetable, but scarcely as a crop, although it apparently thrives. 
 
 Asparagus plumosus Baker, South African, an herbaceous climber with 
 very narrow linear leaves, whitish flowers and small black berries, is cultivated 
 on arbors and porches for decoration. 
 
 Asparagus africanus Lam., or a related species, a low climber, with linear- 
 subulate, nearly terete leaves about 5" long and i" thick, numerous in approxi- 
 mate verticils, was growing at the Agricultural Station in 1913, represented by 
 a small plant neither flowering nor fruiting, the identification, therefore, not 
 certain. 
 
 Lefroy records the successful cultivation in 1875 of a plant called Aspara- 
 gus natalensis, but this name does not appear to have been published, botan- 
 ically; it may apply to the following species. 
 
 Asparagus Sprengeri Eegel, of Natal, seen at Montrose in 1914, is a low 
 climber, with linear, flat, acute, whorled and scattered leaves 8"-l-4" long, 
 about 1" wide, the small, odorous white flowers short-racemose, the red globose 
 berries about \' in diameter. 
 
 Aspidistra lurida Ker, Aspidistra, Chinese, grown in flower-gardens, has 
 numerous, basal, tufted, rather rigid, oblong-lanceolate, acute, shining leaves 
 l°-2° long, narrowed into channeled petioles; the purplish flowers are on very 
 short scapes among the petioles, the perianth with 8 parts, stamens 8, the 
 stigma peltate. 
 
 Convallaria majalis L., Lily-of-the-Valley, European and North Ameri- 
 can, rarely planted, and reported as not succeeding well in Bermuda, has long 
 rootstocks, 2 or 3 basal, oblong or elliptic, petioled leaves 1° long or less, and a 
 1-sided raceme of white fragrant campanulate, nodding flowers, the corolla 3" 
 long. 
 
74 SMILACEAE. 
 
 Family 4. SMILACEAE Vent. 
 
 Smilax Family. 
 
 Mostly vines with woody or herbaceous, often prickly stems. Leaves 
 alternate, netted-veined, several-nerved, petioled. Petiole sheathing, bear- 
 ing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages, persistent, the blade falling 
 away. Flowers small, mostly green, dioecious, in axillary umbels, perianth- 
 segments 6. Stamens mostly 6, distinct; filaments ligulate; anthers basi- 
 fixed, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary' 3-celled, the cavities opposite the inner 
 perianth-segments; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous ; stj'le very 
 short or none ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a globose berry containing 1-6 brownish 
 seeds. Endosperm horny, copious; embryo small, oblong, remote from the 
 hilum. Genera 3, species about 200, in warm and temperate regions. 
 
 1. SMILAX L. 
 Rootstocks usually large and tuberous, stems usually twining, and climbing 
 by means of the coiling appendages of the petiole. Lower leaves reduced to 
 scales. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Pedicels 
 borne on a globose or conic receptacle, inserted in small pits, generally among 
 minute bractlets. Filaments inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments. 
 Staminate flowers, without an ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the 
 staminate, usually with 1-6 abortive stamens. Berry black, red or purple 
 (rarely white), with strengthening bands of tissue running through the outer 
 part of the pulp, connected at the base and apex. [Ancient Greek name, per- 
 haps not originally applied to these plants.] About 225 species of wide dis- 
 tribution, most abundant in tropical America and Asia. Type species: Smilax 
 aspera L. 
 
 Smilax Bona-nox L., North American, was seen in 1912 in thickets and 
 planted borders at Mt. Langdon. It is a branched vine, somewhat prickly, 
 with halberd-shaped pointed leaves. Lefroy records the naturalization of a 
 species of this genus at Camden, under the name Smilax sagittaefolia, called 
 Sarsaparilla. Reade notes the plant grown, used and sold as Sarsaparilla 
 is the Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissns quinque folia, and this remark is yet 
 true. Verill states that Smilax sagittaefolia Lodd. is the same as S. aspera L. 
 
 Smilax officinalis Kunth, South American, with ovate-oblong, cordate, 
 acute, glabrous and shining leaves about 6' long, was represented in the collec- 
 tion at the Agricultural Station in 1913. 
 
 Family 5. DRACAENACEAE Link. 
 
 Dracaexa Family. 
 
 Shrubby plants or trees, with woody caudices which are generally 
 copiously leafy. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, firm or rigid, sometimes 
 with marginal filaments, often finely toothed. Flowers in racemes or 
 panicles. Sepals and petals 3 each, but little dissimilar. Stamens 6. 
 Filaments distinct, sometimes partially adnate to the perianth. Anthers 
 2-eelled. Carpels 3, united. Ovary superior, 1-3 celled. Styles united, 
 sometimes very short or obsolete during anthesis, but manifest in fruit. 
 Ovules 2-several, or many in each cavity. Fruit a primarily loeulicidal 
 capsule, or berry-like and indehiscent. About 8 genera and upward of 100 
 species, mostly of tropical distribution. 
 
DRACAENACEAE. 
 
 75 
 
 1. YUCCA L. 
 
 Large scapose or caulescent plants, with short or elongated, sometimes 
 horizontal rootstocks. Leaves firm or rarely thinnish, narrow, rigidly pointed, 
 commonly furnished with thread-like fibers along the edges, serrulate or entire. 
 Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Perianth usually white, drooping, 
 subglobose to campanulate; sepals and petals distinct or slightly united at the 
 base. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments enlarged above, shorter than the 
 perianth. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule dehiscent, or berry-like 
 and indehiscent. Seeds flattened or turgid. [Aboriginal name.] About 30 
 species, native of North and Central America and the West Indies, the follow- 
 ing typical. 
 
 1. Yucca aloifolia L. Spanish 
 Bayonet. (Fig. 99.) Caudex stout, up 
 to 10° high, often branched; plant usu- 
 ally growing in colonies forming large 
 masses. Leaves 3° long or less, stiff, 
 sharp-pointed, the upper spreading, the 
 older lower ones deflexed, the base ex- 
 panded; panicle ample, often 2° long, 
 showy; perianth white, or purplish- 
 tinged, about 2' long, its segments ob- 
 long; caj)sule pulpy, indehiscent, oblong, 
 2i'-3i' long. Seeds thin. [Yucca serrii- 
 lata of Lefroy, Jones and H. B. Small.] 
 
 Common on sand dunes and on hill- 
 sides. Very abundant and luxuriant on 
 south coast, Somerset Island. Native. 
 Southeastern United States and West Indies. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. Probably 
 transported to Bermuda by floating. Locally 
 used for hedges. 
 
 Yucca gloriosa L., Elegant Spanish 
 Bayonet, of the southeastern United 
 States, recorded by Jones, is similar with 
 somewhat larger flowers and smaller 
 capsules, the seeds thick. 
 
 Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth, Purple Cordyline, Purple Dracaena, 
 of tropical Asia, commonly grown for ornament, has an erect trunk up to 12° 
 high, bearing at the top a tuft of petioled, oblong purple, mottled or green 
 leaves l°-2° long, 4-8' wide with a strong midvein and many nearly parallel 
 nerves, surmounted by a large panicle of spicate white flowers, the 6-parted 
 perianth about V long. [Dracaena terminalis L.] 
 
 Cordyline australis (Forst.) Hook., New Zealand Cordyline or Dracaena, 
 becomes taller than the preceding species and has a terminal tuft of nearly 
 linear, sessile, green, purple or variegated leaves up to 4° long, I'-l^' wide; its 
 white, panicled flowers are 3"-4" long. It is recorded by Lefroy as having been 
 grown in Bermuda and is also mentioned by Jones. [Charlwoodia australis 
 G. Don.] 
 
 Several other kinds of Dracaenas have been introduced as ornamentals, but 
 have either not succeeded very well, or failed altogether. D. Lindeni, a horti- 
 
76 
 
 DEACAENACEAE. 
 
 cultural race of Pleomele fragrans (L.) N. E. Brown, with recurved, whitish- 
 banded leaves, is one of the most ornamental. 
 
 Family 6. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Amaryllis Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), with 
 bulbs or rootstocks, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usually narrow 
 and entire leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 6- 
 parted or 6-lobed, the segments or lobes distinct, or united below into a tube 
 which is adnate to the surface of the ovary. Stamens usually 6, inserted 
 on the bases of the perianth-segments or in the throat of the perianth op- 
 posite the lobes. Anthers versatile or basifixed, 2-cellecl, the sacs usually 
 longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, usually 3-celled. 
 Style filiform, entire, lobed, or cleft into 3 stigmas at the summit. Ovules 
 usually numerous, rarely only 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary, ana- 
 tropous. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds mostly black, the embryo 
 small, enclosed in fleshy endosperm. About 70 genera and 800 species, 
 principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the temperate 
 zones. 
 
 Perianth-tube with a crown. 
 Perianth without a crown. 
 
 Filaments united below by a thin membrane. 
 Ovules many ; capsule 3-valved. 
 Ovules only 2 in each cavity. 
 Filaments not united by a membrane. 
 
 Low bulbous plants with grasslike leaves. 
 Large plants with great tufts of fleshy leaves. 
 
 1. yarcissi(s. 
 
 2. Pancratium. 
 
 3. Hymenocallis. 
 
 4. Atamosco. 
 
 5. Furcraea. 
 
 1. NARCISSUS L. 
 Bulbous plants with narrow entire leaves 
 and umbelled or solitary yellow or white large 
 flowers. Perianth-tube cylindric, its lobes 
 spreading or reflexed, its crown tubular to cup- 
 shaped ; stamens 6 ; anthers linear to oblong. 
 Ovary 3-celled; style slender or filiform; 
 stigma 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. 
 Seeds black, numerous. [Greek, referring to 
 narcotic properties.] About 20 species, mostly 
 of the Mediterranean region. Type species: 
 Narcissus poeticus L. 
 
 1. Narcissus Tazetta L. Narcissus. 
 (Fig. 100.) Bulbs l'-2' in diameter; leaves 
 linear, nearly or quite as long as the scape, 
 pale, glaucescent, 5"-8" wide. Scape flattened ; 
 umbel several-flowered, the slender pedicels 
 unequal ; bract membranous ; perianth-tube 
 about 9" long, the limb white or yellow, about 
 IV broad, the crown saucer-shaped, yellow\ 
 
 Hillsides and fields. Escaped from cultiva- 
 tion and naturalized. Native of southern Europe 
 and central Asia. Flowers in spring. Consists 
 of manv races. 
 
AMARYLLIDACEAE. 
 
 77 
 
 Narcissus Jonquilla L., Jonquil, European, common in gardens, has yel- 
 low flowers with a cup-shaped crown and is recorded by Lefroy as escaped from 
 cultivation. 
 
 2. PANCRATIUM L. 
 
 Bulbous herbs with fleshy, linear basal leaves, and large white flowers, 
 umbellate or solitary on leafless scapes. Bulbs coated. Bracts 2, membranous. 
 Perianth funnelform, its 6 narrow lobes erect-spreading, its tube short or 
 elongated. Stamens inserted at the perianth-throat, not exserted, united be- 
 low by a thin membrane; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled, with many ovules 
 in 2 rows in each cavity; style long, filiform; stigma small and capitate. 
 Capsule 3-angled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, flattened, angled, black. [Greek, 
 all-powerful.] About 15 species, natives of warmer parts of the Old World, the 
 following typical. 
 
 1. Pancratium maritimum L. Sea 
 
 Daffodil. (Fig. 101.) Bulb short-necked, 
 about 3' thick, brown-coated. Scape rather 
 stout, flattened, about 1° high, bearing an 
 umbel of 5-10 flowers on very short pedicels ; 
 leaves several, 2° long or less, glaucous- 
 green, S'^-IO" wide ; bracts ovate, acuminate, 
 2' long or less; flowers 3-4' long, the nar- 
 row tube gradually expanded above, some- 
 what longer than the linear segments; stam- 
 inal membranous cup about 1' long, toothed 
 between the filaments. Capsule short-oblong, 
 y long, f thick, bluntly 3-lobed; seeds 
 about 7" long. 
 
 On grassy banks and in yards, Boaz Island 
 near Watford Bridge. Naturalized. Native of 
 southern Europe. Recorded by Reade from 
 the same place in 1883, and still abundant 
 there in 1012, flowering freely in autumn and 
 late summer. 
 
 3. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. 
 
 Fleshy herbs, with coated bulbs and large white flowers. Leaves basal, 
 linear or nearly so, often strap-like. Scape terminated by an umbel, with 
 membranous bracts. Perianth showy, its tube elongated, slender, its lobes 
 narrow, nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 6 ; filaments adnate to the perianth- 
 tube, above which they are connected by a thin cup-like or saucer-shaped mem- 
 brane; anthers narrow, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, exserted; 
 stigma nearly entire. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. Capsule thick, rather 
 fleshy. Seeds green and fleshy, 1 or 2 in each cavity. [Greek, beautiful mem- 
 brane.] About 30 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Hy- 
 menocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. 
 
78 
 
 AMARYLLIDACEAE. 
 
 1. Hymenocallis declinata (Jacq.) 
 Roemer. Spider-Lily. (Fig. 102.) Bulbs 
 subglobose, short-necked, 2' in diameter or 
 more. Scape stout, compressed, 2-edged, 
 2°-3° high, bearing an umbel of 8-15 
 sessile flowers ; leaves broadly linear, 
 acutish, 2'-3' Avide at the middle, narrowed 
 to about 1' wide at the base; flowers 6'- 
 8' long, the narrow tube about as long 
 as the linear segments; bracts lanceolate, 
 acute ; staminal membranous cup about 
 one third as long as the free portion of 
 the filaments ; fruit about IV long. [Pan- 
 cratium ovatum of Reade, Jones and H. 
 B. Small; P. declinatum Jacq.; Hymeno- 
 callis carlhaea of Moore; Pancratium ex- 
 imnsum Sims.] 
 
 Frequent on coastal banks and common 
 in gardens. Naturalized. Native of the 
 West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 HyTnenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb., 
 Long Spider Lily, with tube of the 
 corolla 6'-7' long and much longer than the limb, is common in gardens, flower- 
 ing freely in late summer. It is probably native of the West Indies. [Pan- 
 cratium littorale Jacq.; H. pedalis Herb.] 
 
 4. ATAMOSCO Adans. 
 Acaulescent herbs, with coated bulbs and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal, 
 narrowly linear, flat or channeled. Scape 1-flowered. Perianth white, pink, 
 purple or yellow, its tube funnelform, its lobes 6, equal. Stamens 6, equal or 
 nearly so ; filaments adnate to the throat of the perianth-tube ; anthers versatile. 
 Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, 3-lobed at top, or stigma nearly capitate. Ovules 
 numerous, in two rows in each cavity. Capsule 3- 
 celled, subglobose or depressed, more or less 3- 
 lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds black or nearly 
 so, usually flattened. [Greek, wind-flower.] About 
 35 species, natives of America. Type species: 
 Amaryllis atamasco L. [Z ephyranthes Herb.] 
 
 Flower white. 
 Flower rose-pinl?. 
 
 Flower I'-li' high. 
 
 Flower 2'-3i' high. 
 
 1. A. tuMspatha. 
 
 2. A. rosea. 
 
 3. A. Atamasco. 
 
 1. Atamosco tubispatha (L'Her.) Maza. 
 White Atamasco Lily. (Fig. 103.) Bulb ovoid or 
 subglobose, about 1' in diameter, short-necked. 
 Scape slender, 6-12' high, shorter than or about 
 equalling the leaves, which are 2"-3" wide; spathe 
 membranous, about 1' long, 2-cleft at the top, 
 usually shorter than the slender peduncle ; flower 
 li'-2' long, white, or a little greenish, the tube 
 cleft ; capsule about 6" thick. [Amaryllis tubispatha 
 L'Her.] 
 
 Commonly cultivated and occasionally escaped into 
 waste grounds. Native of tropical America. Flowers 
 in spring and summer. 
 
AMARYLLIDACEAE. 
 
 79 
 
 2. Atamosco rosea (Spreng.) Greene. 
 Small Pink Atamasco Lily. (Fig. 104.) 
 Bulb ovoid or subglobose, usually less- than 1' in 
 diameter, short-necked. Scape rather slender, 
 8' high or less, as long as the leaves or longer; 
 spathe about half as long as the peduncle, 2- 
 cleft at the top; flower V-IY long, rose-pink, 
 with a short tube and obovate bluntish seg- 
 ments; style 3-cleft; capsule about 4" thick. 
 [Amaryllis rosea Spreng.; Zephyr aiithes rosea 
 Lindl.] 
 
 Commonly cultivated, and occasionally escaped. 
 Native of the West Indies. Flowers in spring and 
 summer. 
 
 Atamosco bifolia (Lam.) Britton [Zephy- 
 ranthes hi folia M. J. Roemer] Santo Domingan, 
 with a much larger rose purple flower, longer 
 and broader leaves, is planted in gardens. 
 
 Atamosco Eggersiana (Urban) Britton, 
 Yellow Atamasco Lily, Cuban, grown in 
 gardens, has a bright yellow flower about IV 
 long on a scape about 1° long. [Zephyr anthes 
 Eggersiana Urban.] 
 
 3. Atamosco Atamasco (L.) 
 Greene. Atamasco Lily. (Fig. 
 105.) Bulb ovoid, about 1' long. 
 Leaves fleshy, shining, 12' long or 
 less, li"-3" wide, blunt, usually 
 shorter than the scape; scape 
 terete, erect; bract 2-cleft into 
 acuminate lobes, longer than the 
 ovary; flowers 2^-82' high, white 
 with a purplish tinge or some- 
 times light purple; perianth-seg- 
 ments oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
 shorter than the tube; stamens 
 shorter than the tube; style longer 
 than the stamens; capsule de- 
 pressed, about 6" high. [Amaryl- 
 lis Atamasco L.] 
 
 Occasional in fields, escaped 
 from cultivation. Native of the 
 southeastern T'nited States. Flowers 
 in spring, occasionally also in autumn. 
 
 5. FURCRAEA Vent. 
 Large succulent plants with tufted basal leaves and tall scapes, the in- 
 florescence terminal, paniculate. Perianth of 6 spreading segments, slightly 
 united at the base. Stamens borne on the bases of the segments; filaments 
 thickened below the middle; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 3-celled, with many 
 
80 
 
 AMAEYLLIDACEAE. 
 
 ovules in 2 rows in each cavity; style rather stout, 3-angled and thickened 
 below, tipped by small stigma. Capsule oblong, 3-sided, 3-valved. Seeds 
 numerous, flat. [Dedicated to Antoine Francois de Fourcroy.] About 20 
 species, of tropical America. Type species: Furcraea cubensis (Jacq.) Vent. 
 
 1. Furcraea macrophylla Baker. 
 
 Wild Sisal. (Fig. 106.) Leaves many, 
 the larger about 7° long by 7' wide, 
 nearly equally bright green on both 
 sides, shallowly channeled above, rather 
 firm, gradually narrowed to 2' or 3' 
 wide above the expanded base, the 
 lower prickles V-IY' long, the upper 
 strongly hooked forward, f'-3' apart, 
 borne on triangular distant teeth 2"-3" 
 high; scape up to 30° tall, about 6' 
 thick toward the base, its lanceolate 
 bracts broad-based, the lower l°-2° long, 
 ascending, the upper shorter, widely 
 spreading panicle branches curved and 
 tortuous when young; flowers white, 
 fading yellowish-green, with the odor of 
 wintergreen, at night. [F. gigantea of 
 Jones and Verrill.] 
 
 Abundant in thickets, woodlands and 
 along walls, and a menace to other vegeta- 
 tion. Naturalized. Native of the Baha- 
 mas. Flowers in autumn, the blossoms per- 
 sistent and withering in protected plants 
 up to the middle of December, the in- 
 florescence also bearing hundreds of ovate 
 bulbils, by which the plant is freely propa- 
 gated. Larger, flattened bulbils are some- 
 times produced in the leaf -axils ; these grow 
 into slender shoots 4° or 5° long, which 
 bear flowers the following year. 
 
 Furcraea cubensis (Jacq.) Yent., Cuban, was sent as young plants from 
 the New York Botanical Garden to the Agricultural Station in Paget in 1913, 
 and from the same source to Paget Eectory in 1914. [Agave ciihensis Jacq.] 
 
 Agave americana L., €entury Plant, with bluish green, usually varie- 
 gated spiny leaves, and yellow tubular flowers, presumably native of Mexico, 
 but not known in the wild state, is freely planted for ornament. [A. picta 
 Salm-Dyck.] 
 
 Agave barbadensis Trel., Barbadoes Century Plant, has rather dull 
 green leaves, the largest about 5° long by 6' wide, their dark brown teeth about 
 1" long, the poles up to 15° high and 5' in diameter, were observed growing on 
 cliffs, north shore, east of Bayley's Bay in September, 1912, the colony consist- 
 ing of one dead poled plant, one large plant and many small plants from bulbils 
 of the dead poled one, grown presumably from cultivated specimens thrown out 
 several years before. The plant is commonly grown for ornament and pro- 
 duces bulbils very freely. 
 
 Agave furcroydes Lemaire, Hennequin, Mexican, with narrow spiny- 
 toothed blue-green leaves up to 5° long and 3' or 4' wide, the tall inflorescence 
 mostly modified into bulbils, is commonly planted for ornament and interest. 
 
 Agave sisalana Perrine, Sisal, Mexican, with narrow green leaves mostly 
 unarmed except for the terminal spine, its inflorescence largely modified to 
 bulbils, widely grown in the Bahama Islands, Cuba and Yucatan as an important 
 fibre plant has been planted in the Public Gardens, and at Paynter's Yale. 
 
AMAEYLLIDACEAE. 81 
 
 A number of other Agaves have been grown from time to time. Jones and 
 Verrill mention the Mexican species A. mexicana Lam., A. striata Zucc. and A. 
 xylonacantha Salm-Dyck. In 1913, A. Lecheguilla Torrey, Mexican, and A. 
 Wightiana, were seen at the Agricultural Station, among other unnamed species. 
 
 Later, in the same year, the following were sent to the Agricultural 
 Station from the New York Botanical Garden, and were living in 1914: 
 
 Agave Undenvoodii Trelease, Cuban. 
 
 Agave cienfuegosana Trelease, Cuban. 
 
 Agave decipiens Baker, Floridian. 
 
 Agave longipes Trelease, Jamaican. 
 
 Agave missionum Trelease, Virgin Islands [sent also to Paget Rectory 
 in 1914]. 
 
 Agave obducta Trelease, Antiguan. 
 
 Agave victoria-reginae Moore, Mexican. 
 
 Agave atrovirens Karw., Mexican. 
 
 Agave Scolymus Karw., Mexican [sent also to Paget Rectory in 1914]. 
 
 Agave Vera-crus Mill., Mexican. 
 
 Agave chloracantha Salm-Dyck, Mexican. 
 
 Agave ferox Koch, Mexican. 
 
 Agave lophantha Scheele, Mexican. 
 
 Agave Franzosinii, of hybrid origin. 
 
 Agave WercMei Trelease, Central American. 
 
 In 1914, the following were sent to Paget Rectory from the New York 
 Botanical Garden: 
 
 Agave Legrelliana Jacobi, Cuban. 
 
 Agave Morrisii Baker, Jamaican. 
 
 Agave longipes Trelease, Jamaican. 
 
 Agave soholifera Salm-Dyck, Jamaican. 
 
 Agave tuhulata Trelease, Cuban. 
 
 Agave Karatto Mill., Leeward Islands. 
 
 A plant of Agave neglecta J. K. Small, Floridian, was seen at Wood 
 Haven in 1914. 
 
 Hippeastnim puniceum (Lam.) Urban, Barbadoes Lily, "West Indian, 
 with few, large, red or vermillion, nodding flowers at the end of a leafless scape, 
 longer than the linear-oblong leaves, from a globose bulb about 2' thick, blooms 
 in spring, and is frequent in gardens. [Amaryllis equestris Ait.] 
 
 Crinum zeylanicum L., Ceylon Lily, of tropical Asia, occasional in 
 gardens, has large globose bulbs, thin leaves 2°-3° long, 2'-4' vride, and several 
 umbelled flowers with a curved tube 4-5' long, the segments lanceolate. 
 
 Crinum amabile Donn, Giant Lily, of the Seychelles, with leaves up to 
 5° long and 5'-6' wide, and an umbel of purplish-white flowers 6'-7' long, with 
 a straight tube, blooms at intervals throughout the year. Its bulb has a 
 long neck. 
 
 Crinum cruentum Ker, Mexican, is similar, with a stoloniferous short- 
 necked bulb. 
 
 Crinum asiaticum L., St, John's Lily, of tropical Asia, occasionally 
 planted, has globose bulbs about 5' in diameter with necks 6'-9' long, leaves 
 3°-4° long, 5' wide or less, many white pedicelled flowers with slender tubes 
 3'-4' long and linear segments 2'-3' long. 
 
 Crinum giganteum And., South African, recorded in ' ' Florist 's Exchange 
 of Jan. 17, 1914, as grown in Bermuda, has bulbs 4'-5' in diameter, leaves 
 about 3° long and 4' wide, few white, sessiie flowers with tubes up to /' long 
 and imbricated, oblong, acute segments 3'-4' long. 
 
 Nerine samiensis (L.) Herb., Guernsey Lily, of South Africa, flowers 
 before its long narrow leaves appear, with an umbel of erect, red to crimson 
 
 7 
 
82 AMAEYLLIDACEAE. 
 
 flowers on a scape about a foot high, from ovoid bulbs about 2' thick; its 6 
 stamens are exserted beyond the 6 linear-oblong recurving perianth-segments. 
 It is frequent in gardens. [Amaryllis sarniensis L.] 
 
 Nerine flexuosa (Jacq.) Herb., Pink Nerine, also South African, recorded 
 by Jones, has declined pink flowers from similar, somewhat smaller bulbs. 
 [Amaryllis flexuosa Jacq.; Nerine pulchella Herb.] 
 
 Eucharis grandiflora Planch., Amazon Lily, Colombian, occasional in 
 gardens, has globose bulbs about 2' thick, oblong leaves about 1° long and 5' 
 wide on petioles 1° long, umbelled white flowers, with a nearly cylindric tube, 
 an expanded throat and 6 spreading oblong, blunt segments about 2' long, the 
 staminal cup of six connate segments V long. [E. amasonica Linden.] 
 
 Cyrtanthus Mackenii Hook., f., Ifafa Lily, South African, grown at 
 Water View in 1915, has ovoid bulbs about IV in diameter, linear leaves 6-12' 
 long and about I' wide, the several, umbellate, pure white, very fragrant 
 flowers borne on a scape about as long as the leaves, the perianth with a narrow, 
 gradually dilated tube about 2' long, its spreading segments J' long, the slender, 
 exserted style tipped by a slightly 3-lobed stigma. 
 
 Amaryllis Belladonna L., Belladonna Lily, South African, with large 
 bulbs, the scape about 2h° high bearing an umbel of short-pedicelled, rose- 
 colored, fragrant flowers about 3' long, the corolla-lobes somewhat spreading, 
 is planted in flower-gardens, blooming before the long narrow strap-shaped 
 leaves appear. In Amaryllis the stamens are separate, not connected by a mem- 
 brane, and not exserted beyond the corolla. 
 
 Curculigo recurvata Dryand., Curculigo, East Indian, is a stemless her- 
 baceous plant, with dark green, narrowly oblong, acute, strongly parallel- 
 veined, arching leaves 2°-3° long, the petioles short, stout and channeled; the 
 rather small yellow flowers are in short, dense spikes borne on hairy, curved 
 peduncles about as long as the petioles ; the corolla is about I' broad, the ovary 
 beaked. It is frequently grown for ornament. 
 
 Stembergia lutea (L.) Ker., Sternbergia, of the Mediterranean region, 
 reported as grown in flower-gardens, has a deep bulb l'-2' thick, slender scapes, 
 1-4 from each bulb, mostly somewhat shorter than the narrowly linear leaves, 
 the bright yellow flower about 2' high, the 6-lobed corolla funnelform. 
 [Amaryllis lutea L.] 
 
 Polianthes tuberosa L., Tuberose, Mexican, frequent in flower gardens, 
 has a tuberous rootstock, erect stems ll°-2>° high bearing several narrowly 
 linear leaves, the lower ones l°-li° long, and a terminal spike of white, fra- 
 grant flowers, the perianth-segments about 8" long, the stamens borne at about 
 the middle of the perianth-tube. 
 
 Leucojum aestivumL., Summer Snov^flake, European, occasionally grown 
 in gardens, has bulbs about V thick, linear leaves about 1° long, and a scape 
 bearing several white nodding flowers, the corolla-segments with greenish tips. 
 
 Doryanthes Palmeri W. Hill, Palmer's Doryanthes, Australian, seen at 
 the Agricultural Station in 1913, resembles an Agave, having a basal tuft of 
 narrow leaves up to 6° long, the outer ones recurved, the inner nearly erect, all 
 with brown, tubular tips, entire-margined. The flowering stem arises -to a 
 height of about 25°, surmounted by a panicle, about 3° long, of scarlet flowers. 
 
 Alstroemeria inodora Herb., Alstroemeria, Brazilian, grown at Mount 
 Hope in 1914, has tuberous rootstocks, erect leafy stems about 2° high, the 
 leaves of sterile stems narrowly oblong, petioled, 3'-4' long, those of flowering 
 stems linear-lanceolate and smaller, the umbelled, terminal flowers with 6 
 spatulate segments about 2' long, rose-colored and cinnamon-brown mottled. 
 [A. nemorosa Graham.] 
 
DIOSCOREACEAE. 83 
 
 Family 7. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Yam Family. 
 
 Herbaceous or slightly woody twining vines with fleshy or woody 
 rootstoeks, slender stems, petioled, mostly cordate, several-nerved and 
 reticulate-veined leaves, and small inconspicuous dioecious or monoecious 
 regular flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth 6-parted, that of 
 the pistillate flowers persistent. Staminate flowers with G or 3 stamens, 
 sometimes with a rudimentaiy ovaiy. Pistillate flowers with an interior 
 3-celled ovarj-, 3 styles and 3 terminal stig-mas, sometimes also with 3 or 6 
 staminodia; ovules 2 (rarely 1) in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous, 
 anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 3-valved, 3-angied capsule in the 
 following genus. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or cartilaginous, enclosing 
 the small embryo. About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of 
 America, a few in the Old World. 
 
 1. DIOSCOREA L. 
 
 Characters of the family as defined above. [Name in honor of the Greek 
 naturalist Dioscorides.] About 160 species, most numerous in tropical regions, 
 a few in the temperate zones. Type species: Dioscorea sativa L. There are 
 no native nor naturalized species of the Yam Family in Bermuda. 
 
 Dioscorea sativa L., one of the yams widely cultivated in tropical America, 
 has been grown locally, at times, but has not obtained any economic importance, 
 and it is not known to exist in Bermuda at present. It is a high-climbing 
 glabrous vine, with thin, slender-petioled, broadly ovate, deeply cordate 
 acuminate, palmately-veined leaves, minute, green flowers in long, clustered 
 spikes, and large underground edible tubers. [D. luiea of Jones.] 
 
 Dioscorea bulbifera L., Air Potato, of tropical Asia, sometimes planted 
 for interest, has similar leaves and flowers, but has the peculiarity of producing 
 tubers in the leaf -axils. 
 
 Family 8. IRIDACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Iris Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves and perfect, 
 mostly clustered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or 
 6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovar}^, the segments or lobes in two series, 
 convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the 
 perianth opposite its outer series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform, 
 distinct or united; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, mostly 3- 
 celled; ovules mostly numerous in each cell, anatropous: style 3-cleft, its 
 branches sometimes divided. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent, 3- 
 angled or 3-lobed (sometimes 6-lobed), many-seeded. Endosperm fleshy 
 or horny; embryo straight, small. About 57 genera and 1000 species, of 
 wide distribution. 
 
 Perianth-segments separate, spreading. 1. Sisyrinchium. 
 
 Perianth funnelform, 6-lobed. 2. Freesea. 
 
84 
 
 IRIDACEAE. 
 
 1. SISYRINCHIUM L. 
 
 Perennial mostly tufted slender herbs with fibrous roots from contracted 
 rootstocks, simple or branched 2-winged or 2-edged stems, and linear leaves. 
 Flowers from terminal spathes consisting of mostly one pair of opposite con- 
 duplicate herbaceous bracts enclosing membranous scales; perianth blue, violet, 
 or white with a yellow eye, rarely all yellow, the 6 oblong or obovate segments 
 spreading and aristulate; filaments monadelphous ; anthers linear or oblong, 
 the sacs distinct at base; style threadform, the branches filiform or obsolete; 
 ovary 3-celled; capsule globose, oval or obovoid, usually trigonous, loculicidally 
 3-valved; seeds globose to obovoid, often angled, pitted or smooth. Flowers 
 fugacious, opening successively in sunlight, each usually lasting but a day. 
 [Probably not less than 150 species, nearly all American, the following typical.] 
 
 1. Sisyrinchium Bermudiana L. Ber- 
 MuDiAXA. Bermuda Iris. Bermuda Blue- 
 eyed Grass. (Fig. 107.) Glabrous; stem 
 rather slender, 10'-20' high, flattened and 
 winged, usually branched. Leaves linear, 
 smooth, 2"-5" wide, acuminate, the basal 
 ones 4'-12' long, those of the stem shorter; 
 peduncles several, flattened and winged like 
 the stem, but more slender; spathes about 
 1' long, acute, narrowly scarious-margined, 
 several-flowered; pedicels filiform, longer 
 than the spathe; perianth-segments obovate, 
 emarginate, long-aristulate, bright violet- 
 blue with yellow bases, 6"-8" long; filament- 
 column about one third as long as the peri- 
 anth-segments, the anthers yellow; capsule 
 globose-oblong, blunt, 3"-4" long, splitting 
 into 3 valves and long-persistent. [S. irid- 
 oides Curtis^ Bot. Mag. 3: pi. 94.] 
 
 In all dry sunny places, very abundant, 
 and the most characteristic herbaceous plant 
 of Bermuda. Endemic. Flowers in spring. 
 
 For many years, and until the many 
 continental species of Sisyrinchium were 
 known to botanists, the Bermuda plant was 
 regarded as the same as North American 
 kinds, a view which has been proven quite 
 erroneous, and the Bermuda species does not grow wild elsewhere, as pointed 
 out by Hemsley in 1884 (Journ. Bot. 22: 108-110) but the early botanists 
 considered it distinct; it, doubtless, originated however from seed of one of 
 the continental species brought to Bermuda by a bird or on the wind, the 
 plant becoming differentiated through isolation from its parent-stock. Among 
 living species it resembles more Sisyrincliium alatum Hooker, of Mexico than 
 any of the species of the eastern United States or the West Indies, but it would 
 not be safe to conclude that S. alatum was its ancestor. 
 
 The oldest known specimen of this beautiful and interesting plant is one 
 collected by J. Dickenson about 1699, preserved in the Sloane herbarium at the 
 British Museum of Natural History. Early illustrations of it are given by 
 Plukenet (Phytographia pi. 61, f. 2) and by Dillenius (Hortus Elthamensis 
 pi. 41, f. 48) and a fine colored picture by Eedoute (Liliacees pi. 149). 
 
 The Iris-like, equitant leaves begin to appear in September. The plant is 
 not hardy in England nor in the northeastern United States, but it would 
 
IRIDACEAE. 
 
 85 
 
 probably grow well in southern Florida. Plants taken to the New York 
 Botanical Garden flowered freely under glass, and from one of these was made 
 Miss Eaton's painting, reproduced as a frontispiece for this book. 
 
 2. FREESEA Eckl. 
 Herbs with fibrous-coated corms, narrow leaves and showy yellow or white 
 flowers in unilateral spikes, each flower subtended by 2 spathe-like bracts. 
 Perianth with a curved funnelform tube and an expanded slightly 2-lobed limb, 
 its somewhat unequal segments oblong; stamens borne on the perianth-throat; 
 filaments filiform; anthers linear, sagittate. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled; 
 style filiform, its short branches 2-cleft. Capsule oblong, loculicidally 3-valved. 
 Seeds turgid. [Name not explained.] A monotypic South African genus. 
 
 1. Freesea refracta (Jacq.) Klatt. 
 
 Freesea. (Fig. 1(38.) Corm ovoid to 
 subglobose, 1" long or more. Leaves 
 4'-10' long, mostly basal, about 3" 
 wide, acute; stem l°-li° high, flexuous, 
 simple or few-branched; spike spread- 
 ing nearly at right angles, 2'-4' long, 
 several-flowered, bracts oblong-lanceo- 
 late, 8" long or less; perianth I'-l*' 
 long, the limb much shorter than the 
 tube. [Gladiolus refractus Jacq.] 
 
 In fields, spontaneous or persistent 
 after cultivation. Native of South Africa. 
 Flowers in spring. Races differ in size and 
 color of the flowers. 
 
 Gladiolus species, Corn-flag, Gla- 
 DiOLius, grown in gardens, in several 
 races, flower in spring and summer; 
 the style-branches are undivided. 
 
 Iris germanica L., Fleur de Lis, 
 grown in gardens, flowers in spring, and 
 other species of Iris are occasionally 
 cultivated. Jones records /. virginica 
 L., North American, and I. violacea 
 Sweet, of southern Europe. 
 
 Antholyza aethiopica L., South 
 African, with foliage similar to that of Gladiolus, the reddish-yellow flowers 
 with a curved tube, is commonly grown as a garden flower. 
 
 Tigridia Pavonia (L. f.) Ker., Tiger-flower, Central American, bulbous, 
 with linear leaves often 1° long, tapering at each end, simple stems about 2° 
 high, bearing few or solitary yellow or orange, usually mottled flowers 4'-6' 
 broad, the perianth-segments of two dissimilar series of 3 each, the larger ones 
 spreading, is occasionally grown in flower-gardens. [Ferraria Pavonia L. f.] 
 
 Tritonia crocosmaeflora Lemoine, Moxtbrietia, South African, of hy- 
 brid origin, grown in gardens, is a bulbous plant 3°-4° high, with narrowly 
 linear leaves about 1° long, and showy orange flowers, sessile in terminal pan- 
 icles, its perianth-segments narrowly oblong. 
 
 A scarlet-flowered species of Ixia, with linear leaves about 8' long and 21" 
 wide, the very slender corolla-tube 1' long, the corolla-limb about *' wide, was 
 seen growing in the lawn at Norwood in 1914. Ixias are natives of South 
 Africa. 
 
86 
 
 CANNACEAE. 
 
 Order 10. SCITAMINALES. 
 Large monoeotyledonous herbs with very irregular flowers. Ovary 
 inferior, composed of several united carpels. Seeds with endosperm. 
 
 Pollen-bearing stamen only 1. 
 
 Ovules many in each ovary-cavity ; fruit a capsule. 
 Anthers 1-celled. 
 Anthers 2-celled. 
 Ovule 1 in each ovary-cavity ; fruit a utricle. 
 Pollen-bearing stamens 5, 
 
 Fam. 1. Caxnaceae. 
 
 Fam. 2. Zixgiberaceae. 
 
 Fam. 3. MAliAXTACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 4. Musaceae. 
 
 Family 1. CANNACEAE Link. 
 Caxna Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with erect stems. Leaves alternate; the petioles 
 sheathing the stem. Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes or spike-like 
 racemes. Perianth usually showy, large. Sepals 3, imbricated, erect. 
 Petals 3, more or less united below into a tube and adnate to the corolloid 
 androecium. Filaments petal-like, the 3 exterior nearly equal, sterile, the 
 2 interior more or less united, but only one filament anther-bearing. 
 Carpels 3; ovary 3-celled, inferior, with parietal placentae; style petal- 
 like; stigma m.arginal; ovules numerous. Fruit a 3-celled loculicidally 3- 
 valved papillose or bristly capsule. Seeds with a membranous or some- 
 what fleshy testa, embryo sometimes flattened; endosperm horny. Only 
 the following genus. 
 
 1. CANNA L. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Latin, a cane or reed.] About 35 species, 
 natives tropical America. Type species: Canna indica L. 
 
 1. Canna Indica L. Cane Shot. 
 Indian Shot. (Fig. 109.) Stems 1°- 
 3° tall, commonly simple, slender. 
 Leaves oblong, elliptic-oblong or elliptic- 
 ovate, 8-20' long, acute or acuminate, 
 entire, rounded at the base; petioles 
 sheathing ; spikes few-flowered ; sepals 
 oblong, acute; petals pale green or yel- 
 lowish-green, lanceolate, about 1^' long; 
 filaments bright red; lip reddish-yel- 
 low, spotted with red, entire. 
 
 Waste grounds, escaped from cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 Canna coccinea Ait., West Indian, 
 a similar usually taller species, the lip 
 2-cleft, is grown for ornament. 
 
 Canna glauca L., Yellow Canna, 
 tropical American, with bright yellow 
 flowers (probably the plant recorded by 
 H. B. Smafl as C. hitea) and Canna 
 edulis Ker., Tous-les-Mois, a tall red- 
 flowered species with tuberous edible 
 rootstocks, are grown in gardens, the 
 latter, occasionally, as a crop. Numerous 
 selected Cannas are grown for ornament. 
 
ZINGIBERACEAE. 87 
 
 Family 2. ZINGIBERACEAE Lindl. 
 Ginger Family. 
 
 Perennial, mostly large herbs, with sheathing leaves, and perfect 
 irregular flowers in braeted clusters. Calyx tubular or spathe-like. Corolla 
 of 3 petals, separate or more or less united. Stamen 1, the anther 2- 
 celled. Staminodes commonly 2 and petaloid. Ovary mostly 3-celled, 
 many-ovuled; style slender. About 25 genera and over 300 species, of 
 tropical distribution. 
 
 Bermuda has no native nor naturalized species of this family. 
 
 Zingiber Zingiber (L.) Karst. [Z. officinale Roscoc], Ginger, East Indian, 
 is easily grown, succeding best when slightly shaded, but has not become of 
 economic importance, though the rootstocks are of good quality. It has an 
 upright, leafy stem up to 4° high, the lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaves 1° 
 long or less; its rather large flowers are borne in a dense spike 2'-4' long, on a 
 scaly scape which arises from the rootstock, and is shorter than the leaf-bearing 
 stem; the lateral corolla-lobes are oblong, about f long, and somewhat longer 
 than the broader, 3-lobed, purple lip. 
 
 Languas speciosa (Wendl.) J. K. Small, Shell-flower, Shell-plant, 
 grown for ornament, has leafy stems 8°-12° high, the shining oblong-lanceolate 
 leaves 6'-15' long, acuminate at the apex; the braeted flowers are borne in 
 dense, terminal nodding panicles, the raehis and pedicels pubescent; the calyx 
 is nearly 1' long, the white corolla-lobes, tinged with magenta, are shorter than 
 the crisped, yellow, red-brown-variegated lip. [Alpinia nutans Eoseoe; A. 
 speciosa (Wendl.) Schum. ; Renealmia occidentalis of Jones.] 
 
 Hedychium coronarlum Koenig, White Hedychium, East Indian, also 
 grown for ornament, has leafy stems up to 8° tall, the lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, pointed leaves 2° long or less; the large white flowers are in 
 terminal dense braeted spikes, the slender corolla-tube about twice as long as 
 the calyx, its lobes nearly linear, the large white lip very broad, often 2' wide. 
 [H. elatum of Jones; K. speciosum of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Hedychium Gardnerianum Koscoe, Yellow Hedychium, also East Indian, 
 occasionally planted, has similar leaves, but the flowers are yellow, and much 
 smaller, the lip oval, about f wide. 
 
 Family 3. MARANTACEAE Lindl. 
 
 A-RROWROOT Family. 
 
 Tall herbs, perennial by rootstocks or tubers, or sometimes annual, with 
 scapose or leafy stems, mostly large entire long-petioled sheathing leaves, 
 often swollen at the base of the blade, the veins pinnate, parallel. Flowers 
 perfect, or sometimes polygamous, in panicles, racemes or spikes. Perianth 
 superior, its segments distinct to the summit of the ovary, or united into a 
 tube, normally in 2 series of 3, the outer (sepals) usually different from the 
 inner (petals). Perfect stamen 1; anthers 1-2-celled. Staminodia mostly 
 5, often petal-like, very irregular. Ovary 1-3-celled, inferior; ovule 1 in 
 each cavity, anatropous; style slender, curved, teiTninal; stigma simple. 
 Fruit capsular or berry-like. Seed solitary in each cavity. Embrj-o cen- 
 tral, in copious endosperm. About 12 genera and 160 species, mostly 
 tropical. 
 
88 
 
 MAKANTACEAE. 
 
 1. MARANTA L. 
 
 Caulescent herbs, ^ith braBching stems. Leaves alternate, ovate or lanceo- 
 late, often abruptly bent at the base, the petioles partly sheathing. Flowers 
 solitary or few in panicles. Sepals 3, herbaceous, equal, distinct; corolla 
 often white, the 3 petals partially united. Staminodia conspicuous, 2 of 
 them surpassing the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled but with 2 
 additional abortive cavities. Style stout, curved. Stigma oblique. Capsule 
 utricle-like. Seed erect, solitary, [Dedicated to Barth. Maranta, a Venetian 
 physician.] Some 15 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. 
 
 1. Maranta arundinacea L. Arrow- 
 root. (Fig. 110.) Stems 3°-5° tall, 
 from starchy copiously scaly rootstocks. 
 more or less branched and rather weak, 
 sometimes reclining, zigzag, 4'-10' long, 
 acute, many-veined; flowers few, fuga- 
 cious; sepals green, lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, 5"-6" long; corolla white, 
 nearly 1' long, its lobes lanceolate ; 
 staminodia flabellate-cuneate, surpassing 
 the corolla, erose, notched; capsules 
 broadly oblong. 
 
 Spontaneous or persistent after cultiva- 
 tion. Native of tropical America. Flowers 
 in summer and autumn, sometimes earlier. 
 Arrowroot was formerly much more ex- 
 tensively grown and exported than now. 
 
 Maranta bicolor Ker., Two-colored 
 Arrow-root, Brazilian, taken from the 
 New York Botanical Garden to Paynter's 
 Vale in 1913, and growing pretty well 
 there in shade in 1914, is about 1° high, 
 or less, with ovate, short-petioled acute 
 leaves 3'-6' long, cordate at the base, 
 purple beneath, green above with brown- 
 green blotches between the margins and 
 midrib, and a central light green area 
 extending outward along the stronger lateral veins. 
 
 Family 4. MUSACEAE J. St. Hilaire. 
 
 Banana Family. 
 
 Tall herbaceous plants with large, entire, finely veined leaves, and 
 monoecious or perfect, clustered, bracted flowers. Sepals 3, distinct or 
 united. Corolla of 3 distinct or more or less united petals. Pistil of 3 
 united carpels. Polliniferous stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; style 
 central; stigma 3-6-toothed, or S-cleft. Fruit indehiscentor capsular and 
 3-valved. Four genera and 50 species or more, natives of tropical regions, 
 none native nor naturalized in Bermuda. 
 
 Musa Cavendishii Lamb., Chinese Dwarf Banana, Chinese, extensively 
 and very successfully grown, is usually not over 6** or 8° high, with a stem 
 
MUSACEAE. 89 
 
 about 6' thick; its spreading leaves are 2°-4° long and 1° wide or more; the 
 monoecious flowers are in terminal, large-bracted, drooping panicles, the p'istil- 
 late ones borne nearest the leaves, the staminate beyond the pistillate there- 
 fore below them in the drooping clusters; the ovate, reddish-brown bracts 
 conceal the young flowers; the numerous yellow fruits are 4-5' long, the fra- 
 grant fles'h delicious. 
 
 Musa sapientum L., Yellow Banana, East Indian, cultivated in several 
 races, but not as extensively as the preceding, is taller, with larger and longer 
 leaves, up to 9° long, the usually fewer, bright yellow fruits mostly larger. 
 
 Musa paradisiaca L., Plantain Banana, sometimes regarded as a race 
 or variety of M. sapientum, is occasionally grown, but does not ordinarily fruit 
 heavily in Bermuda. It is tall, with large yellow fruits up to 10'-14' long, 
 which are insipid when raw but excellent when cooked, and a very important 
 food-fruit in tropical regions. 
 
 Musa rubra Fleming, Eed Banana, tall, with arching leaves and dark red 
 fruit 6'-9' long, is also sometimes considered to be a race or variety of M. 
 sapientum, and is occasionally grown. 
 
 Ravenala madagascarensis J. F. Gmelin, Travelers' Tree, Madagascan, 
 has a, trunk up to 20° high, the long-petioled, banana-like leaves spreading in 
 one plane, their thick petiole-bases densely imbricated, containing much 
 watery sap which is drinkable; the peduncled axillary flower-clusters are 6'-10' 
 long, the large, bracted flowers white, the fruit capsular, 3-valved. This ele- 
 gant plant, the giant of the Banana Family, is occasionally seen in gardens, 
 but is not as luxuriant as in warmer lands. 
 
 Strelitzia reginae Banks, Bird-of-Paradise Flower, South African, fre- 
 quent in gardens, has leaves 2i°-3° long arising from rootstocks, the petioles 
 longer than the blades; the purple and orange flowers are about 4' long, on 
 scapes as long as the leaves or shorter, subtended by a purplish, pointed bract; 
 the fruit is a 3-valved capsule. The plant is also known as Crane 's-bill. 
 
 Strelitzia angusta Thunb., Large Strelitzia, also South African, occa- 
 sionally grown, forms a trunk up to 15° high bearing leaves 6°-9° long with 
 petioles about twice as long as the blades, the white flowers borne on short, 
 axillary peduncles, and subtended by a dark purple spathe. 
 
 Order 11. ORCHIDALES. 
 
 Monocotyledonous herbs, many tropical species epiphytes. Flowers 
 mostly very irregular, complete and perfect, their parts in 3's or 6's. 
 Ovary inferior, compound. Seeds very numerous and minute, without 
 endosperm. 
 
 Family 1. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. 
 Orchid Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with sheathing entire leaves, sometimes reduced to 
 scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed. 
 Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 
 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dis- 
 similar, often markedly so, usually larger, often spurred. Stamens vari- 
 
90 
 
 ORCHID ACE AE. 
 
 ously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column; anther 1 or in 
 Cypripedium 2, 2-celled; pollen in 2-8 pear-shaped, usually stalked masses 
 (poUinia), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery, attached 
 at the base to a viscid disk (gland). Style often terminating in a beak 
 (rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its sacs. Stigma a viscid 
 surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or in a cavity between the 
 anther-sacs (clinandrium). Ovary 3-angled, 1-celled; ovules numerous, 
 anatropous, on 3 parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds mostly 
 spindle shaped, the loose coat hyaline, reticulated; embryo fleshy. About 
 410 genera and 5000 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the 
 tropics, many of those of warm regions epiphytes. 
 
 1. IBIDIUM Salisb. 
 Erect herbs, with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots and slender stems or 
 scapes, leaf -bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, spurless, spiked, 1-3- 
 rowed, the spikes more or less twisted. Sepals free, or more or less coherent, 
 or sometimes united with petals into a galea. Lip concave, erect, embracing 
 the column, spreading and crisped, or rarely lobed or toothed at the apex, bear- 
 ing minute callosities at the base. Column arched below, obliquely attached 
 to the top of the ovary. Anther without a lid, borne on the back of the 
 column, erect. Stigma ovate, prolonged into an acuminate beak, at length 
 bifid, covering the anther and stigmatic only underneath. Pollinia 2, 1 in each 
 sac, powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect. [Greek, the anther has a fancied 
 resemblance to the head of an Ibis.] About 55 species, widely distributed in 
 tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Ophrys spiralis J. E. Smith. 
 
 1. Ibidium xyridifolium J. K. Small. 
 Xyris-leaved Ladies-tresses. (Fig. 
 111.) Eoots tuberous, several; stems 
 8'-2° tall, simple, glabrous or nearly so 
 below the inflorescence; leaves linear, 
 2'-4' long, the largest of the lower ones 
 barely reaching the middle of the stem; 
 spike l'-6' long; bracts lanceolate to ob- 
 long-lanceolate; perianth whitish, pu- 
 bescent without, 3"-4" long, curved and 
 slightly nodding; lateral sepals linear- 
 lanceolate; lip about 3" long, cordate at 
 the base, with a rhombic-orbicular base 
 and oblong much crisped drooping or re- 
 curved tip; callosities nipple-like, pro- 
 jecting backward; capsules 3"-4" long, 
 obovoid-clavate, curved. [Spiranthes tor- 
 tilis of Rein, H. B. Small, Yerrill, and 
 Hemsley; S. hrevilahris of Lefroy.] 
 
 Locally abundant in grassy places, 
 Devonshire and Pembroke Marshes, flower- 
 ing in spring. Southeastern United States, 
 its minute light seeds probably transported 
 to Bermuda by winds. 
 
ORCHIDACEAE. 91 
 
 A number of tropical epiphytic orchids have been brought in and are to be 
 seen in gardens fastened to or suspended from trees or grown in greenhouses 
 but they do not succeed very well, except under glass, though they flower at 
 intervals. Species of the large American genus Oncidium with yellow or 
 orange flowers in long wands or panicles are, perhaps, the most likely to suc- 
 ceed. Vanilla, a vine of this family, climbing by aerial roots, grown in tropical 
 regions for its pods, has been tried, but hitherto without economic success. 
 Among the genera grown in greenhouses mention may be made of Cattleya, 
 Dendrobium, Miltonia, Vanda and Selenipedilum. 
 
 Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one 
 only), the first leaves of the germinating plantlet opposite. Stem 
 exogenous, of pith, wood and bark (endogenous in structure in 
 Nymphaeaceae), the wood in one or more layers surrounding the 
 pith, traversed by medullary rays and covered by the bark. Leaves 
 usually pinnately or palmately veined, the veinlets forming a net- 
 work. Parts of the flower rarely in 3 's or 6 's. 
 
 Dicotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Cretaceous 
 time. They constitute between two-thirds and three-fourths of the 
 living angiospermous flora. 
 
 Series I. Choripetalae. 
 
 Petals separate and distict from each other, or wanting. 
 
 The series is also known as Archichlamideae, and comprises 
 most of the families formerly grouped under Apetalae (without 
 petals) and Polypetalae (with separate petals). Exceptions to the 
 typical feature of separate petals are found in the Fabaceae, in 
 which the two lower petals are more or less united; in the 
 Fumariaceae, where the two inner petals or all four of them are 
 sometimes coherent ; in some Crassulaceae ; the Polygalaceae, in 
 which the three petals are united with each other, and with the 
 stamens; Oxalidaceae and Ilicaceae, whose five petals are sometimes 
 joined at the base. 
 
 t Petals none (except in family Portulacaceae and In most Caryophyllaceae, 
 which are herbs with the leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm, 
 and in the pistillate flowers of the walnuts, Juglans). 
 
 Calyx none (except in the family Juglandaceae, trees with odd-pinnate leaves, and 
 sometimes in Casuarinaceae) . 
 Loosely jointed trees, the leaves reduced to verticillate scales. 
 
 Order 1. Casuarinales. 
 Plants not loosely jointed ; leaves normal. 
 
 Herbs with small perfect flowers, in spiljes. Order 2. Piperales. 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; staminate flowers, and some- 
 times filso the pistillate, in aments. 
 Leaves simple. 
 
 Fruit many-seeded ; seeds with a tuft of 
 
 hairs at one end. Order 3. Salicalbs. 
 
 Fruit ] -seeded. Order 4. Myricales. 
 
 Leaves odd-pinnate ; fruit a nut enclosed In 
 
 a husk. Order 5. Juglandaxes. 
 
 Calyx present. 
 
 Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments. Order 6. Fagales. 
 
92 
 
 CHORIPETALAE. 
 
 ovary inferior, at 
 
 Order 
 Order 
 
 8. Urticales. 
 
 9. Proteales, 
 
 Order 10. Santalales. 
 (usually 6-cGlled) 
 
 Order 11. Aristolochiales. 
 
 Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in 
 Moms) ; but variously clustered, or rarely 
 solitary. 
 Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, or 
 perfect in Proteales ; ovary superior, 1- 
 celled. 
 Flowers regular. 
 Flowers irregular. 
 Flowers dioecious or perfect 
 least in part. 
 Ovary 1-celled. 
 Ovary several-celled 
 flowers perfect. 
 Flowers mostly perfect ; ovary superior. 
 
 Embryo straight or nearly so ; fruit an achene. Order 12. Polygonales. 
 Embryo coiled, curved or annular ; fruit not 
 
 an achene. Order 13. Chenopodiales. 
 
 t$ Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae, aquatic herbs with whorled 
 dissected leaves; in many Ranunculaceae ; in Lauraceae, alternate-leaved aromatic 
 trees and shrubs: in Zantho.viilum, pinnate-leaved trees of the Rutaceae ; in many 
 Euphorbiaceae ; in some species of Ludicigia in Onagraceae ; in Proserpinaca of the 
 Haloragidaceae) . 
 
 A. Ovary superior, free from the eah/x (partly or wholly inferior in Hydrangeaceae, 
 Grossulariaceae, Losasaceae and Malaceae). 
 Carpels solitary, or several and distinct (united in some Nymphaeaceae) ; sta- 
 mens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals ; sepals mostly 
 
 distinct 
 
 Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary ; 
 stamens hypogynous ; sepals mostly distinct. 
 Plants not insectivorous. 
 
 Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid, 
 with basal leaves and scapose flowers. 
 Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or some- 
 times united ; stamens mostly perigynous or epi- 
 gynous : sepals mainly united or confluent with 
 the concave receptacle (hypanthium ). 
 Carpels united into a compound ovary ; sepals 
 mostly distinct. 
 Stamens few, rarely -more than twice as many 
 as the petals. 
 Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer 
 and opposite them, or more numerous. 
 Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the 
 
 axis of the ovary. 
 Ovules pendulous, the raphe away from 
 the axis of the ovary, or erect, or as- 
 cending. 
 Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate 
 with them, opposite the petals when these 
 are present ; ovules erect. 
 Stamens usually very numerous (except in 
 Violaceae and Passifloraceae) ; disc in- 
 conspicuous, or none. 
 Sepals valvate ; placentae united in the axis 
 
 of the capsule. 
 Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or con- 
 volute ; placentae mainly parietal, some- 
 times united in the axis. 
 Leaves bilaterally symmetrical. 
 Sepals separate. 
 Sepals united. 
 Leaves oblique. 
 
 Order 14. Ranales. 
 
 Order 15. Papaa'erales. 
 Order 16. Sarracexiales. 
 
 Order 17. Rosales. 
 
 Order 18. Geraniales. 
 
 Order 19. Sapixdales. 
 
 Order 20. Riiamxales. 
 
 Order 21. Malvales. 
 
 Order 22. 
 Order 23. 
 Order 24. 
 
 Hypericales. 
 
 Passiflorales. 
 
 Begoxiales. 
 
 Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly or in part (except in Lythraceae and 
 our Melastomaceae. where it is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thyme- 
 leaceae and Elaeagnaceae, which are shrubs or trees with no corolla). 
 
 Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the leaves 
 mostly very small or none ; calyx-segments and 
 
 petals' numerous. Order 25. Opuxtiales. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy or spiny ; calyx- 
 segments rarely more than 5. 
 Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the 
 ovary (except in Haloragidaceae, aquatic 
 
 herbs). Order 26. Myrtales. 
 
 Ovule 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Order 27. Ammiales. 
 
CASUARINACEAE. 93 
 
 Order 1. CASUARINALES. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with loosely jointed ang-led branches, the leaves reduced 
 to small, appressed or recurved scales, 4 or more in a whorl at a node, 
 sometimes united into a sheathing base. Flowers unisexual, the staminate 
 in slender terminal spikes, subtended by imbricated bracts, often with an 
 anterior and posterior perianth-part, 1 stamen and a larsre anther with sacs 
 opening lengthwise. Pistillate flowers in dense spikes or cones; perianth 
 wanting; ovary 1-eelled; styles slightly united at the base, the 2 branches 
 slender. Ovules 1 or 2 in a cavity, orthotropous or half-anatropous. Fruit 
 a collection of winged achenes subtended by accrescent bractlets. Seed 
 solitary, with a membranous testa. 
 
 Family 1. CASUARINACEAE Lindl. 
 Beefwood Family. 
 Characters of the order. Only the genus Casuarina with 20 species, 
 mostly Australian. 
 
 Casuarina equisetifolia L., Horsetail Tree, Beefwood, South Sea 
 Ironwood, a slender and graceful rapirlly g^roTrin^ tree, Avith slender branches, 
 attaining a height of 30° or more and freely branching, the sheath-tceth fJ-S in 
 each whorl, its ripe cones about V thick, roughened bv the proiecting, pubes- 
 cent bracteoles, is commonly planted for ornament and interest, in Bermuda, as 
 in South Florida and the West Indies. It is native of Australia. 
 
 Casuarina quadrivalvis Labill., Forest Swamp Oak, also Australian, seen 
 as a young plant at the Agricultural Station in 1914, has stouter deeply 
 grooved branchlets, the teeth about 10; its globose or ovoid cones become 1' in 
 diameter. 
 
 Another species of Casuarina, grown at Bellevue, has more slender branches, 
 and sends up suckers from its roots, its ripe cones less than V in diameter, the 
 projecting bracteoles glabrous. It appears to agree in foliage and cones with 
 the description of C. CunningJiamidna Miq. ; the same species is grown at 
 King's House Gardens on the island of Jamaica. 
 
 Order 2. PIPERALES. 
 
 Dicotyledonous plants, with neither petals nor sepals, the spicate 
 flowers bracteolate. 
 
 Family 1. PIPERACEAE H.B.K. 
 
 Pepper Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, often aromatic. Leaves leather\% or fleshy, 
 usually entire". Flowers perfect or unisexual, in solitary or clustered spikes 
 or rarely in racemes. Perianth none. Stamens 2-6, or rarely 8 or 10, in- 
 serted under the ovarv^ filaments distinct, sometimes adnate to the base of 
 the ovarv' ; anthers attached at the base, the 2 sacs often confluent. Gynoe- 
 cium of 3 or rarely more united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, sessile or nearly 
 so. Stigmas 3 or many. Ovule solitarv^, erect, orthotropous. Fruit inde- 
 hiscent. Seed solitarj^, with a membranous or leathei-y testa. Endosperm 
 
94 
 
 PIPERACEAE. 
 
 mealy, with the minute embryo at the top. Ten genera and over 1000 
 species, widely distributed in tropical regions. 
 
 1. PEPEROMIA R. & P. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, fleshy. 
 Flowers perfect, minute, in dense or open slender spikes furnished with peltate 
 bractlets. Stamens 2 ; filaments usually short ; anthers transversely broadened, 
 2-valved, extrorse, the cavities confluent. Pistil solitary; stigmas forming a 
 brush-like tuft. Outlets small, often minute, with a thin pericarp. [Greek, 
 like pepper.] Over 400 species, most abundant in tropical America. Type 
 species: Peperomia secunda R. & P. 
 
 1. Peperomia septentrionalis S. 
 Brown. Wild Pepper. (Fig. 112.) Peren- 
 nial, fleshy, glabrous; stem branched, the 
 branches spreading or ascending, stout, 
 2"-3" thick, 6'-18' long, the plants often 
 growing in large clusters. Leaves alter- 
 nate, deep green and somewhat shining 
 above, paler green, black-dotted and dull 
 beneath, petioled, ovate, oval, or obovate, 
 obtuse or emarginate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed or obtuse at the base, the l3lades 
 lV-^¥ long, the stout petioles IV long or 
 less, the midvein prominent beneath, the 
 9-11 lateral veins obscure; spikes ter- 
 minal, or borne in the upper axils, solitary 
 or several, 2'-6' long, densely flowered; 
 nutlets minute, about V long, oblong, 
 slightly papillose, with a subulate, straight 
 or slightly curved back. 
 
 Abundant on shaded rocks, Tucker's 
 Town to the Causeway and about the north- 
 ern part of Harrington Sound. Also in the 
 cave near Smith's Parish Church and m 
 Paget Marsh. Flowers from autumn to spring. Endemic. 
 
 The plant probably has its closest relative in Peperomia ohtusi folia (L.) 
 A. Dietr., of the West Indies, but differs in shorter and broader leaves and 
 in features of its minute fruits. These differences are apparent when the two 
 are seen growing together in greenhouses. The fruits of these plants, when 
 ripe, adhere to other objects and the species has probably originated from such 
 fruits brought to Bermuda by a migratory bird, adhering to its feet or plumage, 
 the plant becoming differentiated through isolation. 
 
 The species was first described by Stewardson Brown, in the Proceedings 
 of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1909: 490. Ja. 1910. 
 It was referred to P. ohtusi folia (L.) Dietr., by Reade and by Lefroy, and to 
 P. magnoliaefolia ( Jacq.) A. Dietr., by Hemsley and by Verrill, somewhat doubt- 
 fully. Mr. Brown thought it nearest to P. magnoliaefolia microphijlla Dahlst., 
 of West Indian mountains. Fawcett and Reudle erroneously include it in P. 
 crassicaulis (Fl. Jamaica 3: 8). 
 
 Peperomia arifolia Miq., Peltate Peperomia, Brazilian, grown in green- 
 houses and sometimes on shaded rock-work, has broadly ovate, peltate, acute or 
 acuminate, long-petioled, white-veined leaves 2-4' long, its spikes often 5' long. 
 
SALICACEAE. 95 
 
 Order 3. SALICALES. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with imperfect small flowers in aments. Sepals and 
 petals none. Leaves simple. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Seeds with 
 a tuft of hairs at one end. 
 
 Family 1. SALICACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Willow Family. 
 
 Dioecious trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark, brittle twigs, 
 and alternate stipulate leaves, the stipules often minute and caducous. 
 Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers consisting 
 of from one to numerous stamens inserted on the receptacle, subtended 
 by a gland-like or cup-shaped disk; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudi- 
 nally dehiscent. Pistillate aments sometimes raceme-like; pistillate flowers 
 of a 1-celled ovary subtended by a minute disk; placentae 2-4, parietal; 
 ovules usually numerous, anatropous; stigmas 2-4, simple or 2-4-cleft. 
 Seeds small or minute, provided with a dense coma of long, mostly white, 
 silky hairs. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle short. 
 The family includes only the 2 following genera, consisting of 200 species 
 or more, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. There 
 are no native nor naturalized species of this relationship in the Bermuda 
 flora. 
 
 Salix babylonica L., Weeping Willow, brought to Bermuda about 1830, 
 is -a large tree with slender drooping branches and deciduous lanceolate leaves 
 4'-7' long, native of Asia; it is occasional in wet soil along fresh-water marshes. 
 Trees 30° high were seen in Pembroke Marsh in 1914. 
 
 Salix chilensis Molino [S. Humholdtiana Willd.], Caracas Willow, Hum- 
 boldt 's Willow, a small South American tree with erect branches and smaller 
 evergreen leaves, is planted for interest. 
 
 Populus italica Moench, Lombardy Poplar, European, with large deltoid 
 leaves and nearly upright branches, recently introduced, suckers freely and 
 grows rapidly in wet grounds. The aments (catkins) of Populus differ from 
 those of Salix by the floral bracts being fimbriate or lacerate, and the stami- 
 nate flowers having many stamens. Reade notes that the White Poplar 
 (Populus alba L.), also European, was said to grow at Camden prior to 1883, 
 and it is mentioned by Jones in 1873. 
 
 Order 4. MYRICALES. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious 
 flowers in aments. Perianth none. Ovary 1-celled; style short; stigmas 
 2. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Endosperm none. Only one family. 
 
 Family 1. MYRICACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Bayberry Family, 
 
 Leaves alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic. Flowers solitary in 
 the axils of the bracts. Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens 
 inserted on the receptacle ; filaments short ; anthers ovate. 2-celled, the sacs 
 longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary subtended by 2-S bractlets ; stigmas linear. 
 
96 
 
 MYRICACEAE. 
 
 Fruit a small drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed erect. Cotyle- 
 dons plano-convex. Radicle very short. Two genera and some 35 species 
 of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 1. MYRICA L. 
 
 Leaves entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resinous-dotted, fragrant. Stami- 
 nate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric, expanding before or with the leaves. 
 Stamens 4-8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary subtended by 2-4, 
 mostly short bractlets. Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp waxy. [Ancient 
 Greek name of the Tamarisk.] About 33 species, natives of Europe, America 
 and Asia. Type species: Myrica Gale L. 
 
 1. Myrica car if era L. Wax- 
 myrtle. Candleberry-myrtle. 
 (Fig. 113.) A low slender 
 dioecious tree, up to 25° high, 
 with a trunk 1° thick, or usually 
 a shrub 3°-7° high, the bark 
 gray, nearly smooth. Leaves 
 narrow, oblong or oblanceolate, 
 mostly acute, entire or sparingly 
 dentate, narrowed at the base, 
 fragrant, short-petioled, dark 
 green above, paler and some- 
 times pubescent beneath, resin- 
 ous, I'-SY long, unfolding with 
 or before the aments; stami- 
 nate aments cylindric ; pistil- 
 late aments short, oblong; ripe 
 drupes globose, bluish white, 
 waxy, tipped with the base of 
 the style, long-persistent. [M. 
 X>unctata of Rein.] 
 
 Common on hillsides and 
 along marshes. Native. South- 
 eastern United States and West 
 Indies. Flowers in spring and 
 early summer. Its fruits, pro- 
 tected by the layer of wax, may have reached Bermuda by floating. 
 
 Order 5. JUGLANDALES. 
 
 Trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves, and monoecious 
 bracteolate flowers, the staminate in long drooping aments, the pistillate 
 solitary or several together. Staminate flowers consisting of 3-numerous 
 stamens with or without an irregularly lobed perianth adnate to the bract- 
 let, very rarely with a rudimentary ovary. Anthers erect, 2-eelled, the 
 sacs longitudinally dehiscent; filaments short. Pistillate flowers bracted 
 and usually 2-bracteolate, with a 3-5-lobed (normally 4-lobed) calyx or 
 with both calyx and petals, and an inferior 1-celled or incompletely 2-4- 
 celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous ; styles 2, stigmatic on the 
 inner surface. Fruit a drupe with indehiscent or dehiscent, fibrous or 
 woody exocarp (husk; ripened calyx; also regarded as an involucre),. 
 
JUGLANDACEAE. 97 
 
 enclosing the bony endoearp or nut which is incompletely 2-4-celled. Seed 
 large, 2-4-lobed. Endosperm none. Cotyledons corrugated, very oily. 
 Radicle minute, superior. Only one family. 
 
 Family 1. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Walnut Family. 
 
 Characters of the order. Six genera and about 35 species, mostly of 
 the warmer parts of the north temperate zone. 
 
 Juglans regia L., English Walnut, has occasionally been planted; its 
 nut has a nearly smooth shell. 
 
 Juglans nigra L., Black Walnut, North American, is recorded by Lefroy 
 as having been represented by one or two specimens at Par-la-Villc, Hamilton, 
 and by H. B. Small at Eosebank. Its nut has a rough corrugated shell. 
 
 A walnut tree at Mount Hope, about 30° high, apparently a hybrid be- 
 tween the two preceding, produced nuts abundantly in 1914. 
 
 Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britton, Pecan, North American, a large tree, 
 with nearly glabrous mature leaves of 11-15 falcate, lanceolate, acuminate 
 leaflets 2'-6' long, with pendulous sterile aments, oblong fruits l'-2' long, the 
 thin husk splitting into 4 valves, the smooth sweet-seeded nuts pointed, has 
 occasionally been planted. A tree about 50° high may be seen at St. Georges, 
 and another nearly as large, about 40 years old, at Fencote, Hamilton. 
 
 Order 6. FAGALES. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with small monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers in 
 aments, or the pistillate ones subtended by an involucre, which becomes a 
 bur or cup in fruit. Calyx usually present. Corolla none. Endosperm 
 none. 
 
 Family 2. FAGACEAE Drude. 
 Beech Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, pinnately veined, the 
 stipules, if any, deciduous. Flowers small, monoecious, the staminate in 
 drooping, slender aments, or capitate, the pistillate subtended by an in- 
 volucre of partly or wholly united bracts, which becomes a bur or cup. 
 Staminate flowers with a 4-7-lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens; filaments 
 slender, distinct, simple; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate 
 flowers with a 4-8-lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth, adnate to the 3-7- 
 celled ovary; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, only 1 in each ovary ripening, 
 pendulous, anatropous; styles as many as the cavities of the ovarj-, linear. 
 Fruit a 1-seeded nut, with a coriaceous or somewhat bony exocarp. Testa 
 thin. Cotyledons large, fleshy, often rugose ; radicle short. About 5 genera 
 and 400 species, of very wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Quercus Robur L., English Oak, European, planted in Pembroke Church- 
 yard, was seen there in 1914, as a tree about 10° high, with a trunk 135' in 
 circumference just above the base. Its leaves are glabrous, nearly sessile, 4'-7' 
 
98 FAGACEAE. 
 
 long, obovate in outline with 3 or 4 obtuse lobes on each side; the acorns are 
 ovoid, about 1' long, borne in cups about 3" high. 
 
 Other kinds of oaks, formerly grown in Bermuda, are known to me only 
 by the record of Lefroy, of an oak, supposed to be a White Oak (Quercus alba 
 L.), North American, at Par-la-Ville, prior to 1877; by H. B. Small of the 
 same species at Rosebank, w^ell remembered by Dr. Bluck, which had disap- 
 peared before 1914 ; of three other North American oaks planted by Lefroy at 
 Mt. Langton, but made no growth during five years, and not there in 1913; and 
 by Eeade's statement, published in 1883, that Quercus nigra L,, also North 
 American, was said to grow at Richmond, this species also mentioned by Jones 
 in his list of 1873. 
 
 Order 7. URTICALES. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, the flowers with a calyx but without corolla, 
 small, not borne in aments, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous; ovary 
 1-ceIled, superior. 
 
 Fruit not an achene ; trees, shrubs or herbs ; ovule pendulous. 
 
 Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milk}-. Fam. 1. Ulmaceae. 
 
 Trees with alternate leaves and milkj- sap. Fam. 2. Moraceae. 
 
 Fruit an achene ; herbs with small clustered greenish flowers, 
 
 ovule erect or ascending. Fam. 3. Urticaceae. 
 
 Family 1. ULMACEAE Mirbel. 
 
 Elm Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple serrate petioled pinnately veined 
 stipulate leaves, the stipules usually fugacious. Flowers small, monoecious, 
 dioecious, perfect or polygamous, clustered, or the pistillate solitary. Peri- 
 anth 3-9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in our 
 species as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite them ; filaments 
 straight; anthers ovate or oval, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled 
 (rarely 2-celled), mostly superior; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous or 
 amphitropous; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut. Endo- 
 sperm of the seed little or none. Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons 
 mostly flat. About 13 genera and 140 species, widely distributed in tem- 
 perate and tropical regions. 
 
 Drupes stalked, solitary in the leaf-axils. 1. Celtis. 
 
 Drupes cymosely clustered in the leaf-axils. 2. Trema. 
 
 1. CELTIS [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with serrate or entire pinnately veined or in some species 
 3-5-nerved leaves, and polygamous or monoecious (rarely dioecious?) flowers, 
 borne in the axils of leaves of the season, the staminate clustered, the fertile 
 solitary or 2-3 together. Calyx 4-6-parted or of distinct sepals. Filaments 
 erect, exserted. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, recurved or divergent, tomentose or 
 plumose. Pruit a small ovoid or globose drupe, the exocarp pulpy, the endo- 
 carp bony. Seed-coat membranous. Embryo curved. [Name ancient, used 
 by Pliny for an African Lotus-tree.] About 60 species, natives of temperate 
 and tropical regions. Type species: Celtis australis L. 
 
ULMACEAE. 
 
 99 
 
 1. Celt is mississippiensis 
 Bosc. Southern IIackberry. 
 (Fig. 114.) A tree, reaching 
 a height of 50° with a trunk 
 up to 20' In diameter, the bark 
 gray, roilgh and warty. Leaves 
 ovate to lanceolate, firm, entire 
 or with a few low sharp teeth, 
 or those of shoots strongly ser- 
 rate, 3-nerved and prominently 
 pinnately veined, glabrous, long- 
 acuminate at the apex, inequi- 
 lateral, 4' long or less; drupe 
 purple-black, about 3" long. 
 [C. occidentalis of Jones, Eeade, 
 Hemsley, Verrill and Moore.] 
 
 Rocky woods, Paynter's Vale, 
 Walsingham and Abbot's ClifE. 
 Recorded by Lefroy as growing 
 also, prior to 1S77, about the 
 parsonage, Southampton. Native. 
 Southeastern United States. Flow- 
 ers in spring, the fruit , ripe in 
 autumn. Its seeds were probably 
 brought to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
 Celtis Smallii Beadle, Small's Hackberry, of the southeastern United 
 States, occasionally planted, has thinner strongly serrate leaves. 
 
 2. TREMA Lour. 
 Tall shrubs or trees, unarmed, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate, 
 toothed, 3-nerved at the base, equilateral or only slightly inequilateral, short- 
 petioled, the stipules lateral. Mowers small, greenish, in axillary cymes. 
 Sepals of pistillate flowers induplieate-valvate, those of the perfect flowers im- 
 bricated. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigmas 2, entire. Drupe ovoid to globose. [Name un- 
 explained.] Some 30 tropical species. Type species: T. cannabina Lour. 
 
 1. Trema Lamarckiana (R. & S.) 
 Blume. Lamarck's Trema. (Fig. 115.) 
 A tree, up to 25° high, the trunk some- 
 times 13' in diameter, or more often a 
 shrub 5°-10° high, the twigs slender, 
 rough-pubescent. Leaves ovate to lan- 
 ceolate, short-petioled, 2' long or less, 
 very rough on the upper side, 3-nerved 
 at the base, reticulate-veined and finely 
 tomentose beneath; flowers only about 
 1" wide, the staminate clusters sessile, 
 the pistillate short-stalked; fruit about 
 li" long, smooth. [Celtis Lamarc'kiana 
 B. & S.; Sponia Lamarckiana Decne.] 
 
 Rocky woodlands, Tucker's Town to 
 the Causeway and Abbot's Cliff. Native. 
 Florida : West Indies. Its seeds were prob- 
 ably transported to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
100 
 
 MORACEAE. 
 
 Family 2. MORACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Mulberry Family. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly with milky sap, petioled stipulate leaves, 
 and small monoecious or dioecious axillary clustered flowers, or the pistillate 
 flowers solitary in some g-enera. Calyx mostly 4-6-parted. Petals none. 
 Staminate flowers panicled, spicate or capitate, the stamens as many as the 
 calyx-segments. Pistillate flowers capitate, spicate or eymose. Ovary 
 superior, 1-celled in our genera. Ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous. 
 Styles 1 or 2. About 55 genera and 925 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Flowers in spike-like clusters ; fruit a syncarp. 
 Flowers in a hollow receptacle ; fruit a syconium. 
 
 1. Morus. 
 
 2. Ficus. 
 
 1. MORUS [Tourn.] L. 
 Trees or shrubs, with milkj sap, alternate dentate and often lobed, 3- 
 nerved leaves, fugacious stipules, the pistillate spikes ripening into a succulent 
 aggregate fruit. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted perianth, its segments' 
 somewhat imbricated, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud, 
 straightening and exserted in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-parted per- 
 sistent perianth, which becomes fleshy in fruit, a sessile ovary, and 2 linear 
 stigmas. Fruiting perianth enclosing the ovary, the exocarp succulent, the 
 endocarp crustaceous. [Ancient name of the mulberry.] About 10 species, of 
 the northern hemisphere. Type species: Morus nigra L. 
 
 Mature leaves pubescent beneath ; fruit purple. 1. M. rubra. 
 
 Mature leaves glabrous ; fruit black. 2. AI. nigra. 
 
 1. Morus rubra L. Red 
 
 Mulberry. (Fig. 116.) A 
 tree, 25° high or more, the bark 
 brown and rough. Leaves ovate 
 or nearly orbicular, scabrous 
 above, pubescent beneath, or 
 when young almost tomentose, 
 acuminate at the apex, rounded, 
 truncate or cordate at the base, 
 serrate-dentate or 3-7-lobed, 3'- 
 8' long; staminate spikes droop- 
 ing; pistillate spikes spread- 
 ing or pendulous in fruit, 1'- 
 lY long, 4"-5" in diameter, 
 about 1' long, slender-peduncled, 
 dark purple-red or nearly black, 
 delicious. 
 
 Rocky woodlands, Walsing- 
 ham, now rare, or perhaps ex- 
 terminated. Introduced. Eastern 
 United States. Flowers in spring. 
 Occasionally planted for its fine 
 fruit. 
 
 Morus alba L., White Mulberry, of Europe and Asia, and naturalized in 
 the United States, is occasionally planted. It is a tree with thin broadly ovate, 
 pointed, coarsely toothed leaves 3'-8' long, glabrous, except for some hairs in the 
 axils of the veins beneath, often variously lobed, the white fruit A'-|' long. 
 
MOBACEAE. 
 
 101 
 
 2. Morus nigra L. Black Mul- 
 berry. (Fig. 117.) A tree, up to 
 60° high, with puberulent twigs and 
 young foliage. Leaves thin, ovate, 
 2'-6' long, short-acuminate, serrate, 
 undivided or 2-3-lobed, rounded or 
 cordate at the base, becoming gla- 
 brous; petioles i-l as long as the 
 blades ; staminate spikes eylindrie, 
 5"-10" long, longer than the pe- 
 duncles; pistillate spikes oval, 2'- 
 4" long, shorter than the pubescent 
 peduncles; fruit oval-oblong, 5"- 
 10" long, black when mature. 
 
 Thickets, roadsides and about 
 houses. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Flowers in spring. 
 
 Morus multicaulis Perr., Chi- 
 nese Mulberry, was introduced 
 about 1841 for feeding silkworms; 
 it is a shrub or small tree with thin 
 nearly smooth lobed leaves, which 
 has not perpetuated itself. 
 
 2. FicUS [Tourn.] L. 
 Woody plants, mostly large trees, with milky sap, weak wood, and alter- 
 nate leaves with interpetiolar stipules. Flowers minute, wholly enclosed in 
 receptacles, the staminate with 1, 2 or 3 stamens with short, stout filaments, the 
 pistillate with a sessile . 1-celled ovary, the style lateral. [Latin, fig.] Some 
 600 species, of tropical and warm regions, the following typical. 
 
 1. Ficus Carica L. Ed- 
 ible Fig. (Fig. 118.) A 
 shrub or small tree 6°-18° 
 tall, the stems sometimes 
 clustered. Leaf-blades very 
 scabrous-pubescent, firm, 
 leathery, suborbicular or 
 oval in outline, truncate or 
 cordate at the base, pal- 
 mately 5-7-lobed ; lobes 
 coarsely toothed or again 
 lobed ; petioles densely pu- 
 bescent, about * as long as 
 the blades; fruit obovoid, 
 1-3*' long. 
 
 Spontaneous after culti- 
 vation. Introducod. Native 
 of the Mediterranean Rejiion. 
 Widely cultivated in warm re- 
 gions for its valuable fruit, 
 and early brought to Ber- 
 muda and extensively grown 
 for its fruit up to a recent 
 period. 
 
102 HORACE AE. 
 
 Ficus elastica Roxb., India Rubber Fig, Asiatic, a large rapidly growing 
 tree with broad entire lustrous dark green, smooth, many-veined leaves, is com- 
 monly planted for shade and for ornament; there is a very large specimen at 
 Par-la- Ville, Hamilton. The race with variegated foliage is occasionally grown. 
 
 Ficus aurea Nutt., Golden Fig, native of Florida, Cuba and the Bahamas, 
 has oblong to narrowly obovate or ovate leaves 4' long or less and small 
 yellowish to red fruits, sessile on the twig; a fine tree at Mt. Langton. 
 
 Ficus lyrata Warb., Lyrate-leaved Fig, African, is a tree with cori- 
 aceous, obovate strongly few-veined leaves 10'-15' long, 6'-10' wide, narrowed 
 at or below the middle, cordate at the base, with short stout petioles, the obo- 
 void figs nearly 1' long, was grown at Sunny Lands in 1914. 
 
 Ficus padifolia H.B.K., Narrow-leaved Fig, Central American, has ob- 
 long-lanceolate, acuminate leaves 2Y—4i' long, narrowed at the base and slender- 
 petioled, its fruit short-stalked, subglobose figs about 4" in diameter. A tree 
 was seen at the Agricultural Station and another at Orange Valley in 1914. 
 
 Ficus benghalensis L., Banyan, Asiatic, is a large tree, described as be- 
 coming up to 100° high, with broadly ovate, coriaceous, strongly few-veined 
 leaves 4-7' long, rounded or short-pointed at the apex, rounded or subeordate 
 at the base, its subglobose, sessile fruit 6"-8" in diameter. A fine specimen, 
 about 60° high, stands in a corner of the Public Garden, St. George's. 
 
 Ficus aurata Miq., recorded by Lefroy as planted at Mt. Langton in 1875, 
 and healthy in 1877, does not appear to exist there at present. 
 
 Ficus lentiginosa Yahl, the large Wild Fig tree growing at Montrose, 
 erroneously known in Bermuda as ' * Banyan, ' ' is, apparently, this widely dis- 
 tributed tree of the West Indies; it has short-stalked subglobose fruit 3" long; 
 its smooth ovate, petioled leaves about 4' long seem just the same as those of 
 F. lentiginosa. The Montrose tree in 1914 was about 25° high, its branches 
 widely spreading over a circle some 75° in diameter, with many aerial roots. 
 
 Ficus pumila L., Creeping Fig, Asiatic, a small-leaved vine, creeping on 
 walls by aerial roots, sending out horizontal branches with larger ovate or 
 elliptic leaves 2'-3' long, its fruit about 2' long, obovoid, is planted for orna- 
 ment and interest ; the fruit is borne on the branches which bear the larger leaves. 
 
 Cecropia peltata L., Trumpet-tree, West Indian, is a conspicuous tree up 
 to 50° high, with hollow, septate trunk, the large, peltate, 5-9-lobed leaves 1°- 
 2° broad, green above, white-tomentose beneath, the small dioecious flowers in 
 clustered aments l'-2' long; a fine specimen at Bellevue. 
 
 Toxylon pomiferum Raf. {Madura aurantiaca Nutt.), Osage Orange, 
 North American, a small thorny tree, with glossy ovate or oblong pointed 
 leaves, the fruit a tubercled yellow syncarp often 6' in diameter, has occa- 
 sionally been planted for hedges, as at Beverley, Paget. 
 
 Artocarpus incisa L., Breadfruit, Polynesian, with large pinnately lobed 
 leaves, and an immense edible syncarp, a very important food in tropical 
 regions, has been planted at times, but did not become luxuriant. 
 
 Artocarpus integrifolia L., Jackfruit, East Indian, is recorded by Lefroy 
 as growing about 1875 at Par-la-Yille, Hamilton, and mentioned also by Verrill 
 and by Jones, but I have been unable to learn of any tree in Bermuda now. 
 
 Artocarpus Lakodcha Roxb., Lakoocha, Indian, a large spreading tree, 
 with velvety young twigs, elliptic to obovate, petioled, rounded or abruptly 
 acuminate leaves 4-8' long, smooth above, finely pubescent and reticulate- 
 veined beneath, the minute flowers borne in dense heads on the twigs, the 
 staminate oblong, about 1' long, the pistillate globose, the edible fruit 2'-3' in 
 diameter, is represented by a tree about 35° high, near Hungry Bay. 
 
 Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaudich. (Madura xantlioxylum Endl.), 
 Fustic, West Indian, was recorded by Lefroy as growing in Paget gardens; 
 he cites the name "Tamarind Plum" as applied to it, as does Verrill. 
 
MORACEAE. 
 
 103 
 
 Conocephalus violaceus (Blanco) Merrill, Violet Coxocephalus, of the 
 Philippine Islands, a fine plant of which existed at Bellevue in 1914, is a 
 purplish-violet, glabrous vine, climbing by aerial roots, with long-petioled, 
 elliptic, obtuse leaves 6'-10' long, the minute, 4-parted, greenish flowers in 
 panicled heads about 3" in diameter. [Procris violacea Blanco.] 
 
 Family 3. URTICACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Nettle Family. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), with watery sap, mostly 
 stipulate simple leaves, and small greenish dioecious, monoecious or polyg- 
 amous flowers, variously clustered. Calyx 2-5-cleft, or of distinct sepals. 
 Petals none. Stamens in the staminate flowers as many as the lobes or seg- 
 ments of the calyx (sepals) and opposite them, the filaments inflexed and 
 anthers reversed in the bud, straightening at anthesis. Ovary superior, 
 1-celled; style simple; ovule solitary, erect or ascending, orthotropous, or in 
 some genera partly amphitropous. Fruit an achene. Endosperm oily, 
 embryo straight. About 40 genera and 550 species of wide distribution. 
 
 Herbs with stinging hairs. 
 Herbs without stinging hairs. 
 
 Flower-clusters not involucrate ; leaves mostly opposite. 
 Pistillate calyx 3-parted or of 3 sepals. 
 Pistillate calyx 2-4-toothed or entire. 
 Flower-clusters involucrate by leafy bracts ; leaves alternate. 
 
 1. Urtica. 
 
 2. Pilea. 
 
 3. Boehmeria. 
 
 4. Parietaria. 
 
 1. URTICA [Tourn.] L. 
 Herbs, with stinging hairs, 3-7-nerved petioled dentate or incised leaves, 
 and distinct or connate stipules. Flowers small and numerous, axillary, cymose- 
 paniculate, spicate or glomerate, dioecious, monoecious or androgynous. Stami- 
 nate flowers with a deeply 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens. Pistillate calyx 4- 
 parted, the segments unequal ; ovary straight ; stigma sessile or nearly so ; ovule 
 erect, orthotropous. Achene compressed, enclosed by the calyx. Seed-coat thin ; 
 endosperm little; cotyledons 
 broad. [The ancient Latin 
 name.] About 30 species of 
 wide distribution. Type 
 species: Urtica dioica L. 
 
 Spikes short, the staminate 
 and pistillate flowers inter- 
 mixed. 1. U. urens. 
 
 Spikes long, the upper stami- 
 nate, the lower pistillate. 
 
 2. C/. membranacea. 
 
 1. Urtica urens L. 
 
 Stinging Nettle. Small 
 Nettle. (Fig. 119.) An- 
 nual, stem 6-18' high, sting- 
 ing-bristly. Leaves thin, 
 glabrous or very nearly so, 
 elliptic, oval or ovate, deeply 
 incised or sometimes doubly 
 serrate, 3-5-nerved, f'-3' 
 long, slender-petioled ; stip- 
 ules short ; flower-clusters 
 oblong, short, rather dense. 
 
104 
 
 URTICAOEAE. 
 
 X 
 
 Recorded as Bermudian by Michaux, Reade and Hems ley. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Naturalized in both eastern and western North America. The plant 
 has not been observed in Bermuda recently. 
 
 2. Urtica membranacea 
 Poir. Thin-leaved Nettle. 
 (Fig. 120.) Annual, spar- 
 ingly stinging-bristly ; stem 
 slender, v>'eak, ascending, 6- 
 3° long. Leaves slender- 
 petioled, thin, coarsely-den- 
 tate, the lower broadly ovate 
 or orbicular, obtuse or aeut- 
 isli at the apex, rounded or 
 subtruncate at the base, i'- 
 IV wide, the upper ovate or 
 lanceolate, acute or acumi- 
 nate at the apex; stipules 
 lanceolate-subulate; spikes 
 elongated, the upper stami- 
 nate, the lower pistillate. 
 
 Common in waste grounds, 
 introduced from Europe. Flow- 
 ers from spring to autumn. 
 [U. chamaedroides of Hemsley.] 
 
 Urtica dioica L., Great Nettle, European, a tall perennial species with 
 compound flower-clusters recorded as Bermudian by Rein, Jones, Reade, Lef roy, 
 H. B. Small and Hemsley, has not been found by recent collectors. 
 
 2. PILEA Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite petioled mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and 
 small monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. Staminate flowers 
 mostly 4-parted (sometimes 2- or 3-parted) and with a rudimentary ovary. 
 Pistillate flowers 3-parted, the segments in most species unequal, each subtend- 
 ing a staminodium in the form of a concave scale ; ovary straight ; stigma 
 sessile, penicillate. Achene compressed. Seed-coat thin. Endosperm scanty 
 or none. [The name is with reference to the cap-like 
 larger sepal.] About 150 species, chiefly in the 
 tropics, most abundant in tropical America. Type 
 species: Pilea muscosa Lindl. 
 
 Glabrous ; leaves entire, 2''-5" long, elliptic to oblanceo- 
 
 late. 1. P. microphylla. 
 
 Pubescent ; leaves crenulate, 5"-8" long, suborbicular. 
 
 2. P. nummulariaefolia. 
 
 1. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Artillery 
 Plant. Lace Plant. (Fig. 121.) Annual or bien- 
 nial, slender, glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, or 
 sometimes creeping at the base, 2'-12' long, fleshy, 
 simple or mostly branched; leaves elliptic or oblance- 
 olate, 2"-5" long, acute or acutish at the apex, entire, 
 attenuate at the base, transversely wrinkled; petioles 
 filiform, shorter than the blades; flower-clusters very 
 small, shorter than the petioles; sepals ovate, very 
 thin, acutish; achenes oblong, lenticular. (P. serpyl- 
 lifolia of Lefroy; Parietaria microphylla L.) 
 
 Roadsides, walls and waste grounds. Naturalized 
 from the West Indies. Native in southern Florida and 
 throughout tropical America. Flowers nearly through- 
 out the year. Commonly planted as a border in flower- 
 gardens, and grown in vases ; both thin-leaved and thick- 
 leaved races are grown. 
 
URTICACEAE. 
 
 105 
 
 2. Pilea nummulariae folia 
 
 (Sw.) Wedd. Round-leaved 
 Pilea. (Fig. 122.) Perennial, 
 pubescent; stems creeping or 
 pendent, often 1° long or more, 
 the branchis l'-5' long. Leaves 
 suborbicular, 5"-8" broad, 3- 
 nerved, crenulate, pubescent 
 with long translucent hairs, the 
 linear raphides numerous and 
 prominent (under a lens) on 
 the under side ; petioles slender, 
 somewhat shorter than the 
 blades; flower-clusters very 
 small, in the upper axils. 
 {Vrtica nummulariae folia Sw.) 
 
 In lawns, Harrington House 
 and Orange Valley. Naturalized. 
 Native of the West Indies. 
 
 Pilea grandifolia (L.) 
 
 Blume, Large-leaved Pilea, 
 
 Jamaican, seen in the garden 
 
 at Mt. Hope in 1914, is erect, 
 
 glabrous, l°-2i° high, with 
 
 long-petioled ovate to elliptic, 
 
 serrate leaves 3'-6' long, the 
 
 numerous minute flowers in 
 
 terminal panicles. 
 
 3. BOEHMEEIA Jacq. 
 Perennial stingless herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with 
 
 petioled 3-nerved leaves, distinct or connate stipules, and small monoecious or 
 
 dioecious flowers, glomerate in axillary spikes or heads. Staminate flowers 
 
 mostly 4-parted, or the calyx of 4 distinct sepals, usually with a rudimentary 
 
 ovary. Pistillate calyx tubular or urn-shaped, enclosing the ovary; stigma 
 
 subulate. Achene enclosed by the pistillate calyx. [In honor of Geor^ Rudolph 
 
 Boehmer, 1723-1803, professor in 
 Wittenberg.] About 50 species, 
 mostly of tropical regions. Type 
 species: Boehmeria ramiflora Jacq. 
 
 1. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) 
 Willd. False Nettle. (Fig. 123.) 
 A perennial rough erect branching 
 herb, l°-3° tall. Stem stiff; leaves 
 ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, thin, slender-petioled, opposite, 
 or some alternate, coarsely dentate, 
 I'-IV wide; petioles shorter than the 
 blades; stipules distinct; flowers dioe- 
 cious or androgynous; staminate 
 spikes usually interrupted, the pistil- 
 late mostly continuous, V-1^' long; 
 achene ovate-oval, acute, rather less 
 than 1" long. [Urtica cylindrica L.] 
 Frequent in marshes. Native. 
 North America and West Indies. Flow- 
 ers from winter to autumn. Its fruits 
 probably transported by the wind. 
 
106 
 
 UETICACEAE. 
 
 4. PARIETARIA L. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate entire 3-nerved petioled leaves, no stipules, and 
 
 axillary glomerate polygamous flowers, involucrate by leafy bracts. Calyx of 
 
 the staminate flowers 4-parted or of 4 (rarely 3) distinct sepals. Fertile 
 
 flowers with a 4-lobed calyx investing the ovary, a short or slender style, and 
 
 a penicillate stigma. Achene enclosed by the pistillate calyx. [Ancient Latin, 
 
 referring to the growth of some species on walls.] About 7 species, widely 
 
 distributed. Type species: Parietaria officinalis L. 
 
 Leaves obtuse or bluntly acuminate ; bracts linear ; native species. 
 Leaves acute to acuminate ; bracts ovate ; introduced. 
 
 2. Parietaria officinalis L. White 
 Pellitort. (Fig. 125.) Perennial, tufted, 
 finely pubescent; stems subherbaceous, 
 branched, 1° high or less. Leaves rather 
 thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, Y-2' long, 
 acutish to acuminate at the apex, mostly 
 obtuse at the base, slender-petioled; invo- 
 lucral bracts ovate to oblong ; sepals ovate ; 
 achenes about 1" long. [P. alha of H. B. 
 Small.] 
 
 On walls and in waste grounds, frequent. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Flowers nearly 
 throughout the year. 
 
 1. P. florldana. 
 
 2. P. officinalis. 
 
 1. Parietaria floridana Nutt. 
 Red Pellitory. (Fig. 124.) An- 
 nual, slender, finely but often 
 densely puberulent. Stems ascend- 
 ing or spreading, 4"-20" long, 
 often much branched; leaves thin, 
 flaccid, numerous, usually ovate to 
 subrhombic, 2' long or less, blunt 
 at the apex or sometimes short- 
 acuminate but obtuse, entire, 
 mostly obtuse at the base ; petioles 
 filiform; bracts of the involucre 
 linear or linear-lanceolate, 2" long, 
 acute; sepals lanceolate, thin, acute 
 or acutish; achenes ovoid, shining, 
 [P. debilis floridana Nutt.; P. de- 
 hilis of Rein, Hemsley, H. B. Small 
 and Moore; .^P. penn^ylvanica of 
 Hemsley.] 
 
 Common in sandy soil and rocky 
 shaded situations. Native. Flowers 
 nearly throughout the year. South- 
 eastern United States. Its seeds 
 probably transported to Bermuda by 
 the wind. 
 
PKOTEACEAE. 107 
 
 Order 9. PROTEALES. 
 
 Mostly trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and perfect flowers. 
 Calyx of 4 valvate somewhat united sepals. Corolla none. Stamens 4, 
 borne on the sepals. Pistil 1, the ovary superior, usually oblique. Fruit 
 various. 
 
 Only the family Proteaceae, which consists of some 50 genera including 
 about 1000 species, natives of the southern hemisphere. 
 
 Qrevillea robusta Cunn., Silk Oak, Australian, planted for shade and 
 ornament, is a tree which becomes 50° or 60° high, with 2-pinnately parted, 
 somewhat pubescent leaves about 1° long, the ultimate linear-oblong segments 
 acute, the petiole short ; the flowers are borne in showy panieled racemes, the 
 sepals oval, the style elongated; the fruits are recurved oblique follicles about 
 8" long, tipped with the slender curved or bent style. 
 
 Leucadendron argenteum (L.) E. Br,, Silver Tree, of Table Mountain, 
 Cape of Good IIoi3e, has linear-lanceolate sessile leaves, silvery-hairy beneath, 
 and capitate flowers. Lefroy records growing many plants from seeds, none of 
 which survived more than a few months. {^Protea argent ea L.] 
 
 Hakea oleifolia (Smith) E. Br., Olive-leaved Hakea, Australian, was 
 taken to Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913. It be- 
 comes a small tree about 20° high, with oblong leaves about 2' long, and bears 
 flowers in dense axillary clusters. [Conchium oleiferum Smith.] 
 
 Order 10. SANTALALES. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs, and a few species herbaceous, many of them para- 
 sitic on the roots or branches of other plants, with simple, mostly entire 
 leaves, and inconspicuous, clustered, jDerfect or imperfect flowers, the 
 corolla present or wanting Ovary partly or wholly inferior, compound. 
 Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals or petals. Fruit various. 
 Seeds mostly with fleshy endosperm. A large order, mostly tropical. 
 
 Santalum album L., Sandal-wood, East Indian, a tree up to 30° high, 
 with white or yellowish fragrant wood, was seen, in a beautiful specimen, at 
 Bellevue in 1913. It has thin, entire, elliptic leaves li'-3' long, slender- 
 petioled and acute at each end; its small short-pedicelled flowers are in ter- 
 minal panicles about V long, the obovoid calyx about IV long, with 4 or 5 
 ovate-triangular lobes, at first white, turning purple. 
 
 Order 11. ARISTOLOCHIALES. 
 
 Herbs or vines, mostly ^vith cordate or reniform leaves and perfect 
 
 flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube wholly or partly adnate to the ovarj'. 
 
 Corolla none. Ovary several- (mostly 6-) celled. Only the following 
 family. 
 
108 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 
 
 Family 1. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume. 
 
 BiRTHWORT Family. 
 
 Aeaulescent plants, or with erect or twining stems. Leaves alternate, 
 estipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, sometimes clustered. Calyx- 
 limb 3-6-lobed or irregular. Stamens 6-many, adnate to the pistil ; anthers 
 2-celled, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovules numerous in each 
 cavity, anatropous, horizontal or pendulous. Fruit a many-seeded 6-celled 
 capsule. Seeds angled or compressed, with a crustaceous testa and usually 
 with a fleshy or dilated raphe; endosperm fleshy, copious; embry^o minute. 
 Six genera and about 200 species of wide distribution in tropical and 'tem- 
 perate regions. 
 
 Aristolochia trilobata L., Lobed-leaved Dutchman's Pipe, Birthwort, 
 West Indian, a vine, several feet long, with petioled deeply 3-lobed leaves 6' 
 long or less, solitary, peduncled, axillary flowers, the lower part of the inflated 
 calyx-limb ovoid, inflated, 6-spurred at the base, about 2' long, the ovate lip 
 tapering into a long tail-like appendage, is commonly planted, climbing on 
 walls and trees, flowering in summer and autumn, 
 
 Aristolochia elegans Masters, Elegant Dutchman's Pipe, Brazilian, oc- 
 casionally planted, is a long slender glabrous vine, with very broadly ovate, 
 cordate, thin leaves 3'-5' long, the long-stalked drooping flowers with a green- 
 ish tube and a cordate-orbicular limb about 3' broad, which is dark purple and 
 blotched with white. 
 
 Aristolochia argentina Griseb., Argentine Dutchman's Pipe, of South 
 America, a slender glabrous vine, seen at the Agricultural Station in 1914, has 
 slender-petioled, broadly ovate, cordate, acute leaves about 2' long, and irregu- 
 lar brownish-mottled flowers about 1' long. 
 
 Order 12. POLYGONALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, trees or vines. Leaves alternate, or sometimes opposite 
 or whorled, the blades mostly entire; stipules mostly present, usually as 
 a sheath (ocrea). Flowers perfect, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, 
 in variously disposed clusters. Calyx inferior, of 2-6 more or less united 
 sepals sometimes developing keels or wings, often corolloid. Androecium 
 of 2-9 stamens; filaments often dilated at the base; anthers 2-celled, 
 opening longitudinally. Pistil 2-3-carpellary, the ovary superior, 1- 
 celled; styles 2 or 3, more or less united; stigmas capitate or tufted, 
 rarely 2-cleft; ovule solitary, orthotropous. Fruit a lenticular or 3- 
 angled achene. Seed with horny or mealy endosperm; embrv'o with in- 
 cumbent or accumbent cotyledons. Consists of the following family only. 
 
 Family 1. . POLYGONACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Buckwheat Family. 
 
 Characters of the order. About 40 genera and 800 species, widely dis- 
 tributed. 
 
POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 109 
 
 Herbaceous plants. 
 Stigmas tufted. 
 Stigmas capitate. 
 
 Erect or floating herbs. 
 
 Ocreae cylindric, truncate. 
 Ocreae oblique. 
 Twining or trailing vines. 
 Trees or shrubs. 
 
 1. Rum ex. 
 
 2 Persicaria. 
 
 3. Fayopiiruin. 
 
 4. Tinianu. 
 
 5. Coccolobin. 
 
 1. RUMEX L. 
 
 Perennial or annual, leafy-stemmed herbs, some species slightly woody, the 
 leaves In some mainly basal. Stem grooved, mostly branched, erect, spreading 
 or creeping. Leaves flat or crisped, the ocreae brittle and fugacious, the in- 
 florescence of simple or compound, often panicled racemes. Flowers green, 
 perfect, dioecious, or polygamo-monoecious, whorled, on jointed- pedicels. 
 Corolla none. Calyx 6-parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 
 inner ones mostly developed into wings, one or all three of which usually bear 
 a callosity (tubercle) ; wings entire, dentate, or fringed with bristle-like teeth. 
 Stamens 6, filaments glabrous. Style 3-parted; stigmas peltate, tufted; achene 
 3-angled, the angles usually margined. Embryo borne in one of the faces of 
 the 3-angled seed. [The ancient Latin name.] About 140 species, of wide 
 geographic distribution. Type species: Eumex Patientia L. These plants are 
 commonly called Ehubarb in Bermuda. 
 
 1. R. crispus. 
 
 2. R. pulcher. 
 
 3. R. obtusifoHus. 
 
 Sepal-wings entire or erose. 
 
 Sepal-wings fringed with spine-like teeth. 
 
 Wings ovate or oblong-ovate ; tubercles usually 2. 
 
 Wings hastate ; tubercle 1. 
 
 1. Rumex crispus L. Curled 
 Dock. (Fig. 126.) Perennial, gla- 
 brous, dark green; stem rather slen- 
 der, erect, l°-3° tall. Leaves crisped 
 and wavy-margined,* the low^er oblong 
 or oblong-lanceolate, 6'-l° long, long- 
 petioled, the upper narrowly oblong 
 or lanceolate, short-petioled, all cor- 
 date or obtuse at the base, more or 
 less papillose ; panicle rather open ; 
 racemes simple or compound, by the 
 elongation of the pedicels apparently 
 continuous in fruit ; flowers rather 
 loosely whorled; fruiting pedicels 1^- 
 2 times as long as the calyx-wings, 
 jointed near the base; wings cordate, 
 \Y'-2" long, truncate or notched at 
 base, erose-dentate, 'or nearly entire, 
 each bearing a tubercle; achene 1" 
 long, dark brown. 
 
 Common in fields, meadows and 
 waste grounds. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in temperate North 
 America. Flowers in spring. 
 
 Rumex sanguineus L., Bloody Dock, recorded as Bermudian by Eeade 
 and by H. B. Small, but not found by subsequent collectors, has a tubercle on 
 only one of the sepal-wings. It is native of Europe and naturalized in the 
 southern United States. 
 
110 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 2. Rumex pulcher L. Fiddle 
 Dock. (Fig. 127.) Perennial, dark 
 green; stem slender, erect or procum- 
 bent, diffusely branched, l°-3° long, 
 the branches spreading. Leaves ob- 
 long, or some of the lower fiddle- 
 shaped, l'-6' long, long-petioled, ob- 
 tuse at the apex, cordate at the base, 
 the lower often purple-veined; upper 
 oblong or oblong-lanceolate, l'-3' long, 
 usually narrowed at both ends; peti- 
 oles more or less pubescent; panicle 
 loose; racemes long, divergent, some- 
 times reflexed, much Interrupted, 
 rather leafy; flowers few in the 
 whorls; pedicels equalling the calyx- 
 wings, jointed at or below the middle; 
 wings ovate or oblong-ovate, 2" long, 
 truncate at the base, one larger than 
 the others or all three of different 
 sizes, fringed with spine-like teeth, 
 usually two, sometimes one or all 
 three bearing tubercles; achene 1" 
 long, pointed, reddish, its faces con- 
 3. Rumex obtusifolius L. cave. 
 
 Broad-leaved or Bitter Dock. ,...^ ^ xt^. 
 
 /T-i- 100 \ -n -1 ^ \ ^ ^ Waste and cultivated grounds. Nat- 
 
 (Fig. 128.) Perennial, glabrous; uralized from Europe in Bermuda, as in 
 
 stem stout, erect, more or less the southern and western United States, 
 
 scurfy above, 2°-4° tall. Lower Flowers in spring and summer, 
 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6'-15' 
 long, long-petioled, all cordate or 
 rounded at the base, obtuse or 
 acute at the apex, the upper lanceo- 
 late or oblong-lanceolate, short- 
 petioled, somewhat undulate or 
 crisped; panicle rather open; 
 racemes nearly erect; flowers 
 loosely whorled; pedicels slender, 
 somewhat longer than the calyx- 
 wings, jointed below the middle; 
 wings hastate, 2"-2i" long, fringed 
 with a few spreading spiny teeth, 
 one of them bearing an oblong 
 tubercle; achene pointed, dark red, 
 its faces concave, its angles slightly 
 margined. 
 
 Waste grounds, recorded by Le- 
 froy. Introduced from Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in North America. 
 Flowers in spring and summer. Not 
 found by recent collectors but prob- 
 ably correctly recorded. 
 
 Rumex Acetosella L., Field Sorrel, Sheep Sorrel, a low European 
 species with halberd-shaped sour leaves, recorded by Lefroy as met with in 
 pastures, has not been found in Bermuda by subsequent collectors. It is 
 W'idely naturalized in temperate North America. H. B. Small also records it, 
 but his description indicates that he had some other plant in mind, and the 
 record by Lefroy is also open to doubt. 
 
POLYGOXACEAE. 
 
 Ill 
 
 2. PERSICARIA [Tourn.] Mill. 
 
 Annual or perennial often pubescent or glandular caulescent herbs, never 
 twining nor climbing. Leaves alternate, entire, continuous with the ocreae, 
 often glandular-punctate. Ocreae cylindric, naked or ciliate. Racemes !-pike- 
 like. Ocreolae funnelform. Pedicels rather stout, articulated at the base of 
 the calyx. Calyx more or less colored, often glandular-punctate, investing the 
 achene. Sepals mo&i;ly 5, 2 wholly exterior, 2 wholly interior and 1 with one 
 margin interior and the other exterior, none of them winged or keeled. 
 Stamens 4r-8', filaments not dilated. Styles mostly 2, sometimes 3, usually par- 
 tially united ; stigmas capitate. Achenes usually black, smooth or granular. 
 Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name from Persica, the leaves 
 resembling those of the Peach.] About 125 species, widely distributed. Type 
 species: Folygomim Persicaria L. 
 
 1. Persicaria punctata (Ell.) 
 Small. Water Smartweed. (Fig. 
 129.) Annual or perennial, mostly gla- 
 brous. Stem erect or ascending, l°-3° 
 long; leaves lanceolate, often oblong- 
 lanceolate, l'-6' long, acuminate at 
 both ends, conspicuously punctate, 
 often bearing a few short hairs on the 
 midrib, ciliate; ocreae 5"-7" long, 
 fringed with rather long bristles; 
 racemes linear, erect, somewhat inter- 
 rupted below, loosely flowered; ocreo- 
 lae funnelform, fringed with a few 
 short bristles; calyx greenish, about 
 1" long, conspicuously glandular; 
 sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse, punc- 
 tate ; stamens 8 ; achenes lenticular 
 and slightly gibbous, or 3-angled, 
 about 1" long, broadly oblong, black, 
 smooth and shining. [Polygonum 
 punctatum Ell. ; Polygonum acre 
 H.B.K., not Lam.] 
 
 Frequent in marshes. Native. Temperate North America and the West In- 
 dies. Flowers from spring to autumn. Its seeds were probably transported to 
 Bermuda by migratory birds. 
 
 3. FAGOPYRUM Gaertn. 
 Annual or perennial rather fleshy usually glabrous leafy herbs, with erect, 
 striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with 
 oblique, cylindric or funnelform ocreae. Flowers small, white or green, in 
 terminal or axillary usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or 
 several together from each ocreola, slender-pedicelled. Calyx about equally 5- 
 parted, persistent and unchanged in fruit, the segments petaloid, shorter than 
 the achene. Stamens 8 ; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled : 
 style 3-parted; stigmas capitate. Achene 3-angled. Embryo central, dividing 
 the mealy endosperm into two parts; cotyledons broad. [Greek, beech-wheat, 
 from the similarity of the grain.] About 6 species, native of Europe and Asia. 
 Type species: Fagopyrum tataricum L. 
 
112 
 
 POLYGOXACEAE. 
 
 1. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum 
 (L.) Karst. Buckwheat. (Fig. 
 130.) Annual, glabrous except at 
 the nodes, stem l°-3° high. Leaves 
 hastate, l'-3' long, abruptly nar- 
 rowed above the middle, acumi- 
 nate ; ocreae brittle and fugacious ; 
 racemes mostly panicled, some- 
 times corymbose, m.any-flowered, 
 erect or inclined to droop; pedicels 
 as long as the calyx; calyx-seg- 
 ments white or whitish; style- 
 branches deflexed in fruit ; achene 
 acute, 2i" long, about twice as 
 long as the calyx, its faces pin- 
 nately-striate when mature, the 
 angles acute, not crested. [Polyg- 
 onum Fagopyrum L. ; F. esculen- 
 tum Moench.] 
 
 Fields and waste grounds, spon- 
 taneous after cultivation. Native of 
 Europe or Asia. Widely cultivated 
 for its edible grain, and considerably 
 grown in Bermuda. Flowers in 
 spring and summer. 
 
 4. TINIARIA Eeichenb. 
 Annual or perennial unarmed slender vines. Leaves alternate, cordate or 
 hastate. Ocreae oblique. Eacemes loosely flowered, often paniculate. Sepals 
 5, green, white or yellowish, 2 exterior, 2 interior and 1 with one edge interior 
 and one edge exterior, this sepal and the two outer keeled or strongly winged. 
 Pedicels slender, reflexed and articulated. Stamens 8, included; filaments short, 
 converging. Styles 3, short or almost wanting, distinct or rarely united. 
 Achenes 3-angled, included, smooth and shining or granular and dull. Endo- 
 sperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. [Latin, referring to the creeping habit.] 
 About 8 species, of North America and 
 Asia, the following typical. 
 
 1. Tiniaria Convolvulus (L.) Webb. 
 & Moq. Black Bindweed. (Fig. 131.) 
 Annual, scurfy, dull green or pale green. 
 Stem prostrate or twining, 4'-3i° long, 
 the internodes of the older branches 
 greatly elongating; leaves ovate or 
 ovate-sagittate, V-2V long, acuminate at 
 the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, 
 somewhat undulate and crisped; ocreae 
 oblique, l"-2" long, acute; racemes 
 simple, loosely flowered, interrupted; 
 calyx green, at length 2" long, closely 
 investing the fruit; sepals oblong, ob- 
 tuse; stamens 8; achenes 3-angled, 
 obovoid or oblong-obovoid, short-tipped, 
 black. [Polygonum Convolvulus L.] 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds, uncom- 
 mon. Introduced. Widely naturalized in 
 North America. Native of Europe and Asia. 
 
POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 113 
 
 5. COCCOLOBIS P. Br. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees, with erect branched trunks, or rarely high- 
 twining vines, clothed with a very thin bark. Leaves alternate, leathery, entire. 
 Ocreae truncate, membranous, often very small. Flowers perfect, green, on 
 jointed pedicels subtended by small bracts, disposed in spike-like racemes. 
 Sepals 5, herbaceous, nearly equal, little changed at maturity. Stamens 8; 
 filaments slender. Ovary free, 3-angled; styles 3. Ovule erect. Achene ovoid 
 or globose, with a crustaceous or bony pericarp, invested by the accrescent calyx, 
 to which it is sometimes more or less adherent. Seed 3-6-lobed, with a mem- 
 branous testa. Embryo more or less eccentric in the channeled mealy endo- 
 sperm, its cotyledons cordate. [Greek, referring to the calyx adhering to the 
 achenes.] About 150 species, mostly tropical, the following typical. 
 
 1. Coccolobis uvifera (L.) 
 Jacq. Sea Grape. Bay Grape. 
 (Fig. 132.) A shrub or tree, 3°- 
 25° high, with a short contorted 
 trunk occasionally reaching a 
 diameter of 2° or more. Branches 
 forming a round head; leaves firm 
 in texture, suborbicular, often 
 broader than long, 2'-8' in diam- 
 eter, obtuse or retuse at the apex, 
 undulate, cordate at the base, 
 short-petioled ; ocreae funnelform, 
 firm; racemes interrupted, 4-12' 
 long ; hypanthium campanulate ; 
 sepals obovoid-orbicular, whitish, 
 undulate; filaments subulate, red; 
 fruiting racemes dense, resembling 
 bunches of grapes, each drupe- 
 like fruit subglobose, 6"-10"' in 
 diameter, purple or greenish-white, 
 with an astringent juicy pulp and 
 a broadly ovoid, hard achene with 
 a thin reddish pericarp. [Polygo- 
 num uvifera L.] 
 
 Coastal rocks and sands, ascending to the tops of hills along the South Shores : 
 frequent or common. Native. Southern Florida. West Indies, continental tropin*-'*! 
 American coasts. Flowers from spring to autumn. Fruit edible, but not very 
 palatable, doubtless transported to Bermuda by floating. 
 
 Coccolobis diversifolia Jacq., Barbadoes Grape-tree, West Indian, is a 
 small tree 15° high or more, with petioled, ovate to elliptic, acute, pinnately 
 veined leaves 2'-6' long, slender spikes of small greenish flowers, the reddish 
 fruit about 5" in diameter; a luxuriant specimen was seen in a garden at the 
 west end of the Causeway in 1913. 
 
 Ruprechtia corylifolia Griseb., Hazel-leaved Ruprechtlv, South Ameri- 
 can, a small tree with slender branches, ovate-elliptic, acute, thin, short- 
 petioled leaves 12^-3' long, very small, green flowers in slender racemes, the 
 narrow calyx-lobes much enlarged in fruit, was shown by two fine specimens 
 about 13° high at Mount Hope in 1914. 
 
 9 
 
114 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 Pleuropterys Zuccarinii Small, Japanese Knotweed, Japanese, occa- 
 sionally planted for ornament, is a large perennial herb, 4°-8° high, spreading 
 by rootstocks, with ovate, acuminate leaves 2'-6' long, and many panicled 
 racemes of small, white flowers. [Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. and Zucc, not 
 of Willd.] 
 
 Muehlenbeckia platyclada (F. v. M.) Lindaii, Centipede Plant, Poly- 
 nesian, a shrub up to 10° high, with flat jointed leafless branches, the small 
 green flowers clustered at the joints, is grown in gardens for interest. Reade 
 made a curious error in referring this plant to the genus Xylophylla of the 
 Spurge Family, and this was copied by H. B. Small. [Coccoloha platyclada 
 F. V. M. ; FPolygonum platyphyllum of Jones.] 
 
 Muehlenbeckia complexa Meisn., Twining Muehlenbeckia, of New Zea- 
 land, a very slender vine up to 6° long, at first finely pubescent, its nearly 
 orbicular, slender-petioled leaves Y broad or less, its membranous sheaths about 
 li" long, was grown on a w^all at Woodhaven in 1914; the flowers of this plant 
 are very small, greenish and axillary. The plant is wholly different in aspect 
 from the preceding species. 
 
 Antigonum leptopus H. & A., Corallina, Corallita, Coral Plant, 
 Mexican, a slender, climbing herbaceous vine, with small rose-pink or sometimes 
 white flowers, is much grown in gardens for ornament. 
 
 Lefroy records that roots of Rhubarb (Eheum Bhapdnticum L.), intro- 
 duced In 1872, soon died out. Other attempts to raise this vegetable have been 
 made, but without much success. 
 
 Order 13. CHENOPODIALES. 
 
 Herbs, mostly with perfect flowers. Calyx present. Corolla, if pres- 
 ent, polypetalous. Ovary superior. Embryo coiled, curved or annular. 
 Fruit not an achene. 
 
 Fruit a utricle. 
 
 Flowers bractless, or, if bracted, the bracts not scarious^; sepals green or greenish. 
 Plants not climbing nor trailing. 
 Climbing or trailing vines. 
 Flowers bracted, the bracts, and also the sepals, 
 mostly scarious. 
 Fruit fleshy, enclosing several carpels ; a berry. 
 Fruit an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla- 
 like calyx enclosing a utricle. 
 Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves, or teeth. 
 Capsule 2-several-celled ; petals none. 
 Capsule 1-celled ; petals mostly present. 
 Sepals 2. 
 Sepals 5 or 4. 
 
 Sepals distinct ; ovary sessile ; petals not 
 
 clawed. 
 Sepals united ; ovary stipitate ; petals clawed. 
 
 Family 1. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. 
 
 GoosEFOOT Family. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete 
 stems. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, estipulate, simple, entire, 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 
 Chexopodiageae. 
 Basellaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 Amaraxthaceae. 
 Phytolaccaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 5. 
 
 Nyctaginaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 6. 
 
 Aizoaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 7. 
 
 Portulacaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 8. 
 9. 
 
 Alsinaceae. 
 Cakyophyllaceae, 
 
CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 115 
 
 toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere ridges). 
 Flowers small, green or greenish, regular or slightly irregular, variously 
 clustered, occasionally solitaiy in the axils. Petals none. Calyx persistent, 
 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, wanting in the 
 pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as the lobes or divisions 
 of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them; filaments slender; anthers 2- 
 celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 
 solitary, amphitropous ; styles 1-3 ; stigmas capitate, or 2-3-lobed or divided. 
 Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous pericarp. Seed vertical or hori- 
 zontal; endosperm mealy, fleshy or wanting. About 75 genera and 550 
 
 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Leafy herbs ; endosperm of the seed copious. 
 
 Flowers perfect ; calyx 2-5-lobed. 
 
 Flowers Imperfect ; pistillate calyx none ; fruit enclosed in 2 
 large bractlets. 
 Leafless herbs with opposite branches ; no endosperm. 
 
 1. Chcnopodium. 
 
 2. Atriplex. 
 
 3. Salicornia. 
 
 1. CHENOPODIUM L. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers small, 
 green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, em- 
 bracing or enclosing the utricle, its segments or lobes often keeled or ridged. 
 Stamens 1-5; filaments filiform or slender. Styles '2 or 3; seed horizontal or 
 vertical, sometimes in both positons in different flowers of the same specie?; 
 endosperm mealy; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goose- 
 foot, from the shape of the leaves.] About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide 
 geographic distribution. Type species: Chenopodium rubrum L. 
 
 Embryo of the seed a complete ring; plants not strongly odorous. 
 
 Flowers in dense compound spikes. 
 
 Flowers in loose axillary panicles. 
 Embryo an incomplete ring ; plants strongly odorous. 
 
 1. Chenopodium album L. 
 
 Lamb's Quarters. White Goose- 
 foot. Pig-weed. (Fig. 133.) An- 
 nual; stem usually slender, erect, 
 commonly much branched, l°-9° tall. 
 Leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper 
 lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 3- 
 nerved, dentate, sinuate or lobed, or 
 the upper entire, l'-4' long; spikes 
 terminal and axillary, simple or com- 
 pound, often panicled; calyx about 
 i" broad in fruit, its segments usu- 
 ally completely enclosing the utricle; 
 seed horizontal, black, shining, firmly 
 attached to the pericarp. 
 
 In waste places, and cultivated 
 soil ; a common weed, naturalized from 
 Europe. Widely naturalized in warm 
 and temperate regions. Flowers from 
 winter to autumn. 
 
 1. C. alhtttn. 
 
 2. C. niurale. 
 
 3. C. ambrosioides. 
 
116 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 2. Chenopodium murale L. 
 
 Nettie-leaved Goosefoot. Sow- 
 bane. (Fig. 134.) Annual, some- 
 what scurfy above; stem l°-2^° 
 high, leafy to the summit. Leaves 
 rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green, 
 acute or acuminate, sharply and 
 coarsely sinuate dentate, cuneate 
 or subtruncate at the base, slender- 
 petioled, 2'^' long; flowers in 
 loose axillary panicles often not 
 longer than the petioles; calyx- 
 segments not entirely enclosing the 
 utricle; seed sharp-edged, hori- 
 zontal, firmly attached to the peri- 
 carp. 
 
 Occasional or frequent in waste 
 places. Introduced. Native of Europe. 
 Naturalized in temperate North 
 America and in the West Indies. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 3. Chenopodium ambrosioides 
 
 L. Mexican Tea. Worm seed. 
 (Fig. 135.) Annual, glabrous or 
 slightly glandular-pubescent, strong- 
 scented; stem leafy, 2°-3° high angu- 
 lar and grooved. Leaves oblong or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, narrowed to a short 
 petiole, repand-dentate, undulate or 
 the upper entire, l'-4' long, the up- 
 per numerous and smaller; flowers 
 in small dense axillary spikes; calyx 
 usually 3-parted, completely enclos- 
 ing the fruit ; pericarp readily sep- 
 arable from the seed ; seed horizontal 
 or vertical, shining. [C. anthelmin- 
 ticum L.] 
 
 In waste places. Common. Nat- 
 iralized from tropical America. Flow- 
 ers in summer and autumn. 
 
 Blitum maritimum L., similar 
 to Chenopodium, but the calyx be- 
 coming fleshy and accrescent, the 
 ripe heads of fruit globose and red, 
 recorded by Reade as rare along way- 
 sides by the sea, has not been found 
 by subsequent collectors. It is native of the cooler parts of the north temperate 
 zone. The record is, perhaps, an error for Atriplex arenaria. 
 
 2. ATRIPLEX L. 
 
 Herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alternate, 
 
 or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in 
 
 panicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless, 
 
 consisting of a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens; filaments 
 
CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 117 
 
 separate or united by their bases; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. 
 Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 braetlets which enlarge in fruit and are more 
 or less united, sometimes quite to their summits; perianth none; stigmas 2. 
 Utricle completely or partially enclosed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical 
 or rarely horizontal; embryo annular; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name 
 of orache.] About 130 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Type 
 species: Atriplex hortensis L. 
 
 1. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. 
 Sea-beach Atriplex. (Fig. 136.) 
 Annual, pale, densely silvery- 
 scurfy ; stem bushy-branched, 4-15' 
 high, the branches ascending or 
 decumbent, angular; leaves oblong, 
 entire, short-petioled or sessile, ^'- 
 2' long, the lateral veins few and 
 obscure; flowers in axillary clus- 
 ters much shorter than the leaves; 
 fruiting bractlets triangular wedge- 
 shaped, broadest above, 2"-3" 
 wide, united nearly to the several- 
 toothed summits, their margins en- 
 tire, their sides reticulated, or 
 sometimes crested or tubercled. 
 [A. cristaia of Lefroy and of 
 Hemsley; FBlitum maritimum of 
 Reade and of H. B. Small.] 
 
 In salt marshes, not abundant, 
 and recorded by Lefroy as found 
 along the North Shores. Native. 
 Eastern United States, Bahamas, 
 Cuba. Transported to Bermuda by 
 floating. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 Atriplex hortensis L., Garden Orache, Tartarian, grown as a substitute 
 for spinach in many countries, was seen at the Agricultural Station in 1913. 
 It has succulent ovate-lanceolate leaves 2^'-4' long, and flowers in large 
 panicles, the broadly ovate, veiny, subcordate bracts about 5" broad. 
 
 3. SALICORNIA L. 
 
 Fleshy glabrous herbs, with opposite terete branches, the leaves reduced to 
 mere opposite scales, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper 
 ones, forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate. 
 Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming 
 spongy, in fruit deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted ; fila- 
 ments cylindric, short ; anthers oblong, large ; ovary ovoid ; styles or stigmas 2. 
 Utricle enclosed by the spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed 
 erect, compressed; embryo conduplicate; endosperm none. [Name Greek, salt- 
 horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.] About 10 species, 
 natives of saline soil, widely distributed in both the Old World and the New. 
 Type species: Salicornia europaea L 
 
118 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 1. Salicornia perennis Mill. 
 Woody Glasswort. Marsh Sam- 
 phire. (Fig. 137.) Perennial by 
 a woody rootstock; stem trailing 
 or decumbent, the branches as- 
 cending or erect, slender, nearly 
 or quite simple, rather long- 
 jointed, 6'-li° high. Scales 
 broadly ovate or wider than high, 
 appressed or slightly divergent ; 
 fruiting spikes ^'-IV long, their 
 joints not longer than thick; 
 flowers all about equally high and 
 about equalling the joints. [S. 
 ambigua Michx. j S. fruticosa of 
 Lefroy, H. B. Small, Coulter, 
 and Verrill.] 
 
 Common In salt marshes, and 
 on coastal rocks and sands. Native. 
 Atlantic and Pacific coast of North 
 America, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, 
 coasts of northern Europe. Trans- 
 ported to Bermuda by floating. 
 Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
 Beta vulgaris L., Beet, 
 European, a large-rooted plant 
 of this family, is successfully 
 grown as a garden vegetable in 
 s everal races. The flowering stem 
 is 2°-3° high, with alternate 
 leaves, the small greenish flowers 
 in panicled spikes. 
 
 Family 2. BASELLACEAE Moq. 
 
 Madeira-vine Family. 
 
 Somewhat succulent vines, with tuber-bearing rootstocks. Leaves 
 alternate, broad, often cordate, entire. Flowers perfect in narrow racemes. 
 Calyx of 2 sepals, sometimes winged in fruit. Corolla of 5 petals. Stamens 
 5, borne opposite the petals; filaments sometimes united below. Ovary 
 superior, 1-celled ; styles 3, distinct ; stigmas entire or cleft. Ovule solitary, 
 campylotropous, erect. Fruit utricular. Seed with a membranous testa. 
 Five genera and about 15 species of tropical distribution, mostly Amer- 
 ican. 
 
 1. BOUSSINGAULTIA H.B.K. 
 
 Vines, with much-branched stems, the leaves rather fleshy. Flowers in 
 axillary and terminal spike-like racemes. Sepals nearly flat, not winged. 
 Petals longer than the sepals. Filaments terete, somewhat enlarged, but not 
 dilated, at the base. Stigmas cleft. Seeds with starchy endosperm. [In 
 honor of Boussingault, a French botanist.] About a dozen species, natives of 
 tropical America, the following typical. 
 
BASELLACEAE. 
 
 119 
 
 1. Boussingaultia baselloides 
 H.B.K. Madeira-vine. Bridal 
 Wreath. (Fig. 138.) A glabrous 
 vine climbing over other plants or 
 on walls. Leaves ovate, l'-3' long, 
 acute, entire, abruptly narrowed or 
 subcordate at the base, short- 
 petioled; racemes slender, simple 
 or compound, 2'-6' long; petals 
 greenish white, oval or elliptic- 
 oval, about 2" long, spreading dur- 
 ing anthesis. 
 
 Thickets and walls, escaped 
 from cultivation and naturalized. 
 Native of South America. . Flowers 
 in summer and autumn. An attrac- 
 tive vine with many narrow racemes 
 of nearly white fragrant flowers. 
 
 Basella rubra L., Red Basella, 
 of tropical Asia, recorded by Jones 
 as grown in Bermuda, is a vine, 
 similar to the Madeira Vine, but 
 with spicate, red or white, sessile 
 flowers, and the seeds have scarcely 
 any endosperm. [B. cordifolia 
 Lam.] 
 
 Family 3. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Amaranth Family. 
 
 Herbs, some exotic genera low shrubs, with simple mostly entire thin 
 leaves. Flowers small, green or white, bracteolate, variously clustered, 
 usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx her- 
 baceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct, or united at the 
 base, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the 
 calyx-segments, hypogynous; filaments distinct, united at the base, or into 
 a tube. Ovary 1-celle'd; ovule solitary in the following genera, amphitro- 
 pous (several in some tropical genera) ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a utricle, 
 circumscissile, bursting irregularly, or indehiscent, 1-seeded in our genera. 
 Seed mostly smooth; embryo annular; endosperm mealy, usually copious. 
 About 40 genera and 475 species, widely distributed, most abundant in 
 warm regions. 
 
 Utricle circumscissile ; anthers 2-celled. 
 Utricle indehiscent ; anthers 1-celled. 
 
 1. Amaranthus. 
 
 2. Achyranthcs. 
 
 1. AMARANTHUS L. 
 
 Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs, 
 with petioled pinnately veined leaves and small monoecious polygamous or 
 
120 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE. 
 
 dioecious green or purplish mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal 
 spikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 2-5 ; anthers 
 longitudinally dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or oblong 
 utricle, 2-3 -beaked by the persistent styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfad- 
 ing flower, from the dry, unwithering bracts.] About 50 species of wide 
 geographic distribution. Type species: Amaranthus caudatus L. 
 
 1. Amaranthus hybridus L. Slen- 
 der Pigweed. (Fig. 139.) Eoughish- 
 pubescent; stem usually slender, erect, 
 l°-5° tall. Leaves ovate, or the upper 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, 2'-6' 
 long; spikes linear-cylindric, axillary and 
 forming dense terminal panicles, ascend- 
 ing, somewhat spreading or drooping; 
 bracts subulate, twice as long as the 5 
 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens 
 5; utricle scarcely wrinkled. [A. cJilo- 
 rostacliys Willd.] 
 
 A common weed In waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized from tropical 
 America. Widely naturalized as a weed in 
 temperate North America. Flowers nearly 
 throughout the year. 
 
 Amaranthus retroflexus L., Rough Pigweed, American, similar, but with 
 thick ovoid-cylindric flower spikes, is recorded as Bermudian by Reade, H. B. 
 Small and Moore. 
 
 Amaranthus spinosus L., Spiny Amaranth, with a pair of stout spines in 
 each leaf axil, is recorded by Lefroy as a weed in cultivated ground, and by 
 Hemsley, as found among rubbish by Lane, but it has not been seen in Ber- 
 muda by subsequent collectors. 
 
 Amaranthus gangeticus L., Love-lies-Bleeding, Asiatic, sometimes grown 
 for ornament in races with red or purple leaves, is l°-3° high with erect spikes 
 of glomerate flowers. [A. melanchoUcus L.] 
 
 2. ACHYRANTHES L. 
 
 Decumbent or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or nearly so. 
 Flowers perfect, in sessile or peduncled head-like usually white or silvery spikes. 
 Sepals 5, unequal. Stamens 5, the filaments partially united into a cup-like 
 tube; staminodia surpassing the filaments and 1-celled anthers or shorter. 
 Ovary 1-celled; stigma capitate. Ovule solitary. Utricle flattened, indehiscent. 
 Seeds lenticular, smooth. [Greek, straw-flower.] About 100 species, of trop- 
 ical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Achyranthes repens L. 
 
AMAEANTHACEAE, 
 
 121 
 
 1. Achyranthes maritima (St. Hil.) 
 Standlev. Beach Alternaxthera. (Fig. 
 140.) Plants glabrous, fleshy. Stems or 
 the iDranches prostrate, 8'-2^° long, angled, 
 branched ; leaves leathery, cuneate to oblong 
 or elliptic, f'-2^' long, obtuse, commonly 
 mucronate, entire, sessile or somewhat 
 petioled; spikes dull straw-colored, 3"-6" 
 long, sessile, leaving a conspicuous scar 
 when detached ; bracts ovate, keeled ; calyx 
 i longer than the bracts; sepals rigid, ovate, 
 acute and slightly awn-tipped, usually 5- 
 nerved, glabrous; staminodia longer than 
 the filaments, cleft or lacerate at the tip. 
 [Alternanthera maritima St. Hil.] 
 
 Beaches, Long Bird Island, 1908. Southern 
 Florida, Bahamas, South America. Flowers In 
 spring. Transported- to Bermuda by floating. 
 
 Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) R.Br. 
 KxoTWEED Achyranthes, West Indian, 
 recorded by E-eade as growing in the Public 
 Park prior to 1883, has spreading stems and 
 branches, spatulate obtuse leaves about 1' long, and bright white flower-heads 
 Y in diameter, sessile in the axils. 
 
 Achyranthes amabilis (Lemaire) Britton, Beautifl^l Achyranthes, 
 Brazilian, planted for borders in flower gardens, has oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, more or less red-blotched leaves l'-3' long. [Alternantlicra amahilis 
 Lemaire.] 
 
 Achyranthes Bettzickiana (Kegel) Britton, Bettzick's Achyranthes, 
 also Brazilian and planted for borders, has spatulate to ovate red to green 
 leaves 1-2' long, with long margined petioles. [Telanthera Bettzicliana Kegel.] 
 
 Celosia cristata L., Cockscomb, of tropical regions, cultivated in flower 
 gardens, is a stiff, erect annual about 2° high, with glabrous, ovate, petioled 
 leaves 2'-3' long, cordate at the base, often variegated ; its spikes of flowers are 
 confluent into flat crested structures sometimes very broad, red, purple or 
 violet to yellow. It is supposed to be a crested race of Celosia argentea L., a 
 common tropical weed. 
 
 Iresine Herbstli Hook., Herbst's Iresine, South American, recorded by 
 Lefroy as grown in Bermuda gardens, is shrubby, U°-3° high, with nearly 
 orbicular, slender-petioled, emarginate, purple or red leaves l'-3' broad and 
 very small and numerous flowers in panicles. 
 
 Family 4. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. 
 
 PoKEWEED Family. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees) with alternate entire 
 mostly estipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious 
 flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5 sepals, its segments or sepals im- 
 bricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx- 
 segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogynous; 
 
122 
 
 PHYTOLACCACEAE. 
 
 filaments distinct, or united at the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longi- 
 tudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several-celled 
 in most of the genera; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphitropous. Styles 
 as many as the carpels, short or none ; stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a 
 berry in the following genus. Endosperm of the seed mealy or fleshy. 
 About 22 genera and 110 species, mostly in the tropics. 
 
 1. PHYTOLACCA L. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, Tvith petioled estipulate leaves, and small flowers in 
 terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem become opposite the 
 leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3-bracted above. Calyx of 4 
 or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-15, inserted at the base of the calyx. 
 Ovary composed of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed- 
 globose 5-15-celled fleshy berry. Seeds 1 in each cavity, erect, compressed; 
 embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring 
 to the crimson juice of the berries.] About 24 species, the following typical 
 one of eastern North America, the others tropical. 
 
 1. Phjrtolacca americana L. 
 
 Poke. Scoke. Garget. (Fig. 
 141.) A glabrous strong-smelling 
 succulent erect herb, 3°-12° tall, 
 the root large, poisonous, the stem 
 stout, its pith divided into disks. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate at 
 both ends, 6-12' long; racemes 
 2'-S' long; pedicels 2"-6" long; 
 flowers perfect ; calyx white, 2"-3" 
 broad; stamens 10, slightly shorter 
 than the sepals; ovary green, 10- 
 celled; styles recurved; berry dark 
 purple, 5"-6" in diameter, very 
 juicy, its 10 carpels conspicuous 
 when dry. [P. decandra L.] 
 
 Waste grounds in Paget Marsh, 
 
 1905. Introduced from temperate 
 
 North America. Naturalized in 
 
 Europe. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. 
 
 Eivina humilis L., Rouge Plant, of tropical America, a low shrub with 
 alternate, entire, petioled ovate to lanceolate leaves 1-3' long, the small white 
 flowers racemose, with 4 sepals, the fruit small red berries about 1" in diam- 
 eter, was grown at the Agricultural Station in 1914. 
 
 Family 5. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Four-o'clock Family. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical genera trees or shrubs) with simple entire leaves, 
 and regular flowers in clusters, in several of the genera subtended by in- 
 
NYCTAGINACEAE. 
 
 123 
 
 volucres. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb 4-5- 
 lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous; filaments filiform; anthers 
 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube of the 
 perianth, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; ovule campylotropous; stigma capitate. Fruit 
 a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. About 25 genera and 350 species, 
 of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America, 
 
 Involucre large, calyx-like, its bracts united. 
 Involucre none ; flowers very small, panicled 
 
 1. Mirahilis. 
 
 2. Boerhaavca, 
 
 1. MIRABIIilS L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with large tuberous-thickened roots and forking stems. 
 Leaves opposite, somewhat fleshy, petioled, or the upper sessile. Flower 
 solitary or many flowers together in a 5-lobed calyx-like involucre. Calyx 
 colored, its tube elongated, constricted above the ovary, its limb expanding, 
 deciduous. Stamens 5 or 6, unequal; filaments filiform, slender, incurved, 
 united into a fleshy cup at the base. Style filiform. Fruit ribbed. Seed 
 filling the pericarp, to which the testa adheres; endosperm mealy. [Latin, 
 beautiful.] Twenty or more American species, the following typical. 
 
 1. Mirabilis Jalapa L. Four- 
 o 'clock. Marvel of Peru. (Fig. 
 142.) Foliage deep green, gla- 
 brous or slightly pubescent. Stem 
 erect, l°-3° tall, much branched; 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, sometimes 
 sparingly ciliate, entire, truncate 
 or cordate at the base, the petioles 
 about i as long as the blades; in- 
 volucres campanulate, 3"-4" high, 
 pubescent, 1-flowered, their lobes 
 ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as 
 the tube, acute, bristle-tipped; 
 calyx salverform, li'-2' long, 
 deep red to purple or white, often 
 more or less blotched, the edge 
 lobed; stamens exserted; fruit 
 ovoid; black, 4"-5" long, wrinkled- 
 tuberculate, 5-ribbed. [M. dicho- 
 tonia L.; M. longiflora of Jones.] 
 
 Waste grounds and woodlands. 
 Escaped from cultivation and nat- 
 uralized. Native of tropical America. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 Much grown in gardens. 
 
 2. BOEEHAAVEA L. 
 
 Slender herbs with forking stems and branches, opposite leaves, and 
 small panicled minutely bracted flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx campanulate 
 
124 
 
 NYCTAGINACEAE. 
 
 to funnelform, its limb 5-lobed. Stamens 1-5, exserted, the slender filaments 
 united at the base. Ovary oblique; style filiform; stigma peltate. Fruit ob- 
 ovoid or clavate, ribbed. [In honor of Hermann Boerhaave, 1668-1738, a cele- 
 brated Dutch scientist.] About 50 species, native of warm and tropical 
 regions. Type species: B. diffusa L. 
 
 1. Boerhaavea erecta L. Hog-weed. (Fig. 
 143.) Stem erect or ascending, branched; 
 leaves ovate to deltoid-ovate, sometimes inequi- 
 lateral, |'-3i' long, apiculate, repand or undu- 
 late, acute to cordate at the base, minutely 
 black-dotted on the lower whitish surface; 
 petioles usually about one half as long as the 
 blades or longer; peduncles filiform; flowers 
 2-6 in a cluster; calyx white to purple, its tube 
 glabrous, the limb campanulate, 4"-|" long, 
 sparingly pubescent; stamens exserted; fruit 
 obpyramidal, 2" long, 5-angled, the grooves 
 trans\'ersely wrinkled, the top flat. 
 
 Common as a weed in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized from tropical America or 
 Soutliern Florida. Flowers nearly throughout the 
 year. 
 
 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Purple Bougaixvillea, a high-climbing 
 vine with large purple flowers, spiny stems, and round-ovate pubescent leaves, 
 is extensively planted for ornament about houses and grows luxuriantly. It is 
 native of Brazil. 
 
 Bougainvillea glabra Choisy, Red Bougainville.4, also Brazilian, similar, 
 but glabrous, and with brick-red flowers, is occasionally planted. It is difl&cult 
 to propagate. 
 
 Torrubia fragrans (Dum.-Cours.) Standley, Fragrant Torrubia, West In- 
 dian, is a smooth barked tree up to 40° high, with thin, opposite, slender- 
 petioled leaves 3'-4' long, acuminate at both ends, and small green fragrant 
 flowers in dense terminal clusters, followed by oblong beaked drupes about J' 
 long. An elegant specimen, the only one known to me in Bermuda, existed at 
 Admiralty Hous^ in 1913. [Fisonia fragrans Dum.-Cours.] 
 
 Family 6. AIZOACEAE A. Braun. 
 
 Carpet-weed Family. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with watery sap. Stems often branched 
 at the base, the branches radiating, sometimes creeping. Leaves mostly 
 opposite or apparently whorled, simple. Flowers perfect, polygamous or 
 unisexual, regular. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Corolla wanting (in our 
 genera). Stamens 4 or 5, hypogynous or perigynous, or sometimes fewer 
 
AIZOACEAE. 
 
 125 
 
 or more numerous. Anthers 2-celled. Carpels 2 or several, united. Ovary 
 2-many-celled or 1-celled by suppression, superior, or somewhat inferior. 
 Styles or stigmas as many as cavities in the ovary. Ovules 1 or many. 
 Fruit a capsule, or rarely berry-like or nut-like. Endosperm copious. Em- 
 bryo curved. About 22 genera and 500 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Calyx not adnate to the ovary ; capsule circumsclsslle. 
 Calyx adnate to the ovary ; fruit indehiscent. 
 
 1. Srsuviutn. 
 
 2. Tetrayonia. 
 
 1. SESUVIUM L. 
 
 Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary 
 pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and 
 connate at the base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse. 
 Stamens 5-60, inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments filiform, sometimes united 
 at the base. Ovary 3-5-eeIled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. 
 Capsule membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reniform, 
 smooth; embryo annular. About 4 species, natives of seacoasts and saline 
 regions, the following typical. [Derivation uncertain.] 
 
 1. Sesuvium Portulacastnim L. Sea 
 
 Purslane. Seaside Purslane. (Fig, 144.) 
 Perennial, fleshy, glabrous. Stems usually 
 diffusely branched, the branches prostrate, 
 often creeping, forming patches often 5°-6° 
 broad; leaves oblanceolate to oblong, ^'-2' 
 long, acute or acutish, the bases clasping; 
 flowers short-peduncled, solitary in the axils ; 
 sepals broadly lanceolate, 3"-5" long, 
 hooded, purple within, the back prolonged 
 into an appendage; stamens numerous; cap- 
 sule conic, 4"-5" long. 
 
 Common in salt marshes and on coastal 
 sands. Native. Southeastern United States 
 and West Indies. Doubtless transported to 
 Bermuda by floating. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. An abundant and characteristic 
 coastal plant. 
 
 2. TETRAGONIA L. 
 
 Herbs, somewhat fleshy, with alternate, estipulate leaves and small axillary 
 flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary extending beyond it; sepals 3-5. 
 Stamens inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary 1-several-celIed ; styles as many as 
 the ovary-cavities. Fruit nut-like, often 4-angled, indehiscent. Seeds reniform; 
 embryo curved. [Greek, four-angled.] About 20 species. Type species: 
 Tetragonia fruticosa L. 
 
126 
 
 AIZOACEAE. 
 
 1. Tetragonia expansa Murr. 
 New Zealand Spinach. (Fig. 145.) 
 Stems prostrate or ascending, rather 
 stout, often 2° long, branched below. 
 Leaves rhombic-ovate, 1-3' long, 
 acutish to acuminate at the apex, ab- 
 ruptly narrowed into a petiole shorter 
 than the blade; flowers solitary and 
 nearly sessile in the axils, about 2^" 
 wide; fruit short-stalked, broadly 
 obovoid, 4-horned, 4"-5" thick. 
 
 Border of mangrove swamp, near 
 Bassett's Cave, Sandys, 1912. Escaped 
 from cultivation and naturalized. Na- 
 tive of New Zealand. 
 
 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 
 L., Ice Plant, of Greece, th© Canary 
 Islands, South Africa, and found also 
 on the coast of California, has been 
 planted for interest. It is a diffusely 
 procumbent herb, covered with white 
 shining papillae, its ovate to spatulate 
 
 leaves l'-4' long, its small, nearly sessile, axillary flowers white or rose. [M. 
 
 glaciale Haw.] 
 
 A species of Mesembryanthemum, South African, known as Hottentot's 
 Bread, was grown at Wood Haven in 1914. 
 
 Family 7. PORT^ULACACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Purslane Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with regular perfect but unsymmet- 
 rical flowers. Sepals commonly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 or 5, rarely more, 
 liypogynous, imbricated. Stamens hypog^mous, equal in number to the 
 petals or fewer, rarely more; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, longi- 
 tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled; style 2-3-eIeft or 2-3-divided, tlie 
 divisions stigmatic on the inner side; ovules 2-°o, amphitropous. Capsule 
 circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-°o, reniform-globose or 
 compressed; embryo curved. About 180 species, mostly natives of Amer- 
 ica, grouped in about 20 genera. 
 
 1. PORTULACA L. 
 
 Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent fleshy herbs, with terminal 
 flowers. Sepals 2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals 
 4-6 (mainly 5), inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-co, also on the 
 calyx. Ovary many-ovuled; style deeply 3-9-cleft or parted. Capsule mem- 
 branous, dehiscent by a lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allusion to the purging 
 qualities of some species.] A genus of about 20 species, all but 2 or 3 natives 
 of America, the following typical. 
 
PORTULACACEAE. 
 
 127 
 
 1. Portulaca olericea L. 
 
 Purslane. Pussley. (Fig. 
 146.) Annual, prostrate, branch- 
 ing from a deep central root; 
 branches 4'-10' long. Leaves 
 alternate and clustered at the 
 ends of the branches, obovate 
 or cuneate, 3"-10" long, rounded 
 at the apex, very fleshy ; flower- 
 buds flat; flowers solitary, ses- 
 sile, 2"-4" broad, yellow, open- 
 ing in bright sunshine; sepals 
 broad, keeled, acutish; style 4- 
 6-parted; capsule 3"-5" long; 
 seeds finely rugose. 
 
 Common as a weed In waste 
 and cultivated grounds and occa- 
 sional in rocliy situations. Na- 
 tive. North America and the 
 West Indies. Prohably trans- 
 ported to Bermuda by birds. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the 
 year. Used as a pot herb. 
 
 Montia fontana L., a small 
 aquatic cold-temperate plant, 
 was reported by Lefroy and by 
 H. B. Small as common in ponds 
 
 and ditches, but it has not been found by other collectors; the records are 
 probably erroneous. 
 
 Portulaca pilosa L., Small Purple Portulaca, a West Indian purple- 
 flowered species with nearly cylindric linear leaves, is recorded by Reade as 
 frequent in gardens, prior to 1883. 
 
 Family 8. ALSINACEAE Wahl. 
 
 Chickweed Family. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base, with a 
 watery sap. Stems often diffusely branched. Leaves opposite, with or 
 without stipules, entire. Flowers mostly perfect, sometimes incomplete. 
 Calyx of 4-5 persistent, distinct or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 4-5 
 clawless petals, or wanting. Androecium of twice as many stamens as there 
 are sepals or fewer; filaments distinct or cohering below. Anthers introrse, 
 opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled or rarely 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5 ; ovules 
 several or many, amphitropous or campylotropous, on a central column. 
 Fruit a capsule, opening by valves, these sometimes tooth-like. Erabr\'o 
 more or less curved in the endosperm, usually with incumbent cotyledons. 
 About 32 genera and 500 species, widely distributed, most abundant in 
 temperate regions. 
 
 Stipules none. 
 
 Petals deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted. 
 
 Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by valves. 
 Capsule cylindric, dehiscent by teeth. 
 Petals entire or merely emarginate. 
 Styles as many as the sepals, 
 Styjes fewer than the sepals. 
 Stipules present, scarious. 
 
 1. Alsinc. 
 
 2. Cerostium. 
 
 3. Soffina. 
 
 4. Arcnaria. 
 
 5. Tissa. 
 
128 
 
 ALSINACEAE. 
 
 1, ALSINE [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Tufted herbs, with cymose white flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of 
 the same number, 2-cleft, 2-parted, or emarginate, white in our species, rarely 
 none. Stamens 10 or fewer, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled; styles commonly 3, 
 rarely 4 or 5. Capsule dehiscent by twice as many valves as there are styles. 
 [Greek, grove, the habitat of some species.] Species about 75, most abundant 
 in temperate or cold climates. Type species: Alsine media L. 
 
 Petals shorter than the sepals. 
 Petals longer than the sepals. 
 
 1. A. media. 
 
 2. A. Baldwinii. 
 
 1. Alsine media L. Common 
 Chickw^eed. (Fig. 147.) Annual, 
 tufted, much branched, decumbent 
 or ascending, 4'-16' long, glabrous 
 except a line of hairs along the stem 
 and branches, the pubescent sepals 
 and the sometimes ciliate petioles. 
 Leaves ovate or oval, 2"-lA' long, 
 acute or rarely obtuse, the lower 
 often cordate; flowers 2"-4" broad, 
 in terminal leafy cymes or also 
 solitary in the axils; sepals oblong, 
 longer than the 2-parted petals; 
 stamens 2-10; capsule ovoid, longer 
 than the calyx; seeds rough. 
 
 Frequent or common in waste 
 and cultivated grounds. Naturalized 
 from Europe. Widely naturalized in 
 temperate North America. Flowers 
 in spring and summer. 
 
 2. Alsine Baldwinii J. K. Small. Bald- 
 win 's Chickweed. (Fig. 148.) Annual, slen- 
 der, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Stem dif- 
 fusely branched, the branches prostrate, 4'-2° 
 long, forking; leaves usually numerous, ovate, 
 sometimes as broad as long, 3"-10" long, 
 acute or acuminate, truncate or cordate; 
 petioles longer than the blades except those 
 of the upper leaves ; pedicels filiform ; sepals 
 ovate, l"-li" long; petals about twice as 
 long as the sepals; capsules ovoid, surpass- 
 ing the sepals; seeds minutely tuberculate, 
 especially on the edges. [Stellaria prostrata 
 Baldw., not Alsine prostrata Forsk.] 
 
 Sand hills, Tucker's Town. Castle Point 
 and near Spanish Rock. Native. South- 
 eastern United States. Its seeds probably 
 brought to Bermuda by birds. Flowers in 
 spring. 
 
ALSINACEAE. 
 
 129 
 
 2. CERASTIUM L. 
 
 Generally pubescent or hirsute herbs, Avith terminal cymes of white flowers. 
 Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of the same number, emarginate or bifid (rarely 
 wanting). Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and 
 opposite them, or in some species fewer. Capsule cylindric, 1-celled, many- 
 ovuled, often curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8, apical teeth. Seeds rough, 
 more or less flattened, attached by their edges. [Greek, horny, referring to the 
 horn-shaped capsule of many species.] About 50 species, of wide distribution, 
 most abundant in the temperate zones. Type species: Cerastium arvense L. 
 
 Pedicels not longer than the sepals ; flowers glomerate. 
 
 Pedicels at length longer than the sepals ; flowers loosely cymose. 
 
 1. C. vis cos um. 
 
 2. C. vulgutum. 
 
 1. Cerastium viscosum L. 
 Mouse-ear Chickweed. (Fig. 149.) 
 Annual, tufted, densely viscid-pu- 
 bescent, 4'-12' high. Leaves ovate, 
 obovate, or the lower spatulate, 4"- 
 12" long, obtuse; bracts small, her- 
 baceous; flowers 2"-3" broad, in 
 glomerate cymes; pedicels shorter 
 than or equalling the acute sepals; 
 petals shorter than the calyx, 2-cleft. 
 
 Common in fields and waste 
 grounds. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in North America. 
 Flowers in spring. 
 
 2. Cerastium vulgatum L. 
 
 Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 (Fig. 150.) Biennial or perennial, 
 viscid-pubescent, tufted, 6'-18' long. 
 Lower and basal leaves mostly spatu- 
 late-oblong, obtuse; upper leaves ob- 
 long, 5"-12" long; inflorescence 
 loose, the pedicels at length longer 
 than the calyx; sepals about equal- 
 ling the 2-cleft petals, 2"-3" long; 
 capsule slightly curved upward. 
 
 Roadsides and waste grounds, oc- 
 casional. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in North America. 
 Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
130 
 
 ALSINACEAE. 
 
 3. S AGIN A L. 
 
 Tufted matted low herbs, with subulate leaves, and small pedieelled whitish 
 flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals of the same number, entire, emarginate or none. 
 Stamens of the same number, or fewer, or twice as many. Ovary 1-celled, 
 many-ovuled. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Capsule 
 4-5-valved, at length dehiscent to the base, the valves opposite the sepals. 
 [Ancient name of the spurry.] About 10 species, natives of the northern 
 hemisphere, the following typical. 
 
 1. Sagina procumbens L. Procumbent 
 Pearlwort. (Pig. 151.) Annual or perennial, 
 branching, decumbent, or spreading, glabrous 
 or minutely downy, matted, f'-Ss' high. Leaves 
 linear, subulate, 2"-7" long, connate at the base ; 
 flowers about 1" broad, numerous; peduncles 
 capillary, longer than the leaves, often recurved 
 at the end after flowering; sepals 4, sometimes 
 5, ovate-oblong, generally longer than the 
 petals, which are occasionally wanting; capsule 
 about equalling the calyx; stamens 4, rarely 5. 
 [S. apetala of Reade and of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Cliffs, Tucker's Town, and recorded by Reade 
 as found on waysides. Naturalized from Europe 
 or North America. Flowers in winter and spring. 
 
 4. ABENABXA L. 
 
 Mainly tufted herbs, with sessile leaves, 
 and terminal cymose or capitate, rarely soli- 
 tary, white flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire or scarcely emarginate, 
 rarely none. Stamens 10. Styles generally 3 (rarely 2-5). Ovary 1-celled, 
 many-ovuled. Capsule dehiscent at the apex by as many valves or teeth 
 as there are styles, or twice as many. Seeds reniform-globose or compressed. 
 [Latin, sand, in allusion to the habitat of many species.] About 150 species, 
 of wide distribution. Type species: Arenaria serpyllifoUa L. 
 
 Annual ; leaves ovate, 2"-4" long. 1. A. leptoclados. 
 
 Perennial ; leaves elliptic to narrowly spatulate, 5"-10" long. 2. A. lanuginosa. 
 
 1. Arenaria leptoclados Guss. 
 Slender Thyme-leaved Sand- 
 wort. (Pig. 152.) Annual, slen- 
 der, slightly downy-pubescent, 
 widely branched, 2'-8' high. 
 Leaves ovate, 2"-4" long, acute; 
 pedicels 2"-6" long; bracts ovate, 
 resembling the leaves; flowers 2" 
 broad or less, very numerous in 
 loose panicles; sepals lanceolate, 
 acute or mucronate, 3-5-nerved; 
 petals obovate or oblong, usually 
 shorter; capsule oblong, papery, 
 dehiscent by 6 short apical valves ; 
 seeds rough. 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of southern 
 Europe. Naturalized in continental 
 North America. Flowers nearly 
 throughout the year. Has been re- 
 ferred to the similar A. serpyllifoUa 
 L., by previous authors. 
 
ALSINACEAE. 
 
 131 
 
 2. Arenaria lanuginosa (Michx.) Eohrb. 
 Diffuse Starwort. Stickweed. (Fig. 153.) 
 Perennial, slender. Stems branched at the base, 
 the branches spreading, l°-4° long, forking, 
 more or less pubescent with hooked hairs ; leaves 
 narrowly elliptic or linear-spatulate, 5"-10" 
 long, acute, sessile or short-petioled; pedicels 
 filiform; sepals lanceolate, l^"-2" long, acute; 
 petals 1-5, shorter than the sepals or none; 
 capsules ovoid, about as long as the sepals 
 or longer. [Arenaria diffusa Ell.; Spergu- 
 lostrum lanuginosum Michx. ; Stellaria nemorum 
 of Lefroy and of H. B. Small; Arenaria alsi- 
 noides of Hemsley.] 
 
 On shaded cliffs, Paynter's Vale and on bluffs 
 and sandhills, near Tucker's Town and on Castle 
 Point. Native. Southeastern United States, Ja- 
 maica, continental tropical America. Its seeds 
 probably transported to Bermuda by birds. 
 
 5. TISSA Adans. 
 Low herbs, mostly with fleshy linear or 
 setaceous leaves, often with others clustered in 
 the axils, and small pink or whitish flowers in 
 terminal cymes. Stipules scarious. Sepals 5. 
 Petals the same number, rarely fewer, or none, 
 entire. Stamens 2-10. Ovary 1-celled, many- 
 ovuled; styles 3. Pod 3-valved to the base. Seeds reuiform-globose or com- 
 pressed, smooth, winged or tuberculate. [Name unexplained.] About 20 
 
 species, of wide distribution, most of 
 them on saline shores or salt marshes. 
 Type species: Arenaria rubra L. 
 
 1. Tissa marina (L.) Britton. Salt- 
 marsh Saxd Spurry. (Fig. 154.) An- 
 nual to jnerennial, erect, ascending or 
 nearly prostrate, 4'-8' high, branching. 
 Stipules ovate ; leaves linear, terete, 
 fleshy, i'-lj' long, i"-l" wide, often 
 much fascicled in the axils; pedicels 2"- 
 5" long; sepals about 3" long; capsule 
 equalling or longer than the calyx ; sccils 
 smooth, or roughened with projecting 
 processes, wingless, or winged. [Arena- 
 ria rubra marina L.] 
 
 Salt marsh. Spittle Pond, lOii.S. N.-itivo. 
 Coasts of North America and Europe. Flow- 
 ers commence to appear in December and 
 continue throughout winter and spring. 
 Presumably brought to Bermuda through 
 the ocean, perhaps recently, as it is not 
 recorded by previous authors. 
 
132 
 
 C ARYOPH YLL ACE AE . 
 
 Family 9. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Pink Family. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with watery sap and usually erect stems 
 swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite, often with connate bases; stipules 
 none. Flowers perfect, polygamous or rarely dioecious. Calyx of 4 or 5 
 united sepals forming a toothed tube. Corolla often showy, of 4 or 5 petals 
 with narrow claws. Stamens usually twice as many as the petals ; filaments 
 usually distinct, inserted like the corolla and 1-celled ovary on the columnar 
 prolongation of the receptacle. Pistil 1, compound. Styles 2-5. Ovules 
 numerous. Fruit a capsule opening by 2-5 apical valves. Seeds many or 
 rarely few, with the embryo straight or nearly so. About 20 genera and 
 perhaps 600 species, most abundant in the northern hemisphere. 
 
 1. SILENE L. 
 
 Herbs, with mainly pink, red or white flowers. Calyx more or less inflated, 
 5-toothed or 5-cleft, 10-many-nerved, not bracted at the base. Petals 5, nar- 
 row, clawed. Stamens 10, Styles 3 (rarely 4 or 5) ; ovary 1-celled, or incom- 
 pletely 2-4-eelled. Pod dehiscent by 6 or rarely 3 apical teeth. Seeds mainly 
 spiny or tubercled. [Greek, saliva, in allusion to the viscid secretions of many 
 species.] About 250 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: 
 Silene anglica L. 
 
 Petals longer than the calyx ; plants hirsute or villous-pubescent. 
 
 Flowers in spike-like racemes, diurnal, small. 1. 8. anglica. 
 
 Flowers panicled, nocturnal, large. 2. S. noctiflora. 
 
 Petals minute ; plant glandular-puberulent. 3. 8. nocturna. 
 
 1. Silene anglica L. English or 
 Small-flovtered Catchfly. (Fig. 155.) 
 Annual, hirsute-pubescent; stem l°-2° 
 high. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 
 V-2' long, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, 
 or the upper narrower and acute; flowers 
 in a terminal simple 1-sided raceme, 
 nearly sessile or the lower ones distant 
 and longer-pedieelled, sometimes all dis- 
 tinctly pedicelled; calyx 10-nerved, vil- 
 lous, 4"-5" long, much enlarged by the 
 ripening pod, its teeth lanceolate, spread- 
 ing; petals white, somewhat longer than 
 the calyx. [S. gallica L.] 
 
 Rare or occasional in waste and cul- 
 tivated grounds. Introduced. Native of 
 Europe. Flowers in spring. Adventive or 
 naturalized in the United States. 
 
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 
 
 133 
 
 2. Silene noctiflora L. Night-flower- 
 ing Catchfly. (Fig. 156.) Annual, viseid- 
 pubescent, l°-3° Mgh. Lower and basal 
 leaves obovate or oblanceolate, 2'-bY long, 
 obtuse, narrowed into a broad petiole; 
 upper leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate; flowers few, white or pinkish, 
 f'-l' broad, in a loose panicle; calyx about 
 1' long, tubular, 10-nerved and beautifully 
 veined, much enlarged by the ripening pod, 
 its teeth linear, acute; petals 2-cleft. 
 
 Waste grounds, west end of Causeway and 
 north end of Harrington Sound, 1909. Intro- 
 duced. Native of Europe. Flowers in spring. 
 Naturalized in North America. The fragrant 
 flowers open at dusk and remain so until the 
 morning of the next day. 
 
 3. Silene noctuma L. Nocturnal 
 Catchfly. (Fig. 157.) Annual, glandular- 
 puberulent, somewhat viscid above, l°-2° 
 high, erect or ascending. Leaves oblanceo- 
 late to oblong-spatulate, or the upper 
 linear, V long or less, often ciliate toward 
 the base; flowers distant in narrow racemes, 
 the lower slender-pedicelled ; calyx narrowly 
 tubular, about 4" long, 10-nerved, its teeth 
 lanceolate, ciliate ; petals very small, scarcely 
 exceeding the calyx; capsule subcylindric. 
 
 Top of cliffs, abundant. South Shore near 
 Tucker's Town, 1908 and 1909, and on Wreck 
 Hill, 1912. Introduced. Native of southern 
 Europe. Flowers in spring. The flowers are 
 inconspicuous, opening at night. 
 
 Silene maritima With., Maritime Bladder Campion, European, seen in the 
 Montrose garden in 1914, is a glabrous slender, branched perennial about 1° 
 high, with narrowly oblong or oblanceolate leaves l'-3' long, anil few whitish 
 flowers with an inflated calyx 8"-10" long. 
 
 Dianthus Caryophyllus L., Carnation, Clove Pink, of southern Europe, 
 grown in flower-gardens, has tufted, linear leaves, the stem 6' high or more, a 
 cylindric, many-nerved calyx about 1' long, and spreading, toothed or incised, 
 red to white petals, the flowers solitary or few together, long-stalked, often 
 double. 
 
134 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 
 
 Dianthus barbatus L., Sweet William, European and Asiatic, perennial, 
 l<-_2° high, with lanceolate leaves, and pink or white, small flowers in large 
 terminal cymes, the calyx long-toothed, is mentioned by Reade as grown in 
 flower-gardens. 
 
 Saponaria calabrica Guss., Calabrian Soapwort, of southern Europe, 
 mentioned by Jones, is annual, low, 4'-8' high, with oblong leaves and small, 
 pink flowers. 
 
 Gjrpsophila elegans Bieb., Tall Gypsophila, native of the Caucasus, occa- 
 sional in flower-gardens, is a glabrous, much-branched annual l°-2° high, with 
 a few pairs of oblong to linear leaves, or the lower ones spatulate, and large 
 panicles of small, white or lilac flowers with 5 clawed petals and 2 styles, the 
 subglobose pods 4-valved. 
 
 Lychnis Coeli-rosa (L.) Desv., Rose of Heaven, of the Mediterranean 
 region, grown in flower-gardens, is annual, glabrous, l°-2° high, with narrowly 
 linear, long-acuminate leaves 1-^-3' long, rose-red flowers about 1' broad, the 
 many-ribbed calyx club-shaped. [Agrostemma Coeli-rosa L.] 
 
 Order 14. RAlSrALES. 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees. Calyx present, usually of separate sepals. 
 Corolla usually present and of separate petals. Ovary or ovaries superior, 
 free from the calyx; carpels 1 to many, usually separate. Stamens mostly 
 hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals. 
 
 * Aquatic herhs ; floating leaves peltate, or uith a hasol sinus. 
 
 Carpels 3 or more ; petals large ; floating leaves not dissected. 
 
 Pistil 1 ; petals none ; leaves whorled, all submersed Fam. 1. Nymphaeaceae. 
 
 • and dissected. Fam. 2. Ceratophyllaceae. 
 
 ** Land or marsh plants {some Ranunciilaceae aquatic). 
 
 Stamens numerous; sepals distinct; petals present (except in some Ranunculaceae). 
 Fruit aggregate, cone-like ; trees ; sepals and petals in 3 series, or more, of 3. 
 
 Fam. 3. Magnoliaceae. 
 Fruit not aggregate ; the carpels separate, at least 
 when mature. 
 Anthers not opening by valves ; pistils usually 
 more than 1. 
 Sepals 3 ; petals 6 ; shrubs or trees. Fam. 4, Axxoxaceae. 
 
 Sepals 3-15 ; petals (when present) about as 
 
 many ; our species herbs or vines. Fam. 5. Ranunculaceae. 
 
 Anthers opening by valves: pistil 1. Fam. 6. Berberidaceae. 
 
 Stamens 9 or 12, in 3 or 4 series of 3 ; anthers opening 
 by valves ; aromatic trees or shrubs with no petals, 
 more or less united sepals, and 1 pistil. Fam. 7. Lauraceae. 
 
 Family 1. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. 
 
 Water Lily Family. 
 
 Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks, floating, immersed 
 or rarely emersed leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Sepals 3-5. Petals 
 5-°o. Stamens 5-co ; anthers erect, the connective continuous with the fila- 
 ment. Carpels 3-<^, distinct, united, or immersed in the receptacle. Stig- 
 mas distinct, or united into a radiate or annular disk; ovules 1-°°, ortho- 
 tropous. Fruit indehiseent. Seeds enclosed in pulpy arils, or rarely 
 naked; cotyledons fleshy; hypocotyl verv^ short. Five genera and about 
 45 species, of wide distribution in fresh-water lakes and streams, none 
 native nor naturalized in Bermuda. 
 
NYMPHAEACEAE. 
 
 135 
 
 Castalia zanzibarensis (Casp.) Britton, Zanzibar Water Lily, of Zanzi- 
 bar, with ovate-orbicular, long-petioled leaves with a deep basal sinus, their 
 margins somewhat sinuate, the long-peduncled flowers bright blue, with about 
 20 oblong petals I'-IA' long, was seen blooming in a tank at Orange Valley in 
 1914, where it had been grown for several years. [Nymyhaea zanziharensvi 
 Casp.] 
 
 Lefroy records failure in establishing Nymphaea coerulca Sav., and N. 
 dentata Sch. & Thoum. 
 
 Nelumbo Nelumbo (L.) Karst., Indian Lotus or Sacred Bean, Asiatic, 
 with long-petioled erect, orbicular, concave, centrally peltate leaves 1° or more 
 in diameter, and pink flowers 6'-12' broad, the oblong or elliptic petals obtuse, 
 is occasionally grown in tanks. It represents the related family Xelumbona- 
 CEAE. [^Nymphaea Nelumho L. ; Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.] 
 
 Family 2. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray. 
 
 HoRNWORT Family. 
 
 Submerged aquatics, with slender stems, and verticillate pectinate rigid 
 leaves, the monoecious or dioecious flowers solitary and sessile in the axils. 
 Perianth many-parted, the segments entire or toothed. Stamens numerous, 
 crowded on a flat or convex receptacle; anthers sessile or nearly so, linear- 
 oblong, extrorse, the connective prolonged into a thick appendage beyond 
 the sacs. Pistillate flowers with a superior 1-celled ovary; ovule 1, ortho- 
 tropous, pendulous; style filiform, stigmatic at the summit. Fruit an inde- 
 hiscent nut or achene. Endosperm none ; embryo composed of 4 verticillate 
 cotyledons, with a short bypocotyl and a plumule of several nodes and 
 leaves. The family contains only the following genus: 
 
 1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. 
 Only the following species, which is abundant in ponds and ditches through- 
 out temperate North America and in Cuba. [Greek, horny leaf.] 
 
 1, Ceratophyllum demersum 
 
 'L. HORNWORT. DiTCHWEED. (Fig. 
 
 158.) -Stems 11° -1° long. Leaves 
 4"-12" long; ripe fruit oval, 2"-3" 
 long with a spine-like beak 2"-4" 
 long, smooth and spurless or with 
 a long basal spur on each side, or 
 tuberculate and with narrowly 
 winged spiny margins or broadly 
 winged without spines. 
 
 Bermuda, according to Rein, 
 and also listed by Hemsley ; common 
 in Pembroke Marsh, according to 
 Lefroy. Not found by recent col- 
 lectors, but admitted here because 
 it could not well have been mistaken. 
 Presumably native. The description 
 of this species by II. P.. Small ap- 
 plies to the Water Hyacinth, Piaro- 
 pus crassipeSj a curious error. 
 
136 MAGNOLIACEAE. 
 
 Family 3. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Magnolia Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, large solitary flowers, and bitter 
 aromatic bark. Sepals and petals hypogynoiis, deciduous. Stamens oo ; 
 anthers adnate. Carpels ^, separate or coherent, borne on the surface of 
 the elongated receptacle, ripening into an aggregate fruit composed of 1-2- 
 seeded follicles or achenes. About 10 genera and 75 species, of wide dis- 
 tribution, none native in Bermuda. 
 
 Magnolia grandiflora L., Bull Bay, North American, a large evergreen 
 tree, with broad leaves 4'-12' long, dark green above, brown-tomentose beneath, 
 the creamy-white lemon-scented flowers 4-8' broad^ is occasionally seen on 
 lawns and about houses, growing well. Lefroy records that two other Magnolias 
 were grown at Mount Langton in 1875, but died out. 
 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Tulip-tree, North American, was grown at 
 Par-la-Yille, Hamilton, prior to 1879, flowering in June, according to Lefroy, 
 and mentioned by Verrill; its broad truncate or notched leaves are peculiar and 
 characteristic, its greenish yellow flowers about 2' high. Mahoe (Pariti 
 tiliaceum) is now called Tulip-tree in Bermuda. A recent attempt to grow 
 Liriodendron near Bailey's Bay met with failure. 
 
 Michelia fuscata (Andr.) Blume, Velvety Michelia, Chinese, a shrub, 
 up to about 15° high, with densely brown-tomentose twigs, its elliptic, entire 
 leaves pointed at both ends, 2'-4' long, short-petioled, was seen at Cedar Lodge 
 in 1914. The fragrant flowers of this shrub are about 1' broad, the yellowish 
 petals tinged with red, the carpels loosely spicate. [Magnolia fuscata Andr.] 
 
 Family 4. ANNONACEAE DC. 
 
 Custard-apple Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire leaves. 
 Stipules none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvato or rarely imbricate. Petals 
 about 6, arranged in 2 series. Stamens °o j anthers adnate, extrorse. 
 Carpels ^, separate or coherent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large, ana- 
 tropous; embryo minute; endosperm copious, wrinkled. About 46 genera 
 and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate zones. None 
 are native in Bermuda. 
 
 1. ANNONA L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves persistent, entire, leathery. Flowers perfect, 
 white or yellow, solitary, clustered or rarely racemose. Sepals 3, valvate, con- 
 cave, somewhat united, deciduous. Petals mostly 6, valvate, fleshy, concave, 
 converging, 3-angled at the apex, the outer ones larger, the inner sometimes 
 wanting. Receptacle hemispheric. Anther-sacs contiguous, united to the back 
 of the filament, surmounted by the truncate, sometimes glandular tip of the 
 connective. Carpels numerous, on the top of the receptacle. Ovaries prolonged 
 into a nearly sessile stigma. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit compound, many- 
 celled. Seeds flattened, with a brown leathery-crustaeeous testa, enclosed in an 
 aril. [Name said to be derived from the Malayan.] 
 
 Annona muricata L., Sour-sop, West Indian, has oblong smooth leaves, 
 the flower with 6 nearly equal greenish-yellow petals; the ovoid fruit is 6' to 
 
ANXOXACEAE. 137 
 
 10' long, greenish, with many fleshy recurved processes, the pulp white and 
 acid, much used for cooling drinks. It is commonly planted. 
 
 Amiona squamosa L., Sugar Apple, Tropical American, has narrowly 
 oblong leaves pubescent beneath, at least when young, or nearly glabrous; the 
 fragrant flowers have 3 linear petals, greenish with a purple base within; the 
 fruit is subglobose, more or less irregular, bluntly tubercled or nearly smooth, 
 2 J '-4' in diameter, the pulp whitish and sweet and delicious. It is commonly 
 planted and appears in places as if spontaneous. 
 
 Annona Cherimolia Mill., Cherimoya, of tropical America, occasionally 
 planted, is a small tree, up to about 15° high, with elliptic, short-pointed 
 leaves 4'-8' long, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent beneath; the flowers 
 have 3 oblong, velvety petals, and the ovoid fruit is slightly tubercled. 
 
 Annona reticulata L., Custard Apple, West Indian, a free up to 30° 
 high, with oblong-lanceolate leaves 5-8' long, becoming nearly smooth, the 
 flowers with 3 linear-oblong, keeled petals, the globose fruit areolated, greenish- 
 yellow, about 4' in diameter, has occasionally been planted. 
 
 Artabotrys odoratissima (Eoxb.) R. Br., Ylang-ylaxg, East Indian, a 
 straggling or climbing shrub, with rather thin, short-petioled, oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, acuminate leaves 5'-10' long, the brownish fragrant flowers about 
 8" wide, few together on curiously bent and hooked peduncles, with 3 sepals 
 and 6 petals, is occasionally grown for ornament and interest. [Uvaria odora- 
 tissima E-oxb.] 
 
 Rollinia Sieberi A. DC, Sieber's Rollixl\, of Trinidad and continental 
 tropical America, recorded by Jones in 1873 as grown in Bermuda, is a tree 
 with oblong, entire, pinnately veined leaves 4'-6' long, the 1-seeded carpels 
 united into a syncarp. 
 
 Family 5. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. 
 
 Crowfoot Family. 
 
 Herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid sap. Leaves alternate 
 (except in Clematis and Atragene). Stipules usually none, but the base 
 of the petiole often sheathing. Pubescence, when present, composed of 
 simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like, imbricate, 
 except in Clematis and Atragene. Petals about the same number (occa- 
 sionally more), or wanting. Stamens <^, hypogynous, their anthers innate. 
 Carpels ^ or rarely solitary, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled. Ovule anatro]ious. 
 Fruit aehenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm. About 35 
 genera and 1100 species, distributed throughout the world, not abundant in 
 the tropics. 
 
 1. RANUNCULUS [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate simple entire lobed or divided or dissected leaves, 
 and yellow white or red flowers. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in 
 number or more, conspicuous or minute, provided with a nectariferous pit and 
 a scale at the base of the blade. Carpels co, 1-ovuled. Aehenes capitate or 
 spicate, generally flattened, tipped with a minute or an elongated style. [Latin 
 for a small frog, in allusion to the marsh habitat of many species.] Some 275 
 species, widely distributed in the temperate and cool regions of both hemi- 
 spheres and on mountain tops in the tropics. Type species: Banunculus auri- 
 comus L. 
 
138 
 
 RANUNCULACEAE. 
 
 Flowers large ; achenes smooth. 
 
 Stems erect. 
 
 Stems creeping or ascending. 
 Flowers small ; achenes papillose or muricate. 
 
 Achenes rough-papillose. 
 
 Achenes muricate. 
 
 1. R. acris. 
 
 2. R. reptns. 
 
 3. R. parviflorus. 
 
 4. R. muricatus. 
 
 2. Ranunculus ripens 
 
 L. Creeping Buttercup. 
 (Fig. 160.) Generally hairj, 
 sometimes only slightly so; 
 stems creeping or ascending. 
 Leaves petioled, 3-divided, 
 the terminal division, or all 
 three stalked, all ovate, cu- 
 neate or truncate, acute, 
 cleft and lobed, often 
 blotched; flowers nearly 1' 
 broad; petals obovate, much 
 exceeding the spreading se- 
 pals; head of fruit globose, 
 4" in diameter; achenes 
 margined, tipped with a 
 stout short slightly bent 
 beak. 
 
 Border of Pembroke Marsh, 
 1905, and reported also by 
 Reade. Introduced. Native 
 of Europe. Naturalized in 
 eastern North America. Flow- 
 ers from spring to autumn. 
 
 1. Ranunculus ^cris L. 
 
 Tall or Meadow Buttercup. 
 (Fig. 159.) Hairy, branched 
 above, 2°-3° high. Basal 
 leaves tufted, petioled, 3-7- 
 divided, the divisions sessile 
 and cleft into numerous Bar- 
 row mainly acute lobes; upper 
 leaves short-petioled and merely 
 3-parted; flowers about 10" 
 broad; petals twice or thrice 
 the length of the calyx, obo- 
 vate; head of fruit globose, 
 6"-7" broad; achenes com- 
 pressed, short-beaked. 
 
 Grassy woods, South Shore 
 road, Devonshire, 1905. Intro- 
 duced. Native of Europe. Flow- 
 ers from spring to autumn. 
 Widely naturalized in North 
 America, where it is a weed in 
 fields and meadows. 
 
EANUNCULACEAE. 
 
 139 
 
 3. Ranunculus parvifldrus L. 
 
 Small- FLOWERED Crowfoot. (Fig. 
 161.) Hairy, slender, diffuse, 
 branching from the base, 6'-10' 
 high. Basal leaves long-petioled, 
 the blade reniform or cordate-or- 
 bicular, 1' broad or less, 3-cleft, the 
 lobes broadly oval, obtuse, cut and 
 toothed; upper leaves short-petioled 
 or nearly sessile, 3-5-parted into 
 linear-oblong lobes; flowers yellow, 
 V-2" wide, petals little longer 
 than the calyx; head of fruit glo- 
 bose, 2" broad; achenes flat, mar- 
 gined, densely papillose, tipped 
 with a sharp beak of about one 
 fourth their length or less. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Naturalized in the southeastern United 
 States. Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
 4. Ranunculus murlcatus 
 
 L. Spiny-fruited Crowfoot. 
 (Fig. 162.) Glabrous or spar- 
 ingly pubescent, branched from 
 the base, l°-2° high. Lower 
 and basal leaves on long broad 
 petioles, the blade reniform or 
 cordate-orbicular, l'-2' wide, 3- 
 lobed, cleft, or crenate; the 
 upper 3-divided, cuneate, short- 
 petioled or sessile ; flowers light 
 yellow, 3"-5" wide, the petals 
 exceeding the calyx; head of 
 fruit globular, 5"-6" wide; 
 achenes flat, 2" long, tipped 
 with a stout slightly curved 
 beak. 
 
 Common in waste and cul- 
 tivated grounds. Naturalized 
 from Europe. Naturalized in the 
 southeastern T'nited States. Flow- 
 ers in spring and summer. 
 
 Clematis Flammula L., 
 Sweet Clematis, European, a 
 vine with many panieled small 
 white flowers, ojiposite ternately 
 compound leaves, the 4 sepals 
 linear-oblong, the petals want- 
 ing, the numerous stamens spreading, the fruit a head of flat achenes with 
 long plumose tails, is commonly planted for ornament on walls and porches. 
 
 Clematis Jackmani Jackman, of hybrid origin between two Asiatic species, 
 recorded by Lefroy as introduced in 1874, has very large white or purple 
 flowers up to about 5' broad, its leaves 3-foliolate or simple, ovate, cordate ami 
 acuminate. [C. japonica Jackmani of Lefroy.] Presumably the plant men- 
 tioned by Jones as C. japonica. 
 
140 RANUNCULACEAE. 
 
 Delphinium Ajacis L., Garden Larrkspur, European, commonly grown in 
 flower-gardens in many forms, is annual, puberulent, l^°-3° high, with leaves 
 dissected into linear segments, the irregular showy, white, violet or blue flowers 
 with one sepal and two petals spurred, the single pubescent follicle 1' long or 
 less. 
 
 Delphinium Consolida L., Field Larkspur, also European, mentioned by 
 Lefroy as grown in Bermuda gardens, is much like B. Ajacis, but the follicle 
 is glabrous. 
 
 Aquilegia vulgaris L., European Columbine, European, a glabrous peren- 
 nial about 1^° liigh, with ternately decompound leaves, pale beneath, their 
 segments obtuse and crenate, the irregular purple or white flowers nearly 1' 
 long, the petals prolonged backward into incurved spurs, was grown in the 
 garden at Spring Valley m 1914. 
 
 Nigella damascena L., Love-in-a-Mist, European, grown in flower-gardens, 
 is a glabrous annual, l°-2° high, with branched stems, finely dissected leaves 
 l'-2' long, and blue or white flowers about \V broad, the 5 ovate sepals decid- 
 uous, the 5 notched petals with hollow claws, the fruit a subglobose capsule 
 nearly 1' thick, with 5 spreading, persistent, styles, the numerous small seeds 
 black. 
 
 Anemone japonica Sieb. & Zucc, Japanese Anemone, of Eastern Asia, 
 occasional in flower-gardens, is a softly pubescent perennial about 3° high, 
 with ternate, long-petioled, basal leaves, the few red or purple flowers about 
 2' broad, on long erect peduncles from a 3-leaved involucre, the 6-9 sepals 
 petaloid, the petals none. 
 
 Family 6. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. 
 
 Barberry Family. 
 
 Shrubs or herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, with or without stipules, 
 and solitary or racemed mostly terminal flowers. Sepals and petals gen- 
 erally imbricated in several series. Stamens as many as the petals and 
 opposite them, hypogynous. Flowers perfect and pistil one in our species. 
 Anthers extrorse, opening by valves (except in Podophyllum). Style 
 short; o\T^iles 2-°^, anatropous. Fruit a berry or capsule. About 20 
 g-enera and 105 species, widely distributed in the north temperate zone, the 
 Andes and temperate South America, a few in tropical regions. 
 
 Berberis vulgaris L., European Barberry, of which the purple-leaved 
 race has been planted for ornament at the Public Garden, St. Georges, is a 
 glabrous, more or less spinescent shrub usually less than 10° high, with obovate, 
 short-petioled, obtuse, spinulose-dentate leaves 2' long or less, and small, yellow 
 flowers in drooping racemes, the sepals, petals and stamens 6, the fruit oblong 
 red or purple acrid berries about 5" long. 
 
 Berberis Thunbergi DC, Thunberg's Barberry, Asiatic, seen at Cedar 
 Lodge in 1914, is a densely branching glabrous, spiny shrub, becoming, under 
 favorable conditions, about 6° high, with spatulate, entire leaves about V long, 
 the yellowish flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils, the ellipsoid fruit 
 bright red. 
 
 Family 7. LAURACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Laurel Family. 
 
 Aromatic trees and shrubs, with alternate (very rarely opposite) mostly 
 thick, punctate estipulate leaves. Flowers mostly small, perfect, polyg- 
 amous, dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or 
 
LAURACEAE. 141 
 
 greenish, in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4^6-partecl, the 
 segments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens inserted 
 in 3 or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them commonly imper- 
 fect or reduced to staminodia ; anthers opening by valves. Ovary superior, 
 free from the calyx, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous ; stigma 
 discoid or capitate. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry. Endosperm none. 
 Cotyledons plano-convex, accumbent. About 40 genera and probably 1000 
 species, widely distributed in tropical regions; a few in the temperate 
 zones. There are no species native to Bemiuda. 
 
 Persea Persea (L.) Cockerell [Persea gratissima Gaertn.], Alligator Pear, 
 Avocado Pear, Mexican, is a large tree commonly planted for its valuable 
 fruit, which is a large oblong or pear-shaped drupe, sometimes 6' long, with 
 buttery flesh, largely used in salads, and a hard pit. The small greenish 
 flowers are borne in cymes; the oval or elliptic, petioled, pinnately veined 
 leaves are 3'-6' long. Trees differ greatly in the amount of fruit produced. 
 
 Laurus nobilis L., Sweet Bay, European, is planted for ornament, and 
 locally established in hedges and roadside thickets, but does not appear to exist 
 except where it has been planted. It is an evergreen, glabrous, densely leafy 
 shrub or small tree, becoming 20° high, with oblong or lanceolate, coriaceous 
 leaves 3'-4' long, narrowed at both ends, fragrant when crushed; the small 
 greenish flowers are borne in umbels, the staminate and perfect ones with 12 
 stamens in 3 series, the pistillate with 4 staminodes and a short style ; the ovoid 
 berry is about 5" long. 
 
 Camphora Camphora (L.) Karst., Camphor, of eastern Asia, a tree up to 
 25° high, the bark and leaves the source of gum camphor, has been planted for 
 interest and grows luxuriantly; the buds are covered by scales; its ovate to 
 elliptic, 3-nerved, slender-petioled, acuminate leaves are 2'-4' long, whitish be- 
 neath when young; the small whitish flowers are in axillary panicles; there are 
 9 stamens; the fruit is a globose or oval drupe about 4" in diameter. A tree 
 at Norwood, 20 years old, was about 23° high in 1914, with a trunk circum- 
 ference of 274'. This tree has become naturalized in southern Florida. [Laurus 
 Camphora L. ; CinnamomuTn Camphora Nees & Eberm.] 
 
 Cinnamomum Cassia Blume, Cassia-bark, Chinese, has been planted for 
 interest. It is a tree with coriaceous, evergreen, oblong leaves 4'-8' long, nar- 
 rowed at both ends, shining and finely reticulate-veined above, its buds not 
 scaly; the small flowers, with 9 stamens, are in axillary panicles; the fruit is 
 an oblong drupe 6"-8" long. 
 
 Jones, in 1873, mentions an undetermined tree of this family as Oreo- 
 daphne. 
 
 Order 15. PAPAVERALES. 
 
 Mostly herbs, with clustered, regular and perfect flowers. Petals, with 
 
 very rare exceptions, present, separate. Sepals usually separate. Stamens 
 
 hypogynous. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, compound, composed 
 
 of two united carpels, or more. 
 
 Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4) ; endosperm fleshy. 
 
 Flowers regular. Fam. 1. rAPAVRit-ACEAK. 
 
 Flowers irregular. Fam. 2. FtMAitiACEAK. 
 
 Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8 ; endosperm none. 
 
 Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2- 
 
 valved, rarely indehiscent ; sepals and petals 4. Fam. .*'.. P.kassicaoeae. 
 
 Capsule 1-celled, of 2-6 carpels. 
 
 Style short or wanting ; seeds wingless. 
 
 Sepals and petals 4, regular, or petals irregu- 
 lar ; capsule of 2 carpels. 2-valved. Fam. 4. Caitakipackak. 
 Sepals and petals 4-8, irregular ; capsule of 3-6 
 
 carpels. 3-6-valved at the top ; disk large. Fam. 5. Re.sedaceae. 
 
 Style elongated; seeds winged. Fam. 6. Morixoaceae. 
 
142 
 
 PAPAVERACEAE. 
 
 Family 1. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. 
 
 Poppy Family. 
 
 Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper 
 rarely opposite. Stipules none. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals 2 (rarely 
 3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated, often wi^inkled, 
 deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, distinct ; filaments filiform ; anthers longi- 
 tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1, many-ovuled, mainly 1-celled; style short; 
 ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule, generally dehiscent by a pore, or by 
 valves. About 23 genera and 115 species, widely distributed, most abun- 
 dant in the north temperate zone. 
 
 Leaves not spiny-toothed. 
 Leaves spiny-toothed. 
 
 1. Papaver. 
 
 2. Argemone. 
 
 1. PAPAVER [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Sap milky. Leaves lobed or dissected, alternate. Flowers and flower-buds 
 nodding. Sepals 2 or occasionally 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens co. Anthers ex- 
 trorse. Ovules co, borne on numerous internally-projecting placentae. Stigmas 
 united into a radiate persistent disk. Capsule globose, obovoid, or oblong, de- 
 hiscent near the summit. Seeds marked with minute depressions. [Classic 
 Latin name of the poppy.] About 45 species, mostly natives of the Old 
 World, but 4 or 5 indigenous in western America. Type species: Papaver 
 somniferum L. 
 
 Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. 1. P. somniferum. 
 
 Green, hirsute ; leaves pinnately divided. 
 
 Capsule subglobose or top-shaped. 2. P. Rhoeas 
 
 Capsule oblong, narrowed below. 3. P. duhiiim. 
 
