^MWMiM! (^ 1,000.000 ) IKDUSTRIAL FACTS rti— ^ ^ RECEIPTS, CALCULATIONS.&0. IN EVERY BUSINESS 500 ENGRAVINGS mMtmmmmmmtmommmtMommi Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from NCSU Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/universalassistaOOmoor '^c^^» "•o .. >. ^: !-^- IS >• i •* E « "^.5 3^ -.* OH 5^ « .>i I ? J THE UNIVERSAL ASSISTANT, AND COMPLETE MECHANIC. coNTAim?ro ovet ONE MILLION INDUSTRIAL FACT* •ALCSlATIOIt. lECCIPTS. ^ROCEtlES. TRADf SieRITt, IBIEI. IHSIRESS FORMS. LECAL ITEMS. ETC., IR EVERT OCCBPATIOH. FRIM THE HOUSEHOLD TO THE MANUFACTORT, BY R. MOORE. Illustrated with COO Engraving*. X«t «M hay* Facts, rasl, certain, unmiatakable Facta. th«r« e»m ^ oo Bctaaca without them."— ROBBRT DICK. I STANDARD EXPORT EDITION. PRICE. IN CLOTM BINDING. $3.00 ; IN LEATHER LIBPARY STYLE. $4JM. NEW YOMK : J. 8. OGILVIE, PCBUSHRR, 57 Roffe Str«at. /fl25»*. y »% AM. _ Albany, is 13 f.M. A-tlanta. 11 30 A.M. Augusta, Ga.. n 39 a.m. Salti more. Md., la oa p.m Bangor. Me. w 33 P.M. Bath. Me., 12 39 PM. Boston, Mass., 12 24 PJt. Buffalo. N. v., II 53 A.M, CamVge. Mass., 1924 P.M. Charlest'n. S.C, 11 43 A.M Chicago. 111., tx 17 A.M. Cin cinnati. 0., xi 30 A.M. Cleveland, O.. xi 41 A-.M. Columbia, S.C., 11 44 A.M Columbus. O.. II 36 A.M. Danville, Va.. 11 50 A.M. Denver, Col., 10 08 A.M. Detr oit. Mich., 1136A.M, Dubuque, la., ii 05 a.m. Galveston.Tex., 1049 A.M. Halifax, N. S., 12 54 p.m. Hamihoo. Ont..ii49 a.m. Jlannibal. Mo., 11 07 ..V.M. Hartford. Ct.. 12 17 P.M. Havana. Cuba. 11 38 a.m. Houston, Tex., 10 44 a.m. Indian -.p's. Ind., 11 24 a.m. Jackscnv'e, 111., 1107 a.m. Jeff'n City, Mo., 1059A.M. Kalama. W. T.. 8 58 A.M. Kansaj; City, Mo. 10 49 a.m Knoxv'e, Tenn., 11 33 A.M l.a ramie. W*y T., 10 12 A.M Ixiuis^-ille, Ky., 11 »6 A.M Lincoln, Neb., 10 41 A.M. little Rock, Ale, 1059 A.M London, Eng., 5 08 p.m. liiaccn, Ga.. 11 37 A .M. Wcrap's. Tenn.. 11 08 a.m. TOR MEASUREMENT OF TIME iMoSaonTWrB., f* JTKW 1 SEE PAGE 773. ^ i Montreal. Caa.. ,2 .4 P ' .>^ ^ Table Showing the Time ln; Nashv'eTenn.,ii2i a. m. Various Parts of the World when it Is Noon at WASHINQTON, D. C. Meridian, Miss., 11 14 a.m. Mexico, 10 33 A-M. Miiwau'e, Wis., 11 16 a.m. Minneapolis, 10 55 A.M. Mobile, Ala., 11 iSa.m. COPYRIGHT, XI. Aa:ooxi.z2, 1879, ' ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. N. Haven, Ct., ij 16 P.M.- N. London, Ci., 12 215 p.m. New York, la 12 p.m. N. Orleans, La., 11 08 a.m. O maha , Neb ., 10 44 a.m.'. Ottawa, Can., 12 05 p.m. Paducah. Ky., 11 16 a.m. Panama, it 56 a.m. Paris, France, 5 17 p.m. Pensacola, Fla.. n 19 p.m. ' Pbilada., Pa., 12 07 p.m.. { Pittsborg, Pa.. 11 48 a.m. Port Hope, Can.. 11 54 a.m. Pt. Huron,Mch.,ii34A.M » PortlaaA, Me., 12 3 7 p..M.«t Portsm'th. Va., 12 03 p.m.i Provide'ce. R.I., 12 22 p.m- Quebec, Can., 12 23 p.m .-^ Quincy, III.. 11 07 A.f , Richmond, Va., 11 58 a..i«^ Rome, Ga., ii 32 a.m. St. John. N. B., 12 44 pjx. St. Johns. N. F., 1 37 F.M. St. Joseph, Mo.. 1050A.M.- St. Louis, Mo., II 07 A.M. I St. Paul, Minn., to z6 a m^ St. Step'n, N,B., 12 39 a. .m. Salt Lake City, 9 40 a.m. ^ Santa Fe, 10 04 a.m. San Francisco. 8.58 .\.m. Sault St. Marie, ir.31 a.m. Savannah, Ga., 11 44 \.itj Selma, Ala., 11 20 a, m. Shreveport. La., 1057 a.m. Sioux City, la.. 10 42 a.m. Terre Haute, 11 i8 a .m. ToroQto, Can. , 11 51 a.m. • jViucennes, Ind. 11 17 a.m» Vera Crui, 10 43 a.m. j Vicksb'g, Misx, 11 5 a.m. W^^ung'I^ NC.»ti jSZm". Active Agents fiAnished with permanent and profitable eraploymeni every rt'here selling our Publications. New Illustrated Catalogue, with Con- tents of the Universal Asslitant and Complete 9Ieclianl«, Terms, etc., to Agents, sent fre« to any address. AdS) Ices 28; Wine' Jelly Jellies 5»' Yeast Jams 80 >',;fflr.f %\ ^ «-.•« ! 09fr\es 30 : .r Uooaekeepera 80 lit* is-ao-a? Puddings a P-jdJing sauces fA us Ji »7 trv, boiled as .y 21 . meats 27 togetridof 84 _'e, setting >. 10 s ,'. 84 - s ;w ..;. 94-85 27 '• SSejuonings Jt. 84 " Silads „ '... 85 Succotash at Sausage. . . Stews Tomatoes. Turkey . . . Tnrnlp<>. Formers' Department. Axle CTcase. . W Bk.*e-keeplng 01-74 Birds, food for M BugH on plants SU Butter M C'owK, tri'iiiment for fiO Cattle, •• " tW food for O) Cheoj'e SI Eve water for animals W Fertili/prs 44-45-U»-47-48-!M-58-rilt I-'ruit, to pask 49 Food for animals ; 60 Graftlii!? . 40 liar, ftrftw equal to 48 •' cost of 67 U Dfses* check nan 87 fmiiiiK 87-3S-n dia<:ruinM -It-fJ " rawiu^f and training 31-^2 •• liiiiiiients 3;1.W t-h-M-ing 84-43 kicking - SO liniken legs 36 re 58-54 Lime, to hum , W Moths, to destroy M Milk M Meat, to pickle M (minus H) Orchards, tu renew old ftV.'iS OaL^ .'i9 Potatoes 4»-r-» Ploughing 57 Kulcrt to reckon cost of article 5' IliUrt, how toilrlveont 5? Itubl>er, HTtiflcisl 54 Stump oiucliiuc f50 shct»p ol ■•;■ Salt fO Springs, how to form.. M Seed, rwiuircd to plant 67-';!l Threshing l>y ftesu? K-oO Tobatvo. to'cnltiviMe 49 T.inilps . 01 Trapping game RJ Tivec 4»-.*ia Veruiiu on unlniiJs 4» trees.. 49 S« Vinegar . . . 51 ^S•heat M Lumber Department Logs, loading Carpentry. British 86 4'on*irni^"tion of roofs 96-100 Logs, fUUKr's caniji 7i< '• coct of supplies for cotter's camp.. 97 • cutting 78 . 7T breaking a jam af 78 qualities of TP-Sr spracc .. N seasoftisg, tvr«lv« processus <^ ^ Lumber Deparrni'- ■ ta tiuned. .li« 'rtf'f. ftrci ruTiff ■1 feet, I "1 Ulii> Wooo ;>atruuvK re»Uieoc«or ke JKMU liS Hj>, •r '-htOf tfej trom cnuJdaj; 74 1 water iO'ii •Biitlin^, joists, plank*, ct. , tu meftaurt- -.to And nnmber retiuin ..e of. for 74 -'InesBof : 3J-! value of b^' ..-.h of 101 j-.a of 8>lol rf m euength of by aea- 88 •rse ttrenglh of iU Scientilic Fact^ ) find qiianiuy rotyiired. for of .110 .Vii .132 .lao .Id) .129 .134 laoi H«»t iilid cclil l-'i Implement, decay of iH Dyers' and Bleachers' Department McnntaJn.*, heighih of.. 119 M'tals, value of !;« flight of iX Meafurt-e, varions iSA-iH-t^ of length 12r-15S»-13a Strength, tcnrile, of varioas materulii. . .131 '• rrn'hin^. of materials 131 "jiis per acre UV - 11: ual l-T -::;• :r. UU Water Falls U9 . 'JJine colors, to render f«oInbIe 141 " '■ new mordant for 142 ■ ator Hfi 137-147 ;.roof 148 . : i^enapon 14*5 ili'k. reviver for 147 Dvc.-, v;.rioa; lSt-135-136-137-138 139-1-10-141 Feathers, 143-145 Barbers' Department. Flowers 145 Fell hilts, to dye, stiifen and bleach (>3 Furs, to clean 144 to dye : 14« " motas 145 ^ lange or dye.. 143- 144- 143 ^ 14ij \\ 14U-14« t<"> jjrv'. tiA moths 145 Washing fluids 144 . 153-154-155 Medical Department. 186-187-lSs •' '■ r^ -y pectoral, Av plaister death. It- routh . -••fT. of. 1 '.iiuuatlu 147-lS8-mto i w'uf.s cuake 1"i7 Cod !i'. er oil 156 CalfTucl TegetableaubsiiUitefor 156 C**t.,r oTl 1 59 Ch' i-ra 1S)-1M lae-ise-F'. - V - . 'a? dniggisti I .1 . T , : : Onio^TiC »««ur^ 155-156- r* ■ia» • ' • n •• M LV) 1:10 148-156-l«)-ia3-:C4 1 ; IM-IM n 148-15d-lS9 1C5 .al meningitia ISI IK r;e6S from l>r .c oxide gas lf« r cnrv .-, 1* ,t W8 « ;i .Til] native 195 Children, discai^es and aifoa of in. .195 to an " whooping coQgfa 188 diarrhoea 196 colic 19« ferer 197-1 98-1 991801 rk kets IC'7 scroftila lif~ CIS 1.9 spiaams IV' bnia, MlarcvaMt •< ^...M «) lEedical Departmeut thildren, water in the head 197-198 " mumps 198 " scairlet faver 198 '• measals / SAX) " typhoid fe^-er 200 typhus fever 201 Dentists' compositions and dcpt... 151-152 Diphtheria, remedy for 149 Drnukeuuees. core for l.'JO Druggists' colors 159 Drowning 187-188 Deafness 189 Diarrhoea 193 Dropsv 19-2 Diuretics 191-193 Eeeential oils, to extract 1S9 Earache 18'J Essence 159 Embalming, new method 163 Female complaints 161-102-163-183 Felone 105 Frozen limbs 187 Jumigntingpaper 189 Fly paper in9 Freckle cure ir-3 Food, power of 137-179 Fevers 103 Glycerine preparation 154 Gonorrhoea, cure for 163 Gout, cure for 104-180 Headache, remedy for 113-165-194 Hair dyes, itc, etc 153-154-155 Health, and how to keep it 100-181 India cholagogue 156 Injuries 180 Jaundice 191 Kidney disease 161-172-180 Lockjaw, cure for 153 Lungs 148 Liniments 150-104-165-189-190 Menstruation 100-101 Nitrate of silver 15^ Keuralgia, remedy for 148-194 Oxygen gas .' 188 Ointments 149-190-191 Otis 19.3 Pain killer 150-152 -Continued. Fills 148-150- Pulmonic wafers Powders Piles, cures and ointment Plasters Roses, oU of Ra/ior strop pastte Rules for action Radway > remedies Rheumatism 165-189- Rat exterminator Root beer Stammeriug Sweating drops Spasms Shampooing lo:i- Shaving Shaving soaps Small pox remedies Syrups 149-150-156-165-185-190 Soothing syrup 149' Salve 151-163- Suu5 Smelling salts Scidlitz powders Scarlet Fever Kis Spitting of blood Swellings Sleep Trichinae Troches, Brown's bronchial Teeth, to fill, extract and clean 161- " artificial Tapeworm Tinctures Tumors Vermifuges 150- Voice Washes ISO- Warts 159- Worm lozenges Wine Waters, vichy, and others ViHiooping cough 104- Weak back Wieus igs 159 159 163 19a 153 153 147 IM 191 100 U*t Wi) 159 150 1.55 153 153 INS 192 •150 -104 IW 100 im ■198 ISO 194 195 149 150 160 15a 195 159 190 193 195 190 105 149 156 160 196 180 194 Grocers' and Confectioners' Department. Alcohol, percentage sf in liquors 209 Beer 221-224 Bluing 218 Blacking 216 Bread 213 Butter 20;r-214-.225 Beef, various kinds of 'Z22 Baking powder 202 Bitters, Stoughton 334 Bitters, various 227 tigars 213 Candied lemon peel 2('2 Cider 220-221-2':7 Candlae 204 Coffee 212-213 Cordial 223-227 Colors, various 224-230 Candy, vaxious ,280-231-382-238-334-235 236-337-233-289 Cream : 821 Catsup 314 Dyes 224 EggB 20S Ether, vai'ions kinds Tire kindlers Flour 213- Flavoring extracts 207-213 Fruit, preserving 207-309-217- Freezing preparation Fish Fruit butter Flavoring extracts, 27 klnda of Gincer ale 21 5-; Grocers, hint to Hams Honey Ice chest Ice cream Inks Jelly Kindlers Liquors 221-2S7-2Si) Lemonade Mustard Meats, etc., to preserve and cook 218-210 23, 230 -214 -223 ■213 23;^ •iii 225 798 206 •m? 216 239 302 230 210 2af 210 3S0 2-i» (3) Grocers' and Confectiouers' , Department.— Con tinu*d, Itlllt S14-219 gead 223 ucila^e 302 Nectar cream 223 Oils 214 Powders 219 Percentage in Belling goods 210-211 Pickles 218-219 Pop roj;al 224 Preserving 239 Snnll 213 Soda wnter 233-234 Soda sjrups 223-227-228 Soup 224 Tanuers, Curriers, Boot, Shoe and Rubber Manufacturers, Marble Workers' and Bookbinders' Department. Barometers 232 Blacking, variona 240-241-340 Builer rinM 243 Bangaree. Syrups, various aSt-aSS^BaT Standi polish .ai» Soap 208-901 Sauces .217-219 Tobacco 218 Tallow. 904 Tea 2ia Terrapin 224 Vinegar 20S Weigiits and measures 2O.5-?OC.a08 Wine 208-2a0-234-225-22« Wax, various kinds of ., ....21ft Bookbinders' varnish 248 " sprinkles 248 " marbling 247-248 " giJdiii^j 249 Cement 241 Coloring 240 Curriers' size, paste, skirting 247 Dyeing 245-247-230 Glue, to make 249 Harness oil, varnish, etc 241 Heel balls 241 Hose Composition 242 Horn in imitation of tortoise shell . . 251-274 Ivory, etching fluid for 251 " working 251 Japan liquid for leather 241 Leather scraps, to utilize , 343 Leathc - finish 245 Marbling books 247 Marble, to cut, polish, cement for, to Btam, ink for, to gild, etc., etc 858 Packing for engines, valves etc 243 Parchment, to make 249 Fearl, mother of, work 250-878 " working 250 Rubber goods 24©-248 Sizing for boots end shoes 240 Stains for leather 241 Springs, light buffer 248 Springs and washes 242-248 Tannine, various methods of.. 243-244-245 246 Trappers' and anglers' secret for game andflsh 258 Varnishes, various 240-241 Vulcanite or ebonite ai2-343 leather, patent , 240 Painters, Cabinet-makers, Gilders Bronzerg' and Glass Stainers* Department, Bronzing, gold powder for 285 directions for 285-286 China, drilling 377 Compound colors 253 Colorings 257-258-801 Carriage painting ^^'^ " gilding 280 " bronzing 280 Dyes for veneers 272-273 Drying 633 Engravings, to clean 200 Etching 275 Furniture, to polish, ebonize, etc... 291-292 rillin? compo.sition 267 Gilt frames, reviver for 292 Glazing colored potters 297 Gravel nouses, how to build 300 Glasses, to silver looking 294 eiasi^ bcstAvindow 286-297 soluble 29-3 bottle . .., -^"i gilding 270 " to rtain or color 295 '■' designs on 276 " staining 293-294 " drilling 2^7 *ndei-8' oimoln 286 day i-'*:''! ** (itopping composition , A-M '• jiiouldinss to wlutcn.... S86 GUdersin oU 287 " water and oil 288 Graining 203-264-265-266 Glue 278 Glue^ white 288 Gilding, gold size for 281 on wood and glass... 861-276-276-277 Glass, ground, imitation of 268 " painting on 268 " pencils for writing on , , .268 " grinding 275 Japan drier 288 Kalsomine, silver polii^h 299 Mirrors, to repair silvering of ,388 Mounting, best material 890 Mortar and Plaster, 22 kinds.... 297-898-399 Measurements of stone or brick 'work. . .889 Milk, painting in 309 Oilflni:=bes 889 " to bleach 281 " boiled 638 " paint, to reduce 862-283 " factitious linseed 888 " paintings, to revive colors of 290 " to preserve and varnish 2'.K)-291 Ormtmeut, to copy on 281 " compositions tot .......... ..VStt Pc'srl work 273 I'litty " . ishivtsi Polishes ,.., , .,, gtiS ¥^ f alaters, Cabinet-makers, eflders, Bronzers* and Glass Stalner, Department.— Continued. Painting, hoaee 866 Eigne, how to aa>a61-2o3-2ii8 Painters hmtsto 256-2o7-2r7 Paint, stone color 258 " marble imitation 274 " to mix £58 " Invisible green 209 " for knotting 259 " whitelead 859-206 " to cure damp walls 260 " variouB 260-633-033 " transparent cloth 2G2 " banners, etc 261-274 '" imitation of ground glass 2C2 " hard drying 203 " stains for wood 8o3-2G9-271-2?<} " fancy figures on 2C9 " transparent, for window shades. .273 " magic lantern slides '.274 " marine, for metals in eaJt water. .274 oilcloth 274 " for wagons and carriages 280-231 " to remove old 281 " farmers' SCO " durable outside 300 " without oil or lead 300-301 " green 300 milk 301 " for walls 801 " flexible, for canvas 283 Porcelain finish 233 " colors 294-295 Painters cream CO Polish brush £89 Polish reviver 286 Polishes for furniture 901-29S Polishing brass and stone SQJl Plaster, estimate of materials and labor for 100 square yards of lath and 900 " casts, to varnish 306 " casts, to bronze 806 " casts, to whiten 290 " of Paris 806-807 " 22 kmdfl 897-298-299 Paris green 301 Putty 333 Itoofing 805 Size, bad smell from animal 292 Staircases 632 Space ; 633 Size. .286 " gilders, parchment " matt gold .286 " burnished eold 286 " gold for gilding 286 Stains for varioaa articles .... «o8-269-271 «72-273 Smalt 283 Terra cotta manufacture 303 Varnishes 272-275-27'8.283-284-285-806 " cabinet-makers 839 Vermilion.. 281 Window glass, to incrust with jewels. . .2f3 M'ood, to poli.sh , 891 to stain 258-!86e-S71-272-289-290 " stains for 298 Wash for bams and houses 299 Whitewash 301-a» Builders' Calculations, and Important Information for. Calculations, etc., f or huilderg, gi\-ing estimate for cost of material, cost of labor, qnantitr <.r mtterl'il necessary, and viirioxis other information of practical utility, which builders wUl consult their own interests hy perusing 80(K)02-303-306-a08 Watchmakers, Gilders, Jewelers, etc., Tables and Receipts. Gold French plate JS* " from gilt metal HI " polishing powder 811 eovorclgns, to reduce 8(S Alloys 833-336-338-337-338-339-351 Artificial pearls 341 Acid, to destroy the effect of 349 Burnishers, to make 820 Burnisher, to prepare for polishing 330 Brass, to temper. . . .' 327 Brushes, to clean 849 Cannon pinion, to tighten 812 Clock, to clean a 330 " *x> brash 330 " to oil properly 331 " to make strike correctly 331 " defects to look after 331 " diah, figures on 381 " hands, to re-black 349 " faces, to silver 3."j0 Copper, to refine 845 Diamonds, to make brooches 329 jeweling 329 " to make flits 329 mill, to make JB9-380 " dust, to m«ke 830 " polishing 3.V! tnaui«01ng 852-SSa file*, to make diamond 320 " " pivot 329 €< id, American standard for 848-343 " t') If move tin from stock 34.1 '• BrlTinh ttai.dar'l for 342 '' i'.«jrllug Milu'iof SK' " dust, to fuse 8>t8 " lost in coloring. . . - 'SMS " oomix)8ition8 837 " artificial 397 " to find the number of karats in ... 338 " valuable receipts for anxiths.. ^1-33^3 " melting and refining 333 " reflnea sweepings 33:1 " quantity require to make alloys . .338 " alloys a«-835-.336-337-338 " alloys, dry coloring tor 333 " " wet coloring for 334 " " table showinij projKjrtioa of in 396 " to mxke brittle strong 543 " plated Htock, to make. .« .'!343 " from tho surf ace < if siivej,.*"*"* 344 " to separate from lac© .-..,..]"• ^44 " tarnish on plnted £oq^ ^ " tinge .,^ 344 ;; to '««»« .'.V.V.'.".".' 344 850"3:;1 to cWmua \>- . uidhed in •oldi.ri'ug. .31'^ amalgam, to iwUb* 349 ennmeling 35.3^1 Cil.'.ln;? ii-i.-toi .. 3Ji7-»l9 t.lu'ii tocut ., ., 2t5 1r»tclimaker», Gilders, Jewelers, etc., Tables and Beceipts.— Continued, CKldtog 33T-34»-353 ■ IroD, to <.««« harden 312 " vo remove met from 330 '. JewBlere soldering fluid 837 allOTS 888 " cement, Tarious kinde 344 Jewelry, coloring of 339-340 " reviver for old 341 Nickel plating 346-353 Plating 346-3i7-348-34&-3oS-364 Pivot wood 309 Pinion, to determine correct diameter of a 313 PoliEhing broocliing to make 319 Polish eteel, to 3ia Polishing, crocns powder for 319-3i0 Pinions, "to preserve 330 " to remedy worn 331 Poliihing diamonds 354 Plates 354 Eeflning 344-34.5 Spiifigs, producing isochronism in.. S13-814 315 Stee.. to remove rust from .320 •' t drill into hard 311 " t. temper 326-309 " tc remove bluing from Si9 Spectacles, to determine focal distance. 331 •Euvex, aUoy for 337-338 eolders 339-340 »« English etandard for a39 * emfths 340 •• articles, dead white on 340 " pickle for whitening S40-341 * plating 353 " omameBtal designs on 311 " to extract from waste 341 ** to frost polished -341 " plating fluid 341 * plated stock 343 " to refine 344 " to cleanse, tarnished in 8oldering.346 •• ware, to wash 349 " refining 3o0.3."l " platers stripping liquid 350 Silvering hooks and eyes Ml various melds &4S '■ shells SCO clock faces ;i'x) " glass globes, etc o5<) Soldering, various kluds of — 3S9-340-&41 S-15 Time, measurement of ;73 Tempering brat-s S.;7 driU# .S-r " springs .^^ clicks ratchets, etc ;-,.- " to draw temper from sf^e! '• staffs, cylinders or pinicn^ ■ ■> Watch cleaning...?..... SaT-o.h-^'J Watches, pith for cleaning ai9 to pivot ;309 levers of 809-SU compensation balance SIO •' spring miinufacture 3lO-.>n ■' spring tempering .31 ] hands .311 '• wheels, to pat in 3il " movements, to frost 813-3:^ adjustments to position... 316-317 regulating 817-316-320 '■ compensation 318-319 rules for determining accuracy of workmanship in 3S0 list of trains of 821-326 to put in beat 3S6 dials .326 '• to make keep good time 326 to prevent a chain running off fu.=ee 327 " to weaken the hairspriag 387 ' to tiffhten a ruby pin 327 ■• to btue screws 329 alloy for pinion sockets .3S9 makers oil .-. .354 ■' mainsprings 1013 " oil, to pnri^ 1013 ' ' wheels, to restore lustre ICIS Machinists' and Engineers Department. Bra.-s Anc&ors. to make - 480 Anvils, makiuf andTepairlng 480-4S1 Axle trees and ooxes, nardenin^ 503 Antimony, to obtain commercial 504 Alloys and their melting heats 520 Artisans, suggestions to 634 Anvils, to temper 669 Bronze, black, for iron or steel 517-518 Brass and copper, to tin 515 Brass, to clean 61.3-515 " dead appearance of 513 " to lacquer 513 " solution 510 Brassing iron 510-513 Baldwin's locomotive "ircHi sides," 421 Borax, sBbstltute for 438-460 Boiing holes 486 " tools for 488 Pelting sad fiktion 4S8 Bearing;* self -lubricating anti-friction for4SS f Burslar alarm 4^9 Belting, to find length of when rolled ti^i Bronze i-latinum. .". 