 1. Papaver somniferum L. Opium 
 
 OR Garden Poppy. (Fig. 163.) Erect, 
 glaucous, l°-3° high. Leaves clasping 
 by a cordate base, 4'-8' long, oblong, 
 wavy, lobed or toothed; flowers 2i'-4' 
 broad, bluish-white with a purple centre; 
 filaments somewhat dilated upward; cap- 
 sule glabrous. 
 
 Waste grounds, escaped from cultiva- 
 tion. Occasional in gardens. Introduced. 
 Native of Europe. Occasional in waste 
 grounds in the eastern United States. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 The Bermuda Opium Act of 1914 has 
 the following paragraph relative to this 
 plant : 
 
 " 2. It shall not be lawful to grow or 
 cultivate in these Islands the opium poppy 
 (papaver somniferum) for the purpose of 
 manufacturing opium therefrom, nor to 
 manufacture in these Islands any opium 
 from opium poppies grown in these Islands." 
 
PAPAVERACEAE. 
 
 143 
 
 2. Papaver Ehoeas L. Field, Eed or 
 Corn Poppy. (Fig. 164.) Erect, l°-3° 
 high, hispid with spreading bristly hairs. 
 Lower leaves petioled, 4-6' long, the upper 
 smaller, sessile, all pinnatifid; lobes lanceo- 
 late, acute, serrate; flowers 2'-4' broad, 
 scarlet with a darker centre; filaments not 
 dilated; capsule turbinate to subglobose, 
 glabrous, the disk with 10 or more stigmatic 
 rays. 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds. Natural- 
 ized from Europe. Naturalized in ttie eastern 
 United States. Flowers in spring and sum- 
 mer. Shirley Poppies, garden derivatives of 
 this species, are grown in flower-gardens. 
 
 3. Papaver dubium L. Long Smooth- 
 fruited Poppy. (Fig. 165.) Slender, l°-2° 
 high, hirsute with spreading hairs. Lower 
 leaves petioled, 4'-6' long, the upper smaller,, 
 nearly sessile, all deeply pinnately divided; 
 lobes oblong, pinnatifid, cleft or sometimes 
 entire ; flowers about 2' broad, scarlet, some- 
 times darker in the centre; filaments not 
 dilated; capsule oblong or narrowly oblong- 
 obovoid, glabrous, 8"-10" long, narrowed 
 below; stigmatic rays 6-10. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Naturalized or ad- 
 ventive in the eastern United States. Flowers 
 in spring. 
 
 2. ARGEMONE L. 
 Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny-toothed leaves and large flowers. 
 Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens ^. Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style 
 very short. Stigma dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent at 
 the apex by valves. Seeds numerous, cancellate. [Greek, an eye disease, sup- 
 posed to be relieved by the plant so called.] A genus of about 10 species, 
 natives of the warmer parts of America, the following typical. 
 
144 
 
 PAPAVERACEAE. 
 
 1. Argemone mexicina 
 
 L. Mexican or Prickly 
 Poppy. Stinging Thistle. 
 Queen Thistle. (Fig. 166.) 
 Stem l°-2*° high, spiny or 
 sometimes nearly unarmed. 
 Leaves sessile, clasping by 
 a narrowed base, 4'-10' long, 
 glaucous, runcinate-pinnati- 
 fid, spiny-toothed and more 
 or less spiny on the veins; 
 flowers orange or yellow, 
 sessile or subsessile, l'-3' 
 broad; sepals acuminate, 
 bristly-pointed; capsule 1' 
 long or more; stigma sessile. 
 
 Common in waste and 
 cultivated grounds. Natural- 
 ized from tropical America. 
 Naturalized in ttie south- 
 eastern United States and 
 West Indies, Flowers nearly 
 throughout the year. 
 
 Eschscholtzia califomica Cham., Eschscholtzia, California Poppy, of 
 the western United States, grown in flower-gardens, is a glabrous and glaucous 
 branching perennial, usually cultivated as an annual, with alternate, finely 
 dissected leaves 2'-4' long, their ultimate segments nearly linear, and peduncled, 
 bright yellow or orange flowers 2'-3' broad, with 4 broad petals, a hooded 
 calyx of 2 sepals, and numerous stamens, the fruit a linear ribbed capsule 
 about 3' long. 
 
 Hunnemannia fumariaefolia Sweet, Giant Yellow Tulip Poppy, Mexi- 
 can, grown at Cedar Lodge in 1914, resembles the California Poppy, but has 
 larger ternately dissected leaves with broader segments; its bright yellow 
 flowers have 2 separate sepals, 4 broad petals and numerous stamens ; the fruit 
 is a linear, ribbed capsule. 
 
 Family 2. FUMARIACEAE DC. 
 
 Fumitory Family. 
 
 Annual, biennial or perennial herbs with a watery sap. Leaves 
 alternate, often all basal, compound, usually dissected, very delicate. 
 Flowers perfect, irregular, in racemes, panicles or cymes. Calyx of 2 
 scale-like sepals. Corolla of 4 petals, the outer (lateral) spreading above, 
 one or both saccate or spurred at the base, the inner smaller, thickened 
 at the tips. Stamens 6; filaments diadelphous; anthers, various, middle 
 one 2-ceried, lateral 1-celled. Gynoeciuili of 2 carpels united into a single 
 pistil. Ovary 1-celled, wdth 2 parietal placentae; stigma flattened con- 
 trary to the placentae, 2-lobed or 2-homed. Ovules numerous or rarely 
 solitary. Fruit a silique-like capsule or, in the following genus, inde- 
 hiseent. Seeds with a minute embrj^o in fleshy endosperm. Five genera 
 and about 150 species, mostly in temperate regions. 
 
rUMARIACEAE. 
 
 145 
 
 1. FUMARIA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small racemose flowers. Sepals 2, 
 scale-like. Petals 4, erect-connivent, the outer pair larger, 1 of them spurred, 
 the inner narrow, coherent at the apex, keeled or crested on the back. Stamens 
 6, diadelphous, opposite the outer petals. Ovule 1; style slender; stigma 
 entire or lobed. Fruit 1-seeded, nearly globose, indehiscent. [Name from 
 the Latin, smoke, from the smoke-like smell of some species.] About 40 species, 
 all natives of the Old World. Type species: Fumaria officinalis L. 
 
 1. Fumaria muralis Souder. Wall 
 Fumitory. (Fig. 167.) Glabrous; stems 
 diffuse or ascending, 6'-2° long. Leaves 
 petioled, finely dissected into entire or 
 lobed linear oblong or cuneate seg- 
 ments; racemes narrow; pedicels l''-2" 
 long, axillary to small bracts; flowers 
 purplish, about 3" long, darker at the 
 summit; spur rounded; nut about 1" 
 in diameter, rounded. [F. densiflora of 
 Reade and of Millspaugh; F. agraria 
 of Eeade and of H. B. Small; F. offi- 
 cinalis of Lane, Jones, Rein and Hems- 
 ley.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized from Europe. Flow- 
 ers nearly throughout the year. 
 
 Notwithstanding published records, there appears to be no evidence, by 
 specimens preserved, of more than one species of Fumaria in Bermuda. F. 
 ofPcinnlis L., European, naturalized in the United States, has a depressed- 
 globose, retuse nut. 
 
 Family 3. BRASSICACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Mustard Fa:mily. 
 
 Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate leaves, 
 and racemose or corj^mbose flow^ers. Sepals 4, deciduous, or rarely per- 
 sistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or saccate at the 
 base. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, sfenerally clawed. 
 Stamens 6, hypogynous, tetradynamous, rarely fewer. Pistil 1, compound, 
 consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae united by a dissepi- 
 ment; style generally persistent, sometimes none; stigrma discoid or usually 
 more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, generally 2-celled, rarely 1- 
 celled, in a few genera indehiscent. Seeds attached to both sides of the 
 
 11 
 
146 
 
 BBASSICACEAE. 
 
 septum; endosperm none; cotyledons incumbent, aceumbent or condupli- 
 cate. About 200 genera and 1800 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Fruit a silicle, little, if any, longer than wide, orbicular, globose 
 Silicle flattened at right angles to the septum. 
 Seed solitary in each cell of the silicle. 
 Silicles smooth, orbicular to ovate. 
 Silicles rugose or tubercled, didymous. 
 Seeds several in each cell of the winged silicle. 
 Silicle flattened parallel to the septum. 
 Fruit an elongated silique. 
 
 Silique dehiscent into two valves. 
 Plants densely stellate-pubescent. 
 Plants not stellate-pubescent. 
 Silique not beaked. 
 Silique distinctly beaked. 
 
 Silique terete ; seeds in a single row. 
 
 Silique conic-beaked, its valves 1-nerved. 
 Silique stout-beaked, its valves 3-5-nerved. 
 Silique flattened ; seeds in 2 rows. 
 Silique indebiscent. 
 
 Silique of 2 joints, separating when ripe. 
 Silique constricted between the seeds, not jointed. 
 Fruit a triangular obcordate silicle. 
 
 or oblong. 
 
 1. Lepidium. 
 
 2. Carara. 
 
 3. Thlaspi. 
 
 4. Koniga. 
 
 5. Microstigma. 
 
 6. Erysimum. 
 
 7. Brassica. 
 
 8. Sin apis. 
 
 9. Diplotaxis. 
 
 10. CaMle. 
 
 11. Raphanus. 
 
 12. Bursa. 
 
 1. LEPIDIUM [Tourn.] L. 
 Erect or rarely diffuse herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves and 
 racemose white or whitish flowers. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short, 
 sometimes none. Silicles oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition, 
 winged or wingless; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell, 
 flattened; cotyledons incumbent or rarely aceumbent. [Greek, a little scale, 
 from the flat scale-like pods.] About 65 species, widely distributed. Type 
 species: Lepidium latifolium L. 
 
 1. Lepidium virginicum L. 
 
 Wild Pepper-grass. (Fig. 168.) 
 Annual; stem erect, 2° high or 
 less, glabrous. Basal leaves obo- 
 vate or spatulate in outline, gen- 
 erally with a large terminal lobe 
 and numerous small lateral ones, 
 all dentate, glabrous or slightly 
 pubescent ; stem-leaves lanceolate 
 or oblong-linear, sessile, or the 
 lower stalked; flowers about 1" 
 broad, white; petals generally pres- 
 ent, sometimes wanting in the later 
 flowers; pedicels slender, spread- 
 ing, 2"-3" long in fruit; pod flat, 
 short-oval or orbicular, minutely 
 winged above; cotyledons aceum- 
 bent. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized from North 
 America or the West Indies. Flowers 
 nearly throughout the year. [L. 
 apetalum of Millspaugh.] 
 
BRASSICACEAE. 
 
 147 
 
 Lepidimn niderale L., European, with apetalous flowers and wingless pods, 
 recorded by Hemsley as found on roadsides in Bermuda by Lane, has not been 
 seen here by subsequent collectors. Hemsley further cites Reade as reporting 
 the plant as common, but in Reade 's book of 1883, only L. virginieum appears. 
 
 Lepidium sativum L., Garden Pepper-grass, European, with large oblong 
 pods winged all around, is grown in gardens for its pungent foliage, used as a 
 crudiment. 
 
 2. CARARA Medic. 
 
 Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small 
 whitish flowers. Silicles small, didymous, laterally compressed, sessile. Stamens 
 often only 2 or 4. Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at each 
 end, indehiscent, falling away from the septum at maturity. Seeds 1 in each 
 cell; cotyledons narrow, incumbent or conduplicate, [Ancient Italian name.] 
 About 6 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Carara Coronopus (L.) 
 Medic. 
 
 1. Carara didyma (L.) Brit- 
 ton. Lesser Wart-cress. Star- 
 OF-the-Eakth. (Fig. 169.) Tufted, 
 spreading on the ground, sparingly 
 pubescent. Stems 2'-16' long; 
 leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid ; flow- 
 ers white, racemose; pedicels slen- 
 der, l"-!!" long in fruit; pod 
 about 1" broad and slightly more 
 than i" high; valves obtuse at each 
 end and readily separating into 2 
 ovoid nutlets. [Lepidium didymum 
 L.; SeneMera didyma Pers.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in North America 
 and the West Indies. Flowers 
 throughout the year. Often an abun- 
 dant weed, growing closely appressed 
 to the ground. 
 
 3. THIiASPI L. 
 
 Erect glabrous herbs, with entire or dentate leaves, those of the stem, or 
 at least the upper ones, auriculate and clasping. Flowers white or purplish. 
 Siliques obcuneate, obcordate, or oblong-orbicular, mostly emarginate, flattened 
 at right angles to the narrow septum, crested or winged. Valves dehiscent. 
 Seeds 2 or several in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, to 
 flatten, from the flat pod.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of temperate, 
 arctic and alpine regions, the following typical. 
 
148 
 
 BEASSICACEAE. 
 
 1. Thlaspi arvense L. 
 
 Field Penny-cress. (Fig. 
 170.) Annual, glabrous, 6'-20' 
 high. Basal leaves petioled, 
 oblanceolate, early deciduous ; 
 stem-leaves oblong or lanceo- 
 late, sparingly dentate, the 
 upper clasping the stem, by an 
 auricled base; flowers white, 
 about 2" broad; pedicels spread- 
 ing or curved upward, slender, 
 5"-10" long in fruit; pods 
 nearly orbicular, 4"-6''' broad, 
 very flat, broadly winged all 
 around, notched at the apex, in 
 long racemes; style minute, or 
 none; seeds about 6 in each cell. 
 
 Cultivated grounds, Agricul- 
 tural Gardens, 1911. Introduced. 
 Native of Europe and Asia. 
 Widely naturalized in North 
 America. Flowers in spring. 
 
 4. KONIGA Adans. 
 Perennial herbs or shrubs, 
 pubescent or canescent with 
 forked hairs, with entire leaves, 
 a"nd small white flowers in terminal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Fila- 
 ments slender, not toothed, but with two small glands at the base. Silicle 
 compressed, oval or orbicular. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cotyledons aceum- 
 bent. [Name in honor of Charles Konig, a curator of the British Museum.] 
 About 4 species, natives of the Mediterranean region, the following typical. 
 
 1. Koniga maritima (L.) 
 E. Br. Sw^EET Alyssum. Sea- 
 side Koniga. (Fig. 171?) Pro- 
 cumbent or ascending, 4'-12' 
 high, minutely pubescent. Stem- 
 leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate 
 or linear, V-2' long; basal 
 leaves oblanceolate, narrowed 
 into a petiole ; flowers fragrant, 
 about 2" broad; pedicels 3"-4" 
 long in fruit; pods glabrous, 
 pointed l'-14" long; calyx de- 
 ciduous; stamens not append- 
 aged. [Clypeola maritima L. ; 
 Alyssum maritimum Lam.] 
 
 Frequent on roadsides and in 
 waste grounds. Escaped from 
 flower gardens and naturalized. 
 Native of Europe. Escaped from 
 cultivation in the United States. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 Much planted in garden borders. 
 
BRASSICACEAE. 
 
 149 
 
 5. MICROSTIGMA Trauttv. [Matthiola R. Br., not L.] 
 
 Herbs, or some species low shrubs, finely and densely stellate-pubescent, 
 with oblong to linear leaves and large, bractless, racemose flowers. Sepals 
 erect, two of them saccate at the base. Petals long-clawed, the blades spread- 
 ing. Stigmas erect, connivent, sessile. Silique elongated. Seeds flattened, 
 sometimes margined, borne in single rows; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, 
 small stigma.] About 30 species, of the Old World, most abundant in 
 Europe and western Asia, one African. Type species: Microstigma Bungei 
 Trauttv. 
 
 1. Microstigma incana (L.) Brit- 
 ton. Wild Stock. Gilliflowek. (Fig. 
 172.) Perennial, somewhat woody below, 
 branched, 2° high or less, the branches 
 stiff. Leaves oblong-linear, blunt at the 
 apex, narrowed into petioles, entire, 
 hoary, 2'-6' long, K wide or less; flowers 
 purple, conspicuous, with obovate petal- 
 blades; silique 4-5' long, narrowly 
 linear, nearly cylindric. [Cheiranthus 
 inca7ius L. ; Matthiola incana R. Br.] 
 
 Coastal cliffs and rocks. Naturalized 
 from Europe, locally abundant, especially 
 in Warwick. Flowers in spring and sum- 
 mer, sometimes also in the autumn. Culti- 
 vated in flower-gardens, both in single-flow- 
 ered and double-flowered races, some of 
 which are annual or biennial in duration. 
 
 6. ERYSIMUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Annual or biennial, mostly tall herbs, with simple entire lobed or piunatifid 
 leaves, and yellow white or rarely pink flowers. Petals generally elongated. 
 Siliques elongated, linear, many-seeded. Valves mostly 3-nerved, dehiscent. 
 Stigma nearly simple, or with 2 short lobes. Seeds in 1 row in each cell of the 
 pod, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, name of some gar- 
 den plant.] A genus of a few species, natives of the Old World, mostly in 
 Europe and Asia, the following rather common weed typical. 
 
150 
 
 BRASSICACEAE. 
 
 1. Erysimum officinale L. 
 Hedge Mustard. (Fig. 173.) 
 Erect, l°-3° high, with rigid 
 spreading branches. Leaves run- 
 einate-pinnatifid, the lower peti- 
 oled, the upper nearly sessile; lobes 
 oblong, ovate or lanceolate, the 
 lower ones often recurved ; 'pedicels 
 about 1" long, erect in fruit; 
 flowers yellow, lA" broad; pods 
 linear, acuminate, glabrous or 
 slightly hairy, closely appressed; 
 valves with a strong prominent 
 midrib. [Sisymbrium officinale 
 Scop.; S. officinale leiocarpum DC] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in North America. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. 
 
 7. BRASSICA [Tourn.] L. 
 Erect branching herbs, with 
 pinnatifid basal leaves, and showy 
 yellow flowers in elongated racemes. Siliques elongated, sessile, terete or 4- 
 sided, tipped with an indehiscent conic usually 1-seeded beak. Valves convex, 
 1-3-nerved. Seeds in 1 row^ in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons con- 
 duplicate. [Latin name of the Cabbage.] About 80 species, natives of Europe, 
 Asia and northern Africa. Type species : Brassica oleracea L. 
 
 Pods 4-sided, appressed, 5"-8" 
 
 long. 1. B. nigra. 
 
 Pods torulose, ascending, I'-l^' 
 
 long. 2. B. integritolia. 
 
 1. Brassica nigra (L.) 
 Koch. Black Mustard. 
 (Fig. 174.) Erect, 14°-5° 
 high, freely branching. 
 Lower leaves slender-peti- 
 oled, wdth 1 terminal large 
 lobe and 2-4 smaller lateral 
 ones, dentate all around, the 
 uppermost reduced to lance- 
 olate or oblong entire blades ; 
 flowers bright yellow, 3"- 
 5" broad; pedicels slender, 
 appressed, 2" long in fruit; 
 pods narrowly linear, 4- 
 sided, 5"-8" long, i" wide, 
 appressed; beak slender, 1"- 
 2'"' long; seeds dark brown. 
 [Sinapis nigra L.] 
 
 Common as a weed in 
 cultivated grounds. Natural- 
 ized from Europe. Widely 
 naturalized in North America. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the 
 year. Occasionally cultivated 
 for its seeds. 
 
BRASSICACEAE. 151 
 
 2. Brassica integrifolia (West) O. E. 
 Schulz. Wild Mustard. (Fig. 175.) An- 
 nual, pale green, glabrous, or very sparsely 
 pubescent below, branched, l°-3° tall. 
 Lower and basal leaves obovate, petioled, 
 6-1° long, coarsely dentate, the upper 
 much smaller, oblong to linear, mostly 
 entire; racemes loosely many-flowered; 
 petals light yellow, 3"-4" long; fruiting 
 pedicels ascending, 2"-6" long; siliques 
 linear, torulose, I'-l^' long, slender-beaked. 
 
 Roadsides and cultivated grounds. Nat- 
 uralized. West Indies and continental tropical 
 America. Native of southeastern Asia. 
 
 Brassica campestris L., Turnip, and 
 Brassica oleracea L., Cabbage, are exten- 
 sively grown as garden vegetables; Kale, a 
 variety of Cabbage not forming heads, is 
 occasionally grown. Both are natives of 
 Europe. 
 
 8. SINAPIS L. 
 
 Annual or biennial, usually erect, branching more or less hispid herbs, with 
 
 pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large, mostly yellow flowers in terminal 
 
 racemes. Siliques linear, nearly terete, constricted between the seeds, sessile in 
 
 the calyx, tipped with a flat sword-like beak which sometimes contains a seed 
 
 near its base, its valves 3-5- 
 nerved. Seeds oblong or sub- 
 globose, not winged nor mar- 
 gined. Cotyledons condupli- 
 cate. [Name Greek, said to 
 come from the Celtic for tur- 
 nip.] About 5 species, natives 
 of southern Europe. Type 
 species: Sinapis alba L. 
 
 1. Sinapis arvensis L. 
 Charlock. Wild Mustard. 
 (Fig. 176.) Erect, 1°-2A° 
 high, hispid with scattered stiff 
 hairs, or glabrate. Leaves sim- 
 ilar to those of Brassica nigra 
 but generally not so much pin- 
 natifid; flowers 5"-8" broad; 
 pedicels stout; pods glabrous, 
 spreading or ascending, some- 
 what constricted between the 
 seeds, 5"-8" long, 1" wide, 
 tipped with a flattened elon- 
 gated-conic often 1-seeded beak 
 5"-6" long, the valves strongly 
 nerved. [Brassica Sinapistrum 
 Boiss.] 
 
 er<, l^r^^'lillZ^ cultivated pounds. Naturalized. Native of tbe Old World. Flow- 
 eis in spring, occasionally later. 
 
162 
 
 BRASSICACEAE. 
 
 9. DIPLOTAXIS DC. 
 
 Herbs, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large yellow flowers in 
 terminal racemes. Silique elongated, linear, flat or flattish, short-beaked or 
 beakless, the valves mostly 1-nerved. Style usually slender. Seeds in two 
 complete or incomplete rows in each cavity of the silique, marginless; cotyle- 
 dons conduplicate. [Greek, referring to the double rows of seeds.] About 20 
 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. 
 The flattened pods with seeds in two rows distinguish this genus from the 
 Mustards. 
 
 1. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) 
 DC. Sand Rocket. (Fig. 177.) 
 Branched from the base, spar- 
 ingly hispid or glabrous, leafy 
 only below. Leaves oblanceo- 
 late, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, 
 2'— 1' long, narrowed at the base, 
 mostly slender-petioled ; flowers 
 6"-8" broad; pod about 1' long 
 and 1" wide, erect, flattish; fruit- 
 ing pedicels, 4"-8" long. 
 
 Abundant in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds on St. David's Island, 
 1909 and in cultivated ground near 
 Wreck Hill, 1912. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Naturalized in the eastern 
 Fnited States. Flowers in spring. 
 This plant may become a pernicious 
 weed, as the seeds germinate readily. 
 
 10. CAIOLE [Tourn.] Mill. 
 
 Annual, glabrous fleshy branching herbs, with petioled leaves and purplish 
 racemose flowers. Siliques elongated, sessile, flattened or ridged, indehiscent, 
 2-jointed, the joints 1-celled and mostly 1-seeded. Style none; cotyledons 
 accumbent. [Old Arabic name.] A genus of several species, natives of sea 
 and lake shores of Europe and North America. Type species: Bunias Cakile L. 
 The curious two- jointed pods which do not split open are an interesting 
 feature of these plants. 
 
BRASSICACEAE. 
 
 153 
 
 1. Cakile lanceoia,ta (Willd.) O. E. 
 Sehulz. Southern Sea Rocket. Scurvy 
 Grass. (Fig. 178.) Erect or ascending-, 
 often much branched, 2i° high or less 
 Basal and lower leaves broadly oblong, 
 obtuse, 2'-3' long, coarsely crenate-den 
 tate; upper leaves smaller, narrowly ob 
 ovate to oblong, crenate-dentate, or en 
 tire; flowers pale purplish, 3"-5" broad: 
 fruiting racemes often 1° long; fruit- 
 ing pedicels stout, 2"-3" long; pod 8"- 
 12" long, its upper joint longer than the 
 lower. [Baphanus lanceolatus Willd. ; 
 Cakile aequalis L 'Her. ; Cochlaria offi- 
 cinalis of Jones; Cakile maritima of H. 
 B. Small.] 
 
 Sea-beaches, sand dunes and coastal 
 rocks. Native. Florida and the West In- 
 dies. Flowers from spring until autumn. 
 Presumably transported to Bermuda by float- 
 ing. 
 
 11. RAPHANTJS [Tourn.] L. 
 Mainly biennial herbs, with lyrate 
 leaves and showy flowers. Silique elongated-linear, coriaceous, fleshy or corky, 
 spongy between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons con- 
 duplicate. [Greek, quick-appearing, from its rapid germination.] About 6 
 species, of Europe and Asia. Type species: Baphanus sativus L. 
 
 Flowers yellow, fading white ; pod grooved, 4-10-seeded. 
 Flowers pink or white ; pod not grooved, 2-3-seeded. 
 
 1. R. Rnphanistrum. 
 
 2. R. sativus. 
 
 1. Baphanus Raphanls- 
 tniin L. Wild Radish. 
 Jointed ob White Charlock. 
 (Fig. 179.) Biennial or an- 
 nual from a slender root, 1°- 
 3° high, sparsely pubescent or 
 rarely glabrous. Basal and 
 lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, 
 4-8' long, with a large ter- 
 minal lobe and 4-6 pairs of 
 successively smaller lateral 
 ones, all crenate or dentate; 
 upper leaves small, oblong; 
 flowers 5"-10" broad, yellow, 
 fading to white, purplish- 
 veined; pedicels 3"-8" long 
 in fruit; pods I'-li' long, 6- 
 10-seeded, constricted between 
 the seeds when dry, tipped with 
 a conic beak. 
 
 Waste grounds. Xaturalizod 
 from Europe. Widely natural- 
 ized in North America. Flowers 
 nearly throughout the year. 
 
154 
 
 BRASSICACEAE. 
 
 2. Raphanus satlvus 
 L. Gauden Radish. (Fig. 
 180.) Similar to the last, 
 but flowers pink or -white. 
 Root deep, fusiform or 
 napiform, fleshy; pods 
 fleshy, 2-3-seeded, not lon- 
 gitudinally grooved, often 
 equalled or exceeded by the 
 long conic beak. 
 
 Extensively cultivated, 
 and spontaneous in gardens or 
 fields, rarely in waste places. 
 Native of Asia. Flowers 
 nearly throughout the year. 
 Several kinds are grown as 
 garden crops. 
 
 12. 
 
 BURSA [Siegesb. 
 Weber. 
 
 at right angles with the septum, their valves 
 Seeds numerous, marginless ; cotyledons 
 accumbent. [Middle Latin, purse, from 
 the shape of the pod.] About 4 species. 
 natives of the northern hemisphere, the 
 following typical. 
 
 1. Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Brit- ^Sm 
 ton. Shepherd's Purse. (Fig. 181.) '^ 
 Branching, 6-2° high from a deep 
 root, pubescent below, mainly glabrous 
 above. Basal leaves lobed, pinnatifid, 
 or rarely entire, 2-6' long; stem-leaves 
 few, lanceolate, auricled; flowers about 
 1" long; pedicels 5"-8" long in fruit; 
 pods triangular, cuneate at the base, 
 truncate or emarginate, 2"-4" long; 
 seeds 10 or 12 in each cell. [Thlaspi 
 Bursa-pastoris L. ; Capsella Bursa- 
 pastoris Medic] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in America. Flowers 
 all the year round. 
 
 Annual or winter-an- 
 nual erect herbs, pubes- 
 cent with forked hairs, the 
 basal leaves tufted. Flow- 
 ers racemose, small, white. 
 Silicles cuneate, obcordate 
 or triangular, compressed 
 boat-shaped, keeled. Style short. 
 
BRASSICACEAE. 156 
 
 Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aquaticum L., Water-cress, European, is occa- 
 sionally grown in tanks or pools as a vegetable. Lefroy records it as in his 
 time abundant in the water channels of Pembroke Marsh, but recent collectors 
 have failed to find it there, and it probably disappeared after this marsh was 
 made brackish by opening a drainage canal from it westward to the salt water, 
 through which the sea has access to the marsh at high tides. [Nasturtium 
 officmale E. Br., Eadicula Nasturtium-aquaticum Britten & Rendle.] 
 
 Armoracia Annoracia (L.) Cockerell [Nasturtium Armoracia Fries], 
 Horseradish, European, is grown in gardens for its large pungent roots. It 
 has large lanceolate upright leaves and conspicuous white flowers. 
 
 Malcolmla maritima (L.) R. Br., Virginian Stock, of the Mediterranean 
 region, grown in flower-gardens, is a slightly pubescent annual, 10'-15' high, 
 with oblong, blunt, entire leaves V-2' long, and variously colored, racemose 
 flowers 8"-10" broad, the nearly sessile linear pods 2'-3' long. [Cheiranthus 
 tnaritimus L.] 
 
 Cheiranthus Cheirl L., Wall-flower, of southern Europe, also a garden 
 flower, is a somewhat pubescent perennial, l°-2° tall, with lanceolate, acutish 
 entire leaves, and large, yellow or sometimes purple, racemose flowers, its linear 
 pods stalked. 
 
 rberis violacea R. Br., Candytuft, origin unknown, annual, about 3' high, 
 with spatulate toothed leaves, and corymbose purple flowers, is recorded by 
 Lefroy as naturalized on St. George 's Island growing along roadsides and in 
 waste places. It is also mentioned by H. B. Small. 
 
 Iberis amara L., White Annual Candytuft, European, a low annual 
 with white or purplish corymbose flowers, the inflorescence elongating and 
 becoming racemose in fruit, the pods 2-lobed, is grown in flower-gardens. 
 
 Iberis umbellata L., Purple Annual Candytuft, of southern Europe, an 
 annual up to 18' high, with corymbose purplish or violet flowers, the clusters of 
 sharply 2-lobed pods also corymbose, not elongating, is also grown in flower- 
 gardens. 
 
 Arabis alpina L., Alpine Rock-cbess, of high boreal regions, was seen 
 at Paget Rectory in 1914, where it had been growing for several years. It is 
 a low perennial, with tufted obovate or spatulate, dentate, obtuse, finely 
 stellate-pubescent leaves V-2V long, the white, often double, flowers racemose, 
 the linear flat pods about 1' long. 
 
 Alyssum saxatile L., Golden-tuft, European, a whitish-tomentulose 
 perennial with slender stems about 1° high, the lanceolate or oblanceolate, 
 nodulate-margined leaves l'-2^' long, the small, bright yellow flowers in 
 terminal racemes, was seen at Paget Rectory in 1914. 
 
 Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, False Fl.vx, European, annual, glabrous, 
 l°-2° high, with lanceolate, sometimes sagittate leaves l'-3' long, small, yel- 
 low, racemose flowers, the obovoid, slender-pedicelled pods about 3" broad, their 
 valves convex, has been collected as a waif. [Myagrum sativum L.j 
 
156 
 
 CAPPARIDACEAE. 
 
 Family 4. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Caper Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, some tropical species trees, with alternate or very rarely 
 opposite leaves, and regular or irregular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 
 4-8. Petals 4 (rarely none). Receptacle elongated or short. Stamens 
 6-°o, not tetradynamous, inserted on the receptacle; anthers oblong. Style 
 generally short, ovules ^, on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry. 
 Seeds mainly reniform in our species; endosperm none; embryo generally 
 coiled. About 35 genera and 450 species, mostly of warm regions. 
 
 1. CLEOME L. 
 
 Herbs or low shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or simple. Flowers 
 mostly racemose. Calyx 4-divided or of 4 sepals, often persistent. Petals 4, 
 cruciate, nearly equal, entire, more or less clawed. Receptacle short, slightly 
 prolonged above the petal-bases. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), or numerous, inserted 
 on the receptacle. Ovary stalked, with a gland at its base. Capsule elongated, 
 many-seeded. [Derivation uncertain.] About 75 species, mainly natives of 
 tropical regions, especially American and African. Type species: Cleome 
 gynandra L. 
 
 Stamens 6, borne on the gynophore ; petals white to pink. 1. C. gynandra. 
 
 Stamens about 20, borne below the gynophore ; petals yellow. 2. C. viscosa. 
 
 1. Cleome gynandra L. Small 
 SproER-FLOWER. (Fig. 182.) Annual, 
 bright green, clammy-pubescent. Stem 
 l|°-3° tall, branching; leaf -blades 
 palmately 3-5-foliolate ; petioles 
 longer than the leaflets; leaflets i'- 
 2i' long, oval to obovate, acute or 
 short-acuminate, serrulate ; racemes 
 4'-16' long; bracts suborbieular, oval 
 or broadly obovate; sepals lanceolate, 
 acuminate ; petals white or pink, 24"- 
 5" long, their blades oval, longer 
 than the claws; stamens 6; capsules 
 linear, l|'-2i' long, surpassing the 
 glandular pedicel in length; seeds 
 coarsely rugose and muricate. [Cleome 
 pentaphylla L. ; Gynandropsis penta- 
 phylla DC] 
 
 Abundant as a weed in cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized from the Old 
 World tropics. Widely naturalized in 
 the southern United States and West 
 Indies. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
CAPPAKIDACEAE. 
 
 167 
 
 2. Cleome viscosa L. Viscid Spider- 
 flower. (Fig. 183.) Annual, erect, 
 branched, viscid-glandular, l°-3° tall. 
 Leaves petioled, the blades palmately 3-5- 
 foliolate; leaflets obovate-oblong, ^'-3' long, 
 acute, or acutish, thin ; flowers axillary, 
 6'"-8" broad ; petals bright yellow ; stamens 
 about 20, equalling the petals; capsule 
 linear, about 3' long, rough-glandular, 
 striate-ribbed, sessile; seeds echinate. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Naturalized from the Old World tropics. 
 Naturalized in the West Indies. Flowers in 
 spring and summer. [Polanisia t:iscosa DCl 
 
 Cleome speciosa DC, Candelabra 
 Plant, Mexican, a tall species with large 
 purple flowers, is grown in flower-gardens. 
 Lefroy erroneously refers to Cleome pun- 
 gens Willd. (C spinosa L.) as a white 
 variety of this; it is a separate species, 
 apparently not observed as yet in Bermuda, 
 but as a common weed in warm countries 
 it may be expected to be introduced at 
 any time. 
 
 Steriphoma elliptica Spreng., recorded 
 by Jones in 1873, and mentioned by Lefroy 
 as received from Trinidad, where it is 
 
 native, in 1874, and flowered with him, is a shrub with oblong leave? and 
 spatulate petals. 
 
 Capparis Cynophallophora L., Black "Willow, West Indian and Floridian, 
 is represented by a large tree at Par-la-Ville, Hamilton, flowering profusely in 
 summer; it has oblong entire, firm leaves 4' long or less, shining above, their 
 under surfaces and the inflorescence silvery-scaly, the petals white. [Capparis 
 torulosa of H. B. Small; C. jamaicensis Jacq.] 
 
 Family 5. RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray. 
 
 Mignonette Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely woody, with alternate or fascicled leaves, gland-like 
 stipules and racemose or spicate, bracted flowers. Flowers unsymmetrical. 
 Calyx 4-7-parted, inequilateral. Petals generally 4-7, bypogj-nous. Disk 
 fleshy, hypogjmous, 1-sided. Stamens 3-40; filaments generally unequal. 
 Ovary 1,^ compound, of 3-6 carpels; styles or sessile stigmas 3-G; ovules 
 oc. Fruit capsular in all but 1 genus. Seeds renifoiTQ, without^ endo- 
 sperm; cotyledons incumbent. Six genera and about Go species, natives of 
 the Old World. 
 
 Eeseda odorata L., Mignonette, Egyptian, a low annual occasionally seen 
 in flower-gardens, has wedge-shaped, entire or 3-lobed leaves and yellowish- 
 green fragrant flowers with deeply lobed petals. 
 
 Eeseda alba L., White Cut-leaved Mignonette, European, erect up to 3=" 
 high, with deeply pinnatifid leaves and long narrow racemes of STuall, white 
 flowers, is also grown in flower-gardens. 
 
158 RESEDACEAE. 
 
 Family 6. MORINGACEAE Dumort. 
 Horseradish-tree Family. 
 
 Trees, with a gummy bark. Leaves alternate, deciduous, 2-3-pinnate, 
 the divisions and leaflets opposite, the latter entire: stipules wanting or 
 mere glands. Flowers perfect, slightly irregular, in axillary panicles. 
 Calyx of 5 unequal reflexed-spreading sepals on the edge of the short cup- 
 like hypanthium. Corolla of 5 petals resembling the sepals, the lower 
 petal reflexed, the upper one more or less erect. Androecium of 5 stamens 
 inserted on the margin of the hypanthium, and 5 staminodia. Filaments 
 distinct. Anthers 1-celled, opening lengthwise. Gynoecium 3-carpellary, 
 stalked. Ovai-y 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; stjdes united; stigma 
 minute. Ovules numerous, anatropous, pendulous, in two series on each 
 placenta. Capsule elongated, 3-6-angled, somewhat torulose, beaked, 3- 
 valved. Seeds relatively large, 3-winged or wingless; endosperm wanting. 
 Only the genus Moringa, with 3 species, natives of the Old World tropics. 
 
 Moringa Moringa (L.) J. K. Small [M. pterygosperma Gaertn.], Horse- 
 radish-tree, a small tree with large deeomponnd leaves and panicled white 
 flowers, the 3-angled linear pods about 1° long, has been introduced and planted 
 for ornament and interest. It yields the Ben oil, used by watchmakers. 
 
 Order 16. S ARE ACENI ALES. 
 
 Insectivorous plants secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and 
 perfect scapose flowers. Corolla choripetalous. Sepals mostly distinct. 
 Stamens usually hypogynous. Ovary compound, superior. 
 
 The order is known only as ha\nng been represented in Bermuda by the 
 Pitcher-plant, Sarracenia purpurea L., North American, with a tuft of 
 hollow leaves and a large nodding purple flower, introduced at Mount Langton 
 and died after blooming as recorded by Lefroy. 
 
 Order 17. ROSALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, the flowers usually petaliferous and the petals 
 distinct. Stamens mostly perigjmous or epigynous. Sepals mainly united 
 or confluent with the concave receptacle. Carpels one or more, distinct or 
 sometimes united into a compound ovar5\ 
 
 f Endosperm present, vsuaUij eopious and fleshy; leaves mostly without stipules. 
 Herbs, with fleshy or succulent tissue. 
 
 Carpels as many as the calyx-segments ; stamens as many or twice as many. 
 
 F'am. 1. CEASSrLACEAE. 
 
 Carpels fewer than the calyx-segments. Fam. 2. Saxifr^vgaceae. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. 
 
 Leaves opposite. Fam. 3. Hydrangeaceae. 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 Fruit a 1-celled berry. Fam. 4. Grossulariaceae. 
 
 Fruit capsular, or indehiscent. Fam. 5. Pittosporaceae. 
 
 ■ft Endosperm none, or very little; leaves mostly nith stipules. 
 t Trees with broad leaves and small monoecious densely capitate flowers, 
 
 Fam. 6. Pi.ataxaceae. 
 tt Flowers perfect, or if dioecious or monoecious not densely capitate, 
 a. Flowers regular. 
 Pistils several or numerous. 
 
 Carpels distinct, rarely adnate to the calyx, ripen- 
 ing into follicles or achenes. Fam. 7. Rosaceae. 
 Carpels united, enclosed by the calyx-tube and ad- 
 nate to it, the fruit a pome. Fam. 8. Malaceae. 
 Pistil only 1. 
 
 Ovary 2-ovuled ; fruit a drupe ; leaves simple. Fam. 9'. Amygdalaceae. 
 
 Ovary several-ovuled ; fruit a legume ; leaves 2-3- 
 pinnate. 
 
CRASSULACEAE. 
 
 159 
 
 Petals valvate in the bud. 
 
 (Petals imbricated in the bud; Gleditsia in the 
 Caesalpiniaceae) . 
 
 Fam. 10. MiMOSACEAE. 
 
 b. Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia). 
 Fruit a legume ; upper petal enclosed by the lateral 
 
 ones in the bud; leaves compound. Fam. 11. Caesalpimaceai: 
 
 Fruit a legume or loment ; upper petal enclosing the 
 
 lateral ones in the bud ; leaves compound (some- 
 
 times 1-foliolate). 
 
 Fam. 12, Fabaceae. 
 
 Family 1. CRASSULACEAE DC. 
 
 Orpine Family. 
 Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with 
 cjTnose or rarely solitary regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none. 
 Calyx persistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4-5-cleft or 4-5-parted. 
 Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or slightly united at the 
 base. Stamens of the same number or twice as many as the petals; 
 anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels equal in number to the sepals, 
 distinct, or united below; styles subulate or filifonn; ovules numerous. 
 Follicles 1-celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds minute; endo- 
 sperm fleshy; cotyledons short, obtuse. About 30 genera and 600 species, 
 of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Calyx much inflated, 4-toothed. 
 Calyx scarcely inflated, 4-parted. 
 
 1. BrifophyUum. 
 
 2. Kulanchoe. 
 
 1. BRYOPHYLLUM Salisb. 
 Erect herbs, the leaves opposite, simple or pinnately compound; the leaf- 
 lets mostly toothed. Flowers perfect, often showy, nodding, in cymes or panicles 
 opposite the branches. Calyx Inflated, 4-toothed. Corolla nearly campanulate, 
 or urn-shaped, the narrow limb with 4 spreading lobes. Stamens 8, in 2 series, 
 adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers 
 mostly exserted. Carpels 4, distinct or partially united. Ovules many. Fol- 
 licles 4. Seeds numerous. [Greek, sprouting leaf.] Four known species, of 
 South Africa and Madagascar, the following typical. 
 
 1. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) 
 Kurz. Life Plant. Floppers. (Fig. 
 184.) Perennial, glabrous. Stems l°-6° 
 tall, branched; leaf -blades often pin- 
 nately compound, 4-12' long; leaflets 
 oblong, oval or elliptic, obtuse, crenate, 
 the terminal one several times longer 
 than the lateral ones; panicles 4'-18' 
 long, conspicuous; calyx bladder-like, 
 finally oblong-eampanulate, IJ' long, 
 glabrous; corolla reddish, twice as long 
 as the calyx or shorter, its lobes lanceo- 
 late or narrowly ovate, acute. [Cotyle- 
 don pinnatum Lam. ; B. calycinum Salisb.] 
 
 Walls, thickets, woodlands and waste 
 grounds, almost ubiquitous in Bermuda, 
 striking roots and growing freely from 
 leaves, stems or their fragments. Nat- 
 uralized from Old World tropics, recorded 
 as first introduced in 1813, soon becoming 
 a pernicious weed. Naturalized in Florida 
 and the West Indies. Flowers from winter 
 to summer. 
 
160 
 
 CRASSULACEAE. 
 
 2. KALANCHOE Adans. 
 
 Erect herbs, sometimes a little woody, with opposite leaves and panicled 
 flowers, often showy. Calyx 4-parted, shorter than the corolla. Corolla salver- 
 form, with a swollen tube and a spreading, 4-parted limb. Stamens usually 8, 
 in 2 series on the corolla-tube, the filaments very short. Carpels 4, lanceolate, 
 adnate to the base of the corolla-tube; ovules many. Follicles many-seeded. 
 [Chinese name.] Twenty species or more, all but the following natives of Asia 
 and Africa. Type species: Cotyledon. laciniata L. 
 
 1. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Camb. 
 Brazilian Kalanchoe. (Fig. 185.) 
 Herbaceous, perennial, l°-3"^ liigt, 
 glandular-pubescent above. Leaves 
 ovate to obovate, short-petioled, 2'-4' 
 long, faintly pinnately veined, crenate- 
 dentate, or the upper pairs lanceolate, 
 much smaller and entire; inflorescence 
 4-12' long, cymose-paniculate, its 
 branches nearly erect, the bracts very 
 small; flowers yellow, 6"-8" long; 
 sepals lanceolate, glandular-pubescent, 
 acute; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long 
 as the calyx, the limb spreading; 
 stamens borne on the corolla-tube a 
 little above the middle, not exserted; 
 follicles about 3" long, the brown 
 seeds oblong. 
 
 Agar's Island, 1913, collected by F. 
 S. Collins. Native of Brazil. Natural- 
 ized in Cuba and St. Thomas. Flowers 
 in summer. 
 
 Kalanchoe Afzeliana Britten (Vereia crenata Andr., not K. crenata 
 Haw.), mentioned by Reade as a garden plant, is 2°-4° high, with large crenate 
 basal leaves, and bright yellow flowers. 
 
 Echeveria gibbiflora DC, E.. sanguinea Morren, and E. metallica Hort., 
 Mexican species with beautiful tufts of fleshy, entire, basal leaves, the red or 
 yellow flowers on erect stems, in 1-sided cymes, have occasionally been planted 
 for ornament. 
 
 Sempervivum species, Houseleeks, European, have been grown for in- 
 terest, but are not long-enduring in Bermuda. 
 
 Sedum acre L., Mossy Stonecrop, European, a small trailer with minute 
 thick imbricated leaves, and bright yellow cymose flowers, is said by H. B. 
 Small to be " spreading freely and may be found on wall-faces of road-cuttings, 
 Hamilton and Warwick, frequently placed on graves. " It is also mentioned by 
 Eeade, and Lefroy records it as introduced at Mt. Langton, prior to 1875, 
 but it has not come under my observation in Bermuda. 
 
 Sedum mexicanum Britton, Yellow Mexican Stonecrop, occasionally 
 planted for ornament, is a weak, tufted species about 6' high, with opposite or 
 whorled, linear terete leaves about V long and bright yellow flowers 4"-5" 
 wide in compound cymes. [S. sarmeritosum Masters, not Bunge.] 
 
 Many other Stonecrops, planted at Paget Rectory, died out. 
 
SAXIFKAGACEAE. 161 
 
 Family 2. SAXIFKAGACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Saxifrage Family. 
 
 Herbs. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx mostly 5- 
 lobed or 5-parted, free, or adnate to the ovary, usually persistent. Petals 
 usually 4 or 5, rarely none. Stamens equal in number to or twice as many 
 as the petals, in apetalous species as many or twice as many as the calj'x- 
 lobes, perigynous or epigynous; filaments distinct. Disk generally present. 
 Carpels usually 2, distinct or united, but upper portion free, mostly fewer 
 than the stamens. Seeds commonly numerous; endosperm generally 
 copious, fleshy; embryo small, terete. About 90 genera and 650 species, 
 of wide geogTaphic distribution. 
 
 Sekika sarmentosa (L.) Moench, Strawberry Geranium, Asiatic, a 
 perennial stoloniferous herb, with tufted basal nearly orbicular leaves, and 
 small panicled white flowers borne on a scape l°-2° high, the lower petals 
 drooping, is occasional in flower-gardens. [Saxifraga sarmentosa L.] 
 
 Heuchera sanguinea Engelm., Red Heuchera, North American, has been 
 grown, but does not succeed; it is a low perennial, with basal, reniform, lobed 
 leaves, and small red flowers, panicled on slender scapes. 
 
 Family 3. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Hydraxgea Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with simple opposite leaves and no stipules. Flowers 
 perfect or the exterior ones of the clusters sterile and conspicuous. Petals 
 and sepals generally 5. Stamens twice as many or numerous, epigynous. 
 Carpels 2-10, wholly united or the apex free, the lower half at least en- 
 closed by and adnate to the calyx. Seeds numerous; endosperm generally 
 copious; embryo small. About 16 genera and 80 species, of temperate and 
 tropical regions. 
 
 Philadelphus coronarius L., Garden Syringa, European, a shrub about 7° 
 high, wi'th ovate or oval thin acute serrate deciduous leaves 2'-4 long, the 
 white fragrant flowers I'-IJ' wide, in terminal racemes, with 5 petals, many 
 stamens and 3-5 styles, the fruit a top-shaped capsule, is grown for ornament. 
 
 Hydrangea hortensis Smith, Hydrangea, Asiatic, grown for ornament, is 
 a shrulD 4°-6° high, glabrous or very nearly so, with ovate, acute or acuminate, 
 serrate leaves 8' long or less, the white, blue or pink flowers in large clusters. 
 
 Deutzia scabra Thunb., Rough Deutzia, Asiatic, a shrub 5° or 6° high, 
 with ovate-lanceolate leaves, stellately rough-pubescent on both sides, and 
 racemose white flowers, is grown for ornament. 
 
 Deutzia Lemoinei, a hybrid between D. gracilis and D. parviflora, with 
 corymbose flowers, is also grown. 
 
 Family 4. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Gooseberry Family. 
 
 Shrubs, with often fascicled usually lobed petioled leaves, and race- 
 mose or subsolitary axillary- or lateral flowei-s, the pedicels bracteolate. 
 Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5-lobed, often colored. Petals 
 4 or 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, often included. 
 
 12 
 
162 GROSSULARIACEAE. 
 
 Stamens 4 or 5, inserted with the petals. Ovary 1-eelled ; styles 2, distinct 
 or united. Berry globose or ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its 
 summit. Seeds obscurely angled, their outer coat gelatinous, the inner 
 crustaceous. Two genera and about 120 species, mostly o:^the temperate 
 zones. 
 
 Ribes vulgare Lam., Garden Currant, European, has been planted, but 
 the climate is too warm for its successful cultivation. Lefroy refers to it as 
 Hides ruhrum. 
 
 Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill., Garden Gooseberry, has also been 
 planted but without success. [Eihes Grossularia L.] 
 
 Family 5. PITTOSPORACEAE Lindl. 
 
 PiTTOSPORUM Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with alternate, estipulate leaves and clustered or 
 solitary regular and perfect flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous, 
 imbricated. Stamens 5, distinct, hypogynous, alternate with the stamens, 
 the anthers versatile. Ovary compound; style simple; stigma terminal; 
 ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit capsular and loculieidally dehiscent, 
 or hair>^-like and indehiscent. There are no native nor naturalized species 
 in Bermuda. 
 
 Pittosporum undulatum Vent., Mock Orange, native of New Holland, is 
 commonly planted in parks and gardens, forming a tree up to '20° high with a 
 trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, and thrives luxuriantly. Its oblong-lanceolate 
 evergreen leaves, borne in tufts at the ends of the twigs are pointed at both 
 ends, glabrous and 3 to 5 inches long; the axillary stalked flowers are small, 
 white and fragrant, followed by capsular fruits which split into two reflexed 
 round leathery valves exposing the several glutinous seeds. 
 
 Pittosporum Tobira (Thunb.) Ait., Tobira, Japanese, an elegant shrub 
 6*^-10° high, the young twigs pubescent, the obovate-cuneate, obtuse, coriaceous 
 leaves clustered at the ends of the twigs, 2-3' long, dark green above, pale 
 green beneath, is occasionally planted for ornament; its flowers are white, 
 fragrant, about *' long, in terminal sessile umbels, the slightly pubescent cap- 
 sules 5"-6" long. The old tree at Bishop's Lodge was 46' in trunk circumfer- 
 ence in 1914. [Euonymus Tohira Thunb.] 
 
 Pittosponim coriaceum Ait., Leathery-leaved Pittosporum, of Madeira, 
 recorded by Lefroy, has oval, obtuse, leathery leaves 3'-4' long and large white 
 flowers. The Bishop 's Lodge plant mentioned by H. B. Small under this name 
 Is P. Tohira, and Lefroy 's record may also be erroneous. 
 
 Pittosporum tenuifolium Gaertn., Thin-leaved Pittosporum, of New 
 Zealand, taken to Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913, 
 has thin, acute leaves l'-2' long, brown flowers and black seeds. It forms, in 
 New Zealand, a tree up to 40° high. 
 
 Pittosporum erioloma Moore & Muell., Woolly Pittosporum, of Lord 
 Howe's Island, also taken to Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical 
 Garden in 1913, is a shrub, becoming 12° high, with oblong-lanceolate, shining 
 leaves l'-3' long, the corymbose flowers about 1' broad, with woolly-margined 
 sepals and narrow petals. 
 
PLATANACEAE. 163 
 
 Family 6. PLATANACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Plane-tree Family. 
 
 Large trees, with alternate petioled palraately lobed and veined leaves, 
 the hollowed petiole-bases enclosing- the buds for the following season, the 
 bark exfoliating, and small green monoeoious flowers in dense globular 
 heads. Receptacle somewhat fleshy. Calyx of 3-8 externally pubescent 
 minute sepals. Corolla of as many thin glabrous petals. Staminate 
 flowers with stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them; filaments 
 short; anthers oblong or linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers 
 with 2-8 distinct pistils; ovary linear, 1-celled; style elongated; stigma 
 lateral. Ripened head of fruit composed of very numerous narrowly 
 obpyramidal nutlets which are densely pubescent below with long nearly 
 erect hairs. Seed pendulous; endosperm thin; cotyledons linear. Only 
 the genus Platanus, comprising some 7 species, natives of the north tem- 
 perate zone. 
 
 Platanus acerifolia Willd., London Plane, said to be of hybrid origin, is 
 commonly planted for shade and ornament and becomes as large as any tree 
 grown; its fruiting pendulous flower-cluster consists of 1, 2 or 3 globular dense 
 heads; its sharply lobed leaves are 6' or 8' wide. It has been confused with 
 P. orientalis L., which is supposed to be one of its parents and the American 
 Plane the other. 
 
 Platanus occidentalis L., American Plane, North American, is recorded 
 by Reade, by H. B. Small, and by Lefroy as grown in Bermuda. Its fruiting 
 flower-cluster consists of one globular head. 
 
 Family 7. ROSACEAE B. Juss. 
 
 Rose Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate (in some few genera oppo- 
 site) leaves, and regular perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious flowers. 
 Stipules commonly present, sometimes large. Calyx free from or adnate 
 to the ovary, 5-lobed (rarely 4-9-lobed), often bracteolate. Disk adnate 
 to the base of the calyx. Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, dis- 
 tinct, or none. Stamens usually numerous, distinct ; anthers small, 2-celled. 
 Carpels l-oo, distinct, or adnate to the calyx. Ovary 1-celled or rarely 
 imperfectly 2-celled; style terminal or lateral. Ovules 1, 2, or several, 
 anatropous. Fruit mostly follicles or achenes; endosperm none, or rarely 
 copious. About 75 genera and more than 1200 species, of wide geograjihic 
 distribution. 
 
 Style lateraL 1. Durh</<nea. 
 
 Style terminal. 2. PotvtitiUa. 
 
 1. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with leafy runners, 3-foliolate long-petioled leaves and 
 
 axillary slender-peduneled yellow perfect flowers. Calyx 5-parted, 5-bracteolate, 
 
 the bractlets larger than the calyx-segments and alternating with them, dentate 
 
 or incised. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous, borne 
 
 on a hemispheric receptacle which greatly enlarges but does not become pulpy 
 
 in fruit. Achenes superficial on the receptacle. [In honor of A. X. Duchesne, 
 
 French botanist.] Two species, natives of southern Asia, the following typical. 
 
164 
 
 BOSACEAE. 
 
 1. Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke. 
 Yellow or Indian Strawberry. (Fig. 186.) 
 Silky-pubescent, tufted and forming leafy 
 runners, dark green. Leaflets rhombic-obo- 
 vate to ovate, crenate or dentate, obtuse 
 at the apex; peduncles equalling or longer 
 than the leaves; flowers V-l' broad; bract- 
 lets of the calyx dentate or incised, exceeding 
 the ovate or lanceolate acuminate spreading 
 calyx-lobes; fruit red, globose or ovoid, in- 
 sipid, about Y in diameter. [Fragaria 
 indica Andr.] 
 
 In grassy woods, Devonshire, 1905, In- 
 troduced. Native of India. Naturalized in the 
 eastern United States and in Jamaica. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. 
 
 2. POTENTILLA L. 
 Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate digitately or pinnately compound 
 leaves, and cymose or solitary, yellow white or purple perfect flowers. Calyx 
 persistent, its tube concave or hemispheric, 5-bracteolate (rarely 4-bracteolate), 
 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Petals 5 or rarely 4, mostly obovate or orbicular, 
 usually emarginate. Stamens 20-30, seldom 5 or 10; filaments slender; anthers 
 small. Carpels usually in 3 series, numerous, inserted on a dry, usually pubes- 
 cent receptacle; style terminal, deciduous. Seed pendulous and anatropous. 
 [Diminutive of potens, powerful, from the medicinal properties of some species.] 
 Over 300 species, nearly all natives of the north temperate zone, the following 
 typical. 
 
 1. Potentilla reptans L. Creeping Cinque- 
 foil. (Fig. 187.) Perennial by a short root- 
 stock; stems appressed-pubescent, decumbent 
 or trailing, 3° long or less, or at first upright. 
 Leaves digitately 5-foliolate, the basal and 
 lower ones long-petioled; leaflets |'-2i' long, 
 oblanceolate, rounded at the apex, coarsely 
 dentate, glabrous or nearly so above, silky 
 beneath; stipules lanceolate, 5"-8" long; pe- 
 duncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, about IV 
 long; bractlets 2 J" long, about equalling the 
 calyx-lobes; petals yellow, 2i"-3" long. 
 
 Borders of marshes. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. Introduced into 
 the eastern United States. 
 
 Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Virginia 
 Strawberry, is recorded by Lefroy as having 
 been found wild in Paget, probably escaped 
 from gardens. Strawberry cultivation has, in 
 recent years, reached a successful development, 
 several races being grown, and large yields se- 
 cured in seasons of abundant rainfall. 
 
ROSACEAE. 165 
 
 Spiraea cantoniensis Lour., Chinese Spiraea, Asiatic, commonly planted 
 for ornament, is a shrub about 5° high, with thin glabrous rhombic-lanceolate 
 serrate leaves 2V long or less, green above, pale beneath, the corymbose white, 
 often double flowers about *' broad. [S. Reevesiana Lindl.] 
 
 Spiraea pninifolia Sieb. & Zucc, Plu^i-leaved Spiraea, also As-iatic, 
 recorded by Lefroy and by Verrill as grown in gardens, is similar to the pre- 
 ceding species, but has ovate or oblong leaves pubescent beneath. [,S'. japonica 
 of .Jones?] 
 
 Spiraea salicifolia L., Meadow-sweet, European, also recorded as a gar- 
 den shrub by Jones, Lefroy and Verrill, has numerous pinkish flowers in dense 
 terminal pubescent panicles. 
 
 Eoses (genus Rosa) are grown in j^rofusion and with great success in 
 many kinds, but do not spread beyond cultivation to any considerable extent, 
 although Lefroy records that a species doubtfully determined as Eosa laevigata 
 Michx. was naturalized in Pembroke Marsh and in the Walsingham tract. The 
 Green Eose is frequently seen, in gardens. 
 
 Rosa bracteata Wendl., Asiatic, an evergreen species with single white 
 flowers and small entire leaflets, is commonly planted on walls. 
 
 Rubus ellipticus Smith, Yellow Easpberry, Himalayan, a shrub with 
 densely bristly-hairy stems and petioles, and armed with yellowish curved 
 prickles, the canes nearly erect or arching and 10°-15° long, the leaves 3-5- 
 foliolate with ovate to broadly elliptic irregularly serrate leaflets H'-4' long, 
 whitish-puberulent beneath, the white flowers about i' wide, numerous in small 
 clusters; the yellow, edible fruit, 5"-6" long, has been planted for its fruit; 
 luxuriant plants were seen at Montrose in 1913. 
 
 Rubus trivialis Michx., Southern Dewberry, of the southeastern United 
 States, is a trailing vine with bristly-hairy and prickly slender branches 5° 
 long or longer; the leaves have 3 or 5 glabrous, ovate, sharply serrate, short- 
 stalked leaflets 1-2 J' long; the white flowers, about 1' broad, are usually 
 solitary; the black, edible fruits are 6"-10" long. It has been planted for its 
 fruit, and was seen in a hedge at the Agricultural Station in 1913. 
 
 Rubus Idaeus L., European or Garden Easpberry, a species with erect 
 prickly canes 2°-5° high, large clusters of small white flowers, producing the 
 well-known fruit, has been planted experimentally, but does not succeed well. 
 
 Rubus fruticosus L., European Bramble, is recorded by Eeade as having 
 been introduced but did not thrive. 
 
 Loganberry, of hybrid origin, seen at Echo PTeights in 1914, has long 
 prickly stems, 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets broadly ovate, dark green above, 
 densely whitish-pubescent beneath; its dark red fruit is about 1' long. The 
 plants did not succeed. 
 
 Schizonotus Lindleyanus Wall. [Sorharia Lindlcjiana Maxim.], Lindley's 
 SCHIZONOTUS, Himalayan, a shrub about 6° high, with pinnate leaves of 15-23 
 sessile, lanceolate, Incised, acuminate leaflets and large terminal panicles of 
 small white flowers, was grown at Wood Haven in 1914. 
 
 The record, by Lefroy, of Geum radiaUim? Michx., North American, "a 
 common yellow-flowering weed in fields, ' ' is manifestly an error for some other 
 plant either in record or determination. H. B. Small also records it and com- 
 pares it with ''goat-weed" (Capraria hifiora) from which he says it differs 
 in having yellow flowers, but Geum radiatitm does not resemble Capraria. 
 
 A double-flowered Genm, grown at Eose Cottage in 1914, flowered sparingly. 
 
166 MALACEAE. 
 
 Family 8. MALACEAE J. K. Small. 
 
 Apple Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, the small deciduous stipules 
 free from the petiole. Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx superior, mostly 
 5-toothed or 5-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary. Petals mostlj^ 5, usually 
 clawed. Stamens numerous or rarely few, distinct; anthers small, 2- 
 celled; sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary composed of 1 or of 2-5 wholly 
 or partly united carpels; ovules 1-2 (rarely several) in each carpel, anatro- 
 pous, ascending; styles 1-5; stigma small. Fruit a more or less fleshy 
 pome, consisting of the thickened calyx-tube enclosing the bony papery or 
 leathers^ carpels. Endosperm none; cotyledons fleshy. About 20 genera 
 and probably not fewer than 500 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 No member of the family is native or naturalized. 
 
 Malus Malus (L.) Britton, Apple, European, is grown sparingly; the 
 tree attains only a small size and the fruit is of poor quality, though available 
 for cooking; one grown at Harrington Home bore leaves nearly throughout 
 the year. [Pynis Malus L.] 
 
 Cydonia Cydonia (L.) Karst., Quince, European, is grown sparingly, and 
 with indifferent success, although producing some fruit. [C. vulgaris Pers.] 
 
 Pyrus commimis L., Pear, European, is sometimes grown but without 
 much success; as shown at Mt. Langton the trees live for many years but do 
 not fruit well nor abundantly. The leaves are deciduous ; flowers were ob- 
 served in December, 1912; the tree ordinarily flowers in spring. 
 
 Cotoneaster pyracantha (L.) Spach. [Crataegus pyracantha Pers.], 
 Evergreen Thorn, European, has been successfully grown. It is a spiny 
 shrub, with small oblong shining leaves and corymbose white flowers. 
 
 Lefroy records the failure of his experiment in 1872 of growing a great 
 number of species of Thorn-trees (Crataegus) from seeds received from the 
 United States. 
 
 Cotoneaster frigida Wall., Himalayan Cotoneaster, taken to Mt. Lang- 
 ton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913, is a nearly evergreen shrub 
 with oblong, entire leaves about 4' long and many-flowered clusters of white 
 flowers. 
 
 Cotoneaster microphylla Wall., Small-leaved Cotoneaster, also Hima- 
 layan, and taken to Mt. Langton from the same source in 1913, is a low, much- 
 branched shrub with cuneate-obovate leaves 10" long or less, lustrous on the 
 upper side, tomentose beneath, its small white flowers usually solitary. 
 
 Raphiolepis integerrima Hook. & Arn., Entire-leaved Eaphiolepis, 
 .Tapanese, successfully grown at the Agricultural Station in 1913, is a shrub 
 about 3° high, with thick, glabrous, evergreen, entire, petioled, obtuse, alter- 
 nate leaves 2'-3' long, den§e, terminal panicles of white flowers 2-4' long, the 
 oblong, blunt petals 4"-5" long, the globose black fruits about 4" in diameter. 
 
 Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Loquat, .Japanese, grows luxuriantly 
 and has been much planted for its edible fruit, which, however, is punctured 
 by the fruit-fly, and no considerable quantity of good loquats are now pro- 
 duced. The Loquat is a small tree, attaining about 25° in maximum height, 
 with thick, oblong, serrate leaves 4'-8' long, narrowed at both ends, and 
 brownish-woolly beneath, its white flowers in short dense woolly terminal 
 panicles, the 5 petals crenulate; the fruit is a yellow, oval or pear-shaped acid 
 pome about l^V long. [Mespilus japonica Thunb.] 
 
AMYGDALACEAE. 
 
 167 
 
 Family 9. AMYGDALACEAE Reichb. 
 
 Plum Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, the foliage, bark and seeds 
 containing prussic acid, bitter. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, the 
 small stipules early deciduous, the teeth and petiole often glandular. 
 Flowers regiilar, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, deciduous, free from the 
 ovary, 5-lobed. Disk annular. Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals 
 5, inserted on the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the petals. 
 Pistil 1 in our genera; ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled; style simple; stig-ma mostly 
 small and capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, suspended; endosperm none; 
 cotyledons fleshy. About 10 genera and 120 species, widely distributed, 
 most abundant in the north temperate zone. 
 
 1. LAUROCERASUS [Tourn.] Eeichenb. 
 
 Shrubs or trees pervaded with prussic acid. Leaves alternate, persistent; 
 simple, entire or remotely toothed. Flowers perfect, in axillary racemes. 
 Calyx white, its 5 lobes deciduous. Petals 5, white, deciduous. Stamens 15- 
 30; filaments slender, distinct. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; style simple. Ovules 
 2, pendulous. Drupe subglobose or slightly elongated, with a dry exocarp, the 
 stone turgid. Seed solitary. [Laurel Cherry.] About 20 species, natives of 
 warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Laurocerasus Lauro- 
 cerasus (L.) Britton. 
 
 1. Laurocerasus carolini^na (Mill.) 
 Roem. Carolina Laurel-cherry. (Fig. 
 188.) An evergreen tree, sometimes 40° 
 tall, with a slender trunk rarely over 1° 
 thick. Leaves leathery, narrowly elliptic 
 to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes remotely 
 toothed, acuminate at both ends or acute 
 at the base, slightly revolute, lustrous 
 above, dull beneath; petioles 2V'-A" long; 
 racemes shorter than the leaves, rather 
 dense ; pedicels club-shaped, subtended by 
 early deciduous scarious acute bracts; 
 calyx-lobes suborbicular, reflexed; petals 
 boat-shaped, smaller than the sepals; 
 drupes oblong or oval, 5"-7" long, ab- 
 ruptly pointed, black, lustrous; stone 
 ovoid. 
 
 A number of trees in Paget Marsh, 
 1905 ; many cut down by 1913, but numer- 
 ous seedlings observed. Naturalized. Na- 
 tive of the southeastern United States. 
 Flowers in winter and spring. 
 
 Lefroy records the failure of Laurocerasus occidenialis (Sw.) Roemer 
 [Pruniis occidentalis Sw.] and of L. myriifolia (L.) Britton [Prunus sphaero- 
 carpa Sw.], introduced from Trinidad in 1872. 
 
168 AMYGDALACEAE. 
 
 Reade records the introduction of Padus virginiana (L.) Mill., American 
 Wild Cherry, prior to 1883, but no wild cherry trees are now known in 
 Bermuda. 
 
 Amygdalus persica L., Peach, Asiatic, is widely planted in several races 
 and grows luxuriantly, but the production of good fruit is almost completely 
 prevented by the stinging of the fruit fly, and the industry is thus essentially 
 prevented. Nectarine, a variety of Amygdalus persica, was formerly in 
 cultivation. 
 
 Amygdalus communis L., Almond, Asiatic, is occasionally grown, but its 
 fruit also is stung. Lefroy records the Bitter Almond as in cultivation prior 
 to 1875. 
 
 Prunus domestica L., Plum, European, has been experimented with but 
 does not succeed, the climate being unsuitable. A species of Prunus, a kind 
 of Plum, the species undetermined, was seen growing as the stock on which a 
 peach tree had been grafted, at the Agricultural Station in 1914. 
 
 Prunus armeniaca L., Apricot, Asiatic, grows luxuriantly, as shown by 
 tree about 18° high seen at Mt. Hope in 1914; it is rarely planted. [Arme- 
 niaca vulgaris DC] 
 
 Chrysobalanus pellocarpus Meyer, Pork-fat Apple, West Indian, with 
 evergreen obovate leaves, small white flowers in showy axillary and terminal 
 panicles, and obovoid drupes with thin purplish flesh covering a large hard 
 stone, is grown in a few gardens for preserves, and thrives luxuriantly. 
 
 Family 10. MIMOSACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Mimosa Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, commonly 2-3-pinnate leaves, 
 the stipules various, and small regular mostly perfect flowers in heads, 
 spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed or 3-6-lobed, the teeth or lobes 
 mostly valvate in the bud. Corolla of as many distinct or united petals, 
 also valvate. Stamens distinct, or monadelphous. Ovary 1-celled; style 
 simple. Fruit a legume. Seeds without endosperm; cotyledons fleshy. 
 About 30 genera and 1350 species, mostly tropical. 
 
 Trees or shrubs : seeds transverse in the pod. 1. Leucaena. 
 
 Herbs ; seeds oblique or lengthwise in the narrow pod. 2. Acuan. 
 
 1. LEUCAENA Benth. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees, usually unarmed. Leaves alternate, pinnate; 
 petioles often furnished with a gland, the leaflets subtended by setaceous 
 gtipels; leaflets oblique, small and in many pairs or large and in few pairs; 
 flowers mostly perfect, sessile, white, in dense heads. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla 
 of 5 distinct petals. Stamens 10, exserted. Ovary stalked; style filiform; 
 ovules numerous. Pods broadly linear, flat. Seeds crosswise in the pod. 
 [Greek, referring to the white flowers.] About 15 species, natives of warm 
 and tropical regions, the following typical. 
 
MIM08ACEAE. 
 
 169 
 
 1. Leucaena glauca (L.) 
 Benth. Jumbie Bean. Wild 
 Mimosa. Acacia. (Fig. 189.) 
 A small tree, sometimes 30° tall, 
 with spreading branches and to- 
 mentose twigs. Leaves 4'-12' 
 long, with 6-20 pinnae; leaflets 
 20-40, narrowly oblong to lanceo- 
 late, 3"-6" long, acute ; peduncles 
 tomentose ; heads globose, about 
 10" in diameter; calyx obconic, 
 i" long; petals linear-oblong or 
 linear-spatulate, erect, pubescent; 
 stamens nearly thrice as long as 
 the petals; pods 4-6' long, acute 
 at both ends. [Mimosa glauca 
 L. ; Acacia paniculata of Jones 
 and of Hemsley can only be this 
 species.] 
 
 Common in neglected grounds. 
 Naturalized from tropical America. 
 Naturalized in the southei'n United 
 States. Flowers nearly throughout 
 the year. Locally a pestiferous 
 weed. Its seeds, strung on thread, 
 are made into necklaces. 
 
 2. ACUAN Medic. 
 Perennial herbs or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and 
 greenish or whitish small regular flowers in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. 
 Flowers perfect, sessile, or the lowest sometimes staminate, neutral or apetalous. 
 Calyx campanulate, its teeth short. Petals valvate, distinct, or slightly united 
 or coherent below. Stamens 10 or 5, distinct, mainly exserted ; anthers all 
 alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo. Pod linear, straight or curved, acute, 
 flat, several-seeded, 2-valved, the valves coriaceous or membranous. About 10 
 species, natives of warm and tropical America, one widely distributed in 
 tropical regions of the Old World, the following typical. 
 
 1. Acuan virgatum (L.) Medic. 
 Virgate Mimosa. (Fig. 190.) Shrubby, 
 sparingly loosely pubescent or glabrous, 
 2°-6° high, slender, branching. Leaves 
 2'-6' long, short-petioled; pinnae 3 or 4 
 pairs; an oblong sessile gland just be- 
 low the lowest pair; leaflets numerous, 
 thin, narrowly oblong, sessile, obtuse, 6" 
 long or less, 1"-1J" wide, the midvein 
 near the upper margin; flower-heads 
 globose, slender-peduncled ; flowers about 
 1" wide; stamens 10; pods 1^-3' long, 
 about 2" wide, pointed. [Mimosa rirgata 
 L. ; Desmanthns virgaUis Willd. ; Dcsmo- 
 dium virgatum of Lefroy.] 
 
 Abundant in fields lietween Castle Har- 
 bor and Harrington Sound, and along the 
 South Shore Iload in Devonshire. Recorded 
 by Reade from Somerset Dndge. Native. 
 Flowers from spring to summer. West 
 Indies and tropical .America. Its seeds 
 probably transported to Bermuda by birds. 
 
170 MIMOSACEAE. 
 
 Mimosa pudica L., Sensitive Plant, tropical American, a low shrub, its 
 extremely sensitive leaves folding down when touched, its small purple flowers 
 in heads, has been grown in gardens for interest. 
 
 Albizzia Lebbeck (L.) Benth., Black Ebony, of tropical Asia and Africa, 
 naturalized in the West Indies, a large tree with smooth bipinnate leaves, 
 numerous obliquely oblong leaflets l'-2' long, capitate yellow flowers with 
 long stamens and very large thin flat several-seeded pods often 8' long and nearly 
 2' wide, shining when old, is frequently planted for shade and ornament. 
 [Mimosa Letheck L.] 
 
 Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd., Yellow Mimosa, erroneously called Gum 
 Arabic, a spiny tree with many globular heads of small yellow flowers, followed 
 by flat moniliform elongated pods, has been formerly planted for ornament, 
 but no tree has been seen by us in Bermuda. [Mimosa arahica Lam.] 
 
 Acacia macracantha H. & B., West Indian, is recorded by Lefroy as 
 spontaneous from seeds in soil from the West Indies in 1874, and became a 
 flourishing tree; H. B. Small records its existence there at the time of his 
 writing, but I did not see it. 
 
 Acacia dealbata Link, Silver Wattle, Australian, seen at Wood Haven 
 in 1914 as a young plant 5° high, becomes, in Australia, a large tree; it has 
 pubescent, bipinnate leaves of very many minute leaflets. 
 
 Another Acacia, growing at Wood Haven the same year, has crowded ovate 
 leaves only 3"-4" long, obtuse and nearly sessile. 
 
 Inga Inga (L.) Britton, record of which is made by Lefroy of failure to 
 grow is a forest tree of the West Indies with simply equally pinnate, pubescent 
 leaves, the leaflets large, the flowers capitate, the narrowly linear pod 4-ribbed; 
 the tree is also recorded as Bermudian by Jones. [Inga vera Willd.; Mimosa 
 Inga L.] 
 
 Pithecolobium Unguis-cati (L.) Mart., Cat's-claw, West Indian, a small 
 densely branched tree, its leaves each with two pairs of thin blunt obovate 
 veiny leaflets, small flowers in racemed heads, and coiled pods, is occasional in 
 parks and gardens. [Mimosa Unguis-cati L.] 
 
 Enterolobium Saman (Jacq.) Prain, Guango, Rain-tree, Algarroba, of 
 tropical America, is a large tree, with bipinnate leaves 1° long or more, the 
 numerous, blunt, obovate leaflets 6"-8" long, glabrous above, pubescent be- 
 neath, a small round gland on the rachis between eaC-h pair of pinnae ; the 
 small, dense umbels of flowers are borne on long pubescent peduncles, short- 
 pedicelled, the calyx pubescent, 3" long, the silky-villous corolla 5"-6" long, the 
 pinkish stamens nearly 2' long; the pod is linear, 4'-8' long, tardily dehiscent. 
 The tree is occasionally planted. A specimen at Radnor had a trunk circum- 
 ference of 5° 8' in 1914. [Mimosa Saman Jacq.; Pithecolobium Saman Jacq.] 
 
 Vachellia Farnesiana (L.) W. & A., Aroma, Tropical American, a shrub, 
 or small tree, with stipular spines, bipinnate, somewhat pubescent leaves with 
 many leaflets 2"-3" long, globose, peduncled heads of many small yellow flowers 
 with exserted stamens, and woody somewhat compressed pods 2'-4' long, is 
 occasionally planted for ornament. [Acacia Farnesiana L.] 
 
 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC, Mesquite, West Indian, was represented by 
 young plants in the collection at the Agricultural Station in 1914. It forms a 
 tree, up to 40° high, wnth bipinnate leaves, the leaflets small, oblong and blunt, 
 the very sinall yellowish flowers in long spikes, the curved, linear pods 8' long 
 or less. ^Mimosa juliflora Sw.] 
 
 Seeds of Entada, West Indian, are often washed ashore, but none are 
 known to have ever germinated; they are borne in enormous pods on high- 
 climbing woody vines, which grow along rivers. 
 
CAESALPINIACEAE. 
 
 171 
 
 Family 11. CAESALPINIACEAE Kl. & Garcke. 
 
 Senna Family. 
 
 Trees, herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple or compound mostly 
 stipulate leaves. Flowers mostly clustered and perfect, sometimes monoe- 
 cious, dioecious or polygamous, nearly regular, or irregular. Calyx mostly 
 of 5 sepals or 5-toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, and the upper (un- 
 jDaired) one enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer 
 in our genera, the filaments distinct, or more or less united. Ovary 1- 
 celled, 1-many-ovuled. Fruit a legnime, mostly dehiscent into 2 valves. 
 Seeds with or without endospenn. About 90 genera and 1000 species, 
 mostly of tropical distribution. 
 
 Leaves pinnate : plants not prickly. 
 Prickly vines with bipinnate. leaves. 
 
 1. Cassia. 
 
 2. Ouilandina. 
 
 1. CASSIA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, with evenly pinnate leaves, 
 and mainly (in our species) yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, generally 
 longer than the tube. Corolla nearly regular; petals 5, spreading, nearly equal, 
 imbricated, clawed. Stamens usually 10, sometimes 5, often unequal and some 
 of them imperfect; anthers all alike, or those of the lower stamens larger, 
 opening by 2 pores at the summit. Ovules oo. Pod often curved. Seeds 
 numerous. [Ancient name.] About 200 species, of wide distribution in warm 
 and temperate regions. Type species: Cassia Fistula L. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial : pods flat ; leaflets lanceolate, acute. 
 Partly climbing shrub ; pods swollen ; leaflets oval or obovate, 
 
 obtuse. 
 Annual ; pods flat ; leaflets ovate. 
 
 1. C. Ugustrina. 
 
 2. C. birapsularis. 
 
 3. C. occideutalis. 
 
 1. Cassia Ugustrina L. Privet 
 Senna. (Fig. 191.) Perennial, 3°-6° 
 tall, herbaceous, glabrous. Stem 
 grooved; leaflets 12-16, lanceolate, 
 acute, l'-2^' long, about 1' wide; 
 petiolar gland at base of rachis, 
 elongated, stipitate; stipules linear, 
 caducous; racemes few-flowered, form- 
 ing a panicle; pods flat, glabrous, 
 somewhat curved, 3 '-5' long, 4" wide ; 
 seeds parallel with the valves, oblong, 
 about 2" long. 
 
 Escaped from gardens to roadsides. 
 Introduced from tropical America, or 
 the southeastern United States. Flow- 
 ers in autumn and early winter. Abun- 
 dant in the West Indies. 
 
172 
 
 CAESALPINIACEAE. 
 
 2. Cassia bicapsularis L. Christ- 
 mas Bush. (Fig. 192.) Shrubby, 4°- 
 10° Mgh, glabrous. Leaflets 4-8, obo- 
 vate to oval, obtuse and rounded at the 
 apex, 5"-10" long, very short-stalked; 
 gland oblong to subglobose, short-stipi- 
 tate, borne above the lower pair of 
 leaflets; racemes few-flowered, axillary, 
 scarcely longer than the leaves; flowers 
 about 10" wide; pods linear-cylindric, 
 3'-5' long, about 5" thick, blunt or short- 
 pointed. 
 
 Frequent along roadsides and in hedges. 
 Naturalized from tropical America. Flow- 
 ers from spring until winter. It is com- 
 monly planted for ornament, and grows 
 luxuriantly. 
 
 3. Cassia occidentalis L. Cof- 
 fee Senna. (Fig. 193.) A glabrous 
 annual herb, 3°-6° high. Stipules 
 caducous; gland round, borne near 
 the base of the petiole; leaflets 8- 
 12, rounded at the base, l'-2' long, 
 5"-12" wide; flowers 7"-10" broad, 
 in short axillary racemes; stamens 
 10, the upper 3 imperfect ; calyx-lobes 
 oblong, obtuse; pod linear, glabrous, 
 4-6' long, about 3" wide, somewhat 
 curved, its margins thickened. 
 
 Occasional in cultivated grounds, 
 St. Georges. Naturalized. Native of 
 the southern United States and trop- 
 ical America. Flowers in autumn. 
 
 Cassia bacillaris L., Climbing Cassia, West Indian, a half-climbing 
 shrub, the leaves with only two pairs of broad leaflets, the pod eylindric, the 
 large panicled flowers bright yellow, is occasionally cultivated for ornament. 
 
 Cassia alata L., Winged Cassia, of the Old and New World tropics, a 
 shrub with very large leaves of 12-20 oblong leaflets, the pod 4-winged, is men- 
 tioned by Eeade as planted. 
 
 Cassia glauca Lam., West Indian Ash, is recorded by Lefroy as grown 
 at Somerville and Par-la-Ville, but did not exist at either place in 1914; it is 
 also mentioned by Jones, by Eeade, and by Verrill. It is a tree with pinnate 
 leaves with 4-6 pairs of oval leaflets glaucous beneath, the large flowers 
 yellow, the pod linear. 
 
 Cassia Fistula L., Pudding Pipe Tree, East Indian, a tree 50° high or 
 higher, with large pinnate leaves of 8-12 ovate-lanceolate leaflets 6'-8-long, 
 drooping racemes of golden yellow flowers li'-2' wide, and round smooth black 
 pods often 2° long, is occasionally planted for shade and ornament. 
 
CAESALPINIACEAE. 
 
 173 
 
 Cassia grandis L.f., Great Cassia, of tropical America, is a large tree 
 Avith pubescent, pinnate leaves of 10-20 pairs of oblong, obtuse or apiculate 
 leaflets about 2' long; its leddisli or pinkish yellow flowers are in drooping 
 racemes, the long, somewhat flattened pod transversely wrinkled. A young 
 tree, showing foliage only, tentatively referred to this species, grew at Paget 
 Kectory in 1914. 
 
 Cassia siamea Lam., Many-flowered Cassia, East Indian, is mentioned 
 by Reade as growing in the Public Grounds prior to 1883, and was seen at the 
 Agricultural Station in 1914. It is a tree up to 50° high, the glabrous pinnate 
 leaves with about 6 pairs of oval-oblong leaflets, the numerous yellow flowers 
 panicled, the pod linear, coriaceous, drooping, 4'-8' long. [C. florida Vahl.] 
 H. B. Small states that the tree mentioned by Reade was an Alhizzia. 
 
 Cassia corymbosa Lam., Corymbose Cassia, South American, recorded 
 by Lefroy as introduced at Mt. Langton prior to 1877, but not found there at 
 present, is a tree with glabrous leaves of 3 pairs of oblong-lanceolate leaflets, 
 about 2' long, the yellow corymbose, showy flowers about 1' broad, the pods 
 cylindric. 
 
 2. GUILANDINA L. 
 
 Shrubs, or woody vines, with stout but weak stems, armed with recurved 
 prickles. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, with several pinnae. Leaflets 10-16 to 
 each pinna, pellucid-punctate. Flowers in racemes or panicles; bracts narrow, 
 deciduous. Calyx-lobes 5, imbricated, longer than the tube. Petals 5, yellow, 
 nearly equal. Stamens 10; filaments pubescent near the base; anthers open- 
 ing lengthwise. Pods little longer than broad, flattened, prickle-armed, 2- 
 valved, 1-few-seeded. Seeds slightly flattened. [In honor of Melchior Gui- 
 landinus, traveller and botanist, died 1590.] Ten species, or more, natives of 
 tropical and subtropical America. Type species:- Giiilandina Bonduc L. 
 
 1. Guilandina Crista (L.) Small. 
 Grey Nickers. Brier-bush. (Fig. 194.) 
 A straggling shrub, armed mth hooked 
 prickles, the foliage finely pubescent. 
 Leaves l°-2° long, the leaflets numerous, 
 ovate to oblong-ovate or nearly oblong, 
 mucronulate, li'-31' long, rounded, trun- 
 cate or subcordate at the base; stipules 
 mostly foliaceous; racemes or panicles 4'- 
 15' long; bracts surpassing the pedicels, 
 recurved ; corolla dull yellow, 5"-7" broad ; 
 pods oval or oval-oblong, 2'-3' long, prickly 
 all over, obliquely short-beaked; seeds gray 
 or lead-colored. [Caesalpinia Crista L. ; 
 G, Bonducella L.] 
 
 Rocky woodlands between Castle Harbor 
 and Harrington Sound and on walls and Id 
 thickets, Smith's Parish, and in Paget and War- 
 wick. Native. South Florida and West In- 
 dies. Flowers nearly all the year around. Its 
 seeds presumably brought to ijermuda through 
 the ocean, as it is an abundant coastal species 
 in the Bahamas. In the West Indies this plant is characteristically halophytlo. 
 but we have not observed it growing anywhere on the coast of Bermuda. 
 
 Ceratonia siliqua L., St. John's Bread, Carob-tree, from the Levant, a 
 low widely spreading tree with evergreen evenly pinnate leaves, small sjiicate 
 apetalous flowers and linear fleshy pods, has long been well established locally. 
 There is a fine group at Par-la-Ville. 
 
174 CAESALPINIACEAE. 
 
 Gleditsia aquatica Marsh [G. monosperma Walt.], Swamp Locust, North 
 American, a large very thorny tree with bipinnate leaves of many oval to 
 lanceolate leaflets, small spicate greenish flowers, the 1-seetled or 2-seeded oval 
 oblique j)ods about 2' long, is recorded by Reade as grown near Spanish Point 
 prior to 1883, and also mentioned by H. B, Small. 
 
 Gleditsia tricanthos L., Honey or Sweet Locust, also North American, 
 with foliage and flowers similar to the preceding species, but the thin pods 
 l°-li° long, I'-li' wide, the upper margin crenate, grew in a Smith's Parish 
 Garden in 1913. 
 
 Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. [Poindana regia Bojer], Eoyal Poixciaxa, 
 Flamboyant, from Madagascar, one of the most elegant of all trees, is ex- 
 tensively planted for shade and ornament and grows luxuriantly, attaining 
 a height of 40° or more, with widely spreading branches and dark green bipin- 
 nate leaves l°-li° long, composed of many oblong leaflets. Its crimson 
 flowers are about 3' wide, borne in large axillary racemes and are abundantly 
 produced in the autumn, succeeded by long pendulous woody pods, up to 18' 
 long and 2' wide, containing several or many seeds. 
 
 Parkinsonia aculeata L., Parkinsonia, tropical American, a small tree, 
 sometimes prickly, with elongated bipinnate leaves of 1 or 2 pairs of narrow 
 pinnae bearing many oblong obtuse leaflets i'-2' long, the large yellow flowers 
 racemose, the long, linear, 2-valved pod constricted between the seeds, is occa- 
 sionally planted for ornament. 
 
 Cercis Siliquastrum L., Judas Tree, of southern Europe and western 
 Asia, was shown as a young plant at Wood Haven in 1914. It becomes, under 
 favorable conditions, a tree up to about 40° high ; its thin, orbicular, rounded, 
 cordate, glabrous leaves are slender-petioled, 2^'-4' broad, its purplish flowers 
 about 8" long, borne in lateral clusters on the twigs on slender pedicels, 
 
 Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schlecht., Divi-Dm, of tropical America, 
 shown in 1914 by a fine old tree about 30° high with widely spreading branches, 
 has bipinnate leaves of several pairs of pinnae, each with numerous pairs of 
 linear leaflets about 4" long, black-dotted beneath; the flowers are white, in 
 compound racemes, the spatulate petals about 2" long, the fleshy, laterally 
 incurved, glabrous pod about IV long. [Poinciana coriaria Jacq.] 
 
 Poinciana pulcherrima L. [Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw.], Barbadoes 
 Pride, a prickly shrub, sometimes 10° high, with bipinnate leaves, of many 
 small, thin, oval leaflets, the orange or yellow flowers about 2' wide, long- 
 pedicelled in loose racemes or panicles, with long-exserted stamens, the thin 
 pods 4' long or less, is planted for ornament; it is widely distributed through 
 cultivation in tropical regions, its original home unknown. 
 
 Caesalpinia elata ,Sw., Indian, is said by Lefroy to have been raised 
 from seed brought from Turk's Island in 1872, and flowered the third year; 
 it is an unarmed tree, with bipinnate leaves and racemose flowers, the petals 
 crisped, the filaments red. 
 
 Caesalpinia Gilliesii Wall., South American, a climbing or straggling 
 shrub, with bipinnate leaves, the numerous small oblong leaflets black-punctate, 
 the inflorescence densely glandular, the large yellow flowers with long exserted 
 stamens, is grown in gardens for ornament and interest. 
 
 Tamarindus indica L., Tamarind, probably native of tropical Africa, 
 although its home is not certainly known, is commonly planted and grows 
 luxuriantly, the tree becoming 50° high or more. Its leaves are pinnate, with 
 about 30 oblong leaflets, slightly sour to the taste ; its 3-petaled rather small 
 flowers are racemose, the petals yellow with reddish veins; its pods about 3' 
 long, round, fleshy and very sour, are used for preserves. 
 
CAES ALPINI ACE AE. 175 
 
 Hymenaea Courbaril L., West Indian Locust, tropical American, a 
 
 large tree Avith leaves of one pair of thick leaflets and oblong woody pods 6'-8' 
 long, has been occasionally planted as an ornamental lawn tree, but I do not 
 know of any in Bermuda now. 
 
 Bauhinia monandra Kurz, Napoleon's Plume, East Indian, a shrub or 
 tree with large round leaves cleft from the apex to about the middle and 
 large irregular flowers, with only 1 fertile stamen, followed by half-woody 
 pods 6'-8' long, is frequently planted for ornament. This is probably the 
 plant recorded by Lefroy and by Verrill as Bauhinia Vahlii, and, perhaps, not 
 different from what Lefroy recorded as Casparea porrecta. 
 
 Bauhinia racemosa Lam., Yellow Bauhinia, East Indian, a small tree, 
 with leathery, 2-cleft leaves l'-2' long, yellow flowers with 10 stamens, its pods 
 nearly 1° long, 1' wide, is recorded by Lefroy as represented prior to 187 7 by 
 a tree at the Model Farm in Smith's Parish, flowering in June. [B. parvi- 
 ■flora Yahl.] 
 
 Haematoxylon campechianum L., Logwood, tropical American, a small 
 tree with grooved or furrowed trunk, smooth bark, equally pinnate leaves 3'-6' 
 long with 3 or 4 pairs of obovate, emarginate leaflets 6"-8" long, the axillary, 
 racemose flowers yellow^, was seen at the Agricultural Station in 1914. 
 
 Brownea grandiceps Jacq., Rosa de Monte, South American, noted by 
 Lefroy as introduced at Mount Langton in 1875, is mentioned by H. B. Small 
 as having subsequently disappeared. It is a large, pinnate-leaved tree, with 
 showy, crimson, clustered flowers. [Hermesias grandiceps (Jacq.) Kuntze.] 
 
 Detarium senegalense Gmel., Detarium, of tropical Africa, listed by Jones 
 in 1873 as growing in Bermuda, is not recorded by other authors and has not 
 been observed by me. It has alternate, unevenly pinnate leaves of blunt ovate 
 leaflets which are velvety beneath, its flowers in axillary racemes, with a 4- 
 cleft calyx, no petals and 10 stamens, its fruit drupaceous. 
 
 Family 12. FABACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Pea Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate mostly compound stipu- 
 late leaves, and irregular (papilionaceous) perfect or sometimes polygamo- 
 dioeeious flowers, mainly in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx 
 4-5-toothed, or 4-5-cleft, sometimes 2-lipped. Petals more or less united, 
 or separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually consisting of a broad upper 
 one (standard, banner), two lateral ones (wings), and two front ones more 
 or less united (forming the keel) ; the standard encloses the wings in the 
 bud. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or sometimes separate, 10 in 
 most of the genera, sometimes 9, rarely 5. Pistil simple, superior; ovaiy 
 mainly 1-eelled, sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the sutures, or 
 several-celled by cross-partitions; style simple; ovules 1-many, anatropous 
 or amphitropous. Fruit a legume, 1-many-seeded, dehiscent into 2 valves, 
 or indehiscent, in one tribe a loment. Seeds mostly without endosjierm; 
 cotyledons thick. About 325 genera and over 5000 sjiecies, most abundant 
 in temperate and warm regions. The family is also known as Papilio- 
 
 NACEAE. 
 
 Filaments 10, all separate. 1- Sophorn. 
 
 Filaments 10 or 9, monadelphous or diadelphous. 
 Leaves without tendrils. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees. . 
 
 Anthers of 2 kinds : stamens monadelphous. 2. Crntahtna. 
 
 Anthers all alike ; stamens mostly diadelphous. 
 Leaves 3-foliolate : herbs. 
 
 Pods curved or curled. 3. Mcdicaiio. 
 
176 
 
 FABACEAE. 
 
 Pods straight. 
 
 Flowers in long narrow racemes ; pods cori- 
 aceous. 
 Flowers capitate, umbellate or short-racemose ; 
 pods membranous. 
 Leaves pinnate. 
 Vines (Cajan an erect shrub) ; leaves 3-foliolate. 
 Inflorescence simply racemose ; shrub. 
 Inflorescence nodose-racemose ; vines. 
 Keel spirally coiled. 
 Keel merely curved. 
 
 Style bearded along the inner side. 
 Stigma oblique or lateral. 
 Stigma small, terminal. 
 Style glabrous. 
 Leaves pinnate with a terminal tendril or tip. 
 
 1. SOPHORA L. 
 
 4. llelilotus. 
 
 5. Trifolium. 
 
 6. IndUjofera. 
 
 7. Cajan. 
 
 8. Phaseolus. 
 
 9. Vigna. 
 
 10. Dolichos. 
 
 11. Canavali. 
 
 12. Vicia. 
 
 Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers vrhite, yellow or violet, in terminal racemes 
 or panicles. Calyx generally campanulate, its teeth short. Standard obovate 
 or orbicular; wings obliquely oblong; keel oblong, nearly straight. Stamens 
 all distinct or very nearly so; anthers versatile. Ovary short-stalked; style 
 incurved. Pod stalked, coriaceous or fleshy, terete, constricted between the 
 seeds, mainly indehiscent. [Name Arabic, yellow,] About 25 species, natives 
 of Avarm and tropical regions. Type species: Sophora alopecuroides L. 
 
 1. Sophora tomentosa L. Coast 
 Sophora. (Fig. 195.) A shrub 3°- 
 9° tall, with tomentose foliage. 
 Leaves 4-8' long; leaflets 11-17, the 
 blades leathery, oblong, oblong-obo- 
 vate or oval, inequilateral, becoming 
 glabrous and revolute; racemes elon- 
 gating, 4'-16' long; pedicels 2"-5" 
 long; calyx oblong or oblong-funnel- 
 form, 3"-4" long, constricted at the 
 base, the edge undulate or indis- 
 tinctly 5-lobed ; corolla yellow ; stand- 
 ard with an ovate blade fully 5" 
 broad, and over 6" long; keel-petals 
 10" long; pods 2'-4' long, strongly 
 constricted between the seeds, long- 
 stalked. 
 
 Local on coastal rocks, Smith's Is- 
 land, St. David's Island, southern shores 
 and Boaz Island. Native. Coasts of 
 Florida and the West Indies. Flowers 
 from summer to spring. Doubtless trans- 
 ported to Bermuda by floating. 
 Lefroy records failure in establishing Sophora cMnensis G. Don. 
 
 2. CROTALAHIA L. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with simple (or in some tropical species 
 3-7-foliolate) leaves and racemose mostly yellow flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, 
 slightly 2-lipped; standard orbicular or ovate, often cordate; wings oblong 
 or obovate; keel curved. Stamens monadelphous, their sheath deeply cleft; 
 anthers of 2 forms, alternating with each other, the one small, versatile, the 
 other larger; style more or less curved; pod oblong or globose, inflated, many- 
 seeded, the seeds loose at maturity. [Greek, a rattle.] About 250 species, 
 mainly of tropical regions. Type species: Crotalaria lotifolia L. 
 
FABACEAE. 
 
 177 
 
 1. Crotalaria retusa L. Eattle-box. 
 (Fig. 196.) Annual, stout. Stems l°-3° 
 high, usually branched, finely and softly 
 pubescent; leaflet one, ranging from 
 cuneate to oblanceolate, IV-^V long, 
 rounded or retuse at the apex, often gla- 
 brous above, more or less pubescent be- 
 neath, short-petioled; stipules minute; 
 racemes conspicuous, several-many-llow- 
 ered; pedicels 3"-5" long, subtended by 
 minute caducous bracts; calyx finely pubes- 
 cent; lobes of the upper lip triangular- 
 lanceolate, those of the lower lip lanceo- 
 late; corolla large, showy; standard with 
 a blade usually about 10" broad; pods 
 1^-2' long; seeds becoming loose in the 
 pods and rattling when dry. 
 
 In a pasture, Walsingham, 1912. Ad- 
 veutive. Native of Florida, the West Indies 
 and continental tropical America. Flowers 
 in autumn and winter. 
 
 3. MEDICAGO [Tourn.] L. 
 Herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves, and 
 
 small yellow or violet flowers in axillary 
 
 heads or racemes. Leaflets commonly 
 
 dentate, the veins terminating in the teeth. 
 
 Calyx-teeth short, nearly equal; standard 
 
 obovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel obtuse; stamens diadelphous, the 
 
 1 opposite the standard separate froin the other 9; anthers all alike; ovary 
 
 1-several-ovuled ; style subulate ; pod curved 
 
 or spirally twisted, reticulated or spiny, 
 
 indehiscent, 1-few-seeded. [Greek, Medike, 
 
 from Medea, whence the Medic, or Lucerne, 
 
 was derived.] About 50 species, natives of 
 
 Europe, Asia and Africa. Type species: 
 
 Medicago sativa L. 
 
 Pod 1-seeded, curved, not spiny. 
 
 1. M. lupiilitia. 
 Pod several-seeded, spirally twisted, its edges 
 spiny. 2. .1/. hispida. 
 
 1. Medicago lupulina L. Black or 
 Hop Medic. Blackseed Hop Clover. 
 Nonesuch. (Fig, 197.) Pubescent, the 
 branches decumbent and spreading, often 
 l°-2° long; leaflets obovate, oval or nearly 
 orbicular, 3"-7" long, denticulate or crenu- 
 late, obtuse, mucronate or emarginate ; 
 stipules ovate or lanceolate, dentate; pe- 
 duncles l'-3' long; head oblong, or cylin- 
 dric, dense, 2"-10" long; flowers about 1" 
 long, yellow; pods black when ripe, curved, 
 Ftrongly veined. 
 
 grounds. Naturalized from Europe. Widely 
 Flowers nearly all the year around. 
 
 Common in fields and 
 naturalized in North America 
 " Clover." 
 
 waste 
 
 Known as 
 
 13 
 
178 
 
 FABACEAE. 
 
 2. Medicago hispida Willd. 
 
 Toothed Medic. (JPig. 198.) 
 Branches spreading or ascending, 
 glabrous or with a few appressed 
 hairs, Leaflets obovate, rounded, 
 emarginate or obcordate, cuneate, 
 crenulate, 5"-10" long; stipules 
 dentate; flowers few, yellow, in 
 small, peduncled heads; pod spi- 
 rally t^'isted, the 2 or 3 coils flat 
 and rather loose, reticulated with 
 elevated veins, the edges armed 
 with 1 or 2 rows of curved prickles. 
 [M. denticulata Willd.; M. muri- 
 cata of Lefroy.] 
 
 Common in fields and waste 
 grounds. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Naturalized in the United States. 
 Flowers from winter to autumn. 
 
 Medicago sativa L., Alfalfa, of Europe and Asia, with conspicuous violet 
 flowers, is recorded as formerly occasional in waste grounds, but not per- 
 sistent. It is occasionally cultivated. A plot was given to it at the Agricul- 
 tural Station in 1914. 
 
 Medicago arabica All. [M. maculata With.], Spotted Medic, European, 
 with dark-spotted leaflets, the edges of the coiled pods furrowed, recorded by 
 Lefroy as Bermudian, has not been found by subsequent collectors. It is an 
 annual, much resembling M. hispida, for which it may have been mistaken. 
 
 4. MELILOTUS [Tourn.] Mill. 
 
 Herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves, dentate leaflets, their veins commonly end- 
 ing in the teeth, and small white or yellow flowers in slender racemes. Calyx- 
 teeth short, nearly equal; standard obovate or oblong; keel obtuse; ovary 
 sessile or stipitate, few-ovuled; style filiform; pod ovoid or globose, straight, 
 indehiscent or finally 2-valved; seeds solitary or few. [Greek, Honey-lotus.] 
 About '20 species, natives of Europe, Africa and Asia. Type species: Tri- 
 folium Melilotus officinalis L. The plants are fragrant in drying, whence the 
 English name Sweet-clover. 
 
FABACEAE. 
 
 179 
 
 1. Melilotus indica (L.) All. 
 Smaller Yellow Melilot. Fig. 199.) 
 Foliage minutely pubescent when 
 young. Stems erect or spreading, 3° 
 high or less, sometimes copiously 
 branched; leaflets 3, oblong, oval, 
 cuneate or obovate, 3"-10" long, re- 
 tuse to rounded at the apex, serrate; 
 racemes dense, 5' -10" long; calyx 
 campanulate; corolla yellovv, about 
 I5" long; pods oval or subglobose, 1" 
 long, wrinkled. [M. officinalis of 
 Jones, Eeade, Lefroy, Hemsley and 
 Moore; M. parviflora Desv. ; Trifo- 
 lium Melilotus indica L.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Naturalized in the western and southern 
 United States. Flowers nearly all the 
 year around, most abundantly in spring. 
 It is often an abundant weed in neg- 
 lected fields. 
 
 Melilotus alba Desv,, White Melilot, European, with larger white 
 flowers, recorded as Bermudian by Lefroy, has not been found by other col- 
 lectors and evidently did not persist. 
 
 5. TEIFOLIUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Herbs, with mostly 3-foliolate (occasionally 4-11-foliolate) denticulate 
 leaves, the flowers in dense heads or spikes. Stipules adnate to the petiole. 
 Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals commonly persistent, their claws adnate to 
 the stamen-tube. Stamens diadelphous, or the tenth one separate for only a 
 portion of its length. Ovary few-o\niled. Pod often included in the calyx, 
 membranous, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent by 1 suture, 1-6-seeded. [Latin, 
 referring to the 3 leaflets.] About 275 species, most abundant in the north 
 temperate zone, where several of them are important forage plants. Type 
 species: TrifoUum pralense L. 
 
 Flowers sessile or nearly so, the heads densely-flowered. 
 Flowers distinctly pedicelled. 
 
 Ascending or procumbent. 
 
 Creeping. 
 
 1. T. pratcnse. 
 
 2. T. huhrklum. 
 
 3. T. re pens. 
 
180 
 
 FABACEAE. 
 
 1. Trif olium prat6nse L. Eed, 
 
 Purple or. Meadow Clover. (Fig. 
 200.) Perennial, pubescent, 6'- 
 2° high. Leaves long-petioled; 
 stipules ovate, strongly veined, sub- 
 ulate-tipped, 6"-10" long; leaflets 
 short-stalked, oval, oblong or obo- 
 vate, narrowed at base, hardly 
 cuneate, obtuse and sometimes 
 emarginate at the apex, often dark- 
 spotted near the middle, finely 
 denticulate, i'-li' long; heads 
 globose or ovoid, rarely slightly 
 peduncled, about 1' long; flowers 
 red (rarely white), about 6" long, 
 remaining erect in fruit; calyx 
 sparingly hairy, its subulate teeth 
 shorter than the corolla. 
 
 Occasional in grassy places. In- 
 troduced. Native of Europe. Widely 
 naturalized in North America. Flow- 
 ers nearly all the year around. Ex- 
 perimental cultivation of clover for 
 fodder has not been successful. 
 
 2. Trifolium hybridum L. 
 
 Alsike or Alsatian Clover. 
 (Fig. 201.) Perennial, l''-2° 
 high, glabrous or nearly so. 
 Leaves long-petioled ; stipules 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mem- 
 branous, 6"-12" long; leaflets 
 short-stalked, obovate, sometimes 
 emarginate but not obcordate, nar- 
 rowed or cuneate at the base, ser- 
 rulate, 6"-12" long; heads long- 
 peduncled; flowers pink or nearly 
 white, 2V'-4:V' long; pedicels 1"- 
 2Y' long, reflexed when old; 
 corolla 3-4 times as long as the 
 calyx; calyx-teeth subulate, about 
 equalling the tube; pod 2-4- 
 seeded. 
 
 In grassy woods," Devonshire, 
 1905. Also reported by Moore. 
 Native of Europe. Naturalized in 
 North America. Flowers from 
 spring to autumn. 
 
FABACEAE. 
 
 181 
 
 3. Trifolium ripens L. 
 
 White, Dutch or Honeysuckle 
 Clover. (Fig. 202.) Perennial, 
 glabrous or with, a few scattered 
 hairs, the branches often rooting 
 at the nodes, 4'-12' long. Leaves 
 long-petioled ; stipules ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, membranous, acute, 2"-6" 
 long; leaflets short-stalked, obo- 
 vate, emarginate or obcordate, 
 broadly cuneate at the base, den- 
 ticulate, 4"-10" long; heads long- 
 peduncled; flowers 3V'-6" long; 
 pedicels l"-2i" long, finally re- 
 flexed; corolla 2-3 times as long 
 as the calyx; calyx-teeth acumi- 
 nate, somewhat shorter than the 
 tube; pod about 4-seeded. 
 
 Occasional in grassy places. In- 
 troduced. Native of Europe. Widely 
 naturalized in North America. Flow- 
 ers nearly all the year around. None 
 of the true clovers are important 
 as fodder plants in Bermuda, the 
 climate being too warm for their 
 successful establishment. 
 
 6. INDIGOFEEA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs or shrubs. Foliage often more or less densely clothed 
 with simple 2-horned or forking hairs. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, 
 or sometimes 3-foliolate or rarely 1-foliolate; the leaflets entire. Flowers 
 perfect, in axillary spikes or racemes. Calyx-lobes oblique, nearly equal or 
 the upper shorter. Corolla pink, orange or purple; standard broad, sessile or 
 clawed, persistent, the wings somewhat elongated, slightly cohering with the 
 erect keel" and like it deciduous. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous, or one 
 partially distinct ; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or nearly so ; style glabrous ; 
 ovules numerous or rarely few or solitary. Pod linear to subglobose, angled 
 or turgid. Seeds subglobose or flattened. [Name from the yield of indigo by 
 some species.] About 275 species, of warm and temperate regions. 
 
 The species common in Bermuda has been mistaken for the true indigo 
 (Indigo f era tinctoria L.) which is similar to it, but has narrower and longer 
 pods. Formerly important dye-plants, their use has now been largely super- 
 seded through the production of dyes from coal-tar synthetically. 
 
182 
 
 FABACEAE. 
 
 1. Indigofera suffniticosa Mill. 
 
 Wild Indigo. (Fig. 203.) Foliage 
 strigillose. Stems woody, erect, 3°- 
 6° tall, angular, sparingly branched; 
 leaflets 7-15, thin, oblong, oblanceo- 
 late or obovate, i'-li' long, mucro- 
 nate, acute at the base, glabrous or 
 glabrate above; racemes shorter than 
 the subtending leaves; pedicels about 
 y long, finally recurved; calyx 
 densely pubescent, its lobes about as 
 long as the tube; corolla orange, about 
 2" long; pods stout, 6"-8" long, 
 curved, thickened at the sutures. [7. 
 Anil L. ; /. tinctoria of Jones, of 
 Lefroy, and of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Frequent in waste grounds, espe- 
 cially plenty between Castle Harbor 
 and Harrington Sound. Said by Lefroy 
 to have been introduced for commercial 
 purposes in the seventeenth century. 
 Naturalized. Native of the West In- 
 dies. Naturalized in the southern United 
 States. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 7. CAJAN Adans. 
 A perennial, stiff, slightly woody 
 herb, finely puberulent, or pubescent, 
 with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and showy yellow flowers in stalked axillary 
 racemes. Calyx narrowly campanulate, its lobes acute, the 2 upper ones partly 
 united. Standard nearly orbicular, reflexed; wings obliquely obovate; keel 
 with a blunt incurved tip. Ovary many-ovuled; style thickened above; 
 stigma oblique. Pod linear, flattened, 
 acute and long-tipped, its valves im- 
 pressed between the seeds. [From 
 the Malayan name.] A monotypic 
 genus. 
 
 1. Cajan Cajan (L.) Millsp. 
 Pigeon Pea. (Fig. 204.) Bushy, 
 branched, 6° high or less. Leaves 
 petioled; leaflets oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, l'-3' long, acute at both 
 ends or obtuse at the base, velvety 
 on both sides, dark green above, pale 
 beneath; racemes few-flowered, as 
 long as the leaves or longer; pedicels, 
 rachis and calyx brown-pubescent; 
 flowers 6"-8" broad; pods 2'-3' long, 
 5"-6" wide, 4-7-seeded; seeds whitish, 
 somewhat flattened, about 2" thick. 
 [Cytisus Cajan L. ; Cajanus indicus 
 Spreng.] 
 
 Spontaneous after cultivation for 
 its edible seeds. Native of the East 
 Indies. Widely cultivated and natural- 
 ized in tropical regions. 
 
FABACEAE. 
 
 183 
 
 8. PHASEOLUS [Tourn.] L. 
 Vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and axillary 
 racemose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, or the 2 upper teeth more or 
 less united. Standard orbicular, recurved, spreading or somewhat contorted; 
 v/ings mainly obovate; keel spirally coiled, linear or obovoid. Stamens dia- 
 delphous (9 and 1). Style longitudinally bearded; stigma oblique or lateral; 
 ovary sessile or nearly so; ovules oo. Pod linear, 2-valved, several-seeded, 
 tipped with the persistent style. Seeds mostly with rounded ends. Rachis 
 thickened at the bases of the pedicels. [Ancient name of the Kidney Bean.] 
 About 170 species, of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Phaseolus 
 vulgaris L. 
 
 1. Phaseolus lignosus Britton. Wild 
 Bermuda Bean. (Fig. 205.) Perennial, 
 with woody stems 20° long or more and 
 i' thick, branched, the young twigs pu- 
 berulent, some becoming glabrous. Stip- 
 ules ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2" long 
 or less, acute, striate-nerved; petioles 
 glabrous, l'-3|' long; leaflets ovate, 
 membranous, glabrous, 4' long or less, 
 acuminate at the apex, rounded or sub- 
 truncate at the base, the terminal one 
 equilateral, long-stalked, the others short- 
 stalked and obliquely inequilateral; ra- 
 cemes long-peduncled, puberulent, loosely 
 several-many-flowered, 3'-5' long; pedi- 
 cels filiform, 4"-6i" long; calyx broadly 
 campanulate, its teeth broad and short; 
 corolla white to purple, about 5" long, 
 the standard suborbicular, clawed; pod 
 flat, curved, acute at each end, about 2' 
 long, 4"-5" wide; seeds obliquely oblong, 
 long. [P. semierectus of Reade.] 
 
 Rocky woodlands between Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound. Endemic. 
 Nearest related to P. polystachyus (L.) B.S.P., of the eastern United States. H. B. 
 Small records the occurrence of this plant at Hungry Bay, also, but this record 
 may apply to TUina rvpcus, which is abundant there. The species is hero first de- 
 scribed botanicaliy. 
 
 Phaseolus vulgaris L., Kidney Bean, French Bean, Six-week Bean, 
 probably South American in origin, is largely and successfully grown as a 
 garden crop, as also P. lunatus L., Lima Bean. 
 
 Phaseolus multifldrus Willd., Scarlet Runner, of tropical America, grown 
 in gardens, is a long, finely pubescent vine, with rhombic-ovate leaflets, and 
 showy red flowers in racemes, its pods 3' to 6' long, its seeds black antl red. 
 
 9. VIGNA Savi. 
 Herbaceous vines, or sometimes erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate 
 stipulate leaves, the leaflets broad. Flowers clustered at the ends of long 
 axillary peduncles, yellowish or purplish, the rachis of the head or raceme 
 knotty, the bracts and bractlets early deciduous. Calyx 5-toothed, or the 2 
 upper teeth united. Standard nearly orbicular, auricled at the base; wings 
 shorter than the standard ; keel about equalling the standard, slightly incurved. 
 Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Ovary sessile; ovules numerous; style 
 
 little flattened, brown, shining, 3" 
 
184 
 
 FABACEAE. 
 
 bearded along the inner side; stigma oblique. Pod linear, nearly terete, 2- 
 valved. [In honor of Domenic Vigni, a commentator on Theophrastus.] About 
 30 species, natives of warm tropical regions, the following typical. 
 
 1. Vignarepens (L.) 
 Kuntze. Yellow Yigna. 
 (Fig. 206.) Foliage usu- 
 ally pubescent with rather 
 appressed hairs. Stems 
 trailing or climbing, 
 branching, when pubes- 
 cent the hairs reflexed; 
 leaflets 3, ovale to lance- 
 olate or linear, f '-3' long, 
 acute, more or less dis- 
 tinctly reticulated, short- 
 stalked; petioles usually 
 longer than the leaflets; 
 peduncles surpassing the 
 subtending petioles, re- 
 trorsely pubescent at the 
 top; pedicels about 1" 
 long, corymbose ; calyx 
 campanulate, oblique, its 
 lobes triangular to lance- 
 olate ; corolla yellowish- 
 brown; standard with a 
 nearly reniform, notched 
 blade, less than 10" long; 
 pods linear, about V 
 long, nearly terete, pu- 
 bescent. [Dolichos repens 
 L. ; D. luteolus Jacq. ; 
 Vigna luteola Benth.] 
 
 Roadsides and moist grounds, especially abundant along marshes from Hungry 
 Bay eastward in Paget and Devonshire. Naturalized from tropical America or the 
 southeastei-n United States. Flowers from spring to autumn. Not, as Verrill states, 
 a characteristic seaside vine. 
 
 Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl., Cow-pea, Asiatic, sometimes grown as a green 
 manure crop, is an annual with trailing or climbing stems, the leaves with 3 
 acute or blunt leaflets 2'-4' long, the yellowish flowers about 9" long, the 
 linear, fleshy pod 4-7' long. [Dolichos sinensis L.] 
 
 10. DOLICHOS L. 
 
 Climbing or trailing vines, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and white to 
 purple flowers variously clustered or sometimes solitary, their bracts small or 
 caducous. Calyx campanulate, its two upper teeth united. Standard sub- 
 orbicular; wings obovate, curved, adnate to the incurved keel. Stamens 9 
 and 1, their anthers all alike. Ovary many-ovuled; style bearded or peni- 
 cillate below the terminal stigma. Pod flat, mostly somewhat curved, beaked. 
 Seeds subglobose or flattened. [Greek name of some bean, referring to its 
 long pods.] About 30 species, of tropical distribution, the following typical. 
 
FABACEAE. 
 
 185 
 
 1. Dolichos Lablab L. Black Bean. 
 
 Hyacinth Bean. (Fig. 207.) Sparingly- 
 pubescent, climbing or trailing, 15° long or 
 less. Leaves long-petioled, leaflets ovate, 
 acute or acuminate, lV-4' long, the terminal 
 one equilateral and long-stalked, the others 
 inequilateral and short-stalked; racemes 
 axillary, several-flowered, exceeding the 
 leaves; flowers short-pedicelled, 7"-10" 
 broad, white to purple; pods about 3' long, 
 nearly 1' wide, the upper edge nearly straight, 
 the lower curved and glandular-roughened ; 
 seeds somewhat compressed, black with a 
 white linear strophiole, about 5" long. 
 
 Spontaneous after cultivation : frequent in 
 gardens but not grown as a crop. Native of the 
 Old World tropics, widely cultivated and natural- 
 ized in tropical and temperate America. Flowers 
 in Bermuda in autumn. 
 
 Dolichos sphaerospermus (L.) DC, 
 Black-eyed Pea, is recorded by Reade as 
 cultivated in summer and by H. B. Small as 
 frequent in fields; I have not met with it. 
 [PJiaseolus sphaerospermus L.] 
 
 11. CANAVALI Adans. 
 Perennial vines. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets entire. Flowers 
 large, in axillary peduncled racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate 
 or 2-lobed, the lower one entire or 3-lobed. Standard reflexed, suborbicular ; 
 ■wings curved or twisted; keel-petals incurved, obtuse or with an inflexed or 
 spiral beak. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous to the middle. 
 Style glabrous, incurved. Ovules several. Pod oblong or broadly linear, 2- 
 valved. [Aboriginal name.] About 15 species, natives of tropical regions. 
 Type species: Dolichos ensiformis L. 
 
 1. Canavali lineata (Thunb.) 
 DC. Bay Bean. Bay Hops. 
 (Fig. 208.) Foliage finely strigil- 
 lose. Stems prostrate or climb- 
 ing, 3°-25° long, branching; leaf- 
 
 oval or obovate, ir-4' long, 
 rounded or broadly cuneate at the 
 base ; racemes surpassing the sub- 
 tending leaves; peduncles often 
 longer than the racemes ; pedicels 
 spur-like; calyx helmet-like, 7"- 
 9" long, constricted at the base; 
 corolla pink; pods broadly linear, 
 4'-5' long; seeds oblong, brown. 
 [Dolichos lincaius Thunb.; Cana- 
 valia ohiusi folia DC. ; Dolichos 
 roseus of Reade; Dolichos Cana- 
 ralia of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Sand dunes and sea-benches. 
 Native. Southeastern I'nited States, 
 West Indies, tropical America and 
 Old World. Flowers from winter 
 to autumn. Its seeds probably trans- 
 ported to Bermuda by floating. 
 
186 
 
 FABACEAE. 
 
 12. VICIA [Tourn.] L. 
 Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnate 
 mostly tendril-bearing leaves, half-sagittaite or entire stipules, and axillary, 
 mostly racemose flowers. Calyx-tube somewhat oblique, obtuse at the base, 
 its teeth about equal. Standard obovate or oblong, emarginate, clawed; wings 
 obliquely oblong, adherent to the shorter oblong curved keel. Stamens dia- 
 delphous (9 and 1), or monadelphous below. O^oiles oo ; style very slender, 
 with a tuft or ring of hairs at its summit. Pod flat, dehiscent, 2-valved, con- 
 tinuous between the seeds. [The classical Latin name of the Vetch.] About 
 120 species of wide distribution. Type species: Vicia sativa L. 
 
 Leaflets oblong, oval or obovate. 
 Leaflets narrowly linear to oblanceolate. 
 
 2. Vicia angustifolia Roth. 
 Smaller Common Vetch. (Fig. 
 210.) Glabrous or puberulent; 
 s-tem slender, l°-2° long. Stip- 
 ules mostly half-sagittate, toothed 
 or entire; leaves short-petioled, 
 or nearly sessile; leaflets 8-16, 
 linear, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 
 5"-17" long, mucronulate, those 
 of the lower leaves commonly 
 obovate, broader and shorter;* 
 flowers 1 or 2 in the upper axils, 
 purple, 6"-8" long; calyx-teeth 
 as long as the tube or shorter; 
 pod linear, glabrous, l'-2' long. 
 
 Cultivated ground, Abbotsford, 
 1014. Widely naturalized in eastern 
 North America. Native of Europe. 
 Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
 1. V. sativa. 
 
 2. V. angustifolia. 
 
 1. Vicia sativa L. Common Vetch 
 OR Tare. Pebble -vetch. (Fig. 209.) 
 Pubescent or glabrate, spreading, l°-3° 
 long. Stipules broad, generally sharply 
 toothed; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 
 8-14, obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, 
 obtuse, truncate or retuse and mucro- 
 nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 
 I'-li' long; flowers bluish-purple, about 
 1' long; calyx-teeth about as long as 
 the tube; pod linear-oblong, glabrous, 
 li'-3' long, 5-10-seeded. 
 
 Fields and waste grounds. Naturalized 
 from Europe. Naturalized in North 
 America. Flowers in winter and spring. 
 
FAB ACE AE. 187 
 
 Vicia villosa Roth, Hairy Vetch, European, annual or biennial, occa- 
 sionally grown for fodder, and sometimes persistent for a few seasons in cul- 
 tivated ground, is a hairy vine about 2° long, its leaves with 5-9 pairs of 
 oblong or linear leaflets, its numerous blue flowers about 8" long, in stalked, 
 axillary racemes, the claw of the standard about one half as long as the blade, 
 the flat, oblong, few-seeded pod about 1' long. 
 
 Vicia Faba L., Broad Bean, Windsor Bean, Portuguese Bean, native 
 of Asia or northern Africa, grow^n for its edible seeds, is a nearly erect, nearly 
 glabrous annual, its leaves wath 2-6 oblong or elliptic leaflets 2'-3' long; the 
 axillary whitish flowers have a dark blue blotch on the standard; the fleshy 
 pods are 3' long or more. 
 
 Pisum sativum L., Pea, of unknown origin, is grown to some extent in 
 gardens for its seeds, and its vines for fodder. 
 
 Arachis hypoga^a L., Peanut, Earthnut, probably South American, is 
 locally grown in gardens, but is not an important crop in Bermuda. 
 
 Clitoria Ternatea L., Blue Pea, tropical African, widely naturalized in 
 the West Indies is a climbing vine, commonly planted on porches and walls, 
 has pinnate leaves of few ovate blunt leaflets and large solitary showy blue 
 flowers, short-stalked in the axils; its flat pods are 3' or 4' long. 
 
 Lefroy records the successful introduction of Clitoria 'brasUienMs L.. 
 Purple-flowering Pea of Brazil, now referred to the genus Bradhurya. 
 
 Lathyrus odoratus L., Sweet Pea, Sicilian, is widely grown in flower- 
 gardens; it is an herbaceous, annual vine, the leaves of one pair of leaflets 
 and a branched tendril, the showy flowers white, red, blue or yellow. 
 
 Lathyrus latifolius L., Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea, European, a 
 perennial vine, the leaves with 2 large oblong-lanceolate leaflets and a branched 
 tendril, the stem and petioles winged, the showy flowers white to purple, is 
 occasional in gardens. 
 
 Genista hispanica L., Spanish Genista, European, seen in the collection 
 at the Agricultural Station in 1913, is a low, very spiny shrub, with villous 
 branches, simple lanceolate acute leaves about V long, the flowers in short 
 racemes. 
 
 Colutea arborescens L., Bladder Senna, of the Mediterranean region, is 
 recorded by Lefroy as raised from seed and flowered at Hamilton prior to 
 1877. It is a large shrub, with pinnate leaves of 9-13 elliptic leaflets which 
 are 1' long or less, yellow flowers in small racemes, and inflated pods 2'-3' long, 
 narrowed at both ends. 
 
 Adenocarpus commutatus Guss., of southern Europe, grown by Lefroy at 
 Mt. Langton from 1874 to 1877, is a pubescent shrub with 3-foliolate leaves 
 and yellow racemose flowers, the pod flat and glandular. [A. tclouncnsis DC] 
 
 Cjrtisus Laburnum L., Golden-chain, European, occasionally planted for 
 ornament, has not become luxuriant. It is a small tree, up to 25° high, with 
 3-foliolate, petioled leaves and long pendent racemes of bright yellow flowers. 
 [Laburnum vulgare Griseb.] 
 
 Cytisus albus (Lam.) Link, White Cytisus, of the Mediterranean region, 
 grown at Wood Haven in 1914, is a shrub, 2°-3° high, with long slender branches, 
 the petioled, 3-foliolate, clustered leaves less than 1' long, the leaflets obovate, 
 sessile, appressed-pubescent ; its white flowers are about 5" long, its pods 
 usually with 2 seeds. [Genista alba Lam.] 
 
 Cytisus canariensis L., Garden Genista, of the Canary Islands, a finely 
 pubescent shrub 4°-6° high, with petioled 3-foliolate leaves about V long, the 
 leaflets obovate, blunt, cuneate, the yellow flowers racemose, is occasionally 
 grown for ornament. 
 
188 FABACEAE. 
 
 Spartium junceum L., Spanish Broom, European, recorded by Jones in 
 1S73 as lately introduced by Lefroy and expected to be of great value in bind- 
 ing drifting sands on the southern shores, is said by Lefroy to have been raised 
 from seed and flowered at Mt. Langton, but never established itself. It is a 
 shrub, "with stiff, round branches, few and small narrow leaves and large, 
 bright yellow flowers. 
 
 Ulex europaeus L., Gorse, European, a yellow-flowered shrub with linear 
 sharp-pointed leaves, has been grown at times for ornament and interest but 
 does not succeed well. 
 
 Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Greene [Wistaria frutescens Poir.], North 
 American Wistaria, a woody vine with pinnate leaves and pendent racemes 
 of purplish flowers, is occasionally planted about houses. 
 
 Lonchocarpus violaceus H.B.K., Violet I.onchocarpus, West Indian, 
 a tree with pinnate leaves of 7-9 ovate pointed leaflets and racemose violet 
 flowers followed by flat 1 -seeded stalked pods, is occasionally planted for 
 shade and ornament, and is healthy and luxuriant. 
 
 Robinia Pseudoacacia L., North American Acacia, Locust-tree, a 
 hard-wooded tree with rough bark, thin, odd-pinnate leaves of 9-19 stalked 
 leaflets and racemose Avhite flowers, is occasionally planted foi ornament, and 
 some rather large trees may be seen. 
 
 Jones records a plant of this family as Bohinia duhia. This name has 
 been given by authors to three different trees; I can not determine which is 
 meant. 
 
 Oodariocalyx gyrans (L. f.) Hassk., Telegraph-plant, of southern Asia, 
 formerly grown at Mt. Langton, is an interesting herbaceous plant about 3° 
 high, its leaves with 3 oblong leaflets, the 2 lateral much smaller than the 
 terminal one, and move rather abruptly in sunshine into various positions ; its 
 purple flowers are panicled, and its pods jointed. [Desmodium gyrans DC] 
 
 Toluifera peruifera (L. f.) Baill., Balsam of Peru, South American, 
 a balsamiferous tree with pinnately compound leaves, shining, reticulate-vemed 
 ovate leaflets, racemose irregular flowers and curiously winged pods bearing 
 one seed in the end, was successfully introduced, according to Lefroy. 
 [Myrospermiim peruiferum DC] 
 
 Toluifera Balsamum L., Balsam of Tolu, recorded b.y Jones, also South 
 American, was represented by a young tree at the Agricultural Station in 
 1913. [Myrospermiim tohiifenim DC] 
 
 Erythrina Corallodendron L., Sword-flower, Coral-tree, West Indian, 
 a large tree with prickly twigs, yellow wood, 3-foliolate leaves, ovate, thin, 
 glabrous leaflets and scarlet flowers appearing in large terminal clusters before 
 the leaves, the corolla narrow, with the petals parallel, the long narrow pods 
 containing many red seeds, is planted for ornament. 
 
 Erythrina velutina Willd., A^elvett Coral-tree, West Indian, a large 
 tree with 3-foliolate leaves, the broadly ovate blunt leaflets hairy beneath, the 
 flowers bright red, is represented by a few fine specimens; a very large tree 
 stood near the east end of Devonshire Marsh in 1912. 
 
 Erythrina Crista-galli L., Cockspur Coral-tree, South American, a 
 shrub or small tree, the branches slender, glabrous and sometimes vine-like, 
 habitually dying back, the 3 oblong-ovate, short-pointed, glabrous leaflets about 
 2-V long, the showy crimson and scarlet flowers clustered, on slender pedicels, 
 the broad standard petal becoming reflexed, somewhat longer than the keel, is 
 occasionally planted for ornament. 
 
 Erythrina arborea (Chapm.) J. K. Small, a low Floridian species, with 
 glabrous 3-lobed leaflets, the middle lobe long-pointed, is occasional in gardens. 
 [E. herhacea arborea Chapm.] 
 
FABACEAE. 189 
 
 Erythrina speciosa Andr., Elegant Sword-flower, West Indian, planted 
 for ornament, resembles E. Corallodendron, but its leaflets are 3-lobed and 
 long-acuminate. 
 
 Erythrina indica Lam., Ixdlvx Swokd-flower, East Indian, rcforded by 
 Jones, and bv H. B. Small, is a large tree Avith a prickly trunk, the 3 leaflets 
 4'-6' long, the flowers about 2V long, in dense racemes, the oblique calyx 
 spathaceous, siDlitting along the back. 
 
 Erjrthrina caffra Thunb., Cape Sword-flower, South African, of which 
 H. B. Small records a large tree on grounds adjoining Rosebank, Hamilton, 
 prior to 1901, is a prickly tree with ovate, glabrous leaflets, the scarlet, 
 racemed flowers about 2' long, the calyx tomentulose. Lefroy records having 
 raised plants from Cape seed. 
 
 Dalbergia Sissco Eoxb., Sissoo Tree, East Indian, experimentally planted 
 at the Public Garden, St, Georges, in 1914, has pinnate leaves of 5 broadly 
 elliptic to obovate leaflets 3'-4' long and axillary panicles of small, white 
 flowers. 
 
 Onobrychis sativa L., Sainfoin, of Europe and Asia, a perennial herb 
 l°-2° high, with pinnate leaves of numerous oblong leaflets, and rather dense 
 spikes of pink flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves, mentioned by 
 Lefroy as said to be occasionally grown, but not seen by him, and recorded 
 by H. B, Small as * ' common along roadsides, flowering in July, ' ' has not 
 been observed by me in Bermuda. [Hedysarum Onohrychis of Lefroy and of 
 H. S. Small.] 
 
 Calpumia aurea (Lam.) Baker, Golden Calpurnia, South African' a 
 shrub or small tree up to about 15° high, seen in a fine specimen at the 
 Agricultural Station in 1913, has unevenly pinnate leaves of 9-21 oval, ob- 
 tuse or emarginate entire leaflets about 1' long, glabrous above, slightly pu- 
 bescent beneath, bright yellow, flowers about I' long in racemes, followed by 
 flat, linear, subulate-tipped pods 2'-3' long. [^Virgilia aurea Lam.; Calpurnia 
 lasiogyne E. Meyer.] 
 
 Dolicholixs praecatorius (Humb.) Rose, Spotted Dolicholus, Mexican, 
 a vine, climbing to a length of 30°, with 3-foliolate, pubescent leaves, the 
 ovate thin entire acuminate leaflets l'-2' long, the small yellow flowers in 
 loose racemes, the short, flattened, 2-seeded pods about I' long, the subglobose 
 seeds scarlet with a black spot, was seen at Wood Haven in 1914. [Glycine 
 praecatoria Humb.] 
 
 Psoralea glandulosa L., Chilean Psoralea, of western South America, 
 a shrub with 3-foliolate, black-punctate leaves, and small blue-purple flowers 
 in narrow racemes, was grown by Lefroy in 1874 and he records it as doing 
 well up to 1877. 
 
 Hardenbergia Comptoniana Lindl.. Compton 's Hardenbergta, Australian, 
 a woody vine, the leaves with 3 or 5 leaflets lA'-o' long, the small violet flowers 
 in racemes, the pod leathery, IV long, Avas raised from seed by Lefroy and 
 flowered at Mt. Langton as recorded by him. 
 
 Anthyllis Barba-Jovis L., Jove's Beard, of southern Eurojio, recorde.l 
 by Lefroy as introduced in 1874 and living in 1877, is a tall, pinnate-leaved 
 shrub, the foliage silky tomentose, the light yellow flowers capitate. 
 
 Lotus jacobaeus L.. Cape Yerde Lotus, described by Reade as frequently 
 cultivated as a garden flower, and occasional in cultivated grounds as a weed 
 and said by H. B. Small to be ''not common yet, but seems thriving" was not 
 known to Lefroy as Bermudian, nor is it otherwise recorded, nor has it been 
 found by recent collectors. It is a low shrubby plant with 3-foliolate leaves, 
 the sessile leaflets oblanceolate to linear, the showy flowers capitate on long 
 peduncles, the standard dark purple. 
 
190 FABACEAE. 
 
 Bradburya virginiana (L.) Kuntze, Spurred Butterfly Pea, North 
 American and West Indian, listed as Bermudian by Eein, has not been found 
 by subsequent collectors. It is an herbaceous vine with purplish pea-like 
 flowers and narrow linear flat pods. [Centrosema virginiana Benth.] 
 
 Balsamocarpon brevifolium Clos., a Chilian shrub, grown from seed by 
 Lefroy in 1875, failed to survive. 
 
 Lefroy records the existence of an indigenous species of Aeschynomene, 
 resembling a small Mimosa at Paynter's Vale, but a thorough search of that 
 locality at different times in the season has failed to reveal its presence there 
 at this time. 
 
 Lefroy also records the introduction of a species of Argyrolohium in 1874, 
 which lived until 1877. 
 
 Order 18. GERANIALES. 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually with petals, and these separate (want- 
 ing in most Euphorbiaceae, and* in some species of Zanthoxylum in Ruta- 
 ceae) ; sepals mostly distinct; stamens few, rarely more than tw^ice as many 
 as the sepals, opposite tliem when as many; ovary superior, mostly com- 
 pound ; ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. 
 
 Petals present, usually as many as the sepals. 
 
 Tissues of the plant devoid of secreting cells or glands. 
 Styles united around a column from which 
 
 mature. 
 Styles distinct, or permanently united. 
 
 Calyx irregular, one of the sepals spurred 
 or saccate. 
 Anthers separate ; carpels 1-ovuled. 
 Anthers united ; carpels several-ovuled. 
 Calyx regular, the sepals all alike. 
 
 Filaments united below or at the base ; 
 herbs. 
 Stamens as many as the sepals ; leaves 
 
 simple. 
 Stamens twice as many as the sepals ; 
 leaves compound. 
 Filaments separate. 
 
 Styles united ; leaves mostly com- 
 
 . pound. 
 Styles separate ; leaves simple. 
 Tissues of the plant with secreting cells or glands. 
 Leaves pimctate. 
 Leaves not punctate. 
 Carpels separate. 
 Carpels united. 
 
 Filaments separate. 
 Filaments united. 
 Flowers often apetalous, monoecious ; carpels mostly 3. 
 
 Family 1. GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Geranium Family. 
 
 Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clus- 
 tered perfect regular flowers. Stipules commonly present. Sepals 5 
 (rarely fewer), mostly persistent. Petals of the same number, hypogy- 
 nous. Stamens as many as the sepals, or 2-3 times as many, distinct; 
 anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 1, usually 5-lobed ; ovules 1 or 2 in each 
 cavity. Fruit capsular. Embryo straight or eurv^ed ; cotyledons flat or 
 plicate. About 12 genera and 470 species, natives of temperate regions, 
 most abundant in South Africa. 
 
 Corolla regular; calyx spurless. 1. Geranium. 
 
 Corolla somewhat irregular ; calyx spurred. 2. Pelargonium. 
 
 ley break 
 Fam. 1. 
 
 elastically when 
 
 GERANIACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 o 
 3.' 
 
 Tropaeolaceab. 
 Balsaminaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 4. 
 
 LiNACEAE. 
 
 B\nm. 
 
 5. 
 
 Oxalidaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 fi. 
 
 7. 
 
 Zygopiiyelaceae. 
 Malpighiaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 8. 
 
 RUTACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 9. 
 
 SURIAXACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 SlMAROrBACEAE. 
 
 Meeiaceae. 
 Euphorbiaceae. 
 
GERANIACEAE. 
 
 191 
 
 1. G. caroHnianum. 
 
 2. G. pusilluiii. 
 
 1. GERANIUM L. 
 
 Herbs with stipulate, palmately lobed, cleft or divided leaves, and axillary 
 1-2-flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, 5-merous. Sepals 5, imbricated. 
 Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), generally 5 longer 
 and 5 shorter. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked with the compound style. Ovules 
 2 in each cavity. Capsule elastically dehiscent, the 5 cavities 1-seeded and long 
 tailed by the persistent style-divisions which are naked on the inner side. 
 [Greek, a crane, from the long beak of the fruit.] About 190 species, widely 
 distributed in temperate regions. Type species: Geranium sylvaticum L. 
 
 Seeds finely reticulated ; beak of fruit about V long. 
 Seeds smooth ; beak of fruit about 5" long. 
 
 1. Geranium carolinianum L. 
 
 Carolina Crane's-bill. (Fig. 211.) 
 Annual, erect, generally branched, 
 stout, 6'-15' high, loosely pubescent 
 with spreading often glandular gray 
 hairs. Leaves reniform-orbicular, 1'- 
 3' wide, deeply cleft into 5-9 oblong 
 or obovate cuneate toothed or lobed 
 segments; peduncles rather short and 
 stout; tiowers in compact clusters, 
 pale pink or whitish, 4"-7" broad ; 
 sepals ovate, ciliate, about equalling 
 the obovate emarginate petals; ovary- 
 lobes hispid-pubescent ; persistent 
 filaments not longer than the carpels; 
 beak nearly V long; seeds finely 
 reticulated. [G. dissectum of Le- 
 froy.] 
 
 Frequent in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of eastern 
 North America. Flowers in spring and 
 summer. 
 
 2. Geranium pusillum Burm. f. 
 
 Small-flowered Crane's-bill. (Fig. 
 212.) Widely branching, slender, pu- 
 bescent or villous, 4-16' long. Leaves 
 petioled, reniform orbicular, V-li' 
 wide, deeply divided into 7-9 oblong, 
 or sometimes linear-oblong, entire or 
 3-toothed, cuneate lobes; peduncles 
 short, 3"-9" long; pedicels 3"-5" 
 broad; petals notched; capsule-lobes 
 hairy, keeled, not wrinkled ; beak about 
 o" long, canescent ; seeds smooth. 
 
 Recorded as found in Bermuda by 
 .Tones, Lefroy, Ilemsley and II. B. Small, 
 but not recently collected, and not men- 
 tioned by Reade. Native of Europe. 
 Naturalized in the United States. 
 
192 
 
 GERAXIACEAE. 
 
 2. PELARGONIUM L 'Her. 
 
 Mostly perennial herbs, sometimes woody, the leaves various, the flowers 
 clustered. Sepals 5, unequal, one of them with a spur adnate to the pedicel. 
 Petals usually 5, the two upper somewhat larger than the 3 lower. Stamens 
 10, not all anther-bearing. Ovary beaked by the compound style, the styles 
 pubescent on the inner side, coiling when separating from the axis. Seeds 
 smooth, pitted or wrinkled. [Greek, the fruit similar to the bill of a stork.] 
 Perhaps 200 species, mostly natives of South Africa. Type species: Pelar- 
 gonium hirsutum (L.) Soland. 
 
 1. Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L'Her. 
 Capitate Garden Geeaxium. (Fig. 213.) 
 Spreading or trailing, somewhat woody, the 
 branches 1° long or more, pubescent with long 
 hairs. Leaves orbicular to reniform, 2'-3' 
 wide, shallowly lobed, the lobes rounded and 
 toothed, the petioles as long as the blades or 
 shorter; umbels axillary, long-peduncled, capi- 
 tate; petals purple, about 6" long; carpels 
 about 2" long, pubescent ; seeds finely wrinkled. 
 [Geranium capitatum L.] 
 
 Borders of woods, Paynter's Yale, 1909. Nat- 
 uralized. Native of southei*n Africa. Occasionally 
 planted for ornament. Naturalized in southern 
 California. 
 
 Many kinds of Garden Geraniums of this 
 genus, especially double-flowered races, grow 
 luxuriantly in Bermuda gardens, with flowers 
 from white to scarlet. Most of these are hy- 
 brids between P. sonale and P. inquinans. 
 
 Pelargonium peltatum (L.) Ait., Ivy-leaved Geranium, South African, 
 a trailing or straggling species, with succulent foliage, somewhat zigzag stems 
 about 2°, long, slender-petioled peltate 5-lobed nearly orbicular leaves IV-S' 
 broad, and long few-flowered peduncles, the red to white petals about twice 
 as long as the calyx, is occasionally gi-own in flower-gardens. 
 
 Pelargonium exstipulatum Ait., also South African, is a bushy species 
 li°-2° high, with slender-petioled, finely velvety, subcordate shallowly 3-lobed 
 and toothed leaves about 1' broad, and few white flowers, the petals about V 
 long. A plant agreeing with the description of this species was observed in 
 the Montrose garden m 1913. 
 
 Pelargonium terebinthinaceum (Cav.) J. K. Small, Eose Geranium, 
 South African, commonly planted, is strong-scented, pubescent, 2°-3° high, with 
 petioled leaves nearly orbicular in outline, palmately 3-7-lobed, with toothed 
 or pinnatifid segments; the pink or purplish flowers are in peduncled cymes, 
 the petals 6' -8" long. [Geranium tereMnthinaceum Cav.; P. graveolens Ait.] 
 
TROPAEOLACEAE. 
 
 193 
 
 Family 2. TROPAEOLACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Xasturtium Family. 
 
 Herbs, spreading or climbing, with petioled, often peltate leaves, and 
 large, irregular perfect flowers, mostly solitary, axillary and peduncled. 
 Calyx produced posteriorly into a spur, 5-lobed. Petals normally 5, the 
 upper more or less unlike the lower. Stamens 8, declined, unequal; fila- 
 ments distinct. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed; style filiform. Ovules solitar\' 
 in each ovary cavity, pendulous. Carpels indehiscent, fleshy, at length 
 separating. Seeds without endosperm. Only the following genus, inter- 
 esting and peculiar in the structure of its flowers. 
 
 1. TEOPAEOLUM L. 
 
 About 40 species, natives of Central and South America, the following 
 typical one widely cultivated. [Greek, turning, or change.] 
 
 1. Tropaeolum majus L. Gaedex 
 Nasturtium. (Fig. 214.) Annual, 
 succulent, glabrous; stems weak, spread- 
 ing, 1° long or more. Leaves long- 
 petioled, peltate below the middle, flac- 
 cid, nearly orbicular, lJ'-4' broad, radi- 
 ately veined, the margin slightly re- 
 pand; peduncles about as long as the 
 petioles; flowers l'-2^' broad, yellow to 
 orange; spur often 1' long; fruit 3- 
 lobed, depressed-globose, about *' broad. 
 
 Commonly and highly successfully 
 grown in flower-gardens and occasionally 
 escaped into waste places. Native of Peru. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. The 
 fruits make good pickles, and the young 
 leaves are sometimes used in salads. 
 Both double-flowered and dwarf races are 
 in cultivation, and forms supposed to be of 
 hybrid origin exist. 
 
 Family 3. BALSAMINACEAE Lindl. 
 Jewel-weed Family. 
 
 Succulent herbs, with alternate thin simple dentate petioled leaves, and 
 showy mostly very irregular axillary flowers. Sepals 3, the 2 lateral ones 
 small, gTeen, nerved, the posterior one large, petaloid, saccate, sinirred. 
 Petals 5, or 3 with 2 of them 2-cleft into ^dissimilar lobes. Stamens 5, 
 short ; filaments appendaged by scales on their inner side and more or less 
 united ; anthers coherent or connivent. Ovarv^ oblong, 5-celled ; style short, 
 or none; stigma 5-toothed or 5-lobed; ovules several in each cavity. Fruit 
 in the following genus an oblong or linear capsule, elastically dehiscent 
 
 14 
 
194 BALSAMINACEAE. 
 
 into 5 spirally coiled valves, expelling the oblong ridged seeds. Endo- 
 sperm none; embryo nearly straight; cotyledons flat. Later flowers small, 
 cleistogamous, apetalous. About 250 species, mostly natives of tropical 
 Asia. The family consists of the following genus and the monotypic 
 Asiatic Hydrocera. 
 
 1. IMPATIENS L. 
 
 Characters of family, as given above. [Name in allusion to the elastically 
 bursting pods.] 
 
 Impatiens Balsamina L., Garden Balsam, Snap-weed, Indian, commonly 
 cultivated in gardens, is an annual herb, l°-3° tall, with oblanc 3olate, sharply 
 toothed, petioled leaves and clustered rose-colored to white flowers, the hairy 
 ovoid capsules about 10" long. [7. liortensis of Jones and Eeade.] 
 
 Impatiens Sultani Hook, f., Eed Balsam, from Zanzibar, a succulent an- 
 nual 2° high or less, with thin serrate slender-petioled acute leaves 2-3' long, 
 the rose-red flowers solitary on axillary peduncles, is grown in flower-borders. 
 A race with white flowers is known, and this was, apparently, represented in 
 1914, in the garden at Orange Valley. 
 
 Family 4. LINACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Flax Family. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs, with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers. 
 Stipules mostly small or none. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricated, persistent. 
 Petals of the same number and alternate with the sepals, imbricated, gen- 
 erally contorted. Stamens of the same number, alternate with the petals; 
 filaments monadelphous at the base; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary 1, 
 2-o-celled, or by false septa 4-10-celled. Ovules anatropous. Styles 2-5. 
 Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds 1-2 in each cavity, oily; endosperm little or 
 none; embrvo straight; cotyledons flat. Some 14 genera and about 160 
 species of wide distribution. 
 
 1. LINTJM L. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with sessile leaves, and perfect 
 flowers. Inflorescence cymose, racemose or paniculate. Stipules a pair of 
 glands, or wanting. Sepals 5. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 5, sometimes 
 with interspersed staminodia. Ovary 4-5-celled, or 8-10-celled by false par- 
 titions, the real cavities 2-ovuled. Capsule 5-10-valved. [The classical Latin 
 name.] A few species, natives of temperate or warm regions, the following 
 typical. 
 
LINACEAE. 
 
 195 
 
 1. Linum usitatissimum L. 
 
 Flax. Linseed. (Eig. 215.) 
 Annual, often tufted, branch- 
 ing above, l°-2° high; leaves 
 alternate, 3-nerve(l, lanceolate, 
 i'-lV long, l"-3" Avide; inflo- 
 rescence a terminal cymose leafy 
 panicle; flowers 6"-8" broad; 
 pedicels slender; sepals oval, 
 acuminate, the interior ones 
 eiliate and 3-ribbed; petals ob- 
 cuneate, crenulate, blue, twice 
 the length of the sepals; cap- 
 sule ovoid-conic, 3''-4" long, in- 
 dehiscent, the septa not eiliate. 
 
 Occasional in waste places. 
 Introduced, Native of Europe. 
 Naturalized in North America. 
 Flowers in spring and summer. 
 Flax is not cultivated in Bermuda. 
 
 Linum grandiflorum Desf., 
 Flowering Flax, North Afri- 
 can, frequent in flower-gardens, 
 is a glabrous, branched annual 
 about 2° high, with lanceolate 
 acute leaves about V long, and many slender-pedicelled flowers, the red obovate 
 spreading petals much longer than the pointed sepals, the depressed-globose 
 capsules about 4" broad. 
 
 Erjrthroxylon Coca Lam., Cocaine Tree, Peruvian, of the related family 
 Erythroxylaceae, a small glabrous tree, with alternate, oval to oval-obovate, 
 short-petioled stipulate obtuse simple leaves l'-3' long, dark green above, 
 pale and with two faint lines nearly parallel with the margin beneath, small 
 pedicelled flowers solitary or few in the axils, the calyx 5-cleft, the corolla of 
 5 white petals, the 10 stamens united below into a tube, the 3-celled ovary 
 ripening into a small drupe, was represented by a vigorous plant about 8° 
 high in the collection at the Agricultural Station in 1913. The drug, cocaine, 
 is derived from its leaves. 
 
 Family 5. OXALIDACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Wood-sorrel Fa:mily. 
 
 Leafy-stemmed or acaiilescent herbs, or rarely shnibs, often with root- 
 stocks or scaly bulbs, the sap sour. Leaves mostly palmately 3-foliolate, 
 in some tropical species pinnate, or entire and peltate; stipules com- 
 monly present as scarious expansions of the petiole-bases; leaflets mostly 
 obeordate. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like or forking- cymes, or solitary-, 
 sometimes cleistogamous ; peduncles mostly lonp:. Sepals 5, often un- 
 equal. Petals 5, white, pink, purple or yellow. Stamens 10-15. Ovaiy 
 5-celled, 5-lobed; styles united, or distinct; ovules 2-many in each cavity; 
 fruit a loeulieidal globose or columnar capsule, rarely liaccate. Embryo 
 
196 
 
 OXALIDACEAE. 
 
 straight, in fleshy endosperm, 
 chiefly of tropical distribution. 
 
 About 15 genera and over 300 species, 
 
 Plants acaulescent. 
 
 Plantis with elongated rootstocks. 
 
 Plants with coated bulbs. 
 Plants caulescent. 
 
 1. Bolboxalis. 
 
 2. lonoxalis. 
 
 3. Xanthoxalis. 
 
 1. BOLBOXALIS J. K. Small. 
 
 Perennial acaulescent herbs with bulblet-bearing rootstocks. Leaves long- 
 petioled, 3-foliolate, the leaflets sessile. Inflorescence long-peduncled, cymose, 
 the pedicels subtended by scale-like bracts. Sepals 5, each with 2 tubercles at 
 the apex. Petals 5, bright yellow, large. Stamens 10; filaments united at the 
 base, the longer ones appendaged. Styles slender. Stigmas capitate. [Greek, 
 bulbiferous Oxalis.]- About 6 African species, the following typical. 
 
 1. Bolboxalis cernua (Thunb.) J. 
 K. Small. XoDDiXG Yellow Wood- 
 sorrel. Bermlt)a Buttercup. (Fig. 
 216.) Scapes 16' high or less, erect, 
 longer than the leaves. Leaflets 
 broader than long, deeply obcordate, 
 somewhat pubescent beneath, 1^ 
 wide or less; cyme several-flowered; 
 pedicels pubescent, ^'-1' long; flowers 
 nodding, about li' wide; sepals lan- 
 ceolate, about 3" long; capsules about 
 4" long. [Oxalis cernua Thunb.] 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Escaped from cultivation. Native of 
 South Africa. Flowers in winter and 
 spring. Introduced also into Florida and 
 Mexico. A showy, yellow-flowered spe- 
 cies, much planted in Bermuda gardens. 
 
 2. lONOXALIS J. K. Small. 
 
 Perennial acaulescent herbs, with scaly bulbs. Leaves basal, the petioles 
 dilated at the base; the blades palmately 3-10-f oliolate ; leaflets notched at the 
 apex usually with orange tubercles in each sinus. Scapes erect, usually topped 
 by umbel-like cymes. Flowers perfect, heterogenous. Sepals 5, wdth tubercles 
 at the apex. Petals 5, rose-purple, rose-violet or white, much longer than the 
 sepals. Stamens 10; filaments usually pubescent, united at the base. Cap- 
 sule 5-celled. Seeds wrinkled, grooved or tubercled. [Greek, purple Oxalis.] 
 Over 50 species, natives of America. Type species: Oxalis violacea Ij. 
 
 Cymes compound ; leaflet-lobes rounded. 
 Cymes simple ; leaflet-lobes ovate. 
 
 1. I. Martiana. 
 
 2. /. intermedia. 
 
OXALIDACEAE. 
 
 197 
 
 1. lonoxalis Martiana (Zucc.) 
 J. K. Small. Martius ' Purple 
 Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 217.) Scapes 
 villous, 1° high or less, as long as the 
 leaves or longer; bulb-scales 3-ribbed. 
 Leaflets 3, broadly obovate-obcordate, 
 l'-2V broad, broadly cuneate at the 
 ses'sile base, somewhat pubescent, their 
 lobes rounded, the petioles loosely 
 villous ; cymes several-many-flowered, 
 compound; pedicels V-^¥ long; sepals 
 3" long or less; petals violet to rose- 
 purple, 6"-8" long; longer filaments 
 pubescent, the shorter mostly gla- 
 brous. 
 
 A pernicious weed in cultivated 
 grounds, difficult to eradicate. Natural- 
 ized. Native of Brazil. Naturalized in 
 the southern United States and in the 
 West Indies. Flowers from autumn to 
 spring. [Oxalis riohicea of Lefroy and 
 of Reade ; Oxalis Martiana Zuccl known 
 locally as Sour-sop, as is the following 
 species. 
 
 2. lonoxalis intermedia (A. 
 Eich.) J. K. Small. Cuban Purple 
 Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 218.) Scapes 
 1° high or less, glabrous or pubescent, 
 as long as the leaves or longer ; bulb- 
 scales several-ribbed. Leaflets 3, 
 much broader than long, sessile, their 
 lobes ovate, obtuse, glabrous above, 
 more or less pubescent beneath, the 
 petioles sparingly pubescent; cymes 
 simple, 5-12-flowered; pedicels gla- 
 brous, 5"-10" long, very slender; 
 sepals ovate, 2"-3" long; petals 
 violet, 5'-7" long; longer filaments 
 very pubescent, the shorter ones 
 slightly so. [Oxalis intermedia A. 
 Eichard.] 
 
 Superabundal as a weed in fields 
 between Castle Harbor and Harrington 
 Sound, 1012. Native of Cuba. Natural- 
 ized in the Bahamas. St. rroix, Guade- 
 hipe and Martinique. Flowers from 
 autumn to spring. 
 
 3. XANTHOXALIS J. K. Small. 
 Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate; 
 stipules obsolete; blades palmately 3-foliolate; leaflets broadly obcordate, nearly 
 sessile. Flowers perfect, heterogonous or homogenous. Sepals 5, narrow, imbri- 
 cated. Corolla yellow, sometimes with a darker eye. Petals 5, surpassing the 
 sepals, rounded or notched at the apex. Stamens 10 ; filaments glabrous or the 
 longer ciliate. Capsule more or less elongated, columnar or narrowed upward, 
 angled, 5-celled. Seeds several in each cavity, transversely ridged or tuberculate 
 
198 
 
 OXALIDACEAE. 
 
 by broken ridges. [Greek, yellow oxalis.] About 50 species, of wide dis- 
 tribution. Type species: Oxalis corniculata L. 
 
 Stems creeping, like the branches, with scattered lax hairs. 1. X. corniculata. 
 
 Stems not creeping, like the branches, closely pubescent with ap 
 
 pressed hair 
 
 2. Xanthoxalis stricta (L.) J. 
 K. Small. Upright Yellow Wood- 
 sorrel. (Fig. 220.) Stems tufted 
 on woody rootstocks, or sometimes 
 from annual roots, strigillose. Leaves 
 usually numerous; leaflets bright 
 green, 4"-8" broad, glabrous or with 
 a few scattered hairs; pedicels strigil- 
 lose; sepals oblong or linear-lanceo- 
 late, 2"-3" long, sparingly ciliate, 
 more or less pubescent on the back; 
 petals 3"-6" long, pale or yellow; 
 longer filaments glabrous; capsules 
 stout, columnar, 8"-15" long. [Ox- 
 alis stricta L. ; 0. corniculata stricta 
 Sav. ; ?0. Dillenii of Eeade.] 
 
 2. X. stricta. 
 1. Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) 
 J. K. Small. Yellow Procumbent 
 Wood-sorrel. Stem branched at 
 the base, the branches 2'-15' long, 
 creeping, somewhat pubescent with 
 spreading or loosely appressed hairs; 
 leaflets deep green, 3"-6'' broad or 
 sometimes larger, ciliate and com- 
 monly with scattered hairs on the 
 surface; pedicels minutely strigil- 
 lose; sepals oblong to oblong-lance- 
 olate, ciliate at the apex or only 
 near it; petals 3"-5" long; filaments 
 glabrous; capsule 4"-7" long. [Ox- 
 alis corniculata L. ; 0. micropliylla 
 of Lefroy; 0. repens of Reade.] 
 
 Abundant in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Introduced. Widely dis- 
 tributed in warm and tropical regions. 
 Probably native of tropical America. 
 Flowers from autumn to summer. 
 
 Occasional in waste and cultivated 
 grounds, flowering in spring and sum 
 Native of temperate North America 
 
 -- ^ 
 
 Candoxalis Bowieana (Lodd.) J. K. Small, Bowie's Wood Sorrel, South 
 African, a very decorative species with orbicular-obovate rounded leaflets and 
 scapose purple flowers lV-2' wide, its rootstocks bearing distant pointed 
 tubers, is planted in many gardens, flowering in winter. [Oxalis Bowieana 
 Lodd.] 
 
 Michaux's record of Oxalis Acetosella L., of boreal North America and 
 Europe, as Bermudian, is manifestly an error. 
 
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 199 
 
 Family 6. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindl. 
 Caltrop Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, the branches often 
 jointed to the nodes. Leaves mostly opposite, stipulate, pinnate, or 2-3- 
 foliolate, the leaflets entire. Stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, axil- 
 lary, peduncled. Sepals usually 5, distinct, or united by their bases. 
 Petals the same number as the sepals, or none. Stamens as many as the 
 petals, or 2-3 times as many, inserted on the base of the receptacle, the 
 alternate ones sometimes longer; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehis- 
 cent; filaments usually with a small scale at the base or near the middle. 
 Ovary 4-12-celled; style terminal; stigma usually simple; ovules 1-nu- 
 merous in each cavity, pendulous or ascending. Fruit various. About 20 
 genera and 160 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. 
 
 Guaiacum officinale L., Lignum Vitae, West Indian, a small tree with 
 evenly pinnate leaves of few broad leaflets, I'-IA' long, and large clusters of 
 blue flowers, is occasional in gardens, A tree at Pembroke Hall Avas about 30° 
 high in 1913, 
 
 Zygophyllum foetidum Schrad. & Wendl., Bean Caper, South African, a 
 low shrubby plant with 2-foIiolate leaves, the obovate leaflets glabrous, the 
 nodding flowers axillary and solitary, is mentioned by Eeade as growing in the 
 Public Park prior to 1883. 
 
 Family 7. MALPIGHIACEAE Vent. 
 Malpighia Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, or shrubby herbs, wath erect or climbing stems. 
 Leaves mostly opposite, entire; stipules sometimes present. Flowers usu- 
 ally perfect, solitary or in temiinal racemes, coiymbs or umbel-like clusters. 
 Calyx of 5, usually imbricated, sepals. Corolla of 5 mostly equal clawed, 
 convolute petals, or rarely wanting. Stamens 5-10, perfect or partly 
 sterile; filaments often united at the base; anthers 2-celled, often with 
 enlarged connectives. Gynoecium of 2-4, or usually 3 carpels; ovar>' 1- 
 celled, sometimes crested. Ovules solitary in each cavity, nearly orthotro- 
 pous. Fruit of 2-3 pulpy or hard dilipes, or sometimes capsular or nut- 
 like. Seeds pendulous; endosperm wanting; embryo with thick often un- 
 equal cotyledons. About 60 genera and 700 species, in warm and tropical 
 regions. Most of the species of Malpighia bear stinging hairs. 
 
 Malpighia punicifolia L., French Cherry, West Indian Cherry, of 
 tropical America, a shrub, or small tree up to 15° high, with rather thin, ob- 
 long to obovate, obtuse, short-petioled leaves l'-3' long, axillary cymes of 
 small pink flowers, followed by scarlet or red drupes 5"-8" in diameter, 
 pleasantly acid and edible, is frequently grown in gardens. 
 
 Malpighia setosa Spreng., recorded, with doubt, by Lefroy. has similar 
 flowers and fruit but its leaves are abruptly pointed, undulate-dentate, pubes- 
 cent beneath. It is native of Hispaniola and not known in Bermuda now. 
 
 Malpighia iirens L., Stinging Cherry, West Indian, recorded by Jones, 
 is also a shrub or a small tree, with oblong to obovate, entire leaves, pink 
 flowers, and edible, red fruits about 5" in diameter. 
 
 Thryallls glauca (Cav.) Kuntze, Pale Thryallis, Central American, 
 seen in flower at Bellevue in 1913, is a slender shrub about 5° high, with 
 thin oblong, slender-petioled leaves 21' long or less, and racemose or narrowly 
 paniculate showy yellow flowers about f broad on slender pedicels, the fruit 
 3-lobed capsules 2''-3" long. 
 
200 
 
 MALPIGHIACEAE. 
 
 Family 8. RUTACEAE Juss. 
 
 Rue Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with heavy-seented and glandular-punc- 
 tate foliage, mainly compound estipulate leaves, and perfect or polyg- 
 amo-dioecious flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals 4 or 5, hypogy- 
 nous or perigynous. Stamens of the same number, or twice as many, 
 distinct, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers 2-eelled, mostly versatile. Disk 
 annular. Pistils 2-5, distinct, or 1 and compound of 2-5 carpels. Fruit 
 various. Endosperm generally fleshy, sometimes none. About 110 genera 
 and 950 species, most abundant in South Africa and Australia. 
 
 1. ZanthoxyUim. 
 
 2. Citrus. 
 
 Leaves pinnately compound ; fruit capsular. 
 
 Leaves 1-foliolate ; fruit a large berry with a rind. 
 
 1. ZANTHOXYLUM L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate leaves, the twigs and petioles 
 commonly prickly. Flowers axillary or terminal, cymose, whitish or greenish, 
 mostly small. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals imbricated. Staminate flowers 
 with 4 or 5 hypogynous stamens. Pistillate flowers with 2-5 distinct pistils, 
 rarely with some stamens. Carpels 2-ovuled. Pods 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seeds 
 short, black and shining. [Greek, yellow-wood.) (About 150 species, of 
 temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Zanthoxylum Clava-herculis L. 
 
 1. Zanthoxylum flavum A'ahl., 
 Yellow-wood. Satix-wood. (Fig. 
 221.) An unarmed evergreen shrub 
 or smooth-barked tree, with spread- 
 ing branches, its twigs, foliage and 
 inflorescence tomentose, or glabrate 
 in age. Leaf-blades pinnately com- 
 pound, 4'-12' long; leaflets 5-11, the 
 blades oblong or ovate, or the ter- 
 minal one oval, lJ'-3' long, obtuse, 
 rounded at the apex, slightly crenate 
 or nearly entire, inequilateral, short- 
 petioled, shining above, pubescent with 
 stellate hairs when young, becoming 
 glabrous; panicles 3'-6' long; pedicels 
 i"-li" long; flowers in terminal 
 cym.es ; calyx about I" broad ; sepals 
 triangular-ovate, acutish; petals 5, 
 oblong or oblong-ovate, recurved, 
 thickish; stamens longer than the 
 petals ; ovary glandular-punctate ; 
 carpels obovoid, 3" long, glandular- 
 punctate ; seeds lenticular, 2" broad, 
 faintly reticulated, black. [Zanthox-^ 
 alum aromaticitm of A'errill; Z. Clava-Herculis of Lefroy and of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Rocky woodlands between Harrington Sound and Castle Harbor. Two large 
 trees and some 15 small ones known only. Native. Florida and the West Indies. 
 Flowers in autumn. 
 
 The large tree recorded by Lefroy as 30-J- inches in girth about 1872, was, 
 in December, 1912, 331 inches (83 cm.) in girth; it bears Lefroy 's initials 
 (RHL), presumably cut by himself; it had thus increased less than 3 inches 
 in girth in 40 years. This tree flowered and fruited abundantly in September, 
 1913. The species was much more widely distributed in Bermuda many years 
 
EUTACEAE. 
 
 201 
 
 ago, but nearly exterminated by cutting for its valuable lumber, \Yhich was 
 exported to England; this business was restricted by gubernatorial proclama- 
 tion as early as 1632. Old records prove the occurrence of large trees on 
 Cooper's Island and on Ireland Island prior to 1693. 
 
 2. CITRUS L. 
 
 Shrubs and trees, with more or less spinescent branches, pervaded by a 
 
 fragrant volatile oil. Leaves persistent, 1-foliolate, leathery; the petiole often 
 
 winged. Flowers perfect, regular, axillary. Sepals united into a cup-like calyx. 
 
 Petals 5 or rarely 4-8, white, at least wathin, deciduous. Stamens 20-60 ; 
 
 filaments inserted around an annular or cup-like disk. Ovary several-celled, 
 
 superior; styles united, deciduous. Ovules several in each cavity. Berries 
 
 with a bitter oily rind. Seeds pale, several in each cavity (wanting in seedless 
 
 races); endosperm none; embryo with fleshy cotyledons. [Greek, citron.] 
 
 Some 30 described species, natives of Asia. Type species: Citrus medica L. 
 
 Petiole-wings broad ; fruit subglobose. 
 
 1. C vulgaris. 
 Petiole-wings narrow ; fruit oblong, com- 
 monly pointed. 2. G. Limonum. 
 
 1. Citrus vulgaris Eisso. Bitter 
 Orange. (Fig. 222.) A tree, up to 
 25° high, the young branches armed 
 with thorns. Leaflet ovate, 2^-5' 
 long, acute or acuminate, the petiole 
 broadly winged; flowers in cymes, 
 fragrant, the oblong petals about 9" 
 long; fruit subglobose, 3'-4' long, its 
 thick rind bitter, its pulp bitter and 
 sour. [C. iigaradia Loisel.] 
 
 "Woodlands and hillsides. Natural- 
 ized. Native of southern Asia. Natural- 
 ized in Florida and in the West Indies. 
 Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
 2. Citrus Limonum (L.) Eisso. 
 Lemon. (Fig. 223.) A tree up 
 to 20° high, the branches com- 
 monly thorny. Leaflet ovate or 
 elliptic, 4' long or less, cronate, 
 acute or rounded ; petiole nar- 
 rowly winged; flowers solitary or 
 in pairs in the axils; petals usu- 
 ally purplish without ; fruit ob- 
 long or ellipsoid, 21'-4' long, usu- 
 ally pointed, the rind thin, the 
 pulp sour. [C. Medica Limon L.] 
 
 Woodlands and hillsides. Spon- 
 taneous after cultivation and nat- 
 uralized. Native of southern Asia. 
 Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
202 EUTACEAE. 
 
 Citrus Aurantium L., Sweet Orange, Asiatic, Tvas formerly extensively 
 planted. It has entire leaflets with narrowly winged or merely margined 
 petioles and a globose orange yellow fruit with a separable rind and sweet 
 pulp. The home supply of oranges does not nearly meet the demand for 
 them, scale-insects being destructive. 
 
 Citrus Lima Lunan, Lime, Asiatic, is commonly planted. Its toothed 
 leaflets have wingless and marginless petioles, and the small acid fruit is 
 globose or oblong with a very thin rind. The tree has become almost natural- 
 ized locally. [Citrus Limetta Risso.] 
 
 Citrus Medica L., Citeon, Asiatic, is also planted. Its entire leaflets have 
 wingless and marginless petioles; the large fruit has a very thick rind^ used 
 for flavoring and for preserves. 
 
 Citrus decumana L., Grape-fruit, Pomelo, Shaddock, East Indian, 
 planted for its large, acid fruit, has hairy twigs and pedicels, broadly winged 
 petioles, and fruit up to 7' in diameter, globular or nearly so. There are 
 many varieties or races, the Forbidden Fruit being one of them, its fruit 
 smaller. Lefroy uses the name Citrus racemosus for the Grape-fruit. 
 
 Citrus nobilis Lour., Mandarin Orange, Chinese, has occasionally been 
 planted; it has lanceolate, slightly erenate leaflets, the petioles little winged, 
 and its fruit is more or less compressed, 2-2^' broad, the rind readily separable 
 from the sweet pulp. 
 
 Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson, Bergamot Lime, of tropical 
 Asia, frequent in gardens, is a spiny shrub about 6° high, its short-petioled 
 leaves mostly trifoliolate, the erenate leaflets IV long or less, its fragrant 
 white flowers about 1' broad, in cymes or solitary, its fruit a red, few-seeded 
 oval berry about V long. [Limonia trifolia Burm. f . ; T. Aurantiola Lour. ; 
 Limonia crenulata of Jones.] 
 
 Chalcas exotica (L.) Millsp., Martinique Laurel, Asiatic, a shrub with 
 small pinnate dark green leaves of about 5 entire leaflets, small white corymbose 
 fragrant flowers with five petals and ten stamens, the fruit a small berry, is 
 commonly planted for ornament. [Murraya exotica L.] 
 
 Ruta graveolens L., Garden Rue, European, occasional in gardens, is an 
 odorous herb l°-3° high, with biternately divided, glandular-punctate leaves, 
 and small yellowish flowers in terminal panicled cymes, the sepals and petals 
 4 or 5, the fruit 4-lobed or 5-lobed capsules about 5" broad. 
 
 Clausena excavata Burm., Wampee, East Indian, a tree, with pinnate, 
 pubescent leaves of 15-30 ovate, oblique leaflets, small panicled 4-parted 
 flowers, the berry-like, oblong fruit about 8" long, is recorded by Lefroy and 
 by Reade as seen by them in a few gardens. [CooJcia punctata Retz.] 
 
 Chloroxylon Chloroxylon (Eoxb.) Britton, Satinwood, East Indian, a 
 tree with pinnate leaves 7'-10' long, of 11-21 small short-stalked, obliquely 
 oblong entire punctate leaflets, and small pedicelled flowers in large terminal 
 clusters, the fruit oblong large capsules, is recorded by Lefroy as introduced 
 at Mt. Langton. [Siuietenia Chloroxylon Roxb. ; Chloroxylon Sivietenia DC] 
 
 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC, Glycosmis, East Indian, a shrub 
 4°-9° high with thin 1-3-foliolate oblong-lanceolate to ovate leaves 3 J '-8' 
 long, small white axillary flowers in short panicles, the petals 4 or 5, the 
 stamens 8 or 10, the berries whitish or pink, about 5" in diameter, is grown 
 in a few gardens. [Li^nonia pentaphylla Retz.; G. citrifolia Lindl.] 
 
 Spathelia simplex L., Pride-of-the-Mountain, Jamaican, is a remarkable 
 tree with slender unbranched trunk up to 50° high scarred by the bases of 
 fallen leaves, the large pinnate finely velvety leaves up to 3° long, clustered 
 
RUTACEAE. 
 
 203 
 
 at the top, with 45-81 sessile lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate 
 crenate leaflets; at maturity a very large terminal panicle of showy purple 
 flowers appears above the leaves, the petals about 3" long, and the 3-\vinge(l 
 fruits are about 1' long. The tree dies after ripening its fruit. It has been 
 planted in Bermuda. 
 
 Correa alba Audr., White Correa, Australian, taken to Mount Langton 
 from the Kew York Botanical Garden in 1913, is a shrub with opposite, simple, 
 ovate leaves, pubescent beneath, blunt at the apex, l'-2' long, and white' 
 flowers about 10" broad, clustered mostly in 4 's at the ends of branches, the 
 fruit a leathery capsule. 
 
 Diosma vulgaris Schl., Common Diosma, South African, taken to Mt. 
 Langton from the same source in 1913, is a low shrub, l°-2° high, with 
 linear, convex acuminate leaves V long or less, and small white corymbose 
 flowers. 
 
 Family 9. SURIANACEAE Lindi. 
 
 SuEiANA Family. 
 
 Shrubs of tropical coasts. Leaves alternate, narrow, rather fleshy. 
 Flowers perfect, solitary, or in few-flowered terminal clusters. Calyx of '5 
 persistent sepals. Corolla of 5 imbricated petals with claws. Stamens 10 ; 
 filaments slender, those opposite the petals shorter, or sometimes obsolete. 
 Disk adnate to the base of the calyx or obsolete. Carpels 5, distinct, oppo- 
 site the petals, pubescent, 1-celled ; styles filiform ; stigmas capitate. Ovules 
 2, collateral, ascending, campylotropous. Fruit achene-like. Seeds with 
 a horseshoe-shaped embrj^o and thick incumbent cotyledons. Only the 
 following monotypic genus. 
 
 Characters of the family, 
 seilles.] 
 
 SURL^NA L. 
 
 [Dedicated to Joseph Donat Surian of Mar- 
 
 1. Suriana maritima L. Tassel 
 Plamt. (Fig. 224.) A branched 
 shrub 3°-8° tall, rarely a small 
 tree, with softly pubescent foliage. 
 Leaves numerous and approximate, 
 lineal -spatulate, V-2" long, entire, 
 nerveless; flower-clusters not sur- 
 passing the leaves; sepals ovate, 
 3"-4" long, acuminate; petals yel- 
 low, broadened upward, about as 
 long as the sepals; fruit 4''-5" 
 broad, the achene-like carpels finely 
 pubescent. 
 
 Common on beaches and coastal 
 rocks. Native. Florida and the West 
 Indies. Flowers in spring and sum- 
 mer. Bermuda is the type locality 
 for this species, one of the most 
 characteristic coastal plants, some- 
 times growing in large colonies- 
 
204 SIMAROUBACEAE. 
 
 Family 10. SIMAROUBACEAE DC. 
 
 AiLAXTHUs Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, and mainly alternate and pinnate, 
 not punctate leaves. Stipules minute or none. Inflorescence axillary, 
 paniculate or racemose. Flowers regular, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 
 3-5-lobed or divided. Petals 3-5. Disk annular or elongated, entire or 
 lobed. Stamens of the same number as the petals, or twice as many; 
 anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 2-5, or single and 2-5-lobed, 1-5-celled; styles 
 1-5. Seeds generally solitary in the cavities. About 30 genera and 150 
 species, natives of warm or tropical regions. There are no native nor 
 naturalized species of this family in Bermuda. 
 
 Ailanthus glandulosa Desf., Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, a large smooth- 
 barked tree, with odd-pinnate deciduous leaves, the leaflets ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, the small greenish dioecious flowers in large panicles followed, on 
 the pistillate tree, by clusters of narrow samaras, is commonly planted for 
 shade and ornament. 
 
 Quassia amara L., Bitterwood, South American, a large tree with very 
 bitter wood, pinnate leaves with a winged rachis, and large red flowers in 
 terminal clusters, was grown at Mount Langton, prior to 1879, but its subsequent 
 disappearance is recorded by H. B, Small. 
 
 Family 11. MELIACEAE Vent. 
 
 Mahogany Family. 
 
 Shrubs, trees, or sometimes shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate, without 
 stipules, pinnately compound, sometimes thrice pinnate. Inflorescence 
 paniculate. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, regular. Calyx of 3-5 
 imbricated or rarely valvate sepals. Corolla of 3-5 distinct or somewhat 
 united petals which are sometimes adnate to the stamen-tube. Stamens 
 8-10, or rarely fewer or more, inserted at the base of the disk, filaments 
 united into a tube; anthers sessile or stalked. Carpels 3-5, united; ovary 
 3-5-eelled, free; styles united. Ovules 2-many in each cavity, anatropous. 
 Fruit a berry, capsule or drupe. Seeds sometimes winged; endosperm 
 wanting or fleshy; embryo with leafy cotyledons. About 50 genera, in- 
 cluding some 700 species, mostly tropical. 
 
 1. MKLIA L. 
 
 Trees, commonly with variegated wood and scarred branches. Leaves 
 alternate, unequally pinnate, often thrice compound, the leaflets often numer- 
 ous, the blades toothed. Flowers perfect, white or purple, in ample axillary 
 much-branched panicles. Sepals 5-6, imbricated. Disk annular. Petals 5-6, 
 distinct, narrow, contorted, spreading. Staminal tube nearly cylindric, dilated 
 at the mouth, 10-12-lobed, each lobe 2- or 3-cleft; anthers 10-12, erect. Ovary 
 subglobose, 3-6-celled; stigma 3-6-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous, 
 one above the other. Drupe leathery-fleshy, with a 1-5-eelled stone. Seed 
 solitary in each cavity, wingless; endosperm fleshy or very thick. [Greek, 
 from the similarity of the leaves to those of an Ash.] About 25 species, natives 
 of Asia, the following typical. 
 
MELIACEAE. 
 
 205 
 
 1. Melia Azedarach L. Pride of 
 India. China Tree. (Fig. 225.) A 
 large ornamental tree, reaching a height 
 of 45° and sometimes with a trunk 
 diameter of nearly 6°, its branches 
 spreading. Bark furrowed; leaves 
 twice compound, l°-3° long, petioled; 
 leaflets numerous, the blades ovate, 
 oval or elliptic, l'-3' long, acute or 
 short-acuminate, incised-serrate or 
 lobed, acute or subcordate at the base; 
 panicles long, open, about as long as 
 the peduncles; pedicels 2"-5" long; 
 sepals elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute; petals purplish, narrowly ob*long 
 or oblanceolate, about 5" long, obtuse, 
 spreading; drupes subglobose, 7"-10" 
 in diameter, yellow, smooth; seeds 
 lobed, very rough, wingless. 
 
 Common along roads and on hillsides. 
 Naturalized. Native of Asia. Widely naturalized in the southern United States 
 and the West Indies. Flowers in spring and summer. The tree loses its leaves for 
 some weeks during the winter ; though some individuals remain leafy much longer 
 than others. It is recorded as introduced into Bermuda about 1780. 
 
 Swietenia Mahagoni L., Mahogany, Floridian and West Indian, is a 
 large evergreen tree with bark separating in large thin scales, its pinnate 
 leaves composed of from 4 to 8 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, inequi- 
 lateral leathery leaflets; the small flowers are panicled; the fruit is a large 
 woody capsule, 5-valved from the base, with a woody axis. A few fine trees 
 exist in Bermuda, the old one at the Flatt's being one of the most elegant 
 individuals to be seen anywhere. 
 
 Svrietenia macrophylla King, Broad-lea\t:d Mahogany, of Honduras, 
 recently introduced, has much larger leaves, the leaflets up to 6' long, rather 
 thin, long-pointed; no trees have flowered as yet in Bermuda. In Porto Rico 
 it is of more rapid growth than the true Mahogany. 
 
 Cedrela odorata L., Spanish Cedar, West Indian, a tall tree, with nearly 
 smooth bark, pinnate leaves with 10-20 pairs of oblong-lanceolate entire 
 acuminate short-stalked leaflets 5-7' long, the small, yellowish flowers in 
 large terminal panicles, the woody capsules splitting from the top, has been 
 planted for shade and ornament. An elegant tree, about 40° high, in the 
 Public Garden, St. George's, had not flowered up to the spring of 1914. 
 
 Family 12. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Spurge Family. 
 
 Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky 
 sap. Leaves opposite, alternate or vertieillate. Flowers sometimes much 
 reduced and subtended by an involucre which somewhat resembles a 
 calyx, the number of parts"^in the floral whorls often different in the stam- 
 inate and pistillate flowers. Ovan^ usually 3-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each 
 cavity, pendulous; styles mostly 3, simple, divided, or many-cleft. Fruit 
 a mostly 3-lobed capsule, separating, often elastically, mto 3 2-valved 
 
206 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 carpels from a persistent axis. Seeds anatropoiis; embryo in fleshy or 
 oily endosperm^ the broad cotyledons almost filling the seed-coats. About 
 250 g-enera and over 4000 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Flowers not in an involucre ; sepals several. 
 Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. 
 Ovule 1 in each ovary-cavity. 
 Plants stellate-pubescent. 
 Plants with simple hairs, or glabrous. 
 
 Flowers spicate, the pistillate basal, or plants com- 
 pletely dioecious. 
 Sepals partially united. 
 Sepals 3, distinct. 
 Flowers racemose or panicled. the pistillate ones ter- 
 minal, or inflorescence cymose. 
 Leaves peltate : flowers racemose. 
 Leaves not peltate. ♦ 
 
 Flowers cymose. 
 Flowers racemose or panicled. 
 Flowers in an involucre: sepal 1, a mere scale. 
 Involucre regular or nearly so. 
 
 Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages. 
 Glands of the involucre without appendages. 
 
 Inflorescence of cymes in a terminal umbel ; stipules 
 
 wanting. 
 Cymes clustered : stipules gland-like. 
 Involucre irregular, oblique. 
 
 1. Fhyllanthus. 
 
 2. Croton. 
 
 3. Acalypha. 
 
 4. Mercurialis 
 
 Ricinus. 
 
 6. Jatropha. 
 
 7. Maniliot. 
 
 8. Chamaesyce. 
 
 9. Tithymahis. 
 
 10. Poinsettia. 
 
 11. Pedilanthus. 
 
 1. FHYLLANTHUS L. 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees). Leaves 
 alternate^ entire, often so arranged as to appear like the leaflets of a com- 
 pound leaf. Mowers monoecious, apetalous, a staminate and a pistillate one 
 together in the axils. Calyx mostly o-6-parted, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 
 usually 3. Ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 3, each 2-cleft. [Greek, leaf -flower, 
 the blossoms in some species being seated on leaf-like flattened branches.] 
 More than 400 species, natives of the tropical and temperate zones of both 
 hemispheres. Type species: Fhyllanthus Niruri L. 
 
 1. Fhyllanthus Niruri L. Ni- 
 ruri. (Fig. 226.) Annual, glabrous, 
 Stems erect or ascending, 4'-12' tall, 
 the branches spreading or recurving; 
 leaves alternate, small, thin, oblong 
 or slightly broadest above the 
 middle, li"-5" long, obtuse, short- 
 petioled, approximate on the branch- 
 lets; pedicels about V long; sepals 
 orbicular or oval, barely 1" long, the 
 outer ones orbicular, all abruptly 
 pointed; capsules 3-lobed, about 1" 
 broad, smooth; seeds about V long. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native in 
 Florida, the West Indies and tropical 
 continental America. Old World tropics. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. 
 
EUPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 207 
 
 Phyllanthus Emblica L., Emblic Myrobolax, of eastern Asia, a hand- 
 some specimen of which was seen in the Public Garden, St. George's, in 1913, 
 is a small tree, with slender branches, bearing numerous 2-ranked, linear, 
 light-green leaves 7"-9" long, 1*" wide; the minute, greenish flowers are borne 
 sessile in the axils and followed by globose, somewhat fleshy fruits 5"-8" in 
 diameter. The 2-ranked leaves give the foliage the aspect of being pinnately 
 compound. In India the bark and leaves are used in tanning and ab-o furnish 
 a brown-black dye; the fruit is used as a purgative medicine and in cooling 
 drinks. 
 
 2. CTROTON L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, strong-scented, stellate-pubescent. Leaves mostly alter- 
 nate, sometimes with 2 glands at the base of the blade. Flowers often spicate 
 or racemose. Staminate flowers uppermost; calyx 4-6-parted (usually o- 
 parted) ; petals usually present, but small or rudimentary, alternating with 
 glands; stamens 5 or more. Pistillate flowers below the staminate; calyx 5-10- 
 parted; petals usually wanting; ovary mostly 3-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity; 
 styles once, twice or many times 2-cleft. [The Greek name of the Castor-oil 
 plant.] About 700 species, mostly of warm and tropical regions, a few in the 
 temperate zones. Type species: Croton Tiglium L. 
 
 Perennial, shrubby; petals none. 1. C. punctatus. 
 
 Annual, herbaceous ; petals present in the staminate flowers. 2. C. monanthogynus. 
 
 1. Croton punctatus Jacq. 
 Beach Croton. (Fig. 227.) Per- 
 ennial, li°-3° tall, the branches 
 gray or rusty tomentose. Leaves 
 elliptic, oblong or ovate, V-2' 
 long, entire or merely undulate, 
 truncate or cordate at the base, 
 pale or whitish, puberulent above, 
 densely scaly-tomentose beneath ; 
 racemes few-flowered; flowers 
 monoecious or dioecious ; stami- 
 nate in racemes i'-l' long, short- 
 pedicelled; sepals 5-6, triangular, 
 nearly equal; petals wanting or 
 rudimentary ; stamens normally 12 ; 
 filaments pubescent ; pistillate 
 flowers 1-3 in a raceme; sepals 5, 
 equal, oblong or cuneate; petals 
 wanting; ovary 3-celled; capsules 
 subglobose, depressed, 2^"-4" long; 
 seeds about 3" long. 
 
 Sand dunes and sea beaches, 
 frequent. Native. Coast of the 
 
 southeastern United States, Cuba and Central America. Presumably transported to 
 Bermuda through the ocean. It is locally abundant along the south shores. Flow- 
 ers from spring to autumn. [C. maritimus Walt.] 
 
208 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 2. Croton monanthogynus Michx. 
 
 Single-fruited Croton. (Fig. 228.) 
 Main stem slender, 4-10' high, topped 
 by a 3-5-rayed leafy umbel with rays 
 forked or umbellately branched; 
 leaves ovate or oblong, V-l^' long; 
 staminate flowers clustered at the 
 ends of erect peduncles, with 3-5 
 unequal calyx-segments, the same 
 number of petals and scale-like glands, 
 and 3-8 stamens; pistillate flowers 
 mostly solitary, on recurved pedicels, 
 with 5 equal calyx-segments, no petals, 
 and 5 glands; capsule ovoid or ob- 
 long-ovoid, 2"-2J" long; seeds oval 
 or orbicular, variegated, minutely 
 pitted, shining. 
 
 Abundant in cultivated land, Coop- 
 er's Island, 1912. Introduced. Native 
 of the southeastern United States. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 Croton discolor Willd.^ Yellowish Croton, West Indian, mentioned by 
 Jones in 1873, and said by Reade in 1883 to have been introduced on account 
 of its ornamental foliage, is a stellate-pubescent shrub 3°-6° high, with oblong 
 leaves about 1' long, yellowish beneath, its flowers spieate, its small depressed- 
 globose capsules rough. 
 
 The ornamental garden Crotons belong to the genus Codiaeum especially 
 to Codiaeum variegatum. (See p. 219.) 
 
 3. ACALYPHA L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Stems mostly erect. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 
 Flowers in spikes or spike-like racemes, the staminate cluster peduncled, each 
 flower in the axil of a minute bractlet, with a 4-parted calyx and 8-16 stamens 
 united at their bases. Pistillate flowers subtended by a foliaeeous bract, 
 which often equals or overtops the staminate, the calyx 3-5-parted; stigmas 
 fringed or lacerate; petals wanting in both kinds of flowers; capsule usually 
 of 3 2-valved carpels, each 1-seeded. [Greek, nettle.] About 250 species, 
 mostly tropical and subtropical. Type species: Acalypha virginica L. 
 
 Acalypha hispida Burm. f., Chenile Plant, Philippine Medusa Plant, 
 East Indian, a shrub with ovate, toothed leaves, the red drooping spikes often 
 10' long, is planted for ornament. 
 
EUPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 209 
 
 1. Acalypha Wilkesiana Muell. 
 Arg. Match-me-if-you-can. Ja- 
 cob's Coat. (Fig. 229.) A shrub, 
 up to 8° high, the twigs appressed- 
 pubescent. Leaves ovate to ovate- 
 oblong, long-petioled, 4'-8' long, 
 acuminate at the apex, rounded or 
 subeordate at the base, finely 
 bluntly dentate, nearly glabrous; 
 variously colored; staminate spikes 
 slender, nearly as long as the upper 
 leaves, the pistillate shorter, their 
 bracts broadly triangular, deeply 
 incised. 
 
 Sparingly escaped into waste 
 grounds from hedges and gardens 
 where it is commonly planted for its 
 ornamental foliage. Native of the 
 Fiji Islands. [A. tricolor of Lefroy 
 and of H. B. Small?; Coleus scutel- 
 larioides of A. H. Moore.] 
 
 4. MERCURIAIilS [Tourn.] L. 
 Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite, entire or 
 often toothed. Flowers mostly dioecious, apetalous. Staminate flowers in 
 more or less elongated spikes or racemes, the calyx membranous, of 3 valvate 
 sepals; stamens 8-20; filaments distinct; anthers opening lengthwise. Pis- 
 tillate flowers with 3 sepals; ovary 2-celled; styles 2, distinct or nearly so; 
 
 stigmas entire. Ovules solitary in 
 each cavity. Capsule usually 2-lobed. 
 Seed solitary in each cavity, with 
 a smooth or tuberculate crustaceous 
 testa. [The herb of Mercury.] About 
 7 species, the following typical, all 
 natives of the Old World. 
 
 1. Mercurialis annua L. Herb 
 Mercury. Mockery. Stinkweed. 
 (Fig. 230.) Annual, glabrous. Stems 
 8-2° tall, more or less branched; 
 leaf-blades thinnish, ovate to lanceo- 
 late, acute or slightly acuminate, ser- 
 rate with rounded teeth, or crenate; 
 petioles 3"-8" long; staminate flowers 
 in interrupted spikes which surpass 
 the leaves; pistillate flowers clustered 
 in the axils; capsules 2-lobGd, 2"-2i" 
 broad, hispid; seeds subglobose, |" 
 in diameter, pitted. 
 
 Common in waste and ciiltivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of Europe 
 Naturalized in the southern United 
 States. Flowers nearly throughout the 
 year. 
 15 
 
210 
 
 EUPHOEBIACEAE. 
 
 5. RICINUS L. 
 
 A tall stout monoecious plant, somewhat woody, glabrous and glaucous, 
 with alternate large peltate palmately lobed leaves, and numerous small 
 apetalous greenish flowers in terminal racemes, the pistillate above the stami- 
 nate. Staminate flowers with a 3-o-parted calyx, the segments valvate, and 
 numerous crowded stamens; filaments repeatedly branched. Pistillate flowers 
 with a caducous calyx. Capsule subglobose, or oval, separating into 3 2-valved 
 carpels. Endosperm fleshy and oily. [The Latin name of the plant.] A 
 monotypic genus of the warmer parts of Africa and Asia. 
 
 1. Ricinus communis L. 
 
 Castor-oil Plant. Castor- 
 bean. Palma Christi. (Fig. 
 231.) Stem erect, up to 18° 
 tall, more or less branched, 
 becoming tree-like in warm 
 regions. Leaves nearly or- 
 bicular in outline, l°-2° 
 broad, 6-11-palmately lobed 
 and peltate, the lobes 
 toothed, acute or acuminate; 
 capsule 6"-9" in diameter, 
 usually spiny; seeds shining, 
 smooth, black, variegated 
 with white, or mottled with 
 gray and brown markings. 
 
 In waste places, frequent. 
 Naturalized. Native of trop- 
 ical regions. Widely natural- 
 ized in the southern United 
 States and the West Indies. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the 
 year. 
 
 6. JATROPHA L. 
 
 Monoecious or rarely dioecious perennial herbs, or shrubs, with entire, 
 lobed or divided leaves, the flowers in cymes. Staminate flowers on the upper 
 parts of the cymes, with a corolla-like 5-lobed calyx, 5 petals distinct or 
 united or none, the stamens usually numerous (5-30). Pistillate flowers in the 
 lower forks of the cymes ; capsule ovoid or subglobose, separating into 2- 
 valved carpels. [Greek, healing nutriment.] About 25 species, widely dis- 
 tributed in warm and -temperate regions. Type species: Jatropha urens L. 
 
EUPI10RBIAC?]AE. 
 
 211 
 
 1. Jatropha Curcas L. Physic-nut. 
 (Fig. 232.) A tree, up to 15° high with a 
 stout trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, the 
 branches glabrous, the young twigs some- 
 what pubescent. Leaves suborbicular in 
 outline, long-petioled, 3-6' broad, cordate 
 at base, sharply or bluntly 3-5-lobed, 
 rarely entire, dark green, glabrous or some- 
 what puberulent; cymes terminal, mostly 
 shorter than the leaves, stalked; bracts and 
 pedicels pubescent, the calyx slightly hairy; 
 petals coherent, greenish; fruit fleshy, 
 about IV long, tardily separating into 3 
 or 2 carpels; seeds oblong, about f long, 
 purgative. 
 
 Collected by Lefroy about 1875 at Payn- 
 ter's Vale and regarded by him as native 
 there which seems improbable. West Indies 
 and tropical continental America. Lefroy's 
 specimen is preserved in the Kew herbarium. 
 The plant has not been seen in Bermuda by 
 recent collectors, though also mentioned as at 
 Walsingham by H. B. Small. Flowers in 
 summer. 
 
 Jatropha multifida L., Coral Plant, Coral Bush, a shrub 4° or 5" 
 high, with leaves very deeply cleft into 7-9 narrow laciniate segments, the 
 scarlet umbellate flowers on coral-red stalks, is commonly cultivated in gar- 
 dens for ornament, flowering in summer and autumn. 
 
 Jatropha podagrica Hook., Gouty-stalked Jatropha, Central American, 
 a species with a much swollen stem about 1° high, the large peltate leaves 
 orbicular and lobed, the purplish flowers in flat cymes, the capsules ellipsoid, 
 is recorded by Lefroy as introduced in 1875. 
 
 Jatropha hastata Jacq., Eose-flowered Jatropha, Cuban, a shrub about 
 5° high with irregularly lobed fiddle-shaped leaves and umbelled scarlet 
 flowers, is occasionally grown in gardens. [/. panduraefolia Andr.] 
 
 7. MANIHOT Adans. 
 
 Vigorous monoecious herbs or shrubs, commonly with glaucous and gla- 
 brous foliage. Leaves alternate, entire or palmately 3-7-lobed or 3-7-parted. 
 the segments entire or lobed. Flowers apetalous, in racemes or panicles, the 
 staminate with a calyx of 5 partially united sepals. Stamens 10, in 2 series; 
 filaments slender, those of the inner series attached to the lobes of the disk, 
 the anthers opening lengthwise. Pistillate flowers with a calyx similar to that 
 of the staminate but the tube often shorter. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, slightly 
 united at the base. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds 
 solitary in each cavity. [South American name.] About SO species, natives 
 of South America, the following typical. 
 
212 
 
 EUPHOEBIACEAE. 
 
 1. Manihot Manihot (L.) Cockerell. 
 Cassava. (Fig. 233.) Steins S^-S" taU, 
 more or less branclied. Leaves 3-7- 
 parted, tlie segments linear to elliptic, 
 or slightly broadest above tlie middle, 
 acute or acuminate, entire; petioles 
 about as long as the blades or longer; 
 panicles spreading; bracts shorter than 
 the pedicels; calyx campanulate, 3"-4" 
 high, its lobes ovate, obtuse, about as 
 long as the tube; calyx of the pistillate 
 flowers with a shorter tube than that 
 of the staminate; fruit subglobose, about 
 10" in diameter. [Jatropha Manihot L. ; 
 M. utilissima Pohl.] 
 
 Spontaneous after cultivation. Native of South America. Widely cultivated 
 and more or less spontaneous in Florida and the West Indies. Its large tubers con- 
 tain much starch, the tapioca of commerce, an important food-product prepared by 
 grinding, washing and baking. The plant is propagated by cuttings and is much 
 planted for food. 
 
 8. CHAMAESYCE S. F. Gray. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Stems often branched at the base, 
 the branches ascending or prostrate, forking. Leaves opposite, more or less 
 oblique at the base; stipules entire or fringed. Involucres solitary in the 
 axils or in axillary cymes; glands 4, naked or usually with an appendage, 
 one sinus of each involucre glandless. Capsule sometimes pubescent, the 
 angles sharp or rounded. Seeds angled, white, grey, red or black, the faces 
 smooth or transversely wrinkled. [Greek, ground-fig.] About 2'25 species, widely 
 distributed. Locally known as Tittimelly. Most of the species are low and 
 inconspicuous plants and several form weeds of cultivation. Type species: 
 Chamaesyce maritima S. F. Gray. 
 
 lieaves entire, fleshy. 1. C. tuxifolia. 
 
 Leaves dentate, not fleshy. 
 Capsules glabrous. 
 
 Leaves 5" long or less, sparingly low-crenate. 2. C. Blodgettii. 
 
 Leaves larger, up to IV long, dentate or denticulate. 
 
 Leaves red-blotched. 3. G. Preslii. 
 
 Leaves not red-blotched. 
 
 Leaves ovate-oblong. 4. C. Tiypericifolia. 
 
 Leaves linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate. 5. C. hyssopifolia. 
 
 Capsules pubescent. 
 
 Involucres axillary, mostly solitary. 
 
 Capsules pubescent on the angles. 6. C. prostrata. 
 
 Capsules pubescent all over. 7. C. maculata. 
 
 Involucres in peduncled cymes. 8. C. Mrta. 
 
EUPHOEBIACEAE. 
 
 213 
 
 1. Chamaesyce buxifolia (Lam.) 
 J. K. Small. Coast Spurge. (Fig. 234.) 
 Perennial, glabrous, somewhat fleshy. 
 Stems erect or decumbent, 8'-2° long, 
 branching, leafy, with long or short 
 internodes; leaf -blades ovate to broadly 
 oblong or cuneate near the base of the 
 stem, rather fleshy, 4"-6" long, obtuse 
 or acutish, involute, rounded or subeor- 
 date, nearly sessile; involucres campanu- 
 late, about I" high, as long as the pe- 
 duncles or shorter; glands transversely 
 oblong; appendages consisting of mere 
 ■whitish borders; capsules li" broad, 
 glabrous, the angles sharp ; seeds globose- 
 ovoid. [Euphorbiu 'buxifolia Lam.] 
 
 Common on sea beaches and coastal 
 rocks, rarely occurring on rocks inland, as 
 on Abbot's Cliff. Native. Florida and the 
 West ■ Indies. Flowers nearly throughout 
 the year. 
 
 2. Chamaesyce Blodgettii (Engelm.) 
 J. K. Sjnall. Blodgett's Spurge. (Fig. 
 235.) Glabrous or nearly so, branched 
 at the base, the branches few or numer- 
 ous, 4'-16' long, usually prostrate ; leaves 
 oblong or nearly so, lV'-5" long, minutely 
 crehate near the apex, oblique at the 
 base, manifestly petioled; involucres 
 campanulate, less than i" high, short- 
 peduncled; glands minute, elevated; ap- 
 pendages irregular, white or slightly col- 
 ored; capsules I" high, about as broad, 
 glabrous, the angles rather sharp; seeds 
 about i" long, gray, 4-angled, the faces 
 faintly transversely wrinkled. [Euphor- 
 hia Blodgettii Engelm.; E. bcnnudiana 
 Millsp.] 
 
 Common in rocky and sandy soil. 
 Native. Florida. Bahamas, Cuba. .Tamaic.a. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. This 
 like other usually prostrate spocies of the 
 genus, sometimes has ascending or nearly 
 erect stems. 
 
214 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 3. Chamaesyce Prdslii (Guss.) 
 Arthur. Large or Upright Spotted 
 Spurge. (Fig. 236.) Stem 8 '-2° 
 high, the branches mostly spreading; 
 leaves opposite, oblong, or linear-ob- 
 long, varying to ovate or obovate, 
 often falcate, oblique, 3-nerved, un- 
 equally serrate, often with a red 
 blotch and red margins; involucres 
 narrowly obovoid, V' long, bearing 
 4 glands subtended by orbicular or 
 reniform white or red appendages; 
 capsule glabrous, 1" in diameter; 
 seeds oblong-ovoid, black, 4-angled, 
 with broken transverse ridges. [Eu- 
 phorbia Preslii Guss.] 
 
 Roadsides, Walsingham, 1912. Nat- 
 uralized. Native of continental North 
 America. Flowers in autumn. [ lEu- 
 phorMa hypericifolia liirsuta of Reade.j 
 
 4. Chamaesyce hj^ericifdlia (L.) Millsp. 
 Hypericum-leaved Spurge. (Fig. 237.) An- 
 nual, branched, erect, 2° high or less. Leaves ob- 
 long or oblong-lanceolate, 7"-15" long, obtuse at 
 the apex, oblique at the base, sharply serrate 
 above the middle, glabrous or somewhat pubes- 
 cent; stipules ovate, dentate; cymes peduncled 
 in the axils, rather densely flowered; involucre 
 turbinate, glabrous without, its lobes triangular- 
 lanceolate, lacerate; glands roundish; appendages 
 white, nearly orbicular; capsule glabrous, its 
 lobes keeled; seeds red, ovoid, their faces trans- 
 versely rugose. [Eupliorhia hypericifolia L.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated ground. Nat- 
 uralized. Native in tlie southern United States, 
 West Indies and continental tropical America. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. This is one of 
 the abundant weeds of cultivation, neglected fields 
 sometimes being overrun by it. 
 
EUPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 215 
 
 5. Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (L.) 
 J. K. Small. Hyssop-leaved Spurge. 
 (Fig. 238.) Annual, perhaps some- 
 times of longer duration, erect, ascend- 
 ing, or spreading, branched, V^^ tigh 
 or less, the branches very slender. 
 Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 6"- 
 12" long, serrate, pubescent or gla- 
 brate, obtuse at both ends, inequi- 
 lateral; cymes rather loosely few- 
 flowered, filiform-peduncled; invo- 
 lucre glabrous without and within, 
 its lobes triangular, mostly entire; 
 glands very small, stalked; capsule 
 glabrous; seeds ovoid, black, their 
 faces transversely ridged. [Euphor- 
 bia hyssopifolia L.] 
 
 Frequent in waste and cultivated 
 ground. Naturalized. Native in Florida, 
 tlie West Indies and tropical continental 
 America. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. 
 
 6. Chamaesyce prostrata (Ait.) J. K. 
 Small. Prostrate Spurge. (Fig. 239.) An- 
 nual, more or less pubescent, or glabrate, 
 purplish. Stems branched at the base, the 
 branches prostrate, 2'-8' long, forking, com- 
 monly very leafy; leaf-blades oval, obovate 
 or oblong, often a little broadest above the 
 middle, 2"-3" long, obtuse, sparingly serru- 
 late at the apex, oblique at the base, mani- 
 festly petioled; involucres turbinate, about 
 i"high; glands minute; appendages narrow; 
 capsules V' high, somewhat broader, pubes- 
 cent along the angles; seeds less than V' 
 long, transversely wrinkled. [Euphorbia 
 prostrata Ait.] 
 
 Common in paths, in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of the southern 
 T'nited States, the West Indies, continental 
 tropical America and in the Old World tropics. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. 
 
216 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 7. Chamaesyce maculata (L.) 
 J. K. Small. Spotted or Blotched 
 Spurge. (Fig. 240.) Green, puberu- 
 lent or pilose. Branches slender, 
 radiately prostrate, 2'-] 6' long, often 
 dark red; leaves usually blotched, 
 oblong or ovate-oblong, 2"-8" long, 
 obtuse, more or less serrate, the base 
 oblique, subcordate; involucres soli- 
 tary in the axils, 1" long, with 4 cup- 
 shaped glands, the appendages nar- 
 row, white or red; capsule ovoid- 
 globose, about 1" in diameter, pu- 
 bescent ; seeds ovoid-oblong, obtusely 
 angled, minutely pitted and trans- 
 versely wrinkled. [EuphorMa macu- 
 lata L.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of con- 
 tinental North America. Flowers from 
 spring to autumn. 
 
 8. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 
 Hairy Spurge. (Fig. 241.) Annual, 
 pubescent; stems slender, branched, 3'-15' 
 long, the branches diffuse, ascending or 
 prostrate. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceo- 
 late, obliquely inequilateral, short-petioled, 
 4"-12" long, acute, serrate, usually 
 blotched; involucres in rather dense sub- 
 globose, stalked, terminal and axillary clus- 
 ters shorter than the leaves; glands very 
 small, their appendages obsolete; capsule 
 pubescent, 3-lobed, about V high; seeds 
 bluntly angled, their faces faintly wrinkled 
 transversely. [EupJiorbia hirta L.; Eu- 
 phorbia pilulifera L.] 
 
 Common in cultivated ground. Natural- 
 ized. Native of the West Indies and tropical 
 continental America. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. 
 
 9. TITHYMALUS [Tourn.] Adans. 
 Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with simple or branched 
 stems, topped by several-rayed cyme-like umbels. Leaves below the umbel 
 usually scattered or alternate, without stipules, often broadened upward. 
 Bracts of the umbel quite different from the stem-leaves, entire or toothed. 
 Involucres sessile or peduncled, axillary, disposed in cymes, their lobes often 
 toothed. Glands 4, transversely oblong, reniform or crescent-shaped by the 
 horn-like appendages, the fifth one represented by a thin often ciliate lobe. 
 Capsule exserted, smooth or tuberculate, its lobes rounded, sharp or keeled. 
 Seeds variously pitted, often with caruncles. [Greek, referring to the milky 
 juice of these plants.] About 250 species, widely distributed. Type species: 
 Euphorbia dendroides L. 
 
EUPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 217 
 
 1. Tithymalus Peplus (L.) Hill. 
 Petty Spurge. (Fig, 242.) Annual, 
 bright green, glabrous. Stem erect or 
 assurgent. 4-12' tall, simple or branched 
 from the base or above and topped by a 
 3-5-rayed umbel; leaves alternate, ob- 
 long or obovate, V-IV long, obtuse or 
 retuse, entire, more or less crisped, nar- 
 rowed into slender petioles; bracts of 
 the rays opposite, ovate or triangular- 
 ovate, minutely apiculate, sessile; in- 
 volucres campanulate, almost sessile in 
 the axils of the bracts, about i" high, 
 bearing 4 crescent-shaped glands pro- 
 duced into subulate horns; capsules glo- 
 bose-ovoid, 1"-!^" in diameter, smooth, 
 the 3 lobes 2-keeled on the back; seeds 
 f" long, whitish, marked with 1-4 series 
 of pits. [Euphorbia Peplus L.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 ground. Naturalized. Native of Europe. 
 Naturalized in North America. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. 
 
 10. POINSETTIA Graham. 
 Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with green or partially 
 highly colored foliage. Stems simple or branched. Leaves alternate below, 
 opposite above, similar throughout or very various, the stipules gland-like. 
 Involucres in axillary or terminal cymes or solitary, their lobes fimbriate. 
 Glands fleshy, solitary, or rarely 3 or 4, sessile or short-stalked, without ap- 
 pendages, the missing ones represented by narrow lobes. Capsule exserted, the 
 lobes rounded. Seed narrowed upward, tuberculate. [In honor of Joel Roberts 
 Poinsette of South Carolina.] About 12 species mostly of tropical America. 
 Type species: Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd.) Graham. 
 
 Perennial : native. 
 Annual weed. 
 
 1. P. Jirterophylla. 
 
 2. r. ci/(itli()iilwni. 
 
 1. Poinsettia heteroph^lla (L.) 
 Kl. &■ Garcke. Various-le.wed Spurge. 
 Joseph's Coat. (Fig. 243.) Peren- 
 nial, bright green. Stem l°-4° tall, 
 slender, nearly solid, the branches as- 
 cending, or the lower spreading, leafy 
 at the ends; leaves alternate, very vari- 
 able, linear to nearly orbicular, entire, 
 undulate, sinuate or dentate, the upper- 
 most often fiddle-shaped and blotched 
 with red and white ; involucres clus- 
 tered at the ends of branches, IV' long; 
 lobes 5, ovate or oblong, laciniate. the 
 sinuses bearing 1 or several sessile 
 glands; capsule glabrous or minutely 
 pubescent, 3" in diameter; seeds trans- 
 versely wrinkled and tuberculate. [Eu- 
 phorbia heterophifUa L.] 
 
 Frequent on rocky hanks, cliffs and 
 hillsides, sometimes invading cultivated 
 grounds. Native. Southern I'nited Stiues. 
 West Indies and tropical continental 
 America. Flowers nearly throughout the 
 year. 
 
218 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 2. Poinsettia cyathophora 
 (Murr.) S. Brown. Annual Poin- 
 settia. (Fig. 244.) Annual, her- 
 baceous, 2i° higli or less, pubescent. 
 Stem stout, hollow, simple, or 
 branched. Leaves clustered at the 
 ends of the stem and branches, ovate 
 to obovate in outline, coarsely angu- 
 lately few-toothed, acute or acuminate, 
 green, or the upper with whitish bases ; 
 involucres in dense, broad, terminal 
 clusters; capsule-valves with elevated 
 margins. [ EupJiorhia cyathophora 
 Murr.] 
 
 Common in cultivated ground. Nat- 
 uralized. Native of tropical America. 
 
 Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd.) 
 Graham, Garden Poinsettia, Mexi- 
 can, a shrub up to 10° high, with thin 
 ovate lobed or entire, slender-petioled, 
 acute leaves 4'-8' long, and small, 
 yellowish-green, clustered flowers, sub- 
 tended by large, lanceolate, bright 
 vermilion-red bracts 2'-4' long, is 
 
 widely planted for ornament, growing readily from cuttings, and flowering in 
 
 the winter. [Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.] 
 
 11. PEDILANTHUS [Mill.] Neck. 
 Fleshy shrub-like plants, with copious milky sap, alternate entire leaves 
 and very irregular oblique involucres in 
 terminal forking cymes. Involucre 2- 
 lipped, the lower lip longer than the 
 upper, enclosing several staminate flow- 
 ers and 1 pistillate; staminate flowers 
 of a single stamen; pistillate flower 
 stalked, the style slender, bearing 3 stig- 
 mas. Capsule splitting into 3 segments. 
 [Greek, slipper-flower.] About 30 species. 
 Type species : Euphorbia tithymaloides L. 
 
 1. Pedilanthus latifolius Millsp. & 
 
 Britton. Slipper-plant. Fiddle-flower. 
 (Fig. 245.) Erect, glabrous, usually 
 much branched, 4°-6° high, the branches 
 zigzag. Leaves ovate, V-2V long, acute 
 at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at 
 the base, the midrib not flanged beneath, 
 the petioles very short; involucres sev- 
 eral or numerous, salmon-colored, about 
 6" long, on slender pedicels 2"-3" long, 
 glabrous. 
 
 Hillside on Castle Point. Naturalized, 
 1912. Commonly cultivated in gardens for 
 interest. Original habitat unknown ; grown 
 in gardens in Florida and the West Indies. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
EUPHORBIACEAE. 219 
 
 Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit., Slipper-flower, of tropical 
 America, is similar to the preceding species, but has nearly straight stems, 
 ovate-lanceolate, longer leaves with the midveiu produced into a flange beneath. 
 It has been recorded by several authors as grown in Bermuda, but all the 
 plants seen here by me belong to P. latifoUus. 
 
 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume, Garden Crotons, shrubs with ever- 
 green, variously colored and mottled leaves varying from linear to broadly 
 ovate, entire or lobed, the small greenish flowers in long racemes, are grown 
 in a great number of races for ornament and thrive luxuriantly. A very in- 
 teresting bud-sport of a lanceolate-leaved branch on a linear-leaved race was 
 observed at Harrington House in 1912. [Croton variegatus L.] 
 
 Euphorbia lactea Haw., Mottled Candlestick Tree, East Indian, a 
 fleshy, nearly leafless plant 6°-12° high, the spreading 3-angled branches 
 whitish or yellowish-blotched, knobby, with a short double spine on the end 
 of each knob, is grown for interest in many gardens. Its copious sap is 
 bright white. 
 
 Euphorbia fulgens Karwinsky, Scarlet Plume, Mexican, recorded by 
 Lefroy as introduced in 1874, is a slender shrub with long drooping unarmed 
 branches, and lanceolate, long-petioled leaves, the scarlet-bracted involucres 
 in axillary cranes. 
 
 Euphorbia splendens Bojer, Crowx-of-thorxs, Madagascan, a shrub with 
 slender, vinelike branches, copiously armed with stout spines A'-l' long, the 
 obovate or spatulate. thin leaves 3' long or less, the involucres in terminal 
 cymes, subtended by 2 bright-red, ovate, involucral bracts, is grown in gardens 
 for ornament and interest. 
 
 Euphorbia Nivulia Ham., LxVrge Tubercled Spurge, East Indian, a 
 milky-sapped, fleshy plant 6° high or more with tubercled stems and branches, 
 the tubercles in vertical rows, each tipped by 2 short spines, the oblanceolate, 
 thick, obtuse, concave, short-petioled, bright green leaves 3'-6' long, apparently 
 veinless when fresh, the red sessile, staminate involucres solitary or few 
 together above the tubercles and about 3" broad, the pistillate 3 together, 
 is occasionally planted for ornament and interest. The very old plant at 
 Bishop's Lodge, from w^hich cuttings were taken to the New York Botanical 
 Garden in 1914, is this species, erroneously recorded by H. B. Small, Jones 
 and Verrill as Euphorbia Candelabrum. 
 
 Synadenium Grantii Hook., Grant's Synadenium, of tropical Africa, 
 shown by a fine plant at the Public Garden, St. George's in 1913, is a fleshy, 
 unarmed plant up to 10° high, with round stems and branches, the obovate or 
 oblanceolate, short-petioled, pinnately veined, thick leaves 3'-5' long, clustered 
 at the ends of the branches; the small red involucres are in stalked terminal 
 forked cymes. 
 
 Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd., Otaheite Walnut, of the South Sea 
 Islands, a rather large tree, with large broad petioled sharply 3-lobed 
 leaves, puberulent panicles of small whitish monoecious flowers and fleshy 
 l_2-seeded fruits about 2' thick, is occasionally grown on lawns and in 
 gardens for ornament and interest, and has locally become abundant. Often 
 called Butternut. [Jatropha moluccana L. ; A. triloba Forst.] 
 
 Hura crepitans L., Sandbox-tree, West Indian, a large tree with long- 
 petioled broadly ovate long-tipped leaves, the flattened round fruits 3 or 4 
 inches across, splitting violently and noisily into many thin dry crescent-shaped 
 carpels, is occasional in gardens. A fine old specimen may be seen in the 
 Public Garden at St. George's where it forms the center-piece. 
 
 Triadica sebifera (L.) J. K. Small, Chinese Tallow-tree. Asiatic, a 
 tree with thin slender-petioled, broadly ovate, short-acuminate leaves, as wide 
 as long or wider, small monoecious flowers without petals, in narrow panicles, 
 
220 EUPIiORBIACEAE. 
 
 the fruit a fleshy capsule, is occasionally grown for interest. [Croton 
 sthiferum L., Stillingia sebifera BailL] 
 
 Cicca disticha L. [Phyllantlius distichus (L.) Muell. Arg.], Otaheite 
 Gooseberry, of the Old World tropics, is a tree up to 40° high, with 2-ranked 
 ovate leaves, appearing as if pinnate, and small imperfect flowers fascicled on 
 the upper part of the trunk, its yellow fruits edible ; an old large tree stood 
 near the border of Pembroke Marsh at Mt. Langton in 1912. 
 
 Brejmia nivosa (W. G. Smith) J. K. Small, Snow-bush, of the South Sea 
 Islands, a shrub with oval green, white and pink variegated leaves, and small 
 greenish flowers, is common in gardens. [Phyllanthu» nivosiis W. G. Smith.] 
 
 Excaecaria bicolor Hassk., Crimson-leaved Excaecaria, Javan, a shrub 
 4°-6° high, with opposite or ternately whorled, lanceolate acuminate erenu- 
 late, short-petioled leaves about 4' long, green above, conspicuously crimson 
 beneath, the small, greenish monoecious flowers axillary, the fruit a capsule 
 about 4" broad, is a beautiful and interesting plant, occasionally grown for 
 ornament. 
 
 Bischofia trifoliata (E-oxb.) Hook., Kainfal, East Indian, a timber-tree, 
 with deciduous 3-foliolate, long-petioled, alternate leaves, the stalked serru- 
 late, acuminate leaflets 4'-6' long, the numerous minute greenish 5-parted 
 flowers in axillary panicles shorter than the leaves, was shown at the Agricul- 
 tural Station in 1915 by a fine tree about 20° high. [Andrachne trifoliata 
 Roxb.; B. javanica Blume.] 
 
 Order 19. SAPINDALES. 
 
 Mostly trees or shrubs. Petals usually present and separate. Sepals 
 
 mostly distinct. Stamens rarely more than twice as many as the sepals, 
 
 when as many or fewer, opposite them. Ovary superior, compound. Ovules 
 
 pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or 
 
 ascending. 
 
 Ovary mostly 1-celled ; plants with resin-bearing tissues. 1. Anacardiaceae. 
 
 Ovary 2-several-celled. 
 
 Leaves simple, pinnately veined. 
 
 Ovule 1 in each ovary-cavity. 2. Ilicaceae. 
 
 Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cavity. 
 
 Flowers with a disk and petals. 3. Celastraceae. 
 
 Disk obsolete : corolla wanting. 4. Dodonaeaceae. 
 
 Leaves compound : fruit various. 
 
 Flowers regular. 5. Sapindaceae. 
 
 Flowers irregular. 6. Melianthaceae. 
 
 Family 1. ANACARDIACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Sumac Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with acrid resinous or milky sap, alternate or rarely 
 opposite leaves, and polygamo-dioecious or perfect, mainly regular flowers. 
 Calyx 3-7-cleft. Petals of the same number, imbricated in the bud, or 
 rarely none. Disk generally annular. Stamens as many or twice as many 
 as the petals, rarely fewer, or more, inserted at the base of the disk; fila- 
 ments separate; anthers commonly versatile. Ovary in the staminate 
 flowers 1-celled. Ovary in the pistillate flowers 1- or sometimes 4-5-eelled ; 
 styles 1-3; ovules 1 in each cavity. Fruit generally a small drupe. Seed- 
 coat bony or erustaceous; endosperm little or none; cotyledons fleshy. 
 About 60 genera and 500 species, most abundant in warm or tropical 
 regions, a few extending into the temperate zones. 
 
ANACARDIACEAE. 
 
 221 
 
 1. TOXICODENDRON [Tourn.] Mill. 
 Trees, shrubs, or vines, poisonous to the touch, "uith 3-foliolate or pinnate 
 leaves, and axillary panicles of small greenish or white, polygamous flowers. 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Petals and stamens 5. Ovary 1-ovuled. Drupes glabrous, or 
 sparingly pubescent, the stone striate. [Greek, poison-tree.] About 20 
 species, of North America and Asia. Type species: Ehus Toxicodendron L. 
 
 1. Toxicodendron radi- 
 cans (L.) Kuntze. Poison 
 Ivy. Poison Oak. (Fig. 
 246.) A woody vine, climb- 
 ing by aerial rootlets, or 
 shrubby. Leaves petioled ; 
 leaflets ovate or rhombic, V- 
 4' long, entire or sparingly 
 dentate or sinuate, acute or 
 short-acuminate, the lateral 
 sessile or short-stalked, in- 
 equilateral, the terminal 
 ones stalked; flowers green, 
 Ih" broad, in loose axillary 
 panicles. [Blius radicans 
 L. ; Bhiis Blodgettii Kear- 
 ney; E. Toxicodendron of 
 Michaux, Jones, Reade, Le- 
 froy, Hemsley and H. B. 
 Small.] 
 
 Frequent on hillsides and 
 on the borders of marshes. 
 Native. Eastern United States. 
 Flowers in spring and sum- 
 mer. This plant is the only 
 wild species of Bermuda at all 
 poisonous to the touch ; many 
 people are not affected by it, 
 while others may be seriously 
 inconvenienced. 
 
 Manglfera indica L., Mango, Asiatic, a tree with simple long lanceolate 
 entire leaves, and yellow edible ovoid somewhat flattened fruit '2'-4' long 
 with a large fibrous-coated stone, is frequently planted, but no considerable 
 amount of fruit is produced in Bermuda, although a few trees bear abun- 
 dantly. It is native of the East Indies and widely naturalized in tropical 
 America. The STiiall greenish flowers are borne in large terminal panicles. 
 
 Sehinus molle L.. Pepper-tree, Spanish Pepper, South American, a 
 small tree with pinnate leaves of many lanceolate acute entire leaflets l'-2' 
 long, small greenish dioecious flowers in terminal panicles, the pistillate trees 
 bearing panicles of smooth shining globular drupes about 4" in diameter, is- 
 occasionally planted; it has become naturalized in California and in Mexico. 
 
 Rhus incisa L. f.. Cut-leaved Sumac, South African, introduced at Mt. 
 Langton by Lefroy prior to 1874. is a low shrub with pinnatifid leaflets 1' 
 long or less, the panicles of small flowers den:-ely tomentose. 
 
 Rhus juglandifolia H.B.K., Walnut-leaved Sumac, South American, 
 also brought to Mt. Langton by Lefroy, disappeared prior to 1901. 
 
 Spondias purpurea L., Spanish Plum, tropical American, is a tree with 
 alternate pinnate leaves of 7-2.3 obovate, or oblong, entire or shallowly toothed 
 leaflets about 1' long, small, greenish flowers in mostly lateral panicles, the 
 purple, obovoid fruits l'-2' long. A tree on the Chapman Estate, St. 
 George's, observed in 1913, was about 30° high, spreading some oO°. 
 
222 
 
 ANACARDIACEAE. 
 
 Spondias Mombin L., Hog Plum, West Indian, a large or middle-sized 
 tree, rough-barked when old, the alternate pinnate leaves of 7-17 ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate leallets 2'-4' long, the small, yellowish-white 
 flowers in large terminal panicles, the fruit a yellow ovoid large-stoned drupe 
 l'-2' long, is occasionally planted. [S. Ivtea L.] 
 
 Anacardium occidentale L., Cashew-nut, of Tropical America, recorded 
 by Jones in 1873 as grown in Bermuda, is not mentioned by other authors. 
 It is a tree up to 25° high, with spreading branches, obovate or elliptic, 
 simple, entire, petioled leaves 4'-6' long, panicled small greenish flowers, and 
 leathery fruits, deeply notched, about 1' long, on greatly enlarged pedicels. 
 
 Family 2. ILICACEAE Lowe. 
 Holly Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with watery sap, and alternate petioled simple leaves. 
 Flowers axillary, small, white, mainly . polygamo-dio€cious, regular. Stip- 
 ules minute and deciduous, or none. Calyx 3-6-parted, genei'ally persistent. 
 Petals 4—6 (rarely more), separate, or slightly united at the base, hypogy- 
 nous, deciduous, imbricated. Stamens hypog^mous, as many as the petals, 
 or sometimes more; anthers oblong, cordate. Disk none. Ovary 1, 
 superior, 3-several-celled ; stigma discoid or capitate; style short or none; 
 ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, enclosing 
 several nutlets. Seed pendulous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo straight. 
 
 Three genera and about 300 species, of temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 1. ILEX L. 
 
 Leaves minutely stipulate. Flowers cymose or solitary, perfect or polyg- 
 amous. Calyx small, 4-5-cleft or 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-9, somewhat united at 
 the base, oblong, obtuse. Stamens of the same number, adnate to the base 
 of the corolla. Berry-like drupe globose, with 4-8 bony or crustaceous nutlets. 
 
 [Ancient name of the Holly Oak.] 
 About 280 species, mostly of America. 
 Type species: Ilex Aquifolium L. 
 
 1. Ilex vomitoria Ait. Cassexa. 
 Yaupon. Holly. Box. South Sea 
 Tea. (Fig. 247.) A shrub, or small 
 tree up to 20° high, the bark smooth. 
 Petioles and young twigs puberulent; 
 leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic, ever- 
 green, *'-lA' long, 4"-9" wide, ob- 
 tuse at both ends, crenate, glabrous, 
 pale beneath, dark green above; 
 petioles l"-2" long; staminate cymes 
 several-flowered, short-peduncled; fer- 
 tile Cannes sessile, 1-3-flowered; drupe 
 red, 2"-3" in diameter. [Ilex Cassine 
 of Lefroy, H. B. Small and Verrill.] 
 
 Hillsides and borders of marshes, 
 especially in the central parishes. Nat- 
 uralized. Native of the southeastern 
 United States. Recorded as introduced 
 from Virginia in the 18th century. 
 Used for decorations at holiday time. 
 
 Ilex Aquifolium L., European or English Holly, with evergreen ovate 
 spiny-serrate leaves and red fruit, was in a garden at St. George 's about 1875. 
 
CELASTRACEAE. 
 
 223 
 
 Family 3. CELASTRACEAE. Lindl. 
 
 Staff-Tree Family. 
 
 Trees or .shrubs, often climbing. Leaves simple. Stipules, when pres- 
 ent, small and caducous. Flowers regular, generally perfect, small. Pedi- 
 cels commonl}^ jointed. Calyx 4— 5-lobed or -parted, persistent, the lobes 
 imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens inserted on or under the 
 disk. Disk flat or lobed. Ovary sessile, mostly 3-5-celled; style short, 
 thick; stigma entire or 3-5-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity, anatropous. 
 Fruit various. Seeds arilled; embryo large; cotyledons foliaceous. About 
 45 genera, and 375 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Flowers 5-parted ; ovary-cells 2-ovuled.' 
 Flowers mostly 4-parted ; ovary-cells 1-ovuled. 
 
 1. Elaeodcndron. 
 
 2. Rhacoinu. 
 
 1. ELAEODENDRON Jacq. f. 
 Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate coriaceous leaves, the very 
 small stipules caducous, and small, often dioecious greenish or white flowers in 
 small axillary clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. in- 
 serted under the disk; filaments short; anthers globose. Ovary adnate to the 
 disk, 2-5-celled; style short; stigma 2-5-lobed; ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. 
 Fruit a rather large drupe. [Greek, Olive-wood, the fruit resembles an olive.] 
 About 35 species, natives of tropical regions. Type species: Elaeodendron 
 orientale Jacq. 
 
 1. Elaeodendron Lanea- 
 num A. H. Moore. Bermuda 
 Olive-wood Bark. (Fig. 248.) 
 An evergreen tree up to 45° 
 high, the usually short trunk 
 sometimes 20° high, and up to 
 20' in diameter, main branches 
 nearly erect; twigs very 
 densely leafy; outline of the 
 tree ovate when isolated and 
 bearing branches to the 
 ground. Leaves erect-ascend- 
 ing, nearly equally dark green 
 on both sides, somewhat con- 
 vex, thick and firm, some- 
 what shining above, dull be- 
 neath, oblanceolate, 2i'-4' 
 long, 1^' wide or less, acute 
 at apex, cuneate at base, mid- 
 vein impressed above, promi- 
 nent beneath; veins diverging 
 at about 45° from the mid- 
 vein, and 6 to 9 on each side, ultimate venation obscure, delicately reticu- 
 lated; margin of leaf horny, distantly low-serrate to below the middle, the 
 teeth tipped by black conic prickles about V long; petioles rather stout, 
 nearly terete, 2i"-4" long; flowers clustered in the axils, dioecious, about 
 3" broad; sepals oval to oblong or oblong-spatulate, about as long as 
 the elliptic petals; fruits solitary or 2-4 together, stalked, yellowjsh-white, 
 ovoid to globose, shining, obtuse and rounded, V-V long, Y-f,' thick, the 
 white flesh 2"-3" thick, sweet; stone oblong, bluntly angled, pointed at earh 
 end, about twice as long as thick, only one cavity seminiferous in specimens 
 examined; seed lenticular, brown, about 1" thick. \E. a-j/docarpum of Rein, 
 Hemsley, Verrill and Lefroy; E. xylocarputn lermudense Urban.] 
 
224 
 
 CELASTRACEAE. 
 
 Rocky hillsides, frequent from Tucker's Town to Joyce's Dock and on Abbot's 
 Cliff. Native. Endemic. Flowers in late winter and spring. The tree is occa- 
 sionally planted for ornament. Nearest related to Elaeodendron attenuatum A. 
 Rich., of the Bahamas and Cuba, which has pale green leaves and yellow-green fruit, 
 and from which the Bermuda plant probably originated through drifted fruits. The 
 wood is very dense and the tree is of slow growth. Very few seedlings exist, for the 
 fruits are eaten, presumably by rats, as fast as they fall. Its bark was used for 
 tanning in the early days of the colony. Seeds taken to New York in 1912 germi- 
 nated promptly in a greenhouse. 
 
 2. RHACOMA L. 
 Shrubs or low trees, with coriaceous small evergreen leaves, and small per- 
 fect greenish axillary flowers. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Disk depressed, 4-o-lobed. 
 Petals 4 or 5, inserted under the disk. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 4-celled; 
 stigmas 4; ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary, erect. Drupe with a fleshy 
 thin exoearp and a bony stone. [Name used by Pliny for some Old World 
 plant.] About 12 species of warm and tropical America, the following typical. 
 
 1. E-hacoma Crossopetalum L. 
 
 Rhacoma. (Fig. 249.) A shrub or 
 tree up to 25° high with smooth grey 
 bark and angular twigs. Leaves oppo- 
 site or whorled, elliptic to oblong or 
 obovate, short-petioled, A'-li' long, 
 somewhat crenate, glabrous, acutish or 
 blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, 
 paler green beneath than above; flowers 
 clustered in the axils; calyx ureeolate, 
 with 4 obtuse lobes; petals 4; disk 4- 
 lobed; stamens 4, inserted between the 
 lobes of the disk; ovary 4-celled; drupe 
 about 3" long slightly oblique, red. 
 [Myginda Rhacoma Sw.] 
 
 Found by Lefroy in Southampton 
 Parish about 1875. Not found by subse- 
 quent collectors. Native. Florida and the 
 West Indies. Fruit ripe in January. Flow- 
 ers presumably in spring, that being its 
 flowering time in the Bahamas. 
 
 Euonymus japonicus. L., Japanese 
 Spindle-teee, an evergreen shrub, 4°- 
 8° high, with short-petioled, elliptic to 
 obovate crenate obtuse leaves l'-2i' 
 long, the greenish 4-parted small flow- 
 ers in forked cymes, the subglobose cap- 
 sules pink, was occasional in gardens. 
 
 Family 4. DODONAEACEAE H.B.K. 
 DoDONAEA Family. 
 Shrubs or trees, commonly sticky with a resinous excretion. Leaves alter- 
 nate, simple, without stipules. Flowers clustered, polygamous or polygamo- 
 dioecious. Sepals 3-5, nearly equal. Corolla and disk wanting. An- 
 droecium of 5-8 regularly inserted stamens; filaments distinct; anthers 
 4-angled. Gynoecium of 3 or 4 united carpels, wholly superior. Ovary 
 3_4.eelled; styles united. Ovules 2 in each cavity, balf-anatropous, often 
 superposed, the upper one ascending and the lower one pendulous. Cap- 
 sule membranous or leathery, reticulated, 2-6-angled, the angles obtuse, or 
 winged, opening septicidally by 2-6 valves. Seed subglobose or flattened, 
 without an aril ; endosperm none ; embryo spiral. Only the following genus. 
 
DODOXAEACEAE. 
 
 225 
 
 1. DODONAJEVA [L.] Jacq. 
 Cliaracters of the family, as given above. [In honor of Rembert Dodoena, 
 1518-1585, Dutch herbalist.] About 50 species, tropical and subtro])ical. Type 
 species: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. 
 
 1. Dodonaea jamaicensis D€. 
 Broom. Dogwood. (Fig; 250.) A 
 shrub, or sometimes a tree up to 20° 
 high, the slender branches nearly 
 erect, the bark rough in irregular 
 ridges. Leaves linear-oblong' to nar- 
 rowly oblanceolate, chartaceous, shin- 
 ing, pinnately veined, 2'-4' long, 3"- 
 6" wide, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, attenuate at base into short 
 petioles ; racemes short, few-flowered, 
 much shorter than the leaves; pedi- 
 cels slender, 2"-4" long; sepals 
 broadly ovate, green, about IV' long; 
 capsule 6"-8''' broad, its wings mem- 
 branous; seeds black. [D. viscosa of 
 Lefroy, Jones, H. B. Small, Verrill 
 and Moore ; D. Burmanniana of Reade ; 
 D. viscosa var. angustifolia of Hems- 
 ley; D. angustifolia of Grisebach.] 
 
 Common on hillsides over most of 
 the area. Native. Florida, Cuba, Ja- 
 maica. Flowers in spring and summer. 
 The largest trees seen were on the talus 
 of Abbot's ClifC, in 1912, reaching a 
 height of about 20 feet. This species is not at all characteristic of the sea-side ; 
 D. viscosa L., for which it has been mistaken, is, however, a halophyte, widely 
 distributed in the West Indies. 
 
 Family 5. SAPINDACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Soapberry Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with watery sap, rarely herbaceous vines. Leaves 
 alternate (opposite in one exotic genus), mostly pinnate or palmate, with- 
 out stipules. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, regiilar or slightly irregular. 
 Sepals or calyx-lobes 4 or 5, mostly imbricated. Petals 3-5. Disk fleshy. 
 Stamens 5-l5 (rarely fewer or more), generally inserted on the disk. 
 Ovary 1, 2-4-lobed or entire, 2-4-celled; ovules 1 or more in each cavity. 
 Fruit various. Seeds globose or compressed; embryo mainly convolute; 
 endosperm none. About 125 genera, including over 1,000 species, widely 
 distributed in tropical and warm regions. 
 
 1. CARDIOSPERMUM L. 
 
 Vines, with alternate bipinnate or decompound leaves and small axillary 
 tendril-bearing corymbe of slightly irregular polygamo-dioecious flowers. 
 Tendrils 2 to each corymb, opposite. Pedicels jointed. Sepals 4. the 2 
 exterior smaller. Petals 4, 2 larger and 2 smaller. Disk 1-sided, undulate. 
 Stamens 8; filaments unequal. Ovary 3-celled; style short, 3-cleft; ovules 1 
 in each cavity. Capsule inflated, 3-lobed. Seeds arilled at the base; cotyle- 
 dons conduplicate. [Greek, heart-seed.] About 15 species, of warm and 
 temperate regions. Type species: Cardiospermum Halicacahum L. 
 
 16 
 
226 
 
 SAPINDACEAE. 
 
 1. Oardiospermum micro- 
 carpum H.B.K. Small-fruited 
 Balloon Vine. (Fig. 251.) Climb- 
 ing to a length of 5°-10°, branched 
 finely pubescent, slender, the stem 
 grooved. Leaves thin, biternately 
 compound, slender-petioled, 3'-6' 
 long and about as broad as long, 
 the ultimate segments ovate to 
 lanceolate in outline, coarsely 
 lobed, cleft or incised; peduncles 
 slender, about as long as the 
 leaves; corymbs several-flowered; 
 flowers white, about 2" broad, the 
 upper petals 3 times as long as the 
 sepals; capsule subglobose, 3- 
 lobed, pubescent, veiny, depressed 
 at the top, about 5" thick. [C. 
 Ealicacahum of Reade, Lefroy 
 and Moore.] 
 
 Common in thickets between 
 Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound, 
 occasional elsewhere. Native. Florida 
 and the West Indies, tropical con- 
 tinental America. Flowers nearly 
 throughout the year. 
 
 Cardiospermum Halicacabum L., Balloon Vine, of tropical regions, 
 planted for ornament and interest, has larger flowers and globose capsules 1' 
 long, rounded at the top. 
 
 Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw., Large-flowered Balloon-vine, West 
 Indian, with flowers about 5" wide, and oblong pointed pods nearly 2' long, 
 the thin leaflets coarsely toothed, is occasionally grown for ornament and 
 interest. 
 
 Melicocca "bijuga L., Genip, Tropical American, a tree with evenly pin- 
 nate leaves of two pairs of sessile ovate pointed entire leaflets 2i'-5' long, 
 terminal panicles of small fragrant whitish flowers, the calyx 4-parted, the 
 petals 4 and stamens 8, the fruits fleshy edible green berries about 1' in 
 diameter, is occasionally planted. A tree at Dunbarton, about 40 years old, 
 was about 30° high in 1914, with a trunk-circumference of 21'; it had not 
 been known to flower. 
 
 Litchi Litchi (Lour.) Britton, Lee chee, Asiatic, a large tree with evenly 
 pinnate leaves of 3 or 4 pairs of oblong leaflets, large panicles of small 
 apetalous greenish partly dioecious flowers, the pulpy fruit about 1' in 
 diameter, with a thin, rough shell, is commonly grown in parks and gardens 
 and bears delicious edible fruit ripe in autumn. [Nephelium Litclii Camb.; 
 Dimocarpiis Litchi Lour.] 
 
 Euphoria Longana Lam., Longan, East Indian, similar to Litclii, but 
 with petaliferous flowers and smaller fruit, was represented by a young tree 
 at the Agricultural Station in 1913. [Nephelium Longana Camb.] 
 
 Sapindus Saponaria L., Soapberry, West Indian, a fine tree with pinnate 
 leaves, the rachis often wing-margined, the lanceolate, falcate leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, 
 the globose fruit V in diameter, its pulp saponifying, has been grown success- 
 fully in gardens, flowering in late autumn or winter. According to J. M. 
 Jones trees formerly grew in Bermuda from drifted fruits. Lefroy records 
 the planting of Sapindus longifolius Vahl, at Mt. Langton. 
 
 Blighia sapida Korn., Akee, West African, a large tree with pinnate 
 leaves of 3 or 4 pairs of oblong short-stalked entire leaflets 21'-4' long, the 
 
SAPINDACEAE. 227 
 
 small white flowers in piiberulent axillary panicles, with 5 petals and 8 stamens, 
 the fruit a fleshy capsule 3'-4' long, bluntly 3-angled, splitting and exposing 
 the black seeds which have a white, edible aril, is occasionally planted. A 
 tree about 30° high was seen at Bellevue in 1913. Eeade erroneously classed 
 this tree in the Myrtle Family. 
 
 Cupania paniculata Camb., Panicled Cupaxia, South American, a tomen- 
 tose shrub, with evenly pinnate leaves of 3-5 pairs of oval, dentate leaflets, 
 panicled, axillary flowers, the fruit 3-lobed capsules, was represented by a 
 single tree at Spanish Point about 1875, as recorded by Lefroy. \C. fulva 
 Mart.] 
 
 Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., Varnish-tree, Chinese, a tree up to 30° 
 high, with deciduous pinnate leaves of 9-15 ovate, toothed leaflets, panicled 
 yellow flowers, and large bladdery pods, is listed by Lefroy, as observed by 
 him somewhere in Bermuda, but no tree has been seen there by me. It is 
 unlikely that it would thrive, as it grows luxuriantly only in regions subject 
 to frost during the winter. Verrill states that it is not common. 
 
 Aesculus Hippocastanum L., Horsechestnut, Asiatic, a large tree with 
 opposite digitately compound leaves, large clusters of white mottled flowers, 
 the spiny fruit enclosing one or two large shining seeds, is mentioned by 
 Reade, but does not appear to be represented now in Bermuda. It belongs to 
 the related family Aesculaceae. The record by Lefroy of a Pavia in a Hamil- 
 ton garden, has not been verified. 
 
 Acer palmatum Thunb., Japanese Maple, Japanese, a small tree of the 
 related family Aceraceae, was represented by a plant at Bellevue in 1914, 
 which was not vigorous. The leaves of this species are very deeply, palmately 
 cleft into 5-9 lanceolate, serrate, acuminate lobes, and its fruit, like that of 
 other maples, is of 2 samaras joined at the base. 
 
 Acer Negundo L., Ash-leaved Maple, North American, a species with 
 pinnate leaves, was observed as a young potted plant with variegated foliage, 
 at Mount Hope, in 1914. This variegated race is widely planted for orna- 
 ment in Europe. 
 
 Family 6. MELIANTHACEAE Endl. 
 
 Honey-flower Faisiily. 
 
 Trees or shnibs with alternate, stipulate, unevenly pinnate leaves and 
 irregular flowers in terminal or lateral racemes. Calyx r)-parted or 5-rleft, 
 the segments imbricated. Petals 5, veiy unequal, or only 4. Disk thick- 
 ened. Stamens 4. Ovary mostly 4-eelled; style slender, curved. Fruit a 
 4-celled capsule. Two genera, ^vith about 10 species, natives of Africa. 
 
 Melianthus major L., Honey-flower, South African, occasionally grown 
 for ornament and interest, is a glabrous shrub up to 10° in height, with 
 leaves 8'-15' long, the connate pointed clasping stipules l'-2' long, the 9 or 
 11 oblong, ^coarsely serrate, sessile leaflets 2-4' long, the reddish-brown flowers 
 about V broad in dense racemes often 1° long, the papery 4-lobed capsules 
 V-IV long, with 2 shining, black seeds in each cavity. It is sometimes called 
 Sumac, erroneously. 
 
 Order 20. RHAMNALES. 
 Shrubs, vines, or small trees, wath nearly always alternate leaves. 
 Flowers small, regular. Sepals mostly more or less united. Petals dis- 
 tinct or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes, and alter- 
 nate with them, opposite the petals' when these are present. Ovar\' com- 
 pound, superior; ovules erect. 
 
228 RHAMNACEAE. 
 
 Shrubs, small trees, or vines ; petals 4 or 5, or none ; fruit a drupe or capsule. 
 
 Fam. 1. RHAMNACEAE. 
 
 Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs ; petals caducous ; 
 
 fruit a berry. Fam. 2. Vitaceae.. 
 
 Family 1. RHAMNACEAE Diimort. 
 
 Buckthorn Family. 
 
 Erect or climbing shrubs, or small trees, often thorny. Leaves sim- 
 ple, stipulate, mainly alternate, often 3-5-nerved. Stipules small, decidu- 
 ous. Inflorescence commonly of cymes or panicles. Flowers small, reg- 
 ular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx-limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4^5, inserted 
 on the calyx, or none. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals and opposite 
 them; anthers short, versatile. Disk fleshy. Ovary sessile, free from or 
 immersed in +he disk, 2-5- (often 3-) celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, anat- 
 ropous. Fruit often 3-celled. Seeds solitary in the cavities, erect; endo- 
 sperm fleshy, rarely none; embryo large; cotyledons flat. About 50 genera 
 and 600 species, of temperate and warm regions. 
 
 Colubrina asiatica Brongn., an Asiatic shrub 6°-10° high, with slender 
 branches, ovate dentate acuminate leaves, and small axillary clusters of 
 greenish flowers followed by globose fruits, was found prior to 1879 on St. 
 David's Island, according to Lefroy; it has not been seen there recently. 
 
 Under the name Phylica odorata Cass., Lefroy records a plant identified 
 in 1873, without record of locality; this is not a published species, and I am 
 unable to determine what he had in mind. 
 
 A species of Ceanothus, presumably from California, was growing well at 
 Wood Haven in 1914. 
 
 Family 2. VITACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Grape Family. 
 
 Climbing or erect shrubs, with copious watery sap, nodose joints, 
 alternate petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or polygamo- 
 dioecious flowers, in panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx entire or 4—5- 
 toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or coherent, valvate, caducous. Filaments 
 subulate, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes; disk some- 
 times obsolete or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1, generally immersed 
 in the disk, 2-6-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, ascending, anatropous. 
 Fruit a 1-6-celled berry (commonly 2-c3lled). Seeds erect; testa bony; 
 raphe generally distinct ; endosperm cartilaginous ; embryo short. About 
 10 genera and over 500 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Hypogynous disk of the flower cup-shaped ; leaves 1-3-foliolate. 1. Cissiis. 
 Hypogynous disk none ; leaves digitately 5-7-foliolate. 2. Parthenocissus. 
 
 1. cissus L. 
 
 Mostly climbing vines with fleshy foliage. Leaves 1-3-foliolate or simple, 
 when compound the leaflets commonly separating in drying. Flowers mostly 
 perfect. Petals usually 4, spreading. Disk cup-shaped, adnate to the base 
 of the ovary, mostly 4-lobed. [Greek, ivy.] A large genus of over 225 
 species, mostly tropical. Type species: Cissus vitaginea L. 
 
VITACEAE. 
 
 229 
 
 1. Cissus sicyoides L. West 
 Indian Cissus. (Fig. 252.) A 
 pubescent high-climbing vine, with 
 striate branches. Leaves fleshy, 
 simple, ovate or oblong-ovate, 1'- 
 4' long, acute or acuminate, dis- 
 tantly serrate with bristle-tipped 
 teeth, truncate or cordate at the 
 base; petioles ^'-ll' long; flower- 
 clusters umbel-like, peduncled ; ber- 
 ries subglobose, about 5" in diam- 
 eter, black; seeds solitary, 2"-2^" 
 long, acute at the base. 
 
 Paget Marsh, 1905 ; Par-la-Ville, 
 Hamilton, 1912. Native. Florida, 
 West Indies and tropical continen- 
 tal America. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. Its seeds presumably 
 brought to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
 Cissus discolor Bl., Mottled 
 Cissus, Asiatic, an interesting and 
 beautiful climber with ovate mot- 
 tled leaves, is occasional in gardens. 
 
 2. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch. 
 
 Woody vines, the tendrils often tipped with adhering expansions (disks), 
 or sometimes merely coiling, our species with digitately compound leaves. 
 Flowers perfect, or polygamo-monoecious, in compound cymes or panicles. 
 Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; 
 style short, thick. Berry 1-4-seeded, the flesh thin, not edible. About 10 
 species, natives of North America and Asia, the following typical. 
 
 1. Parthenocissus quinquefo- 
 lia (L.) Planch. ViivGIXIa Creeper. 
 American Ivy. (Fig. 253.) Ten- 
 drils usually numerous, and pro- 
 vided with terminal adhering ex- 
 pansions, the vine sometimes sup- 
 ported also by aerial roots; leaflets 
 oval, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate. 
 2'-6' long, narrowed at the base, 
 coarsely toothed, at least above 
 the middle, glabrous or somewhat 
 pubescent; panicles ample, erect 
 or spreading in fruit ; berries blue, 
 about 5" in diameter; peduncles 
 and pedicels red. [Jlcdera quin- 
 qucfoJia L. ; Ampelopsis quinquc- 
 folia Michx.] 
 
 Rocky thickets between Castle 
 Ilnrhor and Harrington Sound, and 
 locally elsewhere on walls and fences. 
 Now nowhere abundant in Bernuida, 
 l)ecause much collected under the 
 name S.vhsaparill.v. Native. East- 
 ern North America. Bahamas and 
 Cuba. Lefrov's record of Awprlopsii 
 tridnttato, copied by II. B. Small, is 
 obscure, as there appears to be no 
 species published under that name. 
 
230 VITACEAE. 
 
 Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Plancli., Japanese or Bos- 
 ton Ivy, of eastern Asia, climbs tigli on walls by short disc-bearing tendrils; 
 its shining, cordate, glabrous leaves are 2'-5' broad, variously 3-lobed and 
 toothed, the lobes acute or acuminate; its small green flowers are in short clus- 
 ters. [Ampelopsis tricuspidata Sieb. & Zucc; Ampelopsis Veitchii MacNab.] 
 
 Vitis vinifera L,, European Grape, European, is commonly planted, and 
 grapes of good quality are produced. Its leaves are nearly or quite glabrous 
 on both sides. The vine was brought to Bermuda as early as 1616. 
 
 Vitis Labrusca L., in the derivative races Concord and others, North 
 American, is also commonly planted and fruits abundantly. Its leaves are 
 whitish-wooly beneath. 
 
 Order 21. MALVALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple, mostly alternate leaves. Flowers 
 regular, usually perfect. Sepals separate, or more or less united, valvate. 
 Petals separate, very rarely wanting. Stamens usually numerous. Ovary 
 superior, compound, the placentae united in its axis. Disk inconspicuous 
 or none. 
 
 Stamens twice as many as the sepals, or more. 
 
 Stamens in several sets ; anthers 2-celled ; embryo straight. 
 
 Fam. 1. TiLiACEAE. 
 Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled ; embryo 
 curved. 
 Style branches as many or twice as many as the 
 
 carpels or ovary-cavities. Fam. 2. Malvaceae. 
 
 Style entire, or merely lobed. Fam. 3. Bombacaceae. 
 
 Stamens as many as the sepals. Fam. 4. Sterculiaceae. 
 
 Family 1. TILIACEAE Juss. 
 
 Linden Family. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, with alternate (rarely opposite) simple leaves, 
 mostly small and deciduous stipules, and generally eymose or paniculate 
 flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, valvate, deciduous. Petals of the same 
 number, or fewer, or none, mostly imbricated in the bud. Stamens °c, 
 mostly 5-10-adelphous. Ovary 1, sessile, 2-10-celled; ovules anatropous. 
 Fruit 1-10-celled, drupaceous, dry, or baccate. Cotyledons ovate or orbic- 
 ular; endosperm fleshy, rarely wanting. About 35 genera and 275 species, 
 widely distributed. 
 
 1. TRIUMTETTA [Plumier] L. 
 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or 3-5-lobed. Flowers 
 perfect, in panicled cymules, axillary or opposite the leaves. Sepals 5, nar- 
 row, often mucronate. Petals yellow, 5, convolute, with a pit at the base, or 
 wanting. Stamens numerous or rarely only twice as many as the sepals, in- 
 serted on an elongated receptacle above 5 glands; filaments filiform, unequal; 
 anthers introrse. Ovary 2-5-celled, in the cup-shaped top of the receptacle; 
 stigma 2-5-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule subglobose, echinate, 
 commonly separable into 2-5 carpels. Seeds solitary or 2 in each cavity. 
 Embryo with flat, entire cotyledons. [In honor of G. B. Triumfetti an Italian 
 botanist.] About 70 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. Type 
 species: Triumfetta Lappula L. 
 
TILIACEAE. 
 
 231 
 
 Petals present, cuneate-spatulate. 
 Petals none. 
 
 1. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. 
 Burr Bush. (Fig. 254.) Annual, stel- 
 late-tomentulose. Stems 2i°-4° tall, 
 branched; leaves ovate, rhombic or sub- 
 orbicular in outline, l'-4' long, serrate, 
 angulate or often 3-lobed, rounded or 
 truncate at the base; petioles as long as 
 the blades or shorter; panicles narrow, 
 elongated; sepals lanceolate, about 3" 
 long, appendaged below the apex; petals 
 cuneate-spatulate, slightly pubescent at 
 the base; stamens often 15; fruit about 
 2A" in diameter, '2-celled, copiously 
 prickly, the prickles about as long as the 
 diameter of the body, hooked at the 
 apex. [T. althaeoides Lam.] 
 
 Hillsides and waste grounds. Native. 
 Florida, West Indies, continental tropical 
 America. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 Hemsley remarks that it is called " Box 
 Bush." 
 
 1. T. semitriloba. 
 
 2. T. Lappula. 
 
 
 2. Triumfetta Lappula L. Apetalous 
 Burr Bush. (Fig. 255.) Similar to the 
 preceding species, stellate-tomentulose, 2°- 
 5° high. Leaves broadly ovate to subor- 
 bicular, serrate, sometimes lobed; flowers 
 in narrow panicles; petals none; stamens 
 described as 10; fruit subglobose, the 
 prickles about equalling its diameter. 
 
 Bermuda is the type locality of this species, 
 cited by Linnaeus from Plukenet's " Alma- 
 gestum Botanicum " of IGOl, and Ilemsley 
 states that this specimen is preserved in the 
 Sloane Herbarium. It is listed by Lefroy, and, 
 according to Ilemsley, was collected in Ber- 
 muda by Moseley and by Lefroy. but It has 
 not been found by subsequent collectors. 
 
 Berrya Ammonilla Roxb., Trincomali Wood, East In<lian, a large tree, 
 with durable wood, broadly ovate entire cordate long-petioled leaves 4-8' 
 long, small panicled flowers with 5 spatulate petals, the fruit 3-4-valved, each 
 valve with 2 thin wings nearly 1' long, is recorded by Jones as grown in 
 Bermuda in 1873. 
 
232 MALVACEAE. 
 
 Family 2. MALVACEAE Neck. 
 
 Mallow Family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs (sometimes trees in tropical regions), with alternate 
 leaves. Stii3ules small, deciduous. Flowers regular, usually perfect, often 
 large. Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less united, usually valvate; calyx 
 often bracted at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute. Stamens °o, 
 hypogynous, forming a central colamn around the pistil, united with the 
 bases of the petals; anthers 1-celled. Ovary several-celled; styles united 
 below, distinct above, and generally projecting beyond the stamen-column, 
 mostly as many as the cavities of the ovary. Fruit capsular (rarely a 
 berry), several-celled, or the carpels falling away entire, or loculicidally 
 dehiscent. Seeds reniform, globose or obovoid; embryo cun^ed; cotyledons 
 large, plicate or conduplicate. About 45 genera and 900 species, widely 
 distributed in temperate and tropical regions both of the Old World and 
 the New. Many jolants of the family are mucilaginous. 
 
 Fruit of several radially arranged carpels, separating from each other when ripe. 
 Carpels as many as the stigmas. 
 Carpels 2-several-seeded. 
 
 Carpels 1-celled ; involucel none. 1. Ahutilon. 
 
 Carpels 2-celled ; involucel of 3 bractlets. 2. Modiola. 
 
 Carpels 1-seeded. 
 
 Stigmas decurrent on the styles. 3. Malva. 
 
 Stigmas terminal, capitate. 
 
 Involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets. 4. Malvastrum. 
 
 Involucel none. 5. Sida. 
 
 Carpels half as many as the stigmas, spiny. 6. Pavonia. 
 
 Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent. 
 
 Styles distinct ; capsules dehiscent. 
 
 Capsule-cavities 1-seeded. 7. Kosteletzkya. 
 
 Capsule-cavities 2-many-seeded. 
 
 Herbs ; or shrubs : involucel-bracts distinct. 8. Hibiscus. 
 
 Trees ; involucel 8-10-toothed. 9. Pariti. 
 
 Styles united; fruit indehiscent. 10. Thespesia. 
 
 1. ABUTTLON [Tourn.] Mill. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, sometimes trees in tropical countries, mostly soft- 
 pubeseent, with cordate angular or lobed leaves and axillary flowers. Involu- 
 cels none. Calyx 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-oo, 3-9-ovuled. Style- 
 branches the same number as the ovary -cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels 
 2-valved, often rostrate, falling away from the axis at maturity. Seeds reni- 
 form, the upper ascending, the lower pendulous or horizontal. [Name given 
 by the celebrated Arabian physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina), died 1037.] About 
 100 species, natives of warm and tropical regions, the following typical. The 
 genus contains a number of ornamental species, grown for their flowers. The 
 following naturalized species is a tall coarse weed. 
 
MALVACEAE. 
 
 233 
 
 1. Abutilon AbutUon (L.) 
 Rusby. Velvet Leaf. Indian 
 Mallow. (Fig. 256.) Annual, 
 stout, 3°-7° high, densely velvety- 
 pubescent. Leaves long-petioled, 
 cordate, ovate-orbicular, 4'-12' 
 wide, dentate, or nearly entire, 
 acuminate, the point blunt; flow- 
 ers yellow, about 10" broad; pe- 
 duncles shorter than the petioles; 
 head of fruit 10'' in diameter or 
 more; carpels 12-15, pubescent, 
 dehiscent at the apex, each valve 
 beaked by a slender awn. [Sida 
 AbutUon L. ; AbutUon Avicennae 
 Gaertn.] 
 
 Cultivated ground. Abundant 
 near Spanish Point in 1909 and 
 1913, occasional elsewhiere. Natur- 
 alized. Native of southern Asia. 
 ^yidely naturalized as a weed in the 
 United States. Flowers in summer 
 and autumn. 
 
 Abutilon striatum Dicks., Garden Abutilon, Brazilian, is a tall slender 
 nearly glabrous shrvib with slender-petioled, nearly orbicular, sharply 3-5-lobed, 
 dentate, cordate leaves 3-5' broad, and drooping long-peduncled red orange 
 red-veined flowers about IV long. Lefroy records it as common in gardens at 
 his time, but it is not much grown now. Several different races and hybrids- 
 are in cultivation. 
 
 2. MODIOLA Moench. 
 
 Prostrate or ascending herbs, with palmately cleft or divided loaves, and 
 small axillary peduncled red flowers. Bracts of the involucre 3, distinct. 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary oo, 2-3-ovuled. Style-branches stigmatic 
 at the summit ; carpels 5-20, septate between the seeds, dehiscent into 2 valves 
 with awn-pointed tips, and aristate on the back. [Latin, from the likeness of 
 the fruit to the small Roman measure, modiolus.] A monotypic American 
 genus. 
 
234 
 
 MALVACEAE. 
 
 1. Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. 
 Don. Bristly-fruited Mallow. (Fig. 
 257.) Annual or biennial, more or less 
 pubescent; stems 6'-2° long. Leaves 
 nearly orbicular, i'-^V wide, petioled, 
 3-o-cleft, the lobes dentate or incised, 
 or sometimes simply dentate; flowers 
 3"-5" broad, red; peduncles at length 
 elongated ; fruit depressed-orbicular, 
 the carpels bristly. [Malva caroliniana 
 L. ; Modiola multifida Moench.] 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds. Intro- 
 duced. Native of tropical and warm-tem- 
 perate America. Flowers nearly through- 
 out the year. It is an occasional weed in 
 Bermuda. 
 
 3. MAIiVA [Tourn.] L. 
 Pubescent or glabrate herbs, with dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and 
 axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of 
 the involucels 3 (rarely none). Petals 5. Cavities of the ovary several or 
 numerous, 1-ovuled ; style-branches of the same number, linear, stigmatic along 
 the inner side. Carpels arranged in a circle, beakless, indehiscent. Seed 
 ascending. [Greek, referring to the emollient leaves.] About 30 species, natives 
 of the Old World. Type species: Malva sylvestris L. 
 
 1. Malva parviflora L. Small- 
 flowered Mallow. (Fig. 258.) An- 
 nual, sparingly pubescent, branched, the 
 branches spreading, ascending or nearly 
 erect, 6'-18' long. Leaves long-petioled, 
 nearly orbicular in outline or somewhat 
 broader than long, crenate and with 
 about 7 rounded lobes, cordate at the 
 base, l'-4' broad; flowers short-pedi- 
 celled, clustered in the axils of the 
 leaves; bractlets linear, shorter than the 
 calyx; calyx reticulate-veined, with 5 
 triangular lobes; petals small, pink; 
 fruit nearly flat, about 4" broad, its 
 carpels reticulated on the back, pubes- 
 cent or glabrous. [M. pusilla Smith.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of the Old 
 World. Naturalized in the United States. 
 Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
MAIiVACEAE. 
 
 236 
 
 Malva rotundifolia L., the Low Mallow, also an Old World species, dif- 
 fers in having larger leaves, and carpels pubescent and not reticulated on the 
 back. It has been recorded as found in Bermuda by Reade, by 11. B. Small 
 and by Millspaugh, but the records probably refer to the preceding species. 
 
 Malva sylvestris L., the High Mallow, European, an erect species with 
 flowers I'-IV broad, the petals much longer than the calyx, is recorded by Reade 
 as escaped from gardens prior to 1883, and mentioned by II. B. Small as 
 escaped and fairly naturalized, has not been seen by us in Bermuda. 
 
 4. MALVASTEUM A. Gray. 
 Herbs, with entire, toothed, cordate or divided leaves, and solitary or 
 racemose, short-pedicelled perfect flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the 
 involueels small, 1-3 or none. Cavities of the ovary 5-x, 1-ovuled. Style- 
 branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit only, forming capitate 
 stigmas; carpels indehiscent or imperfectly 2-valved, falling away from the 
 axis at maturity, their apices pointed or beaked. Seed ascending. [Greek, 
 star-mallow.] About 75 species, natives of America and South Africa. Type 
 species: Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh) A. Gray. 
 
 1. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) 
 Garcke. False Mallow. (Eig. 259.) 
 Perennial, strigose-pubescent, branched, 1°- 
 3° high. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 
 slender-petioled, I'-SV long, acute, sharply 
 serrate; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, 
 on peduncles shorter than the petioles; in- 
 volueels of 3 small bractlets; calyx-lobes 
 triangular, acute, longer than its tube ; 
 petals pale yellow, somewhat longer than 
 the calyx, obliquely truncate; carpels 8-12, 
 hirsute on top, with a beak near the in- 
 flexed apex and 2 beaks on the back. [Malva 
 coromandeliana L. ; Malvastrum america- 
 num Torr. ; Malvastrum tricuspidatum A. 
 Gray; Sida glomerata of Hemsley.] 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds. Introduced. 
 Native of the southern Ignited States and trop- 
 ical America. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 5. SIDA L. 
 
 Herbs, with serrate crenate or lobed leaves, and perfect flowers. Bractlets 
 of the involueels none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-», 
 1-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit. Carpels 
 indehiscent, or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous. [Greek, used 
 by Theophrastus.] About 100 species, natives of the warmer parts of America, 
 Asia, Africa and Australasia. Type species: Sida aini folia L. 
 
 Leaves rhombic to oblanceolate ; peduncles elongated. 
 Leaves ovate to lanceolate ; peduncles short. 
 
 i*?. rhomhifoJia. 
 S. carpinifolia. 
 
236 
 
 MALVACEAE. 
 
 1. Sida rhombifolia L. Ehombic-leaved 
 SlDA. (Fig. 260.) Annual, puberulent to gla- 
 brate. Stems erect, li-"-^-!" tall, branching; 
 leaves rhombic, elliptic-obovate or oblanceolate, 
 V-SV long, acute or obtuse, serrate except near 
 the base, pubescent with pale hairs beneath; 
 petioles l^"-'^" long; peduncles, at least those 
 arising from the stem, much longer than the 
 petioles, mostly V-'^V long; calyx puberulent, 
 its tube finally 5— 10-ribbed, its lobes triangular, 
 acuminate, about as long as the tube; petals 
 pale yellow, 3"-4" long, sometimes blotched 
 with red at the base; carpels 10 or 12, subulate- 
 beaked. 
 
 Cultivated land between Harrington Sound 
 and Castle Harbor. Introduced. Native of the 
 southern United States and tropical America. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 2. Sida carpinifolia L. f. Hornbeam -leaved 
 Sida. Wire-weed. (Fig. 261.) Puberulent or 
 glabrous. Stems erect, l^-S" tall, branching; 
 leaves lanceolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, l'-4' long, 
 acute or acuminate, irregularly serrate, obtuse or 
 subcordate at the base, the petioles lA"-4" long; 
 stipules conspicuous, narrowly linear to lanceolate, 
 surpassing the petioles; peduncles mostly shorter 
 than the pedicels, V-2>V long; calyx 5-10-ribbed, 
 its lobes triangular, slightly acuminate, about as 
 long as the tube; petals yellow to white, 3"-6" 
 long; carpels reticulate-wrinkled, 2-beaked. {Sida 
 spinosa of Millspaugh; S. antillensis Urban.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated ground. Intro- 
 duced. Native of the southern United States and 
 tropical America. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 Lefroy remarks that this weed is mentioned in Ber- 
 muda laws as early as 1669. Both broad-leaved and 
 narrow-leaved races are found. 
 
 6. PAVONIA Cav. 
 
 Shrubs or shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, angled or lobed. 
 Flowers perfect, commonly solitary on axillary peduncles. Involucel of 5-15 
 bractlets. Sepals 5, partially united. Petals 5. Carpels 5, 1-celled. Styles 10. 
 Stigmas 10, capitate. Ovules solitary. Mature carpels separating from the axis, 
 1-3-beaked on the back or beakless, more or less deeply 2-valved. Seeds soli- 
 tary, ascending. [In honor of Joseph Pavon, Spanish botanist and explorer.] 
 Sixty species or more, mostly of tropical distribution, the following typical. 
 
MALVACEAE. 
 
 237 
 
 1. Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav. Pavo- 
 NIA. (Fig. 262.) A branching shrub, 2°-9° 
 tall, hirsute and strigillose. Leaves ovate or 
 oblong-ovate, 2'-4' long, acute or somewhat 
 acuminate, doubly crenate-dentate, truncate 
 or subcordate at the base; the petioles 
 densely pubescent; peduncles axillary, much 
 longer than the petioles; bractlets of the 
 involucel 5, linear to lanceolate, acute, nearly 
 5" long; calyx about as long as the bract- 
 lets, its lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate ; 
 petals yellow, V long, cuneate; carpels 2V'- 
 3" high, with 1 medial and 2 lateral re- 
 trorsely barbed awns. [Hibiscus spinifex 
 L.] 
 
 Collected by Lefroy in Southampton 
 Parish, prior to 1879 ; his specimen is pre- 
 served in the herbarium of the Royal Gardens 
 at Kew. Reade records that it grew near the 
 lighthouse. Introduced. Native of Florida 
 and tropical America. Not found in Bermuda 
 by recent collectors. 
 
 7. KOSTELETZKYA Presl. 
 Perennial, scabrous or pubescent herbs 
 or shrubs, with hastate or angular leaves, 
 
 and showy, axillary or paniculate flowers. Bractlets several, linear. Calyx 
 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Stamen-column anther-bearing below for nearly its entire 
 length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities 1-ovuled; style-branches of the same num- 
 ber, stigmatic at the capitate summits. Capsule depressed, 5-angled. Seeds 
 
 reniform, ascending. [Named in 
 honor of V. F. Kosteletzky. a bot- 
 anist of Bohemia.] About 8 spe- 
 cies, natives of warm and tem- 
 perate America. Type species: 
 KosteletzTcya liastata Presl. 
 
 1. Kosteletzkya virginica 
 (L.) A. Gray. Virginia Koste- 
 letzkya. (Fig. 263.) Erect, 2°- 
 4" high, somewhat stellate-pubes- 
 cent and scabrous. Leaves ovate, 
 or hastate, truncate or cordate at 
 the base, 2'-4r long, unequally 
 dentate and often 3-lobed bolow, 
 acute; flowers pink, lV-2r broad, 
 in loose terminal leafy panicles; 
 bractlets 8 or 9, linear, shorter 
 than the lanceolate acute calyx-seg 
 ments; carpels 5, hisjiid-pubescent. 
 [Tlibiscus virginicHS L. ; Althaea 
 officinalis of Reade, of H. B. 
 Small and of Jones.] 
 
 Pembroke, Devonshire and War- 
 wick marshes. Native. Southeastern 
 United States. Flowers in late sum- 
 mer and autumn. 
 
238 
 
 MALVACEAE. 
 
 8. HIBISCUS L. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions even small trees, with dentate or 
 lobed leaves, and showy, mostly campanulate flowers. Bractlets numerous, 
 narrow. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Column of stamens anther-bearing below 
 along much of its length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities 3-several-ovuled ; style 
 branches 5, stigmatic at the capitate summit. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds reni- 
 form. [An ancient name, used by Dioscorides for the Marsh Mallow.] About 
 180 species, widely distributed. Type species: Hibiscus Trionum L. 
 
 1. Hibiscus Eosa-sinensis L. Chi- 
 nese EosE. Shoeblack Plant. (Fig. 
 264.) A shrub, rarely forming a small 
 tree, up to 12° or 15° high, the young 
 parts sparingly pubescent or glabrate. 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at 
 the apex, rounded or abruptly narrowed 
 at the base, 3'-8' long, coarsely unequally 
 dentate; bractlets narrowly linear, about 
 half as long as the calyx; calyx-lobes 
 lanceolate, pubescent, especially within; 
 petals rose-red, purple or white,' 4'-6' 
 long ; capsule about 1' long. [H. Cooperi 
 of gardeners.] 
 
 Extensively planted for ornament in a 
 variety of races, and occasional in waste 
 places. Introduced. Native of China. 
 Widely naturalized in Florida and the West 
 Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 Hibiscus Amottianus A. Gray, Ha- 
 WAiAN Hibiscus, a beautiful species en- 
 demic in the Sandwich Islands, grown 
 in 1913 in gardens at St. Georges', has 
 broadly ovate leaves 4-5' long, their margins crenulate, and pure white 
 flowers about 4' long, the bractlets only about one-fourth as long as the narrow 
 calyx. 
 
 Hibiscus mutabilis L., Changeable Eose, East Indian, a tall shrub with 
 large, broad, angulately-lobed, cordate, stellate-pubescent leaves, the large red 
 flowers changing to white, is considerably planted in gardens and hedges. It 
 blooms in summer and late autumn. 
 
 Hibiscus syriacus L., Shrubby Althaea, Eose-of-Sharon, of western 
 Asia, a shrub with ovate, coarsely toothed or lobed leaves and axillary, short- 
 stalked, purple or white flowers 2-3' wide, is occasionally grown for ornament. 
 The flowers are often double. 
 
 Hibiscus spiralis Cav., Bancroft's Hibiscus, of tropical America and 
 Florida, recorded by Lefroy as grown at the public buildings and elsewhere 
 prior to 1877 and also mentioned by Verrill, is a low shrub, 3° high or less, with 
 ovate to triangular, serrate leaves l'-3' long, and slender-peduncled, red flowers 
 about 1' long. [H. Bancrofiianus Macf.] 
 
 Hibiscus grandiflorus Michx., Large-flowered Hibiscus, North Ameri- 
 can, recorded by Jones, by Lefroy and by Verrill as formerly grown in Ber- 
 
MALVACEAE. 
 
 239 
 
 muda, is a velvety perennial up to 6° high, with ovate to lanceolate, serrate 
 leaves 4-8' long, its pink petals crimson-blotched at the base, 4'-5' long. 
 
 Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq., Prickly Hibiscus, African, f^een in the 
 garden at Dunbarton in 1914, is a prickly shrub about 5° high, with variously 
 lobed, long-petioled leaves 3'-6' broad, and short-pedicelled, large, yellowish or 
 purplish flowers. 
 
 9. PARITI Adans. 
 
 Trees, with broad cordate petioled leaves, large deciduous stipules, and 
 large, terminal or axillary flowers, solitary or few^ together, the petals yellow 
 or changing to red. Involucre 8-10-toothed. Calyx o-toothed. Style pubescent 
 above, 5-cleft, the stigmas broad. Capsule loculicidally 5-celled, many-seeded, 
 the cells vertically partitioned by a dissepiment, which splits at dehiscence into 
 two membranes. [Name said to be Malabaric] A few species of tropical 
 regions, the following typical. 
 
 1. Pariti tiliaceum (L.) Juss. 
 Mahoe. (Fig. 265.) A tree, some- 
 times 50° high, the young foliage vel- 
 vety-tomentose. Leaves long-petioled, 
 the blades 3'-8' broad, nearly orbicu- 
 lar, cordate at base, abruptly acumi- 
 nate at apex, shallowly dentate or sub- 
 entire, the venation prominent beneath ; 
 involucre 10-cleft, about J' long; petals 
 yellow, obovate, 2'-2J' long; calyx about 
 10" long; capsule ovoid, tomentose, 
 7"-9" long; seeds glabrous or minutely 
 downy. [Hihiscus tiliaceus L.] 
 
 Border of a mangrove swamp near the 
 west end of the causeway a large tree 
 observed in 1913 ; apparently not planted. 
 Lefroy records that a tree was grown 
 from seed washed ashore about 1825, 
 and that prior to 1879 there was a large 
 tree at Somerville, Smith's Parish. Oc- 
 casionally planted for shade. Flowers 
 in summer and autumn. Naturalized. 
 Erroneously called Tulip-tree in Bermuda. 
 
 10. THESPESIA Soland. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or merely angulately lobed, 
 commonly large, usually cordate, petioled. Flowers perfect, showy. Involucel 
 of 3-5 narrow^ deciduous bractlets. Calyx truncate or nearly so. Petals 5. 
 Ovary sessile, 5-celled; styles 5, united or rarely distinct; stigmas decurrent on 
 the styles. Ovules few in each cavity. Capsule firm, woody-leathery, 5-celled, 
 indehiscent. Seeds several in each cavity, glabrous or pubescent. [Greek, 
 marvellous.] About 8 tropical species, the following typical. 
 
240 
 
 MALVACEAE. 
 
 1. Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. 
 Seaside Mahoe. (Fig. 266.) An ever- 
 green shrub or a low tree. Leaves 
 leathery, ovate, 2'-6' long, acute or 
 acuminate, undulate, cordate; petioles 
 shorter than the blades ; peduncles stout, 
 shorter than the subtending petioles; 
 bractlets of the involucels linear, early- 
 deciduous; calyx cup-shaped, entire; 
 petals 2'-3' long, yellow with a purple 
 base; capsule about IV wide; seeds 
 veiny, appressed-pubescent. [Hihiscus 
 popuhieus L.] 
 
 Recorded by Lefroy as growing prior 
 to 1879 in tlie cove at Clarence Hill and 
 elsewliere and by Hemsley as found at 
 St. George's. A tree 20° liigh was ob- 
 served in 1913 at Holly Lodge. Intro- 
 duced. Native of tropical America, where 
 it is a common seashore tree ; no evidence 
 is at hand to show that it exists in Ber- 
 muda now except as planted trees. 
 
 Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Okra, Gumbo, African, commonly 
 cultivated for its pods, is a somewhat hairy annual, 4°-9° high, with petioled, 
 lobed and serrate leaves 4'-8' broad, solitary peduncled axillary yellow 
 flowers with a red center, the petals about 2' long, and ribbed, pointed pods 5'- 
 10' long, mucilaginous when cooked. [Hibiscus esculentus L.] 
 
 Althaea rosea (L.) Cav., Hollyhock, Chinese, is grown to some extent as 
 a garden flower, principally in double-flowered kinds, its petals of nearly all 
 colors. It has wandlike stems 4°-8*' high, rough cordate suborbicular angu- 
 lar-lobed, long-petioled leaves often 6' broad, the upper smaller, and sessile 
 axillary flowers 3'-5' broad. [Alcea rosea L.] 
 
 Gossypium herbaceum L., Cotton, unknown in a truly wild condition, but 
 regarded by Sir George Watt as probably indigenous originally in Arabia and 
 Asia Minor, was cultivated and spun in Bermuda early in the history of the 
 colony. Cotton plants may still occasionally be seen in gardens, but no culti- 
 vation is attempted. 
 
 Malvaviscus mollis DC, Vel\^ty Malvaviscus, Mexican, a stellate- 
 velvety shrub about 3° high, Avith long-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate and often 
 3-lobed leaves 3'-5' long, axillary peduncled flowers about lA' long, the narrow 
 sepals 4"-6" long, the corolla red, is often grown in gardens, and is some- 
 times seen about old houses. 
 
 Lavatera trimestris L., Herbaceous Lavatera, of the Mediterranean 
 region, a branching, hairy-stemmed annual 2°-5° high, with somewhat pubes- 
 cent, slender-petioled, broadly ovate, angular-lobed and serrate, acute leaves 
 2-3' long, and axillary peduncled rose-colored flowers 24'-4' broad, the 
 receptacle of the fruit expanded into a disk above the row of finely ridged 
 carpels, was grown in gardens at St. George's and on St. David's Island in 
 1914. 
 
 Plagianthus pulchellus (Willd.) A. Gray, Pretty Plagianthus, Austra- 
 lian, a large shrub, with lanceolate, crenate leaves about 3' long, acuminate 
 
BOMBACACEAE. 241 
 
 at the apex, cordate at the base, the small flowers in axillary dense racemes, 
 the white petals only 2"-3" long, the carpels in a single row, is recorded by 
 Lefroy as uncommon in gardens, called Sweet, or White Abutilon. [Abuti- 
 lon pulchellum Sweet; Sida pulchella Willd.] 
 
 Family 3. BOMBACACEAE Schumann. 
 
 BoMBAx Family. 
 
 Trees, mostly with palmately compound leaves and laro:e and showy 
 perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-toothed. Petals 5. Stamens com- 
 monly very numerous, with long filaments and short anthers. Ovary 2-5- 
 celled; style simple; stigmas as many as the ovary-cavities. Fruit various, 
 dry or fleshy. Seeds usually woolly. About 20 genera and over 100 
 species, natives of tropical regions. 
 
 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.^ Silk-cottox Tree, a very large tree 
 with spreading branches, native of tropical America and tropical Asia, has a 
 trunk armed with spines, its base with large buttresses. The long-petiolcd 
 palmately compound leaves have 5 or 7 lanceolate leaflets 4'-6' long; the 
 large flowers are in stalked lateral or axillary clusters, and the 5-celled cap- 
 sules enclose many seeds enveloped in wool. [Eriodendroti aufraciuosum DC; 
 Bombax pentandrum L. ; Bombax Ceiba of Lefroy and of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Two of the trees mentioned by Lefroy as planted at Mount Langton by 
 Governor Eeid in 1845 existed there in 1914, having attained great size at the 
 base of the hill; the straight columnar trunks were then over five feet in 
 diameter and at least sixty feet in height. A few smaller trees may be seen 
 in other places; one at Orange Valley, seen in 1914, was then about 2^° in 
 trunk diameter. 
 
 Ochroma Lagopus Sw., Corkwood, of tro])ic'al America, represented in 
 1913 by a young plant at the Agricultural Station, is a large tree with orbicu- 
 lar cordate long-petioled, entire or lobed leaves often 1° broad, more or less 
 stellate-pubescent, large terminal flowers, and large 5-cellcd capsules contain- 
 ing many seeds covered with brown wool. Its wood is very light in weight. 
 
 Bombax aquaticum (Aubl.) Schum., Bombax, planted experimentally at 
 the Public Garden, St. George's, in 1914, is a South American tree with 
 petioled, palmately compound leaves of 5-9 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, the 
 large and showy flowers with 5 oblong, yellowish petals and very numerous 
 red stamens. [Pachira aquatica Aubl.; Carolinea princeps L. f.] 
 
 Family 4. STERCULIACEAE ILB.K. 
 
 Chocolate Fa:mily. 
 
 Shrubs, trees or herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed. 
 Flowers mostly perfect, regular, in spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx of 5 
 distinct or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 5 distinct petals, or wanting. 
 Androecium of as many fertile stamens as there are sepals and alternate 
 with them, or numerous; filaments sometimes in groups, the anthers with 
 parallel sacs, opening extrorsely. Gynoecium of 5 united carpels or rarely 
 of 1 carpel; ovarv 5-celled or'l-celied; styles distinct or united. Ovules 
 few or several, ascending or horizontal. Fruit a capsule or follicle. About 
 
 17 
 
242 
 
 STERCULIACEAE. 
 
 50 genera and over 700 species, of wide distribution in tropical and warm 
 temperate regions. 
 
 1. WAIiTHERIA L. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with stellate and simple pubescence. Leaves 
 toothed; stipules narrow. Flowers small, perfect, usually in axillary clusters or 
 small cymes. Involucel of 3 deciduous bractlets. Sepals 5, united at the base 
 into a turbinate lO-nerved tube. Petals 5, spatulate, convolute, withering- 
 persistent. Stamens 5; filaments united below, not accompanied by staminodia; 
 anthers with parallel sacs. Ovary 1-celled, sessile; style simple, not central; 
 stigma club-shaped or brush-like. Ovules 2 in a cavity. Follicles 1-celled, 2- 
 valved lengthwise. Seed solitary, ascending. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo 
 straight, axile. [Tn honor of A. F. Walther, professor in Leipzig.] About 
 35 American species, mostly tropical, the following typical. 
 
 1. Waltheria americana L. Waltheria. 
 (Fig. '267.) Foliage tomentose. Stems 2°- 
 4° tall, stiff; leaves ovate to oblong, l'-3' 
 long, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, 
 stout-petioled; flowers in dense sessile or 
 peduncled axillary clusters; sepals subulate, 
 about 2V' long, villous-hirsute, similar to the 
 bractlets; petals yellow, slightly longer 
 than the sepals; follicles about li" long, 
 j)ubescent at the top. 
 
 Abundant on a hillside near Port Royal, 
 1905. Recorded by Lefroy as growing in 
 Pembroke Marsh and on the hillside prior to 
 1879. Native. Florida and tropical America. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. Its seed pre- 
 sumably brought to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
 Sterculla apetala (.Tacq.) Karst., Ster- 
 CULIA, a large widely spreading tree up to 
 50° high, with nearly orbicular, 5-lobed, 
 peltate, stout-petioled leaves often 1° broad, 
 the apetalous unisexual flowers in large ter- 
 minal panicles, with a yellowish, purple- 
 flecked, stellate-pubescent, campanulate, 5- 
 cleft calyx f ' broad, the stamens in a column 
 tipped by 10-20 anthers, the fruit 5 large 
 leathery follicles, has been planted for 
 shade and ornament. A fine specimen on 
 the Wood Estate, Spanish Point, was studied 
 in 1913. [Helicteres apetala Jacq.; Ster- 
 culia carthaginensis Cav.] 
 
 Guazuma Guazuma (L.) Cockerell, Bastard Cedar, West Indian, was 
 represented by a healthy tree in the officer's garden, St. George's, about 1874, 
 recorded by Lefroy, and a large tree, said to flower but not to bear fruit, was 
 seen at The Stocks, St. David's Island, in 1914, when it had a trunk circum- 
 ference of five feet and one inch. In the West Indies it becomes 50° high; its 
 oblong to ovate, oblique, serrate leaves are about 3' long, its axillary flowers in 
 
STERCULIACEAE. 243 
 
 corymbs, its subglobose to oblong, tubercled, woody fruit about 1' long. [Theo- 
 broma Guazuma L.J 
 
 Melochia odorata L. f., Fragrant Meix)C'hja, of Tanna Island, recorded 
 by Hemsley as found by Lefroy in Pembroke Marsh, is a tree with thin broadly 
 ovate, petioled serrate subcordate leaves 3'-4' long, its small flowers in axillary 
 peduncled corymbs. 
 
 Firmiana platanifolia (L.) Schott & Endl., Chinese Parasol Tree, of 
 eastern Asia, occasionally planted, is a trge becoming 40° high, with sub- 
 orbicular cordate 5-lobed leaves often 1° broad or more, loosely pubescent 
 beneath, the lobes acute or acuminate, the sinuses rounded or obtuse, the rather 
 small greenish apetalous flowers in large terminal panicles, the calyxdobes 
 narrow. \^Sterculia platanifolia L.] 
 
 Order 22. HYPERICALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, the flowers mostly complete, perfect and refriilar 
 (irregular in Violaceae). Sepals distinct, or more or less united, imbricated 
 or convolute. Petals almost always present and distinct. Stamens usually 
 numerous. Ovary compound, superior; placentae mostly parietal. 
 
 Styles none; trees or shrubs with small imbricated leaves. Fam. 1. Tamakicaceae. 
 Styles present, separate or united. 
 Styles separate or partly united. 
 
 Stigmas not brush-like ; endosperm little or none. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves. Fam. 2. Tiieaceae. 
 
 Leaves opposite or verticillate. 
 
 Herbs or low shrubs, rarely trees ; flowers 
 
 perfect. Fam. 3. IIypericacbae. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with dioecious or polyg- 
 amous flowers. Fam. 4. Clusiaceae. 
 Stigmas brush-like ; endosperm copious. Fam. 5. Turxeraceae. 
 Styles completely united ; endosperm fleshy. 
 Corolla regular. 
 
 Petals mostly 4 or 5 ; anthers opening by 
 
 pores or valves. Fam. G. Bixaceae. 
 
 Petals mostly wanting; anthers longitudinally 
 
 dehiscent. Fam. 7. Flacgurtiaceae. 
 
 Corolla irregular. Fam. 8. Violaceae. 
 
 Family 1. TAMARICACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Tamarix Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, without stipules, relatively small or 
 scale-like, entire, often imbricated. Flowers mainly perfect, regular, usu- 
 ally in spikes or racemes. Calyx of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, imbricated sepals. 
 Corolla of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, distinct imbricated petals. Disk 10-lobed or 
 obsolete. Stamens 5 to many; filaments distinct, free; anthers o]iening 
 lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, superior, with 3-o basal placentae. Stigmas 
 3-5, distinct. Ovules 2-many on each placenta. Fruit a capsule. Seeds 
 erect, each terminating in a coma. Four genera and about 100 species, 
 natives of the Old World. 
 
 1. TAMARIX L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with irregularly and widely branching stems, the wood firm. 
 Leaves small, scale-like, clasping or sheathing. Flowers in dense ?pikes, 
 racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, or rarely 6, distinct. Petals small, white or 
 pink, inserted under the lobed disk, distinct. Stamens 5-10; filaments not 
 adnate to the corolla. Ovary with basal placentae. Stigmas 2-5, short. Fruit 
 
244 
 
 TAMAEICACEAE. 
 
 capsular. Seeds numerous; endosperm wanting, 
 species, of the Old World, the following typical. 
 
 [Latin name.] About 60 
 
 1. Tamarix gallica L. Tamarisk. 
 (Fig. 268.) A shrub or a small tree, with 
 slender spreading branches, the branchlets 
 very numerous, approximate or clustered, 
 completely clothed with the imbricated 
 scale-like acute leaves which are 1" long or 
 less; spikes numerous, in conspicuous 
 panicles; sepals triangular, about V' long; 
 petals white or pinkish; capsule pyramidal, 
 about 1" long. 
 
 Commonly planted as a screen along 
 coastal roads and elsewhere and completely 
 naturalized. Known locally as Spruce. 
 
 The related family Cistaceae (Eock- 
 ROSE Family), was represented in Ber- 
 muda by three species of CisUis (C. lauri- 
 folius L., C. salvifolius L. and C. monspe- 
 lieiisis L.), recorded by Lefroy as intro- 
 duced, presumably at Mt. Langton, in 1874, 
 and remaining alive until 1877, but not ap- 
 pearing to flourish, and not to be seen 
 there now. 
 
 Family 2. THEACEAE DC. 
 
 Tea Family. 
 
 Trees or shnibs with alternate or rarely opposite mainly estipiilate 
 leaves, and large regular mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 5 (rarely 4-7), 
 imbricated. Calyx often 2-bracted at the base. Petals 5 (rarely 4-9), 
 hypogynous, imbricated, crenulate. Stamens <^, numerous, hypogynous, 
 more or less united at their bases. Ovary sessile, 2-several-celled ; ovules 
 2 or more in each cavity. Fruit a 3-5-celled generally woody capsule. 
 Endosperm little or none; embryo large, with conduplicate cotyledons. 
 About 16 genera and 160 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. 
 
 Camellia japonica L., Camellia, of Japan and China, is occasionally 
 planted for ornament, but does not succeed very well. Usually a shrub, it may, 
 under favorable conditions, develop into a tree up to 40° high; the evergreen 
 thick ovate-elliptic, serrate leaves are 2'-4' long, shining dark green on the 
 upper side, and the white or red flowers, often double, are mostly solitary at 
 the ends of twigs or in the axils, sometimes up to 5' broad, the petals rounded. 
 
 Family 3. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. 
 
 St. Johx's-wort Family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, without 
 stipules, pellucid-punctate, entire or nearly so. Flowers perfect, regnlar 
 or nearly so, in cymes. Calyx of 4 or 5 herbaceous sepals. Corolla of 4 or 
 5 yellow or flesh-colored petals. Stamens few or many, commonly col- 
 lected in 3 or 5 groups, sometimes accompanied by interposed glands. Fila- 
 
HYPERICACEAE. 
 
 245 
 
 merits slender. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, with 
 parietal placentae, or 3-7-celled, with axile placentae. Stigmas often cajji- 
 tate. Fruit a septicidally dehiscent capsule seated in the persistent calyx. 
 Seeds small, without endosperm. About 10 genera and 300 species, widely 
 distributed. 
 
 1. ASCYRUM L. 
 Leafy glabrous low shrubs, with narrow leaves and yellow flowers. Sepals 
 4, in 2 pairs, the exterior ones broad and round, the interior smaller and nar- 
 rower. Petals 4, oblique or slightly contorted, deciduous. Stamens oo, dis- 
 tinct, or united in clusters. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae; styles 
 2-4. Capsule 1-celled, 2-4-valved, dehiscent at the placentae. [Greek, not 
 rough.] About 6 species, of North and Central America and the West Indies. 
 Type species: Ascyrum Jiypericoides L. 
 
 1. Ascyrum macrosepalum S. 
 Brown. Bermuda St. Andrew's 
 Cross. (Fig. 269.) An erect shrub, 
 1°-2|° high, with slender leafy 
 branches. Leaves linear-oblong, ses- 
 sile, 5"-7" long, V'-W wide, dull 
 green, obtusish, but minutely apicu- 
 late at the apex, narrowed to the 
 base, copiously punctate, the midvein 
 prominent beneath; cymes terminal, 
 1-f e-w-flowered ; outer sepals broadly 
 ovate, obtuse, 5'-6" long, U"-4.l" 
 wide, subcordate; petals oblique, 
 spreading in 2 nearly parallel pairs, 
 linear-oblong, acute, 5"-6" long, li"- 
 2" wide, fugacious, bright yellow; 
 capsule oblong, narrowed at both 
 ends, apiculate, about as long as the 
 outer sepals, twice as long as the 
 narrow, inner ones; seeds greenish- 
 brown, oblong, obtuse at each end, 
 about 4" long and 1" thick. {Ascy- 
 rum Crux-andreae of Lefroy; A. 
 Jiypericoides of Reade, H. B. Small, 
 Hemsley, Moore and Verrill; Hy- 
 pericum? of Jones.] 
 
 Frequent in marshes and on hill- 
 sides. Endemic. Its nearest relative 
 is A. llnlfolUim Spach, of the south- 
 eastern United States and the Bahamas. 
 
 from which it differs bv larger leaves: larger, broadly ovate cordate sepals; and In 
 its seeds. These features were first recorded in .Journal of fhr ^rlr ^ ork Botamcal 
 Garden 13: 192, 1912. The species presumably originated in Bermuda from seeds of 
 A. linifoUuni transported by the wind. 
 
 Hypericum perforatum L., Shrubby St. ,Tohn 's-wort, European, is 
 mentioned by Reade as rare in waste grounds prior to 1883. It has not been 
 seen by any of the recent collectors, and, being of northern distribution in 
 Europe and naturalized in North America, would not be likely to become 
 naturalized in these islands. The plant is an erect perennial herh with blunt 
 narrow leaves and cymose yellow flowers, the o petals black-dotted. Reade 's 
 statement of its occurrence is copied by H. B. Small. 
 
 Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers., Guiana Vismia. South American, 
 recorded bv Jones in 1873, is a shrub with quadrangular twigs, opposite, 
 
246 
 
 CLUSIACEAE. 
 
 petioled, ovate-elliptic, acuminate leaves 4'-6' long, and numerous small flowers 
 in terminal panicles, the five petals hairy, the fruit berry-like. H. B. Small 
 regarded the determination of this plant as doubtful. 
 
 Family 4. CLUSIACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Clusia Family. 
 
 Trees, with resinous sap, opposite, entire, leathery leaves, the mostly 
 dioecious or polygamous flowers in cymes or solitary. Sepals 2-6, imbri- 
 cated. Corolla of 1-9 hypogynous petals. Stamens numerous in the stam- 
 inate flowers, in the pistillate flowers usually represented by staminodes; 
 fllaments usually more or less united into a tube. Ovaflry 1-several-celled ; 
 styles stout, or wanting in some genera ; ovules one, several or many, borne 
 on axile placentae. Fruit baccate, drupaceous or capsular. Endosperm 
 none. About 40 genera and some 500 species, natives of tropical regions. 
 
 Jacq. 
 
 270.) 
 high, 
 base. 
 
 1. CALOPHYLLUM L. 
 
 Trees with short-petioled, coriaceous, pinnately striate-veined leaves, and 
 lateral, axillary or terminal, polygamous flowers in racemes or panicles. Sepals 
 2-4; petals 1-4, or wanting. Stamens many, distinct, or their bases united; 
 filaments short; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 1-celled; style long or short, 
 the stigma peltate; ovule 1, erect. Fruit a drupe. [Greek, beautiful-leaved.] 
 About 25 species, mostly of tropical Asia, a few in tropical America, the fol- 
 lowing typical. 
 
 1. Calophyllum Calaba 
 
 Galea. Saxta Marl\. (Fig. 
 A tree, becoming at least 60° 
 often branched nearly to the 
 Leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 3'- 
 6' long, glabrous, dark green, rounded 
 or slightly emarginate at the apex, 
 narrowed or obtuse at the base, shin- 
 ing, the midvein rather prominent, 
 the lateral veins very numerous and 
 close together; racemes lateral or 
 axillary, few-flowered, much shorter 
 than the leaves; pedicels rather stout, 
 2"-5" long; flowers white, fragrant, 
 the few petals about twice as long as 
 the orbicular sepals, or petals want- 
 ing; staminate flowers with about 50 
 stamens; pistillate flower w^ith a 
 short style, a globose ovary and 
 many staminodes; drupe nearly V in 
 diameter, the endocarp crustaceous. 
 
 Hillsides, hedges, and planted along roads. Introduced from the West Indies 
 and naturalized. Flowers in late summer and autumn. 
 
 Mammea americana L., Mammee Apple, West Indian, is represented by 
 a few trees in gardens; a fine tree may be seen at Par-la-Ville. It has thick, 
 leathery, oblong-obovate leaves 4'-8' long, few or solitary, large white axillary 
 flowers, and large, russet-colored drupes 3'-6' in diameter. 
 
 Garcinia Xanthochymus Hook, f., East Indian, is a small tree, related to 
 the Mangosteen, A tree 12° high, called ''Lemon Squash." was observed at 
 Belle\Tie in 1913; it has leathery oblong pointed entire leaves about 10' long 
 
GLUSIACEAE. 
 
 247 
 
 and 4' wide, shining above, dull beneath, and ovoid pointed fleshy fruits 
 about 2' long. 
 
 Garcinia Livingstone! T. Anders., Livingstone's Garcinia, of tropical 
 Africa, an old plant of which was seen at Montrose in 1914, is another relative 
 of the Mangosteen, with elliptic, very obtuse, crenulate \ein\ short-petioled 
 leaves 3'-6' long, 1^^' wide, and edible fruit about 1' in diameter. 
 
 Family 5. TURNERACEAE H.B.K. 
 
 TuRXERA Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes 
 with 2 glands at the base. Flowers mostly perfect, regular, axillary. Calyx 
 of 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla of 5 convolute deciduous petals. Stamens 
 5, inserted with or near the petals; filaments distinct; anther-sacs opening 
 lengthwise. Gynoecium compound, of 3 united carpels. Ovary free, 
 1-celled. Styles 3. Stigmas dilated or usually many-cleft. Ovules nu- 
 merous in 2 rows on the 3 parietal placentae, these opposite the three styles. 
 Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds slightly curved. Embryo straight in the 
 copious fleshy endosperm. Six genera and about 90 species, mostly of 
 trojDical distribution. 
 
 1. TURNERA L. 
 
 Shrubs or shrubby plants, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves few, 
 alternate, entire, toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers solitary in the upper axils, or 
 sometimes in clusters. Sepals 5, more or less united, imbricated. Petals 5, 
 usually yellow, convolute, inserted at the throat of the calyx-tube. Stamens 5, 
 inserted near the petals; filaments somewhat flattened, distinct; anthers 2- 
 celled. Stigmas 3, brush-like. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds curved, with a pitted 
 or rough testa. [In honor of William Turner, English botanist.] About 60 
 species, all but one of them native of tropical and subtropical America, the 
 following typical. 
 
 1. Tumera ulmifolia L. Tur- 
 NERA. (Fig. 271.) A shrub, l°-3° 
 high, the slender branches ascending, 
 pubescent. Leaves lanceolate to 
 ovate, rather thin in texture, pubes- 
 cent beneath, li'-4' long, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
 the gland-bearing base of the blade, 
 sharply serrate, the pubescent petioles 
 V long or less; peduncles adnate to 
 the petioles; bracts lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate; petals obovate, bright yellow, 
 much longer than the sepals; capsule 
 subglobose to ovoid, pubescent, about 
 3" long, many-seeded, the seeds cylin- 
 drie. 
 
 In thickets between Castle Harbor 
 and Harrington Sound, Abbot's Cliff and 
 Knapton Hill. Native. Florida ; West 
 Indies. Its seeds brought to Bermuda, 
 presumably, by a bird or by winds. 
 Occasionally grown in gardens. Flow- 
 ers in summer and autumn. 
 
248 BIXACEAE. 
 
 Family 6. BIXACEAE Reiehenb. 
 
 Annatto Family. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple, toothed, lobed or entire. 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4 or 5 usually imbricated sepals. Corolla want- 
 ing, or of as many petals as the sepals, deciduous. Stamens few or many. 
 Anthers opening by apical chinks. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2-several 
 parietal placentae which are sometimes well intruded. Styles as many as 
 the placentae, but united. Ovules 2-many on each placenta. Fruit a 
 valvate capsule, the valves bearing- the placentae. Seeds numerous, often 
 hairy. Four genera with about 20 species, of tropical regions. 
 
 Bixa Orellana L., Annatto, Arnotto, of tropical America, occasionally 
 grown for interest, is a shrub or small tree, up to 12° high, with glabrous, 
 slender-petioled, ovate, entire leaves 4'-7' long, acuminate at the apex and 
 cordate at the base ; its white or pink flowers are in terminal corymbs, with 5 
 deciduous sepals, 5 petals about 8" long, many stamens and a single pistil, the 
 ovary ripening into a 2-valved, soft-spiny, ovoid capsule about 1' long containing 
 many obpyramidal seeds, which yield the yellow dye. 
 
 Family 7. FLACOURTIACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Flacourtia Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate estipulate petioled simple leaves, and 
 small, often dioecious, regular flowers, mostly in axillary clusters. Sepals 
 usually 4 or 5 and imbricated. Petals present, or wanting. Stamens 
 hypogynous, usually numerous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-sev- 
 eral-celled; style mostly short. Fruit baccate, drupaceous or capsular. 
 About 70 genera and many species, of tropical distribution. There are no 
 native nor naturalized species in the Bennuda Flora. 
 
 Flacourtia Ramontchi L'Her., Madagascar Plum, Governor's Plum, of 
 Madagascar, occasionally planted, is a tree up to 30° high or more, with thin, 
 ovate to elliptic, pointed, crenate leaves 2'-3' long, small racemose yellowish 
 flowers without petals, mostly dioecious, and globose nearly black berry-like 
 fruits about A' in diameter. 
 
 Lefroy records the introduction of Flacourtia prunifdlia H.B.K., of 
 northern South America, at Mt. Langton, prior to 1877, and remarks that it 
 did not appear to thrive ; Jones also mentions it, and H. B. Small records its 
 disappearance prior to 1901. 
 
 Aberia Caffra Harv. & Sonder, Kei Apple, South African, a shrub or small 
 tree, armed with stout thorns 2'-3' long, the obovate-cuneate, entire obtuse 
 glabrous leaves l^'-3' long, the small clustered apetalous axillary flowers 
 dioecious, the fruit depressed-globose, I'-li' in diameter, has occasionally been 
 planted. 
 
 Family 8. VIOLACEAE DC. 
 Violet Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees, with basal or alternate, simple, lobed or 
 entire stipulate leaves and solitary or clustered, perfect, mostly irregular 
 flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud, the 
 lower one larger or with a posterior spur. Stamens 5; anthers erect, con- 
 
VIOLACEAE. 249 
 
 nivent or syngenesious. Ovary simple, l-eelled, with 3 parietal placentae. 
 Fruit usually a loculiciclal capsule. Seeds anatropous. About 15 genera 
 and 325 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 1. VIOLA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Acaulescent and scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, the flowers solitary or 
 rarely 2 ; early flowers petalif erous, often sterile, usually succeeded by apetalous 
 or cleistogamous flowers which are abundantly fertile. Petals spreading, the 
 lowermost one spurred or saccate; stamens 5, the two inferior ones spurred. 
 Capsule 3-valved, elastieally dehiscent. About 200 species, of wide distribution. 
 Type species: Viola odorata L. 
 
 1. Viola odorata L. English 
 OR Sweet Violet. (Eig. 272.) 
 Stolons rooting at the nodes; leaves 
 pubescent or glabrate, the blades 
 orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate, 
 obtuse, crenate, l'-2' wide; scapes 
 equalling the foliage; flowers fra- 
 grant, 10"-20" broad; sepals ob- 
 long, obtuse; petals beardless; cap- 
 sules from cleistogamous flowers 
 borne on short decumbent peduncles. 
 
 Occasionally escaped from gar- 
 dens, where it is commonly grown. 
 Native of Europe. 
 
 Viola tricolor L., Pansy, 
 Hearts-ease, also European in 
 origin, is grown in flower gardens 
 in a variety of races. 
 
 Order 23. PASSIFLORALES. 
 
 Herbs, tendril-bearing vines, shrubby i)lants, or succulent trees with a 
 milky sap. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Flowers perfect, or when 
 dioecious, the staminate and pistillate very different. Calyx of 5 more or 
 less united sepals. Corolla of 5 distinct or partially united petals, some- 
 times accompanied by a fringed crown. Stamens 5 or 10 in 2 unequal rows. 
 Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae. Stigmas entire, 
 notched or forked. Fruit a berry or capsule. 
 
 Corolla not accompanied by a crown ; flowers mainly dioecious, the staminate and 
 pistillate different. ^ ^^^- ^- ^akkaceae. 
 
 Corolla accompanied by a crown (corona) ; flowers perfect. ^^ pxssiflor\ceae 
 
 all alike. ram. _. . . . 
 
250 
 
 CARICACEAE. 
 
 Family 1. CARICACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Papaw Family. 
 
 Shnibs or trees, with milky sap. Leaves ample, broad, palmately 7-9- 
 lobed. Flowers unisexual or rarely perfect. Calyx short. Staminate 
 flowers with a salver-shaped corolla, its tube slender, the lobes 5, valvate 
 or convolute. Stamens 10, inserted in the throat of the corolla; filaments 
 short; anthers adnate to the filaments, 2-celled. Pistillate flowers with 5 
 distinct petals and no staminodia. Ovary compound, 1-celled, or some- 
 times spuriously 5-celled, free, sessile; stigmas 5, sessile; ovules numerous, 
 in two or many series on the 5 placentae. Fruit a large, fleshy berry. 
 Seeds numerous, flattened, with a roughened testa; endosperm fleshy; em- 
 bryo axile. There are two genera, the following, composed of about 25 
 species of tropical and subtropical distribution, and Jacaratia of tropical 
 Africa and America. 
 
 ]. CARICA L. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Named from the fancied resemblance of the 
 fruit to that of the Fig.] Type species: Carica Papaya L. 
 
 1. Carica Papaya L. Cus- 
 tard Apple. Papaw. (Fig. 
 273.) A small tree, with a simple 
 wand-like stem, 8°-15° tall, leafy 
 at the top. Leaves large, thick, 
 suborbiciilar in outline, 10'-20' 
 broad, mostly palmately 7-lobed, 
 I^ale or glaucous beneath, each lobe 
 pinnately lobed, the segments ob- 
 tuse or acute, or the larger ones 
 acuminate; petioles stout; stami- 
 nate flowers in slender panicles 
 often 2° long; calyx of the stami- 
 nate flowers about 1" high, that 
 of the pistillate flowers 3"-5" 
 high, the lobes longer than the 
 tube; corolla yellow, that of the 
 staminate flowers aljout 1' long, 
 its tube slender, dilated near the 
 top, its lobes lanceolate or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, barely one half as long 
 as the tube; corolla of the pistil- 
 late flowers longer, the petals dis- 
 tinct, lanceolate, twisted ; fruit 
 oblong to subglobose, 2'-6' long, 
 yellow or orange, with a milky 
 juice, often larger in cultivation. 
 
 Hillsides, waste and cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native of the West In- 
 dies and souttiern Florida. Flowers in summer and autumn. Cutlivated for its 
 valuable edible fruit, from which papain is obtained. In Bermuda many staminate 
 trees have fertile flowers below the staminate and sometimes bear small fruits 
 abundantly. Recorded as introduced in 1616. 
 
PASSIFLORACEAE. 
 
 251 
 
 Family 2. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Passiox-flower Family. 
 
 Woody vines, climbing by tendrils, or erect herbs, with petioled usually 
 palmately-lobed leaves, and perfect regular flowers. Calyx-tube persistent. 
 Petals usually 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, distinct, or in some 
 species united. Stamens 5. Throat of the calyx crowned with a double or 
 triple fringe. Filaments subulate or filiform, monadelphous, or separate. 
 Ovai-y free from the calyx, 1-celled; placentae 3-5, parietal; styles 1-5. 
 Fruit a berry or capsule, usually many-seeded. About 18 genera and 325 
 species, of warm and tropical regions, most abundant in South America. 
 
 1. PASSIFLORA L. 
 
 Climbing tendril-bearing vines, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves, and 
 axillary flowers, on jointed, often bracted j)eduncles. Calyx-tube mostly cup- 
 shaped or campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes narrow, imbricated in the bud, its 
 throat crowned with a fringe called the corona. Petals 4 or 5 (rarely none), 
 inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary oblong, stalked. Filaments mona- 
 delphous in a tube around the stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers nar- 
 row, versatile. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds pulpy-arilled, flat, ovate; 
 endosperm fleshy. [Flower of the Cross, or Passion, as emblematic of the 
 crucifixion.] About 300 species, mostly of tropical America, a few in Asia 
 and Australia. Type species : Passiflora incarnata L. 
 
 Flowers small; without an involucre or corolla; low short vine. 
 Flowers large ; involucre of 3 bracts ; long vines. 
 
 Involucre-bracts entire. 
 
 Involucre-bracts pectinate. 
 
 1. Passiflora suberdsa L. Small 
 Passion-flower. Ink Berry. (Fig. 
 274.) A vine, with glabrous or pubes- 
 cent foliage. Leaves ovate in outline, 
 2'-6' long, ciliate, 5-nerved at the 
 broadly cuneate or cordate base, en- 
 tire, toothed, or 3-lobed to 'above the 
 middle, the lobes ovate or triangular, 
 acute or acuminate, the middle one 
 much the larger ; petioles each with 
 2 glands at or above the middle; pe- 
 duncles surpassing the petioles, com- 
 monly in pairs; calyx greenish, 8"- 
 12" broad; sepals lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate; corolla wanting; crown- 
 filaments purjfle at the base, shorter 
 than the sepals; berries subglobose or 
 oval, purple to black, 4"-6" in diam- 
 eter. [P. minima L.] 
 
 Frequent on shaded rocks, on walls 
 and in thickets. Native. Florida and 
 the West Indies. Flowers in summer 
 and autumn. This is evidently the 
 small species mentioned by Lefroy as 
 undetermined by him. 
 
 1. P. ftuhrrofia. 
 
 2. P. incditiiitd. 
 
 3. P. inctinuta. 
 
252 
 
 PASSIFLORACEAE. 
 
 2. Passiflora incarnata L. 
 
 Passion-flower. Passiox-vine. 
 (Fig. 275.) Stem glabrous, or 
 glightly pubescent above. Peti- 
 oles i'-2' long, with 2 glands 
 near the summit; leaves nearly 
 orbicular in outline, glabrous, or 
 often somewhat pubescent, 2V- 
 5' broad, somewhat cordate at 
 the base, the lobes ovate or 
 oval, acute or aeutish, finely 
 serrate; flowers solitary, li'-2' 
 broad; peduncles usually 3- 
 bracted just below the flowers; 
 calyx-lobes linear; berry ovoid, 
 nearly 2' long, glabrous, yellow. 
 
 Climbing on trees near Payn- 
 ter's Vale, 1905. Introduced. 
 Native of the southeastern United 
 States. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. The vines observed in 
 1905 had' disappeared from the 
 locality in 1912. Perhaps others 
 exist elsewhere in Bermuda. 
 3. Passiflora pectinata Griseb. Pecti- 
 nate Passion-flower. (Fig. 276.) Gla- 
 brous, high-climbing or trailing. Leaves ovate, 
 
 rather firm in texture lV-3' long, crenate, 5-7- 
 
 nerved, somewhat contracted near the middle, 
 
 cordate at the base, acute or blunt at the 
 
 apex, with minute glands at the ends of the 
 
 veins, the petioles 1' long or less, eglandular; 
 
 tendrils slender, as long as the leaves, or 
 
 longer; flowers solitary in the upper axils, 
 
 about 2J' broad, on peduncles longer than the 
 
 petioles; involucre of 3 linear, pectinate or 
 
 pinnatifid bracts about 1' long; crown about 
 
 one half as long as the oblong, white sepals; 
 
 fruit ellipsoid, red, slightly fleshy, about 1' 
 
 long; seeds rough. [P. ciliata of Lefroy and 
 
 of Verrill.] ' 
 
 On cliffs, Walsingham and Abbot's Cliff, and 
 on Hall s Island, Harrington Sound. Native Ba- 
 hamas. Flowers in summer and autumn The 
 fruits are known as " apricots." The seeds were 
 perhaps brought to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
 Passiflora laurifolia L., Water Lemon, West Indian, a high-climbing 
 species with thick entire evergreen ovate leaves, 3-4*' long, the short petioles 
 2-glandular near the base of the blade, the solitary axillary flowers about 2^' 
 broad, variegated, the crown violet, the edible berry ellipsoid, about 3' long, is 
 occasionally planted. 
 
 Passiflora coeriilea L., South American, a long glabrous vine with terete 
 or slightly angled stems, deeply 5-7-lobed thin leaves 3-5' broad, their lobes 
 oblong or oblong-lanceolate and acute, the flowers about 3' wide, the petals 
 white or pale rose, the white crown purplish at base and apex, the yellow berry 
 about lA' long, is grown for ornament. 
 
PASSIFLORACEAE. 253 
 
 Passiflora malifomiis L., Water Lemon, of tropical America, mentioned 
 
 by Lefroy as fountl in gardens, is a high-climbing, glabrous vine, with ovate 
 thin entire acuminate leaves 3'-6' long, the slender petioles bearing 2 round 
 nearly flat glands; its large variegated flowers are subtended by 3 pointed 
 membranous whitish bracts about 1' long; the globose fruit is about IV hi 
 diameter. 
 
 Passiflora quadrangularis L., Graxadilla, tropical American, a long 
 glabrous vine with sharply 4-angled stems, broadly ovate, entire petioled 
 short-acuminate leaves 3-6' long, the petioles bearing 2 or 3 pairs of small 
 sessile glands, the large ovate stipules membranous and acute, the axillary, 
 involucrate flowers 3'-5' broad with rose-colored petals and violet crown, the 
 berry about A' thick, has been planted for ornament. 
 
 Passiflora edulis Sims, Water Lemon, Brazilian, a vine with 3-lobed 
 leaves, 3'-5' broad, the lobes acute and irregularly serrate, the petioles with 
 2 glands at the apex, the axillary flowers purplish, l^'-2' broad, involucrate by 
 2 small glandular-serrate bracts, the fruit a purple oblong edible berry, about 
 2J' long, is frequently planted and fruits abundantly. 
 
 Passiflora princeps Todd., a species with, showy crimson flowers in long 
 racemes, and deeply lobed leaves, was grown by Lefroy in a greenhouse at Mt. 
 Langton, prior to 1877, and flowered profusely. 
 
 Passiflora stipulata Aubl., South American, is a long glabrous vine with 
 angled stems, deeply 3-lobed leaves 3'-5' broad, subcordate at the base, the 
 foliaceous, subulate-tipped stipules V long or more, the petiole with 1 or 2 
 sessile glands; the showy flowers are 3'-4' broad, with rose-purple petals, the 
 crown violet above, purple below, with 3 bands of white spots, the stamens 
 orange. This vine is occasionally planted for ornament; its reference to P. 
 stipulata Aubl. is not wholly satisfactory. 
 
 Another Passion-flower, a slender vine with deeply 5-parted leaves, their 
 segments linear, 2'-3' long, the slender petiole bearing 2 small, sessile glands 
 at the middle, seen without flowers at Paget Eectory in 1914. has not been 
 determined specifically. 
 
 Lefroy records failure in growing two species of Tacsonia at Mt. Langton. 
 
 Order 24. BEGONIALES. 
 
 Herbs, mostly succulent, some slightly woody, a few species climbing. 
 Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or lobed, inequilateral; stipules 2, distinct, 
 usually caducous. Flowers cymose, monoecious, asymmetric, cymose on 
 axillary peduncles, bracted, mostly white or rose. Staminate flowers usually 
 with 2 opposite sepals, the petals, when present, imbricated; stamens 
 numerous, the anthers continuous with the filaments; ovary rudimentary or 
 wanting. Pistillate flowers usually with 2-5 perianth-segrments and without 
 stamens; ovary commonly 3-celled; styles 2-5, commonly 2-cleft; ovules 
 very numerous, anatropous. Fruit capsular, dehiscent, or rarely baccate. 
 Seeds many, minute, reticulated, with little endosperm or none. Only one 
 family. 
 
 Family 1. BEGONIACEAE Lindl. 
 Begoxia Family. 
 
 Two genera comprising, perhaps, 400 species, mostly of tropical regions. 
 
254 BEGONIACEAE. 
 
 1. BEGONIA L. 
 
 A number of kinds of Begonias are grown in gardens and in greenhouses. 
 
 Begonia fuchsioides Hook., Fuchsia-like Begonia, of Northern South 
 America, is glabrous, or nearly so, abouit 2° high, with small green elliptic- 
 ovate, finely serrate leaves I'-li' long, and scarlet flowers in drooping clusters. 
 
 Begonia heracleifolia Cham. & Schl., Cow-parsnip Begonia, Mexican, has 
 palmately-lobed, long-petioled leaves 12' broad or less, the stout petioles long- 
 hairy, the leaf-lobes variously toothed, the long, upright peduncles bearing 
 numerous, slender-pedicelled, white or pinkish flowers. 
 
 Begonia goegoensis BroAATi, Fire-king Begonia, Sumatran, is glabrous, 
 with long-petioled, broadly ovate, short-acuminate, entire peltate radiate- 
 veined, usually blotched and rugose leaves 4'-7' long, and long-peduncled clus- 
 ters of pinkish flowers. 
 
 Begonia ulmifolia Willd., Elm-leaved Begonia, of Trinidad and South 
 America, recorded by Lefroy, is a leafy species, 2°-5° high, pubescent with 
 brownish hairs, the obliquely elliptic, doubly serrate, pinnately-veined leaves 3'— 
 8' long, the white or pinkish flowers in much-branched clusters. 
 
 Begonia hydrocotylifolia Otto, Marsh-Pennywort Begonia, Mexican, also 
 recorded by Lefroy, is pubescent all over, with nearly orbicular, cordate, short- 
 petioled leaves 2' broad or less, the peduncles about 1° high, bearing rose-red 
 flowers. 
 
 Begonia minor Jacq., Jamaica Begonia, of Jamaica, a glabrous branched 
 species 2°-4° high, with very obliquely ovate, subcordate, acuminate nearly 
 entire leaves 2'^' long, and numerous white flowers in large cymes, is occa- 
 sionally grown. 
 
 Begonia Rex Putz, Rex Begonia, of Assam, has short fleshy rootstocks, 
 differing in this feature from all the preceding species, which have fibrous 
 roots; its long-petioled, obliquely ovate, cordate pubescent leaves are basal, 
 green with a silvery-grey zone, and undulate-margined; its showy rose-colored 
 flowers are 2' broad or less. 
 
 Order 25. OPUNTIALES. 
 
 Fleshy plants, with continuous or jointed stems, leafless, or with small 
 leaves {PeresJcia has normal leaves), generally abundantly spiny, the spines 
 developed from cushions of wool or minute bristles (areolae). Flowers 
 mostly solitary, sessile, perfect, regular, showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the 
 ovary, its limb many-lobed. Petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, 
 mostly distinct. Stamens numerous, inserted on the throat of the calyx. 
 Filaments filiform; anthers small. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous, anat- 
 ropous, borne on several parietal placentae. Style terminal, elongated; 
 stigmas numerous. Fruit a berry, mostly fleshy, sometimes nearly dry. 
 Seeds smooth, or tubercled, the testa usually crustaceous or bony; endo- 
 sperm little, or copious. Only one family. 
 
 Family 1. CACTACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Cactus Family. 
 
 Characters of the order. About 100 genera and at least 1000 species, 
 nearly all natives of America. 
 
CACTACEAE. 
 
 255 
 
 Corolla rotate, without a tube ; joints of the plant flat or cylindric ; day-floworing. 
 
 1. Opuntia. 
 Corolla funnelform, with a long tube ; joints trigonous ; night-flower- 
 ing. 2. Ilylocercus. 
 
 1. OPUNTIA Mill. 
 Succulent plants, with jointed branching stems, the joints flat, or cylindric, 
 and small mostly subulate deciduous leaves, the areolae axillary, often spine- 
 bearing. Flowers usually lateral; Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, 
 its lobes spreading. Petals numerous, slightly united at the base. Stamens 
 very numerous. Ovary cylindric, exserted; style cylindric, longer than the 
 stamens; stigma 2-7-rayed. Berry pear-shaped, often spiny. [Named from 
 a town in Greece where some species grew.] About 200 species, natives of 
 America. Type species : Cactus Opuntia L. 
 
 1. Opuntia Dillenii (Ker.) Haw. 
 Prickly Pear. (Fig. 277.) Bushy- 
 branched, 14°-5° high, often forming 
 masses 6° in diameter. Joints green, 
 glabrous, mostly obovate and 5'-10' 
 long, about 4" thick, crenate, the 
 areoles I'-li' apart, somewhat ele- 
 vated, bearing 1-4 stout yellow 
 spines J'-li' long, or spineless, the 
 numerous glochides yellowish to 
 brownish, 3" long or less; flowers 
 solitary at the areoles, often abun- 
 dant, bright yellow, about 3' broad ; 
 ovary obovoid, with glochide-bearing 
 areoles; petals obovate; stamens 
 much shorter than the petals; fruit 
 pyrif orm, red-purple, edible, 2'-3' long. 
 [Cactus Dillenii Ker; Opuntia Tuna 
 of Lefroy, Jones, H. B. Small, Hems- 
 ley, Verrill and Moore; 0. vulgaris 
 of Eeade, Kemp, H. B. Small and 
 Harshberger; Cactus Opuntia of 
 Michaux.] 
 
 Common in sandy soil near the coasts, and occasional on hillsides inland. 
 Native, Florida and the West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn. The only 
 native cactus. In shade, the joints greatly elongate and are proportionately nar- 
 rower, sometimes 1° long and only 2Y wide, spineless, or nearly so. 
 
 Opuntia pes-corvi LeConte, a low, brown-spined species of Georgia and 
 Florida, with small joints readily separating, is recorded as Bormudian by 
 Eein and Lefroy and admitted by Hemsley and by Verrill, in all probability 
 erroneously, as it has not been found by subsequent collectors. 
 
 Opuntia tomentosa Salm-Dyck, Tall Velvety Prickly Pear, Mexican, is 
 grown for interest, attaining a height of 15°-20° with a roughish trunk up to 
 nearly a foot in diameter. A fine specimen existed in 1014, on a bank near the 
 roadside, approaching St. George's. The joints of this species are dull green 
 and finely velvety, and the flowers small and rose-colored. 
 
 Opuntia Ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Tall Smooth Prickly Pear, tropical 
 American, with large, nearly or quite smooth and often spineless joints, is 
 occasionally grown; its oblong yellowish fruits are about 3' long. 
 
 Opuntia leucotricha DC, Aaron's Beard, Mexican, a tall broad-jointed 
 species, covered with long, whitish stiff hairs, is occasionally planted for in- 
 terest. Fine specimens were seen at Whitehall and Caledonia Park, st 
 George's, in 1913. 
 
256 
 
 CACTACEAE. 
 
 Several other species of Opuntia were planted at Mount Langton by 
 Lefroy; in 1914 ten species were sent to Paget Eectory from the New York 
 Botanical Garden. The plant recorded by H. B. Small as Opuntia candelabra 
 has not been identified. 
 
 Nopalea cochinellifera (L.) Salm-Dyck, Cochineel Cactus, a nearly 
 smooth flat-jointed' shining cactus, differing from Opuntia in having the 
 stamens much longer than the small petals, is commonly grown in gardens. 
 This plant supports the cochineel insect in tropical America, where it is 
 abundant. [Opuntia cochinellifera Mill.] 
 
 Seven species of the Mexican genus Pereskiopsis, cacti with broad leaves, 
 similar to PeresMa, were planted at Paynter's Vale in 1912 and were growing 
 well in 1913. 
 
 2. HYLOCEREUS Britton & Eose. 
 
 Climbing or trailing cacti, with 3-winged or 3-angled, mostly stout stems 
 and branches emitting aerial roots, but bearing no leaves, the areoles borne on 
 the wings or angles and armed with few or several short spines. Flowers 
 nocturnal, very large, regular, the ovary and tube bearing large, ovate to 
 linear-lanceolate scales, the perianth-segments numerous, linear or narrowly 
 lanceolate, widely spreading, the outer green, the inner mostly bright white. 
 Stamens very many. Fruit a scaly berry, not spiny nor bristly. [Greek, 
 forest-cereus.] About 20 species, native of tropical America. Type species: 
 Hylocereus triangularis (L.) Britton S Eose. 
 
 1. Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) 
 Britton & Eose. Night-blooming 
 Ceeeus. (Fig. 278.) Stems stout, 
 fleshy, glabrous, sometimes 20° long, 
 often climbing on trees, the branches 
 l°-4° long, green, 3-winged, the 
 wings flat, V-V broad, coarsely cre- 
 nate, their margins with a narrow 
 horny border; spines 2-5 at each 
 areole, brownish, li"-2" long; flow- 
 ers about 1° long, the tube about IV 
 thick, rather shorter than the limb, 
 bearing several linear-lanceolate 
 scales li'-3' long; ovary l'-2' long, 
 bearing several ovate, acute scales 1' 
 long or less; style stout, about as 
 long as the stamens; berry oblong, 
 red, pulpy, about 3' long, covered 
 with ovate scales. [Cereus tricosta- 
 tus Gosselin; C. undatios Haw.; 
 Cereus triangularis of Lefroy, Eeade 
 and Jones; Cereus compressus of Moore.] 
 
 Banks and thickets, escaped from cultivation ; common in gardens. Native of 
 Mexico. Naturalized in Florida and tne West Indies. 
 
 Selenicereus grandifidrus (L.) Britton & Eose, Queen of the Night, 
 West Indian, a climbing species, with round fluted prickly stems, its large 
 white, bell-shaped, hairy flowers opening at night, is commonly planted. 
 [Cactus grandiflorus L.] 
 
 Epiphyllum latifrons Zucc, Broad Epiphtllum, Mexican, a large, entirely 
 spineless flat-stemmed cactus, with large white nocturnal funnelform flowers, 
 is occasional in gardens. [Phyllocactus latifrons Link.] 
 
CACTACEAE. 257 
 
 Cactus Melocactus'L., Turk's Cap, Jamaican, a globose cactus a foot or 
 more in diameter with numerous strongly spiny ribs, and a woolly top bearing 
 small pink or rose flowers and narrowly pyriform pink fruits, is mentioned by 
 Eeade and by Lefroy as commonly grown prior to 1879, and is now occasionally 
 seen. [Melocactus communis DC] 
 
 Pereskia grandifolia Haw., Bush Pereskia, South American, a s-piny shrub 
 with oval or oblong, smooth entire leaves and terminal clusters of rose- 
 colored or purple flowers, is occasional in gardens, planted for ornament. The 
 genus Pereskia differs from other Cacti in having normal leaves. [P. Bleo 
 of Reade and of Lefroy.] 
 
 Pereskia Pereskia (L.) Karsten, Barbadoes Gooseberry, tropical 
 American, a high-climbing spiny vine, with similar leaves to those of the 
 preceding species, but smaller, and large clusters of white or cream-colored 
 fragrant flowers, followed by leafy edible yellowish berries, is also occasionally 
 planted for ornament. \^Cactus Pereskia L. ; P. aculeata Mill.) 
 
 Zygocactus truncatus (Haw.) Schumann, Crab Cactus, Brazilian, grown 
 in greenhouses, is spineless, about 1° long, with flat jointed stems V-V broad, 
 the thin, oblong joints l-i'-2' long, united only through the middle, bearing 
 2 or 3 ascending, prominent teeth on both margins; the red to rose-colored, 
 irregular flowers are about 3' long. [Epiphyllum truncatum Haw.] 
 
 The following cacti were sent to Paget Rectory from the New York 
 Botanical Garden in 1914. 
 
 Cereus lepidotiis Salm-Dyck, Venezuelan. 
 
 Nyctocereus serpentinus (Lag. & Rodr.) Britton & Rose, Mexican. 
 
 Acanthocereus pentagonus (L.) Britton & Rose, Tropical American. 
 
 Cephalocereus leucocephalus (Poselg.) Britton & Rose, Mexican. 
 
 Cephalocereiis Brooksianus Britton & Rose, Cuban. 
 
 Lemaireocereus griseus (Haw.) Britton & Rose, South American. 
 
 Lemaireocereus Hystrix (Salm-Dyck) Britton k Rose, West Indian. 
 
 Harrisia portoricensis Britton, Porto Rican. 
 
 Harrisia gracilis (Mill.) Britton, Jamaican. 
 
 Harrisia eriophora (Pfeiff.) Britton, Cuban. 
 
 Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelm., Texan. 
 
 EcJiinocactus pemviamos Schumann, Peruvian. 
 
 Mamillaria nivosa Link, West Indian. 
 
 Order 26. MYRTALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, unarmed, sometimes aquatic or amphibious. 
 
 Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers regailar or irregular, complete, and 
 
 often showy, or reduced to a stamen and pistil adnate to the hypanthium. 
 
 Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary or adnate to it. Stamens few or 
 
 many. Anthers opening by slits or pores. Stigma terminating the style, 
 
 or sessile. Fruit capsular or baccate, or resembling an achene. 
 
 Style present, simple or compound ; stigma terminal. 
 
 Anthers opening by pores. Fam. 1. Mki.astomaceae. 
 
 Antliers opening by longitudinal valves. 
 
 Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. Fam. 2. I.vthb.vceae. 
 
 Hypanthium adnate to the ovary or mainly so. 
 Cotvledons spirally convolute in the embryo, 
 bvarv several-celled ; ovules numerous, not 
 
 pendulous. Fam. 8. Pimcaceae. 
 
 Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 2-5. pendulous. Fam. 4. 1>;rminai.i.\ceae. 
 
 Cotyledons not spirally convolute. 
 
 Sepals imbricated or united and the calyx _ 
 
 falling away as a cap. Fam. ... Mvrtaceae. 
 
 18 
 
258 MELASTOMACEAE. 
 
 Sepals valvate. 
 
 Leaves stipulate ; sepals leathery, Fam, 6, Rhizophoraceae. 
 
 Leaves not stipulate ; sepals mem- 
 branous or herbaceous. Fam. 7. Oxagraceae. 
 Style wanting ; stigmas sessile. Fam. 8. Haloragidaceae. 
 
 Family 1. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Meadow-Beauty Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite 3-9-nerved leaves, and regular 
 perfect often shoA^y but rarelj^ odorous flowers. Stipules none. Calyx- 
 tube usually 4r-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals as many as the lobes 
 of the calyx, and inserted on its throat, imbricated. Stamens twice as 
 many, or equal in number to the petals, often inclined or declined, the alter- 
 nate ones sometimes shorter. Ovary 2-several-celled (often 4-celled) ; style 
 terminal, simple; ovules oo, anatropous. Capsule included in the calyx- 
 tube, irregularly or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mainly small, with no 
 endosperm. About 150 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed in trop- 
 ical regions, most abundant in South xVmerica. 
 
 Medinilla magnifica Lindl., Eed Medinilla, of the Philippine Islands, 
 seen at Bellevue in 1914, is a shrub ^vith stout 4-angled branches, thick dark 
 green, strongly 3-13-nerved, broadly ovate or elliptic, acute sessile leaves 6-10' 
 long, and elegant panicles, often 1° long, of red flowers about 1' across. 
 
 Family 2. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. 
 Loosestrife Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or often trees in the tropics. Leaves mostly opposite, 
 usually entire. Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered. Calyx-tube en- 
 closing the ovarj^, but free ; calyx-lobes mostly 4—6, commonly accompanied 
 by accessory teeth. Corolla of 4 to 6 petals, or wanting. Filaments mostly 
 filifoiTti; anthers versatile. Ovary 2-6-celled, or rarely 1-celled. Styles 
 united. Stigmas entire or rarely 2-lobed. Ovules anatropous. Fruit a 
 thin-walled or firm capsule enclosed in the hypanthium. Seeds variously 
 marked or roughened. Embryo straight. 
 
 Lagerstroemia indica L., Queen of Shrubs, Crape Myrtle, Asiatic, 
 grown for ornament, is a tall .shrub or small tree, with rather small entire 
 mostly opposite leaves and showy, pink or sometimes white flowers in terminal 
 clusters; the floAxers have 6 clawed crisped petals, and many long filaments; 
 the fruit is a leathery 3-6-valved capsule. The plant blooms from spring to 
 early autumn. 
 
 Parsonsia micropetala (H.B.K.) Britton, Small-petaled Parsonsia, Mex- 
 ican, seen at Paget Eectory in 1914, is a somewhat rough shrub 2°-3i° high, 
 with opposite petioled oblong-lanceolate leaves 2-4' long, or the upper alter- 
 nate, smaller, and racemose leafy-bracted flowers, the tubular calyx about 1' 
 long, 12-nerved and 12-toothed, scarlet at base, yellow above, the 6 petals 
 minute, the stamens red. [Cuphea micropetala H.B.K. ] 
 
 Family 3. PUNICACEAE Horan. 
 Pomegraxate Family. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with terete branches. Leaves opposite or nearly 
 so, entire. Flowers perfect, showy, solitary or clustered in the axils, short- 
 peduncled. Calyx leatheiw, turbinate, adnate to the ovary, its lobes 5-7. 
 Corolla of 5-7 petals inserted at the throat of the calyx-tube, wrinkled. 
 
PUNICACEAE. 
 
 259 
 
 Stamens numerous in many series on the ealj'x-tube; filaments filiform; 
 anthers versatile. Ovary several-celled, inferior; styles united; stigma 
 slightly lobed. Ovules numerous, superposed in 2 series. Fruit a several- 
 celled berry crowned with the calyx, with a leathery coat, its septa mem- 
 branous. Seeds angled, in a watery pulp, with a leathery testa. Embryo 
 with spirally convolute cotyledons, each auricled at the base. Only the 
 following genus containing the one typical species and perhaps one other. 
 
 Characters of the family, 
 where the fruit was obtained.] 
 
 1. PUNICA L. 
 [Latin, from the Roman name for Carthage, 
 
 1. Punica Granatum L. Pomegranate. 
 (Fig. 279.) A shrub, or a tree reaching a 
 height of 20°. Foliage glabrous; leaves 
 leathery, oval, elliptic or oblong, varying to 
 broadest slightly above or below the middle, 
 I'-SV long, obtuse or acute, or rarely retuse, 
 flat, short-petioled ; peduncles stout, 1-several- 
 flowered; calyx tube turbinate, becoming 
 campanulate, later subglobose; lobes trian- 
 gular or triangidar-lanceolate, much shorter 
 than the tube, acute, finally deciduous; petals 
 scarlet, their blades suborbicular or orbicular- 
 obovate, 1' long or less, short-clawed; fruit 
 subglobose or spheroidal, 2V-5' in diameter. 
 
 Commonly planted, and locally escaped from 
 cultivation and naturalized. Native of Persia. 
 Recorded as grown in Bermuda as early as 1621. 
 
 Family 4. TERMINALIACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 White Mangrove Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, or vines in tropical regions. Leaves alternate or oppo- 
 site, simple, leathery^ ; stipules wanting. Inflorescence racemose or capitate. 
 Flowers often apetalous, regular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx with 4 
 or 5 valvate, deciduous or rarely persistent sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 petals, 
 inserted at the base of the calyx, or wanting. Stamens twice as nuniy as 
 the petals or more; filaments distinct; anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled; 
 style terminal; stigma entire or nearly so. Ovules few, suspended, anat- 
 ropous. Fruit drupaceous or beriy-like, indehiscent, often crowned with 
 the accrescent calyx. Seed solitary, filling the cavity; endosperm none; 
 embryo straight, with convolute cotyledons. About 15 genera and 285 
 species, tropical in distribution, most abundant in the Old World. 
 
 1. CONOCARPUS L. 
 
 A shrub or tree of the seaeoast, with alternate entire leathery leaves, the 
 petioles 2-glandular, the small greenish perfect flowers in spicate or panicled 
 
260 
 
 TERMINALIACEAE. 
 
 heads. Calyx- tube flattened, not prolonged beyond the ovary; sepals 5, de- 
 ciduous. Petals none. Stamens mostly 5, with slender elongated filaments 
 and cordate anthers. Style pubescent. Ovules 2. Drupes scale-like, densely 
 aggregated. Seeds flat; cotyledons convolute. [Greek, referring to the cone- 
 like heads of fruit.] A monotypic American genus. 
 
 1. Conocarpus erecta L. Sea Mul- 
 berry. Bark. Buttoxvtood. Button 
 Alder. (Fig. 279.) A glabrate or silky- 
 pubescent shrub or tree, sometimes 30° 
 tall, sometimes less than 3° high, with 
 angled or winged twigs. Leaves l'-2' 
 long, elliptic to oval, acute or acumi- 
 nate at both ends, entire, short-petioled ; 
 racemes l'-2' long, peduncled; heads 2-i"- 
 4" in diameter at flowering time ; calyx- 
 tube funnel-like, greenish, a little over 
 i" long; sepals triangular-ovate, about 
 as long as the limb of the calyx, finely 
 pubescent; stamens and style 5"-7" long; 
 drupes scale-like, 2-winged, '2"-3-J" long. 
 [C. prociimhens of Eeade; Laguncularia 
 racemosa of Lefroy, the error copied by 
 Yerrill; Cephalanthus occidentalis of 
 Jones; Conocarpus racemosus of Jones.] 
 
 Common along the coasts, in sheltered 
 situations erect, where wind-swept prostrate. 
 Native. Florida and the West Indies. 
 Flowers in autumn and winter. Its seeds 
 doubtless reached Bermuda by floating. Its 
 bark was formerly used for tanning. 
 
 Terminalia Catappa L., West Indian or Demarara Almond, a tropical 
 Malayan tree sometimes 50° tall, with widely spreading branches, alternate, 
 oval to obovate, entire short-petioled leaves 6-12' long, slender spikes of small 
 greenish-white flowers without petals, and elliptic 2-edged flattened drupes 
 about 2V long, is occasionally planted for shade and ornament, and might 
 well be more used. 
 
 Terminalia Arjuna Beddome, Arjun, East Indian, a tree reaching 80° in 
 height, with smooth bark, subopposite glabrate short-petioled oblong obtuse 
 leaves 3'-6' long, small flowers in panicled spikes, the obovoid-oblong, 5- 
 winged fruits l'-2' long, was seen at Dunbarton in 1914, as a tree about 40"^ 
 high with a trunk 20' in circumference, raised from seed from Ceylon. 
 
 Quisqualis indica L., Eangoon Creeper, from the Old World tropics, a 
 long woody vine, with opposite short-stalked elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 
 entire acuminate leaves 3' or 4' long, terminal drooping spikes of elongated 
 flowers, the very slender calyx-tube about 3' long, its short lobes triangular, 
 the 5 red petals oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, 8" or 9" long, the leathery capsules 
 5-angled, is grown on walls for ornament. 
 
MYRTACEAE. 
 
 261 
 
 Family 5. MYRTACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Myrtle Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, abounding in pungent and aromatic volatile oil. Leaves 
 opposite, or rarely alternate or whorled, simple, pellueid-punctate. Stipules 
 wanting. Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx with 4, 5 or many valvate or 
 imbricated persistent sepals, or cap-like and deciduous. Petals inserted 
 on the margin of a disk, or sometimes wanting. Stamens numerous or very 
 rarely as many as the sepals ; filaments distinct or partially united ; anthers 
 opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior or partly so, in a fleshy disk, 
 1-many-celled. Styles terminal or rarely lateral, united. Stigma usually 
 terminal, entire. Ovules solitary or numerous. Fruit often crowned with 
 the calyx. Seeds straight, often angled; testa membranous or crustaceous; 
 endosperm wanting. A large family, consisting of about 70 genera and 
 some 2700 species, mostly tropical. 
 
 1. EUGENIA L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with usually glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite, commonly 
 leathery, pinnately veined, the flowers axillary, solitary, or in umbel-like 
 raceme-like or congested clusters. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, white. 
 Stamens numerous; filaments filiform, distinct and in several series, or aggre- 
 gated into 4 groups and slightly united. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Ovules 
 several in each cavity. Berries crowned by the calyx-lobes. Seeds often 1— i. 
 Embryo with thick cotyledons and a short radicle. [Named in honor of 
 Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736) a patron of botany and horticulture.] 
 About 600 species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Eugenia uniflora L. 
 
 Flowers glomerate in the axils, short-pedicelled : fruit black, smooth. 1. /;. axillaris. 
 Flowers solitary or few together, long-pedicelled ; fruit red, ribbed. 2. E. uni flora. 
 
 1. Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) 
 Willd. White Stopper. (Fig. 
 281.) A shrub or tree, reaching a 
 height of 20°, with a maximum 
 trunk diameter of about 10', the 
 bark shallowly fissured, the 
 branchlets terete. Leaves elliptic- 
 ovate or nearly elliptic, unpleas- 
 antly odorous, 14'-3' long, i-evo- 
 lute-margined, paler beneath than 
 above and black-dotted; the peti 
 oles l"-3" long, margined ; racemes 
 cluster-like, axillary ; pedicels short, 
 pubescent; calyx-lobes 4, rounded; 
 corolla about 2" broad; petals 4, 
 surpassing the calyx-lobes, gland- 
 ular-punctate ; fruit depressed- 
 globose, 5"-6" in diameter, black, 
 smooth, glandular-punctate, sweet. 
 [Myrtus axillaris Sw. ; E. monti- 
 cola of Reade, Verrill, Hemsley 
 and Millspaugh.] 
 
 Abundant on the south side of St. David's Island ?nd on Cooper's Island ; fre- 
 quent between Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound : Hall s Island ^^^^/^^ts Cliff . 
 Boaz Island. Native. Florida and the West Indies. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. Its seed was probably brought to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
262 
 
 MYRTACEAE. 
 
 2. Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam 
 Cherry. (Fig. 282.) A shrub or 
 small tree up to 15° high, with slen- 
 der branches. Leaves ovate to ovate- 
 lanceolate, dark green and shining 
 above, paler beneath, bluntly acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, rounded at 
 the base, dotted, thin in texture, 1'- 
 2V long; pedicels solitary or few to- 
 gether, glabrous, about 1' long ; calyx- 
 lobes obtusish; petals about twice as 
 long as the calyx-lobes; fruit sub- 
 globose, furrowed, 4"-5" in diameter, 
 bright-red, spicy, edible. [E. Michelii 
 Lam. ; E. Ugni of Reade and of H. B. 
 Small; E. hrasiliensis of Eeade?] 
 
 Thickets and hillsides. Naturalized. 
 Native of South America. Flowers in 
 spring. Its fruit is much used for pre- 
 serves and jellies, but as it harbors the 
 fruit fly. the tree has been largely cut 
 out in recent years. 
 
 Eugenia floribunda West, Guava-berry, West Indian, occasionally planted 
 for interest and for its fruits, is a small slender tree, with short-petioled, 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate leaves 1-2*' long, clustered, axillary or lateral, 
 nearly sessile small white flowers and globose fruits about 1' in diameter. 
 
 2. PSIDIUM L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with pinnately-veined leaves and large axillary or lateral, 
 solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx-tube somewhat prolonged beyond the 
 ovary, its 4 or 5 lobes often united in the bud, irregularly parting at anthesis. 
 Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens numerous, with filiform filaments in sev- 
 eral series. Ovary 4-5-celled ; ovules several or many in each cavity. Embryo 
 curved, with small cotyledons and a long radicle. [Greek, referring to the 
 edible fruit.] About 100 species, the following typical. 
 
 1. Psidium Guajava L. Guava. 
 (Fig. 283.) A shrub, or a small 
 tree sometimes 15° tall, with pubes- 
 cent 4-angled branchlets. Leaves 
 firm-leathery, oblong or nearly so, 
 li'-4' long, mostly obtuse, pubes- 
 cent beneath, with prominent rib- 
 like nerves, short-petioled; calyx- 
 lobes 5"-7" long, united in tHe 
 bud; petals 7"-10" long; berries 
 globular or pyriform, V-2V in 
 diameter. [P. pomiferum L.) 
 
 Commonly planted. Locally es- 
 caped from cultivation and natural- 
 ized. Native of tropical America. 
 Flowers in summer. Its fruits much 
 used for the well-known guava jelly. 
 
MYETACEAE. 
 
 263 
 
 Psidium Cattleyanum Sabine, Purple Guava, Strawberry Guava, Bra- 
 zilian, occasionally planted for its fruit, which is pulpy, purplish, globose, 
 about 1' long, has obovate leaves, wedge-shaped at the base, calyx-lobes 
 separate in the bud, smaller flowers, and is a small tree with terete branches. 
 Yerrill uses the common name ''Guava Berry" for this plant and cites Le- 
 froy's record, but this name belongs- to Eugenia floriiunda West, of the West 
 Indies. A fine plant at Paget Eectory was about 10° high in 1914, the trunk 
 12' in girth. 
 
 Psidium amplexicaCQe Pers. [P. cordatum Sims.], Mountain Guava, of 
 the Virgin Islands, a shrub with orbicular subcordate short-petioled leaves, 
 recorded by Lefroy as grown at Somerville, died some years ago. 
 
 3. PIMENTA Lindl. 
 A tree with nearly smooth bark, oblong or elliptic, petioled aromatic 
 pinnately-veined leaves, and small white 4-parted flowers, borne in compound 
 cymes in the upper axils. Calyx-tube campanulate, its lobes spreading, per- 
 sistent. Petals spreading. Stamens numerous, in several series. Stigma pel- 
 tate; ovary 2-celled; ovules mostly solitary in each cavity. Fruit berry-like, 
 aromatic. Seeds few, subglobose; embryo spiral. [Greek, rich in oil.] A 
 monotypic genus of the West Indies and Central America. 
 
 1. Pimenta Pimenta (L.) Cockerell. 
 Allspice. Pimento. (Fig. 284.) Becoming 
 40° high or more, glabrous, except the puberu- 
 lent inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, 3'-6' 
 long, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed at 
 the base, with petioles about A' long, the veins 
 rather prominent beneath; cymes stalked, 
 many-flowered; flowers about 3" broad; calyx- 
 lobes blunt; ovary puberulent; berries sub- 
 globose, about 3" in diameter, usually 2- 
 seeded. [Myrtus Pimenta L. ; P. officinalis 
 Lindl.; P. vulgaris Lindl.] 
 
 Hillsides. Very abundant in Warwick. Nat.- 
 uralized. Native of Jamaica, Cuba and Central 
 America. Flowers in summer and autumn. Com- 
 monly planted. 
 
 Myrtus communis L., Myrtle, Sv^eet 
 Myrtle, of southern Europe, is a shrub 3°-10° 
 high, with opposite, nearly sessile, oblong to 
 lanceolatenacute, aromatic leaves 1-2^ long, the flowers solitary in the axils on 
 peduncles about as long as the leaves; the peduncles bear 2 narrow bractlets, 
 and the fruit is a small black berry. It is not uncommonly planted for orna- 
 ment and interest. 
 
 Amomis caryophyllata (Jacq.) Krug & Urban, Bay or Bay Bum Tree, 
 West Indian, a tree up to 25° high, with leathery, elliptic to obovate, obtuse 
 short-petioled leaves 2-5' long, bright green and shining above, dull beneath, 
 finely reticulate-veined, the small white 5-parted flowers in large conii>ound cymes, 
 the ovoid fruits about 5" long, is planted for ornament and for its aromatic 
 leaves. There is a perfect specimen on the lawn at Mt. Langton. [Miirius 
 caryophyllata Jacq.; M. acris Sw. ; Pimenta acris Kostel.] 
 
 Anamomis fragrans (Sw.) Griseb., Fragrant An amomis. Jamaican, 
 recorded by Jones in 1873 as grown in Bermuda, is a tree, up to 25° high, with 
 
264 MYBTACEAE. 
 
 oval or obovate, short-petioled, rather thick leaves about 2' long, and small, 
 Tvhite flowers in cymes. [Myrtus fragrans Sw.] 
 
 Jambos Jambos (L.) Millsp., Eose-apple, East Indian, but widely 
 naturalized in the West Indies, is a tree up to 40° high, with firm glabrous 
 oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, short-petioled leaves 5'-8' long, about 
 1' wide or less, and terminal corymbs of. few large white flowers, with many 
 stamens I'-li' long, much surpassing the petals; its subglobose fruits are about 
 1' long. This tree is occasional in gardens; the fine specimen at Par-la- Ville 
 flowered in 1914. [Eugenia jambos L. ; Jamhosa vulgaris DC] 
 
 Jambos malacensis (L.) DC, Malay Apple, also East Indian, recorded 
 by Lefroy as fruiting at Par-la- Ville in 1878, has broader leaves and lateral 
 corymbs of smaller purple flowers, the top-shaped, red fruit about 4' long. 
 [Eugeiiia malacensis L.] 
 
 Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC, Java Plum, Jambolan, of south- 
 eastern Asia, a tree up to 50° high, with evergreen firm closely-veined, oval 
 slender-petioled leaves 3'-6' long, not glandular-dotted, the small white flowers 
 in terminal panicled cymes, the 4 or 5 petals cohering in a cap, the edible 
 berries g'-f long, is not uncommonly planted. Large trees were seen at 
 Montrose and at Bellevue in 1914. [Eugenia jamdolana Lam.] 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Australian Blue Gum, Australian, com- 
 monly planted, is a tall, nearly smooth-barked tree, attaining 200° or more in 
 its native forests. Like some other species of the genus the leaves of shoots 
 are quite different from the mature foliage; in this, the shoot-leaves are oppo- 
 site, thin, ovate, cordate-clasping or connate at the base, whitish-waxy beneath, 
 3'-6' long; the later leaves are alternate, thick, petioled, narrowly lanceolate, 
 acuminate and, somewhat curved; the flowers are axillary, the obconic calyx- 
 tube and its lid verrucose, waxy. 
 
 Eucalyptus robusta Smith, Swamp-mahogany Gum, Australian, occa- 
 sionally planted, is a tree, becoming up to 100° high, with roughish bark, its 
 mature leaves broadly lanceolate, thick, long-acuminate, finely pinnately-veined, 
 5'-7' long, their stout petioles about ^' long; its clustered large white flowers 
 are axillary, the calyx-lid with a conic tip. 
 
 Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, King Eucalyptus. Eed AustFvAlian Gum, 
 also planted, is tall, roughish-barked, with slender-petioled lanceolate curved 
 acuminate leaves 4'-6' long, small flowers and fruits, the calyx-lid conic, longer 
 than the calyx-tube. Lefroy notes that this species resisted the wind. 
 
 Eucalyptus coriacea Cunn., Australian White Gum, mentioned by Le- 
 froy as making poor growth, does not appear to exist here at the present time. 
 
 Eucalyptus polyanthemos Sehauer, Eed Box-tree, Australian, a tree which 
 becomes 150° high with a roughish brown bark, and has orbicular or broadly 
 ovate, slender-petioled mature leaves V-2V broad, its small white flowers 
 panicled, the calyx-lid short, was grown from seed at the Agricultural Station, 
 where a quantity of young plants, about 3° high, were seen in 1913. 
 
 Eucaljrptus saligna Smith, NARROw^-LEA\rED Australian Gum, seen at the 
 Agricultural Station in 1913, has linear-lanceolate leaves with spreading veins, 
 small, capitate flowers, the bluntly conic lid longer than the calyx-tube, the 
 fruit about 4" in diameter. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata Schlecht., Eed Australian Gum, also seen at the 
 Agricultural Station, reaches a height of 200° in Australia, has narrowly 
 lanceolate, more or less curved leaves 5'-7' long, with ascending veins, umbel- 
 late flowers, the usually beaked lid as long as the calyx-tube or longer, the 
 globose fruit 2A"-3" in diameter. 
 
 Callistemon lanceolatus (Smith) DC, Bottle Brush, Australian, also in 
 the collection at the Agricultural Station in 1913, is a shrub or small tree with 
 thick lanceolate acute leaves l'-3' long, the showy flowers in cylindric spikes 
 about 4' long, the numerous red long-exserted stamens about I'long. 
 
RHIZOPHORACEAE. 
 
 266 
 
 Family 6. RHIZOPHORACEAE Lindl. 
 
 ]Mangrove Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with terete branches and usually glabrous foliage. 
 Leaves usually opposite, leatherj^, with stipules. Flowers perfect, solitary 
 in the axils or in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx with 3 or 4 val- 
 vate sepals.- Petals as many as the sepals, 2-cleft or lacerate. Stamens 
 twice or four times as many as the petals, or rarely of the same number, 
 inserted at the base of a disk ; filaments short or elongated ; anthers 2-celled, 
 opening lengthwise. Ovary inferior, or partly inferior, usually 2-5-celled 
 or rarely 1-celled; styles united; stigmas sometimes lobed. Ovules 2 or 
 rarely 4 or more in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit leathery, crowned with 
 the calyx, indehiscent or tardily septicidal. The family consists of about 
 15 genera, containing some 50 species, natives of tropical and subtropical 
 regions. 
 
 1. RHIZOPHORA L. 
 
 Evergreen maritime trees, with an astringent bark, and stout pithy branch- 
 lets. Leaves opposite, entire; stipules elongated, interpetiolar, caducous. 
 Flowers cream-colored or yellow, 2 or several on forking peduncles. Calyx- 
 tube short, adnate to the base of the ovary, the 4 lobes leathery. Petals 4, 
 emarginate, leathery. Stamens 4-12, alternate with the petals; filaments 
 short. Ovary 2-eelled, half-inferior, produced into a fleshy cone. Stigma 2- 
 lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit pendulous, 1-eelled, leathery. Seed 
 solitary, germinating in the persistent fruit, the elongating radicle sometimes 
 reaching the ground before the fruit falls. Endosperm wanting. [Greek, 
 root-bearing.] Three known species, the following typical, the others natives 
 of the Old World tropics. 
 
 1. Rhizophora Mangle L. Man- 
 grove. (Fig. 285.) A shrub or tree, 
 reaching a height of 30° or more, form- 
 ing impenetrable thickets by the greatly 
 elongating radicles of the embryo and 
 the numerous roots. Leaves 2'-6' long, 
 leathery, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, ob- 
 tuse, with a stout midrib; petioles 2"-8" 
 in length; peduncles J'-IA' long, 2-3- 
 flowered; pedicels stout, 2"-5" long; 
 bractlets scale-like ; calyx-tube fleshy, tur- 
 binate or campanulate, the lobes lanceo- 
 late, about 5'' long, involute, keeled 
 within, very firm, recurved at maturity; 
 petals pale yellow, linear or nearly so, 
 cleft at the tip, involute above the middle, 
 cobwebby along the edges; anthers 
 clustered around the style; fruit about 
 y long, curved, the radicle protruding 
 as a narrowly clavate pendent body. 
 
 Common on the borders of salt-ponds, , . , ^. , , 
 
 bays and lagoons. Native. Florida, the West Indies and tropica continental 
 America. Flowers in summer and autumn. The plant doubtless reached Bermuda 
 by floating Reproductions of photographs in the great mangrove swamp at Hungry 
 Bay are published on plates 22, 23 and 2h Fifteenth Report Missouri Botanical 
 Garden. 
 
ONAGKACEAE. 
 
 Family 7. ONAGRACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Evening-Primrose Family. 
 
 Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, no stipules 
 or mere glands in their places, and generally perfect flowers. Calyx-tube 
 adnate to the ovary, the limb 2-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Petals 2-9 
 (usually 4), convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens usually as many 
 or twice as many as the jDetals. Ovary 1-6-celled (usually 4-celled) ; styles 
 united; stigina capitate, discoid or 4-lobed; ovules generally anatropous. 
 Fruit a capsule or small nut. Endosperm very little or none. Forty genera 
 and about 350 species of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in 
 America. 
 
 Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; aquatic plants. 
 Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary ; land plants. 
 
 Stamens all of equal length. 
 
 Alternate stamens longer. 
 
 1. Isnardia. 
 
 2. Raimannia. 
 
 3. Hartmannia. 
 
 1. ISNARDIA L. 
 
 Succulent herbs, mostly glabrous, aquatic or uliginous. Stems creeping 
 or floating; leaves opposite, relatively few, petioled. Flowers axillary, not 
 yellow. Calyx-segments 4, shorter than the tube or slightly longer. Petals 
 4, small, or wanting. Filaments very short. Ovary very short; styles often 
 almost wanting. Capsule obovoid or turbinate, straight. [In honor of Antoine 
 Dante Isnard, a French botanist, and a member of the Academy of Sciences, 
 died 1724.] About 4 species in Europe, Asia, continental North America, 
 Mexico and the West Indies. Type species: Isnardia paluMris L. 
 
 Fruit l*"-2" long. 
 Fruit 3"-4" long. 
 
 1. /. palustris. 
 
 2. I. repens. 
 
 1. Isnardia palustris L. 
 
 Marsh Purslane. (Fig. 
 286.) Stems branching, 4'- 
 20' long. Leaves oval, ovate 
 or spatulate, 6"-12" long, 
 narrowed into slender peti- 
 oles; flowers solitary, about 
 1" broad; bractlets at base 
 of the calyx usually none; 
 calyx-lobes triangular, acute ; 
 petals small, reddish, or 
 often wanting; capsule 4- 
 sided, slightly longer than 
 wide, about IV' high, slightly 
 or somewhat exceeding the 
 calyx lobes. [Ludivigia 
 
 palustris Ell.] 
 
 Pembroke Marsh, 1905. 
 Native. North temperate zone 
 and Santo Domingo. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. Its 
 seeds were, presumably, trans- 
 ported to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
ONAGRACEAE. 
 
 267 
 
 2. Isnardia repens (Sw.) DC. Larger 
 Marsh Purslane. (Fig. 287.) Stems 2° long 
 or less, branched or simple. Leaves elliptic, 
 oval, or obovate, l'-2-|' long, acute or blunt at 
 the apex, narrowed at tlie base into rather 
 slender petioles; flowers solitary, sessile or 
 short-peduncled; bractlets linear, acute, shorter 
 than the fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes 4 or 5, 
 sharply triangular, acute, longer than the 
 petals; capsule 3"-4" long, bluntly tetragonal, 
 narrowed at the base, 3 times as long as the 
 calyx-lobes. [Ludwigia repeals Sw.; L. natans 
 Ell.] 
 
 Frequent in fresh-water marshes. Native. 
 Southeastern and southern United States and the 
 West Indies. Its seeds were, presumably, bird- 
 transported. 
 
 2. RAIMANNIA Rose. 
 
 Usually low caulescent herbs. Leaves al- 
 ternate, sinuate or pinnatifid. Flowers yel- 
 low, axillary, or sometimes in terminal spikes, nocturnal; buds erect. 
 Calyx-tube sometimes filiform; calyx-segments deciduous. Ovary 4-celled, 
 elongated; ovules in 2 rows, ascending. Capsules usually narrowly cylindric, 
 sometimes slightly tapering, spreading or ascending. Seeds terete, crowned by 
 a tubercle. [In honor of Rud. Raimann, a monographer of this family.] 
 About 20 species, natives of America. Type species: Eaimannia laciniata 
 (Hill) Rose. 
 
 Silvery-pubescent with appressed or ascending hairs; seeds striate. 1. R humifu/^n. 
 Glabrous or sparingly hirsute-pubescent ; seeds pitted. 2. R. laciniata. 
 
 1. Raimannia humifusa (Nutt.) Rose. 
 Seaside Evexixg-primrose. (Fig. 288.) 
 Spreading and decumbent, or ascending, 
 branched from the base; stems 8-20' 
 long. Leaves aeutish or sometimes ob- 
 tuse at the apex, V-2' long, repand-den- 
 ticulate, the lower pinnatifid; flowers 
 axillary, yellow, 6"'-12" broad; calyx- 
 lobes somewhat spreading; capsule linear, 
 6"-12" long, about I*" thick, very pubes- 
 cent; seeds striate longitudinally. [Oeno- 
 thera humifusa Nutt.] 
 
 Sand hills and sandy shores, St. David's 
 Island, Castle Point, near Tucker's Town 
 and Southampton. Native. Atlantic coast 
 of the United States. Flowers in summer 
 and autumn. 
 
268 
 
 ONAGRACEAE. 
 
 2. Raimannia laciniata (Hill.) 
 Rose. Sinuate-leaved Evening- 
 primrose. (Eig. 289.) Decumbent 
 or ascending, sometimes branched, 
 4'— 20' high, glabrous or sparingly 
 hirsute-pubescent. Leaves oval-lan- 
 ceolate, oblong, or oblanceolate, acute 
 or obtusish at the apex, sinuate-dentate 
 or often pinnatifid, l'-2' long; flow- 
 ers axillary (or on small plants some- 
 times solitary and terminal), 6"-15" 
 broad; calyx-lobes reflexed; capsule 
 linear, I'-IJ' long, more or less pu- 
 bescent ; seeds strongly pitted. [Oeno- 
 thera laciniata Hill; Oenothera sinu- 
 ata L. ; Oenothera sinuata hirsuta of 
 Moore.] 
 
 Frequent in sandy fields near the 
 South Shores, and in cultivated lands 
 on St. David's Island. Native. Eastern 
 United States. Flowers in spring and 
 summer. The seeds of this and the pre- 
 ceding species were, presumably, brought 
 from the continent by birds. 
 
 Reade records one of the true Evening-primroses, under the name Oeno- 
 thera longiflora, as not uncommon in waste land as an escape from cultivation, 
 prior to 1883, and Lefroy also records a plant under this name, and another 
 as Oenothera biennis. The genus Oenothera differs from Raimannia in habit 
 and by having prismatic-angled seeds. None of its species have been found 
 wild in Bermuda by recent collectors. 
 
 Oenothera Lamarckiana Ser., Lamarck's Evening Primrose, a tall herb 
 with bright yellow flowers up to 4' broad, opening at dusk has, it is said, been 
 grown in gardens. Reade 's description of the plant observed by him might 
 apply to this kind, and H. B. Small's record of Oenothera longiflora points to 
 the same plant. 
 
 3. HARTMANNIA Spach. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs with branched stems. Leaves alternate, com- 
 monly pinnatifid or lyrate; buds drooping. Flowers white, red, or purple, 
 diurnal, in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube funnelform. Ovary elon- 
 gated; ovules numerous on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsules club- 
 shaped, 4-winged. Seeds not tuberculate. [In honor of Emanuel Hartmann, 
 a resident of Louisiana.] About 10 species, natives of America. Type species: 
 Eartmannia faux-gaura Spach. 
 
 Petals 4' 
 Petals 1' 
 
 -6*" long. 
 -1*' long. 
 
 1. n. rosea. 
 
 2. H. speciosa. 
 
ONAGRACEAE. 
 
 269 
 
 1. Hartmannia rosea (Ait.) 
 G. Don. Rosy Primrose. (Fig. 
 290.) Stems slender, puberulent, 
 erect or ascending, 8'-2° tall, 
 branched at the base or through- 
 out; basal leaves with oblanceo- 
 late blades l2'-2' long; stem- 
 leaves often numerous, ovate-lan- 
 ceolate or oblong, i'-2' long, ob- 
 tuse or acute, entire or distantly 
 toothed, the lower ones sometimes 
 pinnatifid at the base; spikes 
 much interrupted, with leaf-like 
 ■ bracts; calyx 3"-4J" long; petals 
 purple or rose, suborbicular, 4"- 
 6|" long, entire; capsules club- 
 shaped, the body 2V'-5" long, 
 the angles winged, the faces 
 prominently ridged, the pedicel- 
 like base usually longer than the 
 body. [Oenothera rosea Ait.] 
 
 Fields, roadsides and waste 
 grounds. Introduced. South-central 
 United States to South America. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 Erroneously recorded by Rein as 
 Gaura coccinea Pursh, a very differ- 
 ent plant of central North America, 
 and his error copied by subsequent 
 authors. 
 
 2. Hartmannia speciosa 
 
 (Nutt.) Small. Showy Primrose. 
 (Fig. 291.) Erect, ascending or 
 decumbent, branched, l°-3° high, 
 puberulent or finely pubescent. 
 Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, acutish, sinuate or pin- 
 natifid, 2'-3' long; basal leaves 
 oval or oval-lanceolate, repand or 
 pinnatifid at the base ; flowers 
 white or pink, l^'-3' broad ; petals 
 emarginate; calyx-lobes ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, about r loug, arumiiiate; 
 capsule strongly 4-ribbed, 4-wiiiged, 
 pubescent, (i"-9" long. [Omothcrd 
 speciosa Nutt.] 
 
 Fields and waste grounds. In- 
 troduced. Native of the southern 
 United States and Mexico. Flowers 
 freely in spring. 
 
 Species of Fuchsia, tropical American, are grown in flower-gardens, but 
 these plants have not attained great luxuriance in Bermuda. 
 
270 
 
 HALORAGIDACEAE. 
 
 Family 8. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke, 
 
 Water-jMilfoil Family. 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic, with alternate or ver- 
 ticillate leaves, the submerged ones often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers 
 perfect, or monoecious, or dioecious, axillary, in interrupted spikes, solitary 
 or clustered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire or 2-4-lobed. 
 Petals small, 2-4, or none. Stamens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong, or short- 
 cylindric, 2-8-ribbed or winged, 1-4-celled ; styles 1-4 ; stigmas papillose or 
 plumose. Fruit a nutlet, or dnipe, compressed, angular, rbibed or winged, 
 indehiscent, of 2-4 1-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons minute. 
 Eight genera and about 100 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 1. PROSERPINACA L. 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with simple stems. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, dentate 
 or pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect. Tube of the calyx adnate to the 
 triquetrous ovary, the limb 3-4-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3 or 4. Styles 
 3 or 4, eylindric or conic-subulate, stigmatic above the middle. Fruit bony, 
 
 3-4-celled, with 1 seed in each cavity. 
 Four known species, natives of eastern N. 
 the following typical. 
 
 [Middle Latin, forward-creeping.] 
 Am., extending to the West Indies, 
 
 1. Proserpinaca palustris L. 
 
 Mermaid-weed. (Fig, 292.) 
 
 Glabrous, simple or sometimes 
 branched, l°-2° long. Emersed 
 leaves, 1-2' long, l'-6" wide, 
 sharply serrate, the submerged 
 ones pectinate-pinnatifid into stiff 
 linear acute segments which are 
 often serrulate, bearing a minute 
 black spine in their axils; flowers 
 solitary or several together, ses- 
 sile in the axils of the emersed 
 leaves; fruit about 2" long, the 
 faces concave, smooth or rugose. 
 
 In water, Pembroke and Devon- 
 shire Marslies. Native. Eastern 
 United States. Flowers nearly 
 throughout the year. Probably 
 brought from the continent by a bird. 
 
 Order 27. AMMIALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, almost always with petaliferous flowers. Calyx- 
 segments and petals usually 5. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary inferior, adnate 
 to the calyx, compound ; ovule 1 in each cavity. 
 
ARALIACEAE. 271 
 
 Stamens 5 ; styles 2-5, rarely united ; flowers umbellate, capitate or panicled. 
 
 Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe. Fam. 1. Auamaceae. 
 
 Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two mericarps. Fam. 2. Am.miaceae. 
 
 Stamens 4 ; style 1 ; stigma 1 ; shrubs and trees ; flowers 
 
 not umbellate. Fam. 3. Cornaceae. 
 
 Family 1. ARALIACEAE Vent. 
 
 GiNSEXG Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate or vertioillate (rarely opposite) 
 leaves, and flowers in umbels, heads, or panicles. Calyx-tnbe adnate to the 
 ovary. Petals usually 5, sometimes cohering together, inserted on the 
 margin of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with 
 them (rarely more), inserted on the epigynous disk; anthers introrse. 
 Ovary inferior, 1-several-celled ; stvles as many as the cavities of the ovary; 
 ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Seeds flattened, or some- 
 what 3-angled, the testa thin; endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo small, near 
 the hilum; cotj'ledons ovate or oblong. xVbout 52 genera and 400 species, 
 widely distributed. There are no native nor naturalized species in the Ber- 
 muda Flora. 
 
 Hedera Helix L., European Ivy^ is commonly grown on walls and on 
 trees, and has been reported as occasionally occurring outside of cultivation. 
 The leaves are various; the small green flowers are borne in umbels. 
 
 Gastonia cutispongia Lam., of Mauritius, was represented by two fine 
 trees about 18° high at Bellevue in 1914. It has pinnate leaves up to 2*" 
 long, clustered at the ends of the branches, witli thick petioles and 5 or 7 
 broadly ovate to elliptic, obtuse entire short-stalked leaflets o'-S' long; the 
 yellowish flowers are in panicled umbels, the panicles somewhat shorter than 
 the leaves. 
 
 Aralia Guilfoylei Cogn. & March., Variegated Aralia, of New Hebrides, 
 commonly planted for ornament, is a pinnatedeaved tree, with ovate, toothed 
 or incised, usually white-margined or blotched leaflets. 
 
 Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch, Eice-paper Tree, of Formosa, 
 seen at Cedar Lodge, in 1914, is a shrub about 5° high, which spreads freely 
 by suckers; its nearly orbicular lobed cordate leaves are 8-15' broad, green 
 above, white-cottony beneath; its small white flowers are borne in dense 
 panicled umbels. [Aralia papyrifera Hook.; Fatsia papyrifera Benth. & 
 Hook.] 
 
 Polyscias obtusa (Blume) Harms, Cut-leaved Polyscias, Javan, planted 
 for ornament, is a small tree 10°-12° high, with glabrous bipinnately com- 
 pound, slender-petioled leaves, their ultimate segments suborbicular, sharply 
 toothed or incised, sometimes variegated. [Panax ohtusiim Blume.] 
 
 Family 2. AMMIACEAE Presl. 
 
 Carrot Family. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate decompound compound or sometimes simple 
 leaves, the petioles often dilated at the base. Stipules none, or rarely pres- 
 ent and minute. Flowers small, generally in com]iound or simide umbels, 
 rarely in heads. Umbels and umbellets commonly involucrate or involucel- 
 late. ^ Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its margin truncate or 5-toothed. the 
 
272 AMMIACEAE. 
 
 teeth seldom conspicuous. Petals 5, usually with an inflexed tip, often 
 emarginate or 2-lobcd, those of the outer flowers sometimes larger than 
 those of the inner. Stamens 5, inserted on the epigynous disk; filaments 
 filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; styles 2, filiform, per- 
 sistent, often borne on a conic or depressed stylopodium; ovules 1 in each 
 cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit dry, composed of 2 carpels (meri- 
 carps), which generally separate from each other at maturity along the 
 plane of their contiguous faces (the commissure). Fruit either flattened 
 laterally (at right angles to the commissure), or dorsally (parallel to the 
 commissure), or nearly terete (not flattened). Carpels after parting from 
 each other supported on the summit of a slender axis (the carpophore), 
 each with 5 primary ribs in their pericarps (rarely ribless), and in some 
 genera with 4 additional secondary ones, the ribs or some of them often 
 winged. Pericarp usually containing oil-tubes between the ribs, or under 
 the ribs and on the commissural sides, sometimes irregularly scattered, some- 
 times none. Seeds 1 in each carpel; seed-coat thin; endosperm cartilag- 
 inous; embrj^o small, placed near the hilum. About 250 genera and prob- 
 ably 2000 species, of wide distribution. The mature fruit is necessary for 
 the certain determination of most of the genera and many of the species. 
 
 Leaves simple. 
 
 Ribs of the fruit not anastomosing. 1. Hydrocotylc. 
 
 Ribs of the fruit anastomosing. 2. Centella. 
 
 Leaves compound or decompound. 
 
 Fruit with both primary and secondary ribs, the latter armed 
 
 with hooked prickles. 3. ToriUs. 
 
 Fruit with primary ribs only. 
 
 Flowers yellow or greenish-yellow. 
 
 Involucre of 2-4 linear bracts. 4. Apium. 
 
 Involucre none. 
 
 Fruit terete or nearly so; leaf -segments filiform. 5. Foeniculum. 
 Fruit flattened; leaf-segments broad. 6. Smyrnium. 
 
 Flowers white. 
 
 Umbels terminal. 7. Ammi. 
 
 Umbels, at least the lower, opposite the leaves. 
 
 Perennials ; leaf-segments broad. 8. Celeri. 
 
 Annuals ; leaf-segments filiform. 9. Helosciadium. 
 
 1. HYDROCOTYLE L 
 
 Perennial herbs, prostrate and commonly rooting at the joints, with 
 palmately lobed or veined, often peltate leaves, the bases of the petioles with 
 2 scale-like stipules, and small white flowers in umbels opposite the leaves. 
 Bracts of the involucre few, or none. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals entire. Disk 
 flat. Fruit laterally compressed, orbicular or broader than high. Carpels with 
 5 primary ribs, the lateral ones usually curved ; no large oil-tubes, but an oil- 
 bearing layer of tissue beneath the epidermis. [Greek, water-cup.] About 
 75 species of wide distribution. Type species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. 
 
AMMIACEAE. 
 
 273 
 
 1. Hydrocotyle verticillata 
 Thunb. Whorled Marsh-pexxy- 
 WORT. (Fig. 293.) Inflores- 
 cence proliferous, ^\'-2' long; ver- 
 ticils 2-6-flowered; pedicels usu- 
 ally less than J" long; fruit about 
 1" long, l^"-2" broad, rounded 
 or truncate at each end; inter- 
 mediate ribs not corky-thickened, 
 the dorsal one acute. 
 
 Frequent in fresh-water marshes, 
 and occasional near shaded borders 
 of salt water lagoons. Native. I']ast- 
 ern United States and West Indies. 
 Flowers from spring to fall. 
 
 Hydrocotyle umbellata L., 
 which differs in having a single 
 umbel with slender pedicels 2"- 
 6" long, is recorded as Bermudian 
 by Rein, Reade, Lefroy, H. B. 
 Small and Hemsley, but careful 
 search of the marshes has failed 
 to reveal its existence in Bermuda; 
 its leaves are scarcely distinguish- 
 able from those of H. verticillata, 
 for which it may have been mis- 
 taken. 
 
 2. CKNTELLA L. 
 Perennial herbs (some African species shrubby), ours with prostrate stems 
 rooting and sending up tufts of long-petioled leaves at the nodes, together with 
 1-3 long-rayed umbellets of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Petiole- 
 bases sheathing. Bracts of the involucels 2-4, mostly prominent. Calyx-teeth 
 none. Disk flat, or slightly concave. Styles filiform. Fruit somewhat flat- 
 tened laterally, rather prominently ribbed, the ribs mostly anastomosing; oil- 
 tubes none. [Latin, diminutive of 
 centrum, a prickle.] About 20 spe- 
 cies, most abundant in South Africa. 
 Type species: Centclla villosa L. 
 
 1. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. 
 Ovate-leaved Marsh-pexxywort. 
 (Fig. 294.) Stem l'-6' long. Petioles 
 2'-10' long, sometimes pubescent; 
 blades ovate, rather thick, rounded at 
 the apex, broadly cordate at the base, 
 not peltate, A'-2' long, repand-dentate; 
 pedicels much shorter than the leaves, 
 V-.2' long; umbellets capitate, 2-4- 
 flowered, subtended by 2 ovate bracts ; 
 flowers nearly sessile; fruit 2"-2i" 
 broad, about IV' high, prominently 
 ribbed and reticulated. [Hi/drocotyle 
 asiatica L. ; II. repanda Pers. ; Cen- 
 tella rcpanda J. K. Small:] 
 
 Common in marshes and locally on 
 hillsides. Native. Southeastern United 
 States. West Indies. Old World tropics. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
274 
 
 AMMIACEAE. 
 
 3. TORILIS Adans. 
 
 Annual, hispid or pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and 
 compound umbels of white or reddish flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent, acute. 
 Bracts of the involucre few and small or none. Involucels of narrow bracts. 
 Petals .mostly 2-lobed. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovoid or oblong. 
 Primary ribs 5, filiform. Secondary ribs 4, winged, each bearing a row of 
 barbed or hooked bristles or tubercles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secondary 
 ribs, 2 on the commissural side. [The Greek name.] About 20 species, of the 
 northern hemisphere. Type species: Tordylium Anthriscns L. 
 
 Umbels short-stalked or sessile, capitate, opposite the leaves. 
 Umbels pedimcled, slender-rayed, compound. 
 
 1. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. 
 Knotted Hedge-parsley. (Fig. 295.) 
 Decumbent and spreading. Leaves bi- 
 pinnate, the segments linear-oblong, 
 acute; rays 1-3, very short; fruit sessile, 
 ovoid, about IJ" long, the outer with 
 barbed prickles on the secondary rib 
 the inner with tubercles. [Tordylium 
 nodosum L. ; Caucalis nodosa Huds.] 
 
 In waste places, and cultivated ground, 
 rather common. Naturalized. Native of 
 Europe. Widely naturalized in the United 
 States. Flowers in spring. 
 
 1. T. nodosa. 
 
 2. T. Anthriscus. 
 
 2. Torilis Anthriscus 
 
 (L.) Gmel. Erect Hedge- 
 parsley. (Fig. 296.) Erect, 
 2°-3° high. Leaves bipin- 
 nate, or the uppermost sim- 
 ply pinnate, the segments 
 lanceolate, obtuse, dentate or 
 pinnatifid ; umbels slender- 
 peduncled ; pedicels l"-2" 
 long in fruit; rays 3-8, 
 about 5" long; fruit ovoid- 
 oblong, densely bristly, 
 about 2" long, [Tordylium 
 Anthriscus L. ; Caucalis An- 
 thriscus Huds.] 
 A weed in cultivated grounds. Agricultural Station, 1911, abundant there and 
 
 observed elsewhere m Paget in 1914. Native of Europe. Adventive in the eastern 
 
 United btates. Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
AMMIACEAE. 
 
 275 
 
 .1. Pctrosclinum 
 A. ptrcgrinum. 
 
 4. APIUM [Tourn.J L. 
 Annual or biennial herbs, with 1-3-pinnate leaves, and yellow or yellowish 
 flowers in compound umbels. Caiyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium short-conic. 
 Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 filiform ribs. Oil-tubes sohtary in the intervals, 
 2 on the commissural side. A genus of 5 European species. Type species: 
 Apium Petroselinum L. 
 
 Segments of basal leaves cuneate-obovate, deeply incised. 
 Segments of basal leaves rhombic-obovate, dentate. 
 
 1. Apium Petroselinum 
 
 L. Parsley. (Fig. 297.) 
 Usually biennial, l°-3° high, 
 glabrous. Leaves bipinnate, 
 the segments ovate to cune- 
 ate-obovate, incised, or those 
 of the upper leaves linear- 
 oblong and entire; umbels 
 peduncled, l'-2^' broad, 15- 
 20-rayed; pedicels about lA" 
 long ; involucre of 2-4 linear 
 bracts; bractlets of the in- 
 volucels subulate ; flowers 
 yellow; fruit glabrous, about 
 2" long, the ribs prominent. 
 {Petroselinu m sat i vu m 
 Hoffm. ; P. hortense Hofi'm.] 
 
 Extensively grown for ex- 
 port. Locally naturalized in 
 moist grounds and shaded situ- 
 ations. Native of Europe. 
 Flowers in spring and sum- 
 mer. Reade erroneously de- 
 scribes the flowers as white. 
 
 2. Apium peregrinum (L.) Crantz. 
 Wild Parsley. (Fig. 298.) Similar to the 
 preceding species, branched, glabrous, 2° 
 high or less. Segments of the petioled basal 
 leaves rhombic-ovate, 4"-7" long, 3"-4'' 
 wide, acute or acutish, serrate or somewhat 
 incised; segments of the nearly sessile, few 
 and distant upper leaves much narrower; 
 umbels, involucre and involucels similar to 
 those of A. Petroselinum, but the flowers 
 yellowish; fruit about 2" long. [Ligiisticnm 
 peregrinum L. ; Petroselinum perepri»i/w 
 Lag.] 
 
 Rocky hillsides, St. Georges Island, lOOS. 
 Introduced. Native of southern Europe. Flow- 
 ers in spring. Erroneously recorded as F'im- 
 pincUa Anisum L. (Proc. Acad, Nat. Scl. Phila. 
 1909: 489). 
 
276 
 
 AMMIACEAE. 
 
 5. FOENICULUM Mill. 
 Erect glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, the segments 
 linear or capillary, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and 
 involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium large, conic. Fruit 
 linear-oblong, glabrous, terete, or nearly so. 'Carpels little .angled, dorsally flat- 
 tened, prominently ribbed; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat, 
 or slightly concave. [Latin, diminutive of foenum, hay, from its odor.] 
 About 4 species, of the Old World, the following typical. 
 
 1. Foeniculum 
 Foeniculum (L.) 
 Karst. Eennel. 
 (Fig. 299.) Per- 
 ennial, 2°-4° high. 
 Leaves dissected 
 into capillary seg- 
 ments; petioles 
 broad, clasping; 
 umbels large, 9- 
 25-rayed, the rays 
 rather stout, some- 
 what glaucous, 1'- 
 3A' long in fruit; 
 pedicels l"-4" 
 long; fruit about 
 3" long. [Anethum 
 Foeniculum L.; 
 Foeniculum vul- 
 gare Gaertn. ; F. 
 dulce MiU.l 
 
 Fields, marshes and waste grounds. Naturalized. Native of Europe. First 
 grown in Bermuda as a garden herb, now widely distributed as a weed. Escaped 
 from gardens in the United States. Flowers in summer and autumn. This is, ap- 
 parently, the plant recorded by Lefroy as Ferula communis L. 
 
 Anethum graveolens L., Dillweed, May-vteed, also European, similar 
 to Fennel, but annual or biennial with somewhat flattened fruity is recorded 
 by Lefroy as naturalized and common in his time, and is said by H. B, Small 
 to have been a common and troublesome Meed. 
 
 6. SMYRNTUM [Tourn.] L. 
 Erect glabrous biennial herbs with ternately or biternately compound 
 leaves, their segments broad, and compound umbels of greenish-yellow flowers, 
 mostly without involucres or involucels. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals with 
 inflexed tips. Stylopodium conic. Fruit ovate, often as broad as long, 
 laterally flattened. Carpels ovoid, rather prominently 3-ribbed, the oil-tubes 
 numerous. Seed furrowed on the inner side. [Greek, referring to the myrrh- 
 like odor of the seeds.] About 7 species, natives of the Old World, the fol- 
 lowing typical. 
 
AMMIACEAE. 
 
 277 
 
 1. Smyrnium Olusatrum L. Alex- 
 anders. (Fig. 300.) Stem stout, 2°-4° 
 higli. Basal and lower leaves often 1° 
 long or more, twice or sometimes thrice 
 ternately compound, long-petioled, the 
 upper once ternate, shortpetioled or 
 nearly sessile; leaf -segments ovate or 
 oval, V-2,y long, obtuse or acutish at 
 the apex, cordate to cuneate at the base, 
 crenate and often few-lobed; umbels 
 several-many-rayed, 2'-4' broad, pe- 
 duncled, the rays l'-2' long; pedicels 
 filiform, 2"-4" long; flowers numerous; 
 mature fruit 2"-3" long, the carpels 
 strongly ribbed, black, somewhat fleshy. 
 
 Hillsides and waste grounds. Natural- 
 ized. Native of western Europe and the 
 Mediterranean region. Flowers in spring. 
 
 7. AMMI [Tourn.] L. 
 Annual or perennial, glabrous erect branching herbs, with ternately de- 
 compound leaves, and compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre of several 
 divided bracts. Involucels of several narrow entire bracts. Calyx-teeth 
 minute or none. Petals dilated above. Stylopodium depressed. Style long. 
 Fruit oblong, flattened laterally, the carpels 5-angled, the primary ribs promi- 
 nent, the oil-tubes solitary m the intervals. [Name said to be of Egyptian 
 origin.] About 7 species, natives of the Mediterranean region and the At- 
 lantic Islands, the following typical. 
 
 1. Ammi majus L. May-weed. 
 Bishop 's-WEED. (Fig. 301.) Annual, 
 l°-2i° high. Lower leaves 4-10' long, 
 ternately decompound, long-petioled, 
 the ultimate segments oblong to ob- 
 long-obovate, obtuse or acutish, finely 
 crenate-serrate, ^'-2' long, V wide or 
 less ; upper leaves much smaller, short- 
 j)etioled or sessile, their segments nar- 
 rowly linear; umbels '2-4' mde, the 
 rays nearly filiform, I'-li' long; umbel- 
 lets numerous, the involucel-bracts 
 about as long as the pedicels; fruit 
 about ly long. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of Europe 
 and Africa. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. Introduced in Texas. 
 
278 
 
 AMMIACEAE. 
 
 8. CELERI Adans. 
 
 Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound 
 leaves, and white flowers in compound umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 
 ovate, mostly inflexed at the apex, Stylopodium depressed, or short-conic. 
 Fruit ovate, or broader than long, smooth, or tuberculate. Carpels mostly with 
 prominent ribs, somewhat 5-angled; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, 
 2 on the commissural side. Seed terete, or nearly so. [The common name,] 
 Four or five species, natives of the Old World, southern South America and 
 Australasia, the following typical. 
 
 1. Celeri graveolens (L.) 
 Britton. Celery. (Fig. 302.) 
 Glabrous; stem 1^-3° high. 
 Leaves pinnate; leaf-segments 
 3 or 5, thin, broadly ovate to 
 oval, coarsely toothed' and often 
 incised; umbels 3-7-rayed; in- 
 volucre and involucels small, 
 or none; flowers small, short- 
 pedicelled; fruit oval, scarcely 
 V' long, the ribs somewhat 
 winged; oil-tubes mostly soli- 
 tary in the intervals and 2 on 
 the commissural side. [Apiiim 
 graveolens L.] 
 
 Extensively planted along 
 fresh water marshes, now one 
 of the most important crops, 
 and more or less persistent after 
 cultivation. Native of Europe. 
 Flowers in spring. 
 
 9. HELOSCIADIUM Koch. 
 
 Low herbs, with decompound or dissected leaves, and compound umbels of 
 small white flowers mostly opposite the leaves. Involucre and involucels want- 
 ing in the following species. Calyx-teeth very small or obsolete. Petals entire. 
 Stylopodium depressed. Style short. Fruit ovate or oblong, laterally com- 
 pressed. Carpels with 5 filiform ribs, the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 
 2 on the commissural side. [Greek, marsh-parasol, some of the species inhab- 
 iting marshes.] Six species or more, natives of the Old World. Type species 
 Helosciadium nodiflorum (L.) Koch. 
 
AMMIACEAE. 
 
 279 
 
 1. Helosciadium Ammi (L.) Brit- 
 ton. Fine-lea\t;d Marsh Parsley. 
 (Fig. 303.) Slender, glabrous, much 
 branched, 5-2° high. Leaves ter- 
 nately pinnatisecteil, the ultimate seg- 
 ments narrow, often incised; umbels 
 V-IV broad, opposite the leaves; fruit 
 broad, glabrous, about 1" long, the ribs 
 equal and prominent. [Sison Ammi 
 L.; Helosciadium leptophyUinn DC; 
 Ayium leptophyllum F. Muell.; Pim- 
 pinella lateriflora Link; Apium Ammi 
 Urban.] 
 
 Cultivated and waste grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of tropical and 
 warm-temperate regions. Flowers In 
 spring. Widely naturalized in the 
 southern United States. 
 
 Angelica Archangelica L., Angelica, European, has been grown in gar- 
 dens; it is a biennial tall herb, with finely divided leaves, the lower with 
 long, round stalks, which are candied; its roots are aromatic, its small white 
 flowers in compound umbels. 
 
 Cerefolium Cerefolium (L.) Britton, Garden Chervil, Beaked Parsley, 
 European, grown as a garden herb, has linear beaked smooth fruits, white 
 flowers and ternately decompound leaves. [Scandix Cerefolium L. ; Chaero- 
 phyllum sativum Lam.] 
 
 Anthriscus Anthriscus (L.) Karst., Bur-chervil, European, is recorded 
 by Lefroy as a common weed in his time, but it has not been found by recent 
 collectors, and is not mentioned by Eeade in his book published in 1883. It 
 is a white-flowered plant with decompound leaves and ovoid, short-beaked, 
 muricate fruits. {A. vulgaris Pers.] 
 
 Lefroy records the introduction of Ferula glauca as an ornamental species 
 in 1874. 
 
 Coriandrum sativum L., Coriander, European, is recorded by Lefroy as 
 quite naturalized prior to 1877 in some fields at Point Shares but it is not 
 known to grow there at the present time, and it is not mentioned in Eeade 's 
 ''Plants of Bermuda" published in 1883, although Hemsley cites it from 
 Lefroy, and H. B Small records it as not uncommon. 
 