491 malleable . . .4 paint, for iron . . .-IS 4*J-5]3 yellow for steam enguiij. 491 for machinery 492 turnings, to me!'. 669 tubes 5C8 polish for 512 for castiiii; 492 for gilding 493 to cast solid 4t^ manufacture of 492-493 work for lenses 51.8 zinc tiiming acid 516 or copper tubes, to bend .V« cheap 4 1 solution. ■/lO Machittists' and Engrlncers' Depitrtnieat,— Continued. ^ilmeW 492 •' to re{>air CTRoked <97 iXnck lead polish liqnid 501 Bronzing compogitiou, 38 kinds... 508-509 1014 metal 671 liquids 509-510-516 " and gas flttinge 623 Bnfler, india-rubber 529 Benzine, to deodorize 554 Bplte, to remedy slip of driving 556 Blasting })owders 556 " rocks 557 " to make diialin for 557 Belting, experiments with rubber and leather 659 Button manufacture 566-567 Bnrometer, to construct a 685-586 Cements, various 87 Carol, artificial 575 Cement 379-381 -482-429-424-425-426-512 Cotton waste, to clean 434-477-064 " presses 441-669 " ginning 447 " to make gun 498 factory 559-560 " si7>e for dressing 560 " seed, proceeds oi one ton of 687 Chains maniifacturing 481 Copper, to enamel 601-580 '' platesor rods 510 " or zinc solution of 510 " and brass, to tin 515 " hardening 524 " welding 525 Cooling compound 389 Chuck rest, to set the 476 " pulleys ^ 476 Crucibles, composition for 491-50'3 Coal, stowage of 558 Compass, the marine 560 Coloro6-.V)7 a-^-3.-i»-S95-«J)6-397-89f>-399-400-401 -402-403-401 Jlsfiincers memoranda of tempera- tures for ?«« " elgnale .... 'i -" Engineore and agiachinigto' tsblo* 6)0 t'->l8.. 8W Engine, blowing - 887 portable 400 " Cornish 400 " power of 404 ' fire cement for 408 •' dummy 418 " high-pressure 436-4;i7 " to set valve of ....361 " valves, various instructions In regard to 301-362-363 " proportion of various parts of 869 " cylinders 369 " stroke of 870 " horse-power of 870 " balance wheels 870 " to reverse an 370 " marine beam 371-372-373-374 " ■ duties to marine and other.. ii74-375 '• dimensions of chimney for a land 664 " lever 385 " works, the Waterouf Company's. 430 " the waterous 430-481-483 Engravers border wax and cement 650 Engravings, cast 560 Earth diggmg 558 " weight of 658 Explosive, force of various substances 666-667 Evaporative powers of fuel 420 Emery wheels for polishing 501 Electrotype plates 545 Engraving on wood, steel and metals 648-649-550-580 Etching fluids 550 Ellipse, to find the area of an 672 Freight tables, English 104-105-106 Flanges, to stand brazing 379 Fire clay for boiler furnaces 383 " escapes 387 Piling and finishing 485-529 File a hole square, to 489 " manufacture 571 Fluxes 602-520 Fishing 514 Fuel, value of 561 " properties of 627 " gain in 65S " consumption of 662-663 " ratio of combustion of per hour. 664 Fire anniliilator ^ 5^5 Freight, by water and rail comparative cost of 67 Grindstones, to make from sand 8? Glue, various kinds of gf Gravities and weights of metals, liquids woods, etc 62'1-S35 Gold leaf 579-580 Glass tubes, to bend 6ii4 Gravity, specific 582 Gauge ror wire 45is Gedge's metal SiJfQ Gauges 418 Giifard's injector, and mode of operation of 419-430 G'.ue 423-^-426 f -erir-cutting ^ Gune, to remedy scomotive breakdowns on the road, temporary repairs in 427-4!a6-4E9 aCrampton 41S-419 " eiiginee, table showing pro- portion of various partd of.SOl " boilers, proportions of . ..404 405-100 " extraordincry duty of 660 " average proportion of the various parts of 406-407 " rale to Hud the horsepower of a 407 " Stephemion's " Rocket"407-408 ' ' aell 492 " p>od Britjjnnia 493-494 " castings, shrinkage of 497 " reflector 500 " for gilt ware BOO " for type 500 " work to cloud 515 " workers, eheet diagrams for and explanations of 62.3-531 " elbows 523 Mildew on tails .498 Mirrora, amalgam for 500 Machines, electrical amalgam for 500 Moulding, eand for 503 Millstones 504-505 Milldams 505 Machinery, colors for painting 514 Mechanical drawing, colors for 514 ' ' dra\vlng, tracing paper 614 Mosgnito bar 520 Moulds and dies 550 Matches 562 Metronome, to construct a 564 Microscope, to make a 575 Mills and milling 643 to 653-<154-657 Moulders and patternmakers table 609 Machinists, hint to 669 Mechanical movements 674 to 683 Manufactnrers, profits of 687 Nails, number of American machine made cut in a pound 672 KeecUe maniifacture 569-570-571 Nickel plating 671-672-686-687 Oil canisters 670 " to bleach fixed 555 " for fine mechanism 555 " to make linseed and cotton 556-556 " to make coal 556 " lubricators 550 " neats foot 556 " to purify - 554 " to prevent sperm gumming 389 " patent lubricating 522 " paintings, to clean and renew 551 ' ' Kerosene and carbon, manufacture. . . 558 Oxides, to reduce 496 Pumps, feed, for engines 629 Pump, nautical 103 Ports, to ascertain the breadth of 664 Piston, stroke of 363 rings 387-388-389 " effectivepressureof steam on. ..412 Pntty, French 424 " imperishable -^ Pulleys, to chuck 476 paper friction 487-488 " hardening wood for 490 Pulley, to find size required 498 Printers" rollers 545-578 " colored inks 679 " and publishers' table 577 Printing on glass 545-546 " in bronze 579 " in gold 579 Pen making 571-573 Pens. goM .';72 Papiar nmche 574 (9) Paper coloring and sizing of 547 to traus-fer pictures from 647 " for rlraughtsmen 54* ninkiii)' 6 J7-3'i'8-679 " colored BT8 magic — 561 Picture, to print a 651 Photographers, formulae for 552 Photograph painting in oil colors. . ..552-553 " water colors 55S Pianos, to recover hammers in .562 Powder, for percussion 575 Eespirator, a fireman's 386 Kiiilway train speed table 408 " signals 410 " passenger traiifti, speed of.. 410-411 " cross ties 430 " passenger coach, the first 421 Reamer, to dip a fluted 490 Retorts, to mend 541 " to purify ." 542 Rubber hand stamns ' .551 Rocks, blasting anS weight of 557-558 Railroad cars, cost of 6','3 ' ' passenger cars 673 " locomotive 673 " sleeping coach 673 " box, baggage, coal and freight cars 674 " Englinh carriages 674 Ships, anti-fouling composition for 101 Ships, to stop holes in 86 Specula, polishing powder for 87 Saws, filing 92-93 " to repair 95-97 " speed of circular 92-94-95 Steam packing 8.50 " to worK expansively 3.o9-360 ' ' table showing average pressure of .360 " boilers on the form, strength, etc., of 364-365-366-867-368 " boiler shells 368 " boilers, composition for cover- ing 368 " boilers, heat of water in.. 561 " boilers, prevention of scale in.3C8-369 '■ boDers , marine and other .. . 376-378 379-660-661 " boiler, marine, full page cut of. . ..377 " boiler tubes, cleaning .379 " pipe, jacketing 379 gauges 381-382-383 " pipes ;iS3 " Doiler leaks 3. fire engine. ..... 383-884-385-399 -*i " cylinders :>, " boilers, various .SOfKJ'j-i " pipes and cylinders, non-conduc- tor for 420 " latent heat of 422 " bums and scalds 422 " pipe joints 428 ■■' engine indicator, Richard's 432 " power required for various pur- poses... j 435 " saw machine, for stones 435 " engines, p,.--rtable ... 4:>;i-4'7-4.S3-439 " machinorj inventors.. 413-4'J0-H0-.574 Ship, cost of per ton 116 " to find the meridian 116" Forew cutting 4^3-490. Ships, calculAtiooB of toojuge. . 102-lUd-119 MaehinistV and Engineers i^eparlment.— Continued. ToOiS, dipping when hardening fM working steel for .4M to mak« harden and temper.. .. 464 Stnamer or Balling vchspI, how to gliar" 1 ' 420 Ste&.ii-ti.. . aodern ocean 'u^ •• ' hulls 573 Stc^l '.^ eMin? 458-459-498 rdened 458 und improve 469-460 _i iron or 4«W " toor.uze 51-3 I Tins and linnin " to prevent from rusting 516-66".i " to copier 518 " plate engravin? 549 " to test quality^ of 631 " springs 631-6S2 " or '.r.m blue for 617 " wei'.'ht of flat per foot 609 Spirit methylated 488 Silver aluminum 491 " Gprnian 494-513 '' frum gold, to separate 6-33 to wTite with 515 to separate from copper 515 «:erro metal 399 Shaft, to calculate strength of 626 Shafts 390-149 Steam iiserd, facts for 390-392-393 Safes, hardening and filling, for fire- proof 478 Shafting, to straighten 4t^ turning 486 Shaft, to find speeA of a counter 498 Sails, mildew on 489 Soldering 514-515-519-5-30-521 Screw threads 477-4S3 Saw, to braze a band 4s-3 Smelting copper and lead 584 Silvering, mixture for 515 by heat 515 " powder 515 Solder, removing zinc and iron from 515 St"" -' ■"., of hauling 567 t; J 560 465-467-46S-469-170-17 1-47-3-473-474-475 476-573-5eC-6£9 to cast chill iron , 491 Tool handki to make •. 48> Turning and borins 485 .. 516-517-572 5t!0-581 Tin to copper 5i23 " to sejjarate from Itiud 511 " gold laconer for 528 '■ to crystallize 52* " to remove from copper vessels 573 " plates, number, size, weight, length and breadth of 670 can tops, to strike outand uevel 671 Tacks. Valves, to n? pro: Talve pear. Yam is n for bia. in I-l 559 ensure of slide.... 669 '.pet 664 .ink and ... 400-410 .~s 514 k inr cool bucket* 521 S of 565-566 S of 575 js: J uTiting 5b0 i> :■ load in ess , . luiauent loads on bridges. 625 am, warming by 628 boiler iron thickness oi and pres- sure allowed by U. S. Laws — 628 " briler plates and bolt* 629 " boiler, bursting or collapeing pressure 629 ** boiler joints, strength of riveted. 629 " boiler tubes, to preserve 662-1014 " boiler, diameter and height of chimney for any 664 •* boilers, calculation regarding dimensions, power, etc.. of. 664-665 ** power, enormous results of 668 engine, »o get into line and square shaft of 6^9 Tinware, sizes of different kinds of 522 " ^Id v.vnish for 426 Tnnuels, submarine 448 railway 449-9^12 Toa'^r;;\ 1 457-458-460-461 -468-463-404 47M79-573-580 Tempering 510.000, or secret ofU. 8. Gov- ernment 57S ITiKiliiig grain .447 " for balloons 575 " for metals. 687 Velocity of various bodies, table show- ing average 667 Water, cold, aiid feed pumps 629 " to find height or a column of aJ9 " quantitv requisite for a boiler . 620-661 weight "of 624 " works 4.35 works, filters for ., 435 ■' pipes to unite So wheel 4:ft-*r^ " velocity and discharge of for gate orifices 444 " annealing 463 gau^in^ streams of 558 " neat of in boiler* 561 fresh 562-563 " horse power of engine to raise to a given height 664 •' velocity to dLscnarge a given volume in a given time 664 '' heating power of 626 Wood cut* 545 *' engraving on 548 " to petrify 564 " to render indestructible 567 " gravities and weights of 6^ Wheels, pitch of 445 I •' emery 477-4tfi " to true corundum 477 I " strength of leeth 628 I Wheels 487 I Wheel gearing 445-446-44T 1 ■' to conipnte weight of rim 447 • " to compute dimensions of rim. . .447 I Welding various metal 458-459-488 ! Wagon tires 499 I Weights and measures, table of to I eign 576 Washing powder 5Ht I WeiEht'in tons required to break barn I of. etc., of various materials. . . . rtiO-6S6 . Zinc to purify 517 I ■' solution' of 510 " osier's of. tonaducf . . P.IO I Zincing iij I'acts for Gas Compauies and Consnuieri. Facte for Gaa Companies and Coasn mers 5*3-533 Gas, explosion of 533-534 •' pressore of ;... 634-535 " pipea .' 535 " tubiDE; and burners 535 " qnality of iiluminating 535-536 " machines 537-538-539 " meters 539-5i0 " water 540 Gas welis .., •* " cngrines ....Ml ' ' from pitch pine .Ml • raelei s, to prevent from freezing 543 " meter, how to read the -.548 " to purify 538 " to avoid waste of... -..543 Hydro-carbons, classification of ..539 Time, measurement of 778 Useful Items for Daily Kemembrance. Arithmetical gigns and their signifi cation 610 Children and home conversation 589 Cleanliness and ventilation 590-638 Cribs and boxes, size and capacities of .611 Circles, diameter, circitaference and areas of 612 to 616 Colors, symbolic meaning of 593 Cockroach destroyer 701 Coffee, glaze for roast 1016 Daily savings at compound interest 587 Food, time required for digestion of different articles of 623 " comparative value of various 633 Habits of a man of business 591 How to make d fortune . 591-592-593 Home after business hours 589 Horse, performancea of a 6.59 Inks 1016 Interest table 597 legal brevities 587 Light, loss of by use of shades 630 Laundry secrets 634 Married life, its joys and sorrows 568-589 Measures for varioua purposes 631 Engineers, Mill Oimers, Mechanics, etc., Department. Mamage forms; and certificates 824-825 Measures, tables showing value of the British and the U. S 634 " of various nations, for a mile. ..631 Manifold paper 1016 Profanity 587 Ready reckoner €01to604-611 ' ' reckoner, 3000 lbs. to the ton 598 ' ' reckoner, ^40 lbs. to the ton 599 Kats. to rid a house of 703 Selfishness, 587-588 Safe business rules 590 Save a little 594 Starch, enamel silver poli&h 1015 Superior baking powder 1015 Table conversation 590 The best things 594 Value of current coins 826 " of foreign coins 1016 Well worthy of imitation 590 Weight, stature, etc., of man 605 Weather, tables for telling the 630 Wind, force of tie 6-30 Wages table 595-596 Bolt, speed and pitch of 653 Bolting cloth 650 Belt, to find length of a driving 653 Beil holes, where to cut in floor 653 Belts and belting 654 Burrs, to grind without water 654 " to prevent heating - 652 Circles, proportion of 637-638 Circamfercncc of any diameter 638 of a circle 638 " of an ellipse , 638" Circle circa ill iVrence. and area of 638 Driver, to toKjpate revolutions of a 638 Grain elevator^:, arrangement, propor- tion, capacity etc., of 687 Lathe gearing, a compound 635-636 Mill, sucar 668-669 " stones, to remove glaze from 652 * stones, speed, capacity and poTverof 651 ■" stone dress .» . tiSO MiU, flour, sectional view of a com- plete W3 " hoppers, hipped roofs, etc 636-665 " trrinding wheat in 645-646 " flour 643-644-^45 gtanda.Td grinding 636 stone, balancing 647-&48-649-650 " portable M9-652 bolting cloth, number of meshes in. 650 Mills, saw. power and capacity of. . 639-642 •• sawfilintrfor 639-640-641-642 " other information in regard to... 441 442-444-.505-500-643-668 Oat meal kiln, temperature of K6 Pinion, to compute the number of revolu- tions of a 636 " to compute the diameter of 638 Pulleys 653-654 Shafting, to prevent accidents from 654 Stream, horse power of 657-5.58-659 Wheel.*, to compute number of t£«ili iu. 638 Farm Buildings, Agricultural Tables, Land Measurement, etc. Apples, potatoes, etc.. to find the num- ber of bushels of in a bin 694-718 Animals, growth, life, etc., of 703 Barrel or cask, to find the contenta of. . .693 Bushel, legal weight of a 707 Bee flowers 717-718 Buttfr and chee«e. amount of obtaina- ble from milk 719-720-721 Com in the crib, to measure 6ff2-69:l '.'istcJTis, capacities of . .095 Cattle, to compute the weight of live.695-696 food for 696-697 " to soU 714 Crops, relative to 698-699 Cheese manufacture 719 to 7^ Farm buildings 688-68W Fences, how to build and quantity of material raquired for 708-701 Fertilizers 709-710-711 -7 12-7IS Farmers, rules for <8<^4M ^^■~ ■ rami Buiiaings Agrieultural Tables, Land Measur^mpiit. etc.— Continnod. K»rmer«. ftm-irj hfme '■>f infrj^st to I Laud mpaFuromcnt *'^* "'^ eui-'jW t XieaMireiccnla. vnriuue... . oui-.Oi-.i.»:--.i* " grand id« f'»r 690-700 i Manor**, varioae 70»-riO-vli-Tl >-; 19 Food, nutritive qnalifiee of TIT Potatoes, qoantitr rpqnirwl... TU •• fart-^oins power of 723-723 Produce, averugo ci>niiK>pition of . .16 Grists proc<^eda of 6t>l Pickle*, cucumber 718 Grain biJup, tdble exhibiting capacities of. 893 ; Roots, storage of in c-cllars «M Dercentage of oil in 718 ' Rats, to rid a bouse of TW " In the grauarv, to meaeure (38 ' Shinelc>. to find iinmUr requinx) for a Gnano '. 711-''' '"'^f 2^ Hay, weight of fool tor ;;;j. 215 •• measuring in bnlk P'lll" 2S".l Hoge, gross and net weight and priceof •< - , .luantitr required ™*",;i? floraes. food for. ' - > -. viulitv of 7K Hens, winter treatment of ' C U . n bod?, capacity of «Q4 Ice house, to coa*-truct Jij W iuat, sowing of 708 Geological Facts and Origin and Formation of the Earth. Geoloeical facts 7«ito7»l Origin of the e«rth 7S'>to74« Dirision of the circle 774 Agt of tho earth 775 Tables for Printers. Inks 74(>-7«-756-757-758-7S>-101« ! Posters 7S« ninotrations 737-7ri8 , Table*, etc.. for printers and compositor* Pro^f readine ' .' . 75i-75.Vr4 , 746-747-f48-74^730-751-75a-;« Pr ceoco , performances of 7Xi i Tatent Office Rales, Charges, etc., etc. Patents how to obtain 760 Patents, duration of 780 foreign 700-763 gruniing of 7W «' fee* 760-761-763, '" caveats 761 Facts Relating to Human Life, etc., etc. Food, facts concerning 765 : Population of the globe 76« Ixmg life ''^ I " of various coantrie* . 770-771-778 Mortality, statistics 768-783-754 | Areas of Lakes, Seas, etc., and Height of Mountains, etc. Capacity of Cbarchea, theatres, opera ' Mountains, highest 768-70 bonees, halls, etc 772 Oceans and seas, an-a of 7f4 Lakes, area of 767 , Rivers, length of 7W Telegraphy, Photography, Banting and Trapping. Honiing and trapping 785-7S«-7>C-7>« Photography 77»-7«>-781-7>«-7«8-7B« ^ 7«-79a Telegraphy :76-7rr-77B Book-keeping and Tarions Business Rules. Interest table 7«5-79« State and I'rovincial law 8*7 Tute allowed by the jobbers of New Book-keeping 791-7V5-793-7»4-7« Busineaa forms, local and commercial 803 to 885 to conduct a successful 796-799 Collection of debts in all States, Terri- tories and Canada 888 to 92S Basin€«9 rule*, aafe 80OW1-908-80S Special Laws of the foUorring States and Territories, etc York City 707 Tables of weights. measuMs.moi.ey ex- change tables, etc 205-306^- Aiabama 828 Arkansas 831 California 831 Kansas 5CT Kentucky *« Louisiana. 6*?* Colorado 835 ' Maine fM Connecticut 838 Maryland 866 Districtof Colombia «40 M'-'sa/'hosettB. 861 Dakota -" v -^ - - £78 Delaware '- 8™ Florida 5i .W5 Georgia ^ i"- _^ Idaho -na wa Dlinnis -*» -^ Indiana •" -"■ \^''a ™ Ifiwtk S&5 TTew Hampa^ure ...914 Special Laws of the foUowingr Stales and Tenltories, etc — Continued. Ifffw Jsner 886 N w York .688 New Merico North Carolina 890 Ohio 692 Oregon 895 Pennevlrania 898 Rhode Island 900 8«ath Carolina 902 Tennessse 904 Texas 906 UUh VfTDiomt pot Viririiiin tiO 890 I Waihiiigton Territory 9^3 "^ West Virginia Ci.3 Wisconsin 913 Wjomins 91V CAKADA. New Brunswick 901 Nova Scotia BCS Ontario 917 908 I Quebec ....9?3 Tables for Miners. ABtKjbig and 8m«Uing metal 451-1009 Amalgamation, Mexican process 968 barrel 971 to 976 Assays of minerals 1009 to 1013 Blow pipe assays 991-994 Comstock lode 944 Cupellation of gold and silver.. 980-981-994 Dynamics of vblcanic force 945 Geological epochs 937 Gk)ld and silver mills, arrangement of. . .957 Hydrostatic balance 995 Lfxi^^ating tubs 990 Miscellaneous.. 8SJ4-925-926 Mines, heat in 941 " description of 939 * height of 940 *' exploitation in 948 " timbering of 990-953 " penetration of 953 " the deep of the world 1014 JDning in Colorado 581-583-583-929 " Bomenclature 936 *' flume 938 ** placer, hydnmlic,.,,...,.. 4U-454 (18) Mining machinery 435 " for gold C67 details of 947 " machinery 948 to 951-9o4-'J,"i5 956-961-962-963-964-96a-973-974-9r6 Mineral wealth of North America 9:^0 veins and deposits 933-934-P:i5 " wealth of the world 946 Metals, characteristics 995 Metallurer. synopsis of 996 to 1003 Ores, roaVting and mixing. . . 977-9>»2 to 0S9 Ore furnaces 0S2 to 989 Prospecting for gold 452 Pcni, wealth of 927 India, wealth of 9-.:S-929 Quartz, crushing 435 Kock, composition of various 933 Silver, emdting 456-l)U)-lC0 metallurgy of . .960 to 9G4-1004 to 1008 " ores 965 to 968-«70^9ri-!C8-5«r9 The Sutro tunnel 942-9-10-9'U Treatment of gold ore 958-:;5» Teat tubes 90MM BAKING AND COOKING DEPARTMENT. Note, —The ob«ervaiit tradosraan will notice that the follo\ring tonniilffl may be adaptf>l for sumlier qiuintitiee, or tor huusehold as*, in any desired inatauce, by a proportiouute subdivision of the ma- teriald used. Hop Yexst.— Boil 9 oza. of hojw with 3 |>a{1^ of wntnr : pnt 9 1h^ M ffood flour in a tab, and strain Oil • - ,- ■ , , .^^ aiakd it into a slid piiete ; beat it i. .f Ihe hop-water into tliP! paste ; let It ill 1^ qtB. stock yeaat It will riae 1 to o iiiclioa, but do uot disturb it ujitd it drops. ftTOCK OR Malt Ykast.— Boil 12 ow. of good hoi>-> with 4 pails of water for about 6 minutes; t'uou stmin off enous^h of the liiiuid among 8 lbs. of good sifted flour in a tul), to rendor it into a stiff patite, world n£j it up thoroui,'hlv with a clean stick ; thou add the rest of the liquid to ti\e paste; let it stand till lukewarm, and pulverire any remaining lumps with your fini;ers. No\f add alxiut H lbs. malt and 6 qt8. stock yea^jt; allow it to work in a warm place till it rises and falls a!:jain. which will 0'\;upy from S to 12 hours; strain throuc^h a hair sieve auii stiud in a cool place. In warm wivttlier 4 »als. cold water mii^ht bo added to tlie above, provlms to st^x-kin-.? it away. OosiPKKssED Yeast. — Tliis yeast, so extensively used in Europe, is obtained by strainin* tli^ common yeast in breweries and distil- leries until a moist m:iss is obt.iiiiesed out until thu nmss is nearly dry. It Is then sewed up in strnn^r iiii«n bi'.,'s for tmnsiK):-tatIon. It will keep a long Lme, and is very highly esteemed by bakers. See Vifintm Bread. Ferment.— Boil 2 pecks of good potatoes, strain, and place thera In a ferment tub; add 8 or 9 lbs. flour, ?nd, with a masher, intermix all thoroughly together and turn in, say, (i or H gals, water, or enough to make it milkwarm; add 2 gals, stock- ye;ist, set it in a warm place, allowing it to rise and fall, not letting it .stand very long after it falls, as it is liable to sour in warm weather; strain, and all is rejidy. Note. — Good yea^t for the purpose of renewing your old stock may be made by boiling a i)et"k of clean potatoes in 4 iiails of water; when fcbout done, add 12 ozs. hoi*, and boil tlie |H>tatoes until soft: put 12 lbs. flour into a cle;in tub; make into a stiff paste with part or the hop-water; ne.vt add the whole, including potatoes and hopa, ru'.bing the potatoes through a coarse sieve, letting it stand till lulii» a lO BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. warm ; then stock away. This is for renewms; yonr old malt or bop yeast when the latter runs out, and not for general use; or it may be eubstitated by yeast from another shop. Seting Sponge. — For a quantity of, say, 3 barrels of floar. put It ic thf trough; sift it ; add+i pails of ferment, and about 4^ water (cold water during warm weather, and warm water during coi ); in- temiLx and work it up smooth, allowing it to rise and fall, whej it is ready. A delav in the process, for the space of 30 minutes or so, may be effected, if desired, by the addition of a handful of salt when the sponge is being set The sponge being ready, 9 lbs. oi *ilt, in- cluding the last mentioned, are now weighed, dissolved, and turned iato the sponge, together with 9 pails oi water (of 2^ gals, to each pail); mix all thoroughly and knead the dough, letting it get a good proof, when it will be re-;idy Vj mLx up into loaves. A g'wd method for warm weather to work flour that is new and soft, is to make yen dough right up, straining in all your ferment, salt and water, wit. - out setting any sponge. When the dough rises well, work it qowd, turning up the sides, and allow it ti riso oace more pre\ious to throwin^r it out of the trough, adding alu.n if dosirod. With flour that worts soft and clammy, requiring 9 lbs. of salt to the batch, omit 4i pounds, and suhstitute 2J lbs. alun, 1 lb. of alum being equivalent to 2 lbs. salt. Alum assists inferior flour in maldng white bread. The rule here laid down is 8 ozs. s;ilt tn each pail of water, but a little more might be used occasionally with beneflL LoHDON WuiTE BazAD. — The common' proportions used by the London bakers, are: Flour, Isa'^k; commou salt, 4 i lbs. ; alum, 5 0Z8. ; yeast 4 pts. ; warm water for the 8;jongo, about 3 gals. The* alum is used for the purpose of whit nini the bread, but Liebig haa demonstrated that this purpose may be better subserved by the usa of clear lime water in mixing up the dough. It is the commendahle ambition in the English bakers to impart that i>eouliar tint so highly prized by connoisseurs, and so success- fully produced at Vienna and Paris. At Vienna, it has long been known that if the hearth of an oven be cleaned with a moistened wisp of straw, the crust of bread baked in it immediately after pre- sents a rich vellow tint; the theory is that the aqueous vapor retained in the oven nas a beneficial eiTeet The proper temperature of the oven is between 200" and 223"* Centigrade, equivalent to 424° and 480^ Fahr., and may be known by the emission of sparks from a piece of wood rubbed on the oven. The dough loses about l-7th of its weight if baked iu batches, but fully \ If baked in small loaves and 'placed in the oven separatelv. The best breiid contains about ll-liJths of its weight of added water, and common bread often .-nu'^h more than J. The proportion of wa- ter in the London bread h is gre itlv increased of late yejirs. owing to the use of the fraudulent method of making the dough with rice jelly or moss jelly, iu which Iceland moss, Irish moss, or other moss- es are used, by boiling 7 lbs. of moss in 10 gals, of water, and using the resultant jelly in making 70 lbs. of flour into dough, which is then fermented and baked in the usual way. It is said that flour treate^l in this way will yield fully double its weight of good bread. According ^) Heeru, lOO'lbs. of wheaten flour will yield at least 125 to 126 lbs. of bread — some say 135 lbs. ; iOO lbs. of rye meal, 131 lb». oX bread A. i oz. carbonate of magnesia, added to the flour for a BAKINS AXD COOKING EECEIPT8. 11 (Wb. loaf, materially improves th« quality of the bread ©Ten when made from the very worst seconds flour. Paris Baker's White Bread.— On 80 lbs. of the dough left from the previous day's baking, as much luke-warm water is poured as will make 820 lbs. flour iuto a rather thin dough. As soon as thia nas risen, 80 lbs. are taken out and reserved in a warm place for next day's baking. One pound of dni yeast dissolved in loarm water is then added to the remaining portion, and the wkole lightly kneaded. As soon as it is sufficiently " risen," it is then made ii to loaves, and •hortly afterwards baked, the loaves being placed in the oven with- out touching each other, so that they nmv be " crusted" all round. Thb Secrets of Viexxa Bread.— the proportions of Vienna hread, confessedly inferior to none in the world, are : Flour 100 lbs : water and milk, 9 gals. ; salt, 6 lbs. 4 ozs. ; pressed veast, 18 lbs. 12 ors. According to Prof. Horsford, good fresh middlings flour will compare favorably with the avera.^e Hungarian flour used in Vienna. The fresh pressed yeast is obtained by skimming the froth from beer mash in active fercaenfcition. This contains the upper yeast, which must be repeatedly washed with cold water imtil only the pure white yea«t settles clear from the water. This soft, tenacious mass, after the water has been drawn off, is gathered into bags and subifted to hydraulic pressure, until there remams a semi-solid, somewhat brit- tle, dough-Uke substance, still containing considerable water. Thia la the pressed yeast, which will keep for eighty days in summer, an4 much longer on ice. For use it should be fresh and sweet The mixing is commenced by emptying the flour sacks into a zino- lined trough about 2^ feet wide and 8 feet long, half round in form. Then with a pail holding about 5 gals., equal parts of milk and wa- ter are poured, and left to stand until the mixture attains the temper- ature of the room, between 70o and 80° Fahr. It is then poured into one end of the trough and mixed with the bare hand with a small portion of the flour to form a thin emulsion. The pressed yeapt ia next crumbled finely in the hands, and added in the proiwrtiou of 3^ ozs. to every 3 qts. of liqiud, and then 1 oz. of salt iu same propor- tion is intermingled through the mass. The trough is now covered and left undisturbed for | of an hour, and after this the rest of the flour is incorporated with the mass in the above-named proportions. The mass of dough, being allowed to rest for 2^ hours, becomes a Bmooth, tenacious, puflfed mass of yellowish color, which yields to indentation without rupture and is elastic. It is now weighed into pound masses, and each lump ia cut by machinery into 12 small pieces, each | inch in thickness. Of each one of these, the corners are brought together in the centre and pinched to secure them Then the lump is reversed and placed on a long dough board for farther fermeLtation, until the whole batch is ready for the oven. Before bemg introduced into the latter, the rolls are again reversed and re- stored to their original position, having c«nsiderablv increased in volume, to be still farther enlarged in the oven to at least twice the size of the original dough. In the oven they do n.>t touch each other, and the baking occupies about 15 minutes. To glaze the surface they are touched in the process of baking with a siwnge dipped in mUk, which besides imparting to them a smooth surface, increases the brilliancy of the slightly reddish cinnamon color and adds to tilt frateful arom» of title crust. 19 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. Aerated BreaI/. — ^The water used in forraiug the dough igpl»c«d In a v«9sel capable of withstanding a high pressure, and carbonic acid gas 1* forced into it to the extent 10 or 12 atmospheres. The watet will absorb and refciiu it whatever may be its densitj', in quantitiea equal to its own bulk, so long as it is retained in a close vessel uudei pressure. The flour and salt, of whicli the dough ia to be formed, is next placed in another powerful vessel of a spheroidal fonn, con- structed with a simple kueading appantus working from without and operating through a closelj- packed stuiling-box. luto tiiis ves- sel is forced a pressure eqnl\alent to that in the aerated water vessel, then by means of a pipe connecting the two vessels, the aerated water is drawn into the flour and the kneading apparatus is operated at the same time, the water acting simply as limpid water among the Hour, forming a jiast}' mass of the requisite tenacity. The pressure is now withdrawn, and the gas escapes from tlie water, and in doing so, raises the dough in a beautiful and rapid manner, the lutermLxture being thorough and complete. The mixing vessel may have, sav, an inter- nal capacity of 10 bushels ; to fill this with tlie iutlated bread dough only 3^ bushelsof flour are required. In the iutcrmixture of water with flour the pasty mass nica.nues rather Ic.-js than half the bulk of the original dry flour, or about IJ bushels instead of o^, the es.V)aud- ed dougli represents nearly 5 parts gaseous to one solid. The subse- quent baking expands it to a much greater extent, makmg the proportions of gaseous to solid iu all about 10 to 1. It must be self- evident that this bread is very pure, nothing but flour, water, and salt, being used, and reliable experimeuts have demonstrated that 118 loaves i:an be made from the same weight of flour which by fer- meutition will make only 105 or 106, tlie loss in the Latter being caused by the emission of carbonic acid g:is through the dou^'h dur- ing the process of fermentation and manufacture. In baking this bread, it has been found necessary to have tlie heat admitted through the bottom of the oven, with means of regulating the heat of the top, 50 that the bread is cooked through the bottom, :iud the heat subse- quently admitted above towards "the last, in order to perfect the top crust. Tliese precautions are taken owing to the low temperature of the dough when placed in the oven, caused by the use, of cold water in the baking process, and the sudden expansion on rising inducing a temperature of 40° Fahr., lower than ordinary fermented dough. This in connertion with its slow s[jringing until it reaches the boiling point, renders it desirable to delay tlie formation of the top crust until the last moment. Another Aerated Brk.vd.— 1. Dis.solve 1 oz. of sesqni-carbon- ate of ammonia m water, sufficient to make Tibs, of flour into a dougli, which must be formed into loaves, and baked immediately. 2. Divide 3 lbs. flour into two portions: mix up the first with water, holding in .solution 2 ozs. bicarbonate of scnla ; then mix the second portion of flour with water, to which 1 oz. of muriatic acid has been added ; knead each mats of the dough thoroughly. When this is done, mix both portions together as rapidly and perfectly as possible form the mass into loaves and bake immediately. This bread con- tains no yeast, and is very wholesome. i\'ooouf ul of salt ; let it rise and then knead well the secojid time ; bake li hours. Corn-Meal Bread No. 2- — Mix 2 qtvS. of new com-meal with three pints of warm water ; add 1 tabiespoonf ul of salt, 2 table- spoonfuls of sugar and one large fciblespoonf id of hop yeast: let it gtand in a warm place five hours to ri.-:e ; then add 1.^ teacupfnls of wheat flour, and a half pint of warm water. Let it rise again IJ hours, then pour into a pan well greased with sweet lard, and let it rise a few minutes. Then bake in a moderately hot oven, li hours. Cokn-Meal Bbfab, No 3. — Take 2 qts. of white corn-meal, 1 ibfkblespoonful of I' ^d, 1 pint of hot water : mix the lard in water . «tir it well that ii may get heated thoroughly, and add one-half pint of cold water. When the mixture is cool enough, add two well- beaten eggs, and two tablespooufuls of home-made yeast Bake 1 hour in a moderately heated oven. If for breakfast make "^ei night. Be.st Boston Brown Bread.— Take 100 lbs. of Indian meei ; M lbs. rye meal ; and 10 lbs. flour ; sift and intermix together in the trwugh ; strain in four gals, mplasses ; 2 gals, ferment or yeast ; dissolve t 14 BAKIKG JLXD COGKH^G EECEIPT9. lb. aoda and 4 lbs. salt in water and add that Kow add watel •noDgh to mix all rather stiff, mixing well and breaking all liunpe. How mix in water enough to form a batter sufficiently tliiu to remair even on top : allow it to stand 2 or S hoars after mixing, before put- ting it into the pans and OTen, then bake from 6 to 10 hoon in n eiow oven. Boston, ok Soft Cbackebsi. — First 8irtin4 bdirela / flonr intc the trough, add 2 j^ls of etock-yeast, au J ubout 9 paiLs of water , mix all into a sponge and allow ii t? stand uutil it ri-sfej and falla twice. The sponire will require about 6 or 8 hours to beoome ready, if it sours a little, jjo much the better. Usually it is set about dood for the work next day, and if set warm, for using stock yeast inctead of ferment, it will come less rapidly. The sponge being ready, add to it from 8 to 10 pails more water ; mix and break the six)ugc up weU, maldng a stiff dough, and let it stand until next morning. It \i raj iiisite that the dough should be sour, to en.-'are good crackers. When ready, remove a sample of it suiBcient for one ovenful of crackers ; take it to another part of the trough, and add to it from 8 to 6 lbs. of butter or lard, the proportion to b« addi.*d to be estimated by the dimensioHs of the pie.-e so sejjarattd ; soda in solution is now to.be added, made by dissolving i^da, I lb. in cold water, 1 qt, and the detiohed pieoe of dji:i,h mav be intermixed with 1 pt. of the liquid, representing 8 cc3. of g<>da, but the exact quantity required must be ascertain^ by the acidity or age of the dough, and the judg< ment of an ex|>erieuced practitioner. Mix the soda and butter thoroughly into the do-.igh, and put it through the rollers repeatedly or until smooth. Place a sample of this dough in the ovon to deter- mine whether or not it contains the proper quantity of soda. When baked, too much soda will induce a yellow appearance, and more dough without soda must be added ; a deficiency of soda will be in- dicated by a sour smell, and in that case more soda mu.^t be added When all is right, the dongh is put through tlie uiachine, and the Bucceediu* batch of crackers is commen'^evl by Eelecting another piece of di^ugh and pnx-eeding as above, adding" the butter and soda in the required propirtion, each batch reqiiirLug more soda on ac- count of the increasing acidity acquired by long exposure tci^the air An'othek WAT. — Set the sponge on the previous night, and the next day in.«te«d of making duugh of it, st v-ct a iiortion of the sponge, adding it to the butter and soda a* above directed, working tiiem well intr it, and adding tiour enough to make a stiff dough, and it is ready for the break. \\'hen yon detach part of the sponge to n-'ake the batch, add water enough to the sponge, and stir it up witb more flour, thus continuing to renew the sjxmge as fast as it is used. Soda Ckackxrb are made by the same process, of the same dough ; after using the scraps, add a little more butter, rolling them thinn ei and cutting them square. ^ OvsTEE Crackee.« are made of the same dough, using tlie scrap* also. Butter, ifugar, and other crackers are made the same way, adding respectively butter and sugar. Cream Cr-^ckeks.— Rub together 14 lbs. flour ana 1 lb. batter ; then add 1 lb. pounded sugar. 48 eggs, and flavor : mix thoroughly, ftnd work it quite stiff and smooth ; roll out quite thii\ -cut them with a cutter in the form of a oak leaf ; put them into boiling water and boil till thev float ; remove with a skimmer and dry them on cloth^ •ad bake oo cle&u itaiu without being buttered, in a warm ovaB. BAKING Am> COOKIXG BECEIPTS. td Chkap Ladt Cake. — Break up 2 lbs. butter, mix in 3 Hie. sugar, ribbing well together for 6 or 10 minutes, add 2 pts. whites of eggs, & third at a time, beat all up light, then add 4 lbs. flour, and 1 oz. soda, digsolved in 2 pts. milk, and 2 ozs. cream tartar ; intermix all well to- gether, bake in pans about 1^ ins. deep, in loaves that will weigh from 2 to 3 lbs., when baked, take out of the pans and frost on tlie undei side. Mark in slices | of an inch thick. Fbost Cakes.— Beat 2 lbs. butter and 3 lbs. sugar together until quite light, add 30eg.?8, 10 at a time, beating after each addition, then a little ext. lemon, add 3 lbs. flour, stir just enough to mix ; put in flat, square pans, greased, and bake in a slow oven, when done, frost on the under side and mark in squares. CriKON Fro3T Cake is made similar to the above, with the addi- tion of sUced citron when the flour is added, or preferably put th« citron on the batter alter it is in the pans. Bake as the last. SHREWSBrsY Cake.— Rub 2 lbs. butter, and 2 lbs. of sugar to- gether, add 24 eggs, 6 at a time, beating them in, dissolve and add twice as much soda as will lie on a dime in a httle water, mix in 4 lb& flour, roll and cut out ^ith any plain or fancy shaped cutter, put oa buttered tins, and bake in a moderate oven. Lemon Ca^e. — Rub tJMther 6 lbs. of light brown sugar, and 2 lbs. of lard or butter, add 16 eggs, 12 qts. of milk with 2 ozs. of soda dissolved therein, 2 ozs. ammonia, a few drops extract of lemon for flavor, and flour sufBcient to make a stiff batter; drop them either with the hand or -with a spoon, into scalloped pans, aud sprinkle a few currants on the top of eacn. and bake in a moderate ovt^n. Rock Cake. — Rub together 4 lbs. sugar, and 8 lbs. of flour, make a hollow in the middle, and add 6 eggs, 1^ pts. milk, 1 lb. 8 oz. of but- ter, and 2 oz. ammonia, mix all together, roll out and cut out with a plain cutter, rather thick, put on jians, and witji a fork scratch the top of each until it is quite rough. Bake in a moderate oven. Cup C.