 Daucus Carota L., Carrot, European, is grown as a field and garden crop, 
 but it is not naturalized as a field weed as it is on the continent. 
 
 Pastinaca sativa L., Parsnip, European, is also grown as a field and 
 garden crop, but not naturalized as a weed as in the United States. The 
 flowers are yellow, the fruit flat and winged, the large pinnate leaves with 
 ovate sessile toothed or incised segments. 
 
 Didiscus coeruleus (Graham) Hook., Didiscus, Australian, a roughish- 
 hairy annual about 2° high, with ternately divided leaves and long-stalked 
 umbels of bright blue flowers, the involucre of many, narrowly linear, pilose 
 bracts, the flat fruits notched at base and apex, -^as grown at Eose Cottage in 
 1911. [Trachymene coerulea Graham.] 
 
280 COENACEAE. 
 
 Family 3. CORNACEAE Link. 
 Dogwood Family, 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with simple opposite, verticillate or alternate, usually 
 entire leaves, and regular flowers in cymes, heads or rarely solitary. Calyx- 
 tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-dentate, or none. Petals generally 
 4 or 5, sometimes wanting, valvate or imbricate, spreading, inserted at the 
 base of the epigynous disk. Stamens as many as the petals or more 
 numerous, inserted wdth them; filaments subulate or flat. Ovary inferior, 
 1-2-celled in our species; style 1, short or elongated; ovules 1 in each 
 cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a drupe. Seeds oblong; embryo 
 nearly as long as the endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous. About 16 genera 
 and 85 species, most abundant in the northern hemisphere. 
 
 My only knowledge of the existence of any of this family in Bermuda, is 
 the record by Lefroy of the introduction, prior to 1876, of a species of a 
 North American Cornus at Mount Langton, which appeared to thrive and 
 which was referred to in 1901 by H. B. Small as Cornus stricta Lam., and by 
 the same author, the planting there of Benthamia fragifera Lindley, Hima- 
 layan, which did not appear to flourish. 
 
 Series 2. GAMOPETALAE. 
 
 Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or "wanting. 
 
 The coherence of the petals is sometimes slight or they are quite 
 separate, as in some Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Ole- 
 aceae and Cucurbitaceae. From this condition the coherence varies 
 through all stages to the tubular or funnelform corollas of some 
 Convolvulaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Compositae. 
 
 t Ovary superior. 
 
 Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely 
 to its base, as many as the lobes and alternate with 
 
 them, or twice as many. Order 1. Ericales. 
 
 Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and 
 opposite them, or twice as many, or more. 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees ; ovary 1-celled. Order 2. Primulales. 
 
 Shrubs or trees : ovary several-celled. Order 3. Ebexales. 
 
 Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or 
 fewer, and alternate with, them (in our species of 
 Fraxinus and Forestiera of the Oleaceae there is 
 no corolla). 
 Corolla not scarious. nerved. 
 
 Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, 
 and in Gentianaceae in which the ovary is 
 compound with 2 cavities or rarely more, or 
 with 1 cavity and 2 placentae : flowers regular ; 
 stamens mostlv adnate to only the lower part 
 
 of the corolla ; leaves mostly opposite. Order 4. Gextianales, 
 
 Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra; in 
 Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae mostly deeply 
 4-lobed around the style) ; flowers regular or 
 irregular ; stamens mostly adnate to the middle 
 of the corolla-tube or beyond ; leaves opposite 
 
 or alternate. Order 5. Polemoniales. 
 
 Corolla scarious, nerveless. Order 6. Plantaginales. 
 
 tt Ovary inferior. 
 Anthers distinct. 
 
 Stamens as many as the cojrol la -lobes and alternate 
 with them or twice as many ; ovary compound, 
 with 1 ovule or more in each cavity ; leaves oppo- 
 site or verticillate. Order 7. Ribiales. 
 
ERICACEAE. 281 
 
 Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes ; ovary 
 1-celled with 1 pendulous ovule, or 3-celled with 
 
 2 of the cavities without ovules. Order 8. Valerianales. 
 
 Anthers united (except in Ambrosiaceae). Order 9. Campanulales. 
 
 Order 1. ERICALES. 
 
 Flowers complete, regular. Calyx toothed, lobed, or divided, superior, 
 except in Vacciniaceae. Corolla mainly gamopetalous. Stamens free from 
 the corolla, or adnate only to its base, as many as its lobes and alternate 
 with them, or twice as many. Ovary compound. 
 
 Family 1. ERICACEAE DC. 
 
 Heath Family. 
 
 Shrubs, perennial herbs, or trees, with simple estipulate leaves, and 
 mostly perfect flowers. Calyx free from the ovary, -i-o-parted or 4-5-cleft. 
 Corolla regular, or rarely somewhat 2-lipped, usually 4— 5-toothed, -lobed or 
 -parted. Stamens hypogynous, usually as many or twice as many as the 
 corolla-lobes, teeth or petals; anthers 2-celled, attached to the filaments by 
 the back or base, the sacs often prolonged upwardly into tubes. Ovary 
 2-5-celled ; stigma peltate or capitate ; ovules usually numerous, anatropous. 
 Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Seeds usually numerous and minute, or 
 sometimes only 1 in each cavity; endosperm fleshy. About 60 genera and 
 1100 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Lefroy records bringing an Azalea and a Bhododendron to Mount Lang- 
 ton and having them flower in a conservatory there. No native nor naturalized 
 plants of the family exist in the Bermuda flora. 
 
 A species of Erica was growing at Wood Haven in 1914, recently planted. 
 Soils containing much lime are not suited to plants of this family. 
 
 Order 2. PRIMULALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees. Corolla usually present, gamopetalous. Calyx 
 mostly free from the ovary. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its 
 lobes, or twice as many, or more. 
 
 style 1 ; fruit a capsule ; herbs. Fam. 1. Pbimulaceae. 
 
 Styles 5 ; fruit an achene or utricle : herbs. Fam. 2. Plumbaginaceae. 
 
 Style 1 ; shrubs or trees, the fruit drupaceous. Fam. 3. Myrsixaceae. 
 
 Family 1. PRIMULACEAE Vent. 
 
 Primrose Family. 
 
 Herbs, with perfect regular flowers. Calyx free from the ovary, usually 
 5-parted. Corolla gamopetalous in our species, usually 5-cleft, deciduous. 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them, inserted on the 
 corolla; filaments distinct, or connate at the base; anthers introrse, 2-celled, 
 the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk obsolete, or none. Ovary superior, 
 1-celled; placenta central, free; ovules anatropous, or amphitropous; style 
 
282 
 
 PEIMULACEAE. 
 
 1; stigma simple, capitate, entire. Capsule 1-eelled, 2-6-valved; rarely 
 circumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds few or several, the testa adherent to 
 the fleshy or horny copious endosperm; embryo small, straight; cotyledons 
 obtuse. About 28 genera and 400 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 1. ANAGALLIS [Tourn.] L. 
 Herbs, with, opposite or verticillate (rarely alternate) sessile or short- 
 petioled leaves, entire or nearly so, and small axillary peduncled flowers. 
 Calyx 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate or subulate, persistent. Corolla deeply 
 o-parted, rotate, the segments entire or erose, convolute in the bud, longer than the 
 calyx. Stamens 5; filaments puberulent, or pubescent, distinct, or united into 
 a narrow ring at the base; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary globose; ovules 
 numerous; stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, circumscissile, many-seeded: Seeds 
 minute, flat on the back. [Greek, delightful.] About 15 species, mostly of 
 the Old World, the following typical. 
 
 1. Anagallis arvensis L. Bed 
 OR Scarlet Pimpernel. Poor 
 Man's or Shepherd's Weather- 
 glass. (Fig. 304.) Annual, dif- 
 fuse; branches 4'-12' long, 4- 
 sided. Leaves ovate or oval, 
 membranous, sessile or somewhat 
 clasping, 3"-6" long, black-dotted 
 beneath; peduncle" filiform, i'-lf 
 long, recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes 
 keeled, slightly shorter than the 
 crenate glandular-ciliate corolla- 
 segments; flowers scarlet, blue or 
 sometimes white, usually with a 
 darker center, 2"-3" broad, open- 
 ing only in bright weather; cap- 
 sule glabrous, about 2" in diameter. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of 
 Europe. Widely naturalized in North 
 America. Flowers from winter to 
 summer and sparingly in autumn. 
 The blue-flowered race is frequent on 
 St. David's Island. 
 
 Primula sinensis Sabine, Chinese Primrose, grown in flower-gardens, 
 is a softly pubescent nearly or quite stemless species, with long-petioled, lobed 
 leaves and showy flowers, umbelled on scapes, the corolla of various colors. 
 
 Family 2. PLUMBAGINACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Plumbago Family. 
 
 Perennial mostly acaulescent erect herbs, mostly with basal tufted leaves, 
 and small perfect and regular clustered flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepal- 
 ous, 5-toothed, plaited at the sinuses, the tube 5-15-ribbed. Corolla of 5 hy- 
 pogynous clawed segments connate at the base, or united into a tube. 
 Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled, at- 
 tached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
 Disk none. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendu- 
 
PLUMBAGINACEAE. 
 
 283 
 
 lous; styles 5. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the calyx, rarely a 
 dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary; testa membranous; endosperm mealy, 
 or none; embryo straight; cotyledons entire. About 10 genera and 350 
 species, of wide distribution, mostly in saline situations. 
 
 1. LIMONIUM Adans. 
 Herbs, mostly perennial, and with flat basal leaves, and numerous small 
 flowers cymose-paniculate on bracted scapes, in 1-3-flowered bracteolate clus- 
 ters, forming one-sided spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the limb 
 scarious, 5-toothed, the tube usually 10-ribbed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 
 adnate to the bases of the petals. Styles 5, separate in our species, stigmatic 
 along the inner side. Fruit a utricle. [Ancient name of the wild beet.] 
 About 120 species, widely distributed. Type species: Statice Limonium L. 
 
 1. Limonium carolinianum (Walt.) Brit- 
 ton. Sea Lavender. Marsh Rosemary. 
 Canker-root. (Fig. 305.) Glabrous, fleshy ; 
 rootstock thick, fusiform or branched; 
 scape terete, striate, paniculately branched 
 above, l°-2h° high. Leaves oblanceolate, 
 narrowed into margined petioles, entire, or 
 slightly undulate, 3'-10' long, shorter than 
 the scapes, the midvein prominent, the lat- 
 eral veins very obscure; .flowers erect, about 
 2" high; calyx 5-toothed, sometimes with as 
 many minute intermediate teeth in the 
 sinuses; corolla pale purple; petals spatu- 
 late; styles filiform. [Statice caroliniana 
 Walt.; Statice Lefroyi Hemsl. ; Limonium 
 Lefroyi Britton.] 
 
 Salt marshes and borders of - mangrove 
 swamps at several points on the shores of 
 Castle Harbor. Native. Atlantic coast of North 
 America. Flowers in late summer and autumn. 
 The plant probably reached Bermuda by float- 
 ing. 
 
 Limonium australe (Spreng.) Kuntze, Yellow Chinese Limonium, of 
 China, resembling the preceding species, but with yellow flowers in dense short 
 panicled, 1-sided spikes, was grown in flower-gardens at the Agricultural 
 Station in 1913. [Statice australe Spreng.; S. Fortuni Lindl.] 
 
 Plumbago capensis Thunb., Blue Plumbago, of South Africa, extensively 
 grown for ornament, is a leafy slender half-climbing shrub, 3°-5° high with 
 oblong to spatulate entire leaves l'-3' long, and large blue flowers in terminal 
 puberulent spikes, the narrowly cylindric, glandular calyx-tube about -J' long, 
 the slender, glabrous corolla-tube about IV long, the limb about 1' broad, with 
 5 obovate lobes. The plant is very luxuriant in Bermuda. 
 
 Plumbago rdsea L., Red or Scarlet Plumbago, Asiatic, similar to the 
 preceding species, but glabrous, leaves ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, and scarlet 
 flowers in elongated spikes, the slender corolla-tube 1' long or less, is occa- 
 sionally grown for ornament. [P. coccinea Boiss.] 
 
 Family 3. MYRSINACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Myrsine Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly alternate, leathery, entire, punctate; 
 stipules none. Inflorescence racemose, corymbose, or cymose. Flowers 
 
284 MYRSINACEAE. 
 
 regular, perfect or polygamo-dioieous. Calyx persistent; sepals 4-6, 
 rarely more. Corolla salverform or rotate, white, pink or yellowish, its 
 tube very short, the lobes spreading, refiexed or even curled back, some- 
 times glandular-spotted like the sepals. Stamens 4-7, adnate to the corolla- 
 tube or borne at the base of the corolla-lobes. Filaments sometimes form- 
 ing a tube. Staminodia wanting. Gynoecium of 4-7 united carpels. Style 
 one. Stigma capitate, truncate or somewhat foliaceous. Ovules immersed 
 in the fleshy placenta. Fruit drupaceous, often tipped with the base of 
 the style. Seed solitary, filling the fruit-cavity. About 20 genera contain- 
 ing 500 species or more, of tropical distribution. There are no native nor 
 naturalized plants of this family in the Bermuda Flora. 
 
 Icacorea humilis (A^ahl.) Britton, Asiatic, was established at Mount 
 Langton by Lefroy in 1873, and a fine plant was studied there in 1913. It 
 is a shrub, up to 6° high, with alternate coriaceous oblong to oblanceolate, 
 short-petioled leaves 4-6' long, acute at each end, and small short-pedicelled 
 greenish-purple flowers in axillary and terminal umbels, the corolla-segments 
 lanceolate, twice as long as the calyx. [Ardisia humilis Vahl.] 
 
 Lefroy records the establishment, at the same place and date, of Icacorea 
 guianensis Aubl. {Ardisia acuminata WiUd.) of the southern West Indies and 
 northern South America, and this is mentioned by Jones, but it has disap- 
 peared. 
 
 Icacorea solanacea (Roxb.) Britton, Asiatic, seen in Devonshire Church- 
 yard in 1912, is a shrub or small tree up to 12° high, with obovate, acuminate 
 leaves 7' long or less and purplish, slender-peddcelled flowers in lateral and 
 axillary umbels. {Ardisia solanacea Roxb.] 
 
 Order 3. EBENALES. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, the flowers mostly regular. 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary (inferior) or more or less adnate to it. Corolla 
 
 gamopetalous or sometimes polypetalous. Stamens borne on the tube or 
 
 base of the corolla, as many as its lobes, and opposite them, or more 
 
 numerous. 
 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. 1. Sapotaceae. 
 
 Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more. Fam. 2, Ebenaceae. 
 
 Family 1. SAPOTACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Sapodilla Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, mostly with a milky juice. Leaves entire, mostly 
 coriaceous and estipulate. Flowers small, regular and perfect, in axillary 
 clusters. Calyx inferior, the sepals usually 4-7, much imbricated. Corolla 
 gamopetalous, the tube 4-7-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, some- 
 times with as many or twice as many lobe-like appendages on the throat. 
 Stamens as many as the proper lobes of the corolla and inserted on its 
 tube; staminodia usually present, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 
 2-eelled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-5-celled, or rarely 
 many-celled; ovules solitary m each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; 
 stigma simple. Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds large, the testa bony or crus- 
 taeeous; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy, or none. About 35 genera 
 and 425 species, mostly of tropical regions. There are no native nor natural- 
 ized species in Bermuda. 
 
SAPOTACEAE. 285 
 
 Chrysophyllum Cainito L., Star-Apple, tropical American, occasionally 
 planted, is a large tree with oblong or oval, petioled, pointed leaves 2'-6' long, 
 green above, yellow-brown and densely pubescent beneath; the small purplish 
 or whitish flowers are in sessile axillary clusters on slender pedicels about 5" 
 Jong, the corolla deeply 5-7-lobed, the purplish globose fruit 1^-4' in diameter, 
 8-10-celled, several-seeded. 
 
 Sapota achras Mill., Sapodilla, West Indian, also occasionally planted, is 
 a large tree with oblong-lanceolate petioled glabrous coriaceous leaves, green 
 on both sides, 3'-5' long, the whitish flowers solitary in the axils, on rather 
 stout peduncles as long as the pedicels or shorter, the 5-6-lobed corolla about 
 as long as the pubescent sepals; the well-known fruit is a globular brown, 
 rough-skinned berry SV in diameter or less, usually containing several large 
 black shining seeds, 
 
 Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq., Masticbully, West Indian, a large 
 tree, Avith oblong or ovate-oblong, evergreen rather thin, slender-petioled 
 leaves 8' long or less, the small yellowish pedicelled flowers in lateral or 
 axillary clusters, the nearly rotate corolla 5-parted, the oval drupe nearly 
 1' long, containing a single large seed, the pulp thin, grew in 1913 in a Paget 
 garden, the only tree of this species known to me in Bermuda. [S. masticho- 
 dendron Jacq.] 
 
 Calocarpum mammosum (L.) Pierre, Mammee-Sapota, of tropical 
 America, recorded by Jones in 1873 as ''Mammee Apple," is a large tree 
 with obovate leaves 6'-9' long, greenish-white flowers about 6" wide, short- 
 pedicelled on the twigs, the rough oblong fruit 5'^6' long, usually containing 
 a single large seed. [Achras mammosa L.] 
 
 A tree of a species of Lucuma, about 25° high, was observed at Bellevue 
 in 1913 ; it is probably L. multiflora A. DC, West Indian, but its fruit has 
 not been obtained. The oblanceolate to elliptic pointed short-petioled leaves 
 are 3'-5' long, the axillary, short-peduncled flowers have a white fugacious 
 tubular corolla about 3" long. 
 
 Family 2. EBENACEAE Vent. 
 
 Ebony Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with very hard wood, entire estipulate leaves, and dioe- 
 cious polygamous or rarely perfect regular flowers, solitary or cymose in 
 the axils. Calyx inferior, 3-7-lobed, commonly accrescent and persistent. 
 Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, 3-7-lobed, the lobes usually convolute in 
 the bud. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla in the 
 sterile flowers, and inserted on its tube, usually some imperfect ones in the 
 pistillate flowers; anthers introrse, erect. Disk none. Ovary superior, 
 several-celled ; in the staminate flowers rudimentary or none ; ovules 1-3 in 
 each cavity, suspended; styles 2-S, distinct, or united below^; stigmas 
 terminal, sometimes 2-parted. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, the testa bony ; 
 endosperm copious, cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons large, folia- 
 ceous. About 6 genera and 275 species, mostly tropical. 
 
 1. DIOSPYROS L. 
 
 Flowers lateral, cymose, racemose or solitary, th-e pistillate commonly 
 solitary, the staminate usually clustered. Calyx 4-6-cleft. Corolla ureeolate 
 in our species, 4-6-lobed. Stamens 8-20 in the sterile flowers. Styles 2-6 
 in the pistillate flowers; ovary globose or ovoid, its cavities twice as many as 
 the styles. Berry large, pulpy, containing 4-12 flat hard seeds. [Greek, Zeus' 
 wheat.] About 160 species, abund^ant in Asia. Type species: Diospyros 
 Lotus L. 
 
286 
 
 EBENACEAE. 
 
 1. Diospyros virginiana L. 
 
 Persimmox. Date-plum. (Fig. 
 306.) A tree; bark hard, dark, 
 furrowed. Leaves ovate or oval, 
 deciduous, pubescent when young, 
 acute or acuminate, dark green 
 above, pale beneath, 2'-5t|' long; 
 petioles loosely jointed with the 
 twigs, the leaves falling away in 
 drying; flowers mostly 4-parted; 
 corolla greenish yellow; stamens 
 of the sterile flowers about 16, 
 those of the pistillate 8 or few^er; 
 fruit globose, about 1' long, red- 
 dish-yellow and sweet when ripe, 
 astringent when green. 
 
 Along the border of Warwick 
 Marsh, 1905, spreading by suckers 
 and well established. Lefroy notes 
 its establishment at Somerville prior 
 to 1877 and that it became a nui- 
 sance at Mt. Langton by sending up 
 suckers. Native of the eastern 
 United States. It is not uncom- 
 monly planted : a tree at Somerville, 
 now destroyed, is said to have 
 reached 75° in height. 
 
 Diospyros kaki L. f., Kaki, Chinese Persimmon, Chinese, occasionally 
 planted, is a tree which becomes 40° high under favorable conditions; it has 
 nearly orbicular to ovate, short-petioled, often subcordate leaves 3'-5' broad, 
 densely pubescent beneath, its fruits 2' in diameter, depressed-globose and 
 yellow, the .persistent calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, about 8" long. 
 
 Diospyros discolor "Willd., Mabolo, of the Philippine Islands, was repre- 
 sented at Pembroke Hall in 1914, by a fine tree about 50° high. It is a nar- 
 row tall tree with somewhat pubescent young twigs; the leathery oblong 
 sharply acute leaves are 8-12' long, 2'-4' wide, the midvein prominent, the 
 lateral veins delicate and obscure, the upper surface bright green and shining, 
 the under side pale and dull; the fragrant flowers are in small clusters, the 
 calyx and white corolla silky; the velvety fruit is globose, about 3' m diameter. 
 Lefroy notes that a plant imported by him did not thrive, but the tree at 
 Pembroke Hall has grown luxuriantly. [D. Mabola Eoxb.] 
 
 Diospyrus Lotus L., Lotus Persimmon, Asiatic, seen in a garden near 
 Flatts in 1914, as a tree about 15° high, attains a height of 40° or more, has 
 thin, sparingly pubescent, elliptic acuminate petioled leaves 2i'-4' long, small 
 reddish flowers about 5" broad, and globose, nearly black fruit 6"-9" in 
 diameter. 
 
 Order 4. GENTIANALES. 
 Herbs, shnibs, vines or trees. Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate. 
 Flowers regular. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous, ners'ed, want- 
 ing in Forestiera of the Oleaceae. Stamens mostly borne on the lower part 
 of the corolla when this is present, as many as its lobes or fewer and alter- 
 nate with them. Ovaries 2, distinct, or 1 with 2 cavities (rarely more), or 2 
 placentae. 
 
 a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none. 
 
 Fam. 1. Oleaceae. 
 b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. 
 Stigmas distinct : juice not milky ; ovary 1, compound. 
 Ovarv 2-celled ; leaves stipulate, or their bases con- 
 nected by a stipular line. Fam. 2. Loganiaceae. 
 
OLEACEAE. 
 
 287 
 
 Ovary 1-celled, leaves not stipulate. 
 Stigmas united ; juice milky ; ovaries 2 in our species. 
 
 Styles -united; stamens distinct; pollen of simple 
 
 grains. Fam 
 
 Styles distinct ; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pol- 
 len-grains united into waxy masses. Fam 
 
 Fam. 3. Gentianaceae. 
 -t. Apocynaceae. 
 
 5. ASCLEPIADACEAE. 
 
 Family 1. OLEACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Olive Family. 
 
 Trees, vines, or shrubs (a few genera almost herbaceous) with opposite 
 or rarely alternate simple or pinnate estipulate leaves and regular 2-4- 
 parted flowers in panicles, cymes or fascicles. Calyx inferior, usually 
 small, sometimes none. Stamens 2-4; filaments separate; anthers ovate, 
 oblong or linear, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 
 2-celled; ovules few in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous ; style 
 usually short or none. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or -drupe. Endo- 
 sperm fleshy, horny or wanting; embryo straight, rather large; radicle usu- 
 ally short. About 21 genera and 525 species, of wide distribution in tem- 
 perate and tropical regions. 
 
 Corolla tubular with a spreading limb ; fruit didymous. 
 Corolla small or none ; fruit drupaceous. 
 
 Corolla none : shrubs or trees. 
 
 Corolla rotate, white ; trees. 
 
 1. Jasminum. 
 
 2. Forestiera. 
 
 3. Olea. 
 
 1. JASMINUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Shrubs or woody vines, with mostly opposite, simple or compound leaves, 
 and large, clustered or solitary flowers. Calyx lobed or parted. Corolla 
 salverform, its tube cylindric, its limb lobed or parted, the lobes imbricated. 
 Stamens 2, included; filaments short; anthers laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2- 
 eelled ; style very slender ; stigma, capitate or 2-lobed ; ovules mostly 2 in each 
 cavity. Fruit didymous, fleshy. Seeds without 
 endosperm. [Ancient name, of Arabic origin.] 
 About 100 species, natives of the Old World. 
 Type species: Jasminum officinale L. 
 
 1. Jasminum simplicifolium Forst. f. 
 Simple-leaved Jasmine. (Fig. 307.) A gla- 
 brous woody vine, attaining a length of 30° 
 or more, climbing on trees and forming dense 
 thickets. Leaves opposite, simple, dark green, 
 somewhat shining, subcoriaceous, ovate to el- 
 liptic, y-2V long, aeutish or blunt at the apex, 
 obtusre at the base faintly veined, the petioles 
 2"_4' ■ long ; flowers few in terminal corymbs ; 
 pedicels slender; calyx campanulate, about IV' 
 long, its teeth very short; corolla white, its 
 tube about V long, its limb star-like, 6"-8" 
 broad; fruits black, didymous, each of the two 
 lobes globose, about 3" in diameter, eaten by 
 birds and the seeds thus scattered. [Jasmimim 
 gracile Andr.] 
 
 Overrunning trees and rocks nearly through- 
 out the land between Harrington Sound and Castle 
 Harbor, and locally elsewhere. A pernicious weed, 
 most difficult to exterminate. Native of Austral- 
 asia. Introducea about 1840. Flowers in early 
 summer and, sparingly, in autumn, the flowers 
 fragrant 
 
288 OLEACEAE. 
 
 Jasminum Sambac (L.) Ait., Arabian Jasmine, East Indian, is a shrub 
 up to 5° high, with slender, pubescent, often straggling branches, ovate entire 
 nearly glabrous leaves IJ'-S' long Avith short pubescent petioles, the white 
 fragrant, often double flowers about f long in short terminal racemes, the 
 calyx with about 8 linear-subulate lobes, the corolla-lobes broadly oval or 
 nearly orbicular. It is commonly planted for ornament. [J. calophyllum of 
 A. H. Moore?] 
 
 Jasminum htimile L., Italian Yellow Jasmine, of tropical Asia, is a 
 glabrous vine-like shrub, with branches sometimes 15° long, the petioled pin- 
 nate leaves 4'-7' long, the leaflets 3-7 (mostly 5) ovate to lanceolate, acute, 
 short-stalked; the bright yellow flowers are in loose terminal corymbs, slender- 
 pedicelled, the smaU calyx 5-toothed, the corolla about 1' long with obtuse 
 lobes. It is freely planted for ornament. [J. revolutum Sims; J. fruticans 
 of Lefroy and of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Jasminum grandiflorum L., Eoyal Jasmine, of the East Indies, also 
 vine-like, with slender branches, petioled pinnate leaves 6' long or less, with 5 
 or 7, elliptic or ovate leaflets V-1' long, the lateral ones mostly obtuse and 
 mucronate, the terminal one acute or acuminate, the loosely corymbose, 
 slender-pedicelled, white flowers with a slender corolla-tube about 1' long, the 
 limb about V broad, the subulate calyx-teeth about one-fourth as long as the 
 corolla-tube, is commonly planted for ornament. 
 
 Jasminum officinale L., Poet's Jasmine, Asiatic, similar to J. grandi- 
 florum but with all the leaflets acute or acuminate, the corolla somewhat 
 smaller and the calyx-teeth longer, is occasionally cultivated. 
 
 Jasminum primulinum Hemsl., Primrose Jasmine, Chinese, occasionally 
 planted for ornament, is a slender-stemmed glabrous vine, with short-petioled, 
 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or bluntish, 
 V-2i' long, and large showy axillary and solitary flowers, about IJ' broad, 
 their peduncles several-bracted. The plant grows vigorously but does not 
 flower profusely. 
 
 Jasminum undulatum Ker, Hairy White Jasmine, of India, a climbing 
 vine, with simple short-petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate leaves about 2' 
 long, glabrous and shining above, pubescent beneath, the flowers in small 
 terminal cymes, the linear-filiform calyx-teeth densely pubescent, the white 
 corolla with a narrow tube about 1' long, its narrow, acute lobes ^'-f long, is 
 occasionally planted for ornament. 
 
 2. FORESTrERA Poiret. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, the leaves opposite, deciduous, simple. Flowers incon- 
 spicuous, mainly polygamo-dioecious, in small lateral clusters or racemes on the 
 branchlets of the preceding year. Calyx usually present but small, its tube 
 very short, the lobes 4-6, unequal. Corolla wanting, or rarely of 1 or 2 decid- 
 uous petals. Stamens 2-4; anthers rather extrorse. Ovary 2-celled; stigmas 
 thick, sometimes 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous Drupe subglobose 
 to oblong. Seeds solitary or rarely 2, the testa membranous, the endosperm 
 fleshy. [In honor of Charles Le Forestier, a French physician.] About 15 
 species, natives of America. Type species: Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) 
 Poiret. 
 
OLEACEAE. 
 
 289 
 
 1. Forestierasegregata (Jacq.) 
 
 Krug & Urban. West Indian 
 FoRESTiERA. (Fig. 308.) A gla- 
 brous shrub, or small tree, reach- 
 ing a maximum height of about 
 20° with a trunk 6' in diameter, 
 usually smaller. Leaves oblong to 
 elliptic, firm in texture, l'-3' long, 
 3"-12" wide, variable in shape 
 and size but those of individual 
 bushes nearly all similar, acutish 
 at the apex, narrowed into short 
 petioles, copiously punctate when 
 dry; flowers very small; corolla 
 none; stamens yellowish; drupes 
 oblong, slightly fleshy, about V 
 long and 2" thick, apiculate, some- 
 what oblique, borne on short slen- 
 der pedicels. [Myrica segregata 
 Jacq.; Forestiera porulosa Poir.] 
 
 Rocky hillsides ; very abundant 
 on the south side of St. David's 
 Island and on Cooper's Island ; be- 
 tween Castle Harbor and Harring- 
 ton Sound ; Abbot's ClifE ; Wreck 
 Hill ; Boaz Island. Native. Florida 
 and the northern West Indies. 
 Flowers in autumn and winter. 
 Leaves falling in November. The 
 largest individual observed was seen 
 
 near Bailey's Bay in 1912. No local name has been found associated with this 
 plant. 
 
 3. OLEA [Tourn.] L. 
 Trees, with opposite entire leaves, and small flowers in terminal or 
 axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla nearly rotate, 
 the tube short, the 4 lobes induplicate-valvate. Stamens 2, borne on the corolla- 
 tube, the filaments short, the anthers ovate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each 
 cavity; style short; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Drupe oblong or globose, the 
 
 endocarp bony. [Ancient name of the olive.] 
 About 35 species, natives of warm-temperate 
 and tropical regions of the Old World, the 
 following typical. 
 
 1. Olea europaea L. Olive. (Fig. 309.) 
 An evergreen tree, becoming 60° high or more, 
 with a trunk up to 3^° in diameter, the slen- 
 der twigs densely leafy, angular. Leaves cori- 
 aceous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, l'-3' long, 
 3"-6" wide, dark green and more or less lepi- 
 dote above, densely silvery-lepidote beneath, 
 acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, 
 narrowed into short petioles ; panicles axillary, 
 shorter than the leaves ; pedicels mostly shorter 
 than the calyx; calyx broadly obconic, about 
 1" long, with 4 minute teeth ; corolla white, 
 about 24" broad, its lobes spreading; drupe 
 oblong or subglobose, black, shining. 
 
 Frequent on hillsides and locally naturalized, 
 flowering in spring, its fruit, sparingly produced 
 in Bermuda, ripe in late summer and autumn. 
 Probably native of the Levant ; widely culti- 
 vated in the Mediterranean region. 
 
290 OLEACEAE. 
 
 The Olive appears to have been introduced prior to 1612, being one of the 
 first Old World trees brought to Bermuda. In 1661 the Bermuda Company 
 ordered it widely planted, but it never became the basis of an industry. 
 Lefroy states that some of the trees planted in 1661 were still standing about 
 1875; this remark may very well apply to the ancient tree still in perfect 
 condition at Norwood, and, perhaps to one at Walsingham. The fruit pro- 
 duced in Bermuda is small and of inferior quality, averaging only about V 
 in length. 
 
 Fraxinus excelsior L., European Ash, of Europe and Asia, a large tree 
 with glabrous pinnate leaves 1° long or more, the lanceolate or oblong-lance- 
 olate, sessile serrate acuminate leaflets 9-15, the small greenish apetalous 
 flowers in fascicled clusters, the fruit flat blunt narrowly oblong samaras f'-l' 
 long, was represented at Mount Langton in 1914 by a tree about 30° high. 
 
 Ligustrum vulgare L., Privet, European, a shrub, with smooth dark 
 green, indistinctly veined, lanceolate or oblong leaves l'-2' long, and small 
 white perfect flowers in terminal panicles with funnelform corolla and 2 
 stamens, followed by small black 1-3-seeded berries, has also been introduced 
 as a hedge plant, but does not thrive vigorously, the climate being too warm 
 for it, or the rainfall insufiicient. 
 
 Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk., California Privet, Japanese, a glabrous 
 shrub up to 15° high, with upright branches, oblong or elliptic, short-petioled, 
 somewhat shining leaves l5'-2V long, narrowed at both ends, the white 
 flowers nearly sessile in terminal panicles, the corolla-tube about 3 times as 
 long as the limb, is successfully grown for hedges. 
 
 Ligustrum Ibota Sieb., Ibota Privet, of China and Japan, of which a 
 young plant was seen at Cedar Lodge in 1914, becomes, under favorable cir- 
 cumstances, a shrub about 10° high; its young twigs are densely pubescent, its 
 oblong obtuse or acute leaves are l'-2' long, its white flowers in small droop- 
 ing panicles, short-pedicelled, the corolla-tube about twice as long as the limb. 
 
 Ligustrum coriaceum Carr., Thick-leaved Privet, origin unknown, is a 
 densely leafy, glabrous shrub, becoming 5°-6° high, with evergreen, orbicular 
 to ovate, dark green and shining obtuse leaves l*'-2*' long, the flowers sessile 
 in terminal panicles, the corolla-tube about as long as the limb; a plant ap- 
 parently of this species, about 4° high, was seen at Cedar Lodge in 1914. 
 
 Osmanthus Aquifolium Sieb., Holly Osmanthus, Japanese, a shrub or 
 small tree, with opposite short-petioled evergreen elliptic spiny-serrate acu- 
 minate holly-like leaves 2'-4' long, and very fragrant white flowers in axillary 
 clusters, the blunt corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud, is grown in a few 
 gardens. 
 
 Syringa vulgaris L., Lilac, European, seen at the Public Garden, St. 
 George's, in 1914, is a glabrous shrub, growing up to about 9° high, with 
 long-petioled ovate pointed leaves 2-5' long, the lilac or white fragrant 
 flowers in terminal panicles, with a salverform corolla about V long, the cap- 
 sular fruit nearly V long. 
 
 A species of Forsythia, Golden Bells, Asiatic, was observed in the 
 garden at Water Ville in 1914, which did not appear to be enduring the 
 climate. 
 
 Family 2. LOGANIACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Logania Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, vines or some tropical g-enera trees, with opposite or 
 vertieillate simple stipulate leaves, or the leaf -bases connected by a stipular 
 line or membrane, and regular perfect 4-5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior, 
 the tube campanulate, sometimes short or none, the segments imbricated, 
 
LOGANIACEAE. 
 
 291 
 
 at least in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, eampanulate, or 
 rarely rotate. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers 
 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; pollen-grains simple. Disk usu- 
 ally none. Ovary superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) ; ovules anatropous 
 or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved capsule in our species. Embryo small, 
 usually straight; endosperm copious; radicle terete or conic. About 30 
 genera and 400 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. 
 
 1. BUDDLEIA L. 
 
 Mostly tomentose shrubs or trees, with cymose, panicled or capitate, small 
 flowers. Calyx eampanulate^ 4-toothed. Corolla tubular to eampanulate, its 
 4 lobes spreading. Stamens 4 nearly sessile. Style thickened at the apex; 
 ovules in several series. Capsule septicidally 2-valved. -Seeds numerous, ob- 
 long, with fleshy endosperm. [Commemorates Adam Buddie, an English plant- 
 lover.] About 75 species, widely distributed in tropical regions, a few in the 
 temperate zones. Type species: Buddleia americana L. 
 
 1. Buddleia madagascariensis Lam. 
 
 Madagascar Buddleia. (Fig. 310.) Snufp- 
 PLANT. A vine-like shrub 10°-15° high, 
 with long round slender white-tomentose 
 branches. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to 
 ovate-lanceolate, 4-6' long, about IV wide, 
 acuminate at the apex, obtuse at the base, 
 entire or very nearly so, dark green and 
 glabrous above, densely white-tomentose 
 beneath, the tomentose petioles 1' long or 
 less; flowers in terminal thyroid panicles 
 6'-12' long, white-tomentose; corolla tubu- 
 lar, purplish, about 3" long. [B. Neemda 
 of Lef roy and of H. B. Small ; B. americana 
 of Eeade, Jones, Verrill and Harshberger.] 
 
 Roadsides, escaped from cultivation. Na- 
 tive of Africa. Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
 Family 3. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Gentian Family. 
 
 Bitter mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) estipu- 
 late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartonia, and regular perfect flowers 
 in clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. Calyx inferior, 
 persistent, 4-12-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Obolaria), the 
 lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, often 
 marcescent, 4-12-lobed or -parted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the 
 corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled, 
 longitudinally dehiscent. Disk none, or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in 
 our genus, 1-celled or partly 2-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous or 
 amphitropous; stigma entire, or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft, Capsule mostly de- 
 
292 
 
 GENTIANACEAE. 
 
 hiseent by 2 valves. Endosperm fleshy, copious; embryo small, terete or 
 conic. About 70 genera and 700 species, widely distributed. 
 
 1. CENTAURIUM Hill. 
 Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and 
 pink white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-4-lobed 
 or -divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4' 
 lobed, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4, 
 inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments short-filiform; anthers becoming spirally 
 twisted. Ovary 1-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform; 
 stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. [Greek, red, the 
 color of the flowers in some species.] About 25 species, natives of the Old 
 World and western North and South America. Type species: Gentiana 
 Centaurium L. 
 
 1. Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) 
 Druce. Branching Centaury. (Fig. 
 311.) Glabrous, much branched, 3'-8' 
 high. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate, 
 the lower mostly obtuse, 3"-8" long; no 
 basal tuft of leaves; flowers pink, cy- 
 mose-paniculate, all or nearly all of 
 them pedicelled, 5"-6" long; tube of the 
 corolla li-2 times longer than the calyx- 
 segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse, li"- 
 2" long; stigma oval. [Gentiana pul- 
 chella Sw.; Erythraea pulchella Fries; 
 E. Centaurium of Reade, Lefroy, H. B. 
 Small and Kemp; E. texensis of Hems- 
 ley.] 
 
 Frequent in waste grounds. Natural- 
 ized. Native of Europe. Naturalized in 
 the eastern United States. Flowers from spring to autumn, ^'i-f 'Zl!a ^'''■" 
 This is, probably, the plant recorded by Michaux, m 1806, as Gentiana nana. 
 
 Family 4. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Dogbane Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly 
 with an acrid milky juice, with simple estipulate leaves, and perfect regular 
 5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, the lobes imbricated m the 
 bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes convolute m the bud and otten 
 twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, 
 inserted on the tube or throat; anthers 2-celled; pollen-grams simple. 
 Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or 
 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled; ovules anatropous or am- 
 phitropous; style simple, or 2-divided; stigma simple. Fruit usually ot J 
 follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged; endosperm Aesby '' ^i^^!^^ 
 straight; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons. About IdU 
 genera and 1100 species, very widely distributed, mostly m tropical regions. 
 
APOCYNACEAE. 
 
 293 
 
 Fruit follicular ; seeds comose. 
 
 Fruit a flattened drupe ; seeds fleshy, unappendaged. 
 
 1. Nerium. 
 
 2. Cerhera. 
 
 1. NERIUM L. 
 Large shrubs, with whorled or opposite, entire leathery narrow leaves, 
 and large, white to crimson flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx gland-bearing 
 within near the base ; corolla salverf orm with a narrowly cylindric tube, a cam- 
 panulate throat, and a spreading, 5-lobed limb, the lobes dextrorsely twisted. 
 Stamens borne at the top of the corolla-tube, included, the filaments short, the 
 anthers sagittate, long-appendaged at the apex, connivent around the stigma, 
 their basal lobes also appendaged. Ovary of 2 separate carpels; ovules numer- 
 ous; style slender; stigma with a membranous reflexed 5-lobed ring. Follicles 
 linear, straight, elongated. Seeds oblong, villous, appendaged by a caducous 
 coma. [Greek, name of the Oleander, said to refer to its native habitat in 
 moist grounds.] Two or three known species, natives of Asia and of the 
 Mediterranean region, the following typical. 
 
 1. Nerium Oleander L. Oleander. 
 (Fig. 312.) A shrub 8°-20° high, the 
 twigs and leaves glabrous or nearly so. 
 Leaves opposite, or whorled in 3's, nar- 
 rowly oblong-lanceolate, dull dark green 
 above, paler green beneath, 3'-5' long, 
 ^'-f wide, sharply acute or acuminate at 
 the apex, narrowed at the base into short 
 petioles, the midvein prominent beneath, 
 the lateral veins very many, transverse; 
 cymes several-many-flowered, somewhat 
 pubescent; flowers scarcely odorous; calyx 
 pubescent, about 4" long; corolla l5'^2' 
 broad, often double ,white to purple; pods 
 4'-7' long, about 4" thick, drooping. 
 
 In nearly all situations except saline ones. 
 Naturalized. Native of the Orient. Recorded 
 as introduced to Bermuda in 1790, now one of 
 its most beautiful floral features, blooming 
 more or less throughout the year, most freely 
 in spring and summer. 
 
 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don., Eed Periv^^inkle, a somewhat woody, 
 herbaceous plant about 2° high, with smooth opposite entire leaves, and large 
 pink, or sometimes white, axillary flowers, the corolla salverf orm, the cylindric 
 pubescent follicles about 1' long, is common in flower-gardens. It is native 
 of the Old World tropics, and naturalized in Florida, the West Indies and 
 tropical continental America. [Vinca rosea L.] 
 
 2. CERBERA L. 
 
 Glabrous trees or shrubs, with alternate narrow often apparently 1- 
 
 nerved leaves, and large yellow flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, 
 
 glandular within at the base. Corolla funnelform, the tube cylindric below, 
 
 abruptly enlarged into a campanulate throat, the spreading limb 5-lobed, the 
 
294 
 
 APOCYNACEAE. 
 
 broad lobes somewhat twisted. Stamens borne at tlie top of the corolla- 
 tube; anthers lanceolate, unappendaged. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; ovules 2 in 
 each cavitj; style filiform; stigma disk-like. Drupe flattened, broader than 
 long, the bony endocarp 2-celled. [Named for Cerberus, the fabled watch 
 dog of the infernal regions.] Seven species or more, natives of tropical 
 regions, the following typical. 
 
 1. Cerbera Thevetia L., Frexch Trumpet- 
 flower. Lucky-nut. (Fig. 313.) A small 
 tree, or shrub, up to 20° in height, its branches 
 densely leafy. Leaves linear, dark green and 
 shining above, pale green beneath, 3'-6' long, 
 3"-5" wide, attenuate at both ends, the mid- 
 vein prominent beneath, the lateral venation 
 very obscure; cymes several-flowered; pedicels 
 slender; caJyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, 
 spreading, about 3" long; corolla 2V-3' long, 
 the cylindric part 6"-8" long; drupe com- 
 pressed-triangular, I'-li' broad, about f high 
 and J' thick, the flesh thin. [Thevetia nerei- 
 folia Juss.] 
 
 Frequently escaped from gardens and planta- 
 tions where it is common. Native of the West 
 Indies. Flowers during most of the year. 
 
 Plumiera alba L., White Trumpet- 
 FX,ow^ER, West Indian, was represented in 1913 
 by a very old tree about 30° high, at Pem- 
 broke Hall. It has linear to linear-oblong 
 leaves 4-10' long, densely white-tomentulose 
 and reticulate-veined beneath, and terminal 
 cymes of white flowers 1' broad or more, the 
 corolla with a yellow eye. 
 
 Plumiera rubra L., Frangipanxi, Eed Jasmine, frequently planted for 
 ornament, is a tree up to 15° high, abounding in milky sap, wuth very stout 
 twigs; the large oblong leaves are 3'-8' long and clustered at the ends of the 
 twigs; the pink to red flowers are in terminal cymes, the corolla about '2' 
 broad with oval lobes longer than the tube, the follicles about 6' long. 
 
 Allamanda Hendersoni Bull, Henderson's Allamanda, South American, 
 a high-climbing woody vine, occasionally planted for ornament, is glabrous, 
 the leaves whorled in 4's, elliptic to oblong, 3-5' long, short-petioled, nar- 
 rowed at the base and acuminate at the apex; the showy bright orange-yellow 
 flowers are about 4' broad, the corolla with a slender tube, its throat spotted. 
 
 Allamanda Schottii Pohl, Schott's Allamanda, also South American, 
 mentioned by Lefroy as grown under glass at Mt. Langton, is similar, but 
 slightly pubescent with lanceolate leaves, the corolla-throat striped. 
 
 Tabemaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd., Crape Jasmine, origin un- 
 known, a glabrous shrub, with thin bright green opposite short-petioled 
 elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate leaves 3'-6' long, and cymose white, 
 usually double flowers about IV broad, is frequently planted for ornament. 
 [Nerium coronarium Jacq.] 
 
 Tabemaemontana citrifolia Jacq., Small-flowered Tabernaemontana, 
 West Indian, a shrub up to 6° high, with oblong or oblong-obovate leaves 3'-5' 
 
APOCYNACEAE. 295 
 
 long, white floAvers about 8" broad, in terminal compound cymes, the corolla- 
 lobes about as long as the tubC; is recorded by Lefroy as common in gardens 
 prior to 1877. 
 
 TalDernaemontana Cumingiana A. DC, of the Philippine Islands, a shrub 
 up to 5° high, with elliptic-lanceolate or oblong leaves 2'-5' long, narrowed at 
 both ends, few-flowered cymes of white flowers in the upper axils, the slender 
 corolla-tube 7"-9" long, longer than the lobes, was represented at Mt. Lang- 
 ton by a vigorous plant in 1913. 
 
 Arduina grandiflora E. Meyer, Natal Plum, South African, a glabrous 
 shrub 5° high or higher, with strong forked spines l'-2' long, thick ovate 
 entire mucronate short-petioled leaves l'-3' long; few-flowered terminal 
 cymes, the white corolla with a short tube and 5 oblong lobes about 1' long 
 overlapping to the left, the ovoid pointed red berry l'-2' long, is planted for 
 ornament and for its edible fruit. It is a good hedge-plant with fragrant 
 flowers. 
 
 Trachelospermum divarlcatum (Thunb.) K. Schum., Star Jessamine, 
 Chinese, a pubescent woody climbing vine up to 15° long, with oval or 
 elliptic, short-petioled, acute or short-acuminate leaves 2'-3' long, and axillary 
 cymes of white or pinkish flowers about 1' broad, the linear follicles 4'-7' 
 long, is occasionally planted for ornament. [T. jasminoides Lemaire.] 
 
 Beaumontia grandiflora Wall., Beaumontia, East Indian, occasionally 
 planted for ornament, is a woody vine with opposite short-petioled elliptic to 
 obovate leaves 6'-8' long, the apex abruptly acuminate, and very large white 
 fragrant clustered flowers, the 5 ovate acute sepals about V long, the cam- 
 panulate, 5-lobed corolla 4-5' long. 
 
 Family 5. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. 
 
 IMiLKWEED Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly wdth milky juice, with estipu- 
 late leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect reg-ular flowers. Calyx inferior, 
 its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in the bud. 
 Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed or 5-cleft, 
 the segments commonly reflexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown (corona) 
 between the corolla and the stamens and aclnate to one or the other. Stamens 
 5, inserted on the corolla; filaments short, stout, mostly monadelphous, or 
 distinct ; anthers attached by their bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-celled, 
 connivent around the stigma, or more or less united with each other; anther- 
 sacs tipped with an inflexed or erect searious membrane, or unappendaged 
 at the top, sometimes appendaged at the base; pollen coherent into waxy 
 or granular masses, one or rarely t-vvo such masses in each sac, connected 
 with the stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular corpuscles alternate with 
 the anthers. Disk none. Ovaiy of 2 carpels ; styles 2, short, connected at 
 the summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules numerous in each carpel, 
 mostly anatropous, pendulous. . Fruit of 2 follicles. Seeds compressed, 
 usually appendaged by a long coma; endosperm cartilaginous; embrv^o 
 nearly as lonp* as the seed; cotyledons flat. About 220 genera and 2000 
 species, of wid6 distribution. 
 
296 
 
 ASCLEPIADACEAE. 
 
 Corona-hoods with an incurved horn. 
 Corona-hoods hornless. 
 
 1. Asclepias. 
 
 2. Gomphocarpus. 
 
 1. ASCLEPIAS L. 
 
 Perennial herbs with entire leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in 
 umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals 
 acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments mostly 
 valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona of 5 
 concave hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn. Fila- 
 ments connate into a tube; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane, winged, 
 the wings broadened below the middle; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, 
 pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Pol- 
 licles usually thick, acuminate. Seeds comose in all but one species. [Dedi- 
 cated to ^sculapius,] About 95 species, mostly natives of the New World. 
 Type species: Asclepias syridca L. 
 
 1. Asclepias curassavica L. Wild 
 Ipecac. Blood-flowepw Butterfly Weed. 
 (Fig. 314.) Stems somewhat woody at the 
 base, glabrous or minutely pubescent above, 
 l°-3° high; leaves opposite, 2.'-6' long, 
 oblong to oblong-lanceolate, commonly acu- 
 minate; umbels terminal and lateral, 5-10- 
 flowered; pedicels 5"-10" long; corolla- 
 lobes deep red-purple, about 3" long, ovate- 
 oblong; column distinct; hoods orange, 
 erect, 2" high, ovate, obtuse, laterally com- 
 pressed, shorter than the flat attenuate 
 curved horn; follicles erect on erect fruit- 
 ing pedicels, li'-4' long, slender-fusiform, 
 acuminate, glabrous or minutely pubescent 
 and slightly glaucous; seeds 3" long, rather 
 thin; coma l"-li" long. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of tropical America. Nat- 
 uralized in the southern United States. Flow- 
 ers in summer and autumn. 
 
 Asclepias nivea L,, White Milkweed, West Indian, which is similar to 
 A. curassavica but has white corollas and usually broader leaves, came up in 
 some soil from the West Indies at Mount Langton, as recorded by Lefroy, who 
 states that it established itself at that time, but it has not been observed 
 subsequently, and H. B. Small indicates that it did not persist. 
 
 Asclepias Linaria Cav., Eanstead Milkweed, Mexican, a white-flowered, 
 narrow-leaved species, was in cultivation in gardens, prior to 1883, according to 
 Eeade. 
 
 2. GOMPHOCARPUS R. Br. 
 
 Shrubs or large herbs, with opposite leaves, the flowers similar in struc- 
 ture to those of Asclepias, but the hoods of the corona without horns, unap- 
 pendaged. Follicles inflated. [Greek, club-fruit.] About 75 species, mostly 
 African. Type species: Asclepias arborescens L. 
 
ASCLEPIADA€EAE. 
 
 297 
 
 1. Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. 
 
 Meyer. Large-fruited Gompho- 
 carpus. (Fig. 315.) Shrubby, 
 branched, pubescent above, 4°-6° 
 high, rather densely leafy. Leaved 
 thin, linear-lanceolate, short-petioled, 
 acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
 the base, 2'— 4' long, V wide or less; 
 umbels few, several-flowered; pedi- 
 cels very slender, puberulent, V-IV 
 long; corolla white, about V broad, 
 its ovate, acutish segments soon re- 
 flexed; follicles ovoid, about 2' long, 
 I'-IJ' thick, loosely covered with 
 weak slender processes about 3" long. 
 [Asclepias pJiysocarpa Schlechter.] 
 
 Roadside, St. David's Island, 1909. 
 Flowers in spring. Native of South 
 Africa. Naturalized in Jamaica. 
 
 Hoya caraosa E. Br., Wax-plant, 
 of tropical Asia and Australia, occa- 
 sionally planted in gardens and grown 
 luxuriantly under glass, is a vine 
 with thick fleshy entire ovate leaves, 
 and umbelled fragrant flowers, the white rotate corolla with a crown spreading 
 like a star; the fruits are smooth follicles. 
 
 Stephanotis floribunda A. Brongn., Stephanotis, Madagascan, is an ele- 
 gant high-climbing, glabrous vine, with thick shining elliptic petioled leaves 
 2'-4' long, and large white fragrant flowers in stalked axillary umbels, the 
 short calyx 5-parted, the salverform corolla l'-2' long, with 5 spreading 
 lobes and a crown of 5 scales, the fleshy pod about 4' long; it is commonly 
 planted on walls and grows luxuriantly. [Marsdeiiia floribufida Schlechter.] 
 
 Stapelia maculosa (Haw.) Donn, Carrrion-flower, South African, occa- 
 sionally grown for interest, is a fleshy leafless plant 3'-4' high, the stems 4- 
 angled, the stalked purplish mottled flowers 3'-4' wide, their odor very 
 offensive. [Orhaea maculosa Haw.] 
 
 Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br., Cryptostegia, a woody vine, containing 
 much milky sap, and yielding some india rubber, grown at Wood Haven in 1914, 
 has oblong entire thickish leaves 3'-4' long, and large purplish flowers, the 
 corolla about 2' broad with a corona of 5 scales deep down in its tube. 
 
 Order 5. POLEMONIALES. 
 
 Mostly herbs; rarely shrubs or trees. Corolla almost always gamo- 
 petalous, regular or irregular. Stamens adnate to the corolla-tube usually 
 to the middle or beyond, as many as the corolla-lobes, or fewer and alter- 
 nate with them. Ovary 1, superior, compound (in Boraginaceae and 
 Lamiaceae deeply 4-lobed around the style). 
 
 a. Corolla regular. 
 Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as distinct nutlets at maturity. 
 
 Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ; style 1, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted ; mostly 
 twining vines. 
 
 Ovary 2-4-celled. Fam. 1. Convolvdlaceae. 
 
 Ovary 2-divided. Fam. 2. Dichondrackae. 
 
 Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3, linear. Fam. 3. Polemoniaceae. 
 
298 CONYOLVULACEAE. 
 
 Ovary 1-ceIled ; style 1, 2-lobed, or 2-parted ; 
 
 herbs not twining. Fam. 4. Htdeophyllaceae. 
 
 Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed 
 {Heliotropium). 
 Style arising from between the ovary-lobes. Fam. 5. Boraginaceae. 
 
 Ovary not lobed ; styles terminal. Fam. 6. Ehretiaceae. 
 
 b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha of the 
 Lamiaceae, and nearly or quite so in Verhena and Callicarpa of the Verhenaceae). 
 1. Carpels 1-2-seeded. 
 Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical ; carpels 
 
 separating into 1-seeded nutlets. Fam. 7. Yeebenaceae. 
 
 Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening 
 
 into 1-seeded nutlets. Fam. 8. Lamiaceae. 
 
 2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae). 
 t Fruit a berry, or more commonly a capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circum- 
 
 scissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent. 
 Placentae axile. 
 
 Flowers regular ; fertile stamens 5 (4 in 
 
 Petunia) ; fruit a berry or capsule. Fam. 9. Sola>-aceae. 
 
 Flowers more or less irregular ; fertile stamens 
 
 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum) ; fruit a capsule. Fam. 10. Scrophdlaeiaceae. 
 
 Placentae parietal. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled. Fam. 11. Bignoniaceae. 
 Herbs or shrubs ; capsule 1-celled. Fam. 12. Gesxeeiaceae. 
 
 ±1 Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent ; opposite-leaved 
 herbs ; placentae axile. Fam. 13. Acanthaceae. 
 
 3. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cavity ; trees or shrubs with alternate leaves. 
 
 Fam. 14. Myopoeaceae. 
 
 4. Ovary and fruit 1-celled with 1 erect orthotropous ovule and seed ; herb with 
 
 spicate flowers and reflexed fruits. 
 
 Fam. 15. Pheymaceae. 
 
 Family 1. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. 
 
 MORNIXG-GLOKY FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs or vines, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate 
 estipulate leaves, and regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers. 
 Calyx inferior, 5-parted or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments or 
 sepals imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 5-ang"led, 5-lobed or 
 entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla and alter- 
 nate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform, or dilated at 
 the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular 
 or none. Ovai^y superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity, 
 or falsely 4-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity, entire or 2-4- 
 divided; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from between the ovary-divisions; 
 ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 2-4 distinct carpels, 
 in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubescent or glabrous; em- 
 bryo plaited or crumpled; cotyledons foliaceous; endosperm fleshy or car- 
 tilaginous, usually scanty. About 45 genera and probably 1000 species, of 
 wide distribution. 
 
 Capsule dehiscent, several-seeded. 1. Ipot 
 
 Fruit woody, indehiscent, mostly 1-seeded. 2. Turbina. 
 
 1. IPOMOEA L. 
 
 Twining trailing or rarely erect herbs with large showy axillary flowers. 
 Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the 
 tube plaited. Stamens included. Ovary entire, 2-4-eelled, 4-6-ovuled; style 
 filiform, included; stigmas 1 or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule usually septi- 
 fragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-seeded. [Greek, worm-like.] About 400 species, of 
 wide distribution. Type species: Ipomoea Pes-tigrinis L. 
 
CO^^VOLVULACEAE. 
 
 299 
 
 Sepals linear or lanceolate, long; ovary mostly 3-celled. 
 Bases of the sepals with long spreading hairs. 
 Sepals glabrous, or sparingly short-pubescent. 
 Leaves silky-pubescent. 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 
 Sepals oblong to ovate, short; ovary mostly 2-ceIled or 4-celled. 
 Stems creeping ; leaves obtuse or emarginate, entire, fleshy. 
 Stems climbing or twining. 
 Flowers purple. 
 
 Sepals obtuse ; leaves sagittate. 
 
 Sepals acute, cuspidate ; leaves variously lobed or entire. 
 Flowers white with a purple throat ; leaves digitately di- 
 vided, the segments toothed. 
 
 1. Ipomoea Nil (L.) Roth. Blue 
 Morning-glory. (Fig. 316.) Stems 
 loosely pilose-pubescent, 2°-6° long, 
 prostrate or twining. Leaves more or less 
 pilose, the blades lV-5' broad, cordate 
 at the base, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or 
 acuminate; peduncles short or elongated, 
 1-3-flowered; sepals narrowly linear, 8"- 
 12" long, their bases somewhat broad- 
 ened and densely long-pubescent; corolla 
 blue, fading purple, its tube I'-IV long, 
 the limb 2'-2^' broad; ovary and cap- 
 sule 3-celled; capsule about 4" long. 
 [Convolvulus Nil L.; Pharhitis Nil 
 Choisy; I. Jiederacea of Verrill, as to 
 the name.] 
 
 Occasional in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Introduced. Native of tropical 
 regions. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 Not, as stated by Verrill, the most abun- 
 dant species, at least at present. 
 
 1. /. mi. 
 
 2. /. villosa. 
 
 3. /. cathartica. 
 
 4. /. Pes-caprae. 
 
 5. /. sar/ittata. 
 
 6. /. Batatas. 
 
 7. /. dissecta. 
 
 2. Ipomoea villosa E. & P. 
 
 Villous Morning-glory. (Fig. 317.) 
 Pubescent, twining, sometimes as- 
 cending trees to a height of 40° or 
 more. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, 
 the blades 3'-6' long, pubescent on 
 both sides, entire or 3-lobed, long- 
 acuminate at the apex, deeply cor- 
 date at the base ; peduncles 1-4- 
 flowered, axillary, as long as the 
 petioles or shorter; bracts linear- 
 lanceolate, 8"-12" long; sepals lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, pubescent, about 
 I'long; corolla purple, about 3' long. 
 [Ipotiwea jamaicensis of Rein, Le- 
 froy, Hemsley and Moore; Iponwea 
 purpurea of Lefroy, Harshberger, 
 Verrill and H. B. Small; Pharbitis 
 dealhata and P. triloba of Mills- 
 paugh.] 
 
 Common in marshes and in waste 
 grounds. Introduced. Native of South 
 Americn. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. 
 
300 
 
 COXYOLVULACEAE. 
 
 Thickets, woodlands and roadsides. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 3. Ipomoea cathartica 
 
 Poir. Purple Morning- 
 glory. (Fig. 318.) Peren- 
 nial, minutely strigillose or 
 glabrate. Stems more or 
 less twining, branching ; 
 leaves broadly ovate, 2'-4' 
 long, entire or 3-lobed, acu- 
 minate, cordate; peduncles 
 shorter than the subtending 
 petioles ; sepals glabrate, 
 linear-lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, 5"-10" long, acu- 
 minate; corolla pink-purple 
 or crimson, the limb 2h'-d^' 
 broad, undulate ; capsules 
 spheroidal, about 5" broad. 
 [Convolvulus acuminatus 
 Vahl. ; Ipomoea acuminata 
 E. & S., not R. & P. ; Phar- 
 h itis cathartica C h o i s y ; 
 Pharhitis purpurea of Mills- 
 paugh.] 
 
 Native. Florida and the West Indies. 
 
 4. Ipomoea Pes-caprae (L.) 
 Roth. Seaside Morning-glory. 
 Seaside Convolvulus. (Pig. 
 319.) Perennial, glabrous, suc- 
 culent. Stems prostrate, creep- 
 ing, sometimes 60° long or more, 
 branching; leaf -blades suborbic- 
 ular, 2Y-^' broad, usually 
 notched at the apex, rounded or 
 cordate at the base; petioles as 
 long ag the blades or shorter; 
 peduncles stout, 1-several-flow- 
 ered; pedicels more slender than 
 the peduncles; sepals glabrous, 
 oval or suborbicular, about 5" 
 long, obtuse; corolla purple, 
 about 2' long, its tube broadly 
 funnelform, its limb undulately- 
 lobed, 2'-3' broad; capsules 
 broadly ovoid or globose-ovoid, 
 7"-9" high; seeds pubescent. 
 
 Common on sea beaches. Native. Coasts of the southeastern United States, 
 the West Indies, and tropical continental America. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. Its seeds probably reached Bermuda by floating. This vine is one of the 
 most characteristic plants of the littoral of warm and tropical America. 
 
CONVOLVULACEAE. 
 
 301 
 
 5. Ipomoea sagittata Lam. Ar- 
 row-leaved MORXIXG-GLORY. (Fig. 
 320.) Perennial, glabrous. Stems 
 twining, 6°-15° long, branching, rela- 
 tively slender. Leaves l^''-4' long, 
 sagittate or hastate-sagittate, the seg- 
 ments linear or lanceolate, the lateral 
 about i as long as the terminal one; 
 petioles about as long as the basal 
 lobes; peduncles usually 1-flowered; 
 sepals glabrous, oblong to suborbieu- 
 lar, 3"-4" long, obtuse or cuspidate; 
 corolla purple, about 2' long, the tube 
 funnelform, the limb 2'-3' broad; 
 capsules ovoid, 5"-7" long; seeds vil- 
 lous. [Convolvulus sagittifolius Michx. ; 
 Ipomoea sagittifolia Ker.] 
 
 Occasional in fresh-water marshes ; abundant in Warwick Marsh. Native. 
 Southern United States and Bahamas. Flowers from spring to autumn. Its seeds 
 probably reached Bermuda on the wind. 
 
 6. Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam. 
 Sweet Potato. (Fig. 321.) Eoot- 
 stocks large, fleshv, the well-known 
 vegetable. Stems glabrous or 
 nearly so, trailing, 3° long or 
 longer; leaf -blades various, ovate 
 to suborbicular, entire, dentate or 
 lobed, acuminate to obtuse, cor- 
 date at the base, 2'-6' long; pe- 
 duncles as long as the petioles or 
 shorter, few-flowered; sepals ob- 
 long, acute, cuspidate, somewhat 
 unequal, 3^"-o" long; corolla pale 
 purple or nearly white, about 2' 
 long; ovary and capsule 2-celled; 
 seeds smooth. [Convolvulus Ba- 
 tatas L. ; Convolvulus edulis 
 Thunb.; Batatas edulis Choisy.] 
 
 Waste places, and persistent after cultivation. Introduced. Native habitat 
 unknown. 
 
 The sweet-potato is cultivated, in a large number of different races, in all 
 warm-temperate and tropical regions, and is one of the important crops of 
 Bermuda. 
 
302 
 
 CONYOLVULACEAE. 
 
 7. Ipomoea dissecta 
 (Jacq.) Pursh. Noyau 
 Vine. (Fig. 322.) Peren- 
 nial, villous-liirsute, or gla- 
 brate. Stems twining, 
 branching; leaves suborbic- 
 ular, lY-4:' in diameter, 5- 
 7-parted, the segments o\ral 
 to oblong or lanceolate, 
 coarsely toothed or pinnati- 
 fid; petioles as long as the 
 blades or longer, villous- 
 hirsnte; sepals glabrate, ob- 
 long to oblong-oval, 1' long, 
 acutish or obtuse; corolla 
 white with purple throat, 
 its tube funnelform, about 
 1' long, its limb lV-2' 
 broad; capsules about 8" 
 long; seeds smooth and gla- 
 brous. [Convolvulus dis- 
 sectus Jacq. ; /. sinuata 
 Ortega; Operculina dissecta 
 House. 1 
 
 Occasional in waste grounds and along roads, climbing on walls, rocks or trees 
 oduced. Native of the southern United States and West Indies. Flowers ir 
 
 Inti 
 
 summer and autumn 
 
 Occasionally planted. 
 
 Ipomoea Horsfalliae W. Hook., Mrs. Horspall's Moening-glory^ West 
 Indian, a long glabrous vine, the large leaves deeply 5-divided, or 5 segments 
 with acuminate tips, the numerous, slender-pedicelled rose or light purple 
 flowers li'-2' broad, is occasionally planted for ornament. 
 
 Ipomoea Learii Paxton, Lear's Morxing-glory, probably South' Ameri- 
 can in origin, but found also in the Old World tropics, a rapidly growing 
 pilose vine up to 40° long, with large cordate entire or 3-lobed leaves, afid 
 many lilac or purple flowers 4'-5' broad, is recorded by Lefroy as naturalized 
 in gardens, and mentioned by Verrill. 
 
 Ipomoea triloba L., is erroneously attributed to Bermuda by Verrill, based 
 on the record by Millspaugh of Pharhitis triloba, a different plant. 
 
 Calonyction aculeatum (L.) House, Moon-vixe, of tropical America, a 
 high-climbing vine, with smooth or sometimes muricate stems, ovate or sub- 
 orbicular, entire lobed or toothed, cordate leaves often 6' long, axillary 1-few- 
 flowered peduncles which become thickened in fruit, the short sepals with 
 tail-like appendages, the white corolla, opening at night, salverform, its tube 
 S^'-S' long, its limb 2V-4' wide, is planted for ornament and rarely seen on 
 roadsides. [Convolvidus aculeatus L.; Ipomoea Bona-nox L. ; Convolvulus 
 grandiflorus Eoxb., not Lam.] 
 
 2. TURBINA Eaf. 
 
 Vines with cordate leaves, and axillary peduncled clusters of large or 
 middle-sized flowers. Sepals ovate to lanceolate. Corolla campanulate Oi' 
 funnelform. Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled; stigmas 2. Fruit dry, woody, inde- 
 hiscent, subglobose or ovoid, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, the seeds smooth. [Latin, 
 from the supposed top-shaped fruit.] About 20 species, natives of tropical 
 regions, the following typical. 
 
CONVOLVULACEAE. 
 
 303 
 
 1. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Eaf. 
 White Corymbose Morning-glory, 
 (Fig. 323.) High-climbing or trail- 
 ing, glabrous Leaves s!ender-peti- 
 oled, ovate, entire, IV-'i' long, acute 
 or acuminate at the apex, cordate at 
 the base; peduncles axillary, as long 
 as the leaves or longer, corymbosely 
 or paniculately several-many-flowered, 
 the pedicels slender; sepals oblong, 
 persistent, the 3 inner ones 4"-6" 
 long, nearly twice as long as the two 
 outer ; corolla white, I'-li' long ; 
 capsule ovoid, acute, about half as 
 long as the longer sepals, 1-seeded. 
 [Convolvulus corymbosus L. ; Ipomoea 
 sidifolia Choisy; Eivea corymbosa 
 Hall, f.] 
 
 Occasional in marshes and thickets. 
 Introduced Native of tropical America. 
 Flowers in winter and spring. Some- 
 times planted for ornament. 
 
 Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton, Cypress Vine, tropical American, 
 commonly planted for ornament, is an annual climber with leaves pinnately 
 parted into linear segments, and scarlet salverform corollas I'-l^' long, on 
 peduncles often longer than the leaves. [Ipomoea Quamoclit L. ; Q. vulgaris 
 Choisy.] 
 
 Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench, Small Eed Morning-glory, also trop- 
 ical American and planted for ornament, has similar flowers to those of the 
 Cypress-vine, but its leaves are ovate, long-pointed, entire or angulate-lobed. 
 [Ipomoea coccinea L.] 
 
 JaccLuemontia jamaicensis (Jacq.) Hallier, West Indian, recorded by 
 Eein as found in Bermuda, and cited from him by Hemsley, who doubts its 
 being indigenous, is a creeping vine with small white flowers and linear or 
 oblong leaves. Subsequent botanists have not observed it, and the record is 
 believed to be an error in determination, although Verrill describes the plant 
 correctly and says it grows near the sea. [Convolvulus jamaicensis Jacq.] 
 
 Argyreia speciosa (L.) Sweet, Elegant Argyreia, East Indian, a vine 
 with white-tomentose branches, orbicular, cordate, long-petioled leaves 6'-12' 
 broad, silky tomentose beneath, long-stalked cymes of purplish flowers, sub- 
 tended by large ovate acuminate, thin bracts, the sepals white-silky, the 
 corolla about 2' long, silky except at the plaits, and much narrowed at the 
 base, was grown luxuriantly in a greenhouse at the Agricultural Station in 
 1913. [Convolvulus speciosus L.; A. bracteata Choisy.] 
 
 Argyreia Roxburghii Arn., Eoxburgh's Argyreia, also East Indian, is 
 a similar long vine with smaller, shorter-petioled leaves, and rose-purple flow- 
 ers subtended by small bracts^ in dense, peduncled clusters. It was also 
 luxuriant at the Agricultural Station in 1913. 
 
 Operculina tuberosa (L.) Meissn., Yellow Morning-glory, a climbing 
 vine, with nearly orbicular leaves 4-7' broau, deeply digitately cleft into 7 
 oblong-lanceolate acuminate lobes, the axillary peduncles several-flowered, 
 thickened in fruit, the ovate blunt sepals 1' long or longer, the bright yellow 
 corolla tubular-campanulate, 2-3' long, the capsule I'-l*' long, has been 
 planted for ornament; according to Lefroy it was grown at St. George's prior 
 to 1877. 
 
304 
 
 DICHONDRACEAE. 
 
 Family 2. DICHONDRACEAE Dumort. 
 
 DicHOXDRA Family. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with creeping stems. Leaves alternate; 
 their blades about as broad as long or broader, entire. Flowers solitary in 
 the axils, commonly stalked. Calyx of 5 distinct or nearly distinct sepals. 
 Corolla rotate or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate in the bud. 
 Stamens 5, shorter than the corolla. Filaments filiform or subulate. Car- 
 pels 2, distinct, pubescent. Styles 2, distinct, basal. Stigmas capitate. 
 Capsules 2 together, utricle-like, indehiscent. Seeds usually solitary or 
 two, with a short testa. Only the following genus. 
 
 1. DICHONDRA Forst. 
 Characters of the family. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules.] 
 
 About 5 species of warm and tropical 
 regions. Type species: Dichondra 
 repens Forst. 
 
 1. Dichondra carolinensis Michx. 
 Carolina Dichondra. (Fig. 324.) Per- 
 ennial, softly pubescent. Stems creep- 
 ing, 3'-15' long, often branching; leaves 
 reniform or suborbicular, 2''-10" broad, 
 rounded or retuse at the apex, entire, 
 cordate; petioles much longer than the 
 blades; pedicels shorter than the peti- 
 oles; calyx silky, the sepals cuneate or 
 cuneate-obovate, obtuse; corolla green- 
 ish white, 2"-3" broad; capsules about 
 1" high, utricle-like. [D. repens of Le- 
 froy, Eeade, Hemsley, Verrill, Kemp 
 and Millspaugh.] 
 
 Common in shaded grassy places. 
 Native. Southern United States, Central 
 and South America. Flowers in spring 
 and summer. Its seed probably reached 
 Bermuda by a bird. 
 
 Family 3. POLEMONIACEAE DC. 
 
 Phlox Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely vines. Flowers perfect, clustered, regular, or nearly so. 
 Calyx inferior, tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft, the lobes or teeth slightly 
 imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 5-parted, the lobes contorted. 
 Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; 
 anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovarj^ su- 
 perior, mostly 3-celled; ovules 2-°o in each cavity, amphitropous ; style 
 filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 
 sometimes winged, sometimes enveloped in mucilage and emitting spiral 
 tubes when wetted; endosperm present; embryo straight; cotyledons flat; 
 radicle inferior. About 20 genera and more than 200 species, most abun- 
 dant in western America. There are no native nor naturalized species in 
 Bermuda. 
 
 Cobaea scandens Cav., Cobaea, South American, was grown at Mount 
 Langton prior to 1877, and flowered luxuriantly but failed to produce seed. 
 It is a very interesting glabrous vine, up to 20° long, with pinnate leaves of 2 
 
POLEMONIACEAE. 
 
 305 
 
 or 3 pairs of stalked oval leaflets and a terminal forked tendril, the solitary, 
 long-peduncled flowers about IV broad, the corolla violet or purple. 
 
 Phlox Dnimmondii Hook., Annual Garden Phlox, Texan, a glandular- 
 i^ubescent annual, about 1° high, with sessile, ovate to lanceolate, entire 
 alternate leaves l'-2' long, the flowers in terminal cymes, the calyx with 5 
 narrow lobes, the salverf orm corolla white, red or purple, its slender tube 
 nearly 1' long, its 5 obovate lobes spreading, is grown in flower-gardens. 
 
 Phlox paniculata L., Perennial Garden Phlox, North American, a 
 nearly glabrous erect perennial with oblong-lanceolate, petioled leaves 2'-4' 
 long, the white to purple flowers panicled, was grown in the Public Garden, 
 St. George's, in 1913. 
 
 Family 4. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Water-leaf Family. 
 
 Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, 
 rarely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid 
 cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft 
 or divided. Corolla gamopetalous. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, 
 and alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers mostly versatile, 
 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or none. Ovary 
 superior, 2-celled, or 1-celled w^ith 2 placentae ; styles 2, separate, or partly 
 united ; stigmas small, terminal ; ovules anatropous or ampliitropous. Cap- 
 sule 1-2-celled, mostly loeulicidally 2-valved. Seeds usually pitted, rugose 
 or reticulated ; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous ; embryo small ; cotyledons 
 half-terete or plano-convex. About 17 genera and 175 species, mostly 
 natives of western North America. 
 
 1. MARIIiAUNiDIUM Kuntze. 
 Branching pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the flowers soli- 
 tary in the axils. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 5-lobed, 
 the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly included, borne on the 
 corolla-tube. Ovary 1-celled, or incompletely 
 2-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit a 2-valved 
 capsule. [In honor of Dr. Anton Kerner 
 Eitter von Marilaun.] About 20 species, 
 natives of America, the following typical. 
 
 1. Marilaunidium jamaicense (L.) 
 Kuntze. Jamaica Weed. (Fig. 325.) An- 
 nual, much branched, the branches prostrate, 
 3'-15'' long. Leaves thin, spatulate or obo- 
 vate, J'-2' long, obtuse or apiculate, nar- 
 rowed to a sessile, somewhat decurrent base ; 
 peduncles 3" long or less; calyx-segments 
 hirsute, linear, 3"-4" long; corolla white or 
 purplish, about as long as the calyx, its 
 lobes broad ; capsule oblong, a little longer 
 than the calyx. [Nama jamaicensis L.] 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds, frequent. 
 Native. Souttiern United States, West Indies 
 and tropical continental America. Flowers in 
 spring. Its seeds were probably broughit to 
 Bermuda by a bird. 
 21 
 
306 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 
 
 Nemophila insignis Dougl., Blue Nemophila, Californian, grown in 
 flower-gardens, is a low, pubescent annual, 6'-l° high, branched from the base, 
 with pinnately parted flaccid leaves and blue flowers about f ' broad, the seeds 
 tubercled. 
 
 Nemophila maculata Benth., White Nemophila, also Californian, re- 
 corded by Jones, is similar to the preceding but with white corolla, about the 
 same size, blotched and violet at the tips of the lobes, its seeds smooth or 
 nearlv so. 
 
 Family 5. BORAGINACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Borage Family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarelj^ opposite or vertieillate, estipu- 
 late, mostly entire and hispid or setose. Flowers perfect, usually regular, 
 mostly blue, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes 
 scattered. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5-eleft, or 5-parted, usually per- 
 sistent. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, rarely irregular. 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate wdth them, inserted on 
 the tube or throat ; anthers 2-cened, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk 
 commonly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or 
 the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4 1-ovuled 
 carpels ; style simple, entire or 2-clef t ; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. 
 Fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets, or of 2 2-seeded carpels. Endosperm 
 fleshy, copious, or none; cotyledons mostly flat or plano-convex; radicle 
 short. About 85 genera and 1500 species, of wide distribution, most 
 abundant in the temperate zones, but many species tropical. 
 
 Fruit dry, separating into nutlets ; herbs. 1. Heliotropium. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, drupaceous ; silky maritime shrub. 2. Mallotonia. 
 
 1. HELIOTE.OPIUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and small blue or 
 white flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or -segments lance- 
 olate or linear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, naked in the throat, its 
 tube cylindric, its lobes imbricated, plicate or induplicate in the bud. Stamens 
 included; filaments short, or none. Stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed, 
 separating into 4 1-seeded nutlets, or into 2 2-seeded carpels. [Greek, sun- 
 turning, i. e., turning to or with the sun.] About 125 species, widely dis- 
 tributed, most abundant in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type 
 species: Heliotropium eiiropaeum L. 
 
BORAGINACEAE. 
 
 307 
 
 1. Heliotropium curassavi- 
 cum L. Sea-side Heliotrope. 
 (Fig. 326.) Annual, fleshy, more 
 or less glaucous, diffuse, tlie 
 branches 4-18' long. Leaves lin- 
 ear, or linear-oblong, entire, in- 
 conspicuously veined, f'-2' long, 
 l^"-3" wide, obtuse, narrowed into 
 petioles, or the upper sessile; 
 scorpioid spikes dense, bractless, 
 mostly in pairs; flowers about 2" 
 broad ; calyx-segments acute ; 
 corolla white with a yellow eye or 
 changing to blue; stigma um- 
 brella-shaped; anthers acuminate; 
 fruit globose. 
 
 Sandy seashores and salt marshes, frequent. Native. Florida and West Indies. 
 The plant probably reached Bermuda by floating. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 Heliotropium pemvianum L., Garden Heliotrope, Cherry Pie, South 
 American, commonly grown in flower-gardens, is a perennial pubescent herb, 
 slightly woody, 2h° high or less, with oblong-lanceolate acute pinnately-veined 
 leaves l'-3' long, the small, vanilla-scented flowers usually blue, numerous in 
 terminal clusters. 
 
 2. MALLOTONIA [Griseb.] Britton. 
 
 Silvery-silky shrubs of the seacoast, with alternate leaves and small white 
 flowers in dense 1-sided clones, the fruits almost capitate. Calyx mostly 5- 
 parted; corolla salverform, the 5-lobed limb shorter than the nearly cylindric 
 tube, the lobes broad, valvate. Stamens short, included. Style simple. Drupe 
 dry and bony, ovoid-conic, hollowed at the base, 2-pyrenous, the dissepiments 
 solid. [Latin, related to Mallota.'] One species, or perhaps 2, of tropical and 
 subtropical distribution, the following very characteristic and conspicuous 
 plant of tropical American seacoasts typical. 
 
308 
 
 BOEAGINACEAE. 
 
 1. Mallotonia gnaphalodes 
 
 (L.) Britton. Sea Lavender. 
 (Fig. 327.) A somewhat fleshy 
 shrub, 2°-4° tall, with silky-to- 
 mentose foliage, much branched 
 and often forming large clumps, 
 the twigs densely leafy. Leaves 
 numerous, linear-spatulate, li'-A' 
 long, obtuse; cymes with 2-4 re- 
 curved branches; calyx eampanu- 
 late, its lobes about 1" long, ob- 
 long; corolla surpassing the calyx; 
 fruit ovoid, 2i"-3" high, black, 
 with 2 nutlets. [Heliotropium 
 gnaphalodes L. ; Tournefortia gna- 
 phalodes E. & S.] 
 
 Frequent on sea-beaches and 
 coastal rocks. Native. Florida and 
 the West Indies. The plant doubt- 
 less reached Bermuda by floating. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 Tournefortia laurifolia Yent., Laurel-leaved Tournefortia, of Porto 
 Eico, a glabrous vine, with firm ovate evergreen leaves, and long, 1-sided spikes 
 of small greenish flowers, is recorded by Lefroy as grown at Mt. Langdon. 
 
 Borage officinalis L., Borage, European, a rough-hispid herb with oblong 
 to obovate leaves 2'-5' long, and showy blue flowers in terminal, leafy racemes, 
 is grown in gardens. 
 
 Lithospermum distichum Ortega, Mexican, included by Lefroy in the 
 Bermuda Flora as a native sea-side plant, is evidently an error either in 
 record or determination. Lefroy 's record is cited by H. B. Small, and copied 
 by Verrill. 
 
 Myosotis palustris (L.) Lam., Forget-me-not, European and Asiatic, 
 occasional in flower-gardens, is a low perennial herb with decumbent branches, 
 oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse appressed-pubescent leaves V-SV long, and 
 slender racemes of small flowers, the corolla salverform, blue with a yellow 
 eye, 5-lobed, about 3" broad, the fruit 4 erect nutlets. 
 
 Family 6. EHRETIACEAE Schrad. 
 
 Ehretia Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, or some species herbs, with watery sap. Leaves mainly 
 alternate, without stipules, simple. Flowers perfect, regular, in cymes. 
 Calyx 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, its lobes 
 spreading. Stamens 5, or 4 or 6, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube; 
 filaments often united at the base; anthers introrse. Ovary 2-4-celled or 
 1-celled, some of the partitions being imperfect; styles 2, and distinct or 
 partially united, or 4 and united by pairs. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of 
 the ovarv^ Fruit drupaceous, with a 4-celled but only 1-seeded stone or 2 
 two-seeded or 4 one-seeded stones. About 20 genera and 360 species, mostly 
 of tropical distribution. 
 
EHBETIACEAE. 309 
 
 Sebesten Sebestena (L.) Britton, Scarlet Cordia, Geiger Tree, Florid- 
 ian and West Indian, an evergreen small tree, with rough ovate entire or 
 slightly toothed leaves 3'-6' long, clustered orange or flame-colored flowers 
 about V/ long, the corolla with a funnelform tube and spreading lobes, the 
 fruit a white drupe nearly an inch long, is much planted for ornament. 
 [Cordia Sebestena L.] 
 
 Family 7. VERBENACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Vervain Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticillate 
 or rarely alternate leaves, and perfect irregular, or sometimes regular 
 flowers, in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx inferior, mostly per- 
 sistent, usually 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla regular, or 2-lipped, the 
 tube usually cylindric and the limb 4^5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
 rarely only 2, or as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla and 
 alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
 Ovary superior, 2-4-celled (rarely 8-10-celled), composed of 2 carpels, 
 each carpel with 2 anatropous or amphitropous ovule3, thus in 4-celled 
 ovaries 1 ovule in each cavity; style terminal; stig-mas 1 or 2. Fruit dry, 
 separating at maturity into 2-4 nutlets, or a drupe containing the 2-4 nut- 
 lets. Endosperm little or none, or rarely fleshy; embryo straight. About 
 75 genera and 1300 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 A. Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary. 
 Inflorescence centripetal. 
 
 Flowers in spikes, heads or spike-like racemes ; herbs or shrubs. 
 Fruit of 2 or 4 dry nutlets. 
 Stamens 4. 
 
 Fruit of 4 nutlets. 1. Verbena. 
 
 Fruit of 2 nutlets. 
 
 Calvx not inflated. 2. Lippia. 
 
 Calyx inflated. 3. Priva. 
 
 Stamens 2 ; nutlets sunken in the axis of slender 
 
 spikes. 4. Valerianodes. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, drupaceous. 5. Lantana. 
 
 Flowers in long racemes ; shrubs or trees. 
 
 Drupe subtended by the calyx ; stigma 2-lobed. 6. Githarexylum. 
 
 Drupe enclosed by the calyx ; stigma 4-lobed. 7. Duranta. 
 
 Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose or cymose-paniculate. 
 Corolla irregular, its limb oblique ; stamens long-exserted. 
 
 Spiny shrub. 8. Tolknvieria. 
 
 Unarmed shrubs or herbs. 9. Clerodendron. 
 
 Corolla regular, small. 10. CalUcarpa. 
 
 B. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity ; swamp trees. 11. Avicennia. 
 
 1. VERBENA L. 
 
 Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), mostly with opposite leaves, and 
 bracted flowers, in terminal spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5-angled, unequally 
 5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the limb spreading. Connective 
 of the anthers unappendaged, or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4- 
 celled; ovule 1 in each cavity; style usually short, 2-lobed at the summit, one 
 of the lobes stigmatie. Fruit mostly enclosed by the calyx, at length separat- 
 ing into 4 1-seeded linear or linear-oblong crustaceous nutlets. [Latin name 
 of a sacred herb.] A'bout 100 species, natives of America or a single one 
 indigenous in the Mediterranean region. Type species: Verbeim officinalis L. 
 
310 
 
 VEBBENACEAE. 
 
 Spikes slender, the fruits not overlapping. 
 
 Leaves pinnately cleft or incised. 
 
 Leaves merely toothed. 
 Spikes stout, the fruits overlapping. 
 
 Bract shorter than the calyx ; spikes elongated. 
 
 Bract as long as the calyx or longer ; spikes short. 
 
 1. V. officinalis. 
 
 2. F. scabra. 
 
 3. V. bonariensis. 
 
 4. V. rigid a. 
 
 1. Verbena officinalis L. 
 
 European Vervain. Herb-of-the- 
 Cross. Berbine. (Fig. 328.) 
 Stem 4-side(l, glabrous or nearly 
 so, diffusely branched, l°-3° high. 
 Leaves minutely pubescent, the 
 lower deeply incised or 1-2-pin- 
 natifid, ovate, oblong, or obovate, 
 V-SV long, narrowed into mar- 
 gined petioles, the teeth acute; 
 upper Waves linear or lanceolate, 
 acute, entire, sessile; spikes fili- 
 form, at length 4'-5' long; fruits 
 less than 1" high, scattered; bracts 
 ovate, acuminate; corolla purplish 
 cr white, the limb about 11" broad. 
 [F. littoralis of Moore.] 
 
 In waste places and cultivated 
 grovmd. Naturalized. Native of 
 Europe. Naturalized in the southern 
 United States and in tropical Amer- 
 ica. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 2. Verbena scabra Vahl. Eough 
 Vervain. (Fig. 329.) Annual, or per- 
 haps of longer duration; stem rather 
 slender, erect, simple or branched, 1°- 
 4i° high, pubescent with spreading 
 hairs. Leaves l'-3' long, ovate to lance- 
 olate, papillose-scabrous above, pubes- 
 cent on the veins beneath, regularly den- 
 tate nearly all around, acute or acumi- 
 nate at the apex, slender-petioled ; spikes 
 very slender, spreading, often 6' long, 
 rather densely many-flowered; calyx 
 about 1" long, its lobes acute, converg- 
 ing over the fruit; corolla pinkish, about 
 2" wide; nutlets nearly 1" long. [F. 
 urtidfolia of Eeade, Hemsley, H. B. 
 Small and Moore.] 
 
 Common in marshes, and in waste and 
 cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native 
 of the southern United States, Mexico and 
 the West Indies. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. 
 
VERBENACEAE. 
 
 311 
 
 3. Verbena bonariensis L. South 
 American Vervain. (Fig 330.) Annual, 
 villous-hirsute above. Stems 2°-4° tall, 
 branching above; leaves oblong to oblong- 
 lanceolate, li'-4' long, serrate with broad 
 teeth or nearly entire below the middle, 
 partly clasping; spikes dense, about 1' long, 
 and 2V' thick, in rather compact cymes; 
 calyx delicately pubescent, becoming lA"- 
 2" long, its lobes acute; corolla pubescent 
 without, its tube nearly twice as long as 
 the calyx, the limb 1" broad; nutlets about 
 1" long, glabrous. 
 
 Frequent in waste places. Naturalized. 
 Native of South America. Naturalized in the 
 southeastern United States, and in the moun- 
 tains of Jamaica. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. 
 
 4. Verbena rigida Spreng. Stiff Ver- 
 bena. (Fig. 331.) Perennial, pubescent, 
 rather stiff, simple, or branched from the 
 base, l°-2° high. Leaves oblong, oblong- 
 lanceolate, or the lowest obovate, sessile, 
 l'-4' long, scabrous, .sharply serrate with 
 rather distant teeth, acute at the apex, 
 rounded or subcordate at the base; spikes 
 few, l'-2' long, densely-flowered; bracts 
 lanceolate-subulate, mostly longer than the 
 calyx, ciliate; calyx about 3" long; corolla 
 purple, its slender, pubescent tube about 5" 
 long, the limb about 3" broad; nutlets 2|" 
 long. [F. cJiamaedry folia of H. B. Small; 
 V. venosa Gill. & Hook,] 
 
 Waste grounds, fields and lawns, occa- 
 sional, probably escaped from gardens. Intro- 
 duced. Native of South America. Flowers in 
 summer and autumn. 
 
 Verbena chamaedrifdlia Juss., Garden Verbena, South American, with 
 oblong to ovate, short-petioled, unevenly serrate leaves l'-2' long, and scarlet 
 to red or purple flowers in compact terminal clusters, the narrow hirsute calyx 
 about V long, the corolla-tube a little longer than the calyx, the corolla-limb 
 about V broad, is widely grown in flower-gardens. There are a great many 
 hybrids of this with related species. 
 
 Verbena erinoides Lam., Moss Verbena, South American, has 3-parted 
 leaves, their segments pinnatifid into narrow lobes, and terminal spikes of 
 small violet or lilac flowers. It is recorded by Lefroy as grown in Bermuda 
 prior to 1877. [F. multifida R. & P.] 
 
 2. lilPPIA Houst.; L. 
 Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, or rarely alternate leaves, and 
 small bracted flowers, in spikes or heads. Calyx small, ovoid, campanulate or 
 
312 
 
 VERBENACEAE. 
 
 compressed and 2-wiiiged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla-tube cylindric, the 
 iimb oblique, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers 
 ovate, not appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in 
 each cavity; style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a mem- 
 branous exocarp, at length separating into 4 nutlets. [Named in honor of 
 Auguste Lippi, 1678-1703, a French naturalist.] About 100 species, most 
 abundant in tropical America. Type species : Lippia americana L. 
 
 1. Lippia nodiflora (L.) 
 Michx. Cape-weed. Godet's-weed. 
 (Fig. 332.) Minutely and rather 
 densely puberulent, creeping, or 
 the branches ascending, l°-3° long. 
 Leaves thickish, spatulate, oblance- 
 olate, or obovate, h"-2l" long, 3"- 
 10" wide, mostly obtuse, narrowed 
 into a cuneate entire base, sharply 
 serrate above the middle; heads at 
 length cylindric and i'-l' long; 
 corolla purple to white. [Verbena 
 nodiflora L.; Lippia reptans of 
 Jones and Lefroy.] 
 
 Common on hillsides and in dry 
 soil generally, one of the most abun- 
 dant native plants. Southern United 
 States, West Indies, tropical conti- 
 nental America and Old World 
 tropics. Its seeds probably brought 
 to Bermuda by a bird or on the 
 wind. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. 
 
 Lippia micromera Schauer, West Indian, a low shrub with very small 
 obovate toothed leaves, very fragi^ant when crushed, and small whitish flowers 
 in terminal heads, is grown in gardens. The plant is recorded as native by 
 Lefroy, but this appears to be erroneous, and no other author mentions it 
 as Bermudian. 
 
 Lippia triphylla (L'Her.) Kuntze, Lemon Verbena, South American, 
 commonly grown in gardens for its fragrant foliage, is a low slender shrub 
 with narrowly lanceolate toothed leaves l'-3' long, and very small, whitish 
 flowers in terminal clustered spikes. [L. citriodora HBK.; Aloysia citriodora 
 Pers.; Verbena triphylla L'Her.] 
 
 3. PRIVA Adans. 
 Perennial caulescent herbs, the leaves opposite, membranous, toothed, the 
 flowers in slender peduncled spikes. Calyx-tube 5-ribbed; lobes 5. Corolla 
 salverform, its tube straight or incurved, slightly dilated above, its limb 
 spreading, oblique, slightly 2-lipped, with 5 short lobes. Stamens 4, didyn- 
 amous, included; anthers with parallel or slightly divergent ascs. Ovary 
 2-celled, each cavity with more or less well developed septa. Ovules 2, or by 
 abortion 1, at the base of each cavity. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, separating 
 into 2 nutlets. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species of tropical distribu- 
 tion, the following typical. 
 
VERBENACEAE. 
 
 313 
 
 1. Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers. Bur- 
 vervain. (Fig. 333.) More or less pubes- 
 cent. Steins 8'-2° tall, branching; leaves 
 ovate, i'-4' long, acute or acuminate, ser- 
 rate, truncate or cordate at the base, the 
 petioles much shorter than the blades; 
 racemes loosely flowered, 2'-6' long; ped- 
 icels i"-l" long; calyx cylindric-prismatic, 
 about li" long, accrescent, pubescent; 
 corolla slightly surpassing the calyx, salver- 
 form, with short rounded lobes ; fruit 
 ovoid-pyramidal, 2|"-3^" long; nutlets in- 
 cluded in the calyx, spiny-tuberculate on 
 the back, l^"-2" long. [Verbena lappu- 
 lacea Li.', Priva echinata Juss.] 
 
 Collected in Bermuda by Munro, according 
 to Hemsley, but no specimen is preserved at 
 Kew or at the British Museum ; as it is a com- 
 mon weed of warm and tropical regions it 
 may very likely have been foimd in Bermuda, 
 perhaps only as a waif. We have failed to 
 find it. 
 
 4. VALERIANODES [Boerh.] Medic. 
 Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, 
 the leaves opposite or alternate, toothed. 
 
 Flowers spicate, solitary and sessile in the axils of bracts, or imbedded in 
 excavations of the thick rachis. Calyx membranous or herbaceous, its lobes 5, 
 usually unchanged at maturity. Corolla-tube sometimes slightly dilated 
 above, the limb spreading; lobes 5. Stamens 2, included; anthers with unap- 
 pendaged connectives; staminodia 2, small. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules solitary 
 in each cavity. Fruit included in the calyx, separating into 2 nutlets. [Sig- 
 nifies similarity to A^alerian, but this is 
 obscure.] More than 40 species, of tropical 
 and subtropical America, the following 
 typical. 
 
 1.. Valerianodes jamaicensis (L.) 
 Kuntze. Jamaica Vervain. (Fig. 334.) 
 An annual shrubby plant, 1°-3A° high, often 
 purplish, with sparingly pubescent or gla- 
 brate foliage. Leaves alternate or opposite, 
 oblong, ovate or oval, 1-3^' long, coarsely 
 serrate, narrowed at the base, the petioles 
 margined, as long as the blades or shorter; 
 spikes 6'-2° long, quill-like; bracts imbri- 
 cated, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, serrulate, 3"-4" long; flowers borne in 
 depressions of rachis ; calyx-lobes triangular 
 or triangular-ovate ; corolla blue, somewhat 
 irregular, 4"-6" long, its tube slightly 
 curved, the limb 3"-4" broad; nutlets IV' 
 long, buried in the rachis. [Verbena jamai- 
 censis L. ; Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl.] 
 
 Common in fields and in waste places. 
 Native. Florida, the West Indies and tropical 
 continental America. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. Its seeds were probably transported 
 to Bermuda by a bird, or on the wind. 
 
314 
 
 VEBBENACEAE. 
 
 5. LANTANA L. 
 
 Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with pubescent foliage, sometimes armed with 
 prickles. Leaves opposite, toothed, often rugose. Flowers in dense peduncled 
 heads or spikes. Calyx membranous, with a truncate or sinuate border. 
 Corolla-tube slender, often curved, sometimes slightly dilated above; the limb 
 more or less 2-lipped, the lobes 4 or 5, obtuse or retuse. Stamens 4, didynamous; 
 filaments adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled, 
 stigma oblique; ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit small, drupe-like. Nut- 
 lets 2-celled or separating into 2 one-seeded nutlets. [Named from fancied 
 similarity to Viburnum Lantana.] About 60 -species, natives of tropical and 
 warm regions. Type species: Lantana Camara L. 
 
 Flower-heads not involucrate ; leaves large. 
 
 Flowers yellow to orange ; stems unarmed or a little prickly. 1. L. Camara. 
 
 Flowers yellow to pink ; stems strongly armed with hooked 
 
 prickles. 2. L. acitleata. 
 
 Flower-heads involucrate ; leaves small ; flowers lilac to white. 3. L. involucrata. 
 
 1. Lantana Camara L. Bed 
 
 iSagej-bush. English Sage-bush. 
 (Fig. 335.) A branching shrub S°- 
 5° tall, rigid-pubescent, unarmed, or 
 slightly prickly. Leaves ovate to ob- 
 long-ovate, l'-4' long, obtuse, acute, or 
 short-acuminate, finely crenate-ser- 
 rate, rounded or narrowed at the 
 base; bracts oblong to lanceolate, 2"- 
 4" long; calyx very thin, IJ" long; 
 corolla yellow or orange, the tube 
 about 5" long, puberulent, slightly 
 curved, barely enlarged above the 
 middle; limb 3"-4" wide. [L. crocea 
 of Eeade, Lefroy, Kemp, H. B. Small, 
 Harshberger, Verrill and Eein.] 
 
 Common on hillsides, in fields and waste grounds. Naturalized. Florida, the 
 West Indies and tropical continental America. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 The species consists of many races ; the one inhabiting Bermuda appears to be 
 essentially unarmed. 
 
VERBENACEAE. 
 
 315 
 
 2. Lantana aculeata L. Prickly 
 Sage. Pink Sage-bush. (Fig. 336.) 
 A shrub, 4°-6° high, or sometimes 
 with longer, half-climbing stems, the 
 slender, sparingly pubescent, 4-sided 
 branches armed with stout flattened 
 hooked prickles l"-2" long. Leaves 
 ovate to ovate-lanceolate, petioled, 
 2'-3' long, crenate, reticulate-veined, 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed to the base; peduncles li'-3' 
 long; heads several-many-flowered, 
 not involucrate, the narrow bracts 
 pubescent, 2"-3" long; corolla about 
 i' long, yellow to orange, turning 
 pink, its limb 3"-4" broad. [L. poly- 
 acantJia of A. H. Moore.] 
 
 Abundant on hillsides along South 
 Shore Road, Devonshire, 1912, first ob- 
 served in that vicinity in 1905. Nat- 
 uralized. Native of tropical America. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn, per- 
 haps also earlier. Sometimes grown in 
 gardens. 
 
 3. Lantana involucrata L. Common Sage- 
 bush. (Fig. 337.) A puberulent, much branched 
 shrub, 2°-5° high, the branches stiff, nearly terete. 
 Leaves elliptic or oval, petioled, V-IV long, cren- 
 ulate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at 
 the base, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; pe- 
 duncles i'-2' long, slender; heads several-flowered, 
 involucrate by several ovate or ovate-lanceolate 
 bracts l-J"-3" long; corolla lilac or nearly white, 
 its tube "3"-4" long; drupes about 2" in diameter. 
 [L. odorata L.] 
 
 Common in all dry uncultivated situations, the 
 most abundant shrub of Bermuda. Naturalized, ac- 
 cording to Lefroy. who states definitely that it was 
 introduced from the Bahamas prior to 1800, with the 
 idea that it would be good for firing; but the bush 
 does not make wood enough to be of use for that 
 purpose, and it certainly appears as if native. 
 Florida and the West Indies. Flowers nearly through- 
 out the year. 
 
 Lantana Sellowiana Link & Otto, Weeping or Trailing Lantana, South 
 American, is a finely hairy shrub, 2*° high or less, with weak and slender 
 branches, .oval or ovate leaves 1' long or less, roughish above, tomentulose 
 beneath; the lilac flowers are in small terminal heads, the corolla-limb 4 -5 
 broad, with a long lower lobe. It is occasionally planted in borders for 
 ornament. 
 
 Lantana nivea Vent, White Lantana, South American, occasional in 
 gardens, has prickly or nearly unarmed branches, ovate crenulate slender 
 petioled leaves 2'-4' long, the white capitate flowers turning rose or bluish, 
 with a yellow eye. It forms a shrub up to 6° high. 
 
316 
 
 VEBBENACEAE. 
 
 6. CITHAREXYIiUM L. 
 Trees or shrubs, ^vith alternate estipulate leaves and small flowers in 
 terminal or axillary racemes, the pedicels subtended by minute bracts. Calyx 
 narroT\ly campanulate, minutely 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla salverform, its 
 limb slightly oblique, 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, adnate to the corolla-tube, the 
 fifth one mostly sterile or rudimentary; filaments filiform. Ovary sessile, 
 incompletely 4-celled; ovules solitary, anatropous; stigma 2-lobed. Drupes 
 berry-like, the fleshy pulp enclosing a bony stone Avhich separates into 2 
 2-seeded nutlets. [Greek, fiddle-wood; French, bois fidele.] About 20 species, 
 of tropical America, the following typical. 
 
 1. Citharexylum spindsum L. 
 
 Fiddle-wood. (Fig. 338.) A tree, 
 reaching a maximum height of 50° 
 or more with a trunk sometimes 
 3° in diameter, freely branching, 
 the twigs 4-sided, glabrous. Leaves 
 elliptic or oblong-elliptic, rather 
 thin, deciduous in spring, 8' long 
 or less, lV-3' wide, acute or acu- 
 minate at the apex, narrowed at 
 the base, the petioles V-1' long, 
 the blades entire, or those of 
 shoots coarsely serrate; racemes 
 slender, many-flowered, 4'--8' long, 
 often branched near the base; 
 pedicels only about A" long; calyx 
 about 2" long, puberulent ; flowers 
 very fragrant ; corolla white, about 
 4" long; stamens 4; drupe obo- 
 void-oblong, black, shining, about 
 5" long. [C. quadrangulare Jacq.] 
 
 Common on hillsides, especially 
 in Hamilton Parish. Naturalized. 
 Native of the Lesser Antilles. Flow- 
 Recorded as introduced about 1830. A large tree at 
 Paynter's Yale is pointed out as the plant first brought to Bermuda. Useful only 
 for firewood and shade. A tree of rapid growth, the wood light in weight. The 
 oldest specific name of this tree, spinosiim, is unfortunate, as there are no spmes 
 on the plant. 
 
 7. DUKANTA L. 
 Shrubs or small trees, with sometimes armed branches, the leaves opposite 
 or whorled, entire or toothed. Flowers small, in elongated terminal or short 
 axillary racemes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, truncate or minutely 5- 
 lobed. Corolla funnelform or salverform, its tube cylindric, straight or in- 
 curved, its limb spreading, oblique or of 5 equal lobes. Stamens 4, didyn- 
 amous, included; anthers with unappendaged connectives, the sacs distinct. 
 Ovary partially or imperfectly 8-celled. Stigma oblique, sometimes un- 
 equally 4-lobed. Ovules solitary or 2 in each cavity. Drupe included in the 
 calyx, of 4 nutlets. Seeds without endosperm. [In honor of Castor Durante, 
 a physician of Rome.] About 8 species, natives of tropical America, the fol- 
 lowing typical. 
 
 ers in summer and autumn. 
 
VERBENACEAE. 
 
 317 
 
 1. Duranta repens L. Pigeon- 
 berry. (Fig. 339.) A shrub or small 
 tree reaeliiiig a height of 18°, with gla- 
 brate or finely pubescent foliage and 
 unarmed or spiny, slender, often droop- 
 ing or trailing branches. Leaves numer- 
 ous, ovate-elliptic, oval or obovate, V- 
 2' long, obtuse or apiculate, entire or 
 serrate above the middle, short-petioled ; 
 racemes 2'-6' long, recurving, panicu- 
 late; pedicels V'-2V' long; calyx 
 angled, its lobes acute, shorter than the 
 tube; corolla lilac, the tube surpassing 
 the calyx, the limb 3i"-5" broad; fruit 
 yellow, globular, 3A"-5" in diameter, 
 enclosed by the accrescent yellowish 
 calyx which is produced into a curved 
 beak. [D. erectalj.; D. Plmnieri J acq.] 
 
 Frequent on hillsides. Naturalized. 
 Native of Florida, the West Indies and 
 tropical continental America. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. Sometimes planted 
 for ornament 
 
 8. VOLKAMERIA L. 
 
 A vine-like, spiny shrub with opposite petioled entire leaves, and white 
 flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, 
 with a slender tube, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted, somewhat unequal. 
 Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a subglobose drupe, the 2 nutlets each 
 2-celled. [In honor of J. C. Volkamer, a Nuremberg botanist, who died in 
 1720.] Only the following species, native of tropical America. 
 
 1. Volkameria aculeata L. Prickly 
 Myrtle. (Fig. 340.) Climbing to a length 
 of 10° or more, or nearly erect, the slender 
 branches densely puberulent, armed with 
 stout opposite spreading spines 4" long 
 or less. Leaves thm, slender-petioled, ob- 
 long to elliptic-obovate, obtuse or acute at 
 the apex, narrowed to the base, l'-2' long; 
 cymes stalked, few-several-flowered; pedi- 
 cels slender, puberulent, 3"-7" long, calyx 
 about IV' long, puberulent, its teeth tri- 
 anguiar-ovate, acute; tube of the corolla 
 about 9" long, its limb about 6" broad; 
 stamens purple; drupe 4-grooved, 3"-4" 
 m diameter. [Clerodcndron aculeatum 
 Griseb.] 
 
 Occasional in thickets and along roads, 
 escaped from cultivation. Naturalized. Na- 
 tive of the West Indies. Flowevs m summer 
 and autumn. 
 
318 
 
 VERBENACEAE. 
 
 9. CLERODENDRON [Burm.] L. 
 
 Shrubs, vines or perennial herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and flowers 
 in terminal or axillary cymes or panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed Corolla 
 salverform or funnelform, the tube mostly longer than the 5-lobed limb. 
 Stamens 4, borne on the corolla-tube, exserted, somewhat unequal. Stigma 2- 
 lobed; ovary 4-celled. Fruit a drupe, enclosing 4 1-seeded nutlets. [Greek, 
 tree of fortune.] Probably 100' or more species, mostly natives of tropical 
 regions. Type species: Clerodendrum infortunatum L. 
 
 1. Clerodendron fragrans Vent. 
 Odorous Clebodexdron. (Fig. 341.) 
 Half-shrubby, finely pubescent, 2°-5° 
 high, the stout branches angled. Lfeaves 
 very broadly ovate, 4'-8' long, acute at 
 the apex, cordate or nearly truncate at 
 the base, coarsely dentate^ long-petioled; 
 flowers white, fragrant, double in all 
 American specimens examined, in dense 
 terminal cymes, the corolla about V 
 broad; calyx 5-cleft, its lanceolate lobes 
 acuminate; corolla-lobes rounded. \_C. 
 capitatum of Lefroy, Jones and H. B. 
 Small.] 
 
 Occasional in waste grounds, locally 
 abundant. Naturalized. Native of trop- 
 ical Asia, Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 Naturalized in Florida and the West 
 Indies. 
 
 Clerodendron Thompsonae Balfour, Mrs. Thompson's Clerodendron, 
 African, a glabrous^ high-climbing vine, with ovate petioled acute or acu- 
 minate, 3-nerved leaves 2'-4' long, panicled flowers, the white inflated calyx 
 angled, sharply 5-lobed, about 8" long, the red corolla with a spreading limb 
 8"-10" broad, is occasionally planted for ornament. 
 
 Clerodendron glabrum E. Meyer, Bush Clerodendron, of South Africa, 
 occasionally planted for ornament, is a large glabrous shrub up to 9° high, 
 with slender-petioled, ovate-elliptic, pointed thin leaves 2'-3' long, and large 
 terminal panicles of small fragrant pinkish flowers wdth exserted stamens, 
 the bright white oblique berry-like fruit about 4" long. 
 
 Clerodendron fallax Lindl., Scarlet Clerodendron, of Java, commonly 
 grown in flower-gardens, is herbaceous, 2°-4° high, velvety-pubescent, the 
 long-petioled, nearly orbicular, cordate leaves 3'-6' broad, the terminal panicled 
 scarlet flowers V-IV long, the slender corolla-tube longer than the corolla- 
 limb, and about 4 times as long as the 5-cleft calyx. 
 
VERBENACEAE. 
 
 319 
 
 10. CALLICARPA L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves, and small blue purple or white 
 flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short, campanulate, 4-toothed (rarely 5- 
 toothed), or truncate. Corolla-tube short, expanded above, the limb 4-cleft 
 (rarely 5-cleft), the lobes equal. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anther-sacs 
 parallel. Ovary incompletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally at- 
 tached, amphitropous ; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a 
 berry-like drupe, much longer than the calyx, containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek, 
 handsome fruit.] About 35 species, the following of southeastern North 
 America, the others Asiatic, African and of tropical America, the following 
 typical. 
 
 1. Oallicarpa americana L. 
 
 Turkey-berry. French Mul- 
 berry. (Fig. 342.) A shrub, 
 2°-5° high, the twigs, petioles 
 and young leaves stellate-scurfy, 
 the mature leaves glabrous or 
 nearly so, and glandular-dotted. 
 Twigs terete; leaves thin, ovate, 
 slender-petioled, acute or acumi- 
 nate, crenate-dentate, 2^'-6' long; 
 cymes many-flowered, short-pe- 
 duucled; pedicels very short; 
 calyx-teeth much shorter than the 
 tube; corolla pale blue, about 2" 
 long; fruit violet-blue, globose, 
 1^" in diameter. [C. ferruginea 
 of Reade, Lefroy, Verrill, Hems- 
 ley and H. B. Small.] 
 
 Paget Marsh, 1913. Native. Recorded as formerly growing in woodlands be- 
 tween Harrington Sound and Castle Harbor, but not found in that region recently. 
 Southeastern United States. Flowers in spring and summer. The large clusters of 
 fruit are very showy. 
 
 11. AVICENNIA L. 
 
 Evergreen trees, sometimes shrubby, with nodose twigs, opposite entire 
 leathery leaves without stipules, and peduncled clusters of white bracted 
 flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, silky, with 5 persistent lobes. Corolla campanu- 
 late, its short tube nearly cylindric, its limb spreading, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, 
 adnate to the corolla-tube, the anthers introrse. 0\'ary sessile, 1-celled ; ovules 
 4, on a central placenta; style short, 2-lobed. Fruit capsular, oblique, apicu- 
 late. Seeds without endosperm, usually germinating in the capsule. [In 
 honor of Avieenna (980-1036) of Bokhara, a distinguished oriental physician.] 
 Three known species, of tropical and subtropical seaeoasts. Type species: 
 Avicennia officinalis L. 
 
320 
 
 VERBENACEAE. 
 
 1. Aviceimia nitida Jaeq. Black 
 Mangrove. (Fig. 343.) A tree, in Ber- 
 muda up to about 45° high, with shallowly 
 fissured dark scaly bark, orange-red within. 
 Young twigs finely pubescent. Leaves pu- 
 bescent when young, soon becoming gla- 
 brous above, oblong or oblong-laneeolate, 
 li'-3i' long, obtuse or apiculate at the 
 apex, finely canescent beneath, narrowed at 
 the base into short petioles; panicles l'-2' 
 long; corolla 5"-7" broad, its lobes 
 rounded; capsule oblong or elliptic, l'-2' 
 long, light green, slightly pubescent. 
 
 Common along the borders of salt water 
 lagoons and in saline swamps, which it some- 
 times completely fills. Native. Southern 
 United States and West Indies. Flowers from 
 spring to autumn. Its fruit doubtless reached 
 Bermuda by floating. Its wood is heavy, hard, 
 and dark brown, durable in contact with the 
 ground. 
 
 Tectona grandis L., Teak, East Indian, was represented in the collection 
 at the Agricultural. Station in 1913, by a vigorous young plant. It is a large 
 tree with very valuable wood; its large, opposite leaves are oval, short-petioled, 
 pointed, whitish canescent beneath with stellate hairs, shining above. The 
 small whitish flowers are in large terminal panicles, the funnelform corolla 
 with a 5-cleft limb, the fruit a 4-celled drupe, about V thick, nearly globular. 
 
 Vitex Agnus-castus L., Chaste-tree, of southern Europe and western 
 Asia, a shrub up to 9° tall with palmately compound, opposite p.etioled leaves 
 of 5 or 7 narrowly lanceolate, short-stalked acuminate leaflets 3'-4' long, 
 dark green above, whitish-puberulent beneath, the small white to blue flowers 
 in terminal narrow interrupted racemes or panicles, the corolla 3"-4" long, 
 the stamens and style exserted, is grown for ornament. 
 
 Siphonanthus indica L., Siphonanthus, East Indian, a glabrous her- 
 baceous perennial, with virgate stems up to 12° high, verticillate lanceolate 
 entire leaves 4'-8' long, sessile or nearly so, the flowers in peduncled cymes, the 
 calyx ^'-f broad, deeply 5-lobed, the white or yellow corolla with a slender 
 tube 3'-4' long and a spreading 5-lobed limb about 1' broad, the stamens and 
 style exserted, is grown for its interest. [Clerodendroii Siphonanthus R. Br.] 
 
 Petraea volubilis Jacq., Purple Wreath, South American, occasionally 
 planted for ornament, is a vine, 15° long or more, with opposite entire rough- 
 ish short-petioled leaves, elliptic to obovate, 3'-4' long; its flowers are borne 
 in terminal racemes often 1° long, the slender pedicels about 1' long, the 5 
 linear-oblong blunt veiny purple or lilac sepals spread widely and persist 
 after the smaller, funnelform corolla has fallen. 
 
 Petraea arbdrea H.B.K., Tree Petraea, also South American, recorded by 
 Jones as grown in Bermuda, is tree-like, with foliage similar to that of the 
 Purple Wreath, but the blue flowers are in axillary racemes. 
 
LAMIACEAE. 321 
 
 Family 8. LAMIACEAE Lindl. 
 
 MiXT Family. 
 
 Aromatic punctate herbs, or shrubs (a few tropical species trees), 
 mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; stipules none. 
 Flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose, 
 usually bracteolate. Calyx inferior, persistent, 5-toothed or 5-lobed (rarely 
 4-toothed), mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube, the limb 
 4-5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, regular in a few genera; upper lip 2-lobed, or 
 sometimes entire ; lower lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne on the corolla- 
 tube, typically 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2, rarely equal; filaments 
 separate, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 2-celled, introrse, or con- 
 fluently 1-celled, or sometimes of a single sac. Disk usually present, fleshy. 
 Ovary 4-lobed, or 4-parted, superior, each lobe or division with 1 mostly 
 anatropous ovule; style arising from the centre of the lobed or parted 
 ovary, 2-lobed at the summit. Fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets. Seed erect 
 (transverse in Scutellaria); endosperm scanty, or none; embryo mostly 
 straight; radicle short, inferior. About 160 genera and 3200 species, of 
 wide distribution. The family is also known as Labiatae. 
 
 Stamens and style very short, included in the corolla-tube. 1. Sidcritis. 
 
 Stamens and style longer, more or less exserted. 
 Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip concave. 
 Anther-bearing stamens 4. 
 
 Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 2. Prunella. 
 
 Calyx not 2-lipped, open in fruit. 
 Nutlets 3-sided, truncate. 
 
 Calyx-teeth not spiny-tipped. 3. Lannum. 
 
 Calyx-teeth spiny-tipped. 
 
 Calyx-teeth 5. 4. Leonurus. 
 
 Calyx-teeth 8-10. " ' """ 
 
 5. Leonotis. 
 
 Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. 6. Stachys. 
 
 Anther-bearing stamens 2. 7 o ? •• 
 
 Inflorescence terminal. '• Salvia. 
 
 Inflorescence axillary. 
 Corolla regular, or 2-lipped with the upper lip flat or nearly so. 
 Corolla 2-lipped. 
 Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped, 4-5-lobed. 
 
 8. Rosmarinvs. 
 
 n. Clmopodium. 
 10. Mentha. 
 
 1. SIDERITIS [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, and small flowers in axillary clus- 
 ters. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth spiny-tipped, the 
 upper middle one broader than the others. Corolla longer than the calyx, 2- 
 lipped, the upper lip entire or lobed, the lower longer than the upper, its 
 middle lobe broad. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the anterior pair the 
 longer; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets obovoid, smooth. [Greek, 
 iron, referring to its use in medicine.] About 45 species, natives of the Old 
 World. Type species: Sideritis hirsuta L. 
 
 22 
 
322 
 
 LAMIACEAE. 
 
 1. Sideritis romana L. Irox-wort. 
 (Fig. 344.) Annual, erect, 4-1° high, pu- 
 bescent with spreading hairs, usually 
 branched. Leaves obovate to oblong, V-IY 
 long, crenate, sessile or nearly so; clusters 
 few-flowered; flowers white or pinkish; 
 calyx-teeth shorter than the tube, the middle 
 one of the upper lip ovate, all subulate- 
 tipped; corolla a little exceeding the calyx, 
 the middle lobe of the lower lip reniform. 
 
 Occasional in waste grounds. Naturalized. 
 Native of Europe. Introduced Into the United 
 States. Flowers in spring. 
 
 2. PRUNELLA L. 
 Perennial Jierbs, with petioled leaves, 
 and rather small clustered purple or white 
 flowers, in dense bracted spikes or heads. 
 Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about 10- 
 nerved, deeply 2-lipped, closed in fruit ; upper 
 lip nearly truncate, or with 3 short teeth; lower lip 2-cleft. Corolla-tube in- 
 flated, slightly narrowed at the mouth, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip 
 entire, arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Filaments of the longer stamens 
 2-toothed at the summit, one of the teeth bearing the anther, the other sterile; 
 anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. 
 [Origin of name doubtful; often spelled Brunella, the pre-Linnaean form.] 
 About 5 species, natives of the North temperate zone, the following typical. 
 
 1. Prunella vulgaris L. 
 
 Self-heal. Heal-all. (Fig. 
 345.) Stem slender, 2° high 
 or less. Leaves ovate, ob- 
 long or oblong-lanceolate, 
 rather thin, 1-4' long, the 
 lowest commonly shorter and 
 sometimes subcordate ; spikes 
 terminal, sessile or short- 
 peduncled, becoming 2'-4' 
 long in fruit; bracts broadly 
 ovate-orbicular, cuspidate, 
 ciliate ; corolla violet, purple 
 or sometimes white, 4"-6" 
 long, about twice as long 
 as the calyx. 
 
 Grassy woodlands, Devon- 
 shire and on St. David's 
 Island. Introduced. Native of 
 Europe. Widely naturalized 
 in North America. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. 
 
LAMIACEAE. 
 
 323 
 
 3. LAMIUM [Tourn.] L. 
 Mostly diffuse herbs, with creiiate dentate or incised, usually cordate 
 leaves, and rather small flowers, verticillate in axillary and terminal clusters. 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth equal or the 
 upper ones longer. Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip concave, erect, usually 
 entire; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe emarginate, contracted at 
 the base. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, often hirsute on the back. 
 [Greek, throat, from the ringent corolla.] About 40 species, of the Old 
 World. Type species: Lamium purpureum L. 
 
 1. Lamium amplexicaule 
 
 L. Henbit. (Fig. 346.) Bi- 
 ennial or annual, sparingly 
 pubescent; stems weak, slen- 
 der, ascending or decumbent, 
 6'-20' long. Leaves orbicular 
 or nearly so, coarsely crenate, 
 i'-lV wide, rounded at the 
 apex, the lower slender-petioled ; 
 flowers in axillary and terminal 
 clusters; calyx pubescent, its 
 teeth erect, nearly as long as 
 the tube; corolla purplish or 
 red, 6"-8" long, its tube very 
 slender, the lateral lobes of its 
 lower lip very small. [Glecoma 
 hederacea of Millspaugh.] 
 
 Common in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized. Na- 
 tive of Europe. Widely natural- 
 ized in North America. Flowers 
 nearly throughout the year. 
 
 Lamium purpureum L., Eed Dead-Nettle, also European, has all the 
 leaves petioled and nearly erect, stouter stems, the similar flowers red-purple, 
 Lefroy says it was a common weed at his time, and Eeade records it as found 
 on waysides and in cultivated grounds prior to 1883, but it has not been 
 observed by recent collectors. H. B. Small's record would indicate that he 
 had a purple-flowered plant of the preceding species in mind. 
 
 4. LEONURUS L. 
 Tall herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white 
 or pink flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanu- 
 late, 5-nerved, nearly regular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate 
 or aristate. Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower lip spread- 
 ing or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate. 
 Anthers 2-celled, the sacs mostly parallel. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, 
 lion's-tail.] About 10 species, of Europe and Asia. Type species: Leonurus 
 Cardiaca L. 
 
.^24 
 
 LAMIACEAE. 
 
 1. Leonunis sibiricus L. Sibe- 
 rian Motherwort or Lion 's-tail. 
 (Fig. 347.) Biennial, puberulent or 
 glabrate; stem 2°-6° high. Leaves 
 long-petioled, 3-parted into ovate or 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cleft 
 and incised segments, the lobes lan- 
 ceolate or linear, acute; the upper- 
 most linear or lanceolate; clusters 
 dense, usually all axillary; calyx 
 eampanulate, 3" long, glabrous or 
 puberulent ; corolla purple or red, 
 puberulent without, 4"-6" long. 
 
 Frequent in waste grounds and 
 along roads. Naturalized. Native of 
 eastern Asia. Naturalized in the West 
 Indies, and in Delaware and Pennsyl- 
 vania. Flowers from spring to autumn, 
 
 Leonurus Cardiaca L., Mother- 
 wort, also European, differs in hav- 
 ing the leaves palmately 3-5-cleft. 
 It is listed by Lefroy and recorded 
 by Eeade as found in fields. 
 
 LEONOTIS E. Br. 
 
 Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite, 
 broad, toothed, petioled, the flowers short-pedicelled in dense whorls. Calyx- 
 tube 10-nerved, oblique at the mouth, its lobes 8-10, unequal, bristle-tipped. 
 Corolla yellow, orange or scarlet, 2-lipped, the tube dilated above, curved; 
 upper lip erect, rather long; lower lip with 3 lobes, the middle lobe scarcely 
 longer than the lateral. Stamens 4; filaments all anther-bearing; anthers 
 2-celled; sacs diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, smooth. [Greek, lion's-ear.j 
 About 12 African species. Type species: Leonotis Leonitis (L.) E. Br, 
 
 1. Leonotis nepetaefdlia E. Br. 
 
 Tall Leonotis. Liox 's-ear. (Fig. 
 348.) Annual, softly pubescent. Stems 
 l°-6° tall, rather stout, simple or 
 branched; leaves ovate or ovate-del- 
 toid, 14'-5' long, coarsely crenate, 
 cuneate or subcordate at the base ; 
 clusters dense, about 2' in diameter; 
 pedicels about 1" long; calyx puberu- 
 lent, becoming about 1' long, its tube 
 reticulated above the middle, its lobes 
 8, awn-tipped; corolla scarlet or 
 orange-yellow, about 1' long, villous- 
 hirsute, its tube curved, the upper lip 
 as long as the tube, the lower lip 
 much shorter than the upper, with 
 3 narrow lobes; nutlets IV' long, 
 angled. [PMomis nepetaefoUa L.] 
 
 Frequent in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of the 
 Old World tropics. Naturalized in the 
 southern United States, the West Indies 
 and tropical continental America. 
 
LAMIACEAE. 
 
 325 
 
 6. STACHYS [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Animal or perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous or pubescent foliage, 
 the leaves opposite, entire or toothed, commonly petioled, the flowers in axil- 
 lary clusters, the upper clusters sometimes approximate or contiguous. Calyx 
 mostly campanulate, its tube 5-10-ribbed, its 5 lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla 
 purple, white, red or yellow, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or notche<l, 
 the lower spreading, with 3 lobes, the middle lobe largest, entire or 2-lobed. 
 Stamens 4; filaments all anther-bearing; anthers 2-celled, the sacs mostly 
 diverging. Nutlets blunt at the apex. [Greek, a spike, from the spicate in- 
 florescence.] About 160 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type 
 species: Stachys germanica L. 
 
 1. Stachys arvensis L. Corn or 
 Field Woundwort. (Fig. 349.) An- 
 nual, hirsute; stem slender, diffusely 
 branched, 2° long, or less. Leaves ovate 
 or ovate-oblong, thin, long-petioled, ob- 
 tuse, crenate, cordate or the upper 
 rounded at the base, about 1' long; 
 lower petioles commonly as long as the 
 blades; clusters 4-6-flowered, in the 
 upper axils and in short terminal spikes; 
 calyx about 3" long, its teeth lanceolate, 
 acuminate; corolla purplish, 3"-5" long. 
 [Stachys arvensis hermudiana Millsp.] 
 
 Frequent in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native. Naturalized 
 in the eastern United States and in Ja- 
 maica. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 7. SALVIA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered flowers, the clusters mostly 
 spiked, raeemed, or panicled. Calyx mostly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; 
 upper lip entire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla strongly 
 2-lipped; upper lip entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft 
 or 3-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting or rudi- 
 mentary) ; connective of the anthers transverse, linear or filiform, bearing a 
 perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capitate or some- 
 times bearing a small or rudimentary one. Nutlets smooth, usually developing 
 mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. [Latin, salvus, safe, from its healing 
 virtues.] About 500 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Salvia oifi- 
 cinalis L. 
 
 Flowers 1' long, scarlet. 
 
 Flowers 3"-5" long, blue or white. 
 
 1. 8. coccinea. 
 
 2. S. serotina. 
 
326 
 
 LAMIACEAE. 
 
 1. Salvia coccinea L. Scarlet Sage. 
 (Fig. 350.) Annual, softly pubescent. Stems 
 erect, l°-2i° tall, simple or sparingly branched. 
 Leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, l'-2^' long, 
 obtuse or acutish, crenate-serrate, truncate to 
 subcordate at the base; panicles 2'-8' long; 
 pedicels l"-3" long, slender; calyx minutely 
 pubescent, 5"-6" long, its tube many-ribbed, 
 the upper lip leniform, abruptly pointed, the 
 lower lobes ovate, apiculate; corolla deep scar- 
 let, about 1' long, puberulent, the tube con- 
 tracted above the base, then gradually enlarged, 
 the lower lip merely notched at the apex; 
 nutlets about 1" long, slightly variegated. 
 
 Common on banks and along roads. Natural- 
 ized. Native of the southern United States and 
 Mexico. Flowers from spring to autumn, the 
 corolla soon falling away after expanding. 
 
 2. Salvia serotina L. Small White 
 Sage. (Fig. 351.) Perennial, finely pubes- 
 cent. Stems 6'-2i° tall, much branched; leaves 
 ovate or orbicular-ovate, -I'-lf long, obtuse, 
 crenate-serrate, truncate or subcordate at the 
 base, slender-petioled ; panicles l'-4' long; 
 calyx longer than the pedicels, glandular-hir- 
 sute, becoming 3"-4" long; lips about J as 
 long as the long-campanulate tube; corolla 
 white or blue, 3"-5" long, its tube included; 
 style glabrous; nutlets fully 1" long. [S. 
 tenella of Millspaugh.] 
 
 Common in waste grounds. Naturalized. Na- 
 tive of Florida and the West Indies. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. 
 
 Salvia occidentalis Sw., West Indian, a 
 trailing species with a very small glandular 
 calyx, light blue corolla about 3" long, the 
 flowers in racemed whorls, the ovate serrate 
 leaves 1' long or less, is recorded by Hemsley 
 as collected in Bermuda by Lane, and at Wal- 
 singh'km by Moseley, but no subsequent col- 
 lector has found it. Lefroy thought that Lane 's plant was probably S. coc- 
 cinea, and Moseley 's specimen could not be found in the Kew Herbarium in 
 1910. 
 
 Salvia splendens Sellow, Scarlet Salvia, Scarlet Sage, Brazilian, much 
 grown for ornament, is 2°-3° high, with slender-petioled thin ovate acumi- 
 nate serrate glabrous leaves 2'-4' long, and terminal racemes of large scarlet 
 flowers, the calyx about f long, the tubular corolla li'-2' long. 
 
LAMIACEAE. 
 
 327 
 
 Salvia ianthina Otto & Dietr., Large Purple Salvia, Mexican, also grown 
 for ornament, resembles S. splendens in size and foliage, but the calyx is nar- 
 rower, blue-purple, and the corolla is purple or violet-purple, nearly 2' long. 
 
 Salvia purpurea Cav., Velvety Purple Salvia, Mexican, mentioned by 
 Reade as cultivated, has purplish corollas about 1' long, the calyx white- 
 tomentose. 
 
 Salvia officinalis L., Garden Sage, European, used for flavoring, is grown 
 in some gardens. It is a white-woolly perennial with oblong or lanceolate 
 petioled leaves, and rather small, white blue or purple flowers in whorls. 
 
 Salvia patens Cav., Large Blue Salvia, Mexican, occasional in flower- 
 gardens, is a pubescent perennial, l°-2° high, with petioled, deltoid-ovate or 
 hastate, entire or crenate leaves '2-3' long, the large blue flowers opposite in 
 terminal loose racemes, the linear bracts as long as the 2-lipped calyx or longer, 
 the widely 2-lipped corolla about 2' long. 
 
 8. ROSMARINUS [Tourn.] L. 
 
 A low shrub with narrow entire revolute-margined leaves, and blue or 
 white flowers in short opposite axillary racemes. Calyx subcampanulate, 2- 
 lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower lip 2-cleft. Corolla with a tube 
 longer than the calyx, an expanded throat, and a 2-lipped limb, its upper lip 
 notched, erect, the lower 3-cleft and spreading. Perfect stamens 2 ascending 
 under the upper lip of the corolla, the filament continuous with the connective. 
 Style 2-cleft. Nutlets smooth, ovoid. [Latin, sea-dew, from the habitat of this 
 plant near the sea.] A monotypic genus of the Mediterranean region. 
 
 1. Rosmarinus officinalis L. 
 Rosemary. (Pig. 352.) A shrub 
 up to 4° high, but visually lower, 
 its slender, white-tomentose twigs 
 densely leafy. Leaves linear, 
 about V long, white-woolly be- 
 neath, blunt, their njargins strongly 
 revolute ; racemes few-flowered, 
 little longer than the leaves ; bracts 
 ovate, acute, about li" long; calyx 
 ribbed, about 2" long; lower lip 
 of the corolla about thrice as long 
 as the calyx, its middle lobe de- 
 clined. 
 
 Rocky hillsides, St. David's Is- 
 land, where it has been naturalized 
 for many years. Flowers in spring. 
 Occasional in cultivation. Its leaves 
 are used for seasoning and oil of 
 rosemary is distilled from them. 
 
328 
 
 LAMIACEAE. 
 
 9. CfLTNOPODIUM L. 
 
 Herbs, or low shrubs, "v\-ith entire or sparingly dentate leaves, and rather 
 large flowers variously clustered. Calyx mostly gibbous at the base, about 13- 
 nerved, 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla usually 
 expanded at the throat, the tube straight, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 
 entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens somewhat con- 
 nivent in pairs, the longer mostly exserted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent 
 or divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bed-foot, the flowers likened 
 to a bed-caster.] About 60 species, of the north temperate zone. Type 
 species: Clinopodium vulgare L. 
 
 1. Clinopodium Calamintha (L.) Kuntze. 
 Calamint. Calamint Balm. (Fig. 353.) Per- 
 ennial by creeping rootstocks, l°-3° high. Leaves 
 broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse at both ends or 
 subacute at the apex, dentate or crenate-dentate, 
 ^'-2' long and nearly as wide; inflorescence pa- 
 niculate, commonly leafy; calyx villous in the 
 throat, 2"-3" long; corolla purplish, 6"-7" long. 
 [Melissa Calamintha L.] 
 
 Common in waste grounds. Naturalized. Native 
 of Europe. Flowers in summer and autumn. Com- 
 monly called Catnep and one of the abundant natural- 
 ized plants. 
 
 10. MENTHA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Odorous herbs, with simple mostly punctate leaves, and small whorled 
 purple pink or white flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal spikes. Calyx 
 10-nerved, regular, or slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than 
 the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, the posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than 
 the others, entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, included or ex- 
 serted, sometimes imperfect; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs 
 parallel. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name used by Theophrastus ; from the 
 nymph Minthe.] About 30 species, of the north temperate zone. Type 
 species: Mentha spicata L. All the following mints grow luxuriantly in 
 Bermuda. 
 
LAMIACEAE. 
 
 329 
 
 Plants glabrous, or nearly so. 
 
 Spikes narrow, mostly interrupted ; leaves nearly or quite sessile. 1. M. spicata. 
 Spilies tiiick. mostly dense ; leaves petioled. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate to oblong, acute. 2. M. piperita. 
 
 Leaves ovate, obtuse or the upper acute. 3. M. citrata. 
 
 Plant tomentose-puberulent ; leaves rugose-reticulated. 4. M.rotundifolia. 
 
 1. Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. 
 (Fig. 354.) Perennial hj leafy sto- 
 lons; stem erect, l°-2° high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, 
 sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, the 
 largest about 3' long; whorls of flow- 
 ers in spikes which become 2'-4' long 
 in fruit, the one terminating the stem 
 surpassing the lateral ones; bracts 
 subulate-lanceolate, ciliate; calyx cam- 
 panulate, its teeth subulate, nearly as 
 long as the tube; corolla glabrous. [M. 
 viridis L.] 
 
 Common in wet or moist grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of Europe. Widely 
 naturalized in North America. Flowers 
 in summer and autumn. 
 
 naturalized 
 
 2. Mentha piperita L. Pepper- 
 mint. (Fig. 355.) Perennial by 
 subterranean suckers; stem l°-3° 
 high. Leaves lanceolate, petioled, 
 dark green, acute, sharply serrate, 
 glabrous on both sides, or pubescent 
 on the veins beneath, the larger IV- 
 3V long; whorls of flowers in spikes, 
 which are obtuse, and become l'-3i' 
 long in fruit, the middle one at length 
 overtopped by the lateral ones ; bracts 
 lanceolate, acuminate; calyx tubular- 
 campanulate, glabrous below, its teeth 
 subulate, usually ciliate, one-half as 
 long as the tube or more ; corolla 
 glabrous. 
 
 Frequent in marshes and ditches. 
 Naturalized. Native of Europe. Widely 
 in summer and autumn. 
 
330 
 
 LAMIACEAE. 
 
 3. Mentha citrata Ehrli. Berg- 
 AMOT Mint. (Fig. 356.) Perennial 
 by leafy stolons; stem weak, decum- 
 bent or ascending, l°-2° long. Leaves 
 petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-orbicu- 
 lar, obtuse or the upper acute at the 
 apex, sharply serrate, the larger about 
 2' long; whorls of flowers in terminal 
 short obtuse spikes, and commonly 
 also in the upj)ermost axils; calyx 
 glabrous, its teeth subulate, one-half 
 as long as the tube, or longer; corolla 
 glabrous. [M. aquatica Jiirsuta ci- 
 trata of Eeade.] 
 
 Frequent in marshes. Naturalized. 
 Native of Europe. Sparingly natural- 
 ized in the United States, and in the 
 West Indies. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. 
 
 4. Mentha rotundifdlia 
 
 (L.) Huds. EOUXD-LEAVED 
 
 Mint. (Fig. 357.) Perennial 
 by leafy stolons, canescent or 
 tomentose-puberulent, somewhat 
 viscid, 3'-8' high. Leaves el- 
 liptic, or ovate-oblong, short- 
 petioled, or sessile and some- 
 what clasping by the subcor- 
 date or rounded base, obtuse, 
 crenate-serrate, 2"-5" long, ru- 
 gose-reticulated beneath; whorls 
 of flowers in spikes which elon- 
 gate to d"-10" in fruit; bracts 
 lanceolate, acuminate; calyx- 
 teeth setaceous, usually about 
 one-half as long as the tube; 
 corolla puberulent. [M. spicata 
 rotundi folia L.] 
 
 In waste places, on hillsides 
 and along roads, rather common. 
 Naturalized. Native of Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in America. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 Mentha arvensis L., the Corn Mint, or Field Mint of Europe, which 
 has the flowers all whorled in the leaf-axils, is recorded by Lefroy as com- 
 mon in Pembroke Marsh prior to 1879 and also mentioned by H. B. Small, 
 and by Jones, but repeated search has failed to reveal its presence there 
 now, and it is not accredited to Bermuda by other authorities. 
 
LAMIACEAE. 331 
 
 Scutellaria purpurascens Sw., West Indian Skullcap, a low, purple- 
 flowered Labiate, the calyx bearing a crest on the upper side, is recorded as 
 Bermudan by Lefroy, who indicates it as naturalized, but it has not been 
 observed by other botanists, and either the record or the determination are 
 supposed to be erroneous. It is a plant unlikely to become naturalized. 
 
 Koellia mutica (Michx.) Britton, one of the North American Moun- 
 tain-mints, was credited to Bermuda by Eein, apparently an error in identi- 
 fication, but what plant that author had in mind has not been determined. 
 [Pycnanthermim muticum Michx.] 
 
 Nepeta Cataria L., Catnep or Catmint, European, an erect, finely 
 tomentose perennial, with ovate, crenate-dentate leaves, the clusters of nearly 
 white flowers in terminal spikes, the tubular calyx 15-nerved, is grown in 
 gardens. Lefroy states that it was common in Pembroke Marsh prior to 
 1879, and erroneously indicates it as a native species. It is not known to be 
 wild in Bermuda today. The plant commonly called Catnep here is Clino- 
 podkim Calamintha. 
 
 Marrubium vnlgare L., Horehound, European, occasionally grown in 
 gardens, is an erect perennial, l°-3° high, the stem whitish-woolly, the rugose 
 dentate oval to nearly orbicular leaves 1-2' long, the whitish flowers in dense 
 axillary clusters, the tubular calyx about 10-nerved. 
 
 Melissa officinalis L., Balm or Bee-balm, European, occasional in gar- 
 dens, is a hairy perennial, l°-3° high, with blunt ovate toothed leaves, the 
 small white flowers in axillary clusters, the oblong-campanulate calyx 13- 
 nerved, 2-lipped. 
 
 Thymus vulgaris L., Thyme, is a low, shrubby plant, with slender, finely 
 hairy stems up to 1° high, branched, and commonly matted; the thick, blunt, 
 entire, dotted leaves are only 2"-5" long, and the small purple flowers are in 
 small glomerules, the 10-13-nerved calyx 2-lipped. It is frequently grown in 
 gardens, or as a crop, and is native of southern Europe and western Asia. 
 
 Satureia montana L., Winter Savory, European, occasionally cultivated 
 for flavoring, is a perennial herb, with somewhat woody, branching i^tems, 
 1^° high or less, pointed narrowly oblong, punctate leaves 6"-10" long, and 
 small, white to lilac flowers in loose clusters. 
 
 Origanum Marjorana L., Sweet Marjoram, European, grown in gardens 
 for flavoring, is a perennial herb about 2° high, with slender, finely tomentose 
 branches, gray-green oval obtuse entire petioled leaves about i' long and 
 small purplish flowers in solitary or clustered oblong obtuse dense spikes about 
 J' long, the calyx 2-lipped, the bracts suborbicular. 
 
 Ocimum basilicum L., Basil, East Indian, cultivated for flavoring, is 
 annual, 1°-1*° high, with thin petioled dentate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate 
 leaves 1-2' long, and bluish or white small flowers whorled in interrupted 
 terminal spikes, the calyx deflexed in fruit and strongly veined. Lefroy notes 
 that it was introduced in 1616. 
 
 Lavandula spica Cav., White Lavender, of southern Europe, grown in 
 gardens, is a perennial herb 1°-1*° high, with linear or linear-spatulate entire 
 leaves l'-3' long, crowded below the middle of the stem, densely white-silvery, 
 the small blue flowers in terminal, long-peduncled, short spikes, the 5-toothed 
 calyx striate-nerved, the corolla-lobes nearly equal. 
 
 Coleus varieties are commonly planted as ornamentals for their colored 
 and variegated foliage. 
 
332 SOLANACEAE. 
 
 Family 9. SOLANACEAE Pers. 
 
 Potato Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or 
 rarely opposite estipulate leaves, and perfect regular or nearly regular 
 cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, 
 mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens 
 as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the 
 tube, all equal and perfect in the following genera, except in Petunia, 
 where 4 are didynamous and the fifth smaller or obsolete; anthers 2-celled, 
 apically or longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5- 
 celled) ; ovules numerous on the axile i^lacentae, anatropous or amphit- 
 ropous; style slender, simple; stigma terminal; fruit a berry or capsule. 
 Seeds numerous; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons semiterete. About 75 
 genera and 1750 species, most abundant in tropical regions including 
 many plants whose products are useful as foods and drugs, and also many 
 cultivated for ornament. 
 
 A. Fruit a berry, 
 a. Corolla plicate, its lobes mostly induplicate. 
 
 Berry enclosed by the inflated accrescent calyx. 
 
 Ovary 3-5-celled ; sepals nearly separate. 1. Physalodes. 
 
 Ovary 2-celled ; sepals united to near their tips. 2. Physalis. 
 Berry subtended by the calyx. 
 
 Anthers opening by terminal pores. 3. Solanum. 
 
 Anthers opening lengthwise. 4. Lycopersicon. 
 
 b. Corolla not plicate, its lobes valvate or imbricate 5. Capsicum. 
 
 B. Fruit a capsule. 
 
 Capsule narrowly oblong, indehiscent. 6. Brugmansia. 
 
 Capsule globose to ovoid, dehiscent. 
 
 Flowers solitary, axillary ; corolla funnelform ; capsule mostly 
 
 spiny. 7. Datura. 
 
 Flowers panicled or racemose ; corolla mostly salverform ; 
 
 capsule unarmed. 8. Nicotiana. 
 
 1. PHYSALODES Boehm. 
 
 An annual erect glabrous herb, with alternate petioled thin sinuate- 
 dentate or lobed leaves, and large light blue peduncled nodding flowers, soli- 
 tary IB. the axils. Calyx-segments ovate, connivent, cordate or sagittate at 
 the base, strongly reticulated. Corolla broadly campanulate, slightly 5-lobed. 
 Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla near its base; filaments filiform, 
 dilated and pilose below; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Style slender; 
 stigma 3-5-lobed. Berry globose, nearly dry, enclosed m the calyx. [Greek, 
 Physalis-like.] 
 
 A monotypic genus. 
 
JOLANACEAE. 
 
 333 
 
 1. Physalodes physal6des(L.) 
 
 Britton. Apple-of-Peru. (Fig. 
 358.) Stem angled, 2°-5° high. 
 Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate 
 but blunt, narrowed at the base, 
 3'-8' long; petioles longer than 
 the peduncles; flowers I'-IJ' long 
 and broad; corolla-limb almost 
 entire; fruiting calyx I'-IA' long 
 and thick, its segments acute, their 
 basal auricles acute or cuspidate; 
 berry 6" in diameter, surrounded 
 by the calyx. [Atropa physalodes 
 L. ; Nicandra physalodes Gaertn.] 
 
 Occasional in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized. Native 
 of South America. Naturalized in 
 the United States. Spring to autumn. 
 
 2. PHirSAIilS L. 
 
 Herbs, with entire or toothed 
 
 leaves. Peduncles solitary. Calyx 
 
 campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit 
 
 bladdery-inflated, 5-angled, or 10- 
 
 ribbed enclosing the pulpy berry. Corolla mostly yellow, often with a brownish 
 
 or purplish center, open-campanulate, plicate. Style slender; stigma minutely 
 
 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened. [Greek, bladder.] Some 
 
 75 species, mostly American. Type species: Physalis alkel'engi L. 
 
 Annual species ; fruiting calyx angular. 
 
 Leaves obtuse or rounded at the base ; corolla with a brown or purple eye. 
 
 Plant viscid-pubescent. 1. P. pubescens. 
 
 Plant glabrous, or pubescent only above. 2. P. tiirhinata. 
 
 Leaves, or most of them, narrowed at the base ; corolla yellow. 3. P. angulata. 
 
 Perennial species ; fruiting calyx scarcely angled. 4. P. peruviana. 
 
 1. Physalis pubescens L. 
 Haiky Ground Cherry. Horse 
 Cherry. (Fig. 359.) Annual, 
 pubescent and viscid. Stems tall 
 and erect, or widely spreading, 
 acutely 3-4-angled; leaves l'-3' 
 long, heart-shaped, acute or gen- 
 erally abruptly acuminate, sharply 
 repand-dentate, pubescent with 
 short hairs; peduncles short, at 
 maturity sometimes 10" long; 
 calyx generally densely viscid- 
 hirsute; lobes lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, iDut not subulate-tipped ; 
 corolla 2"-5" in diameter, yellow 
 with a purplish eye; anthers gen- 
 erally purplish; fruiting calyx 
 about 1' long, retuse at the base. 
 [P. harhadensis Jacq.] 
 
 Occasional in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized. Native 
 of the southern United States and 
 the West Indies. Summer and autumn. 
 
334 
 
 SOLANACEAE. 
 
 2. Physalis turbinata Medic. 
 Smooth Ground Cherry. (Fig. 360.) 
 Annual, glabrous, or minutely puberu- 
 lent "when young. Stems rather stout, 
 acutely angled and divaricately 
 branched; leaves broadly ovate, obtuse 
 or cordate and slightly oblique at the 
 base, thin and dark green, repand-den- 
 tate, short-acuminate; peduncles short, 
 in fruit about 8" long; calyx-lobes 
 lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 4"-5" 
 wide, yellow with a purplish eye; fruit- 
 ing calyx about 11' long, long-attenuate, 
 almost pyramidal, deeply retuse at the 
 base. [P. ohscura Michx. ; P. Linkiana 
 of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Frequent in waste and cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native of the 
 southern United States and West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 3. Physalis angulata L. Cut- 
 leaved Ground Cherry. Cow 
 Cherry. Balloon Cherry. (Fig. 
 361.) Annual, glabrous. Stems 
 angular, l°-3° tall, branched; 
 leaves ovate, usually sharply sin- 
 uate, with long-acuminate teeth, 
 thin, li'-3' long, mostly narrowed 
 at base; petioles slender, f'-2' 
 long; peduncles slender, about V 
 long, erect, often reflexed at ma- 
 turity, but seldom exceeding the 
 fruiting calyx in length; calyx 
 glabrous; lobes triangular to lan- 
 ceolate, generally shorter than the 
 tube; corolla 3"-5" in diameter, 
 unspotted; anthers more or less 
 purplish tinged; fruiting calyx 
 about 1' long, ovoid, not promi- 
 nently 5-10-angled, sometimes 
 purple-nerved and at length nearly 
 filled with the yellow berry. [P. 
 Linkiana Dunal.] 
 
 Frequent in waste and cultivated ground. Naturalized. Native of the southern 
 United States and tropical America. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
SOLANACEAE. 
 
 335 
 
 4, Physalis peruviana L. Cape 
 Gooseberry. (Fig. 362.) Perennial 
 by rootstocks, velvety-pubescent, 
 branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves thin, 
 flaccid, broadly ovate, 2'-4' long, 
 acuminate at the apex, cordate or 
 subcordate at the base, the petioles 
 half as long as the blades or less; 
 peduncles V long or less, recurved in 
 fruit ; corolla about 8" broad, yellow, 
 with a dark purplish eye; anthers 
 violet; fruiting calyx I'-l^' long, 
 ovoid, scarcely angled. [P. edulis 
 of Lefroy.] 
 
 Waste grounds, escaped from culti- 
 vation, and locally naturalized. Native 
 of Soutti America. Flowers in spring 
 and summer. 
 
 Physalis lanceolata Michx., of the central and southern United States, a 
 perennial species with spatulate or oblanceolate leaves, and yellowish corolla 
 with a dark eye, given as Bermudian on the authority of Lane, is probably 
 erroneously recorded. 
 
 3. SOLANUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often stellate-pubescent, some species climbing. 
 Flowers cymose, umbelliform, paniculate, or racemose. Calyx campanulate or 
 rotate, mostly 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 
 5-lobed, the tube very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; 
 filaments short; anthers linear or oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or con- 
 nivent into a cone, each sac dehiscent by a terminal pore, or sometimes by a 
 short introrse terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary usually 2- 
 eelled; stigma small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its 
 base or enclosing it. [Name, according to Wittstean, from solamen, quieting.] 
 About 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Solamim 
 nigrum L. 
 
 Plant unarmed; berries small, black, 1. S. nigrum. 
 
 Plant copiously armed with yellow prickles ; berries large, 
 
 scarlet. 2, 8. aculeatissimum. 
 
336 
 
 SOLAN ACE AE. 
 
 slightly differing races. Flowers from 
 transported to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
 2. Solanum aculeatissimum 
 
 Jacq. Cockroach Berry. (Fig. 
 364.) Perennial, slightly woody, 
 usually mucli branched, 2°-4° 
 high, somewhat pilose or becoming 
 glabrous, the branches, petioles, 
 leaf-blades and peduncles armed 
 with straight yellow prickles. 
 Leaves thin, broadly ovate in out- 
 line, 3'-6' long, pinnately lobed 
 or repand; cjTnes few-flowered, 
 lateral; calyx armed with stout 
 prickles, about one-third as long 
 as the corolla, its lobes ovate, 
 acute; corolla white, about 6" 
 broad ; anthers ovate-lanceolate ; 
 berry globose, scarlet, glabrous, 
 i'-f in diameter. 
 
 Roadsides and waste groimds, 
 occasional. Naturalized. Native of 
 tropical America. Flowers in sum- 
 mer and autumn. 
 
 1. Solanum nigrum L. Black 
 OR Garden Nightshade. (Fig. 363.) 
 Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pu- 
 bescent with simple hairs, l°-3° high. 
 Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less 
 inequilateral, i'-3J long, thin, acute 
 or aeutish, entire or coarsely toothed; 
 peduncles lateral, umbellately 3-10- 
 flowered; pedicels 3"-8" long; flow- 
 ers 4"-5" broad; calyx-lobes oblong, 
 or ovate, much shorter than the white 
 corolla, persistent at the base of the 
 berry; filaments somewiat pubes- 
 cent; anthers obtuse; berries black, 
 glabrous, globose, 4"-5" in diameter, 
 on nodding peduncles. [S. nodiflo- 
 rum Jacq.] 
 
 In waste places or cultivated soil, 
 rather common, and occasional in rocky 
 woodlands. Native. Temperate and trop- 
 ical regions generally, consisting of many 
 pring to autumn. Its seeds were probably 
 
 Solanum tdrvum Sw., Bushy White Solanum, tropical American, a tall 
 bushy species, common as a weed in the West Indies, tomentose nearly all 
 over, and armed with nearly straight yellowish prickles, the ovate angular- 
 lobed leaves 8' long or less, scabrous above, the white flowers about J' broad, 
 in lateral cymes, the globose berries about 4" in diameter, is one of the few 
 plants mentioned by Grisebach in ' ' Flora of the British West Indies, ' ' as 
 
SOLANACEAE 337 
 
 inhabiting- Bermuda. It is also recorded as a weed by Lefroy, who regarded 
 it as a native plant, and mentioned by Jones, but s-ubsequent collectors have 
 failed to find it wild. It was planted at the Agricultural Station some years 
 ago, and was seen there in 1914 
 
 Solanum tuberosum L., Potato, South American, is one of the very im- 
 portant crop'< of Bermuda^ and has been cultivated since the early days of 
 the colony. 
 
 Solanum Melongena L., Ego-plant, Asiatic, cultivated for its large edible 
 fruit, is a perennial, tomentose and prickly species with purplish flowers nearly 
 2' wide, the globose to oval fruit sometimes a foot in length. [S. ovigerum 
 Dunal.] 
 
 Solanum Rantonnetii Carr., Blue Potato-bush, South American, grown 
 for ornament in gardens, is a glabrous shrub up to 6° high, with slender- 
 petioled thin entire ovate to elliptic leaves about 3" long, few-flowered, axil- 
 lary clusters of slender-pedicelled, dark blue-purple flowers, the corolla nearly 
 1' broad, the red, drooping berries j'-f in diameter. 
 
 Solanum Seaforthianum Andr., Seaforth's Potato-vine, of tropical 
 America, grown on walls or trellises for ornament, is a long, somewhat woody, 
 nearly or quite glabrous vine, with thin leaves, either pinnately parted or 
 entire, 6' long or less, their segments ovate or lanceolate, .acute or acuminate; 
 the purple or lilac flowers are 8"-12" broad, borne in peduncled axillary com- 
 pound cymes, on slender pedicels, followed by globose yellowish or reddish 
 berries about 4" in diameter. 
 
 Solanum jasminoides Paxton, Jasmine Potato-vine, South American, 
 is similar to S. Seaforthianum, but sometimes puberulent, and with nearly 
 white flowers in short clusters, is occasionally grown for ornament. Its upper 
 leaves are usually lanceolate and entire. 
 
 Solanum Wendlandii Hook, f., Wendland's Potato-vine, Costa Rican, 
 also an ornamental vine, grown on trellises and porches, is stouter than S. 
 Seaforthianum, with somewhat prickly branches, its leaves larger the lower 
 ones, at least, pinnately parted; the lilac-blue flowers are about 2' broad, usu- 
 ally in large clusters. 
 
 Solanum robtistum Wendl., Cockroach Poison, Brazilian, seen at Orange 
 Vialley in 1914, is a densely velvety shrub about 6° high, the branches and 
 leaves armed with slender, flattened prickles A' long or less, the ovate-elliptic, 
 acute coarsely few-lobed leaves S'^IO' long, on margined petioles decurrent on 
 the twigs; the white flowers are about 8" broad, in short racemes, the globose 
 pubescent berries about 4" in diameter. 
 
 4. LYCOPERSICON Mill. 
 
 Annual, or rarely perennial, coarse herbs, with 1-2-pinnately divided 
 leaves, and lateral irregular raceme-like cymes of small yellowish flowers op- 
 posite the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, or rarely 6-parted, the segments linear or 
 lanceolate. Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the limb 5-cleft or rarely 6- 
 cleft, plicate. Stamens 5 (rarely 6), inserted on the throat of the corolla; 
 filaments short ; anthers elongated, connate or connivent, introrsely longi- 
 tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; style simple; stigma small, capitate. 
 Berry in the wild plants globose or pyriform, much modified in cultivation, 
 the calyx persistent at its base. [Greek, wolf-peach.] About 4 species, 
 natives of South America, the following typical. 
 
 23 
 
338 
 
 SOLANACEAE. 
 
 1. Lycopersicon Lycoper- 
 sicon (L.) Karst. Tomato. 
 Love-apple. Cherry Tomato. 
 (Fig. 365.) Viscid-pubescent, 
 much branclied, l°-3° high. 
 Leaves petioled, 6-1^° long, 
 the segments stalked, the 
 larger 7-9 ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, mostly acute, den- 
 tate, lobed or again divided, 
 with several or numerous 
 smaller ones interspersed ; 
 flowers 5"-8" broad ; calyx- 
 segments abouit equalling the 
 corolla; berry the 'n;ell-known 
 tomato or love-apple. [So- 
 lanum Lycopersicum L. ; Ly- 
 copersicon esculentum Mill.] 
 
 Frequent in waste grounds, 
 and spontaneous after cultiva- 
 tion. Introduced. Native of 
 South America. Flowers nearly 
 throughout the year. Widely 
 cultivated in all temperate and 
 warm regions. 
 
 5. CAPSICUM [Tourn.] L. 
 Annual or jDerennial herbs or shrubs, with forking stems. Leaves flat, 
 entire or repand. Flowers solitary in the axils, or in small cymes. Calyx 
 scarcely accrescent, of 5 wholly or partially united sepals. Corolla usually 
 white, nearly rotate, its lobes 5, imbricated. Stamens 5, adnate to the base 
 of the corolla; anthers bluish, the sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-3-celled. 
 Stigma club-shaped or dilated. Berries red, yellow or green, nodding, very pun- 
 gent. Seeds flattened. [Latin, capsa, 
 a box, referring to the shape of the 
 fruit in forms of the typical species.] 
 About 30 species, natives of America. 
 Type species: Capsicum annuum L. 
 
 1. Capsicum baccatum L. Bird 
 Pepper. (Fig. 366.) Perennial, 
 shrubby, more or less pubescent. 
 Stems 3°-9° long, sometimes vine- 
 like, widely branching; leaves ovate, 
 oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, l'-2' 
 long, acute or acuminate, entire, ab- 
 ruptly narrowed or truncate at the 
 base; petioles one-half as long as the 
 blades or shorter ; pedicels narrowly 
 club-shaped, 5"-10" long; calyx about 
 14" long, its lobes as long as the tube 
 or somewhat shorter; berries globose 
 to ellipsoid, 3"-5" long, red, obtuse. 
 
 Rocky woodlands, occasional. Na- 
 tive. Southern United States and trop- 
 ical continental America. Summer and 
 autumn. Occasional in gardens. 
 
SOLANACEAE. 
 
 339 
 
 Capsicum frutescens L., Spanish Pepper, tropical American, also 
 shrubby, grown in gardens, has larger oblong pointed berries, the calyx nearly 
 truncate, the pedicels more or less enlarged under the calyx. 
 
 Capsicum annuum L., Chillies, Guinea Pepper, also of tropical America, 
 groAvn for its large fruits, and recorded by H. B. Small as occasionally seen 
 outside of plantations, is annual or biennial, herbaceous, its fruits often 3' or 
 4' long, very variable. 
 
 6. BRUGMANSIA Pers. 
 Shrubs or trees, with large alternate petioled leaves, and very large 
 drooping, w^hite or red flowers on solitary curved peduncles. Calyx angled, 
 spathaceous or 5-cleft. Corolla long-funnelform, angular, the limb with 5 
 lanceolate acuminate lobes. Anthers included. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule 
 spindle-form, unarmed. [In honor of S. J. Brugmans, professor in Leyden.] 
 Three species, natives of Mexico and South America, the following typical. 
 
 1. Brugmansia arborea (L.) 
 Steud. Cornucopia. Horn of Plenty. 
 (Fig. 367.) Much branched, 6°-15° 
 high, the twigs stout, densely pubes- 
 cent. Leaves ovate to oblong or ovate- 
 lanceolate, pubescent on both sides, 
 6'-10' long, entire or sinuate-dentate, 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, 
 rounded or acute and mostly inequi- 
 lateral at the base, the pubescent 
 petioles l'-3' long; peduncles l'-2' 
 long; calyx 3'-4' long, 2-cleft to 
 about the middle; corolla white, 8'- 
 10' long, often double, its lobes l'-2' 
 long; capsule li'-S' long. [Datura 
 arhorea L. ; Brugmansia Candida 
 Pers.] 
 
 Occasional in waste grounds. In- 
 troduced, and commonly grown in gar- 
 dens for ornament. Native of South 
 America. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 Brugmansia suaveolens (H. & B.) G. Don, Moon-plant, Mexican, differs 
 in having nearly or quite glabrous foliage and a o-cleft calyx. [Datura 
 suaveolens H. & B.] 
 
 7. DATURA L. 
 Tall narcotic herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and large solitary erect 
 short-peduncled white purple or violet flowers. Calyx elongated-tubular or 
 prismatic, its apex 5-cleft or spathe-like, in the following species circumscissile 
 near the base which is persistent and subtends the prickly capsule. Corolla 
 funnelform, the limb plaited, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. Stamens 
 included or little exserted ; filaments filiform, very long, inserted at or below 
 the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled ; style 
 filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved from the top, or bursting 
 
340 
 
 SOLANACEAE. 
 
 irregularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura.] About 12 species, of wide dis- 
 tribution. Type species: Datura Stramonium L. 
 
 1. Datura Stramonium L. 
 
 Stramonium. Jamestown or 
 JiMsoN "Weed. Thorn-apple. 
 Purple Stramonium. Stink- 
 ing-weed. (Fig. 368.) An- 
 nual, glabrous or tlie young 
 parts sparingly pubescent ; 
 stem stout l°-5° high. Leaves 
 thin, ovate, acute or acuminate, 
 mostly narrowed at the base, 
 3'-8' long, irregularly sinuate- 
 lobed, the lobes acute; flowers 
 white or purple, about 4' high; 
 calyx prismatic, less than one- 
 half the length of the corolla; 
 capsule ovoid, densely prickly, 
 erect, about 2' high. [D. Ta- 
 tula L.] 
 
 Common in waste places and 
 cultivated ground. Native. West 
 Indies and continental tropical 
 America. Widely naturalized in 
 temperate and tropical regions. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 2. Datura Metel L. 
 
 Prickly-bur. (Fig. 369.) An- 
 nual, finely glandular-pubes- 
 cent, 3°-9° high. Leaves 
 broadly ovate, acute, inequi- 
 lateral, obtuse or subcordate at 
 the base, 4'-10' long; flowers 
 white, 6'-7J' long; calyx about 
 one-half as long as the corolla; 
 capsule globose or ovoid-glo- 
 bose, prickly and pubescent, 
 pendulous, I'-l^' in diameter. 
 
 Waste grounds. Recorded by 
 previous authors but not found 
 by us. Native of tropical America. 
 Naturalized in the eastern United 
 States. 
 
SOLANACEAE. 
 
 341 
 
 Datura fastuosa L., Garden Datura, Asiatic, a tall glabrous herbaceous 
 species, with repand leaves often 8' long, the sharply toothed calyx 2'-3' long, 
 the white to purple corolla 6'-8' long, often double or triple, with long-tipped 
 lobes, the erect capsules about '2' long, covered Avith short stout prickles, is 
 grown for ornament. 
 
 8. NICOTIANA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate entire or 
 slightly undulate leaves, and white yellow greenish or purplish flowers, in 
 terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5-cleft. 
 Corolla-tube usually longer than the limb, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. 
 Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anther-sacs 
 longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled) ; style slender ; 
 stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, or sometimes 4-valved at the summit. 
 Seeds numerous, small. [Named for John Nicot, French ambassador to 
 Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de Medici, about 1560.] About 
 50 species, mostly natives of America. Type species: Nicotiana Tdbacum L. 
 
 Annual herb with pink flowers. 
 Shrub or tree with yellow flowers. 
 
 1. N. Tabactim. 
 
 2. N. glauca. 
 
 1. Nicotiana Tabacum L. 
 
 Tobacco. (Fig. 370.) Annual, 
 3°-6° high, little branched. Leaves 
 oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4'-12' 
 long, sessile, acute or acuminate 
 at the apex, narrowed at the base, 
 the lower ones decurrent on the 
 stem; calyx about V long, its lobes 
 ovate; corolla funnelform, about 
 2' long, pink, its lobes triangular, 
 acuminate ; capsule longer than the 
 calyx. 
 
 Occasional on walls and in waste grounds. Introduced. Native of continental 
 tropical America but its original home unknown. Formerly extensively cultivated 
 in Bermuda but very little at the present time : in 1903 the Botanical Station is 
 recorded to have had enough seedlings to plant six acres. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. 
 
342 
 
 SOLANACEAE. 
 
 2. Nicotiana glauca Graham. Tree 
 Tobacco. (Fig. 371.) A branching 
 shrub, or a tree becoming 20° tall. 
 Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 2'-8' 
 long or sometimes larger, undulate, long 
 or slender-petioled; panicles long; pedi- 
 cels mostly less than 10" long; calyx 
 6" or 7" long, its lobes lanceolate or tri- 
 angular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube ; 
 corolla yellow or yellowish, about 1^' 
 long, the tube gradually enlarged to the 
 slightly oonstricted throat; the limb 
 about 5" broad, the lobes broad but 
 acutish; ciapsules narrowly ovoid or ob- 
 long-ovoid, 5"-6" long. 
 
 Occasional in waste grounds. Intro- 
 duced. Sometimes grown in gardens for 
 ornament. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 It is native of South America and widely 
 naturalized in the southwestern United 
 States. 
 
 Nicotiana acuminata (Graham) Hook., Sharp-leaved Tobacco, South 
 American, grown at Mt. Langton about 1875, has lanceolate acuminate undu- 
 late-margined leaves, the few flowers about 3' long in terminal panicles. 
 [Petunia acuminata Graham.] 
 
 Lycium halimifolium Mill., Matrimony Vine, European, a woody 
 climber, with spiny branches, glabrous entire oblong to &*patulate acute 
 leaves l'-2' long, small axillary purplish flowers turning yello^vish, with 
 funnelform corollas and slightly exserted stamens, as long as the style, fol- 
 lowed by orange-colored oval berries, is recorded by Lefroy as found on 
 David's Island, prior to 1879. [L. vulgare Dunal.] 
 
 Lycium chinense Mill., Asiatic, a shrub with spatulate obtuse leaves, simi- 
 lar flowers to those of the Matrimony Vine, with the style longer than the 
 stamens, is grown in a few gardens. 
 
 Oestrum Parqui L'Her., South American, was established at Mt. Langton 
 in 1874, and flowered profusely, but H. B. Small records its subsequent dis- 
 api^earance. It is a glabrous shrub with lanceolate petioled entire acuminate 
 leaves about 3' long, the panicled flowers greenish yellow, the narrow corolla 
 with a short spreading limb, very fragrant at night. 
 
 Oestrum noctumum L., Night-bix)Oming Oestrum, West Indian, occa- 
 sionally planted for ornament, is a glabrous shrub, 12° high or less, with ovate- 
 lanceolate to oblong, petioled acuminate leaves 3'-.5' long, and flowers in axil- 
 lary panicles; the cup-shaped calyx is about IV' long, the yellow narrowly 
 tubular corolla with a short limb is about V long, the nearly w^hite, globose 
 berries about 5" in diameter. 
 
 Brunfelsia americana L., Brunfelsia, Lady-of-the-Night, West In- 
 dian, a shrub 4°-7° high, with elliptic to obovate short-petioled leaves 2'-4' 
 long, long, usually solitary and terminal yellowish fragrant flowers, the nar- 
 row corolla-^tube about 24' long, the spreading 5-lobed corolla-limb nearly J' 
 wide, the fruit a yellow berry 8"-10" in diameter, is occasionally grown for 
 ornament and interest. 
 
SOLANACEAE. 343 
 
 Brunfelsia fallax Duch., Long-flowered Brunfelsia, also West Indian, 
 occasionally grown, bas a similar corolla about 4' long. 
 
 Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B. S. P., White Petunia, Brazilian, grown in 
 flower-gardens, is viscid-pubescent, about 1° high, with ovate to obovate thin 
 entire leaves l'-4' long, the lower ones petioled; the slender-peduncled flowers 
 are white, the corolla with a narrow tube I'-Vl' long, and abruptly spread- 
 ing limb about as wide as the length of the tube. [P. nyctaginiflora Juss.] 
 
 Petunia violacea Lindl., Violet Petunia, also South American, is simi- 
 lar to the preceding species, often lower and with somewhat smaller leaves 
 and violet flowers with a broader corolla tube. The widely cultivated garden 
 Petunias are hybrids between this species and P. axillaris, the flowers white, 
 violet, or variegated. [P. phoenicea of Lefroy.] 
 
 Salpiglossis sinuata E. & P., Salpiglossis, Chilean or Peruvian, a glan-^ 
 dular-pubescent, viscid branched annual, with an. erect stem l°-2° high, the 
 lower leaves narrowly oblong, 3'-4' long, sinuate-lobed or toothed, narrowed 
 into petioles, the upper leaves linear, smaller, sessile, entire, the broadly 
 funnelform corollas about 2' broad, variously colored, is grown in gardens. 
 
 Family 10. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. 
 
 FiGWORT Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with estipulate leaves, and perfect mostly com- 
 plete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of Synthyris). 
 Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or sometimes 
 split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate, im- 
 bricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped, or 
 nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or nearly equal, inserted 
 on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled; the sacs equal, 
 or unequal, or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete. 
 Pistil 1, entire or 2-lobed; ovary superior, 2-eelled, or rarely 1-celled; 
 ovules anatropous or amphitropous, on axile placentae; style slender, 
 simple; stigma entire; 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and 
 septicidally or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous; endo- 
 sperm fleshy; embryo small, straip'ht or slightly curved; cotjdedons little 
 broader than the radicle. About 165 genera and 2700 species, widely dis- 
 tributed. 
 
 A. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud. 
 
 Anther-bearing stamens 5 ; corolla rotate. 1. Verba^cum. 
 
 Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4 ; corolla not rotate. 
 Corolla spurred or saccate at the base. 
 Corolla spurred. 
 
 Leaves palmately veined. 2. Cymhalaria. 
 
 Leaves pinnately veined. 3. Kickxia. 
 
 Corolla saccate. 4. Maurandya. 
 
 Corolla neither spurred nor saccate. 
 
 Shrubs with angular branches. 5. Russellia. 
 
 Low herbs. 6. Bramia. 
 
 B. Lower lip or lobes of the corolla external In the bud. 
 
 Corolla 4-6-lobed ; leaves alternate ; capsule oval. 7. Capraria. 
 
 Corolla 4-lobed ; leaves opposite ; capsule notched. 8. Veronica. 
 
 1. VERBASCUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall herbs, with alternate leaves, and 
 rather large flowers, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5- 
 cleft or 5-parted. Corolla flat-rotate or slightly concave, S-lobed. the lobes a 
 
344 
 
 SCEOPHULARIACEAE. 
 
 little unequal, the upper exterior, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on 
 the base of the corolla, unequal; filaments of the 3 upper stamens, or of all 
 5, pilose; anther-sacs confluent into one. Ovules numerous; style dilated and 
 flattened at the summit. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves usually 2- 
 cleft at the apex. Seeds rugose. [The Latin name of the great mullen; used 
 by Pliny.] About 125 species, of the Old World. Type species: Verbascum 
 Thapsus L. 
 
 Plant densely woolly ; flowers in dense spikes. 
 
 Plant sparingly pubescent ; flowers in long racemes. 
 
 1. V. Thapsus. 
 
 2. V. virgatum. 
 
 Common in fields and in waste grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of Europe. Widely natural- 
 ized in North America. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. Sometimes called Dock-leaf. 
 
 2. Verbascum virgatum "With. Twiggy 
 Mullen. (Fig. 373.) Annual or biennial, 
 tall and vrand-like, loosely pubescent, green, 
 4°-6° tall. Leaves crenate-dentate, the basal 
 ones obovate-elliptic, obtuse, narrowed into 
 slender petioles, the lower ones oblong or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, acutish, 3'-5' long, narrowed 
 into margined petioles, the upper lanceolate 
 to ovate, acute, cordate-clasping at the base; 
 raceme often 2° long, narrow ; pedicels stout, 
 2''-3" long in fruit, about as long as the 
 lanceolate, glandular-pubescent fruiting calyx- 
 lobes; corolla yellow, or white, 1' broad or less. 
 
 Cultivated grounds, Warwick, and on Castle 
 Point, 1914. Introduced. Native of Europe. 
 Naturalized as a weed in the southwestern United 
 States. Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
 1. Verbascum Thapsus L. 
 Great Mullex. Flannel- 
 leaf. (Fig. 372.) Simple or 
 with some erect branches, 
 densely woolly with branched 
 hairs, l°-8° high. Leaves ob- 
 long, thick, acute, narrowed 
 at the base, dentate or dentic- 
 ulate, 4'-12' long, the basal 
 ones margined-petioled ; flow- 
 ers yellow, i'-l' broad, sessile, 
 numerous in dense elongated 
 spikes; stamens unequal, the 
 three upper shorter with white 
 hairy filaments and short 
 anthers, the two lower gla- 
 brous or nearly so with larger 
 anthers; capsule about 3" 
 high. 
 
SCEOPHULARIACEAE. 
 
 345 
 
 2. CYMBALARIA Medic. 
 Perennial creeping or spreading herbs, with long-petioled, mostly lobed, 
 palmately veined leaves, and solitary axillary white to violet flowers. Calyx 
 o-parted. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, short-spurred ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower 
 lip 3-lobed; throat nearly or quite closed by the palate. Stamens 4, didyn- 
 amous, ascending, included, the filaments filiform. Style very slender. Capsule 
 dehiscent by 2 terminal 3-toothed pores. Seeds numerous, small. [From the 
 Greek for cymbal.] About 9 species, of the Old World, the following typical. 
 
 1. Cymbalaria CymbaJaria (L.) 
 Wettst. Kexilworth or Coliseum Ivy. 
 (Fig. 374.) Glabrous; stem trailing, 
 often rooting at the nodes, 4'-12' long. 
 Leaves reniform-orbicular, 3-5-lobed, 3"- 
 12" in diameter, the lobes broad and 
 obtuse; flowers blue or lilac, 4"-5" long; 
 peduncles slender, recurved, shorter than 
 the petioles; calyx-segments lanceolate, 
 acute ; palate yellowish ; capsule globose ; 
 seeds rugose. [Antirrhinum Cymbalaria 
 L.; Linaria Cymbalaria Mill.] 
 
 Occasional on roadside walls and 
 rocks. Introduced. Native of Europe. In- 
 troduced into the eastern United States. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 3. KICKXIA Dumort. 
 Mostly annual spreading or creeping 
 herbs, with pinnately veined, short-peti- 
 oled leaves, and solitary axillary white yellow or variegated flowers. Calyx 5- 
 parted. Corolla irregular, spurred, 2-lipped, the throat closed by the palate. 
 Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform. Capsule opening by 1 
 or 2 terminal slits, pores, or valves. Seeds ovoid, mostly rough or tubercled. 
 
 About 25 species, natives of the Old 
 World, the following typical. [In honor 
 of Johann Kickx, professor in Ghent.] 
 
 1. Kickxia Elatine (L.) Dumort. 
 Sharp-pointed Fluellix or Toad- 
 flax. (Fig. 375.) Annual, pubescent; 
 stems prostrate, 6'-2° long. Leaves 
 *'-l' long, acute or obtuse at the 
 apex, ovate or triangular, hastate, 
 truncate, or subcordate at the base, en- 
 tire, or few-toothed, the basal auricles 
 divergent, acute; flowers about 3" long; 
 peduncles filiform ; calyx-segments nar- 
 rowly lanceolate, acute ; corolla yellow- 
 ish, purplish beneath, its spur slender, 
 straight. Capsule sub-globose. \ Antir- 
 rhinum Elatine L. ; Linaria Elatina 
 Mill.; Evolvulus alsinoides of Moore.] 
 
 Frequent in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of Europe. 
 Naturalized in eastern North America. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
346 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE. 
 
 4. MAURANDYA Ortega. 
 Annual or perennial vines, the leaves alternate, or opposite below, flat, 
 hastate, angulate or coarsely toothed. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Sepals 
 partially united. Corolla showy, pink, purple or violet, irregular, its tube 
 scarcely gibbous at the base, with 2 often pubescent lines or plaits in the 
 throat. Stamens 4, included; filaments thickened at the apex; anther-sacs 
 often confluent. Styles with 2 dilated lobes at the apex. Ovules numerous. 
 Capsule short, opening by transverse or irregular chinks. Seeds wrinkled or 
 tuberculate. [In honor of Maurandy, a botanist of Cartajena.] About 6 
 species, of warm and tropical America. Type species: listeria scandens Cav. 
 
 Corolla 7"-8" long; sepals nearly as long as the corolla-tube. 
 Corolla 12"-15" long; sepals shorter than the corolla-tube. 
 
 1. M. antirrhiniflora. 
 
 2. M. scandens. 
 
 1. Maurandya antirrhiniflora (H. & B.) 
 Willd. Roving Sailor. (Fig. 376.) Very 
 slender, climbing to a length of 10° or more, 
 glabrous throughout. Leaves triangular-has- 
 tate, acute, i'-l' long, slender-petioled; pe- 
 duncles very slender, mostly longer than the 
 petioles; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 nearly as long as the corolla-tube; corolla 
 purple, 7"-8" long, its limb much shorter than 
 its tube; capsule depressed-globose, about 5" 
 in diameter. [Usteria antirriniflora Poir.] 
 
 On walls and trees along roads. Introduced 
 and escaped from cultivation. Native of the 
 southwestern United States and Mexico. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. H. B. Small's description 
 of M. sempervircns suggests this as the plant he 
 had in mind. 
 
 ^m^ 
 
 2. Maurandya scandens (Cav.) Pers. 
 Larger Roving Sailor. (Fig. 377.) Peren- 
 nial, glabrous; similar to the preceding spe- 
 cies, but stouter, and with larger leaves and 
 flowers. Leaves triangular-hastate, V-IV 
 long, the apex acuminate or acute ; peduncles 
 much longer than the petioles, sometimes 
 longer than the leaves; sepals lanceolate, 
 acuminate, one-third to one-half as long as 
 the corolla-tube; corolla purple, 12"-15" 
 long, its limb about one-third as long as its 
 tube; capsule globose, as long as the calyx. 
 [M. sempervirens of Reade ; M. semperflorens 
 Jaeq. ; Usteria scandens Cav.] 
 
 Occasional on walls, banks and hedges. 
 Native of Mexico. Flowers in summer and 
 autumn. Frequently cultivated for ornament. 
 
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 
 
 347 
 
 Maurandya Barclayana Lindl., Barclay's Eoving Sailor, Mexican, re- 
 corded as found in Bermuda by Reade, Lefroy, H. B. Small, Jones and as 
 cultivated here, by Verrill, has flowers and leaves similar to those of M. 
 scandens, but the sepals are densely glandular-pubescent. I have not met 
 with it. H. B. Small 's description points to M. scandens. 
 
 Maurandya erubescens (Don) A. Gray, Red Maurandya, Mexican, is 
 grown as an ornamental vine on porches and trellises, and locally seems estab- 
 lished, as at Orange Valley; its stems and triangular-hastate leaves are pubes- 
 cent, the ovate-lanceolate sepals nearly 1' long, the rose-red corolla about 3' 
 long. [Lophospermum erubescens Zuce.] 
 
 5. RUSSELLIA Jacq. 
 
 Shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, sometimes reduced to 
 mere scales, and cymose or panicled, mostly showy flowers. Calyx-lobes ovate. 
 Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnelform, the tube long, the lobes short, some- 
 what unequal. Stamens 4, with divergent anther-sacs; no staminodes. Cap- 
 sule ovoid to globose. [In honor of Alexander Russell, English physician and 
 traveller, who died in 1786.] About 15 species, natives of tropical America. 
 Type species: Bussellia sarmentosa Jacq. 
 
 1. Russellia equisetiformis Schl. & Cham. 
 RussELLiA. Heath. (Fig. 378.) A gla- 
 brous, much-branched shrub, lh°-4:° high, 
 with spreading or arching striate branches, 
 the twigs very slender. Leaves of the stem 
 and branches, or most of them, reduced to 
 acute scales about 1" long, those of sterile 
 twigs spatulate, 7" long or less ; calyx about 
 2" long; corolla bright red, about V long, 
 its lobes ovate, 2"-3" long; capsule ovoid. 
 [B. juncea Zucc] 
 
 Roadsides and banks, escaped from gar- 
 dens, in which it is common. Introduced. 
 Native of Mexico. Naturalized in the West 
 Indies. Flowers from spring to autumn and 
 is very showy. 
 
 6. BRAMIA Lam. 
 Prostrate or diffuse herbs, with opposite obtuse mostly entire leaves, and 
 small peduneled flowers, mostly solitary in the axils. Calyx subtended by 2 
 bracts, 5-parted, the upper segment the broadest. Corolla nearly regular, the 
 tube cylindric, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style 
 slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. Seeds 
 numerous. [From Brami, a Malabar name.] About 20 species, of warm and 
 tropical regions. Type species: Bramia indica Lam. 
 
348 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE. 
 
 1. B rami a Monniera (L.) 
 Drake. Monxier 's Hedge hyssop. 
 (Fig. 379.) Perennial, glabrous, 
 fleshy; stem creeping, rooting at 
 the nodes, 3-20' long. Leaves 
 spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, ses- 
 sile, rounded at the apex, entire, 
 or sparingly denticulate, 3"-10" 
 long; peduncles mainly in alternate 
 axils, 2-bracteolate at the summit, 
 in fruit longer than the leaves; 
 flowers pale blue, about 5" long; 
 upper calyx-segment ovate, acute; 
 corolla obscurely 2-lipped; stamens 
 nearly equal; capsule ovoid, acute, 
 shorter than the calyx. [Gratiola 
 Monniera L. ; Herpestis Monniera 
 H.B.K.] 
 
 Common in moist grounds. Na- 
 tive. Southern United States, West 
 Indies, tropical continental America 
 
 and tropical Asia. Flowers from spring to autumn. Its minute seeds probably 
 
 transported to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
 7. CAPRARIA L. 
 Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, the leaves alternate, longer than broad, 
 toothed. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Calyx of 4-6 narrow, almost equal 
 sepals. Corolla white, campanulate, with 4-6 flat lobes. Stamens usually 4; 
 anther-sacs 2, divergent, confluent. Stigmas dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule short, 
 2-grooved, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 
 reticulated. [Latin, from capra a nanny- 
 goat.] About four species, of tropical and 
 subtropical America, the following typical. 
 
 1. Capraria "bifldra L. Capraria. Goat- 
 weed. (Fig. 380.) Stems l°-3° tall, 
 branching, sometimes pubescent. Leaves 
 oblanceolate, cuneate or oblong, ^'-2' long, 
 acute, sharply serrate above the middle; 
 peduncles solitary or 2 together, shorter than 
 the subtending leaves; sepals linear-lanceo- 
 late to linear-subulate, 2' -3'' long; corolla 
 about 5" long, the tube campanulate, the 
 lobes lanceolate, about as long a& the tube; 
 capsules oval or oval-ovoid, about as long as 
 the sepals. 
 
 Occasional in waste grounds and along 
 roads, . Naturalized. Native of the southern 
 United States and West Indies. Flowers in 
 summer and autumn. 
 
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 
 
 349 
 
 8. VERONICA [Tourn.] L. 
 Herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees), with opposite and alternate, 
 rarely verticillate leaves, and mostly small blue, purple, pink or white flowers, 
 racemose, spicate, or solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted. 
 Corolla rotate, its tube very short, deeply and more or less unequally 4-lobed 
 (rarely 5-lobed), the lower lobe commonly the narrowest. Stamens 2, diverg- 
 ent; anthers obtuse, their sacs confluent at the summit. Ovary 2-celled; style 
 slender ; stigma capitate. Capsule compressed, sometimes very flat, emarginate, 
 obcordate, or 2-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, plano-convex, or ex- 
 cavated on the inner side. [Named for St. Veronica.] About 200 species, of 
 wide distribution. Type species: Veronica officinalis L. 
 
 Pedicels as long as the subtending bracts, or longer. 
 Pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts. 
 
 Foliage pubescent. 
 
 Foliage glabrous or glandular. 
 
 1. Veronica agrestis L. Field 
 OR Garden Speed v^ell. (Fig. 381.) 
 Annual, pubescent; stems creeping or 
 procumbent, very slender, 3-8' long, 
 the branches ascending or spreading. 
 Leaves broadly ovate or oval, obtuse 
 at the apex, rounded, truncate or sub- 
 cordate at the base, crenate, short- 
 petioled, or the uppermost sessile, the 
 lower opposite, the upper alternate 
 and each with a slender-peduneled 
 small blue flower in its axil; capsule 
 broader than high, compressed, nar- 
 rowly emarginate, 2" broad. 
 
 In waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of Europe. Nat- 
 uralized in eastern North America and 
 in Jamaica. Spring to autumn. 
 
 1. V. agrestis. 
 
 2. V. arvensis. 
 
 3. V. peregrina. 
 
 2. Veronica arvensis L. Corn 
 OR Wall Speedwell. (Fig. 382.) 
 Annual, pubescent; stem slender, at 
 length much branched and diffuse, 
 3'-10' long. Lower leaves ovate or 
 oval, opposite, obtuse at both ends, 
 crenate or crenulate, 2"-6" long, the 
 lowest petioled ; upper leaves sessile, 
 alternate, ovate or lanceolate, acute 
 or acutish, commonly entire, each 
 with a short-stalked flower in its 
 axil; peduncles shorter than the 
 calyx; corolla blue, or nearly white, 
 1" broad or less; capsule broadly 
 obovate, obcordate, 1" high. 
 
 Frequent in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of 
 Europe. Naturalized in North America, 
 and in Jamaica. Spring to autumn. 
 
350 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE. 
 
 3. Veronica peregrina L. Purs- 
 lane iSPEEDWELL. Neck WEED. (Fig. 
 383.) Annual, glabrous, or glandular- 
 puberulent; stem 3-12' high. Leaves 
 oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatu- 
 late, 3"-10" long, the lowest opposite, 
 short-petioled, or sessile, broader than 
 the upper and usually denticulate, the 
 upper alternate, sessile, mostly entire, 
 each with a short-peduncled flower in 
 its axil ; flowers nearly white, about 1" 
 broad; peduncles much shorter than the 
 calyx; capsule nearly orbicular, ob- 
 cordate, usually a little shorter than 
 the calyx, 1"-1^" high, the seeds flat. 
 
 Occasional in cultivated grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of North America 
 where it is widely distributed. Nat- 
 uralized in .Jamaica. Flowers from 
 spring to autumn. 
 
 Veronica salicifolia Forst., Wil- 
 low-leaved Veronica, of New Zea- 
 land, recorded by Jones as grown in 
 Bermuda in 1873, is a glabrous shrub, 
 6° high or more, with lanceolate entire leaves about 3' long and numerous, white 
 or blue flowers in axillary racemes. 
 
 Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst., Yellow Snapdragon, Toadflax, European, 
 is sometimes grown in flower-gardens. It is an herbaceous perennial, l°-3° 
 high, with linear entire leaves and terminal racemes of bright yellow flowers 
 about 1' long, the irregular spurred corolla with a palate nearly closing the 
 throat; the capsule opens by pores. From Jones list of 1873, Reade 's record 
 of 1883, and that of H. B. Small, it vvould appear that they had observed this 
 plant on roadsides and in waste places, but Ave have not seen it outside of 
 cultivation in Bermuda. [Antirrhi7mm Linaria L. ; Linaria vulgaris Mill.] 
 
 Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd., Hairy Beard-tongue, North Ameri- 
 can, collected in Bermuda by Eein about 1853, as would appear from a 
 specimen preserved in the herbarium of the Berlin Botanical Garden, recorded 
 in Rein's list as Pentstemon piihescens Soland., and admitted by Hemsley, 
 has not been found by subsequent collectors. It may have been in cultivation, 
 as its existence as a wild plant in Bermuda is doubtful. It is an herbaceous 
 perennial, 3° high or less, nearly glabrous, with oblong to lanceolate, finely 
 toothed leaves, and long clusters of rather showy purple flowers, the corolla 
 about f ' long, the sterile stamen about as long as the four fertile ones. 
 
 A pubescent Pentstemon with lanceolate, entire leaves and large purplish 
 flowers was seen in cultivation at Rose Cottage in 1914. 
 
 Antirrhinum majus L., Snapdragon, European, an herbaceous perennial 
 with narrow leaves and terminal racemes of irregular flowers an inch or more 
 long, the corolla of various colors from white to purple, saccate at the base, 
 is common in flower gardens, blooming profusely in spring. 
 
 Mimulus luteus L., Yellow Monkey-flower, North American, recorded 
 by Reade as a garden flower, is an herbaceous perennial, with broad toothed 
 leaves and showy yellow axillary flowers over 1' long, the corolla with a 
 eylindric tube and a spreading 2-lipped limb, the four stamens all perfect. 
 
 Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill., Paulo wnia, Japanese, grown at 
 Norwood, is a tree, becoming 50° high or more, with broadly ovate petioled 
 cordate leaves 5'-16' broad, canescent on both sides when young, those of 
 
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 
 
 351 
 
 shoots coarsely serrate, those of older steins mostly entire ; the showy violet 
 flowers, about 2' long, are borne in large terminal panicles, the slightly 
 irregular corolla puberulent; its fruit is an ovoid pointed capsule about 2' 
 long. [Bigjionia tomentosa Thunb. ; Paulownia imperialis Sieb. & Zucc] 
 
 Family 11. BIGNONIACEAE Pers. 
 
 Trumpet-creeper Family. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few exotic species herbs, with opposite 
 (rarely alternate) leaves, and mostly large and showy, clustered, more or less 
 irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla gamopetalous, 
 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, at least in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 
 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; 
 anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or cup- 
 like. Ovary mostly 2-celled ; placentae parietal, or on the partition-wall of 
 the ovary; ovules numerous, horizontal, anatropous; style slender; stigma 
 terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds flat, transverse, winged in our 
 genera; endosperm none; cotyledons broad and flat, emarginate or 2-lobed; 
 radicle short, straight. About 60 genera and over 500 species of wide 
 distribution in tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; vine-like shrubs. 1. Tecoiyiaria. 
 
 Leaves digitate or unifoliolate ; trees or erect shrubs. 2. Tabehuia. 
 
 1. TECOMARIA Spach. 
 Vines or shrubs, with opposite petioled pinnate leaves, the leaflets ser- 
 rate, and showy flowers in terminal panicles or racemes. Calyx short, regular, 
 5-toothed. Corolla irregularly funnelform, the tube mostly curved, the limb 
 somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens exserted, the filaments filiform. Style slender, 
 exserted. Capsule linear, compressed. Seeds winged. [Name from similarity 
 to Tecoma.] Two or three species, natives of South Africa, the following 
 typical. 
 
 1. Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) 
 Spach. Cape Trumpet-flower. (Fig. 
 384.) Shrubby, 4°-8° high, or half- 
 climbing, the twigs and leaves glabrous 
 or minutely pubescent. Leaves 4'-6' 
 long; leaflets 5-9, ovate, elliptic, or the 
 lower obovate, acute or bluntish at the 
 apex, mostly narrowed at the base, short- 
 stalked, rather coarsely serrate, 2' long 
 or less; flowers in short terminal pan- 
 icles; corolla bright orange-red, about 
 2' long, the curved tube about 3 times 
 as long as the spreading limb ; capsule 
 flattened, about 2' long, and 2" wide. 
 [Bignonia capensis Thunb.; Tecoma 
 capensis Lindl.] 
 
 Along roads and in waste grounds, escaped from cultivation. Naturalized. 
 Extensively planted for hedges and finely ornamental. Native of South Africa. 
 Naturalized in the West Indies. Flowers freely and conspicuously In summer and 
 autumn. 
 
352 
 
 BIGNQXIACEAE. 
 
 2. TABEBUIA Gomez. 
 Trees or shrubs, with digitatelj 1-7-foliolate leaves, and mostly large and 
 showy corymbose or solitary flowers. Calyx tubular, or tubular-campanulate, 
 more or less irregularly toothed. Corolla funnelform, its tube gradually ex- 
 panded, its spreading, somewhat irregular limb 5-lobed. Stamens didynamous, 
 included, the anther-sacs diverging. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a linear loculicidal 
 capsule. Seeds flat, winged at both ends. [Brazilian name.] About 50 
 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Bignonia Tdbehuya Veil. 
 