^ke. — Break up 2 lbs. butter, add 3 lbs. sugar, and 16 eggs. a third at a time, beat up light, add 5 lbs. flour, 2 pts. milk, and ammonia 2 ozs., make all smooth by thorough mixing. Bake in email pans in a moderate oven. Weddikq Cake.— Rub 4 lbs. butter and 4 lbs. light brown sugar well together, adding 40 eggs, one quarter at a time, teating well, then add 2 pts. molasses, 2 pts. good brandy, 1 oz. each of mace, nutmeg, cassia, and cloves, all well blended in and mixed with the mass, thea add 5 lbs. flour, 8 lbs. currants, 9 lbs. stoned raisins, and 3 lbs. citron, intermix all thoroughly, put it in pans, spread smootli on top, and it is ready for the oven. These materials will make 4 loaves of 9 lbs. each, and will require careful baking for from 4 to 6 hours in a cool oven, otherwise it wiU be burnt on the outside. To frost this amount of cake beat up the whites of 10 eggs in a bowl, with sufficient pulverized sugar to render the mixture stiff enough to spread on the cake, using a wooden spoon (probably 2^ lbs. will be required), beat all to- gether for 15 or 20 minutes ; spread it on the cake, after the latter becomes cool, and set it away until the next day. when another coat of the frosting compositioD must be applied, and the cake set awav until the day following to await the final ornamenting. This is ef- fected with the assistance of ornamenting tubes, &c., together with a frosting composition of a much stiffer consistence than that previooaly ased. Note. — One-half, or even one-quarter of the above quantity ol 6ake will be found amply sufficieut fox moi>t oesaiiooji, 16 BJULING AKD COOKING H£CB1TTS. AsoTHXB Wedding Cake.— Use 2 Iba. sngar, 3 Ibe. flour, 8 ho* megs, 18 eggs, 1 oz. allspice, 1 or. cloves, 3 lbs. currantg, 2 Ibe. citroiL. 3 lbs. Bultaiui raieins. a little ammoiiia, and 1 gill brandy. Proceed witb the mixture a.^ dire*"ted in the foregoing, and bake in a slow ov^ea. Cocoa M-r Cahx.«. — To each lb. of grafed cocoanat« add 1 lb. ot powdered sugar and the whites of 4 eggg, put all in a kettls and cook on die fire for about 30 minutes, stirring well all tfie time, and avoid burning, cook to a soft and mushy contiiFtence, turn it out and add to each lb. of cocoanut as previously weighed 2 oz«. of flour, working it well into the mixture. Now put it in well greased pans, selecting a small piece in your hands, rolling it round and lay- ing it on tJie jjans, putting them about 1 inch apart, to«illow for spread- ing, and bake in a cool oven. QtJKEX Cake.— Rub together 2 lbs. sugar and 2 lbs. butter, next add 16 eggs, 1 ]tt milk, 1 oz. of anmionia, t^tir all well together, then add the floor : bate in Pinar© pan« with a few corrunts on top. Drop Cake.— K ' ' r -. ■ . .-pr and 1 J Ibe. of butter, add 13 eggs, in 3 diffi : luilk, li ozs. soda. IJ ozs. of amnionia, fLivor v well together, add flour iuffl- cient to make a stiil' 'uai u. i , drop on l.utwsred jiaus, bake in a quick oven. Molasses Pouxd Cakr. —Mix Uij^etber 1 gat molasses, 3 lbs. but- ter, 8 eggs, 2 qts. water, 8 ozs. of soda, and add sifted flour sufficient to make a ftift batter. Bake in sm.ill scallojied pans, in a ojo\ oven. Ce<>s3 BrNS.- Work 24 lbs. dough, 2 lbs. sugar. 2 lbs. butter, 12 eggs and a little cinnamon into the dough, and set away to rise: Lhen pinch them off in about 2 oz. pieces ; mould them up ; pin out ; put on i^ans, and mark them across with a knife, or croes them with strips of dough. Gold C.aki:.— Rub together 2 lbs. butter, and 2\ lbs. brown sugar : add the yolks of 30 eggs, a few at a time. Ijeaiing all well up ; add 1 qt. milk with 1 oz. soda di**olved in it, stir well up ; and add 4 lbs. flour ; 1 oz. cream tartar ; a little lemon extract ; mix all up lightly, and bake in small pans in a warm oven. New Tork Sponge C.akk.— Beat 16 eggs and 2 lbs. sogar together about 5 minutes : next add 2 ozs. ammonia. 1 pt. milk, and flavor ; mi^ all ; add the flour, stirring carefully, but sufficient to mix. Bake in little round pans, in a warm oven, Ladt Cake. — Rub 2 lbs. butter and 4 lbs. sugar together until it % qcite light: then add the whites of 60 ejrtrs, one-fourth at a time, beating well: next flavor with a little oU of almonds: stir slightly; then add 2 lbs. flour and 1 lb. com starch, and stir up lightly. Bake in a slow oven and turn over and frost on the under side. Gp.orxD-RiCE Cakes.— Rub together 2 lbs. butter and 4 Ibe. gnsrar; add 16 eggs: beat up thoroughly; add 2 j-ts. milk, 4 oz*. ammonia, and flavor with lemon: stir all up: add 4 lbs. of rice flour, and mix thoroughly: drop on buttered pans about the size of an ^g, and bake. Ckeam Cakes.— Take 1 qt. water, and 1 lb. dark oearse-grained lard ; boil together in a kettle, and then stir in 17 oxe. of best quality flour; boil afl 4 or 5 minute?, or until it is quite smooth; then turn it out on a board, aud scrape the kettle with a knife; now put your paste in the kettle again, with 10 eggs: stir well together until all is noooth: thee add 18 or 20 more eggs, oi until the batter is of tb« right thickness ; next dissolve J oa. soda in a little water, and mix m tltoroughly; drop on ]-:aus 5'^ghtly greased; waah th -m or Uip witk BAKING AND COOKING EECEIPTg, 17 9gs, and bake in a qnick oven. They inrill require 16 U 18 minntc* to oake with a proper lieat. W hen baked, remove from tL e fire ; split them til rough the centre and fill them with, the foUowing cream: Place on the fire 1 qt. milk in a kettle, mix 4 oz. dour, 8 oz. white engar, 4 eggs, and a little silt in another vessel ; when the milk boUs, turn in the mixture, stirring briskly ; when it boils, remove from the fire, and flavor with lemon or vanilla as desired. EocK Cakes. — Kub well togotlier 6 lbs. flour, and 2 lbs. butter, maiiing a cavity in the middle; put in 2 lbs. sugar, 2 lbs. currants, 8 *ggs, dissolved soda, 1 oz., and a little e?s. lemon, with milk sufficient to mix up BtaH; now take a four-^)ronged fork and work of pieces of dough the size of walnuts ; place on pans, and bake in a cool oven. S>TJ'W Cakes. — Rub 2 lbs. butter and 2 lbs. sugar well together; then add the whites of 24 egae, 3 at a time ; beat up well ; add 12 oz«. flour, 2^ Iba. of arrowpjot; add the flavor and mix lightly. Make Q loaves of this qnantitv, either round or square; pat lemon peel on top, and bake iu a cool oven. Moss Cake. — Rub 6 lbs. of flour and 3 lbs. of butter weU together then add 2 lbs. sugar, 8 eggs, and flavor with ess. of lemon ; mix well together until smooth and stiff. Now take a piece the size of an egg pUiih it through a sieve, and form it in bum h€;s to resemble moss ])ut on buttered pans, and bake very carefully in u moderate oven to a delicate brown color. New Yoek Luxuh Cake. — Rub together 14 lbs. flour, 2 lbs. but- ter; then add 3 qta. milk, 1 oz. soda, 1 oz. tartaric acid, and 8 ozs. ar- rowroot; mix all quite stiff, break it well, and snap them off about aa big as walnuts; pin them out; dock them full of holes, and bake on clean pans in a warm oven. Tea Cake.— Rub 12 lbs. of flour and 6 lbs. of butter together; add 6 lbs. sugar, 24 eggs, 2 ozs. of soda, 4 ozs. cream tartar; flavor and add milk Eufficient to make a nice, soft dough; mix up lightly, roll out, and cut with any fancy-shaped clatters, bake in a warm oven. Fancy Cake. — Rub tog'ether 4 lbs. sugar and 3 lbs. batter; add 40 eggs in 4 difllereut lots ; add 1 oz. soda dissolved in a little milk ; mix well ; tlien stir in 4 lbs. of flour ; 1 oz. cream tatar ; a Uttle ex- tract of lemon; mbciag all well together, bake in a moderate oven. Raisin Cake. — Rub together 1 lb. butter and 1^ lbs. powdered sugar; add 18 eggs, one third at a time, beating well in; add J oz. dissolved soda, stii-ring well in ; add a little ext. lemon ; 2 lbs. 2 ozs. of flour; 1 lb. 1 oz. sultana rai?ins ; and mix aU well together. Bake in a slow oven in pans about 1^ inches deep. PouKD Cake, — Break up and weU mix 1 lb. of fresh butter with 1 lb. of powdered sugar; add 10 eggs, a few at a time, beating up lightly; add lib. of flour ; a very UttTe soda ; mix ail so as to make She flour'smooth ; bake in a slow oven. Silver Cake. — Rub together 2 lbs. butter and 4 lbs. powdered Bugar; add the whites of 30 eggs, in 3 lots at a time; beat up well; add 2 pts. milk with.l oz. soda; 6 lbs. flour, 1 oz. cream tartar; with a little varulla flavor; mix up lightly and bake as the last. Ginger Snai'S- — Put 2 qts. molasses; 1| lbs. of lard; 3 ozs. of ground ginger; 2 ozs. of soda, and 1 pL water, into a bowL Mix all together; add flour enough to make a stiff dough; then work in 2 lbs. sugar; roll thin; cut in long strips in rolls on tLe table ; cut them offwiui'*, knife or cutter the desired size; put on battered tins; 0Atten theoi down a little with the hand, and bake ui a slow ovec a IS BAKING AND COOKINQ RECEIPTS. GmoEB Case.— Fat 13 eggs and 2 pte. cresrt on the fire hi a oop* per or tin dish; stir until warm; then add 2 lbs. butter; 2 lbs. sngkr: 10 oas. ginger; allow it to stay on a slow fire and continue stirring till the butter is melted; then set off; when cold add 8 lbs. floor; mix up emooth; roll out thin, and cut with a circular catter; place on paper, and bake in a hot oven. CixNAMON Cakes.— Put 12 eggs and 6 dessert spoonfuls of rose water into a bowl ; whisk together, and add 2 lbs. nue sugar, and 1 oz. of ground cinnamon and flour sufflcicnt to make a nice stiff paste; roll them out; cut into any desired shape, and bake them on paper, in a slow oven. Seed Cakes. — ^Rub together 1 lb. butter and 2 lbs. flour; then into a hollow in the centre ; put 4 lbs. sugar ; 2 qts. milk ; 4 ozs. caraway seeds, and a little ammonia; mix up, but do not work it much; roll out; cut with a small cutter, and bake in a warm oven. Sfice Cake. — Mix togetlier 3 lbs. sugar and 1^ lbs. butter ; add H pts. milk; 15 eggs, a few at a time; 2 oz. ammonia; one nutmeg and a half; fib. currants; 5 lbs. .lour. Mix up well and bake in deep, square pans in a slow oven. New York Famct Cake. — Rub together 2 lbs. sugar and 1 lb. butter; add 12 eggs a few at a tijne, beat all up well; add § qt. of Bour milk; S| lbs. flour; § oz. soda; % oz. cream tartar, and extract of lemon for flavor. Mix np smooth and bake in .scalloped pans. M.4.CHIKE Jumbles. — Rub togetlier 3 lbs. sugar and 2 lb. 4 ozs. butter: add 12 eggs a few at a time, be,it all up well ; | oz. of ammo- nia; li pts. milk; a little ext. lemon, and 5 ll». 4 ozs. of flour; and stir sutBciontly to mix. Champagne Blscltts.— ^Vork up 2 lbs. butter in a basin to » thick cream; add 2 lbs. of sugar; 2 lbs. flour; ">6 yolks of eggs; 1 oz caraway seeds; a little salt; whisk up the wliites of the 36 eggs and add them; get a sheet of strong paper; fold it in reversed plaits like a fan, to form trenches about 1 inch deep; fill a biscuit forcer with part of the batter; forco out some fiuger-like biscuits into the trenches about 3 inches long; sifting sugar over them, and bake them of a light-fawn color in a moderate oven. Ckeam T.uiTAB Biscuit.— "Work in 3 lbs. sifted flour with 2 ozs. butter; add 2 oz.<. cream tartar; di.sh the middle and pour in 1 pt. milk aud 1 pt. water, previou.«lv adding 1 oz. soda to the milk; mix all up briskly, but don"t make it too stiff. Flatten it out; cnt with a biscuit cutter; place thera on buttered tins close together and bake io a quick oven. Washington Cakb.— Rub together 4 lbs. sogar and 2 lbs. 8 om. of butter ; 16 eggs ; 2 pts. water and 2 ozs. of ammonia ; with flour eufScient to make a suitable dough to roll; cut out with a scalloped cutter, aud bake ia a warm oven. Brandy Snaps.— Mix up 1^ pounds flour, ^ lb. butter, i lb sugar, \ oz. <^oves, aud i pint molasses. Mix all together anc' bane. Washington Pie.— Rub together 1 lb. butter, and U lbs powder. «^ sugar, add 1 pt. of eggs, a httle at a time, beat np well, add^ oz. soda dissolved in ^ pt. milk ; flavor with ext. lemon, stir np, ana add 2 lbs. flour and 1 oz. ci-eam tartar ; mix together, put on pans one- eighth of an inch thick and bake in a quick oven. Another — Rub together 2 lbs. lard, 3 lbs. powdered sugar, and ftdd 1 qt. eggs, a little at a time, 1 oz. soda digsoWed in 1 qt miUc, 3 f BAKIKG A>T) COOKIXG HECEIPT8. W Mt. -^^eaIn-ta^tar, a little lemon extract and 4| lbs. Horn mix aJi together and bake as above. FiLLiXG FOR THE ABO^ Pte?.— Add to stewed and strained dried apples, I lb. of sugar to each lb. of apples, boil all together for | houi rtirring well ; fill with tliis, or use cranberry jelly or currant jelly or raspberry jam, or the latter intermixed with stewed dried apples, or apple fiUing alone is very good. A qood filling for sliced apple pks is Baade by slicing cour ajjples, Iwttom your plates add the sliced apples with enough powdered sugar to sweeten, adding cinnamon, salt and a little butter, with water until the pLiteis two-thirds full, then cover with puff-paste, and trim it round in proper style with a knife. ' Lemon Pies.— Eub together 1 lb. butter andlOjlbs. flour with cold water snfacient to make a good stiff dough to bottom vour plates with, rimming them around with puff-paste, and fill with the following mixture : put into a bowl the juio« of 3 lemons, the grated rind of 1 with 1^ lbs. of finely powdered sugar and 9 eirgs. Mix thoroughly, and fill your plates with the mixture ; bake in a moderate oven. Another fitti.ig. — 3 lemons, 6 egg«-, £ lb. sugar, ^ pt. milk, with salt and nutmeg. Mix as the last. Anather tcithout lemons. — 1 lb. sugar, \ lb. flour, 10 eggs,ipt. mUk, i oz. tartaric acid, a little lemon essence and salt. Frosting for Lemon Pies. — iozs. pulverized sugar, whites of 6 eggs beaten to a stiff froth and the sugar gradually added to it, intermix thoroughly, cover the pics, top them off with this frosting, run them into a moderate oven and bake them lo a nice brown. Short Pcff Paste for Piks.— Mix together 4 lbs. flour, Ih lbs. butter, add 4 eggs, a little salt aud 1 \it. water or a little more, work all to a smooth paste, spread out -with the hand, put 1-^ lbs. more butter in the middle, fold the dough over the butter, so as to cover it, let it stand o miuutes, silt flour over the paste and on the slab, roll out to the length of 7 feet and 3 feet wide (for half this quantity one half of these dimensions will be reo»ition to tlie beater, then turn forward quite briskly for a sfioit p]iai e in order to impart an even azid good appearance t-^ the cre^im ; moke tl-.orough wort: of the l>entinj?, then remove t' _ ' Jll the pail with ice and salt. . ;'.y to harden. Itv iutrod;ue p.'".d;i; aial i e i . ■ .v it to grow stifT v .:, or beat it too cm "h. nr to ; ; .eez' Uig process by poaiiiig o:f water from the melted ice. Tut i.tht time to I'eat it i« when it is dense enouch to rise, of about the thicknest of li":l!t batter, if beaten when ligid the product will nvit be sa yatisfaetory. A." the cream expand^ in freezing, the cjlinder ehould be filled | full and no more. fi'va'rhcrnj and Rnttphrrnt Cream Ice. — 1. Pass 3 lbs. of picVed strawberries or raspljerries "through a coai-se hair-sieve, add 1\ qts. double cres^m, ^^ lbs. sifted sugar, nux well togetiicr, freeze as above, and mould it. h" a deep red is desired, it may be imi)ai-ted by a few dro]» of cochiueal. 2. Ice CRK.VJI, Best Qcalitt.— Bcr.t v " ■ ' ' 'thl| n>s. sugnr ; lx)iI3 qts. goc.-l crer.m, set it • mk, thpu add the sugar and eggs, flavor with V: r .ste. Let it cool, iilace in the freezer and i.rcK-eed an ainj^e. .3. ,'ot smooth with a. little coid milk. > th.e fi'.e; add 2 fresh eggs, 8 ozs. of powdered sugar, mi.: . it to cool and flavor previotis to putting in the freezer. 4. Chocolate Cream Ice. — Grata f lb. of the heva v;:" ' ' • eit. • am. — Boil together 1 qt irilk, 1 lb. engw, 8 oza. f- and 4 yolks of eggs, uutU it commences to thicken, o. Oraitfjc C'i'.iihi Ice. — Mix together in a stew-j^aa. 1 qt milk Ot- cr^,ini, 1 lb. sugar, the juice of 8 oranges, the rinds of 4 orajiges rub- lied on the pugar, and 4 yolks of ejigs, until the compf>nnd Itegins to thicken ; stir briskly, and .•strain, freezing when coo!, us above. 7. Pine Ajrph Cream I^r. — Put on the fire in a copper or tin vessB» 3 lb. of strained pineapple pnlp, 12 ozs. pngftr, 1^ pts. milk or cream, did S yolks of cgss ; beat suflleieutly to tliicktiii, ixit to boil the cream, .otrain the .'uixtnre into a vessel and set - • ■■ 'o.il previous to freering. See other formulae for icecrejim ui :ers' De; cooEiNa sccsms. BAKnro Powder tob Bracuir. — Bicarbonate of soda 4 Tba., ermia of tartar 8 lbs. These ingredients should be thoroo^hJy dned uul well miied. and pat np proof against dampness. U^e about 8 tea- spoonfuls to each quart of flour, miT np with cold water or milk, and put it into the oven at once. Bbowx Bread for Biscctts. — Com meal 4 qts., rye floor 3 qtg., wheat flour 1 qt., molasses 2 tablespoonfuls, yeast 6 tablegpoon- fuls, soda 2 teaspoonfuls. Mix during the evening for breakfast licKCE Pies — Meat 1 lb., snet 3^ I'us.. currants, raisins and plums £ lbs., one glass brandy or wine, allspice, cinnamor* and clones to your taste, sugar sufficient to sweeten. Baked in a short crust Fkctt Pies. — For all kinds of fruit pies have your fruit sweet- ened to your taste, and then pat in a short crost Bake in a hot rren. PcntPKHT PrE. — Stew the pumpkin dry, and make it like sqnash ^e, only season rather higher. In the' country, where this real TanJt« pie is prepared in perfection, ginger is aImo*t always nsed. with other spices. T.' "re. too, part cr^n. instead of milk, is mixed with the pumpkin, y« ^ich gives a richer flavor. Lkmox Pie. — 1 lemon grated, 2 ^gs, ^ cup of sujar, 1 cnp of mo- lasses, 1 of water, and 3 tablespoonmls of flour. This makes 3 piea. LKJioy Pie with thkee cbcsts. — A layer of crust, a layer of le- mon, sliced flne, a little sugar, layer of crust again^ and sugar tmd lemon again, then the npi.>er crust Another Way. — 1 cup of sugar, 1 cup sweet rnliv, i egg, 1) lemon the grated peel and juice, 1 tablespoonfnl of flour; then after baking, the white of an egg beaten, sweetened, and put on the top ; then set in the oven and browned. Crctcb Pie. — Mmce any cold meat T°ry finely, seawn it to taste, and put it into a pie-dish ; have some liilely-gnited bread crumbs, with a little salt pepper, and nutmeg, and pour into the dish anr nice graw that may be at hand ; then cover it over with a thick layer of the bread crumbs, and put small pieces of batter over the top. Place it in the oven till quite hot WASHrycToy Pie. — 1 cun of sngar, third of a cup of bntter, half a cup of sweet milk, 1 ana a third cup of flour, 1 egg, half a tea- spoonful of soda, 1 of cream of tartar, lemon flavor. Grea.Drxo. — Pound 6 crackers, and poak them oven night in toilk enough to cover them, tlien add 3 pints of milk, 4 or 6 eif;t.:s, raisins i lb., spice with nutmeg and sweeten with sugar and molasses. Bake about 2 hours. Tapioca Pi'ddixg. — Pick and mash a coffee cnp full of tapioctv, and pour upon it 1 pint boiling milk ; after stinding ^ an hour, aud another pint of cold milk, with sugar and raisins if you desire. Baked Ptddixg. — 5 tablospoonfuls of com gtanhto 1 quart of milk, dissolve the starch in a part of the miik, heat tlie remainder of the milk to nearly boiling, having salted it a little, then add the dissolved starch to the milk, hoilS minutes, stirring it briskly ; allow it to cool, and then thoroughly mis with it 3 eggs, well beat- en, with 3 tablesixKjnfnls of sucrar ; flavor to fci.^te and bake it i an hour. Tliis pudding ranks second to none. Or-VKGe PTDDrxG.— Take 1 lb. of butter, 1 lb. of sngar, 10 ^cgs, the juice of 2 oranges, boil the peel, then poimd it fine and mix it with the juice. Add the juice of 1 lemon, a wineglas.'»ful of brandy, wine and rose-water. If you do nut h;ive the fiuit add tiie extracts. Cocoaxut PtTDDixG. To a large grated coco.inut add the whites of 6 eggs, \ lb of engnr, 6 ounces of butter, J a wineglassfol of rose-water, and baked in or out of paste. Rice Pcddixg.— Take 1 lb. of ri-^e, boiled wcU with rich milk, Btirring well until it is soft, and then add ^ lb. butter, 12 eggs, well beaten, and spice to yonr ta,il in a bag 3 hours. Eat it with sauce. B^VKED Apple Piddixg.— Pare andqnarter four ktrge apples, boil them tender with the riad of a lemmi in so little water that when done no water may renKiin, beat tliem quite fine in a mortar, add the crumb of a small roll, J lb. butter melted^ the yolks of 6 and whites of 3 eggs, juice of J lemon, sugar to your tuste, beat all well topetlier. all in ]»a,int mUk with lemon peel and cinmimon; when coH, %dd sugar, and nutmegs, and 4 eggs well beaten. Custard Pcddixg.— Take 1 pint mUk, 4 spoonfuls flour, 6 cgg<)tat*>e.s, suet, milk, cheese and aU t<5gether, if not of a proper CuiL-^istence, add a little water. Bake in an earthen pot. College Ptddixg.— f lb. of stale bread, grated ; the same quan- tity of beef suet, chopped very fine ; 1 lb. of cnrrants, J nutmeg, a few doves, a glass of brandy, 2 or 3 eggs, 2 ppoonfuls of cream o« 24 BAKISQ AXD COOKIN'G EECEIPTS. lailk; miT these xrell to;:ether, and mnke into a pa?te In tTie Art* of e^. Fry them gently over a cleur fire, in i IL. of butter ; let them be of nice brown color all over. You luay add blanched almonds and pwettmeat^. S'^rre them np ^rith -wine. Familv ProDi-VCr. — 1 quait of sweet uii!k, 1 pint of bread cmmbs Foaked in the milk, 3 eg^ well beaten, 1 t^acupful of siionfi.l of pr>da. 2 of c:-"am ct tu-tar, 1 iiint of flour, and a, little salt To be e:iteu with iiuiii an 1 s.i _ r. Gkeen' GooaEBEEKiKs lurke a I 'irdng a pint of them ijuo a pint of batter, and til'.'- ^. Li-M N IVddixg. — M'.lt 6 oz. < .-- .: over tli9 BSire quantity of i^owdercd lo.f Fu:,"^r. .«ti-.ir i v^ wtll till C0I4, tlien g.'-ate the rind of a lar^re leniou, :• ..1 add it with 8 eggs treli beaten and tae juife of 2 k-iuoua : n'.T tlie Trao'a till it is completely mixed together, and bake tao j^iddinj wiih a parte rcurid ths dish. SArcKS A>T> CsE-Vxis FOK rrPDixo". — ^1. Take equal Tjnr:ni5t:.-'3 of Bugar and molasses, boil tliera to.:^ei'.sr, and stir in s li^tlo fldur. 2. Take tiie juice of'an or.^ncc, a r "^ ^ r'"' - rj of good cream. 3. Good pour c;eaia i. ■with or -withont eeasoninpj, makes a ;. ' . _ ■» ■well, then add a cap of rtewed aji ^''s anu :. l .; i <^i ^^ /.,:.r. BiiKF Ste-IK ■w;r:t Oxioxs. — Prc'isire a ruiiip st^vn en oue Fide turn over, do not let it scorch, when' nicely d-no tr^Vo it i:p, put a little fioar over tr.e steak, then add gr ' "' f hot water, .sea-^oiied with more salt aad '^p;'; cr. i n put tl^e ■water over tli9 lire and b«il a^ain, auJ 2 !r. Peel 2 dozen orj-ju:^, put tlxu oii to boil ■with about 2 quarts of water an hour liefore v\o .=tcak is put on to fry. When the stcaJt U done, cut them up, put them in tLe fr^.ing p;in, pet^on well with fcAt, pepper, aud b-atter, f^Tui^ile with flour, h-t:r all -well together, p'nc-e nver the fire, str often t-> prevent pc^rchiug ; when tliby are a '1 aud t^oft, tarn them over tlie ste.;k. ; Fou SrcFrixo. — 1 lb. of f.d crumbs ; o e-.,'gs ; J lb. of eaet ; J oz. of sea- U'-.jfng ; and the peel of half a lemon, grr.tcd. EcoNOJiiCAi. Soup. —Put into a sauoe^jan one-pound pieces of Etile bread, three larsre onions gljcpd. a pmall caMncre cut fin*^, . ^.,.T. ■^ o,,,' f -V, •.. ..^ o ,-..,.,•■, 1 „. .4 ^c celery (or t].erem:uns d c f salt,' a tal/.e^poonful of '^f Diarjoram aud th.^m?. i' :t tLe-'O ii^ij n-Vj q ;.i;t.^ ot an.r v.-«ik stock, (the liauoi ia frhlcli mattoQ ha3 betsn boiled will do,) and let tLem boil 1m BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 25 trro hours ; rub throngh a fine hair-sieve, add a pint of new milk, boil up, and serve at once. Vegetable Socp. — Talte a shin of a beef, 3 large carrote, S larga yellow onions, 6 turnip?, h lb. of rice or barley; pai-sley, leela, summer savory ; put all Fnto a i=r>ui>-kettle, and let it boil four hours ; add pepper and salt to taste : strve altogether. It rtuikea a Rood family s^oup. Pea Soup. — Beef 5 lbs., water 5 qts., 6 large carrot?, 6 good turnips, 3 lai^e onions, salt sufficient, put it on a giX)d slow fire, let it boil 3 hours, thcu strain all the broth from me;it and vegetables, and then add 3 lbs. of sjilit peas to the broth ; set it on a slow fire for 2 hours, stirring oft«n, so tha,t all the peas "wtII di.s- eolve ; take 1 lb. fresh sausage meat, fried to a crL*n and fried bread crumbs ; put altogether, add a few fine herbs, and serve hot. Fricassee Chickexs. — Take 2 large young chickens, cut in small pieces, put in cold water for 1 hour to fctlce all the blood out, then put in saucepan to parboil for half an hour, then take from sauce- Ean drained well, nave ready 1 qt. good fresh cream, 2 oz. good ntter, 1 oz. of flour, all well mixed together ; put in siiucepan with the chickens ; put on the fii-e to boil tender ; season -n-ith pepper and salt ; served with toast bread in the bottom of the dish. „ Baked To:matoe.s. — Wash the tomatoes, take out the seed, make a dressing of crumbs of bread and onions chopped fine ; add salt, butter nnd pepper. Bake and serve hot Stewed Tomatoes. — Scald the tomatoes with hot water, take off the skins, put them in an earthen vessel, strain oil the water, and add butter, salt and pepper to ti?te. Mashed Tukntps. — Wash turnips, boil well, take them up in the colander, press out nil the water, mash very fine ; season with salt, butter and sugar. Serve hot with tiimmings. Hashed Meat. — Take 2 lbs. of fat corned beef, well boiled and cold ; 1 lb. of well boiled potatoes, cold ; 1 large white onion ; put in chopping tray, mince it fine, put all in saucepan together, add 2 ozs. butter ; pepper and salt to taste ; add boiling water to make it soft; set it on a slow fire, stii-ring it often. "When well stewed, serve hot. It ma'cea a fine relLsh for breakfast. Lobster Salad. — Take hi^ide of large lobster, mince fine, take yolk of 2 eggs boiled hard aud mashed fine, with four tablespoon- fnls of sweet oil; pepper, salt, vuiegar, and mustard to t;iste; mix well; add celery or lettuce to taste; then when serving, garnish with hard-boiled eggs. Succotash. — Take 1 doz. ears of com, cut the grains from the cob, add 1 qt. of Lima bean-s, and mix with the com ; put it on to boil in 3 qts. of water with 1 lb. of pork cut ; add black pepper and salt to ti^^te. When the water has boiled away to ^ me original quantity, serve in a tureen as soup. M.\ccARO?ri Soup. — 1 lbs. of lean beef, 4 qts. of water, carrot, turnip, onions ; set it for 4 hours ttll all mix together ; straiu it all through a sieve ; have 2 lbs. of maccaroni broken into pieces of one inch long ; put all into a saucepan together, aud let it boil for 10 minut«s, and serve it hot. BoiLKD CusTAED, OB MoCK CsEAM.— Take 2 tableepoonf ub com 26 BAKINO AKD COOKING BECEIPTS. Starch, 1 qt of milk, 2 or 3 eggp, ^ a tca«poonful ol salt and a smifi piece of butter : heat the milktill nearly boiling and add the Btarch, previouply dinsolTed in 1 qt. of milk, then add the eggs, well beaten, with 4 tableppoonfuls of powdered sugar ; let it boil up once or t^^^ce, stirring it briskly, and it ia done. Fkror with lemon or vanilla, or raspberry, or to suit your fciste. Lemon Cream.— Talce a pint of thick cream and put to it the yolks of two egga, well beaten, 4 oz. of fine sugar and the tliin rind of a lemon , boil it up, then stir till almost cold ; put the juice of a lemon in a dish or bowl and pour the cream upon it, etiriing till quite cold. FariT C11EAM.S. — Take i oz. of isinghv.'?3 dissolved in a little water, then put 1 pt. of good cream, sweetened to the taste ; boil it. When nearly cold lay some apricot or mspberry jam on the bottom of a glass dish and pour it over. Tl.is is most excellent Raspberky Cream. — Put 6 ozs. of raspberry jam to 1 qt of cream, pulp it through a lawn sieve, add to it the juice of a lemon and a httle sugar, and whisk it till thick. Serve it in a dish or glasses. To roast fowls the fire must be quick and clear. K smoky it ■will spoil both their taste and loolvs. Baste frequently, and keep a white paper pinned on the brea*t till it is near done. Turkey. — A good sized turkey should be roasted "SJ hours or 3 hours — very slowly at first If you wish to make plain stuffing, pound a cracker or crumble some bread very fine, chop eome raw salt pork very fine, sift some sage, (and summer savory, or sweet marjoram, if you have them in the house, and iancjr them,) and mould them all together, seasoned with a little pepper. An egg worked in makes the stuffing cut better. Boiled Turkey. ^i^lean the turkey, fill the crop with stuffing, and sew it up. Put it over the fire "in water enough to cover it let it boil slowly — tike off all the scum, ^^^}cn this is done, it should only simmer till it is done. Put a little salt into the water, and dredge the turkey in fiour before boiling. Roast Ducks axd Geese. — ^I'ake sage, wash and pick it, and an onion ; chop them fine, with pepper and salt, and put them in the belly ; let the goose be clean jicked, and wiped drv with a cloth- inside and out ; put it down to the fire, and roast it Ibrown. Duck ait dressed in the same way. For wild ducks, teal, pigeons, and other wild fowls, use only pepper and salt, with gravy in tlia dlstu Roast CmcKEy. — Chickens should be manag^ in roasting the fsame as turkeys, only that they require less time. From an hoar to an hour and a half is long enough. Boiled Chicken. — A chicken should be boiled the same as a turkey, only it wiU take less time — about 35 minutes is eufB- cient Use the same stuffing, if any, and serve it up with parsley, or egg-sauce. Broiled Chickei?. — Slit them down the back and season with pepper arfd salt ; lay them on a clear fire of coah", the inside next the fire till half done, then turn and broil to a fine brown color. Broil about 35 minutes. Boiled Piokons.— Boil them about 15 minutes bv themselves ; thea bell a piece of bacon ; serve with slices of bacon and melted butta. SAKDTO AND COOXIKG BE0EIPT8. fi FwH CHOWDEB.—rry a fewsllcee of ealt pork, dieea and cut th» fli^ in small pieces, pare and slice the potatoes and ouioiifl, thea place them in the kettle, a layer of fish, then of the tried pork, potatoes, onions, &c., seasoning each layer with salt and pepper. »tew ov«T a slow fii-e 30 minutes. Boast Bkef.— The sirloin is consideTed the best for roasting. Bpit the meat, pepper the top, and baste it well while roasting mtb its own dnppmg. and throw on a handful of salt When the ■moke draws to the nre, it is near enough ; keep the fire bright Hud clear. From 15 to 20 minutes to the lb. is the nil& for roast« BBKP BoiLKD.— The round is the best boilhig piece. Put the meat in the pot, with water enough to cover it ; let it boil very slow at first — this is the great secret of making it tender— take o£E the scum as it rises. From 2 to 3 hours, according to size, is tha rule for boiling. Bbbf Stkak. — ^The inside of the sirloin makes the best steak : cut about I of an inch thick — ^have the gridiron hot, put on the meat and set it over a good fire of coals— turn them often. Fi-om 8 to 10 minutes is the rule for broiling. Roast Pork. — Take a leg of pork and wash it clean — cut the skin in squares — make a stuflBng of grated bread, sage, onion, pepper and salt, moistened with the yolk of an egg. Put thi* under the skin of the knuckle, and sprinkle a little powdered sago Into the rind where it is cut ; rub the whole surface of tlie skin over with a feather dipped in sweet oiL 8 lbs. will require about three hours to roast it g^~ The Shouldeb, Loin, ob Chtnic, and Spare-Rib are roasted In the same manner. Roast Veal. — Pursue about the same course as in roasting pork. Roast before a brisk fine till it comes to a brown color ; then you lay it down, baste it well with good butter, and when near done, with a little flour. Roast Mutton. — The loin, haunch, and saddle of mutton and lamb must be done the same as beef. All other parts must be roa.st- ed with a quick, clear fire ; baste it when you put it down, and dredge it wim a little flour, just before you take it up. A leg of mut- ton of six pounds will require 1 hour to roast before a quick nre. To Boil. Eggs. — In 3 minutes an egg will boil soft, in 4 the whita part is completely cooked, in 10, it is fit for a salad. Try their fresh- ness in cold water, those that sink the soouest are the freshest Sausagb Meat. — Take 2 lb?, lean meat, 1 lb. f;it pork, chop fine, and mix with 2 tablespoonf uls black pepper, 1 of cloves, 7 of powder «d sage, and 5 of salt. Apple Ccstard. — Take apples, pared, cored, and slightly stewed, Bufllcient to cover the dish, 8 ^gs, 1 qt of milk ; since to your taste ; bake it i of an hour. New-England Applk-sauce ob Butteb. — Boil 2 brls. of new dder dowu to J^ a brl. Pare, core, and slice up 3 bushels of apple* (sweet apples are preferable), and put them iuto tlie eider thus re- duced, ana still kept boiling briskly. Stir the whole mass constantly, to prevent burning, tUl of tlie consistence of soft butter. A nraall quan- tity of pulvenzed allspice, added doriuj; thd bcoliug, U aa im{>iov9* 28 BAJtlK* AND COOKING RECEIPTS. ment Boil in a brass kettle, and, -when done, put it into A woodaa firkiii, or a small ca.«k, and it vrill keep for years. Apple BvTiErt {Pennsylvania Method). — Boil new cider down to V Pare, cut, and core equal quantities of eweet and sour apples. J'ltt the sweet apples in a large kettle to soften a little first, as they are the harde.«t. Add enough boiled cider to cook them. After boiling h an hour, stirring often, put in the sour apples, and add more boiled cider, with molasses enough to sweeten moderately. Boil until ten- der, stirring to prevent burning. Pack in firkins or stone poti for ■winter use. Irish Stew. — ^Take 4 lbs. good breast of fat mutton, cut in small pieces ; 2 large white oni(jn3 ; 10 Luge pofcUoes, well peeled and sliced ; put all in saucepan together, with fine herbs, pepper and gait to suit ; a little salt pork is a good addition ; ^ lb. of flour ; tlb. good fresh butter, well rubbed together, and let it boil lor on» our, and have it well cooked. Apple Dr:«PLrNGS. — 6 eggs, 1^ lbs. of flour, some butter to your taste, and tablespoon ful of yeast, and sufHdent milk to make a dough to roll out ; when raiseil, cutiu small pieces, put in the apples, and cook for f of an honr ; serve with white sugar or wine sauce. Boiled Poultry. — ^Take large cliickens, well cleaned with cold •water, put in saucepan with water to co'^er, boil 1 hour ; served with sauce. Hashed Turkey.— Take meat from boiled fowls, chop fine, put in saucepan, with seasoniugs to suit tadte. Served on toast Boiled Macc.\ro>'i. — Take 2 lbs., break in small pieces, put la warm water to steep 1 hour, drain off, put in sjiucepan with 2 qts. fresh cream, with grated cheese -seasoned with red pepper. STRASBTjRd Potted Meat. — Take 1 k lbs. of the mmp of beef, cut into dice, put it in an earthen jar, with J lb. of butter, tie the jar close up with paper, and set over a ix)t to boil ; when nearly done, add cloves, mace, allspice, nutmeg, salt, and cayenne pepper to taste, then boil till tender, and let it get cold, pound the meat, •with 4 anchovies mashed and boned, add i lb. of oiled butter, work it well together with tha gravy, warm a little, and add cochineal to, color then press Into snail pots, and pour melted mutton suet over the top of er.ch. BoLOGXA SArsA(-,Es. — Tajce equal quantities of baron fat and le&n beef, veal, pork and beef suet ; chop them small, season ■with pejj- per, saltj &c., with sweet herbs and sage rubbed fine. Have well washed mtestines, fill, and prick them ; boil gently for an hour, and lay on straw to dry. Rich Sausaoes.— Take 30 lbs. of chopped meat, 8 oz. fine salt, 2| oz. pepper, 2 teacups of sage, and 1* cups of sweet marjoram, passed through a fine sieve, or, if preferred, thyme and summer savory can be substituted for the Latter. How TO SATE yoiR Ipe B:t,l. — Get a quantity of empty barrels or boxes during the coldest time in the winter, and put a few inches of water in each ; the evening when the cold is most intense is the best time to do this. After the water ia frozen solid, fill up again, repeat the process until tl:6 barrels are f uU o ' solid ice, then roll them into your cellar, cover them up wit! plenty of sawdust or 0tmw, and your ice crop ia safely harvested. BAKING AND COOKCSQ EEGEIPTS. 29 CHAKtOTTE RosBX.— Take 1 pt. milk, di<>9rtlre ^;ta h^at, 3 ofc lainglass and 1 lb. sugar; add, after it is c«x)l, 1 qt. licateu cream y.— Take 1 pt. water and 3oz. isinglass, Ij lb. "ugat, the inice of 2 lemons', and dissolve tliat and let it come to a boil, tlien'add ^vine, brandy and spice to your taste, and strain it tLrocgh a cotton or flannel doth and put it va laoulds to cooL To M.UvE Apple Molasses.— Take new sweet cider just from tha prens. made from gwec-t apples, and boil it down as tliick as West India molasses. It ghoiild be boiled in brass, and not burned, as that would injure the flavor. It will keep in the ceilar. and ia said to be as good, '>iid for many purposes better, than West India molasses;. B^"Acid fruits should be cooked in bright tin, brass, or bell metal, and poured out as soon as they are done. Brown eailhen vessels should never be used, as thev are glazed with, white lead, a poison which very readily unites witli an acid. Jellies.— Z-eTTJon JeHi/.— Isinglass, 2 oz. ; water. 1 qt. ; boil ; add eingar, 1 lb. ; clarify ; alid, when nearly cold, add the juice of 5 lemons, and the grated veUow rinds of 2 oi-anges and 2 lemons ; mix weU, strain off the peel, and, put it into glasses or bottles ; Hartshorn JeZ/j/.— Hartshorn, 1 lb. ; water 1 gaJ. ; peel off 2 lemons ; boil over a gentle tire till sufficiently tliick ; straia and add loaf BUgar, h lb. ; whites of 10 eggs beaten to a fioth ; juice of 6 lemons ; mix well together, then bottle, Isiivilass <7c?.'!/.— Put 4 oz. L'stnglass and 2 oz. cloves into 1 gal. water ; boil it down to half a gal. ; strain it upon 4 lbs. of loaf sugar ; add, wliile cooling a little wine ; then bot- tle. Apph/ Jelhi from 0"ffcr.— Take of apple juice, sti-ained, 4 lbs. ; sngar, 2 lbs. ; boil to a j ell v, and bottle. Goosebemi/ Jelly. —Sugax, 4 lbs. ; wat«r, 2 D)S. ; boil together ; it will be nearly solid when cold; to tliis svrup. add an equal weiglit of goosobeiTy juice : give it a short boU, cool, tlien pot it. Currant Jri/y.— Take the juice of red ctir- it in 1 gal, fresh water, 5 or G hours ; arid the peels of 8 lemons, and set aU on to heat ; simmer tiU clear ; add the juice of the 8 lemons with wine and sucar to tar te ; then bottle, Blackbeeky ^elly. — This prepnration of the bkickberry is more agreeable tiian the jam. as the seeds, though very wholesome, are not agreeable to all. It is made in the same way as currant jellv; but the fruit is so sweet th^at it only requiies half the weight of the juice in sugar. Peab Makmalade.