 1. Tabebuia pallida 
 
 Miers. White Ckdar. 
 (Fig. 385.) A tree, up 
 to 60° high, the foliage 
 and inflorescence gla- 
 brous. Leaves 1-5-folio- 
 late; petioles l'-4' long; 
 leaflets elliptic to oblong- 
 elliptic or elliptic-obo- 
 vate, 6' long or less, 
 stalked, or the lower ones 
 sometimes sessile, pin- 
 nately veined, minutely 
 lepidote on both sides; 
 corymbs terminal, several: 
 flowered ; pedicels sler 
 der; calyx somewhat ob 
 lique, lepidote, about 5' 
 long; corolla pink oi 
 nearly white, about 2^' 
 long; capsule 5'-8' long, 
 about 3" thick; seed- 
 wings 4"-5" long. [Big- 
 nonia leucoxylon L., not 
 Tabehuia leucoxyla DC; 
 Tecoma pentaphylla of 
 Lefroy, of Eeade and of 
 H. B. Small; Tabebuia 
 pentaphylla of Verrill.] 
 
 Hedges and roadsides. Naturalized. Widely planted for shade and ornament. 
 Native of the West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn, sometimes when nearly 
 devoid of leaves. 
 
 Tabebuia serratifolia (Yahl) Nicholson, Showy Tabebuia, of the south- 
 ern Lesser Antilles, seen at Pembroke Hall in 1913, is a tree 30° high or more, 
 with long-petioled, digitately 5-foliolate leaves, the obovate to elliptic, stalked 
 acuminate leaflets 3'-5' long, the petioles and calyx rusty-tomentose, the bright 
 yellow flattened 5-lobed narrowly campanulate corolla about '2V long. [Big- 
 nonia serratifolia Vahl.] 
 
 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss., Trumpet-flower, tropical American, a shrub, 
 or small tree up to 30° high, with rough furrowed bark, pinnate leaves of 7 or 
 9 lanceolate sharply toothed leaflets and' terminal clusters of large yellow 
 flowers is frequently planted for ornament. [Bignoma stans L. ; Stenolobium 
 stans Seemann.] 
 
 Pyrostegia ignea (Veil.) Presl, Comely Trumpet-flower, Brazilian, a 
 long-climbing woody vine, with glabrous leaves of 2 ovate acuminate leaflets 
 
BIGNOXIACEAE. 353 
 
 and a tendril, or sometimes of 3 leaflets; showy orange-red flowers in axillary 
 corymbs, the tubular corolla 2V-3' long, with a short 2-lobed limb, is jjlanted 
 for ornament. [Bignonia ignea Veil.; B. venusta Ker.] 
 
 Bignonia radicans L., Trumpet-creeper, Eed Trumpet-flower, North 
 American, frequently planted for ornament, is a high-climbing, woody vine, 
 sometimes 30° long, with pinnate leaves of 7-11 broad toothed leaflets and 
 terminal corymbs of red and orange flowers, the tubular-campanulate corolla 
 nearly 2' broad, the spindle-shaped pods 4-6' long. [Tecoma radicans Juss.] 
 
 Bignonia obliqua H.B.K., Caracas Bignonia, Venezuelan, recorded by 
 Jones, is a vine, the leaves with 2 cordate shining leaflets and red flowers. 
 
 Bignonia Ibuccinatoria Mairet, Red Bignonia, Mexican, a vine with 4- 
 angled branches, the petioles and inflorescence tomentose, the leaves of 2 ovate 
 or elliptic leaflets and a tendril, the clustered, blood-red flowers 4' long, Is 
 also recorded by Jones as grown in Bermuda. Neither this nor the next pre- 
 ceding species are true Bignonias. 
 
 Anisostichus capreolata (L.) Bureau, Cross-vine, North American, a 
 high-climbing vine, with leaves of 2, broad leaflets and a tendril, the orange 
 red flowers in axillary clusters was introduced at Mt. Langton in 1874, but 
 subsequently disappeared, according to H. B. Small. [Bignonia capreolata L.J 
 
 Anemopaegma carrerense Armitage, Carrera Vine, of Trinidad and 
 Venezuela, a glabrous vine, with petioled leaves of 2 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 thin leaflets 2-3' long, axillary flowers, few in each cluster, 2^' long, the 
 short calyx truncate, the funnelform, nearly white corolla with a yellow 
 throat, the oval fruit about 3' long, is occasionally planted for ornament. 
 
 Pandorea jasminoides (Lindl.) Schum., Jasmine Pandorea, of New 
 South Wales, seen at Spring Haven in 1914, is a glabrous, high-climbing vine, 
 with pinnate, petioled leaves of 5 or 7 ovate-lanceolate leaflets l'-2' long, and 
 white flowers in panicles, the corolla about IV long, with broad, spreading 
 lobes. [Tecoma jasminoides Lindl.] 
 
 Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC, Kigelia, of tropical Africa, occasionally 
 planted, is a tree up to 50° high, with pinnate glabrous leaves whorled in 3s, 
 the 7 or 9 obovate or oblong sessile leaflets 2'-5' long; the large clustered 
 flowers are red, or crimson, the corolla broadly campanulate and 2-lipped ; the 
 fruit is oblong-cylindric, indehiscent, up to 1*° long and 4' or 5' thick, slightly 
 compressed, rounded at the apex. [Crescentia pinnata Jacq.] 
 
 Crescentia Cujete L., Calabash, tropical American, occasionally planted, 
 is an evergreen tree, up to 25° high, with long-branches, spatulate or oblanceo- 
 late entire clustered leaves 4-6' long, yellowish flowers about 2V long, the 
 calyx leathery, the corolla tubular-campanulate with short crisped lobes; the 
 fruit is globose or oval, smooth, green, turning dark brown, 6'-12' long, inde- 
 hiscent, with a very hard rind, which is utilized for baling boats, holding 
 water and other fluids. 
 
 Enallagma latifolia (Mill.) Small, Black Calabash, of Florida and the 
 West Indies, recorded by Jones as found in Bermuda, has oblong to obovate 
 leaves, the fruit 2-^-4' long, with a brittle shell. [C. cucurhitina L.] 
 
 Macrocatalpa longissima (Jacq.) Britton, ^'French Oak," West In- 
 dian, was represented in the collection at the Agricultural Station by a fine 
 young tree, flowering in the autumn of 1913. It has oblong-lanceolate, slender- 
 petioled acuminate thin leaves 3'-6' long, and white flowers in terminal 
 panicles, the tipped calyx deeply 2-lobed, the campanulate corolla o-lobed, the 
 lobes crisped; the narrowly linear drooping capsules are l°-2° long. [Catalpa 
 longissima Sims.; Bignonia longissima Jacq.] 
 
 Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Spathodea, of tropical Africa, a tree 
 with pinnate leaves 1° long or more, of 7-17 ovate nearly entire acute leaflets 
 3'-4' long, the terminal clustered irregular showy orange flowers 3'-4' long, 
 
 24 
 
354 BIGNONIACEAE. 
 
 the caljx curved and longitudinally split, was also represented at the Agri- 
 cultural Station in 1914 by a vigorous young tree, and by a tall tree in 
 A^'ictoria' Park. 
 
 Seedling plants of a species of Jacaranda, presumably South American, 
 were seen at the Agricultural Station in 1914. This genus consists of shrubs 
 and trees with pinnate or bipinnate leaves and terminal panicles of mostly 
 blue flowers. 
 
 Family 12. GESNERIACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Gesxeria Family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs with opposite, often unequal leaves, and variously 
 clustered or solitary, often showy, perfect irregular flow^ers. Calyx mostly 
 inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb usually oblique 
 and more or less 2-lipped. Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, borne on the corolla- 
 tube. Ovary 1-celled, or imperfectly 2-celled; ovules numerous, minute, 
 anatropous, on parietal placentae. Fruit mostly capsular, many-seeded. 
 About 90 genera and over 1000 species, of tropical and subtropical distribu- 
 tion. There are no native nor naturalized species of this family in Bermuda. 
 
 Isoloma Tydaea Bailey, Monkey-flower, Colombian, a glandular-villous 
 herbaceous species l°-2° high, with petioled ovate often cordate, serrate 
 more or less mottled leaves 2'-4' long, the axillary flowers long-peduncled, the 
 calyx 4"-5"' long, with 5 triangular lobes, the irregular corolla about IV long, 
 red and yellow, its lobes spotted, is grown in flower-gardens. [Achimenes picta 
 Benth.] 
 
 Lefroy records the occurrence of a species of Gloxinia in gardens. 
 
 Family 13. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Acanthus Family. 
 
 Herbs, or some tropical genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite 
 simple estipulate leaves, and iiTegular or nearly regular perfect flowers. 
 Calyx inferior, persistent, 4— 5-parted or 4-5-cleft, the sepals or segments 
 imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly regularly 5-lobed, or 2-lipped. 
 Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 only; anther-sacs longitu- 
 dinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or cup-like. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2-10 
 in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; style filiform, simple; stigmas 
 1 or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loculicidally elastically 2-valved. Seeds not 
 winged, borne on curved projections (retinacula) from the placentae, the 
 testa close, mostly roughened, often developing spiral threads and mucilage 
 when wetted. Endospeim in the following genera none; cotj^edons flat, 
 commonly cordate. About 175 genera and 2000 species, natives of tem- 
 perate and tropical regions. 
 
 1. JUSTICIA [Houst.] L. 
 Herbs, or shrubs, with entire leaves, the flowers variously clustered. 
 Calyx deeply cleft, its segments narrow, nearly equal. Corolla-tube mostly 
 shorter than the 2-lipped limb, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 
 2, borne in the throat of the corolla; anthers 2-celled; staminodes none; lower 
 anther-sac minutely appendaged. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. 
 Capsule oblong. [In honor of James Justice, a Scotch gardener.] Over 100 
 species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Justicia Adhatoda L. 
 
ACANTHACEAE. 
 
 355 
 
 1. Justicia secunda Vahl., Red Justicia. 
 (Fig. 386.) Shrubby, 8° high or less, piiberu- 
 lent above, the stems and branches nearly terete. 
 Leaves ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 8' long 
 or less, rather thin, long-acuminate at the apex, 
 mostly obtuse or rounded at the base; panicles 
 terminal, narrow, 4'-10' long; pedicels very 
 short; bracts subulate, about 1" long; calyx- 
 segments linear-lanceolate, 3"-4i" long; corolla 
 red or red-purple, about 1^' long, its lips longer 
 than its tube; capsule about 5" long. 
 
 Banks and thickets, locally escaped from cul- 
 tivation. Introduced. Native of the West Indies. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 Thunbergiso alata Bojer, Winged Thun- 
 BERGiA, African, a softly pubescent vine up to 
 6° long, with broad-petioled ovate hastate acute 
 leaves, and solitary axillary long-peduncled 
 large-bracted flowers, the calyx many-toothed, 
 the corolla yellow or white, often with a dark 
 eye, the globose capsule long-beaked, is com- 
 monly grown in gardens. 
 
 Thunbergia fragrans Roxb., White Thunbergia, East Indian, a nearly 
 glabrous slender vine sometimes 9° long, with slender-petioled ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, entire or few-toothed leaves and solitary axillary bracted long- 
 stalked mostly white flowers, the calyx many-toothed, as in the preceding 
 species, the subglobose capsule with a stout flattened beak, is occasionally 
 grown, according to Reade. 
 
 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb., Large-flowered Thunbergia, East In- 
 dian, a strongly-growing stout roughish vine up to 20° long, the large leaves 
 coarsely angulately toothed and cordate, the numerous large bracted white to 
 purplish flowers racemose, with a truncate calyx, the capsule stout-beaked, is 
 commonly grown for ornament. 
 
 Thunbergia erecta T. Anders., Bush Thunbergia, Asiatic, a slender 
 shrub, up to 6° high, with thin entire ovate acuminate leaves, and large 
 solitary short-peduncled axillary purple or white flowers, the capsule conic 
 above the swollen base, is occasionally grown in gardens. 
 
 Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl., Laurel-lea\^d Thunbergia, East Indian, 
 a glabrous high-climbing woody vine, with opposite petioled ovate-lanceolate 
 to oblong, firm leaves 4-6' long, the large showy flowers whorled in racemes 
 on pedicels i'-V long, the purple-blue corolla about 3' broad, with a white 
 throat and spreading 5-lobed limb was seen at Paget Rectory in 1914. 
 
 Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., Caricature Plant, Australasian, a 
 shrub 6° high or more, the elliptic acuminate entire short-petioled leaves 
 4-8' long, usually yellowish-blotched, the large crimson clustered flowers about 
 2' long, the pubescent corolla strongly 2-lipped, with a narrow tube expanded 
 above, is grown for ornament and interest. [G. hortense Nees; G. versicolor 
 of Lefroy.] 
 
 Sanchesia nobilis Hook, f., Brilliant-floavered Sanchesia, South Ameri- 
 can, occasional in flower-gardens, is a stout herbaceous plant, nearly gla- 
 brous, with bluntly 4-angled stems 2°-4° high; its oblong acuminate crenate 
 
356 ACANTHACEAE. 
 
 petioled leaves are 3-10' long, its bright yellow flowers about 2' long, the 
 tubular corolla with a small oblique limb; the showy large ovate bracts are 
 bright red, the branches of the panicle purple. 
 
 Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze, White Odontonema, Mexican, 
 a nearly glabrous shrub about 6° high, with opposite short-petioled short- 
 pointed, sometimes variegated leaves 3'-5' long, the nearly white flowers in 
 narrow terminal panicles, the whitish corolla nearly regular, the limb about f 
 broad, about as long as the cylindric tube, is commonly planted for ornament. 
 [Thyrsaca7ithus cuspidatus Nees.] 
 
 Rhacodiscus lucidus (Andr.) Lindau, recorded by Lefroy as common in 
 gardens, resembles Jiisticia secunda, but has much larger flowers in shorter 
 panicles; it is recorded by Lefroy and by H. B. Small. [JusUcia lucida 
 Andr.] 
 
 Barleria lupulina Lmdl., Yellow Barleria, Madagascan, a glabrous 
 shrub 3° high or less, with 2 slender spines V-V long in the axils of the 
 elongated linear leaves, and bright yellow bracted flowers about IJ' long in 
 dense terminal spikes, the corolla-limb with 3 large and 2 small lobes, is planted 
 for ornament. 
 
 Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl.) E. Br., Blue Eranthemuai, East In- 
 dian, a somewhat pubescent or puberulent shrub 3°-6° high, with thin ovate 
 to elliptic leaves 8' long or less, acuminate at each end, axillary spicate flowers, 
 the large whitish strongly veined bracts densely imbricated, acute or acumi- 
 nate, the blue 5-lobed corolla nearly 1' broad, is common in gardens, [£". 
 pulchellum Andr.; JusUcia nervosa Vahl.] This may be the ''Blue Justicia" 
 mentioned by Lefroy. 
 
 Eranthemum Anderson! Masters, Anderson's Eranthemum, Malayan, 
 recorded by Lefroy, has lanceolate to elliptic leaves, and spicate purple-mot- 
 tled flowers. 
 
 Eranthemum album (Eoxb.) DC, White Eranthemum, of the East In- 
 dies, recorded by Lefroy and by H. B. Small, is a tall puberulent shrub, with 
 elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled leaves and white flowers in axillary 
 panicled spikes, the narrow corolla I'-li' long, with a 2-lipped limb. {Justicia 
 alba Eoxb.] 
 
 Eranthemum reticulatum Bull, Yellow-veined Eranthemum, Polyne- 
 sian, taken to Paynter 's Yale from the New York Botanical Garden in 1912 
 and growing there vigorously in 1914, is a shrub 3°-5° high, with glabrous 
 somewhat fleshy, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, bluntly acuminate leaves, 2'-10' 
 long, the upper ones yellow-mottled, the lower yellowish-veined, the racemose 
 flowers white, blotched red-purple. 
 
 Jacobmia magnifica (Nees) Benth., Pink Jacobinia, Brazilian, a shrub 
 about 5° high, with petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate finely 
 pubescent or glabrate leaves 4'-7' long, and large terminal clusters of rose- 
 colored flowers, the 2-lipped corolla about 2' long, is occasionally grown for 
 ornament. [Justicia carnea Hook.] 
 
 Jacobinia aiirea (Schlecht.) Hemsl., Yellow Jacobinia, Central Ameri- 
 can, also grown for ornament, is a shrub up to 6° high^ with finely puberulent 
 or glabrous foliage, the broadly oval or ovate, petioled acuminate thin leaves 
 6'-10' long; the yellow flowers are m long dense terminal clusters, the 2-lipped 
 corolla about 2' long. 
 
 Strobilanthes coloratus (Nees) T. Anders., Purple Strobilanthes, East 
 Indian, occasional in flower gardens, is shrubby, about 3° high, its purple 
 leaves ovate, acaminate, subcordate, short-petioled, serrate, 3'-7' long, its 
 
ACANTHACEAE. 357 
 
 purple flowers about 1' long, numerous in bracted terminal panicles. [Gold- 
 fussio color ata Nees.] 
 
 Strobilanthes isophyllus (Nees) T. Anders., Narrow-leaved Strobi- 
 LANTHES, also East Indian, about 2° high, ^Yitll linear-lanceolate leaves 4'-8' 
 long and panicled bluish flowers was grown at the Public Garden, St. Georges, 
 in 1912. 
 
 Fittonia argyroneura E. Coem., White-veined Fittonia, of western 
 South America, commonly grown in green houses, and less successfully on rock 
 work, is a pubescent perennial, with spreading or trailing branches, and 
 broadly ovate rounded entire leaves 2'-3' long, rather dark green^ and con- 
 spicuously white-veined; the yellowish flowers of this plant are borne in pe- 
 duncled narrow bracted spikes, the slender corolla with a long narrow lip. 
 
 Under the name Cyrtanthera rosea, Lefroy records a plant of this family 
 grown in gardens at St. George's and at Mt. Langton, where it was brought 
 from Ireland in 1874; I have been unable to identify this, there being no pub- 
 lished species of that name. 
 
 Family 14. MYOPORACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Myoporum Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees^ with alternate or opposite, entire stipulate leaves, 
 and perfect, more or less irregular flowers, solitary or clustered in the 
 axils. Calyx inferior, 5-parted. Corolla gamopetalous, its limb 2-lipped 
 or oblique. Stamens 4, mostly didynamous, borne on the corolla-tube, the 
 filaments filiform. Ovar>^ usually 2-celled ; style terminal ; stigma terminal 
 and small; ovules 1 in each ovary-cavity. Fruit a drupe. Five genera 
 and 80 species or more, mostly Australian, only the following American. 
 
 Bontia daphnoides L., Bontia, West Indian, a shrub or low tree, grow- 
 ing in 1913 in a garden in Smith's Parish, has lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 entire somewhat fleshy, short-petioled acute faintly veined leaves 3'-4' long, 
 and peduncled flowers solitary in the upper axils, the peduncles longer than the 
 petioles; the obconic calyx, about 2*" long, has 5 ovate acute ciliate lobes; 
 the yellowish, purple-mottled corolla is nearly 1' long, tubular, 2-lipped, the 
 upper lip nearly straight, the lower shorter and reflexed, pilose within, the 
 longer pair of stamens a little exserted; its yellowish drupe is about i' long. 
 
 Family 15. PHRYMACEAE Schauer. 
 
 LoPSEED Family. 
 
 An erect perennial herb w^ith divaricate branches, opposite membranous 
 simple leaves, and small irregular purplish flowers, distant in slender 
 elongated spikes. Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, the teeth 
 setaceous; lower lip much shorter, 3-toothed, the teeth subulate. Corolla- 
 tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate; 
 lower lip larger, spreading, convex, 3-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, 
 didynamous, included. Ovary oblique, 1-cellod; ovule 1, orthotropous, as- 
 cending; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Calyx reflexed in fruit, enclosing 
 the dry achene, becoming prominently ribbed, closed and its teeth hooked 
 at the ends Cotjdedons convolute; radicle superior. Consists of the 
 following" • 
 
358 
 
 PHRYMACEAE. 
 
 A monotypic genus. 
 
 1. PHRYMA L. 
 
 [Name unexplained.] 
 
 1. Phryma Leptostachya L. Lop- 
 seed. (Fig. 387.) Puberulent; stem 
 somewliat 4-sided, sometimes constricted 
 above the nodes, branched above, the 
 branches slender, elongated, divergent. 
 Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, 
 coarsely dentate, 2-6' long, the lower 
 petioled, the upper often nearly sessile; 
 spikes very narrow, 2'-6' long; flowers 
 about 3" long, mostly opposite, distant, 
 borne on very short minutely 2-brac- 
 teolate pedicels, at first erect, soon 
 spreading, the calyx, after flowering, 
 abruptly reflexed against the axis of 
 the spike. 
 
 Collected in Bermuda only by Lefroy 
 and by Moseley. Introduced. Native of 
 eastern North America and eastern Asia. 
 I have examined a specimen. Lefroy 
 records this species as a weed of American 
 origin. Recent collectors have been unable to find it in Bermuda, but there appears 
 to be no doubt that it formerly existed here, probably only as a waif, however. 
 
 Order 6. PL ANT AGIN ALES. 
 
 Only the following f amilj^ : 
 
 Family 1. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Plantain Family. 
 
 Herbs, with basal, or, in the caulescent species, opposite or alternate 
 leaves, and small perfect polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate 
 in spikes or beads, or rarely solitary. Calyx 4-parted, inferior, peristent, 
 the segments imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or membranous, 
 mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 (only 1 in an Andean genus), 
 inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; filaments filiform, exserted 
 or included; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs logitudinally dehiscent. 
 Ovary sessile, superior, 1-2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled. Style filiform, 
 simple, mostly longitudinally stigmatic. Ovules 1-several in each cavity of 
 the ovary, peltate, amphitropous. Fruit a pyxis, eircumscissile at or below 
 the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet. Seeds 1-several in each cavity of the 
 fruit; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons narrow; radicle short, mostly straight. 
 Three genera and over 225 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 1. PLANTAGO L. 
 
 Leafy-stemmed, short-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, with opposite, alter- 
 nate or basal leaves, bearing axillary or terminal spikes or heads of small 
 
PLANT AGINACEAE. 
 
 359 
 
 greenish or purplish flowers. Calyx-segments equal, or two of them larger. 
 Corolla salverform, the tube eylindric, or constricted at the throat, the limb 
 spreading in anthesis. Fruit a membranous pyxis, mostly 2-celled. Seeds 
 various, sometimes hollowed out on the inner side. [The Latin name.] Over 
 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Plantago major L. 
 
 Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit. 
 
 Leaves ovate ; seeds several in each pyxis. 1. P. major. 
 
 Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate ; seeds only 2 in each pyxis. 2. P. lanceolata. 
 
 Corolla-lobes erect and closing over the top of the pyxis ; seeds 2-4. 3. P. viryinica. 
 
 1. Plantago major L. Common, or 
 Greater Plantain. (Pig. 388.) Peren- 
 nial, glabrous or pubescent; rootstock short, 
 thick, erect. Leaves long-petioled, mostly 
 ovate, entire, or coarsely dentate, l'-6' long, 
 3-11-ribbed; scapes 2-2° high; spike linear- 
 cylindric, usually dense, commonly blunt, 2'- 
 6' long, 3''-4" thick; flowers perfect; sepals 
 broadly ovate to obovate, scarious margined, 
 one-half to two-thirds as long as the obtuse 
 or subacute, 5-16-seeded pyxis which is cir- 
 cumscissile at about the middle; stamens 4. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of Europe. Widely nat- 
 uralized nearly all over the world. Flowers 
 nearly throughout the year. 
 
 2. Plantago lanceolata L. Eib- 
 
 Tv^ORT. Rib-grass. (Fig. 389.) 
 Perennial or biennial, pubescent; 
 rootstock short, erect, with tufts of 
 hairs at the bases of the leaves. 
 Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 
 shorter than the scapes, entire, acute 
 or acuminate, gradually narrowed 
 into petioles, 3-5-ribbed, 2-12' 
 long; scapes slender, channelled, 6'- 
 2° tall; spikes dense, at first ovoid, 
 becoming eylindric, blunt and l'-4' 
 long in fruit, 4"-6" thick; flowers 
 perfect; sepals ovate, with a nar- 
 row green midrib and broad scarious 
 margins, the two lower ones com- 
 monly united; corolla glabrous; fil- 
 aments white; pyxis oblong, very 
 obtuse, 2-seeded, slightly longer than 
 the calyx, circumscissile at about 
 the middle. 
 
 Common in grassy places, waste and cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native 
 of Europe. Widely naturalized in North America. Flowers nearly throughout the 
 year. In Bermuda the plant is frequently clothed with long silvery hairs. 
 
360 
 
 PLANTAGINACEAE. 
 
 3. Plantago virginica L. 
 
 Dwarf or White Dwarf Plan- 
 tain. (Fig. 390.) Annual or bi- 
 ennial, pubescent or villous; scapes 
 erect, much longer than the leaves. 
 Leaves spatulate or obovate, thin, 
 entire, or repand-clenticulate, nar- 
 rowed into margined petioles, or 
 almost sessile, 3-5-nerved; spikes- 
 dense, or the lower flowers scat- 
 tered, linear-eylindric, obtuse, 3"- 
 4" thick, flowers imperfectly dioe- 
 cious; corolla-lobes of the fertile 
 plants erect and connivent on the 
 top of the pyxis, those of the sterile 
 spreading ; stamens 4 ; pyxis oblong, 
 about as long as the calyx, 2-4- 
 seeded. 
 
 Occasional in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized. Native 
 of North America. Flowers from 
 spring to autumn. 
 
 Plantago Eugelli Dene., Eugel's Plantain, North American, was doubt- 
 fully recorded as Bermudian by Jones. It differs from P. major by its pyxis 
 being circumscissile much below the middle. 
 
 Order 7. RUBIALES. 
 
 Corolla gamopetalous. Anthers separate, the stamens as many as the 
 corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Linnaea of the Capri- 
 foliaceae) or twice as many. Ovary compound, inferior, adnate to the 
 calyx-tube ; ovules 1 or more in each cavity. Leaves opposite or verticilate. 
 
 Leaves always stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. 1. Rup.iaceae. 
 Leaves usually estipulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 2, Caprifoliaceae. 
 
 Family 1. RUBIACEAE B. Jass. 
 Madder Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple, opposite or sometimes verticil- 
 late, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimorphous or trimorphous, 
 regular and nearly symmetrical flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovarv', 
 its limb various. Corolla funnelform, club-shaped, campanulate, or rotate, 
 4^o-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with 
 them, inserted on its tube or throat. Ovary 1-10-cellecI ; style simple or 
 lobed; ovules l-oo in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. Seeds 
 various; seed-coat membranous or crustaceous; endosperm fleshy or horny 
 (wanting in some exotic genera); cotyledons ovate, cordate, or foliaceous. 
 
 A large family of some 340 genera including about 6000 species, of 
 wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the tropics. 
 
 A. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cavity. 
 
 Flowers axillary 1. Ranclia. 
 
 Flowers terramal. 2. Casasia. 
 
 B. Ovules only 1 m each ovary-cavity. 
 Shrubs or trees. 
 
 Ovules pendulous ; flowers racemose. 3. Chiococca. 
 
RUBIACEAE. 
 
 361 
 
 Ovules not pendulous ; flowers not racemose. 
 Flowers terminal, corymbose or panicled. 
 Flowers clustered in the axils. 
 Low herbs. 
 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 Both carpels dehiscent. 
 
 One carpel dehiscent, the other indehiscent. 
 Leaves verticillate. 
 
 Calyx-limb none or obsolete. 
 
 Flowers 3 together, their pedicels connate, 
 
 middle flower fertile. 
 Pedicels separate ; flowers all fertile. 
 Calyx-lobes subulate, persistent. 
 
 the 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 Psychotria. 
 Coffea. 
 
 Borreria. 
 Uperrnacoce. 
 
 Vaillantia. 
 
 Galium. 
 
 Sherardia. 
 
 1. RANDIA [Houst.] L. 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees, the leaves opposite. Flowers perfect, solitary, 
 usually axillary. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla funnelform, salverform or campanu- 
 late, its lobes 5, convolute. Stamens 5, adnate to the throat of the corolla; 
 filaments short or nearly wanting. Disk annular or cushion-like., Ovary 2- 
 celled or very rarely 3-4-celled; styles usually united, stout, terminating in a 
 club-shaped, spindle-shaped or rarely cleft stigma. Berry usually 2-celled. 
 Seeds free or in a pulp, the testa thin, the endosperm horny. [In honor of 
 Isaac Eand, English apothecary.] About 100 species, natives of tropical re- 
 gions. Type species: Bandia mitis L. 
 
 1. Randia acnleata L. Box Briar. 
 (Fig. 391.) A branching shrub, 3°-9° tall, 
 often spiny, the foliage glabrous or nearly 
 so. Leaves often clustered, spatulate, ob- 
 ovate, elliptic, oval or suborbicular, V-V 
 long, narrowed into short petioles; flowers 
 short-stalked; calyx-lobes triangular or 
 ovate; corolla white, 3"-4" long; its lobes 
 oblong, shorter than the tube; berries sub- 
 globose or oval, white, 4"-6" long. [Scolos- 
 antJms Sagraeanus of Millspaugh; Bandia 
 latifolia of Jones.] 
 
 Abundant in sandy soil, Paget and War- 
 wick : also in Paget Marsh. Native. Florida 
 and the West Indies. Said by Lefroy (Botany 
 of Bermuda, p. 81) to be "an interesting ex- 
 ample of local naturalization " but on p. 139 
 of the same work he indicates it as a native 
 species, which it certainly appears to be. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. From 
 Reade's description of BachicalUs rupestris it 
 would seem that he had this plant in mind. 
 Its fruits may have reached Bermuda by float- 
 ing. 
 
 2. CAS ASIA A. Eich. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with terete branches. Leaves opposite, leathery; stipules 
 deciduous. Flowers perfect, in short-peduncled cymes. Calyx turbinate or cam- 
 panulate, truncate or with 5 or 6 obtuse sepals, persistent. Corolla white or 
 yellow, salverform or nearly rotate; pubescent in the throat, its lobes 5 or 6, 
 spreading, contorted. Stamens 5 or 6, adnate to the mouth of the corolla-tube; 
 anthers sessile. Disk cup-like. Ovary 1-2-celled; styles stout. 0^^lles numer- 
 ous in each cavity. Fruit a thick pulpy berry. Seeds numerous, angled. 
 [In honor of Luis de las Casas, Captain General of Cuba.] About 8 species, 
 of Florida and the West Indies. Type species: Casasia calophijlla A. Eich. 
 
362 
 
 RUBIACEAE. 
 
 1. Casasia clusiifolia (Jacq.) 
 Urban. Seven-year Apple. (Fig. 
 392.) A brandling shrub, 3°-8° tall, 
 the foliage glabrous, turning black in 
 drying. Leaves clustered, leathery, 
 obovate to cuneate, 2'-6' long, rounded 
 or retuse at the apex, lustrous, often 
 mucronate, entire, short-petioled; 
 calyx-tube 4"-5" long, turbinate, the 
 lobes subulate, shorter than the tube; 
 corolla fleshy, glabrous, its tube 7'- 
 10" long, its lobes lanceolate or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, shorter than the tube ; 
 berries ovoid to obovoid, 2'-3' long. 
 [Genipa clusiifolia Griseb.] 
 
 Rocky slope near Castle Point, 19'12. 
 Native. Florida, Bahamas, Cuba. Flow- 
 ers in spring or early summer. 
 
 3. CHIOCOCCA L. 
 
 Shrubs, with upright or climbing 
 stems, the leaves opposite, leathery, 
 lustrous; stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, in axillary simple or compound 
 racemes or panicles. Calyx-tube obovate or turbinate, its 5 lobes persistent. 
 Corolla funnelform, with a glabrous throat; lobes 5, spreading or reflexed, 
 valvate. Disk cushion-like. Stamens 5, essentially free from the corolla-tube. 
 Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled; styles united, filiform; stigmas terete, some- 
 times clavate. Ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit white, flat- 
 tened, leathery, sometimes 2-lobed. Seeds pendulous, flattened, the testa mem- 
 branous, the endosperm fleshy. [Greek, snow-berry.] About 7 species, natives 
 of warm-temperate and tropical America. Type species: CJiiococca i^acemosa 
 L. [C. alba (L.) Hitchc] 
 
 1. Chiococca bermudiana S. Brown. 
 Blolly. Bermuda Sxow-berry. (Fig. 
 393.) A shrub, 2°-6° high, or some- 
 times vine-like and 10°-15° long, gla- 
 brous, the rather stout branches light 
 green, terete or nearly so. Leaves ellip- 
 tic to ovate, 2'-4-l' long, f '-2^' wide, firm 
 in texture, light green on both sides, 
 slightly darker above than beneath, acute 
 or short-acuminate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed at the base, the midvein rather 
 prominent on both sides, the lateral veins 
 few, relatively obscure, the stout petioles 
 6" long or less; stipules low and broad, 
 mucronate ; panicles about as long as the 
 leaves; flowers numerous, fragrant; pedi- 
 cels rather stout, 2"-4" long; calyx 
 turbinate-campanulate, about 1" long, 
 its lobes triangular, acutish, much 
 shorter than the tube; corolla yellow, 
 4"-5" long, its tube narrowly funnel- 
 form, about twice as long as the ovate- 
 lanceolate lobes; stamens borne at the 
 
RUBIACEAE. 
 
 363 
 
 base of the corolla-tube, the filaments ^" long, much shorter than the anthers; 
 style as long as the corolla-tube; fruit compressed, becoming subglobose, pure 
 white, shining, 3"-4" long, the withering corolla long-persistent. [Chiococca 
 racemosa of Lefroy, Reade, Jones, Hemsley and H. B. Small.] 
 
 Frequent on hillsides. Endemic. Flowers in autumn, the fruit ripe in winter 
 The glossy foliage, beautiful flowers and fruit make this one of the most attractive 
 and interesting plants of Bermuda. It was long supposed to be identical with C. 
 alha, of Florida and the West Indies, its nearest relative ; the species was first 
 described by Stewardson Brown in " Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
 of Philadelphia," 19U9, p. 493. It differs from C. aiha by lighter green foliage, 
 larger leaves, stouter and longer pedicels and larger berries, and is a much more 
 elegant plant when in bloom ; as remarked by Lefroy, it is well worthy of cultiva- 
 tion ; it is readily grown as shown by a number of small plants taken to the New 
 York Botanical Garden in 1912. 
 
 The species probably originated from seeds of Chiococca alha transported to 
 Bermuda from Florida or the Bahamas by a bird, there producing plants which 
 subsequently, through isolation, developed differently from their ancestor. 
 
 4. PSYCHOTRIA L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, or rarely perennial herbs, the entire-margined leaves op- 
 posite or rarely whorled; stipules sometimes sheathing. Flowers perfect or 
 rarely polygamo-dioecious, in terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx short, mostly 
 5-lobed. Corolla white, pink, green or yellow, tubular, funnelform or cam- 
 panulate, the tube straight, its lobes 5, or rarely 4 or 6, valvate. Stamens as 
 many as the corolla-lobes, adnate up to the throat or mouth of the corolla-tube ; 
 anthers attached at the base. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cavity, 
 erect, anatropous. Fruit a small berry or drupe, often ribbed. Seeds erect, 
 testa thin; endosperm sometimes ruminated. [From the Greek, to give life, 
 with reference to supposed medicinal qualities.] Over 200 species, natives of 
 tropical and warm-temperate America. Type species: Psychotria asiatica L. ; 
 the name asiatica was given by Linnaeus m error, the plant being Jamaican. 
 
 1. Psychotria lignstri- 
 folia (Northrop) Millsp. 
 Wild Coffee. (Fig. 394.) 
 A glabrous shrub, 4°-8° 
 high. Leaves oblong, or ob- 
 long-oblanceolate, 2'-4' long, 
 i'-lV in width, rather firm 
 in texture, pinnately few- 
 veined, dark green and some- 
 what shining above, paler 
 green and commonly with 
 small tufts of hairs in the 
 axils of the veins beneath, 
 acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base 
 into slender petioles 8" long 
 or less, the deciduous stip- 
 ules sheathing, subulate- 
 tipped; peduncles Y-2' long, 
 slender ; panicles several- 
 many-flowered, l'-2' broad; 
 flowers very nearly sessile, 
 about 2" long, the minute 
 calyx 5-6-toothed, the white 
 corolla tubular-eampanulate ; 
 fruit oblong, several-ribbed, 
 about 3" long, dark red. 
 
 t7 
 
364 
 
 RUBIACEAE. 
 
 [Myrstiphyllum ligustrifolium Northrop; Psychotria undata of Lefroy, Moore, 
 Hemsley and of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Frequent in rocky woodlands between Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound ; 
 Paget Marsh, 1914. Native. Florida, and the West Indies. Flowers in spring. 
 Its seed was probably brought to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
 5. COFFEA L. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with broad leaves, and white fragrant flowers 
 clustered in the axils. Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong. Corolla funnelform or 
 salverform, the 4 or 5 oblong lobes obtuse or acutish, contorted. Stamens 
 4 or 5, borne at the mouth of the corolla, the filaments very short, the anthers 
 linear, twisted or curved after dehiscence. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each 
 cavity; style 2-branched. Berry oblong or globose containing 2 hard convex 
 nutlets. [Name from the Arabic] About 20 species, natives of the Old 
 World, the following typical. 
 
 1. Coffea arabica L. Coffee. (Fig. 
 395.) Glabrous, 10°-20° high, the trunk 
 slender, usually straight. Leaves elliptic 
 to oblong, dark green, somewhat shining, 
 pinnately veined, 3'-6' long, acute or acu- 
 minate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at 
 the base, the rather stout petioles V long 
 or less ; flowers several together in the axils, 
 short-pedicelled ; calyx about IV' long, 
 nearly truncate; corolla-tube 3"-'5" long, 
 its lobes rather longer ; anthers shorter than 
 the corolla-lobes; berry oblong to globose, 
 smooth, 5"-8" long. 
 
 Abundant in rocky woodlands between 
 Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound, a relic 
 of former cultivation. Naturalized. Native 
 of eastern tropical Africa. Flowers in spring 
 and summer. 
 
 6. BORRERIA G. F. W. Meyer. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with opposite entire leaves, 
 the stipules sheathing, the flowers perfect, solitary in the axils, or in axillary 
 or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid or turbinate, its lobes persistent, 
 sometimes accompanied by small teeth. Corolla white, pink or blue, funnel- 
 form or salverform; the lobes 4, valvate, spreading. Stamens 4, adnate to 
 the corolla-tube sometimes up to its throat. Disk obsolete or cushion-like. 
 Ovary 2-celled; styles wholly or partially united; ovules solitary in each 
 cavity, amphitropous. Fruit leathery or crustaceous, the 2 carpels opening 
 along their inner faces. [In honor of W. Borrer, British lichenologist.] 
 About 90 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. Type species: 
 Borreria suaveolens G. F. W. Meyer. 
 
RUBIACEAE. 
 
 365 
 
 1. Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb. But- 
 ton-weed. (Fig. 396.) Slightly pubescent, 
 branched, the branches spreading or ascend- 
 ing, 6'-18' long, somewhat angled. Leaves 
 oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, i'-lV long, 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
 the base into short petioles, pinnately 
 veined; stipular sheath subtruncate, bearing 
 several bristles 2"-3" long; flowers white, 
 about li" wide, capitate-clustered in the 
 axils; calyx-lobes 4, ovate, minute; fruit 
 obovoid, about 1" long; seeds oblong, stri- 
 ate. [Spermacoce laevis Lam.] 
 
 Common in nearly all dry situations. Na- 
 tive. West Indies. Flowers nearly through- 
 out the year Its minute seeds were probably 
 brought to Bermuda on the wind. 
 
 7. SPERMACOCE L, 
 Annual or perennial herbs, the stems 
 usually 4-angled, the leaves opposite; stip- 
 ules sheathing. Flowers perfect, solitary or few in the axils. Calyx-lobes per- 
 sistent, sometirhes accompanied by small teeth. Corolla white, pink or blue, 
 funnelform or salverform, the lobes spreading, valvate. Stamens 4, adnate 
 to the throat of the corolla-tube or lower down. Ovary 2-celled; styles wholly 
 or partially united, filiform; ovules solitary in each cavity, attached to the 
 middle of the septa, amphitropous. Fruit leathery or crustaceous, of two car- 
 pels, one opening through the ventral face, the other remaining closed. [Greek, 
 seed-point, from the sharp calyx-teeth surmounting the capsule.] About 4 
 
 species, natives of temperate and 
 tropical America. Type species: 
 Spermacoce tenuior L. 
 
 Plant glabrous or nearly so ; leaves 
 linear to oblong-lanceolate l"-3" 
 wide. 1. S. tenuior. 
 
 Plant pubescent with long hairs ; 
 leaves lanceolate, 4"-10" wide. 
 
 2. 8. tetraquetra. 
 
 1. Spermacoce tenuior L. 
 
 Slender Spermacoce. (Fig. 397.) 
 Glabrous or nearly so. Stems 
 simple and erect or more or less 
 diffusely branched from the base, 
 the branches 4'-12' long; leaves 
 linear, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
 j'-2' long, acute or acuminate at 
 both ends, narrowed into short 
 petioles; calyx-lobes subulate or 
 lanceolate-subulate ; corolla white, 
 twice or thrice as long as the calyx- 
 lobes, its lobes broad, rounded, the 
 fruit about 1" long. 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds 
 Naturalized. Native of temperate 
 and tropical America. Flowers from 
 spring to autumn. 
 
366 
 
 RUBIACEAE. 
 
 2. Spermacoce tetraquetra 
 A. Rich. Hairy Spermacoce. 
 (Fig. 397.) Stouter and larger 
 than S. tenuior, sometimes 2° 
 high, densely pubescent nearly all 
 over with long, whitish hairs. 
 Leaves lanceolate to oblong- 
 lanceolate, rather strongly veined, 
 acute at the apex, narowed or 
 obtuse at the base, l'-3' long, 10" 
 wide or less; calyx-lobes lanceo- 
 late, acuminate; corolla white, 
 about twice as long as the calyx- 
 lobes j fruit about 1" long. 
 
 Common in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized. Na- 
 tive of Cuba and the Bahamas. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 8. VAILLANTIA [Tourn.] L. 
 Low, annual branching herbs, 
 with 4-angled stems, and small 
 leaves verticillate in 4's, the very 
 small white or yellowish flowers 3 
 together in the axils, very nearly 
 sessile, the short pedicels connate, thickened and recurved in fruit, the lateral 
 flowers staminate, the middle one perfect. Staminate flowers with an obsolete 
 calyx, a rotate 3-cleft corolla and 3 stamens. Perfect flowers with a nearly 
 globular calyx, a rotate, 4-cleft corolla, 4 stamens with didymous anthers, a 
 2-celled ovary and a 2-divided style; fruit concrete, 3-4-horned, spinulose. 
 [In honor of Sebastian Vaillant, 1669-1722, 
 French botanist.] A few species, natives of 
 southern Europe, northern Africa and western 
 Asia. Type species: F. muralis L. 
 
 1. Vailantia hispida L. Hispid Vaillan- 
 TiA. (Fig. 399.) Branched from the base, the 
 slender branches spreading or ascending, 2-8' 
 long, glabrous or nearly so below and when 
 young throughout, becoming densely hispid 
 with spreading hairs above the lower nodes. 
 Leaves oblong, 5" long or less, obtuse or 
 acutish at the apex, narrowed into short 
 petioles; flowers scarcely 1" long, whitish; 
 fruit with 3 short laciniate horns; seed 
 hemispheric. 
 
 Frequent in grassy places. Naturalized. 
 Native of Europe. Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
RUBIACEAE. 
 
 367 
 
 Vaillantia muralis L., recorded by Jones and by Lefroy as found in 
 Bermuda, has not with certainty been subsequently detected; it is glabrous 
 throughout, or a little hairy at the ends of the branches, and has obovate 
 leaves and smaller, less laciniate fruits. 
 
 9. GALIUM L. 
 
 Herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verticillate 
 leaves, and small flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, the 
 pedicels usually jointed with the calyx. Flowers perfect, or in some species 
 dioecious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed, or none. 
 Corolla rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short; 
 anthers exserted. Ovary '2-celled; ovules one in each cavity. Styles 2, short; 
 stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels, or 
 sometimes only 1 of the carpels maturing. Seed convex on the back, concave 
 on the face, or spherical and hollow; endosperm horny; embryo curved; 
 cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, milk, from the use of G. venim for curdling.] 
 About 250 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Galium Mollugo L. 
 The leaves are really opposite, the intervening members of the verticils being 
 stipules. 
 
 Annual ; leaves in 6's or 8's. 
 Perennials ; leaves in 4's. 
 
 Fruit dry, densely hispid. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, pubescent. 
 
 1. G. Aparine. 
 
 2. G. pilosum. 
 
 3. G. bcnnudense. 
 
 1. Galium Aparine L. Cleavers. 
 GoosEGRASs. Cleaver-wort. (Fig. 400.) 
 Weak, scrambling over bushes, 2°-5° 
 long, the stems retrorsely hispid on the 
 angles. Leaves in 6 's or 8 's, oblanceo- 
 late to linear, cuspidate I'-S^' long, 2"- 
 5" wide, the margins and midrib very 
 rough; flowers in 1-3-flowered cymes in 
 the upper axils; peduncles i'-V long; 
 fruiting pedicels straight; fruit 2"-5" 
 broad, densely covered with hooked 
 bristles. 
 
 Occasional in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. North temperate 
 zone. Flowers in spring. This may be the 
 plant mentioned by Reade as G. palustre, 
 found once by him in Pembroke Marsh, and 
 described under that name by H. B. Small. 
 
368 
 
 RUBIACEAE. 
 
 2. Galium pilosum Ait. 
 Hairy Bedstraw. (Fig. 401.) 
 Perennial, hirsute-pubescent; 
 stems ascending, branched, 1°- 
 2^° long. Leaves in 4 's, oval 
 or oval-ovate, punctate, 1-nerved, 
 obtuse, or obscurely 3-nerved, at 
 the base, mucronulate, i'-l' 
 long, 3 "-5" wide, the lower 
 usually smaller ; peduncles 
 axillary and terminal; cymes 
 numerous, few-flowered ; pedi- 
 cels l"-6" long, flowers yellow- 
 ish purple ; fruit densely hispid, 
 nearly 2" in diameter. [G. 
 ruhrum of Lefroy?] 
 
 Collected somewhere in Ber- 
 muda by Baldwin, in the year 
 1815 as appears from specimens 
 preserved in the herbarium of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of 
 Philadelphia, but not certainly 
 found here by others. Presumably 
 native. Eastern United States. 
 Barren specimens of a Galium 
 found along the South Shore 
 Road, near Camden, in 1914, may 
 be this species. 
 3. Galium bermudense L. 
 
 Bermuda Bedstraw^. Heal- soon. 
 (Fig. 402.) Perennial, much 
 
 branched, hirsute, hispid or nearly 
 
 glabrous, 6'-2° high. Leaves in 
 
 4's, 1-nerved, oval, mucronate, 
 
 rather thick, 3"-10" long, IV'- 
 
 4" wide, the margins more or less 
 
 revolute in drying; flowers few, 
 
 terminating the branchlets, white ; 
 
 pedicels 3"-4" long, rather stout, 
 
 becoming deflexed in fruit; fruit 
 
 fleshy, minutely pubescent, about 
 
 2" broad. [G. Jiispidulum Michx. ; 
 
 G. uniflorum of Lefroy, of Hems- 
 ley and of H. B. Small; G, hijpo- 
 
 carpium of Reade; EeWiinium 
 
 hypocarpium of Moore.] 
 
 Common on hillsides. Native. 
 Southeastern United States and Ba- 
 hamas. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. Its seed presumably trans- 
 ported to Bermuda by a bird. 
 
 The plant is first recorded by Plunkenet, in his " Almagestum Botanicum " on 
 page 324, and illustrated on his plate 2^8, figure 6, as " Rubia tetraphyllos glabra, 
 latiore folio, bermudensis, seminibus binis atropurpureis " he received it from Dr. 
 Petiver. 
 
 10. SHERARDIA [Dill.] L. 
 
 Slender annual procumbent or diffuse herbs, with verticillate spiny-pointed 
 
 leaves, and small nearly sessile pink or blue flowers, in involucrate heads. 
 
 Calyx-tube ovoid, its limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla 
 
RUBIACEAE. 
 
 369 
 
 funnelform, 4-5-lobed, the tube as long as the lobes or longer. Stamens 4 or 5, 
 inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers linear-oblong, 
 exserted. Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovules 1 in each cavity. 
 Fruit didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed erect. [Named for Dr. Wm. 
 Sherard, 1659-1728, patron of Dillenius.] A monotypie genus. 
 
 1. Sherardia arvensis L. Blue 
 Field-Madder. Herb Sherard. 
 Spur-wort. (Fig. 403.) Tufted, 
 roughish; stems numerous, pros- 
 trate, ascending, or decumbent, 2V— 
 10' long. Leaves in 4's, 5 's or 6 's, 
 the upper linear or lanceolate, acute 
 and sharp-pointed, rough-ciliate 
 on the margins, 3"-8" long, 1"- 
 2" wide, the lower often obovate, 
 mucronate; flowers in slender- 
 peduncled involucrate heads, the 
 involucre deeply 6-8-lobed, the 
 lobes lanceolate, sharp-pointed ; 
 corolla-lobes spreading ; fruit 
 crowned with the 4-6 lanceolate 
 calyx-teeth. [Galium arvensis of 
 H. B. Small.] 
 
 Roadsides, lawns and waste 
 grounds. Occasional. Naturalized. 
 Native of Europe. Introduced into 
 the eastern United States. Flowers 
 in spring and summer. 
 
 Rachicallis mpestris (Sw.) DC, West Indian, a low shrub of rocky coasts, 
 3° high or less, with densely leafy and thickened twigs, the linear-oblong, 
 fleshy leaves only 3"-5" long, sharp-pointed, grooved on the back, the solitary 
 and sessile yellow flowers about 3" long, the salverform corolla 4-lobed, the 
 fruit capsular, is recorded as Bermudian by Jones, Eeade, A'errill, Hemsley 
 and by H. B. Small. Eeade 's description of the plant he saw points to 
 Bandia aculeata, which he did not record, except in that he says the flowers are 
 yellow, whereas they are white. H. B. Small essentially copiecl Eeade 's descrip- 
 tion, and both assign the plant to the South Shores. Hemsley cites Munro as 
 a collector of the species, but no specimen of it from Bermuda is preserved 
 either at Kew or at the British Museum of Natural History. Eecent collectors 
 have been unable to find it. 
 
 Morinda Roioc L., of Florida and the West Indies, was entered as Ber- 
 mudian in the manuscript list of plants compiled by Lane in 1845, and cited by 
 Hemsley. Lefroy mentions it as a native plant, found in the Walsingham 
 tract, but it does not appear that he ever collected it ; no Bermuda specimen 
 could be found in the Kew Herbarium in 1910. Verrill records it under the 
 common name ''Saw Weed." Eepeated search of the region between Castle 
 Harbor and Harrington Sound has failed to show its existence there at present; 
 it may have disappeared, or the records may be erroneous. It is a shrub, some- 
 times vine-like, with glabrous, opposite oblong leaves 2'-4' long, the small 
 white to red flowers in dense peduncled heads, the fruit a fleshy syncarp. 
 
 Ixora coccinea L., Eed Ixora, East Indian, a glabrous shrub 3°-6° high, 
 with oblong to oblanceolate, sessile, often cordate leaves 2'-4' long, the red or 
 scarlet flowers commonly numerous in terminal clusters, the slender corolla- 
 tube about 2' long, narrowly cylindric, the widely spreading limb about 5' 
 
 25 
 
370 RUBIACEAE. 
 
 borad, with 5 acute lobes, the style a little exserted, is commonly planted in 
 gardens and on lawns. . 
 
 Ixora macrothyrsa Teijsm. & Binn., Duffy's Ixora, also East Indian, a 
 large shrub with glabrous oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaves 8'-12' long, the 
 crimson flowers in clusters often 8' broad, the corolla with 5 blunt lobes, was 
 grown at Paget Eeotory in 1914, [I. Dujfii Moore.] 
 
 Three other species of East Indian Ixoras mentioned by Jones and by 
 Lefroy, were planted at Mt. Langton in 1870 or 1874, I. javanica DC., /. 
 amboynae DC. and I. acuminata Eoxb. 
 
 Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Cape Jessamine, Chinese, an evergreen shrub 
 becoming 6° high, with elliptic short-petioled, acute or acuminate leaves 2'-4' 
 long, its fragrant white, often double flowers 2'-3' broad, is occasionally 
 planted for ornament. [6?. florida L. ; G. Fortunei of gardeners.] 
 
 A colored picture postal card, purporting to show the Cape Jessamine, 
 bought in 1913, represents Flumiera rubra, the Frangipauni. Taternaemon- 
 tana citri folia is sometimes erroneously called Cape Jessamine. 
 
 Gardenia nitida Hook., was introduced at Mount Langton in 1875, ac- 
 cording to Lefroy, but subsequently disappeared. 
 
 Rondeletia odorata Jacq., Scarlet Eondeletia, West Indian, grown in a 
 few gardens, is a shrub 3°-6° high, with slender pubescent branches, very 
 short-petioled ovate to oblong leaves l'-3' long, and scarlet flowers in terminal 
 corymbs, the slender pubescent corolla-tube about |' long, the spreading limb 
 about V broad, the small capsules globose. 
 
 Hamelia erecta Jacq., Scarlet Hamelia, West Indian and Eloridan, 
 grown for ornament, is a shrub up to 7° high, with thin, ovate to elliptic 
 pointed leaves 3'-6' long, and scarlet nearly tubular flowers about f long, in 
 terminal cymes, followed by black berries. [H. patens Jacq.] 
 
 Vangueria edulis L., Edible Vangueria, Madagascan, listed by Jones 
 in 1873 and mentioned by Eeade as reported at Mt. Langton prior to 1883, is 
 a low glabrous tree with thin ovate short-petioled leaves about 5' long and 
 lateral cymes of many small greenish flowers, the corolla with reflexed lobes, 
 the edible succulent fruit about V in diameter, containing 5 stones. 
 
 Pentas lanceolata (Forsk.) K. Schum., tropical African, a somewhat 
 woody herbaceous pubescent perennial about 2° high, with petioled ovate- 
 lanceolate acuminate leaves 2'-4' long, and purplish flowers in terminal 
 corymbs, the slender corolla about li' long, its limb about one-fourth as long 
 as the tube, was cultivated in the Public Garden prior to 1883, according to 
 Eeade. {Fentas carnea Benth.] 
 
 Palicourea domingensis (Jacq.) DC, mentioned by H. B. Small as seen 
 by him at Bishop 's Lodge, many years ago, is a glabrous West Indian shrub 
 about 6° high, with thin slender-petioled elliptic acuminate leaves, and 
 corymbose white nearly tubular, curved flowers about 1' long. [P. Favetta 
 DC; Fsyclioiria domingensis Sw.] 
 
 Mussaenda frondosa L., Leafy Mussaenda, of tropical Asia, a shrub, 
 with pubescent twigs, oval to lanceolate, pubescent leaves 4'-6' long, corymbose 
 terminal yellov^' flowers, one of the calyx-teeth greatly enlarged into a showy 
 ovate appendage l'-2' long, the funnelform corolla with a short 5-cleft limb, 
 vi occasionally planted for ornament. 
 
 A species of Hoffmania, introduced at Mt. Langton in 1875, is said by 
 Lefroy to have established itself where screened from high winds; Lefroy 
 recorded it as H. splendens Benth., but there is no such published name, and I 
 am unable to tell what plant he had in mind. 
 
CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 
 
 371 
 
 Family 2. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. 
 
 Honeysuckle Family. 
 
 Shrubs, trees^ vines, or perennial herbs, with opposite leaves and per- 
 fect, mostly cymose flowers. Stipules none, or sometimes present. Calyx- 
 tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla g-amo- 
 petalous, the limb 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens 5 (rarely 4), in- 
 serted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 
 versatile. Ovary inferior, 1-6-celled; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2- 
 5-lobed, the lobes stigmatic at the summit; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 
 1-6-celled berry, drupe, or capsule. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular; 
 seed-coat membranous or crustaceous, embryo usually small, placed near 
 the hilum; radicle terete; cotyledons ovate. About 10 genera and 300 
 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Corolla rotate, small, regiilar ; style deeply lobed. 1. Samhuciis. 
 
 Corolla campanulate to tubular, large, often 2-lipped ; style slender. 2. Lonicera. 
 
 1. SAMBUCUS L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees (or some species perennial herbs), with opposite pinnate 
 leaves, serrate or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers in com- 
 pound depressed or thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-toothed 
 or 3-5-lobed. Corolla rotate or slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed. 
 Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla ; filaments slender ; anthers ob- 
 long. Ovary 3-5-celled; style short, 3-parted; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendu- 
 lous. Drupe berry-like, containing 3-5, 1-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy; 
 embryo nearly as long as the seed. [Latin name of the elder.] About 25 
 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Samhucus nigra L. 
 
 1. Sambucus intermedia Carr. West 
 Indian Elder. (Fig. 404.) A small tree, 
 5°-12° high, glabrous, except the brownish- 
 pubescent young foliage. Leaves 1-2-pin- 
 nate, 10' long or less; leaflets rather firm 
 in texture, 5-9, short-stalked, oblong-lance- 
 olate, serrate or serrulate with incurved 
 teeth, 2'-4' long, acuminate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed or obtuse at the base; cymes decom- 
 pound, convex, 8' broad or less, long-stalked, 
 mostly broader than high; flowers very 
 numerous, white, about 2" broad; pedicels 
 very slender, 2"-3" long; fruit described as 
 black. \^S. nigra of Reade, Jones and Le- 
 froy.] 
 
 Waste grounds, occasionally escaped from 
 cultivation. Commonly planted for ornament. 
 Introduced. Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 TTne flowers mostly fall away without setting 
 fruit in Bermuda. 
 
372 
 
 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 
 
 2. LONICERA L. 
 
 Erect or climbing shrubs or vines, with opposite mostly entire leaves; 
 flowers spieate, capitate or geminate, usually somewhat irregular. Calyx- 
 tube ovoid or nearly globular, the limb slightly 5-toothed, Corolla often gib- 
 bous at the base, the limb 5-lobed, more or less oblique, or 2-lipped. Stamens 
 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules numerous, 
 pendulous; style slender, stigma capitate. Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled or rarely 
 1-celled, few-seeded. Seeds with fleshy endosperm and a terete embryo. 
 [Named for Adam Lonitzer, 1528-1586, a German botanist.] About 160 
 species, of the north temperate zone, a few in tropical regions. Type species: 
 Lonicera Capri folium L. 
 
 1. Lonicera japonica 
 C^ff ^ Thumb. Japanese or Chinese 
 
 Honeysuckle. (Fig. 405.) 
 A pubescent, climbing or trail- 
 ing vine, sometimes 15° long 
 or more. Leaves short-peti- 
 oled, ovate, entire, V-?>V long, 
 acute at the apex, rounded at 
 the base, dark green and gla- 
 brous above, pale and usually 
 sparingly pubescent beneath; 
 flowers leafy-bracted at the 
 base, white or pink, fading to 
 yellow, pubescent without, the 
 tube longer than the strongly 
 2-lipped limb; stamens and 
 style exserted; berries black, 
 3"-4" in diameter. 
 
 Waste grounds and road- 
 sides, escaped from cultivation. 
 Introduced, Native of eastern 
 Asia. Widely naturalized in 
 the eastern L'nited States. 
 Flowers freely in summer and 
 autumn. Commonly planted for 
 ornament. 
 
 Lonicera sempervirens L., Trumpet Honeysuckle, North American, a 
 glabrous high climbing vine, with oval or oblong leaves pale beneath, the 
 upper pairs connate-perfoliate, the scarlet to yellow tubular flowers in terminal 
 clusters, with corollas an inch long or more, is planted for ornament on walls 
 and porches. [Caprifolium sempervirens Michx.] An elegant vine was seen 
 at Cedar Lodge in 1914. 
 
 Lonicera Caprifolium L., Italian Honeysuckle, European, is a vine 
 with foliage similar to that of the Trumpet Honeysuckle, the upper pairs of 
 leaves connate-perfoliate, but the corolla is purple and strongly 2-lipped, the 
 upper lip 4-lobed, the lower lip narrow and reflexed. [Caprifolium italicum 
 
 Medic] 
 
 Lonicera Xylosteum L., Fly Honeysuckle, European, credited to Ber- 
 muda by Jones, is a shrub up to 6° high, with pubescent ovate to obovate 
 leaves, the yellowish-white flowers in pairs on axillary peduncles^ followed by 
 scarlet berries. 
 
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 373 
 
 Viburnum Tinus L., Laurestinus, European, planted for ornament, is a 
 shrub ^"-lO" high, glabrous or nearly so, with ovate to elliptic, entire acute 
 leaves 2'-4' long, often ciliate, and terminal cymes of white, slightly odorous 
 flowers, the rotate-campanulate corolla 3"-4" broad, the nearly black drupes 
 ovoid, about 4" long. 
 
 Abelia serrata Sieb. & Zucc, Japanese Abelia, grown in gardens for 
 ornament, is a shrub about 6° high, which may be trained against walls, with 
 slender branches, ovate short-petioled toothed acute or acuminate leaves 
 about 1' long, the white flowers in small terminal leafy panicles, the calyx 
 of 4 thin oblong veiny sepals, the funnelform-campanulate corolla 7"-9" long, 
 longer than the stamens. 
 
 Order 8. VALERIANALES. 
 
 Herbs, the corolla gamopetaloiis. Stamens mostly fewer than the 
 corolla-lobes; anthers separate. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with 1 pendulous 
 ovule, or 3-ceIled with 2 of the cavities without ovules. 
 
 Ovary 3-celIed, 2 cavities empty. Fam. 1. Valerianaceae. 
 
 Ovary 1-celled ; flowers densely capitate, involucrate. Fam. 2, Dipsacaceae. 
 
 Family 1. VALEEIANACEAE Batseh. 
 
 Valerian Family. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and usually small flowers, in 
 cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb inconspicuous or none in 
 flower, often becoming prominent in fruit. Corolla epigynous, somewhat 
 irregular, its tube narrowed, and sometimes gibbous or spurred at the base, 
 its limb spreading, mostly 5-lobed. Stamens 1-4, inserted on the corolla 
 and alternate w^ith its lobes. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled, one of the cavities 
 containing a single anatropous ovule, the others empty. Fruit indehiscent, 
 dry, containing a single suspended seed. Endosperm little or none ; embryo 
 straight; cotyledons oblong. About 9 genera and 300 species, of wide 
 distribution. 
 
 Corolla-tube short, not spurred : stamens 3. 1. Valerianella. 
 
 Corolla-tube long, spurred; stamen 1, rarely 2. 2. Centranthus. 
 
 1. VAIiERIAJSTELLA Poll. 
 
 Annual diehotomously branched herbs, the basal leaves tufted, entire, 
 those of the stem sessile, the flowers in compact or capitate c\Tnes. Corolla 
 small, white, blue, or pink, nearly regular. Calyx-limb short or obsolete in 
 flower, often none. Corolla-tube narrowed at the base, the limb spreading, 
 5-lobed. Stamens 3. 8tyle minutely 3-lobed at the summit. Fruit 3-celled, 
 2 of the cells empty, and in our species about as large as the fertile one. 
 [Name a diminutive of Valerian.] About 50 species, of the northern hemi- 
 sphere, the following typical. 
 
374 
 
 VALERIAXACEAE 
 
 1. Valerianella Lo- 
 custa (L.) Bettke. Euro- 
 pean Corn Salad. (Fig. 
 406.) Glabrous, or pubes- 
 cent at the nodes, 6'-12' 
 high, usually repeatedly 
 forked. Basal leaves spatu- 
 la te or oblanceolate, 
 rounded and obtuse at the 
 apex, 1-2' long, entires- 
 upper stem leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, usually dentate; 
 peduncles short; cymes 3"- 
 6" broad, almost capitate; 
 bracts linear or linear-ob- 
 long; corolla blue, about 
 1" long; fruit flattened, 
 rounded on the edges, 1" 
 long, glabrous, depressed- 
 orbicular in outline, the 
 two empty cavities smaller 
 than the fertile one, which 
 has a corky mass at its 
 back. [F. olitoria Poll.] 
 
 Collected by Lefroy on St. David's Island prior to 1877, as evidenced by speci- 
 mens 'subsequently studied by Reade (Plants of Bermuda, p. 38). Introduced. Per- 
 haps cultivated for salad. Native of Europe. Naturalized in the United States. 
 Flowers in spring. 
 
 2. CENTRANTHUS DC. 
 
 Herbs, annual or perennial, the lower leaves mostly dentate, the upper 
 entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, the red or white flowers in terminal com- 
 pound cymes or panicles. Calyx-limb short at flowering time, developing into 
 plumose or ciliate bristles in fruit. Corolla-tube slender, spurred at or below 
 the middle, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamen 1, rarely 2. Style 2-3-lobed 
 at the apex. Fruit compressed, convex 
 and 1-nerved on one side, concave on 
 the other. [Greek, spur-flower.] About 
 8 species, natives of the Mediterranean 
 region. Type species: Centranthus 
 ruber (L.) DC. 
 
 1. Centranthus macrosiphon Boiss. 
 Sugar Plum. (Fig. 407.) Glabrous, 
 glaucous, l°-li° high, the stem hollow, 
 swollen, the branches ascending. Lower 
 leaves broadly elliptic or obovate-ellip- 
 tic, coarsely few-toothed, lV-2i- long, 
 obtuse, their petioles about one-half as 
 long as the blades; upper leaves sessile, 
 incised or pinnatifid ; bracts linear-lance- 
 olate; cymes l'-2' broad, many-flowered; 
 corolla pink or rose, about 7" long its 
 limb about 2" broad, its tube spurred 
 near the base; fruit narrowly oblong, 
 I2" long. 
 
 Occasional in waste grounds and on 
 roadsides. Naturalized. Native of Spain 
 and northern Africa. Flowers in spring. 
 
VALERIANACEAE. 
 
 375 
 
 Centranthus ruber (L.) DC, Centranthus, European, has the leaves 
 mostly entire, ovate to lanceolate, the rose or white flowers panieled; it is 
 occasionally grown in flower-gardens. [Valeriana rubra L.] 
 
 Family 2. DIPSACACEAE Lindl. 
 Teasel Family. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, and perfect flowers 
 in dense involucrate heads. Stipules none. Flowers borne on an elongated 
 or globose receptacle, braeted and involueellate. Calyx-tube adnate to the 
 ovary, its limb cup-shaped, disk-shaped, or divided into spreading bristles. 
 Corolla epigynous, the limb 2-5-lobed. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube 
 of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments distinct ; anthers versa- 
 tile. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; style filiform; stigma undivided, terminal, 
 or oblique and lateral; ovule 1, anatropous. Fruit an achene, its apex 
 crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. Seed-coat membranous; endo- 
 sperm fleshy; embryo straight. About 7 genera and 140 species, of the 
 Old World. 
 
 1. SCABlbSA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves, no prickles, and blue, pink, or white flowers 
 in peduncled involucrate heads. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous. Scales 
 of the receptacle small, capillary, or none. Involucels 2-8-ribbed, the margins 
 4-toothed or expanded. Calyx4imb 5-toothed. Limb of the corolla 4-5-cleft, 
 oblique or 24ipped. Stamens 4 (rarely 2). Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene 
 adnate to the involucel, crowned with the persistent calyx. [Latin, scale, from 
 its repute as a remedy for scaly eruptions.] About 75 species, natives of the 
 Old World. Type species. Scabiosa arvensis L. 
 
 1. Scabiosa nitens E. & S. Azorean 
 Scabious. (Fig. 408.) Perennial, nearly 
 glabrous, slender, little branched, about 
 1° high. Basal and lower leaves spatu- 
 late or oblong-spatulate lV-2y long, ob- 
 tuse, dentate above the middle, narrowed 
 into ciliate, margined petioles; upper 
 leaves linear, narrower than the basal 
 ones but sometimes longer, sessile or 
 nearly so, acute or acuminate; heads 
 long-peduncled ; bracts of the involucre 
 linear, ciliate, acutish, 9"-12" long; 
 flowers purple, about 6" long, the corolla 
 pubescent. 
 
 Roadside north of Camden Marsh, 
 1912. Introduced. Native of the Azores. 
 Flowers in summer and autumn. 
 
 Scabiosa atropurpurea L., Sweet Scabious, European, grown in flower- 
 gardens, is annual, with dentate basal and lower leaves, the upper pinnately 
 parted, the bracts of the involucre little, if any, longer than the purple, pink 
 or white flowers. [S. maritima L.] 
 
Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 9 
 
 3.' 
 
 LOBELIACEAE. 
 GOODENIACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 4. 
 
 CiCHORIACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 5. 
 
 Ambrosiaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 6. 
 
 COMPOSITAE. 
 
 376 CUCUEBITACEAE. 
 
 Order 9. CAMPANULALES. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs, the corolla gamopetalous, or petals sometimes 
 separate in Cucurbitaceae. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes (fewer 
 in the Cucurbitaceae) ; anthers united except in Campanula and Specu- 
 laria of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrosiaceae, and in Kuhnia of the Com- 
 positae. Ovary inferior. 
 
 Flowers not in involucrate heads ; juice mostly milky. 
 Endosperm none ; flowers regular, monoecious or 
 
 dioecious ; our species vines. Fam. 1. Cucurbitaceae. 
 
 Endosperm present, fleshy ; flowers perfect, irregular. 
 Stigma not indusiate. 
 Stigma indusiate. 
 Flowers in involucrate heads. 
 
 Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate) ; juice 
 
 milky. 
 Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays ; 
 juice very rarely milky. 
 Stamens distinct, or nearly so. 
 
 Stamens united by their anthers into a tube 
 around the style (except in Kuhnia). 
 
 Family 1. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. 
 Gourd Family. 
 
 Herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alternate, petioled, 
 generally palmately lobed or dissected. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
 Calyx-tube adnate to the ovarv^ its limb usually 5-lobed, the lobes imbri- 
 cated. Petals usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, separate, or 
 united into a gamopetalous corolla. Stamens mostly 3 (sometimes 1), 2 
 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a 1-celled anther; filaments 
 short, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 1-3-celled ; style terminal, 
 simple, or lobed; ovules anatropous. Fruit a pepo, indehiscent, or rarely 
 dehiscent at the summit, or bursting irregularly; or sometimes dry and 
 membranous. Seeds usually flat; endosperm none. About 90 genera and 
 700 species, mainly of tropical regions. 
 
 There are no native nor naturalized species of the family in Bermuda. 
 
 Cucurbita Lagenaria L., Gourd, of the Old World tropics, is grown for 
 interest and its fruit sometimes cut into utensils. 
 
 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Squash, probably Asiatic in origin, com- 
 monly grown for its fruit, has round or reniform, unlobed leaves, monoecious 
 yellow axillary flowers, the fruit various in form. 
 
 Cucurbita Pepo L., Pumpkin, perhaps tropical American, is one of the 
 most important summer and autumn crops of Bermuda, and is grown in a 
 number of races, the seed sown in late spring, the fruit large and of excellent 
 quality. The vine bears large 2-5-lobed leaves and solitary monoecious yellow 
 flowers in the leaf-axils, the corolla large and bell-shaped. [C. Melopepo L.] 
 
 Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, Crookneck Squash, perhaps East Indian, 
 is recorded by Jones as grown in Bermuda. 
 
 Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., Chocho, Christophixe, West Indian, a long 
 vine, with thin suborbicular leaves 5'-10' broad, cordate and angular-lobed, the 
 tendrils 3-5-cleft, the yellowish staminate flowers in long axilary racemes or 
 narrow panicles with a solitary pistillate flower at the same axil, the muricate 
 or smooth fruit obovoid, 3'-5' long, is cultivated for its fruit. [Sicyos edulis 
 Jacq.] 
 
CUCURBIT ACE AE. 377 
 
 Citrullus Citrullus (L.) Karst., Water Melon, tropical African, exten- 
 sively grown in several races as a summer and early autumn fruit, has solitary 
 axillary yellow monoecious flowers, the corolla rotate, the staminate flowers 
 with separate anthers. [Cucurbita Citrullus L. ; Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.] 
 
 Cucumis Melo L., Melon, Musk-melon, of southern Asia, of which 
 several races are grown, the fruits various. 
 
 Cucumis sativus L., Cucumber, of southern Asia is also an important 
 crop, several kinds being successfully grown. 
 
 Sicyos angulatus L., Star Cucumber, Wild Bryony, North American, 
 mentioned by Lefroy as of chance introduction about Church Cave, prior to 
 1879, and also recorded by Hemsley, and by H. B. Small, but not recently 
 observed in Bermuda, is a slender climbing vine, with thin angled leaves and 
 small whitish monoecious flowers, the staminate loosely racemose, the pistillate 
 capitate, these followed by small spiny fruits each with one seed. II. B. Small 
 records having seen a few rare specimens about Hamilton. 
 
 Family 2. LOBELIACEAE Diimort. 
 Lobelia Family. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely trees, often with a milky sap. 
 Leaves alternate, without stipules, simple. Inflorescence axillary or ter- 
 minal. Flowers perfect, or rarely dioecious, irregular. Calyx of 5 sepals. 
 Corolla often bilabiate, the tube open on one side nearly or quite to the 
 base. Stamens 5; filaments sometimes cohering into a tube. Ovary 2-5- 
 celled; styles terminal, united; stig-mas fringed. Ovules numerous, sessile, 
 horizontal, anatropous. Fruit a 1-several-celled capsule or a berry. Seeds 
 numerous, with a smooth or furrowed testa. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo 
 straight in the axis of the endosperm. About 20 genera and 600 species, 
 of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Lobelia Erinus L., Small Blue Lobelia, South African, a low species, 
 about 6' high, the lower leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or 
 linear, the slender-stalked blue or purple flowers about *' broad, the corolla 
 2-lipped, is grown in vases and in flower-gardens. 
 
 My only knowledge of the existence of any other representative of this 
 family in Bermuda is the record by Lefroy, of the cultivation of the North 
 American Cardinal-flower, Lobelia cardinalis L., as a garden flower, and the 
 statement of H. B. Small that it grew in a shaded place. It is a perennial 
 herb with terminal racemes of bright scarlet flowers, and thin, oblong to 
 lanceolate, acute denticulate leaves. 
 
 Family 3. GOODENIACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Goodenia Family. 
 
 Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with watery sap. Leaves alternate or 
 sometimes opposite, without stipules, entire, toothed or rarely pinnatifid. 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-toothed, an entire border or sometimes obsolete. 
 Corolla 5-lobed, split on one side. Androecium of 5 distinct stamens, the 
 anthers opening lengthwdse. Ovary mostly inferior, 1-2-celled; styles 
 usually united. Stigma surrounded with an indusium. Ovules 1 or 2, or 
 more in each cavity, mostly erect or ascending. Fmit dnipaceous, beriy- 
 like or capsular. Seeds usually one in each cavity; embryo straight in the 
 axis of the fleshy endosperm. About 12 genera and over 200 specie:^, 
 mostly Australian. 
 
378 
 
 GOODENIACEAE. 
 
 1. SCAEVOLA L. 
 
 Fleshy, stout herbs or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite, mostly entire 
 leaves, the flowers irregular, axillary, in dichotomous cymes or rarely solitary. 
 Calyx 5-lobed, or a mere border. Corolla white or blue, its lobes winged, its 
 tube split to the base on one side, villous within. Stamens 5, free, epigynous; 
 filaments distinct. Ovary inferior or nearly so, 2-celled or rarely 1-celled; 
 stigma surrounded by a ciliate indusium. Ovules 1 in each cavity, or 2 in 1- 
 celled ovaries, erect. Berry with a fleshy exocarp and a bony or woody endo- 
 earp. [Latin, referring ta the irregular flowers.] About 60 species, mostly 
 
 Australian, the following typical. 
 
 1. Scaevola Plumieri (L.) 
 Yahl. Beach Lobelia. Ink- 
 berry. (Fig. 409.) Perennial, 
 nearly glabrous, more or less 
 shrubby, 2°-5° high, much 
 branched and straggling. Leaves 
 alternate, obovate, l^'-S' long, en- 
 tire, shining, narrowed into very 
 short winged petioles, or nearly 
 sessile, with a tuft of silky hairs 
 in each axil; peduncles shorter 
 than the leaves; calyx-lobes much 
 broader than long, rounded; 
 corolla glabrous without, about 
 1' long, the tube woolly within, 
 split on one side to the base, the 
 lobes oblong-linear, with broad 
 crisped wings; stamens nearly as 
 long as the corolla-tube, hanging 
 through the cleft; berry oval, 
 black, juicy, 2-seeded, 5"-8" long. 
 [Lobelia Plumieri L. ; Scaevola Lobelia of Verrill.] 
 
 Common on sea beaches. Native. Florida and the West Indies. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. Doubtless reached Bermuda by floating. 
 
 Family 4. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Chicory Family, 
 
 Herbs (two Pacific Island g-enera trees), almost always with milky, 
 acrid or bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink, blue, 
 purple, or w^hite flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Bracts of the 
 involucre in 1 to several series. Receptacle of the head flat or flattisb, 
 naked, scaly (paleaceous), smooth, pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all 
 alike (heads homog-amous), perfect. Calyx-tube completely adnate to the 
 ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple or plumose bristles, or both, 
 or wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, with a short or long tube, and a 
 strap-shaped (liguTate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). Anthers connate 
 into a tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, not 
 tailed, usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually 
 12-sided. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, anatropous; style A^erj^ slender, 2-cieft, 
 or 2-lobed, the lobes minutely papillose. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; 
 endosperm none; radicle narrower than the cotyledons. About 70 genera 
 and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. The family is also 
 known as Liguliflorae. 
 
CICHORIACEAE. 
 
 379 
 
 Pappus none ; rays blue or sometimes white. 
 Pappus present ; rays yellow. 
 Pappus-bristles simple. 
 
 Acaulescent scapose herbs, with solitary flower heads. 
 Leafy-stemmed herbs with several or many flowers. 
 Achenes beakless. 
 Aehenes beaked or pointed. 
 Achenes 10-many-ribbed. 
 Achenes 4-5-ribbed. 
 Pappus-bristles plumose. 
 
 1. Cichorium. 
 
 2. LcoHtoduti. 
 
 3. Cnijis. 
 
 4. Son eh us. 
 
 5. Keichardiu. 
 G. Urosptrtnum. 
 
 1. CICHORIUM [Tourn.] L. 
 Erect, branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, those of the 
 stem and branches usually small and bract-like, and large heads of blue, purple 
 or white flowers, peduncled or in sessile clusters. Involucre of 2 series of 
 herbaceous bracts, the outer somewhat spreading, the inner erect, subtending 
 the outer achenes. Receptacle flat. Eays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. 
 Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes 5- 
 angled or 5-ribbed, truncate, not beaked. Pappus of 2 or 3 series of short 
 blunt scales. [From the Arabic name.] About 8 species, natives of the Old 
 World, the following typical. 
 
 1. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory. 
 Wild Succory, Blue Sailors. (Fig. 
 410,) Perennial from a long deep tap-root; 
 stems slightly hispid, stiff, much branched, 
 l°-3° high. Basal leaves spreading on the 
 ground, runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate in 
 outline, 3'-6' long, narrowed into long peti- 
 oles; upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate 
 or oblong, lobed or entire, clasping and 
 auricled at the base; heads numerous, I'-lV 
 broad, 1-4 together in sessile clusters on 
 the nearly naked or bracted branches; inner 
 bracts of the involucre about 8. The 
 ground-up root is used as a substitute or 
 adulterant for coffee, July-Oct. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated grounds, 
 and along roads. Naturalized. Native of 
 Europe. Widely naturalized in North America. 
 Flowers nearly throughout the year. 
 
 2. LEONTODON L. 
 Perennial acaulescent herbs, with basal tufted pinnatifid or sinuate- 
 dentate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary, or very rarely 2 or 
 3 together at the ends of naked hollow scapes. Involucre oblong or cam- 
 panulate, its inner bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, slightly united at the base, 
 the outer of several series of shorter somewhat spreading ones, often reflexed 
 at maturity. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the 
 summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. 
 Achenes oblong or linear-fusiform, 4-5-angled, 5-10-nerved, roughened or 
 spinulose, at least above, tapering into a very slender beak. Pappus of 
 numerous filiform unequal simple persistent bristles. [Greek, lion 's-tooth.] 
 About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern South 
 America, the following typical. 
 
380 
 
 CIGHORIACEAE. 
 
 1. Leontodon Taraxacum 
 L. Dandelion, Blowball. 
 (Fig. 411.) Root thick, deep, 
 often 6'-12' long, bitter. Leaves 
 oblong to spatulate in outline, 
 usually pubescent, at least -when 
 young, acute or obtuse, pin- 
 natifid or sinuate-lobed, rather 
 succulent, 2'-10' long, V-2-^' 
 wide, narrowed into petioles; 
 scape erect, 2-18' high ; head 
 l'-2' broad; flowers 150-200; 
 inner bracts of the involucre 
 linear or linear-lanceolate, the 
 outer similar, shorter, not glau- 
 cous, reflexed, all acute ; achenes 
 greenish-brown. [ Taraxacum 
 officinale Weber; T. Dens-leonis 
 Desf.] 
 
 Common in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized. Na- 
 tive of Europe. AYidely natural- 
 ized in North America, sparingly 
 in the West Indies. Flowers 
 throughout the year, abundantly 
 in spring. 
 
 3. CREPIS L. 
 
 Herbs, with mostly toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small or middle-sized 
 heads of yellow or orange flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or swollen 
 at the base, its principal bracts in 1 series, equal, with exterior smaller ones. 
 Receptacle naked or short-fimbrillate. 
 Rays truncate and toothed. Anthers sagit- 
 tate. Style-branches slender. Achenes 
 linear-oblong, 10-20-ribbed or nerved, nar- 
 rowed at the base and apex. Pappus copi- 
 ous, of slender white bristles. [Greek, 
 sandal ; application not explained.] About 
 200 species, of the northern hemisphere. 
 Type species: Crepis tectorum L. 
 
 1. Crepis japonica (L.) Benth. 
 Japanese Hawksbeard. (Fig. 412.) A 
 glabrous, slender, fibrous-rooted annual 
 6'-20' high. Leaves nearly all basal or 
 near the base, '2'-6' long, lyrate-pinnatifid, 
 thin, slender-petioled ; heads numerous in 
 a narrow elongated panicle, its branches 
 almost filiform ; involucre about 3" long, its 
 principal bracts about 1°, linear-lanceo- 
 late, with 4 or 5 short ovate outer ones; 
 rays small, yellow; achenes li" long. 
 [Prenanthes japonica L. ; recorded by pre- 
 vious authors as Crepis lyrata Froel.] 
 
 Roadsides, waste and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Naturalized, 
 to autumn. 
 
 Native of eastern Asia. Spring 
 Naturalized in Jamaica. 
 
CIOHORIACEAE. 
 
 381 
 
 4. SONCHUS [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Succulent herbs, with alternate, mostly clasping, spinulose-margined leaves, 
 and peduncled, corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre 
 ovoid or campanulate, usually becoming thickened at the base when old, its 
 bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers sagittate. 
 Achenes oval to linear, 10-20-ribbed, narrowed, truncate. Pappus of very 
 copious soft white simple capillary bristles. [Greek name of the Sow-thistle.] 
 About 45 species, of the Old World. Type species: Sonchus oleraceus L. 
 
 Auricles of the leaves acute; achenes striate, transversely wrinkled. 1. S. oleraceus. 
 Auricles rounded ; achenes ribbed, not transversely wrinkled. 2. S. asper. 
 
 1. Sonchus oleraceus L. 
 
 Annual Sow-Thistle. Hare's 
 Lettuce. (Fig. 413.) Annual; 
 stem leafy below, l°-6° high. 
 Basal and lower leaves petioled, 
 lyrate-pinnatifid, 4-10' long, 
 the terminal segment commonly 
 large and triangular, the mar- 
 gins denticulate with mucronate 
 teeth; upper leaves pinnatifid, 
 clasping by an auricled base, 
 the auricles pointed ; uppermost 
 leaves often lanceolate and en- 
 tire; heads pale yellow, about 
 V broad; achenes striate and 
 wrinkled. 
 
 Common in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized. Na- 
 tive of Europe. Widely natural- 
 ized in temperate and tropical 
 regions. Spring to autumn. 
 
 2. Sonchus asper (L.) All. 
 Spiny or Sharp-fringed Sow- 
 Thistle. (Fig. 414.) Annual, 
 similar to the preceding species; 
 leaves undivided, lobed or some- 
 times pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate 
 to spinulose-denticulate, the lower 
 and basal ones obovate or spatu- 
 late, petioled, the upper oblong or 
 lanceolate, clasping by an auricled 
 base, the auricles rounded; heads 
 several or numerous, 1' broad or 
 less; flowers pale yellow; achenes 
 ribbed. [S. oleraceus asper L.] 
 
 Occasional in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of 
 Europe. Widely naturalized in North 
 America. Flowers from spring to 
 autumn. 
 
382 CICHORIACEAE. 
 
 A slender Sonchus, about 1° higli, with small, narrow leaves, and few 
 small heads, collected by F. S. Collins on a roadside near Inverary in August, 
 1913, doubtless of Old World origin, has not been satisfactorily identified. 
 
 5. REICHARDIA Roth. 
 
 Glabrous herbs, with basal and alternate, dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and 
 long-peduncled heads of radiate, yellow flowers, the rays 5-toothed and 
 truncate. Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the 
 inner lanceolate, the out^r ovate and much shorter. Receptacle naked. 
 Anthers sagittate. Achenes oblong, nearly terete, 4-5-ribbed and transversely 
 rugose. Pappus of many soft simple white bristles. [In honor of Christian 
 Reichaid, 1685-1775, German botanist.] About 10 species, natives of the Old 
 World. Type species: Eeichardia tingitana (L.) Roth. 
 
 1. Reichardia plcroides (L.) Roth. Reichardia. 
 (Fig. 415.) Annual, subscapose, simple or branched, 
 6-15' high. Basal leaves dentate or pinnatifid, 1^'- 
 4' long, those of the stems few, distant, very small; 
 involucre about V high, its outer bracts ovate, acute, 
 cordate, scarious-margined, about 2^" long, the inner 
 lanceolate; rays about Y long; achenes of the outer 
 flowers somewhat shorter than those of the inner. 
 [Scorzonera picroides L. ; Picridium vulgare Desf.] 
 
 Sand hills near Tucker's Town. 1909. Naturalized. 
 Native of southern Europe. Flowers in spring. The 
 Bei-muda specimens are referred to this species, which is 
 described as polymorphous, with some hesitation. 
 
 6. UROSPERMUM Scop. 
 
 Little-branched, pubescent or hispid herbs, with basal or alternate, toothed 
 or pinnatifid leaves, and large, long-peduncled heads of yellow radiate flowers. 
 Involucre campanulate, its 7 or 8, acute bracts in a single series. Receptacle 
 naked, conic. Rays truncate, 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate. Achenes nearly 
 terete, linear-oblong, sometimes curved, 8-10-ribbed, muricate, long-beaked. 
 Pappus of 2 series of soft plumose bristles, connate at the base and deciduous. 
 [Greek, tailed-seed.] Two known species, natives of the Mediterranean region, 
 the following typical. 
 
CICHORIACEAE. 
 
 383 
 
 1. Urospermum picroides (L.) F. W. 
 Schmidt. Urospermum. (Fig. 416.) Annual, 
 more or less hispid, simple or branched, 6-18' 
 high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or ob- 
 long, petioled, toothed or rimcinate, 2'-4' long; 
 upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, clasping, mostly 
 sagittate, toothed or entire, smaller, acute or 
 acuminate; heads about IV broad, solitary at 
 the ends of hollow peduncles 3'-6' long; bracts 
 of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, 8"-10" 
 long; achenes fusiform, curved, including the 
 subulate beak 8"-10" long; pappus bright 
 white. [Tragopogon picroides L.] 
 
 Abundant in fields and on hillsides, eastern 
 part of St. David's Island, 1909. Naturalized. 
 Native of southern Europe. Flowers in spring. 
 
 Lactuca sativa L., Lettuce, European, is grown successfully as a garden 
 vegetable in several races; its flowering stems are 2°-3° high, leaf y, the obovate 
 or elliptic leaves obtuse and irregularly toothed, the small numerous yellow- 
 flowered heads borne in terminal panicles. 
 
 Tragopogan porrifolius L., Salsify, Oyster-plant, European, also grown 
 as a vegetable, is a tall herb, with long narrow leaves, and large heads of 
 purple flowers on thickened peduncles, the bracts of the involucre much longer 
 than the rays. 
 
 Family 5. AMBROSIACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Ragweed Family. 
 
 Herbs, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious, many of them weeds, rarely 
 shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, and small heads of 
 greenish or white flowers subtended by an involucre of few, separate or 
 united bracts, the pistillate heads sometimes larger and nut-like or bur- 
 like. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same, or in separate heads. 
 Receptacle chaffy. Pistillate flowers with no corolla, or this reduced to 
 a short tube or ring; calyx adnate to the 1-celled ovarv% its limb none, or a 
 mere border; style 2-cleft. Staminate flowers with a funnelfonn tubular 
 or obconic 4-5-lobed corolla; stamens mostly 5, separate, or their anthers 
 merely connivent, not truly syngenesious, with short inflexed appendages; 
 ovary rudimentary; summit of the style often hairy or penicillate. Eight 
 genera and about 60 species, mostly natives of America. 
 
 Fruit large, bur-like ; leaves broad, lobed. 
 
 Fruit small, tubercled ; leaves deeply lobed or pinnatifia. 
 
 1. Xanthium. 
 
 2, Ambrosia. 
 
384 
 
 AMBROSIACEAE. 
 
 1. XANTHIUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Annual coarse monoecious herbs, •uith alternate lobed or toothed leaves, 
 and rather small heads of greenish flowers, the staminate heads clustered, 
 terminal, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of 
 the pistillate heads closed, 1-2-celled, 1-2 -beaked, (usually 2-beaked) armed 
 with prickles, forming a bur in fruit; pistillate flowers without a corolla, the 
 style deeply 2-cleft, stamens none; achenes obovoid or oblong without pappus. 
 Involucre of the staminate heads short, of 1-3 series of bracts; staminate 
 corollas regular, 5-toothed; filaments monadelphous; style undivided. [Greek, 
 yellow, from its yielding a yellow dye.] About 25 species of wide geographic 
 distribution. Type species: Xanthium strumarium L. 
 
 1. Xanthium longirostre Wallr. West 
 Indian Cocklebur. (Fig. 417.) Stout, 
 3° high or less, the angular stem hispidu- 
 lous. Leaves orbicular-ovate, 4'-6' long, 
 thin, scabrous on both sides, usually 5- 
 lobed, dentate, the lobes short, the base 
 cordate, the petioles 6' long or less; heads 
 short-racemose; bracts linear-lanceolate, 
 hispid; bur ellipsoid, its body 8"-10" 
 long, about 4" thick, glandular-puberulent, 
 rather densely covered with slender bristles 
 about 2" long, which are hispidulous at the 
 base, its beaks 2"-3" long, slightly in- 
 curved, hispidulous. [X. echinatiim of Le- 
 froy and of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Frequent in waste places. Naturalized. 
 Native of the West Indies and Central 
 America. 
 
 2. AMBROSIA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Monoecious (rarely dioecious) branching herbs, with alternate or opposite, 
 mostly lobed or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the staminate 
 spicate or racemose, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. In- 
 volucre of the pistillate heads globose, ovoid or top-shaped, closed, 1-flowered, 
 usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines; corolla none; stamens none; style- 
 branches filiform; achenes ovoid or obovoid; pappus none. Involucre of the 
 staminate heads mostly hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5-12-lobed, open, many- 
 flowered; receptacle nearly flat, naked, or with filiform chaff; corolla funnel- 
 form, 5-toothed; anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate-tipped ; style undivided, 
 penicillate at the summit. [The ancient classical name.] About 15 species, 
 mostly natives of America. Type species: Arribrosia maritima L, 
 
AMBROSIACEAE. 
 
 385 
 
 1. Ambrosia elatior L. Rag- 
 weed. Roman Wormwood. IIog- 
 WEED. Wild Tansy (Fig. 418.) 
 Annual, pubescent, puberulent or hir- 
 sute, paniculately branched, l°-5° 
 high. Leaves thin, l-2-pinnatifi<l, 
 petioled, 2'-4' long, the upper alter- 
 nate, the lower mostly opposite, pale 
 or caneseent beneath, the lobes ob- 
 long or lanceolate, obtuse or acute ; 
 racemes of sterile heads very numer- 
 ous, l'-6' long, the involucres hemi- 
 spheric, crenate; fertile heads obo- 
 void or subglobose, mostly clustered, 
 about 2" long, short-beaked, 4-6- 
 spined near the summit, sparingly 
 pubescent. [A. art emisiae folia L. ,- 
 A. Jieterophylla of Jones and of 
 Lefroy.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of 
 North America. Flowers in summer 
 and autumn. 
 
 Family 6. CARDUACEAE Neck. 
 
 Thistle Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or res- 
 inous (rarely milky) sap, and estipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, pistillate, 
 or neutral, or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, borne on a common re- 
 ceptacle, forming- heads, subtended by an involucre of bracts arranged in 
 one or more series. Receptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtending 
 the flowers, smooth, or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube com- 
 pletely adnate to the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, 
 scales, or crown-like, or cup-like, or wanting. Corolla tubular, usually 5- 
 lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the 
 head expanded into a ligule (ray) ; when the ray-flowers are absent the 
 head is said to be discoid ; when present, radiate ; the tubular flowers form 
 the disk. Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its 
 lobes, their anthers united into a tube (syngenesious), often appendaged 
 at the apex, sometimes sagittate or tailed at the base ; pollen-grains globose, 
 often rough or prickly. Ovary 1-eelled; ovule 1, anatropous; style of fer- 
 tile flowers 2-clef t ; stigmas marginal ; style of sterile flowers commonly un- 
 divided. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endospeiTn none; embrs'o straight; 
 hypocotyl inferior. About 800 genera and not less than 10.000 species, of 
 wide geographic distribution. In Kulinia, the anthers ai*e distinct, or 
 nearly so. 
 
 26 
 
186 
 
 CABDUACEAE. 
 
 A. Flowers all tubular, the heads discoid. (See Emilia, Senecio vulgaris and Bidens 
 
 pilosa.) 
 Anthers not tailed at the base. 
 
 Flowers perfect. 1. Eupatorium. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. 2. Baccharis. 
 
 Anthers tailed at the base. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre not scarious, 3. Pluchea. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre scarious. 4. Gnaphalium. 
 
 B. Flowers both tubular and radiate (except Emilia, Senecio 
 
 vulgaris and sometimes Bidens pilosa). 
 1. Receptacle naked. (See Chrysanthemum.) 
 
 Bracts of the involucre imbricated in 2-several series. 
 Rays yellow. 
 Rays white. 
 
 Bracts imbricated in several series. 
 Bracts imbricated in few series. 
 
 Rays longer than the diameter of the disk ; 
 
 heads few. 
 Rays shorter than the diameter of the disk ; 
 heads many, panicled. 
 Bracts of the involucre in one series, sometimes with 
 a few. short outer ones. 
 Style-branches unappendaged. 
 Style-branches appendaged. 
 
 2. Receptacle chaffy or scaly (except in Chrysanthemum). 
 Bracts of the involucre not scarious. 
 Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. 
 Achenes thick, not flattened. 
 Achenes flattened. 
 Disk-flowers fertile. 
 
 Pappus cup-like or of a few teeth or bristles. 
 Achenes not flattened. 
 
 Scales of the receptacle awn-like. 
 Scales of the receptacle broad. 
 
 Low, fleshy, coastal or salt marsh shrubs. 
 Tall herbs, not fleshy. 
 Achenes very flat, 2-6-awned. 
 Pappus of numerous scales. 
 Bracts of the involucre scarious. 
 Receptacle chaffy. 
 
 Achenes flattened : heads small. 
 Achenes terete ; heads large. 
 Receptacle naked. 
 
 5. Solidago. 
 
 6. Aster. 
 
 7. Erigeron. 
 
 8. Leptilon. 
 
 9. Senecio. 
 10. Emilia. 
 
 11. Polym^nia. 
 
 12. Parthenium. 
 
 13. Verhesina. 
 
 14. Borrichia. 
 
 15. Helianthus. 
 
 16. Bidens. 
 
 17. Galinsoga. 
 
 18. Achillea. 
 
 19. Anthemis. 
 
 20. Chrysanthemum. 
 
 1. EUPATORIUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with, opposite or verticiliate, or sometimes alternate^ 
 often punctate leaves, and in our species cymose-paniculate discoid heads of 
 perfect white or greenish flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid, campanulate, or hemi- 
 spheric, the bracts imbricated in 2-several series. Eeceptacle naked. Corolla 
 regular, its tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and 
 entire at the base, appendiculate at the apex. 'Style-branches elongated, flat- 
 tened, or thickened above, stigmatic at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate. 
 Pappus of numerous capillary usually scabrous bristles arranged in 1 row. 
 [Named for Mithridates Eupator, i. e., of a noble father.] Over 500 species, 
 mostly of warm or tropical regions. Type species: Eupatorium cannabinum L. 
 
 Leaves dissected into filiform segments. 
 Leaves oblong to ovate, dentate or serrate. 
 
 Leaves broadly triangular-ovate. 
 
 Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate. 
 
 1. E. capilli folium. 
 
 2. E. adenophorum. 
 
 3. E. riparium. 
 
CARDUACEAE. 
 
 387 
 
 1. Eupatorium capillifolium 
 
 (Lam.) Small. Dog-fennel. 
 French Fennel. (Fig. 419.) 
 Erect, paniculately much branched, 
 the stem finely pubescent, 3°-9° 
 high. Leaves crowded, glabrous or 
 nearly so, alternate, the lower 
 petioled, the upper sessile; heads 
 very numerous, about li" high, 
 short-peduncled, racemos'e-panicu- 
 late, 3-6-flowered; bracts of the 
 involucre in about 2 series, linear, 
 cuspidate, narrowly scarious-mar- 
 gined, glabrous, [Artemisia capil- 
 lifolia Lam.; Eupatorium foenicu- 
 laceum "Willd. ; Artemisia tenui- 
 folia of Lefroy and H. B. Small.] 
 
 "Waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of the southern 
 Ignited States and West Indies. 
 Summer and autumn. 
 
 <^ ft I vv; 
 
 2. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. 
 Glandular Eupatorium. (Fig. 420.) 
 Erect, often diffusely branched, 3° high or 
 less, rather densely glandular-pubescent 
 above. Leaves broadly triangular-ovate, 2'- 
 6' long, 3-nerved and pinnately veined, cre- 
 nate-dentate, acute or short-acuminate at the 
 apex, obtuse or broadly cuneate at the base, 
 the slender petioles sometimes nearly as long 
 as the blades; heads numerous, many-flow- 
 ered, densely corymbose; involucre about 2" 
 high, its bracts in about 3 series, linear- 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the outer ones 
 pubescent. [E. glandulosum H.B.K.] 
 
 Roadside, St. Georges, 1908. Introduced. 
 Native of Mexico. Flowers in spring. Natural- 
 ized in Jamaica. Grown for ornament. 
 
 3. Eupatorium riparium 
 
 Eegel. • Small White Eupato- 
 rium. (Fig. 421.) Stem slen- 
 der, often widely branched, pu- 
 berulent above, U°-2^° high, 
 the branches slender. Leaves 
 slender-petioled, oblong or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, thin, tripli- 
 nerved, sharply serrate, 2 '-4' 
 long, i'—V wide, acuminate at 
 the apex, narrowed at the base ; 
 heads numerous in terminal 
 corymbs, several-flowered, fili- 
 form-peduncled; involucre about 
 2" high, its bracts in 2 series, 
 linear, the outer pubescent. 
 
 Roadside, Paget, 1011, appar- 
 ently escaped from cultivation. Na- 
 tive of South America. Naturalized 
 in the mountains of .Jamaica. Flow- 
 ers in winter and spring. 
 
388 
 
 CARD'UACEAE. 
 
 Eupatorium odoratum L., Bushy Thoroughwort, listed as Bermudian 
 by Lefroy and cited by Hemsley, but not by other authors, has not been found 
 here by recent collectors. It is a widely distributed plant of tropical America, 
 reaching southern Florida, perennial, much branched, 3'^-6° high, with ovate 
 to lanceolate toothed leaves 2'-4' long, and many small cylindric heads of 
 whitish or purple flowers, the 3-nerved involucre-bracts imbricated in several 
 series. [E, conysoides Vahl.] 
 
 Eupatorium macrophyllum L., Large-leaved Thoroughwort, West In- 
 dian, is recorded by Hemsley as preserved in the Sloane Herbarium at the 
 British Museum of Natural History, as from Bermuda (Journ, Bot. 21: 257, 
 258), but I am not satisfied with the evidence adduced that the specimen he 
 based his determination upon was really collected here. It is a West Indian 
 species of wet regions, with large flaccid ovate petioled leaves and numerous 
 small heads of white flowers. 
 
 2. BACCHAEIS L. 
 
 Dioecious shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small paniculate or corymbose 
 heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate in our species, its bracts im- 
 bricated in several series, the outer shorter. Eeceptacle flat, naked, commonly 
 foveolate. Corolla of the pistillate flowers slender, that of the staminate 
 tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- branches nar- 
 row or subulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those of the 
 sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. 
 Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers 
 copious, capillary, that of the sterile flowers short. [Named for Bacchus; 
 originally applied to some difl'erent shrubs.] About 300 species, all American, 
 most abundant in South America. Type species: Bacchus ivifolia L. 
 
 1. Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers. 
 Doc-bush. (Pig. 422.) A branching 
 shrub 3°-10° tall. Leaves leathery, spat- 
 ulate to cuneate-obovate, f'-l' long, en- 
 tire, or sharply toothed above the middle ; 
 heads solitary and sessile in the upper 
 axils or few in sessile or short-peduncled 
 clusters; staminate involucres campanu- 
 late, 2" high, with ovate to oblong-ovate 
 obtuse bracts; pistillate involucres ovoid, 
 21"-^" high, with ovate to oblong obtuse 
 bracts ; pappus bright white, barely twice 
 as long as the involucre; achenes nearly 
 1" long. [B. Jieterophylla of Eein, 
 Eeade, Lefroy, Coulter, H. B. Small and 
 Harshberger; B. lialimifolia of Mills- 
 paugh.] 
 
 Common in marshes : occasional on hillsides. Native. Southeastern United 
 States. Flowers in late autumn and winter. Tne abundant white pappus of the 
 fertile bushes make this one of the most conspicuous and attractive plants toward 
 the close of the year. Its fruit was, doubtless, transported to Bermuda on the wind. 
 
 3. PLUCHEA Cass. 
 
 Pubescent or glabrous herbs, some species shrubby, with alternate dentate 
 leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. In- 
 
CARDUACEAE. 
 
 389 
 
 volucre ovoid, eampanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its bracts appresseil, herba- 
 ceous, imbricated in several series. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Outer flowers of 
 the head pistillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or dentate at the apex. Cen- 
 tral flowers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate 
 at the base, the auricles caudate. Style of the perfect flowers 2-cleft or un- 
 divided. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous 
 bristles. [Named for the Abbe N. A. Pluche, of Paris.] About 35 s-pecies, 
 widely distributed in warm and temperate regions. Type species: Conyza 
 marilandica Michx. 
 
 Perennial ; shrubby ; leaves entire. 
 Annual ; herbaceous ; leaves crenate. 
 
 1. Pluchea odorata Cass. Shrubby 
 Fleabane. (Fig. 423.) Perennial, 
 closely pubescent. Stems 3°-8° tall, 
 woody. Leaves oblong or nearly so, 3'- 
 6' long, obtuse or apiculate, entire, peti- 
 oled; heads numerous, in rounded 
 corymbs; involucre about 1" high, its 
 bracts oblong or slightly broadened up- 
 ward, pubescent, ciliate, obtuse. [Conyza 
 odorata L.] 
 
 Hillsides and thickets. Native. Florida 
 and tropical America. Flowers from spring 
 to autumn. Its achenes probably reached 
 Bermuda on the wind. 
 
 1. r. odorata. 
 
 2. 1'. purpurascens. 
 
 2. Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) 
 DC. Salt Marsh Fleabane. (Fig. 
 424.) Annual, finely pubescent and 
 somewhat glandular. Stems 1°- 
 4" tall, branching above; leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate to elliptic or ob- 
 long, lV-4' long, rather blunt, 
 coarsely crenate, short-petioled ; 
 heads few or numerous; involucre 
 about 2" high; bracts oblong to 
 narrowly linear-lanceolate, cilio- 
 late, the outer mucronate, the inner 
 acute or acuminate; flowers pur- 
 ple; corollas of the pistillate flow- 
 ers about IV' long. [Conyza pur- 
 purascens Sw. ; P. camphorata of 
 Eeade, Hemsley, Verrill and 
 Moore.] 
 
 Common in marshes. Native. 
 
 Southern United States and West 
 
 Indies. Its achenes probably reached 
 
 Bermuda on the wind. Flowers from 
 
 spring to autumn. 
 
390 
 
 CABDUACEAE. 
 
 4. GNAPHAUUM L. 
 Woolly branched herbs, with alternate leaves, and discoid heads of pistil- 
 late and perfect flowers arranged in corymbs, spikes, racemes, or heads. Ke- 
 eeptacle flat,, convex or conic, not chaffy, usualy f oveolate. Pistillate flowers in 
 several series, their corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed. Central 
 flowers perfect, tubular, few, their corollas 5 -toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers sagit- 
 tate at the base, the auricles tailed. Achenes oblong or obovate, terete or 
 slightly compressed, not ribbed. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles, 
 sometimes thickened above, cohering at the base, or separately deciduous. 
 [Greek, referring to the wool.] About 120 species, widely distributed. Type 
 species: Gnaphalkim luteoalhiim L. 
 
 1. G-naphalium purpureum L. 
 
 Purplish Cudweed. (Fig. 425.) 
 Annual or biennial, simple and 
 erect, or branched from the base 
 and the branches ascending, 3'-2° 
 high. Leaves spatulate, or the up- 
 permost linear, mostly obtuse, mu- 
 cronulate, woolly beneath, usually 
 green and glabrous or nearly so 
 above when old, sessile, or the 
 lowest narrowed into petioles, 1-2' 
 long, 2"-3" wide; heads about 2" 
 high ; bracts of the involucre yel- 
 lowish brown or purplish, lanceo- 
 late-oblong, acute or acutish, the 
 outer woolly at the base; achenes 
 roughish. \_G. luteoalbum. of 
 Eeade.] 
 
 Occasional in sandy soil. Native. 
 Distribution : Continental North 
 America, Jamaica. Flowers in spring. 
 Its fruit was presumably brought to 
 Bermuda on the wind. 
 
 5. SOLIDAGO L. 
 
 Perennial erect herbs, sometimes woody at the base, simple, or little 
 branched, with alternate simple, toothed or entire leaves, and small heads of 
 both tubular and radiate yellow or rarely white flowers, in terminal or axillary 
 panicles, thyrsi, or cymose-corymbose or capitate clusters. Involucre oblong 
 or narrowly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer 
 successively shorter. Receptacle small, flat, or somewhat convex, generally 
 alveolate. Eay-flowers in one series, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all per- 
 fect, their corollas tubular or narrowly campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed. 
 Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their ap- 
 pendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or angled, usually ribbed. Pappus of 
 numerous capillary rough nearly equal bristles in 1 or 2 series. [Greek, to 
 make whole.] About 125 species, mostly of North America, several in Europe, 
 a few in Mexico and South America. Type species: Solidago Virga-aurea L. 
 
CARDUACEAE. 
 
 391 
 
 1. Solidago sempervirens 
 
 L. Sea-side Goldenrod. Salt- 
 marsh GOLDENROD. (Fig. 426.) 
 Stem stout, leafy, usually sim- 
 ple, l°-6° Mgh, glabrous, or 
 slightly puberulent above. 
 Leaves with 2-5 pairs of lateral 
 veins, the lower and basal ones 
 mostly obtuse, sometimes 1° 
 long, narrowed into long peti- 
 oles; upper leaves sessile, lan- 
 ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute; heads 3"-5" high; 
 rays 8-10, showy; bracts of the 
 involucre lanceolate, acute. [S. 
 virgata of Lefroy; S. mexicana 
 of Lefroy and of H. B. Small.] 
 
 Common in nearly all situa- 
 tions, flowering most abundantly 
 in late summer and early autumn, 
 when it is one of the most con- 
 spicuous plants. Native. Coast 
 of the eastern United States. The 
 plant varies in size, but there is, 
 apparently, only * one species in 
 Bermuda. 
 
 6. ASTER L. 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual, mostly branching herbs, with alternate leaves, 
 and corymbose or paniculate (rarely racemose or solitary) heads of both 
 tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate, 
 its bracts various, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones usually smaller 
 
 and shorter. Receptacle generally foveolate. 
 Ray-flowers white, pink, purple, blue or violet, 
 pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, perfect. An- 
 thers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- 
 branches flattened. Pappus-bristles slender, 
 numerous. Achenes flattened and nerved. 
 [Greek, star.] About 250 species, most abund- 
 ant in North America. Type species: Aster 
 AmeUus L. 
 
 1. Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron. 
 Scale-leaved Aster. (Fig. 427.) Glabrous, 
 slender, branched, erect, l°-2i° high. Stem- 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, I'-l^' long, 1''- 
 2V' wide, short-petioled or sessile, acute, some- 
 what fleshy ; leaves of the branches much 
 smaller, scattered, most of them reduced to 
 subulate scales; heads numerous or several, 
 solitary at the ends of short branches; invo- 
 lucre about 3" high, its linear acute bracts 
 in about 3 series; rays several, pink, about 1" 
 long. [Aster Tripolium of Jones; Aster tri fo- 
 lium (misprint for Tripolium) of Lefroy.] 
 
 Roadsides and waste grounds, Ireland Island, 
 Boaz Island and near Fairy Land. Naturalized. 
 Native of South America. Summer and autumn. 
 
392 
 
 CABDUACEAE. 
 
 Aster laevis L., Smooth Aster, Xorth American, glabrous, with stout 
 leafy stems up to 3° higli, the leaves sessile, lanceolate to oblanceolate, thick, 
 smooth, entire or somewhat toothed, cordate-clasping at the base, the numerous 
 heads with an involucre of acute green-tipped bracts about 4" long, the blue or 
 violet rays 6"-12" long, is occasionally planted in flower-gardens. 
 
 Aster cordifolius L., Blue Wood Aster, North American, seen at Dun- 
 barton in 1914, is 2°-4° high, glabrous, or nearly so, with slender-petioled, 
 ovate cordate serrate pointed thin leaves 2-5' long, and small heads, the 
 rays violet or blue, 3"-5" long. 
 
 7. ERIGKRON L. 
 
 Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose, 
 paniculate or solitary, peduncled heads, of both tubular and radiate (rarely all 
 tubular) flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts narrow, 
 nearly equal, imbricated in but 1 or 2 series in our species. Receptacle nearly 
 flat, usually naked. Ray-flowers, in our species, white, violet or purple, 
 pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5-lobed. 
 Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened, 
 their appendages short, mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, usually 
 2-nerved. Pappus-bristles fragile, slender, scabrous or denticulate, in 1 
 series, or often an additional outer shorter series. [Greek, early-old, alluding 
 to the early hoary pappus.] A genus of some 130 species, of wide distribution. 
 Type species: Erigeron acris L. 
 
 Herbaceous species. 
 
 Annual ; stem leafy. 
 
 Perennial ; basal leaves tufted, the upper very small. 
 Shrubby species. 
 
 1. E. onnuus. 
 
 2. E. philadelphicus. 
 
 3. E. DarrelUanus. 
 
 1. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. 
 Sweet Scabious. Daisy Fleabaxe. 
 (Fig. 428.) Annual, sparingly pu- 
 bescent with spreading hairs; stem 
 erect, corymbosely branched. Leaves 
 thin, the lower and basal ones ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, 
 petioled, usually coarsely dentate, 
 2'-6' long, i'-2V wide, the upper 
 sessile or short-petioled, lanceolate, 
 oblong, or linear-lanceolate; heads 
 rather numerous, 5"-7" broad; bracts 
 somewhat hispid; rays 40-70, linear, 
 white, or commonly tinged with 
 purple, 2"-4" long; pappus double, 
 the inner a series of slender fragile 
 deciduous bristles, often wanting in 
 the ray-flowers, the outer a persist- 
 ent series of short, partly united, 
 slender scales. [Aster annuus L. ; 
 Stenactis annua Cass.] 
 
 Local in fields, waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized. Native 
 of North America. Flowers from spring 
 to autumn. 
 
CARDUACEAE. 
 
 393 
 
 2. Erigeron philadelphicus L. 
 
 Philadelphia Fleabaxe. (Fig. 
 429.) Perennial by stolons and 
 offsets, soft-pubescent or sometimes 
 nearly glabrous; stems slender, 
 mostly branched above, l°-3° high. 
 Basal and lower leaves spatulate or 
 obovate, obtuse, dentate, ^^'-2^ 
 long, narrowed into short petioles; 
 upper stem-leaves clasping and 
 often cordate at the base; heads 
 several or numerous, corymbose- 
 paniculate, 5"-12" broad, slender- 
 peduncled; bracts linear, usually 
 scarious-margined ; achenes puberu- 
 lent. [E. jamaicensis? of Eeade 
 and of H. B. Small ; E. quercifolium 
 of Lefroy; ?E. tenuis of Hemsley.] 
 
 Banks and grassy places. Na- 
 tive. Widely distributed in North 
 America. Its fruit probably reached 
 Bermuda on the wind. Flowers in 
 spring and sometimes again in the 
 
 3. Erigeron Darrellianus Hems- 
 ley. Darrell's Fleabane. (Fig. 
 430). Perennial, shrubby, l°-4i° 
 high, branched, the stem and branches 
 glabrous or pubescent. Leaves thin, 
 oblong or oblanceolate, glabrous, 
 pubescent or ciliate, the lower ones 
 clustered, 3'-5' long, crenate-dentate 
 with apiculate teeth, or entire, obtuse 
 or acute at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base into short petioles, the upper 
 ones scattered, sessile, much smaller, 
 acute, entire; heads numerous, 
 corymbose paniculate; bracts of the 
 inflorescence linear l"-2" long; in- 
 volucre campanulate-cylindric, about 
 2" high^ its bracts linear-lanceolate, 
 membranous, acuminate, imbricated 
 in about 3 series, the inner scarious- 
 margined, much longer than the 
 outer: rays about 30, linear, white 
 spreading, about IV' long; receptacle 
 pitted; achenes linear, sparingly pu- 
 bescent, about 1" long; pappus whit- 
 ish, 2-3-times as long as the achene; 
 disk-flowers with a narrow^ 5-lobed 
 corolla. 
 
 Common in rocky situations. Endemic. Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 This interestmg and rather abundant plant, with pretty white flowers, re- 
 mained botanically unnamed, until published in 1S83 by Hemsley in the Journal of 
 Botany, 21 : 104, and in the Botanical Report of the Voyage of the Challenger, 1 : 
 42, published in 1885. Lefroy records it as an unidentified Ericjcvon, and Reade in 
 1883 describes it as an Aster, without specific name. I agree with Mr. Ilemsiey in 
 regarding it as an Erigeron though it appears to have its nearest relative in the 
 plant known as Aster falcatus Klatt, native of Central America. Several young 
 
394 
 
 CARDUACEAE. 
 
 plants three or four inches high, taken to the New York Botanical Garden in the 
 late autumn of 1912, grew rapidly and flowered profusely in April, 1913. The 
 species was named in honor of Hon. J. K. Darrell, a prominent member of an old 
 Bermuda family, Mr. Hemsley remarks on the similarity of this plant to Conyza 
 rivularis Gardn., of Brazil. 
 
 8. LEFTIIiON Raf. 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs/ with, small racemose thyrsoid or panicled heads 
 
 of white flowers, the rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk 
 
 or none. Involucre mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. 
 
 Receptacle naked. Ray-flow^ers pistillate ; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas 
 
 usually 4-lobed or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse at the base; style-branches 
 
 somewhat flattened. Achenes flattened. Pappus of numerous simple bristles. 
 
 [Greek, referring to the small heads.] About 20 species, of America and Asia. 
 
 Type species: Erigeron divaricatum Michx. 
 
 Inner involucre-bracts densely pubescent. 
 Inner involucre-bracts glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Pubescent ; involucre-bracts green. 
 
 Glabrate ; bracts purple-tipped. 
 
 1. L. linifolium. 
 
 2. L. canadense. 
 
 3. L. pusillum. 
 
 1. Leptilon linifolium (Willd.) J. K. 
 Small. Hairy Horse-weed. (Fig. 431.) 
 Stems 6'-3° tall, hirsute, racemosely or panic- 
 ulately branched above. Leaves narrowly 
 spatulate to linear, i'-4:' long, the lower 
 ones incised or laciniate, slender-petioled, 
 the upper entire or sparingly toothed; in- 
 volucres V'-l^" high, the bracts linear to 
 linear-subulate, densely pubescent. \_Erig- 
 eron linifolium Willd.; E. tonariensis of 
 Reade, of Lefroy and of H. B. Small; 
 Conyza annbigua of Millspaugh.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated grounds. 
 Naturalized. Native of tropical regions. Flow- 
 ers from spring to autumn. Perhaps not dis- 
 tinct from Erigeron honariensis L. 
 
 2. Leptilon canadense (L.) Brit- 
 ton. HORSEWEED. FlEABANE. (Fig. 
 
 432.) Stems hirsute, 1°-Q° tall, simple 
 to the paniculate inflorescence; leaves 
 linear or nearly so, or the lower spatu- 
 late, coarsely few-toothed, ciliate; heads 
 numerous; involucres about 1*" high; 
 bracts appressed, linear-subulate to 
 linear, green, the outer ones often pu- 
 bescent; corollas of the disk-flowers 
 usually 4-lobed. [Erigeron canddense L.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds. Naturalized. Native of temperate 
 North America. Flowers nearly through- 
 out the year. 
 
CABDUACEAE. 
 
 395 
 
 3. Leptilon pusillum (Nutt.) 
 Britton. Smooth Horseweed. 
 (Fig. 433.) Glabrous or nearly 
 so; stems slender, 3° higli or less. 
 Leaves linear to oblanceolate, en- 
 tire, or the lower sometimes witli 
 2 or 3 teeth near the apex, eiliate 
 toward the base; heads few or 
 numerous; involucre much like 
 that of the preceding species, but 
 glabrous or nearly so, its bracts 
 commonly purplish-tipped. [Erig- 
 eron pusillum Nutt.] 
 
 Common in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds, often growing inter 
 mixed with L. canadense. Natural- 
 ized. Native of ttie eastern United 
 States, ttie West Indies and trop- 
 ical continental America. Flowers 
 nearly throughout the yeaf. 
 
 9. SENEOIO [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs (some tropical &-pecies shrubby or even arbo- 
 rescent), with alternate or basal leaves, and many-flowered heads, of both 
 tubular and radiate, or only tubular flowers, in our species yellow. Involucre 
 cylindric or campanulSte, its principal bracts in 1 series, usually with some 
 shorter outer ones. Eeceptacle mostly naked. Rays, when present, pistillate, 
 fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, the limb 5-toothed 
 or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, or rarely slightly sagittate. 
 Achenes terete, or those of the marginal flowers somewhat compressed, 5-10- 
 ribbed, papillose, or canescent, at least after wetting, and then usually emitting 
 a pair of spiral threads. Pappus of numerous slender or capillary, mostly 
 white bristles. [Latin, senex, an old man, referring to the hoary character of 
 some species, or to the white pappus.] An immense genus of probably at least 
 1200 species, of very wide geographic distribution, the following typical. 
 
396 
 
 CARDUACEAE. 
 
 1. Senecio vulgaris L. Com- 
 mon Groundsel. (Fig. 434.) An- 
 nual; stem hollow, usually much 
 branched, 6-15' high. Leaves 2- 
 6' long, the lower spatulate in out- 
 line, petioled, obtuse, the upper 
 sessile or clasping at the base, 
 more deeply lobed or incised, their 
 segments oblong, dentate; heads 
 several or numerous in the 
 corymbs, nearly 3" broad; bracts 
 of the involucre linear, often 
 blackish-tipped; rays none; achenes 
 slightly canescent. 
 
 Common in waste and culti- 
 vated grounds. Naturalized. Native 
 of Europe. Widely naturalized in 
 North America. Flowers from spring 
 to autumn. 
 
 Senecio mikanioides Otto, German or Italian Ivy, South African, is a 
 glabrous herbaceous vine, several feet long, with broadly ovate petioled cor- 
 date, sharply 5-7-lobed leaves 2'-4' broad, and numerous discoid heads of 
 yellow flowers in terminal and axillary clusters; it is sometimes grown in 
 flower-gardens. 
 
 Senecio Cineraria DC, Dusty Miller, of the Mediterranean region, a per- 
 ennial herb l°-2i° high, the stems, petioles, involucre and under surfaces of 
 the pinnatifid leaves densely white-woolly, the heads of yellow flowers about 1' 
 broad, the ray-flowers about 12, is commonly grown in flower-gardens. [Cin- 
 eraria maritima L.] 
 
 10. EMILIA Cass. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate and basal, often clasping leaves, and long-peduncled, 
 solitary or loosely corymbose heads of pink purple or orange, tubular perfect 
 and fertile flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its bracts in a single equal 
 series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla-limb cylindric. Achenes nearly terete 
 or 5-angled. Pappus of numerous, soft, white, capillary bristles. [Name un- 
 explained.] About 5 species, natives of the Old World tropics. Type species: 
 Emilia flammea Cass.] 
 
CARDUACEAE. 
 
 397 
 
 1. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) 
 DC. Purple Emilia. (Fig. 435.) 
 Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pu- 
 bescent below, usually branched, 
 8-2° high. Basal and lower leaves 
 petioled, sometimes 5' long, ob- 
 ovate to oblanceolate, repand-den- 
 tate to lyrate-pinnatifid, obtuse or 
 acute at the apex; upper leaves 
 lanceolate, sessile, sagittate-clasp- 
 ing, dentate, lobed, or entire; 
 heads loosely corymbose, many- 
 iiowered; peduncles very slender 
 or filiform; involucre 5"-6" high, 
 its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 at length reflexed; flowers rose, or 
 purple. [Cacalia sonchifolia L.] 
 
 Waste garden grounds, Harring- 
 ton House, 1909. Introduced. Na- 
 tive of the East Indies. Widely nat- 
 uralized in ttie West Indies. Flowers 
 in spring and summer. 
 
 Emilia sagittata (Vahl) DC, ARubw-LEAVED Emilia, also East Indian, 
 with lanceolate acute sparingly serrate, sagittate-clasping leaves 6' long or 
 less, the heads of orange or red flowers in long-stalked clusters, was grown in 
 the garden at Somerville in 1914. [Cacalia sagittata Vahl.] 
 
 11. POLYMNIA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with opposite membranous 
 lobed or angled leaves, or the lower alternate, and mostly large corymbose- 
 paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or whitish flowers, or rays 
 sometimes obsolete. Involucre hemispheric or broader, of about 5 large outer 
 bracts, and more numerous smaller inner ones. Receptacle chaffy. Ray- 
 flowers pistillate, fertile, subtended by the inner involucral bracts, the ligules 
 elongated, minute or none. Disk-flowers subtended by the chaffy scales of the 
 receptacle, perfect, sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-toothed 
 at the base. Pappus none. Achenes thick, short, turgid, glabrous. [From 
 the Muse Polhymnia.] About 10 species, natives of America. Type species: 
 Folymnia canadensis L. 
 
398 
 
 CABDUACEAE. 
 
 1. Polymnia Uvedalia L. 
 
 Yellow or Large-flowered Leaf- 
 cup. Bear's-foot. (Fig. 436.) 
 Rough-pubescent, stout, branched, 
 2°-6° high. Leaves broadly ovate 
 or deltoid, 3-nerved, abruptly con- 
 tracted above the base, minutely 
 ciliate, more or less pubescent on 
 both sides, angulate-lobed, the 
 lower often 1° long and broad, 
 petioled, the upper sessile, some- 
 what clasping; heads few l*'-2^' 
 broad; rays 10-15, linear-oblong, 
 bright yellow ; exterior bracts of the 
 cup-like involucre ovate-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, 4"-10" long; achenes laterally 
 compressed, nearly 3" long. 
 
 Rocky and sandy hillsides, espe- 
 cially between Castle Harbor and 
 Harrington Sound ; on Abbots' Cliff, 
 and locally in Paget. Eastern United 
 States. Apparently native, though 
 regarded by Lefroy as naturalized. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
 12. PARTHENIUM L. 
 
 Perennial, mostly pubescent or canescent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate 
 leaves, and small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate 
 white or yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its 
 bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle 
 convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff membranous, siirrounding the disk-flowers. 
 Ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules short, broad, 2-toothed or 
 obcordate. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed, the style 
 undivided. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the 
 inner face, margined, bearing the per- 
 sistent ray on the summit. Pappus of 
 2-3 scales or awns. [Greek, virgin.] 
 About 12 species, natives of America, 
 the following typical. 
 
 1. Parthenium Hysterophorus L. 
 Parthenium. Santa Marl\. (Fig. 
 437.) Annual, strigose or sometimes 
 slightly hirsute. Stems l°-2i° tall, 
 branched; leaves oblong to ovate in out- 
 line, 1-2-pinnately parted, the segments 
 lanceolate to linear, pinnatifid or toothed ; 
 heads numerous; involucre saucer-like, 
 about 2V' broad; bracts concave, the 
 outer rhombic or elliptic-rhombic, the 
 inner broader, cuneate at the base; ray- 
 flowers few; rays whitish, about i" 
 broad; achenes obovate, about *" long. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated 
 ground. Naturalized. Native of the south- 
 ern United States and tropical America. 
 Flowers from spring to autumn. 
 
CARDUACEAE. 
 
 399 
 
 13. VERBESINA L. 
 
 Erect or diffuse branching pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite 
 leaves, and small peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate 
 whitish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts im- 
 bricated in about 2 series, nearly equal, or the outer longer. Eeceptacle flat or 
 convex, chaffy, the chaff awn-like, subtending the achenes. Ray-flowers pistil- 
 late, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular, 4- 
 toothed or rarely 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2 -toothed at the base. 
 Style-branches of the disk-flowers with obtuse or triangular tips. Achenes 
 thick, those of the rays 3-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none, 
 or of a few short teeth. [Name altered from Verbena.] About 4 species, 
 mostly of tropical distribution, the following typical. 
 
 1. Verbesina alba L. Eclipta. 
 (Fig. 438.) Annual, rough with ap- 
 pressed pubescence, erect or diffuse, 6'- 
 3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong- 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate, denticulate or entire, nar- 
 rowed to a sessile base, or the lower 
 petioled, l'-5' long, 2"-10" wide; heads 
 commonly numerous, 3"-6" broad, nearly 
 sessile, or slender-peduncled; rays short, 
 nearly white; anthers brown; achenes 
 4-toothed, or at length truncate. 
 [Eclipta erecta L. ; E. alba Hassk.] 
 
 Frequent in marshes and in wet waste 
 grounds. Native. Southeastern United 
 States and tropical America. Flowers 
 from spring to autumn. 
 
 14. BORRICHIA Adans. 
 
 Fleshy, branching shrubs of the seacoast and salt marshes, with opposite 
 entire or denticulate, cuneate oblong spatulate or obovate, 1-3-nerved leaves, 
 and terminal large long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow 
 flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the 
 inner ones coriaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff rigid, concave, 
 subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. 
 Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, the style-branches elongated, 
 hispid. Anthers entire at the base, or minutely sagittate. Achenes of the ray- 
 flowers 3-sided, those of the disk-flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate 
 crown. [Named for Olaf Borrick, a Danish botanist.] About 5 species, 
 native of America. Type species : Buphthalmum frutescens L. 
 
 Scales of the receptacle cuspidate. 1. B. frutescens. 
 
 Scales of the receptacle acute or obtuse. 2. B. arhorescens. 
 
400 
 
 CARDUACEAE. 
 
 2. Borrichia arborescens (L.) 
 DC. Sea Ox-eye. (Fig. 440.) A 
 branching shrub l°-6° tall, with 
 silky-canescent or glabrous foliage, 
 sometimes with both gray and 
 green leaves on the same plant. 
 Leaves oblanceolate or spatu- 
 late-oblanceolate, l'-2^' long, with 
 dark rigid cuspidate tips, entire, 
 sessile; heads 1' broad or less on 
 club-shaped peduncles; outer in- 
 volucre-bracts keeled, acute or ob- 
 tuse, appressed at maturity; the 
 inner larger, rounded at the apex; 
 scale of the receptacle blunt; ray- 
 flowers few. [Buphthalmum arbor- 
 escens L.] 
 
 Common on coastal rocks. Na- 
 tive. Florida and the West Indies. 
 Flowers from spring to winter. 
 Presumably reached Bermuda by 
 floating. 
 
 1. Borrichia fnitescens (L.) DC. 
 
 8ALTMARSH Ox-EYE. (Fig. 439.) 
 
 Finely canescent, even when old; stems 
 terete, sparingly branched, l°-4° high. 
 Leaves mostly erect or ascending, nar- 
 rowly spatulate or obovate, tapering to 
 the sessile base, somewhat connate, l'-3' 
 long, 2' -7" wide ; heads solitary or few, 
 about 1' broad; rays 15-25, rather short; 
 exterior bracts of the involucre ovate 
 and somewhat spreading, the inner ones 
 and the scales of the receptacle cuspi- 
 date. [BuplitJialmum fnitescens L.] 
 
 Salt marshes and borders of salt 
 water lagoons. Coasts of Castle Harbor, 
 native. Southeastern United States. Flow- 
 ers in summer and autumn. Presumably 
 reached Bermuda by floating. 
 
 15. HELIANTHUS L. 
 
 Erect, mostly branched herbs, with simple leaves, and large peduncled 
 heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, the disk yellow, 
 brown or purple. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in 
 several series. Eeceptacle chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays 
 spreading, mostly entire. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla tubular, 
 
CAEDUACEAE. 
 
 401 
 
 the tube short, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothecl 
 at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes thick, 
 oblong or obovate, compressed, or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of 2 scales or 
 awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional shorter ones, deciduous. [Greek, pun- 
 flower.] About 60 species, natives of the New World. Type species: Heli- 
 anthus annuus L. 
 
 1. Helianthus debilis Nutt. Low 
 Sunflower. (Fig. 441.) Annual, sca- 
 brous, branched, l°-3° high, the branches 
 mostly spreading or decumbent. Leaves 
 alternate, or the lower opposite, slender- 
 petioled, triangular-ovate to hastate, 11'- 
 3V long, acute or acuminate at the apex, 
 broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base, 
 repand-dentate or coarsely toothed; 
 heads about 2' broad, long-peduncled; 
 bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 
 i' long or less, acuminate; rays 8-15, 
 bright yellow; disk purple, 7"-10" broad; 
 receptacle nearly flat. 
 
 In a field, Middle Road, 1913, collected 
 by F. S. Collins. Introduced. Native of 
 the southeastern United States^ Flowers 
 in summer. 
 
 Helianthus annuus L., Sunflov^^er, North American, a tall broad-leaved 
 annual herb, with rough stems and foliage, large heads at the ends of branches, 
 the disk-flowers purplish, the bright yellow rays often 6' long, is often grown 
 in gardens for ornament. 
 
 Helianthus tuberosus L., Jerusalem Artichoke, North American, a tall 
 perennial, with rough ovate leaves, the rootstocks bearing edible tubers, the 
 heads '2'-3' broad, both disk-flowers and rays yellow, is occasionally grown in 
 gardens. 
 
 16. BIDENS [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite serrate lobed divided or dis- 
 sected leaves, or the uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both 
 tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays none, or rudimentary. Involucre cam- 
 panulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct or slightly united at the 
 base; the outer often foliaceous. Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff 
 subtending the disk-flowers. Rays, when present, neutral. Disk-flowers per- 
 fect, fertile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely 
 sagittate at the base. Style-branches with short or subulate tips. Achenes flat, 
 quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, oblong, or linear. Pappus of 2-6 teeth 
 or subulate awns, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. [Latin, two- 
 toothed, referring to the achenes.] About 75 species of wide geographic dis- 
 tribution. Type species: Bidens hipartita L. 
 
 27 
 
402 
 
 CAItDUAOEAE. 
 
 1. Bidens pilosa L, White Beggar-ticks. 
 (Fig. 442.) Annual, glabrous or somewhat 
 pubescent, l°-3° high, more or less branched. 
 Leaves petioled, 3-divided, their segments ovate 
 to lanceolate, I'-S^' long, serrate, acute or 
 acuminate, the uppermost sometimes undivided; 
 involucre campanulate, about 4" high, its outer 
 bracts linear-oblong, usually shorter than the 
 inner; rays, when present, white, 5"-10" long, 
 2-3-lobed ; achenes fusiform, unequal, the inner 
 longer than the involucre; pappus of 2-4 yel- 
 low downwardly barbed awns. [B. leucantha 
 Willd.] 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated ground. 
 Naturalized. Native of tropical America. Both 
 radiate and rayless races occur. Flowers in sum- 
 mer and autumn. 
 
 17. GAIiINSOGA R. & P. 
 Annual branching herbs, with opposite 
 leaves, and small peduncled heads of both 
 tubular and radiate flowers, terminal and in 
 the upper axils. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, 
 ovate, obtuse, membranous, striate. Eeceptacle conie or elongated, its thin 
 chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, fertile, the 
 rays 4 or 5, short. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers 
 minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches tipped with acute appendages. 
 Achenes angled, or the outer ones flat. Pappus of the disk-flowers of several 
 short laciniate or fimbriate scales, that of the ray-flowers of several or few 
 short slender bristles, or none. [Named in honor of M. M. Galinsoga, super- 
 intendent of the Botanic Gardens at Madrid.] About 5 species, natives of 
 tropical and warm temperate America, the following typical. 
 
 1. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galin- 
 soga. (Fig. 443.) Slightly appressed- 
 pubescent, l°-3° high. Leaves thin, 
 ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-nerved, f'-3^' 
 long, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse 
 at the base, dentate, the lower slender- 
 petioled, the upper short-petioled or 
 sessile, and sometimes nearly or quite 
 entire; heads usually numerous, 2"-3" 
 broad, slender-peduncled ; bracts of the 
 involucre glabrous or nearly so, the outer 
 shorter; pappus of the disk-flowers 4-16, 
 oblong to spatulate, fimbriate obtusish 
 scales, shorter than the finely pubescent 
 obpyramidal achene. 
 
 Cultivated grounds, occasional or fre- 
 quent ; first introduced in the Agricultural 
 Gardens in 1!)08. Naturalized. Native of 
 tropical America. Widely naturalized in 
 the United States. Flowers In summer and 
 autumn, probably also earlier. 
 
CARDUACEAE. 
 
 403 
 
 18. ACHILLEA [Vaill.] L. 
 
 Plerbs, mostly perennial, with erect, leafy stems, finely dissected, pinnatifid 
 or serrate alternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, 
 corymbose at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre obovoid, or cam- 
 panulate, its bracts appressed. Imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. 
 Eeceptacle nearly flat, or convex, chaffy, the membranous chaff subtending the 
 disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white or pink. Disk- 
 flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas yellow, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and 
 entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes ob- 
 long or obovate, slightly compressed. Pappus none. [Named for Achilles.] 
 About 75 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, mostly of the Old World. 
 Type species: Achillea santolina L. 
 
 1. Achillea Millefdlium L. 
 
 Yarrow. Milfoil. (Fig. 444.) 
 Perennial from horizontal root- 
 stocks ; flow^ering stems sparsely 
 pubescent, or nearly glabrous, 
 simple, or corymbosely branched 
 above, l°-2° high. Basal leaves 
 and those of the numerous short 
 sterile shoots mostly petioled, 
 sometimes 10' long and V wide, 
 those of the stem sessile, all 
 somewhat pubescent or nearly 
 glabrous; heads numerous, 2"- 
 3" broad, in terminal compound 
 dense, somewhat convex cor- 
 ymbs; involucre ovoid, its 
 bracts oblong, stramineous with 
 greenish keel, obtusish, pubes- 
 cent; rays 4-6, white, or often 
 pink or purple. 
 
 Grassy woods, Devonshire, 
 1905. Introduced. Native of the 
 north temperate zone. Flowers 
 in summer and autumn. 
 
 19. ANTHEMIS [Micheli] L. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid or dissected, alternate leaves, 
 and usually large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, termi- 
 nating the branches. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several 
 series, scarious-margined, appressed, the outer shorter. Eeceptacle convex, 
 conic or oblong, chaffy at least toward the summit, the chaff subtending the 
 disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the tube terete or 
 2-winged, the ray white or yellow, entire or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, 
 fertile, yellow, their corollas Avith 5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire at 
 
404 
 
 CARDUACEAE. 
 
 the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong, angled, 
 ribbed or striate. Pappus none, or a short coroniform border. [Greek name 
 of Camomile.] About 60 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. Type 
 species: Anthemis maritima L, 
 
 1. Anthemis Cotula L. 
 
 Mayweed. Dog's, or Fetid 
 Camomile. (Fig. 445.) An- 
 nual, glandular and with a fetid 
 odor and acrid taste, much 
 branched, l°-2° high. Leaves 
 mostly sessile, l'-2' long, finely 
 1-3-pinnately dissected into 
 narrow, or almost filiform, 
 acute lobes; heads commonly 
 numerous, about 1' broad; 
 bracts of the involucre oblong, 
 obtuse or obtusish, usually 
 somewhat tomentose; rays 10- 
 18, mostly 3-toothed; receptacle 
 convex, becoming oblong, its 
 chaff bristly, subtending the 
 central flowers; achenes 10- 
 ribbed, rugose or glandular- 
 tuberculate; pappus none. 
 
 Waste grounds and lawns, 
 occasional. Sometimes cultivated. 
 Introduced. Native of Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in North 
 America. Flowers in spring and 
 summer. 
 
 20. CHRYSANTHEMUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Perennial or annual, mostly erect and branching herbs, with alternate 
 dentate incised or dissected leaves, and large, usually long-peduncled heads of 
 both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemi- 
 spheric or depressed, its bracts apj)ressed, imbricated in several series, the 
 outer shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked. Ray-flowers 
 pistillate, fertile, the rays white, yellow or rose-colored, entire or toothed. 
 Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with terete or '2-winged tubes and 
 4-5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. -Style-branches of the 
 disk-flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes angled or terete, 5-10-ribbed, those 
 of the ray-flowers commonly 3-angled. Pappus none or a scaly cup. [Greek, 
 golden-flower.] About 100 species, of wide distribution in the northern hemi- 
 sphere. Type species: Chrysaniliemum coronarium L. 
 
 Heads large, solitary or few ; leaves obovate to spatulate, dentate or incised. 
 
 1. C Leucanthemum. 
 Heads small, numerous, corymbose ; leaves pinnately parted 
 
 or pinnatifid 2. C. Parthenimn. 
 
CAEDUACEAE. 
 
 405 
 
 1. Chrysanthemum Leu- 
 canthemum L. White-weed. 
 White or Ox-eye Daisy. 
 (Fig. 446.) Perennial; stems 
 glabrous, or sjDaringly puberu- 
 lent, simple or little branched, 
 l°-^2° high, often tufted, the 
 branches nearly erect. Basal 
 leaves obovate, oblong, or spat- 
 ulate, coarsely dentate or in- 
 cised, narrowed into long slen- 
 der petioles; stem-leaves mostly 
 sessile and partly clasping, 1'- 
 3' long, the uppermost very 
 small and nearly entire; heads 
 l'-2' broad, on long naked pe- 
 duncles; rays 20-30, white, 
 spreading, slightly 2-3-toothed; 
 bracts of the involucre oblong- 
 lanceolate, obtuse, mostly gla- 
 brous, with scarious margins 
 and a brown line within the 
 margins; pappus none. 
 
 Frequent in grassy places, 
 especially in Pembroke and Paget. 
 Naturalized. Native of Europe. 
 Widely naturalized in North 
 America. Flowers in summer 
 and autumn. 
 
 2. Chrysanthemum Parthe- 
 nium (L.) Pers. Common 
 Fe\terfew. Featherfew. (Fig. 
 447.) Perennial; stem puberu- 
 lent or glabrate, much branched, 
 r-2r high. Leaves thin, the 
 lower often 6' long, petioled, or 
 the upper sessile, pinnately 
 parted into ovate or oblong, pin- 
 natifid or incised segments; 
 heads numerous, corymbose, 
 slender-peduncled, 6"-10" 
 broad; bracts of the depressed 
 involucre lanceolate, rather 
 rigid, keeled, pubescent, acute 
 or acutish; rays 10-20, white, 
 oval or obovate, spreading, 
 mostly toothed, long-persistent; 
 pappus a short toothed crown. 
 [Matricaria Parthemum L. ; 
 Pi/rethrum Partheniiim Smith.] 
 
 Ocassionally escaped from 
 cultivation. Grown in gardens. 
 Native of Europe. Flowers in 
 summer and autumn. 
 
406 CARDUACEAE. 
 
 Chrysanthemum frutescens L., Marguerite, of the Canary Islands, a gla- 
 brous shrub about 3° high, with green leaves 2'-4' long, pinnately cleft into 
 narrow segments, the few or solitary heads of white flowers on slender erect 
 peduncles, the rays about f long, is grown in flower-gardens. 
 
 Chrysanthemum morifolium Eamat., Garden Chrysanthemum, Asiatic, 
 with ovate short-petioled variously toothed, pubescent leaves, the flowers 
 ^*arious in color and size, mostly double, is grown in a variety of forms. 
 Chrysanthemum indicum L., also Asiatic, differs in having glabrous foliage. 
 
 Chrysanthemum coronarium L., Annual Chrysanthemum, of the Medi- 
 terranean region, occasional in flower-gardens, is a glabrous branched annual, 
 2°-4° high, with deeply pinnatifid leaves, their narrow segments toothed or 
 incised, the peduncled heads about 2' broad, the rays light yellow, the disk- 
 flowers yellow. 
 
 Chrysanthemum carinatum L., Keeled Chrysanthemum, African, also 
 annual and occasionally grown, is glabrous, li°-2° high, with deeply pinnatifid 
 leaves, their segments toothed or lobed, the stout-peduncled beads 2'-3' broad, 
 their involucre-bracts keeled, the notched rays variously colored, the disk- 
 flowers purple. 
 
 Chrysanthemum anethifolium Brouss., Glaucous Marguerite, of the 
 Canary Islands, a shrub similar to C. frutescens L., but pale green and glau- 
 cous, with very finely divided leaves, their segments narrowly linear, the 
 numerous heads slender-peduncled, with white rays about V long, is also occa- 
 sionally grown. 
 
 Chrysanthemum maximum Eamond, Large-flowered Ox-eye Daisy, 
 Shasta Daisy, of the Pyrenees, resembles C. Leucanthemum L., but has 
 larger leaves, the basal ones up to 4' long, spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse 
 and serrate, the large head always solitary, with numerous white rays I'-l^' 
 long. The plant grown as Shasta Daisy is said to be a hybrid of this with 
 some other species. 
 
 Ageratum conyzoides L., Wild Ageratum, native of tropical America 
 and widely distributed, recorded as a weed by Lefroy, is not attributed to Ber- 
 muda by other authors and has not been observed by recent collectors. It is 
 an annual herb, 3° high or less, wiih ovate toothed leaves and terminal 
 corymbs of small heads with blue or white flowers, the pappus of 5 to 7 narrow 
 pointed scales, the involucre scales oblong, abruptly acute, nearly glabrous. 
 
 Ageratum Houstonianum Mill., Garden Ageratum, tropical American, is 
 similar to the preceding, but the involucral bracts are linear-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate and pubescent. It is commonly grown in flower-gardens. [A. mexicanum 
 Sweet.] 
 
 Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) Blake, Tall Tithonia, Mexican, planted 
 for ornament, is an herb 5°-6° tall, with variously lobed and toothed, thin acute 
 leaves 4-8' long, green above, pale and canescent with short appressed hairs 
 beneath, the large heads on long peduncles thickened toward the top, the 
 involucre of large, ovate to lanceolate, glabrous striate-nerved bracts in 2 or 3 
 series, the bright yellow rays li'-2' long. [T. tagetiflora Desf.] 
 
 Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg, Large-flowered Tickseed, North American, 
 grown in flower-gardens, is perennial, l°-2i° ^^S^, glabrous or pubescent, the 
 stem bearing several pairs of pinnately parted petioled leaves with linear 
 segments, the basal leaves linear-oblong, entire ; the heads of bright yellow 
 flow^ers are long-peduncled, the 6-10 rays toothed, the achenes broadly winged. 
 
 Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., Garden Tickseed, North American, a nearly 
 glabrous annual, l°-5° high, with leaves pinnately divided into narrow seg- 
 ments, long-peduncled heads, with 6-10 yellow rays brown at base, V-V long, 
 and flat, oblong achenes with scarcely any pappus, is grown in flower-gardens. 
 
CARDUACEAE. 407 
 
 Coreopsis lanceolata L., Lance-leaved Tickseed, North American, per- 
 ennial, glabrous, 2° high or less, with slender-petioled, narrowly oblong, entire 
 lower leaves, the upper sessile, linear, sometimes with 1 or 2 lobes, the few- 
 large heads of bright yellow flowers on long slender peduncles, the 3-7-lobed 
 rays about 1' long, the pappus of 2 short teeth, is also grown in flower-gardens. 
 
 Gaillardia pulchella Foug., Shoavy Gaillardia, North American, occa- 
 sional in flower-gardens, is a roughish-pubescent annual, li°-S° high, with 
 oblong to spatulate leaves, the basal ones sometimes pinnatifid ; the few large 
 heads are on long terminal peduncles, with cuneate reddish or orange rays 1' 
 long or more, brown-veined and often purplish at base; the receptacle is bristly- 
 fimbrillate. 
 
 Dahlia rosea Cav., Garden Dahlia, Mexican, is grown in flower-gardens in 
 a variety of forms, mostly double-flowered. [D. variabilis Desf.] Its leaves 
 are pinnate, with 3 or 5 ovate pointed serrate leaflets. 
 
 Centaurea americana Nutt., American Star Thistle, Basket Flower, 
 North American, a tall annual, up to 6° high, roughish, the stem simple, or 
 with few branches, swollen under the large solitary heads, the numerous stem- 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, 3'-6' long, mostly entire, the nearly 
 hemispheric involucre 2'-3' broad, with many pectinate-appendaged shining 
 bracts, the flowers pink or purple, the marginal ones with radiant corolla-limbs, 
 is occasionally grown in flower-gardens. 
 
 Centaurea Cyanus L., Corn-flower, Blue-bottle, European, frequent in 
 flow^er-gardens is a white-floccose, branched slender annual l°-2i° high, its 
 numerous mucronate stem-leaves linear or linear -lanceolate, 2'-6' long; its 
 flower-heads are on terminal peduncles, the bell-shaped involucre with appressed 
 bracts, their appendages scarious and lacerate, the flowers white, blue or purple, 
 the marginal ones with radiant corolla-limbs V long or longer. 
 
 Centaurea moschata L., Sweet Sultan, Oriental, occasional in flower- 
 gardens is a glabrous, stifl" annual l°-2° high, with linear-oblong, sharply 
 dentate or pinnatifid stem-leaves, terminal peduncled heads of white, yellow or 
 purple, fragrant flowers, the hemispheric or short-ovoid involucre of broad ap- 
 pressed entire bracts, the upper ones scarious-margined. 
 
 Centaurea gymnocarpa Moris. & Not., Velvety Centaury, of Caprea, 
 mentioned by Lefroy as a weed and also recorded by Jones, has not been found 
 wild by recent collectors, but is planted in garden borders. It is a white- 
 velvety perennial, with deeply pinnatifid basal and lower leaves 6'-8' long, the 
 narrow blunt segments entire or few-toothed, the erect stem l°-2° high bearing 
 panicled heads less than 1' broad, of violet or rose-purple flowers. 
 
 Tanacetum vulgare L., Tansy, European, commonly grown in gardens, is 
 mentioned by H. B. Small as sometimes escaped; we liave not seen it wild. 
 Tansy is a perennial herb about 2° high, with finely cut leaves and small heads 
 of yellow flowers in nearly flat-topped clusters. 
 
 Arctotis stoechadifolia Berg., Blue Arctotis, South African, a whitish- 
 velvety herb l°-2° high, with pinnatifid or variously lobed stem-leaves 3'-6' long, 
 and solitary or few, long-peduncled heads, the involucre subglobose, the nar- 
 row pale biue rays 1' long or less, is grown in flower-gardens. 
 
 Melampodlum perfoliatum (Willd.) H.B.K., Mexican, a tall annual with 
 opposite broad thin angulate-lobed leaves and slender-peduncled heads of 
 small yellow flowers, the involucre of 5 large ovate bracts, recorded by Reade 
 as rare in plantations prior to 1883,. has not been observed by recent collectors. 
 [Wedelia perfoliata Willd.] 
 
 Crassina elegans (.Jacq.) Kuntze, Garden Zinnia, Mexican, commonly 
 grown in flower-gardens, is a pubescent annual l°-3° high, with ovate to ovate- 
 lanceolate, entire acute sessile and clasping leaves l'-3' long and peduncled 
 heads of purple red yellow or white flowers, the involucre with elliptic 
 
408 CARDUACEAE. 
 
 rounded often dark-margined bracts, the rays l'-2' long. [Zinnia elegans 
 Jacq.] 
 
 Gazania splendens Hort., Elegant Gazaxia, South African, a low per- 
 ennial, with narrowly spatulate, obtuse leaves 2'-4' long, green above, bright 
 white beneath, and solitary heads on long peduncles, the orange rays about 1' 
 long, has been grown in flower-gardens. The plant is supposed to be of 
 hybrid origin. 
 
 Gerbera Jamesoni Bolus, ''Tommy Atkins," South African, one of the 
 most striking plants of this family when in bloom, is a perennial tomentose 
 herb, with basal long-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves 1° long or more, the 
 scapes about as long as the leaves, bearing solitary heads, the scarlet or 
 orange, linear rays about li' long, the white pappus of many roughish bristles; 
 it is grown in flower-gardens, 
 
 Cynara cardunculus L., Cardoon, of the Mediterranean region, a white- 
 woolly herb 2°-4° tall, with pinnatifid, often spiny leaves, and large heads of 
 purple flowers, the involucre of numerous ovate spine-tipped bracts, the 
 pappus plumose, is occasionally grown in gardens. 
 
 Cynara Scolymus L., Globe Artichoke, sometimes grown for its edible 
 flower-heads, is similar to C. Cardunculus, but the involucral bracts are blunt 
 or einarginate ; its home is unknown, and it is supposed to have been derived 
 from the Cardoon in cultivation. 
 
 Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene, Stokesia, of the southeastern United 
 States, perennial, with simple or branched stems about 1^° high, woolly above, 
 alternate, oblong to lanceolate, thick nearly glabrous leaves spinulose-toothed 
 toward the base, and large heads of purplish-blue flowers, the rays about 1' 
 long, the involucral bracts spinulose on the margins, was in cultivation at 
 Spring Valley in 1914. [CartJiamus laevis Hill; S. cyanea L'Her.] 
 
 Cosmos sulphureus Cav., Yellow Cosmos, Mexican, a glabrous branched 
 annual, about 2° high, with pinnatisect leaves and long-peduncled heads, the 
 outer involucre-bracts linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the oblong inner 
 ones, the rays bright yellow, about 1' long, the linear rough long-beaked 
 achenes tipped by spreading, nearly filiform awns, is grown in flower-gardens. 
 
 Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., White or Pink Cosmos, also Mexican, common 
 in flower-gardens, is annual, up to 6° high, with a glabrous branched stem, 
 pinnatisect leaves with very narrowly linear segments, and long-peduncled 
 heads, the outer involucral bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, the rays white, 
 pink, or sometimes crimson, the narrow achenes short-beaked. 
 
 Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Willd., Everlasting, Australian, grown 
 in flower-gardens, is a glabrous annual 2°-3° high, with narrowly oblong- 
 lanceolate entire leaves 3'-5' long, and several large heads, the many papery 
 shining lanceolate bracts of the involucre 5"-8" long, yellow, white or red, the 
 flowers yellow. [Xeraniliemunn bracteatum Willd.] 
 
 Carthamus tinctorius L., Safflower, False Saffron, Asiatic, grown for 
 coloring and flavoring soups, and yielding a dye, is a glabrous annual, about 
 4° high, with sessile ovate veiny spinulose-serrate leaves l'-2Y long, and 
 large terminal heads of orange tubular flowers, the oblong achenes devoid of 
 pappus. 
 
 Calendula officinalis L., Calendula, Pot Marigold, European, common 
 in flower-gardens, both in single and double-flowered races, is a pubescent 
 branched annual, with oblong or lanceolate, sessile clasping acute entire 
 leaves and peduncled heads of yellow or orange flowers, the involucre of nar- 
 rowly lanceolate acuminate bracts in 1 or 2 series, the rays V long or less, the 
 rough achenes incurved, without pappus. 
 
 Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC, Velvet Plant, Javanese, grown for 
 ornament, is a branching pubescent herb about 3° tall, with alternate ovate 
 purple, toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid leaves 2'-5' long, and loosely clustered heads 
 of yellow or orange flowers. [Cacalia aurantiaca Blume.] 
 
CAKDUACEAE. 409 
 
 Class 2. GYMNOSPERMAE. 
 
 Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this 
 represented by a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (mi- 
 crospores) dividing at maturity into two or more cells, one of which 
 gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothallium), which directly fer- 
 tilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm (female prothal- 
 lium) in the ovule. 
 
 Branching trees or shrubs, with scale-like, flat or needle-shaped leaves ; embryo not 
 spirally prolonged. Order 1, Pixales. 
 
 Simple-stemmed woody plants with large compound leaves 
 
 in a crown ; embryo spirally prolonged. Order 2. Cycadales. 
 
 Widely branching trees with simple petioled fan-shaped 
 
 leaves, the fruit a drupe. Order 3. Ginkgoales. 
 
 Order 1. FINALES. 
 
 Trees, or rarely shrubs, growing from both terminal and lateral buds, 
 thus freely branching, the trunks mostly excurrent. Leaves scale-like, 
 linear or needle-like, sometimes fascicled. Flowers mostly monoecious. 
 Fruit a cone, with woody or fleshy scales, or drupaceous. 
 
 Fruit a cone, sometimes berry-like. Fam. 1. Pixaceae. 
 
 Fruit mostly a drupe. Fam, 2. Taxaceae. 
 
 Family 1. PINACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Pine FAMn^Y. Conifers. 
 
 Eesinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale- 
 like leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids 
 marked by large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules born in sep- 
 arate spikes (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together; fila- 
 ments more or less united; pollen-sacs (anthers) 2-several-celled, variously 
 dehiscent ; pollen-grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs. 
 Ovules with two integuments, orthotropous or amphitropous, borne soli- 
 tary or several together on the surface of a scale, which is subtended by a 
 bract in most genera. Fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, 
 papery or fleshy scales, sometimes berry-like. Endosperm copious. Em- 
 bryo straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several. About 25 genera and 
 250 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. 
 
 1. JUNIPERUS L. 
 
 Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, acicular, subulate 
 or scale-like, sessile leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes 
 monoecious, small globose axillary or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. 
 Staminate aments oblong or ovoid ; anthers 2-6-celled, each sac 2-valved, 
 Ovule-bearing aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these rarely 
 verticillate in 3 's, each bearing a single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose, 
 berry-like by the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony 
 seeds. [Name Celtic] About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, 
 some of them extending into tropical regions. Type species: Juniperus 
 communis L. 
 
410 
 
 PINACEAE. 
 
 1. Juniperus bermudiana L. Ber- 
 muda Cedar. Bermuda Juniper. (Fig. 
 448.) An irregularly and rather widely 
 branched tree, conic in outline when young, 
 becoming round-topped when old, with a 
 spread of branches greater than its height, 
 reaching a maximum height of about 70 
 feet with a trunk up to 4° in diameter, the 
 thin grey bark flaky in long narrow strips. 
 Leaves of young plants and of shoots 
 linear-acicular, ascending, 3"-5" long, less 
 than V' wide, nearly flat and whitish above, 
 convex and bright green beneath, 4-ranked ; 
 leaves of mature old twigs scale-like, about 
 1" long, closely appressed, imbricated, 4- 
 ranked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blunt, the 
 leaf -bearing twigs appearing 4-sided; 
 staminate flowers yellow; fruits compressed 
 and depressed-globose, sessile at the ends 
 of short scale-bearing twigs, dark blue, with 
 a bloom, about 3" high, 4" wide and 3" 
 thick. [Sahina hermudiaiia Antoine.] 
 
 Abundant and forming nearly pure forests on hillsides and along marshes in 
 all parishes. Flowers in March and April. Fruit ripe in September and October. 
 Endemic. As one of the most interesting of all trees and the most conspicuous 
 vegetable object of Bermuda, this cedar has an extensive literature. Especial 
 reference is made to the account by Dr. Hooker in London Journal of Botany 2 : 
 141-145 ; the paper by Mr. Hemsley in Gardner's Chronicle, 53 : 656, 657, where 
 two illustrations are printed ; to Dr. Maxwell F. Masters' account in Journal of 
 Botany 37: 1-11; to an editorial in Garden and Forest 4: 289, 290, 294, 295, with 
 reproductions of full-page photographs of the old tree in Devonshire Churchyard 
 and of one of the large trees formerly standing in the Devonshire Marsh ; Mr. 
 Hemsley published detailed illustrations on plate 5, Botany of the Challenger 
 Expedition. The earliest published illustration known to me is that of Plukenet 
 in 1696, in his Almagestum Botanicum, platr 197. f. .',. as Juniperus horhadensis 
 cupressi folio, ramulis quadratis ; in 1730 another figure was published in a Cata- 
 logue of Plants in a Garden near London. 
 
 The rules of botanical nomenclature may require the substitution of the name 
 Juniperus harhaJensis Linnaeus for Jtmiperus hermudiana Linnaeus, the name 
 usually applied to it. Linnaeus published these two species in 1753 on the same 
 page (p. 1039) of his Species Plantarum, J. harbadensis standing first in the 
 sequence and both names, it has been argued, refer to the Bermuda Cedar. For a 
 discussion of this point reference is made to the paper by R. Pilger, " Juniperi 
 Species antillanae " in Prof. TTrban's Symbolae Antillanae 7 : 478-481. 1913. 
 
 The most abundant and characteristic tree of Bermuda. Although supposed by 
 some observers to grow elsewhere, there is no good evidence that it occurs wild ex- 
 cept on these islands, although it is recorded as having grown in the West Indies. 
 The wood is red, soft and easily worked ; it fades by exposure to the sun ; it is 
 used for furniture, cofl5ns, fence-posts, and for a great variety of small objects, 
 such as paper-cutters, boxes and rulers. The tree is planted along streets and for 
 avenue approaches to buildings and can be clipped into arbor-arches and hedges. 
 
 Its nearest relative is JtDiipcrus lucuiiana Britton. of the northern Bahama 
 Islands and Cuba, which resembles it in having smaller fruit broader than high, 
 but has much more slender twigs and branches and smaller leaves. The Bermuda 
 tree may, perhaps, have originated from the Bahama species by a seed transported 
 by a bird in northern migratory flight, the plant becoming differentiated through 
 long isolation from its ancestors. 
 
 On soil of average fertility the tree grows in height about two feet, and the 
 trunk increases in thickness about half an inch annually up to an age of fifteen 
 or twenty years, after which its growth is progressively slower. Its roots spread 
 widely. The famous ancient tree in Devonshire Churchyard measured 15.43 feet 
 in circumference on Dec. 11, 1912, and then bore only a few leafy branches at 
 the top. 
 
 Poetic license is, apparently, responsible for the delusion that this tree is the 
 same as the Cedar of Lebanon 
 
 With cedars chosen by His hand 
 from Lebanon He stores the land." 
 
 A. Marvel. 
 
PINACEAE. 411 
 
 Cedrus libani Barrel., the true Cedar-of-Lebanon, native of Lebanon and 
 Taurus, was represented by a tree 6° high at the Agricultural Station in 1913. 
 It has fascicled, narrowly linear leaves about 1' long; the tree becomes 90° 
 high or more, with heavy ovoid cones nearly 3' long. 
 
 Thuja orientalis L., Asiatic Arbor-vitae, Asiatic, a tree becoming, under 
 favorable conditions, 25° high, planted for ornament, has flattened branchlets, 
 imbricated ovate acute scale-like leaves about IV' long, and ovoid cones 
 about 9" long, composed of about 6 ovate, horned scales. [Biota orientalis 
 Endl.] A tree more than 40 years old was growing at Rosebank in 1914, at 
 which date it was 28^ inches in trunk circumference. 
 
 Cupressus sempervirens L., Oriental Cypress, of southern Europe and 
 western Asia, where it forms a tree up to 80° high or more, the branches erect 
 or ascending, has occasionally been planted ; its short branchlets are covered 
 by ovate blunt scales about V long, and appear quadrangular ; its cones are 
 nearly 1' in diameter, globose, of about 10 scales. 
 
 Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw., Monterey Cypress, Californian, similar 
 to the preceiling, but with stouter twigs and larger scales, the branches nearly 
 horizontal, has al?o been planted. 
 
 Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana (A. Murray) Pari., Port Orford Cedar, of 
 the northwestern United States, experimentally planted at the Public Garden, 
 St. George's, in 1914, is a very large tree, up to 180° high in its native forests; 
 it has flattened twigs, bearing ovate scaledike appressed leaves, glandular on 
 the back and its globose cones are only 5" in diameter. 
 
 Callitris verrucosa R. Br., recorded by Jones as C. varicosa, an error in 
 spelling, is an Australian conifer, now regarded as the same as Callitris robusta 
 R. Br. ; it was not observed by us in Bermuda. 
 
 Pinus halepensis Mill., Aleppo or Jerusalem Pine, of the Mediterranean 
 region, was represented at the Public Garden, St. George's, by a young tree in 
 1913, Its leaves are 4' long or less, 2 or sometimes 3 together in short mem- 
 branous sheaths, very narrowly linear and bluish-green. This tree becomes at 
 least 60° high and bears woody cones 2V-3y long. 
 
 Pinus palustris Mill., Long-leaf Pine of the southeastern United States, 
 of which a large tree exists at Inglewood, planted many years ago, has leaves 
 about 1° long, 3 in each sheath, the cone 6'-10' long. 
 
 Pinus serotina Michx., Black Pine, Pond Pine, of the southeastern 
 United States, with 3 glaucous leaves in each sheath, 6-10' long, was taken to 
 Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913. The cones of this 
 tree are about 2' long, 
 
 Pinus Strobus L., White Pine, North American, has been planted, but 
 the climate is too warm for it to grow at all vigorously. An interesting tree 
 seen at Norwood in 1914 was then about 15 years old, but only 7° high. This 
 pine has 5 needles in a sheath, and its cones become 6' long, their rounded 
 scales without prickles. 
 
 H. B. Small mentions a weeping-leaved pine from Central America, seen 
 by him at Bellevue. 
 
 Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) Don, Cryptomeria, of China and Japan, 
 experimentally planted at Wood Haven in 1914, attains a height up to 125° or 
 more in its native region; it has whorled branches, linear angled leaves about 
 
412 PINACEAE. 
 
 1' long, rather densely covering the twigs, and globose cones 1' in diameter, 
 their scales with a recurved dorsal appendage. [Cupressus japonica L. f.] 
 
 Araucaria Bidwillii Hook,, Bunya-bunya, Australian, seen as a young 
 plant at Cedar Lodge in 1914, becomes, under favorable conditions, a tali 
 narrow tree with slender twigs; its stiff lanceolate sharp-pointed leaves are 
 about V long, spreading in one plane, although arranged in two rows; Lefroy 
 records two trees at Mt. Langton in 1877, but they have not survived. 
 
 Araucaria excelsa E. Br., Xorfolk Island Pine, is the most luxuriant 
 coniferous evergreen tree that has been introduced into Bermuda, and there 
 are now many fine specimens on lawns; some of them 45° high or more. This 
 tree has nearly horizontal whorled branches, the twigs densely covered with 
 narrow curved leaves about V long; its ovoid blunt cones, about 5' long, are 
 covered with narrow scales with reflexed tips; lateral branches, when planted, 
 remain prostrate and spread over the ground. 
 
 Young plants, about 8' high, of Sequoia Washingtoniana (Winslow) 
 Sudworth, the Mammoth Tree, or Big Tree of California, and of Sequoia 
 sempervirens (Lamb.) Endlicher, the Eed-wood, of the Pacific coast of the 
 United States, were seen at Paget Eectory in 1914, grown from seeds ger- 
 minated there. Lefroy planted a young Mammoth Tree in 1874 and records 
 its- living up to 1877. 
 
 A row of young Spruces (Picea sp.) were seen at Camden in 1914; they 
 were then not large enough to bear cones, and the species is not determined. 
 
 Lefroy records the planting of many kinds of conifers at Mt. Langton, 
 which did not succeed. 
 
 Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Yew Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, resin-bearing except Taxus. Leaves evergreen or de- 
 ciduous, linear, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate clusters or 
 solitary. Perianth wanting. Stamens much as in the Pinaceae. Ovules 
 with either one or t^vo integuments; when two, the outer one fleshy; when 
 only one, its outer part fleshy. Fruit drupaceous or rarely a cone. About 
 8 genera and 75 species, of wide geographic distribution, most numerous 
 in the southern hemisphere. 
 
 Podocarpus Makoyi Blume, Makoy's Podocarpus, Japanese, a shrub or 
 small tree, with linear-lanceolate acute dark-green leaves about 3' long and 3" 
 wide, their margins revolute, was taken to Mt. Langton from the New York 
 Botanical Garden in 1913. 
 
 Podocarpus coriaceus L. C. Eich., Leathery Podocarpus, of the eastern 
 West Indies and northern South America, recorded by Jones as growing in 
 Bermuda prior to 1873, forms a tree up to 75° high; its leaves are 4' to 6' long, 
 4"-8" wide, their margins flat or nearly so. 
 
 Order 2. CYCADALES. 
 
 Palm-like or fern-like dioecious woody plants with erect trunks, some- 
 times short and wholly buried in the ground, growing only from the summit 
 and thus unbranched, although sometimes forming lateral adventitious 
 
CYCADACEAE. 413 
 
 Flowers in terminal 
 cones, or on modified leaves. Scales of the staminate cones bearing several 
 anther-sacs. Ovule-bearing scales or leaves with two or more naked ovules. 
 Seeds drupe-like or nut-like. Only the following family. 
 
 Family 1. CYCADACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Cycad Family. 
 
 Nine genera and about 90 species, of tropical distribution. 
 
 Cycas revoluta Thimb., iSago Palm, of tropical Asia, Avidely planted for 
 ornament, and very luxuriant, has a cylindric rough trunk up to 7° high, nearly 
 1° thick, topped by a crown of dark green stiff shining pinnate leaves 3°-6° 
 long, short-petioled, with very numerous, nearly linear leaflets; the flowers are 
 in large yellowish clusters, which alternate with a crown of leaves ; rarely a 
 few leaves are borne with the flower-cluster, unfolding at the same time. The 
 leaves are gathered and exported for funeral and other decorations. 
 
 Zamia floridana DC, Coontte, Floridian, observed growing at Bellevue in 
 1913, has a vertical stem several inches long, nearly completely buried in the 
 ground, the several pinnate leaves arising in a tuft from its summit, with 28-40 
 linear leaflets 3i'-6' long and about 3" wide; its fruit is an oblong, short- 
 stalked cone of peltate scales; its staminate cones are narrowly oblong; only 
 pistillate plants were seen at Bellevue. 
 
 Dioon edule Lindl., Cycas-like Dioon, Mexican, of which a fine specimen 
 existed at Sunny Lands in 1914, has leaves up to 6° long, similar to those of 
 Cycas revoluta, with very many lanceolate rigid entire sharp-tipped segments 
 3'-4' long and about 4" wide ; its flowers are borne in a terminal cone, that of 
 staminate flowers cylindric, of pistillate ones ovoid, sometimes 12' long. 
 
 Dioon spinulosum Dyer, Spinulose-leaved Dioox, also Mexican, growing 
 with the preceding at Sunny Lands, has leaves as large or larger, their spinulose- 
 toothed segments 5'-6' long and 8"-10" broad. 
 
 Order 3. GINKGOALES. 
 
 Trees, with broad deciduous leaves and dioecious flowers in the axils 
 of scales. Staminate flowers in catkin-like clusters, the anthers spirally 
 aiTanged. Pistillate flowers with a solitary ovule which ripens into a 
 fleshy drupe. The order consists of a single species. 
 
 Ginkgo biloba L., Maidenhair-tree, Ginkgo, Chinese, two small trees of 
 which were seen at Bellevue in 1914, is one of the most peculiar and interesting 
 gymnospermous plants, having clustered slender-petioled finely parallel-veined, 
 broadly wedge-shaped, 2-lobed and variously toothed leaves 2'-3' broad and 
 somewhat broader than long; the flowers are mostly dioecious, the staminate in 
 catkins, the pistillate 2 together, one of the latter ripening into a drupe about 
 1' long, its flesh unpleasantly odorous. 
 
 Phylum 2. PTERIDOPHYTA. 
 
 Ferns and Fern-Allies. 
 Plants containing' woody and vascular tissues, producing spores 
 asexually, which, on germination, develop small flat mostly green 
 
414 OSMUNDACEAE. 
 
 prothallia (gametophyte). On these are borne the reproductive 
 organs, the female known as archegones, the male as antherids. 
 From the fertilization of the egg in the archegone by spermato- 
 zoids produced in the antherid, the asexual phase (sporophyte) of 
 the plant is developed; this phase is represented by an ordinary 
 fern, lycopod or horsetail. Comprising about 6000 living species, 
 of Avhich more than three fourths are confined to tropical regions. 
 The native species have all reached Bermuda by spores carried on 
 the wind. 
 
 Spores produced in sporanges borne on the leaves, or panicled or in special con- 
 ceptacles. 
 
 Spores all alike ; Bermuda species all terrestrial plants. Order 1. Filicales. 
 
 Spores of two sizes : small floating plants. Order 2. Salviniales. 
 
 Spores produced in sporanges borne in the axils of scale-like 
 
 leaves. Order 3. Lycopodiales. 
 
 Order 1. FILICALES. 
 
 Spores, all of one kind and size, produced in sporanges, which are 
 borne usually in clusters (sori), on the back of a leaf, or on greatly modi- 
 fied pinnae. 
 
 Sporanges opening vertically, panicled, with a rudimentary ring ; marsh ferns. 
 
 Fam. 1. OSMUXDACEAE. 
 
 Sporanges opening transversely, provided with a vertical 
 
 ring, borne in sori on the back or margin of a leaf. Fam. 2. Polypodiaceae. 
 
 Family 1. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Royal Fern Family. 
 
 Large ferns with stout often erect rootstocks, 1-2 pinnate leaves which 
 are coiled in vernation, the veins free, mostly forked, running to the 
 margins of the pinnules or lobes. Sporanges large, globose, with mere 
 traces of an elastic ring of cells or none, borne on modified contracted 
 pinnae or in clusters (sori) on the lower surfaces of the pinnules. Three 
 genera; only one American. 
 
 1. OSMUNDA [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Tall marsh ferns, growing in large crowns, with the fertile (spore-bearing) 
 portions very much contracted, the short-pedicelled naked sporanges on the 
 margins of their rachis-like divisions, which are destitute of chlorophyll. Veins 
 forked, regular and prominent. Sporanges thin, reticulated, opening by a 
 longitudinal cleft into two halves, a few parallel thickened cells near the apex 
 representing the rudimentary transverse ring. Spores green. [From Osmunder, 
 a name for the god Thor.] Eight species, mostly of the north temperate zone. 
 Type species: Osmunda regalis L. 
 
 Leaves biplnnate, fertile at the apex. 1. O. regalis. 
 
 Sterile leaves once pinnate ; pinnae of sterile leaf with a tuft of 
 
 tomentum at base : fertile leaf distinct from sterile. 2. O. cinnamomea. 
 
OSMUNDACEAE. 
 
 415 
 
 1. Osmunda regalis L. Royal 
 Fern. (Fig. 449.) Rootstock stout, 
 bearing a cluster of tall bipinnate 
 leaves 2°-6° high, and 1° or more 
 wide. "Sterile pinnae 6-1° long, 
 the pinnules oblong-ovate or lance- 
 olate-oblong, sessile or slightly 
 stalked, glabrous, finely serrulate, 
 especially near the apex and occa- 
 sionally crenate towards the trun- 
 cate, oblique or cordate base ; sporo- 
 phylls linear-cylindric, panicled 
 at the summit, withering and 
 shrivelling with age, greenish be- 
 fore maturity, but becoming dark 
 brown after the spores have fallen. 
 
 Common in the larger marshes. 
 Native. North America, Europe and 
 Asia. 
 
 2. Osmunda cinnamomea L. 
 
 Cinnamon Fern. (Fig. 450.) 
 Rootstock large, widely creeping, 
 bearing a, circular cluster of sterile 
 leaves with one or more fertile 
 ones within or some leaves partly 
 sterile and partly fertile. Stipes 
 1° or more long, clothed with fer- 
 ruginous tomentum when young, 
 glabrous when old ; sterile leaves 
 l°-3° long, glabrous when mature, 
 except a small tuft of tomentum 
 at the base of each pinna; pinnae 
 linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid 
 into oblong obtuse segments; sporo- 
 phyll contracted, bipinnate, soon 
 withering ; sporanges cinnamon- 
 colored after the copious green 
 spores have been discharged. 
 
 Common in the larger marshes. 
 Native. Eastern North America to 
 Mexico. 
 
 Family 2. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Fern Family. 
 
 Ferns of various habit, the rootstoeks horizontal and often elongated, 
 
 pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, 
 
 or short and erect, the leaves entire, 
 
416 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 coiled in vernation. Sporanges borne in clusters (sori) on tlie lower side 
 or margins of the leaves or their segments, stalked, provided with a vertical 
 ring, opening transversely. Sori with or without a membranous covering 
 (indusium). Prothallium green. About 150 genera and 4500 species of 
 wide distribution. 
 
 Sori confluent, covering the under sides of leaf-segments. 1. Acrostichum. 
 
 Sori separated, not covering leaf-segments. 
 
 Sori without indusia. 2. Polijpodium. 
 
 Sori with indusia. 
 Indusia marginal. 
 
 Sporanges on continuous, vein-like receptacles. 
 Indusia simple. 
 
 Stipe of leaf with one fibrovascular bundle. 3. Pycnodoria. 
 
 Stipe with more than one fibrovascular bundle. 4. Anopteris. 
 
 Indusia double. 5. Pteris. 
 
 Sporanges at the ends of veins. 6. Adiantum. 
 
 Indusia dorsal. 
 
 Sori twice as long as wide or longer. 
 
 Sori parallel to the midvein. 7. Anchistea. 
 
 Sori oblique to the midvein. 
 
 Indusia mostly simple. 8. Asplenium. 
 
 Indusia commonly double. 9. Diplazium. 
 
 Sori orbicular or nearly so, or reuiform. 
 Sori borne on the backs of veinlets. 
 
 Indusia orbicular, peltate. 10. Polystichum. 
 
 Indusia reniform. 11. Dryopteris. 
 
 Sori borne at the ends of veinlets. 12. Nephrolepis. 
 
 1. ACROSTICHUM L. 
 
 Swamp-inhabiting ferns, with the leaves growing in crowns. Sporanges 
 spread over the whole lower surface of the leaf-blades, or of the upper seg- 
 ments. Veins forming copious areolae without free veinlets. [Greek, signify- 
 ing a summit row.] A few species, natives of warm temperate and tropical 
 America. Type species: Acrostichum aureum L. 
 
 1. Acrostichum excelsura 
 
 Maxon. GiAXT Ferx. (Fig. 451.) 
 Eootstocks erect, solitary, or in 
 masses. Petioles tufted, erect, 
 woody, 4'-27' long, flattish, chan- 
 neled; blades leathery, 3°-4° long, 
 l°-li° wide; segments 10 pairs or 
 more, rather distant; sporanges 
 confined to the upper half or third 
 of the leaf-blade, or all segments 
 spore-bearing, or all without spores ; 
 segregate of corpuscles covering 
 sporanges sausage-shaped ; vena- 
 tion fine, oblique to the margin. 
 [A. aureum of Eeade, Hemsley, 
 Jones and Lefroy; A. lomarioides 
 Jenman, not Bory.] 
 
 Common in marshes. Native. 
 Florida and the West Indies. Small 
 plants have been referred to the 
 tropical American A. cnn-eum L., 
 which differs in having star-shaped 
 segregates of the corpuscles covering 
 the sporanges. 
 
POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 417 
 
 2. POLYPODIUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks. 
 Sori hemispheric, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs. 
 Indusium none. Sporanges pedieelled, provided with a vertical ring which 
 bursts transversely. Veins free or variously anastomosing. [Greek, in allu- 
 sion to the knob-like prominences on the rootstocks of some species.] About 
 350 species, of wide distribution, mostly tropical. Type species: Polypodium 
 
 ire L. 
 
 1. Polypodium Plumula H.B.K. 
 
 Plume Polypody. (Fig. 452.) Leaves 
 erect or spreading; petioles l'-4' long, 
 black, slender; blades narrowly lanceo- 
 late, 8'-16' long; pinnae numerous, 
 narrow, entire, blunt, the lower abruptly 
 smaller, the surfaces naked except the 
 black wiry rachis; veins once forked, 
 obscure. [P. elasticum A. Eich. ; P. 
 pectinatum of Jones.] 
 
 Shaded holes and crevices between 
 Harrington Sound and Castle Harbor. Na- 
 tive. Florida and the West Indies. 
 
 Polypodium pectinatum L., a similar Floridian and tropical American 
 species, is recorded as Bermudan by Rein, and by Hemsley from Walsingham, 
 but subsequent collectors have failed to find it in Bermuda. It differs by 
 being usually larger and in having veins 2-3-forked. 
 
 3. PYCNODORIA Presl. 
 
 Mostly large ferns, the petioles not jointed with the rootstocks, the leaves 
 variously divided. Sori marginal, continuous or nearly so, on a filiform or 
 narrow receptacle connecting the tips of the free veins; indusium simple, 
 membranous, formed by the reflexed margin of the leaf. Sporanges pedieelled, 
 provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. [Greek, thick- 
 skinned.] Many species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Pteris 
 opaca J. Smith. 
 
 28 
 
418 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 1. Pycnodoria longifolia (L.) 
 Britton. Loxg-leaved Brake. 
 (Fig. 453.) Leaves somewhat 
 spreading; petioles 6-12' long, 
 clothed below with pale brown 
 scales ; blades oblong-lanceolate, 
 l°-2° long; pinnae linear, 2"-o" 
 wide, entire, sessile; veins close, 
 usually once branched; indusium 
 vellowish brown. [Pteris longifolia 
 L.] 
 
 Abundant on walls and banks in 
 Hamilton and vicinity and locally 
 elsewhere. Naturalized. Native of 
 Florida and tropical America. First 
 recorded as established in Bermuda 
 by Reade in 1883 ; it wr.s planted 
 out in suitable localities by Lefroy 
 about 1875. 
 
 4. ANOPTERIS [Prantl] Diels. 
 A delicate bright green fern, with short rootstocks and pinnately dis- 
 sected dimorphous leaves, their petioles with several main fibrovascular bundles. 
 Indusium simple, marginal, lateral on the pinnules. [Greek, not Pteris.] A 
 monotypic "West Indian genus. 
 
 1.. Anopteris hexagona (L.) 
 Christensen. Cut-leaved Brake. 
 (Fig. 454.) Eoots thick-fibrous; 
 leaves tufted, 6-2° long, with 
 slender straw-colored shining peti- 
 oles; leaves ovate in outline, 2-3- 
 pinnate, the pinnules of the sterile 
 leaves broader than those of the 
 fertile ; indusium membranous, 
 linear, not extending to the apex 
 or the base of the obovate cune- 
 ate, serrate pinnules. [Adiantum 
 hexagonum L. ; Pteris heterophylla 
 L.] 
 
 Local in caves and crevices be- 
 tween Harrin^on Sound and Castle 
 Harbor. Native. West Indies. 
 
POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 419 
 
 5. PTERIS L. {Pteridium Scop.) 
 
 Large, mostly coarse ferns, gro^ving in open sunny places, "^\'ith variously 
 divided leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy a slender or 
 filiform receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium double, the 
 outer one conspicuous, membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf, 
 in inner one delicate and obscure. Stipes continuous with the rootstock. 
 [Greek name for ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the 
 wings of birds.] A few species of wide distribution. Type species: Pteris 
 aquilina L. 
 
 1. Pteris caudata L. 
 
 Southern Bracken. (Fig. 
 455.) Leaves erect, 3°-6° tall; 
 blades triangular in outline, 
 2-4-pinnate; divisions pinnati- 
 rid, the ultimate segments nar- 
 row, with recurved margins, re- 
 mote from one another, scarcely 
 decurrent on the rachis except 
 near the apex, the larger with 
 1-12 similar but shorter seg- 
 ments. [P. aquilina of Jones 
 and Lefroy; P. aquilina cau- 
 data Hemsley; Pteridium cau- 
 datum Maxon.] 
 
 Abimdant in fresh water 
 marshes, and occurs also in 
 shaded rocky situations between 
 Harrington Sound and Castle 
 Harbor. Native. Florida and 
 the West Indies. 
 
 6. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L. 
 
 Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods, and ravines, with much divided 
 leaves and short marginal sori borne on the under .side of the reflexed and 
 altered portion of the pinnule, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and 
 branches of the leaves slender or filiform, often polished and shining. [Name 
 ancient.] A genus of over 175 species, mostly of tropical America. Type 
 species: Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L. 
 
420 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 1. Adiantum bellum T. Moore. 
 Bermuda Maidex-Hair Fern. (Fig. 
 456.) Eootstock short, creeping. Leaves 
 tufted, 3-18' high, the slender petiole 
 and rachis black; l3lades bipinnate, the 
 pinnules on short filiform stalks, obovate- 
 cuneate or flabellate, variously toothed or 
 lobed, very thin, 3"-10" long, the forking 
 veins terminating in the teeth or lobes ; 
 sori 1-3 on fertile pinnules, oblong to 
 nearly circular, sometimes twice as long 
 as wide, the indusium entire; sterile 
 leaves are much more plenty than those 
 bearing sori. [Adiantum cuneatum of 
 Lefroy, Eeade, and .Jones; A. helium 
 walsinghamense Gilbert; ?A. tenerum of 
 Rugg; A. Capillus-Veneris of Jones.] 
 
 Common on shaded rocks, walls and 
 cliffs nearly throughout the islands, differ- 
 ing greatly in size and somewhat in tex- 
 ture when exposed to different degrees of 
 light. Apparently endemic, although re- 
 corded from Guiana. Its nearest relative 
 appears to be A. cuneatum Langs. & Fisch., 
 a South American species, with which it 
 was formerly supposed to be identical, but 
 T. Moore, in his original description of the 
 species (Gardener's Chronicle, N. S. 11 : 
 172, 1870). compares it with A. fragile 
 of the West Indies. Spores, from which 
 the species originated, were presumably 
 brought to Bermuda by winds from a great distance to the south. Thomas Moore, 
 who first observed that this fern is different from all others, was not the same man 
 as the celebrated poet of the same name. 
 
 Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L., Venus-hair Fern, of Europe and North 
 America, was planted out by Lefroy about 1875, among other Adianta ''in 
 promising localities about Paynter's A^ale"; Mr. B. D. Gilbert records that in 
 1898 he found the fern in the Walsingham region, evidently coming across one 
 of the plants set out by Lefroy, or a descendant ; the species has not been 
 seen there by subsequent collectors, but large fronds of A. helium have errone- 
 ously been taken for it. 
 
 7. ANCHISTEA Presl. 
 
 Large ana rather coarse swamp ferns, with short oblong sori sunk in 
 cavities in the leaf and arranged in chain-like rows close to the midribs. 
 Leaves uniform. Indusia fixed by their outer margins. Veins forming a single 
 line of areolae next the midrib, then free to the margin. [Greek, referring to 
 itF affinity with the genus WoodwardiaS\ A monotypic genus. 
 
POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 421 
 
 1. Anchistea virginica 
 
 (L.) Presl. Virginia Chain- 
 fern. (Fig. 457.) Rootstock 
 stout, chaffy. Petioles stout, 
 lo-lio long, nearly or quite 
 naked, dark-colored below ; 
 blades oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
 narrowed at tlie base, l°-2° 
 long, 6'-9' wide, once pinnate; 
 pinnae linear-lanceolate, usually 
 alternate, or some of them op- 
 posite, leathery, glabrous, acu- 
 minate, sessile, 2^-6' long, 
 deeply pinnatifid into ovate or 
 oblong obtuse segments, their 
 margins minutely serrulate. 
 [Blechnum virginicum L. ; 
 Woodwardia virginica J. E. 
 Smith.] 
 
 Frequent in the larger fresh- 
 water marshes. Native. Eastei-n 
 North America. 
 
 8. ASPLENIUM L. 
 
 Large or small ferns with entire lobed pinnate, 2-3-pinnate, or pinnatifid 
 leaves, and linear or oblong sori oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves 
 mostly uniform. A^eins free. Indusia straight or curved, opening toward the 
 midribs. [Ancient Greek name; some species were supposed to be remedies 
 for diseases of the spleen.] A genus of some 400 species, of very wide 
 geographic distribution. Type species: Asplenium Trichomanes L. 
 
 Leaves once pinnate. 
 
 Pinnae 6-8 pairs ; stipes blacljish only at the base. 1. A. dentatum. 
 
 Pinnae 20-40 pairs ; stipes black, shining. 2. A. hetcrochroum. 
 
 Leaves finely twice or thrice pinnate. 3. A. moutcvvnlcnisc. 
 
422 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 1. Asplenium dentatum 
 
 L. Toothed Spleenwort. 
 (Fig. 458.) Petioles tufted, 
 2'-6' long, naked, weak, 
 blackish below. Fertile leaf- 
 blades 2-3' long, with 6-8 
 pairs of stalked oblong or 
 rhombic pinnae, the lower 
 side truncate with a curve, 
 the outer edge irregularly 
 crenate; sterile leaves simi- 
 lar but with shorter petioles ; 
 rachis naked; sori copious, 
 in parallel rows. 
 
 Shaded rocks, caves, holes 
 and crevices betwieen Harring- 
 ton Sound and Castle Harbor 
 and on Abbot's Cliff ; recorded 
 by Lefroy from Grace's Islnad. 
 Native. Southeastern United 
 States and West Indies. 
 
 2. Asplenium heterochroum Kunze. 
 Long Spleenwort. (Fig. 459.) Rootstock 
 short ; petioles tufted, black, ^'-4' long, stiff, 
 erect or somewhat spreading; leaf -blades 
 linear in outline, 6'-16' long, 1' wide or less, 
 once pinnate, with mostly 20-40 pairs of 
 pinnae; pinnae close together or the lower 
 distant, mostly opposite, very nearly sessile, 
 oblong, obtuse, few-toothed, or the lower 
 nearly orbicular and much smaller than the 
 middle ones, all subtruncate at the base ; 
 veins, except the lowest on the upper side of 
 the pinna, simple; sori oblique, about 14" 
 long, borne close to the midvein, the indu- 
 sium membranous. [Asplenium Tricliomanes 
 of Reade, Lefroy, Hemsley and Rugg; A. 
 Trichomanes ma jus of Gilbert; A. muticum 
 Gilbert.] 
 
 Common on cliffs, walls and shaded rocks 
 in most parts of the islands. Native. Florida, 
 Cuba, Porto Rico. For some years after the 
 description of this fern by Mr. B. D. Gilbert, as 
 Asplenium muticum (Am. Bot. 4: 86, 1903), 
 it was supposed to grow only in Bermuda and 
 in Florida, but Mr. W, R. Maxon has recently 
 pointed out its equivalency with A. hetero- 
 chroum. 
 
POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 423 
 
 3. Asplenium monteverdense Hook. 
 Parsley Fern. (Fig. 460.) Rootstock very 
 short; roots very slender. Leaves tufted, 
 10' long or less, the petiole smooth, much 
 shorter than the delicately 2-3-pinnate 
 blades, which are oblong-lanceolate in out- 
 line and long-acuminate; pinnae lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate in outline, mostly 12-15 
 on each side of the rachis, the middle pairs 
 f '-1^' long, the lower much smaller ; pinnules 
 obovate-cuneate in outline, deeply incised 
 or divided into several oblong, or obovate- 
 cuneate obtuse or acute segments ; sori few, 
 scattered. [A. myriophylhim of Lefroy and 
 Gilbert; A. rJiizophyllum of Hemsley and 
 Verrill; A. cicutarium of Jones.] 
 
 Local, in a cave between Harrington Sound 
 and Castle Harbor. Native. Cuba, Hispaniola, 
 Jamaica. 
 
 9. DIPLAZIUM Sw. 
 Mostly large ferns, with simple or com- 
 pound leaves, the venation free. Sori linear, 
 borne at the sides of veinlets, the indusium 
 mostly of a double membrane. [Greek, referring to the double indusium.] Many 
 species, of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Asplenium 
 Vlantaginifolium L. _ j_ Diplazium Laffanianum (Baker) 
 
 Christenseu. Governor Laffan 's Fern. 
 (Fig. 461.) Rootstock short, erect or 
 oblique, bearing several leaves, somewhat 
 scaly. Petioles 4'-8' long, blackish and 
 scaly toward the base, green and naked 
 above, the brown lanceolate acuminate 
 scales 2"-3" long; blades bipinnate, 
 ovate-deltoid in outline, 8'-12' long, 
 about half as wide as long, bright green, 
 rather firm in texture, smooth on both 
 sides ; pinnae lanceolate in outline, nearly 
 sessile, 3^'-5' long, close together; pin- 
 nules oblong to lanceolate, obtuse, or the 
 larger acute, serrate, or the larger incised ; 
 sori l"-2" long, simple, or mostly so, 
 slightly curved, the persistent indusium 
 glabrous, membranous. [AspJenium Laf- 
 fanianum Baker; A. crenidatum of Le- 
 froy,] Illustrated at pi. 12 Botany of 
 the Challenger Expedition. 
 
 Local, in caves and crevices between Harrington Sound and Paynters' Vale, 
 where it existed up to 1905, but has, since, apparently, been exterminated. Endemic. 
 Nearest related to A. Mildei Kuhn, of tlie Andes of Ecuador, according to Gilbert ; 
 allied to the West Indian A. Franconis and A. crrnuhitum, according to Baker. 
 
 This interesting fern was first described by Mr. .T. G. Baker in Gardener's 
 Chronicle, 51 : 673. 1882, from a living plant sent by Governor Sir Robert Lafifan 
 to the Royal Gardens. Kew. in 1880. and from a dried specimen contrilnited by 
 Governor Lefroy in 1874. It was probably easily found in these years, but by 1005 
 it had become verv rare ; the plant was observed by us in the wild state in the 
 autumn of that year, but we could not find it again at a known locality in 1013. 
 Two plants were taken to a private greenhouse in Hamilton some years ago, where 
 we had the pleasure of studying them in 1014. and afterwards made the attempt to 
 raise plants from spores then obtained, unfortunately without success, the spores 
 being immature. 
 
424 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 10. POLYSTICHUM Eoth. 
 Coarse pinnate or bipinnate ferns growing from an erect rootstock, with 
 round sori usually borne on the backs of the veins, the sterile and fertile leaves 
 similar in outline. Indusium superior, centrally peltate, orbicular. Stipe con- 
 tinuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Veins free. [Greek, signifying many 
 rows, without obvious application.] Some 100 species of wide distribution. 
 Type species: Polystichum LoncTiitis (L.) Eoth. 
 
 1. Polystichum adiantiforme (Fors- 
 ter) J. Smith. Ten Day Fern. Devon- 
 shire Marsh Fern. (Fig. 462.) Root- 
 stock stout, creeping; leaves several, 1°- 
 4° high, subcoriaceous, 2-3-pinnate. 
 Lower pinnae the largest, sometimes 1° 
 long, 3'-4' wide; pinnules ovate-lanceo- 
 late in outline, acuminate; ultimate seg- 
 ments or lobes oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acutish serrate; rachis smooth and 
 somewhat shining; stipes scaly at the 
 base; sori nearly 1" broad, mostly in 2 
 rows between the margin and the mid- 
 vein of the segments. [Polypodium 
 adiantiforme Forster; Aspidium capense 
 Willd. ; Dryopteris capensis Gilbert ; 
 Aspidium coriaceum of Hemsley and of 
 Verrill.] 
 
 Local in Devonshire Marsh, and among 
 shaded rocks between Harrington Somid and 
 Castle Harbor. Native. West Indies, South 
 America, Polynesia, Africa. Figure 462 
 shows a single pinna. 
 
 Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Schott is recorded by Hemsley as found at 
 caves by Lefroy, and also mentioned as Bermudan by Rein, by Verrill, and by 
 Jones, but it has not been seen here recently. It may have been in cultivation, 
 or may have been mistaken for P. adiantiforme. [Dryopteris aculeata Kuntze ; 
 Aspidium aculeatum Sw.] 
 
 11. DRYOPTERIS Adans. 
 
 Ferns with 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually borne 
 on the backs of the veins, the fertile and sterile leaves similar in outline. 
 Indusium flattish, cordate, reniform, superior, fixed by its sinus. Stipe con- 
 tinuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Veins free or anastomosing. [Greek, 
 signifying oak-fern, in allusion to the forest habitat of most species.] Species 
 several hundred, of wide distribution. Type species: Polypodium Filix-mas L. 
 
 Leaves once pinnate. 
 Pinnae all sessile. 
 
 Veinlets not forked. 
 Veinlets forked. 
 At least the lower pinnae short-stalked. 
 Leaves bipinnate or tripinnate. 
 
 1. D. normalis. 
 
 2. D. Thehjpteris. 
 
 3. D. bermudiana. 
 
 4. D. speluncae. 
 
OLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 425 
 
 1. Dryopteris nomialis C. Christen- 
 sen. Larger Marsh Shield-fern. (Fig. 
 463.) Eootstocks horizontal. Leaves sev- 
 eral together, the blades oblong, l°-4° 
 long, softly pubescent beneath; pinnae 
 linear, acuminate, cleft three-fourths the 
 way to the midrib; segments numerous, 
 the basal ones longest; veinlets manifest, 
 unforked, the lowest ones of adjacent 
 segments often uniting; sori near the 
 margins; indusia pubescent. [Aspidium 
 patens and Nephrodium patens of pre- 
 vious authors, not Aspidium patens Sw.] 
 
 Common in marshes and occasional on 
 shaded hillsides. Native. Florida, West 
 Indies. 
 
 Dryopteris mollis [Aspidium molle Sw. ; Nephrodium molle Desv.], ad- 
 mitted as Bermudan by Reade, by Jones, and by Hemsley, is recorded by 
 Lefroy as planted out by him about 1875. There is no evidence that it ever 
 grew naturally in Bermuda. 
 
 2. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. 
 Gray. Marsh Shield-perx. (Fig. 464.) 
 Eootstocks slender, creeping. Leaves 
 erect; blades oblong-lanceolate, scarcely 
 narrower at the base than at the middle, 
 l°-3° long, short-acuminate, membra- 
 nous, pinnate; pinnae linear-lanceolate, 
 short-stalked or sessile, mostly horizon- 
 tal, acuminate at the apex, nearly trun- 
 cate at the base, l'-24' long, slightly 
 pubescent beneath^ deeply pinnatifid; 
 segments oblong, obtuse, or appearing 
 acute from the strongly revolute mar- 
 gins, the veins regularly once or twice 
 forked; sori crowded, 10-12 to each seg- 
 ment; indusia reniform, slightly glandu- 
 lar, or glabrous. [Acrostichum Tliehjp- 
 teris L. ; Aspidium Theh/pteris Sw.] 
 
 Frequent in fresh-water marshes. Native. Temperate North America and 
 Europe. 
 
426 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 3. Dryopteris bermudiana 
 
 (Baker) Gilbert. Bermuda 
 Shield-fern. (Fig. 465.) Eoot- 
 stock thick, creeping, chaffy at the 
 crown with lanceolate acuminate 
 scales. Leaves 2° long or less, 3'- 
 6' wide, pinnate, the rachis pilose; 
 pinnae lV-3' long, V-V wide, very 
 short-stalked, blunt, cut about half- 
 way to the midvein, dark green 
 and canescent above, paler beneath, 
 their lobes blunt, entire, the basal 
 ones on one or both sides enlarged ; 
 veinlets of the lobes 5-7 pairs, un- 
 forked, pilose beneath, the lowest 
 veinlets uniting into a vein running 
 to the sinus; sori small; involucre 
 small, reniform, fugacious. [Ne- 
 pJirodium hermudianum Baker ; Ne- 
 phrodium tetragonum of Lefroy 
 and of Hunter.] 
 
 In caves, holes and crevices be- 
 tween Harrington Sound and Castle 
 Harbor. Endemic. Illustrated in 
 Botany of the Voyage of the Chal- 
 lenger plate 13, in which work it was 
 first described (p. 86) by Mr. .J. G. 
 Baker in 1885. Its nearest relative 
 appears to be D. asplenioides (Sw.) 
 Kuntze, of Jamaica. 
 4. Dryopteris speluncae (L.) Un- 
 derwood. Bermuda Cave-fern. (Fig. 
 
 466.) Eootstocks. Leaves 2°-3*° 
 
 long, bipinnate or tripinnate, broadly 
 
 ovate, nearly or quite as wide as long, 
 
 the stipes and rachis paleaceous and 
 
 pubescent with crisped hairs; pinnae 
 
 ovate to ovate-lanceolate, the lower 
 
 somewhat stalked, the upper sessile ; 
 
 pinnules oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 
 
 obtuse or acutish, crenate-serrate or 
 
 the larger ones lobed, pubescent on the 
 
 veins beneath, the veins simple; sori 
 
 borne about halfway from the mid- 
 vein to the margin of the pinnules. 
 
 [Polypodium speluncae L. ; Nepliro- 
 
 dium villosum of Eein, Lefroy and 
 
 Hemsley ;I>r7/optms villosa of Gilbert.] 
 
 Caves, holes and ledges, between Har- 
 rington Soimd and Castle Harbor, and 
 near Smith's Church. Endemic. Nearest 
 related to Dryopteris ampla (H.B.K.) 
 Kuntze, of Florida, West Indies and South 
 America, to which it was erroneously re- 
 ferred by Lefroy, Hemsley and Verrill. 
 
 12. NEPHROLEPIS Schott. 
 Leaves spreading or pendent, pinnate, elongated; pinnae numerous, ap- 
 proximate, jointed at the base, with whitish dots on the upper surface. Sori 
 round, arising from the apex of the upper branch of a vein, usually near the 
 
POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 427 
 
 margin. Veins free. [Greek, referring to the shape of the indusium.] About 
 12 species, natives of tropical and warm-temperate regions. Type species: 
 Polypodium exaltatum L. 
 
 1. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott. 
 Sword-fern. (Fig. 467.) Petioles 4'-6' 
 long; leaf -blades 3° long or less; pinnae 
 sessile, lanceolate, sometimes crenulate, 
 l'-3' long, the upper side auricled at the 
 base, the lower rounded, the rachis quite 
 hairy; sori almost marginal, covered with 
 firm distinctly reniform indusia. [Poly- 
 podium exaltatum L. ; Aspidium exalta- 
 tum Sw.] 
 
 Frequent in the marshes and on shaded 
 rocks between Harrington Sound and Castle 
 Harbor ; and on Abbot's Cliff. Native. 
 Florida and the West Indies. 
 
 Lefroy records the introduction by 
 him of many species of ferns for '.-ultiva- 
 tion, and ferneries have been maintained 
 by other residents from time to time, 
 but few species will flourish without care- 
 ful attention, much moisture and proper 
 protection. Jones, in 1873, mentions a 
 number of species, evidently in cultiva- 
 tion at that time. 
 
 Order 2. SALVINIALES. 
 
 Aquatic or mud-inhabiting' herbs, \vitli horizontal or creeping: stems, 
 or floating. Leaves various, sometimes filifonu, or blades entire, lobed or 
 4-foliolate. Spores of two kinds (microspores and macrospores), con- 
 tained in sporocarps. Macrospores germinating into simple prothallia 
 which bear archegones, the microspores forming still simpler prothallia 
 bearing- antherozoids. 
 
 Family 1. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. 
 Salvinia Family. 
 Small floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes 
 branching axis bearing 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, thin-walled, 
 borne 2 or more on a common stalk, in the axils of the submersed leaves, 
 1-celled, with a central often branched receptacle, which bears macro- 
 sporanges containing a single macrospore or microsporanges containmg 
 numerous microspores. The family consists of two genera. 
 
 1. SAIiVINIA A dans. 
 Floating annual plants with slender stems bearing rather broad 2-ranked 
 floating leaves. Sporocarps globose, depressed, 9-14-sulcate, membranous, ar- 
 ranged in clusters, 1 or 2 of each cluster containing 10 or more sessile macro- 
 sporanges, each containing few macrospores, the others containing numerous 
 
428 
 
 SALVINIAOEAE. 
 
 smaller globose pedicelled microsporanges with very numerous microspores. 
 Leaves green, finely papillose on the upper surface. [Name in honor of An- 
 tonio Maria Salvini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist.] About 13 species of wide 
 distribution. Type species: Salvinia natans (L.) Hoffm. 
 
 1. Salvinia Olfersiana 
 Klotzch. Olfers ' Salvinia. (Fig. 
 468.) Completely covering the 
 surface of still water, the floating 
 leaves more or less overlapping, 
 the slender stems 2' long or more, 
 pilose. Floating leaves broadly 
 ovate, 6"-10" long, short-petioled, 
 cordate at the base, obtuse or 
 notched at the apex, pinnately 
 delicately many-veined, the upper 
 surface bearing many short 4- 
 horned or 5-horned papillae; sub- 
 merged leaves short-petioled, sev- 
 eral-parted, root-like, ll-'-3' long, 
 bearing the clustered globose- 
 ovoid sporocarps. 
 
 Common in ditches in Pembroke 
 Marsh. Naturalized ; apparently of 
 recent introduction. First observed 
 by us in 1905. Native of tropical 
 continental America. H. B. Small, 
 erroneously designating this plant 
 Lemna trisulca, states that it was 
 introduced in 1903. 
 
 Order 3. LYCOPODIALES. 
 
 Spores jDroduced in sporanges, which are borne in the 
 like or elong'ated leaves. 
 
 ixils of scale- 
 
 Spores all alike. 
 Spores of two kinds. 
 
 Pam. 1. PSILOTACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 2. Selaginellaceae. 
 
 Family 1. PSILOTACEAE Pritzel. 
 
 PsiLOTUM Family. 
 
 Perennial slender terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Sporanges sessile 
 in the axils of the leaves, 2-3-celled, opening by valves at the apex. 
 Spores uniform. 
 
 1. PSILOTUM E. Br. 
 
 Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic, the stem dichotomously forked. Leaves 
 alternate, reduced to scales. Sporanges 3-celled, opening by 3 valves at the 
 apex. Spores mealy, oval or elongated-reniform. [Greek, referring to the 
 nearly naked stems and branches.] A few species of tropical and subtropical 
 distribution, the following typical. 
 
PSILOTACEAE. 
 
 429 
 
 1. Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. 
 PsiLOTUM. (Fig. 469.) Stems erect, 
 8'-12' tall, or, when growing in caves, 
 often pendent, 3-angled at the base, co- 
 piously forked above, the ultimate divi- 
 sions with 3 wing-like angles; leaves re- 
 mote, awl-like, less than 1" long; 
 sporanges in interrupted spikes. [Lyco- 
 podium nudum L. ; P. triquetrum Sw.] 
 
 At bases of palmettos in Paget Marsh, 
 and in caves and in bases of trees between 
 Harrington Sound and Castle Harbor. Re- 
 corded by Verrill as having grown on Ire- 
 land Island. Verrill uses for this plant 
 the name " Sea-side Club Moss " which is 
 misleading, as it does not grow in prox- 
 imity to the sea, and should be excluded 
 from his list of sea-side plants. Native. 
 Southeastern United States, West Indies 
 and tropical continental America. 
 
 Family 2. SELAGINELLACEAE Uiiderw. 
 
 Selaginella Family. 
 
 Terrestrial, moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves. 
 Sporanges 1-celled, solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as 
 to form more or less quadrangular spikes, some containing 4 macrospores 
 (macrosporanges), others containing numerous microspores (microspo- 
 ranges). The family consists of the following genus: 
 
 1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. 
 
 Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, ancient name of a 
 Lycopodium.] About 600 species, widely distributed, most abundant in trop- 
 ical regions. 
 
 Selaginella viticulosa Klotzeh, Selaginella, South American, a trailing 
 moss-like plant, with minute bright green leaves spreading in 2 planes, the two 
 kinds of sporanges borne in narrow spikes, one containing 4 large spores, the 
 other containing many very minute spores, was observed in 1912 covering a 
 shaded wall at Mt. Langton, apparently well established, escaped from a 
 greenhouse nearby, suggesting that this beautiful plant might readily be grown 
 in other similar situations. It is occasionally planted on rock-work. 
 
 Other sj^ecies of Selaginella have been grown at times as house plants and 
 under glass. 
 
 A species of Equisetum was recorded by Lefroy, and doubtfully referred 
 to E. hogotense by Verrill, but no trace of any plant of this genus has been 
 found by recent collectors. (See p. 50.) 
 
430 MUSCI. 
 
 Phylum 3. BRYOPHYTA. 
 
 ]\IOSSES AND HePATICS. 
 
 Small plants, producing minute usually spherical bodies (spores) 
 in capsules, from which arise a protonema on which are borne 
 the plants (gametophytes) bearing archegonia and antheridia, from 
 which the fruit (sporophyte) is formed, which in turn bears spores- 
 There are two classes which differ from each other as follows: 
 
 stems erect or prostrate, having leaves more or less equally developed on all sides ; 
 
 calyptra at the apex of the capsule. Class 1. Musci. 
 
 Stems usually prostrate, with the leaves, when present, 
 
 unequally developed on the upper and lower surfaces ; 
 
 calyptra at the base of the capsule. Class 2, Hepaticae. 
 
 Class 1. MUSCI. 
 
 Mosses. 
 Contributed by Elizabeth G. Britton. 
 
 Terrestrial, epiphytic, or rarely aquatic plants, showing two dis- 
 tinctly marked but closely connected and continuous phases of 
 growth, or alternate generations. Plant (gametophyte) usually 
 differentiated into stem, leaves and rhizoids (true roots none), 
 arising from a more or less ephemeral protonema, which originates 
 from the spore, forming either a filamentous or thallose growth. 
 Sexual organs borne either apically or laterally on the stem, usually 
 in special buds ; antheridia and archegonia on the same plant or on 
 separate plants. Antheridium containing ciliate sperms. Arche- 
 gonium a single egg, after the fertilization of which the embryo 
 develops into the fruit (sporophyte), rupturing the walls of the 
 archegonium in its growth. Fruit (sporophyte) usually forming 
 a pedicel, the base of which is imbedded in the vaginule ; upper part 
 of the archegonium, carried up by the elongation of the pedicel, 
 forming the calyptra, which in most mosses covers and protects the 
 sporogonium Avhile it is developing. Capsule (sporogonium) usually 
 with a central axis (endothecium) forming the columella, around 
 which the spore-sac (archesporium) is developed, usually separated 
 from the walls (amphithecium) by air-spaces and chlorophyl-bear- 
 ing tissue. Capsule dehiscent regularly by a lid or slits, or inde- 
 hiscent (cleistocarpous) ; when dehiscent frequently developing 
 specialized appendages around the mouth, constituting the peri- 
 stome, which serves in the dissemination of the spores. All the 
 species of Bermuda are native. Their spores were presumably 
 brought on the wind. There are two orders represented in the 
 Bermuda Flora. 
 
 Capsule borne on a pseudopodium ; spore-sac arching over the columella. 
 
 I. Sphagxales. 
 
 Capsule borne on a more or less elongated pedicel ; spore-sac 
 cylindric, surrounding the columella and perforated by it at the 
 base and apex. II. Brtales. 
 
SPHAGNACEAE. 431 
 
 Order 1. SPHAGNALES. 
 
 Protonema normally thalloicl, the gametophyte developing from its 
 edge; the latter at first branchless, but branches soon developing, usually 
 in fascicles of 3 or more. Archegonia borne on more or less differentiated 
 branches; antheridia on normal or slightly differentiated ones. Calyptra 
 rent irregularly by the ripening capsule, leaving at its base an inconspic- 
 uous sheath. Capsule nearly sessile, globose, on a very short stalk with a 
 bulbous base; capsule at maturity raised upon a prolongation of the fruit- 
 ing branch (pseudopodium), dehiscent by a small apical lid; peristome 
 none; endothecium giving rise only to the columella, upon whose broad 
 rounded top rests the dome-shaped spore-sac. Spores tetrahedral. The 
 order consists of but one family. 
 
 Family 1. SPHAGNACEAE Nees. 
 Peat-moss Family. 
 Characters the same as those of the order. Only the following genus. 
 
 1. SPHAGNUM [Dill.] L. 
 
 Large erect mosses mostly of bogs, and wet mountain summits. Plants 
 developing apically. Branches usually in fascicles disposed spirally about the 
 stem, densely crowded together near the apex. Leaves of the stem and 
 branches arranged spirally, composed of a single layer of two kinds of cells. 
 Stem-leaves more or less differentiated in shape and size, less closely disposed 
 than the branch-leaves. Plants monoicous or dioicous, the antheridial and 
 archegonial branches always distinct. Antheridia long-pedicellate, globose to 
 oval, borne each at the side of a perigonial leaf, opening at the summit when 
 mature and releasing vesicles containing each a spermatozoid ; paraphyses lack- 
 ing. Archegonial branches single or rarely two together, bearing at the apex 
 without paraphyses 1-5 archegonia, of which after fertilization only one de- 
 velops into a capsule. Perichaetial leaves much larger than and usually other- 
 wise differentiated from the other leaves, enclosing the capsule until its 
 maturity; capsule globose, dark-brown to black, with small lid, without annulus 
 or peristome; spores tetrahedral, disseminated by explosive discharge from 
 the capsule. [Greek, in reference to the spongy nature of the plants.] About 
 250 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Sphagnum 
 palustre L. 
 
 Stem-leaves large, long-lingulate ; branch-leaves oval to ovate. 1. S. magcUanieum. 
 Stem-leaves small, triangular-ovate ; branch-leaves long- 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 2. S. cusijidatutn. 
 
432 
 
 SPHAGNACEAE. 
 
 1. Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. 
 
 Magellan Peat-moss. (Fig. 470.) 
 Plants compact to robust, bright-green 
 or variously tinged with brown, red- 
 brown or more commonly pink to purple- 
 red. Stems up to 6 inches high; stem- 
 leaves large, long-lingulate to lingulate- 
 spatulate, the border denticulate, hyaline 
 only at the immediate apex; branches 
 frequently short, in fascicles of 4 or 5, 
 2 spreading; branch-leaves imbricate or 
 spreading^ broadly ovate, the border den- 
 ticulate especially toward the apex. Dioi- 
 cous. Antheridial branches and leaves 
 hardly differentiated, the latter slightly 
 more highly colored than the others (red 
 or brown). Fruiting branches erect; cap- 
 sule dark-brown; spores brown, minutely 
 papillose. [Sphagnum medium Limpr.J 
 
 In Devonshire Marsh, the only station. 
 Labrador southward to Alabama and 
 Florida ; Michigan ; Minnesota ; California ; 
 Vancouver Island to Alaska ; also in Europe, 
 Asia and South America. 
 
 2. Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. Cuspidate Peat- 
 moss. (Fig. 471.) Plants delicate, slender and float- 
 ing or sometimes fairly robust, often up to a foot 
 long, green or yellowish. Stem-leaves small, triangular- 
 ovate, strongly concave, slightly toothed but not lacerate 
 at the apex; the border strong, considerably broadened 
 below, its cell-walls pitted; hyaline cells narrow, short 
 above, divided; branches mostly in fascicles of 3 or 4, 
 2 spreading, the other one or two drooping, not closely 
 applied to and concealing the stem ; branch-leaves slightly 
 or not at all undulate when dry, long-lanceolate, involute, 
 the apex toothed, the border normally entire, of 2-4 
 rows of narrow cells, serrulate on the margin by the pro- 
 jecting ends of the narrow border cells. Dioicous. An- 
 theridia in catkins on spreading branches; antheridial 
 leaves brown, slightly smaller than the normal branch- 
 leaves, relatively broader and with broader areolation. 
 Fruiting branches erect, sometimes very long, capsule 
 brown; spores brown, roughened. 
 
 In Pembroke and Devonshire marshes. Newfoundland 
 to Georgia ; also in Europe and Asia. Only the form with 
 serrulate leaves is known in the Bermuda flora. 
 
 Order 2. BRYALES. 
 
 Protonema usually filamentous; calyptra apical; pedicel more or less 
 elongated, apical or lateral; capsule generally with a well-developed lid; 
 peristome present or absent, neck usually with stomata. 
 
DICEANACEAE. 
 
 433 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 
 DiCRANACEAE. 
 
 Leucobrvaceae. 
 
 FiSSIDENTACEAE. 
 
 Calymperaceab. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 5. 
 
 POTTIACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 6. 
 7. 
 
 Ft;nariace.\e. 
 Bryaceab. 
 
 Fain. 
 
 8. 
 
 HOOKERIACEAE. 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam, 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 Rhacopilaceae. 
 Leskeaceae. 
 
 Fam. 
 Fam. 
 
 n. 
 
 12. 
 
 IlYP.NACEAE. 
 
 Sematophyllaceae 
 
 Capsule with a simple peristome. 
 
 A. Teeth 8 or 16, bifid or entire. 
 Leaf-blade of one layer of cells. 
 Leaf-blade of several layers of tmlike cells. 
 Leaf with duplicate basal blades. 
 Leaf with basal cells large and empty. 
 
 B. Teeth lacking, 16 or 32, usually with a basal 
 membrane. 
 
 Capsule with a double peristome. 
 
 A. Pedicel terminal. 
 Leaves with large cells, about as long as broad. 
 Leaves with cells usually longer than broad. 
 
 B. Pedicel from lateral branches. 
 Leaf-cells smooth, veins 2, ending near apex. 
 Leaf-cells more or less papillose, vein single. 
 
 Leaves of two sizes, under leaves very small. 
 Leaves of uniform size, clearly papillose. 
 Leaf-cells smooth, vein single or short and 
 double. 
 Lid short, conic. 
 Lid long, beaked. 
 
 Family 1. DICRANACEAE B. S. G. 
 
 DicRANUM Family. 
 
 Plants perennial, large or small, gregarious or crowded; stems branch- 
 ing dichotomously, usually densely leafy and bearing radicles. Leaves 
 straight or curved, smooth or papillose ; vein usually stout and percurrent, 
 sometimes ribbed on the back; basal cells usually pale and rectangular, 
 those of the basal angles often much enlarged and colored; upper cells 
 shorter, the walls often thickened, pitted and sinuous. Pedicel long, erect 
 or curved; capsule erect and symmetric or bent and curved, sometimes 
 furrowed; calyptra cucullate; lid conic, beaked; peristome single, teeth 16, 
 usually bifid. About 48 genera, with some 1460 species widely distributed. 
 
 1. CAMPYLOPUS Brid. 
 Characters of the family. Leaves usually grooved or tubular, subulate and 
 
 often toothed at apex, sometimes with a 
 curved; capsule usually horizontal or nod- 
 ding; calyptra mostly fringed at base. 
 [Greek, in reference to the curved pedicel.] 
 A tropical genus of about oOO species. 
 Type species: Bryum flexuosiim L. 
 
 1. Campylopus bermudianus E. S. Wil- 
 liams. Bermuda Campylopus. (Fig. 472.) 
 Plants in dark green, loose tufts, stems 
 about 2^' high, branching, often with fla- 
 gellae; leaves often crowded at the apex, 
 mostly spreading all around, lanceolate, 
 grooved above, sharply serrate at the apex 
 and more or less serrulate on the margin ; 
 vein broad, percurrent or slightly excurrent, 
 with prominent serrate lamellae 2 or 3 cells 
 high on the back above; alar cells inflated, 
 the cells just above mostly rectangular, pale, 
 broad toward the vein, narrow toAvard the 
 margin, smaller above, with slightly thick- 
 ened walls rarely pitted near the vein. 
 
 Paget Marsh, under palmetto. Endemic. 
 
 29 
 
 er hair-point. Pedicel usually 
 
434 
 
 LEUCOBRYACEAE. 
 
 Family 2. LEUCOBRYACEAE C. Muell. 
 
 White Moss Family. 
 
 Plants perennial, growing in dense pale green cushions ; stems medium 
 to large, branching; leaves crowded, sometimes fragile and breaking off, 
 vein broad filling most of the leaf, blade very narrow, the green cells of 
 the leaf small, in a single central band between several layers of larger 
 hyaline cells. Pedicels erect, terminal; capsule erect or horizontal, regular 
 or irregular ; peristome single, teeth 8 or 16 ; lid beaked ; calyptra cucullate. 
 Nine genera and 229 species are known. 
 
 1. LEUCOBRYUM Hampe. 
 
 Characters of the family. A genus of 121 species, widely distributed in 
 temperate and tropical regions. [Greek, in reference to the pale color of the 
 plants.] The following species typical. 
 
 1. Leucobryum glaucum 
 (L.) Sehimp. White Moss. 
 (Fig. 473.) Plants in com- 
 pact, pale green cushions ; stems 
 branching, seldom more than 2 
 inches high; leaves crowded, 
 erect-spreading, sometimes 
 curved; base ovate, narrowed to 
 a tubular point, apex acute, 
 minutely denticulate, hyaline 
 blade of the lower part of the 
 leaf about 5 cells wide on either 
 side of the broad vein; pedicel 
 dark red; capsule nodding, 
 strongly curved and furrowed 
 when dry; annulus none; peri- 
 stome single, teeth 16, papillose, 
 _L "^^^d^ divided to below the middle ; lid 
 
 I ^^^ft vV beaked; spores slightly rough. 
 
 On the ground among ferns 
 and palmettos in marshes. New- 
 foundland to Minnesota, south to 
 Florida and Louisiana ; also 
 throughout Europe. [Bryum glau- 
 cum L.] 
 
 Family 3. FISSIDENTACEAE Bruch & Sehimp. 
 
 FissiDENS Family. 
 
 Small plants, usually growing in moist shady places, on earth or 
 stones; stems erect or decumbent, simple or sparingly branched; leaves 
 few, always two-ranked and conduplicate, clasping at base, with a single 
 vein and with an apical and dorsal prolongation especially in the upper 
 leaves. Pedicels terminal or on lateral buds; capsules ovoid or eylindric, 
 
FISSIDENTACEAE. 
 
 435 
 
 straight or curved; ealyptra eucullate; lid conic often beaked, peristome 
 red, single, of 16 bifid teeth, often thickened at joints and either papillose 
 or spiral at apex. A large family of 4 genera, containing some 570 
 species, abundant in temperate and tropical regions of which three are 
 known to occur in Bermuda. 
 
 1. FISSIDENS Hedw. 
 
 Characters the same as the family. [Latin, in reference to the split teeth 
 of the peristome.] Type species: Hypnmn hryoides L. 
 
 Fruit nearly basal ; leaf-margins serrate. 
 Fruit terminal ; leaf-margins entire. 
 
 Leaves bordered tliroughout, cells smooth. 
 
 Leaves bordered only on duplicate blade of uppermost leaves, 
 cells papillose. 
 
 1. Fissidens taxifdlius (L.) Hedw. 
 Yew-leaved FissiDENs. (Fig. 474.) Plants 
 seldom more than V high, usually in dense 
 cushions; stems erect, branching from the 
 base; leaves 7-10 pairs, oblong-lingulate, 
 broadly pointed, apiculate with vein per- 
 current, margins minutely serrate, one row 
 of cells often paler, but not bordered ; cells 
 intlated, mamillose ; pedicel red, from 
 lateral buds near the base of the stem ; 
 capsule at length nodding; lid beaked; 
 peristome red, teeth papillose. 
 
 On the ground in woods near Walsingham 
 Caves, only known sterile. Not uncommon in 
 temperate regions of North America. Also 
 Europe, Asia and Africa. 
 
 1. F. taxifoUus. 
 
 2. F. minutulus. 
 
 3. F. Garberi. 
 
 2. Fissidens minutulus Sull. Small FissmENs. (Fig. 
 175.) Plants minute, about 2" high, growing usually on 
 stones in caves and gulleys. Stems erect or decumbent 
 branching by basal innovations ; leaves 5-8 pairs, increasing 
 in size upward, oblong-lanceolate, acute; vein ending in the 
 apex; margins bordered by 1-2 rows of narrower longer 
 cells generally disappearing below the minutely toothed 
 apex; cells small, smooth. Pedicel short, terminal, becoming 
 erect; capsule minute ovoid to cylindric; lid beaked; teeth 
 spirally thickened and papillose at apex. 
 
 On rocks in shaded gulleys and caves ; also in North Amer- 
 ica and Europe. 
 
436 
 
 nSSIDENTACEAE. 
 
 3. Fissidens Garberi Lesq. & James. Garber's Fissi- 
 DENS. (Fig. 476.) Plants very small, about 1" high, dark 
 green; stems erect or decumbent; leaves 5-6 pairs, but on 
 the sterile stems occasionally 15-16 pairs, lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, upper the longest; vein ending in the apex or percur- 
 rent; margins not bordered except at the base of the upper- 
 most pair of leaves; cells small, dense, papillose. Pedicel 
 terminal, short, erect; capsule small, erect; lid comc-beaked ; 
 peristome red, spirally thickened at apex. 
 
 On moist rocks in shade, usually in gulleys or caves ; also 
 in the southern United States and the Bahamas, usually on 
 limestone rocks. One of the most puzzling and variable of the 
 smaller species of this genus probably including several other 
 closely allied described species from Cuba, Porto Rico, Haiti, 
 San Domingo, Jamaica, Guadaloupe and Trinidad. 
 
 Family 4. CALYMPERACEAE C. Muell. 
 
 Calymperes Family. 
 
 Plants usually growing in dense dark green cushions on trees in 
 shade, seldom fruiting but often propagating by brood-bodies, growing 
 in ^clusters from the tips of specially modified leaves. Stems mostly erect 
 and sparingly branched. Leaves often crowded at the ends of the 
 branches, erect or spreading, broad and clasping at base, lanceolate or con- 
 tracted into a spathulate apex ; margins entire or serrate often with a band 
 of elongated submarginal cells; basal cells clear, smooth, upper cells small, 
 round, often papillose. Pedicel terminal, erect usually exserted; calyptra 
 cucullate or campanulate; lid long-beaked; peristome single of 16 short 
 teeth. A family of mostly tropical mosses, containing 2 genera and about 
 313 species. 
 
 1. SYRRHOPODON Schwaegr. 
 
 Differing from the characters of the family only in the often specially 
 modified margins of the leaves which are either thickened or double; the 
 calyptra is conic-campanulate. [Greek, in reference to the united teeth of 
 the peristome.] Mostly tropical or subtropical species of which 215 have been 
 described. Type species: Calymperes Gardneri Hook. 
 
CALYMPERACEAE. 
 
 437 
 
 1. Syrrhopodon floridanus Sull. 
 Florida Sykrhopodon. (Fig. 477.) 
 Plants about 1' high, forming large 
 dense, dark green cushions; stems 
 simple or branching, rooting at base, 
 with crowded leaves, which are curled 
 and twisted when dry, spreading when 
 moist, with a conspicuous broad white 
 base and narrower, dense, dark green 
 apex; margins double and serrate; 
 basal cells hyaline, upper cells and 
 back of vein densely papillose, some- 
 times bearing dense clusters of brood- 
 bodies, by which this species propa- 
 gates. 
 
 At base of palmetto in marshes. 
 Southern United States and Cuba. 
 
 Family 5. POTTIACEAE Bruch & Schimp. 
 
 PoTTiA Family. 
 
 Plants small, or large, growing in more or less crowded cushions; 
 stems usually erect, short and simple or branching, not tomentose; leaves 
 crowded, spreading often twisted when dry, of various shapes ; vein single, 
 percurrent or excurrent into an awn; cells of the basal part of the leaf 
 often larger and clearer than those of the apical, which are usually 
 denser and often papillose. Pedicel sometimes ver\^ short, mostly elongate 
 and erect; capsule erect, usually straight, seldom inclined; calyptra cucul- 
 late; lid conic and beaked; peristome single, rarely lacking, occasionally 
 with a deep basal membrane, teeth 16 or 32, often papillose, sometimes 
 bifid and spirally twisted. A large family of 46 genera and 396 species. 
 
 Leaves much curled and twisted when dry, margins incurved ; peristome short 
 straight or lacking. 
 
 Leaf-margins entire ; teeth 16, entire or irregularly divided 
 
 Leaf-margins entire ; teeth 16, split or bifid. 
 Leaves only slightly curved or bent when dry. 
 
 A. Peristome short. 
 Leaf-margins toothed at base. 
 Leaf-margins finely crenulate, toothed above. 
 
 B. Peristome none. 
 
 C. Peristome long, twisted. 
 
 1. Wcisia. 
 
 2. TrUliostomum. 
 
 3. Euchidium. 
 
 4. OyroHcisia. 
 
 5. Hymcnosti/lium. 
 
 6. Tortilla. 
 
 1. WEISIA Hedw. 
 
 Plants small, crowded; stems erect, with branches; leaves much curled 
 and twisted when dry, mostly subulate-lanceolate with incurved margins; vein 
 ending in the sharp apex; cells rectangular and clear at base, rounded and 
 small above, papillose on both sides above. Seta erect, slender; capsule erect, 
 ovoid or cylindric, ribbed when dry; peristome single, inserted below the 
 mouth; teeth 16, irregular and papillose, or rarely short and rudimentary. 
 [Named for F. W. Weis.] A small genus widely distributed in temperate 
 regions. Type species: Bryum viridulum L. 
 
438 
 
 POTTIACEAE. 
 
 1. Weisia viridula (L.) Hedw. Bright- 
 GREEX Weisia. (Fig. 478.) Plants growing in 
 more or less crowded bright green tufts, up to 
 6" high ; stems erect and simple or branched ; 
 branches short; leaves crowded at the ends of 
 the branches, spreading, from an erect base, 
 points curled and twisted when dry, base 
 broader, apex with inrolled, entire margins, 
 forming a long sharp point ; vein stout, excur- 
 rent into a short mucronate apex. Monoicous; 
 pedicel erect, slender, yellow or brown; capsule 
 small ovoid to cylindric, erect and symmetric or 
 slightly inclined ; often dark brown and shin- 
 ing; calyptra cucullate; lid beaked; annulus 
 narrow, persistent ; peristome inserted below the 
 mouth; teeth 16, short, papillose, often irregu- 
 larly split or perforate or short and unde- 
 veloped; spores rough, brown, maturing in 
 spring. 
 
 On rocks at one station near Walsingham. A 
 common and variable species of wide distribution 
 in temperate regions. 
 
 2. TRICHOSTOMUM Hedw. 
 Plants medium-sized, usually growing crowded; stems erect, simple or 
 branched; leaves curled and twisted when dry, larger at base, with a narrow 
 sharp apex; margins flat or inrolled, entire; vein single, usually percurrent; 
 basal cell^ oblong and clear, upper cells denser, small and papillose on both 
 sides. Pedicel erect, elongate; capsule erect, cylindric; peristome single; 
 teeth 16, either entire or divided to base, usually papillose; lid conic-beaked; 
 calyptra cucullate. [Greek, in reference to the narrow teeth.] Widely dis- 
 tributed in various temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Weisia 
 cylindrica Bruch. 
 
 1. Trichostommn bermudanum Mitt. Bermuda 
 Trichostomum. (Fig. 479.) Plants in crowded bright 
 green or yellowish-green patches; stems up to 9" high, 
 usually simple; leaves crowded, curled and twisted when 
 dry, base erect clasping, points narrower with the vein, 
 smooth and excurrent into a mucronate apex; margins 
 entire, incurved above; basal cells lax with longer cells 
 on the margins extending up the blade to the papillose 
 cells of the upper part. Pedicel yellow, erect and 
 twisted; capsule erect, cylindric, lid conic-beaked; ca- 
 lyptra cucullate; peristome single, of 16 slender, papil- 
 lose, bifid teeth; often disappearing and leaving only a 
 ragged membrane; spores large, rough, brown, maturing 
 in spring. 
 
 Very common on walls, rocks and on the ground. En- 
 demic. Closely related to T. jamaicense Mitt. 
 
POTTIACEAE. 
 
 439 
 
 3. EUCIaADIUM Br. & Sch. 
 Plants perennial, in dense mats, forming calcareous tufa; stems branching 
 erect and crowded; leaves small, spreading, broadest at base, long-pointed; 
 vein stout, percurrent; basal cells larger and clearer than the upper papillose 
 cells. Pedicel erect, exserted; capsule small, ovoid or cylindric; lid beaked; 
 calyptra cucullate; peristome single; teeth 16, per- 
 forate or split. [Greek, referring to the beautiful 
 branches.] A genus of 3 species. Type species: 
 Brijum verticiUatum L. 
 
 1. Eucladium verticiUatum Br. & Sch. Whorled- 
 LEAVED Eucladium. (Fig. 480.) Plants growing in 
 dense bright green cushions, pale brown below; stems 
 up to 9" high, slender and brittle, rooting at intervals, 
 and branching repeatedly ; leaves small, in clusters at 
 the tops of the branches, base broad, with a few sharp 
 teeth, apex narrower, margins above flat, entire; vein 
 stout, ending in the rather blunt apex; basal cells 
 oblong, upper round and small, papillose. Pedicel 
 erect, slender; capsule ovoid-cylindric, erect or hori- 
 zontal; calyptra cucullate; lid beaked; annulus nar- 
 row; teeth 16, more or less perforate along the 
 median line. 
 
 On wet limestone in caves, often dripping witti 
 moisture and hardened witti lime deposits. Widely dis- 
 tributed in North America, Europe and Asia. 
 
 4. GYROWEISIA Schimp. 
 iSmall plants, usually growing on limestone rocks; stems short with 
 a few short lanceolate or Ungulate leaves, usually blunt, base broader hyaline, 
 vein single, ending below the apex; upper cells round and dense, often swollen. 
 Usually dioicous. Pedicel erect, short and twisted; capsule small, ovoid or 
 cylindric ; peristome more or less developed, usually falling with the lid ; 
 annulus present; lid conic-apiculate or beaked. [Greek, in reference to the 
 twisted annulus.] A genus of about 14 species, found in subtropical regions, 
 from Florida to Cuba, Jamaica and Porto Rico. Type 
 species: Gymnostomum tcnue Schrad. 
 
 1. Gyroweisia Barbula (Schwaeger.) Paris. 
 Black-fruited Gyroweisia. (Fig. 481.) Plants sel- 
 dom more than 3" high, dark green, or almost black, 
 stemless, with a rosette of a few basal leaves, which 
 are linear-oblong and twisted when dry; vein ending 
 below the blunt apex; margins finely crenulate- 
 toothed, inrolled when dry; basal cells oblong, lax and 
 clear; upper cells round and swollen. Pedicel short, 
 erect; capsules narrowly cylindric, straight or slightly 
 curved, mouth narrow ; lid conic, beaked ; annulus 
 present; calyptra cucullate; peristome usually falling 
 with the lid; teeth 16, bifid, and papillose; spores 
 smooth, minute, maturing in March and April. [Tor- 
 tula melanocarpa Mitt, of Challenger Report ; Gymno- 
 stomum Barbtila Schwaegr.] 
 
 On limestone usually associated with Tortitia agraria. 
 Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; South America. 
 
440 
 
 POTTIACEAE. 
 
 5. HYMENOSTYLIUM Brid. 
 Plants in dense crowded tufts; stems tall, slender and branching; leaves 
 crowded small, lanceolate-acuminate; vein single, ending below the apex; cells 
 smooth or papillose; pedicel erect, elongate; capsule erect, ovoid and shining; 
 peristome lacking; lid with a long beak; calyptra cucullate. [Greek, referring 
 to the membrane covering the mouth of capsule.] A genus of 17 species 
 widely distributed on limestone rocks, mostly in tem- 
 perate regions. Type species : Eymenostylium xanthro- 
 carpum (Hook.) Brid. 
 
 1. Hymenostylium curvirostre (Ehrh.) Lindb. 
 Curved-beaked Hymenostylium. (Fig. 482.) Plants 
 in pale green calcareous cushions; stems up to 1' high, 
 slender and leafy branches short ; leaves crowded, re- 
 curved and twisted when dry, spreading when moist, 
 lanceolate-acuminate, short; vein stout, smooth, ending 
 below the apex; margins entire, often slightly re- 
 curved at base; basal cells rectangular, clearer and 
 larger than the papillose upper cells. Pedicel terminal, 
 becoming lateral by innovations, more or less per- 
 sistent; capsules ovoid-pyriform, erect, with a long- 
 beaked lid which is more or less persistent; annulus 
 narrow; peristome none, mouth closed by a mem- 
 brane; spores large, maturing in summer. [Pottia 
 curvirostris Ehrh.] 
 
 Thus far only found sterile under dripping rocks in caves forming lime-encrusted 
 cushions. Widely distributed in temperate regions of North America and Europe, 
 always on calcareous rocks. 
 
 6. TOBTULA Hedw. 
 
 Plants of various sizes, sometimes large and stout; usually 
 
 growing on the ground or on rocks in dense cushions; stems 
 
 usually simple, rarely branched; with the leaves crowded at the 
 
 top of the stem, usually spreading when dry, or twisted, mostly 
 
 broader above the middle, usually entire, with a single vein, 
 
 sometimes excurrent into an awn, with the basal cells long and 
 
 clear and the upper small and dense, sometimes papillose. 
 
 Pedicel erect, elongate; capsule erect, cylindric; lid usually 
 
 long-beaked; calyptra cucullate; peristome single, usually 
 
 twisted; teeth 16 or 32; slender, papillose; spores small. [Latin, 
 
 with reference to the twisted peristome.] A large genus of 
 
 186 species widely distributed in all parts of the world. Type 
 
 species: Bryum miirale L. 
 
 1. Tortula agraria Sw. Common Tortula. (Fig. 483.) 
 Plants up to 9" high, almost stemless, forming a rosette of 
 basal leaves, not much curled or twisted when dry; widest 
 above the middle, base oblong with clear, long cells; apex 
 acute, cells square, smooth, vein stout ending in a mucronate 
 point. Pedicel erect; capsule cylindric, ribbed when dry; 
 annulus present; lid long-conic-beaked, red at base; peristome 
 red, papillose twisted ; teeth 16, long and slender, bifid or trifid 
 with a short basal membrane ; calyptra cucullate ; spores 
 smooth, small, maturing in spring. [Barhula agraria Hedw.] 
 
 Common on" limestone from Florida and Texas to Mexico and 
 from the Bahamas through the West Indies to South America. 
 
FUNAEIACEAE. 
 
 441 
 
 Family G. FUNARIACEAE C. Mueller. 
 
 FuNARiA Family. 
 
 Plants usually annual or ephemeral, seldom biennial; sometimes 
 minute. Stems short, erect and seldom branched; leaves small and narrow 
 or large and broad, margins entire or toothed; vein present or rarely 
 absent. Pedicel sometimes short and immersed or long and exserted; 
 capsule erect or inclined, symmetric or unsymmetric, ovoid or pyriform; 
 annulus often large and conspicuous or undeveloped; calyptra cucullate, 
 often inflated and oblique, rarely lobed or papillose; peristome absent, 
 rudimentary or double, teeth straight or oblique. A small family of wide 
 distribution, including about 12 genera with some 244 species. 
 
 1. FUNARIA Schreb. 
 
 Plants usually scattered, rarely crowded ; steins short, simple ; leaves 
 usually crowded at the summit, usually broadest above the base, entire or 
 serrate; vein ending below the apex or percurrent or exeurrent; pedicel ex- 
 serted, elongated; capsules erect or nodding, often pear-shaped; lid flat or 
 apiculate; calyptra much inflated at base, beaked; peristome single, double 
 or rarely lacking. [Latin, in reference to the twisted pedicels.] A large 
 genus of widely distributed cosmopolitan species. Type species: Mnium luj- 
 grometricum L. 
 
 Mouth of the capsule oblique ; leaves serrate. 
 Mouth of the capsule small ; leaves nearly entire. 
 
 1. F. hygrometrica. 
 
 2. F. flavicans. 
 
 1. Funaria hygrometrica (L.) Sibth. Cord 
 Moss. (Fig. 484.) Plants up to 1|' high, bright 
 yellowish-green turning brown; stems short, 
 simple; leaves few, erect, appressed around the 
 base of the pedicel, broad and concave, acute or 
 acuminate; the vein ending in the apex, margins 
 entire or faintly toothed; cells clear, smooth, ob- 
 long below, shorter and hexagonal above. Pedicel 
 pale, twisted, variable in length; capsule horizon- 
 tal or nodding, ribbed when dry ; mouth oblique ; 
 lid bordered with a red rim ; annulus large falling 
 with the lid; peristome double, oblique, the teeth 
 with apical appendages; calyptra large, inflated 
 at base; spores rough, ripening early in spring. 
 [Mnium hy grometricum L.] 
 
 On burnt ground and on rocks, not frequent. 
 Widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. 
 
442 
 
 FUNARIACEAE. 
 
 2. Funaria flavicans Rich. Pale-green Funaria. 
 (Fig. 485.) A smaller plant than the last, up to 6" 
 high, differing in the fewer leaves, which are entire, the 
 vein ending in a short subulate tip; the pedicel 
 shorter, the capsule more symmetric, its mouth not 
 oblique; spores a little larger, maturing in March. 
 
 On rocks, not common. Southern United States. 
 
 Family 7. BRYACEAE C. Mueller. 
 
 Bryum Family. 
 
 Plants usually growing in dense cushions, rarely scattered; stems 
 erect, simple or branching near the apex, often slender; leaves scattered or 
 crowded at the summit, variable in shape, from oval to lanceolate, often 
 acuminate and subulate; vein single; margins entire or toothed; cells 
 smooth, generally hexagonal, sometimes narrower on the border and rec- 
 tangular at the base. Pedicel terminal, erect; capsule erect or nodding, 
 generally symmetric with a well-developed neck; calyptra cucullate; lid 
 conic-apiculate, peristome usually double, rarely single or lacking. A 
 large family, widely distributed in various regions of the globe, composed 
 of 16 genera with over 950 species most abundant in temperate, alpine and 
 arctic regions. The sjDecimens from Bermuda are few and in poor con- 
 dition. 
 
 1. BRYUM L. 
 
 Characters of the family; capsules never erect, generally pear-shaped; 
 annulus large and well-developed; peristome always double, the inner more or 
 less developed, with or without cilia. [Greek, meaning a moss.] A large 
 genus of over 600 species, usually growing on earth or rocks, seldom on trees 
 or rotten wood, most abundant in cold and temperate regions. Type species: 
 Bryum argenteum L. 
 
 Leaves bordered, vein excurrent into a subulate tip. 1. B. ca pill are. 
 
 Leaves not bordered, minutely toothed, gemmiferous, vein ending in 
 
 the acute apex, 2. B. CrUgeri. 
 
BRYACEAE. 
 
 443 
 
 1. Bryum capillare L. Hair-like Bryum. (Fig. 
 486.) Plants up to I3' high in rather dense, dark green 
 cushions ; stems short, sparingly branched ; leaves crowded 
 in a rosette at the apex, curled and twisted when dry, 
 ovate to lanceolate-acuminate, margins bordered by 1-2 
 rows of narrower cells, entire or slightly toothed near 
 apex; vein ending in the point or excurrent into a mucro- 
 nate tip; upper cells hexagonal, basal oblong, smooth. 
 Pedicel long, red, bent at base, paler and twisted above ; 
 capsule elongated, nodding; neck distinct; lid small, 
 apiculate; annulus large; peristome brown; teeth paler 
 and papillose above; endostome with a basal membrane 
 and appendiculate cilia; spores ripe in spring. 
 
 On rocks and roots of ferns in marshes, usually sterile, 
 and propagating by gemmae. Cosmopolitan and variable. 
 
 2. Bryum Crugeri Hpe. Cruger's 
 
 Bryum. (Fig. 487.) Plants forming loose 
 
 yellowish green cushions ; stems simple, 
 
 up to 8" high ; leaves not crowded, shining, 
 
 lanceolate, acute; vein percurrent, ending in the cuspidate apex; 
 margins plane, not bordered, slightly toothed tow^ard the apex; 
 cells long hexagonal, basal and alar, rectangular, not decurrent. 
 The Bermuda specimens propagate by gemmae and the fruit has 
 not been found. 
 
 On stones in Devonshire Marsh. Ranging from Cuba to Trini- 
 dad and South America but rarely fruiting. 
 
 Bryum dichotomum Hedw., of the Challenger report is 
 a doubtful species for Bermuda; specimens cannot be found in 
 the Mitten Herbarium and no definite locality was recorded. 
 
 Family 8. HOOKERIACEAE C. Mueller. 
 
 HooKERiA Family. 
 
 Plants large or small, usually with decumbent rooting stems; leaves 
 many-ranked, symmetric or unequal in shape ; veinless or usually with two 
 veins; cells smooth or papillose, not different at basal angles. Pedicel 
 erect, smooth or rough; capsule mostly horizontal; calyptra small, usually 
 lobed; lid conic-beaked, peristome double, endostome usually without cilia. 
 A large family of tropical mosses numbering over 300 species grouped in 
 25 genera, of which only one is represented in Bermuda. 
 
 1. CYCIiODICTYON Mitt. 
 Plants very pale and hyaline, leaves 2-veined, cells very large and clear. 
 [Greek, referring to the large cells of the leaf.] Sixty-five species have been 
 described, all American. Type species: HooJceria laete-virens Hook. & Taylor. 
 
444 
 
 HOOKEEIACEAE. 
 
 1. Cyclodictyon varians (Sull.) Broth. 
 Pale Cyclodictyon. (Fig. 488.) Plants per- 
 ennial, about 8" high; stems decumbent and 
 rooting; branches short, erect, irregular; leaves 
 pale green or yellow, crowded and flattened 
 in several ranks the lateral ones longer and 
 broader than the upper ones, all obscurely 
 toothed with a narrow^ border of one row of 
 cells, the veins narrow and ending below the 
 acuminate tip; cells lax and clear. Pedicel 
 smooth, erect; capsule nodding, ovoid-cylindric; 
 lid conic-apiculate; annulus large, falling with 
 the lid; peristome double; teeth red, striate with 
 a median furrow; endostome yellow with a 
 short basal membrane and 16 keeled segments, 
 cilis none; spores green, smooth, maturing in 
 March and April. [HooTceria varians Sull.] 
 
 On damp rocks in shade, usually in caves. 
 Florida to Guadeloupe. 
 
 Family 9. RHACOPILACEAE Brotlierus. 
 
 Hairy-cap Family. 
 
 Stems decumbent, usually tomentose and branching; leaves crowded 
 and flattened in 2 ranks, the under leaves much smaller and different in 
 shape from the lateral ones ; vein single, cells hexagonal smooth or slightly 
 papillose. Pedicel erect; capsule ribbed when dry; lid beaked; calyptra 
 cucullate, hairy; annulus present, peristome double. A family of one 
 genus only and 39 tropical or subtropical species. 
 
 1. RHACOPILUM Beauv. 
 Characters the same as those of the family, the following species typical. 
 [Latin, in reference to the hairy calyptra.] 
 
 1. Rhacopilum tomentosura (Sw.) 
 Brid. ToMEXTOSE Hairy-cap. (Fig. 
 489.) Plants seldom more than 1' 
 high, dark green, perennial; stems 
 decumbent irregularly branched, 
 densely matted with brown hairs; 
 lateral leaves somewhat unequal at 
 base, sharply toothed with the vein 
 ending in a slender awn, cells almost 
 smooth; under leaves narrower and 
 longer-pointed. Pedicel stout, erect; 
 capsule horizontal, curved and 
 strongly ribbed when dry; teeth pale 
 and papillose at apex; inner seg- 
 ments keeled and split ; cilia 3 ; spores 
 small, smooth, maturing in summer. 
 [Eypnum tomentosum Sw.] 
 
 Growing on rocks in shade, in caves 
 and on cliffs. Also in Louisiana and 
 ranging through the West Indies to 
 South America. 
 
LESKEACEAE. 
 
 445 
 
 Family 10. LESKEACEAE Reiclienbaeb. 
 
 Leskea Family. 
 
 Plants small or large ; stems creeping and branching, somewhat irregu- 
 larly or regularly pinnate; branches short, usually slender and crowded 
 with small leaves; vein single, cells usually papillose on one or both sur- 
 faces; branch leaves smaller than the stem leaves^ rudimentary leaves 
 present. Pedicel erect or inclined; calyptra cucullate; lid conic or beaked; 
 annulus usually present; peristome double, inner sometimes shorter and 
 imperfect. About 23 genera containing some 333 species. 
 
 Leaves papillose only on the back. 1. HaplorJadimn. 
 
 Leaves papillose on both surfaces. 2. ThuiUium. 
 
 1. HAPLOCIiADIUM C. Miill. 
 Branches slender, simple, not pinnately divided; leaves papillose only on 
 the back, those at base of pedicel, erect, longer and paler. [Greek, referring 
 to the simple branches.] A genus of 43 species, natives of America and 
 Eastern Asia. Type species: Haplocladium macropiJum C. Muell. 
 
 1. Haplocladiummicrophyllum (Sw.) 
 Broth. Small-leaved Haplocladium. 
 (Fig. 490.) Plants slender, perennial, 
 dark green or yellow; stems creeping and 
 rooting, sometimes quite slender and up 
 to several inches long; branches short 
 and simple, erect ; leaves crowded, spread- 
 ing or secund, ovate-acuminate; vein ex- 
 current into a long tip; margins 
 minutely toothed; cells small, square or 
 oblong, papillose only on the back; 
 leaves at base of pedicel longer and 
 paler, erect. Seta long and slender, 
 erect; capsule horizontal and curved; 
 annulus falling with the conic lid; peri- 
 stome double; inner peristome with 
 keeled segments and 3 cilia; spores 
 smooth, maturing in summer. [Hypniim 
 microphyllum Sw.] 
 
 On rocks in shade ; not common fruit- 
 ing. Also found in various parts of the 
 United States, the West Indies and Mexico. 
 
 2. THUIDIUM Br. & Sch. 
 Plants minute or taller and much branched; stems creeping or erect; 
 branches rarely simple, more often regularly pinnate or bipinnate; leaves 
 ovate, acute or acuminate; vein single, stout, ending in or below the tip; 
 cells small, dense, papillose on both surfaces. Pedicel erect; capsule hori- 
 zontal or curved ; calyptra cucullate ; lid beaked ; annulus compound ; peri- 
 stome double. [Diminutive of Thuja.] A large genus, widely distributed in 
 temperate regions, with some 63 species in America, the following typical. 
 
446 
 
 LESKEACEAE. 
 
 1. Thuidium minutulum (Hedw.) Br. & Sch. 
 Minute Thuidium. (Fig, 491.) Stems up to 1' long, 
 very slender and creeping, branches short and simple, 
 somewhat irregular or pinnate; leaves minute, those of 
 the stems acuminate, sharply pointed, branch leaves 
 shorter, acute, more crowded; vein ending below the 
 apex, smooth; cells dense, obscure and papillose on both 
 surfaces; margins and apex with projecting multipapil- 
 late cells. Pedicel erect; capsule horizontal, cylindrie 
 or curved; lid long-beaked; annulus large; inner peri- 
 stome with cilia; spores small, maturing in autumn. 
 [Hypnum minutulum Hedw.] 
 
 On rotten wood in shade, very rare in Bermuda ; not 
 uucommon in United States and Canada. 
 
 Family 11. HYPNACEAE Hampe. 
 
 Hypnum Family. 
 
 Plants growing in loose or dense tufts, seldom floating; stems usually 
 decumbent and rooting, sometimes erect; branches regularly pinnate or 
 irregular; leaves straight or curved, erect, spreading or seeund, usually 
 symmetric; vein either lacking, single or double; cells mostly much longer 
 than wide, smooth or papillose, those of the basal angles often different 
 in shape and size. Pedicel more or less elongated and exserted; capsule 
 mostly horizontal, often curved and unsymmetric; peristome double; seg- 
 ments keeled; cilia usually present; spores small. A large family, widely 
 distributed in all parts of the globe. Composed of about 37 genera with 
 over 960 species. 
 
 Vein of the leaf long, single ; lid of the capsule conic, blunt. 1. Amhlystegium. 
 
 Vein of the leaf short and double or none ; lid of the capsule 
 
 sharp-pointed. 2. Isopterygiiim. 
 
 1. AMBLYSTEGIUM Bruch & S chimp. 
 
 Plants usually growing in moist localities; stems irregularly branched; 
 branches slender; leaves symmetric, spreading; vein single; cells smooth, not 
 much longer than wide. Pedicel erect, smooth; capsule usually curved; calyptra 
 cucullate; lid conic; annulus present; peristome double. [Greek, referring to 
 the blunt lid.] A genus of 47 species, widely distributed in America and 
 Europe. Type s]iecies : Hypiium riparium L. 
 
HYPNACEAE. 
 
 447 
 
 1. Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb. 
 Variable Amblystegium. (Fig. 492.) Plants 
 growing in loose thin mats up to 1' high; stems 
 prostrate and branching; branches short and 
 slender, erect and simple; leaves small, spread- 
 ing, ovate-acuminate, margins entire or rarely 
 obscurely toothed; vein stout, ending in the tip; 
 cells 2-4 times longer than wide, those of the 
 basal angles square or oblong. Pedicel erect; 
 capsule curved and contracted below the mouth 
 when dry; inner peristome finely papillose with 
 keeled segments and cilia; spores small, slightly 
 roughened, maturing in spring. [Leslcea varia 
 Hedw.] 
 
 On shaded rocks near caves. Very common and 
 widely distributed in America and Europe. 
 
 2. ISOPTERYGIUM Mitt. 
 
 Plants usually rather small ; stems decumbent and irregularly branched ; 
 leaves somewhat flattened, small and crowded, usually symmetric; vein short 
 and double or none; pedicel erect; capsule erect or horizontal; lid conic or 
 apiculate; calyptra cucullate; peristome double. [Greek, referring to the 
 symmetric leaves.] A large genus of 168 species, mostly American, in tem- 
 perate and tropical regions. Type species: Isopterygium planissimum Mitt. 
 
 1. Isopterygium micans (Sw.) 
 Mitt. Glossy Isopterygium. (Fig. 
 493.) Plants up to 8" high in dense 
 glossy yellowish green mats; stems 
 Slender, decumbent ; branches simple 
 or divided : leaves crowded, spread- 
 ing, small, ovate-acuminate, faintly 
 serrate, veins short, double, obscure ; 
 cells long and narrow, a few at basal 
 angles distinctly shorter and broader. 
 Pedicel erect, slender; capsule hori- 
 zontal, curved and contracted below 
 the mouth when dry; lid conic, slightly 
 apiculate, cilia more or less developed, 
 spores small. [Hypmnn micans Sw.] 
 
 On roots of ferns and on rotten 
 wood in marshes. Found in various 
 parts of the eastern United States ; also 
 in Cuba and Jamaica. 
 
448 
 
 SEMATOPHYLLACEAE. 
 
 Family 12. SEMATOPHYLLACEAE Brothems. 
 
 Sematophyllum Faimily. 
 
 Plants usually forming dense tufts; stems creeping; branches erect, 
 irregular and unequal, sometimes pinnate; leaves small, crowded, often 
 secund; veins short, double or lacking, cells usually much longer than 
 wide; those of the basal angles often larger, inflated or square. Pedicel 
 long, erect; capsule usually horizontal without an annulus; calyptra cucul- 
 late; lid usually with a long slender beak; peristome double. Twelve 
 genera and 448 species widely distributed in tropical regions. 
 
 1. SEMATOPHYLLUM Mitt. 
 Characters of the family. [Greek, in reference to the pointed leaves.] 
 A large genus, 315 species known mostly from tropical America. Type species: 
 Hypnum suhstrumuloswm Hpe. 
 
 1. Sematophyllum adnatum (Michx.) E. 
 G. Britton. Sematophyllum. (Fig. 494.) 
 Plants small, yellowish-green, glossy; stems 
 short, seldom more than 2" long, creeping; 
 branches erect, somewhat curved at apex; 
 leaves crowded, spreading or secund, acumi- 
 nate; margins recurved, entire or faintly ser- 
 rulate; veins short or none; cells spindle- 
 shaped, those of the basal angles enlarged and 
 hyaline. Pedicel short; capsule very small, 
 ovoid, contracted below the mouth when dry; 
 lid long-beaked, teeth with deep projections 
 on the inner surface, papillose at apex; spores 
 rough, small, maturing in summer. [LesTcea 
 adnata Michx.] 
 
 On rotten wood in shade. Virginia to Florida. 
 
 Class 2. HEPATIOAE. 
 
 Liverworts. 
 
 Contributed by Alexander W. Evans. 
 
 Terrestrial, epiphytic, or rarely aquatic plants, showing a dis- 
 tinct alternation of generations, the gametophyte existing as an 
 independent individual, the very different sporophyte partially or 
 wholly parasitic on the gametophyte. Gametophyte dorsiventral, 
 consisting of a thallus or more or less differentiated into stem and 
 leaves, attached to the substratum by means of rhizoids (true roots 
 none), growing by means of an apical cell. Sexual organs borne 
 
MABCHAXTIACEAE. 449 
 
 on the upper surface of the gametophyte or terminal on more or 
 less differentiated branches. Fertilized egg developing directly 
 into the sporophyte, the wall of the venter of the archegoniuin 
 usually developing into a protective cover, or calyptra, which is 
 not ruptured until the sporophyte is nearly mature. Sporophyte 
 (in all the Bermuda species) differentiated into a capsule (spore- 
 bearing organ), a stalk or a growing region, and a foot (absorbing 
 organ). Capsule consisting of a wall of sterile cells and a spore- 
 sac, the latter sometimes with a median sterile portion (columella), 
 dehiscing irregularly or by means of a lid or of longitudinal splits; 
 spore-sac containing spores only or spores and elaters, the latter 
 consisting of sterile cells often elongated and usually developing 
 spiral bands of thickening on their walls. 
 
 Gametophyte a thallus or leafy shoot. Chloroplasts minute, many in each cell. 
 Capsule short, spherical to oval, without a columella, borne on a translucent 
 stalk. 
 Gametophyte a thick and fleshy thallus, usually pale 
 and differentiated into distinct tissues, rarely 
 deep green and succulent ; green tissue usually 
 with air-spaces. Capsule splitting irregularly 
 
 or by means of a lid. Order 1. March.\nti.\les. 
 
 Gametophyte a delicate thallus or a leafy shoot ; 
 tissue differentiation slight : air-spaces not 
 present. Capsule splitting into four longitudinal 
 
 valves. Order 2. JcNGERii.v.NMALEs. 
 
 Gametophyte a thick and fleshy thallus, dark green 
 and succulent, tissue differentiation slight. Chloro- 
 plasts large, borne singly. Capsule long, cylindrical, 
 with a basal growing region, splitting into two longi- 
 tudinal valves. Order 3. Anthocerot.\les. 
 
 Order 1. MARCHANTIALES. 
 
 Gametophyte a prostrate, strap-shaped, clorsiventral thaUus, growing 
 apically, branching dichotomonsly or from the ventral surface of the 
 median portion, and showing a distinct differentiation into tissues, the 
 green tissue usually with air-spaces. Ventral scales more or less distinct. 
 Rhizoids of two kinds, the one with smooth walls, the other with tuberculate 
 walls. Antheridia in deep depressions on the upper surface of the thallus, 
 sometimes scattered, sometimes grouped together in more or less definite, 
 sessile or stalked, receptacles. Archegonia similar in position but, when 
 borne on stalked receptacles (carpocephala), becoming displaced to the 
 lower surface through intercalary growth. Sporophyte (in all the Ber- 
 muda species) differentiated into capsule, stalk, and foot; elaters (or other 
 sterile cells) usually present in the capsule. 
 
 Family 1. MARCHANTIACEAE. 
 
 Marchantia Family. 
 
 Thallus (except in Dumortiera) with a distinct dorsal layer of air- 
 chambers, communicating with the outside air by means of epidennal 
 pores. Ventral scales in two (or more) longitudinal rows. Antheridia 
 and archegonia borne on more or less definite receptacles; antheridial 
 
 30 
 
450 
 
 MARCHANTIACEAE. 
 
 receptacles discoid, sessile or stalked; carpocephala discoid, invariably 
 stalked, the stalk sometimes with one or two rhizoid-furrows. Sporophyte 
 differentiated into a capsule, stalk and foot, the capsule forced through the 
 eah^ptra at maturity by the elongating stalk and dehiscing irregularly or 
 by means of a more or less distinct lid; elaters present in the capsule. 
 Gemmae discoid, present in two genera. About 25 genera and 200 species, 
 widely distributed, especially in warm regions. 
 
 Air-chambers and epidermal pores (visible with a lens) present. 
 
 Boundaries of air-chambers indistinct ; gemmae never present. 1. RebouUa. 
 Boundaries of air-chambers distinct ; gemmae usually present. 
 
 Gemmae in crescentic conceptacles. 2. Lnniilaria. 
 
 Gemmae in circular conceptacles. 4. Marchantia. 
 
 Air-chambers and epidermal pores not present. 3. Dumortiera. 
 
 1. REBOULIA Eaddi. 
 Thallus branching dichotomously or innovating at the apex and thus 
 appearing jointed. Air-chambers with indistinct boundaries, arranged in 
 several layers and separated from one another by plates of green cells with 
 occasional perforations; epidermal pores bounded by several concentric rows 
 of cells in a single layer, arranged in distinct radiating series, not opening 
 into all the air-chambers. Ventral scales pigmented, divided into a basal 
 portion and one to three appendages. Antheridial receptacle oval to semi- 
 lunar, sessile, surrounded by a deep groove and by a series of narrow scales. 
 Carpocephalum arising from the extremity of a thallus-branch, hemispherical 
 and bluntly lobed, the long stalk with a single rhizoid-furrow; arehegonia five 
 to eight (mostly six or seven), arranged peripherally under the lobes; in- 
 volucre (around each archegonium or young sporophyte) consisting of two 
 overlapping longitudinal folds with entire margins; pseudoperianth none. 
 Capsule with a very rudimentary lid; cells of wall destitute of ring-like thick- 
 enings. [Commemorates Eugene de Eeboul, a French botanist.] A mono- 
 
 typic genus. -^^ /rx 
 
 /.;*.>. /^« 2 Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) 
 
 Raddi. Eeboulia. (Fig. 495.) Thallus 
 pale green, varying to purple, about 5" 
 wide and l'-2' long, more or less crispate 
 along the margin. Appendages of ven- 
 tral scales usually two, narrowly lanceo- 
 late, composed of elongated cells; in- 
 florescence dioecious or monoecious; 
 antheridial receptacle terminal on a thal- 
 lus-branch or, in monoecious plants, some- 
 times borne immediately behind a female 
 receptacle; spores yellow at maturity, 
 about 60 fi in diameter, the surface loosely 
 and irregularly reticulate and finely ver- 
 ruculose ; elaters usually with two yellow 
 bands of thickening. [Marchantia hemi- 
 sphaerica L.] 
 
 On stone walls and along roadsides. 
 The commonest thalloid liverwort on the 
 island ; almost cosmopolitan in its distri- 
 bution. 
 
MARCHANTIACEAE. 
 
 451 
 
 2. LUNUIiARIA Adans. 
 Thallus branching dichotomoiisly or innovating at the apex and thus ap- 
 pearing jointed. Air-chambers ^vith distinct boundaries, forming a single layer; 
 green cells in short, simple or branched filaments rising from the tloors of the 
 chambers, each filament two or three cells long; epidermal pores bounded by 
 several concentric rows of cells in a single layer, arranged in distinct radiating 
 series, opening into all the air-chambers. Ventral scales delicate and colorless, 
 divided into a basal portion and an appendage. Antheridial receptacle as in 
 EehouUa. Carpocephalum arising from the extremity of a thallus-branch, 
 composed of a small central portion, from which four tubular bilabiate invo- 
 lucres, each with one or rarely two archegonia (or sporophytes), diverge hori- 
 zontally, the long stalk destitute of rhizoid-furrows; pseudoperianth none. 
 Capsule with a distinct lid, the lower portion splitting irregularly into from 
 four to eight teeth; cells of wall destitute of ring-like thickenings. Gemmae 
 discoid, several cells thick in the middle and with two growing points, borne 
 in crescentic conceptacles. [Latin, lunula, a little moon.] A monotypic 
 genus. 
 
 1. Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. Lu- 
 NULARIA. (Fig. 496.)- Thallus light green, 
 becoming brownish yellow with age, not pig- 
 mented with purple, mostly 2^"-5" wide and 
 V-V long, more or less sinuate along the hya- 
 line margin. Appendages of ventral scales 
 orbicular; inflorescence dioecious; antheridial 
 receptacle terminal on a thallus branch; spores 
 yellowish brown, 15-20 /a in diameter, smooth; 
 elaters usually with two yellowish brown bands 
 of thickening. [Marchantia cruciata L.J 
 
 On earth at base of walls, Hamilton, M. A. 
 Howe. Probably introduced. The species is 
 native to the Mediterranean region but is now 
 naturalized in many parts of the world, especially 
 in gardens and greenhouses. It is rarely fertile 
 but usually produces the characteristic gemmae- 
 conceptacles. 
 
 3. DUMORTIERA Eeinw. Bl. & Nees. 
 Thallus branching dichotomously or innovating at the apex, destitute of 
 air-chambers and epidermal pores. Ventral scales rudimentary and short- 
 lived. Antheridial receptacles oval or circular, terminal on a thallus-branch, 
 surrounded by bristle-like hairs and borne on a very short stalk with two 
 rhizoid-furrows. Carpocephalum arising from the extremity of a thallus- 
 branch, bearing a few scattered bristle-like hairs on the upper surface, convex 
 in the middle and with six to ten blunt lobes, the long stalk with two rhizoid- 
 furrows; archegonia (and sporophytes) borne singly under the lobes, each in 
 a tubular, horizontal involucre extending beyond the lobe and opening by a 
 small apical slit ; pseudoperianth none. Capsule with a distinct lid, the lower 
 
452 
 
 MABCHANTIACEAE. 
 
 portion splitting irregularly into from four to eight teeth; cells of wall with 
 numerous ring-like thickenings. [Commemorates B. C. Dumortier, born 1797, 
 a student of Hepaticae.] Three recognized species, especially of tropical 
 regions, the following typical. 
 
 1. Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) 
 Eeinw. Bl. &: Nees. Dtjmortiera. 
 (Fig. 497.) Thallus dark green, 
 mostly 4"-10" w^ide and 2'-4' long, 
 flat, slightly undulate along the mar- 
 gin. Inflorescence dioecious; spores 
 brownish, 22-30 fi in diameter, thickly 
 tuberculate or papillose. [MarcJiantia 
 hirsuta Sw.] 
 
 On wet rocks. Originally collected 
 by Moseley. Church Cave, E. G. Brit- 
 ton, M. A. Hoice. A large species, re- 
 stricted to very wet localities. Widely 
 distributed in tropical regions ; also in 
 western and southern Europe and in the 
 eastern United States. 
 
 4. MARCHANTIA L. 
 Thallus branching dichotomously. Air-chambers with distinct boundaries, 
 forming a single layer; green cells in short, simple or branched filaments rising 
 from the floors of the chambers, the filaments mostly three or four cells long; 
 epidermal pores bounded by several superimposed layers, each usually com- 
 posed of four cells. Ventral scales variable, some divided into a basal 
 portion and an appendage. Inflorescence dioecious. Antheridial receptacle 
 terminal on a thallus-branch, flat or slightly convex, more or less lobed, borne 
 on a somewhat elongated stalk with, two rhizoid-furrows. Carpocephalum 
 arising from the extremity of a thallus-branch, composed of a flat or convex 
 central portion from which four to ten lobes radiate, often unsymmetrically, 
 the lobes flat or grooved underneath; stalk with two rhizoid-furrows; arche- 
 gonia (and sporophytes) in radiating groups between the lobes, each group 
 enclosed by a membranous involucre consisting of two folds with fringed 
 margins; pseudoperianth (around each sporophyte) tubular, membranous, with 
 an open, irregularly cleft mouth. Capsule without a lid, splitting into from 
 four to eight irregular teeth; cells of wall with ring-like thickenings. Gemmae 
 like those of Lunularia, borne In circular, cup-like conceptacles. [In honor of 
 Nicolas Marchant, director of the ducal garden at Blois, died 1678.] About 
 50 species, mostly tropical, the following typical. 
 
MARCHANTIACEAE. 
 
 453 
 
 1. Marchantia polymorpha 
 
 L. Marchantia. (Fig. 498.) 
 Thallus deep green, often 
 darker in the median portion, 
 mostly 5"-10" broad and 2-8' 
 long, flat or slightly furrowed, 
 sinuate along the margin. Ven- 
 tral scales hyaline or pale 
 brownish, in three longitudinal 
 rows on each side of the middle, 
 those of the innermost row with 
 cordate appendages, the others 
 without appendages ; antheridial 
 receptacle with eight short 
 rounded lobes; carpocephalum- 
 deeply lobed, the lobes mostly 
 nine, cylindrical on account of 
 the revolute margins; spores 
 spherical, 10-12 ix in diameter, 
 yellow, densely and minutely 
 papillose; elaters usually with 
 two yellow bands of thicken- 
 ing; gemmae-conceptacles with 
 a lobed margin, the lobes 
 spinose-ciliate. 
 
 On walls and on moist soil. 
 A cosmopolitan species, known in Bermuda from a single collection made by Miss 
 L. DeP. Haynes. 
 
 Order 2. JUNGERMANNIALES. 
 
 Gametophyte a prostrate, strap-shaped, dorsiventral thallus or more 
 or less clearly differentiated into stem and leaves, showing slight tissue 
 differentiation, destitute of air-spaces. Rhizoids all with smooth walls. 
 Antheridia in deep depressions or superficial and usually protected by 
 scales or leaves, sometimes scattered, sometimes grouped together in more 
 or less definite receptacles or androecia. Archegonia superficial but usually 
 more or less protected by scales or leaves. Sporophyte differentiated into 
 capsule, stalk, and foot, the capsule splitting irregularly at maturity or 
 more commonly into four equal valves; elaters always present. 
 
 Gametophyte always a thallus (in Bermuda genera) ; archegonia not terminal and 
 
 often not stopping the growth of the archegonial branch. 
 
 Fam. 1. Metzgeriaceae. 
 Gametophyte diflferentiated into stem and leaves ; 
 
 archegonia terminal and stopping the growth of the 
 
 archegonial branch. Fam. 2. .Tungermanniaceae. 
 
 Family 1. METZGERIACEAE. 
 
 Metzgeria Faimily. 
 
 Thallus with lateral or ventral branches or apparently dichotomous, 
 composed of similar cells throughout or with a distinct median strand 
 of elongated cells. Antheridia borne on the upper surface of ordinary 
 thallus-branches or of short, more or less specialized branches, situated 
 in depressions or superficial, in the latter case often protected by scales. 
 
454 
 
 METZGEKIACEAE. 
 
 Archeg-onia superficial, borne on the upper surface of ordinary tballus- 
 branches or of short, more or less specialized branches, often protected by 
 scales and sometimes by tubular pseudoperianths. About 25 genera and 
 350 species, most abundant in trojiical regions. 
 
 Thallus not developing a median strand of elongated cells. 1. Riccardia. 
 
 Thallus developing a distinct median strand of elongated cells. 
 
 Thallus apparently dichotomous, antheridia and archegonia 
 
 borne on short ventral branches. 
 
 Thallus branching usually by adventive ventral branches, some- 
 times apparently dichotomous ; antheridia and archegonia borne 
 
 2. Metzgeria. 
 
 on ordinary thallus-branches. 
 
 3. Pallavicinia. 
 
 1. RICCAKDIA S. F. Grayr 
 
 Thallus dark green, linear, vrith distinct lateral branches, the latter some- 
 times perpendicular to the substratum, composed of parenchyma with little 
 differentiation. Antheridia borne in two rows on short branches with involute 
 and often crenulate or dentate margins. Archegonia borne in irregular clus- 
 ters on short branches, surrounded by irregular and minute, scale-like or fila- 
 mentous structures. Calyptra fleshy, carrying up on its surface some of the pro- 
 tective structures, together with the unfertilized archegonia. Pseudoperianth 
 none. Capsule oval, the wall splitting into four equal valves two cells thick, 
 some or all of the cells with ring-like thickenings. Elaters usually with a single 
 band of thickening, remaining attached to the free tips of the valves. Gemmae 
 oval, mostly two-celled, formed directly from the protoplasmic contents of 
 superficial thallus-cells. [Probably in honor of F. Eiccardi, an Italian marquis.] 
 About 150 species, mostly tropical. Type species: B. multifida (L.) S. F. Gray. 
 
 Thallus irregularly pinnate or palmate, the margins opaque and entire. 1. R. latifrons. 
 Thallus regularly bipinnate or tripinnate when well developed, 
 
 the margins translucent and often crenulate. 2. B. multifida. 
 
 1. Riccardia latifrons Lindb. 
 Broad Eiccardia. (Fig. 499.) 
 Thallus mostly 2"-5" long, irregu- 
 larly pinnate or palmate, the 
 branches mostly V'-l" wide, often 
 broadening out from a narrow 
 base, opaque, thinning out to an 
 entire margin one cell thick and 
 one cell wide. Inflorescence autoe- 
 cious ; ring-like thickenings present 
 in inner layer of capsule wall, ab- 
 sent (or nearly so) from outer 
 layer. 
 
 On roots of plants and on the 
 ground in swamps. Devonshire 
 Marsh. Widely distributed in Europe, 
 Asia, and North America. 
 
METZGERIACKAE. 
 
 465 
 
 2. Riccardia multifida (L.) S. F. Gray. 
 Cleft Eiccardia. (Fig. 500.) Thallus 
 mostly 5"-15" long, regularly bipinnate or 
 tripinnate, the branches about 5" wide, 
 uniform in width or slightly tapering toward 
 the apex, thinning out to a crenulate margin 
 one cell thick and two or three cells wide. 
 Inflorescence autoecious; ring-like thicken- 
 ings present in outer layer of capsule wall, 
 absent from inner layer. [Jungermannia 
 multifida L.] 
 
 On moist soil in swamps. Devonshire and 
 Paget marshes. Widely distributed in Europe, 
 Asia, and North America. 
 
 2. METZGERIA Baddi. 
 Thallus pale green, linear, apparently 
 regularly dichotomous, composed of a median 
 strand of elongated cells surrounded by a 
 single layer of enlarged cortical cells and 
 bounded on each side by a broad wing one 
 cell thick; unicellular hairs usually present. 
 Antheridia borne on short ventral circinate 
 
 branches with involute margins and distinct midribs. Archegonia borne on 
 short ventral branches without a distinct midrib. Calyptra obovoid or clavate 
 with numerous hairs. Pseudoperianth none. Capsule spherical, the wall 
 splitting into four equal valves two cells thick, their walls without ring-like 
 thickenings. Elaters usually with a single band of thickening, remaining 
 
 attached to the free tips of the valves. 
 Gemmae discoid, with or without mid- 
 ribs, borne on the margin or upper surface 
 of the thallus. [Commemorates .Johann 
 Metzger, German horticulturist.] About 75 
 species, mostly tropical. Type species: M. 
 furcaia (L.) Dumort. 
 
 1. Metzgeria conjugata Lindb. Metz- 
 GERIA. (Fig. 501.) Growing in depressed 
 mats, green, varying to yellowish green. 
 Thallus about 1" wide and 10"-15" long, 
 repeatedly forking, plane or somewhat con- 
 vex, the midrib bounded above by two 
 longitudinal rows of cortical cells, below 
 by four; hairs borne on the margin, the 
 lower surface of the midrib, and (occa- 
 sionally) the lower surface of the wings, 
 the marginal hairs usually in pairs; intlo- 
 rescence autoecious; gemmae apparently 
 none. 
 
 On rocks. Thurch Pave and WalsinRham. 
 Almost cosmopolitan. The Bermuda specimens 
 are sterile and not quite characteristic, and 
 their reference to the present species is there- 
 fore doubtful. 
 
456 
 
 METZGEEIACEAE. 
 
 3. PAIiLAVICINIA S. F. Gray. 
 
 Thallus pale to dark green, forking or with ventral adventive branches, 
 consisting of a thickened median portion, or midrib, with a central strand of 
 elongated cells and two broad lateral wings one cell thick except toward the 
 midrib; unicellular hairs lacking and margin entire. Antheridia in an 
 elongated median group, protected by imbricated toothed scales. Archegonia 
 
 in a circular median cluster, surrounded by 
 variously toothed and more or less coalescent 
 scales. Pseudoperianth tubular, ciliate or 
 lacerate at the mouth. Capsule elongated, 
 oval, the wall splitting into from two to four 
 valves, two to six cells thick; ring-like thick- 
 enings none. Elaters with two or three bands 
 of thickening, free from the valves. [Probably 
 in honor of Ji. Pallavicini, Archbishop of 
 Genoa.] About 25 species, mostly tropical 
 and subtropical. The following typical. 
 
 1. Pallavicinia Lyellii (Hook.) S. F. 
 Gray. Lyell's Pallavicinia. (Fig. 502.) 
 Growing in irregular mats or scattered among 
 other plants. Thallus almost always with 
 ventral branches rapidly broadening out from 
 a stalk-like base, mostly 2"-2J" wide and 10"- 
 20" long, flat or slightly crispate along the 
 margins; inflorescence dioecious; spores mostly 
 20-24 /x in diameter, the surface finely reticu- 
 lated. [Jungej-mannia Lyellii Hook.] 
 
 On moist soil, sometimes submersed. Devon- 
 shire and Paget Marshes. Widely distributed, 
 especially in tropical regions. 
 
 Family 2. JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 JuXGERilAXXIA FaMILY. 
 
 Plant body usually prostrate or ascending, dorsiventral ; branches 
 lateral or ventral; leaves normally in three longitudinal ranks, two dorsal 
 or lateral and one ventral, those of the ventral rank (the underleaves) 
 smaller than the others and sometimes absent altogether. Antheridia borne 
 singly or in small groups in the axils of more or less specialized leaves, 
 the perigonial bracts. Archegonia borne singly or in groups at the tips 
 of branches, surrounded by specialized leaves, the perichaetial bracts and 
 bracteoles. Perianth present in many genera, consisting of a cylindrical 
 or prismatic tube open at the apex. Capsule spherical to cylindrical. 
 About 150 genera and some 4000 species, widely distributed, most abun- 
 dant in tropical regions. 
 
 A. Leaves plane or nearly so, undivided or more or less deeply bifid with broad lobes, 
 1. Leaves succubous. 
 Leaves undivided. 
 
 Leaves ciliate. 1. Plagiochila. 
 
 Leaves entire. 4. Odontoschisma. 
 
J UNGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 457 
 
 Leaves bifid. 
 
 Leaf-cells large, measuring 3<>-d<)^ in diameter; 
 
 plants pale green. 
 Leaf-cells minute, measuring 20/^ in diameter or 
 less ; plants dark green or reddish. 
 2. Leaves incubous, undivided or sliglitly bifid. 
 
 B. Leaves deeply divided into hair-like lobes. 
 
 2. Cephalozia. 
 
 3. CephulozirUa. 
 
 5. CalyiJOfjriiJ. 
 
 6. Telaranca. 
 
 Leaves deeply bilobed and complicate, the ventral lobe, or 
 lobule, smaller than the dorsal and usually specialized as 
 an inflated water-sac. 
 
 1. Underleaves none. 
 
 Plants large, perianth flattened and with a broad trun- 
 cate mouth. 7. Radula. 
 Plants minute, perianth abruptly contracted to a small 
 tubular mouth. 
 Perianth inflated, five-keeled. 8. 
 Perianth flattened, the two lateral keels sharp and 
 distinct. 9. 
 
 2. Underleaves present. 
 Lobule inflated but not helmet-shaped, attached to the 
 
 dorsal lobe by a long keel. 
 Margin of dorsal lobe entire or nearly so. 
 Perianth inflated, sharply five-keeled. 
 
 Plants pale green and delicate. 10. 
 
 Plants yellowish green and firm. 12. 
 
 Perianth flattened, the two lateral keels sharp. 11. 
 Margin of dorsal lobe crenulate from projecting 
 cells. 13. 
 
 Lobule normally inflated, helmet-shaped, with a stalk- 
 like base, keel usually very short. 
 Subfloral innovations (borne just behind the inner- 
 most perichaetial bracts) present. 14. 
 Subfloral innovations absent. 15. 
 
 Cololcjrunra. 
 Leptocolea. 
 
 Lejcunea. 
 
 Euo-smolejeunca. 
 
 Rcctohjeunca. 
 
 Crossotolcjcunea. 
 
 Jubula. 
 Frullania. 
 
 1. PLAGIOCHILA Dumort. 
 Steins ascending from a prostrate rhizome, simple or with lateral branches. 
 Leaves succubous, undivided, decurrent dorsally and ventrally, the margin 
 varying from entire to ciliate or spinose. Underleaves usually minute and 
 short-lived. Inflorescence dioecious. Antheridia from one to ten in the axils 
 of bracts saccate at the base, the bracts 
 imbricated and usually arranged in elon- 
 gated androecia often proliferating at 
 the apex. Perichaetial bracts similar to 
 the leaves but often broader and more 
 toothed. Perianth laterally compressed, 
 the mouth broad, truncate, and variously 
 dentate to ciliate. [Greek, oblique lip.] 
 Some 800 species or more, mostly tropical. 
 Type species: P. asplenioides (L.) Dumort. 
 
 1, Plagiochila Smallii Evans. 
 Small's Plagiochila. (Fig. 503.) 
 Loosely tufted, usually dark green. 
 Stems sparingly and irregularly 
 branched. Leaves obliquely spreading, 
 distant, the largest about 1^" long and 
 Y' wide, narrowly ovate to ligulate, 
 truncate at the apex, sharply 6-12- 
 toothed; perianth campanulate, sharply 
 spinose-ciliate at the mouth. 
 
 On moist rocks. Paynter's Hill and 
 Paynter's Vale. Known also from tropical 
 Florida. 
 
458 
 
 JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 
 
 2. CEPHALOZIA Dumort. 
 Stems sparingly and irregularly branched, the branches almost always 
 ventral, sometimes flagelliform. Leaves succubous, obliquely attached and 
 often decurrent, two-lobed. Leaf-cells large (mostly 30-50 /i in diameter) and 
 transparent, mostly with thin walls. Underleaves minute or none. Antheridia 
 borne singly in the axils of more or less saccate bracts, the latter imbricated, 
 forming androecia variable in length and rarely proliferating. Archegonia 
 usually borne on short ventral branches. Bracts and bracteoles similar, larger 
 than the leaves, variously deft or lobed. Perianth triangular-prismatic with 
 
 one keel ventral, the mouth constricted, crenu- 
 late to ciliate. Gemmae unicellular or bicellu- 
 lar. [Greek, twig-headed.] Species about 60, 
 mostly of temperate regions. Type species; 
 C. hicuspidata (L.) Dumort. 
 
 1. Cephalozia connivens (Dicks.) Lindb. 
 Cephalozi.a. (Fig. 504.) Plants pale green, 
 growing in depressed mats. Stems bounded 
 by a layer of large cells; leaves loosely ar- 
 ranged on the stem, almost longitudinally at- 
 tached, orbicular, bifid one half or less with 
 acute connivent lobes and a rounded sinus, 
 leaf-cells large, about 50 /x in diameter ; under- 
 leaves none; inflorescence autoecious; androe- 
 cium occupying a small ventral branch, not 
 proliferating; archegonia borne on a small 
 ventral branch; bracts deeply and irregularly 
 3-5-cleft with narrow entire acuminate lobes; 
 braeteole bifid with similar lobes, more or less 
 coalescent with the bracts; mouth of perianth 
 long-ciliate. [Jungermannia connivens Dicks.] 
 
 On moist soil. First collected by Moseley. 
 Devonshire Marsh. Widely distributed in Europe, 
 Asia, and North America. 
 
 3. CEPHAIiOZIEIiLA [Spruce] Schifen, 
 Plants very small. Stems sparingly and irregularly branched, the 
 branches ventral or lateral, never flagelliform. Leaves almost transversely 
 inserted and often somewhat channeled, two-lobed. Leaf-cells small (mostly 
 12-20 /tt in diameter), often with thickened and pigmented walls. Underleaves 
 sometimes present. Antheridia borne singly in the axils of the bracts, the 
 latter similar to the leaves or somewhat specialized, imbricated, forming more 
 or less distinct androecia of varying length, sometimes proliferating. Arche- 
 gonia usually borne on elongated branches, rarely on short ventral branches. 
 Bracts and bracteoles similar, larger than the leaves, more or less connate, 
 v'ariously lobed or cleft, the divisions often dentate. Perianth prismatic with 
 from three to six angles, elongated, the mouth contracted, crenulate or dentate. 
 Gemmae unicellular or bieellular. [Diminutive of Cephalozia.] About 50 
 species, mostly of temperate regions, the following typical. 
 
JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 459 
 
 1. Cephaloziella byssacea (Roth) Warnst, Cephaloziella. 
 (Figt 505.) P'lants green, often more or less pigmented with 
 reddish or purplish, growing in more or less compact mats or mixed 
 with other plants. Leaves distant to subimbricated, quadrate, 
 divided to the middle or beyond into two ovate-lanceolate, mostly 
 acute divisions, entire; leaf-cells 10-15 ju in diameter, slightly or 
 not at all thickened; underleaves usually distinct, lanceolate to 
 ovate, sometimes shortly bifid; inflorescence dioecious; androecia 
 composed of from six to twelve pairs of imbricated bracts, often 
 proliferating; archegonia borne on an elongated branch; bracts 
 and bracteole bifid with sharply dentate lobes, more or less coales- 
 cent; mouth of perianth crenulate. IJungermannia byssacea 
 Roth.] 
 
 On moist soil, Devonshire Marsh. Widely distributed in Europe, 
 Asia, and North America. The Bermuda specimens are in poor condi- 
 tion and are doubtfully referred to the present species. They have 
 already been listed from Bermuda as Ccphaloziu divaricuta (Sm.) 
 Dumort., a synonym of CephalozicUa hyssacea. 
 
 4. ODONTOSCHISMA Dumort. 
 Stems prostrate, sparingly and irregularly branched, the 
 branches lateral or ventral, often flagelliform. Leaves succubous, 
 obliquely attached, undiv^ided, entire, and usually rounded or 
 truncate at the apex. Leaf-cells usually with more or less thick- 
 ened walls. Underleaves present but often minute and short- 
 lived. Antheridia borne in the axils of imbricated and bifid 
 bracts, the latter forming androecia of variable length, not pro- 
 liferating. Archegonia borne on short ventral branches, the ter- 
 minal portion swelling after fertilization. Bracts and bracteoles similar, 
 usually bifid, not coalescent. Perianth triangular-prismatic with one keel 
 ventral, the mouth subcrenulate to ciliate, constricted, irregularly sinuate or 
 lobed. Gemmae unicellular or bicellular. [Greek, split tooth.] Species about 
 '25, largely tropical. Type species: 0. Sphagni (Dicks.) Dumort. 
 
 1, Odontoschisma prostratum (Sw.) Trevis. 
 Prostrate Odoxtosciitsima. (Fig. 506.) Plants 
 pale green, often more or less pigmented with 
 brownish, growing in depressed mats or creeping 
 among other plants; branches all ventral, some of 
 them flagelliform. Leaves distant to loosely imbri- 
 cated, orbicular to oblong, about V' long, median 
 leaf -cells about 20 ^ in diameter, thin-walled but 
 with distinct trigones; marginal cells (in from 
 one to four rows) forming a distinct border ^ith 
 walls uniformly thickened; underleaves minute; 
 perichaetial bracts and bracteoles bifid about one 
 half with Flender acuminate and subentire lobes; 
 mouth of perianth entire to short-setulose. [Jun- 
 germannia prostrata Sw.] 
 
 On moist soil, Devonshire and Paget Marshes. 
 Widely distributed from Massachusetts to Florida : 
 also in tropical America. Easily distinguished by its 
 succubous, undivided leaves. 
 
460 
 
 JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 5. CAIiYPOGEIA Raddi. 
 
 Stems prostrate, sparingly and irregularly branched, the branches almost 
 always ventral and arising in the axils of the underleaves. Leaves incubous, 
 obliquely attached, oblong or ovate, undivided or bidentate at the apex, 
 entire or nearly so. Leaf-cells mostly delicate and thin-walled. Underleaves 
 large, distant to imbricated, orbicular to reniform, rounded at the apex or 
 more or less bifid. Antheridia borne singly or in pairs in the axils of small 
 and delicate saccate bracts, variously toothed at the apex, the bracts forming 
 short ventral androecia, not proliferating. Archegonia borne on short ventral 
 branches; bracts minute and irregularly toothed at the apex; perianth none; 
 sporophyte developed within a fleshy pendent perigynium. Capsule cylindric, 
 with spirally twisted valves. Gemmae unicellular or bicellular. [Greek, earth- 
 calyx.] Species about 50, largely tropical. Type species: C. fissa (L.) Raddi. 
 
 1. Calypogeia fissa (L.) Raddi. Cleft 
 Calypogeia. (Fig. 507.) Plants glaucous 
 green, translucent, growing in depressed 
 mats or creeping among other plants. Leaves 
 loosely imbricated, broadly ovate, mostly 
 about 1" long, the apex variable but usually 
 shortly bilobed or bidentate with rounded to 
 subacute lobes or teeth and a shallow 
 rounded sinus ; leaf -cells about 45 fi in diam- 
 eter, thin-walled and usually without tri- 
 gones; underleaves distant, broader than 
 long, deeply bifid with blunt lobes, each 
 often bearing a lobe-like tooth on the outer 
 side. [Mnium fissum L.] 
 
 On moist soil, Devonshire Marsh, E. G. 
 Britfon. Europe ; eastern North America ; 
 perhaps Japan. Distribution incompletely 
 known. Previously listed from Bermuda as 
 Kantia Trichomanis (L.) S. F, Gray. 
 
 6. TELARANEA Spruce. 
 
 Plants delicate and filmy. Stems prostrate, sparingly and more or less 
 pinnately branching, the branches mostly lateral, rarely ventral, never flagelli- 
 form. Leaves almost transversely attached, divided practically to the base into 
 two or three filiform divisions, each composed of a single row of elongated and 
 thin-walled cells. Underleaves much smaller, bifid (or trifid) with short 
 incurved, filiform divisions. Antheridia borne singly in the axils of scarcely 
 
JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 461 
 
 modified bracts, the latter in about five pairs, occupying the whole or the apex 
 of a lateral branch. Archegonia usually borne on a short ventral branch, more 
 rarely at the apex of the stem or an elongated lateral or ventral branch. 
 Bracts and bracteoles similar, deeply 3-5-parted, with a low basal membrane 
 and narrov^' subulate divisions. Perianth terete below, obtusely triangular 
 toward the constricted and ciliate mouth. [Greek, cobweb.] Two species, the 
 following and the typical T. chaetophylla Spruce. 
 
 1. Telaranea nematodes 
 
 (Gottsche) M. A. Howe. Tela- 
 ranea. (Fig. 508.) Plants 
 pale green, forming loose tufts 
 or creeping among other plants. 
 Leaves distant to imbricated, 
 the divisions four to eight cells 
 long, and the cells mostly twice 
 to four times as long as broad; 
 underleaves bifid or trifid with 
 the divisions two or three cells 
 long; inflorescence autoecious. 
 \^J ung er manni a nematodes 
 Gottsche.] 
 
 On moist soil, Devonshire 
 Marsh, M. A. Howe. Long Island 
 to Florida and Louisiana ; trop- 
 ical America and Africa. 
 
 7. RADUIiA Dumort. 
 
 Stems prostrate or growing from a prostrate rhizome, with numerous lat- 
 eral branches arising just behind normal leaves; rhizoids always borne on the 
 ventral lobes of the leaves. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger 
 than the ventral, ineubous, usually entire and often rounded at the apex; ventral 
 lobes attached to the dorsal by a more or less elongated keel, the free margin 
 usually appressed to the dorsal lobe. Underleaves none. Antheridia borne 
 singly or in groups of two or three in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter 
 forming more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia borne on more or less 
 elongated branches, sometimes with subfloral innovations; bracts similar to the 
 leaves. Perianth usually dorsiventrally compressed, rarely subterete or plicate, 
 truncate and bilabiate but otherwise entire at the broad mouth. Gemmae, when 
 present, discoid, multicellular. [Latin, a scraper or spatula.] About 400 
 species, largely tropical. Type species: B. complanata (L.) Dumort. 
 
462 
 
 JUXGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 1. Radula pallens (Sw.) Du- 
 mort. Pale Radula. (Fig. 509.) 
 Plants dark green, often brownish, 
 growing in loose tufts. Stems 
 loosely and irregularly pinnate, the 
 female plants often apparently 
 dichotomous on account of subfloral 
 innovations; leaves imbricated, the 
 dorsal lobe ovate-orbicular and 
 rounded at the apex, the ventral 
 lobe trapezoidal, attached to the 
 stem throughout the greater part 
 of its length, the apex inflexecT, 
 blunt; inflorescence dioecious; 
 perianth elongated, clavate, com- 
 pressed. 
 
 On rocks, Church Cave, Har- 
 rington House, Paynter's Hill, Payn- 
 ter's Vale and Walsingham. Widely 
 distributed in tropical America, es- 
 pecially in the West Indies. 
 
 8. COLOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. 
 
 Stems prostrate, minute and delicate, irregularly branched, the branches 
 as in Hadula; rhizoids arising from the ventral surface of the stem. Leaves 
 complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger than the ventral, incubous, attached 
 by a very narrow base, convex, widely spreading, broadly ovate to lanceolate, 
 entire to erenulate or denticulate from projecting cells; lobule inflated, at- 
 tached to the lobe by a long arched keel, usually with two teeth in the apical 
 region; leaf cells uniform, often highly convex or tuberculate, usually thin- 
 walled and without trigones. Underleaves none. Antheridia borne singly or 
 in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts,, the latter in more or less elongated 
 androecia. Archegonia borne singly on more or less elongated branches, with 
 one or two subfloral innovations, the bracts with plane lobules. Perianth 
 inflated, 5-keeled, abruptly narrowed to a more or less distinct tubular beak. 
 Gemmae discoid, borne on the surface of the leaves. [Greek, clipped Lejeunea.] 
 About 100 species, mostly tropical. Type species: C. calcarea (Lib.) Schiffn. 
 
JUNGERMAXXIACEAE. 
 
 463 
 
 1. Cololejeunea minutissima (Sm.) Schiffn, 
 Minute Cololejeunea. (Fig. 510.) Plants 
 yellowish green, varying to dark green, loosely 
 tufted or scattered. Leaves distant to subim- 
 bricated, the dorsal lobe spreading, convex, 
 ovate to snbrotiind, about lo" long, crenu- 
 late, rounded to very obtuse at the apex ; lobule 
 almost as long as the lobe, inflated, with two 
 teeth in the apical region when well developed 
 but often rudimentary; leaf -cells thin-walled 
 throughout; inflorescence autoecious; perianth 
 obovoid, sharply 5-keeled in upper part, trun- 
 cate or rounded at the apex with a short beak. 
 [Jungermannia minutissima Sm.] 
 
 On trees, Devonshire Marsh, Walsingham 
 Caves, and Abbot's Clififs. Western and southern 
 Europe ; South Carolina to Florida and Texas. 
 
 9. LEPTOCOLEA [Spruce] Evans. 
 
 Distinguished primarily from Cololejeunea 
 by its strongly flattened perianth with sharp 
 lateral keels. Dorsal lobe of the leaves usually 
 rounded at apex; leaf-cells more variable than in Cololejeunea, sometimes with 
 thickened walls and distinct trigones, sometimes differentiated as ocelli or as 
 empty and hyaline cells. In other respects agreeing with Cololejeunea. [Greek, 
 slender sheath.] About 30 species, mostly tropical. Type species: L. micran- 
 droecia (Spruce) Evans. 
 
 1. Leptocolea Jooriana (Aust.) E%^ns. 
 Joor's Leptocolea. (Fig. 511.) Yellowish 
 green or whitish, loosely tufted or scattered. 
 Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely 
 spreading, plane, ovate, about \" long, 
 gradually narrowed to the apex, usually bear- 
 ing from one to ten hyaline cells with free 
 extremities; lobule about half as long as !he 
 lobe, with two teeth in the apical region ; 
 leaf-cells with slightly thickened walls and 
 indistinct trigones; inflorescence paroecious 
 or synoecious; perianth ovate to obovate in 
 outline, truncate to very slightly retuse at 
 the apex with a very short beak. [Lejeunca 
 Jooriana Aust.] 
 
 On trees, Taynter's Hill and Devonshire 
 Marsh. M. A. Hone. North Carolina to 
 Florida and Louisiana ; Bahamas ; Porto Rico. 
 
464 
 
 JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 10. LEJEUNEA Libert. 
 
 iStems prostrate, small, irregularly branched, the branches as in Badula; 
 rhizoids springing from the bases of the underleaves. Leaves complicate- 
 bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger than the ventral, incubous, attached by a long, 
 almost longitudinal line, plane or convex, widely spreading, ovate to obovate, 
 rounded to obtuse at the apex, entire or slightly crenulate; lobule when well 
 developed inflated, acute, bearing a hyaline papilla at the base of the apical 
 tooth on the side next to the stem; leaf-cells thin-walled but sometimes with 
 small trigones. Underleaves ovate to orbicular, bifid, the division mostly entire 
 or crenulate. Antheridia borne singly or in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, 
 the latter in more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia borne singly on 
 branches variable in length with one or two subfloral innovations, the bracts 
 with plane lobules, bracteole bifid. Perianth inflated, 5-keeled, abruptly nar- 
 rowed to a distinct tubular beak. [Commemorates A. L. S. Lejeune, Belgian 
 botanist.] Nearly 200 species, mostly tropical. Type species: L. cavi folia 
 (Ehrh.) Lindb. 
 
 1. Lejeunea minutiloba Evans. Small- 
 LOBED Lejeunea. (Fig. 512.) Bright or 
 pale green, loosely tufted or mixed with 
 other plants. Leaves contiguous or slightly 
 imbricated, the lobe ovate, about 3" long, 
 rounded at the apex, entire or nearly so; 
 lobule represented by a minute, basal fold; 
 leaf-cells thin-walled, with scarcely evident 
 trigones ; underleaves distant, orbicular, bifid 
 about one third with broad, rounded or 
 bluntly pointed lobes and a narrow sinus, 
 slightly crenulate on the margins; inflores- 
 cence autoecious ; female inflorescence borne 
 on a long or short branch with a single inno- 
 vation; bracts shorter than the leaves; brac- 
 teole sharply bifid with obtuse to rounded 
 divisions; perianth obovate in outline, 5- 
 keeled in the upper part. 
 
 On stones, rocks, and trees, Church Cave 
 and vicinity, 1900, M. A. Howe 7; 1908, 8. 
 Brown, 50!,, 505 \ 1912, E. a. Britton 1088: 
 Walsingham, 1900, M. A. Hone 3; 1905. E. G. 
 Britton 2S6 ; Tuckerstown, 1905, E. O. Britton 
 323: 1908. 8. Brown 516: Abbot's Cliff, 1912, 
 1913, E. G. Britton 8S8, 931, 932 (in part), 933, 
 1867: without definite locality, 1908, S. Brown 
 559a. West Indies. Previously listed from 
 Bermuda as L. glaucescens Gottsche. 
 
 11, RECTOLEJEUNEA Evans. 
 
 Differs primarily from Lejeunea in its flattened perianth with sharp 
 lateral keels. Dorsal lobes, lobules and underleaves similar, but the lobes 
 commonly broader; ocelli sometimes present among the leaf-cells. [Greek, 
 
JUXGERMAXNIACEAE. 
 
 465 
 
 fragile Lejeunea.] About 40 species, largely of tropical America, 
 species: E. flageUiformis Evans. 
 
 1. Rectolejeunea phyllobola (X'ees & 
 Mont.) Evans. Rectolejeunea. (Fig. 
 513.) Pale green, growing in depressed 
 mats. Leaves loosely imbricated, the lobe 
 orbicular ovate, about i" long, rounded at 
 the apex, entire or nearly so ; lobule inflated, 
 ovate, apex usually tipped with a single 
 blunt cell; leaf-cells thin-walled with small 
 trigones; ocelli none; underleaves distant, 
 bifid to beyond the middle with narrow divi- 
 sions and an acute to lunulate sinus; inflo- 
 rescence autoecious; female inflorescence 
 usually borne on a short branch with a single 
 snbfloral innovation; bracts similar to the 
 leaves but with plane narrow lobules; brac- 
 teole bifid about one third with acute divi- 
 sions and a narrow sinus ; perianth obovate 
 in outline, truncate or slightly retuse at the 
 apex, beak short, ventral surface with a 
 broad bluntly 2-angled keel. [Lejeiuiea 
 phyllobola Xees & Mont.] 
 
 On trees, Church Cave, Walsingham Caves, 
 Paynter's Hill, Castle Harbor ; Florida ; trop- 
 ical North America. 
 
 Type 
 
 12. EUOSMOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn, 
 
 Yellowish green and firm. Stems prostrate, often elongated, irregularly 
 branched, the branches as in Eadula ; rhizoids springing from the bases of 
 the underleaves. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes much larger 
 than the ventral, incubous, attached by a long line, broadly ovate, convex, 
 rounded at the apex, entire or nearly so; lobule strongly inflated, acute, bear- 
 ing a hyaline papilla in the sinus, at the base of the apical tooth ; leaf-cells 
 with conspicuous trigones; ocelli none. Underleaves varying from medium- 
 sized to large, sometimes imbricated, orbicular and often cordate at the base, 
 usually bifid with an acute to lunulate sinus, rarely undivided. Antheridia 
 usually in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter in more or less 
 elongated androecia, often proliferating. Female inflorescence borne on a 
 more or less elongated branch, with one or two subfloral innovations; bracts 
 similar to the leaves but with plane lobules and sometimes with pointed lobes; 
 bracteole bifid, free. Perianth often roughened by projecting cells, sharply 
 5-keeled, the keels rounded above, beak distinct. Gemmae none. [Greek, 
 fragrant Lejeunea.] About 35 species, largely tropical. Type species: E. 
 tr if aria (Reinw. Bl. & X^'ees) Schiffn. 
 
 31 
 
466 
 
 JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 1. Euosmolejeunea clausa (Nees & 
 Mont.) Evans. Euosmolejeunea. (Fig. 
 514.) In loose depressed mats. Leaves 
 loosely imbricated, the lobe broadly ovate, 
 about i" long; leaf -cells with large tri- 
 gones; underleaves contiguous or imbri- 
 cated, bifid about one third with obtuse 
 or acute divisions and an obtuse or acute 
 sinus; inflorescence dioecious; androe- 
 cium borne on a short branch, sometimes 
 j)rolif erating ; female inflorescence borne 
 on a short branch, with one subfloral in- 
 novation. [Lejeunea clausa Nees & 
 Mont.] 
 
 On trees and rocks, Paynter's Hill, M. 
 A. Howe. South Carolina to Florida and 
 Alabama ; tropical America. 
 
 13. CE.OSSOTOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] 
 Schiffn. 
 Yellowish or pale green, delicate. 
 
 Stems prostrate, irregularly branched, 
 the branches as in Badula ; rhizoids springing from the bases of the under- 
 leaves. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes much larger than the 
 ventral, incubous, widely spreading, abruptly expanded from a narrow base, 
 ovate to orbicular, mostly acute or obtuse, crenulate; lobule much as in 
 Lejeunea; leaf -cells thin-walled but with distinct trigones and intermediate 
 thickenings. Underleaves small, ovate to orbicular, deeply bifid with acute 
 lobes, crenulate or dentate. Female inflorescence borne on a short branch or on 
 an elongated branch, with one or two subfloral innovations; bracts and brac- 
 teole similar to the leaves and underleaves. Perianth sharply 5-keeled with the 
 keels more or less crenulate or dentate. [Greek, fringed Lejeunea.'] An 
 American genus of about 2o species, mostly tropical. Type species: C. 
 Boryana (Mont.) Schiffn. 
 
 1. Crossotolejeunea bermudiana 
 Evans. Bermuda Crossotolejeunea. 
 (Fig. 515.) In loose depressed mats. 
 Leaves distant to loosely imbricated, 
 the lobe widely spreading, more or less 
 convex, orbicular, ovate, about i" 
 long, crenulate; leaf -cells with .small 
 but distinct trigones and intermediate 
 thickenings ; ocelli none ; underleaves 
 distant, orbicular, bifid about one half 
 with erect, obtuse, acute or apiculate 
 divisions, and a narrow sinus, crenu- 
 late, sometimes unidentate on each 
 side; inflorescence autoecious; an- 
 droecium occupying a short branch; 
 bracts in two or three pairs, with two 
 antheridia; keels of perianth crenu- 
 late or denticulate. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ered 
 
 On the ground and on rocks, Flatts and Paynter's Vale, 
 in Florida, but known from no other localities. 
 
 Recently discov- 
 
J UNGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 467 
 
 14. JUBULA Dumort. 
 Dark green, never pigmented with red or brown. Stems prostrate, spar- 
 ingly branched, most of the branches arising at the bases of leaves without 
 lobules, rhizoids springing from the base of the underleaves. Leaves deeply 
 eomplicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes much larger than the ventral, incubous, 
 widely spreading, ovate to orbicular, rounded to cuspidate, margin entire or 
 more or less spinose-dentate, lobules normally inflated, helmet-shaped, rarely 
 explanate and pointed; leaf -cells with distinct trigones; ocelli none. Under- 
 leaves smaller than the leaves, bifid with a narrow sinus and obtuse or acumi- 
 nate divisions, entire or sparingly spinose on the margins\ Antheridia mostly 
 in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts with explanate lobules, the latter form- 
 ing more or less elongated androecia, rarely proliferating at the apex. Female 
 inflorescence borne on an elongated branch or on a subfloral innovation, with 
 one or two subfloral innovations arising in the same way as the branches of 
 Eadula; bracts larger than the leaves and with explanate lobules; bracteole 
 bifid, frfee. Perianth sharply 3-keeled, with one keel ventral, abruptly con- 
 stricted into a short tubular beak. [Latin, a little mane.] About 10 species, 
 chiefly tropical. Type species: J. HutcMnsiae (Hook.) Dumort. 
 
 1. Jubula pennsylvanica 
 
 (Steph.) Evans. Pennsylvania 
 JuBULA. (Fig. 516.) In loose 
 depressed mats or creeping among 
 other plants. Leaves loosely im- 
 bricated, the lobe rounded to apicu- 
 late, entire; lobule deMitute of an 
 apical spur ; underleaves with blunt 
 to acuminate divisions and entire 
 margins; inflorescence autoecious; 
 perichaetial bracts with abruptly 
 apiculate or acuminate lobes, en- 
 tire or unidentate. [Frullania 
 pennsylvanica Steph.] 
 
 On wet rocks, Paynter's Vale, 
 M. A. Howe. Nova Scotia to Georgia, 
 west to Arkansas. 
 
 15. FRUIiANIA Raddi. 
 Dark green or more or less pigmented with yellow, brown or red. Stems 
 prostrate, ascending or pendent, more or less copiously branched, the branches 
 all arising at the bases of leaves without lobules, rhizoids springing from the 
 bases of the underleaves. Leaves deeply eomplicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes 
 much larger than the ventral, incubous, widely spreading, ovate to orbicular, 
 usually entire; lobule normally inflated, helmet-shaped; leaf-rells with distinct 
 trigones; ocelli present in certain species. Underleaves smaller than the leaves. 
 
468 
 
 JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 
 
 usually bifid, Antheridia mostly in pairs, in the axils of inflated bracts with 
 explanate lobules, the bracts imbricated and forming short or more or less 
 elongated androecia. Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated 
 branch, without innovations; bracts larger than the leaves, with explanate 
 lobules and often more or less connate with the bifid bracteole. Perianth 
 normally 3-keeled, with one keel ventral, but often with, supplementary folds, 
 abruptly contracted into a short tubular beak. [Commemorates L. Frullani, a 
 Florentine minister of state.] A very large genus, 800 or more described 
 species, mostly tropical. Type species: F. dilaiata (L.) Dumort. 
 
 1. Frullania squarrosa (Eeinw. Bl. 
 
 & Nees) Dumort. Spreading Frullania. 
 (Fig. 517.) Dark green or pigmented 
 with brown, scattered or growing in de- 
 pressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the 
 lobe rolled around the stem when dry, 
 strongly squarrose when moist, ovate, 
 rounded at the apex, and entire; lobule 
 about as broad as long; under leaves 
 bifid, usually with entire margins; inflo- 
 resence dioecious; female inflorescence 
 borne on a short and simple branch, 
 bracts in about three pairs; perianth ob- 
 long, without supplementary keels, sur- 
 face more or less roughened by scattered 
 tubercles 'or scales, especially along ^ the 
 kels. [Jungermannia squarrosa Reinw. 
 Bl. & Nees.] 
 
 On rocks and trees, Paynter's Vale and 
 Walsingham. Widely distributed in trop- 
 ical and subtropical regions, extending as 
 far north, in the United States, as Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Order 3, ANTHOCEROTALES. 
 
 Gametophyte a prostrate dorsiventral thallus, varying from strap- 
 shaped to circular, with very little cell-differentiation, usually quite desti- 
 tute of air-spaces but sometimes developing intercellular spaces with muci- 
 lage; green cells with one or a few large flat chloroplasts, often with a 
 single pyrenoid. Antheridia borne singly or in groups just below the 
 upper surface of the tballus. Archegonia in irregular dorsal groups, im- 
 bedded, the tip of the neck alone projecting. Sporophyte differentiated 
 into a broad foot and an elongated cylindrical capsule, the latter growing 
 indefinitely by means of a basal embryonic region, splitting at maturity 
 into two valves. Spores surrounding a central sterile structure, the colu- 
 mella, and interspersed wath irregular, often multicellular elaters, wdth or 
 without bands of thickening. Four or five genera and about 150 species, 
 widely distributed. 
 
ANTHOCEROTACEAE. 
 
 469 
 
 Family 1. ANTHOCEROTACEAE. 
 Anthoceros Family. 
 Characters of the order. 
 
 1, A. laevis. 
 
 2. A. punctatus. 
 
 1. ANTHOCEROS L. 
 
 Thallus snborbicular, variously lobed and often with platedike outgrowths, 
 sometimes irregularly dissected, several cells thick and destitute of a distinct 
 midrib; green cells with a single chloroplast. Inflorescence usually (if not 
 always) monoecious. Capsule erect, much longer than the basal sheath, with 
 green cells in the wall and stomata in the epidermis. Spores variously rough- 
 ened; elaters without spiral bands of thickening, composed of one to several 
 cells and sometimes branched. [Greek, flowering horn.] About 50 species, 
 largely tropical. Type species: A. punctatiis L. 
 
 Spores yellow. 
 
 Spores black or nearly so. 
 
 1. Anthoceros laevis L. Yellow-spored 
 Anthoceros. (Fig. 518.) Thallus nearly plane 
 on the upper surface, dark green and somewhat 
 lustrous, destitute of intercellular spaces. Capsule 
 mostly i'-l^' long, the base surrounded by a cylin- 
 drical sheath often flaring at the mouth; spores 
 yellow, the surface granular-papillose; elaters yel- 
 lowish, very variable in size and form, often 
 branched. 
 
 On moist soil, Walsingham, S. Brown. The most 
 widely distributed species in Europe, Asia, and North 
 America, extending into higher latitudes. 
 
 The slender green capsules of Anthoceros, when 
 abundantly produced, resemble tufts of grass. Mature 
 spores are necessary for the determination of the 
 species. 
 
 2. Anthoceros punctatus L. Black-spored An- 
 thoceros. (Eig. 510.) Thallus smaller than in A. 
 laevis, and more or le?s roughened on the upper sur- 
 face, paler green and more delicate, with distinct 
 intercellular spaces in the interior. Capsule mostly 
 y-lV long, the base surrounded by a cylindrical 
 sheath; spores black or nearly so, the outer surface 
 covered with short spines or papillae ; elaters brown- 
 ish, very variable in size and shape, rarely (if ever) 
 more than three cells long. 
 
 On moist soil. Basset Cave Road and Walsingham 
 Caves, H. Kennedy. Widely distributed in Europe and 
 North America. 
 
470 ' LICHENES. 
 
 Phylum 4. THALLOPHYTA. 
 
 This phylum includes many thousand species of simple organi- 
 zation, grouped in many genera and families. The plants compos- 
 ing it have scarcely any woody tissue, and are propagated either by 
 spores or by vegetative division. Most of them are small, but there 
 are some large and conspicuous types in all the classes. 
 
 Terrestrial, saxicolous, or corticicolous plants, composed of filaments without chloro- 
 phyll and of cells containing chlorophyll. Class 1. Lichenes. 
 
 Terrestrial or corticicolous plants, or microscopic aquatics, 
 
 wholly without chlorophyll. Class 2, Fungi. 
 
 Aquatic plants, or microscopic terrestrial or corticicolous organ- 
 isms with chlorophyll. Class 3. Algae. 
 
 Class 1. LICHENES. 
 
 Lichens. 
 Contributed by Lincoln W. Riddle. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Lichens vary so much in appearance and in structure that it is diffi- 
 cult to formulate in non-technical terms any precise statement of their 
 characters. In general, they have a plant-body, known as a thallus, which 
 may appear merely as a discoloration on the bark or rock, or as an irregu- 
 lar, and variously divided membrane, separable from the substratum, or 
 as a tufted growth with erect or pendent branches. The color of this 
 thallus varies as much as the structure: gray, gray-green, whitish or 
 brownish, being the commonest, but orange, red, and black, also occurring. 
 But with all their variety, lichens never have an axis and leaves, and are 
 never grass-gTeen. 
 
 Investigations have shown that this lichen-thallus is actually formed 
 by a fungus growing in association with an alga, the association usually 
 being so intimate and the resulting structure so definite that it appears to 
 be an independent type of plant. On this thallus are borne fruiting-bodies, 
 in the form either of minute closed flasks ( perithecia ) , or, more commonly, 
 as open disk-like or cup-shaped apothecia. 
 
 Lichens may grow on rocks, on the ground, or on the branches or 
 trunks of trees. Oftentimes they grow on bare surfaces that will not 
 support any other form of plant-life. 
 
 Our knowledge of the lichens of Bermuda is based upon three sets of 
 collections. The first was made by H. N. Moseley in connection with the 
 Challenger Expedition in 1872. A list of these lichens, 25 in number, was 
 published by Crombie in the Journal of the Linnaean Society of London 
 for 1877. In 1880 and again in 1881, Professor W. G. Farlow, of Harvard 
 
LICHENES. 471 
 
 University, visited Bermuda and collected about 20 species of lichens, 
 some of which were studied by Tuckerman. Between 1905 and 1914, col- 
 lections were made by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, Dr. F. J. Seaver, and 
 Messrs. Stewardson Brown and Paul Bisset, resulting in the finding of 65 
 species and varieties, of which 50 had not been previously reported. As a 
 result of these several collections, we now have a total of 85 species and 
 varieties of lichens known to occur in Bermuda. Ten of these species 
 are endemic. An enumeration of these lichens with descriptions of new 
 species and varieties was published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical 
 Club for April, 1916. 
 
 It is probable that continued search in the islands would reveal a few 
 additional species. But it does not seem likely that there are over 100 
 lichens in the flora. The small area of the islands, the so-called coral 
 formation, and the large proportion of cultivated land, all combine to 
 make the conditions unfavorable for any considerable development of 
 lichens. As a general rule, the higher foliose and fruticose lichens, being 
 more exposed on account of their looser connection with the substratum, 
 demand for their development more favorable conditions than do the less 
 exposed crustose forms. The proportion of 23 species of the former types 
 to 62 of the latter is interesting testimony as to the character of the 
 environment. Further evidence of this is afforded by the considerable 
 number of sterile or depauperate specimens. 
 
 Given these conditions it will be of interest to see what lichens there 
 are occurring in Bermuda, and then to indicate briefly the geographical 
 affinities of the lichen-flora. The lichens will be taken up in systematic 
 order with brief notes as to the more easily recognizable characters. 
 
 GENERAL SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 
 Order 1. PYRENOCARPALES. 
 Family 1. VERRUCARIACEAE. 
 
 The three species of this family grow on calcareous rocks, especially 
 along the shore.* The black perithecia are at first more or less immersed 
 in the rock, but when mature fall out leaving shallow pits. They play an 
 important part in the weathering of the rocks. Verrucaria ruprstris 
 Schrad. is a cosmopolitan lichen, represented in Bermuda by two fonns: 
 the typical form with very thin continuous thallus, of a grayish color; and 
 the var. ruderum DC. with a thicker thallus which is more or less cracked 
 and areolate; the spores are one-celled. The other two species are endemic, 
 and belong to the genus Thelidium, which is distinguished by having two- 
 celled spores. Both species were discovered by Professor W. G. Farlow, 
 and the first has been named in his honor. Thelidium Farloici Riddle 
 
 * It is to be understood that all general and comparative statements In this 
 account of the lichens are intended to apply to the Bermuda species only. 
 
472 PYEENULACEAE. 
 
 appears as a dark bluisli-gTay stain on the rocks, with the perithecia tend- 
 ing to be confluent in groups of two or more, and has spores measuring 
 18-20 X ~-9 micromillimeters ; T. bermudanum (Nyl.) Riddle has scarcely 
 any visible thallus, and the perithecia are smaller and scattered, and the 
 spores only 11-12 X 3.5-4.5 micromillimeters. 
 
 Family 2. PYEENULACEAE. 
 
 These lichens all grow on bark or dead wood. Porina nucida Ach., 
 growing on orange trees at Paynter's Vale, has a pale brown thallus and 
 rather prominent, globose perithecia of the same color, except for the 
 ostioles which are reddish. Porina tetracerae (Ach.) Mueli. Arg., on 
 coffee trees at Walsingham, has a shining, olive-green thallus which makes 
 it conspicuous, and in this the perithecia are buried, with only the black 
 ostioles showing. Porina phaea (Ach.) Muell. Arg. is quite different and 
 looks more like a fungus ; its thin gray thallus is scarcely noticeable and 
 the innate perithecia are entirely black ; it has been found only at Harring- 
 ton House, where it grows on Juniperus. 
 
 Pyrenula aurantiaca Fee is one of the most striking of tropical lichens, 
 its very smooth thallus forming orange patches of considerable size on the 
 bark of RJiizophora, and entirely covering the perithecia. Pyrenula 
 hrachysperma Muell. Arg. is a rare species collected at one locality on 
 Hall's Island, where it was growing on the bark of Eugenia axillaris; it 
 was previously known only from northern Brazil. In appearance this 
 species is very distinct ; the whitish thallus is very thin ; and the perithecia, 
 often confluent in twos, form conspicuous black spots on the bark. The 
 species is also distinct in its two-celled spores. Pyrenula leucoplaca 
 (Wallr.) Koerb. has a very smooth white thallus, thicker than in the pre- 
 ceding species, and the minute perithecia are inconspicuous. It appears to 
 be common on various trees, having been collected in five different localities. 
 P. leucoplaca is well-known in northern regions, but its occurrence in 
 Bermuda is noteworthy. Another common and variable Pyrenula is P. 
 nitida nitidella (Flke.) Schaer., with a thallus vars'ing from olivaceous to 
 brown, and with small perithecia. P. mamillana (Ach.) Trev. has a thallus 
 resembling that of the preceding species, but the perithecia are about twice 
 as large. 
 
 Anthracothecium tetraspermum Riddle is an endemic species, found by 
 Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton, growing on the trunk of a palmetto on Devon- 
 shire Marsh. It has an olivaceous thallus, which is rough and dull, instead 
 of smooth and shining as in Porina tetracerae. The specific name was 
 chosen on account of the brown, muriform spores being constantly four in 
 each ascus. The nearest relative of this species appears to be a plant of 
 the island of St. Thomas in the Antilles. 
 
 Family 3. TRYPETHELIACEAE. 
 
 This family, abundantly represented in tropical countries, has but two 
 species in Bermuda. Both grow on bark, and have the black perithecia 
 confluent in irregular patches: Melanotheca aggregata (Fee) Muell. Arg. 
 has a thallus of a brownish tint, while M. cruenta (Mont.) Muell. Arg. is 
 a striking species sure to attract attention by its deep red thallus. 
 
GEAPIIIDACEAE. 473 
 
 Order 2. CONIOCARPALES. 
 Family 1. CYPHELIACEAE. 
 
 This order has a single, interesting representative in Bennuda, Pj/rgil- 
 lus cuhanus Nyl. This species has been known previously from the 
 original collection only, made in Cuba by Charles Wright over half a 
 century ago. The Bermuda specimens grew on the same palmetto trunk 
 on Devonshire Marsh, upon which was found the new Anthracothecium 
 tetraspermum. Pyrgillus cuhanus has a dull, olive-brown thallus, with 
 raised, wart-like apothecia, the tops of which are minutely roughened, and 
 red with a darker center. The spores with two globose cells would at once 
 distinguish this species if examined microscopically. 
 
 Order 3. GRAPHIDALES. 
 Family 1. ARTHONIACEAE. 
 
 This is a group of inconspicuous lichens, the crustose thallus being 
 very thin and the minute apothecia irregular in outline. All grow on bark. 
 Arihonia rubella (Fee) Nyl. has stellate apothecia, the divisions being 
 linear and wavy, and varying from flesh-color to reddish-l)ro^^^l. {Sclero- 
 phyton elegans Eschw., although not belonging to this family, has suffi- 
 cient resemblance to Arthonia rubella to mention it here; it may be recog- 
 nized by its long, flexuous, branched apothecia, which have the fineness of a 
 hair.) Arthonia conferta (Fee) Nyl. is a fairly common species, being 
 found most often on the bark of Melia Azederach. It is less inconspicuous 
 than the preceding species, on account of the abundant and crowded, dark 
 brown apothecia, which are very irregular in outline but rarely stellate. .1. 
 polymorpha Ach. may be distinguished from .-1. conferta by the fact that 
 the apothecia are wholly black. Arthothelium spectabile (Flot.) Massal. 
 resembles externally Arthonia polymorpha, although the apothecia being 
 covered with a whitish bloom are less prominent ; under the microscope this 
 species can be recognized at once by its spores, which are divided longi- 
 tudinally as well as transversely. 
 
 Family 2. GRAPHIDACEAE. 
 
 The species of this family, with a few exceptions, resemble each other 
 very closely, the distinctions among them being based on technical char- 
 acters, and their determination requiring expert knowledge. In the genus 
 Opegrapha the apothecia are more superficial than in any black-fruited 
 species of Graphis found in Bermuda. Two of the Bermuda species of 
 Opegrapha grow on rocks, and three on bark. The rock-inhabiting sjiecies 
 are O. Chevallieri incarnata Riddle and 0. ophites Tuck. The former has 
 a moderately thick thallus, tinged with rose-color, or sometimes fading to 
 coftee-color,^ and the apothecia are under one millimeter in length : the 
 latter, no visible thallus, and apothecia up to 2.5 millimeters in length. 
 The bark-inhabiting species require examination of the spores in order to 
 distinguish them. In 0. atra Pers. the s]-)ores are four-celled, in 0. vulgata 
 six-celled, and in 0. Bonplandi Fee, eight- to ten-celled. The first two have 
 a white or gray thallus; in 0. Bonplandi it may be whitish, but more 
 
474 GRAPHIDACEAE. 
 
 eommonlj^ it is olivaceous, 0. Bonplu,ndi has been fotind in a number of 
 localities in Bermuda and on a variety of trees. 
 
 Gr aphis Afzeiii Ach, is so striking and distinct that it would attract 
 the attention of anj'one, having prominent white apothecia of large size (tip 
 to 5 mm. long and 1 mm. wide) standing out against the brown thallus. 
 Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. and its close allies, G. Lineola Acli. and G. 
 Pavoniana Fee, all have fine, black apothecia, very variable in length and 
 in the degree of curving and branching; the disk is a mere cleft. G. 
 striatula (Ach.) Nyl. closely resembles G. scripta, but if the apothecia are 
 examined with a hand-lens, the margins will be seen to be longitudinally 
 furrowed. In Phaeograpliis lobata (Eschw.) Muell. Arg., the apothecia 
 are also black, but the disk is flat and relatively broad. All of these species 
 grow on bark, and are well-known tropical lichens with a wide distribution. 
 
 Family 3. CHIODECTONACEAE. 
 
 The genus Chiodecton is doubtfully represented by a sterile, white, 
 crustose thallus, soft and more or less cottonj^ in texture, found in several 
 localities. This agrees with the thalline characters of C. Montagnei Tuck., 
 but as it has not yet been found in fruit, the identity of the plant is 
 uncertain. 
 
 Sclerophyton elegans Eschw. belongs to this family, but on account 
 of its resemblance to an Arthonia it has been discussed under that genus. 
 It might be taken for a Graphis but its violet-brown apothecia are more 
 delicate than in any Bermuda species of Graphis. 
 
 Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. is another instance of a well-known tropical 
 lichen common in Bermuda. Several apothecia are immersed in a common 
 stroma, the disks being dark brown, flat, and irregular in outline. This is 
 the only lichen in Bermuda having the fruit in a stroma and an open, 
 flat disk. 
 
 Order 4. CYCLOCARPALES. 
 
 Family 1. THELOTREMACEAE. 
 
 The lichen-flora of Bermuda is of interest not only for the species 
 found there, but also for the absence of species that one would expect. 
 Thus, the families Trypetheliaceae and Thelotremaceae are well-represented, 
 both as to species and as to individuals, in the West Indies and in the 
 southern United States, yet these families have only two representatives 
 each in Bermuda. Gyrostomum scyphidiferum (Ach.) Fr. and Leptotrema 
 trypaneoides (Nyl.) Riddle are the Bermuda species of Thelotremaceae. 
 Both grow on bark. But they are very distinct from each other and from 
 all other Bermuda lichens. Gyrostomum has urn-shaped apothecia, with a 
 comparatively thick, black rim,, more or less surrounded by the pale 
 thallus. Leptotrema trypaneoides has the apothecia entirely immersed in 
 the thallus and opening by small holes, so that the thallus appears as if 
 perforated with pin-pricks. 
 
 Family 2. GYALECTACEAE. 
 
 Microphiale lutea (Dicks.) Steiner, although common elsewhere, is 
 apparently rare in Bermuda, only a single small specimen having been 
 found on the bark of Melia at Tucker's Town. The thallus is vei^^ thin 
 
CLADOXIACEAE. 475 
 
 and whitish, and the delicately colored, waxy, discoid apothecia are so 
 small as easily to escape notice. The apothecia resemble those of Bilimbia 
 Brittoniana, but the thallus is entirely different. 
 
 Gyalecta Farlowi Tuck, is another of the endemic species found on 
 the calcareous rocks. Like the preceding species it is easily overlooked, 
 the minute apothecia being almost immersed in the white thallus. 
 
 Family 3. LECIDEACEAE. 
 
 In this family, a knowledge of the spore-characters is necessary in 
 order to distinguish even the few species found in Bermuda. Those here 
 described all grow on bark.* The most distinctive of these is the endemic 
 Bilimhia Brittoniana Riddle, which has a minutely powdery, straw-colored 
 thallus, made up entirely of fine granules, among which are hidden the 
 minute, thick-margined, flesh-colored apothecia. The species is named 
 in honor of Dr. and Mrs. Britton, the original specimens having been col- 
 lected by Mrs, Britton, along the north shore, where it was growing on 
 Jimijierus. 
 
 The remaining three species resemble each other closely in external 
 appearance, all having a thin thallus and convex apothecia, which vary 
 from flesh-colored or pallid-brown to dark brown. They can readily be 
 distinguished by their spores, since Biatora fuscorubescens (Nyl.) Riddle 
 has one-celled spores; Bilimbia sphaeroides vacillans (Nyl.) Riddle has 
 short, spindle-shaped spores with four cells; and Bacidia fuscoruhella 
 (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. has long, needle-like spores with eight or more cells. 
 
 Family 4. CLADONIACEAE. 
 
 Conditions in Bermuda are not favorable for the plants of this 
 family. Few species have been found, and the specimens of these are not 
 altogether typical. There are only two common species. Cladonia 
 mitrida Tuck, is a small species, growing on the ground, and always well- 
 fruited, the brown apothecia being borne on slender, simple or sparingly 
 branched stalks, less than one centimeter high. C. fimbriata (L.) Fr. is a 
 polymorphic species represented in Bermuda by at least three varieties, 
 in all of which the ends of the podetia are typically cup-sha]>ed. C. fim- 
 briata simplex (Weis.) Flot. has short podetia, rarely branched, and with 
 regular cups. The other two varieties, nemoxyna (Ach.) Coem. and bor- 
 bonica (Del.) Wainio, are taller and variously branched, with cups more 
 irregular or even absent on some of the podetia; they can be distinguished 
 by the fact that the podetia of the latter variety are much more granulose 
 than is the case in the former. In addition to these two connnon siiecies, 
 C. rangiformis pungens (Ach.) Wainio, with copiously branched podetia, 
 was collected by the Challenger Ex])edition, but does not seem to have 
 been found since, and C. pityrea (Flke.) Fr., a nondescript species, has 
 been found growing with C. mitrida, from which it may be distinguished 
 by the scurfy-granulate surface of the podetia, as well as by the occasional 
 occurrence of reduced cups. 
 
 * Any resident of Bermuda who could make careful collections of the rock- 
 lichens would probahlv find additional species of Lecideaceae. In th»' Journal of the 
 Linnean Society of London, volume 14 (IST.")). Stirton described three such species, 
 but they were "based on such fragmentary specimens that they can not be accepted 
 until more is known of them. 
 
476 PYEENOPSIDACEAE. 
 
 Family 5. PYRENOPSIDACEAE. 
 
 The three species of Pyrenopsidaceae are small plants, of a black or 
 blackish-green color, and gelatinous and soft when moist. They are con- 
 fined to calcareous rocks, and are of interest because they are local in 
 their distribution, evidentlj^ being exacting in their reciuirements. Psoro- 
 tichia hermudana Riddle, an endemic species, has a verrucose ("warty") 
 crustose thallus, broken into small patches. The species of Omphalaria 
 have a foliose thallus. 0. cubana Tuck, has the thallus radiately lobed, one 
 centimeter or less in diameter, and the surface rough and much wrinkled. 
 It has been found only at Castle Harbor in Bermuda, and elsewhere only 
 in Cuba. 0. lingulata Tuck, has very smooth, tongue-shaped lobes, usually 
 under five millimeters in length. It was collected by Prof. Farlow at 
 Walsingham in 1881, and in the same region by Dr. Britton in 1912. 
 
 Family 6. COLLEMACEAE. 
 
 These are also dark or lead-colored lichens of a gelatinous consistency 
 when moist. Collema bermudanum Tuck, and C. thamnodes Tuck, are 
 endemic species, forming compact cushions less than one centimeter high, 
 on the calcareous rocks at Walsingham. The former is foliose and bears 
 some resemblance externally to Omphalaria cubana^ but it is more divided 
 and the apothecia become larger and superficial. C. thamnodes is fruti- 
 cose, which will distinguish it from any of the other gelatinous lichens 
 except Leptogium tenuissimum, from which it differs in the granular 
 (isidiose) lobes.* Collema nigrescens (Huds.) Ach. and C. flaccidum 
 Ach. are quite different from the two preceding species. They are foliose 
 lichens of considerable size, growing on the trunks of trees. C. nigres- 
 cens has a radiately wrinkled thallus with numerous small apothecia, 
 measuring about one millimeter in diameter, and without any margin. In 
 C. flaccidum the thallus is less wrinkled and the apothecia are fewer and 
 about twice as large. 
 
 The species of Leptogium are paler than those of Collema. L. 
 tenuissimum (Dicks.) Koerb. is, perhaps, the most interesting of the Ber- 
 muda species. It has a fruticose thallus, the minute, erect lobes being 
 crowded into a crust. It has been found growing on the ground at 
 Paynter^s Vale. The material is sterile and a jiriori we should not 
 expect this distinctly northern species to occur in Bermuda, but the 
 thalline characters agree so well that there is not much doubt about the 
 identity of the plant. From the point of view of distribution the next 
 species, Leptogiwm marginellum (Sw.) Mont., presents a striking con- 
 trast, as it is a tropical species characteristic of the AYest Indies and found 
 in the United States only in the tropical portions of the Gulf States. 
 Anyone who has once seen the abundant, minute, cup-shaped apothecia, 
 each with its coronal fringe of delicate lobules, will never have any diffi- 
 culty in recognizing the plant again. The third and last species of this 
 genus, Leptogium tremelloides (L. f.) S. F. Gray, is cosmopolitan in dis- 
 tribution and is one of the commonest lichens in Bermuda, growing on 
 trees of various kinds in many localities. It has a lead-colored thallus, 
 
 * Collema thamnodes is known only from sterile specimens collected by Professor 
 W. G. Farlow in 1881. It is very desirable that the plant should be found again in 
 the hope of obtaining the fruit and thus completing our knowledge of the species. 
 
PERTUSAKIACEAE. 477 
 
 variously divided, but with much smoother lobes and larger apothecia than 
 in any other species of this family. Two forms are found : one with 
 abundant apothecia and few lobules, the other sparingly fruited and with 
 the lobes more or less fringed with lobules. 
 
 Family 7. PERTUSARIACEAE. 
 
 Pertusaria multipuncta (Turn.) Nyl. belongs to the section of the 
 genus in which the apothecia are replaced by soralia (i. e. powdery ])us- 
 tules). As it is the only species of this section known from Bornuida it 
 will be easily recognized. The only species with which it could possibly 
 be confused is Pyxine picta, but that has a foliose thallns, while all species 
 of Pertusaria have a crustose thallus. 
 
 In the other section of the genus, the apothecia are enclosed in 
 thalline "warts" (verrucae) and resemble the closed perithecia of Pyre- 
 nocarpic lichens. Of these species, Pertusaria tuhercidifera Nyl., with a 
 white thallus, has the largest and finest verrucae, measuring two or three 
 millimeters in diameter. In the other three species, the veiTucae are 
 smaller, rarely over one millimeter, and flatter. P. lutescens (Eschw.) 
 Krplh. has a yellowish-green coloration to the thallus. In P. Jeioplaca 
 (Ach.) Schaer. and P. jDustulata (Ach.) Nyl., the thallus is white to gray 
 or brownish; in the former the verrucae are generally constricted at the 
 base and the ostioles are scattered; in the latter the verrucae spread out, 
 oTadually merging into the thallus and the ostioles are confluent and 
 sometimes appear single. 
 
 Pertusaria tuhercidifera and P. lutescens are tropical lichens; the 
 others are widely distributed. xW\ grow on bark. 
 
 Family 8. LECANORACEAE. 
 
 This family is characterized by a crustose thallus and discoid apothecia 
 furnished with a margin colored like the thallus and usually contrasting 
 with the disk. 
 
 Haematomma puniceum (Ach.) Wainio will be easily distinguished 
 from all other Bennuda lichens by the bright red disk of the apothecia, 
 set on a gray thallus. It is a common tropical species, growing on bark. 
 
 Five rather closely related siDecies of Lccanora have been found in 
 Bermuda, on bark or old fences. L. pallida (Schreb.) Schaer, is the 
 easiest of recognition on account of the dense white " bloom " covering the 
 flesh-colored disk of the fruit. The other four species, all lacking this 
 bloom, are more difficult to distinguish, as their separation deiiends mainly 
 upon the color of the apothecia and this is a variable character. Plants 
 with a greenish disk may be assigned to L. varia (Hoffm.) Ach.; with 
 the diskblackening to L. bermudensis Nyl.; those with the disk decidedly 
 brown, to L. subfusca (L.) Ach.; while those with the disk more or less 
 flesh-colored or pallid belong to L. cinereocarnea (Eschw.) Wainio. The 
 last named is the most abundant of the species of this genus: it varies 
 much in the character of the thallus, from a thick, wrinkled thallus to a 
 form in which the thallus is entirely absent. 
 
 Family 9. PARMELIACEAE. 
 The genus Parmelia, with folioso thallus. requires for its development 
 more favorable conditions than occur in Bernuida. Consequently, it is 
 
478 PHYSCIACEAE. 
 
 poorly represented there, only three species, that can be identified with 
 certainty, having been found, and these only in sterile specimens. Par- 
 melia tinctorum Despr. is distinct in the isidia (tubercles) growing on the 
 surface of the thallus. P. perlata (L.) Ach. and P. latissima cristifera 
 (Tayl.) Hue are more difficult to separate; the latter is generally whiter, 
 with broader lobes, and larger soredia. 
 
 Family 10. USNEACEAE. 
 
 In discussing the Thelotremaceae, certain striking gaps in the lichen- 
 flora of Bermuda were noted. In the family Usneaceae we find another 
 such case. The family, commonly abundant in all regions, has but a 
 single rejDresentative in Bermuda, Ramalina comjjlanata (Sw.) Ach. This 
 is, however, one of the commonest of Bermuda lichens, growing on the 
 branches of trees, and easily recognized by its much branched, tuberculate 
 thallus. 
 
 Family 11. BUELLIACEAE. 
 
 Buellia parasema (Ach.) Th. Fr. is a cosmopolitan lichen, which is 
 common in Bermuda, especially on the cedar; it has a crustose thallus, 
 which sometimes disappears almost entirely, and flat black apothecia with 
 a persistent black margin, this last character serving to distinguish it from 
 the next two species, in which the apothecia are, except when very young, 
 convex and marginle'ss. Buellia myriocarpa (DC.) Mudd and Einodina 
 insperata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. resemble each other in general appearance; in 
 the latter, however, the apothecia when moist are brown rather than black, 
 and the spores are of the peculiar type known as polar-bilocular. These 
 two species, although gTowing on bark like Buellia parasema, are compara- 
 tively rare. 
 
 There have been collected from a roadside wall at Devonshire, speci- 
 mens of a small, chalky lichen, with a whitish subfoliose thallus and 
 radiate, confluent lobes. No fruit has been found, so the plant can not 
 be determined with certainty, but the thalline characters agree exactly 
 with those of Buellia canescens (Dicks.) DeNot., which is very common 
 on the same habitat in England. As the species is entirely unknown in 
 America, the interesting possibility suggests itself of this species having 
 been introduced into Bermuda from England. 
 
 Family 12. CALOPLACACEAE. 
 
 Blastema floridana (Tuck.) Zahlbr. is a minute, inconspicuous lichen. 
 It might be confused with Lecanora suhfusca, but the disk is commonly 
 darker, and the spores are two-celled. 
 
 Family 13. PHYSCIACEAE. 
 
 This family includes three species very common in Bermuda, and two 
 that are less known there. All have a grayish, foliose thallus, and may 
 grow on rocks as well as on trees. In the cosmopolitan Physcia stellaris 
 (L.) Nyl., the thallus has radiating, convex lobes, without soredia. P. 
 alba (Fee) Muell. Arg. is also without soredia, but has flat lobes. In the 
 other three species, the thallus is more or less sorediate (powdery). P. 
 crispa (Pers.) Nyl. has broad lobes, with the soredia confined to the 
 
FUNGI. 479 
 
 • 
 margins. Physcia integrata sorediosa Wainio and Pyxine picta (Sw.) 
 Tuck, agree in having narrow lobes, with the soredia in soralia (powdery 
 pustules) ; but in the latter the thallus is more closely appressed to the 
 substratum and has confluent lobes. 
 
 SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES. 
 
 The results of an analysis of the geographical range of the species 
 making up the lichen-flora of Bermuda may be shown in the following 
 table : 
 
 Endemic 10 
 
 Occurring in the West Indies or Tropical South America, but not in 
 
 the United States 14 
 
 Occurring in the West Indies and also in the southern United 
 
 States 29 
 
 Occurring in the southern United States but not in the West Indies. 
 Widely distributed in the Temperate as well as in the Tropical 
 
 Zone 21 
 
 Typically northern species not known in Tropical regions 4 
 
 (Note: The difference in the total number given here and in the 
 introduction is due to the omission of certain unimportant varieties.) 
 
 An inspection of the table will show clearly that the lichen-flora of 
 Bermuda is most closely related to that of the West Indies. The rela- 
 tively northern position of the islands, however, permits of the^ growth of 
 four species of colder countries, that are not found in the West Indies. 
 Finally, the peculiar conditions existing in Bermuda have resulted in a 
 comparatively large number of endemic species. 
 
 Class 2. FUNGI. 
 
 Moulds, Blights and Mushrooms. 
 Contributed by Fred J. Seaver. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The fungi, which are more commonly known under such names as 
 puffballs, mushrooms, mildews or moulds, constitute a group of plants 
 which are represented in the entire world by more than fifty thousand 
 species. They are often referred to as degenerate plants, the term degen- 
 erate being applied more on account of their habits of life than because 
 of their simplicity of structure, for while many of them are simple, nu\ny 
 others show much complexity in general structure as well as in their repro- 
 ductive processes. 
 
 Probably the inability of the fungi to manufacture their own food, as 
 is done bv the higher green plants, together with the fact that many of 
 them are small and grow in out of the way places, often livuig as scaven- 
 gers on decavino; matter, has done more to cause them to be looked upon as 
 degraded forms" of vea-etation than any simiilicity or peculiarity of struc- 
 ture. Whether as a cause or a consequence, the fungi are entirely devoid 
 of green coloring matter or chlorophyll, and are therefore dependent upon 
 
480 FUNGI. 
 
 other plants or animals for their food. On account of this fact, the fungi 
 
 are often popularly divided into two groups, (1) saprophytes or those 
 
 which feed upon dead matter, and (2) parasites or those which feed upon 
 living animals or plants. 
 
 SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI. 
 
 Saprophytic fungi maj* be found growing on dead leaves, twigs, 
 humus, the dung of animals, and in fact in almost any situation where 
 there is a supply of decaying organic material. While these fungi may 
 often attain a size of more than a foot in diameter, many others are so 
 small that they are never seen by the casual obser\'er and their collection 
 even by the trained expert requires much time and patience. 
 
 The larger forms are often extensively used as articles of food, being 
 highly esteemed on account of their flavor as well as for their nutritive 
 value. But on account of the poisonous properties of many of the species 
 the entire gToup is often looked upon with suspicion by the amateur col- 
 lector. Even the smaller and more inconspicuous forms play an important 
 part in the scheme of nature, being one of the most active agents in bring- 
 ing about the decay of organic matter, without which the surface of the 
 earth would become covered over with the litter of dead animals and plants. 
 
 PARASITIC FUNGI. 
 
 The parasitic fungi are of unusual economic importance because of 
 their relation to the diseases of the higher plants. They may attack the 
 leaves, stem, or almost any part of the living plant, causing a slight 
 retardation in growth or the death of the entire plant. The amount of 
 damage caused each year to cultivated plants by such fungi is enormous. 
 Fungi may also occasionally attack the bodies of living animals, including 
 man, although the number of such cases, except bacterial diseases, are com- 
 l)aratively few. Parasitic fungi are sometimes made use of in combating 
 haiTuful insects. The bacteria of Bermuda have not been studied. 
 
 STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION. 
 
 The fungi in the course of their life histories exhibit two distinct 
 phases, the vegetative or growing stage and the reproductive stage. The 
 vegetative stage of most true fungi consists of a mass of minute threads 
 known as mycelium or spawn. The simpler types of fungi consist of little 
 more than a mass of such mycelium. The reproductive stage, however, 
 may show considerable complexity of structure, especially in the higher 
 forms. The reproductive bodies themselves are known as spores and are 
 so minute in size that they are usually invisible to the unaided eye except 
 where they are present in great numbers. Functionally the spores of the 
 fungi correspond to the seeds of the higher plants. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 On account of their minute size the spores of the fungi may be 
 carried great distances by the wind and other agents. While the wind is 
 probably the chief agent in the distribution of the spores, a few species 
 show special adaptation for insect distribution. 
 
FUNGI. 481 
 
 In addition to their minute size, the spores of the fungi have heen 
 shown to be able to keep their viability for several years under the most 
 adverse conditions. These facts will probably go far to account for the 
 wide distribution of many species of fungi, they being more cosmopolitan 
 in their distribution than almost any other group of plants. This being 
 the case we would naturally expect the fungous flora of an isolated region 
 such as Bermuda to be proportionately larger than that of the higher 
 plants, as seems to be the case so far as can be judged from the limit^'d 
 observations made. 
 
 The number of species occurring in any region would be limited, how- 
 ever, by the food supply, and since the fungi depend largely upon the 
 higher plants for their food, a region which contains a comparatively 
 small number of higher plants would of necessity show a relatively small 
 number of fungi since even the saprophytic fungi are often very selective 
 in their food habits. 
 
 It is difficult to account for the occurrence of a number of European 
 species of fungi in Bermuda which have not been found elsewhere in North 
 America. If they had been introduced through the agency of man, it is diffi- 
 cult to understand why they have not been introduced into the mainland of 
 North America as well. This apparent discrepancy might be accounted 
 for by the incompleteness of our knowledge of the fungi of our own states, 
 owing largely to the minute size of the plants and the ease with which they 
 are overlooked. 
 
 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 The fungi, like other plants, are divided into a number of main 
 groups and each group again subdivided into orders, families, genera and 
 species. This arrangement is based entirely upon those structural char- 
 acters which show natural relationship without regard to their habits of 
 life, so that the same group may contain either parasitic or saproj^hytic 
 species or both. In fact the same species may in exceptional cases ai)i;ear 
 either as a parasite or as a saprophj^te. 
 
 In the present discussion, the fungi will be taken uj) in accordance 
 with their systematic arrangement, especial attention being given to those 
 species which are the cause of serious plant diseases. 
 
 Local Work in^ Bermuda. 
 
 The fungous flora of Bermuda has probably received less attention 
 than any other phase of the natural history of the islands, largely through 
 the misapprehension that there are few fungi there. While it is true that 
 the larger forms of fungi seem to be poorly represented from our own 
 brief experience the writer is inclined to believe that the number of 
 species of fungi occurring in Bermuda will eventually be found to be 
 surprisingly large. 
 
 The "first list of which we have any record is that of the Challenger 
 Expedition of 1873, in which twenty-four species were recorded. Pro- 
 fessor Farlow in the course of his visits to the islands has collected and 
 described a few additional species. About forty species were collected by 
 Dr. and Mrs. B. 0. Dodge in 1911, the largest collection of which we have 
 any knowledge up to tliat date. Scattering species have frequently been 
 brought in by collectors of flowering plants, including members of the 
 staff'of the New York Botanical Garden. 
 
 32 
 
482 MYXOMYCETES. 
 
 In August, 1916, the writer published in the Memoirs of the New York 
 Botanical Garden a list of all of the species of fungi from Bermuda of 
 which we have any authentic record. The list included one hundred and 
 twenty species and a number of varieties. Most of the species listed here 
 were collected during a two-weeks' visit (November 29-December 14, 1912). 
 The fungi are so evanescent in their occurrence that it is impossible to 
 form an adequate conception of the number of species occurring in any 
 locality in so short a time, so that this list must be considered extremely 
 incomplete. 
 
 Sub-class 1. MYXOMYCETES. 
 
 Slime-Moulds. 
 
 The slime-moulds comprise a group of living organisms of doubtful 
 affinity, but which on account of the fungus-like structure of their fruiting 
 stage are often included with the fungi. Although they are usually con- 
 sidered as plants, some students even go so far as to regard them as 
 intermediate between the animal and plant kingdoms. 
 
 These organisms receive their name " slime-mould " from the fact 
 that their vegetative or growing stage takes the form of a slimy mass. 
 This mass varies much in color according to the species, white, pink, and 
 yellow being most commonly encountered. That this slimy mass is really 
 living matter is shown by the fact that it possesses the ability to move 
 about by a streaming motion. It is this property which suggests their 
 affinity with certain lower forms of animal life. 
 
 Like the true fungi, the slime-moulds are unable to make their own 
 food and must feed either on dead or living organic matter. The vege- 
 tative stage of the slime-mould usually grows hidden from view where it 
 quietly feeds on the decomposing organic matter of plant and animal re- 
 mains. Through some natural impulse, however, they almost invariably 
 come to the surface before producing their fruit and often even climb on 
 surrounding objects to considerable height. This is a decided advantage 
 to the plants since it enables them to bring about a wider distribution of 
 their spores which, as in true fungi, is accomplished mainly by the wind. 
 In some species, the vegetative stage consists of a mass several inches or 
 rarely a foot or more in diameter, and such a mass will frequently climb 
 several feet directly up the trunk of a tree or other object before maturing 
 its spores. Rotten logs, leaves, twigs, blades of grass, and in fact almost 
 any available object will furnish a suitable substratum on which these 
 plants may produce their fruit. 
 
 While the slime-moulds in their vegetative stage resemble some of the 
 lower forms of animal life, in their fruiting stage they are decidedly plant- 
 like and show a close resemblance to the fniiting stage of the fungi. The 
 remains of the old fruiting bodies will often be found in clusters on rotten 
 logs and resemble minute feathers or plumes, varying in color from brown 
 to red or golden-yellow. Still others take the form of small puffballs. 
 
 A number of species of Stemonitis, Arcyria, Hemitricliia and Physa- 
 rum have been collected in Bermuda. In addition to these, Lycogala epi- 
 dendrum, one of the puffball-like species, has been several times collected. 
 The latter in its vegetative stage is of a delicate pink color which varies to 
 bronze as the fruiting body matures. So far as is known, no attempt has 
 
PHYCOMYCETES. 483 
 
 been made to study the Bermuda species of this group critically. Such a 
 study by some resident botanist would doubtless yield interesting results. 
 
 Sub-class 2. PHYCOMYCETES. 
 
 The Phycomy*cetes are often known as the algal-fungi because of their 
 resemblance to certain of the lower algae or seaweeds. Some of the species 
 are aquatic and most of them require a very moist habitat, often i)rnducing 
 spores which are able to swim about in water. The fish-mould which often 
 causes epidemics among fish belongs to this group. 
 
 To this group of fungi also belong the so-called white rusts which 
 occur as parasites on the leaves and stems of various kinds of plants. They 
 are called white rusts because the spores form white blisters on the leaves 
 and stems of the host plant, the blisters resembling in form those of the 
 true plant-rusts which will be considered later on. 
 
 Many of the white rusts are very destructive parasites, and while all 
 of the species are parasitic, many of them occur on plants which are of no 
 economic importance or are not serious enough to cause any great damage. 
 Only one species of white rust has been collected in Bermuda so far as is 
 known. This is Albugo Candida, a parasite which attacks the leaves and 
 stems of plants belonging to the Mustard Family. The Beniiuda species 
 Avas collected on the stems and leaves of the cultivated radish. 
 
 Another fungus which belongs to the Phyeomycetes is the Mucor or 
 common bread-mould. Specimens of one species of this genus were found 
 abundantly on richly fertilized soil. 
 
 Still another Phycomycete found in Bermuda is Pilobolus crystallinus, 
 a minute fungus wliich grows on the dung of animals. This fungus is 
 provided with an explosive apparatus by means of which the spore-caps 
 may be thrown some distance into the air. The entire cap which is about 
 the size of a fly-speck is often found adhering to the stems and leaves of 
 surrounding plants. Since the spores of many species of fungi which 
 grow on the dung of animals are able to pass through the body of the 
 animal and keep "their viability, it is not unlikely that the spores of this 
 species behave in this manner. The adhesive device may be an adaptation 
 for placing the spores where they may be eaten by cattle and other 
 herbivorous animals. After passing through the body of the animal they 
 are then ready to resume growth. 
 
 Order 1. PERONOSPORALES. 
 
 A single species belonging to this order has been recorded, the white 
 rust named above. 
 
 Order 2. MUCORALES. 
 
 Two species belonging to different genera have been collected in Ber- 
 muda one of which is listed above. 
 
 Sub-class 3. ASCOMYCETES. 
 
 The Ascomyeetes represent a very large group of fungi of extremely 
 varied habits. Many of the plants of this group are parasites and some 
 of them very destructive, while many others live a retinng sort of life as 
 
484 ASCOMYCETES. 
 
 mere saprophytes and thus escape popular notice. The fruiting bodies 
 vary in size from those which are scarcely visible to the unaided eye to 
 more than a foot in diameter. 
 
 The group is characterized by having their spores borne in closed 
 receptacles which are known as spore-sacs or asci, the number of spores in 
 each being very constant and vaiying in the following ratios : two, four, eight, 
 sixteen, thirty-two, etc. In many cases the spores at maturity are forcibly 
 extruded from the ascus like shot from a gun, and in such numbers as to 
 appear to the unaided eye like a cloud of smoke. They are then caught 
 up by the wind and widely disseminated so that the atmosphere is never 
 free from some of these minute bodies. 
 
 One of the groups of Ascomycetes which is usually well represented 
 in tropical and subtropical regions is that commonly known as the 
 sooty moulds. These plants receive their name from the sooty appear- 
 ance of the superficial mycelium which overspreads the substratum often 
 for several inches. The plants of this group are for the most part epi- 
 phytic, that is they grow on living plants ^\ithout actually drawing their 
 nourishment from them. They usually feed upon the remains or excre- 
 tions of minute insects such as plant-lice, which in turn suck their nourish- 
 ment from the tissues of the plants on which they live. The fruiting 
 bodies consist of minute subglobose perithecia scarcely visible to the un- 
 aided eye which in turn contain the asci and spores. Many of the speci- 
 mens collected in Beraiuda did not show mature perithecia and for this 
 reason their identity is uncertain. Several mature specimens belonging 
 to the genera Meliola, Dimerospormm and Asterina were collected in 
 Bermuda. 
 
 The Pyrenomycetes constitute a very large group of Ascomycetes 
 which also have their asci borne in closed or nearly closed perithecia, the 
 sooty moulds being often included with this group. The fruiting bodies 
 of the Pyrenomycetes are usually black, which has suggested the name. 
 In a few of them, however, the fruiting bodies are bright-colored. One of 
 the latter is Cordyceps, a fungus which grows on dead insects or their 
 pupae and of which one species has been collected in Bermuda. Whether 
 these fungi attack the insect while living there is some difference of 
 opinion, but it is not unlikely that they do. About thirty species belong- 
 ing to the Pyrenomycetes have been collected in Bermuda. Most of the 
 species collected are saprophytes and of no especial interest from an eco- 
 nomic point of view. 
 
 Still another group of Ascomycetes of considerable size is known as 
 the Discomycetes or cup-fungi. As implied by the name, a large number 
 of the plants of this group are cup-shaped and vary in size from that of a 
 pin-head to the size of a tea cup, or in rare cases even a foot in diameter. 
 
 While most of the Discomycetes are cup-shaped, some are club-shaped 
 or spathulate. To the latter belong the smooth and hmvy earth-tongues, 
 several species of which have been collected and, in fact, found to be quite 
 common in Bermuda. The plants grow on damp soil or among mosses, 
 are black in color, and reach a height of several inches. It is because of 
 their flattened form that they have come to be popularly known as '^ earth- 
 tongues." 
 
 Of the true cup-fungi the species Lamprospora Planchoms, a small 
 purple cup-fung-us sometimes reaching a size of nearly an inch m diameter 
 
ASCOMYCETES. 485 
 
 and occurring everywhere by roadsides, is the commonest species in the 
 islands. So far as known this species has not been found elsewhere in 
 North America having- originally been described from Europe. None of the 
 very large species have been collected in Bermuda, although they are likely 
 to be found to occur there. 
 
 Probably the most abundant collections of Discomycetes made in Ber- 
 muda consisted of those species, usually small, which occur on the dung of 
 animals. In addition to a number of the common species, one, Ascophanus 
 hermudensis, has been described as new and is known only from Bermuda. 
 
 Another species of considerable interest is Pyronema omphalodes 
 which forms pink masses on burned places. So far as known, this plant 
 occurs in nature only on ground which has been heated by burning. In 
 greenhouses it occurs on soil which has been steamed or heated in some 
 other manner. The fungus is probably world-wide in its distribution and 
 has attracted a great deal of interest. Actual experiment has shown the 
 spores to be able to keep their viability for nearly three years under the 
 most unfavorable conditions. This and the ease with Avhich the spores are 
 disseminated will probably account for the occurrence of this and other 
 similar species in Bermuda with its conditions of isolation. 
 
 Still another species which is attractive and interesting is Pithya 
 Cupressi. The species forms great numbers of fruiting discs about an 
 eighth of an inch in diameter on recently killed foliage of Bermuda cedar. 
 While the fungus appears to be a saprophyte, it is possible that the 
 mycelium attacks the trees while living, producing its fruit after the 
 branches have died. While the plants were collected but once in Bermuda, 
 Ihey were found in large quantities. 
 
 Order 3. PERISPORIALES. 
 
 This order includes the sooty moulds of which the following species 
 have been collected and named: Dimerosporium melioloides (Berk. & Curt.) 
 Ellis & Ev. on the living leaves of Baccharis; Meliola Cookeana Speg. on 
 the leaves otLippia; Meliola circinans Earle on the leaves of saw-grass and 
 Asterina pelliculosa Berk., the last being reported by the Challenger Ex- 
 pedition on coffee leaves. 
 
 Order 4. HYPOCREALES. 
 Family 1. NECTRIACEAE. 
 
 Of this family the blood-red fungus, Nectria sanguinea (Bolton) 
 Fries has been collected, also Sphaerostilbe flammea (Berk. & Rav.) Tul., 
 the latter being associated with scale insects. Three endemic sj^ecies have 
 also been described by the writer, Nectria Lantanae Seaver, Caloncctria 
 Umbelliferarum Seaver and Calonectria granulosa Seaver. 
 
 Family 2. HYPOCREACEAE. 
 
 Three species of this family have been collected, Cordyceps militaris 
 (L.) Link on pupae of insects; also Hypocrea patella Cooke & Peck and 
 Stilbocrea liypocreoides (Kalch. & Cooke) Seaver, the last two on decay- 
 ing wood. 
 
486 ASCOMYCETES. 
 
 Order 5. FIMETARIALES. 
 
 Some of the species of this order occurring in Bermuda are : Fimetaria 
 fimicola (Rob.) D. Griif. & Seaver; Pleurage fimiseda {Ces. & DeNot.) D. 
 Griif., Sporormia minima Auersw. and an unnamed species of Chaeto- 
 mium. All occur on the excrement of animals. 
 
 Order 6. SPHAERIALES. 
 
 This is a large order and well represented in Bermuda. One of the 
 most common species " is Rosellinia subiculata (Schw.) Sacc, a species 
 formin-g small black knobs on rotten wood and occurring on a large variety 
 of substrata. Xylaria filiformis (Albert. & Schw.) Fries was also found 
 to be abundant on dead leaves and Poronia Oedipus Mont, on the excre- 
 ment of cows. The last named species is rather conspicuous and attrac- 
 tive. Several species of Hypoxylon were also collected, the plants of the 
 genus forming black crusts on decaying wood and other substrata. 
 
 Order 7. HELVELLALES. 
 
 This order includes the "earth-tongues" of which Trichoglossum 
 hirsutum Wriglitii Durand and Geoglossum nigritum Cooke are the most 
 common both occurring on rocky moss covered hillsides. 
 
 Order 8. PEZIZALES. 
 
 This order which is a very large one contains the true cup-fungi of 
 which about twenty identifiable species have been collected. Among these 
 the hairy cups, Laclinea pulcherrima (Cr.) Boud. and Lachnea theleboloides 
 (Albert. & Schw.) Gill, are found to be common on the excrement of cows. 
 Ascophanus granuliformis (Cr.) Boud., Ascobolus stercorarius (Bull.) 
 Schroet., Ascobolus immersus Pers., Saccobolus Kerverni (Cr.) Boud., 
 Lasiobolus equinus (Muell.) Karst. and Thecotheus Pelletieri (Cr.) Boud. 
 also occur on the dung of different animals. Among the wood-inhabiting 
 species are Gongoniceps Pumilionis Rehm, Dasycypha earoleuca Berk. & 
 Br., Patellaria atrata (Hedw.) Fries and Karschia lignyota (Fries) Sacc, 
 the last two resembling lichen apothecia. 
 
 Order 9. HYSTERIALES. 
 
 The black boat-shaped fruiting bodies of the fungi of this order are 
 usually found on rotten wood. Two species were found to be common, 
 Gloniopsis lineolatum (Cooke) Sacc, and Hysterographium praelongum 
 (Schw.) Sacc. 
 
 Order 10. PHACIDIALES. 
 
 The plants of this order resemble those of the preceding but are not 
 always black. Three species have been collected, Propolis faginea 
 Schrad.) Karst., Stictis radiata (L.) Pers., and Stictis graminum Desm. 
 
 Sub-class 4. BASIDIOMYCETES. 
 
 The Basidiomycetes also comprise a very large group of fungi of 
 varied form and habits. Unlike the Ascomycetes, the spores of the Basid- 
 
BASIDIOMYCETES. 487 
 
 iomycetes are never borne in closed sacs but are borne externally on little 
 stems like miniature clusters of cherries or other fruit. Several devices 
 also occur for ejecting the spores with force which greatly facilitate the 
 matter of distribution. 
 
 One important subdivision of the Basidiomycetes is that known as the 
 plant rusts, the term " rust " referring to the color of the spores in some 
 of the species. The rusts are all parasitic and from an economic point of 
 view occupy a high place among parasitic fungi. Unlike most parasites 
 the rusts have several distinct stages in their life cycles and the different 
 stages often occur on different host plants. Such parasites are known as 
 heteroecious parasites. 
 
 The common grain rust which, although it is not at present known to 
 occur in Bermuda, is likely at any time to be found there, is one of the 
 most important of the plant rusts. The early or spring stage of this rust 
 occurs on the leaves of the barberrj^ bush. The spores produced here 
 cannot reinfect the leaves of the barberry but germinate readily on the 
 leaves and stems of the common grains, both the summer and winter stages 
 being produced on the same host. Two different plants are then made use 
 of in order to enable the fungus to complete its life cycle. It has been 
 repeatedly shown, however, that this fungus can thrive in countries where 
 the barberry is unknown, so that this host is not absolutely necessary to 
 the life of the fungus. Just how the rust is carried over without the 
 presence of this host is a question that has never been veiy satisfactorily 
 answered. 
 
 Nine species of plant rusts have been collected in Bennuda, occurring 
 on about twelve different hosts, some of which are of no particular economic 
 importance. The rust of Sorghum and that of cultivated peaches are 
 likely to be of some economic importance. Additional species may be 
 expected to appear in Bermuda as the work of agriculture and horticulture 
 becomes more extended in the islands. While only nine species have been 
 collected, it is not unlikely that more occur but have escaped notice. 
 
 Among these is a cedar rust known as Gymnosporangium hermudi- 
 anum, a species which is related to our own cedar-apple rust, affecting red 
 cedar and cultivated and wild apples, and causing great losses where apples 
 and cedars are cultivated in close proximity. The cedar rust occurring in 
 Bermuda apparently causes little or no damage. 
 
 Another group which is usually included with the lower Basidiomycetes 
 are the smuts, so-called because of the black mass of spores which are 
 formed usually associated with the flowers or fruit of the host. The only 
 species observed in Bermuda is the common corn-smut, a species which 
 causes great losses wherever maize is extensively cultivated. This is one 
 of the parasitic fungi, however, which can be easily controlled by the appli- 
 cation of the principles of scientific agriculture. 
 
 The Basidiomycetes contain those forms known as puffballs, toad- 
 stools and mushrooms, many of which are commonly used as articles of 
 food. While some edible species were collected in Bennuda, they were 
 found only sparingly and whether these occur in sufficient quantity to be of 
 practical use, it is difficult to say; although they are likely to be abundant 
 during periods of excessive rainfall. 
 
 Among the puffballs the only species collected was one of the earth- 
 stars, Geaster saccatus. The earthstars differ from the other puffballs in 
 
488 BASIDIOMYCETES. 
 
 that the outer peridium splits star-like and folds back, elevating the fruit 
 body in such a way as to aid in the distribution of the spores. 
 
 The Basidiomycetes also include the woody fungi which occur on the 
 trunks of trees and are often the source of great damage by causing heart 
 rot. The number of such species found in Bermuda was surprisingly small, 
 perhaps on account of the small number of kinds of native host plants. 
 
 Order 11. USTILAGINALES. 
 
 The smuts, which belong to this order, are often included with the 
 lower Basidiomycetes. One species has been found in Bermuda, Ustilago 
 Zeae (Beckm.) Unger, a very destructive parasite. 
 
 Order 12. UREDINALES. 
 
 Some of the species of plant rusts belonging to the present order oc- 
 curring in the islands are: Nigfedo proeminens (DC) Arthur occurring on 
 leaves of Poinsetta and various species of Cliamaesyce, and Nigredo Medi- 
 caginis (Pass.) Arthur on the leaves of Medicago denticulata. Other 
 species are : Puccinia Lantanae Farlow^ Puccinia Dichondrae Mont., Puc- 
 cinia Cladii Ellis & Tracy, Puccinia Polygoni-amphihii Pers. and Puccinia 
 purpurea Cooke. Tranzschelia jyunctata (Pers.) Arthur occurs as a para- 
 site on the leaves of cultivated peach. 
 
 Order 13. AGARICALES. 
 
 This order contains the edible mushrooms. Among the endemic 
 species are: Agaricus alphitopliorus Berk., Agaricus helictus Berk., Maras- 
 mius bermudensis Berk., Marasmius Sabali Berk., Marasmius praedecur- 
 rens Murrill, Pleurotopsis niduUformis Mun^U and Tyromyces graminicola 
 Murrill. In all thirty species of the order have been recorded. 
 
 Order 14. AURICULARIALES. 
 
 One endemic species belonging to this order has been collected, Hirne- 
 ola coffcicolor Berk. 
 
 Order 15. LYCOPERDALES. 
 
 The earthstar named above is the only representative of this order. 
 
 Order 16. PHALLALES. 
 
 A single species belonging to the genus ClatJirus has been collected 
 but was in such poor state of preservation that it could not be determined. 
 
 Imperfect Fungi. 
 
 In addition to the main groups of fungi, there are a large number of 
 species which are thought to represent stages in the life cycles of other 
 fungi, especially the Ascomycetes. These are included in the group com- 
 monly known as the Imperfect Fungi, since their histories are imperfectly 
 known. Fourteen species of such fungi collected in Bermuda have been 
 named. Many of these occur as parasites and are the cause of serious leaf 
 and stem injuiy. One species, Helminthosporium Ravenelii, forms its 
 
BASIDIOMYCETES. 489 
 
 spores in a black mass over the flowers of its host, one of the grasses. On 
 account of the large size of the spores, the fungus is very beautiful and the 
 large masses of spores render it a very attractive species. 
 
 Order 17. SPHAEROPSIDALES. 
 
 Among the fungi of this order are the leaf-spots, a number of which 
 have been collected. Some of the species are: Septoria oleandrina Sacc, 
 Phyllosticta Opuntiae Sacc. & Speg., Phoma Musarum Cooke and Pestal- 
 lozzia Guepini Desm. 
 
 In addition to these a number of Hyphomycetes have been collected 
 among which are : Macrosporium Solani Ellis & Martin, Sclerotium Semen 
 Tode and Helicoma larvula Morgan. 
 
 In order to make a careful survey of the fungi of any region, it is 
 necessary to study the region not only through the season but for several 
 seasons, since many of the fungi are not persistent as are the higher plants. 
 Many of them last for only a few days at most, and in some cases may not 
 appear again for years. The best means of securing a complete knowledge 
 of the fungi of Bermuda is for some permanent resident to take up a study 
 of the grc'jp and continue it indefinitely. Such a study would not only 
 furnish interesting occupation, but would extend our local knowledge of 
 the fungi and doubtless result in adding many species to those already 
 known. 
 
 Class 3. ALGAE.* 
 Contributed by Marshall A. Howe. 
 
 The shores of Bermuda and the adjacent sea-bottoms offer wider areas 
 and doubtless more diversified conditions for the growth and development 
 of plants than do the parts of Bermuda that are permanently above the 
 sea. It is probable that thorough investigations will show that, even when 
 the microscopic diatoms, not especially numerous here, are excluded, the 
 number of species of marine plants of Bermuda and vicinity is equal to 
 that of the seed-bearing plants of the dry land. Many of the organisms 
 that first attract the eye in the famous "sea gardens " of Bennuda, such as 
 the corals, the sponges, and their relatives, are members of the animal 
 kingdom, though it is not surprising that the earlier naturalists, observing 
 these organisms to be attached, like the undoubted plants of the land and 
 sea, were inclined to look upon them as plants. And it is not surprising 
 that this idea, as regards some of these organisms, has now and then per- 
 sisted, with those who have never made a special study of such things, even 
 down to the present day. 
 
 Of the marine plants that wash ashore in Bermuda, especially after 
 a severe storm, and that are commonly referred to as " seaweeds," a few 
 are seed plants belonging to such genera as Tlialassia, the Turtle Grass; 
 Zostera, the Eel Grass; and Cijmodocea, the Manatee Grass. However, 
 most of the plants found in the beach drift or seen growing near the line 
 of the low tide or in deeper water, are less highly organized, non-vascular 
 plants, and are representatives of the large and much diversified group 
 known to botanists as the algae. Probably by reason of the more scorch- 
 
 * Chiefly marine, as represented in Bermuda and as here treated. 
 
490 ALGAE. 
 
 ing effects of the sun's rays, the algae are less conspicuous between the 
 tide lines in the warmer parts of the earth than in many of the colder 
 parts. In this respect, as also in the genera and species that are repre- 
 sented, Bermuda has more in common with Florida and the West Indies 
 than with the northern United States and Great Britain. The direct 
 physical connection with more southern shores by the northward-flowing 
 Gulf Stream and the more or less similar conditions as to illumination and 
 water temperatures are doubtless- the main factors in determining the 
 obviously marked affinity between the marine flora of Bermuda and that of 
 the Antillean region. A certain number of species of marine algae — a 
 number that seems to increase rather than diminish as a result of critical 
 study — is, so far as is now known, peculiar to Bermuda ; other species 
 occur also on the North Atlantic coasts of the American continent ;, others, 
 again are found also on the shores of Europe, the Azores, the Canary Isles, 
 etc. ; but to still larger degree the algae of Bermuda appear to be identical 
 in species with those of the Bahamas, southern Florida, and the Greater 
 Antilles. 
 
 The marine algae of Bermuda have received a considerable amount of 
 attention from naturalists. One species and one variety reached the hands 
 of Dawson Turner and were described by him in the first volume of his 
 classic Historia Fucorum, published in 1808. Four principal lists of Ber- 
 mudian algae have been published up to the date of writing, all of which 
 are referred to in the general bibliography. In the first of these, by 
 Alexander F. Kemp, published in 1857, seventy-one species of marine 
 algae are named and others are referred to the genus only. In the second, 
 by Johannes Justus Rein, published in 1873, the number enumerated is 
 one hundred and nine. In the third, published in the report of the Chal- 
 lenger Expedition in 1884 and based in a considerable part on the two 
 lists already mentioned, one hundred and thirty-two species are named as 
 occurring in these islands. 
 
 But by far the most complete list of Bermuda algae ever published 
 is contained in a paper on " The Algae of Bermuda" by F. S. Collins and 
 A. B. Hervey, which has appeared just as the present work is going to 
 press and in which 410 species are recognized. Collections of algae have 
 been made in Bermuda by one or both of the authors of this recent im- 
 portant paper at all seasons of the year, and 250 numbers of dried speci- 
 mens of Bermuda algae have been distributed by them in the Phycotheca 
 Boreali-Americana of Collins, Holden & Setchell. In the following dis- 
 cussion of the marine flora these specimens are often cited under the abbre- 
 viation "Phyc. Bor.-Am." In addition to these specimens, the writer has 
 had access to a considerable amount of material, both dried and in fluid, 
 generously supplied to the New York Botanical Garden by Mr. Collins, 
 and also to a collection of 329 numbers, both dried and in fluid, made by 
 the writer during a single four weeks' visit to Bennuda in the summer of 
 1900, as well as to a number of specimens collected and distributed by Pro- 
 fessor W. G. Farlow, Professor Herbert M. Richards, and others. In 
 view of the very recent appearance of the Collins & Hervey list and in view 
 of the more limited material at the disposal of the present writer, no 
 attempt to offer a complete list of species will be made in the following 
 pages. An effort will be made, however, at least to mention the more 
 common and more conspicuous algae occurring in the islands, with remarks. 
 
ALGAE. 491 
 
 sometimes diagnostic or semi-diagnostic, on some of the more characteristic 
 species. 
 
 Among the algae as a whole, as the term is commonly restricted by 
 modern writers, three great sub-classes are recognized, known as the Chloro- 
 phyceae or the Green Algae, the Phaeophyceae or Brown Algae, and the 
 RhodoiDhyceae or Red Algae. The algae in general possess more or less 
 chlorophyl, the green pigment characteristic of most of the higher plants, 
 and in the sub-class Chlorophyceae, the chlorophyl is as a rule comparatively 
 free from admixture with other coloring matters, so that the plants impress 
 one as being more or less grass-green in color. In the sub-class Phaeophyceae, 
 the chlorophyl is accompanied by one or more brownish or yellowish pig- 
 ments and the resulting color is commonly a brownish green or an olive- 
 green. In the sub-class Rhodophyceae, the chloro])hyl is ordinarily masked or 
 obscured by a red pigment, so that the plants usually exhibit some shade of 
 red, pink, violet, or purple, though in certain kinds the shade is so dark 
 as to be almost black. Associated with these color differences as exhibited by 
 these three sub-classes, and perhaps of more fundamental import, are cer- 
 tain differences in structure and in modes of reproduction. But the deter- 
 mination of these characters involves, as a rule, the use of the higher 
 powers of the microscope and they have been referred to only occasionally 
 in the discussion that follows. 
 
 Sub-class CYANOPHYCEAE. 
 
 In addition to the three classes of plants mentioned in the preceding 
 paragraph, the term algae is verj^ often extended to include also another, 
 somewhat simpler class known as the Cyanophyceae or Myxophyceae, com- 
 monly referred to as the Blue-green Algae, a group that exhibits points 
 of contact, on the one hand, with the Bacteria and, on the other hand, with 
 the simplest Red Algae. In this group, the chlorophyl is associated with 
 another pigment which commonly gives the cell contents a bluish-green 
 shade, though in mass, to the naked eye, the plants veiy commonly appear 
 nearly black. They are usually plants of small size but when associated 
 in colonies as is their ordinary habit, they form masses that may readily 
 attract the eye. In many of them reproductive processes are so little 
 differentiated from those of ordinaiy vegetative growth that it is difficult 
 to say just what should be considered an individual plant and what an 
 aggregation of individuals. In some of them the single microscopic cell is 
 more or less obviously the individual; in certain others it is a filament, 
 made up usually of a single row of cells. The Cyanophyceae are wholly 
 non-sexual in their modes of multiplication. In the simpler forms the 
 multiplication of individuals occurs through simple division or fission; in 
 the higher, certain cells, known as spores or resting cells, differentiated 
 from the ordinary vegetative cells in size and other characters, take upon 
 themselves the function of originating new individuals. The Cyanophyceae 
 may form gelatinous or slimy dark scums on rather stagnant water or 
 somewhat similar films or crusts on rocks or on the larger aquatic plants, 
 
492 CHROOCOCCACEAE. 
 
 either between the tide lines or permanently submerged. They are not 
 confined to the sea, but are perhaps even more common in brackish or fresh 
 water. They also occur on moist ground and even on trunks of trees and 
 rocks where rains and atmospheric moisture are their only sources of water- 
 supply. A few of the species of Cyanophyceae that have been found in 
 Bermuda may be mentioned : 
 
 Family CHROOCOCCACEAE. 
 
 Chroococcus turgidus (Kiitz.) Xaeg., a minute one-celled, more or less 
 colonial plant, occurs in brackish pools, commonly associated with other small 
 Cyanophyceae. 
 
 Chroothece Richteriana Hansgirg, forms verdigris-green or dark blue- 
 green gelatinous cushions or crusts on rocks, sometimes at a considerable dis- 
 tance from the sea, as in Church Cave. 
 
 Chroothece cryptarum Farlow, of somewhat similar appearance to the 
 naked eye, also forms crusts or films on rocks in caves, as at Agar 's Island. 
 
 Gloeothece rupestris (Lyngb.) Bornet, another unicellular form, occurs 
 as a dark or bluish olive-green gelatinous film on moist ground, as at Spanish 
 Point. 
 
 Family OSCILLATORIACEAE. 
 Oscillatoria amphibia Ag., a filamentous plant, forms gelatinous masses 
 in brackish pools, often associated with other species of the same genus or 
 class. Several other species of the genus occur in Bermuda. This genus re- 
 ceives its name from the fact that the filaments in a living condition show 
 slow swaying movements, visible under a compound microscope. 
 
 Lyngbya majuscula (Dillw.) Harv., sometimes known as Mermaid's 
 Hair, forms conspicuous slimy intricate mats or tufts that may vary in color 
 from bluish green to blue-black. The individual threads are easily visible to 
 the unaided eye and seem sometimes to attain a length of several inches. It 
 flourishes best in salt water that is little disturbed, as in the ponds of Walsing- 
 ham and in the tide-pools of St. David's Island. 
 
 Lsmgbya confervoides violacea Collins, has been found by Collins to occur 
 in a small pond near Harrington Sound, where it forms a reddish film on 
 decaying algae, in company, it is said, with Lynghya lutea (Ag.) Gom. and 
 L. semiplena (Ag.) J. Ag. 
 
 Microcoleus chthonoplastes (Mert.) Thuret, representing a genus in 
 vrhich numerous filaments occur in bundles enclosed in a common sheath, forms 
 a bluish green turf or film on littoral soil, on wooden piers, on borders of tide- 
 pools, etc. 
 
 Hydrocoleum comoides (Harv.) Gom. has been found on rocks near low- 
 water mark at Cox's Bay, Devonshire. In this, as in the Microcoleus, there 
 is a number of threads inside a common sheath, but the number is less. 
 
NOSTOCACEAE. 493 
 
 Family NOSTOCACEAE. 
 
 Nostoc commune Vaueh. is not uncommon both on moist ground and on 
 ground that is apparently dry a good deal of the time. It forms a con- 
 spicuous olive-green or nearly black membranous crust that is gelatinous when 
 moist and rather brittle when dry. It often, especially when dry, appears to 
 lie loose on the ground, without attachments of any sort. The more or less 
 confluent thalli sometimes appear to be several inches broad and show ele- 
 vated lobes and bullae and very irregular pits and lacunae on the upper sur- 
 face. Under a compound microscope, the cells, imbedded in a gelatinous- 
 matrix, look like chains of beads, with occasional yellowish usually larger cells 
 known as heteroeysts. 
 
 Family SCYTONEMATACEAE. 
 
 Scytonema ocellatum (Dillw.) Thuret, forms a dark almost black turf of 
 minute intricate or suberect threads on the sand dunes of Paget. In the 
 Scytonemataceae the sheaths of the filaments are firm and are scarcely gelat- 
 inous even when wet ; the filaments often show a so-called * ' false ' ' branching ; 
 and, as in most of the other genera of the family, there are heteroeysts some- 
 what like those of Nostoc. 
 
 Scytonema myochrous Ag., which, like the former, can hardly be con- 
 sidered a marine species, forms a short nap or felt on rocks, as about Harring- 
 ton Sound. 
 
 Scytonema junipericola Farlow, forms dark velvety patches on the bark 
 of the Bermuda cedar. 
 
 Family STiaONEMATACEAE. 
 
 Hapalosiphon intricatus W. & G. S. West, a delicate freshwater fila- 
 mentous species, has been reported by Collins from the Devonshire marshes, 
 where it occurs in ditches, Avith Sphagnum. In this genus the filaments show 
 ''true" lateral branching and intercalary heteroeysts are present. 
 
 Family RIVULARIACEAE. 
 
 Eivularia polyotis (Ag.) Born. & Flah. forms small blackish green 
 sinuose-bullate gelatinous cushions on rocks and other objects between the 
 tide lines. In the Eivulariaceae there is a distinct differentiation of base and 
 apex of the filament, the apex running out into a thin hair. In Rivvlaria, the 
 filaments have a more or less radial arrangement and there is a hcterocyst at 
 the base of each filament. 
 
 Calothrix scopulorum (Web. & Mohr) Ag. has been found liy Mr. 
 Collins at Shelly Bay, where it formed a blackish green layer on a rock n»\nr 
 the high-water mark. 
 
 Polythrix corymbosa (Harv.) Grun. forms a turf on rocks just below the 
 low-water mark. The erect subdichotomously branched fastigiate blue-green 
 
494 ULVACEAE. 
 
 threads seem coarser than those of most Cyanophyceae, but the microscope 
 shows that each thread is a eylindric bundle of closely compacted filaments of 
 the Eivtdaria or Calothrix type. Mangrove Bay (Hervey.) 
 
 Sub-class CHLOROPHYCEAE. 
 
 The affinities of the marine algae of Bermuda with those of southern 
 Florida and the West Indian region are nowhere more clearly shown than 
 in the order Siphonales of the sub-class Chlorophyceae, more particularly in 
 such genera as Caulerpa, Avrainvillea, Udotea, Penicillus, Halimeda, 
 Codium, Valonia, Batophora, Dasycladus, Neomeris, Acicularia, and Ace- 
 tabulum, all of the species of which seem identical with those from farther 
 south. It is probable that systematic dredging operations in waters from 
 50 to 300 feet deep would materially increase the number of species of 
 Siphonales that Bermuda shares with Florida and the West Indies. Some 
 of the larger Green Algae that have been found are the following: 
 
 Family ULVACEAE. 
 
 ITlva Lactuca L., the Sea Lettuce, in various forms, is not uncommon, 
 especially in sheltered places. The thallus consists of a thin flat green mem- 
 brane, which is shown by the microscope to be two cells thick. 
 
 The genus Monostroma, in which the thallus is outwardly rather similar 
 to that of the Sea Lettuce, but consists in the main part at least of only one 
 layer of cells, is represented by one or more species. 
 
 The genus Enteromorpha, in most of the species of which the thallus is 
 tubular with the walls one cell thick, is represented by several species growing 
 in shallow water or on rocks or other objects between the tide lines. Entero- 
 morpha intestinalis tenuis Collins, E. flexuosa (Wulf.) Ag., E. flexuosa 
 submarina Collins & Hervey, E. plumosa Klitz., and E. minima Naeg. are the 
 names employed by Collins for the species issued in the Phycotheca Boreali- 
 Americana. E. plumosa Kiitz., the branches of which commonly terminate in 
 a single row of cells, has been found by Collins, attached to floating wood. 
 
 Family VALONIACEAE. 
 
 Valonia ventricosa J. Ag., Sea Bottles, one often finds washed ashore on 
 South Beach. The plant is essentially an ovoid, pyriform, or subglobose mem- 
 branous sac filled with protoplasm and attaining a diameter of one or two 
 inches. When living it is dark green and more or less iridescent. On being 
 killed and bleached it becomes beautifully pellucid and is as attractive then 
 as when living. 
 
 Valonia macrophysa Kiitz. In this species the vesicles are smaller than 
 in the preceding and they often branch copiously, forming clumps as large as 
 a man's fist or even head. It occurs in shaded sheltered places, as in man- 
 grove swamps, and has an extraordinary development in the ponds near 
 Walsingham, where it forms large beautifully iridescent masses attached to 
 
VALONIACEAE. 495 
 
 submerged rocks and logs. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1867; Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 171, 
 as F. utricularis Ag.) 
 
 Ernodesmis verticillata (Kiitz.) B^rg. This plant was formerly consid- 
 ered to be a Valonia, to which genus it is closely related. The plant is 
 repeatedly branched, the slender club-shaped branches or vesicles occurring 
 in whorls of 4 to 12. The species has been found in Harrington Sound and in 
 a shallow tidal stream flowing into Hungry Bay. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1907.) 
 
 Dictyosphaeria favulosa (Ag.) Decaisne, has been found at Harris Bay 
 by Hervey (Phyc Bor.-Am. £015). It forms hollow membranous thalli that 
 are at first subglobose or lightly wrinkled or lobed, becoming later irregularly 
 torn or somewhat cup-shaped, the thallus often as large as one 's fist. The 
 surface of the thallus shows numerous hexagonal facets, mostly a half line or 
 less in diameter, suggesting a miniature honeycomb. The plant grows at- 
 tached to rocks in shallow water. 
 
 Siphonocladus tropicus (Crouan) J. Ag. has lateral flagelliform branches 
 0.5-2 inches long, clothed with irregular often crowded proliferations mostly 
 j.^-i inches long. 
 
 Siphonocladus rigidus M. A. Howe, has, for the most part, a dichotomous 
 or subdichotomous mode of branching, though short, irregular or subsecund, 
 mostly unicellular, lateral proliferations are of occasional occurrence. The 
 cell walls are thick and under a microscope conspicuously lamellate, and the 
 septa are often mammillate or tuberculate on their upper faces. It grows on 
 rocks and pebbles in shallow water or at the low-tide line. Agar's Island 
 (Collins), (Phyc. Bor.-Am. £169.) 
 
 Petrosiphon adhaerens M. A. Howe, forms closely appressed slightly calci- 
 fied light green crusts or cushions in tide-pools or on limestone rocks near the 
 low-water mark. It has a radially striate or sulcate appearance owing to its 
 radio-marginal growth. The plant is actually attached to the rock by boring 
 rhizoids and can not well be removed without use of hammer and chisel. The 
 species was originally described from the Bahamas, but has recently been 
 found in the Bermudas by Hervey. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. £073.) 
 
 Anadyomene stellata (Wulf.) Ag. is not uncommon on rocks, growing 
 mostly in 1-20 feet of water. It forms a membranous bright green subsessile 
 thallus usually 1-3 inches high or broad and looking a little like a young Ulva 
 but crisper and more rigid to the touch. Under a hand-lens or even to the 
 naked eye it shows an elegant system of venation, with the principal veins 
 radiating in a palmate, flabellate, or semicircular fashion from radially suc- 
 cessive foci. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1906.) 
 
 Struvea ramosa Dickie, was originally described from the Bermudas from 
 material dredged in deep water by the Challenger Expedition and has since 
 been reported from the Canary Islands. The plant is two or three inches tall, 
 more than half of which consists of the slender simple or oppositely branehe<i 
 stipe, which is rugose-annulate near the base or also at the base of its branches. 
 