- To 6 lbs. of small pears, take 4 lbs, of sugar ; put the pears into a saucepan, with a Uttle cold water ; cover it, and set it over the fire until the fruit is soft, then pat them into cvld water ; jmre, quarter, and core them ; put to them three tea- cups of water, set them over the fire ; roll the sngar fine, mash the fruit fine and smooth, put the sugar to it, stir it well together until It is thick, like jelly, then put it in tumblers, or jars, and, when cold, tecure it as jeUy. EaESEEVEi> CiTBOx. "Pare and cut open the citron ; clean all ot4 SAEIHG A5D COOKI^'e BSCEIFTS. •scftpt tlie rind ; hofl till Boft. To 1 lb. of dtrcn add 1 lb. of mgn »nd a lemon to eaoh lb. ; put the sugar and lemon together, anq boil it tiU It becomes a STTup, skimming it wall ; then put the •yrup and citron together, and boil it an hour. Scotch SIarmalade.— Take of the jnicc of Seville orangea 2 pta, yellow honey, 2 lb?. Boil to a proper consistence. RABPBEKRy Ja>l— AUow a pound of sucar to a pound of fruit, mash the raspberries aud put them, xvitn the sugar, into youx rreserring kettle. Boil it slowly for an hour, skimming it well. Tie it up vrith brandy paper. AH jams are made in the aanift manner. Fbench Hontet.— TThite sugar, 1 lb. ; 6 eggs, leaving out tha •whites of 2 ; the juice of 3 or 4 lemons, and tne ^ated rind of 2, snd i lb. of butter ; stir over a slow fire nntil it is of the consis- tency of honey. Alxokd Blajn^c 5Ia>'ge. — ^Take four ounce of almonds, six oz. ■ugar, boil together with a quart of water, melt in this two ounces of pure isinglass, strain in a small tin mould to etilfen It. When wanted, dip the mould in hot water and turn it out Lemon Blaxc MA>aE. — Pour a pint of hot water upon half an ounce of isinglass ; when it is dissolved, add the juice of three lemons, the peel of two lemons grated, six yolks of eggs beaten, add about a food wine-gla.'is of Madeira vriixe to it ; sweeten to your taste ; let it oil ; then strain it and put it in your moulds. Molasses Preseba'es.— Boil 1 qt. of molasses about ten ©r fifteen mirutee to a thickish consistency, then add 6 eggs well beaten, and a spoonful of flour. Boil a few minutes longer, stirring constantly, then set off the fire, aud flavor with lemon or allspice as desired. Fkuit ExTKACTs, &c.— Goodalcohol, 1 ct., oil of lemon. 2 oz. Break and bruise the peel of 4 lemons, and add' to them alcohol for a few days, then filter. For currants, peaches, raspberries, pine apples, strawbenies, blackberries. &c., take alcohol and water half and half and pour over the fruit, entirely covering it, and let it stand for a fe\r days. For essence of cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, vanilla, &c., pulver- ize either article thoroughly, and put about 2oz. of the resultmg pow- der to each pint of reduced alcohol, agitate the miitur© irequentiy for 2 weeks, ttien filter and color as desired. MEAscErs roa Hocsekeepebs. Wheat flour... ....1 lb. ...hl^'-art. Indian in»aL l*-2 oz '• 1 quart. Butter when 6oft..l".... "1 " Loaf Biigpr, broken 1 "...." 1 •* WliiteBug:ir, powdi"loz. "I " Best brown sugar 1 lb. 8 oz. Is 1 qt Ecgs lOcggsara lib. Flour 8qt8. " 1 neck. Flour 4pk«. *int. tpintaard l qt. 4 qts. are 1 riJloB. A common sized tumbler hold* ^ a pint A common sized wine-glass " U a gin. 33 drops are equal to 1 teaspoooail VAJKKEBft' BXCEIFTS. 31 FARMERS AND STOCK OWNERS* DEPART- MENT. Raret's DrRECTioys for Breakikq axd TRAI^-T^•G or Hobsbs. In traiuing horses vou must remember that there are certain uatiiral law« that covem them. For instince, it Ib natural for him t<3 kick whenever he gets badlv frightened ; it is natural for him to eecape from whatever he thinks will do him hanu. His faculties of seemg, hearin''- and smeUing. have been given him to examine everything new that he is brought in contact with. And so long as you present him with nothing that offends his eyes, nose, or ears, you can then handle him at will, notsvithstanding, he may be frightened at first, so that in a short time he will not be afraid of anything he is brought in contact with. All of the whipping and spurring of hoi-ses for shying, stumbling, &c. . is useless and cruel. If he shys. and you whip him for it, it onlv adds terror, and makes the object larger than it woiild otherwise be ; give him time to examine it without puuishmg him. He should never be hit with the whip, under any circuraftances, ot or anything that he does. As to smelling oil. there is r.othmg that assists the trainer to tame his horse better. It is better to approach a colt with the scent of honev or cinnamon upon your hand, than tlie scent of hoes, for horses naturally fear the scent of hogs, and will attempt to escape fi-om it. while they like the scent of honey, cin- namon, or sjilt. To affect a horse with drugs vou must give him some preiiaration of opium, and while he is under the influence of it. you eannot teach him anything more than a man when he is intoxicated 32 FARMERS' Ex.<;EIPTS. with liquor. Another tliinff, you must remember to trent him klnd'y, for there voa require obedience frcni any subject, it is better to hare it rendered from a sense of love than fear. You should be careful not to chafe the lips of your colt or hrai; his mouth in any way ; if ■vou do he will dislike to have the hridle on. After he is taught to Jollow you, then put on the harness, putting yoiir Unes through the Eliaf t straps along the side, and teach him to vield to tlie reins, turn fhort to the right and left, teach him to stand still before he is ever hitched up ; you then have control over him. If he gets frightened, the lines should be used as a telegraph, to let hhn know -vniat you want him to do. No horse is naturally vicious, but always obeys his trainer as soon as he comprehends what he would have him do ; you must be fc-m with him at the same time, and give him to imder- f tand that you are the trainer, and that he is the horse. The best bits to be nsed to hoi6. a horse, to keep his mouth from gcttin;^ sore, is a straight bar-bit, 4^ inches long between tlie rings ; this operates on both sides of the jaw. while the ordinary snaffle forms a clamp and pre.'^ses the side of the jaw. The curb or bridoon hurts his under jaw so that he will stop before he will give to the rein. To throw a horse, put a rope 12 feet long around his body in a running noo_'l!t roum or jien. and with a long whip com^ tnrnce snapping at the colt's hind leg. taking care not to hit above the Lxki», stopping immediately wlien the colt turns hi* head towards you; while his head is towards you, approach him with the left hand Extended toward him. h< tiding your whip in the right, ready to snap Mm as sonn as he turns his head from you. In {liis way you can sooa get your hands njxm lum. As soon as you have done this, be careful to caress him for'his obedience, and siiap him for his disobedience. In this way he will soon Irani that he Ls safest in your presence with his head towards vou, and in a very short time you cannot keep him away from yon. fepenk kindly and firmly to hira. aH the time caress- ing iiim. cniling by n;irne. and saying, " Ho, boy," or *' Ho, Dina," or some laiuiii.ir wird that he will soon learn. li.a colt is awkward and careless at first, you mtist bear with him, l^membering that we, too, were awkward wlien youn? ; allowing him iris own wav, until by degrees he will come in. If ne is wiif u^ you must then ciianue your course of treatmr-nt, by confining him in huh a way t!:.it he is powerless for harm until he submits. If he is difjposed to run, use my jwle check on him ; if to kick, fasten a rope around his under jaw, pass it through tLe collar and attach it ti his hind feet. In tlils v.ny one kick will cure him, as the force of the blo\r falls on his i:i\v. 1£ he should be stubboni, lay 1dm down and confine iiim niitil yuu subdue him, without punishiua; liim with the whip. Colts phbold he broke without bllnd-bridies ; after they are well broko, tlicn yon miy ]>ut en blinds. Bridies witlioiat blinds are th© b-^st unle.elled to take frozen bits iuto his mouth in cold weather," tearing the-jkin from the tathetic nerval of the her.d ttke up the inflammation, carry it to the head and eyes, fre-^nent'v pr.)d;icing blindness, and a htuidred other diseases, llie whi]> sho;;Id be use! as an instrument of jih-asure uistead of tor- tare ; and your bits should be woimd with fl;mnel or leather ; so that no frozen in->n will come in contact with his mouth. lij« or tongue. Rarkv's Lini-UKXT. — Sulphuric etiicr, i ozs. ; hartshorn, 4 oza., oil of origanum, 4 07.s. ; alcohol, 4 ozs. ; sweet oil, 4 ozs. Shake well before usina;. For sprains on horses, &c., apply by rubbing and cover with a tiglit flannel bandage. For headache, rub a little on the temp>-5 and apply a blindage wet with the liniment to the forehead. ItAR^v's Wiz.A.RD Oil.. — Oil of origanum, 6 ozs. ; alooliol. 6 ozs. { ipLritt turpcciiue, 1 oz, ; cauiphor, 1 oa. Shake well before uaian, 3 ViJtMEIW* BECEITT*. Raret's I>TEECno^-s for Shoeing HoRsiis. — "There are Tcry lew blacksmiths that ever once think what a complicated piece of machinerj^ the foot of a hor?e is, and tv one careless blow they frequently stop the working of this machine". The majority of smiths, as soon as they pick np a horse's foot, go to work paring the heel, irom the fact that it is the most convenient fait of the foot and there- by destroy the heel and braces of the foot, causing, in many instances, tontracted heels. The heels of a horse should be well kept up and the toe down. By lowering the heels you throw the entire weight of yoni horse urion the back tendon of the le^s, and thereby prodnce lameness from overtaxing a very important set of tendons. By. beeping up the heel yon throw" the weight njxsn the wall of the foot.l Intnis position you prevent stumbling, clicking. if i^ ithfl. If a Tnap can FAUMEBS' BEOEIPTft. 35 irire anaiLlie then setanp a sign as a farrier or a TttterfnaryflTU-geon, when in fact he knows nothing of the anatomy of the horse afoot, not having spent anv time or money in acquirmg the necessary tolor- mation, he can afford to shoe a few shillings cheaper than a weU-m- formed man.- but the patrons of such cheap shoemg are generaUy tna BufEerers All horse-shoers should be well skilled vetennaiy surgeons, or there should be a skilful surgeon attached to every shop Another source of poor shoeing and injury is the loss of elijsticity of the frog, refnsmg toperform its proper functions ; the heel contracts the foot ToUs, and yon have a soi'e horse for ten or twelve months, for it re- onires this long to relieve a horse's suffering from beuig badly shod. Under the circumstances, the first thing that touches the road or the floor of the stall, should be the frog, and the wall of the foot should be kept cut so as not to prevent it from touching at eveiy gtep; end no man that owns a horse should ever allow a blacksmith to cut the soles, bars, or frogs of Lis horse's feet Nature has adapted ths fro<^ to all description of roads, cUmates, and weather, without being S.red. So many horses have been ruined by this process of panng, at there are now several establishments in this country toat mannfacture inrlia rubber pads, thmkingthereby to supply the wasted frog and tl.e ei;istieity of the natural foot The frog is msensible to pr^ure, and vou may place the whole weight of your horse on the bof and he wiU suffer no inconvenience, as may be seen from shoemg wit!i one of my com shoes ; besides, tliis is the only rebable way to cure contracted feet; bv throwmg the weight upon the frog, you force them up between the waUa : it acts as a wedge, and soon relieves the eontracted feet Smitlis should never have tlieir shoes hot when fittui'^ them, as the appUcation of hot iron extracts the oilj substance from^the hoof. The amount of cruel punLxhment mflicted on horses by cross-grain blacksmiths, is another source of poor shoemg. As soon as the horse does not stand the smith gets augrv, and com- mences whipping and jerkhig the animal, which only adds terror to it so that he soon refuses to go to the shop if he can avoid It ; it la natural for horses to disUke to be shod, because the hammering shocks the nervous system, until they are accustomed to it He should be taught to stand, and his feet well handled at home, before he is ever brou'^ht to the shop by tlie owner. Tou then save the horse iwundmg, and file smith an unmenso amount of labor that he never gets any pay lor, for no man ever thhiks of paymg anything extra for shoemg a bad horse. The waU of the foot should never be rasped above the nail holes, and as htUe below the clenches as possible ; all the raspmg and filmg but tends to thin and weaken the wall by cutting tlie fibers of the foot The nails should be counter sunk into the shoe, so that there wiU be no chance for the clenches to rise. No hoi^ interferes with the heel or toe ; it is always the side of the foot. The habit of tummg the mside of the shoe under causes a number of horses to m- terfere that would not if thev were shod straight in the inside. Spread the heeh^as wide as possible ; set the ont>^ide a little under ; Keep the toes f uU. For cUckmg horses, raise the heels high, cut the toe« rfiort For si>eedv cuts, pUice your toe corks a quarter of an mch to the inside of the centre of your shoe; keep the heels wide apart For corns put on a shoe with aprong, forthemain rim, sons tooovertheen- tli«fix^, pare the wali lower tiiautke frog, BO aahiaentiteweisUtwjUM 86 Fi.Jm£KS' EECEIPTg. thrown on the fro' THE Stat.t.. — ^Fasten a short trace-i>e Tsa front of tl.e horse. When the horse pulls, he ■niill, of course, find him- self in rather an uncomfortable position, and discontinne the effort to free himsell Hide Boc^t). — ^To recruit a hide bound horse, give nitrate potasea (or saltpetre) 4 oz., crude antimony 1 oz., sulphur 3 oz. Nitrate of p^tas.-^ and antiiiicny should be" finely pulverized, then add the enli'hor. and mix the whole well together. Dose, a tablesx>oonful ol this mixture in a bran ma«h daily. To Peetent Hobses fkom Jrsrpnro. — ^Pasaa good stout surdnglo around his body ; put on his halter, and have the halter strap long enough to go from nis head, between his fore l^:n?, then through the Eurcincle, and kick to one of his hind legs. Procure a thill strap, and buckle arunnd the leg between the foot and joint, fasten the haltorstrap in this — shorteror longer, as theobstinacy of the case may rcqiure. It i? aI*o useful to keepcolts from nmning wliere there b likely to be c anger from the result : if the tliill strap should cau*e any Borenesfs on the leg, it may be wound with a wo<.illen cloth, and it would be well to change it from" one leg to f.nother occasionally. Bio Le«. — To cure, use the * Blistering Liniment" with regtilarity every tMrd hour until it blisters. In 3 days wash the lear with linsewl oiL In 6 days wash it clean with soap and water. Repeat every 6 days until the swelhng goes down. If there should be any callboa left, apply spavin ointment Soke Breasts. — This generally occurs in the spring, at the oohi- VMooenent of plowing. At tim'ea the fault » in haviog poor <^ F1.BMEES* fiECElVTS. 37 •ollftni, and not haTinj^ the collar well fitted to the horse's breoBt; and oiten, the hames are either too tight or too loose. There is a great difference in horses about getting chafed or galled, and at times it has teemed to be impossible to'keei) their breasts from getting sore ; but a thorough application of strong alum water or white oak bark to tlio breasts of the animal, 3 days before going to work, toughen them so that they wiU not get sore/ Another excellent plan iz, wixen you let your team rest for a few moments during work, to raise the collar and pull it a httle forward, and rub the breast thoroughly with your naked hand. Thb Check Retn" ox Hobses.— We desire to register an earnest protest against this barbarous appendage to hcT.ses' harness. It re- tards the horse's progress in every position both while ha is at work, and wlule travelling on a journey. It is both useless and cruel in. every sense of the word, without'any compensating qualities to recom- mend it. Mr. Angell, of the " Boston Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," who has ti-avelled over a great part of Europe in the interests of humanity to our dumb servants, says, that the use of the cheek rein is confined to America alone, being "deservedly di.?- carded every vphere both ia England and on the Continent. Tha reason why it is so discarded, was veiy graphically explained by an extensive horse owner in Glasgow, as he remarked, in conversation with Mr. Angell, that '""We cauna get the wark oot o' the horse ■^i' the check rein." To check rein a horse, is equivalent to trussing a man's head backward towards liis back or heels, and compelling him, while boimd in this position, to do duty with a loaded wheelbarrow. Feeding Horses ox the EoAn.— Many i^ersoni?, in travelling, feed their horses 1 10 much, and tO(i often, continually stuiBng them, and not alloAving them to rest and digest lieir food; 'of course they suffer from over-fulness, and carrying unnecessary weight. Horsea should be weU fed in the evening, and miu*t not be "stuffed too full in tlie morning, and the travelUng should be moderate on starting when the horse has a full stomach. If a horse sfciits in good condition, he can go 20 or 25 miles without feeding. The provender required by- horses while travelling or engaged in ordinary farm work, per day, may be stated thus : Hay 20 lbs., oats 3 gals., water 4 gals. Muddy water ia the best for horses. Beeves require 20 lbs. of hay and "8 S8 FABMEBS' BECEirTS. ^ai». of water per day. Quantity will vary in every caee according U the size, condition, breed, &c., together with the kind of work in which they are employed. Itch.— To cure a horse affected with itch, first reduce his daily allowance of food, putting him on low diet and then give him a tea- epoonf ul of a mixture of equal parts of sulphur and antimony, and at the end of a week or 10 days the sores will have disappeared and the horse will be covered with a fine coat of new hair. Stoppage of Ukine.— Symptoms : Frequent attempts to urinate, looking round at his sides, Ijing down, rolling and stretching. To cure, take ^ lb. of hops, 3 drs. oU of camphor; grind and mix. Make this into 3 pills. Give 1 every day, with a drench made of a email epoon- lul of saltpetre and 2 oz. of water. This will cure as a general thing;. To CuHE Balky HoESES.^3ne method to cure a balky horse is to take him from tlie carriage, whirl him rapidly around tiU he is giddy. It requires two men to accomplish this, — one at tlie horse's laiL Don't let him step out. Hold him to the smallest possible circle. 1 dose will often cure him, 2 doses are final with the worst horse that ever refuged to stir. Another plan is to fill his mouth with the dirt or gravel fi^om the road, and he will at once go, the philosophy of this being that it gives him something else to think about. Dk. Cole's King of Oils. — 1 oz. green coppeius ; 2 oz. whit« vitriol ; 2 oz. common salt ; 2 oz. linseed oil ; 8 oz. molasses. Boil over a slow fire fifteen minutes in a pint of urine ; when almost cold, add 1 oz. of oil of vitriol and 4 oz. of spirits of turpentine. Apply to wounds with a feather. A very powerful liniment, Sloan's Horse OiNTMEirr.