496 YALONIACEAE. 
 
 Terminating the stipe or each of its branches is a plane elliptic or ovate net- 
 work of opposite or substellate cohering branches and branchlets. The plant 
 is easily distinguished from Anadyomene by its long slender stalk and by the 
 less solid or more lacunose network. In this Struvea the vacant spaces among 
 the united branchlets occupy an area that is in the aggregate fully equal to 
 that occupied by the branchlets themselves, while in Anadyomene the mem- 
 brane is very nearly solid and continuous. 
 
 Boodlea struveoides M. A. Howe, sp. nov. Thallus weakly stipitate, the 
 stipe simple or dichotomous, 5-30 mm. (1-4 cells) long, 200-450 At in diameter, 
 its cells 4-40 times as long as broad; branches variously disposed, often 
 mostly opposite and developing in a single plane, their branchlets cohering 
 frequently by tentacula and forming a flat uniaxial frond often 1 cm. long 
 and wide (4-16 meshes wide), these fronds, in turn, cohering with others of 
 their kind and forming dense spongy confervoid cushions 2-4 cm. in diameter; 
 or, branches subpalmate, palmately subdistichous, subverticillate, or emerging 
 irregularly and in all directions; cells of the main axes 150-320 /t in diameter, 
 mostly 2-5 times as long as broad, becoming scarcely longer than broad above; 
 branches and branchlets numerous, patent or divaricate, the ultimate cells GO- 
 SO /i in diameter, 2-4 times as long as broad, often recurved. 
 
 On rocks in about 3 dm. of water, Harrington Sound (type, Howe 131, 
 in herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). 
 
 This species is somewhat intermediate between Boodlea siamensis Reinb. 
 and Struvea anastomosans (Harv.) Piccone, but can not be accurately identi- 
 fied with either. Its nearest relatives are doubtless the East Indian B. 
 siamensis Eeinb. and B. paradoxa Eeinb., from both of which it apparently 
 differs in the development of a weak stipe (sometimes as much as 3 cm. long) 
 and in the commonly more Struvea-like development of its upper parts. It is 
 also more rigid and somewhat coarser in all its parts than B. siamensis, a type 
 duplicate of which has been compared with it. The frequent irregular develop- 
 ment of the branches in all planes makes the plant a Boodlea rather than a 
 Struvea. Of the Bermudian algae, this plant is perhaps most likely to be 
 confused with small pulvinate Cladophoras or with Cladophoropsis mem- 
 hranacea, but examination with a hand-lens or attempts to disentangle the 
 mats disclose the cohesions of the branchlets and the net-like meshes of the 
 Boodlea. Apparently endemic. 
 
 Family CLADOPHORACEAE. 
 
 Cladophoropsis membranacea (Ag.) Bjzirg. occurs on rocks near the low- 
 water mark, on roots of mangroves, and in pools, forming bright green attached 
 cushions or loose irregular detached clumps. In structure it resembles a 
 Cladopliora, but the branches are, usually at least, without a septum at the 
 base. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1866.) 
 
 Cladophora fuliginosa Kiitz. Somewhat similar to Cladophoropsis mem- 
 hranacea and possibly a derivative of it, is the composite organism described 
 and figured by Harvey as Blodgettia confervoides, which occurs in Bermuda 
 in similar places, though often in more agitated water. This turns blackish 
 on being killed and is often blackish when found growing. There is present 
 
CLADOPHORACEAE. 497 
 
 in the cell walls a peculiar filamentous fungus, to which E. P. Wright has 
 restricted the generic name Blodgettia, with the new &-pecifie name Bornetii. 
 Whether this algicolous fungus is to be considered a lichenogenous one or 
 simply a parasite is possibly a matter of definition of terms, though it seems 
 to conform better to the usual conception of a parasite. The cell walls of the 
 host are commonly more rigid and the branches more commonly have a septum 
 at the base than is the case in Cladophoropsis memhranacca. The combina- 
 tion of fungus and alga was apparently first described by Kiitzing under the 
 name Cladophora fuliginosa, a name recently revived by Collins and by 
 B^rgesen. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. SOIS.) 
 
 Cladophora catenifera Kiitz. was originally described from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. The name has been applied by Collins to a Bermudian plant 
 that is somewhat similar, but has shorter, more fasciculate-divaricate ramuli. 
 It is one of the largest and coarsest of the Cladophoras, In a sheltered place 
 in Red Bay, St. David's Island, it forms stiff erect dark green tufts that are 
 sometimes nearly a foot and a half high. 
 
 Cladophora crystallina (Roth) Kiitz. is the name under which Collins 
 has distributed (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1865) Bermudian specimens from pools on 
 the South Shore and at Harrington Sound. The plant has fine soft copiously 
 branched filaments and has a glossy appearance on being pressed and dried. 
 
 Cladophora Howei Collins forms compact yellowish green mats or tufts 
 about half an inch high on rocks in tide pools on Gibbet Island. Endemic. 
 
 Cladophora fracta (Vahl) Kiitz. is a widely distributed an<l variable 
 species of fresh or brackish water. It has been found by Hervey in a 
 reservoir near Spanish Rock. (Phye. Bor.-Am. 2013.) 
 
 Cladophora corallicola B^rg. is a name that has been adopted by the 
 editors of the Phyeotheea Boreali-Americana {2010) for a plant collected at 
 Tucker's Town by Dr. Hervey. The name was first proposed for a Danish 
 West Indian plant, dredged from a depth of about 100 feet, where it formed 
 a dense covering on dead corals and shells. 
 
 Cladophora crispula Tickers, was originally described from Barbados, 
 where it forms dense, closely interwoven, spongy, olive-green or dusky green 
 masses, lobes of which sometimes grow out as irregular rope-like strands an 
 inch or so long. Under a lens the ultimate branchlets are seen to be curved 
 and inflexed, giving a densely crisped or curled appearance to the matted sur- 
 face. The name has been applied in the Phyeotheea Boreali-Americana 
 {2011) to a lighter-colored, much less crisped and spongy plant from Harring- 
 ton Sound. 
 
 Cladophora utriculosa Kiitz. is a name under which a plant from Harring- 
 ton Sound has been distributed in the Phyeotheea Boreali-Americana {£01 f). 
 The cells of this Bermudian plant, however, seem to be on the average much 
 shorter than those of the original plant from the Adriatic Sea. It is very 
 difficult, if not impossible, to define the limits of currently recognized species 
 of Cladophora and the interpretation of the species and their range of varia- 
 
 33 
 
498 CLADOPHOKACEAE. 
 
 tion is a subject of widely varying treatment by phycological writers. Clado- 
 phora, in fact, seems to be a genus in whicli clearly defined species do not 
 exist. Other species, as currently recognized, certainly occur in Bermuda. 
 
 Chaetomorpha Linum (O. F. Mlill.) Kiitz. occurs in quiet water, as in 
 Harrington Sound, the ponds of Walsingham, Hamilton Harbor, and at 
 Hungry Bay. It forms unattached tangled mats of delicate unbranched 
 threads (diam. tV-b of a line) made up of a single row of cells. (Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. 1863, as C. aerea, forma Linum.) 
 
 Chaetomorpha crassa (Ag.) Kiitz. is a species with coarser filaments 
 (^f of a line in diameter) that is found in tide pools, fish ponds, mangrove 
 swamps, etc. (Phyc, Bor.-Am. 1864.) 
 
 Chaetomorpha brachygona Harv., collected at Walsingham by Collins, 
 has filaments of i— J the diameter of those of C. Linum and C. crassa, with 
 cells scarcely longer than broad. 
 
 Chaetomorpha minima Collins & Hervey, is a name under which the 
 editors of the Phycotheca Boreali- Americana {2007) have distributed a slender 
 plant found by Hervey, attached to CladopJiora, Codium, etc. in Harrington 
 Sound. Endemic. 
 
 Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (Ag.) Kiitz., a widely distributed species, 
 has been reported (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2009) as occurring in Bermuda in 
 reservoirs and in fresh-water rock-pools. 
 
 Rhizoclonium crassipellitum W. & G. S. West, originally described from 
 Portuguese West Africa, has* been reported from a fresh-water pool near Ely 's 
 Harbor (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2008). 
 
 Rhizoclonium Hookeri Kiitz., or something close to it, occurs associated 
 with a moss, Eucladiiim verticillatum, on the walls of Smuggler 's Cave, near 
 Castle Harbor, The filaments are apparently more robust than those of plants 
 from Kerguelen 's Island to which the name was first applied. 
 
 Rhizoclonium tortuosum Kiitz., which is perhaps an untenable name, may 
 be used for the present for a plant that is found in tangled mats on rocks at 
 the high-tide line on the Paget shore of Hamilton Harbor. 
 
 Rhizoclonium Kerneri Stockmayer, is a name that has been applied by 
 Collins to a plant that forms a dark green film on branches and roots of the 
 mangroves, accompanying Caloglossa Leprieurii. Its filaments are somewhat 
 coarser than those of the type of this species. 
 
 Family DASYCLADACEAE. 
 
 Dasycladus vermicularis (Scop.) Krasser, a dirty-yellowish-green cylin- 
 drie or club-shaped plant, mostly 1-3 inches high and i-i inch broad, with 
 densely compacted whorls of branches, which are in turn two or three times 
 verticillately ramulose, has been found on pebbles in a shallow bay on Cooper 's 
 Island by Collins. In this genus the gametangia are terminal on the primary 
 branches. (Phyc. Bor,-Am. 1868, as Dasycladus clavaeformis.) 
 
DASYCLADACEAE. 499 
 
 Batophora Oerstedi occidentalis (llarv.) M. A. Howe, is usually a 
 smaller plant than the foregoing, with more widely spaced whorls of primary 
 branches. The sporangia, containing large firm-walled aplanospores are lat- 
 eral at the distal ends of the primary or secondary branches. It occurs on old 
 shells, old shoes, pebbles, etc. at Spanish Point, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. J910 
 and e016.) 
 
 Neomeris annulata Dickie, is a light green or whitish lime-encrusted, 
 worm-like plant scarcely one inch high, with a cortex that shows under a hand 
 lens numerous small hexagonal facets in regular transverse rows. It grows on 
 stones in shallow water on White's Island in Hamilton Harbor and in Har- 
 rington Sound, maturing in the month of July. The strongly calcified 
 sporangia cohere laterally and form transverse rings in the lower half of the 
 plant. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1909.) 
 
 Acetabulum crenulatum (Lamour.) Kuntze, the dainty Mermaid's Wine 
 Glass, is not uncommon on pebbles, shells, pieces of dead coral, etc. in shallow 
 water, growing especially in rather protected places. Particularly attractive 
 specimens are found, in the summer at least, in the tidal stream that forms the 
 outlet of one of the ponds in the Walsingham region. The plants are 1-4 
 inches high and are terminated by a disc or cup ^-§ inch broad. Practically 
 the whole plant is usually strongly coated with lime and it becomes a chalky 
 white soon after being taken -from the water and exposed to the light, though 
 in the living state the cup part, at least, is commonly a light green. Each of 
 the 35-60 radial chambers of which the cup is composed is in large part a 
 sporangium, containing in the present species 200-500 subglobose firm-walled 
 aplanospores, which are not calcified. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1908, as Acetabularia 
 crenulata.) 
 
 Acicularia Schenckii (Mob.) Solms, looks a little like the preceding but 
 is smaller in every way and is less common. The disc or cup is very nearly 
 flat, is only about i in. broad, and has only 30-42 radial chambers, and the 
 aplanospores are embedded in a coherent mass of lime. It was found late in 
 the month of June, growing on stones in a tidal creek flowing from a man- 
 grove thicket at Hungry Bay. The species was originally described from 
 Brazil and is of occasional occurrence in the West Indies. 
 
 Family BRYOPSIDACEAE. 
 
 Bryopsis hypnoides Lamour., a species with repeatedly compound irregu- 
 lar ramification, almost suggesting an Ectocarpus or certain Hadophoras in the 
 tenuity of its branches and general habit, occurs in shallow water in Hamilton 
 Harbor, Harrington Sound, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1S70.) 
 
 Bryopsis Harveyana J. Ag., a much coarser plant than the preceding, with 
 the main branches interruptedly pectinate-plumose towards the apices and the 
 ultimate ramuli subsecund and often glomerate-fascicled, occurs in shallow 
 water at Tobacco Bay (Howe £68). 
 
500 CAULEEPACEAE. 
 
 Bryopsis pennata Lamour., a plant with long naked stalks and simply 
 pinnate terminal plumes (a plant more slender and delicate than the type of 
 the species), has been found growing on a rock at the low-water line at Castle 
 Harbor by Mr. Collins. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1871, 2166 and 2167.) 
 
 Family CAULERPACEAE. 
 
 Caulerpa prolifera (Forsk.) Lamour. has a particularly luxuriant develop- 
 ment in 3-10 feet of water in the ponds of the Walsingham region, where its 
 stolons, 2-3 feet long, send up stalked occasionally proliferous dark green 
 laminae that are 5-8 inches high and 5-1 inch broad. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1872.) 
 
 Caulerpa sertularioides (S. G. Gmel.) M. A. Howe, though not uncommon 
 elsewhere, is particularly well developed in the locality just mentioned. Its 
 erect branches are regularly pinnate, with the numerous sharp-pointed sub- 
 terete ultimate ramuli scarcely coarser than bristles. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1873.) 
 
 Caulerpa crassifolia (Ag.) J. Ag. also has pinnate branches, but its 
 pinnules are broader (aV^iV in. wide), and less numerous, distinctly flattened, 
 linear-oblong or subfalcate, slightly overlapping or free and spaced. The 
 species grows on rocks, stones, roots of mangroves, etc. in rather sheltered 
 places, as in Port Eoyal Bay, Hungry Bay, the ponds of "Walsingham, Harring- 
 ton Sound, Castle Harbor, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1919.) 
 
 Caulerpa cupressoides (West) Ag. has, in the Bermuda forms, the short 
 small sharp-pointed ramuli in several ranks. It is an extremely variable 
 species, originally described from the Danish West Indies. The prevailing 
 Bermuda form is the forma erici folia (Turn.) Web. v. Bosse, which was 
 described and figured from Bermuda by Turner in 1808. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 
 1920.) 
 
 Caulerpa racemosa occidentalis (J. Ag.) B^rg. is common in 1-20 feet 
 of water on rocks and piers in Hamilton Harbor. Its pyriform-clavate ulti- 
 mate ramuli, which are commonly rather abruptly swollen at the rounded- 
 obtuse apices, are in several or many irregular ranks. The largest specimens 
 seen came from Castle Harbor. In these the main branches are nearly two 
 feet long. Other varieties, also, of this species have been reported from 
 Bermuda. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2020, 2021 and 2022.) 
 
 Caulerpa verticillata J. Ag. has been found by Hervey at St. George's 
 and what we take to be a form of it also at Harris Bay.* The latter, which 
 grew in a tide pool, appears to be a reduced or poorly developed condition of 
 forma charoides (Harv.) Web. v. Bosse. It has a creeping rhizome an inch 
 or more long, from which arise erect dark green composite branches a line or 
 two high. Under a lens these erect branches are seen to bear numerous short 
 hair-like branchlets which are rather irregularly arranged and several times 
 
 * C. pnsilla Collins, Holden & Setchell, Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2019 — perhaps not C. 
 piisiUa Martens & Hering, which seems to be certainly known only from Pernambuco. 
 If it should be found impossible to maintain C. pusilla and C. verticillata as distinct 
 species, the rules of nomenclature would seem to require the conservation of the 
 name pusilla, as it probably had a slight priority, perhaps of only a few weeks or 
 days, in actual printed publication. 
 
CODIACEAE. 501 
 
 dichotomous. In its typical condition, C. verticillata is a plant of lagoons 
 and of the mangrove association, being often found attached to the roots of 
 Bhisophora near the low-water mark. Its erect branches may then attain a 
 height of 1-6 inches and the dichotomous ramuli occur in a more or less 
 clearly defined succession of whorls or tufts. 
 
 Family CODIACEAE. 
 
 Avrainvillea nigricans Decaisne, occurs on rocks just below the low- 
 water mark, as at Gibbet Island and Harris Bay. It is spongy and blackish 
 and the flabelliform, cuneiform, or oblong upright part is in the Bermuda 
 specimens mostly only 2 or 3 inches high. Under the compound microscope 
 the filaments of the flabellum are found to be moniliform. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 
 ^171.) 
 
 Avrainvillea longicaulis (Kiitz.) Murr. & Boodle, occurs in the ponds of 
 Walsingham, where it gets to be more than a foot tall. It here has a long 
 stalk, finally terminated by an irregular flabellum that is sometimes several 
 inches long or broad. In external form, however, this species and A. nigri<:ans 
 often resemble each other closely and the best distinguishing characters are 
 found in the form of the filaments of the flabellum, which in A. longicaulis 
 are commonly cylindrie with a strong constriction at the base of each branch. 
 From the Udoteas, the Avrainvilleas are distinguished by their lack of calci- 
 fication, by their softer more spongy texture, and by their blackish or dusky 
 brown color. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2170.) 
 
 Udotea Flabellum (Ell. & Soland.) M. A. Howe, is a more or less fan- 
 shaped calcified light yellowish green or dark olive-green plant, mostly 2-10 
 inches high, and showing concentric zonations. The flabellum has a compact 
 firm cortex. Forms occur in which the .flabellum is variously lobed and 
 laciniate. The species is rather common in 1-50 feet of water, growing 
 mostly on a sandy or muddy bottom. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1914.) 
 
 TJdotea conglutinata (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. is usually a smaller 
 lighter green plant, the flabellum of which is destitute of a highly specialized 
 cortex. Under a hand lens the surface of the flabellum appears spongiose or 
 longitudinally strigose. With a higher magnification each of the flabellum 
 filaments is seen to be enclosed in a porose calcareous sheath. This species 
 has been found on South Beach in Paget by Farlow and at Harris Bay by 
 Hervey. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1913.) 
 
 PeniciUus capitatus Lamarck, the Merman's Shaving Brush, is common, 
 usually on a sandy or muddy bottom in shallow water. ^ It has a subterete and 
 strongly calcified stalk and a commonly subglobose head, the free dichotomous 
 filaments of which are each enclosed in a porose calcareous sheath. The plants 
 are usually from 1 to 9 inches in height. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1911 and 191S.) 
 
 PeniciUus pyriformis A. & E. S. Gepp, has a more pyriform-obovoid or 
 obconic head and usually a shorter stalk and the filaments of the hea.l are more 
 intertangled. The best distinguishing characteristics are, however, found in 
 
502 CODIACEAE. 
 
 cortex of the stalk, which, under a hand lens, appears spongiose or velutinous- 
 tomentulose, while that of P. capitatus is compact, indurated, and smooth. 
 Under higher magnification, the ultimate branchlets of the corticating fila- 
 ments are seen to be elongate and taper-pointed, while in P. capitatus, they 
 are short-oblong, obtuse, truncate, or capitate. P. pyriformis has its best 
 development in the Bahamas, but it has been found in Ely's Harbor and 
 Harris Bay and doubtless occurs elsewhere in the Bermudas. (Phyc. Bor.- 
 Am. 2075.) 
 
 Halimeda Tuna (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. occurs on rocks in shallow 
 water, as at Spanish Point, Gibbet Island, inlet of Harrington Sound, Achilles 
 Bay, etc. In this, as in all the Halimedas, the thallus is calcified and jointed. 
 In H. Tuna, the segments are discoid, mostly reniform or semi-orbicular. The 
 filaments of the central strand fuse in twos or threes at the nodes but are 
 otherwise commonly free. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1918.) 
 
 Halimeda tridens (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. grows usually on a sandy or 
 muddy bottom and in 1-100 feet of water. It is more shrubby in its habit 
 than H. Tuna and the segments are typically flattened and 3-lobed or 3- 
 dentate, though variable as to this character, as also in the shape of the seg- 
 ments, which range from subquadrate-orbicular, with the long axis transverse, 
 to obovate, deltoid-obovate, cuneiform, or occasionally subcylindric. When 
 decalcified the cells of the cortex are found to measure 49-77 jU in average 
 maximum diameter in surface view. 
 
 Halimeda Monile (Ell, & Soland.) Lamour. differs from B. tridens ohi^^j 
 in having its segments mostly subcylindric and in having its surface cells only 
 30-44 /«. in average maximum diameter. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1915; also 1917 — as 
 H. tridens — in the one copy examined.) 
 
 Halimeda simulans M. A. Howe, imitates E. Tuna in its discoid usually 
 subentire or crenate segments, but it is really more akin to B. tridens and 
 H. Monile, as is shown by the fact that the filaments of the central strand, as 
 in these two, form a single coherent inter-communicating mass at each node. 
 The surface cells are small, as in B". Monile. H. simulans has recently been 
 found near Tucker's Town by Hervey. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1916.) 
 
 Halimeda Opuntia (L.) Lamour. This species was reported from Ber- 
 muda by Eein, but we have seen no Bermudian specimens. It is, however, very 
 common in the Bahamas, southern Florida, and the West Indies, and its exist- 
 ence in the Bermudas is not improbable. It often occurs in rather deep 
 Vvater (10-100 ft.) and may be brought to light in Bermuda by dredging 
 operations. It differs from the other species in forming large tangled mats or 
 cushions. It is strongly calcified, and the discoid segments are clearly or ob- 
 scurely nerved. The branches and their segments are very often turned or 
 twisted at various angles, and in its more luxuriant development its branches 
 form long tangled chains. Certain naturalists claim to have experienced a 
 prickling sensation as of a slight electric shock when handling plants of this 
 species, either with bare hands or with metal implements. 
 
CODIACEAE. 503 
 
 The late Sir John Murray in reporting the results of the Challenger Ex- 
 pedition intimates that calcareous seaweeds and their broken down fragments 
 were the dominating elements in three out of four analyzed samples of so- 
 called ''coral" sand or mud from Bermuda and Dr. Henry B. Bigelow in a 
 paper on ''The Shoal-water Deposits of the Bermuda Banks" has named 
 Halimeda as a genus that has contributed an important part to the formation 
 of such sand or mud. If this determination is correct, it might be taken as 
 an indication of the existence of Halimeda Opuntia in Bermudian waters, for 
 the other species of the genus, both here and in the West Indies, would hardly 
 seem to occur in sufficient masses to be an important factor in the making of 
 sand and mud. 
 
 Codium intertextum Collins & Hervey, forms spongy dark green, closely 
 adherent or repent, irregularly lobed or branched, mats or cushions under 
 shelving rocks or in rock crevices near the low-water mark, as at Gibbet 
 Island and Bailey's Bay. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. S018.) Also West Indian. 
 
 Codium tomentosum (Huds.) Stackh. is not uncommon on rocks near 
 the low-tide line, forming spongy masses that are mostly from four inches to 
 two feet long. Its branches are cylindric or slightly flattened and repeatedly 
 dichotomous. 
 
 Codium isthmocladum Vickers, is much like C. tomentosum, but is more 
 flaccid and more nitent when dry and its branches are often constricted at 
 their bases. Under a microscope, the utricles forming the superficial layer 
 are seen to be about twice as broad as those of C. tomentosum. (Phyc. Bor.- 
 Am. 1869, as Codium tomentosum.) 
 
 Codium decorticatum (Woodw.) M. A. Howe (C elongatum Ag.) is per- 
 haps not always distinct from C. tomentosum but is usually recognizable by 
 being more elongate, more sparingly branched, by flattened expansions under 
 the dichotomies, and by the much larger utricles. Some remarkable specimens 
 collected in Tobacco Bay, St. George's, late in June were 2-4 feet long, with 
 flattened expansions A to 8 inches broad. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2017.) 
 
 Family VAUCHERIACEAE. 
 Dichotomosiphon pusillus Collins, forms a dark green felt of slender inter- 
 tangled filaments on sand-covered rocks or in rock crevices near low-water 
 mark, as at Shelly Bay (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2023) and on roots of mangroves, in 
 company with Bostrychia Montagnci. Under a compound microscope its 
 usually dichotomous or trichotomous filaments are seen to be constricted here 
 and there and there is nearly always a strong constriction at the base of each 
 branch. A complete constriction or an imperforate septum is, however, of a 
 very rare occurrence. The mode of reproduction has not been observed and 
 there is accordingly some doubt as to the generic and family affinities of the 
 plant. In its vegetative characters it shows resemblances to the Codiaceae. 
 The type locality is on the island of Jamaica. 
 
504 ECTOCARPACEAE. 
 
 Family CHARACEAE. 
 Chara foliolosa Muhl., a common stonewort of the West Indian region, 
 has been reported from the Pembroke Marsh (Farloiv) by H. & J. Groves (in 
 Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 43. 1911), under the name Chara zeylanica Willd. 
 forma curassavica Braun. What is doubtless the same thing, with same 
 locality and collector, is listed by Collins and Hervey as Chara gymnopus var. 
 Berteroi A. Braun. 
 
 Sub-class PHAEOPHYCEAE. 
 
 Family ECTOCARPACEAE. 
 Ectocarpus Mitchellae Harv., a species originally described from Nan- 
 tucket, but since found to be widely distributed, has been reported from Ber- 
 muda (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1921), but the specimen distributed does not seem to 
 the writer to belong to this species. The plurilocular sporangia in E. 
 Mitchellae are sessile, ellipsoid-oblong, and very obtuse. In the genus Ecto- 
 carpus the thallus consists of delicate copiously branched filaments made up 
 of a single row of cells. 
 
 Ectocarpus siliculosus arctus (Kiitz.) Kuck., collected at Harris Bay 
 by Hervey (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1922) has more pointed, ovoid, not always sessile, 
 plurilocular sporangia. 
 
 Ectocarpus confervoides (Eoth) Le Jolis, with spindle-shaped, sessile or 
 short-stalked plurilocular sporangia, has been found in Bermuda by Hervey. 
 Other species of Ectocarpus certainly occur in Bermuda, but their determina- 
 tion awaits more critical study. 
 
 Ascocyclus orbicularis (J. Ag.) Magnus, has been reported by Collins 
 from Cooper's Island (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1878), where it forms minute olive- 
 green spots on the leaves of the Turtle Grass (Thalassia). 
 
 All of the four Ectocarpaceae mentioned above are species of wide dis- 
 tribution and are best known from more northerly waters. 
 
 Family SPHACELARIACEAE. 
 Sphac:laria tribuloides Menegh. forms brownish tufts of fine sparingly 
 branched filaments about A-1 inch high in tide pools and in rock pockets and 
 crevices between the tide lines, especially on the South Shore. The younger 
 terminal branches consist of a single row of cells, but the older parts of the 
 filaments are made up of bundles of parallel cells. The apical cells in this 
 genus are commonly somewhat enlarged, are especially rich in protoplasm, and, 
 often somewhat blackened, are usually conspicuous under a hand-lens in the 
 preserved specimen. In the present species, the filaments commonly bear 
 small multicellular stalked gemmae which in form suggest the fruits of certain 
 species of Tribidus and Trapa. 
 
 Family ENCOELIACEAE. 
 Colpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derb. & Sol., a widely distributed plant of 
 warm temperate and tropical waters, forms brownish hollow often irregularly 
 
ENCOELIACEAE. 505 
 
 lobed or wrinkled cushions, sometimes as large as a man's fist, on rocks just 
 below the low-water marks, as on White's Island, in Hamilton Harbor, ctr. 
 (Phyc. Bor.-Am. S0S4.) 
 
 Hydroclathrus cancellatus Bory, is somewhat similar to the above in color, 
 habit and distribution, but it has a perforate or net-like thallu^. Si.ntiish 
 Eock. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. S078.) 
 
 Scytosiphon Lomentaria (Lyngb.) J. Ag. is one of the few algae of the 
 North Atlantic that occur also in Bermuda. It has a hollow, unbranched, 
 cylindric or slightly flattened, brownish or olive-green thallus, often constricted 
 at intervals, and commonly 2-10 inches long, and ^-\ inch in diameter. 
 (Shelly Bay, Hervey—^Fhjc. Bor.-Am. 2079.) 
 
 Rosenvingea intricata (J. Ag.) B^rg. has a tubular very irregularly 
 branched thallus. Single plants form flattened tangled olive-green mats 
 mostly 1 to 5 inches broad. The main branches attain a diameter of 1 or 2 
 lines, this diameter being much reduced at the dichotomo-palmate extremities. 
 (Harris Bay, Hervey — Phyc. Bor.-Am. S173.) 
 
 Family MESOGLOIACEAE. 
 
 Castagnea Zosterae (Mohr?) Thuret (?) is a name that may be applied 
 with considerable doubt to a brownish gelatinous irregularly branched plant 
 that grows attached to leaves of the Turtle Grass (Thalassia lestudinum) in 
 Castle Harbor and doubtless elsewhere in the Bermudas. It grows to be from 
 four to eight inches long, with its larger branches about -^^ in. in diameter and 
 the smaller about -j^ in. It is a larger, more copiously branched plant than 
 those from more northern waters to which the above name is currently applied. 
 There is doubt not only as to its specific identity, but even more as to the 
 legality of the nomenclature here provisionally adopted. It is probable that 
 a thorough-going revision of the Mesogloiaceae, accompanied by a critical 
 study of the type specimens on which various genera and species have been 
 based, may show that the legal generic name for this plant is Aegira, proposed 
 in 1825 by Elias Fries for the LincTcia Zosterae of Lyngbyc. The various 
 genera proposed later for members of this 'group seem to be distinguished 
 from each other by characters of uncertain value and constancy and it is 
 probable that one or more of the names Myriocladia J. Ag., Cladosiphon 
 Kiitz., Castagnea Derb. & Sol., and Eudcsme J. Ag. may be found to be generic 
 synonyms of Aegira. The Bermuda plant has been distributed in the Phyco- 
 theca Boreali-Americana (1879) as Castagnea mediterranca (Kiitz.) Bornet, 
 but it is a more slender, more freely branched, and more gelatinous jdant than 
 the original Cladosiphon mediterraneus Kiitz. and has longer peripheral fila- 
 ments. Moreover, C. mediterraneus is the monotype of Chulosiphnn and the 
 current rules of nomenclature would forbid its transfer to the lator-])ublished 
 Castagnea. 
 
 Family SPOROCHNACEAE. 
 
 Sporochnus BoUeanus Mont, is foun.l wasliod ashore on the South Peach. 
 It is a brownish freely branched plant a foot or more in height. The main 
 
506 SPOROCHXACEAE. 
 
 branches and the lateral branchlets each end in a subglobose or pyriform 
 enlargement bearing a dense tuft of delicate filaments. The lateral tuft-bear- 
 ing enlargements are sessile in the younger parts, but a stalk for each develops 
 and lengthens with age until the plant is terminated and fringed by a great 
 number of small brush-like structures. The enlargements also elongate with 
 age and together with the stalks form club-shaped ramuli i inch or more long 
 in the older parts, finally becoming naked by the disappearance of the crown 
 of filaments. When the living plant is suspended in the water and properly 
 lighted the terminal tufts appear luminous and iridescent, the whole sug- 
 gesting some sort of miniature candelabrum of small torches. S. BolJeanus was 
 originally described from the Canary. Islands, but has since been reported 
 from Porto Rico. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. £174.) 
 
 Family TILOPTERIDACEAE. 
 
 Heterospora Vidovichii (Menegh.) Kuck. has been reported as occurring 
 on the walls of the inlet near the Hotel Frascati [Phyc. Bor.-Am. £0^6, as 
 Haplospora Vidovichii (Menegh.) Bornet]. It forms long tufts of delicate 
 brownish green threads. Heterospora resembles Ectocarpus in general habit, 
 but differs in mode of reproduction. H. Vidovichii was first described from 
 the Adriatic Sea. 
 
 Family FUCACEAE. 
 
 Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) LeJolis, one of the commonest rockweeds of 
 north-temperate coasts, has been found floating in Bermudian waters, by Collins. 
 
 Turbinaria tricostata E. S. Barton, which is perhaps not always distinct 
 from Turhinaria turbinata (Xi.) Kusatze (T. trialata Klitz.), grows on surge- 
 swept rocks near the low- water mark or in low tide-pools on the South Shore, 
 as at Hungry Bay. Its ultimate branches are peltate or subturbinate, about 
 half an inch long, consisting of a suborbicular dentate-margined terminal ex- 
 pansion supported by a 3-winged or 3-angled stalk. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1877.) 
 
 Sargassum natans (L.) Meyen [S. hacciferum (Turn.) Ag.], the Gulf 
 Weed, is common, washed ashore, especially on South Beach. The species of 
 Sargassum have a thallus that is differentiated into parts resembling the stem 
 and leaves of the higher plants and most of them have a branching basal 
 holdfast suggesting roots, but the present species is known only in a free- 
 floating or pelagic condition and is destitute of a holdfast. It is, however, 
 doubtless derived as a species, if not as individuals, from attached forms that 
 are known under another specific name or possibly under two or more specific 
 names. Its alliances seem to be with attached plants known as Sargassum 
 Filipendula, S. foliosissimum, or S. vulgare. In the genus Sargassum there 
 are, in the mature state, stalked air-vesicles of about the size of a pea or 
 often smaller. The leaf -like parts are more or less distinctly unicostate and 
 in most species show to the naked eye or under a hand lens small dark spots 
 or pits (cryptostomata) from which minute hairs arise. In S. natans such 
 spots are wanting or few and obscure. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2180.) 
 
FUCACEAE. 607 
 
 Sargassum fluitans B0rg. is also found in a free-floating condition and is 
 another inhabitant of the "Sargasso Sea." It is a coarser plant than S. 
 natans, with broader leaves, these with shorter and proportionally broader 
 teeth and often with more obvious cryptostomata; its air-vesicles are shorter- 
 stalked, more numerous, often more nearly spherical, and they lack the apical 
 appendage which is often a conspicuous feature of S. natans; its stem is 
 roughened by short spinules or outgrowths, which are commonly lacking in 
 S. natans. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2177.) 
 
 Sargassum Filipendula Ag. In the ponds of Walsingham and doubtless 
 elsewhere. The leaves show conspicuous cryptostomata and the stems are 
 smooth or nearly so. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2176.) 
 
 Sargassum lendigerum (L.) Ag. is a name that has been applied by J. 
 Agardh and others to a Bermuda plant that is not uncommon on rocks a little 
 below low-water line. The lowest or first leaves are often forked and rarely 
 subpinnate, but most of them are simple, oblong or linear-oblong and dentate, 
 the cryptostomata are conspicuous, and the lower parts of the stem are often 
 much roughened by short irregular outgrowths; vesicles are often wanting. 
 The Linnaean type of the species was from Ascension Island, lying in the 
 Atlantic south of the Equator, and the current identification of the Bermuda 
 specimens is open to question. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2178.) 
 
 Sargassum linifolium (Turn.) Ag., a name originally given to a Mediter- 
 ranean and Adriatic plant, has been used for a somewhat similar Bermudian 
 form. It is related to the foregoing species, but apparently differs in the 
 linear commonly subentire leaves, the upper of which as well as the lower are 
 sometimes forked. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2179.) 
 
 Family DICTYOTACEAE. 
 
 Spatoglossum Schroederi (Mert.) Klitz. occurs in the ponds of Walsing- 
 ham, in Hamilton Harbor, etc. The thallus in well-developed conditions reaches 
 a height or length of 5-8 inches; it is irregularly dichotomous, and its main 
 segments, which show no costa, are i-5 of an inch wide. Its margins are 
 irregularly toothed and often proliferous. The color of the younger parts is 
 an olive-green ; of the older, a fuscous or fuliginous brown. Small irregularly 
 scattered dark spots indicate the position of hair-clusters or of reproductive 
 organs. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2027.) 
 
 Zonaria zonalis (Lamour.) M. A. Howe. (Fncus zonaJis Laniour. Diss. 
 38. pi. 25. f. 1. 1805; Dictyota sonata Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 
 331. My 1809; Jour, de Bot. 2: 40. 1809; Zonaria lohata kg. Syst. Alg. 265. 
 1824; Stypopodium lobatum Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 9: 25. pi. 63. f. 1. 1859.) 
 This is common on rocks in shallow water in rather exposed places along the 
 South Shore, where it is often found washed up on the beach. It grows in 
 large masses and is more or less bluish-iridescent when living and submerged. 
 The plants attain a height or length of about one foot; the thallus is repeatedly 
 cleft or lobed in a somewhat dichotomo-palmate fashion, the ultimate lobes 
 being cuneate, cuneate-oblong, or cuneate-flabelliform, and }-3 inch in greatest 
 
508 DICTYOTACEAE. 
 
 ■u-idtli; the lobes are marked by conspicuous dark slightly curved transverse 
 lines, these forming the boundaries of zones, which are mostly i-i inch broad; 
 the color of the younger parts is a brownish olive-green, occasionally verging 
 towards red; the older parts are dark brown, becoming nearly black on drying. 
 More ragged and dissected forms also occur, with lobes or laciniae scarcely 
 more than i inch broad. This typically West Indian species was first described 
 from Santo Domingo, but what seems to be the same thing occurs also in the 
 Canaries. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1876, as Zonaria lohata.) 
 
 Zonaria variegata (Lamour.) Ag. occurs on rocks, Udoteas, Halimedas, 
 and other objects that may be reached by wading at low tide, as at Gibbet 
 Island, Harrington Sound, Castle Harbor, Hungry Bay, and St. David's 
 Island, and is also found washed ashore from deeper water, as on South Beach. 
 It is a much smaller, less stalked, less lobed, and less distinctly zonate plant 
 than Z. zonalis. The thallus is semiorbicular or flabelliform, mostly 1-3 
 inches broad, nearly entire or showing a few flabelliform segments; the 
 margins are subentire or erenate-lobed; the color is olive, brownish olive, 
 fuscous brown, or now and then reddish. It sometimes suggests a Padina but 
 the apical margins are not inrolled as in that genus. This typically West 
 Indian species has been reported also from the Canaries and elsewhere. 
 Zonaria collaris Ag. is probably a synonym. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2028.) 
 
 Padina is a genus of the Dictyotaceae that is represented in Bermuda by 
 three species growing on rocks near the low-tide mark, or in shallow water. 
 The three species have been more or less confused with each other and all 
 have been identified with the Padina pavonia of southern Europe, with which 
 only one of the three, and that the rarest, appears to be identical. The three 
 often resemble each other very much in outward habit. In all, the thallus is 
 distinctly zoned, and, as in nearly all Padinas, the apical margins are narrowly 
 Inrolled. 
 
 Padina Sanctae-Cnicis B^rg., which is probably the commonest, has, in 
 Bermuda, a semi-orbicular, fan-shaped, or occasionally renif orm thallus, mostly 
 1^-3 inches broad, subentire or sparingly divided or lobed, and is conspicuously 
 encrusted with lime on the ventral surface; when living, it is commonly con- 
 cave in such a fashion as to be a little suggestive of the human ear or of cer- 
 tain bivalve shells; sections, examined microscopically, show that the thallus is 
 only two cells thick except at the extreme base, where it is three cells thick. 
 The tetrasporic sori occur just above every second piliferous line and are pro- 
 vided with an evanescent indusium. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2082.) 
 
 Padina pavonia (L.) Gaill. has been found on Gibbet Island by Hervey 
 (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2081). It resembles the preceding but has a more cuneiform 
 thallus or thallus-lobes, the thallus is mostly 3 cells thick, the tetrasporic sori 
 commonly border each side of every second piliferous line, and the indusium 
 is conspicuous and rather persistent. 
 
 A third species {Padina variegata Hauck, Zonaria variegata Kiitz., not 
 Zonaria variegata (Lamour.) Ag.], for which Dr. W. D. Hoyt is soon to pub- 
 lish a valid name, has ultimately a larger thallus than the two preceding, 
 
DICTYOTACEAE. 509 
 
 reaching a height of five or six inches, is rather more lobeii, the fan-shape<l 
 lobes mostly 1^-3 inches broad, and is less whitened by lime on its ventral 
 surface. Sections show that the thallus is 3-6 cells thick except for a narrow 
 zone at the apical margin, where it is but 2 cells thick. The tetrasporic sori 
 are mostly in the form of compact dot-like clusters scattered irregularly in each 
 interpilar zone or forming a narrow irregular line a little above the middle of 
 the zone; indusium subpersistent. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2083, as Padina variegata.) 
 
 Neurocarpus delicatulus (Lamour.) Kuntze [Dictyopteris deUcatula 
 Lamour. ; Haliseris delicotula (Lamour.) Ag.] occurs on rocks in shallow 
 water in well-shaded and sheltered places, as at Red Bay, St. David 's Island. 
 The species of this genus are distinguished from other members- of the family 
 by possessing a thallus with a distinct midrib. In the present species the 
 thallus is of thin delicate texture and is several times regularly and somewhat 
 divaricately forked. It reaches a length of 2 or 3 inches and the thallus seg- 
 ments are i to 2 lines broad. Dried specimens are a brownish or yellowish 
 olive-green, but when living and immersed it often shows brilliant iridescent 
 blue-green hues. The species was first described from Santo Domingo and i"? 
 typically West Indian in its distribution. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 19S4, as Dictiiop- 
 teris deUcatula.) 
 
 Neurocarpus Justii (Lamour.) Kuntze [Dictyopteris Jiistii Lamour.; 
 Haliseris Justii (Lamour.) Ag.] is a much larger plant that grows on rocks in 
 more exposed places, mostly in 1^20 feet of water. The thallus is collate and 
 several times dichotomous, as in the last, but it reaches a length of 8-12 inches 
 and its segments are i-li inches broad. Its color is a dark olive or a fuscous 
 brown. It is often found washed up on the South "Shore. Like the last, it was 
 first made known from Santo Domingo and is a typically West Indian species, 
 (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 19S5, as Dictyopteris Justii.) 
 
 Dictyota Bartayresii Lamour. (Dictyota crispata Lamour. ; Dictyota par- 
 dalis Kiitz.) occurs in shallow water, as at Spanish Point, in the ponds of 
 Walsingham, and at St. David's Island. It forms loosely intertangled mats 
 3-6 inches high. The thallus ig repeatedly dichotomous and its segments are 
 mostly 1-3 lines broad, with margins entire or irregularly proliferous. The 
 species of Dictyota are difficult to define. The form of the thallus, width of 
 the segments, etc. evidently vary greatly according to conditions of growth, and 
 it is probable that more species are currently recognized than may be reasonably 
 assumed to exist in nature. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1874.) 
 
 Dictyota dichotoma (Iluds.) Lamour. is less common in Bermuda than the 
 preceding species. It is more regularly and less divaricately dichotomous an<l 
 has a broader thallus, with segments mostly '2-4 lines wide. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 
 2175.) 
 
 Dictyota ciliolata Kiitz. (Dictyota ciliata J. Ag.— not D.ciliota Lamour.; 
 Dictyota crenulata Collins in Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1875— not D. crcnulata J. Ag.) 
 occurs in Harrington Sound, in pools on the South Shore, etc. The thallus 
 has few or many small simple teeth or short cilia on its margins; its segments 
 
510 DICTYOTACEAE. 
 
 are mostly 1-2 lines wide; and its texture is rather more rigid than in D. 
 Bartayresii. 
 
 Dictyota linearis (Ag.) Grev. is a name that seems applicable to a very 
 narrow repeatedly dichotomous plant with segments only about one quarter of 
 a line wide that occurs attached to stones, Halimedas, etc. in shallow water, as 
 at Spanish Point. 
 
 Dictyota dentata Lamour. [Dictyota Brongniartii J. Ag. ; D. Mertensii 
 (Mart.) Kiitz. ; D\ subdentata Kiitz.] is, like D. Bartayresii, typically a species 
 of the West Indies and northeastern South America. It has been found by 
 Mr. Collins floating in Hungry Bay (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1926). In this species, 
 the thallus is less dichotomous and more pinnatifid than in the other Bermudian 
 species of the genus. The apices of the lobes vary from sharply acuminate to 
 obtuse. 
 
 Dilophus guineensis (Kiitz.) J. Ag. grows near low-water mark on rocks 
 that are Avell exposed to surf action, as at Hungry Bay. The thallus is rather 
 regularly dichotomous and is commonly 1^-3 inches high with segments 4 to 1 
 line broad. In a cross section, examined microscopically, the medulla is seen to 
 consist of two layers of cells (or more in- the basal parts), while in the genus 
 Dictyota the medulla, normally at least, consists of a single layer of large 
 cells. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2080.) 
 
 Sub-class RHODOPHYCEAE. 
 
 Family BANGIACEAE. 
 
 Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb., which forms a soft fleece of fine 
 dark purple unbranched filaments l-l inch long on rocks and wharves between 
 the tide-lines, has been found in Harrington Sound by Dr. Hervey. 
 
 Bangia compacta Zanard., which also occurs on rocks in Harrington Sound 
 {Howe 129), appears to differ from the foregoing in having filaments that are 
 only |-1 line long and in its cells in the uniseriate vegetative parts (except 
 base) being discoid, mostly 2-4 times as broad as long, closely compacted and 
 Lynghya-like, instead of being mostly as long as broad, as is the case in the 
 Bermuda specimens referred to B. fuscopurxiiirea. In spite of their small size 
 the filaments are often fertile and evidently mature. 
 
 Porp]i3n:a atropurpurea (Olivi) De-Toni (Porphyra leucosticta Thuret) 
 has been reported by Collins as growing on mangroves (presumably close to the 
 low- water mark) near the Flatts Bridge and Ely's Harbor (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 
 1927 and 2085). It forms a thin oblong membranous pink thallus only one 
 cell in thickness. The species is monoecious; the antheridia form decelerate 
 patches among the darker sporocarps, both appearing first near the margins of 
 the thallus. 
 
 Erjrthrotrichia camea (Dillw.) J. Ag. forms a commonly sparse and in- 
 conspicuous fringe of exceedingly delicate rose-colored or reddish filaments on 
 other marine algae (Polysiphonia, Hypnea, etc.) and on marine spermatophytes. 
 
NEMALIONACEAE. 511 
 
 The filaments are usually only a line long or less. Under a compound micro- 
 scope they are seen to be unbranehed and to consist commonly of a single row 
 of cells, which are mostly about as broad as long. In older conditions the 
 filaments may become more than one cell broad. 
 
 Family NEMALIONACEAE. 
 
 Acrochaetium crassipes Bclrg. This species' was originally described from 
 the Danish West Indies. It is a very minute plant, only a few cells high, with 
 a few branches 1-6 cells long. It occurs as a microscopic epiphyte on Centro- 
 ceras clavulatum at St. David's Island. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2033.) 
 
 Acrochaetium infestans Howe & Hoyt, is a microscopic filamentous plant, 
 of which the vegetative parts' are chiefly endozoic, creeping in the gelatinous or 
 chitinous stalks and stolons of hydroids and of filamentous bryozoa. The 
 interior filaments are freely and irregularly branched, usually in a loose ram- 
 bling intricate fashion, but occasionally forming a sort of pseudoparenchyma 
 with shorter, more compacted cells. The monosporangia are borne on external 
 filaments, which are commonly very short and few-celled, simple or with a few 
 short branches, or occasionally reduced to a single exserted monosporangium. 
 [Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2194, as BhodocJwrton memhranaceum.] 
 
 Acrochaetium (Chantransia) is a genus of small, filamentous, chiefly epi- 
 phytic, endophytic, epizoic, or endozoic red algae. It is doubtless represented 
 in Bermuda by several other species, the determination of which awaits critical 
 study. One of these, in and on Dudresnaya crassa, has been distributed by 
 Collins as Chantransia corymbifera Thuret* (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1880.) 
 
 Trichogloea Herveyi Setchell (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2034) is a more or less cal- 
 cified, very lubricous, irregularly branched plant, reaching a length of four or 
 five inches. No diagnosis of the species has been published up to the date of 
 writing. It occurs at or below low-water mark, as at Cooper's Island. 
 Endemic. 
 
 Helminthocladia Calvadosii (Lamour.) Setchell, more commonly known 
 as Helminthocladia purpurea (Harv.) J. Ag., appears to occur in the spring 
 months at Long Bird Island {Collins, Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2035) and at Bailey's 
 Bay (JVadsworth). Though not calcified, it is rather firmer in texture and a 
 little less lubricous than the Trichogloea Herveyi and is more brownish red or 
 greenish red (less pink) in color. The Bermuda plant differs somewhat in 
 habit from the European, but in other respects seems to offer little or nothing 
 to distinguish it. 
 
 Liagora valida Harv, grows on surf -swept rocks between the tiile lines, as 
 at Hungry Bay, Cox's Bay, Achilles Bay, and St. David's Island. In this 
 
 * To a French plant, hemi-endophytic in Hrlmintlwclndia Cnlradn.tii and de- 
 scribed and figured by Bornet and Thuret under the name Chantran.sia roiymhifcra 
 Thuret the Bermudian plant in Dudrcsmn/a bears considerable resemblance. How- 
 ever, the original description of C. conivihifmi apparently confused two species, 
 though only one of them, an epiphyte on Cmimium luhnnu, was actually cited. 
 This epiphvte on Ceramium, which has been renamed [CJinvtranMio Thurcttt (Bornet) 
 Kylin], should manifestly be considered the type of Chantransia cori/mbtfera Thuret. 
 
512 NEMALIOXACEAE. 
 
 genus the thallus is usually terete, repeatedly forked, or sometimes subpinnate 
 or laterally proliferous, more or less calcified, and is usually lubricous Tvhen 
 living, at least in the younger parts. Some of the species of Liagora bear a 
 superficial resemblance to certain Corallinaceae, but the Liagoras are more 
 lubricous and when examined under a microscope after decalcification '\vith an 
 acid the thallus is seen to be more distinctly and loosely filamentous in struc- 
 ture, with a more sharply defined central strand of filaments. L. valida forms 
 dense tufts or clusters, mostly 2-5 inches high or long; the thallus is many 
 times forked, the numerous branches being about half a line in diameter ; the 
 older parts are solidly encrusted with lime, are white, and become transversely 
 cracked or irregularly jointed; the color of the younger parts varies from pink 
 to brownish red. Small superficial spots, less calcified, usually concave and 
 waxy in the dried condition, and easily visible under a hand-lens, mark the 
 position of the immersed cystocarps. (Phyc. Bor,-Am. 1929.) 
 
 Liagora ceranoides Lamour. is more slender, more lubricous, and more 
 divaricately dichotomous than the preceding. The calcification appears under 
 the hand-lens to take the form of scaly or mealy flakes instead of a more or 
 less continuous crust. The plant occurs on rocks near the low-water line in 
 Castle Harbor, etc. The type of the species was from the island of St. 
 Thomas in the Danish West Indies. The later-described Liagora pulverulenta 
 Ag. as currently (and, with little doubt correctly) interpreted is apparently 
 the same species. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1928, as Liagora pulverulenta.) 
 
 Species of Liagora other than the two mentioned certainly occur in Ber- 
 muda, but their determination awaits critical study. A not uncommon species 
 has been referred sometimes to Liagora elongata Zan., originally described 
 from the Eed Sea, and sometimes to L. Cheyneana Harv., originally described 
 from western Australia. Possibly L. farinosa, a name applied by Lamouroux 
 in 1816 to a plant from the Eed Sea, will be found to be available for it. 
 This plant is less regularly dichotomous than either L. valida or L. ceranoides 
 and commonly shows numerous lateral proliferations. The peripheral filaments 
 project more or less beyond the zone of calcification and form a reddish nap 
 on the surface. The plant is coarser than L. ceranoides and much less calci- 
 fied and less rigid than L. valida. Under the microscope it differs from both 
 in the broader cells of the less moniliform peripheral filaments, in the dense 
 globose tufts of antheridia, etc. 
 
 Family CHAETANaiACEAE. 
 
 Galaxaura is a genus of more or less calcified algae, the plants, however, 
 being less thoroughly calcified and more flexible, at least when fresh, than 
 plants of the family Corallinaceae. They are, for the most part, coarser 
 plants than the Liagoras and usually have a firmer more obvious cortex. 
 
 Galaxaura sutoverticillata Kjellm. is a shaggy, reddish brown or sordid 
 green plant with its longer assimilatory filaments in more or less distinct 
 whorls, especially toward the apices. It apparently represents the tetrasporic 
 phase of G. rugosa (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour., not yet reported from Bermuda. 
 It has been found on rocks in shallow water at Eed Bay, St. David's Island. 
 
CHAETANGIACEAE. 513 
 
 G-alaxaura flagelliformis Kjellm. is similar to the foregoing, but has more 
 elongate branches and the longer assimilatory filaments are tufted, crowded, 
 or irregularly disponed without any obvious tendency to a whorled arrange- 
 ment. It probably represents the tetrasporic phase of G. squalida Kjellm., 
 with which it occurs at Bethel's Island (Collins 8i86). In the West Indiet^, 
 G. subverticillata and G. flagelliformis seem sometimes to intergrade, as do 
 also their probable sexual phases, G. rugosa and G. squalida. 
 
 Galaxaura squalida Kjellm. has usually a smooth firm cortex, though 
 parts of the surface often bear few or numerous free assimilatory filaments. 
 It occurs on rocks and washed ashore at Hungry Bay, Gravelly Bay, Bethel 's 
 Island, etc., forming greenish, reddish green, or finally whitening tufts or 
 clusters mostly 2-4 inches high. It has terete, regularly dichotomous branches, 
 about 16 in. wide or a little more, commonly collapsing or flattened towards 
 the apices on drying. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1882.) 
 
 Galaxaura marginata (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. has a dark red, grayish 
 red, or greenish red thallus that is for the most part strongly flattened even 
 when living. Its sexual phase (G. occidenialis BjzTrg.) has a firmer cortex and 
 often a more shiny surface than the tetrasporic plant, and from certain parts 
 of its epidermis, especially at or near the margins, there grow out few or 
 numerous papilla-like cells, making darker roughened areas, barely visible 
 under a hand-lens. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1930, as Brachycladia marginaia.) 
 
 Galaxaura obtusata (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. has a coarse, terete, smooth 
 dichotomous thallus 2-5 inches long, its segments ^-ut inches in diameter, 
 usually constricted and jointed at either end, and often tapering towards 
 either end. It is more rigid and fastigiate than G. squalida. and its forkings 
 are wider-angled. It occurs unattached in fish-ponds, etc. near Tucker's Town, 
 where it is often less calcified than when growing under normal conditions in 
 deeper water, as met with in the West Indies. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1881.) 
 
 Family GELIDIACEAE. 
 
 Wrangelia penicillata (Ag.) Ag. is one of the delicate feathery or 
 ''mossy" red seaweeds. Its tufts reach a height or length of 2 to 6 inches. 
 Its usual color is a dull red or brownish red, becoming blackish with age or 
 partial decay. The thread-like, almost microscopic, branchlets are in regular 
 whorls, as may be determined with a hand-lens, and towards the sometimes 
 subcircinate apices of the main branches they are often tufte.l or subsecund. 
 The species occurs in warm shallow bays, as at Spanish Point, Ely's Harbor, 
 Achilles Bay, and Harrington Sound. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. ISSfi.) 
 
 Naccaria corymbosa J. Ag. bears some resemblance to the above in gen- 
 eral habit, but is a rather smaller plant, mostly 1 to 2 inches high, is less 
 likely to darken on drying, and the branch system is alternate throughout. 
 The ultimate branchlets are so short, minute, and crowded as to be demon- 
 strable only with a compound microscope. The larger branchlets that are 
 visible with a hand-lens are slender and taper-pointed, and do not have the 
 tufted-plumose appearance of the corresponding branchlets of Wrangelia 
 
 34 
 
514 GELIDIACEAE. 
 
 penicillata. N. corymhosa was originally described from Key West, but it has 
 recently been found in Bermuda by Hervey (Buildings Bay, Phyc. Bor.-Am. 
 £036) and by Collins (St. George's). 
 
 Gelidium crinale (Turn.) J. Ag., like other species of Gelidium, has none 
 of the exceedingly delicate, almost microscopic filaments that characterize the 
 two preceding genera. It forms dark red or blackish mats 1 to 3 inches high, 
 the lower parts terete or slightly flattened, scarcely coarser than a bristle, the 
 numerous mostly flattened branches and branehlets irregularly two-ranked, 
 the ultimate often spatulate, becoming J-^ of a line broad. It occurs on 
 stones and rocks near low-water mark, as at Walsingham and at Dingle Bay. 
 (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2089.) 
 
 Gelidium caemlescens Klitz. (?). The type of this species came from 
 New Caledonia in the South Pacific, but a more or less similar plant occurs 
 in Bermuda and the West Indies. Its branches are broader (J— § line) than 
 those of the preceding and are rather more regularly disposed, and the color 
 of the plant is more red-purple and often iridescent. 
 
 Gelidium pusillum conchicola Piccone, creeps on shells of mussels, etc., its 
 linear or spatulate ascending branches being usually only i of an inch high or 
 less, and ^-J of a line broad. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2183.) 
 
 Gelidium rigidum (Vahl) Grev. [Gelidiopsis rigida (Vahl) Web. -v. Bosse] 
 is a rather coarse rigid cartilaginous plant with a repent base and regularly 
 or often very irregularly pinnate or bipinnate erect branches 1-3 inches high. 
 It has been placed by most recent writers in the genus Gelidiopsis of the 
 family Sphaerococcaeeae, though in absence of known cystocarps its generic 
 position is not wholly clear. In the character of its apical cell and of its 
 usually indistinct central axis it does not seem very different from Gelidi/um 
 cartilagineiim, which is allowed to remain in this genus, but it diverges from 
 typical species of Gelidium in having a thallus that is essentially terete 
 throughout and in the often irregularly disposed, not always two-ranked 
 branches. The tetrasporangia occur on somewhat enlarged conic or conic- 
 terete apices of some of the ultimate branehlets, easily recognizable under a 
 hand-lens. It has been found in tide-pools and on stones in shallow water, 
 as at Harris Bay, in the Walsingham region, etc. (Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 142, 
 and Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2090.) 
 
 Family GIGARTINACEAE. 
 
 Gigartina acicularis (Wulf.) Lamour. forms tangled tufts IJ-S inches 
 high. It has a dark red, subterete or slightly flattened, freely and irregularly 
 branched thallus, mostly i—k line broad, with awl-shaped or taper-pointed, 
 often recurved, ultimate branehlets. This widely distributed species has been 
 found by Colling on flat rocks overhung by a cliff at Tucker's Town. (Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. 1884.) 
 
 Family RHODOPHYLLIDACEAE. 
 
 Catenella Opuntia pinnata Harv. is a small red-purple plant, mostly i-l 
 inch long, dichotomous, trichotomous, or subpinnate, more or less narrowed or 
 
RHODOPIIYLLIDACEAE. 515 
 
 constricted at the nodes, snbterete in lower parts and strongly flattened above, 
 the ultimate segments mostly g-i of a line wide, lanceolate, oblong, spatulate, 
 obovate, or linear. It is commonly found creeping on the roots of mangroves 
 near the high-water mark, making solid mats or more often intertangled with 
 CalogJossa, Bostrychki and other algae, as at Walsingham and Hungry Bay. 
 (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1885.) 
 
 Eucheuma isiforme (Ag.) J. Ag. is a coarse, spiny, much-branched, 
 coralline-red seaweed, forming shrubby tufts from six inches to a foot or more 
 in diameter, with the main axes ^-i inch in diameter when fresh. Its more 
 or less whorled ultimate ramuli may be elongate and awl-shaped or short, thick, 
 and merely acute or sometimes blunt. In weathering and fading its color may 
 become scarlet, or yellowdsh before it reaches its final whitish or translucent 
 condition. The plant has a firm horn-like consistency on drying. It is fre- 
 quently found groT\ing on rocks or washed ashore in shallow bays, as at 
 Hungry Bay, Bailey's Bay, Tobacco Bay, Tucker's Town, etc. (Phyc. Bor.- 
 Am. 1886.) 
 
 Eucheuma Gelidium (J. Ag.) J. Ag. is somewhat similar to the foregoing 
 in size, color, cartilaginous consistency, and spiny habit, but the main axes are 
 decidedly flattened and the branches are pronouncedly two-ranked. It has 
 been found at Harris Bay and on St. David's Island by Hervey. (Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. S184.) 
 
 Wurdemannia setacea Harv. forms densely intertangled dark red mats on 
 rocks, on the stalks of Gorgonians, and among the larger algae. The thallus 
 has about the diameter of a horse-hair, is very irregularly branched, and the 
 branches usually cohere and anastomose freely, so that the filaments are not 
 readily separated. Under a hand-lens the rather short ultimate branchlets 
 are mostly acute. On drying, the plant is rather rigid and it does not adhere 
 very well to paper when dried under pressure. It has been found in Hamilton 
 Harbor, at Walsingham, and in Harrington Sound. (Phyc. Bor. Am. 1887a.) 
 
 Family SPHAEROCOCCACEAE. 
 
 Gracilaria ferox J. Ag. has a copiously branched thallus, with main axes 
 mostly i-i a line broad. These axes are usually distinctly flattened and the 
 branching manifestly disticho-dichotomous, but conditions occur in which the 
 axes are very slightly if at all flattened and in which the branches emerge in 
 nearly all directions. In the latter case the plants bear some resemblance to 
 Eypnea musciformis, but may be distinguished microscopically by the scat- 
 tered instead of localized tetrasporangia. The ultimate branchlets are acute 
 or taper-pointed. The species is rather common in shallow bays. (Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. 193S.) 
 
 Gracilaria mammiUaris (Mont.) M. A. Howe (Hhodumcnia nwmviiUoris 
 Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 18: 252. 1842) has a flat deep red flabellately sub- 
 dichotomous thallus with segments mostly 1-4 lines broad an<l the ultimate 
 lobes usually rounded-obtuse. It is of occasional occurrence on rocks in 
 
516 SPHAEROCOCCACEAE. 
 
 shallow water on St. David's Island, in the bays of St. George's, and on the 
 South Shore. (Phye. Bor.-Am. 1931 — as GracUaria dichotomo-flaiellata 
 Crouan.) 
 
 Gracilaria horizontalis Collins & Hervey, is a thick, tough, fleshy, cartilag- 
 inous plant, expanding horizontally from a central irregular disc, with short 
 thick crowded scarcely attenuate branches, and closely adherent to the sub- 
 stratum or its overgrown parts by coarse haptera. The plant seems, from the 
 authors' description, to be closely related to Gracilaria crassissima Crouan 
 (J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 3*: 78. 1901 — type from Guadeloupe), if not identical with it. 
 
 Hypnea musciformis (Wulf.) Lamour. is a copiously and somewhat vir- 
 gately branched dusky red plant with terete main axes about J of a line in 
 diameter. Its longer filiform branches are often hooked or incurved at the 
 apex and act somewhat like tendrils in grasping other algae or other branches 
 of its ow-n kind. Its shorter branchlets are taper-pointed and sometimes a 
 little spine-like. It occasionally resembles the narrower more terete conditions 
 of Gracilaria ferox, but the tetrasporangia, as in other species of Hypnea, are 
 confined to som.ewhat swollen spear-like branchlets instead of being scattered 
 through the cortex in general, and under a compound microscope the tetraspores 
 are seen to be arranged in rows of four (zonate) instead of in collateral pairs 
 (cruciate). (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2185.) 
 
 Hypnea spinella (Ag.) Kiitz. forms low densely intertangled dark red or 
 scarlet mats or cushions on rocks in shallow water in Hamilton Harbor. Its 
 main axes are terete, angular, or slightly flattened, about i of a line in diam- 
 eter, and it has numerous short sharp-pointed branches that become rigid and 
 spiny on drying, giving the plant somewhat of the aspect of a miniature 
 Kncheuma. The tetrasporangia are borne on spool-shaped or conic, usually 
 rostrate, enlargements of short branchlets. 
 
 Family RHODYMENIACEAE. 
 
 Cordylecladia irregularis Harv. is a rather rigid irregularly branched 
 thread-like plant (about 1— 3 of a line in diameter) that forms dense mats or 
 creeps among other algae near the low-water mark. When living its color is 
 a greenish or brownish red with touches of a steel-blue iridescence. Its 
 branching is usually very irregular but often shows a tendency to a secund 
 arrangement; occasionally opposite branches are found. The tetrasporangia 
 occur on pod-like enlargements of the ends of certain branchlets. The species 
 sometimes bears a slight resemblance to Wiirdemannia setacea, but it is 
 coarser, the branches are less acute and apparently do not anastomose; and 
 the filaments are hollow, as may be determined by examination of cross-sections 
 with a hand-lens. It scarcely adheres to paper on drying. [Phyc. Bor.-Am. 
 2186, as C. rigens (Ag.) Collins & Hervey.*] 
 
 Chrysymenia • uvaria (L.) J. Ag. may be recognized by its suggestiveness 
 of elongate, branched, usually lax clusters of red or brownish-red grapes. In 
 
 * The type of Sphaerococctis rigens Ag. is a .Japanese plant different in struc- 
 ture from the Bermudian and West Indian. 
 
SHODYMENIACEAE. 617 
 
 form it is slightly suggestive of conditions of Caulerpa racemosa (both occur 
 under one name in the Linnaean herbarium), but the Chrysymenia is red, 
 unless deeolorate, v/hile the Caulerpa is green. The plant is commonly 3 to 8 
 inches tall and the subglobose, obovoid, or occasionally subpyriform hollow 
 vesicles that form the ultimate branchlets are mostly 1^-3 lines long. The 
 American plants appear to be larger in all respects than those of the Adriatic 
 and Mediterranean seas. This species occurs in Harrington Sound and in 
 Castle Harbor. (Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 150; Phyc. Bor.-Am. ]f)33.) It usually 
 inhabits rather deep water. 
 
 Chrysymenia pyriformis B0rg. resembles the foregoing, but is a smaller 
 plant (1-2 inches high) with vesicles that are larger (^,-5 inch long) and more 
 uniformly pyriform. It has been found at Tucker's Town by Collins. 
 
 Lomentaria uncinata Menegh. [Eooperia Baileyana (Harv.) J. Ag.] is a 
 hollow, thread-like, irregularly branched plant, sometimes slightly resembling 
 Cordylecladia irregularis, but is deeper red and always softer, more gelatinous, 
 and adheres firmly to paper on drying. It is also usually more slender and 
 delicate, its branches being mostly i to i of a line in diameter. Its longer 
 branches or axes are often arched or recurved, with the branchlets in a more 
 or less seeund series on the convex side. Both the generic position of the 
 American plant and its identity with the little-known Adriatic and Mediter- 
 ranean species with which it is currently associated have been called in ques- 
 tion and both points deserve further study. The plant has been found at 
 Hungry Bay by Collins and in the Walsingham region by Hervey. 
 
 Cliampia parvula (Ag.) Harv. forms subglobose tufts 1-4 inches in 
 diameter on Tlialassia, Zostera, the larger algae, and on rocks. Its main axes 
 are mostly i-i a line in diameter and its branches are irregularly and variously 
 disposed, being alternate, opposite, or sometimes whorled. The plant is ob- 
 viously jointed-nodose throughout, the barrel-shaped internodes in the older 
 parts being mostly 1* times as long as broad ; microscopic examination shows 
 that the internodes are hollow, with a septum or diaphragm at each noile. The 
 plants are somewhat gelatinous and adhere firmly to paper on drying, yet they 
 do not collapse when taken from the water. The species has been found in 
 Harrington Sound. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1934.) 
 
 Coelarthrum Albertisii (Pice.) B0rg. has a jointed, hollow, septate thallus, 
 somewhat like that of Champia, but the branching is dichotomous, the constric- 
 tions are deeper, the internodes or segments are more ellipsoid or obovoid, and 
 the consistency is more gelatinous. It is also, so far as known, a smaller plant, 
 attaining a height of scarcely more than one inch, with broader segments, these 
 mostly 1-3 lines broad. The type of the species was from the Canary Islands. 
 It seems that the species was first found in Bermuda by Farlow who got it in 
 1881 at Ducking Stool near Hamilton and at Cooper's Island. Hervey has 
 since found it at Buildings Bay (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 209!) and at Bailey's Bay. 
 
 Family DELESSERIACEAE. 
 
 Nitophyllum Wilkinsoniae Collins &' Hervey (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2037) is a 
 recently published species apparently related to N. occUa.tum (Lamour.) Grev. 
 It was found growing on rocks below low-water mark at Dingle Bay. Endemic. 
 
S18 RHODOMELACEAE. 
 
 Caloglossa Leprieurii (Mont.) J. Ag. creeps on rocks, wooden piles, man- 
 grove roots, and other solid objects between the tide-lines, mostly near the 
 high-water mark (Phyc. Bor.-Am. S038). It has a thin, purple, membranous, 
 costate, diehotomous, rather regularly constricted thallus that commonly reaches 
 a length of 1 or 2 inches, with segments mostly 4-1 line in maximum width. 
 The segments of the terminal forkings, which are commonly unequal at first, 
 are lanceolate or elliptic and are acuminate. The segments in general are 
 constricted at the base, either gradually or abruptly. A tuft of root-hairs is 
 usually to be found on the ventral surface at each forking of the costa. 
 Although typically an inhabitant of salt or brackish water, this species is 
 found also in mountain streams in Porto Rico at an elevation of 1200 or 
 1500 feet. 
 
 Taenioma perpusiUum (J. Ag.) J. Ag. has been reported from Bermuda (Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. 1935), but the writer has seen no Bermuda specimen. The one copy of 
 Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1935 that has been examined shows a small Rhodomelaceous plant 
 bearing some slight resemblance to the Taenioma. 
 
 Family RHODOMELACEAE. 
 
 Laurencia obtusa (Huds.) Lamour. The species of Laiirencia as cur- 
 rently recognized appear to intergrade. Although many of the alleged species 
 are different enough in their typical conditions, individual specimens are 
 often difficult to place. Of the six Bermudian species or forms, L. ohtusa is 
 perhaps the commonest, growing in tide-pools or in shallow water on rocks 
 and reefs. It forms conic, subpyramidal, or subglobose tufts, mostly 2-7 
 inches high, and when living is often greenish with pink tips. Pressed speci- 
 mens sometimes have the appearance of being 3-6 times irregularly pinnate, 
 but the branches and branchlets are in various planes and for the most part 
 alternate, though at times apparently opposite or verticillate. The plants 
 have well-developed main axes that are mostly ^-i a line in diameter. (Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. S092.) 
 
 Laurencia intricata Lamour. (L. implicata J. Ag.) is perhaps a variety 
 of the foregoing, differing chiefly in the lax, weak intertangled habit of 
 growth and the lack of clearly defined leading axes. It occurs unattached or 
 loosely attached to other algae or to rocks, as at Gibbet Island and Tobacco 
 Bay. 
 
 Laurencia microcladia Kiitz. (L. glomeraia Suhr, not L. glomerata Kiitz.) 
 also is possibly a variety of L. ohtusa but the two occur near each other in 
 Bermuda and maintain a considerable degree of distinctness. L. microcladia 
 is distinguished by the narrowly virgate habit of the plant as a whole or of 
 its principal branches and by its minute, numerous, often clustered clavate or 
 clavate-turbinate ultimate ramuli. It occurs on rocks between the tide-lines 
 at Achilles Bay, at Spanish Rock, and at Hungry Bay and other points along 
 the South Shore (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1888, as L. ohiiisa, var. gelatinosa). It is 
 a small plant, 1-3 inches high. 
 
 Laurencia Poitei (Lamour.) M. A. Howe (Fucus Poitei Lamour. Diss. 63. 
 pi. 31. f. S, S. 1805; Laurencia Chauvini Bory, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 9: 239. 
 
RHODOMELACEAE. 619 
 
 1826; L. tuberculosa J. Ag. 1852; L. gcmmifera Harv. 1853; L. 7nexic'a?ia 
 Kiitz. 1865.) This much-named species is usually easily recognizable, though 
 its slenderer more freely branched conditions sometimes approach forms of L. 
 obtusa, while its simpler conditions may sometimes bear a superficial resem- 
 blance to L. papulosa. It is coarser than L. obtusa and its branches are more 
 inclined to be distichous. Its numerous short tubercle-like branchlets, which 
 are less crowded than in the following species, are one of its characters. The 
 Bermuda specimens seen are not wholly typical. Specimens that seem to 
 belong here have been collected at Red Bay, St. David's Island, and at 
 Tobacco Bay, St. George's. 
 
 Laurencia papillosa (Forsk.) Grev. is a widely distributed species that is 
 common on rocks near the low-water mark in Bermuda and the West Indies. 
 It ordinarily grows 1-5 inches high, is sparingly and irregularly branched or 
 once or twice subpinnate, the main branches bearing usually crowded wart-like, 
 button-like, subglobose, or short-truncate-clavate ramuli, which are irregularly 
 disposed on all sides or somewhat 4-ranked and are simple or bear still smaller 
 similar branchlets. Not only do the plants as a whole seem to the naked eye 
 to be papillate or adorned with numerous pegs, but in certain individuals, 
 especially in those growing in exposed positions between the tide-lines, the 
 younger superficial cells, under a compound microscope, are seen to be strongly 
 aculeate-papillate. 
 
 Laurencia Corallopsis (Mont.) M. A. Howe {SpJiaerococcus corallopsis 
 Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba. Bot. PI. Cell. 49. 1842 (French ed.) ; in Sagra, 
 Ic. PI. Fl. Cuba, pi. 3. f. 1. 1863 ; Laurencia cervicornis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 
 2: 73. pi. 18. /. C. 1853). This species appears to be the most distinct of any 
 of the West Indian forms of Laurencia, differing from the others in its 
 dichotomo-cormybose or cervicorn habit of branching, with few or numerous 
 lateral proliferations. It grows 2-6 inches tall and its main axes are mostly 
 A-1 line in diameter. It occurs on rocks in shallow water at Buildings Bay, 
 Red Bay, Tobacco Bay, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2187, as L. cervicornis Harv.) 
 
 Laurencia perforata Mont., a species originally described from the rnnary 
 Islands, has been recently reported from the Bermudas (Phyc. Bor.-.Vra. Ifii^'J), l)ut 
 the specimen distributed under that name in the one set of the Phycotheca examined 
 has not the apical vegetative structure of a Laurencia or of any other member of 
 the Rhodomelaceae. 
 
 Chondria curvilineata Collins & Hervey, is a straggling, rather incon- 
 spicuous, irregularly branched plant, scarcely more than an inch long, that 
 forms tangled mats in shallow water, as at The Flatts, Heron Bay (Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. 2039), and in a mangrove swamp near Hamilton. Its ultimate 
 ramuli are long-clavate and obtuse. The most remarkable character of the 
 species, determinable with the aid of a compound microscope, is found in the 
 thickened crescentic transverse septa separating the members of the poly- 
 siphonous axis, these crescents, with their convexities towards the plant-apex, 
 being easily visible through the overlying cortex. The species of Chondria 
 may usually be distinguished from those of Laurencia under a hand-lens by 
 the much narrowed often dccolorate necks of the commonly more slender 
 ultimate ramuli, and in Bermuda the species of Chondria are more slender, less 
 
520 RHODOMELACEAE. 
 
 succulent, more irregularly branched, and more intricately intertangled than 
 are those of the genus Laurencia. Apparently endemic. 
 
 Chondria polyrhiza Collins & Hervey, is somewhat like the foregoing in 
 general habit, but is rather larger, more dusky red, even more irregular in its 
 branching, more intertangled in habit of growth, and its ultimate ramuli are 
 taper-pointed. It lacks the conspicuous thickened crescentic trans\-erse in- 
 ternal septa of C. curvilineata, though it often shows somewhat similar longi- 
 tudinal or irregularly disposed thickenings, and it develops frequently ventral 
 or latero-ventral multicellular haptera, indicating a creeping habit. (Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. £040.) Apparently endemic. 
 
 Acanthophora spicifera (Yahl) Bj^rg. is common in shallow bays, tidal 
 streams, and tide-pools (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1938). It grows usually 3 to 8 inches 
 tall, is a dusky red or purple when living, often blackens on drying, is irregu- 
 lar and often sparing in its main ramification, and the wand-like main branches 
 are clothed with more or less 4-ranked subulate ramuli, mostly ~i-2 lines long, 
 which are beset with minute, single or clustered, patent or reflexed spines. 
 
 Digenea simplex (Wulf.) Ag. is a shaggy, rigid, tawny- or dingy-red, 
 rather unattractive, irregularly dichotomous plant that commonly grows 1-4 
 inches high, being found especially in tide-pools and on sand-covered rocks 
 near the low-water line, as along the South Shore (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1939). 
 The branches, particularly in their upper parts, are more or less densely clothed 
 with mostly simple rigid filaments that are usually 1-4 lines long and that 
 appear transversely segmented under a hand-lens. The main branches, thus 
 clothed, are sometimes suggestive of fox-tails or of Lycopodium Selago. 
 
 Polyslphonia ferulacea Suhr, is probably the most common of the several 
 Bermudian Polysiphonias that have four pericentral siphons. Its filaments 
 are more or less rectangular-prismatic and its segments are often shorter than 
 broad. The plant is commonly 1-4 inches high, tufted in habit, rather spar- 
 ingly branched, subpellucid when living, and brownish red or fuscescent on 
 drying. It grows in tide-pools and on rocks and stones just below the low- 
 water line. It prefers somewhat agitated water, as on the rocks at Hungry 
 Bay. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1940.) 
 
 Polyslphonia havanensis Mont, is also a 4-siphoned species. It is more 
 slender, softer, and more gelatinous than the preceding, and its segments are 
 more terete and are relatively longer, the median and lower being often 2-3 
 times as long as broad. It is usually found in association with mangroves, 
 near the low-water mark. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1941.) 
 
 Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harv. is a name that has been adopted in the Phyco- 
 theca (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2093) for an extremely slender and delicate 4-siphoned species 
 found coating the roots of mangroves between the tide-lines at Hungry Bay. It dif- 
 fers specifically, however, from the Irish plant to which Harvey gave this name in 
 its more slender, more sparingly and more dichotomously branched filaments, its 
 shorter segments, its violet-red color, etc. The only specimen examined was ap- 
 parently sterile. 
 
 Polyslphonia foetidissima Cocks, has 7-9 pericentral siphons and seg- 
 ments mostly 1-2 times as long as broad. It is commonly 2-5 inches high and 
 
RHOBOMELACEAE. 521 
 
 of a brownish- or violet-red color. It has been found in Hamilton Harbor and 
 near Hotel Fraseati. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1890.) 
 
 Polysiphonia opaca (Ag.) Zan. has 14-20 pericentral siphons and the 
 median segments mostly 1-1^ times as long as broad. It is commonly 2-5 
 inches high and is of a brownish color, darkening with age. It grows in 
 tide-pools on the South Shore, on rocks at Tucker's Town, etc. (Phyc. Bor.- 
 Am. 1891.) 
 
 Herposiphonia teneUa (Ag.) Ambronn, is rather common, creeping on 
 Ealimeda, TJdotea, Sargassum, etc. and on roots of Hhizophora. In habit, due 
 chiefly to the length of its ''short" branches, it varies greatly according to 
 habitat, these branches being 20-50 segments long in the form on Bhi^ophora 
 and mostly 12-25 segments long in the forms on algae, but intermcfliates ap- 
 parently occur. The Herposiphonias differ from the Polysiphonias in their 
 creeping habit, dorsiventral organization, the dorsally recurved and inrolled 
 apex, and the ''short" branches alternating in two regular dorsal rows. In 
 both this species and the next, the segments show 8-10 pericentral siphons 
 and are mostly 1-2 times as long as broad. In the present species there is a 
 branch of some sort at nearly every node of the main axes, complete regularity 
 being interfered with occasionally by suppression or abortion. (Phyc. Bor.- 
 Am. 1943.) 
 
 Herpostphonia secunda (Ag.) Ambronn, like the preceding, usually creeps 
 on various algae (Sargassum, Laurencia, etc.). It is best distinguished by the 
 less frequent branches, these commonly occurring at every third or fourth 
 node. The "short" branches are usually shorter than in the preceding, being 
 mostly 7-20 segments long. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2041.) 
 
 Lophosipsonia obscura of current writers [not Hutrhinsia. ohsnira Ag.,* 
 which is LopliosipJuynia suhadunca (Kiitz.) Falkenb.] is rather common, form- 
 ing dense felted mats about half an inch deep on rocks near the high-water 
 mark. The primary axes creep, somewhat as in Herposiphonia, but the 
 branches are less regular in their origin and development; the branches are 
 endogenous in origin and are not laid down in a regular exogenous series at 
 the apex of the main axis as in Herposiphonia. The Bermuda plant commonly 
 has 10-12 pericentral siphons and its segments are mostly about as long as 
 broad. The current specific name, though invalid, is here used, pending 
 further studies of its synonymy. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1892.) 
 
 Lophosiphonia Saccorhiza Collins & Hervey, is a new name that has 
 recently been given (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2042) to a minute 4-siphoned plant that 
 creeps on and among the utricles of Codium. It occasionally shows free parts 
 that suggest the genus Polysiphonia rather than Lophosiphonia. Pohisiphonia 
 codiicola Zan. is perhaps a close relative. 
 
 Dipterosiphonia rigens (Schousb.) Falkenb. {Lophosi phonic hermudcnsis 
 Collins & Hervey). This is a minute plant that creeps on Sargassum, Lau- 
 
 * Diatoms that coated Agardh's type specimen and obscured Its structure are 
 apparently responsible for this specific name. 
 
522 RHODOMELACEAE. 
 
 rencia, Halimeda, and other algae, growing near the low-water mark, as at 
 Hungry Say. Its main axes have 5 or 6 pericentral siphons, its often short, 
 divaricate, subulate or spinescent branchlets sometimes have only 4, and its 
 tetrasporic branches often 7 or 8. The segments of the main axes are about 
 as long as broad, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, while those of the 
 branches are commonly shorter than broad. The branches are 4-ranked, 
 though occasionally they may have an illusory appearance of being 2-ranked. 
 The branches, however, occur in alternating pairs, of which the more ventral 
 of each pair becomes a ramified ''long" branch, while the more dorsal of each 
 pair becomes a simple ''short" branch, in which respect Dipterosiphonia 
 differs from Herposiphonia and Lophosiphonia. In the present species, as 
 noted by Falkenberg, this regularity is often not manifest on account of the 
 slight development of the "long" branches. In the free parts, also, the 
 branches are only sparingly developed and their relations are obscure, but in 
 the younger conditions and in creeping parts, the form and relations of the 
 branches are manifest and the plant is a typical Dipterosiphonia. 
 
 Falkenbergia Hillebrandii (Born.) Falkenb. may be recognized by its 
 having only 3 pericentral siphons, the siphons of one segment usually alternat- 
 ing regularly with the siphons of the next. The filaments are very slender, 
 delicate, and flaccid and adhere firmly to paper on drying. The color is a 
 reddish purple, tending sometimes to rose and sometimes to brown. The 
 branching is lateral or pseudodichotomous. Not uncommon on other algae, 
 sticks, etc., occurring particularly in association with mangroves and in the 
 ponds of the Walsingham region. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2043.) 
 
 Wrightiella Blodgettii (Harv.) Schmitz, is of occasional occurrence near 
 low-water mark, as at Harris Bay and elsewhere along the Sx)uth Shore. It is 
 confmonly 4^7 inches high, with a few plumose main axes that have the 
 appearance of being distichously pinnate when dried and pressed, though the 
 branches and branchlets are in reality spirally alternate in four ranks. The 
 numerous short branches are mostly about I inch long and are beset with 
 minute conic or awl-shaped ramull that are visible with a hand-lens. Fila- 
 mentous monosiphonous branchlets that soon fall off also occur, alternating 
 with the stouter ones. Except for these the plant is corticated throughout, a 
 section showing four pericentral siphons. The tetraspores occur on the mono- 
 siphous branchlets. The cystocarps are short-stalked and urceolate and are 
 conspicuous when present. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1942.) 
 
 Wrightiella Tumanowiczi (Gatty) Schmitz. The types of both this 
 species and the preceding came from Key West, Florida, where the two differ 
 rather markedly in habit, W. Tumanowiczi being more flaccid, having more 
 persistent monosiphonous branchlets and being almost destitute of the short 
 branches (about I inch long) that are responsible for the distichous-pinnate 
 appearance of the main branches of dried specimens of W. Blodgettii. TV. 
 Tumanowiczi resembles slender conditions of Dasya pedicellata, while TV. 
 Blodgettii is slightly suggestive of lax forms of Bryothamnion Seaforthii. 
 Under a microscope the texture of TV. Tumanoiviczi is rather more translucent 
 
EHODOMELACEAE. 523 
 
 and the minute pointed ramuli are rather smaller, more slender, and more 
 aculeate-subulate. The Bermuda specimens that have been referred (Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. S095) to this species show some of the indicated differences, yet it 
 seems difficult to distinguish them with certainty from W. Blodgettii. 
 
 Murrayella periclados (Ag.) Schmitz, occurs on the roots of mangroves 
 and in rock caverns between the tide-lines, commonly associated with species 
 of Bostrychia. Its main axes are 1 or 3 inches long, free, erect or pendent, 
 from rhizomatous bases, and are plumose with spirally alternating branches of 
 various kinds. The main axes have 4 undivided and uncorticated pericentral 
 siphons throughout, differing in this respect from species of Bostrychia. 
 Some of the branches are simple and monosiphonous, others are branched and 
 monosiphonous, others are short, branched, and polysiphonous at base, and 
 monosiphonous above, and others are long and polysiphonous like the main 
 axes. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2096.) 
 
 Bostrychia tenella (Vahl) J. Ag, creeps on the walls of caverns, on 
 shaded rocks, on roots of mangroves, and other objects, mostly near the high- 
 water line or a little above it, often forming a dense, though usually thin, turf 
 in the older parts of the colonies. The main axes are mostly ^-1 inch long and 
 are twice or thrice pinnately branched, the somewhat palmate-pinnate ultimate 
 branchlets ending in monosiphonous prolongations that are usually 10-40 cells 
 long. The main axes and principal branches of this and of the other Bermu- 
 dian species of Bostrychia are densely corticated. The tetraspores occur in 
 cylindric-rostrate or lanceolate swellings (stichidia) of the primary or sec- 
 ondary corticated branches, these stichidia being 4-10 times as long as broad 
 and moderately decurved. (Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 137, as B. calamistrata ; Phyc. 
 Bor.-Am. 1894a, h, c — all more or less mixed with other species of Bostrychia 
 in the set examined.) 
 
 Bostrychia Sertularia Mont, is found chiefly on the roofs of caverns above 
 the ordinary high-water line. It is closely related to B. tenella, with which it 
 is sometimes associated, but is apparently distinct. It is more slender and 
 delicate in all its parts, the main axes are regularly and pectinately bipinnate, 
 the ultimate branchlets are mostly 6-15 cells long, sometimes monosiphonous 
 except at base, sometimes irregularly polysiphonous except for one or two cells 
 at apex; in the monosiphonous parts, the cells are mostly broader than long, 
 while in B. tenella, the reverse is true; when, as occasionally happens, the 
 monosiphonous apices are more prolonged, the prolongations are commonly 
 decolorate, which is rarely the case in B. tenella. The stichidia are ovoid or 
 short-cylindric-clavate, mostly 2-4 times as long as broad, and are acute, 
 obtuse, or apiculate. The color of the plant is a blue- or violet-purple, while 
 that of B. tenella, even when growing with it, is a more brownish purple. 
 (Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 138; Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2094.) Bostrychia Macci Crouan, 
 at least as represented by Maze & Schrannu, Alg. Guad. S'JO in herb. Mus. 
 Paris, is this species. 
 
 Bostrychia Montagnei Ilarv. is a much larger plant than either of the 
 two preceding species, being 1^-4 inches long, and, with its tri-quadripinnatc 
 
524 EHODOMELACEAE. 
 
 ramification, spreading about equally broad. Its branches are more widely 
 spaced and not so obviously two-ranked. . The apices are conspicuously in- 
 rolled; monosiphonous prolongations of the ultimate branchlets occur in the 
 younger parts. The stichidia are cylindric-lanceolate, rostrate, and usually 
 4-6 times as long as broad. The blackish or violet-brown plants are ascend- 
 ing, or pendent rather than creeping. The species occurs in caverns and 
 under shelving rocks, but is at its best on roots of mangroves, growing just 
 below the high-tide mark, mostly at a lower level than B. tenella. (Alg. Exs. 
 Am. Bor. 136; Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1893.) 
 
 Heterosiphonia Wurdemanni (Bail.) Falkenb. is a small plant, mostly 
 A-1 inch long or high, growing on other algae and on Gorgonians. The main 
 axes have 4-6 (usually 5) pericentral siphons and are uncorticated throughout. 
 These axes bear, usually at intervals of two segments, minute rather rigid 
 branchlets which are monosiphonous throughout or polysiphonous at base and 
 are several times divaricately dichotomous. These branchlets are primarily 
 2-ranked and alternate, but this regularity is sometimes interfered with by the 
 development of adventitious or secondary branchlets. The cells of the branch- 
 lets are mostly a little longer than broad. The stichidia are ovoid-conic 
 or obpyriform, about twice as long as broad, provided with a one-celled 
 apiculus, and subsessile on a pedicel that is unicellular, at least as to its 
 basal segment. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2097.) 
 
 Dasya corymbifera J. Ag. is usually li-'2^ inches long and grows under 
 shelving rocks near the low-water mark. In the pressed and dried condition it 
 shows a vaguely pinnate mode of branching. The main branches, together 
 with their small, spirally alternate, monosiphonous, several times dichotomous, 
 fasciculate-corymbose branchlets, are i-1 line broad. The branchlets taper 
 decidedly and the ultimate divisions are, for the most part, strongly incurved 
 or subfalcate. The main axes are strongly corticated, and in the uncorticated 
 upper parts the segments are a little longer than broad, the individual peri- 
 central siphons being usually 3-6 times as long as broad. Cells of the branch- 
 lets are 2-5 times as long as broad. The stichidia are conic-subulate, on 
 monosiphonous pedicels 1 or 2 (rarely 3) cells long, 
 
 Dasya Collinsiana M. A. Howe, sp. nov. Plants dingy red, often yellowish 
 on drying, forming rather dense subhemispheric tufts 1-3 cm. high, 5-8 times 
 subdichotomous, the branches corymbose or somewhat fastigiate, the terminal 
 (with branchlets) alopecuroid, and 1-1.5 mm. in diameter; main axes 0.5-0.75 
 mm. in diameter near base, densely but rather pellucidly corticated up to the 
 last two or three dichotomies; segments of upper uncorticated or lightly cor- 
 ticated parts often poorly defined owing to overlapping of siphons, varying 
 from one half as long as broad to slightly longer than broad, the five peri- 
 central siphons translucent, conspicuous, varying from slightly longer than 
 broad to 2-3 (rarely 4) times as long as broad, often subquadrate; branch- 
 lets monosiphonous, patent, divaricate, or subsquarrose, 0,5-0.9 mm. long, 4 or 
 5 times divaricately dichotomous, the lower rigid and slightly tapering, those 
 of the terminal coma softer, connivent, more tapering and often short-pilif- 
 erous; basal cells of the branchlets 100-130 /a in diam., commonly shorter than 
 broad, "the terminal and subterminal cells mostly 45-55 At in diam. (except in 
 apical coma), about twice as long as broad; stichidia alopecuroid, acuminate- 
 
RHODOMELACEAE. 525 
 
 apiculate, 300-350 ju long, 90-130/1 broad, 2-4 times as long as broad, sub- 
 sessile on a very short one-celled pedicel. 
 
 Growing on rocks and on Sargassmn, near low-water mark. Type from 
 Red Bay, St. David's Island {Hoiue 293, in herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). This 
 species is most nearly related to the Adriatic and Mediterranean Das)/a rigi- 
 dula (Kiitz.) Ardiss. (which apparently has been sometimes confused with 
 Heterosiphonia Wurdemanni) , and to the European species that currently 
 bears the invalid name Dasya Arhuscula* but it differs from both in the 
 dichotomo-corymbose arrangement of its main branches and in the short, 
 broad, pericentral siphons, which commonly appear almost quadrate. Ber- 
 muda specimens have recently been referred, sometimes to D. Arhusciila and 
 sometimes to T). ramosissima Harv. From the latter it differs in its small 
 size, dichotomo-corymbose habit, mostly shorter pericentral siphons, more 
 rigid, and more divaricately forked branchlets, etc. In its rigid divaricately 
 forked branchlets, the species suggests Heterosiphonia Wurdemanni, but is 
 readily distinguished by the cortication of its main branches and by the 
 spirally alternate instead of distichous ramification. Its nearest Bermuda 
 relative is D. corymhifera J. Ag., from which it is best distinguished by the 
 dichotomo-corymbose arrangement of its main branches, its shorter pericentral 
 siphons, its more crowded, more divaricately forked, less tapering branchlets, 
 which show little or no tendency to be incurved or falcate at their apices, and 
 by its more sessile, more apiculate stichidia. Apparently endemic. The 
 species is dedicated to Mr. F. S. Collins, the well-known American phycologist 
 and co-author of the recently published treatise on ' * The Algae of Bermuda. 
 
 Dasya pedicellata Ag. [P. elegans (Mart.) Ag.] is the largest of the 
 Bermudian members of the genus, being commonly from six inches to two 
 feet long, with long unequal irregular branches, which may remain simple or 
 may be again branched. The main axes are mostly 1-2 lines in diameter. All 
 parts, with the occasional exception of the oldest, are densely clothed with 
 tufts of dichotomous monosiphonous ramelli 1-4 lines long. The plants are 
 flaccid and are reddish purple or lake-red. Cystocarps conspicuous, urn- 
 shaped, borne on the main branches on pedicels of about half their own 
 length. Tetrasporic stichidia ovoid-rostrate to lanceolate-subulate, often 
 slightly curved, borne on the monosiphonous ramelli. 
 
 Dasya splnuligera Collins & ITcrvoy, reseml)los small, slender, lielicate, 
 much-branched, less villous conditions of D. pedicellata, but most of the mono- 
 siphonous ramelli are borne on rather rigid subulate branchlets, such as are 
 wanting or of rare occurrence in the typical D. pedicellata. And the species 
 differs markedly in the much elongate, cylindric, often clustered stichidia, 
 which are 5-10 times as long as broad. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. ?'^^^\^ Kn.i.M.nr. 
 
 Family CERAMIACEAE. 
 PtUothamnion bipinnatum (Collins & Hervey) M. A. Howe (Gymnotham^ 
 nion lipinnatum Collins & Ilervey, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 43: 139. pi 
 
 *The type of Conferva Arhuscula Dillw., on which Dasua Arhuscula Ap. was 
 based, is evidently a CaUithamnion. 
 
526 CEEAMIACEAE. 
 
 4. f. 26. Au 1917), is an exceedingly minute, almost microscopic plant tHat 
 creeps on rocks in caverns in company with other algae. It is monosiphonous 
 and uncorticated throughout. The creeping parts are attached by discs or 
 manifest rhizoids; the erect, ascending, or semiprostrate, flexuous main 
 branches are less than a line long, and have a more or less elongate naked stipe 
 above which they are regularly and oppositely pinnate or somewhat bipinnate, 
 the pinnae patent or somewhat divaricate, mostly 4-12 cells long, usually a 
 pair from the upper part of each internode. In the more or less bipinnate 
 conditions, the pinnules, 1-4 cells long, are chiefly confined to a secund row 
 along the upper (inner) side of the pinna. Occasionally a pinna will develop 
 more luxuriantly, like one of the main suberect branches. Cells of the 
 rhizome are mostly 1^-4 times as long as broad, those of the main suberect 
 axes li-2 times as long as broad. Tetrasporangia occur at the ends of the 
 pinnae and are tetrahedrally divided (tripartite). The nearest relative of this 
 species is perhaps the Irish cave-inhabiting Ptilothamnion lucifugum Cotton, 
 from which, however, it is amply distinct. The Bermuda plant was found 
 by F. ,S. Collins in a cave by the Ducking Stool. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2190, as 
 Gymnothamnion hipinnatum Collins & Hervey.) Apparently endemic. 
 
 Spermothamnion gorgoneum (Mont.) Bornet, is a name that may be used 
 tentatively for a plant that forms a delicate red-purple plush on the surface of 
 species of Codium (Bethel's Island, Collins S488). The plant is monosiphonous 
 and uncorticated throughout, sending up erect somewhat flexuous branches less 
 than a line long from a creeping basal filament,, the erect branches simple or 
 rather sparingly laterally or subdichotomously ramified, the branchlets often 
 subsecund, very rarely opposite or 3-vertieillate. The cells are mostly 3-7 
 times as long as broad. The Bermuda specimen examined seems to be sterile, 
 as was also, apparently, the African type of the present species. The Ber- 
 muda plant is manifestly different from the cystocarpic and polysporic codiico- 
 lous plants from Jamaica ((Phyc. Bor.-Am. 441) and Barbados (Vickers, Alg. 
 Barb. 179) that have been distributed as SpermotJiamnion gorgoneum. 
 
 Spermothamnion macromeres Collins & Hervey, forms soft cushions about 
 half an inch high on sand-covered rocks near the low-water mark, with Poly- 
 siphonias and other small algae, as at Pink Bay and Gravelly Bay (Phyc. Bor.- 
 Am. 2044). Like other members of the genus, the plant is monosiphonous and 
 uncorticated and sends up erect branches from a creeping base. The erect 
 branches are simple, sparingly subdichotomous, or provided with a few 
 lateral branchlets. The cells are mostly 4-10 (-15) times as long as broad, 
 often curved, and commonly contracted at the septa. The tripartite tetra- 
 sporangia are loosely clustered, sessile or pedicellate. Apparently endemic. 
 
 Griffithsia globulifera Harv. {G. Bornetiana Farl.). The Griflathsias are 
 delicate, monosiphonous, uncorticated, cespitose plants, the filaments mostly 
 erect and regularly dichotomous, or, in some species laterally branched. The 
 tetrasporangia, in the Bermuda species, are borne on minute branchlets form- 
 ing whorls at the upper nodes. The cystocarps also occur at the nodes and 
 are furnished with an involucre. In G. glohulifera, the antheridia densely 
 
CERAMIACEAE. 527 
 
 cover the apical half of the obovoid or subglobose terminal cells. The male, 
 female, and tetrasporic plants in this species have each their characteristic 
 habit and form of cell, the male plant being smaller, 1-3 inches high, with 
 lower cells cylindric-obovoid, the upper pyriform, obovoid, or subglobose. In 
 the female and tetrasporic plants the cells vary from cylindric to cylindric- 
 clavate, cylindric-obovoid, or ellipsoid; they are mostly 4-10 times as long as 
 broad in the lower parts and 1-4 times as long as broad in the upper, and 
 are moderately contracted at the septa. In all forms of G. globulifera the 
 branching is dichotomous or subdichotomous. The only Bermuda specimens 
 seen are sterile and their determination is not wholly certain. 
 
 Griffithsia Schousboei Mont, is a smaller plant than G. globulifera, with 
 shorter and broader cells that are very strongly contracted at the septa, 
 giving the filaments a moniliform habit. The cells vary from cylindric- 
 clavate below to pyriform, ellipsoid, subglobose, and oblate-spheroid above, 
 the septal isthmi being only *-4 the maximum diameter of the cells. At the 
 apices the filaments often diminish in diameter abruptly or gradually to cells 
 i-rV the diameter of the larger subjacent cells. The writer has not seen 
 antheridia in the Bermuda plants, but the species is said to have the antheridia, 
 like the tetrasporangia, in verticils at the nodes. 
 
 Griffithsia tenuis Ag. may be recognized by its straggling habit an.l its 
 irregular, mostly lateral, patent or divaricate branching. The plants are 
 usually about two inches long, and most of the branches, which are commonly 
 rather few, spring from near the middle, or below the middle, of an mternode. 
 In the youngest parts there are often, also, nodal verticils of very short, ex- 
 ceedingly delicate branchlets. The cells in the younger parts are 1-4 times 
 as long as broad; in the older, 3-6 times. In the younger parts the filaments 
 are often lightly contracted at the septa; in the older, they are often swollen 
 at the septa. All specimens seen by the writer have been apparently sterile. 
 (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1895.) 
 
 CaUithamnion corymbosum (Sm.) Lyngb. This species forms delicate 
 gelatinous rose-colored or brownish rose tufts mostly 1-3 inches high. The 
 main axes are corticated in the basal parts, the main branches are several 
 times irregularly ramified, the secondary branches are alternately pinnate 
 with dichotomo-multifid ramuli, the ultimate ramelli corymbose-fastigiate. The 
 cells of the main axes are variable in length but are mostly 3-8 times as long 
 as broad and are often more or less enlarged just above the septum The 
 writer is inclined to refer here specimens (sterile so far as seen) collecte. 
 by A B Hervey on various other algae at the mouth of Harrington Sound 
 and distributed (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1896) as CalUaamnion Haime Collins 
 from the Key West type of which (Phyc. Bor.-Am. ^..S^) they differ in the 
 corticated main axes, the longer cells, the much more corymbose-fast.giatc 
 ramelli, the frequent presence of terminal hairs, etc. 
 
 CaUithamnion cordatum B0rg. is a name that has been ^J^^^^y ^^!^'' 
 (Phyc. Bor.-Am. ^189) to a dingy red plant 1-2 inches high found at Budd- 
 ngs Bay. Its ultimate ramelli are corymbose-fastigiate, somewhat as in the 
 
528 CEKAMIACEAE. 
 
 foregoing species, but it differs from that and the other Bermudian species 
 of Callithamnion here mentioned in having the main axes essentially uncor- 
 ticated, though the extreme base of the Bermudian plant is more or less 
 felted with both adherent and free rhizoids. The cells in the basal parts are 
 short, being about as broad as long. The type of the species was from the 
 Danish West Indies and the specific name was given in allusion to the cordate 
 geminate cystocarps. The Bermudian plants seen by the writer are apparently 
 sterile. The ultimate ramelli would seem to be stouter and less abruptly 
 tapering than in the type as figured by BjzJrgesen, 
 
 Callithamnion Herveyi M. A. Howe, sp. nov. Plants dingy purple, sub- 
 fuscous in age, gelatinous, forming tufts or cushions 2-4 cm. high, ramifica- 
 tion densely and repeatedly decompound, for the most part irregular or ob- 
 scurely tetrastichous, the ultimate ramelli more or less subdistichous or 
 diehotomo-distichous ; main axes with rhizoidal cortications for three fourths 
 or more of their length, 0.3-0.35 mm. in diameter at base and in older parts 
 loosely hirto-tomentulose with simple or irregularly branched rhizoidal 
 ramelli ; cells of the largest uncorticated branches 40-80 fi in diameter, sub- 
 cylindric, mostly l^-S times as long as broad, their walls 12-25 fi thick; ante- 
 penultimate ramuli cylindric-plumose, mostly 0.8-1.5 mm. long, and, with the 
 patent or erecto^patent ramelli, 0.3-0.6 mm. bro'ad; cells of the ultimate 
 ramelli li-2 (rarely 3) times as long as broad, the terminal obtuse, 8-12^ in 
 diameter, occasionally piliferous; dioicous; antheridia subglobose or sub- 
 hemispheric, 30-50 fji in diameter, usually crowning a short but manifest one- 
 celled pedicel ; cystocarps subglobose, 100-220 fi in diameter, scarcely lobed, 
 often geminate; tetrasporangia lateral, mostly solitary, irregularly scattered 
 or occasionally subsecund, obovoid or subglobose, mostly 38-40 fi in maximum 
 diameter, tetrahedrally divided or spores sometimes subdecussately paired; 
 monosporangia terminal, frequent on cystocarpic plants, occasional on anthe- 
 ridial and tetrasporic plants, scattered or irregularly clustered, solitary, some- 
 times concatenate in twos (very rarely in threes), olDOvoid, ellipsoid, pyriform, 
 or subglobose, 36-65 fi in longer liameter. [Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2046 as Cal- 
 lithamnion Eooheri (Dillw.) Ag.] 
 
 Type from Smith's Bay, December, 1913, communicated by F. S. Collins 
 as no. 8005, and preserved in the herbarium of the New York Botanical 
 Garden. The species is named in honor of Rev. Dr. A. B, Hervey, author of 
 the popular book, "Sea Mosses," and successful investigator of the marine 
 flora of Bermuda. 
 
 Callithamnion Herveyi is perhaps most nearly related to the European 
 C. HooTceri, but manifestly differs in its smaller size, in its denser, more 
 cylindric-plumose or tetrastichous, less distichous ramification, in its more hir- 
 tulous-tomentulose main axes, in its more slender and delicate ultimate 
 ramelli (terminal cells averaging about one half the diameter of those of C. 
 HooTceri), in its much smaller tetrasporangia (averaging about one half the 
 diameter of those of C. HooTceri), in the frequent presence of monosporangia, 
 etc. The plants are often much encrusted with diatoms of various kinds, and 
 even when virtually free from diatoms, the plants collect and hold quantities 
 of fine sand, indicating the presence of a remarkable amount of mucus. The 
 cystocarp has no involucre and conforms to the Callithamnion type — not to 
 that of Seirospora. All of the cells except the youngest appear to be pluri- 
 nuclear. The species is endemic so far as known. 
 
CEEAMIACEAE. 629 
 
 Seirospora purpurea M.A. Howe,sp. dov. Plants purple-lake or <lahlia- 
 carmine, forming dense, more or less felted, pulvinate tufts 1-2^ cm. high, rami- 
 fication repeatedly decompound, for the most part obscurely qu]n(^uefarious, the 
 ultimate ramelli dichotomo-subdistichous and often subfastigiate; main axes 
 0.15-0.25 mm. in diameter at base, rather sparingly corticated for one half 
 or more of their length by narrow-celled rhizoids, and in basal parts clothed 
 in addition by free sometimes spirally entwined rhizoids, occasional cells of 
 the upper ramuli also sending out elongate, free, long-celled, simple or spar- 
 ingly branched rhizoids; largest uncorticated cells of the main axes 40-95/* 
 in diameter, subcylindric or slightly enlarged at the noiles, lA-2i times as 
 long as broad, their walls 8-20^ thick; cells of the ultimate ramelli mostly 2-4 
 times as long as broad, the terminal obtuse, 6-13 /u. in diameter, hairs apparently 
 wanting; dioicous; antheridia ovoid, lance-ovoid, dimidiate-ovoid, or ellipsoid, 
 occurring singly at the nodes, erecto-patent, often incurved, 48-65 m high, 
 26-40 /u, broad; cystocarps somewhat hemispheric, 0.3-0,4 mm. broad, composed 
 of free, erecto-patent, moniliform, sporogenous filaments, the ellipsoid or ovoid 
 carpospores 35-40 /u; long; tetrasporangia scattered, solitary at the nodes, 
 obovoid or ellipsoid, 50-65 ijl in maximum diameter, tetrahedrally divided. 
 (Phye. Bor.-Am. 2045, as Callithamnion byssoideum jamaiccnse Collins.) 
 
 Type from a cave, Gravelly Bay, A. B. Hervey (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2045) in 
 the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. 
 
 Seirospora purpurea bears some resemblance in habit to small dense con- 
 ditions of Callithamnion coryrribosum and C. byssoides, but is easily distin- 
 guished by the sheathing of the basal parts of the main axes by free rhizo'ds 
 in addition to the cortications, by the frequently rhiziniferous cells of the 
 smaller branches and the consequent more or less felted condition of the tufts, 
 and more especially by having the cystocarp of a Seirospora, with its free 
 sporogenous filaments, instead of the solid cystocarp of a CaUithamniun with 
 its common enclosing wall. The European Seirospora? GaiUonii (Crouan) 
 De-Toni is possibly a nearer relative. The Jamaican CaUithajnnion byssoi- 
 deum jamaicense Collins (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 443) is manifestly a different thing. 
 The cells of S. purpurea are apparently all uninucleate. Endemie. 
 
 Antithamnion cruciatum (Ag.) Naeg. is a delicate rose-colored or dingy 
 red plant, mostly 1-2 inches high. Its main axes are rather few, its secondary 
 branches are comparatively short and four-ranked, being opposite and decus- 
 sately paired or in whorls of four. It is monosiphonous and uncorticated 
 throughout. At the apices of the main axes, the branches and branchlets are 
 very densely crowded, more or less incurved, more intensely colored, and, when 
 pressed and dried, the effect is often slightly suggestive of the terminal "eye" 
 of a peacock's tail-feather. St. George's (Hervey). (Phyc. Bor.-Am. Sinj.) 
 
 Crouania attenuata (Bonnem.) J. Ag. is a very gelatinous, much 
 branched, filiform, monosiphonous, and uncorticated plant 1-4 inches long, 
 varying in color from light rose to dingy purple. The main branches are 
 irregular and they bear at their nodes pairs or whorls of fastigiate, erecto- 
 patent or slightly incurved, several times dichotomous or trichotonious short 
 branches, the successive whorls close-set and confluent in the younger parts, 
 often separate and giving a beaded or moniliform appearance in the older 
 parts. The general habit of the plant is very suggestive of certain species 
 of the fresh-water genus Bairachospermum. The younger main branches are 
 
 35 
 
530 CEEAMIACEAE. 
 
 attenuate at the apex and often also at the base. The tetrasporangia are 
 tetrahedrally divided and are borne near the bases of the whorled short 
 branches. The Bermuda plants are larger, coarser, and more gelatinous than 
 the European type and the ultimate cells of the ramelli are more obtuse, but 
 the occurrence of apparently intermediate forms in the West Indies makes it 
 doubtful if they may be satisfactorily distinguished from the European 
 species. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2048.) 
 
 Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf.) Harv. is a common plant growing attached 
 to rocks in shallow water in warm bays and tide-pools, or found floating and 
 unattached, often in loose tangled mats. It is commonly 3-6 inches high, 
 with main branching subdichotomous or irregularly lateral, the principal axes 
 ^-4 line in diameter. As in the other species of the genus the branches are 
 clothed, sometimes sparingly, with very delicate hair-like ramelli about i a 
 line long, which under a hand-lens are seen to be transversely zoned, hyaline 
 zones alternating with narrower colored ones. Under a compound microscope, 
 the main branches are found to be corticated, the corticating cells in regular 
 transverse zones in the younger parts; bands of narrower longer corticating 
 cells regularly alternating with bands of broader shorter cells. This species 
 is distinguished from the following by its looser more straggling habit and, 
 microscopically, by the fact that the capillary ramelli are merely acute or 
 apiculate, without recurved hooks. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1897.) 
 
 Spyridia complanata J. Ag. grows on exposed rocks between the tide- 
 lines or near low-water mark, as at Hungry Bay, Eed Bay, and Spanish Rock. 
 It is more densely branched, more plumose in habit, and usually a smaller 
 plant than the preceding, growing 2-4 inches high, with tufted compact 
 feathery fronds mostly i-A inch broad. The main axes are slightly flattened 
 and the branches are predominantly distichous. Many of the ramelli, besides 
 having an apiculus, are provided with one or more minute retrorse one-celled 
 subapical barbs or hooks. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1947.) 
 
 Spyridia aculeata (Ag.) Kiitz. is similar to S. complanata, but the 
 branches issue in all directions, showing little tendency to be distichous. How- 
 ever, this character seems variable and it is doubtful if these two species can 
 be satisfactorily distinguished, at least so far as concerns the Bermuda plants. 
 The ends of the main branches are often enlarged and hooked, circinate, or 
 tendYil-like, as in the genus Hypnea, constituting the var. Tiypneoides J. Ag. 
 (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1946.) 
 
 Ceramium nitens (Ag.) J. Ag. is an attractive deep red, brownish red, 
 or yellowish red, copiously branched, thread-like plant that occurs in Hamil- 
 ton Harbor, in the Inlet to Harrington Sound, etc. It forms soft rather 
 lubricous tufts, mostly 3-5 inches high. The main branching is subdichot- 
 omous, wdth one or several somewhat zigzag leading axes. The smaller 
 branches are lateral, subdivaricate or patent, and occasionally seeund, and the 
 apices are straight. Under a microscope the plant is seen to be corticated 
 throughout and more or less nodose, with the transverse septa of the large- 
 celled monosiphonous axis visible through the cortex. The Bermuda specimens 
 seen are sterile. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1949.) 
 
CERAMIACEAE. 531 
 
 Ceramium tenuissimum J. Ag. is a name that may be employed, tem- 
 porarily at least, in accordance with current usage, for a variaVde, perhaps 
 aggregate species that occurs in Bermuda. However, the proper application 
 of the name (first used by Roth, as a varietal name) is in doubt, and, moreover, 
 the Bermuda plants do not agree quite accurately with European plants that 
 currently bear this name. As in the following species. of the genus, the corti- 
 cation is confined to a band at each node, the colored corticated nodes alter- 
 nating and contrasting with the naked usually hyaline internodes, giving a 
 transversely zoned appearance to the plant when viewed under a hand-lens. 
 The filaments are very delicate, repeatedly dichotomous, fastigiate, mostly 1-2 
 inches high, aVrV ^^ ^ ^^^® ^^ diameter, the apices strongly forciiiate or 
 nearly straight and erect. The mostly cylindric internodes are 2-4 times as 
 long as broad, becoming shorter above; nodal bands slightly protuberant, 2-6 
 cells wide (high), their cells irregular in form, size, and direction, 8-14 cells 
 measuring the width of the filament. The Bermuda specimens examined are 
 mostly sterile, but the tetrasporangia appear to be erumpent in a single ex- 
 trorse secund series and are somewhat irregularly divided, sometimes resem- 
 bling the so-called tetrahedral or tripartite mode and sometimes approaching 
 the decussate-paired arrangement. (Phyc. Bor.-x\m. 1898 and 2098.) 
 
 Ceramium cruciatum Collins & Hervey, creeps on Galaxaura squaJido on 
 the South Shore. The erect or ascending parts are only about a line high. 
 The filaments are several times dichotomous, and about ^^ of a line in diameter, 
 with forcipate apices. The hyaline uncorticated interuodal cells are thick- 
 walled, often bulging, scarcely longer than broad, shorter than broad in upper 
 parts; nodal bands hardly protuberant when sterile, 2-5 cells wide (high), 
 their cells irregular in form and size, their long axes mostly lengthwise of the 
 filament, 8-16 cells measuring its width. The tetrasporangia immersed, becom- 
 ing erumpent, subsecund or subverticillate, the spores in decussate pairs. 
 
 Ceramium byssoideum Harv. (C. transversale Collins & Hervey) is an 
 exceedingly delicate flocculent plant, reaching a length of 1-2 inches. The 
 filaments are -VsV of a line in diameter, are repeatedly subdichotomous, the 
 branches somewhat fastigiate or corymbose, and the apices straight and erect 
 or slightly forcipate. The hyaline uncorticated internodal cells are cylindric 
 below, and mostly 2-6 times as long as broad, becoming shorter above and 
 short-fusiform, ovoid, or obovoid; nodal bands protuberant, especially above, 
 bitruncate, 3-5 cells wide (high), their cells mostly with their longer axes 
 running transversely of the filament, 2-6 cells measuring its wi.lth. The 
 tetrasporangia are subsecund, protuberant, and lightly corticated in ba.-al 
 half, the spores irregularly tetrahedral. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 20^.), as Ceramium 
 transversale Collins & Hervey.) 
 
 Ceramium leptozonum M. A. Howe, pp. nov. Plants dolicato. Indian 
 lake or deep purplish-vinaceous, cespitosc, dichotomous, fastigiate, li-3 cm. 
 high; main filaments 40-72 ^ in diameter, lightly corticated at nodes only, the 
 dichotomies acute, the apices slightly forcipate or suboroct ; internodal cells 
 cylindric below and U-4 times as long as broad, becoming ovoid and shorter 
 above, all provided with conspicuous fibrillar chromatophores, becoming decol- 
 
532 CERAMIACEAE. 
 
 orate below; nodal bands of corticating cells very narrow, slightly protuberant, 
 mostly only one cell wide (high), the cells with their longer axes (20-40 /u) 
 usually directed lengthwise of the filament, about four cells measuring the 
 diameter of the filament, irregular smaller cells sometimes forming an imper- 
 fect second (upper) row; tetrasporangia solitary or 2 or 3 at a node, mostly 
 secund along the outer side of the filament, occasionally subverticillate, 50-65 ti 
 in maximum diameter, the primary wholly naked, the secondary (formed by 
 regeneration) subtended by 2-4 small sterile cells and thereby often much 
 exserted or substipitate, the tetraspores somewhat tetrahedrally disposed. 
 
 Type from a pond at "Walsingham, having subterranean communication 
 with the sea, (Hoive 99, in herb. N. Y. Botanical Garden). 
 
 Ceramium leptosonum is related to C. hyssoideum and the plants currently 
 known as C. tenuissimum, but seems to be amply distinct in having ordinarily 
 only a single row of corticating cells at the nodes, these cells nearly always 
 elongate in the direction of the filament, and in the naked primary tetra- 
 sporangia. In the narrow nodal zones, the regenerating tetrasporangia, and 
 the rather persistent coloring of the protoplasts of the large internodal cells, 
 the species is slightly suggestive of Ceramothamnion Codii, from which it is 
 easily distinguished by the apparently non-repent habit, the dichotomous 
 stouter and taller filaments, the usually single instead of double row of nodal 
 cells, which are also more elongate, the relatively smaller naked primary 
 tetrasporangia, etc. Ceramium cruciatum and C. tenuissimum also sometimes 
 show persistently colored fibrillar chromatophores in the internodal cells. In 
 soaked-out dried specimens, the nodal cells often appear to be more numerous 
 than they really are, owing to the segregation of chromatophores or to the 
 purely optical cutting of these cells by the nodal diaphragm. The tetraspores 
 sometimes germinate in situ, giving rise to small proliferations. The species 
 is apparently endemic. 
 
 Ceramothamnion Codii Richards, is a small plant epiphytic on species of 
 Codium along the South Shore and on Cooper 's Island. It creeps along the 
 surface of the Codium, sending down rhizoids among the utricles of its host and 
 sending up erect filaments less than a line high and gV" sV o^ ^ li^^ i^ diameter, 
 which are unbranched except in connection with the formation of the so-called 
 polysporangia, the apices remaining straight and erect. The uncorticated 
 internodal cells are mostly 1^-3 times as long as broad, and show persistently 
 colored fibrillar chromatophores, somewhat as in Ceramium cruciatum and C. 
 leptozonum. The nodal bands of corticating cells are 2 (3) cells wide (high), 
 these cells with their longer axes variously directed, 3 or 4 cells measuring the 
 width of the filament. The tetrasporangia are solitary at the nodes, subsecund, 
 broader at maturity than the filament, subtended in the basal half by an 
 involucral cup of sterile cells, and regenerating, the spores arranged in decus- 
 sate pairs. Antheridia form compact, small-celled, subglobose, sometimes con- 
 fluent enlargements of the nodes of different individuals from those that bear 
 the tetraspores. Supposed polysporangia or parasporangia, of non-sexual 
 origin, irregularly ovoid, subglobose or ellipsoid, occur on the erect filaments, 
 usually in pairs, and subtended by three or four short branches similar in struc- 
 ture to the filaments. Ceramothamnion appears to differ from Ceramium in 
 scarcely anything but in the occurrence of alleged polysporangia of non- 
 
CEKAMIACEAE. 533 
 
 sexual origin where one would naturally expect cystocarps of sexual origin. 
 The resemblance of the vegetative characters of Ceramoihamnion to those of 
 undoubted species of Ceramium, the occurrence of antheridia, the failure to 
 find proved procarps and cystocarps, and the resemblance of the supposed 
 polysporangia to the cystocarps of Ceramium, form a combination of circum- 
 stances that suggests the possibility that the alleged polysporangia of Ceramo- 
 thamnion are in reality cystocarps. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. '^l'> mid 75.9,9; 21D3, as 
 Ceramium tenuissimum pygmaeum.) 
 
 Centroceras clavulatum (Ag.) Mont, is the commone>t and perhaps the 
 most variable Bermudian representative of the Ceramiaceae, growing on rocks 
 and on various larger algae in shallow water, or, in surf-beaten places between 
 the tide-lines. Its capillary brownish red or dingy red dichotomous fastigiate 
 filaments form tufts or loose mats commonly 0.5-4 inches high. The filaments 
 are corticated throughout and may be distinguished from corticated species of 
 Ceramium by having the somewhat rectangular cortex cells in regular longi- 
 tudinal rows. In the younger part? at least, each node bears a whorl of teeth 
 or short mostly 2-celled spines, by which character also it is easily distinguished 
 from its Bermudian relatives. In the length, shape, and abundance of these 
 spines, the plant varies greatly according to habitat, and distinctions of species 
 based on these characters have been attempted. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1948, as 
 Ceramium clavulatum.) 
 
 Family GRATELOUPIACEAE. 
 
 Halymenia bermudensis Collins & Howe, has a membranous, violet-re.l, 
 rather firm or slightly gelatinous, usually stipitate frond that is variable in 
 form, mostly suborbicular, cordate, or obovate, and 2-10 inches broad, sub- 
 entire or sparingly or copiously lobed or proliferous, the lobes ovate or con- 
 formable. Under a microscope, the medullary filaments viewed through the 
 cortex are seen to be interspersed with a few coarser filaments, having more 
 homogeneous refringent contents and radiating from substellate, ganglion-like 
 enlargements. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2050.) Apparently endemic. 
 
 Halymenia pseudofloresia Collins & Howe, has a membranous deep red or 
 violet-red frond that is gelatinous in younger parts, becoming firmer with ago, 
 suborbicular, ovate, cuneate-obovate, or commonly very irregular in general 
 outline, 3-10 inches long, deeply, irregularly, or subpalmately lobed, or often 
 showing cuneate-based substipitate marginal proliferations, the main expansion 
 or axes i-3 inches broad, the lobes or proliferations commonly lanceolate, ser- 
 rate, biserrate, or subpinnately lobulate or bilobulate, the teeth mostly acumi- 
 nate-deltoid, the medulla, under a microscope, occasionally showing a few incon- 
 spicuous stellate ganglia. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2099.) Apparently on.lemu-. 
 
 Halymenia echinophysa Collins &: Howe, has a membranous lilac or grayish 
 vinaceous gelatinous frond that is suborbicular in general outline an.l 4-7 
 inches wide, deeplv, irregularly or subpalmately lobed or divided, the lobes 
 irregularly obovate or suborbicular, mostly 1-2^ in. broad, their margins 
 sinuate- or erose-dentate or sparingly sublobulate. Vnder a microscope, some 
 
534 GRATELOrPIACEAE. 
 
 of the inner cells of the subcortex are seen to be enlarged, subglobose, echinate- 
 stelliform, projecting into the medullary cavity, and showing when detached 
 15-40 rather rigid subspinescent processes. Known only from a specimen 
 dredged in '*31 fathoms, off Bermuda" by members of the Challenger Expe- 
 dition in 1873. Apparently endemic. 
 
 Halymenia Agardhii De-Toni, has, in its Bermuda forms, a soft, dark red, 
 subterete, repeatedly dichotomous, more or less gelatinous frqnd that is 3-4 
 inches long (commonly longer in Florida and the West Indies), with segments 
 i-i of an inch broad. The only known Bermuda alga with which it might 
 possibly be confused is a species of N emastoma, from which it differs in its 
 darker red color, in its more regular dichotomy, in being less lubricous, and, 
 microscopically, in its firmer, more pseudoparenchymatous, less obviously fila- 
 mentous cortex, and the frequent anastomoses or small nodal ganglia among 
 the medullary filaments. The plant has been found washed ashore on .South 
 Beach and growing attached to rocks near low-water mark at Gibbet Island. 
 
 Cryptonemia crenulata (J. Ag.) J. Ag. apparently occurs in Bermuda 
 (_on sand-covered rocks in a cave. Gravelly Bay, Hervey) in a small reduced 
 form, and possibly better-developed conditions are yet to be found in deeper 
 water, where it may be expected on the bases of sea-fans, dead-men 's-fingers, 
 etc. As thus far found, it has a sparingly dichotomous rose-purple mem- 
 branous frond 1-2 inches long, from a subterete stipe. The main divisions are 
 about K of an inch wide, strap-shaped or cuneate-ligulate, often stipitate, sub- 
 entire, occasionally with small ovate or suborbicular stipitate innovations. In 
 normal forms of the species, the segments are i-| inch broad and have crenu- 
 late-denticulate margins, the teeth often bifid or trifid or furnished with a 
 small crown of secondary teeth, (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2100.) 
 
 Cryptonemia luxurians (Ag.) J. Ag. differs from the foregoing in having 
 a caulescent, costate-alate frond, the costa vanishing towards the apices. The 
 only Bermuda specimen seen is about 4 inches tall, several times dichotomous, 
 the segments i-4 inch broad. On rocks in shallow water at Red Bay, St. 
 David's Island {Howe 287). 
 
 Family DUMONTIACEAE. 
 
 Dudresnaya crassa M. A. Howe, is a flaccid extremely lubricous densely 
 ramose dioicous plant that is 2—6 inches high or long and rose-colored when 
 living, though commonly dingy purple or brownish red on drying. In the 
 pressed and dried condition, the branching appears to be irregularly 2-3-pin- 
 nate, though the branches really emerge in all directions ; branches and branch- 
 lets are vermiform, of nearly uniform diameter throughout; the ultimate 
 branchlets are obtuse or subobtuse and mostly -^-§ of a line in diameter. 
 Under a microscope the very soft gelatinous cortex is seen to be made up of 
 essentially free, 4—6 times dichotomous, beautifully fastigiate cylindrie fila- 
 ments, the more peripheral cells of which are 2-5 times as long as broad. In 
 the younger parts, the central axis, consisting of a single row of cells, bearing 
 the crowded whorls of peripheral filaments may be readily seen ; in the older 
 
DUMONTIACEAE. 635 
 
 parts this axis is clothed and obscured by numerous decurrent rhizoidal fila- 
 ments. In the female plants, auxiliary-cell branches are numerous, consisting 
 of 5-9 enlarged subspherical cells near base, the special auxiliary cell occupy- 
 ing the middle of this enlarged portion and having little more than half the 
 diameter of the two immediately adjacent inflated cells. In the male plants, 
 the antheridia form subglobose tufts or clusters at or near the ends of the 
 peripheral filaments. The usually numerous cystocarps form granules ^^t^* of 
 a line in diameter, easily visible under a hand-lens. The plant grows on rocks 
 in about ten feet of water in Castle Harbor and has been found washed ashore 
 at Spanish Point, Buildings Bay, and Shelly Bay. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1000 and 
 2196.) Apparently endemic. 
 
 Dudresnaya bermudensls Setchell, is readily distinguished from the fore- 
 going by its much finer taper-pointed branchlets and more slender main axes, 
 these rarely more than J of a line in diameter, and by the moniliform, rather 
 than cylindric peripheral filaments, the outer cells subspheric, or ovoid or ellip- 
 soid and only slightly longer than broad. The cystocarps are many-spored 
 and -it-^^ of a line in diameter. Cooper's Island (Farlow) and Building-* 
 Bay (Eervey). (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2195.) Apparently endemic. 
 
 Dudresnaya caribaea (J. Ag.) Setchell, often resembles B. hermudcnsis 
 in habit, but is, generally speaking, a larger plant, 4-15 inches long, is more 
 obviously complanate-distichous, and its main axes are often 1-2 lines broad. 
 Microscopically, it shows moniliform peripheral filaments, much resembling 
 those of D. hermudensis, but the specialized auxiliary cell is enlarged, sub- 
 spheric, and terminal on the special auxiliary-cell branch, this consisting other- 
 wise chiefly of discoid cells, instead of being intercalary and scarcely distin- 
 guishable from its neighbors. The cystocarps are few-spored and have about 
 one-half the average diameter of those of B. hermudensis. Found floating at 
 Cooper's Island (Farloiv). Type from the Tortugas, Florida. 
 
 Family NEMASTOMATACEAE. 
 
 Galosiphonia verticillifera (J. Ag.) Sotchell, lias Ucvu reported by Setchell and 
 by Collins as having been collected at Cooper's Island by Farlow in ISsi. The 
 present writer has not seen the Bermuda plants that have been given this name, but 
 the single type specimen of Hrlminthiopsis rrrticiUifvra ^. Ag.. on which the name 
 rests, appears to have the auxiliary-cell branches of a DudrcKuaiia and. in fact, to be 
 distinguishable by no reliable character from DiKlrcsndjia canhani (.T. .\g. ) SotchoU. 
 the type of which also was from the Tortugas, off the coast of southern P'lorida. 
 
 Platoma cyclocolpa (Mont.) Schmitz (type from the Canary T>iandsh or 
 an apparently sterile plant resembling it in general habit, is of occasional 
 occurrence in Bermuda. Its soft gelatinous flattened rose-purple thallus is 1-') 
 inches broad and high, irregularly dichotomo-multifid, or irregularly palmatifi<l 
 from a plane base that is often 1-2 inches wide, the margins crcnate-dentate, 
 irregularly lobulate or bilobulate, or incised-dentate, the teeth mostly obtuse 
 and often subterete, the plane faces occasionally showing teeth or .«hort pro- 
 liferations. In narrower forms, the main segments are sometimes irregularly 
 subpinnate or bipinnate. From the species of TJahimenia, it is readily dis- 
 tinguished by the more obviously filamentous r^ortex and subcortex an<l by the 
 absence of anastomoses and stelliform cells. The Bermuda plants differ from 
 
536 XEMASTOMATACEAE. 
 
 Mediterranean specimens referred to this species in their bright red color and 
 in their softer looser cortex, its constituent filaments being more readily 
 separable. 
 
 Nemastoma gelatinosum M. A. Howe, sp. nov. Thallus very soft, gelati- 
 nous, and lubricous, light purplish-vinaceous, forming a subhemispheric or 
 somewhat flattened shrub-like tuft 6-13 cm, high, subterete or here and there 
 complanate, repeatedly (5-9 times) and in general closely subdichotomous, the 
 branching mostly in one plane or occasionally, especially toward the apices, in all 
 directions, often crowded-subpalmate, now and then subpinnately distichous, the 
 branches unequal, mostly 3-6 mm. in diameter or in flattened parts sometimes 
 10 mm. broad, slightly tapering, obtuse or subacute, occasionally terminating 
 in a pair of small subdivaricate teeth about 1 mm. broad; medullary filaments 
 7-12^4 in diameter; cortex of 5 or 6 times di(tri)chotomous submoniliform 
 fastigiate filaments 80-140 /j. long, loosely imbedded in mucus and easily 
 separable, the forkings rather wide-angled, the cells mostly obovoid, those of 
 the surface usually 3-9 /jl X 3-6 fi ; other parts unknown. 
 
 On rocks in about 3 m. of water, in Castle Harbor near Tucker's Town 
 (type, Hoice 316, in herb. X. Y. Bot. Gard.). Also collected in Bermuda by 
 Faxon (in herb. Farlow). Nemastoma gelatinosum may possibly include the 
 plants somewhat doubtfully referred above to PJatoma cyclocolpa, to which it 
 bears much resemblance in structure, but, if so, the species is remarkably 
 protean in habit. N. gelatinosum is a softer, more gelatinous, usually lighter- 
 colored, suffrutescent plant, with all parts predominantly subterete, while the 
 so-called PJatoma cyclocolpa is a plane membranous plant, with a marginal 
 fringe of lobules or crenations. In its mucosity and its tenuity when pressed 
 and dried, N. gelatinosum suggests the Mauritian N. coliforme J. Ag., to 
 which it seems closely related, but it manifestly differs from this in its com- 
 pact suffrutescent habit. Apparently endemic. 
 
 Family SQUAMARIACEAE. 
 
 Peyssonnelia rubra (Grev.) J. Ag. forms dark red or pinkish red, reni- 
 form or cuneate-orbicular, thin and rather fragile, loosely attached, mem- 
 branous, often lobed crusts -i-l inch broad, on the bases of the larger algae and 
 Gorgonians in deep water or on rocks near low-water mark in littoral caverns. 
 The ventral surface is whitened with lime, mostly coating a very short 
 tomentum of rhizoids. iSuperposed imbricated lobes are often developed. The 
 cells of the upper surface, viewed from above, are polygonal, in regular 
 radial lines. In a cave at Gravelly Bay (Collins). 
 
 Other species of the genus and family doubtless occur. The Squamari- 
 aceae in general have a horizontally expanded crustaceous thallus, often more 
 or less calcified. They may usually be distinguished superficially from the 
 crustaceous forms of the Corallinaceae by the lighter calcification, the deeper 
 red or yellowish color, the more obvious margins, and by the absence of definite 
 cavities or conceptacles in which the reproductive organs occur, such organs 
 being either scattered or aggregated in superficial sori or nemathecia. 
 
 Family CORALLINACEAE. 
 
 The members of this family show a great variety in outward form, but the 
 known Bermudian representatives of the family agree in having a strongly 
 
CORALLIXACEAE. 537 
 
 calcified thallus — often so hard and rook-like as to cause them to be over- 
 looked by the uninitiated botanical collector as being simply "calcareous con- 
 cretions" or at least as not belonging to the plant kingdom. For the proper 
 collection of many of the crustaceous forms, one needs to be equipped with a 
 hammer and chisel, a fact that accounts in a measure for the poor representa- 
 tion of this family of plants even in most of the larger herbaria. In tho genera 
 Amphiroa and Corallina, the plant body is erect and regularly jointed; in the 
 other Bermudian genera it is wholly unjointed and may be horizontally ex- 
 panded and crustaceous, or lifted into dome-like or tuberdike elevations, or may 
 be erect, subterete, ramose, and shrub-like. In our forms the reproductive 
 bodies occur in special cavities or conceptacles, appearing usually as dome- 
 shaped or mammilliform superficial elevations visible to the unaided eye. 
 
 Lithothamnium syntrophicum Fosl. forms firmly attached crusts ^-^ of a 
 line thick and an inch or more in diameter on stones-, pebbles, and various 
 calcareous objects at various depths. Its surface is commonly roughened by 
 following closely the inequalities of the substratum and it may in addition 
 develop small irregular nodules of its own. A radio-vertical section shows 
 minute cells in obvious vertical rows, but with little or no suggestion of hori- 
 zontal stratification. The tetrasporangial conceptacles are depressed, hemi- 
 spheric, or somewhat irregular, about i-i of a line in diameter, and as in other 
 members of the genus, their roofs soon show numerous small ostioles, suggest- 
 ing the cover of a pepper-box. The tetrasporangia are zonately 4-divided. 
 The type of the species was from Bermuda, where it was first collected by 
 Farlow. Harrington Sound {Howe). 
 
 Lithothamnium mesomorphum Fosl. forms thin, fragile, partially at- 
 tached, irregularly lobed and proliferous crusts ^-2 inches broad, and i-^ of a 
 line thick, the lobes or proliferations semiorbicular or irregular ami loosely 
 imbricate. Easily distinguished from the foregoing by its partly detache<l, 
 lobed or proliferous, and imbricate habit of growth. Type from Bermuda 
 {Farlow). 
 
 Lithothamnium incertum Fosl. has a crustaceous base that adheres closely 
 to rocks 1-4 ft. below the low-tide line in normally agitated water, but it soon 
 develops erect ramified anastomosing usually flattened branches, often forming 
 compact even-topped, sometimes subhemispheric cushions 1-2 inches high anti 
 3-6 inches broad. The crowded terminal branches are occasionally subterete 
 and |-f of a line in diameter, but are more often decidedly flattened and one 
 line or more broad, and the branching commonly shows a tendency to be con- 
 fined to the plane of flattening. The conceptacles appear externally near the 
 ends of the branches, especially the more flattened ones, as crowded depressed- 
 hemispheric elevations \-\ of a line in diameter. A radio-longitudinal or 
 transverse section after decalcification shows a pseudoparenchymatoua struc- 
 ture, with the thin-walled cells in obvious strata. The general texture is rather 
 delicate and the gases liberated in the process of decalcification commonly tear 
 irregular lacunae in the tissues. Type from Bermuda {Farlow). Red Bay, 
 St. David's Island {Howe). 
 
538 CORALLINACEAE. 
 
 Lithothamnium Ungeri Kjellm. has been reported from the Challenger Bank by 
 H. B. Bigelow (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 40: 587. 1905), but the type of this 
 species was from Norway and its occurrence in Bermuda is improbable. 
 
 Melobesia farinosa Lamour. forms thin, delicate, whitish, suborbicular, 
 calcareous crusts a line or less broad (but often confluent) on various algae, 
 such as Padina, Dictyota, Sargassum, etc. The crusts in sterile parts consist 
 of only a single layer of cells. The minute hemispheric conceptacles are ^^x~tt 
 of a line broad, are often crowded, and show a single central ostiole. 
 
 Melobesia bermudensis FosL, a species known to the writer from descrip- 
 tion only, is said to form crusts of irregular outline and indefinite size on 
 limestone. The primary crusts consist of a single layer of cells and are about 
 yL. of a line thick, but often one crust overgrows another until five or six may 
 be superposed, with a thickness of y^ of a line, a habit not exhibited by M. 
 farinosa. Bermuda (Farlow) • apparently endemic. 
 
 Lithophyllum pustulatum (Lamour.) Fosl. is found in situations similar 
 to those favored by Melobesia farinosa, which it often accompanies and some- 
 what resembles. It has, however, a larger, thicker, firmer thallus and larger 
 conceptacles, the thalli being 1-5 lines broad and the mammilliform concep- 
 tacles \-^ of a line in diameter. 
 
 Lithophyllum bermudense Fosl. & Howe, forms crusts i-1 line thick on 
 calcareous pebbles, showing occasional wart-like excrescences, most of which 
 are caused by its following the inequalities of the substratum. With occa- 
 sional foreign. inclusions and its own older strata it becomes 4 lines thick in 
 places. A vertical section of decalcified material shows numerous (usually 
 30-40) layers of mostly ellipsoidal and vertically elongate cells (1-6 times as 
 high as broad), which are arranged in regular horizontal strata as well as in 
 vertical rows. The conceptacles are little prominent and are ^— y of a line in 
 diameter. Type from Spanish Point (Hoive). 
 
 Goniolithon decutescens (Heyd.) Fosl. in litt. (GJ spectabile Fosl.) is 
 a frutescent much branched plant, forming depressed-liemispheric cushions 2-5 
 inches high and 5-12 inches broad, light rose-red in younger parts when living, 
 soon decolorate or chalky white after collection. Its branches are terete or 
 subterete, mostly 4-1 line in diameter, crowded, subfastigiate, mostly some- 
 what curved, intertangled and much anastomosed, especially in the lower parts. 
 Originally, there is a horizontal basal crust from which the first erect or sub- 
 erect branches arise and by which it is attached, but this soon becomes over- 
 grown and inconspicuous and is often not shown in specimens as ordinarily 
 collected. Plants or fragments of plants primarily attached may also become 
 free and undergo further development in an unattached condition. A thin 
 translucent cuticle is often irregularly exfoliated, a character that suggested 
 the first-published specific name. A radio-longitudinal section" of a decalcified 
 branch shows rather firm-walled cells in erecto-patent outwardly curved rows, 
 those of the medullary region about twice as long as broad and in rather 
 obvious arcuate strata. Conceptacles, which are infrequent, occur near the 
 tips of the branches, and are hemispheric, mammiform, or conic-mammiform. 
 
CORALLIXACEAE. 539 
 
 and about i line broad and high. Type from Bermuda (Farlou). In .3-G 
 feet of water at Tucker's Island (Howe). 
 
 Goniolithon intermediHim Fosl. (type from Bermuda, IV ads worth) differs 
 from the foregoing chiefly in its erect, nearly straight and fastigiate upper 
 branches. In habit it is somewhat intermediate between G. dccntescens and 
 G. strictum Fosl. (type from Florida). The G. decutescens-G. stricium group 
 is widely and numerously represented in the West Indian region and while the 
 plants show great variety in form and size, specific limits, if they exist, are 
 very difficult to define. Furthermore, the plants of this group sometimes 
 make a close approach to the earlier-published Gonwliihon frutescens Fosl. 
 from the South Pacific. 
 
 Amphiroa fragilissima Lamour. In both Amphiroa and Cnrallina, the 
 plant-body is more or less regularly and distinctly jointed, terete or flattened, 
 and di-(tri-)chotomously or pinnately branched. In Corallina, the concep- 
 tacles are terminal; in Amphiroa, they are lateral, on the faces of the seg- 
 ments. Amphiroa fragilissima, as currently interpreted, has a very fragile, 
 terete, repeatedly dichotomous thallus, forming loose or rather compact 
 cushions 1-3 inches high and sometimes one foot or more wide. The segments 
 are mostly y^-^-} of a line in diameter and are 4-10 times as long as broad; 
 they often show annular, discoid, or genicular enlargements at the no<les. The 
 branches sometimes taper a little towards the extremities, but the segments are 
 commonly of a nearly uniform diameter throughout the plant. (Phyc. Bor.- 
 Am. S198 and S199). The name of the present species goes back to Corallina 
 fragilissima L. (Syst. Nat. 1: 806. 1758— ed. 10), which is base.l essentially 
 on a Jamaican plant figured by Hans Sloane (Hist. Jam. pi. 20. f. 5)— a plant, 
 that, so far as may be judged from the description and figure, might as well 
 be a condition of Corallina ruhens. Gmelin (Syst. Nat. 1: 3840. 1788) modi- 
 fied and probably changed completely the Linnaean conception of the species, 
 substituting another description and figure of Sloane 's for those cited by 
 Linnaeus, and this modified conception of the species is the one that has been 
 adopted by Lamouroux and subsequent writers. The genus Amphiroa is 
 probably represented in Bermuda by two or three species, but their delimita- 
 tion and correct naming, as is also true of the species of Corallinn, awaits a 
 more critical study of their comparative anatomy and of the pertinent historic 
 types. 
 
 Corallina rubens L. is a name in current use for a delicate, jointed, 
 dichotomo-fastigiate plant that forms dense pale red tufts or mats ^-U inches 
 high on rocks or on stalks of Sargassnm near the low-water mark. The seg- 
 ments are terete throughout or slightly flattened under the dichotomies, A-yV 
 of a line in diameter, mostly 3-5 times as long as broad, the apical often 
 taper-pointed. The rather infrequent terminal conceptacles are somewhat flat- 
 tened urn-shaped, the shoulders often produced into a pair of horn-like or 
 antenna-like branches. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2200.) 
 
 CoraUina pumila (Lamour.) Kiitz. is a name that has boon adopted by 
 Collins for a minute coralline that forms tufts a little more than a line high 
 
540 CORALLINACEAE. 
 
 on the fronds of Zonaria sonalis along the South Shore (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1950). 
 Its filaments are only 2 or 3 times dichotomous and 5-7 segments long. Its 
 segments are 3-4 times as long as broad and have about the same diameter as 
 those of C ruhens. The abundant conceptacles vary in form from turbinate 
 and flattened urn-shaped to fusiform-clavate and are Tu-f of a line long. The 
 type of the species grew on Turbinaria in the Eed Sea. 
 
 Sub-class BACILLARIEAE (DIATOMEAE). 
 
 This sharply defined group of minute organisms is of uncer- 
 tain affinities. By some writers it is included under the class 
 Algae ; by others, it is excluded. If included, it is here treated 
 in a rather unnatural sequence. However, a few words in regard 
 to the group may be here appended. 
 
 The Diatoms are microscopic one-celled organisms that con- 
 tain in addition to chlorophyl a brown pigment related to that 
 found in the Phaeophyceae, though not identical with it. The 
 enclosing wall consists of two separable nearly equal parts, the 
 valves, one of which fits closely inside the other. The wall is 
 permeated with silica, which renders the valves almost imperish- 
 able, so that the Diatoms are abundantly preserved as fossils. 
 In most Diatoms the wall is regularly and beautifully marked 
 with pits, meshes, ridges, and furrows of various degrees of 
 delicacy. The Diatoms are very widely distributed, inhabiting 
 salt, fresh, and brackish water, and moist spots on the dry land. 
 They may float free at the surface, lie more or less free at the 
 bottom, or may be attached to the larger algae or other aquatic ob- 
 jects. Some species are solitary in habit of life ; others are associated 
 in colonies, which maj^ be ribbon-like, thread-like, or zigzag, or 
 may sometimes form branching gelatinous filaments imitating 
 an Ectocarpus or other filamentous brown algae. Many of the 
 free-living forms have the power of slow, irregular, spontaneous 
 locomotion when in contact with a solid substratum. 
 
 The Diatoms are, as remarked, siliceous organisms and they 
 do not appear to be particularly abundant in calcareous seas like 
 that washing the shores of Bermuda. However, they seem to 
 have been little collected and studied in this region. So far as 
 known to the writer, only sixteen species of Diatoms have been 
 attributed to Bermuda. Most of these are listed in the papers 
 cited in the Bibliography under O'Meara and Castracane. The 
 type of Navicula Janischii Castr., now considered a form of 
 Dictyoneis marginata (Lewis) Cleve, was from Bermuda. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 General works and papers containing scattered references to Bermuda 
 plants are not included in this bibliography, nor are articles dealing with 
 single species only; the latter are referred to under the species concerned. 
 
 Anonymous. Gardens of Bermuda. (Gard. & For. 4: 254. 1S91.) 
 
 A.nonymous. Bermuda in May. (Gard. & For. 4: 2(52-20:^. 1S91.) 
 
 Anonymous. Chief Fruits grown in Bermuda. (Kew Bull. 1888: 210, 
 
 217. 1888.) 
 
 List and remarks. 
 Berkeley, M. J, Enumeration of Fungi collected during the Exi^edition of 
 
 H. M. S. Challenger February-August, 1873. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 
 
 350-354. 1874. 15:48-53. 1876.) 
 
 Includes 23 species from Bermuda. 
 Britten, E. G. Mosses of Bermuda. (Bull. Torr. Club 42 : 71-76. 1915.) 
 
 Enumeration of 28 species, Syrrhopodon floridanu^ and BhacopUum 
 tomentosum illustrated. 
 Britten, N. L. Bermuda in September. (Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 
 
 153-158, pis. 29, 30'. 1905.) 
 
 Report of botanical obser^-ations and collecting. 
 Britten, N. L. Botanical Exploration in Bermuda. (Journ. N. Y. Bot. 
 
 Gard. 13: 189-194. 1912.) 
 
 Report on collections made, with a list of the endemic species, and 
 
 discussion of the origin of the flora. 
 
 Britten, N, L. Gardens of Bermuda. (Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 14: 172- 
 
 176. 1913.) 
 
 Account of public and private gardens with notes on cultivated phints. 
 
 Britten. N. L. Record of Visit to Bermuda in the Spring oi Vm. 
 
 (Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 15: 148. 1914.) 
 Brown, Stewardson. Notes on the Flora of the BcM-nuulas. ( Proc Acad. 
 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 1909: 486-494. 1910.) 
 
 Remarks on habitat and records of localities of many species; Vep- 
 eromia septentrionalis and Chiococca hermudiava described as new. 
 Brown, W. R. Bermuda's Little Trees. (American F..restry 21 : 1S(>-197. 
 
 Illustrated. 1915.) 
 
542 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Castracane, Francesco. Report on the Diatomaceae collected by H. M. S. 
 Challenger during the years 1873-1876. (Rep. Voy. Challenger 2\ 
 1886.) 
 
 Collins, F. S., and Howe, M. A. Notes on Species of Halymenia. (Bull. 
 Torr. Club 43: 169-182. 1916.) 
 Three Bermuda species described as new. 
 
 Collins, F. S., and Hervey, A. B. The Algae of Bermuda. (Proc. Amer. 
 Acad. Arts & Sci. 53: 1-195, pis. 1-6. 1917.) 
 Annotated list of the known species. 
 
 Coulter, S. M. Swamps of the Bermudas. (Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 
 15: 62-64. 1904.) 
 Description of swamp and marsh vegetation. 
 
 Crombie, J. M. The Lichens of the Challenger Expedition with a Revision 
 of those enumerated by Dr. J. Stirton. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 16: 211- 
 231. 1877.) 
 
 Includes a list of 28 species from Bermuda, several described as new ; 
 one added in a supplementary paper (Journ. Linn. Soc. 20: 83. 1883.) 
 
 Dickie, George. [Marine Algae of Bermuda.] (Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 
 313-316. 1874.) 
 
 Determinations of 44 species collected by Mr. H. N. Moseley, of the 
 Challenger Expedition. 
 
 Dickie, George. Supplemental Notes on Algae collected by H. N. Mose- 
 ley, M.A., of H. M. S. Challenger from various localities. (Journ. 
 Linn. Soc. 15: 486-489. 1877.) 
 Record of 12 species from Bermuda. 
 
 Evans, A. W. The Hepaticae of Bermuda. (Bull. Torr. Club 33: 129- 
 134. 1906.) 
 Enumeration of 23 species. 
 
 Foslie, M. New Melobesieae. (K. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 1900^: 1-24. 
 1901.) 
 
 Five species and one variety of coralline algae from Bermuda are 
 described as new. 
 
 Gilbert, B. D. Revision of the Bermuda Ferns. (Bull. Torr. Club 25: 
 593-604. 1898.) 
 Notes upon 25 species and varieties. 
 
 Grisebach, A. H. R. Flora of the British West Indies. (8vo, pp. 789. 
 London 1859-1864.) 
 Contains records of 17 species from Bermuda. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 543 
 
 Harshberger, J. W. Algal Stalactites in P,eniiuda. (Torreva 14: 19;3- 
 197. 1914,) 
 
 Identifications of four species of blue-green algae found on stalactites 
 in Devil's Hole. 
 
 Harshberger, J. W. The Plant Formations of the Bennuda Islands. 
 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1905 : 695-700.) 
 The first ecological study of the flora. 
 
 Hemsley, W. B. Bermuda Plants in the Sloane Collection. (Joum. Bot. 
 
 21: 257-261, pi. 239. 1883.) 
 
 Notes on a few specimens collected by J. Dickenson in 1699, i)re- 
 served in the Sloane Herbarium at the British Museum of Natural 
 History. 
 
 Hemsley, W. B. Report on the Botany of the Bermudas. (Rep. Voyage 
 Challenger 1^ : 1-135, pis. 1-13. 1884. See also Introduction, same 
 work, 48, 49.) 
 A general description of the islands and of their vegetation, with lists 
 
 of 335 species of flowering plants and ferns, 14 mosses, 45 lichens. 24 
 
 fungi and 132 algae. 
 
 Hemsley, W. B. The Bermudas. (Gard. Chron. 53: 367, 368; 431, 432. 
 1883.) 
 An account of the cultivated and wild plants. 
 
 Hemsley, W. B. The Botany of the Challenger Expedition. (Nature 27: 
 
 462-463. 1883.) 
 Hemsley, W. B. Two New Benuudan Plants. (Journ. Bot. 21: 104. 
 
 105. 1883.) 
 
 Erigeron Darrcllianus and Stat ice Lcfroyi. 
 
 Hinson, H. J. Catalogue of Plants growing in Bermuda, both wild and 
 cultivated, collected from a List in the Public Librar>' compiled by 
 Sir John H. Lefroy and other sources. (Beniuida Pocket Almanack 
 1878: 113-126; 1879: 114-127; 1880: 145-158; 1881: 132-145.) 
 Lists of about 560 species. 
 
 Howe, M. A. Botanizing in Bermuda. (Plant Woi-ld 4: 101-104. pis. 
 4, 5. 1901.) 
 
 Howe, M. A. Notes on American Hepaticae. (Bull. Torr. Clnl) 29: 2S1- 
 289. 1902.) 
 Includes three species from Bennuda. 
 
 Howe, M. A. Observations on the Algal Genera Aciculnnn and Acetabu- 
 lum. (Bull. Torr. Club 28: 321-334. 1901.) 
 Two species from Bermuda are described and iUust rated. 
 
644 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Hunter, Robert. Bermudan Ferns. (Journ. Bot. 15: 367. 1877.) 
 Ten species are enumerated. 
 
 Jones, J. M. The Naturalist in Bermuda. (Small 8 vo, pp. xii + 200. 
 London 1859.) 
 The chapter on botany (pp. 131-143) mentions about 75 species. 
 
 Jones, J. M. On the Vegetation of the Bermudas. (Proc. & Trans. Nova 
 Scotian Inst. Nat. Sci. 3: 237-280. 1873.) 
 
 Brief description of the islands with a list of about 461 species, 
 many determined only generically. 
 
 Jones, J. M. The Visitor's Guide to Bermuda. (12 mo, pp. xii -f 9-156. 
 London and New York [1876].) 
 Botany pp. 147-152. 
 
 Kemp, A. F. Notes on the Bermudas and their Natural History, with 
 special reference to their Marine Algae. ( Can. Nat. & Geol. 2 : 145- 
 156. 1857.) 
 Catalogues about 70 species of seaweeds. 
 
 Kemp, J. F. Notes on the Winter Flora of Bermuda. (Bull. Torr. Club 
 12: 45-48. 1885.) 
 
 Description of geological and climatological features, and a list of 62 
 species collected. 
 
 Kriimmel, Otto. Vier Tage auf Bermudas. (Plankton Expedition der 
 Humboldt-Stiftung 1^: 80-104. 1892.) 
 Contains a chapter on the vegetation. 
 
 Lane, A. W. [Manuscript List of Bermuda Plants, 1845.] 
 
 This manuscript, listing 127 species, mentioned by Lefroy (Bull. U. S. 
 Nat. Mus. 25: 45) as in the Public Library, Hamilton, was not to be 
 found there in September 1912, as I was then told by Mr. Frith, Libra- 
 rian. Mr. Hemsley used a copy, sent to Kew. 
 
 Lefroy, J. H. First List of the principal Fruit or Flowering Trees, Shrubs 
 and Plants growing in the Bermudas. (Folio, privately printed 1872.) 
 Made for Governor Lefroy by the late Mr. Perot in 1871. Copy 
 annotated by Lefroy, seen in Public Library, Hamilton in 1912. 
 
 Lefroy, J. H. List of Plants grown in Bermuda. (Folio, pp. 16, printed 
 1873.) 
 Alphabetical list with notes of localities. 
 
 Lefroy, J. H. The Botany of Bermuda. (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 25: 33- 
 141. 1884.) 
 List of about 780 species, with annotations. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 546 
 
 Massee, George. Fungi Exotiei. (Kew Bull. 1898: VXl 134.) 
 
 Four species enumerated from Bermuda. 
 Michaux, F. A. Notice sur les Isles Bermudes et i)arliculi('rempnl sur 
 risle Saint Georges. (Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 8: ;}:)G-:Uv4. 
 1806.) 
 
 A record of observations made while a prisoner, with special refer- 
 ence to Juniperus hermudiana. 
 Millspaugh, C. F. Plantae Utowanae. Plants collected in Bemiuda, 
 Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Culebras, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, 
 The Caymans, Cozumel, Yucatan and The Alacran Shoals, Dec. 1S9S 
 to Mar. 1899. (Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 2: 1-110. 1900.) 
 Records of about 140 Bermuda species. 
 Mitten, William. The Musci and Hepaticae collected by li. N. Moseley, 
 M.A., Naturalist to H. M. S. Challenger. (Journ. T.inn. Soc. 15: 
 59-73. 1876.) 
 
 Six mosses and five hepatics listed. 
 Moore, A. H. A List of Plants collected in Bermuda in 1905. (8vo, 
 pp. 22, pis. 1-3. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1906. ) 
 Introductory note and enumeration of 221 species of native and 
 naturalized plants, including descriptions of Bynchospora domwuccnsis 
 and Elaeodendron Laneanum. 
 . Moseley, H. N. Notes on the Vegetation of Bermuda. (Journ. Linn. 
 Soc' 14- 317-321. 1874. See also Journ. Bot. 11: 350. 1873.) 
 A general account of the vegetation. [See Hardwicke's Science 
 Gossip 10: 44. 1874.] 
 Moseley, H. N. On the Marine Algae of St. Thomas and the Bermuda?, 
 and on HalopJiila Baillonis Asch. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 311-31/. 
 1874.) 
 O'Meara, E. Notes on Bermuda Diatoms. (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. IT. 
 
 14: 316. 1894. , ,, a n . 
 
 Enumerates 12 species dredged in 31 fathoms on the "Southwest 
 
 Bank " by the Challenger Expedition. 
 
 Petiver, James. Musei Petiveriani. (Sm. 8vo, pp. 93 + [iii]- I^ondon 
 
 1695-1703.) , , . * 
 
 In " Centuria Octava," p. 80, records receiving Bemuula plants fron. 
 John Dickenson, probably the earliest reference to Bermuda Botany. 
 Reade, 0. A. Additions to Catalogue of P^-^s giwii.. in Bennuda. 
 (Bermuda Pocket Almanack 1880: 177-180; 1881: 140-149.) 
 List of 167 species, additional to Dr. Hinson's list in the same volume. 
 
546 BIBLIOGEAPHY. 
 
 Reade, 0. A. Plants of the Bermudas or Somers' Islands. (8vo. pp. 
 
 112 -f vii. Hamilton, Bermuda, 1885.) 
 
 The only descriptive flora of Bermuda heretofore published, including 
 about 150 species of native and naturalized plants, with notes on those 
 in cultivation. The first cover-page bears the date 1885; the title-page 
 1883. 
 
 Rein, J. J. Ueber die Vegetations Verhaltnisse der Bermudas Inseln. 
 (Ber. Senckenb. Nat. Gesell. Frankfurt am Main 1872-1873: 131- 
 153. 1873.) 
 
 A descriptive account of the islands, with lists of 128 species of 
 flowering plants and of 109 species of marine algae. 
 
 Riddle, L. W. The Lichens of Bermuda. (Bull. Torr. Club 43: 145- 
 160. 1916.) 
 Enumerates about 80 species, 7 described as new. 
 
 Rugg, H. G. Random Notes on Bermuda Ferns. (Am. Fern Journ. 2: 
 16-18. 1912.) 
 
 Seaver, F. J. Bermuda Fungi. (Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 501-51]. 
 1916.) 
 Enumeration, with habitats, of about 120 species, 4 described as new. 
 
 Small, H. B. Vegetation in the Bermudas. (Ottawa Nat. 12: 101-104, 
 109-114, 153-157. 1898.) 
 Remarks upon trees, flowering shrubs, plants and flowers. 
 
 Small, H. B. The Botany of Bermuda. (Bermuda Colonist 36: Feb. 13, 
 16, 20, 23, 27, Mar. 2, 6, 9, 1901. Reprinted, somewhat modified, as 
 Botany of Bermuda, 12mo, pp. 56. 1901.) 
 Introduction, and popular accounts of wild and cultivated plants. 
 
 Small, H. B. Botany of the Bermudas. (Small 8vo, pp. 85, Hamilton, 
 1913. 
 A revision and rearrangement of his previous work. 
 
 Small, H. B., and Bushell, J. J. [Plants of Bermuda.] In Bushell's 
 Handbook of Bermuda, 8vo, Bermuda 1899, pp. 60-69. 
 Notes on conspicuous species. 
 
 Stirton, James. Enumeration of the Lichens collected by H. N. Moseley, 
 naturalist to H. M. S. Challenger, in the Islands of the Atlantic 
 Ocean. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 336-375. 1874.) 
 Includes 25 species from Bermuda. 
 
 Stirton, James. Remarks on Mr. Crombie's Paper on the Challenger 
 Lichens. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 17: 154, 155. 1878.) 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 547 
 
 Verrill, A. E. The Bermuda Islands. (8vo, pp. x + 548. New Haven, 
 1902.) 
 Contains much botanical information. 
 
 Verrill, A. E. The Bermuda Islands: their Scenery, Physioirraphy, Nat- 
 ural History and Geology; with Sketches of their early History and 
 the Changes due to Man. (Proc. Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci. 11^: 1- 
 956. 1901-2.) 
 Contains much botanical information. 
 
 PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN 
 BERMUDA. 
 
 1. Dickenson, J. The oldest botanical specimens collected in Bermuda 
 
 are those of John Dickenson, obtained about 1699, and preser\'ed 
 in the Sloane collection in the herbarium of the British Museum of 
 Natural History, representing 12 species. 
 
 2. Lane, A. W. A collection of somewhat over 100 species was made 
 
 by Lane prior to 1845, and is preserved in the herbarium of the 
 Royal Gardens at Kew. 
 
 3. Holton, I. F. Holton, who collected extensively in Colombia and 
 
 elsewhere in tropical America, touched at Benuuda in 1S54 and col- 
 lected some botanical specimens, which are preserved in the Torrey 
 Herbarium of Columbia University and in the Kew Herbarium. 
 
 4. Kemp, A. F. As a student of algae, Kemp visited Bennuda in 1856 
 
 and made considerable collections, which are preserved in his pri- 
 vate herbarium, which is still in the possession of his family. 
 
 5. Jones, J. M. As an all around naturalist, Jones made zoological col- 
 
 lections in Bermuda prior to 1859, and subsequently established a 
 museum for these and his other collections at Halifax. Although 
 an author of three somewhat extensive papers on the Botany. I have 
 not been able to ascertain if his collections are ]>reserved. They are 
 not now in the Provincial Museum of Halifax. It is jiossible tlint 
 he made no botanical collections. 
 
 6. Rein, J. J. Rein was a tutor of the son of Governor Ord in Bornuida 
 
 during at least parts of the period between 1861 and 1863. at which 
 time he made a considerable collection, both of land plants and of 
 algae; the specimens of land plants collected by him are presen-ed 
 in the University of Goettingen and a set of duplicates at the 
 Berlin Botanical Museum. His collections of algae are presen'ed 
 in the herbarium of the Senckenberg Society at Frankfurt. Ger- 
 many, and there is a set of them in the Dublin Botanical Garden 
 and some in the Berlin Botanical IMuseum. 
 
548 COLLECTIONS. 
 
 7. Moseley, H. N. Serving as naturalist of the Challenger Expedition, 
 
 1872-1876, Moseley collected extensively in Bermuda in 1873; his 
 specimens are to be found in the Kew Herbarium and in the her- 
 barium of the British Museum of Natural History. 
 
 8. Lefroy, J. H. During the period between 1871 and 1877, Lefroy was 
 
 Governor of Bermuda; he made large botanical collections, most of 
 which are jDreserved in the Kew Herbarium, and there are some of 
 his specimens in the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. 
 
 9. Reade, 0. A. Reade was pharmacist at the Naval Hospital about the 
 
 year 1880, and made botanical collections; a few of his specimens 
 are to be found in the Kew Herbarium and a few of his ferns are 
 in the Underwood Fern Herbarium of the New York Botanical 
 Garden ; presumably his collections were extensive, as his " Plants 
 of Bermuda," published in 1883, is hitherto the only descriptive 
 flora of the islands printed; I have been unable to ascertain if his 
 own herbarium still exists. 
 
 10. Farlow, W. G-. Extensive collections, mostly of cryptogams, were 
 
 made in Bermuda by Farlow in the years 1880 and 1881, and these 
 are preserved in the Crj^ptogamic Herbarium of Harvard Univer- 
 sity, and some duplicates are in the herbarium of the New York 
 Botanical Garden. 
 
 11. Kemp, J. F. Especially interested in geology, Kemp visited Bermuda 
 
 in 1885, and made a botanical collection of 50 species, preserved in 
 the herbarium of Columbia University. 
 
 12. Gilbert, B. D. A diligent student of ferns, Gilbert collected these 
 
 plants particularly in Bermuda, in the year 1898; a set of them is 
 preserved in the Underwood Fern Herbarium of the New York 
 Botanical Garden, and others in the United States National Museum 
 and in the Gray Herbarium. 
 
 13. Millspaugh, C. F. Accompanying a West Indian voyage of the yacht 
 
 "Utowana," in the winter of 1898-99, Millspaugh touched at Ber- 
 muda and made a botanical collection, which is preserved in the 
 herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History; a few dupli- 
 cates are in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. 
 
 14. Richards, H. M. In the winter of 1898 Richards made collections of 
 
 algae and other plants, preserved at Barnard College, and at other 
 institutions. 
 
 15. Small, H. B. A resident of Bermuda for many years, and author of 
 
 several documents on its flora, Small informed me in 1913 that he 
 
COLLECTIONS. 549 
 
 made a collection of several hundred specimens prior to 1900, which 
 was sent to England. 
 
 16. Howe, M. A. For the special purpose of collecting; and sludyinp: 
 
 algae, How^e visited Bermuda in the -summer of 1900; he obtained 
 rich collections of these plants and also many land cryptogams; a 
 complete series is preserved in the herbarium of the Xew York 
 Botanical Garden and some duplicates 'have been sent to students 
 at other institutions. 
 
 17. Moore, A. H. Moore visited Bermuda in the summer of 1905, and 
 
 collected specimens of several hundred species, which were added to 
 his own herbarium ; there is a partial set in the Gray Herbarium ; a 
 few duplicates were sent to the New York Botanical Garden. 
 
 18. Brown, S., and Britton, N. L. Through cooperation of the Academy 
 
 of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the New York Botanical 
 Garden, aided by officials of the Bermuda Agricultural Station, col- 
 lection and study of the Bermuda flora were taken up in 1905, and 
 continued at intervals up to 1913. Mrs. Britton was a member of 
 the expedition of 1905 and of one in the summer of 1912. Brown 
 made collections alone during the winter of 1908 and in the spring 
 of 1909. During a second trip made in 1912, F. J. Seaver was a 
 member and made extensive collections of fungi; during the trip of 
 1913, Peter Bisset, of the United States Department of Agriculture, 
 aided in the field work. The collections made have been divided 
 between the New York Botanical Garden and the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; partial duplicate sets have been 
 sent to the United States National Museum, to the Bermuda Agri- 
 cultural Station, to the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, to 
 the Missouri Botanical Garden, to the Royal Gardens at Kew, and 
 to the herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History and a few 
 specimens to other institutions. 
 
 19. Marble, Delia W. In 1909, Miss Marble made collections from March 
 
 to May, and her specimens of So species are presented in the her- 
 barium of the New York Botanical Garden; a few duplicates have 
 been sent to other institutions. 
 
 20. Harris, T. J. During 1905 and subsequent years, while sending as 
 
 Superintendent of the Agricultural Station, Han'is collected many 
 botanical specimens, which form a part of the herbarium of the 
 Station, and duplicates w^re sent to the New York Botanical 
 Garden. 
 
550 COLLECTIONS. 
 
 21. Flynn, Nellie F. Mrs. Flynn, Treasurer of the Vermont Botanical 
 
 Club, made a collection of botanical specimens in the spring of 
 1910, which is part of her private herbarium; a partial set of 
 duplicates is preserved in the herbarium of the New York Botan- 
 ical Garden. 
 
 22. Dodge, B. 0. For mycological studies, Dodge visited Bermuda in the 
 
 summer of 1911, accompanied by his wife ; they obtained specimens 
 of about 40 species of fungi, which are preserved in the herbaria of 
 Columbia University and the New York Botanical Garden. 
 
 23. Stevens, Miss M. The herbarium of the Bermuda Agricultural Sta- 
 
 tion contains a collection of plants made by Miss M. Stevens in the 
 spring of 1913. 
 
 24. Collins, F. S., and Hervey, A. B. During recent years, both Collins 
 
 and Hervey have spent much time in collecting and studying Ber- 
 muda plants, more especially the algae, complete collections of which 
 are preserved in their herbaria, and there is a nearly complete set in 
 the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden; the land plants 
 collected by Collins are preserved at the Gray Herbarium of Har- 
 vard University, with a nearly complete set at the New York 
 Botanical Garden. 
 
 25. Wortley, E. J. During recent years, while serving as Director of 
 
 Agriculture, Wortley has collected botanical specimens, preserved 
 in the herbarium of the Agricultural Station and at the New York 
 Botanical Garden. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 Acaulescent. With stem subterra- 
 nean, or nearly so. 
 
 Accumbent. Cotyledons with mar- 
 gins folded against the hypocotyl. 
 
 Achene. A dry one-seeded indehis- 
 cent fruit with the pericarp tightly 
 fitting around the seed. 
 
 Acicular. Needle-shaped. 
 
 Acuminate. Gradually tapering to 
 the apex. 
 
 Acute. Sharp-pointed. 
 
 Adnate. An organ adhering to a 
 contiguous differing one; an anther 
 attached longitudinally to the end 
 of the filament. 
 
 Adventive. Not indigenous, but ap- 
 parently becoming naturalized. 
 
 Albumen. See Endosperm<. 
 
 Alliaceous. Onion-like, in aspect or 
 odor. 
 
 Alopecuroid. Eesembling a foxtail. 
 
 Alternate. Not opposite; with a 
 single leaf at each node. 
 
 Alveolate. Like honeycomb; closely 
 pitted. 
 
 Ament. A spike of imperfect flow- 
 ers subtended by scarious bracts, 
 as in the willows. 
 
 Amphibious. At times inhabiting 
 the water. 
 
 Amphitropous. Term applied to the 
 partly inverted ovule. 
 
 Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem, or 
 other axis. 
 
 Anastomosing. Connecting so as to 
 form a well-defined network. 
 
 Anatropous. Applied to an inverted 
 ovule with the micropyle very near 
 the hilum. 
 
 Androgynous. Flower-clusters having 
 staminate and pistillate flowers. 
 
 Angiospermous. Pertaining to the 
 Angiospermae ; bearing seeds within 
 a pericarp.. 
 
 Annulate. Ring-shaped or showing 
 rings. 
 
 Anther. The part of the stamen 
 which contains the pollen. 
 
 Antherid (Antheridium). The male 
 organ of reproduction in Pterido- 
 phyta, Bryophyta and certain 
 Fungi and Algae. 
 
 Anthesis. Period of flowering. 
 
 Apetaloiis. Without a corolla. 
 
 Apical. At the top, or referring to 
 the top. 
 
 Apiculate. With a minute pointed 
 tip. 
 
 Aplanospore. A non-motile and non- 
 sexual cell, formed endogenously 
 or by rejuvenescence and set free 
 for propagation. 
 
 Apothecium (Apothecia). The disk- 
 shaped organ bearing spore-sacs in 
 some lichens. 
 
 Appressed. Lying against another 
 organ. 
 
 Arborescent. Tree-like, in size or 
 shape. 
 
 Archegone. The female reproduc- 
 tive organ in Pteridophyta and 
 Bryophyta. 
 
 Areolate. Reticulated. 
 
 Areolation. The system of meshes 
 in a network of veins. 
 
 Areole. A mesh in a network of 
 veins. 
 
 Aril. A fleshy organ growing about 
 the hilum. 
 
 Arillate. Provided with an aril. 
 
 Aristate. Tipped by an awn or 
 bristle. 
 
 Aristulate. Diminutive of aristate. 
 
 Ascending. Growing obliquely up- 
 ward, or upcurved. 
 
 Ascus (Asci). A sac containing 
 spores. 
 
 Asexual. Without sex. 
 
 Assurgent. See Ascending. 
 
 Auricled (Auriculate) . With basal, 
 ear-like lobes. 
 
 Auxiliary cell. A specialized cell, in 
 certain Red Algae, in which a fer- 
 tilized egg or one of its descendant 
 nuclei finds lodgment and develops 
 into a cystocarp. 
 
 Awn. A slender bristle-like organ. 
 
 Axil. The point on a stem immedi- 
 ately above the base of a leaf. 
 
 Axile. In the axis of an organ. 
 
 Axillary. Borne at, or pertaining to, 
 an axil. 
 
 Baccate. Berry-like. 
 
552 
 
 GLOSSAEY OF SPECIAL TEEMS. 
 
 Barhellate. Furnislied with minute 
 barbs. 
 
 Basifixed. Attached by the base. 
 
 Berry. A fruit with pericarp wholly 
 pulpy. 
 
 Bilabiate. With two lips. 
 
 Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. 
 
 Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid. 
 
 Blade. The flat expanded part of a 
 leaf or a petal. 
 
 Bract. A leaf, usually small, sub- 
 tending a flower or flower-cluster, 
 or a sporange. 
 
 Bracteate. With bracts. 
 
 Bracteolate. Having bractlets. 
 
 Bractlet. A secondary bract, borne 
 on a pedicel, or immediately be- 
 neath a flower; sometimes applied 
 to minute bracts. 
 
 Bulb: A bud with fleshy scales, usu- 
 ally subterranean. 
 
 Bulhlet. A small bulb, especially 
 those borne on leaves, or in their 
 axils. 
 
 Bulbous. Similar to a bulb; bearing 
 bulbs. 
 
 Caducous. Falling away very soon 
 after development. 
 
 Caespitose. Growing in tufts. 
 
 Calcified. Coated or permeated with 
 lime. 
 
 Callosity. A small, hard protuber- 
 ance. 
 
 Callus. An extension of the inner 
 scale of a grass spikelet; a pro- 
 tuberance. 
 
 Calyx. The outer of two series of 
 floral leaves. 
 
 Campanulate. Bell-shaped. 
 
 Campylotropous. Term applied to 
 the curved ovule. 
 
 Cancellate. Eeticulated, with the 
 meshes sunken. 
 
 Canescent. With gray or hoary fine 
 pubescence. 
 
 Canaliculate. Channelled ; longitu- 
 dinally grooved. 
 
 Capitate. Arranged in a head ; knob- 
 like. 
 
 Capsular. Pertaining to or like a 
 capsule. 
 
 Capsule. A dry fruit of two carpels 
 or more, usually dehiscent by 
 valves or teeth. 
 
 Carinate. Keeled ; with a longitudinal 
 ridge. 
 
 Carpel. The modified leaf forming 
 the ovary, or a part of a compound 
 ovary. 
 
 Caruncle. An appendage to a seed 
 at the hilum. 
 
 Carunculate. With a caruncle. 
 
 Caryopsis. The grain; fruit of 
 grasses, with a thin pericarp ad- 
 herent to the seed. 
 
 Caudate. With a slender tail-like ap- 
 pendage. 
 
 Caudex. The persistent base of peren- 
 nial herbs, usually only the part 
 above ground. 
 
 Caudicle. Stalk of a pollen-mass in 
 the Orchid and Milkweed families. 
 
 CauJine. Pertaining to the stem. 
 
 Cell. A cavity, of an anther or ovary; 
 a microscopic protoplasmic unit. 
 
 Cespitose. (See Caespitose.) 
 
 Chaff. Thin dry scales. 
 
 CJialasa. The base of the ovule. 
 
 Chartaceous. Papery in texture. 
 
 Chlorophyll. Green coloring matter 
 of plants. 
 
 Chlorophyllous. Containing chloro- 
 phyll. 
 
 Chromatophore. A specialized color- 
 bearing protoplasmic body. 
 
 Ciliate. Provided with marginal hairs. 
 
 Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate. 
 
 Cilium. A hair. 
 
 Cinereous. Ashy ; ashy-colored. 
 
 Circinnate. €oiled downward from 
 the apex. 
 
 Circumscissile. Transversely dehis- 
 cent, the top falling away as a lid. 
 
 Clavate. Club-shaped. 
 
 Cleistogamous. Flowers which do not 
 open, but are pollinated from their 
 own anthers. 
 
 Cleft. Cut about halfway to the mid- 
 vein. 
 
 Clinandrium. Cavity between the an- 
 ther-sacs in orchids. 
 
 Cochleate. Like a snail shell. 
 
 Coma. Tuft of hairs at the ends of 
 some seeds. 
 
 Commissure. The contiguous sur- 
 faces of two carpels. 
 
 Conceptacle. A cavity containing re- 
 productive cells and opening out- 
 wards. 
 
 Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise. 
 
 Confluent. Blended together. 
 
 Connate. Similar organs more or less 
 united. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 663 
 
 Connective. The end of the filament, 
 between the anther-sacs. 
 
 Connivent. Converging. 
 
 Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up 
 longitudinally. 
 
 CoraUoid. Resembling coral. 
 
 Cordate. Heart-shaped. 
 
 Coriaceous. Leathery in texture. 
 
 Corm. A swollen, fleshy base of a 
 stem. 
 
 Corolla. The inner of two series of 
 floral leaves. 
 
 Corona; Crown. An appendage of 
 the corolla; a crown-like margin at 
 the top of an organ. 
 
 Coroniform. Crown-like. 
 
 Cortex. The bark, rind, or super- 
 ficial layer of tissue. 
 
 Cortical. Pertaining to the cortex. 
 
 Corymb. A convex or flat-topped 
 flower-cluster of the racemose type, 
 with pedicels of rays arising from 
 different points on the axis. 
 
 Corymbose. Borne in corymbs; cor- 
 ymb-like. 
 
 Costate. Ribbed. 
 
 Cotyledon. A rudimentary leaf of 
 the embryo. 
 
 Crenate. Scalloped; with rounded 
 teeth. 
 
 Crenulate. Diminutive of crenate. 
 
 Crustaceous. Crustose. Hard and 
 brittle; crust-like. 
 
 Cryptostoma. A small superficial pit, 
 bearing hairs or paraphyses, in cer- 
 tain Algae. 
 
 Cucullate. Hooded, or resembling a 
 hood. 
 
 Culm. The stem of grasses and 
 sedges. 
 
 Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. 
 
 Cusp. A sharp stiff point. 
 
 Cuspidate. iSharp-pointed ; ending in 
 a cusp. 
 
 Cyme. A convex or flat flower-clus- 
 ter of the determinate type, the 
 central flowers first unfolding. 
 
 Cymose. Arranged in cymes; cyme- 
 like. 
 Cystocarp. A multicellular spore-bear- 
 ing body of sexual origin, in the 
 Red Algae. 
 Deciduous. Falling away at the close 
 
 of the growing period. 
 Decompound. More than once di- 
 vided. 
 
 Decumbent. Stems or branches in an 
 inclined position, but the end as- 
 cending. 
 
 Dccurrent. Applied to the prolonga- 
 tion of an organ, or part of an or- 
 gan running along the sides of an- 
 other. 
 
 Decussate. In alternating pairs, 
 crossing at right angles. 
 
 Defiexed. Turned abruptly down- 
 ward. 
 
 Dehiscence. The opening of an ovary, 
 anther-sac or sporange to emit the 
 contents. 
 
 Dehiscent. Opening to emit the con- 
 tents. 
 
 Deltoid. Broadly triangular, like the 
 Greek letter delta. 
 
 Dentate. Toothed, especially with 
 outwardly projecting teeth. 
 
 Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate. 
 
 Depauperate. Impoverished, small. 
 
 Depressed. Vertically flattened. 
 
 Dextrorse. Spirally ascending to the 
 right. 
 
 Diadelphous. Stamens united into 
 two sets. 
 
 Diandrous. Having two stamens. 
 
 Dichotomous. Forking regularly into 
 two nearly equal branches or seg- 
 ments. 
 
 Dicotyledonous. With two cotyle 
 dons. 
 
 Didymous. Twin-like; of two nearly 
 equal segments. 
 
 Diffuse. Loosely spreading. 
 
 Digitate. Diverging, like the fingers 
 spread. 
 
 Dimorphous. Of two forms. 
 
 Dioecious. Bearing staminate flowers 
 or antherids on one plant, and pis- 
 tillate flowers or arehegones on an- 
 other of the same species. 
 
 Dio icons. (See Dioecious.) 
 
 Discoid. Heads of Compositae com- 
 posed only of tubular flowers; ray- 
 less; like a disk. 
 
 Disl: An enlargement or prolonga- 
 tion of the receptacle of a flower 
 around the base of the pistil; the 
 head of tubular flowers in Com- 
 positae. 
 
 Dissected. Divided into many seg- 
 ments or lobes. 
 
 Dissepiment. A partition-wall of an 
 ovary or fruit. 
 
554 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 Distal. Pertaining to the outer or 
 apical part or part away from point 
 of attachment. 
 Distichous. Arranged in two rows. 
 Distinct. Separate from each other; 
 
 evident. 
 Divaricate. Diverging at a wide 
 
 angle. 
 Divided. Cleft to the base or to the 
 
 mid-nerve. 
 Dorsal. On the back, pertaining to 
 
 the back. 
 Drupaceous. Drupe-like. 
 Drupe. A simple fruit, usually inde- 
 hiscent, with fleshy exocarp and 
 bony endocarp. 
 Drupelet. Diminutive of drupe. 
 Echinate. Prickly. 
 Ellipsoid. A solid body, elliptic in 
 
 section. 
 Elliptic. "With the outline of an el- 
 lipse ; oval. 
 Emarginate. Notched at the apex. 
 Embryo. A rudimentary plant in the 
 
 seed. 
 
 Emhryo-sac. The macrospore of the 
 
 flowering plants, contained in the 
 
 ovule. 
 
 Endemic. Growing naturally only 
 
 within a definite geograpTiic area. 
 
 Endocarp. The inner layer of the 
 
 pericarp. 
 Endogenous. Forming neW tissue 
 
 within. 
 Endosperm. The substance surround- 
 ing the embryo of a seed ; albumen. 
 Ensiform. Shaped like a broadsword. 
 Entire. Without divisions, lobes, or 
 
 teeth. 
 Ephemeral. Continuing for only a 
 
 day or less. 
 Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on 
 
 the upper part of the ovary. 
 Epiphytic. Growing on other plants, 
 
 but not parasitic. 
 Equitant. Folded around each other; 
 
 straddling. 
 Erose. Irregularly margined, as if 
 
 gnawed. 
 Evanescent. Early disappearing. 
 Evergreen. Bearing green leaves 
 
 throughout the year. 
 Excurrent. With a tip projecting be- 
 yond the main part of the organ. 
 Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers. 
 Exocarp. The outer layer of the peri- 
 carp. 
 
 Exogenous. Forming new tissue out- 
 side the older. 
 Exserted. Prolonged past surround- 
 ing organs. 
 
 Exstipidate. Without stipules. 
 
 Extrorse. Facing upward. 
 
 Falcate. Scythe-shaped. 
 
 Farinaceous. Starchy, or containing 
 starch. 
 
 Fascicle. A dense cluster. 
 
 Fascicled. Borne in dense clusters, 
 
 Fastigiate. Stems or branches which 
 are nearly erect and close together. 
 
 Fenestrate. With window-like mark- 
 ings. 
 
 Fertile. Bearing spores, or bearing 
 seed. 
 
 Fertilisation. The mingling of the 
 contents of a male and female cell. 
 
 Ferruginous. Color of iron-rust. 
 
 Fetid. Ill-smelling. 
 
 FibriUose. With fibres or fibre-like 
 organs. 
 
 Filament. The stalk of an anther, the 
 two forming the stamen; any 
 thread-like structure. 
 
 Filamentous. Composed of thread- 
 like structures; thread-like. 
 
 Filiform. Thread-like. 
 
 Fimbriate. With fringed edges. 
 
 Fimbrillate. Minutely fringed. 
 
 Fistular. Hollow and cylindric. 
 
 Flabellate. Fan-shaped, or arranged 
 like the sticks of a fan. 
 
 Flaccid. Lax; weak. 
 
 Flexuous. Alternately bent in differ- 
 ent directions. 
 
 Floccose. With loose tufts of wool- 
 like hairs. 
 
 Foliaceous. Similar to leaves. 
 
 Foliolate. With separate leaflets. 
 
 Foliose. Leaf-like. 
 
 Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent 
 along one suture. 
 
 Follicular. Similar to a follicle. 
 
 Forcipate. Forking and connivent, 
 like a pair of forceps. 
 
 Foveate. Foveolate. More or less 
 pitted. 
 
 Free. Separate from other organs; 
 not adnate. 
 
 Frond. The leaves of ferns. 
 
 Frutescent. Fruticose. More or less 
 shrub-like. 
 
 Fugacious. Falling soon after devel- 
 opment. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 566 
 
 Fugitive. Plants not native, but oc- 
 curring here and there, without 
 direct evidence of becoming estab- 
 lished. 
 Funiculus. The stalk of an ovule or 
 
 seed. 
 Fuscous. Dusky, grayish brown. 
 Fusiform. Spindle-shaped. 
 Galea. A hood-like part of a perianth 
 
 or corolla. 
 Galeate. With a galea. 
 Gametangium. A gamete-bearing or- 
 gan. 
 Gamete. A unisexual protoplasmic 
 
 body, commonly microscopic. 
 Gameiophyte. The sexual generation 
 
 of plants. 
 Gamopetalous. "With petals more or 
 
 less united. 
 Gemma. A bud-like propagative or- 
 gan. 
 Gibbous. Enlarged or swollen on one 
 
 side. 
 Glabrate. Nearly without hairs. 
 Glabrous. Devoid of hairs. 
 Gladiate. Like a sword-blade. 
 Gland. A secreting cell, or group of 
 
 cells. 
 Glandular. With glands, or gland- 
 like. 
 Glaucous. Covered with a fine bluish 
 
 or white bloom; bluish-hoary. 
 Globose. Spherical or nearly so. 
 Glomerate. In a compact cluster. 
 Glomerule. A dense capitate cyme. 
 Glumaceous. Resembling glumes. 
 Glume. The scaly bracts of the spike- 
 lets of grasses and sedges. 
 Granulose. Composed of grains. 
 Gregarious. Growing in groups or 
 
 colonies. 
 Gynobase. A prolongation or enlarge- 
 ment of the receptacle supporting 
 the ovary. 
 Habit. General aspect. 
 Habitat. A plant 's natural place of 
 
 growth. 
 Hastate. Halberd-shaped; like sagit- 
 tate; but with the basal lobes di- 
 verging. 
 Haustoria. The specialized roots of 
 
 parasites. 
 Head. A dense round cluster of ses- 
 sile or nearly sessile flowers. 
 Herbaceous. Leaf-like in texture and 
 color, pertaining to an herb. 
 
 Heterocyst. An enlarged, commonly 
 inert, often yellowish cell, in cer- 
 tain filamentous Algae. 
 Hilum. The scar or area of attach- 
 ment of a seed or ovule. 
 Hirsute. With rather coarse stiff 
 
 hairs. 
 Hispid. With bristly stiff hairs. 
 Hispiduloiis. Diminutive of hispid. 
 Hyaline. Thin and translucent. 
 Hypocotyl. The rudimentary stem of 
 
 the embryo; also terme«l radicle. 
 Hypogynium. Organ supporting the 
 
 ovary in some seilges. 
 Hypogynous. Borne at the base of 
 
 the ovary, or below. 
 Imbricated. Overlapping. 
 Imperfect. Elowers with either sta- 
 mens or pistils, not with both. 
 Incised. Cut into sharp lobes. 
 Included. Not projecting beyond sur- 
 rounding parts. 
 Incumbent. With the back against 
 
 the hypocotyl. 
 Indehiscent. Not opening. 
 Indusium. The membrane covering a 
 
 sorus. 
 Inequilateral. Unequal-sided. 
 Inferior. Relating 4o an organ which 
 arises or is situated below another. 
 Inflexed. Abruptly bent inward. 
 Inflorescence. The flowering part of 
 plants; its mode of arrangement. 
 Integument. A coat or protecting 
 
 layer. 
 Internode. Portion of a stem or 
 branch between two successive 
 nodes. 
 Introrse. Facing inward. 
 Involucel. A secondary involucre. 
 Involucrate. With an involucre, or 
 
 like one. 
 Involucre. A whorl of bracts sub- 
 tending a flower or flower-clu«ter. 
 Involute. Rolled inwardly. 
 Irregular. A flower in which one or 
 more of the organs of the same 
 series are unlike the others. 
 Isidiose. Lichenological term for wart- 
 like excrescences. 
 Labiate. Provided with a lip-like or- 
 gan; belonging to the family La- 
 biatac. 
 Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes or 
 
 segments. 
 Lacunose. Showing perforations or 
 depressions. 
 
656 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 Lamina. The blade of a leaf, a leaf- 
 like expansion, or a layer. 
 
 Lanceolate. Considerably longer than 
 broad, tapering upward from the 
 middle or below; lance-shaped. 
 
 Latex. The milky sap of certain 
 plants. 
 
 Leaflet. One of the divisions of a 
 compound leaf. 
 
 Legume. A simple dry fruit dehis- 
 cent along both sutures. 
 
 Lenticular. Lens-shaped. 
 
 Ligulate. Provided with or resem- 
 bling a ligule. 
 
 Ligule. A strap-shaped organ, as the 
 rays in Compositae. 
 
 Limb. The expanded part of a petal, 
 sepal, or gamopetalous corolla. 
 
 Linear. Elongated and narrow with 
 sides nearly parallel. 
 
 Lineolate. With fine or obscure lines. 
 
 Lobed. Divided to about the middle. 
 
 Lohule. A small lobe. 
 
 Lament. A jointed legume, usually 
 constricted between the seeds. 
 
 Loculicidal. Applied to capsules which 
 split longitudinally. 
 
 Lodicules. Minute hyaline scales sub- 
 tending the flower in grasses. 
 
 Lunate. Crescent-shaped. 
 
 Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the terminal 
 lobe or segment considerably larger 
 than the others. 
 
 Macrosporange. Sporange containing 
 macrospores. 
 
 Macrospore. The larger of two kinds 
 of spores borne by a plant, usually 
 giving rise to a female prothallium. 
 
 Mammillate. Having breast-shaped or 
 teat-like processes. 
 
 Morcescent. Withering but remain- 
 ing attached. 
 
 Medulla. The pith, the axillary or 
 middle tissue. 
 
 Medullary. Pertaining to the pith or 
 medulla. 
 
 Mericarp. One of the carpels of the 
 Umbelliferae. 
 
 Mesocarp. The middle layer of a 
 pericarp. 
 
 Micropyle. Orifice of the ovule, and 
 corresponding point on the seed. 
 
 Microsporange. Sporange containing 
 microspores. 
 
 Microspore. The smaller of two kinds 
 of spores borne by a plant, usually 
 giving rise to a male prothallium; 
 pollen-grain. 
 
 Midvein (Midrib). The central vein 
 or rib of a leaf or other organ. 
 
 MonadelpJious. Stamens united by 
 their filaments. 
 
 Moniliform. Like a string of beads. 
 
 Monoecious. Bearing stamens and 
 pistils on the same plant, but in 
 different flowers. 
 
 Monoicous. (See Monoecious.) 
 
 Monosiphonous. Of a single series 
 of cells, end to end. 
 
 Monstrous. Unusual or deformed. 
 
 Mucronate. With a short sharp ab- 
 rupt tip. 
 
 Mucronulate. Diminutive of mucro- 
 nate. 
 
 Muricate. Roughened with short hard 
 processes. 
 
 Muriform. Like bricks in a wall. 
 
 Muticous. Pointless, or blunt. 
 
 Mycelium. The vegetative part of a 
 fungus. 
 
 Nalced. Lacking organs or parts 
 which are normally present in re- 
 lated species or genera. 
 
 Naturalised. Plants not indigenous 
 to the region, but so firmly estab- 
 lished as to have become part of 
 the flora. 
 
 Nectary. A sugar-secreting organ. 
 
 Nematliecium. A wart-like elevation, 
 in certain Algae, containing tetra- 
 spores or other reproductive cells. 
 
 Nitent. Shining, polished, glistening. 
 
 Node. The junction of two inter- 
 nodes of a stem or branch, often 
 hard or swollen, at which a leaf or 
 leaves are usually borne. 
 
 Nodose. Similar to nodes or joints; 
 knotty. 
 
 Nodulose. Diminutive of nodose. 
 
 Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit 
 with a hard or bony pericarp. 
 
 Nutlet. Diminutive of nut. 
 
 Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped. 
 
 Oblanceolate. Inverse of lanceolate. 
 
 Oblong. Longer than broad, with the 
 sides nearly parallel, or somewhat 
 curving. 
 
 Obovate. Inversely ovate. 
 
 Gbovoid. Inversely ovoid. 
 
 Obsolete. Not evident; gone, rudi- 
 mentary, or vestigial. 
 
 Obtuse. Blunt, or rounded. 
 
 Ochreae. The sheathing united stip- 
 ules of Polygonaceae. 
 
 Ochreolae. The ochreae subtending 
 flowers in the Polygonaceae. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 557 
 
 Ochroleucous. Yellowish white. 
 Olivaceous. Olive-green. 
 Oosphere. The cell of the archegone 
 which is fertilized by spermato- 
 zoids. 
 Operculate. With an operculum. 
 Operculum. A lid. 
 Orbicular. Appro>dmately circular in 
 
 outline. 
 Orthotropous. Term applied to the 
 straight ovule, having the hilum at 
 one end and the micropyle at the 
 other. 
 Ostiole. A little orifice. 
 Ovary. The ovule-bearing part of the 
 
 pistil. 
 Ovate. In outline like a longitudinal 
 
 section of a hen 's egg. 
 Ovoid. Shaped like a hen 's egg. 
 Ovule. The macrosporange of flower- 
 ing plants, becoming the seed on 
 maturing. 
 Palate. The projection from the 
 lower lip of two-lipped personate 
 corollas. 
 Palet. A bract-like organ enclosing 
 or subtending the flower in grasses. 
 Palmate. Diverging radiately like 
 
 the fingers. 
 Panicle. A compound flower-cluster 
 of the racemose type, or cluster of 
 sporanges. 
 Paniculate. Borne in panicles or re- 
 sembling a panicle. 
 Papilionaceous. Term applied to the 
 irregular flower of the Pea Family. 
 Papillose. With minute blunt pro- 
 jections. 
 Pappus. The bris-tles, awns, teeth, 
 etc., surmounting the achene in the 
 'Chicory and Thistle Families. 
 Parasitic. Growing upon other plants 
 
 and absorbing their juices. 
 Parietal. Borne along the wall of the 
 
 ovary, or pertaining to it. 
 Parted. Deeply cleft. 
 Patent. Spreading, open. 
 Pectinate. Comb-like. 
 Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a 
 
 flower-cluster, or of a sporange. 
 Peduncle. Stalk of a flower, or a 
 
 flower-cluster, or a sporocarp. 
 Pedunculate. With a peduncle. 
 Peltate. Shield-shaped; a flat organ 
 
 with a stalk on its lower surface. 
 Penicillate. With a tuft of hairs or 
 hair-like branches. 
 
 Perfect. Flowers with both stamens 
 
 and pistils. 
 Perfoliate. Leaves so clasping the 
 
 stem as to appear as if pierced by it. 
 Perianth. The modified floral leaves 
 
 (sepals or petals), regarded collec- 
 tively. 
 Pericarp. The wall of the fruit, or 
 
 seed-vessel. 
 Pericentral. Surrounding the central 
 
 axis. 
 Perigynium. The utricle enclosing 
 
 the ovary or achene in the genus 
 
 Carex. 
 Perigynoiis. Borne on the perianth, 
 
 around the ovary. 
 Peripheral. Pertaining to the i)eri])li- 
 
 ery. 
 Perithecium (Pcrithecia). An organ 
 
 containing spore-sacs. 
 Persistent. Organs remaining at- 
 tached to tho^e bearing them after 
 
 the growing period. 
 Petal. One of the leaves' of the co- 
 rolla. 
 Petaloid. Similar to petals ; petal- 
 like. 
 Petiolate. With a petiole. 
 Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet. 
 Petiole. The stalk of the leaf. 
 Phyllode. A bladeless petiole or 
 
 rachis. 
 Pilose. With long soft hairs. 
 Pinna. A primary division of a pin- 
 
 nately compound leaf. 
 Pinnate. Leaves divided into leaflets 
 
 or segments along a common axis. 
 Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the 
 
 middle or bej'ond, 
 Pinnide. A division of a pinna. 
 Pistil. The central organ of a flower 
 
 containing the macrosjioranges 
 
 (ovules). 
 Pistillate. With pistils; and usually 
 
 employed in the sense of without 
 
 stamens. 
 Placenta. An ovule-bearing surface. 
 Plicate. Folded into plaits, like a 
 
 fan. 
 Plumose. Resembling a plume or 
 
 feather. 
 Plumule. The rudimentary terminal 
 
 bud of the embryo. 
 Plurilocular. Having many colls or 
 
 compartments. 
 Podetium (Podctia). Stalk-like or- 
 gans in certain lichens. 
 
558 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 Pollen. Pollen-grain. See Micro- 
 spore. 
 
 Pollinia. The pollen-masses of the 
 Orchid and Milkweed Families. 
 
 Polygamous. Bearing both perfect 
 and imperfect flowers. 
 
 Polypetalous. With separate petals. 
 
 Polysiphonous. Consisting of bundles 
 of parallel cells. 
 
 Polysporangium. A sporangium con- 
 taining many spores. 
 
 Pome. The fleshy fruit of the Apple 
 Family, 
 
 Procarp. The female reproductive 
 organ of the Red Algae. 
 
 Procumbent. Trailing or lying on 
 the ground. 
 
 Proliferous. Producing ofi'shoots. 
 
 Prophylla. Bractlets. 
 
 Prothallium. The sexual generation 
 of Pteridophyta. 
 
 Proximal. Pertaining to the inner or 
 basal part, or the part near the 
 point of attachment. 
 
 Pseudoparenchyma. A compact tis- 
 sue, in Fungi and Algae, formed 
 by closely interlaced or united fila- 
 ments. 
 
 Puherulent. With very short hairs. 
 
 Pubescent. With hairs. 
 
 Punctate. With translucent dots or 
 pits. 
 
 Pungent. With a sharp stiff tip. 
 
 Pyriform. Pear-shaped. 
 
 Eaceme. An elongated determinate 
 flower-cluster with each flower pedi- 
 celled. 
 
 Bacemose. In racemes, or resembling 
 a raceme. 
 
 Eachilla. The axis of the spikelet in 
 
 Bachis. The axis of a compound leaf, 
 or of a spike or raceme. 
 
 Badiant. With the marginal flowers 
 enlarged and ray-like. 
 
 Eadiate. With ray-flowers; radiat- 
 ing. 
 
 Eadicle. The rudimentary stem of 
 the embryo; hypocotyl. 
 
 Badicular. Pertaining to the radicle 
 or hypocotyl. 
 
 Eamulose. Having many small 
 branches. 
 
 Eamulus. A little branch or a 
 branchlet of the ultimate order. 
 
 Eaphe (EJiapJie). The ridge connect- 
 ing the hilum and chalaza of an 
 anatropous or amphitropous ovule; 
 
 the ridge on the sporocarp of Mar- 
 silea. 
 
 Bay. One of the peduncles or 
 branches of an umbel; the flat 
 marginal flowers in Compositae. 
 
 Beceptacle. The end of the flower 
 stalk, bearing the floral organs; or, 
 in Compositae, bearing the flowers; 
 also, in some ferns, an axis bearing 
 sporanges. 
 
 Eecurved. Curved backward. 
 
 Beflexed. Bent backward abruptly. 
 
 Begular. Having the members of 
 each part alike in size and shape. 
 
 Beniform. Kidney-shaped. 
 
 Bepand. With a somewhat wavy mar- 
 gin. 
 
 Beticulate. Arranged as a network. 
 
 Betrorse. Turned backward or down- 
 ward. 
 
 Betuse. With a shallow notch at the 
 end. 
 
 Bevolute. Rolled backward. 
 
 Bhachis. See Bachis. 
 
 BMzoid. A root-like filament in the 
 lower plants. 
 
 Bhisome. See Bootstocl\ 
 
 BootstocJc. A subterranean stem, or 
 part of one. 
 
 Bingent. The gaping mouth of a 
 two-lipped corolla. 
 
 Bostellum. Beak of the style in Or- 
 chids. 
 
 Bostrate. With a beak. 
 
 Bosulate. Like a rosette. 
 
 Botate. With a flat round corolla- 
 limb. 
 
 Bugose. Wrinkled. 
 
 Buncinate. Sharply pinnatifid, or in- 
 cised, the lobes or segments turned 
 backward. 
 
 Sac. A pouch, especially the cavities 
 of anthers. 
 
 Saccate. With a pouch or sac. 
 
 Sagittate. Like an arrow-head, with 
 the lobes turned downward. 
 
 Samara. A simple indehiscent winged 
 fruit. 
 
 Saprophyte. A plant which grows on 
 dead organic matter. 
 
 Scahrous. Rough. 
 
 Scale. A minute, rudimentary or ves- 
 tigial leaf. 
 
 Scape. A leafless or nearly leafless 
 stem or peduncle, arising from a 
 subterranean part of a plant, bear- 
 ing a flower or flower-cluster. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 559 
 
 Scapose. Having scapes, or resem- 
 bling a scape. 
 
 Scarious. Thin, dry, and translucent, 
 not green. 
 
 Scorpioid. Coiled up in the bud, or 
 in the beginning of growth, un- 
 rolling in expanding. 
 
 Secund. Borne along one side of an 
 axis. 
 
 Segment. A division of a leaf or 
 fruit. 
 
 Sepal. One of the leaves of a calyx. 
 
 Septate. Provided with partitions. 
 
 Septicidal. A capsule which splits 
 longitudinally into and through its 
 dissepiments. 
 
 Serrate. With teeth projecting for- 
 ward. 
 
 Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate; ser- 
 rate with small teeth. 
 
 Sessile. Without a stalk. 
 
 Setaceous. Bristle-like. 
 
 Setose. Bristly. 
 
 Silicle. A silique much longer than 
 wide. 
 
 Silique. An elongated two-valved 
 capsular fruit, with two parietal 
 placentae, usually dehiscent. 
 
 Sinuate. With strongly wavy mar- 
 gins. 
 
 Sinuous. In form like the path of a 
 snake. 
 
 Sinus. The space between the lobes 
 of a leaf. 
 
 Siphon. One of the usually elongate 
 cells occurring in bundles and form- 
 ing the thallus or its axis in cer- 
 tain Red Algae. 
 
 Soralium (Soralia). Powder-like pus- 
 tules in lichens. 
 
 Soredium (Soredia). In lichens, 
 small clusters of algal and fungal 
 cells. 
 
 Sorus (Sori). A group or cluster of 
 sporanges; a heap of spores; a cir- 
 cumscribed superficial bed or ma- 
 trix, including reproductive cells. 
 
 Spadiceous. Like or pertaining to a 
 spadix. 
 
 Spadix. A fleshy spike of flowers. 
 
 Spathaceous. Resembling a spathe. 
 
 SpatJie. A bract, usually more or less 
 concave, subtending a spadix. 
 
 Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula; 
 spoon-shaped. 
 
 Spermatozoids. Cells developed in the 
 antherid, for the fertilization of the 
 oosphere. 
 
 Spicate. Arranged in a spike; like a 
 spike. 
 
 Spike. An elongated flower-cluster or 
 cluster of sporanges, with sessile or 
 nearly sessile flowers or sporanges, 
 
 Spikelet. Diminutive of spike; espe- 
 cially applied to flower-clusters of 
 grasses and sedges, 
 
 Spinose. With spines, or similar to 
 spines. 
 
 Spimile. A small sharp projection. 
 
 Spinulose. With small sharp proc- 
 esses or spines. 
 
 Sporange{ium). A sac containing 
 spores. 
 
 Spore. An asexual propagative cell. 
 
 Sporocarp. Organ containing spo- 
 ranges or sori ; a few- or many- 
 celled spore-bearing body of sex- 
 ual origin. 
 
 Sporogenous. Generating or bearing 
 spores. 
 
 Sporophi/te. The asexual generation 
 of plants. 
 
 Spreading. Diverging nearly at right 
 angles; nearly prostrate. 
 
 Spur. A hollow projection from a 
 floral organ. 
 
 Squarrose. With spreading or pro- 
 jecting parts. 
 
 Stamen. The organ of a flower which 
 bears the macrospores (pollen- 
 grains). 
 
 Stami)wdium. A sterile stamen, or 
 other organ in the position of a 
 stamen. 
 
 Standard. The upper, usually broad, 
 petal of a papilionaceous corolla. 
 
 Stellate. Star-like. 
 
 Sterigmata. The projections from 
 twigs, bearing the leaves, in some 
 genera of Pinaceae. 
 
 Sterile. Without spores, or without 
 seed. 
 
 Stichidium. A specialized branch 
 bearing tetrasj^orangia, in the Red 
 Algae. 
 
 Stigma. The summit or side of the 
 pistil to which pollon-grains become 
 attached. 
 
 Stipe. The stalk of an organ. 
 
 Stipitatc. Provided with a stipe. 
 
 Stipules. Appendages to the base of 
 a petiole, often adnate to it. 
 
 Stipidate. With stipules. 
 
 Stolon. A basal branch rooting at 
 the nodes. 
 
660 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 Stoloniferous. Producing or bearing 
 stolons. 
 
 Stoma (Stomata). The transpiring 
 orifices in the epidermis of plants. 
 
 Strict. Straight and erect. 
 
 Strigose. With appressed or ascend- 
 ing stiff hairs. 
 
 Stroma. 
 
 StropJiiole. An appendage to a seed 
 at the hilum. 
 
 Stropliiolate. With a strophiole. 
 
 Style. The narrow top of the ovary. 
 
 Stylopodium. The expanded base of 
 a style. 
 
 Subacute. Somewhat acute. 
 
 Subcordate. Somewhat heart-shaped. 
 
 Subcoriaceous. Approaching leathery 
 in texture. 
 
 Subfalcate. Somewhat scythe-shaped. 
 
 Subligneous. Somewhat woody in tex- 
 ture. 
 
 Subsessile. Nearly sessile. 
 
 Substratum. The substance on which 
 a plant grows. 
 
 Subterete. Nearly terete. 
 
 Subulate. Awl-shaped. 
 
 Subversatile. Partly or imperfectly 
 versatile. 
 
 Succulent. Soft and juicy. 
 
 Suffrutescent. Almost or somewhat 
 shrubby. 
 
 Sulcate. Grooved longitudinally. 
 
 Superior. Applied to the ovary when 
 free from the calyx; or to a calyx 
 adnate to an ovary. 
 
 Suture. A line of splitting or open- 
 ing. 
 
 Symmetrical. Applied to a flower 
 with its parts of equal numbers. 
 
 Syncarp. A fleshy multiple or aggre- 
 gate fruit. 
 
 Tendril. A slender coiling attachment 
 organ. 
 
 Terete. Circular in cross section; 
 cylindric. 
 
 Ternate. Divided into three seg- 
 ments, or arranged in threes. 
 
 Tetradynamous. With four long sta- 
 mens and two shorter ones. 
 
 T etrasporangium. A sporangium con- 
 taining four spores. 
 
 Tetraspore. A spore formed by the 
 division of the mother-cell into four 
 parts. 
 
 Tetrastichous. Arranged in four 
 ranks. 
 
 Thalline. Pertaining to a thallus. 
 
 Thallus. A plant body, usually flat, 
 showing no differentiation into 
 stem, leaves, and true roots. 
 
 Thyrsoid. Like a thyrsus. 
 
 Thyrsus. A compact panicle. 
 
 Tomentose. Covered with tomentum. 
 
 Tomentulose. Diminutive of tomen- 
 tose. 
 
 Tomentum. Dense matted wool-like 
 hairs. 
 
 Torsion. Twisting of an organ. 
 
 Tortuous. Twisted or bent. 
 
 Tracheae. The canals or ducts in 
 woody tissue. 
 
 Tracheids. Wood-cells. 
 
 Triandrous. With three stamens. 
 
 Tricarpous. Composed of three car- 
 pels. 
 
 Trichogyne. The special receptive or- 
 gan of a procarp. 
 
 Trimorphous. Flowers with stamens 
 of three different lengths or kinds; 
 in three forms. 
 
 Triquetrous. Three-sided, the sides 
 channeled. 
 
 Truncate. Terminated by a nearly 
 straight edge or surface. 
 
 Tuber. A thick short underground 
 branch or part of a branch. 
 
 Tubercle. The persistent base of the 
 style in some Cyperaceae; a small 
 tuber. 
 
 Tuberculate. With rounded projec- 
 tions. 
 
 Turbinate. Top-shaped. 
 
 Uliginous. Inhabiting mud. 
 
 UmJjel. A determinate, usually eon- 
 vex flower-cluster, with all the 
 pedicels arising from the same 
 point. 
 
 Umbellate. Borne in umbels; resem- 
 bling an umbel. 
 
 Umbellet. A secondary umbel. 
 
 Umbelloid. Similar to an umbel. 
 
 Uncinate. Hooked, or in form like a 
 hook. 
 
 Undulate. With wavy margins. 
 
 Unilocular. Having one cell or com- 
 partment. 
 
 Urceolate. Urn-shaped. 
 
 Utricle. A bladder-like organ; a one- 
 seeded fruit with a loose pericarp; 
 the sac-like end of one of the cor- 
 tex-forming filaments of certain 
 Algae. 
 
 Valvate. Meeting by the margins in 
 the bud, not overlapping; dehis- 
 cent by valves. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 561 
 
 Vascular. Relating to ducts or ves- 
 sels. 
 Vein. One of the branches of the 
 
 woody portion of leaves or other 
 
 organs. 
 Veinlet. A branch of a vein. 
 Velum. A fold of the inner side of 
 
 the leaf -base in Isoetes. 
 Velutinous. Velvety; with dense fine 
 
 pubescence. 
 Venation. The arrangement of veins. 
 Ventral. Pertaining to the lower or 
 
 inner side. 
 Vernation. The arrangement of leaves 
 
 in the bud. 
 Verrucose. AVarty or wart-like. 
 Versatile. An anther attached at or 
 
 near its middle to the filament. 
 
 Verticil. See Whorl. 
 
 Verticillate. With three or more 
 leaves or branches at a node ; 
 whorled. 
 
 Vesicle. A small bladder-like struc- 
 ture. 
 
 Vestigial. In the nature of a vestige 
 or remnant. 
 
 Villous. With long soft hairs, not 
 matted together. 
 
 Virgate. Wand-like. 
 
 Wliorl. A group of three similar or- 
 gans or more, radiating from a 
 node; Verticil. 
 
 Whorled. See Verticillate. 
 
 Winged. With a thin expansion or 
 expansions. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Phyla, Classes, Sub-classes, Orders and Families in Small Capitals. 
 Specific names and English names in roman. 
 Synonyms in italia. 
 Genera in heavy face. 
 
 Aaron's Beard, 255 
 Abelia serrata, 373 
 Abelmoschus esculentus, 240 
 Aberia caffra, 248 
 Abumon africanum, 72 
 Abutilcn, 232 
 
 Abutilon, 233 
 
 Aviccnnae, 233 
 
 Garden„ 233 
 
 pnlchellum, 241 
 
 striatum, 233 
 Acacia arabica, 170 
 
 dealbata,. 170 
 
 Farnesiana, 170 ' 
 
 macracautha, 170 
 
 North American, 18$ 
 
 paniculata, 169 
 Acalypha, 208 
 
 hispida, 208 
 
 tricolor, 208 
 
 Wilkesiana, 209 
 
 ACANTHACEAE. 354 
 
 Acanthocereus pentagonus, 
 
 257 
 Acanthophoraspicifera,i520 
 Acanthus Family, 354 
 Acer Negnndo. 227 
 
 palmatnm, 227 
 Acetdhrilaria creniilata, 499 
 Acetabulum crenulatum, 499 
 Achillea, 403 
 
 Millefolium. 403 
 Achimenes picta, 354 
 Achras mammosa, 285 
 Achyranthes, 120 
 
 amabilis, 121 
 
 Beautiful, 121 
 
 Bettzickiana, 121 
 
 Knotweed, 121 
 
 maritima, 121 
 
 polygonoides, 121 
 Acicularia Schrenckii, 499 
 Acroctiaetium crassipes.lpll 
 
 infestans, 511 
 Acrocomia aculeata, 57 
 Acrostichum, 416 
 
 aurcum. 416 
 
 excelsum, 416 
 
 lomarioides, 416 
 
 Thchipteris, 425 
 Acuan, 169 
 
 virgatum, 169 
 Adenocarpus commutatus, 
 187 
 
 ielonnensis, 187 
 Adiantum, 419 
 
 bellum, 420 
 
 Canillus-Veneris, 420 
 
 cuneotum, 420 
 
 fragile, 420 
 
 hexagonum, 418 
 
 tcnerum, 420 
 Aechmaea polystachya, 66 
 
 Violet, 66 
 Aegira, 505 
 Aeschynomene, 190 
 Aes cuius Hippocastanum, 
 
 227 
 Agapanthus umhellatus, 72 
 Agaricales, 488 
 Agaricus alphitophorus, 488 
 
 belictus, 488 
 Agave americana, 80 
 
 atrovirens, 81 
 
 barbadensis, 80 
 
 chloracantha, 81 
 
 cienfuegosana, 81 
 
 decipiens, 81 
 
 ferox, 81 
 
 fourcroydes, 80 
 
 Franzosinii, 81 
 
 Karatto, 81 
 
 Lecheguilla, 81' 
 
 Legrelliana, 81 
 
 longipes, 81 
 
 lophantha, 81 
 
 mexicana, 81 
 
 missionum, 81 
 
 Morrisii, 81 
 
 neglecta, 81 
 
 obducta, 81 
 
 Scolymus, 81 
 
 sisalana, 80 
 
 sobolifera, 81 
 
 striata. 81 
 
 tubulata. 81 
 
 Underwoodii. 81 
 
 YercVCruz, 81 
 
 victoria-reginae, 81 
 
 Wercklei, 81 
 
 Wightiana. 81 
 
 xylonacantha, 81 
 Ageratum convzoides, 406 
 
 Garden, 406 
 
 Houstonianum. 406 
 
 mexlcanum, 406 
 
 Wild, 406 
 Agrostemma Coelirosa, 134 
 Ailanthus glandulosa, 204 
 AiLANTHUs Family, 204 
 Air Potato, 83 
 
 AlZOACEAE, 124 
 
 Akee. 226 
 Albizzia, 173 
 
 Lebbeck. 170 
 Albugo Candida. 483 
 Alcea rofiva, 240 
 Alder, Button, 260 
 Aletris gnineensis, 72 
 
 hiiafinthoides, 72 
 Aleurites moluccana, 219 
 
 iriloha, 219 
 
 562 
 
 Alexanders, 277 
 Alfalfa, 178 
 Algae, 489 
 Algarroba, 170 
 Allamanda Hendersoni, 294 
 
 Schottii, 294 
 Alligator Pear 141 
 Allium Cepa, 71 
 
 fragrans, 70 
 Allspice. 263 
 Almond, 168 
 
 Bitter, 168 
 
 Demarara, 260 
 
 West Indian, 260 
 Aloe, 70 
 
 lingua. 71 
 
 soccotrina, 71 
 
 Vvaria, 72 
 
 vera, 71 
 
 vulgaris, 71 
 Aloes, 71 
 
 Bitter, 71 
 
 Common, 71 
 Alopecurus pratensis. 26 
 Aloysia citriodora, 312 
 Alpinia nutans, 87 
 
 speciosa, 87 
 Alsixaceae, 127 
 Alsine, 128 
 
 Baldwinii, 128 
 
 media, 128 
 
 prostrata, 128 
 Alstroemeria inodora, 82 
 
 nemorosa, 82 
 Alternanthera amaMlis, 121 
 
 Beach, 121 
 
 maritima, 121 
 Althaea officinalis, 237 ' 
 
 rosea, 240 
 
 Shrubby, 238 
 Alyssum maritimum, 148 
 
 saxatile, 155 
 
 Sweet, 148 
 Amaranth ACEAE, 119 
 Amaranth Family. 119 
 Amaranth, Spiny, 120 
 Amaranthus, 119 
 
 cnudatus, 120 
 
 clilorostachys. 120 
 
 gangeticus. 120 
 
 h.vbridus, 120 
 
 melancholicus. 120 
 
 retroflexus, 120 
 
 spinosus. l20 
 Amaryllidaceae. 76 
 Amaryllis Belladonna, 82 
 
 equestris, 81 
 
 lutea, 82 
 
 sarniensis, 82 
 Amaryllis Family^ 76 
 Amazon Lily, 82 
 
INDEX. 
 
 5G3 
 
 Amblystegium, 446 
 
 variuru, 447 
 Ambrosia, 384 
 
 arte III isiacfoUa, 385 
 
 elatior, 385 
 
 }n'tcroij]i;/Uu, 385 
 Ambrosiaceak, 383 
 American Ivy, 22{> 
 Ammi, 277 
 
 majus, 277 
 Ammiaceae^ 271 
 AmmialeSj 270 
 Amomis caryophyllata, 263 
 Anipelopsis q uin q u efoUa. 
 229 
 
 triciispidata, 230 
 
 Veitchii. 230 
 Amphiroa fragilissima, 539 
 Amygdalaceae, 167 
 Amygdalus communis, 168 
 
 persica, 168 
 Akacaediaceae, 220 
 Anacardium occidentale, 222 
 Anadyomene stellata, 495 
 Anagallis, 282 
 
 arvensis, 282 
 Anamomis fragrans, 263 
 Ananas Ananas, 66 
 
 sativaj 66 
 Anchistea, 420 
 
 virginica, 421 
 AndracJine trifoUata, 220 
 Andropogon, 10 
 
 insi'.htris, 18 
 
 Schoenanthus, 10 
 
 virginicus, 10 
 
 Anemone japonica, 140 1 
 
 Anemopaegma carrerense, 
 
 353 I 
 
 Anethum Foeniculuni, 276 
 
 gi-aveolens, 276 
 Angelica Archangelica, 279 
 Axgiospermae, 2 
 Anistoclius cupreolata, 353 
 Annatto, 248 
 AxxATTO Family, 248 
 Anxoxaceae^ 136 
 Annona Cherimolia. 137 
 
 muricata, 136 
 
 reticulata, 137 
 
 squamosa, 137 
 Anopteris, 418 
 
 hexagona, 418 
 Anthemis, 403 
 
 Cotula. 404 
 Anthoceros, 469 
 
 Black-spored, 469 
 
 laevis, 469 
 
 punctatus, 469 
 
 Yellow-spored, 469 
 Axthocerotaceae, 469 
 Axthocerotales, 468 
 Antholyza aethiopica, 85 
 Anthracothecium tetrasper- 
 
 mum, 472 
 Anthriscus Anthriscus, 279 
 
 rulgaris, 279 
 Anthurium Veitchii, 60 
 Anthyllis Barba-.Tovis. 1S9 
 Antigonum leptopus, 114 
 Antirrhinum CymhaJaria, 
 345 
 
 FAatinc, 345 
 
 Lhuirin, 350 
 
 majus. 350 
 Antithamnion cruciatum, 
 
 529 
 Apetalae, 91 
 
 Apium, 275 
 
 Ammi, 279 
 
 (j)\ii(ol( ns, 278 
 
 ieptophyllum, 279 
 
 peregrinum, 275 
 
 Petroselinura, 275 
 Apocyxaceae, 292 
 Apple, 166 
 
 Custard, 137, 250 
 
 Kei, 248 
 
 Love, 338 
 
 Malay, 264 
 
 Mamniee, 246 
 
 of Peru, 333 
 
 Pine, 66 
 
 Pork-fat, 168 
 
 Rose, 264 
 
 Seven-year, 362 
 
 Star, 285 
 
 Thorn, 340 
 Apple Family, 166 
 Apricot, 168 
 Apricots, 252 
 Aquilegia vulgaris. 140 
 Arabis alpina, 155 
 Araceae, 59 
 Arachis hypogaea, 187 
 A rales, 59 
 Aralia Guilfoylei, 271 
 
 papi/rifcni, 271 
 
 Variegated. 271 
 Araliaceae. 271 
 Araucaria Bidwillii, 412 
 
 exselsa, 412 
 Arbor-vitae, Asiatic, 411 
 Archichlamideae, 91 
 Arctotis, Blue, 407 
 
 stoechadifolia, 407 
 Arcyria, 482 
 Ardisia acuminata, 284 
 
 hioitiUs. 284 
 
 fiolanacni. 284 
 Arduina grandiflora. 295 
 Areca alha, 58 
 
 Catechu, 58 
 Arecaceae. 56 
 Arecales, 55 
 Arenaria, 130 
 
 alsinoidcs, 131 
 
 lanuginosa, 130 
 
 leptoclados, 130 
 
 rubra, 131 
 
 serpyilifolia. 130 
 Argemone, 143 
 
 mexicana, 144 
 Argvreia hractrata, 303 
 
 Elegant, 303 
 
 Roxburghii. 303 
 
 speciosa. 303 
 Argyrolobium. 190 
 Arisaema triphylhim. 60 
 Aristolochia argontina, 108 
 
 elegans. lo8 
 
 trilobata, 108 
 Arlstolociiiackae, 108 
 Aristolocmiales. 107 
 Arjun. 260 
 
 Armoracia Armoracia, 155 
 Arnotto, 248 
 Aroma. 170 
 Arrowroot. 88 
 
 Two-colored. 88 
 Arrowroot Family. 87 
 Artabotrvs odoratissima, 
 
 137 
 Artemisia capillifoUa. 3S7 
 tcmd folia, 387 
 
 Arthonia conferta. 473 
 
 poiymorpliu. 473 
 
 rubella. 473 
 Artiio.\l\(kae, 473 
 Arthothcliuui speclublle. 
 
 473 
 Artichoke. Globe, 4()8 
 
 Jt^rusalem. 401 
 Artillery Plant, 1(»4 
 Art<K-ariMis inclsa, 1U2 
 
 int«'grifolla, lo2 
 
 Lakoocha, 102 
 .4 rum hirolor, iU) 
 
 i Htuh ntum, 60 
 
 Hdijitttn folium, GO 
 
 •frf/uinar, «;<) 
 
 trijtiiiillum, 60 
 Ari.m Family. 50 
 Arundinaria tecta, 40 
 Arundo, 29 
 
 Donax, 29 
 
 tictn, 40 
 
 ASCLEPIADACEAE, 295 
 
 Asclepias, 296 
 
 curassavica. 296 
 
 Linari:i. 296 
 
 nivea, 296 
 
 phifnoctirpa, 297 
 Ascobolus immersus. 486 
 
 stercorarius, 486 
 Ascocyclus orbicularis. 504 
 A.SCOMYCKTES. 4n3. 4H4 
 Ascophanus iiermudensls. 
 485 
 
 granuliformis. 4S6 
 Ascoi»hyllum nodosum, 5oG 
 Ascyrum, 245 
 
 Cru.r-ait(lrcat , 245 
 
 hniirriroidtH. 245 
 
 linifolium. 245 
 
 macrosepaluin. 245 
 Ash. European. 290 
 
 West Indian. 172 
 Asparagus. 73 
 
 africanu.-^. 73 
 
 natalensis. 73 
 
 nfricinalis, 73 
 
 pluniosus. 73 
 
 Sprengeri, 73 
 Aspidistra lurlda. 73 
 Aspidium aruUatum, 424 
 
 caitcii.sc, 424 
 
 curiaiu um, 424 
 
 ixaltatum, 420 
 
 moJIr, 425 
 
 jtat) us. 425 
 
 Ttirluptrris, 425 
 Asplenium. 4 21 
 
 riiutarium. 423 
 
 en iiuhitum, 423 
 
 <]entatum. 422 
 
 Franconis. 423 
 
 heteroclirtnim. 422 
 
 I.atfuuiduutn, 423 
 
 Mild»>i. 423 
 
 monteverdenso. 4 23 
 
 mutiiiiui. 422 
 
 muriophuUum . 423 
 
 riiiznithidlum, 423 
 
 Trirhomatitx, 422 
 Aster, 391 
 
 anuuiin. 392 
 
 Blue Wood. 392 
 
 cordifolius. .392 
 
 fa lea t us. 393 
 
 laevls. 392 
 
 Scale leaved. 391 
 
 Smooth. 392 
 
564 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 squamatus, 391 
 
 trifoUum, 391 
 
 TripoHum, 391 
 Asterina pelliculosa, 485 
 Astrocaryum, 57 
 Atamasco Lily, 79 
 
 Pink, 79 
 
 White, 78 
 
 Yellow, 79 
 Atamosco, 78 
 
 Atamasco, 79 
 
 bifolia, 79 
 
 Eggersiana, 79 
 
 rosea, 79 
 
 tubispatha, 78 
 Atriplex, 116 
 
 arenai-ia, 117 
 
 cristata. 117 
 
 hortensis, 117 
 
 Sea-beach, 117 
 Atropa physalodes, 333 
 
 AURICL'LARIALES, 488 
 
 Avena, 28 
 
 fatua, 28 
 
 sativa, 29 
 Avicennia, 319 
 
 nitida. 320 
 Avocaclo Pear, 141 
 Avrainvillea longicaulis, 
 501 
 
 nigricans, 501 
 Azalea, 281 
 
 Baccharis, 388 
 
 glomerulitlora, 388 
 
 haUnii folia, 388 
 
 hctrrotihiiUa, 388 
 Bacidia fuscorubella, 475 
 Bacillarieae, 540 
 Bacteria, 480 
 Balloon-vine, 226 
 
 Large-flowered, 226 
 
 Small-fruited, 226 
 Balm, 331 
 
 Calamint. 328 
 Balsam, Garden, 194 
 
 of Peru, 188 
 
 of Tolu, 188 
 
 Red, 194 
 Balsamixaceae, 193 
 Balsamocarpon brevifolium, 
 
 190 
 Bamboo, Chinese. 41 
 
 Low Pole, 41 
 Bambos glaucescens, 41 
 
 vulgaris. 41 
 Banana, Chinese Dwarf, 88 
 
 Plantain, 89 
 
 Red, 89 
 
 Yellow, 89 
 Banana Family, 88 
 Bangia compacta, 510 
 
 fuscopurpurea, 510 
 Bangiaceae. 510 
 Banyan, 102 
 Barbadoes Gooseberry, 257 
 
 Grape-tree. 113 
 
 Lily, 81 
 
 Pride, 174 
 Barberry, European, 140 
 
 Thunberg's. 140 
 Barberry Family. 140 
 Barhula agraria, 440 
 Bark, 260 
 Barleria lupulina, 356 
 
 Yellow, 356 
 Barlev. 40 
 
 Little, 39 
 
 Barnyard Grass, 20 
 Basella cordifolia, 119 
 
 Red, 119 
 
 rubra, 119 
 Basellaceae^ 118 
 Basidiomycetes, 486 
 Basil, 331 
 Basket Flower, 407 
 Bastard Cedar, 242 
 Batatas eduUs, 301 
 Batophora Oerstedi, 499 
 Bauhinia monandra, 175 
 
 parviflora, 175 
 
 racemosa, 175 
 
 Vahlii, 175 
 
 Yellow, 175 
 Bay Bean, 185 
 
 Bull, 136 
 
 Grape, 113 
 
 Hops, 185 
 
 Rum, 263 
 
 Sweet, 141 
 
 Tree, 263 
 Bayberry Family, 95 
 Beaked-rush, 53 
 Bean, Bay, 185 
 
 Black, 185 
 
 Broad, 187 
 
 Caper, 199 
 
 Castor, 210 
 
 French, 183 
 
 Hyacinth, 185 
 
 Jumbie. 169 
 
 Kidney, 183 
 
 Lima, 183 
 
 Portuguese, 187 
 
 Sacred, 135 
 
 Six-week. 183 
 
 Wild Bermuda, 183 
 
 Windsor. 187 
 Beard-grass, 27 
 
 Perennial. 28 
 
 Short-awned. 28 
 Beard-tongue, 350 
 Bear's-foot. 398 
 Beaumontia grandiflora,295 
 Bedstraw, Bermuda, 368 
 
 Hairy, 368 
 Bee-balm, 331 
 Beech Family, 97 
 Beefwood. 93 
 Beefwood Family, 93 
 Beet, 118 
 
 Beggar-ticks. White, 402 
 Begonia, 254 
 
 Cow-parsnip. 254 
 
 Elm-leaved, 254 
 
 Fire-king, 254 
 
 fuchsioides, 254 
 
 goegoensis. 254 
 
 heracleifolia. 254 
 
 hydrocotylifolia, 254 
 
 Jamaica, 254 
 
 minor, 254 
 
 Rex, 254 
 Begoniaceae, 253 
 Begonia Family, 253 
 Begoniales, 253 
 Belladonna Lily, 82 
 Benthamia fragifera, 280 
 Berberidaceae, 140 
 Berberis Thunbergi, 140 
 
 vulgaris, 140 
 Berbine, 310 
 Bergamot Lime, 202 
 
 Mint, 330 
 Bermuda Blue-eyed Grass, 
 84 
 
 Buttercup, 196 
 
 Cedar, 410 
 
 -grass, 36 
 
 Iris, 84 
 
 Juniper, 410 
 
 Snowberry, 362 
 Bermudiana. 84 
 Berrya Ammonilla, 231 
 Beta vulgaris, 118 
 Betel Nut, 58 
 Biatora fuscorubescens, 475 
 Bidens, 401 
 
 Icucantha. 402 
 
 pilosa, 402 
 Bignonia buccinatoria, 353 
 
 capensis, 351 
 
 capreolata, 353 
 
 Caracas, 353 
 
 ignea, 353 
 
 teucoxylon, 352 
 
 longissima. 353 
 
 obliqua, 353 
 
 radicans, 353 
 
 Red, 353 
 
 serratifolia, 352 
 
 stans, 352 
 
 tomentosa, 351 
 
 venusta, 353 
 
 BiGNONIACEAE, 351 
 
 Bilimbia Brittoniana, 475 
 sphaeroidea. 475 
 
 Bindweed, Black, 112 
 
 Biota orient alls, 411 
 
 Bird-of-Paradise Flower. 89 
 
 Birthwort. 108 
 
 BiRTHWORT Family, 108 
 
 Bischofia javanica, 220 
 trifoliata, 220 
 
 Bishop"s-weed. 277 
 
 Bitter Orange, 201 
 
 Bitterwood, 204 
 
 Bixa Orellana. 248 
 
 BlXACEAE, 248 
 
 Black Bindweed, 112 
 
 Ebony, 170 
 
 Mangrove. 320 
 
 Walnut, 97 
 
 Willow. 157 
 Bladder Senna, 187 
 Blastenia floridana, 478 
 BJechniim rirginiciim, 421 
 Blighia sapida. 226 
 Blights, 479 
 Blitum maritimum, 116, 
 
 117 
 Blodgettia Borneti, 497 
 Blollv, 362 
 Blood-flower, 296 
 Blowball, 380 
 Blue-bottle. 407 
 
 Lily, 72 
 
 Sailors, 379 
 Blue-eved Grass, Bermuda, 
 
 "84 
 Blue-grass. Kentucky, 32 
 Boehmeria, 105 
 
 cylindrica. 105 
 Boerhaavea, 1 23 
 
 diffusa, 124 
 
 erecta. 124 
 Bolboxalis, 196 
 
 cernua. 196 
 
 BOMEACACEAE, 241 
 
 Cciha, 241 
 prutandrut)}. 241 
 
 BOMBAX FAillLY. 241 
 
 Bontia daphnoides. 357 
 Boodlea struveoides, 496 
 
INDEX. 
 
 .565 
 
 Borage, 308 
 
 Borage Family. . 306 
 
 BORAGINACEAE. 306 
 
 Boi-ago officinalis, 308 
 Borreria, 364 
 
 liievis, 365 
 Borrichia, 300 
 
 arborescens, 400 
 
 frutescens, 400 
 Boston Ivy, 230 
 Bostrychia calamtstrata, 
 523 
 
 Ma;:ei, 523 
 
 Montagnei, 523 
 
 Sertularia, 523 
 
 tenella, 523 
 Bottle Brush, 264 
 Bougainvillea glabra, 124 
 
 Purple, 124 
 
 Red, 124 
 
 spectabilis, 124 
 Bourbon Palm, 57 
 Boussingaultia, 118 
 
 baselloides, 110 
 Bowstring Hemp, African 
 
 Cevlon, 72 
 Box, 222 
 
 Briar, 361 
 Box-tree, Red, 264 
 Brachycladia marginata, 
 
 513 
 Bracken, Southern, 419 
 Bradburya, 187 
 
 virginiana, 190 
 Braise, Long-leaved, 418 
 Bramble, European, 165 
 Bramia, 347 
 
 :\Ionniera, 348 
 Brassica, 150 
 
 campestris, 151 
 integrifolia, 151 
 nigra, 150 
 oleracea, 151 
 ginajiistrum. 151 
 Beassicaceae-, 145 
 Breadfruit, 102 
 Breynia nivosa, 220 
 Bridal Wreath, 119 
 Brier-bush, 173 
 Briza, 31 
 
 maxima, 31 
 Bromeliaceae, 65 
 Bromus, 34 
 
 unioloides, 35 
 Broom, 225 
 
 Spanish, 188 , 
 
 Brownea grandiceps, 175 
 Brugmansia, 339 
 arborea, 339 
 Candida. 339 
 suaveolens. 339 
 Brunfelsia americana, 342 
 fallax. 343 
 Long-flowered, 343 
 Bryaceae, 442 
 Bryales, 432 
 Brvonv, Wild. 377 
 Bryophyllum, 159 
 caJf/ciiuim, 159 
 pinnatum. 159 
 Bryophyta. 1. 430 
 Bryopsidaceae, 499 
 Bryopsis Harveyana, 499 
 hypnoides. 499 
 pennata. 500 
 Brvothamnion SeaforthlL 
 522 
 
 Bryum, 442 I 
 
 capillare, 443 | 
 
 Criigeri, 443 
 dichotomum, 443 
 (jlaticinii, 434 
 Hair-like, 443 
 Bryum Family, 442 
 Buckthorn Family, 228 
 Buckwheat. 112 
 Buckwheat Family, 108 
 Buddleia, 291 
 
 americana, 291 
 madagascariensis, 291 
 Nccmda, 291 
 Bucllia canescens, 478 
 myriocarpa, 478 
 parasema, 478 
 Buelliaceae, 478 
 Bull Bay, 136 
 Grass, 27 
 Bulrush, American Great, 
 48 
 Olney's, 47 
 P.unya-bunya, 412 
 liuphthahnum arborescens, 
 400 
 fnitescens, 400 
 Bur chervil, 279 
 -grass, 23, 24 
 -vervain. 313 
 Burr Bush. 231 
 
 Apetalous, 231 
 Bursa, 154 
 
 Bursa-pastoris, 154 
 Buttercup. Bermuda, 196 
 Creeping. 138 
 Meadow. 138 
 Tall. 138 
 Butterfly Weed, 296 
 Button Alder, 260 
 Button-weed. 365 
 Buttonwood, 260 
 
 Cabbage, 151 
 Palm. 57 
 CacaJia aiirantiaca. 408 
 
 sonchifolia, 397 
 Cactaceae. 254 
 
 Cactus, Crab, 257 
 DiUriiii, 255 
 qrandiporux, 256 
 Melocactus. 257 
 Opuntia. 255 
 Pereskia, 257 
 
 Cactus Family. 254 
 
 Caesalpinia Crista, 173 
 Plata. 174 
 Gilliesii, 174 
 pulcherrima, 174 
 
 Caesalpixaceae, 171 
 
 Cajan, 182 
 
 Ca.ian, 182 
 
 Cajanu's indicus, 182 
 
 Cakile, 152 
 
 arqualifi, 153 
 lancpolata. 153 
 maritima. 153 
 
 Calabash. 353 
 Black. 353 
 
 Calabrian Soapwort. 1^^4 
 
 Caladium bicolor. 60 
 
 Calamint. 328 
 
 Calendula officinalis, 408 
 
 Calla arthinpica. 60 
 Lilv. 60 
 
 Callicarpa, 319 
 
 americana, 319 
 fcrniilinca, 319 
 
 Callistemon hinceoiatus, 204 
 Caiiithamnion huHHoid* urn, 
 529 
 
 cordatum, 527 
 
 corymbosum, 527 
 
 llnlliar, 527 
 
 Il.iv.-yi. 528 
 
 Honhrri, 528 
 Callitris roliusta. 411 
 
 vornicosa. 411 
 Calociirpum mammosum, 2^:i 
 Caloglossa Lci.rlpurli. .".18 
 Calonectriji granulosa. 4.H5 
 
 T'mbcllifcrarum. 485 
 Calonvcti<n .iculpatum, 3o2 
 Calophyllum, IMO 
 
 C.ilaba. 246 
 CALOI'LACACEAE. 47S 
 
 Calosiphonia verticil! if era, 
 
 535 
 Calothrlx scopulorum, 493 
 Calpurnia a urea, 1K9 
 Golden. 189 
 hiHiofiiinr, 189 
 Caltrop Family, 199 
 Calvmpi-r.\ce.\e. 436 
 Calvmpkkes Family. 436 
 Calypogeia, 460 
 Cleft. 4n(t 
 fissa. 460 
 Camel ina sativa. 155 
 Camellia j.Mponica, 244 
 Camomile. Dog's, 4o4 
 
 Fetid. 4i»4 
 Campanulales. 376 
 Camphor, 141 
 Camphora Camphora, 141 
 Campylopus, 433 
 
 l)prmudianus. 433 
 Canary-grass. 25 
 Canavali, 1 s5 
 linoata. 185 
 ohfusiifoUa. 185 
 Candelabra Plant. 157 
 Candlel)errv-myrtle, 96 
 Candlestick Tree, 219 
 Candytuft. 155 
 
 I'urple Annual, 155 
 White Annual, 155 
 Cane. Dumb, 60 
 Grass. 17 
 Shot. 86 
 Small. 40 
 Sugar. 40 
 Cankpr-root. 283 
 Canna, 86 
 
 cofcinea. 86 
 edulls. .S6 
 glauca, 86 
 Indica, 86 
 Yellow. 86 
 Cannace.\e, 86 
 Canna Family. 86 
 Cape G()osel>prry. 335 
 .Tpssamine. 370 
 -wppd. 312 
 C.\pi:r Family, 156 
 
 CAPl'AltlOACK.VK. 156 
 
 Capparis Cynophallophora. 
 
 jaiiiairrvKiH^jrii 
 toruiosa. 157 
 Capraria. 348 
 
 bitlora. 165. 34S 
 
 CAPRiroLIACEAR. 3.1 
 
 Caprifolium itafirunu •< ' - 
 ncinprrrircns, 372 
 
666 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 Capriola, 36 
 
 Dactylon, 36 
 CapscnaBursa-pcistoriSil54 
 Capsicum, 338 
 
 annuum, 339 
 
 baccatum, 338 
 
 frutescens, 339 
 Caracas Willow, 95 
 Caraguata lingulata, 66 
 Carara, 147 
 
 didyma, 147 
 Cardinal-flower, 377 
 Cardiospermum, 225 
 
 grandiflorum, 226 
 
 Halicacabum, 226 
 
 microcarpum, 226 
 Cardoon. 408 
 Caeduaceae^ 385 
 Carex, 54 
 
 albolutescens, 55 
 
 bermudiana, 55 
 
 praealta, 55 
 
 pulicaris, 54 
 
 Walteriana, 55 
 Carica, 250 
 
 Papaya, 250 
 Caeicaceae, 250 
 Caricature Plant, 355 
 Carludovica palmata, 59 
 Caraation, 133 
 Carob-tree, 173 
 Carolinea princeps, 241 
 Caepet-weed Family, 124 
 Carrera Vine, 353 
 Carrion-flower, 297 
 Carrot, 279 
 Caeeot Family. 271 
 Carthamus laevis, 408 
 
 tinctorius, 408 
 Caeyophyllaceae. 132 
 Caryota urens, 57 
 Casasia, 361 
 
 clusiifolia. 362 
 Cashew-nut, 222 
 Cassava, 212 
 Cassena, 222 
 Cassia, 171 
 
 alata, 172 
 
 bacillaris, 172 
 
 -bark, 141 
 
 bicapsularis, 172 
 
 Climbing, 172 
 
 corymbosa, 173 
 
 Fistula, 172 
 
 florida, 173 
 
 glauca, 172 
 
 grandis. 173 
 
 Great, 173 
 
 ligustrina, 171 
 
 Many-flowered, 173 
 
 occidentalis, 172 
 
 siamea. 173 
 
 Winged, 172 
 Casta gnea mediterranean 
 505 
 
 zosterae, 505 
 Castalia zanzibarensis, 135 
 Castor-bean, 210 
 
 -oil Plant, 210 
 Casuarina Cunninghamiana, 
 93 
 equisetifolia, 93 
 quadrivalvis, 93 
 Casuaeinales, 93 
 Catalpn longissima, 353 
 Catanella Opuntia, 514 
 
 Catchflv, English, 132 
 
 Maritime Bladder, 133 
 
 Mght-flowering, 133 ^ 
 
 Nocturnal, 133 
 
 Small-flowered, 132 
 Catharanthus roseus, 293 
 Catmint, 331 
 Catnip, 328, 331 
 Catopodium loUaccum, 34 
 Cat's-claw, 170 
 Cat-tail Grass, 25 
 
 Narrow-leaved, 4 
 Cattleya, 91 
 Caucalis AntJiriscus, 274 
 
 nodosa, 274 
 Caudoxalis Bowieana, 198 
 Caulerpa arhuscula, 525 
 
 crassifolia, 500 
 
 cupressoides, 500 
 
 prolifera, 500 
 
 pusilla, 500 
 
 racemosa, 500, 517 
 
 sertularioides, 500 
 
 verticillata, 500 
 Cave-fern, Bermuda, 426 
 Ceanothus, 228 
 Cecropia peltata, 102 
 Cedar. Bastard, 242 
 
 Bermuda, 410 
 
 of Lebanon, 410, 411 
 
 Port Orford, 411 
 
 Spanish. 205 
 
 White, 352 
 Cedrela odorata, 205 
 Cedrus libani, 411 
 Ceiba pentandra, 241 
 Celasteaceae, 223 
 Celeri, 278 
 
 graveolens, 278 
 Celery, 278 
 Celosia argentea, 121 
 
 cristata, 121 
 Celtis, 98 
 
 Lamarckiana, 99 
 
 mississippiensis, 99 
 
 occidentalis, 99 
 
 Smallii. 99 
 Cenchrus, 23 
 
 echinatus, 24 
 
 tribuloides, 23 
 Centaurea americana, 407 
 
 Cyanus, 407 
 
 gymnocarpa, 407 
 
 nioschata, 407 
 
 Velvety, 407 
 Centaurium, 292 
 
 pulchellum. 292 
 Centaurv, Branching, 292 
 Centella, 273 
 
 asiatica. 273 
 
 repanda. 273 
 Centipede Plant, 114 
 Centranthus, 374 
 
 macrosiphon, 374 
 
 ruber, 375 
 Centroceras clavulatum, 532 
 Centroseiva rirginiana, 190 
 Century Plant. 81 
 
 Barbadoes, 81 
 Cephalanthtis occidentalis, 
 
 260 
 Cephalocereus Brooksianus, 
 257 
 
 leucocephalus, 257 
 Cephalozia, 458 
 
 connivens, 458 
 Cephaloziella, 458 
 
 bvssacea, 459 
 
 Ceeamiaceae, 525 
 Ceramium byssoideum, 531 
 clavulatum, 533 
 
 cruciatum, 531 
 
 leptozonum, 531 
 nitens, 530 
 tenuissimum, 531, 532 
 
 trans icrsale, 531 
 Ceramothamnion Codii, 531 
 Cerastium, 129 
 
 viscosum, 129 
 
 vulgatum. 129 
 Ceratonia siliqua, 173 
 Ceeatophyllaceae, 135 
 Ceratophyllum. 135 
 
 demersum, 135 
 Cerbera, 293 
 
 Thevetia, 294 
 Cercis Siliquastrum. 174 
 Cerefolium Cerefolium, 279 
 Cereus compressus, 256 
 
 lepidotus, 257 
 
 triangularis, 256 
 
 tricostatus, 256 
 
 undatus, 256 
 C est rum. Night-blooming, 
 342 
 
 nocturnum, 342 
 
 Parqui, 342 
 Ceylon Lily, 81 
 Chaerophi/llu m sativu ni, 
 
 279 
 Chaetangiaceae, 512 
 Chaetochloa, 22 
 
 geniculata, 23 
 
 magna, 22 
 
 verticillata, 22 
 
 viridis, 22 
 Chaetomium, 486 
 Chaetomorpha brachygona, 
 498 
 
 crassa, 498 
 
 Linum, 498 
 
 minima, 498 
 Chain-fern, Virginia, 421 
 Chair-maker's Rush, 48 
 Chalcaa exotica, 202 
 Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, 
 
 411 
 Chamaerops glabra, 56 
 
 humilis, 58 
 
 Palmetto, 56 
 Chamaesyce, 212 
 
 Blodgettii, 213 
 
 buxifolia. 213 
 
 hirta, 216 
 
 hvpericifolia, 214 
 
 hyssopifolia, 215 
 
 maculata, 216 
 
 Preslii, 214 
 
 prostrata. 215 
 Champia parvula, 517 
 Changeable Rose. 238 
 Chantransia corymbifera, 
 511 
 
 Thuretii, 511 
 Chara foliosa, 504 
 
 g limn opus, 504 
 
 zei/lanica. 504 
 Characeab. 504 
 Charlock, 151 
 
 Jointed. 153 
 
 White, 153 
 Charhvoodia australis, 75 
 Chaste-tree, 320 
 1 Cheiranthus Cheiri, 155 
 I incanus, 149 
 
 I maritimus, 155 
 
INDEX. 
 
 50: 
 
 Wild, 
 
 Che>'Opodiaceab, 114 
 Chenopodiales, _^114 
 Chenopodium, 115 
 a 11)11111, 115 
 ambvosioides, H^ 
 unthelminticum, 116 
 miirale, 116 
 Cherimoya, 137 
 Cherry, American 
 168 
 Balloon, 334 
 Cow. 334 
 
 Cut-leaved Ground, d^4 
 French 190 
 Hairy Ground, 666 
 Horse, 333 
 Smooth Ground, 334 
 Stinging, 199 
 Surinam, 262 
 Tomato, 338 
 West Indian, 199 
 Chervil, Bur, 279 
 Garden, 279 
 Chess, Southern, 3o 
 Chicken-grass, 63 _ 
 Chickweed, Baldwins, li» 
 Common, 128 
 Mouse-ear, 129 
 Chickweed Family, 127 
 Chicory, 379 
 Chicory Family, 378 
 Chillies. 339 
 China Tree, 205 
 Chinese Rose, 238 
 Chiococca, 362 
 
 alba,^ 363 ^^ ^^^ 
 
 ber^diana. 362, 541 
 rae^iiosa. 363 
 Chiodecton Montagnei, 474 
 Chiodectonaceae, 474 
 Chloris, 36 
 
 vetraea, 37 . .^o 
 Chlorophora tinctona, lOJ. 
 Chlorophyceae, 494 
 Chlorophytum elatum, 72 
 Chloroxylon Chloroxylon, 
 202 
 Snietcnia, 202 
 Chocho, 376 
 Chocolate Family, 241 
 Chondria curvilineata, 519 
 
 polyrhiza. 520 
 Choripetalae, 91 
 Christmas Bush, 172 
 Christophine, 376 
 Chroococcaceae, 492 
 Chroococcus turgidus, 49^ 
 Chroothece cryptarum, 4J2 
 
 Rlchteriana, 492 
 Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, 
 
 57 
 Chrysanthemum, 404 
 anethifolium, 406 
 Annual, 406 
 carinatum, 406 
 coronarium. 406 
 frutescens, 406 
 Garden, 406 
 Keeled, 406 
 Leucanthemum, 405 
 ma'ximum, 406 
 morifolium, 406 
 Parthenium, 405 
 Chrvsobalanus Icaco, 168 
 Chrysophyllum Cainito,285 
 
 Chrysymenia pyrifurmis. 
 517 
 uvaria, 516 
 Ciciiorlvceae, 378 
 Cichorium, 379 
 
 Intybus, 379 
 Cineraria maritima, 396 
 Cinnamomum Camphora, 
 141 
 Cassia, 141 
 Cinnamon Fern, 415 
 Cinquefoil. 164 
 Cissus, 228 
 
 discolor, 229 
 Mottled, 229 , 
 
 sicyoides, 229 
 West Indian, 229 
 Cistaceae, 244 j 
 
 Cistus laurifolius, 244 
 
 monspeliensis, 244 ] 
 salvifolius, 244 
 Citharexylum, 316 
 
 quadraiKjularc, 316 
 spinosum, 316 
 Citron, 202 
 Citrullus Citrullus, 377 
 
 vulgaris, 377 ' 
 
 Citrus, 201 I 
 
 Aurantium, 202 
 Myaradia, 201 
 decumana, 202 
 Lima, 202 
 Limetta, 202 
 Limonum, 201 
 Medica, 201, 202 
 nobilis, 202 
 raccmosus, 202 
 vulgaris. 201 
 Cladium jamnivcnse, 54 
 Mariscus, 54 
 occidcntalis, 54 
 Cladonia fimbriata, 475 
 mitrula, 475 
 pityrea, 475 ^ 
 rangiformis, 4»5 
 Cladoniaceae, 475 
 Cladophora catenifera, 497 
 corallicola, 497 
 crispula, 497 
 crvstallina. 497 
 fracta, 497 
 fuliginosa. 496 
 Howei. 497 
 utriculosa, 497 
 
 CLADOPH GRACE AE, 496 
 
 Cladophoropsis membrana- 
 
 cea, 496. 497 
 Cladosiphon. 505 
 
 mediterraneus, oOo 
 Clathrus, 488 
 Clausena excavata, 202 
 Cleaver-wort. 367 
 Cleavers, 307 
 Clematis Flammula, 16\) 
 
 Jackmani, 139 
 
 iaponica. 139 
 
 Sweet. 139 
 Cleome, 1 .">(> 
 
 syuandra. I"*)! 
 
 )nutiiphilU(i,^ 150 
 
 l)iir<i<tnx, 157 
 
 spi'fiosa. 157 
 
 si)iin)sa, 157 
 
 visr.)s:i. ir,7 
 Clerodendron, 'MS 
 
 (iciih <itiint, 317 
 
 Bush.. 318 
 
 capitatum, 318 
 
 fallnx, 318 
 iragraus, ;il8 
 glalu-uiu, 318 
 Odorous, :il8 
 Scarl.-t. 318 
 SiiilioiuinthuH, 320 
 Thonipsona.'. 318 
 Climbing Lily. 72 
 Clinopodium, ;{28 
 
 Calamiulha. 32h. 331 
 Clitoria hrtitiilinini)*, 187 
 
 Tt'rnatea. 187 
 Clove I'ink. 133 
 Clover, Alsatian, 180 
 Alsike. 18i» 
 r.laekseed Hop. 177 
 Dutch, 181 
 llunevsuckle, 181 
 Meadow. 180 
 rurple. 180 
 Red, ISO 
 White. 181 
 Clusiackae, 246 
 CLisiA Family. 246 
 Clypcola maritima, 148 
 Cobaea scandens, 304 
 Cocaine Tree, 195 
 Coccolobis, 113 
 
 diversifolia, 113 
 I plaiyvlada, 114 
 
 uvifera. 113 
 1 Coccothrinax argentea, 58 
 Cochineel ("actus. 256 
 Corhlcaria officinalix, 153 
 Cocklebur, 384 
 Cockroach Berry, 336 
 
 I'oison. 337 
 Cockspur Grass, 20 
 Coconut. 57 
 Cocos nucifera, 57 
 Codariocalyx gyrans, 188 
 Codiaeum variegatuni. 210 
 Codiuni decortlcatum. 5o3 
 clu)i [latum. 5o;i 
 intertextum. 5o3 
 isthnuicladuni. 50.3 
 tonientosum. 5o3 
 Coelarthrum Albertisli, 517 
 I Coffea, 364 
 
 arablca. 364 
 Coffee. 364 
 
 Senna. 172 
 Wild. 363 
 Coleus, 331 
 
 Kcutcllarioidrn. 200 
 Coliseum Ivy. 345 
 Collema b.-rmudanuir.. 4i«> 
 tlacoiduni, 476 
 uigrt'scens. 47<» 
 thanin«>des. 476 
 
 COLLKMAfEAE. 470 
 
 Colocasia rsculentn. 6<> 
 Cololejeunea. 462 
 
 iiiinutissima. 4r.:i 
 Colpoiiu-nia siniios.i. .'>04 
 t'olubrina aslatica. 22.S 
 (N)lunibino. Kuropean. 140 
 ("ohiti'a arboresi-ens, 18« 
 Commelina. r.2 
 
 aiiraria. f.:i 
 
 fdmmutii.'*, «>2, o.T 
 
 elegans. 6.3 
 
 longicaulls. 63 
 
 II udi flora. 63 
 
 ririiittica . 63 
 COMMEl.INACKAR. 62 _ 
 
 Coinhium ohifrrrn" i"* 
 1 Conifers, 4oO 
 
568 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 CONIOCAEPALES, 473 
 
 Conocarpus, 259 
 erecta, 260 
 procumhens, 260 
 racemosus, 260 
 
 Conocephalus violaceus, 
 
 103 
 
 Convallaria majalis. 73 
 
 COKVALLAEIACEAE, 73 
 CONVOLVULACEAE, 298 
 
 Convolvulus aculeatus, 302 
 
 aciiminatus, 300 
 
 Batatas, 301 
 
 corymhosus, 303 
 
 dissectus, 302 
 
 edulis, 301 
 
 grandiflorus, 302 
 
 jamaiccnsis, 303 
 
 Nil, 299 
 
 sayittaefolius, 301 
 
 Seaside, 300 
 
 speciosus, 303 
 Conyza amUgua, 394 
 
 odorata, 389 
 
 purpurascens. 389 
 
 rivularis, 394 
 Cookia punctata, 202 
 Coontie, 413 
 Coral Bush, 211 
 
 Plant, 114, 211 
 Corallina, 114 
 
 fragilissima, 539 
 
 pumila, 539 
 
 rubens. 539 
 
 COEALLIXACEAE, 536 
 
 Corallita, 114 
 Coral-tree, 188 
 
 Cockspur, 188 
 
 Velvety, 188 
 Cord Moss. 441 
 Cordia, Scarlet, 309 
 
 Sehestena. 309 
 
 CORDIACEAE, 501 
 
 Cordyceps militaris, 485 
 Cordylecladia irregularis. 
 
 516 
 Cordyline australis, 75 
 
 New Zealand, 75 
 
 Purple. 75 
 
 terminalis, 75 
 Coreopsis grandiflora, 406 
 
 lanceolata, 407 
 
 tinctoria, 406 
 Coriander, 279 
 Coriandrum sativum, 279 
 Corkwood, 241 
 Corn-flag, 85 
 
 -flower, 407 
 
 Indian, 40 
 
 Salad, 374 
 
 CORXACEAE, 280 
 
 Cornucopia. 339 
 Cornus stricta, 280 
 Correa alba, 203 
 
 White, 203 
 Cortaderia argentea, 41 
 Cosmos bipinnatus, 408 
 
 Pink, 408 
 
 sulphureus, 408 
 
 White, 408 
 
 Yellow, 408 
 Cotoneaster frigida, 166 
 
 Himalavan, 166 ' 
 
 microphylla, 166 
 
 pyracantha. 166 
 
 Small-leaved. 166 ! 
 
 Cotton. 240 1 
 
 Cotyledon pinnatum, 159 I 
 
 Cow-cane, 29 
 -pea, 184 
 Crab Cactus, 257 
 Crab-grass, 24, 37 
 Common, 19 
 Narrow, 19 
 Slender, 20 
 Crane's-bill, Carolina, 191 
 
 Small-flowered, 191 
 Crape Jasmine, 294 
 
 Myrtle, 258 
 Crassina elegans, 407 
 Ckassulaceae, 91, 159 
 Crataegus, 166 
 Creeper, Rangoon, 260 
 
 Virginia, 229 
 Crepis, 380 
 
 japonica, 380 
 lyruta, 380 
 Crescentia cucurUtina, 353 
 Cujete, 353 
 pinnata, 353 
 Crinum africanum, 72 
 amabile, 81 
 asiaticum, 81 
 cruentum, 81 
 giganteum. 81 
 zeylanicum, 81 
 Crossotolejeunea, 466 
 bermudiana, 466 
 Cross-vine. 353 
 Crotalaria, 176 
 retusa, 177 
 Croton, 207 
 
 Beach, 207 
 discolor, 208 
 tnaritimus, 207 
 monanthogvnus, 208 
 punctatus, 207 
 seMferum, 220 
 Single-fruited, 208 
 variegatus, 219 
 Yellowish. 208 
 Crotons, Garden. 208, 219 
 Crouania attenuata. 529 
 Crowfoot Family. 137 
 Crowfoot, Small-flowered. 
 .139 
 
 Spiny-fruited, 139 
 Crown-of-thorns, 219 
 Cryptomeria japonica, 411 
 Cryptonemia crenulata, 534 
 
 luxurians, 534 
 Cryptostegia grandiflora, 
 
 297 
 Cucumber, 377 
 Root, 71 
 Star, 377 
 Cucumis Melo, 377 
 
 sativug, 377 
 Cucurbita Citrullus, 377 
 Lagenaria, 376 
 maxima, 376 
 Melopepo, 376 
 moschata, 376 
 Pepo, 376 
 Cucuebitaceae, 376 
 Cudweed, 390 
 Cup Fungi, 484 
 Cupania fulva, 227 
 paniculata, 227 
 Cuphea micropetala, 258 
 Cupressus macrocarpa. 411 
 
 sempervirens. 411 
 Curculigo recurvata. 82 
 Curly Palm. 58 
 Custard Apple, 137, 250 
 
 Custaed-applb Family 
 
 136 
 Cyaxophyceae, 491 . 
 Cyanotis discolor, 64 
 Cycadaceae, 413 
 Cycadales, 412 
 Cycad Family, 413 
 Cycas revoluta, 413 
 Cyclaxthaceae, 59 
 Cyclaxthales, 59 
 Cyclaxthus Family, 59 
 Cyclocarpales, 474 
 Cyclodictyon, 443 
 Pale, 444 
 varians, 444 
 Cydonia Cydonia, 166 
 
 vulgaris, 166 
 Cymbalaria, 345 
 
 Cymbalaria, 345 
 Cymodoeea, 7. 489 
 
 manatorum, 7 
 CymodoceaceaEj 6 
 Cynara cardunculus, 408 
 
 Scolymus, 408 
 Cynodon Dactylon, 36 
 Cynomirus indicus, 37 
 
 virgatus, 38 
 Cyperus, 42 
 
 alternifolius, 46 
 
 Baldainii, 44 
 
 brunneus. 45 
 
 Coast, 45 
 
 esculentus, 46 
 
 flavescens, 43 
 
 ftexuosits, 44 
 
 Oatesii, 43 
 
 globulosus, 44 
 
 hydra, 45 
 
 ligularis, 44 
 
 Michauxianus, 44 
 
 NuttallU, 43 
 
 odoratus, 44 
 
 paniculatus, 43 
 
 Papyrus, 46 
 
 rotundus, 45 
 
 speciosus, 44 
 
 Yellow. 43 
 Cypeeacbae. 41 
 Cypheliaceae^ 473 
 Cypress, Monterey, 411 
 
 Oriental, 411 
 
 vine. 303 
 Cyrtanthera rosea. 357 
 Cyrtanthus Mackenii, 82 
 Cytisus albus. 187 
 
 Cajan, 182 
 
 canariensis, 187 
 
 Laburnum, 187 
 
 White, 187 
 
 Dactylis patens, 35 
 DaflPodil, Sea, 77 
 Dahlia rosea. 407 
 
 variabilis, 407 
 Daisy, Ox-eye. 405 
 
 Large-flowered. 406 
 
 Shasta. 406 
 
 White. 405 
 Dalbergia Sissoo, 189 
 Dandelion, 380 
 Darnel, Awned, 39 
 Dasya Arhuscula, 525 
 
 Collinsiana, 524 
 
 corymbifera, 524 
 
 elcfians, 525 
 
 pedicellata. 522. 525 
 
 ramosissima. 525 
 
 rigidula, 525 
 
INDEX. 
 
 5G9 
 
 spinuligera, 525 
 Dasycladaceae. 498 
 Dasycladus clavacformia, 
 498 
 
 vermicularis, 408 
 Dasyscyplia earoleuca, 486 
 Date Palm, 57 
 
 -plum, 286 
 Datura, 339 
 
 (irhorea, 339 
 
 fastuosa, 341 
 
 Garden, 341 
 
 Metel, 340 
 
 Stramonium, 340 
 
 suaveolcns, 339 
 
 Tatula, 340 
 Daucus Carota, 279 
 Day-flower, Creeping, 63 
 
 Larger, 63 
 Day Lily, 72 
 Dead-Nettie. Red, 323 
 Delesseriaceae, 517 
 Delonix regia, 174 
 Delphinium Ajacis, 140 
 
 Consolida, 140 
 Demarara Almond, 260 
 Dendrobium, 91 
 Dendropogon usneoides, 65 
 Desmanthus virgatus, 169 
 Desmazeria, 34 
 
 Darnel, 34 
 
 loliacea, 34 
 Desmodium gyrans, 188 
 
 virgatum, 169 
 Detarium senegalense, 175 
 Deutsia Lemoinei, 161 
 
 Rough, 161 
 
 scahra, 161 
 Devil Grass, 36 
 Dewberry, Southern, 165 
 Dianthus barbatus, 134 
 
 Caryophyllus, 133 
 Diatomae, 540 
 Dichondra, 304 
 
 carolinensis, 304 
 
 repens, 304 
 Dichondra Family, 304 
 Dichondraceae, 304 
 Dichotomosiphon pusillus, 
 
 503 
 Dichromena, 49 
 
 colorata, 49 
 
 leucocephala. 49 
 
 Narrow-leaved, 49 
 
 DiCOTYLEDONES, 91 
 
 Dicranaceae_, 433 
 DicRAxiiM Family, 433 
 Dictyoncis Janischii, 540 
 Dictyopteris clelicatula, 509 
 
 Jnstii, 509 
 Dictyosperma album, 58 
 
 "rubrum, 58 
 
 White, 58 
 Dictvosphaeria favulosa, 
 
 495 
 Dictyota Bartayresii, 509 
 
 Brongniartii, 510 
 
 ciliata, 509 
 
 ciliolata, 509 
 
 crenulata, 509 
 
 crispata, 509 
 
 dentata. 510 
 
 dichotoma, 509 
 
 linearis, 510 
 
 Mertensii, 510 
 
 pordalis, 509 
 
 suhdentata, 510 
 
 zonata, 507 
 
 DiCTYOTACEAE, 507 I 
 
 Didiscus coeruleus, 279 I 
 Dieffenbachia seguinae, 60 
 Digenea simplex, 520 
 Digitaria, 18 
 
 longiffora, 20 
 
 murginata, 19 
 
 setigcra, 19 
 Dillweed, 276 
 Dilophus guineensis, 510 
 Dimerosporium melioloides, 
 
 485 
 Dimocurpus Litchi, 226 
 Dioon edule, 413 
 
 spinulosum, 413 
 Dioscorea, 83 
 
 bulbifera. 83 
 
 lutea, 83 
 
 sativa, 83 
 Dioscoeeaceae, 83 
 Diosma vulgaris, 203 
 Diospyros, 285 
 
 discolor, 286 
 
 Kaki, 286 
 
 Lotus, 286 
 
 Mabola, 286 
 
 virginiana, 286 
 Diplazium, 423 
 
 Laffanianum, 423 
 Diplotaxis, 152 
 
 muralis, 152 
 Dipsacaceae, 375 
 Dipterosiphonia rigens, 521 
 Discomycetes, 484 
 Ditch-grass, 5 
 Ditchweed, 135 
 Divi-divi, 174 
 Dock, Bitter, 110 
 
 Bloody, 109 
 
 Broad-leaved, 110 
 
 Curled, 109 
 
 Fiddle, 110 
 Dodonaea, 225 
 
 angiistifolia, 225 
 
 Burnunmiana. 225 
 
 jamaicensis, 225 
 
 riscosa, 225 
 Dodonaeaceae, 224 
 Dodonaea Family, 224 
 Dogbane Family, 292 
 Dog-bush, 388 
 
 -fennel, 387 
 Dog's-tooth Grass, 36 
 Dogwood, 225 
 Dogwood Family. 280 
 Dolicholus praecatorius, 189 
 Dolichos, 184 
 
 0(1710 valin. 185 
 
 Lablab, 185 
 
 linratus, 185 
 
 1 uf coins . 184 
 
 rrpcufi, 184 
 
 rose us, 184 
 
 sinensis, 184 
 
 sphaerospermus, 185 
 Spotted. 189 
 Doryanthes Palmeri. 82 
 Dracaena Lindeni, 75 
 
 New Zealand. 75 
 
 Purple. 75 
 
 terminalis, 75 
 Dracaenaceae. 74 
 Dracaena Family, 74 
 Dryopteris. 424 
 
 aculcdto. 424 
 
 ampin, 426 
 
 asplenioides. 426 
 
 bermudiana, 426 
 
 cuprnaia, 424 
 
 mollis. 425 
 
 nrjrmalls, 425 
 
 snelunciU', lli6 
 
 Tholypterls, 425 
 
 rilliiHd, 41i6 
 Duchesnea, lO:', 
 
 indica. 104 
 Dick WEED Family. 61 
 Duckweed. Valdivla. 61 
 Dudrt'snava b»Tm miens is. 
 535 
 
 caribaoa. 535 
 
 crassa, 511, 534 
 Dumb Cane. 60 
 
 Dl.MONTIACEAE, 534 
 
 Dumortiera, 451 
 
 hirsuta, 452 
 Duranta, 316 
 
 (ffctn, 317 
 
 I'lumirri, 317 
 
 repens. 317 
 Dusty Miller. 396 
 Dutchman's-pipe. Argon- 
 tine. KtS 
 
 Elegant, 108 
 
 Lobed-leaved. 108 
 Dyckia altissima. 66 
 
 Tall, 66 
 Dypsis madagascarensls, 59 
 
 Earthnut. 187 
 Earthstar. 487 
 Earth-tc.ngue, 484, 486 
 Easter Lily, 72 
 Ebenaceae, 285 
 Ebenales. 284 
 Ebonv. Black. 170 
 Ebony Family. 285 
 Echeveria gibl)ifl<)rM. lOo 
 
 metallica. 160 
 
 sanguinea, 160 
 Echinocactus peruviantis, 
 
 257 
 ii,chinocereus enneacanthus. 
 
 257 
 Echinochloa, 20 
 
 colonuni. 21 
 
 Crus-galli, 2o 
 Eclipta. 399 
 
 alha, 399 
 
 erecta, 399 
 Ectocarpaceae. 504 
 E c t o c a r p u s confervoides. 
 504 
 
 Mltchellae. 504 
 
 siliculosTia. 504 
 Eddoe-Coco, 60 
 Eel-grass, 6 
 Egg-plant. 337 
 
 EllRETIACEAK. 308 
 
 Ehretia Family. 3(t8 
 
 EuhoruUx (•/•(/.s.si/<c.s'. «;.". 
 
 Elaeodendron, 223 
 
 attenuaHnii. 224 
 Laneanum. 223 
 xnlocitypftm . 223 
 
 Elder." West Indian. 371 
 
 Eleocharis, 5<t 
 
 l>ermudiana. 52 
 capital a. 51 
 cellulosa. 51 
 rqiiisi toidrs, 50 
 intorstlncta, 50 
 nirlonorarpii, 51 
 praticola. 51 
 rostellata. 52 
 
 Elephant's Ears. 60 
 
570 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Eleusine, 37 
 
 indica, 37 
 
 mucronata. 38 
 El:m Family, 98 
 Elymus, 40 
 
 arenarius, 40 
 
 virginicus, 40 
 Emilia, 396 
 
 arrow-leaved, 397 
 
 Purple, 397 
 
 sagittata, 397 
 
 sonchifolia. 397 
 Enallagma latifolia, 353 
 
 EXCOELIACEAE, 504 
 
 English Walnut, 97 
 Entada, 170 
 Enteromorpha flexuosa, 494 
 
 intestinalis, 494 
 
 minima. 494 
 
 plumosa. 494 
 Epiphyllum, Broad, 25G 
 
 latifrons, 256 
 
 truncatum, 257 
 Equisetum hogotense, 429 
 
 pahistre, 50 
 Eragrostis, 30 
 
 ciliaris, 31 
 
 Fringed, 31 
 
 major, 30 
 
 megastachya, 30 
 
 Strong-scented, 30 
 Eranthemum album, 356 
 
 Andersoni, 356 
 
 Blue, 356 
 
 reticulatum, 356 
 
 White, 356 
 
 Yellow-veined, 356 
 Erica, 281 
 Ericaceae, 281 
 Ekicales, 281 
 Erigeron, 392 
 
 annuus, 392 
 
 honariensis, 394 
 
 canadrnse, 394 
 
 Darrellianus, 393, 543 
 
 jamaiccnsis, 393 
 
 Hnifolinm, 394 
 
 philadelphicus. 393 
 
 pusiUiim, 395 
 
 quercifolinm,, 393 
 
 tenuis, 393 
 Eriobotrya japonica, 166 
 Eriodendron anfractuosum, 
 
 241 
 Ernodesmis verticellata, 495 
 Erysimum, 149 
 
 officinale. 150 
 Erythraea ptilcJicUa, 292 
 
 texensis, 292 
 Erythrina arborea, 188 
 
 caffra, 189 
 
 Corallodendron. 188 
 
 Crista-galli, 188 
 
 herhacea, 188 
 
 indica. 189 
 
 speciosa. 189 
 
 velutina. 188 
 Erythrotrichia carnea. 510 
 Erythroxylon Coca, 195 
 Erytheoxylaceae. 195 
 Eschscholtzia calif ornica, 
 
 144 
 Eucalyptus coriacea, 264 
 
 globulus. 264 
 
 King. 264 
 
 polyanthemos, 264 
 
 resinifera. 264 
 
 robusta. 264 
 
 rostrata, 264 
 
 saligna. 264 
 Eucharis umazonica, 82 
 
 grandiflora, 82 
 Eucheuma Gelidium, 515 
 
 isiforme, 515 
 Eucladium, 439 
 
 verticillatum, 439 
 Eudesme, 505 
 Eugenia, 261 
 
 axillaris, 261 
 
 hrasiliensis, 262 
 
 floribunda, 262 
 
 Jamholana, 264 
 
 Jamhos, 264 
 
 malacensis , 264 
 
 Michelii, 262 
 
 monticola, 261 
 
 Vgni, 262 
 
 uniflora, 262 
 Euonymiis japonicus, 224 
 Euosmolejeunea, 465 
 
 clausa, 466 
 Eupatorium, 386 
 
 adenophorum, 387 
 
 capillifolium, 387 
 
 conyzoides, 388 
 
 foeniculaceum, 387 
 
 glandulosum, 387 
 
 macrophyllum, 388 
 
 odoratum, 388 
 
 riparium, 387 
 
 Small White, 387 
 Euphorbia hermudiana, 213 
 
 Blodgettii, 213 
 
 hu.rifolki, 213 
 
 Candelabrum., 219 
 
 cyathophora, 218 
 
 fulgens, 219 
 
 heterophylla, 217 
 
 Mrta, 216 
 
 hyp erici folia, 214 
 
 hyssopifolia, 215 
 
 lactea, 219 
 
 macuJata, 216 
 
 Nivulia, 219 
 
 Peplus, 217 
 
 piluHfera, 216 
 
 Preslii, 214 
 
 prostrota, 215 
 
 pitlcherrima, 218 
 
 lithymaloides, 218 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE, 205 
 
 Euphoria Longana, 226 
 Eustachys, 36 
 
 petraea, 37 
 Evening Primrose, La- 
 marck's. 268 
 
 Seaside, 267 
 
 Sinuate-leaved, 268 
 Evening-Primrose Fam- 
 ily, 266 
 Evergreen Thorn, 166 
 Everlasting, 408 
 Evolvulus alsinoides, 345 
 Excaecaria bicolor, 220 
 
 Crimson-leaved, 220 
 
 Fabaceae, 91, 175 
 
 Fagaceae, 97 
 
 Fagales, 97 
 
 Fagopyrum, 111 
 
 cscnJcntum, 112 
 Fagopyrum, 112 
 tataricum, 111 
 
 Falkenbergia Hillebrandii, 
 522 
 
 False Flax, 155 
 
 Garlic, 70 
 Fatsia papyrifera, 271 
 Featherfew, 405 
 Fennel, 276 
 
 French, 387 
 Fern, Cave, 426 
 
 Chain, 421 
 
 Cinnamon, 415 
 
 Devonshire Marsh, 424 
 
 Giant, 416 
 
 Laffan's, 423 
 
 Maiden-hair. 420 
 
 Parsley, 423 
 
 Royal, 415 
 
 Shield, 425, 426 
 
 Sword, 427 
 
 Ten-day, 424 
 
 Venus-hair, 420 
 Fern-Allies, 413 
 Ferns, 413 
 Ferraria Pavonia, 85 
 Ferula glauca, 279 
 Fcstttca fiUformis, 38 
 
 phleoides, 30 
 
 rigida, 33 
 Feverfew, 405 
 Ficus, 101 
 
 aurata. 102 
 
 aurea, 102 
 
 benghalensis, 102 
 
 Carica, 101 
 
 elastica, 102 
 
 lentiginosa, 102 
 
 lyrata, 102 
 
 padifolia, 102 
 
 pumila, 102 
 Fiddle-flower. 218 
 
 -wood. 316 
 Field-Madder, 369 
 Fig, Creeping. 102 
 
 Edible. 101 
 
 Golden, 102 
 
 India Rubber, 102 
 
 Lyrate-leaved, 102 
 
 Narrow-leaved, 102 
 
 Wild, 102 
 FiGWORT Family, 343 
 Filicales. 414 
 Fimbristylis, 48 
 
 acuminata, 48 
 
 castanea, 49 
 
 spadicea, 49 
 Fimetaria fimicola. 486 
 Fimetariales, 486 
 Firmiana platanifolia, 243 
 Fissidens, 435 
 
 Garberi, 436 
 
 minutulus. 435 
 
 Small, 435 
 
 taxifolius. 435 
 
 Yew-leaved, 435 
 Fissidens Family, 434 
 
 FiSSIDENTACEAE, 434 
 
 Fittonia argvroneura, 357 
 White-veined. 357 
 
 Flacourtia prunifolia, 248 
 Ramontchi, 248 
 
 Flacourtia Family, 248 
 
 Flacot'rtiaceae. 248 
 
 Flamboyant. 174 
 
 Flannel-leaf. 344 
 
 Flax. 195 
 
 False. 155 
 Flowering, 195 
 New Zealand. 72 
 
 Flax Family, 194 
 
INDEX. 
 
 571 
 
 Fleabane, 394 
 
 Daisy, 392 
 
 Darren's, 393 
 
 Philadelphia, 393 
 
 Salt Marsh, 389 
 
 Shrubby, 389 
 Fleur-de-lis, 85 
 Floppers, 159 
 Florida Moss, 65 
 Fluellin, Sharp-pointed, 345 
 Foeniculum, 276 
 
 dulce, 276 
 
 Foeniculum, 276 
 
 vulgare, 276 
 Forest Swamp Oak, 93 
 Forestiera, 288 
 
 poriilosa, 289 
 
 segregata, 289 
 
 West Indian, 289 
 Forget-me-not, 308 
 Forsythia, 290 
 Four-o'clocli, 123 
 FODE-o'cLOCK Family, 122 
 Fox-tail Grass, 22 
 
 Green, 22 
 
 Meadow, 26 
 
 Perennial, 23 
 Fragaria indica, 164 
 
 virginiana, 164 
 Frangipanni, 294 
 Praxinus excelsior, 290 
 Freesea, 85 
 
 refracta, 85 
 French Cherry, 199 
 
 Mulberry, 319 
 
 Oak, 353 
 
 Trumpet-flower, 294 
 FRoa's-BiT Family, 7 
 Frullania, 467 
 
 pcnnst/lvanica, 467 
 
 Spreading, 468 
 
 squarrosa, 468 
 FUCACEAE, 506 
 Fuchsia, 269 
 Fucus Foitei, 518 
 
 zonalis, 507 
 Fumaria, 145 
 
 (lensiflora, 145 
 
 muralis, 145 
 
 officinalis, 145 
 
 FUMARIACEAE, 91, 144 
 
 Fumitory Family, 144 
 Fumitory, Wall, 145 
 Funaria, 441 
 
 flavicans, 442 
 
 hygrometrica, 441 
 
 Pale-green, 442 
 Fdnariaceae. 441 
 FuxARiA Family, 441 
 Fungi. 479 
 Furcraea, 79 
 
 cubensis, 80 
 
 gigantca, 80 
 
 macrophylla, 80 
 Fustic, 102 
 
 Gaillardia pulchella, 407 
 
 Showy, 407 
 Galaxaura flagelliformis, 
 513 
 
 marginata. 513 
 
 obtusata, 513 
 
 occidentalis, 513 
 
 rngosa, 512 
 
 squalida, 513 
 
 subverticillata, 512 
 Galba, 246 I 
 
 Galinsoga, 402 
 
 parviflora, 402 
 Galium, 367 
 
 Aparine, 367 
 
 urvcnsi.s, 369 
 
 bemiudcnse, 368 
 
 hi>iltid>iUnn , 368 
 
 hyi)i)turi)ium, 368 
 
 pilosum, 368 
 
 rubruin, 368 
 
 tmifiorum, 368 
 Gamopetalae, 280 
 Garcinia Livingstone!, 247 
 
 Xanthochymus, 246 
 Gardenia Fortunei, 370 
 
 florida, 370 
 
 jasminoides, 370 
 
 nltida. 370 
 Garget, 122 
 
 Garlic, Large False, 70 
 Gasteria decipiens, 72 
 
 maculata, 72 
 
 Spotted, 72 
 
 Tufted, 72 
 Gastonia cutispongia, 271 
 Gazania splendens, 408 
 Geaster saccatus, 487 
 GelidiaceaEj 513 
 Gelidiopsis rigida, 514 
 Gelidium caerulescens, 514 
 
 crinale, 514 
 
 pusillum, 514 
 
 rigidum, 514 
 Genip, 226 
 
 Gcnipa clusiifolia, 362 
 Genista alha, 187 
 
 Garden, 187 
 
 hispanica, 187 
 
 Spanish, 187 
 Gentiana nana, 292 
 
 imlchella. 292 
 GextianaceaEj 291 
 Gextiaxales. 286 
 Gentian Family, 291 
 Geoglossum nigritum, 486 
 Geramaceae, 190 
 Geraxiales, 190 
 Geranium, 191 
 
 Capitate Garden. 192 
 
 capitatum, 192 
 
 carolinianum, 191 
 
 dissectiim, 191 
 
 Ivy-leaved, 192 
 
 pusillum, 191 
 
 Rose, 192 
 
 Strawberry, 161 
 
 tcrchinthinaci um . 192 
 Geranium Family. 190 
 Geranium. Strawberry. 161 
 Gerbera Jamesoni, 408 
 Gesneriaceae. 354 
 Gesxeria Family. 354 
 Geum radiatum, 165 
 Giant Fern. 416 
 
 Lily, 81 
 Gigartina acicularis, 514 
 Gigartixaceae, 514 
 Gilliflower. 149 
 Ginger, 87 
 Ginger Family, 87 
 Ginkgo biloba, 413 
 
 GiNKGOALES, 413 
 
 Ginseng Family, 271 
 Gladiolus, 85 
 
 refract us. 85 
 Glasswort. Woody, 118 
 Oiecoina hedcracea, 323 
 
 Gledltsia aquatica, 174 
 
 motioHprnna, 174 
 
 triacanthus, 174 
 Gloeotht'ce rupeslris, 492 
 Gloniopsis lineoiatum, 486 
 Gloriosa simplex, 72 
 
 superba, 72 
 Gli/cinc ijranatoriii, 1H9 
 Glycosmis citrifolia, 202 
 
 pentaphylla, 202 
 Glyphis tlratricosa, 474 
 Gnaphalium, 39<» 
 
 lut( Odibuin , 390 
 
 I)urpureum, 390 
 Goal-weed, 165, 348 
 Godefs weed. 312 
 Golden Bells, 290 
 
 -chain. 187 
 
 Fig. 102 
 
 -rod, 391 
 
 -tuft, 155 
 Golden-fruited Palm, 57 
 Goldfussia colorata, 357 
 Gomphocarpus, 2W 
 
 Large-fruited, 297 
 
 physocarpus, 297 
 GongonicepsPumilionls, 486 
 Goniolithdn decutescens, 
 538 
 
 frutescens, 539 
 
 intermedium, 539 
 
 sprctabih^ 538 
 Goodeniaceae. 377 
 GooDENiA Family. 377 
 Gooseberry. Barbadoes, 257 
 
 Cape, 335 
 
 Garden, 162 
 
 Otaheite, 22(i 
 
 GOOS E BE RR Y F A M I LY . 161 
 
 Goosefoot. 115. 116 
 
 GoosEFOoT Family, 114 
 
 Goosegrass, 367 
 
 Gorse. 188 
 
 Gossvpium herbaoeum. 24m 
 
 Gourd. 376 
 
 GoiRD Family. 376 
 
 Governor's Plum. 248 
 
 Gracillaria crassissima. 516 
 
 dichdtonio - fiahellnta, 
 516 
 
 ferox. 515 
 
 horizontalis. 516 
 
 mamraillaris. 515 
 Granadilla. 253 
 Grape. Bay. 113 
 
 Concord. 230 
 
 European, 230 
 
 -fruit. 202 
 
 Sea, 113 
 Grape Family. 228 
 Grape-tree, Barb.Mdoes. 113 
 C.rai'iiii)A(^kae, 473 
 Ghai'iiidai.es. 473 
 Graphis Afzelli, 474 
 
 Llneola. 474 
 
 Pavcmlana. 474 
 
 scripta. 474 
 
 striatuln. 474 
 Graptophvllum hortrnse, 
 355 
 
 plctum, 355 
 
 versicoliir. 355 
 Grass. Barnvard. 20 
 
 Beard. UK 27. 28 
 
 Bermuda. 36 
 
 Bull. 27 
 
 Bur. 23. 24 
 Canary, 25 
 
572 
 
 II^DEX. 
 
 Cane, 17 
 
 Cat-tail, 25 
 
 Chicken, 63 
 
 Cockspur, 20 
 
 Crab. 19, 20, 24, 37 
 
 Devil's, 36 
 
 Ditch, 5 
 
 Dog's-tooth, 36 
 
 Eel, 6 
 
 Fox-tail, 22, 23, 26 
 
 Guinea, 17 
 
 Hard, 33 
 
 Hell, 36 
 
 Herd, 26 
 
 Johnson. 11 
 
 Joint, 14 
 
 June, 32 
 
 Kentucky Blue, 32 
 
 Lemon, 10 
 
 Manatee, 7 
 
 Meadow, 32 
 
 Nut, 45, 46 
 
 Pampas, 41 
 
 Para, 16 
 
 Penny, 148 
 
 Poultry, 63 
 
 Quaking. 16, 31 
 
 Ray. 39 
 
 Running. 36 
 
 Rush, 26 
 
 Salt, 35 
 
 Saw, 54 
 
 Scutch, 36 
 
 Silky, 18 
 
 Spear, 32 
 
 Switch, 17 
 
 Terrell, 40 
 
 Turtle, 8 
 
 Water. 16 
 
 West Indian, 37 
 
 Wire. 37 
 
 Witch, 16 
 
 Wood, 21 
 
 Yard. 37 
 Grass Family. 8 
 Grass-wrack, 6 
 Geateloupiaceae, 532 
 Grafiola Monniera, 348 
 Grevillea robusta. 107 
 Griffithsia Bornetiana, 526 
 
 globulifera, 526 
 
 Schousboei. 527 
 
 tenuis. 527 
 Grossularia reclinata. 162 
 Grossulariaceae. 161 
 Ground Cherry, Cut-leaved, 
 334 
 
 Hairy, 333 
 
 Smooth. 334 
 Groundsel. 396 
 Grugru Palm. 57 
 Guaiacum officinale, 199 
 Guango, 170 
 Guava, 262 
 
 -berry. 262 
 
 Mountain. 263 
 
 Purple, 263 
 Guazuma Guazuma, 242 
 Guernsey Lily, 81 
 Guilandina, 173 
 
 Bonducella, 173 
 
 Crista. 173 
 Guinea Grass, 17 
 Gum, Australian Blue, 264 
 
 Australian White, 264 
 
 Narrow-leaved, 264 
 
 Red Australian, 264 
 
 Swamp Mahogany, 
 
 264 
 Gumbo, 240 
 Guzmania, Capitate, 65 
 
 lingulata, 65 
 Gyalectaceae, 474 
 Gyalecta Farlowi, 475 
 Gymnospeemae, 409 
 Gymnosporangium bermu- 
 
 dianum, 487 
 Oymnothamnion Mpinna- 
 
 tum, 525 
 Gijnandropsis pentaphylla, 
 
 156 
 Gynerium argenteum, 41 
 Gynura aurantiaca, 408 
 Gypsophila elegans, 134 
 
 Tall, 134 
 Gyrostomum scyphulifer- 
 
 um, 474 
 Gyroweisia, 439 
 Barbula, 439 
 Black-fruited, 439 
 
 Hackberry, Small's, 99 
 
 Southern, 99 
 Haematomma puniceum, 477 
 Haematoxylon campechia- 
 
 num, 175 
 Hairy-cap Family, 444 
 Hairy Cup. 486 
 Hakea oleifera, 107 
 
 Olive-leaved, 107 
 Halimeda Monile. 502 
 
 Opuntia, 502 
 
 simulans, 502 
 
 tridens, 502 
 
 Tuna, 502 
 HaUseris delicatula, 509 
 
 Justii, 509 
 Haloragidaceae, 270 
 Halymenia Agardhii. 534 
 
 bermtidensis. 533 
 
 echinophysa, 533 
 
 pseudofloresia. 533 
 Hamelia erecta, 370 
 
 patens. 370 
 
 Scarlet. 370 
 Hapalosiphon intricatus, 
 
 493 
 Haplocladium, 445 
 
 microphyllum, 445 j 
 
 Small-leaved, 445 
 Haplospora Vidov-ichU, 506 | 
 Hardenbergia Comptoniana, i 
 189 I 
 
 Hard Grass, 33 
 Hare's Lettuce. 381 
 Harrisia eriophora. 257 
 
 gracilis. 257 
 
 portoricensis, 257 
 Hartmannia, 268 
 
 rosea. 269 
 
 speciosa, 269 
 Hawksbeard. Japanese, 380 
 Heal-all, 322 
 
 -soon. 368 
 Heart's ease, 249 
 Heath, 347 
 Heath Family, 281 
 Hedera Helix, 271 
 
 quinqucfoUa, 229 
 Hedge-hyssop, 348 
 
 mustard, 150 
 
 -parsley, 274 
 Hedychium coronarium, 87 
 
 elatum, 87 
 
 Gardnerianum, 87 
 
 speciosum, 87 
 
 White, 87 
 
 Yellow, 87 
 Hedysarum Onohrychis, 189 
 Helianthus, 400 
 
 annuus, 401 
 
 debilis. 401 
 
 tuberosus, 401 
 Helichrysum bracteatum, 
 
 408 
 Helicoma larvula, 489 
 Helictercs apetala, 242 
 Heliotropium, 306 
 
 curassavicum, 307 
 
 Garden. 307 
 
 gnapliaJodes, 308 
 
 peruvianum, 307 
 
 Seaside, 307 
 Hell-grass, 36 
 Helminthiopsis verticillif- 
 
 era, 535 
 Helminthocladia Calvado- 
 sii, 511 
 
 purpurea, 511 
 Helminthosporium Raven- 
 
 elii, 488 
 Helosciadium, 278 
 
 Ammi. 279 
 
 leptophyllum, 279 
 Helvellales^ 486 
 Hemerocallis fulva, 72 
 Hemitrichia. 482 
 Hemp, African Bowstring, 
 
 Ceylon Bowstring, 72 
 Henbit. 323 
 Hennequin, 80 
 HepaticaEj 448 
 Herb Mercury, 209 
 
 -of-the-Cross. 310 
 
 Sherard, 369 
 Herd-grass, 26 
 Hermesias grandiceps, 175 
 Herpestis Monniera, 348 
 Herposiphonia secunda, 521 
 
 tenella, 521 
 Heterosiphonia Wurdeman- 
 
 ni, 524, 525 
 Heterospora Vidovichii,, 506 
 Hibiscus, 238 
 
 Arnottianus, 238 
 
 Bancroftianns, 238 
 
 Cooperi, 238 
 
 diversifolius. 239 
 
 esculent'us, 240 
 
 grandiflorus, 238 
 
 Hawaaian, 238 
 
 Large-flowered, 238 
 
 mutabilis. 238 
 
 popnlneus, 240 
 
 Prickly, 239 
 
 Rosa-sinensis. 238 
 
 spinifex, 237 
 
 spiralis, 238 
 
 syriacus, 238 
 
 tiliaceits, 239 
 
 virginicus, 237 
 Hicoria Pecan, 97 
 Hippeastrum puniceum, 81 
 Hirneola coffeicola, 488 
 Hoffmania, 370 
 Hog Plum, 222 
 
 -weed, 124, 385 
 Holcus, 10 
 
 halepensis, 11 
 
 Sorghum, 11 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Holly, 22f 
 
 English, 222 
 
 European, 222 
 Holly FAMrLv, 222 
 Hollyhock, 240 
 Honey-flower, 227 
 
 HOXEY-FLOWER FAMILY, 227 
 
 Honeysuckle, Chinese, 372 
 
 Ply, 372 
 
 Italian, 372 
 
 Japanese, 372 
 
 Trumpet, 372 
 Honeysuckle Family, 371 
 HooKERiA Family, 443 
 Hookeria vayians, 444 
 
 HOOKERIACEAE. 443 
 
 Hooperia Baileyana, 517 
 Hordeum, 39 
 
 pusillum, 39 i 
 
 sativum, 40 
 
 vulgare, 39 
 Horehound, 331 
 Horn of Plenty, 339 
 Hornwort, 135 
 HoRxwoRT Family, 135 
 Horsechestnut. 227 
 Horseradish, 155 
 Horseradish-tree, 158 
 
 HORSERADISH-TREE FAM- 
 
 ILY. 158 
 Horsetail Tree, 93 
 Horseweed. 394 
 Hairy. 394 
 Smooth, 395 
 Hottentot's Bread, 126 
 House-leek, 160 
 Howea Belmoreana, 58 
 Hoya carnosa, 297 
 Humboldt's Willow, 95 
 Hunnemannia fumariae- 
 
 folia. 144 
 Hura crepitans, 219 
 Hutchinsio oltscura, 521 
 Hyacinth, 72 
 Bean. 184 
 Water, 65. 135 
 Hyacinthus orientalis. 72 
 Hydrangea hortensis, 161 
 Hydrangea Family, 161 
 Hydrangeaceae, 161 
 Hydrocera, 194 
 Hydrocharitaceae, 7 
 Hydrocharitales, 7 
 Hydroclathrus sphacelatus 
 
 505 
 Hydrocoleum comoides, 492 
 Hydrocotyle, 272 
 asiatica, 273 
 repanda, 273 
 umbellata, 273 
 verticillata, 273 
 Hydrophyllaceae, 305 
 Hylocereus, 256 
 
 undatus. 256 
 Hymenaea Courbaril, 175 
 Hymenocallis, 77 
 carihara, 78 
 declinata. 78 
 littoralis. 77, 78 
 prdolis, 78 
 Hymenostylium, 440 
 curvirostre, 440 
 Hypericaceae, 244 
 Hypericales. 243 
 Hypericum perforatum, 245 
 Hyphomycetes, 489 
 Hypnaceae, 446 
 
 38 
 
 Hypnea musciformis, 516 
 spinella, 516 
 
 Ilypnum mlvunn, 447 
 nilcvophyUum, 445 
 minutulum, 446 
 
 Hypxum Family, 446 
 
 Hypocrea patella, 485 
 
 Hypocreaceae, 4.85 
 
 Hypocreales, 485 
 
 Hypoxylon, 486 
 
 Hysteriales. 486 
 
 Hysterographium praelon- 
 gum, 486 
 
 Iberis amara, 155 
 umbellata, 155 
 violacea, 155 
 Ibidium, 90- 
 
 xyridifolium, 90 
 Icacorea guianensis, 284 
 humilig, 284 
 solanacea, 284 
 Ice Plant, 126 
 Ifafa Lily, 82 
 Ilex, 222 
 
 Aquifolium, 222 
 Cussine, 222 
 vomitoria, 222 
 ILICACEAE, 91. 222 
 Impatiens Balsamina, 194 
 hortensis, 194 
 Sultani, 194 
 India Rubber Fig, 102 
 Indian Corn, 40 
 Lotus, 135 
 Mallow, 233 
 Shot, 86 
 Indigo, Wild, 182 
 Indigofera, 3 81 
 -1»(7, 182 
 suffruticosa, 182 
 tinctoria. 181, 182 
 Inga Inga, 170 
 
 vera, 170 
 Tnk-berry, 251, 378 
 lonoxalis, 196 
 
 intermedia, 197 
 Martiana, 197 
 Ipecac, Wild, 296 
 Ipomoea, 298 
 
 acuminata, 300 
 Batatas. 301 
 Bona-nox, 302 
 cathartica, 300 
 coccmra, 303 
 dissecta, 302 
 Jicderacca, 299 
 Ilorsfalliae, 302 
 jamaiccnsls, 299 
 Learii, 302 
 Nil, 299 
 Pes-caprae, 300 
 purpurea, 299 
 QunmoeJit. 303 
 sagittnta, 301 
 saf/lttifoHa. 301 
 siiti folia. 303 
 siiiuata, 302 
 triloba. 302 
 villosa. 299 
 Iresine Herbstii, 121 
 Iridaceae, 83 
 Iris. Bermuda, 84 
 germanica, 85 
 violacea. 85 
 virgin ica. 85 
 Iris Family. 83 
 Ironwood, South Sea. 93 
 
 2i 
 
 Iron -wort. 322 
 Imhaemum «rcund<jtut.. 
 Isnardia, 266 
 
 p.ihistris, i:66 
 
 rcpfiis*. 267 
 Isol.itiia 'ry(l:i.-;i. ;;.-, j 
 Isopterygium. 4 17 
 
 <il"ssy. 4 47 
 
 iiiic.ius, -447 
 Ivy, American. 22'.) 
 
 Boston, -j-.'jd 
 
 <'olis(Mnii. ;{45 
 
 Europt-au, 271 
 
 (Jerijian. ;{;m; 
 
 Itali.in. :i:»6 
 
 •Fapiin..s.-. L'.'jo 
 
 Kcuilworih, 345 
 Ixia, .S5 
 Ixora acuminata. 370 
 
 ambijyujie. 370 
 
 cocciuf;i. 369 
 
 Du/fii. .-{70 
 
 jaVanica, 370 
 
 macrothvrsa. 370 
 
 Red. 369 
 
 Jacaranda. 354 
 Jackfruit. ini' 
 .rack-in-tbe-Pulpit. 60 
 Jacobinia a urea, 356 
 magnifica. .3.16 
 I'ink. 356 
 Yellow. 356 
 Jacob's Coat, 2o9 
 Jacquemontia jamaicensis. 
 
 303 
 Jamaica Vervain, 313 
 
 Weed. 3it5 
 Jambos Jambos. 264 
 malacensis. 264 
 ./amlxma ruli/arix, 264 
 Jamestown Weed. 34<i 
 Japanese Ivy. 23<> 
 Jasmine Araiti.Mn, 2.S8 
 Crape. 294 
 Hairy White. 288 
 Italian Yellow. 2SS 
 Poet's. 2S8 
 Primrose, 28S 
 Royal. 288 
 Sinipi. 'leaved. 287 
 Jasminum, 287 
 
 ((ilophjillutii, 288 
 frutii-nuH. 288 
 !ira<'Hr, 2S7 
 grandinorum. 288 
 humlle. 2S,S 
 officinale. 2S8 
 nrimullnum. 288 
 Samba c. 2.ss 
 siniplb-ifolium. 287 
 undulatnm. 2SS 
 Jatropha, 210 
 Curc.'is. 21 1 
 (Jouty stalked, 211 
 hastata. 211 
 Manihot, 212 
 uioiucriiiiii, 219 
 multmda, 211 
 paiuluniefniln. 211 
 podagrb-M. 211 
 Rose llowered. 211 
 Java Iluin. 264 
 .Terusaleni Artichoke. 401 
 Jewel-weep Family. 103 
 Jlmson Wee«l, 34i> 
 .Johnson (trass. 11 
 Joint-grass. 14 
 
674 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Jonquil, 77 
 Jove's Beard, 189 
 Jubula, 467 
 
 pennsylvanica, 467 
 Judas Tree, 174 
 
 JUGLAKDACEAEj 97 
 JUGLANDALES. 96 
 
 Juglans nigra, 97 
 
 regia, 97 
 Jumbie Bean, 169 
 
 JUXCACEAE^ 66 
 
 Juncus, 67 
 
 acutus, 67 
 
 aristulatus, 69 
 
 bufonius, 68 
 
 maritimus, 68 
 
 tenuis, 68 
 June-grass, 32 
 Jungermannia hyssacea,4:59 
 
 connivens, 458 
 
 LyellU, 456 
 
 minutissima, 463 
 
 multiflda, 455 
 
 nematodes, 461 
 
 prostata, 459 
 
 JUNGEEMANXIACEAE, 456 
 
 JUXGERMAXXIALES3 453 
 
 JUNGERMAXNIA FAMILY, 
 
 456 
 Jungle Rice, 21 
 Juniper, Bermuda, 410 
 Juniperus, 409 
 
 barbadensis, 410 
 
 bermudiana, 410, 544 
 
 lucayana 410 
 Justicia, 354 
 
 alha, 356 
 
 carnea, 356 
 
 lucid a. 356 
 
 nervosa, 356 
 
 Red, 355 
 
 secunda, 355 
 
 Kainfal. 220 
 Kalanchoe, 160 
 
 Afzeliana, 160 
 
 brasiliensis, 160 
 
 crenata, 160 
 Kale, 151 
 
 Kantia Trichomanis, 460 
 Karschia lignyota, 486 
 Kei Apple, 248 
 Kenilworth Ivy, 345 
 Kentia Belmoreana. 58 
 Kentucky Blue-grass, 32 
 Kickxia, 345 
 
 Elatine. 345 
 Kigelia pinnata, 353 
 Kniphofia aloides, 72 
 
 Uvaria, 72 
 Koeleria, 29 
 
 phleoides, 30 
 
 Timothv. 30 
 Koellia mutica, 331 
 Koelreuteria paniculata, 227 
 Koniga, 148 
 
 maritima, 148 
 Kosteletzkya, 237 
 
 virginica. 237 
 Kraunhla frutescens, 188 
 Kyllinga, 46 
 
 brevifolia, 47 
 
 monocephala, 47 
 
 Short-leaved, 47 
 
 Lace Plant, 104 
 Lachnea pulcherrima, 486 
 theleboloides, 486 
 
 Ladies-tresses, 90 
 Lady-of-tbe-Night, 342 
 Lagerstroemia indica, 258 
 Layuncularia racenwsa, 260 
 Lakootcha, 102 
 Lamarck's Trema, 99 
 Lamb's Quarters, 115 
 Lamiaceae. 321 
 Lamium, 323 
 
 amplexicaule, 323 
 
 purpureum, 323 
 Lampvosperma Planchonis, 
 
 484 
 Languas speciosa. 87 
 Lantana, 314 
 
 aculeata, 315 
 
 Camara, 314 
 
 crocea, 314 
 
 involucrata, 315 
 
 nivea, 315 
 
 odorata, 315 
 
 poJyacantha, 315 
 
 Sellowiana, 315 
 
 Trailing, 315 
 
 Weeping, 315 
 
 White, 315 
 Larkspur, Field, 140 
 
 Garden, 140 
 Lasiobolus equinus, 486 
 Lathyrus latifolius, 187 
 
 odoratus, 187 
 
 LAL'RACEAE, 140 
 
 Laurel Family, 140 
 Laurel, Martinique, 202 
 Laurel-cherry, 167 
 Laurencia cervicornis, 519 
 
 Chauvini, 518 
 
 Corallopsis, 519 
 
 gemmifera, 519 
 
 glomerata, 518 
 
 impUcata, 518 
 
 intricata, 518 
 
 mexicana, 519 
 
 microcladia, 518 
 
 obtusa, 518 
 
 papulosa, 519 
 
 perforata, 519 
 
 Poitei, 518 
 
 tuberculosa, 519 
 
 Laurestinus. 373 
 Laurocerasus, 167 
 
 caroliniana, 167 
 
 myrtifolia, 167 
 
 occidentalis, 167 
 Laurus camphora, 141 
 
 nobilis, 141 
 Lavatera, Herbaceous, 240 
 
 trimestris, 240 
 Lavender, Sea, 283, 308 
 
 White, 331 
 Lavendula spica, 331 
 Leaf-cup, 398 
 Lecanora bermudensis, 477 
 
 cinereocamea, 477 
 
 pallida, 477 
 
 subfusca, 477 
 
 varia, 477 
 Lecaxoraceae, 477 
 Lecidiaceae. 475 
 Lee chee, 226 
 Lejeunea, 464 
 
 claiisa, 466 
 I glaucescens, 464 
 
 Jooriana, 463 
 
 minutiloba, 464 
 
 phyllohola, 465 
 
 Lemaireocereus griscus, 257 
 
 Hystrix, 257 
 Lemna, 61 
 
 cyclostasa, 61 
 
 minor, 61 
 
 trisulca, 61, 62, 428 
 
 valdiviana, 61 
 Lemxaceae, 61 
 Lemon, 201 
 
 Grass, 10 
 
 Squash, 246 
 
 Water. 252, 253 
 Leonotis, 324 
 
 nepetaefolia, 324 
 
 Tall, 324 
 Leontodon, 379 
 
 Taraxacum, 380 
 Leonurus, 323 
 
 Cnrdiaca, 324 
 
 sibirica, 324 
 Lepidium, 146 
 
 apetalum, 146 
 
 didymum, 147 
 
 ruderale, 147 
 
 sativum, 147 
 
 virginicum, 146 
 Leptilon, 394 
 
 canadense, 394 
 
 linifolium, 394 
 
 pusillum, 395 
 Leptochloa, 38 
 
 filiformis, 38 
 
 Northern, 38 
 Leptocolea, 463 
 
 Jooriana, 463 
 Leptogium marginellum, 
 476 
 
 tenuissimum, 476 
 
 tremelloides, 476 
 Leptotrema trypaneoides, 
 
 474 
 LesTcea adnata, 448 
 
 varia, 447 
 Leskea Family, 445 
 Leskeaceae, 445 
 Lettuce, 383 
 
 Hare's. 381 
 
 Sea. 494 
 Leucaena, 168 
 
 glauca, 169 
 Leucobryaceae, 434 
 Leucobryum, 434 
 
 glaucum, 434 
 Leucodendron argenteum, 
 
 107 
 Leucojum aestivum, 82 
 Liagora ceranoides. 512 
 
 Cheyneana, 512 
 
 elongata, 512 
 
 farinosa. 512 
 
 valida, 511 
 Libidibia coriaria, 174 
 Lichexes, 470 
 Lichens, 470 
 Licuala grandis, 59 
 Life Plant, 159 
 Lignum Yitae, 199 
 Ligustrum coriaceum, 290 
 
 Ibota, 290 
 
 ovalifolium, 290 
 
 vulgare, 290 
 Lilac, 290 
 Liliaceae, 69 
 Liliales, 66 
 Lilium candidum, 71 
 
 chaleedonicum, 71 
 
 Harrisii, 71 
 
 Henryi, 71 
 
im)Ex. 
 
 otb 
 
 speciosum, 71 
 Lily Amazon, 82 
 
 Atamasco, 78, 79 
 
 Barbadoes, 81 
 
 Belladonna, 82 
 
 Blue, 72 
 
 Calla, 60 
 
 Ceylon, 81 
 
 Chalcedonian, 71 
 
 Climbing, 72 
 
 Day, 72 
 
 Easter, 71 
 
 Fairy Isle, 71 
 
 Giant, 81 
 
 Guernsey, 81 
 
 Henry's, 71 
 
 -of-the-Valley, 73 
 
 Saint John's, 81 
 
 Showy, 71 
 
 Spider. 78 
 
 Tall White, 71 
 
 White Japanese, 71 
 Lily Family, 69 
 Lily-of-the-Valley Fam- 
 ily, 73 
 Lime, 202 
 
 Bergamot, 202 
 Limonia crenuUita, 202 
 
 pentaphyUa, 202 
 
 trifoUa, 202 
 Limonium, 283 
 
 australe, 283 
 
 carolinianum, 283 
 
 Lefrovi. 283 
 
 Yellow Chinese, 283 
 Linaceae, 194 
 Linaria Cymholaria, 345 
 
 Elatina, 345 
 
 Linaria, 350 
 
 vulgaris, 350 
 Linden Family, 230 
 Linseed, 195 
 Linum, 194 
 
 grandiflorum, 195 
 
 usitatissimum, 195 
 Lion's-ear, 324 
 
 -tail, 324 
 Lippia, 311 
 
 citriodora, 312 
 
 micromera. 312 
 
 nodiflora, 312 
 
 reptons, 312 
 
 triphylla. 312 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera, 136 
 Litchi Litchi. 226 
 Lithophyllum bermudense, 
 538 
 
 pustulosum, 538 
 Lithospermum d i s t i c h u m, 
 
 308 
 Lithotharanion incertum, 
 537 
 
 mesomorphum, 537 
 
 svntrophicum, 537 
 
 Ungeri, 538 
 Little Barley. 39 
 
 Li'S'ERWOETS, 448 
 
 Livistona chinensis. 57 
 Hoogendorfii. 59 
 mauriiiana, 57 
 
 Lobelia. Beach. 378 
 cardinalis. 377 
 Erinus, 377 
 Plumieri. 378 
 Small Blue. 377 
 
 Lobeliaceae. 377 
 
 Lobelia Family, 377 
 
 Locust, Honey. 174 
 
 Swamp, 174 
 
 Sweet, 174 
 
 -tree, 188 
 
 West Indian. 175 
 Loganberry, 165 
 Logan I A Family, 290 
 Logamaceae, 290 
 Logwood, 175 
 Lolium, 38 
 
 multiflorum, 39 
 
 perenne, 38 
 Lombardy Poplar, 95 
 Loraentaria uncinata, 517 
 Lonchocarpus viol ace us. 
 
 188 
 Longan, 226 
 Long-moss. 65 
 Lonicera, 372 
 
 Caprifolium, 372 
 
 japonica, 372 
 
 sempervirens. 372 
 
 Xylosteum, 372 
 Loosestrife Family, 258 
 Lophosiphonia hermuden- 
 sis, 521 
 
 obscura, 521 
 
 Sacchorhiza, 521 
 
 subadunca, 521 
 Lophospermum erubescens, 
 
 347 
 Lopseed, 358 
 LOPSEED Family, 357 
 Loquat, 166 
 Lotus. Cape Verde, 189 
 
 Indian, 135 
 
 jacobaeus, 189 
 Love-apple, 338 
 
 -in-a-Mist. 140 
 
 -lies-Bleeding, 120 
 Lucky-nut, 294 
 Lucuina multiflora, 285 
 Ludirif/ia natans, 267 
 
 palustris, 266 
 
 rcpcns, 267 
 Lunularia, 451 
 
 cruciata. 451 
 Lychnis Coeli-rosa. 134 
 Lycium chinense, 342 
 
 halimifoiium, 342 
 
 ruJgnrv. 342 
 Lycogala epidendrum, 482 j 
 Lycoperpales, 488 
 Lycopersicon, 337 
 
 esculent urn. 338 
 
 Lycopersicon, 338 
 Lycopodiales. 428 
 Lycopodium nudum, 429 
 Lyngbya confervoldes, 4921 
 
 lutea, 492 
 
 majuscula, 492 
 
 semiplena. 492 
 Lythraceae, 258 
 
 Mabolo, 286 
 
 Madura aurantiaca, 102 
 
 xantJioxylum, 102 
 Macrocatalpa longlsslma. 
 
 353 
 Macrosporium Solanl. 489 
 Madagascar Plum. 248 i 
 
 Mapper Family. 36(t ' 
 
 Madder. Field. 369 ; 
 
 Madeira-vine, 119 | 
 
 Madeira-vine Family, 118 
 Magnolia fusrata. 136 i 
 
 grandiflora. 136 I 
 
 Magnoliaceae. 136 I 
 
 Magnolia. Family, 136 
 "Mahoe, 136. Ii39 
 
 S«'asld»'. 240 
 Mahogany, 205 
 
 Hroa"d-l»'!iv(Ml, 2o5 
 Maii<u;any Family, 204 
 Mald«'nhalr-F«rn, 420 
 
 Trie. 413 
 Maize, 40 
 Malaceae, 106 
 Malanga. 60 
 Malay Apple. 264 
 Malcombla marltima. 155 
 Mallotonia, 3o7 
 
 gnaphalodfs, 308 
 Mallow. Bristly-fruited, 
 234 
 
 False. 235 
 
 High. 235 
 
 Indian. 233 
 
 Low, li35 
 
 Small-flowfred 234 
 Mallow Family. IJI'.L' 
 Malplghia punlcifolla, 190 
 
 setosa, 199 
 
 urens, 199 
 Malpighiaceae. 199 
 Malpighia Family, 199 
 Malus Mnius. 166 
 Malva, 234 
 
 carol iniana, 234 
 
 curotnandt liana, 235 
 
 parviflora. 234 
 
 pusilla, 234 
 
 rotundifr»lla. 235 
 
 svlvt^strls, 235 
 Malvaceae. 232 
 Malvai.es. 2.30 
 Malvastrum. 235 
 
 (unt ricaniim, 235 
 
 cororaandt'llanum. 23.''» 
 
 tricuspidatum. 235 
 Malvaviscus mollis. 240 
 
 Velvety. 240 
 Mamlllaria nivosa, 257 
 Mamniea americann. 246 
 Mammee Apple, 246 
 
 -Sapota. 2S5 
 Mammoth Tree. 412 
 Manatpe-gr:iss. 7 
 Manatee-(;kass Family, fi 
 Mandarin Orange. 2o2 
 Manglfora Indica, 221 
 Mango. 221 
 Mangrove. 265 
 
 Black. 32«i 
 Man<;r<>vk Family. 265 
 Manihot. 211 
 
 Mnnlhot. 212 
 
 utilissima, 212 
 Maple, Ash-leaved. 227 
 
 Ja|i.inese. 227 
 Maranta. SS 
 
 aruudlnacea. 88 
 
 blcolor. 88 
 Marantaceae. 87 
 Marasmlus bormudensls. 
 488 
 
 praedernrrens. 488 
 
 Saba 11. 488 
 Marchantia. 4. 'J 
 
 cruciiitii. \Tt\ 
 
 Ik mixphcrica, 450 
 
 hirsuta, 452 
 
 pnlvniorphn, 4.'i3 
 ^L\RoiiANTiA Family. 449 
 
 MAROHANTIArEAE. 449 
 
 Marciiantiales. 449 
 
576 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Marguerite, 406 
 
 Glaucous, 406 
 Marilaunidium, 305 
 
 jamaicense, 305 
 Mariscus, 53 
 
 jamaicensis, 54 
 Maritime Ruppia, 5 
 Marrubium vulgare, 331 
 Marsdenia floribunda; 297 
 Marsh Parsley, 279 
 
 Pennj'wort, 273 
 
 Purslane, 266. 267 
 
 Rosemary, 283 
 
 Samphire, 118 
 Martinique Laurel, 202 
 Martinezia caryotaefolia, 
 58 
 
 corollina, 59 
 Marvel of Peru, 123 
 Mastic bully, 285 
 Match-me-if-you-can, 209 
 Matrimony-vine, 342 
 Mat-rush, 48 
 Matthiola, 149 
 
 incana, 149 
 Maurandya, 346 
 
 antirrhiniflora, 346 
 
 Barclayana, 347 
 
 erubescens, 347 
 
 Red, 347 
 
 scandens, 346 
 
 semperftorens , 346 
 
 sempervircns. 346 
 May-weed, 276, 277, 404 
 Meadovs'-Beauty Family^ 
 
 258 
 Meadow-grass, 32 
 
 -sweet. 165 
 Medeola virginica, 71 
 Medic. Black, 177 
 
 Hop. 177 
 
 Spotted, 178 
 
 Toothed. 178 
 Medicago, 177 
 
 arabica, 178 
 
 denticulata. 178 
 
 hispida, 178 
 
 lupulina, 177 
 
 macxdata, 178 
 
 mnricata, 178 
 
 sativa, 178 
 Medinella magnifica, 258 
 
 Red, 258 
 Melampodium perfoliatum, 
 
 407 
 Melanotheca aggregate, 472 
 
 cruenta. 472 
 Melastomaceae, 258 
 Melia, 204 
 
 Azedarach, 205 
 Meliaceae, 204 
 Meliaxthaceae. 227 
 Melianthus major, 227 
 Melicocca bijuga, 226 
 MeliJot, Smaller Yellow, 
 179 
 
 White, 179 
 Melilotus, 178 
 
 alba, 179 
 
 indica, 179 
 
 ofpcinalis, 179 
 
 parviflora, 179 
 Meliola circinans, 485 
 
 Cookeana, 485 
 Melissa Colamintho, 328 
 
 officinalis. 331 
 Melobesia bermudensis, 538 
 
 farinosa, 538 
 
 Melochia, Fragrant, 243 
 
 odorata. 243 
 Melon. 377 
 
 Musk, 377 
 
 Water, 377 
 Mentha, 328 
 
 aquatica, 330 
 
 arvensis, 330 
 
 citrata, 330 
 
 piperita, 329 
 
 rotundifolia, 330 
 
 spicata, 329 
 
 rtridis, 329 
 Mercurialis, 209 
 
 annua, 209 
 Mercury. Herb, 209 
 Mermaid Weed, 270 
 Mesembryanthemum crys- 
 
 tallinum, 126 
 Mesogloiaceae, 505 
 2Iespih(S japonica, 166 
 Mesquite. 170 
 Metzgeria, 455 
 
 conjugata, 455 
 Metzgeeiaceae, 453 
 Metzgeeia Family, 453 
 Mexican Tea, 116 
 Michelia fuscata, 136 
 
 Velvety, 136 
 Microcoleus chtlionoplastes, 
 
 492 
 Microphiale lutea, 474 
 Microstigma, 149 
 
 incana, 149 
 Mignonette, 157 
 
 White Cut-leaved, 157 
 Mignonette Family, 157 
 Mildews. 479 
 Milfoil, 403 
 MiUnm digitatum, 19 
 
 paniceum, 20 
 Milkweed, Ranstead, 296 
 
 White, 296 
 Milkweed Family^ 295 
 Miltonia, 91 
 Mimosa arabica, 170 
 
 glauca, 169 
 
 Inga, 170 
 
 juliflora, 170 
 
 Lehheck, 170 
 
 pudica, 170 
 
 Saman, 170 
 
 Unguis-cati, 170 
 
 virgata, 170 
 
 Wild. 169 
 
 Yellow. 170 
 Mimosaceae, 168 
 Mimosa Family, 168 
 Mimulus luteus. 350 
 Mint, Bergamot, 330 
 
 Corn, 330 
 
 Field, 330 
 
 Mountain. 331 
 
 Round-leaved, 330 
 Mint Family, 321 
 Mirahilis, 123 
 
 dichotoma. 123 
 
 Jalapa, 123 
 
 longiflora, 123 
 Mnium flssttm, 460 
 Mock Orange, 162 
 Mockery, 209 
 Modiola, 233 
 
 caroliniana. 234 
 
 multiflda, 234 
 Monkev-flower. 354 
 
 Yellow, 350 
 Monocotyledoxes, 2 
 
 Monostroma, 494 
 Monstera deliciosa, 61 
 Montbrietia, 85 
 Montia fontana, 127 
 Moon-plant, 339 
 
 MOEACEAE. 100 
 
 Morinda Roioc, 369 
 Moringa Moringa, 158 
 pterijgosperma, 158 
 
 MOBIXGACEAE, 158 
 
 Morning-glory. Arrow- 
 leaved. 301 
 Blue, 299 
 Horsfairs, 302 
 Lear's, 302 
 Purple, 300 
 Seaside, 300 
 Small Red, 303 
 Villous, 299 
 White Corvmbose, 303 
 Yellow, 303 
 
 MOENING-GLOBY FAMILY. 
 
 298 
 
 Morus, 100 
 
 alba, 100 
 
 multicaulis, 101 
 
 nigra, 101 
 
 rubra. 100 
 Moss, Cord, 441 
 
 Florida, 65 
 
 Long, 65 
 
 Peat. 432 
 
 Spanish, 65 
 
 Verbena, 311 
 
 White. 434 
 Mosses, 430 
 Motherwort. 324 
 
 Siberian, 324 
 Moulds. 479 
 Mountain Mint, 331 
 Mucor. 483 
 MrcoEALES^ 483 
 Muehlenbeckia complexa, 
 114 
 
 platvclada, 114 
 
 Twining. 114 
 Mulberry, Black, 101 
 
 Chinese, 101 
 
 French. 319 
 
 Red. 100 
 
 Sea. 260 
 
 White. 100 
 MrLBEEEY Family. 100 
 Mullen, Great, 344 
 
 Twiggy. 344 
 Murraya exotica, 202 
 Murrayella periclados, 523 
 Musa Cavendishii, 88 
 
 paradisiaca, 89 
 
 rubra. 89 
 
 sapientum, 89 
 MrsACEAE. 88 
 Mrsci, 430 
 Muslirooms, 479 
 Mussaenda frondosa, 370 
 
 Leafy. 370 
 Mustard. Black, 150 
 
 Hedge. 150 
 
 Wild. 151 
 MusTAED Family, 145 
 Miiagrum sativum, 155 
 My gin da Rh acorn a, 224 
 My'opoeaceae, 357 
 Mvosotis palustris, 308 
 Myrica, 96 
 
 cerifera, 96 
 
 punctata, 96 
 
 segregata, 289 
 
INDEX. 
 
 57: 
 
 JMtricaceae, 95 
 Myricales, 05 
 Myriocladia, 505 
 Myrospcrm um peruiferum, 
 188 
 
 toluifcnim, 188 
 Myrsixaceae, 283 
 Myrsixe Family, 283 
 Myrstiphyllum I i <j u s t ri~ 
 
 folium, 364 
 Myrtaceae. 261 
 Myrtales, 257 
 Myrtle, 263 
 
 Candleberry, 96 
 
 Crape. 258 
 
 Prickly, 317 
 
 Sweet, 263 
 
 Wax, 96 
 Myrtle Family, 261 
 Myrtus acris, 263 
 
 axillaris, 261 
 
 caryophiiUata, 263 
 
 communis, 263 
 
 fragrans, 264 
 
 Pimrnta. 263 
 Myxomycetes, 482 
 
 Naccaria corymbosa, 513 
 Naiadales, 4 
 Noma jamaicensis, 305 
 Napoleon's Plume, 175 
 Narcissus, 76 
 
 Jonquilla, 77 
 
 Tazetta, 76 
 'Nasturtium Armoracia, 155 
 
 offlcinale, 155 
 Nasturtium. Garden, 193 
 Nasturtium Family, 193 
 Natal Plum, 295 
 Navicula Janischii, 540 
 Neckweed, 350 
 Nectarine. 168 
 Nectria Lantanae. 485 
 
 sanguinea, 485 
 Nectriaceae. 485 
 Nelumbo Nelumbo, 135 
 
 nucifera. 135 
 Nemalionaceae, 511 
 Nemastoma coliforme, 536 
 
 gelatinosum. 536 
 Nemastomataceae, 535 
 Nemophila. Blue. 306 
 
 Insignis, 306 
 
 maculata, 306 
 
 White. 306 
 Neomeris annulata, 499 
 Neowashingtonia filifera, 
 
 58 
 Nepeta Cataria, 331 
 Nephelinm Litchi. 226 
 
 Longana, 226 
 Nephrodium hermudianum, 
 426 
 
 molle, 425 
 
 patens, 425 
 
 tetrayonum . 426 
 
 rillosum, 426 
 Nephrolepis, 426 
 
 exaltata. 427 
 Nerine flexuosa, 82 
 
 Pink. 82 
 
 pulcheUa. 82 
 
 sarniensis, 82 
 Nerium, 203 
 
 coronarium. 294 
 
 Oleander, 293 
 Nettle. Dead. 323 
 
 False, 105 
 
 Great. 104 
 
 Thin-leaved, 104 
 Nettle Family, ](»3 
 Neurocarpus delicatuius, 
 5<t9 
 
 Justil, 509 
 New Zealand Flax, 72 
 
 Spinach. 12(5 
 Xirundra phi/salodcs, 333 
 Nickers. Grey, 173 
 Nicotiana, 341 
 
 acuminata. 342 
 
 glauca. 342 
 
 Tabacura. 341 
 Nigella dainascena. 140 
 Night-hlooraing Cereus. 256 
 Nightshadf. Black, 336 
 
 Garden. 336 
 Nigredo Medlcaginls. 488 
 
 proeminens, 488 
 Niruri. 206 
 Nitophyllura ocellatum, 517 
 
 Wilkinsnniae, 517 
 Nonesuch. 1 77 
 Nopalea cochinellifera, 256 
 Nostoc commune. 493 
 Nostocaceae, 403 
 Nothoscordum, 70 
 
 bivalve. 70 
 
 fragrans. 70 
 
 pulchellum. 70 
 Noyau Vine. 302 
 Nut-grass, 45 
 
 Yellow, 46 
 Nyctaginaceae. 122 
 Nyctocereus serpentinus, 
 
 257 
 Ni/mphaea coerulea, 135 
 
 dent at a, 135 
 
 Nelumbo, 135 
 
 zanziharensis, 135 
 Nymph aeaceae, 01, 134 
 
 Oak, English. f>7 
 
 Forest Swamp. 03 
 
 French. 353 
 
 Silk, 107 
 
 White, 08 
 Oats. 29 
 
 Wild. 28 
 Ochroma Lagopus. 241 
 Ocimum basil icum. 331 
 O don ton em a cuspidatum. 
 3.^0 
 
 White. 356 
 Odontoschisma, 450 
 
 pros tra turn. 450 
 Oenothera biennis. 268 
 
 humifusa, 267 
 
 iacinidin, 268 
 
 Lamarckiana. 268 
 
 longlflora. 268 
 
 rosea. 269 
 
 specioxa, 260 
 Okra, 24(» 
 Olea, 280 
 
 europaea. 289 
 Oleaceae. 287 
 Oleander. 203 
 Olive. 280 
 Olive Family, 287 
 Olive-wood Bark. 223 | 
 
 Omphalaria cnl>ana. 476 1 
 
 llngulata. 476 
 Onaoraceae, 266 
 Oncosperma fasdculntum. 
 59 
 
 Onion. 71 
 
 S.-a. 73 
 
 Wild. 70 
 onf.hrychis Kutlvn. 189 
 Opcgraplia atra. 473 
 
 Bimpl.mdl. 47:{ 
 
 <'lH'vallI.-rl. 473 
 
 oi)lilt..s, 473 
 
 vuigata. 473 
 OpprriiJlna dlxHrrta, 3<»2 
 
 tulMM-osa. ."{113 
 Oplismenus, 21 
 
 Hurriiiinnl. 21 
 
 liirtclliis. Ill 
 
 iindnlatlf..lliis. 21 
 Opuntia, 2.".5. 25«; 
 
 cMndfl.ihr.M. L'.'iO 
 
 (■<i( hit\> liifi ni 256 
 
 Diibnii, 255 
 
 Ficus indlf-a. 2.jr> 
 
 ipucdtrU-h.'i. 255 
 
 pes-<«rvl. 255 
 
 tomentosa. 255 
 
 Tuna, 25.5 
 
 nilfjaris, 255 
 Opuntiai.r.s, 254 
 Orache. (Jardcn, 117 
 Orange. Bitter. 2mi 
 
 Manila rin. 2m2 
 
 Mock. 162 
 
 Osage. 102 
 
 Sweet. 20L' 
 Orbaea niarulona, 207 
 Orchid Family. SO 
 Orchidaceae. 89 
 Orchidales, 80 
 Oreodaphne. 141 
 Oreodoxa oleraern, 57 
 
 ret/ia, 57 
 Origanum Marjornna. 331 
 Ornlthogaiura latlfollum. 72 
 oiii'iNE Family. 150 
 Os.-ige Orange. 1<»2 
 nsciliatorla amphihin. 402 
 
 O.SClLLATolilAfEAE. 402 
 
 Osmanthus Aqtiifolium , 200 
 
 Holly. 20<t 
 Osmunda, 414 
 
 cinnaniomea, 415 
 
 regalls. 415 
 Os>rtNDArEAE. 414 
 Otahelte GoosclxTrv. 220 
 
 Walnut. 210 
 
 OxAI.IDArEAK. 01, 105 
 
 Oxalis AertoMclla. 198 
 
 Hoirieana. 198 
 
 crniiia, 106 
 
 iiirniruliita, 108 
 
 nHUnii. 1!>S 
 
 intrriiudiii, 107 
 
 Miirtinna . 107 
 
 mierophuUa, lO.S 
 
 ripens, lOS 
 
 strict a, lOS 
 
 vinJaeia. 107 
 Ox-eve Daisy. 4«t5 
 
 Salt Marsh. 400 
 
 Sea. 400 
 Oyster plant. 64. 383 
 
 Pachirn aquatira, 241 
 Padina pa von la. 508 
 
 sanct.Mr < rurls. 508 
 
 rarieijntn. 508 
 Padus vlrglnlana, 168 
 
 ;<7o 
 Pallcouren domlnpensls. 370 
 
578 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pallavicinia, 456 
 
 Lyellii, 456 
 Palm, Bourbon, 57 
 
 Cabbage, 57 
 
 Curly, 58 
 
 Date, 57 
 
 Golden-fruited, 57 
 
 Grugru, 57 
 
 Royal, 57 
 
 Sago, 413 
 
 Silver Thatch, 58 
 
 Toddy, 57 
 
 Weeping, 58 
 
 Wine, 57 
 Palm Family, 56 
 Palma Christi, 210 
 Palmetto, Bermuda, 56 
 Pampas Grass, 41 
 Panama-hat Plant, 59 
 Panax olttusiinh, 271 
 Pancratium, 77 
 
 declinatum, 78 
 
 expansum, 78 
 
 littorale, 78 
 
 maritimum, 77 
 
 ovatum, 78 
 Paxdanaceae. 4 
 Pandaxales, 3 
 Pandanus muricatus, 4 
 
 utilis, 4 
 
 Veitchii, 4 
 Pandorea jasminoides, 353 
 Panicum, 15 
 
 aqnaticum, 18 
 
 barbinode, 16 
 
 hrevifoHumj 16 
 
 capillare, 16 
 
 colonum, 21 
 
 Criis-daUi, 20 
 
 Dactiilon, 36 
 
 dichotomiflorum, 17 
 
 oenicuhitum. 23 
 
 'hirfeJUnn, 21 
 
 horizontale, 19 
 
 lineare, 19 
 
 maximum, 17 
 
 molle, 16 
 
 Oplismcnns, 21 
 
 palmifolium, 17 
 
 Palm-leaved, 17 
 
 paspaloides, 16 
 
 prolifcrum, 17 
 
 sangiiinalc, 19 
 
 virgatum, 17 
 Pansy. 249 
 Papaver, 142 
 
 dubium, 143 
 
 Rhoeas, 143 
 
 somniferum, 142 
 Papaveraceae, 142 
 Papaverales, 141 
 Papaw, 250 
 Papaw Family, 250 
 Papyrus, 46 
 Para Grass, 16 
 Parasol Tree, Chinese, 243 
 Parietaria, 106 
 
 alha, 106 
 
 (Jehilis, 106 
 
 floridana, 106 
 
 microphylla, 104 
 
 oflBcinalis, 106 
 
 pennsylvanica, 106 
 Pariti, 239 
 
 tiliaceum, 136, 239 
 Parkinsonia aculeata, 174 
 
 Parmelia latissima, 478 
 
 perlata, 478 
 
 tinctorum, 478 
 Paemeliaceae, 477 
 Parsley, 275 
 
 Beaked, 279 
 
 Marsh, 279 
 
 Wild, 275 
 Parsley Fern, 423 
 Parsnip, 279 
 Parsonsia micropetala, 258 
 
 Small-petaled, 258 
 Parthenium, 398 
 
 Hysterophorus, 398 
 Parthenocissus, 229 
 
 quinquefolia, 74, 229 
 
 tricuspidata, 229 
 Paspalum, 11 
 
 Broad-scaled, 13 
 
 caespitosum, 12 
 
 Chapmani, 13 
 
 ciliatifolium, 12 
 
 conjugatum, 14 
 
 dilatatum, 13 
 
 dlstichum, 14 
 
 filiforme. 12, 15 
 
 Jongiflorum, 20 
 
 propinquum, 12 
 
 Sheathed, 15 
 
 Slender, 12 
 
 Two-spiked, 14 
 
 vaginatum, 15 
 Passiflora, 251 
 
 ciliata, 252 
 
 coerulea. 252 
 
 edulis, 253 
 
 incarnata, 252 
 
 laurifolia, 252 
 
 maliformis. 253 
 
 minima, 251 
 
 pectinata, 252 
 
 princeps, 253 
 
 quadrangularis. 253 
 
 stipulata, 253 
 
 suberosa, 251 
 Passifloraceae, 251 
 Passiflorales, 249 
 Passion-flower, 252, 253 
 
 Pectinate. 252 
 
 Small. 251 
 Passiox-flower Family, 
 
 251 
 Passion-vine, 252 
 Pastinaca sativa, 279 
 Patellaria atrata, 486 
 Paulownia imperialis, 351 
 
 tomentosa, 350 
 Pavia, 227 
 Pavonia, 236 
 
 spinifex, 237 
 Pea, 187 
 
 Black-eyed, 185 
 
 Blue. 187 
 
 Butterflv. 190 
 
 Cow, 184 
 
 Everlasting, 187 
 
 Pigeon, 182 
 
 Purple, 187 
 
 Sweet, 187 
 Pea Family, 175 
 Peach, 168 
 Peanut, 187 
 Pear, 166 
 
 Alligator, 141 
 
 Avocado, 141 
 Pearl wort, 130 
 Peat-moss. Cuspidate, 432 
 
 Magellan, 432 
 
 Peat-moss Family, 431 
 Pebble-vetch, 186 
 Pecan, 97 
 Pedilanthus, 218 
 
 latifolius, 218 
 
 tithymaloides, 219 
 Pelargonium, 192 
 
 capitatum, 192 
 
 exstipulatum, 192 
 
 graveolens, 192 
 
 inquinans, 192 
 
 peltatum, 192 
 
 terebinthinaceum, 192 
 
 zonale, 102 
 Pellitory Red, 106 
 
 White. 106 
 Penicillus capitatus, 501 
 
 pyriformis, 501 
 Pennisetum macrostachy- 
 um, 41 
 
 Purple, 41 
 
 Ruppellii, 41 
 Penny-grass, Field, 148 
 Pentas carnea, 370 
 
 lanceolata, 370 
 Pentstemon hirsutus, 350 
 
 piihcscens, 350 
 Peperomia, 94 
 
 arifolia. 94 
 
 crassicaxiliSy 94 
 
 magnoliaefoUa, 94 
 
 ohtusifolia, 94 
 
 Peltate, 94 
 
 septentrionalis, 94, 
 
 541 
 Pepper, Bird, 338 
 
 Guinea, 339 
 
 Spanish, 221, 339 
 
 Wild, 94 
 Pepper Family. 93 
 Pepper-grass, Garden, 147 
 
 Wild. 146 
 Peppermint, 329 
 Pepper-tree, 221 
 Pereskia aculeata, 257 
 
 BJeo, 257 
 
 Bush, 257 
 
 grandifolia, 257 
 
 Pereskia, 257 
 Pereskiopsis, 256 
 Perisporales, 485 
 Periwinkle, Red, 293 
 Peroxosporales^ 483 
 Persea gratissima, 141 
 
 Persea, 141 
 Persicaria, 111 
 
 punctata. 111 
 Persimmon, 286 
 
 Chinese, 286 
 
 Lotus, 286 
 Pertusaria leioplaca. 477 
 
 lutescens, 477 
 
 multipuncta. 477 
 
 pustulata, 477 
 
 tuberculifera, 477 
 Pertusaeiaceae, 477 
 Pestallozzia Guepini, 489 
 Petraea arborea, 320 
 
 Tree, 320 
 
 volubilis, 320 
 Petroselinum hortense, 275 
 
 peregriniim, 275 
 
 sativum, 275 
 Petrosiphon adhaerens, 495 
 Petty Spurge. 217 
 Petunia axillaris. 343 
 
 niictaginiflora , 343 
 
 phoenicea, 343 
 
INDEX. 
 
 579 
 
 violacea. 343 
 
 Violet, 343 
 
 White, 343 
 Peyssonnelia rubra, 536 
 Phacidiales, 486 
 Phaeographis lobata, 474 
 Phaeophyceae, 504 
 Phalaris, 25 
 
 canariensis. 25 
 Phallales, 488 
 Pharhitis cathortica, 301 
 
 (leulbata, 209 
 
 Nil, 299 
 
 purpurea, 301 
 
 triJohd, 299 
 Phaseolus, 183 
 
 lignosus, 183 
 
 lunatus, 183 
 
 multiflorus, 183 
 
 polystachyus, 183 
 
 semierectus^ 183 
 
 sphaerospermus, 185 
 
 vulgaris, 183 
 Philadelphus coronarius, 
 
 161 
 Ptiilodendron giganteum, 
 61 
 
 lacerum, 61 
 Phleum, 25 
 
 pratense, 26 
 Phlomis nepetaefoUa, 324 
 Phlox, Annual Garden, 305 
 
 Drummondii. 305 
 
 paniculata, 305 
 
 Perennial Garden, 305 
 Phlox Family, 304 
 Phoenix dactylifera, 57 
 
 rupicola, 57 
 Phoma musarum, 489 
 Phormium tenax, 72 
 Phryma, 358 
 
 Leptostachya. 358 
 Pheymaceae, 357 
 Phycomycetes, 483 
 Phvlica odorata. 228 
 Phyllanthus, 206 
 
 Emblica, 207 
 
 Niruri, 206 
 
 nivosns, 220 
 Phiillocactus latifrons, 256 
 PJiyJlosticta Opuntiae, 489 
 Physalis, 333 
 
 angulata, 334 
 
 harhodenftis, 333 
 
 eduUs, 335 
 
 lanceolata, 335 
 
 LinMana, 334 
 
 ohscura, 334 
 
 peruviana, 335 
 
 pubescens, 333 
 
 turbinata. 334 
 Physalodes, 332 
 
 physalodes, 333 
 Physarum, 482 
 Physcia alba, 478 
 
 crispa, 478 
 
 integrata, 479 
 
 stellaris, 478 
 Physciaceab, 478 
 Physic-nut, 221 
 Phytolacca, 122 
 
 araericana, 122 
 
 deccDidra, 122 
 Phytolaccaceae, 121 
 Piaropus, 64 
 
 crassipes. 65 
 Picea, 412 
 Pickerel-weed Family^ 64 
 
 Picridium vuUjurc, 382 
 
 Pigeon-berry, 317 
 Pea. 182 
 
 Pig-weed, 115 
 Rough, 120 
 Slender, 12(> 
 
 Pilea, 104 
 
 grandlfolia. I(i5 
 Large-leaved, l(t5 
 niicrophylla, 104 
 nummulariaefolia, 105 
 Round-leaved, H)5 
 scrpiiUi folia, 104 
 
 Pilobolus crystallinus, 483 
 
 Pimenta, 263 
 iuris. 263 
 o/}i<inalis, 263 
 I'imenta, 263 
 vul(/(tris, 263 
 
 Pimento, 263 
 
 Pimpernel, Red, 282 
 Scarlet, 282 
 
 Pimpinella Anisum, 275 
 Idtcrifiora, 279 
 
 Pixaceae, 409 
 
 PiNALES, 409 
 
 Pinanga Kiihlii. 58 
 Pine, Aleppo. 411 
 
 Black, 411 
 
 .Jerusalem. 411 
 
 Long-leaf, 411 
 
 Norfolk Island, 411 
 
 Pond. 411 
 
 White, 411 
 Pine Apple, 66 
 Pine-Apple Family, 65 
 Pine Family. 409 
 Pink Family, 132 
 Pinus halepensis. 411 
 
 palustris, 411 
 
 serotina, 411 
 
 Strobus, 411 
 Piperaceae, 93 
 Pipe RALES, 93 
 Pisonia fraffrans, 1 24 
 Pisum sativum. 187 
 Pitcher-plant. 158 
 Pithecolobium Soman, 170 
 
 T^nguis-cati. 170 
 Pithya Oupressi. 485 
 Pittosporaceae. 162 
 Pittosporum coriaceum, 162 
 
 erioloma. 162 
 
 tenuifolium, 162 
 
 Thin-leaved. 162 
 
 Tobira. 162 
 
 undulatum. 162 
 
 Woolly. 162 
 PiTTOSPORTM Family. 162 
 Plagianthus. Pretty, 240 
 
 pulchellus. 240 
 Plagiochila, 457 
 
 Smallii. 457 
 Plane. American. 163 
 
 London. 163 
 
 Oriental. 163 
 
 I'LANE-TKEE FAMILY. 163 
 I'l-ANTACINACEAE, 358 
 T'l.ANTACINALES. 358 
 
 Plantago, 358 
 
 lanceolata. 359 
 
 ma lor. 359 
 
 Rugelii, 360 
 
 virginica, 360 
 Plantain. Common. 359 
 
 Banana. 89 
 
 Dwarf, 360 
 
 Greater, 359 
 
 Plantain Family, 358 
 Platanaceak, 163 
 I'iataniis acerlfolla. 163 
 
 occid.-ntalls. 163 
 
 oricntalls, 163 
 I'latoma cyclocnlpa, r>35 
 I'lcoinclo fragPiins. 75 
 I'itMir.'ige limis<>da. 4m; 
 IMeurotopsis niduUformlH. 
 
 4s,s 
 Pluchea, 3ss 
 
 caviplunata, 3H9 
 
 odorata. 3H9 
 
 purpurascenH. 380 
 Plum. 16S 
 
 (Jovernor's, 248 
 
 Hog. 222 
 
 Java, 264 
 
 Madagascar. 248 
 
 Natal. 295 
 
 Spani.sh. 221 
 
 Tiimarind, 1m2 
 Plum Family. 167 
 Plimhacinaceae. 282 
 Plumb.ago. Bluf. 2s;5 
 
 caiM>nsis. 2S3 
 
 cocrinca , 2s3 
 
 Red. 283 
 
 rosea. 2X3 
 
 Scarlet. 2.s3 
 Pn'MBAfjo Family. 282 
 Plumlera alba. 294 
 
 rul»ra. 294. 370 
 Poa, 31 
 
 annua. 32 
 
 ciliiiriK, 31 
 
 lalia<((i, 34 
 
 iiu i/astarlitia, 30 
 
 nemoralis. 33 
 
 pratensis. 32 
 
 ricjida. 33 
 
 unioloidt'H, 35 
 
 Wood. 33 
 
 POACEAE, 8 
 POAI.ES. 8 
 
 Podocarpua corlaceus, 412 
 
 Leather v. 412 
 
 Makoyi." 412 
 PGinclan.i iiirimia. 174 
 
 pulcherrima. 174 
 
 rt(iia. 174 
 
 Royal. 174 
 Poinsettia. 217 
 
 Annujil. 218 
 
 cvathophor.-i. 218 
 
 (Jarden. 21 s 
 
 heterii|»hyl!a. 217 
 Poison Ivv. 221 
 
 Oak. "221 
 Poke. 122 
 PoKHWEEP Family. 121 
 
 I'oLKMOMArKAE. 304 
 POLEMOMAI.ES!. 297 
 
 Pollanthes tuberosa. 82 
 Polyascias, Cut leaved. 271 
 obtusa. 271 
 
 POLYOALArEAK, 91 
 PoLVCONACEAE. 108 
 
 Poli/fjuuuni arrr. 111 
 Con ml r til IIS. 112 
 cuspidal uii\, 114 
 Faiiopurum, 112 
 platiiphullum, 114 
 putirtafuni . Ill 
 urifrra. 113 
 
 POLYOONALES. 108 
 
 Polymnla. 397 
 
 Fvedalla. .398 
 
580 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Polyothrix corymbosa, 493 
 Polypodium, 417 
 
 adiantifonne, 424 
 
 eJasticum, 417 
 
 exaltatiim, 427 
 
 pectinatum, 417 
 
 Plumula, 417 
 
 speluncac, 426 
 Polypody, Plume, 417 
 Polypogon, 27 
 
 littoi-alis, 28 
 
 monspeliensis, 27 
 Polyslphonia cofUicoJa,. 521 
 
 ferulacea. 520 
 
 foetidissima, 520 
 
 havanensis, 520 
 
 macrocarpa, 520 
 
 opaca, 521 
 Polystichum, 424 
 
 aculeatum. 424 
 
 adiantiforme. 424 
 Pomegranate, 259 
 Pomegranate Family, 258 
 Pomelo, 202 
 PoxDWEED Family,, 5 
 Pontederia azurea, 65 
 
 crassipes, 65 
 
 POXTEDEKIACEAE, 64 
 
 Poor Man's Weather-glass, 
 
 282 
 Poplar, Lombardy, 95 
 
 White, 95 
 Poppy. California, 144 
 
 Corn, 143 
 
 Field. 143 
 
 Garden. 142 
 
 Giant Yellow, 144 
 
 Mexican, 144 
 
 Opium, 142 
 
 Pricklv. 144 
 
 Red. 143 
 
 Smooth-fruited, 143 
 Poppy Family, 142 
 Populus alba. 95 
 
 italica. 95 
 Porina nucula. 472 
 
 phaca, 472 
 
 tetracerae. 472 
 Pork-fat Apple, 168 
 Poronia Oedipus. 486 
 Porphyra atropurpurea, 510 
 
 leucosticta, 510 
 Portulaca, 126 
 
 oleracea. 127 
 
 pilosa. 127 
 
 Small Purple. 127 
 Portulacaceae. 126 
 Potato. 337 
 
 Air, 83 
 
 Sweet. 301 
 Potato-bush, Blue. 337 
 Potato-vine. Jasmine, 337 
 
 Seaforth's. 337 
 
 Wendland's, 337 
 Potato Family, 332 
 Potentilla, 164 
 
 reptans. 164 
 Pot Marigold, 408 
 
 POTTIACEAE, 437 
 
 Potfia ctirvirostris. 440 
 POTTIA Family. 437 
 Poultry-grass. 63 
 Prenanthes japonica, 380 
 Prickly-bur, 340 
 
 Myrtle, 317 
 
 Pear. 255 
 
 Sage, 315 
 
 Sedge, 54 
 
 Pride of India. 205 
 
 -of-the-Mountain, 202 
 Primrose, Rosy, 269 
 
 Showy. 269 
 Primrose Family, 281 
 Primula sinensis, 282 
 Primulaceae. 281 
 Primulales, 281 
 Pritchardia pacifica, 59 
 
 Thurstoni, 59 
 Priva, 312 
 
 ecJiinata, 313 
 
 lappulacea, 313 
 Privet, 290 
 
 California, 290 
 
 Ibota, 290 
 
 Senna, 171 
 
 Thick-leaved, 290 
 Procris violacea, 103 
 Propolis faginea, 486 
 Proserpinaca, 270 
 
 palustris, 270 
 Prosopis juliflora, 170 
 Protea argentea.. 107 
 Proteaceae, 107 
 Proteales, 107 
 Prunella, 322 
 
 vulgaris. 322 
 Prunus armeniaca, 168 
 
 domestica, 168 
 
 occidewtalis, 167 
 
 sphaerocarpa, 167 
 Psidium, 262 
 
 amplexicaule, 263 
 
 Cattleyanum, 263 
 
 cordatum, 263 
 
 Guajava, 262 
 
 pomiferum, 262 
 
 PSILOTACEAE, 428 
 
 Psilotum, 428 
 
 nudum, 429 
 
 triquetrnm, 429 
 Psilotum Family, 428 
 Psoralea, Chilean. 189 
 
 glandulosa. 189 
 Psorotricha bermudana, 476 
 Psychotria, 363 
 
 domingensis, 370 
 
 ligustrifolia, 363 
 
 vndata. 364 
 Pteridiiim candatum, 419 
 Pteridophyta, 1, 413 
 Pteris, 419 
 
 aqiiilina, 419 
 
 caudata. 419 
 
 heterophyUa, 418 
 
 longifoUa^ 418 
 Ptilothamnion bipinnatum, 
 525 
 
 lucifugum, 526 
 Ptychosperma elegans, 58 
 Puccinia Cladii. 488 
 
 Dichondrae, 488 
 
 Lantanae. 488 
 
 Polygoni, 488 
 
 purpurea. 488 
 Pudding Pipe Tree, 172 
 Puffballs. 479 
 Pumpkin. 376 
 Punica, 259 
 
 Granatum. 259 
 Punicaceae, 258 
 Purple Wreath, 320 
 Purslane, 127 
 
 Marsh. 266 
 
 Sea. 125 
 Purslane Family, 126 
 Pussley, 127 
 
 Pycnanihcmum muticum, 
 
 331 
 Pycnodoria, 417 
 
 longifolia, 418 
 Pyrenocarpales. 471 
 Pyrenomycetes, 484 
 Pyrexopsidaceae. 476 
 Pyrenula aurantinca, 472 
 
 brachysperma, 472 
 
 leucoplaca, 472 
 
 mamillana. 472 
 
 nitida. 472 
 Pyrenulaceae, 472 
 Pyrgillus cubanus, 473 
 Pyronema omphalodes, 485 
 Pyrostegia ignea, 352 
 Pyrus communis, 166 
 
 Mains, 166 
 Pyxine picta, 477, 479 
 
 Quaking Grass. 16, 31 
 Quamoclit coccinea. 303 
 
 Quamoclit, 303 
 
 rvlgaris, 303 
 Quassia amara, 204 
 Queen-of-the-Night. 256 
 
 of Shrubs, 258 
 Quercus alba, 98 
 
 nigra, 98 
 
 Robur, 97 
 Quince. 166 
 Quisqualis indica. 260 
 
 Rachicallis rupestris, 369 
 Radiciila Nasturtium-aquat- 
 
 icum, 155 
 Radish. Garden, 154 
 
 Wild. 153 
 Radula, 461 
 
 pallens, 462 
 Ragweed, 385 
 Ragweed Family, 383 
 Raimannia, 267. 268 
 
 humifusa. 267 
 
 laciniata. 268 
 Rain-tree, 170 
 Ramalina complanata, 478 
 Raxales. 134 
 Randia, 361 
 
 aculeata, 361. 369 
 
 latifolia, 361 
 Rangoon Creeper. 260 
 Raxunculaceae, 137 
 Ranunculus, 137 
 
 acris, 138 
 
 muricatus, 139 
 
 parviflorus. 139 
 
 repens, 138 
 Raphanus, 153 
 
 lavccolafus, 153 
 
 Raphanistrum, 153 
 
 sativus, 154 
 Raphiolepis, Entire-leaved. 
 166 
 
 integerrima, 166 
 Raspberry. European, 165 
 
 Garden, 165 
 
 Yellow. 165 
 Rattle-box, 177 
 Ravenala madagascarensis, 
 
 89 
 Ray-grass. Awned. 39 
 Reboulia, 450 
 
 hemispherica. 450 
 Rectolejeunea, 464 
 
 phyllobola. 465 
 Red-hot Poker. 72 
 Red-wood, 412 
 
INDEX. 
 
 581 
 
 Reichardia, 382 
 
 pici-oides, 382 
 Rcnculmio occidentalism 87 
 Reseda alba, 157 
 
 odorata, 157 
 Resedaceae, 157 
 Rhacodiscus lucidus, 356 
 Rhacoma, 224 
 
 Crossopetalum, 224 
 
 RHACOriLACEAE, 444 
 
 Rhacopilum, 444 
 
 tomentosum, 444, 541 
 Rhamnaceae^ 228 
 Rhamnales^ 227 
 Rhapis flabelliformis, 57 
 Rheum Rhaponticum. 114 
 Rhizoclonium crassipelitum, 
 498 
 
 hieroglvphicum, 498 
 
 Hookeri, 498 
 
 Kerneri, 498 
 
 tortuosum, 498 
 Rhizophora, 265 
 
 Mangle, 265 
 Rhizophoraceae, 265 
 RhodocJiorton memlwana- 
 
 cciim, 511 
 Rhododendron, 281 
 Rhodomelaceae, 518 
 Rhodophyceab, 510 
 Rhodophyllaceae, 514 
 Rhodym en ia mammillaris, 
 
 515 
 Rhodymeniaceae, 516 
 Rhoeo discolor, 64 
 Rhopadostylis Baueri, 58 
 Rhubarb, 114 
 Rhus Blodgettii, 221 
 
 incisa, 221 
 
 .iuglandifolia, 221 
 
 radicans, 221 
 
 Toxicodendron, 221 
 Ribes Grossularia, 162 
 
 ruhrum, 162 
 
 vulgare, 162 
 Rib-grass, 359 
 Ribwort, 359 
 Riccardia, 454 
 
 Broad, 454 
 
 Cleft. 455 
 
 latifrons, 454 
 
 multifida, 455 
 Rice, Jungle, 21 
 
 Wild. 24 
 Rice-paper Tree, 271 
 Rirhardia afrlc<ina, 60 
 Ricinus, 210 
 
 communis, 210 
 Rinodina insperata. 478 
 Rivea corumhosa. 303 
 Rivina hu'milis, 122 
 Rivularia polyotis. 493 
 Rivulariaceae, 493 
 Robinia dubia, 188 
 
 Pseudacacia, 188 
 Rocket, Sand. 152 
 
 Southern Sea, 153 
 Rock-cress, Alpine, 155 
 Rock-rose Family., 244 
 Rockweed. 506 
 Rollinia Sieberi, 137 
 Rondeletia odorata, 370 
 
 Scarlet, 370 
 Rosa bracteata, 165 
 
 laevigata, 165 
 Rosa de Monte, 175 
 rosaceae, 163 
 Rosales, 158 
 
 Rose, 165 
 
 -apple, 264 
 
 rhangoable, 238 
 
 Chinese, 238 
 
 -of-IIeaven, 134 
 
 -of-Shar(m. 238 
 Rose Family, 163 
 Rosellinia subiculata, 486 
 Rosemary. 327 
 
 Marsh. 283 
 Rosenvingea intricata, 5<i5 
 Rosmarinus, 327 
 
 officinalis, 327 
 Rouge I'lant, 122 
 Roving Sailor, 346 
 
 Larger, 346 
 Royal Fern, 415 
 
 Palm, 57 
 Royal Fern Family, 414 
 Roystonea oleracea, 57 
 
 regia, 57 
 Rttbiaceae, 360 
 RmiALES. 360 
 Rubus ellipticus. 165 
 
 fruticosus, 165 
 
 Idaeus, 165 
 
 trivia lis, 165 
 Rue, Garden. 202 
 Rue Family, 200 
 Rumex, 109 
 
 Acetosella, 110 
 
 crispus. 109 
 
 obtusifolius. 110 
 
 pulcher. 110 
 
 sanguineus, 109 
 Rtmning Grass, 36 
 Ruppia, 5 
 
 maritima, 5 
 Ruprechtia corylifolia, 113 
 
 Ilazel-leaved, 113 
 Rush Chair-maker's. 48 
 
 Large Grass-leaved, 69 
 
 Large Marsh, 67 
 
 Mat, 48 
 
 Sea, 68 
 
 Slender, 68 
 
 Toad, 68 
 
 White-headed, 49 
 Rush Family. 66 
 Rush-grass, 26 
 Russellia, 347 
 
 equisetiformis, 347 
 
 juncca, 347 
 Rusts, 487, 488 
 Ruta graveolens, 202 
 Rutaceae, 200 
 Rye, Virginia Wild, 40 
 Rynchospora, 52 
 
 aurea. 52 
 
 distans, 53 
 
 doiniii Kcen.sis, 53 
 
 forida, 53 
 
 fused. 53 
 
 purn. 49 
 
 stelln'ta. 49 
 
 stipitata. 53 
 
 Sabal, 56 
 
 Adansonii. 56 
 Blackburnianum, 56 
 glabra, 56 
 Moeini, 56 
 Palmetto. 56. 57 ^ 
 uiiihraeuJiftrd . 56 
 Sahina herwiidiana. 410 
 Saccharum officinarum, 40 
 Sacciolepis striata, IS 
 Saccobolus Kerveml, 486 
 
 Sacred Roan. 135 
 Salllower, 4(»H 
 Saffrfm. Falsf. 408 
 Sage. (Jardi-n, 327 
 
 Pricklv. 31.- 
 
 Sc:iri«-l, 32*; 
 
 Small Whit*'. 326 
 Sage-bush. (•(»ninujn. 315 
 
 Knglish. 314 
 
 Pink. 315 
 
 R.'d. 314 
 Sagina, l3o 
 
 aiiitaUi, 130 
 
 prdcninlicns. 130 
 Sjigo Palm. 413 
 S;iinfoin. 1S9 
 St. Jcthn's Bread, 173 
 
 -wort. 245 
 St. .Ion.\'s-w(jitT Family, 
 244 
 
 SALIfACEAE. 95 
 
 Samcalks. 95 
 Salicornia, 117 
 
 europaea. 117 
 
 fniticnsii , 118 
 
 perennis. 118 
 Salix babylonica. 95 
 
 chilensis, 95 
 
 Humholdtiana, 95 
 Salpiglossis sinuata, 343 
 Salsify, 383 
 Salt Grass, 35 
 Salvia, 325 
 
 coccinea, 326 
 
 ianthina. 327 
 
 Large P.lue. 327 
 
 Large I'urpb'. 327 
 
 occidentalis. 326 
 
 officinalis. 327 
 
 patens. 327 
 
 l)urpurea. 327 
 
 Scarlet. 326 
 
 serotina. 326 
 
 splendens. 326 
 
 teuiUn. 326 
 
 Velv.-tv Purple. 327 
 Salvinia, 427 
 
 Olferslana. 428 
 Salvimaceae. 427 
 Salviniales. 427 
 Salvinia Family. 427 
 Sambucus. 371 
 
 intermedia, 371 
 
 uhira. 371 
 Samphire, Marsh. 118 
 Sanche/la n.. bills. 355 
 Sandalwood. 1<>7 
 Sand Rocket. 152 
 
 Spurrv. 131 
 Sandbox-tree. 219 
 S.mdwort. 130 
 Sanseviera guinocnsis. 72 
 
 zeyl.inloa. 72 
 Santalalks. Hi7 
 Santalum album. 107 
 Santa Maria. 246. .39S 
 Sai'im>a»kak. 225 
 Saimnpalks. 220 
 Sapindus longifolius. 226 
 
 Kaponai-in, 226 
 Sapodllla. 2S5 
 SAi'oniLi.A Family. 2S4 
 Saponaria ralai)rica. 134 
 Sapota Achrjis. 2S5 
 
 SAr<»T.V('EAE. 2S4 
 
 Sargassum harriferum , 506 
 Flllpendula. 5o7 
 fluitans, 507 
 
582 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 foliosissimum, 506 
 
 lendigerum. 507 
 
 .linifolium, 507 
 
 aatans, 506 
 
 vulgare, 506 
 Sarracenia purpui'ea, 158 
 Sarbacexiales, 158 
 Sarsaparilla, 74 
 Satin-wood, 200, 202 
 Satureia montana. 331 
 Savory, Winter. 331 
 Saw-gVass. 54 
 Saxifraga sarmentosa, 161 
 Saxifragaceae, 161 
 Saxifrage Family, 161 
 Scabiosa, 375 
 
 atropurpurea, 375 
 
 maritima, 375 
 
 nitens, 375 
 Scabious, Azorean, 375 
 
 Sweet, 375. 392 
 Scaevola, 378 
 
 LoheUa, 378 
 
 Plumieri, 378 
 Scandix CerefoUum, 279 
 Scarlet Plume, 219 
 
 Runner, 183 
 Schinus molle, 221 
 Schizonotus Lindleyanus, 
 
 165 
 Schoemis coloratus, 49 
 
 distans, 53 
 Scilla maritima, 73 
 Scirpus, 47 
 
 americanus, 48 
 
 capitatus, 51 
 
 castaneus, 49 
 
 interstinctus, 50 
 
 lacustris, 48 
 
 meUmocarpus , 51 
 
 Olneyi, 47 
 
 paliistris, 50 
 
 plantagineus y 50 
 
 validus, 48 
 SCITAMIXALES3 86 
 Siclerochloa rigida, 33 
 Sclerophyton elegans, 473 
 
 474 
 Scleropoa, 33 
 
 rigida, 33 
 Sclerotium Semen, 489 
 Scolte, 122 
 Scolosanthus Sagraeanus, 
 
 361 
 Scorzonera picroides, 382 
 ScREW-piNE Family, 4 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE, 343 
 
 Scurvy Grass. 153 
 Scutch-grass, 36 
 Scutellaria purpurascens, 
 
 331 
 Scytonema junipericola, 493 
 
 myochrous, 493 
 
 ocellatum, 493 
 
 SCYTOXEMATACEAE, 493 
 
 Scvtosiphon Lomentaria, 
 
 505 
 Sea Dafifodir. 77 
 
 Grape. 113 
 
 Lavender, 283. 308 
 
 Lettuce, 494 
 
 Mulberry, 260 
 
 Onion, 73 
 
 Purslane, 125 
 
 Squills, 73 
 Seaforthia elegans, 58 
 Sea-shore Rushgrass, 26 
 Sebesten Sebestena, 309 
 Sedge, Bermuda, 55 
 
 Greenish-white, 55 
 
 Prickly, 54 
 Sedge Family, 41 
 Sedum acre, 160 
 
 mexicanum, 160 
 
 sarmentosum, 160 
 Seirospora Gaillonii. 529 
 
 purpurea, 529 
 Sekika sarmentosa, 161 
 Selaginellaceae, 429 
 Selaginella, 429 
 
 viticulosum, 429 
 Selenicereus grandiflorus, 
 
 256 
 Selenipedilum, 91 
 Self-heal. 322 
 Sematophyllaceae, 448 
 Sematophyllum, 448 
 
 adnatum, 448 
 Sempervivum, 160 
 SetieMera didyma, 147 
 Senecio, 395 
 
 Cineraria, 396 
 
 mikanioides. 396 
 
 vulgaris, 396 
 Senna, Bladder, 187 
 
 Coffee, 172 
 
 Privet, 171 
 Sexna Family, 171 
 Sensitive Plant. 170 
 Septoria oleandrina, 489 
 Sequoia sempervirens, 412 
 
 Washingtoniana, 412 
 Sesuvium, 125 
 
 Portulacastrum, 125 
 Setaria. 22 
 
 glaaca, 23 
 
 verticillata, 22 
 
 viridiSj, 22 
 Seven-year Apple, 362 
 Shag, 4 
 
 Shasta Daisy. 406 
 Shell-flower, 87 
 
 -plant, 87 
 Shepherd's Purse, 154 
 Sherardia, 368 
 
 arvensis, 369 
 Shield-fern, Bermuda, 426 
 
 Marsh. 425 
 Shoeblack Plant, 238 
 Shrubby Althaea, 238 
 Sicyos angulatus, 377 
 
 edulis, 376 
 Sida, 235 
 
 AhutiloJi. 233 
 
 antillensls, 236 
 
 carpinifolia, 236 
 
 glomerata, 235 
 
 Hornbeam-leaved, 236 
 
 pulchella. 241 
 
 Rhombic-leaved, 236 
 
 rhombifolia. 236 
 
 spinosa, 236 
 Sideritis, 321 
 
 romana, 322 
 Sideroxylon foetidissimum, 
 285 
 
 mastichodendron, 285 
 Silene, 132 
 
 anglica, 132 
 
 gallica, 132 
 
 maritima, 133 
 
 noctiflora, 133 
 
 nocturaa, 133 
 Silk-cotton Tree. 241 
 Silk Oak, 107 
 Silky Grass, 18" 
 Silver Thatch Palm. 58 
 
 Tree, 107 
 
 Wattle, 170 
 Simaroubaceae, 204 
 Sinapis, 151 
 
 arvensis, 151 
 nigra, 150 
 Siphonanthus indica, 320 
 Siphonocladus rigidus, 495 
 
 tropicus, 495 
 Sisal. 80 
 
 Wild, 80 
 Sis on Am mi, 279 
 Sisymbrium Nasturtium- 
 aquaticum, 155 
 officinale, 150 
 Sisyrinchium, 84 
 
 Bermudiana, 84 
 iridoides, 84 
 Skullcap, West Indian, 331 
 Slime-Moulds, 482 
 Slipper-flower, 219 
 
 -plant, 218 
 Small Cane, 40 
 Small's Hackberry, 99 
 Smartweed. Water, 111 
 Smilaceae, 74 
 Smilax, 74 
 
 aspera, 74 
 Bona-nox, 74 
 officinalis, 74 
 sagittaefolia, 74 
 Smilax Family, 74 
 Smuts, 487, 488 
 Smyrnium, 276 
 
 Olusatrum, 276 
 Snapdragon, 350 
 Yellow, 350 
 Snap-weed. 194 
 Snowberrv. Bermuda, 362 
 Snow-bush, 220 
 Snowflake, Summer. 82 
 Snuff-plant, 291 
 Soapberry, 226 
 Soapberry Family^ 225 
 Solaxaceae, 332 
 Solanum, 335 
 
 aculeatissimum, 336 
 Bushy White, 336 
 .iasminoides, 337 
 Lycopersicnm. 338 
 Melongena. 337 
 nigrum, 336 
 nodiflorum, 336 
 ovigerum, 337 
 Rantonnettii. 337 
 robustum, 337 
 Seaforthianum, 337 
 torvum, 336 
 tuberosum, 337 
 Wendlandii, 337 
 Solidago, 390 
 
 meocicana, 391 
 sempervirens, 391 
 rirgata. 391 
 Sonchus, 381. 382 
 asper, 381 
 oleraceus, 381 
 Sophora, 176 
 
 chinensis. 176 
 Coast, 176 
 tomentosa, 176 
 Sorghum halepense, 11 
 saecharatum, 11 
 vulgare, 11 
 Sorrel, Field. 110 
 
 Sheep. 110 
 Sour-sop. 136. 197 
 South Sea Ironwood, 93 
 
 Tea, 222 
 Southern Chess, 35 
 
INDEX. 
 
 583 
 
 Hackberry. 99 
 Sowbane, 116 
 Sow Thistle, Annual, 381 
 
 Spiny, 381 
 Spanish Bayonet, 75 
 Broom, 188 
 Cedar, 205 
 Moss, 65 
 Pepper, 221 
 Plum. 221 
 Spartina, 35 
 
 cynosuroides, 35 
 juncco; 35 
 patens, 35 
 Spartium junceum, 188 
 Spathelia simples, 202 
 Spathodea campanulata, 353 
 Spatoglossum Schroederi, 
 
 507 
 Spear-grass, Low, 32 
 Spearmint. 329 
 Speedwell. Corn. 349 
 Field, 349 
 Garden, 349 
 Purslane, 350 
 Wall, 349 
 Spergulastrum lanugino- 
 
 sum, 131 
 Spermacoce, 365 
 Hairy, 366 
 Icieris^ 365 
 Slender, 365 
 tenuior, 365 
 tetraquetra, 366 
 Spermatophyta, 1, 2 
 Spermoth amnion gorgo- 
 neum, 526 
 macromeres. 526 
 Sphacelaria tribuloides, 504 
 Sphacelariaceae. 504 
 Sphaeriales, 486 
 Sphaerococcaceae, 515 
 Sphaerococcus Corollopsis, 
 
 519 
 Sphaeropsidales, 489 
 Sphaerostilbe flammea, 485 
 Sphagnaceae, 431 
 Sphagxales, 431 
 Sphagnum, 431 
 
 cuspidatum. 432 
 magellanicum, 432 
 medium, 432 
 Spider Lily. 78 
 
 Long, 78 
 Spider-flower, Small, 156 
 
 Viscid. 156 
 Spiderwort. Blue, 64 
 Spiderwort Family, 62 
 Spike-rush, Beaked, 52 
 Bermuda, 52 
 Capitate, 51 
 Knotted, 50 
 Meadow. 51 
 Rough-stemmed, 51 
 Spinach. New Zealand, 126 
 Spindle-tree, Japanese, 224 
 Spiraea cantoniensis, 165 
 Chinese. 165 
 Plum-leaved, 165 
 prunifolia, 165 
 Reeves^iana, 165 
 salicifolia. 165 
 Spironthefi hrevilahris, 90 
 
 tortilu9, 90 
 Spleenwort. Long. 422 
 
 Toothed. 422 
 Sponia LamorcMana, 99 
 Spondias httea, 222 
 Mombin, 222 
 
 purpurea. 221 
 Wild, 149 
 Sporobolus, 26 
 
 aniiuntuH, 27 
 Berteroanus, 27 
 rhmoutus. 27 
 huJicus, 27 
 Uttoralis, 26 
 puruans, 26 
 virginicus, 26 
 Sporochnaceae, 505 
 Sporochnus Bolleanus, 505 
 Spororomia minima, 484 
 Spruce, 244, 412 
 Spurge, Blodgett's, 213 
 Blotched. 216 
 Coast, 213 
 Hairy, 216 
 
 Hypericum-leaved, 214 
 Hyssop-leaved, 215 
 Large, 214 
 Large Tubercled, 219 
 Petty, 217 
 Prostrate. 215 
 Spotted, 216 
 Upright Spotted. 214 
 Various-leaved. 217 
 Spurge Family, 205 
 Spurred Butterfly Pea, 190 
 Spur-wort, 369 
 Spyridia aculeata, 530 
 complanata, 530 
 filamentosa, 530 
 Squamariaceae, 536 
 Squash, 376 
 
 Crookneck. 376 
 Squills. Sea, 73 
 Stachys, 325 
 
 arvensis, 325 
 Stachytarpheta jamaicen- 
 
 sis, 313 
 Staff-Tree Family, 223 
 Stapelia maculosa, 297 
 Star-Apple, 285 
 
 -of-Bethlehem, 72 
 -of-the-Earth, 147 
 Tlilstle. 407 
 Starwort, 131 
 8tatice austraic^ 283 
 cnrolininna, 283 
 Fortunci, 283 
 Lvfroiii, 283, 543 
 SteUaria ncmorum, 131 
 
 prostrata, 128 
 Stemonitis, 482 
 Steunctifi annua, 392 
 Stenotaphrum. 24 
 
 omnicanum, 24 
 dimUUatuw . 24 
 (jUihrnm, 24 
 secundatum. 24 
 Stephnnotis floribund:i. 29 
 Sterculia apetala. 242 
 carthcuinrnsis. 242 
 platanifolia, 243 
 Stercttliaceae. 241 
 Steriphoma elliptlcn, 157 
 Sternbergia lutea, 82 
 Stickweed, 131 
 Stictis graminum, 486 
 
 radiata. 486 
 Stigonemataceae. j!''^^^, 
 Stilbocrea hypocreoldes 48. 
 ^tniinaia schifcra, 2 JO 
 Stinging Cherry. 199 
 Stinking-weed. 34(^ 
 Stinkweed. 209 
 Stock. Variegated, lo5 
 Stokesia cyanea, 408 
 
 laevis. 408 
 Ston«M-rop, M«»ssv. 16<» 
 
 Y«'li(.w MfXlcun, 1G<J 
 St()i)i».r. White, 261 
 Straumniuin, 340 
 PurF)le, :i4(i 
 Strawljerrv, Iiullan, 164 
 Yellow, ir,4 
 Virginia. 164 
 Strawberry (icranhim, 161 
 Strelltzia 'angusta, H9 
 Large. 89 
 reglnae, 89 
 Strobilanthes coloratus, 356 
 isophyllus. 357 
 Narrow-leaved. 357 
 rur|)le. 356 
 Struve.a rainosa. 495 
 St!fn«ipofJium lohatum, 5'i7 
 Succory. Wild. 379 
 Sugar Apple. 136 
 Cane. 40 
 Plum. 374 
 Sumac. Cut-leaved. 221 
 Walnut-leaved. 221 
 St'Mac Family. 220 
 Summer Snowflake, 82 
 Sunflower, 401 
 
 Low. 401 
 Suriana, 203 
 
 maritima. 203 
 StRiANA Family. 203 
 Sirianaceae. 203 
 Surinam Cherry. 262 
 Sweet Bay. 141 
 
 Marjoram. 331 
 Orange. 202 
 Pea. 187 
 Potato, 301 
 Sultan. 4n7 
 William. 134 
 Swietenia chlamxylnn , 2<>2 
 macrophylla. 205 
 Mahagoril. 205 
 Switch (Jrass. 17 
 Sword-fern. 427 
 Sword-flower. 188 
 Cape. 189 
 Elegant. 189 
 IndiMn. 189 
 Synndenhun (;rantii. 219 
 I Syntherisma, 18 
 I digitatii. 19 
 
 lonpiflora. 20 
 marijiniita, 19 
 s.-ingnlnnlis. 19 
 Syring.i, Cardt-n. 1»>1 
 
 vulgaris. 290 
 Syrrhopodon, 436 
 I florWlnnus. 43 <. 541 
 
 Syzyglum jambolanum. '_<>4 
 I 
 
 Tabebuia, 352 
 
 hurn.ruln. 352 
 l)alllda. 352 
 pcnInvhuUii. 352 
 serratlfolla. 352 
 
 ! Showy. 352 
 
 1 Taberuaoinontana cltrlfolla. 
 29 L 370 
 roronaria. 294 
 Cumlnclan.M. 295 
 
 i Small-flowered. 294 
 
 1 Tacsonlii. 253 
 Taonloma perpuslllum. .>ix 
 
 ' Tail-flower. Veitch's. 60 
 
 i Tallow-tree. Chinese. 219 
 
 I Tamaricaceae, 243 
 
584 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Tamarind, 174 
 
 Plum, 102 
 Tamarindus indica, 174 
 Tamarisk, 244 
 Tamarix, 243 
 
 gallica, 244 
 Tamarix Family, 243 
 Tanacetum vulgare, 407 
 Tansy, 407 
 
 Wild, 385 
 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 380 
 
 officinale, 380 
 Tare, 186 
 Tassel Plant, 203 
 Taxaceae, 412 
 Tea, Mexican, 116 
 Tea Family, 244 
 Teak, 320 
 
 T"EASEL Family, 375 
 Tecoma capensis, 351 
 
 jasminoidcs, 353 
 
 ■pentaphylla, 352 
 
 racUcans, 353 
 
 stans, 352 
 Tecomaria, 351 
 
 capensis, 351 
 Tectona grandis, 320 
 Telanthera Bettzickiana, 
 
 121 
 Telaranea, 460 
 
 nematodes, 461 
 Telegraph-plant, 188 
 Terminalia Arjuna, 260 
 
 Catappa. 260 
 Termixaliaceae, 259 
 Terrell-grass. 40 
 Tetragonia, 125 
 
 expansa, 126 
 Tetrapanax papyrifer, 271 
 Thalassia, 7, 489 
 
 testudinum, 8 
 ThallophytAj 1, 470 
 Tkeaceae. 244 
 Thecotheus Pelletieri, 486 
 Thelidium bermudanum, 
 472 
 
 Farlowi. 471 
 Thelotremaceae, 474 
 Theohroma Guazuma, 243 
 Thespesia, 239 
 
 populnea, 240 
 TJievetia nereifolia, 294 
 Thistle. Queen, 144 
 
 Stinging. 144 
 Thistle Family, 385 
 Thlaspi, 147 
 
 arvense, 148 
 
 Biirsa-pastoris, 154 
 Thorn-apple, 340 
 Thorn, Evergreen," 166 
 
 -trees, 166 
 Thoroughwort, Bushy, 388 
 
 Large-leaved, 388 
 Three-square, 48 
 Thrvallis glauca, 199 
 
 Pale. 199 
 Thuidium, 445 
 
 minutulum; 446 
 Thuja orientalis, 411 
 Thunbergia alata, 355 
 
 Bush, 355 
 
 erecta. 355 
 
 fragrans. 355 
 
 grandiflora, 355 
 
 Large-flowered, 355 
 
 Laurel-leaved. 355 
 
 laurifolia. 355 
 
 White, 355 
 
 Winged, 355 
 Thyme, 331 
 Thymus vulgaris, 331 
 Thyrsacanthus cuspidatus, 
 
 356 
 Tickseed, Garden, 406 
 
 Lance-leaved, 407 
 
 Large-flowered, 406 
 Tiger-flower, 85 
 Tigridia Pavonia, 85 
 Tiliaceae, 230 
 Tillandsia fasciculata, 66 
 
 polystachya, 66 
 
 tisncoides. 65 
 Tilopteridaceae. 506 
 Timothy, 26 
 
 Koeleria, 30 
 Tiniaria, 112 
 
 Convolvulus, 112 
 Tissa, 131 
 
 marina, 131 
 Tithonia rotundifolia, 406 
 
 tagetipora, 406 
 Toadflax, 350 
 
 Sharp-pointed, 345 
 Tobacco, 341 
 
 Sharp-leaved, 342 
 
 Tree. 342 
 Tobira, 162 
 Toddy Palm, 57 
 Toluifera Balsamum, 188 
 
 peruifera, 188 
 Tomato. 338 
 
 Cherry, 338 
 Tommy Atkins, 408 
 Tordylium Anthriscus, 274 
 
 nodosum,. 274 
 Torilis, 274 
 
 Anthriscus, 274 
 
 nodosa. 274 
 Torrubia fragrans, 124 
 Tortula, 440 
 
 agraria, 440 
 
 Common, 440 
 Tournefortia gnaphalodes. 
 308 
 
 Laurel-leaved, 308 
 
 laurifolia, 308 
 Tous-les-Mois, 86 
 Toxicodendron, 221 
 
 radicans. 221 
 Toxylon pomiferum. 102 
 Trachelospermum divarica- 
 turn, 295 
 
 ja-sininoides, 295 
 Tracliymene coendea, 279 
 Tradescantia discolor, 64 
 
 Virginiana. 64 
 Tragopogon picroides, 383 
 
 porrifolius. 383 
 Tranzschelia punctata, 48b 
 Travellers' Tree. 89 
 Tree of Heaven, 204 
 Trema, 99 
 
 Lamarckiana, 99 
 Triadica sebifera, 219 
 Trichachne insularis,, 18 
 Trichogloea Herveyi, 511 
 Trichoglossum hirsutum, 
 
 486 
 Trichostomum, 438 
 
 bermudianum, 438 
 
 .iamaicense, 438 
 Trifolium, 179 
 
 hybridum, 180 
 MeUlotus indica, 179 
 
 pratense, 180 
 
 repens, 181 
 
 Trincomali Wood, 231 
 
 Triphasia Aurantiola, 202 
 
 trifolia, 202 
 Triticum vulgare, 41 
 Tritoma Uvaria, 72 
 Tritonia crocosmaeflora, 85 
 Triumfetta. 230 
 
 althaeoides, 231 
 
 Lappula, 231 
 
 semitriloba, 231 
 Tropaeolaceae, 193 
 Tropaeolum, 193 
 
 majus, 193 
 Trumpet-creeper, 353 
 Trumpet-creeper Family, 
 
 351 
 Trumpet-flower, 352 
 
 Cape, 351 
 
 Comely, 352 
 
 French, 294 
 
 White, 294 
 Trumpet-tree, 102 
 Trypetheliaceae, 472 
 Tuberose, 82 
 Tulip-tree, 136, 239 
 Turbina, 302 
 
 corymbosa, 303 
 Turbinaria trialata, 506 
 
 tricostata, 506 
 
 turbinata, 506 
 Turkey-berry, 319 
 Turk's Cap, 257 
 Turnera, 247 
 
 ulmifolia. 247 
 
 TURXERACEAE, 247 
 
 TuRXERA Family, 247 
 Turnip, 151 
 Turtle Grass, 8 
 Typha, 3 
 
 angustifolia, 4 
 
 domingensis, 4 
 Typhaceae, 3 
 Tyromyces graminicola,488 
 
 Udotea conglutinata, 501 
 
 Flabellum, 501 
 Ulex europaeus, 188 
 Ulmaceae, 98 
 Ulva Lactuca, 494 
 Ulvaceae. 494 
 Umbrella Sedge, 46 
 Uredixales. 488 
 Urginea maritima, 73 
 Urospermum, 382 
 
 picroides, 383 
 TJrtica, 103 
 
 chamaednoides, 104 
 
 cvUndrica, 105 
 
 dioica. 104 
 
 membranacea. 104 
 
 nummulariaefoUa, 105 
 
 ureus. 103 
 Urticaceae. 103 
 Urticales, 98 
 T'sxeaceae. 478 
 Usteria antirrhinifiora', 346 
 
 scandeiis, 346 
 L'stilagixales, 488 
 Ustilago Zeae. 488 
 Uvaria odoratissima, 137 
 
 Vachellia Farnesiana, 170 
 Vaillantia, 366 
 
 hispida, 366 
 
 muralis, 367 
 Valeriana rnhra, 375 
 Valeriaxaceae, 373 
 Valeriaxales, 373 
 Valeriax Family, 373 
 Valerianella, 373 
 
INDEX. 
 
 585 
 
 Locusta, 374 
 
 olitoria, 374 
 Valerianodes, 313 
 
 jamaicensis, 313 
 Valonia macrophysa, 494 
 
 utricularis, 495 
 
 ventricosa, 404 
 Valomaceae, 494 
 Valota, 18 
 
 insularis, 18 
 Vanda, 91 
 
 Vangueria edulis. 370 
 Varnish-tree, 227 
 Vauciieriaceae, 503 
 VeitQh's Tail-flower, 60 
 Velvet Leaf, 233 
 
 Plant, 408 
 Venus-hair Fern, 420 
 Verbascum, 343 
 
 Thapsus, 344 
 
 virgatum. 344 
 Verbena, 309 
 
 bonariensis. 311 
 
 chamaedrifolia, 311 
 
 erinoides. 311 
 
 Garden, 311 
 
 jamaicensis, 313 
 
 lappulacea, 313 
 
 Lemon, 312 
 
 mtoralis, 310 
 
 Moss, 311 
 
 multifida, 311 
 
 nodiffora, 312 
 
 officinalis, 310 
 
 rigida. 311 
 
 scabra, 310 
 
 Stifif, 311 
 
 triphiiUa, 312 
 
 iirfirifolia, 310 
 
 renosa. 31 1 
 Verbexaceae. 309 
 Verbesina, 399 
 
 alba. 399 
 Vereia crenata, 160 
 Veronica, 349 
 
 agrestis. 349 
 
 arvensis. 349 
 
 peregrina. 350 
 
 salicifolia. 350 
 
 Willow-leaved, 350 
 Verrucaria rupestris, 471 
 Verrucariaceae. 471 
 Vervain Bur. 313 
 
 European, 310 
 
 Jamaica, 313 
 
 Rough, 310 
 
 South American. 310 
 Vervain Fa^iily, 309 
 Vetch. Common, 186 
 
 Hairv. 187 
 
 Pebble, 186 
 
 Smaller. Common. 186 
 Viburnum Tinus, 373 
 Vicia, 18« 
 
 angustifolia. 186 
 
 Faba. 187 
 
 sativa. 186 
 
 villosa, 187 
 Vigna, 183 
 
 liitcnla, 184 
 
 repens. 183. 184 
 
 sinensis. 184 
 
 Yellow. 184 
 Vinca rosea, 293 
 Viola, 249 
 
 odorata. 249 
 
 tricolor. 249 
 ViOLACE-VE. 248 
 
 Violet. English. 249 
 
 Sweet, 249 
 Violet Family, 248 
 Virfjilia uurea, 189 
 Virginia Beard-grass, 10 
 
 Creeper, 229 
 
 Wild Rye, 40 
 Vismia guianensis, 245 
 VlTACEAE, 228 
 Vitex Agnus-castus, 320 
 Vitis Lal)rusca, 230 
 
 vinifera, 230 
 Volkameria, 317 
 
 aculeata, 317 
 
 Wall-flower. 155 
 Walnut, Black, 97 
 
 English, 97 
 
 Otaheite, 219 
 Walnl't Family, 97 
 Waltheria, 242 
 
 americana, 242 
 Wampee, 202 
 Wandering Jew. 64 
 Wart-cress, Lesser. 147 
 Washingtonia fiUfera, 58 
 Water-cress, 155 
 
 Grass. 16 
 
 Hyacinth, 65. 135 
 
 Lemon, 252, 253 
 
 Lily, 135 
 
 Melon, 377 
 
 Smartweed, 111 
 Water- LEAF Family. 305 
 Water Lily Family, 134 
 Water Milfoil Family, 
 
 270 
 Wattle, Silver, 170 
 Wax-mvrtle. 96 
 
 -plant. 297 
 Weather-glass, Poor Man's, 
 282 
 
 Shepherd's, 282 
 Wedelia perfoliata, 407 
 Weeping Palm. 58 
 
 Willow, 95 
 "Weisia, 437 
 
 Bright-green. 438 
 
 viridula. 438 
 West Indian Almond. 2CC 
 
 Ash, 172 
 
 Cherry, 199 
 
 Grass. 37 
 Wheat. 41 
 White Cedar, 352 
 
 Goosefoot, 115 
 
 Moss. 434 
 
 Poplar. 95 
 
 Stopper. 261 
 
 -weed, 405 
 White Mangrove Family. 
 
 259 
 White "moss Family, 434 
 Wild Coffee. 363 
 
 Fig. 102 
 
 Ipecac. 296 
 
 Oni(m. 70 
 
 Pe|)i)er. 94 
 
 Rico. 24. 292 
 
 Sisal. 80 
 Willow, lilack. 157 
 
 Caracas. 95 
 
 Humboldt's. 95 
 
 Weeping. 95 
 Willow Fa^iily. 95 
 Wine Palm. 57 
 Wire-grass. 37 
 
 -weed. 236 
 Wistaria frutcscens. 188 
 
 North American, 188 
 
 Witch Grass, 16 
 
 Wood Grass. 21 
 
 Wood-sorrt'l, Cuban I'urple, 
 • 197 
 
 Martius' PurpU*. 197 
 Nodding Vfllow, lltO 
 Fprighl Yellow, 19M 
 Yellow Procumbent, 
 19S 
 
 WOOD-SOKREL FAMILY. 195 
 
 Woodvardia viruinira, 421 
 Wormsei'd. 116 
 Wormwood, Roman, 385 
 Woundwort. Corn, 325 
 
 Field, 325 
 Wrangelia penicillatn, 51."? 
 Wreath. Puri)le, 320 
 Wrightiella Blodgettll. 522 
 
 Tumanowiczi. 522 
 Wurdemannia setacea, 515 
 
 Xanthium, 384 
 
 erhiiiaUim, 384 
 
 longirostre. 384 
 Xanthosoma saglttaefoUum. 
 60 
 
 viol.iceum. 60 
 Xanthoxalis, 197 
 
 corniculata. 198 
 
 stricta. 198 
 Xeratithemum bractratum. 
 
 408 
 Xylaria filiformls, 486 
 Xyridales, 62 
 
 Yam. 83 
 
 Yam Family. 83 
 Yard-grass, 37 
 Yarrow. 403 
 Yaupon, 222 
 Yautia. 60 
 Yellow-wood. 200 
 Yew Family. 412 
 Ylang-ylang. 137 
 Yucca, 75 
 
 aloifolia, 75 
 
 gloriosa, 75 
 
 serrulata. 75 
 
 Zamia floridana. 413 
 
 ZAXNirilKLLIArEAE. 5 
 
 Zantedeschia, 6<> 
 
 aethiopica. 60 
 Zanthoxylum, 200 
 
 arnwnticuni . 200 
 
 rinra-herruHs, 200 
 
 flavum. 200 
 Zea iaponica. 41 
 
 Slavs. 40 
 Zebrina, 63 
 
 pendula. «'.4 
 Zephurtiuihix, 78 
 
 Idfnlia. 79 
 
 Efliirrsinvn. 79 
 
 rnsrn, 79 
 Zingiber officinnlc, 87 
 
 Zinsiber. 87 
 
 ZlNdlTlFRArKAE. 87 
 
 Zinnia liipans. 408 
 
 (farcb^n. 407 
 Zizania acpi.-itica. 24 
 Zonarla Inhntn. .507. 508 
 
 varlegata. 508 
 
 zonalls. 507 
 Zostera, 6. 8. 489 
 
 marina. 6 
 
 ZoSTKRArFAE. 6 
 
 Zvgocacttis truncntns. 
 Zyoophyi.lacfaf. 199 
 Zvgophvllum foetldum. 190 
 
 257 
 
 Library 
 
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 d