— 4 oz. resm ; 4 oz. bees-wax ; lard, 8 oz. ; honey, 2 oz. Mix slowly and gently, bring to a boil ; then add less than 1 pint spirits tuq^entiue ; then remove and stir till oooL Unsurpassed for horse flesh, cracked hoofs, human flesh, &c Mexican Mustang Liniment. — Petroleum, olive oil, and carbon- ete of ammonia, each equal parts, and mix. Mebchant's Gargling Oil.— Take 2^ gals, linseed oil ; 2^ gala, epirits turpentine ; 1 gal. western petroleum ; 8 oz. liquor potass. ; tap green, 1 oz. ; mix all together, and it is ready for use. Arabian Condition Powdeks. — Ground ginger, 1 lb ; sulphuret of antimony, 1 lb. ; powdered sulphur, 1 lb ; saltpetre, 1 lb. Mix all together, ana administer in a masn, in such quantities as may be re- quired. The best condition powder in existence. Blistering Liniment.— 1 part Spanish flies, finely powdered ; 3 of lard ; and 1 of yeUow resm. Mix the lard and resin together, and add the flies when the otlier ingredients begin to cooL To render it more active, add 1 pint spirits turpentine. Medicated Food for Horses and Cattle. — Take linseed cake and pulverize or grind it up in the shape of meal, and to every 60 lbs. of this ingredient, add 10 lbs. Imii--;^ metd ; 2 lbs. sulphuret of antimony ; 2 lbs. ground ginger, if lbs. of 8alti;)etre, and 2 lbs. powdered solphnr. Mix the whole thoi-oughly togetlier, put in neat boxes or packages for sale o*- otherwise oi uesfred, and you will have an article equal in value to ' Tnorbys Fo(>i,'- or almost any other preparation that can be got ^ip ^r tlie purpose of fattening stock or cmuig disease in every cas? ^hPi food or medicine can be of any use whatever. This article can '> fed in any deiiitedquautity, begiuai^g FARMERS* EECEIFT6. S!> ifflth a lewtablespoonfnla at a time, for s horse, mixiiig it with hii grain, and in the same proportion to smaller animals, repeating the dose and increasing the quantity as the cOvse may seem to require. Lotion fob Mange. — Boil 2 oz. tobacco in 1 quart water ; strain ; add sulphur and soft soap, each 2 oz. For Straiks and Swellings. — Strong yin^ar saturated with common salt, used warm, is good for strains aud reducLag swellings. 1 oz. of white vitriol ; 1 oz. of green copx>era3 ; 2 teasix)onfuls of gunpowder, all pulverized together, and dijisolved in 1 quart of soft water, and used cold, rubbing in tlioroughly, is one of the best appli- cations known for reducing swellings. HooF-BouNX> Wash. — Spirits turpentine. 4 oz. ; tar, 4 oz. ; whala on, 8 oz. Mix, and apply to the hoofs often. To Toughen Hoofs. — ^Wash them frequently in strong orine, and turn brine upon the bottoms, And soak a few minutes each time. Scratches. — Cut off the hair close, aud wash the legs in strong goap-suds or urine, or wash with warm \inegar saturated with salt, and afterwards dress over with a small quantity of hog's Lard. CotTGH.— Quit feeding mu:»ty hay, and feed roots and laxative food. Sprinkle human urine on his lodder, or cut up cedar boughs and mix with his griiiu ; or boil a .«mall quantity of flax-seed, and mix it in a mash of scalded bran, adding a few ounces of .sugar, molasses, or honey Administer lukewarm. If there should be any appearance of heaves, put a spoonful of ground ginger once per day in his pro- vender, and allow him to drink freely of lime water. Split or Broken Hoof. — Let the blacksmith bore two holes on each side of the crack or split ; j^asslong nails through the holes and clinch tight After anointing with the hoof-bound Uquid, it will Boon grow together. Colic Cube. — Bleed freely at the horse's mouth ; then take J lb. raw cotton, wrap it around a coal of fire, so as to exclude the air ; when it beguis to smoke, hold it imder his nope till he becomes easy. To CrRH Distemper. — Take \\ gals, of bloeedy and certain. FofNDER CURED IN 24 HouRs. — Boil or steam stout oat-straw for half an hour, then wrap it around the horse's leg quite hot, cover up with wet woollen rags to keep in the steam ; in six hours renew the application, take 1 gaL of blood from the neck vein, and give 1 qoait linseed oil. He may be worked next day. Cure foe Staggers. — Give a mess twice a week, composed of bran, 1 gal. ; sulphur, 1 tables]X)onfid ; salti^etre, 1 spoonful ; boiling eassafras tea, 1 quart ; assafuitida, IJ oz. Keep the horse from cold water for half a day afterwards. BrNG-BONE AND Spavin Curk. — Venice turpentine and Spanish flies, of each 2 oz. ; euphorbiiun and aqua-animoui;i, of each 1 oz. ; red precipitate, \ oz. ; corrosive sublimate, ^ oz. ; lard, 1^ lbs. Pul- verize all, and put uito the lard ; simmer slowly over coals, not scorching or burning ; and pour off, fiee of sediment For ring- bones, cut off the hair, and rab the omtment well iuto the lumps once in 48 hours. For siiavins, once in 24 hours for 3 mornings. Wash well previous to each application vrith suds, rub":''!? over th« place with a smooth stick, to squeeze out a thick, yellow roatter. Ihid has removed very large ring-bones. 40 #AJ21EEES' EECEIFTS. A^OTiTEB CruE. — Take g^veet oil, 4 oz. ; spirits tarpendnc^ 2 oz. ■ oil of stone, 1 oz. iiix, and apply three times per day. If the nor.tuitly wears upon the enlargement ; ana the two together will ouie nine cases out of every tea, ia six weeka. CxTRR FOE BoxE Sr.\\a>"5 — SU-X) Kf.cite. — Corraoive sublimate, quicksilver, and iodine, of each 1 oz. Eub the quicksilTer and iodina together ; then add the sublimate, and L'i:rtly the lard, rubbing them thoroughly. Shave off the hair the size of tlie bone enlargement ; grease aU'aroimd it, but not where the hair is shaved off, this pre- vents the action of the mediciiie, except on the sjavin. Then rub in as much of the p^ste as will he on a o-cent i.iece. each moming, for 3 or 4 mornings. In from 7 to S days,' the whole spavin will com© out ; tlien wash the wound with suds i\>r an hour or so, to remove the poisonous effects of the paste ; afterwards heal np the sore with any good healing salve, or Sloan's Horse OLntuient, a^ per recipe above, keeping the sore covered while it is healing up. A>othi:b tzrt Taltaelf Recipe Fob Ri>-g-boxe. — Pal- ■rerized qantharides, oils of si^ike, origanum, amber, cetLir, Barba- doea tar, and British oil, of each 2 oz. ; oil of wunawood, 1 oz. ; spirits turi>entine, 4 oz. ; common jKitash, i oa. ; nitric acid, 6 oz, ; sulphuric acid, 4 oz. ; Lird, 3 lbs. Meit the lard, aud slowly add the acids ; stir well, and add the other articles, stirring till cold ; clip oif the hair, and apply by rubbing and he;iting in. Li at«out 3 days, or when it is done running, wash off with saap-suda, and apply again. In old aises, it may Uike 3 or 4 weeks ; but, in recent caaes, 2 or 3 applications have cured. Another. — Pulverized cantharides, oils of origanum and amber, and spirits turijentiue, of each 1 oz. ; olive oU, ^ oz. ; sulphuric acid, 3 drams ; put all, except the acid, into alcohol ; stir tlie mixture, add tlie acid slowly, aua coutinue to stir till the mistnre ceases to smoke; then iKDttle for use. Apply to ring-bone or sjxavin with a sponge tied on the end of a stick, as long as it :s absorbed into the parts ; twenty- four hours after, grea^^e well with lard ; aud in t-.venty-four hours more, wash off well with soap-suds. One applieaticm' is generally sufficient for spa\ ins, hut may need two ; ring-bcnes, alwr.vs two or three applicationj>, three or four daysaj^art. whi ■h'pr'^v nts lossof tair. iiiis will .«tt axd SI-A^^^' Lix;>:e^-t. Oil < :. ; gum camphor, 2 oz. ; mercurial ointment, 2 oz. t, 1 oz. ; melt by putting all into a wide-mouthed bouie, aud seiiiUg it in a kcttie of hot water. Apply it to tone spavins or splinta, twice dailv, ior four or five days, and a cure is guaranteed. Poll Eva, and Fisttl.^, — Common potish dissolved in 3^ pint of water, 1 lb. ; add h oz. belladomia extract, and 1 oz. gum arJIhic dis- solved in a httle w:iter : work all into a j>a.-te with wheat Bour, and bottle up th^ht. Diie.tions : wash the sores weU with Cistile soap- Bods ; then apply taiio-.v all around them. Next, press the abova paste to the bottom of all the orifices : repeat every two davs till the callous fibrous base around the poll evil or fisttila* is completelv de- gtroyed ; put a pifH?e of oil-clotli over the sores, and afterwards'heal op wiUi Sloaa'8 Horse Ointment. POIKTS IN A HOKUt DLA.GRAM OF A SOUXD BOaSS. a POIJfTS IN A HORSE. 16. K-ck. IT. Breast. 1?. Shoulder. 19. Withers. 20. Arm. 21. Fore-arrtL 22. Fore-legs. 23. Knee. 24. Cannon-bones. 25. Nape. •26. Crest. 27. Middle-hand. 2«. Back. 29. Back-hand. 30. Loin. 31. Hip. ."2. Croup, or Bomp. 33. Dock. M. Elbow. 1. Forehand. 2. Forehead. 3. Face. 4. Nose. 5. Wings of the nose. 6. Muzzle. 7. Jaw. 8. Throat. 9. Windpipe, or Throtr tie. 10. Point of the Shoul- der. 11. Chin. 12. Curb of the ChiD. 13. Onter comer of the Eye. 14. Inner comer of the Eye. 12 Foreiop. CkjMPARATIVE TAiCE OF FoOD FOR HORSES. — 100 Ibs. of JCOod Laj is equivalent in value to 50 lbs. of oats. 57 lbs. of com, 273 of carrots, 54 lbs. of rye or barley, 105 lbs. of wheat bran. 400 lbs. of jrreen clover, 275 lbs. of ct'^d com, 374 Ibs. of wheat straw, 442 lbs. of rye straw, 400 lbs. of dried com stalks, 45 lbs. of wheat, 59 Ibs. of com, 62 Ibs. of sun-flower seeds, 69 Ibs. of linseed cake. 195 lbs. of oat •traw, 105 IVs. af wheat ¥iaii; 1 lb. of oil cake ia equal to 14 Iba oii^ be«e. 35. Girth. 36. Barrel (the Bibs). 37. F!ank. 3$. Quarter. 39. Thigh. 40. Stifle. 41. Hamstring. 42. Point of theEoek, 43. Hocks. 44. Fetlocks. 45. Small Pasterns. 46. Large Parfems. 47. Crovrn of theHocC- 4S. Hoof. 49. Hee.s. 50. Head. 51. Mane,orMan»HiAt i2 IMSEASES OF THE HORS2. DIAGRAM SKOVriSG DISEASES OF THE HORSE. The above diagram, conie-1 from a circular issued bv L. W. Wani« & Ck)^, manufact jrera of Dr. Herrick's Horse Medic-iues at 67 Murray 8t, N. Y., i?, notwithstanding its hijrnbrions appearance, of the ut- mort value to owners of horses ; for, taken in connection with thw following references dei»crintiTe o' the varioTis numbers, indications, &c., it will prove of great utility in identifving and locating di^ea^at in manv donbtf ol cases. - rfel&nderg. 124. Sore Throat 2 ) Discharge from the Nostrils. ,'25. Tumors caused bv CoUar. 3 ; Membrane. 126. Can;^ Elbow or Tumoi • (. Giandular Swellin'ra. (27 Wind Galls. 4. Caries and Diseases of the Jaw. 28. ilallenders and Sallenders. B. Fistula Parotid Duct '29. Sr.lint. 30. Capped Knee. 6. Diseases of tha Eve. jsi. Broken Knees and Or«n Joint i. Scars on Forehead and over the .32. Clap of the Back Sinews. c o ^^^f ,^ ^ ^- Ringbone. 8. Scare irom old Fontaneb and .M. Acute and Chmnic Fonnderer .« Bram Diseases. 9. Poll Evil., Ring Foot 33. Groggines*. 10. Prurigo, or Mane Scab. '36 Quitted Jo l'^}°'n "jr'^^"?- . ^- Tread on the Coronet anc? 12. Saddle Galls, Sitiasts. &c. | Overreache<« B 1^}'^°^J?^ 1^- R^^t Tail 38. Sand, Toe, Cow and Quartet 15. Falhng of the Fiuidament. Crack* 16. Loiation of PateUa, or Whirl 39. Girth Swellin<^ „ „ Bope Displaced. ,40. Wind Colic. Fret, Gripes, 01 17. Hernia or Rupture. > Bellv-ache 18. Broken Ribs. 19. Farcy. 41. Thorough pin. ^- Sores from Constant Bleeding. ,42. Capped Hocks. 43. Swelled or Sprang SinewiL 21. Bridle Swellings. ^„. ,_. „ ^^^^ ^ 22. Fistula and Inflammation of 44. Scratches. Parotid Gland. 45. Spavin. 83. Phlebitis, 01 inflamed Jugular .46. Curb. 47. SwoDen L«e& ?ARiULRS' BECEIFtS. 43 To Tam« Ho««a.—Tak» finelr-jTated how* caster, oiU of th» diam and cumin ; keep them In ieparat« bottles well corked ; pu* some of the oil of cumin on jrour hand, and approach the horse on the -windy side. He will then move toward you. Then rub some of the cumin on his nose, give him a little of the ca«tor on anything he likes, and get eight or ten drops oil of rhodium on hi^ tonjue. You can then get him to do anything you Uke, Be kind and attentive to the animal, and your control is ceitaln. Best Resikdt fok Heaves, — B;ilsam of fir and bakam of co- paiba, 4 oz. each, and mix with ciilcmed magnesi;i suftlcieutly thick io naake it into ball* ; and give a iniddling-fiized ball night and morn- ing for a week or ten days. t^CKS FOB BoT3 TS HoRSES. — Give the horse, first, 2 quarts of new milk, and 1 quart molasses ; 15 minutes afterwards, give 2 quart* very strong saijetea ; 30 minutes softer tlie tea, give 3 pints (orenoach to operate as physic), of curriers' oiL The molasses and milk cause the bota to let go their hold, the tea puckers them up, and the oil carries them completely away. Cure, certain, iu the worst ca^es. lixniEjrr fob Swee>t.— .Vlcohol and spirits turpentine, of each 8 oz. ; camphor-gTxm, pulverized caatharides, and capsicum, of each 1 oz. ; oil of spike, 3 oz. ; mix. Bathe this liniment in with a hot iron, and a cure is sure to follow. Fob Looseness on ScorRrxn ix Hobses ob Cattle. — Tormon- til root, powdered. Dose for a horse or cow, 1 to 1^ oz. It may bo gtirred into 1 pint of milk, and giveu ; or it may be ste<'ped in 1^ pints 01 milk, then given from thrco to six times daily, until cured. ScouES A>'T> Pi>--WoKM3 IX HoKSES AND CattLe. — White ash bark burnt into ashes', and made into a rather strong lye ; then mix i pint of it with 1 pint warm water, and give all two or three times aaUy. This will certainly carry oil the worms, which are the cause, in most instances, of scours and looseness. English Stable Lixemsnt, vert stbosg. — Oil of spike, aqua- ammonia, and oil of turpentine, each 2 oz. ; sweet oil, and oil of amber, each, 1^ oz. ; oil of origanum, 1 oz. SIJx. Colic CrsE fob Hobses axd Peksoxs.— Spirits turpentine, 3 ox. ; laudanum, 1 ox. ; mix ; and for a horse give all for a do-^e, by putting it into a bottle with half a pint of warm water. If relief is not obtained in an hour, repeat the dose, addiiig half an ounce of the best powdered aloes, well dissolved. Cure, certain. - Fob Pebsoxs, a dose would be from 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls in warm tea ; children or weak persons, less. LiXTMEXT FOR FLFTT CEXT3 FEB o.VLLOX. — Bcst vinegar, 2 qts. ; giilverized salt])etre, | lb. ; mix, and set in a cool place tiU dissolved, ivaluable for old swellings, pprains, bruises, &c. Shoeecg Horses. — A smith who shod for the hunt, and who said that he would have to shut up shop if a shoe was lost, as it might cause the loss of a horse worth a thousand pounds, fastened the shoe «8 follows : — As he drove the nails, he merely bent the points down to the hoof, without twisting them off, as the usual practice is : he then drove the nails home, and clinched them. He then twisted off the nails, and filed them lightly to smooth them, thus having, as ha remarked, a dineh and a rivet to hold the nails. HoBss A IT.. — Make a slow fire of old shoes, rags, herbe, Sm, 44 r^LKMEBS' BSCSTPTS. When fired a littls, nnother so as to make a great gmok» and steam, then set a barrel without heads, over the iiie, and hold the horse'a head down in the barrel, aud smoke hini weiL Tbis will soon pro- duce a copious running at the nose, and he will be so well pleased that he will volunuirilT hold his head in the smoke. Continue this half an hour or more daily, meanwbQe give him potatoes and warm branmashea, and gently physic ii there be much co.-d IlAE>"rs3 Galls, &c. — White lead and Unseed oil, mixed as for paint, is unrivalled for healing sadlle, hainess, or col- lar galls and bruises. Try it. applying with a brush. It goon forms an air-tight coating and soother the lain, ps«ia>>ove forahorse, and add it to glauber-salta, 8 oz. ; dissolve all in gruel, 1 quart, and give as a drench. Ho'iF-AiL rs Sheep. — Muriatic add and batter of antimony, of each 2 oz. ; white vitriol, prJverized, 1 oz. ; mix. Lift the foot^ and drop a little of it on the bottom, only omt or t .%-ice a week. It kills the old hoof, and a new one soon tikes its pLa^e. Scpeephosphate of Lime, the greatest AoRiccT.TrR-AL Dis- co \-ery OF THE Age. — ^Take a large puncheon, large tub, or barrel, and pot into it 200 Iba. water; add, very slowly and cautiously, 100 IIh. of pure gtilphnric acid; you must be very careful, while iiiTrfiifng thi» FAKMERS' KECEIPTS; '45 article, not to let it tonch your pld'i or clothing, as it •wiU icptantly blacken the slriu, and destroy the clothing, -wherever it comes in con- tact; and, when ]r.iseYhen the box is filled, you can remove It, and convert ft into poudrette. For this purpose it most b« worked over with an additional qaantity of mack, or other absorbent, in sacli proportion3 that it win loi-m, with what haa been previously added, aoout three- quarters of the enrlra cosa pound. The working shnuld b« done onder a ghed, and the whole kept perfectly dry. It should be ahovelled over and mixed several times at mtervala, and finally screened, and made as uniform thxou;;hout as possible; the finer it u pulverized, and the drier It is kept, the better. Home-made Guaxo of Uxequaxxed Excellence.— Save all Tour fowl manure from gun and rain. To prepare it for use, spread a layer of drv swamp muck (tlie blacker it is the better) on your bam floor, and dump on it tlie whole of your fowl manure; beat it Into a fine powder with the back of your spade; this done, add hard wood ashes and plaster of Paris, so that the compound shall be composed of the foUowmg proportions : dried muck, 4 bushels ; fowl manure, 2 bushels; ashes, 1 bushel; pkL^ter, iVbi'shels. Jlix thoroughly, and epare no labor; for, in this matter, tne elbow-grease expended will ba ■weU paid for. A little before planting, moisten the heap with water, or, better still with urine; cover well over with old mats, and let it lie till wanted for use. Apply it to bcaas, com, or potatoes, at the ruto of a handful to a liiU; and mix with the soil before dropping the seed. This will be found the bcot substitute for guano ever mvented, and may be depended on for brin^g great crops of turnips, com, potatoes, &c To Dissolve Labgs Boxes foe Maxtre without Etpexse.— Take any old flour barrel, and put into the bottom a laver of hard- wood ashes ; put a layer of bones on the top of the ashes, and add another layer of ashes, filling the space Ix^tween the bones with them ; then add b<^nes and ashes alternately, flushing off with a thick Liver of ashes. ANTien your luirrel is tilled, pour on water ( iiriue is better. ) just snfflcient to keep tLom wet, but do not on any account suffer it to leach one drop ; for that would be like leacliin^ your dungheap. In the course of time they will heat, and eventuallv soften down so that you can crumble them with your finger. When suffldently softened, dump them out of the barrel on a heap of dry loam, and pulverize and crumble them up till they are completely amalgamated mto one homoRcneous ma.«8 with the loam, eo that it can l» easily bandied and distributed when required. You may rely on it, this manure will leave its mark, and mow good results wherever used. StrBSTircTE FOB ScrEJiPH03PH.\TE. — If vou have inch bone ground in a bone-mill, and cannot ailord to purchase sulphuric acid to work it up into superphosphate of lime, you can reduce your bones into a fine impalpable powder by simply using three barrels of loamy soil to every barrel of mch bones ; mix tliem together. The bouea will soon begin to heat and ferment, and continue so for some time : they will then cool off. Tou will then proceed to chop down ana pulverize and work the mass thoroughly ; it wiU begin to reheat and ferment and cool down again ; and you will continue working it axei till the contents are brought to the proper state of fineness, wl^ien yon wiU have a fertilizer of astonishing power. It is only a year or two ftiace a statement appeared in the ^' Ck>antr7 Geotleman," of tii9 «tperlm«it8 of a Mr. Haskeix with a mannre vr^^,.^^ *^ mrthod, who found it even '"Perior to superphosphate oimn* How TO DOUBLE TIIE CSUAL QUA>-riTY OF ^'^^^^J^^^J^ FABM.-Provide a good supply of black swamp mould or loam &om JhTw^K)d?wlthm Lsy reaJh of your stable, and place a lay" of thu one foot thick, under each horse, with htter as usual, on the top of toe lo^m or mould. Remove the droppings of the amxoals every Sy, but let the loam remain for two week.. ; then remove it,^m)g tt ^th the other manure, and replace with fresh monli By tWa Smple means, any tinner can double not only. the ^l^^^J"^^^^ toe analitvof his manure, and never feel himself one penny the io^riX Ihe t^uble or excuse incurred, while the f ertilizmg value Ke hir^ents absorbeTand saved by the loam can scarcely be *^jS^Quincv, jun., has been very successful in keeping cattiem rtables the year through, and feeding them by means of soiling. Ke amount of manure thus made had enabled him to improve the fertility of a poor farm of 100 acres, so that in twenty yeara the hav Sop hid incr^d from 20 to 300 tons. The catiie are kept m a wdl- arran<-ed stable, and are let out uito the yard an hour or two mormng and afternoon ; but they generally app^r glad to retora to toeir Quarters Bv this process, one acre enables Lim to eunport three ot four cows. They are fed on grass, green oats, corn fodder, barley, &c which are sown at intervals through the spring and skinnier months, to be cut as required ; but he remarks that his most valuabla CTop iThis manure crop. Each cow produces Si cords of soM, and iTrds of liquid manui^, or 6^ cords in all. Five to eirfit imlesfrom Boston such manure is worth five to eight dollars a conL From thiH ^Smate, he has come to the conclusion that a cow's manure may be made as valuable as her milk. xt,..-^^^.^ Twenty Dollajrs' Worth of SIaxcrb fob almost Nothtng.— U you have any dead animal.— say, for instance, the body of a horee,-Kio not suffer it to poUntethe atmosphere by drawmg it away to the woods or any other out of the way place, but remove it a short distance only, from your premises, and put down four or five l^s of muck or "sods, place the carcass thereon, and sprinkle it over with quick-Ume, aud cover over immediately with «>?s or mould sufflaeut to make, ^th what had been previously added, 20 good wagon- loadfl • and you will have withm twelve months a pile of manure worth' S'X) for any crop you choose to put it upon. Lse a propor- tionate quantity of mould for smaller animals, but never less than twenty good wagon-loads for a horse ; and, if any dogs manifest too ere^ a regard for the enclosed carca.ss, shoot them on the spot. F^COMI^ST, SCBSTirUTE FOB BoxE-DusT, Maxube fbom Fish Refuse, &c.— The fish owes its fertilizing value to the animal matter and bone-earth which it contains. The foroier is precisely Eimilar to flesh or blood, consisting of 25 per cent of fibnn, the r^t bein'^ water : and their bones are similar m composition to those of terr^trial animals. As fertilizing agents, therefore, the bodi^ of fishes will act nearly in the same way as the bodies and Uood of animals ; 100 lbs., in'decaying, produce 2^ lbs of ammonia Hence 400 lbs. of fish rotted in compost are enough for an acre. The great fgii f^ ig due to the ?r,^",f,T,ia/vH portion ; foi it rendeis the oexoag* 48 farmers' RECEIPTg. dork-green, and starts it rery rapidly. One of the bfest composts iB made as follows : Dried bog-earth, loam, or peat, seven barrels ; hardwood ashes, two barrels ; fish, one barrel ; slaked lime, one bushel. Place a thick layer of tlie bog-earth on the bottom ; on the top of this put a layer of" the fish, then a sprinkling of lime, then a a layer of ashes ; on top of the ashes put a thick layer of bog-earth, loam, or peat ; then another thin layer of fish, lime, and ashes, and 80 on till your materials are worked in ; then top off with a thick layer of the absorbents, to rebun the fei tilizuig gases. The decomiw- sition of the fish will proceed very rapidly, and a very rich compost \rill be the result. It should be shovelled o\-er and over and thor- oughly intermixed and pulverized. Put this on so as to have 400 lbs. of fisli to the acre. It may be applied with the greatest benefit to com, turnips, potatoes, beano, .jtc., in the drill, and broad Cii.-t on the grass. Superpho.«phate can be made fr o:n pogy-chnm, or the refuse of other fish, after the oil is e\"pre?sed, by di.er acre, has produced a crop of 23^ tons of tuniipa per acre ; while on the Kirae soil, and during the same season, it took 40 bushels of bone-dust to produce only 2"J tons per acre. Ashes from Soil by Sr''>>-TAXZor3 Co.aibc3t:on-. — Make your mound 21 feet long by 10^ feet wide. To fire, use 72 bushels of lime. First a layer of dry sods'or paiiugs on which a quantitv of lime is spread, mi\-hig sods with it; tlien a covering of eiiiht inches of sods, on whicli the other half of the lime is spreiid, and covered a foot tliicic, the height of the moimd being about a yard. In t\veaty-fonr hours it will take fire. Tlie lime should be 'fresh from the kiln. It is better to suffer it to ignite itself than to eJect it by the operation of water. When the fire is fauiy kindled, fresh sckIs must be ajv plied ; but got a g'Xid body of ashes ia tlio first place. I think it may be fairly En^^ijo-cd that the lime adds fuH its worth to the quaUty of the ashes, and, when limestone can be got, I would ad- vise the burning a small quantity in the moimds, which would bo a great improvement to the ashes, and wor.ld help to keep the fire in. SoBSTirrTE FOR B-VRX-MAXiTEn. — DL^,-wlve a biLshel of stilt in ■water enough to shock 5 or 6 bushels of lime. The best rule for pre- paring the compost heap is, 1 bushel of this lime to 1 load of Bwamp-miick, intimately mixed ; though 3 bushels to 5 loads makes a very good manure*. In laying up the heap, let the layer of muck and lime be thin, so that 'decomposition may be more rapid and complete. "When lime cannot be got, use unleiached ashes,-— 3 or 4 bushels to a cord of muck. In a month or six weeks, overlianl and work over the heap, when it will be ready for use. Sprinkle the salt water on the hme as the heap goes up. Sheep-Dippiko Cosipositiox". — Water, 1 gaL ; benzine, 8 ounces ; cayenne pepi>er, 2 ounces. Mix ; make what quantity yon require, using these pro^wrtions. Dip your sheep and lajnbs in the composi- tion, and it will make .short work of the vermin. Oax oa WaEAZ Sisaw uaob squax. to Hat. — Bring 10 gaUou FARilEES' EEOEIPTg. 49 water to a boiling heat ; take it off the fire, and add to it at on.« 3 gallons of linseed vuigroimd ; let it remain tUl it gets cold ; thea empty the -n-bole into a cask containing 41 gallons of cold water, and let it remain for forty-eight hours. At the end of that time, it will be reduced into a thin jelly, like arrowroot Spread out J t/on straw, and sprinkle it over regularly with the whole of the liquid from the cask. The stock will eat it up as clean, and keep as fat oh it, quantity for qtiantity, as they would do on hay. Death fob VEBiux ox Plants or Axtsials.— Pour a gallon of boiling water on one pound tobacco leaves, strain it in twenty minutes ; - for vermin, on animals or phmts, this decoction is certaia death. EE3IE2T FOB CuKcrLiO IN* Frcit T^ees. — Sawdust saturated in coal oil, and placed at the roots of the tree, will be a eixre prevent- ive ; or, clear a circle around the tree fi-om ail rubbish ; fill up all little hoka and smooth olf the ground for a distance of at least 3 feet each way from the tree, then phice chips or email pieces of irood on the ground within the circle ; the curculio will take refuge in large numbers below the chips, and you can pass around in the mornings and kUl them off. GKAFTiifa Wax. — Resia, 1 lb. ; bees-wax, 1 lb. ; with tallow or lard euiflcient to soften until it can be readily applied with thehand; melt- To Cultivate Tobacco. — To raise tobacco, select a sheltered situation, where the young plants can receive the full force of the suji ; burn over the surface of the ground ea riy in spring (new land is best), rake it well, ajid sow the seeds : liave a dry, mellow, rich soil, and after a shower, when the plants have got leaves the size of a quarter-dollar, transplant as you would cabbage plants, 3^ feet apart, and weed out carefully afterwards. Break oH the suckers from the foot-stalks, as they appear ; also the tops of the plants when they are well advSnced, — say, about three feet high, — except those designed for seed, wliich should be tlie largest and best plants. The ripeness of tobacco is known by small dusky spots appearing on the leaves. The plants should then be cut near the roots, on tlie moming of a day of simshine, and sliould he singly to wither. When sufficiently withered, gather them carefully together, and hang them up imder cover to cure and prepare for market. To PRESEE^T. Potatoes fkoji Rot. — Dust over the floor of tho bin with lime, and put in about 6 or 7 inches of potatoes, and dust with lime as before, then more potatoes, using about 1 bushel of limpi to 40 bushels of jiotatoes. The lime improves the flavor of the pota-' toes, and effectually lolls the fimgi which causes the rot. An old veteran farmer, with G3 years' extierience, has successfully fought the potato rot «i the ground, as follows : He plants them ia. the latter part of April, or beginniog of May, and in the old of the moon. When six inches high tliey are pkfstered and dressed out nicely. Ifow for the secret When blossonung, take 2 parts plaster, and 1 part fine salt, mix well together, and put 1 lai^e spoonfiil of this ccmpound as near the •entre of each hill as possible. When ripe, take them out of the ground, have them dry when put in tue ctlLir, and keep them in a dry, cool place. Packixq Fruits for Long Distances.— Take a box of the prope^ gir-e, soft paper, and sweet bran. Place a layer of bran oa the bottom, then each bunch of grapes is held by the hand over 4 A 50 FABMEBS' BSCEIPTi. rfreet of the pftt)fer ; th« four comers of the pnper are bronght op to the stalk and nicely sccored ; then laid ou its side in the box, and so on until the firs* layer is finished. Thtin dust on a layer ot bran, giving the box a gentle shake as von proceed. Begm tlie second layer as the first, and so on until tlie ■whole is full. The bloom of' the fruit is thus preserved as fredi, at the end of a ionmey of 500 miles, as if tliey were newly taken from the tree. Never fails to preserve grapes, i^eaches, apricots, and other fruit Thorley's Co^^)nrE^'TAL Food. — The following is a formula to make 1 ton of the food : take of ludixm meal ftOO lbs., locust beans finely ground 600 lbs., best linseed cake 300 lbs., powdered turmeric and eulphur of each 40 lbs., salti>etre 20 lbs., licorice 27 lbs., ginger 3 lbs., anise-seed, 4 lbs. , coriiinder and gentian of each 10 lbs. , cream of tartai 2 lbs., carbonate of soda and levigated antimony each 6 lbs., common salt 30 lbs., Peruvian bark 4 lbs., "fenugreek 22 lbs., mix thoroughly. CcRE FOE Swelled Bags la CoVrs. — An excellent remedy for Fwelled bags in cows, caused by cold, etc., is gum camphor i oz., to Bweet oil 2 ozs. ; pulverize the gum, and dissolve over a slow fire. To iKCBEASE THE PYOW OF MiLK IN COWS. — Give your COWB t'liree times a day, water sliglitly warm, slightly salted, in which bran has been stirred at the rate of 1 qt. to 2 gals, of water. Yon wiU find if yon have z^c tried tliis daily practice, that the cow will give 25 per cent, more milk, and she will become so much attached to the diet that she will refuse to drink clear water unless verv thirsty, but tiiia mess she will drink at almost any time, and ask for more. The amount of thia diiuk necessary is an ordinary water-nail full each time, morning, noon, and night Avoid giviugcows " dops," as they are no more fit for the animal than the human. Home-made Stujip MAcinxE. — Take 3 pieces of common joints, put them together in form like a common harrow, letting the tapering ends lap bv each other some 6 inches, making a place for tlie chain to rest in. Cut off the roots at any distance yon please from the stumpi place the machine at one side of the stump, tapering end up : hitch the chain on the opposite side and pass it over the machine ; then hitch a good yoke of oxen thereto, and yon ^U see tlie stump ri?e. Another method is as follows : in the fall of the year boi e a 1-inch hole 18 inches deep into the centre of the ttump, and put in 1 oz. . of saltpetre, filling up with water, and plujrging the hole up. In tlie spring take out the ping, put in half a gill of kerosene and set fire to it. It will bum out the stump, to the farthest root. Here is another pbn : in the fall, with an incli auger, bore a hole in the centre of the sturai) 10 inches deep, and put into it a i lb. of vitriol, and cork the hole up very tight In the spring the whole" stump and roots extending all through theii ramifications will be found so rotten that tlicy can S; ea.«ily enidic^ted- To Sprout Oxios.— Pour hot water on'the seed, let it remain & or 3 seconds, and they will immediately sprout, and come up much earlier. To Rexe-w Old Orchards.— Early in the spring, plough th- entire orchard, and enrich the whole soil with a gmuck, and lime ; scrai>e off the old bark with a deck-scraper, or a sh^^ hoe ; apply half a bushel oi lime, and the same of ground charcoal round each tree. Then apply diluted soft soap, or strong sosp-aads, on the trunks ant) VAJftMERS' BSCEIPTS. 51 Qmbs, a£ h^ as A man can reach. When the treM ore fat ftxil bloom, throw over trem a good proportion of fine elaked lima, and yon will reap abundant fruits from your labors. To Destboy the Moth or Miller. — Dr. Waterman eays, "I took two white dishes (because wliite attracts their attention in the night) or deep plates, and placed them on the toi> of the liives, and filled tliem about lialf-full of sweetened vinegar. The next morning I had about 50 millers caught ; the second night I caught 60 more ; the third night, being cold, I did not get any, the fouith night, being very warm, I caught about 400; the filtu night I got about 200." To Keep Mum Sweet, Am) Sweeten Sour Milk. — Put tnto the milk a small quantity of carbonate of magneuia. To Make Cheap and Good Vijteoak. — To eight gallons of dear rain-water, add 6 quarts of molasses ; turn tlie mixture into a clean, tight cask, shake it well t^vo or three times, and add 1 pt. of good yeast. Place tlie cask in a waim place, and in ten or fifteen days add a sheet of common wrapping-paper, smeared with molasses, and torn into narrow strips ; and you will have good vinegar. The paper is necessary to form the " mother," or life of the liquor. Me. Culley's Red Salve, to cube the Rot in Sheep. — Mix 4 oz. of the beet honey, 2 oz. of biimt alum reduced to powder, and ^ a pound of Armenuai bole, with as much train or fish oil as will convert these ingredients into the consistence of a salve. The honoy must first be gradually dissolved, when the Armenian bole must be Btirred in ; aftenvards the alum and train-oil are to be added. To Improve the Wool of Sheep, by Sme-Uiing. — Immediately after the sheep are shorn, soak the roots of the wool that remains aU over with oil, or butter, and brimstone ; and, 3 or 4 days afterward, wash them with salt and water. Tlie wool of next season will not be much finer, but lie quantity will be in greater abundance. It miiy be depended upon, that the sheep will not bo troubled with the scab or vermin that year. Salt water is a safe and effectual remedy >gainst maggots. To Mark Sheep WTrnocrT Injttrt to the Wool. — To 30 spoonfuls of linseed oil, add 2 oz. of litharge, 1 oz. of lampblack ; boil aJl together, and mark the sheep therewith. To Prevent the Fly in Turnips. — From experiments lately made, it has been ascertained tliat lime sown by hand, or dis- tribnted by a machine, is an iufaUible protection to tumii>8 against the ravages of this destructive insect. It should be applied as goon as Bie turnips come up, and in the same daily rotation in which they were sown. The lime should be slaked immediately before it is used, if the air be not sufficiently moist to render that oi^eration unnecessary. Coloring for Cheese. — ^The coloring for cheese is, or at least should be, Spanish annatto ; but, as soon as coloring became general in this country, a color of an adulterated kind was exposed for sale in almost every shop. The weight of a guinea and a half of real Spanish annatto is suflJcient for a cheese of fifty poands' weight. If a considerable part of the cream of the night's milk be taken for butter, more coloring will be roquisite. The le?inet the oheese ia, the more coloring; it requirea. The manner of xudns 52 FARMERS EECEIPT8. annatto w to tie np in a linen rag the quantity deemed snfBcient, and put it into | pt. of ■warm -water over night. Tiiis infusion is put into the. tub of milk in the morning with the vennet infusion ; clipping the rag into the milk, and rubbing it agaiust the palm of the hand as long as any color runs out. The yolk of egg v,i'A color butter. The Great Secrets fob Trapping Foxes and other Gajie. — Husk-rat musk and skunk musk mixed. Can be procured at the druggists, or from the animals themselves. To be spread on the bait cf any trap. This receipt has been sold a3 liigh as §75. Anoth"!', costing $50, for minks, &c. — Unslaked lime, i lb. ; sal-ammouiacj 3 oz., or muriate of ammonia, 3 oz. Mix, and pulreiize. Keep in a. covered ve,ssel a few days until a thorough admixture takes iikce. Sprinkle on the biiit, or on the ground around the trap. Lcep in a corked bottle. Food fob Sixgixg Braps. — Blanchad tTreet almonds, pulverised, i lb. ; pea meal, 1 lb. ; 6a4rron, 3 grs. ; yolks of 2 bard boiled egg?- lieduce all to a jjovrder by rubbing through a sieve. Place tlie m;"..- ture in a frying pan over a fire, and add 2 oz. butter and 2 oz. honey. Slightly cook for a few minutes, stu-ring well, then set olf to cool, and preserve in a closely corked-bottle. Much Butter from Little Milk.— Take 4 ozs. pulverized alum, ^ oz. pulverized gum-arabic, 50 grs. of pepsin ; place it in a bottle for use as retiuired. A teaspoonful of this mixture added to 1 pt. of new milk will, upon churning, make :i U"* of butter. Agents are sell- ing this secret for §5. Composition foe Drivinq out Rats, etc. — Keep on hand a quantity of chloride of lime. The whole secret consists in scattering it dry all aroimd tiieir haunts and into their holes, and they wUl leave at once, or a liljei-al decoction of coal tar placed in the entrance of their holes will do as well. How TO FORM SPRI^■GS. — ^The finest springs can be made by boring, which is performed by forcing an iron rod into the earth by its own weight, turning it round, and forcing it up and down by a spring- pole contrivance. The water will sometimes spout up several feet above the siu-face. Iron pipes are put down in the hole after the water is found. Deprci-sed eituatiomi, having a southern exposure, with rising ground towards the noilh, are the best situations in the' United States or the Canadas to find water. To Burn Lole withoct a Kiln. — ilake a pyramidal pile of large limestones, with an arched furnace next the gTOund for putting in the fuel, leaving a narrow vent or funnel at the top ; now cover the whole pile ■with earth or turf, in the way that charcoal heaps are covered, and put in the fire. The heat will be more completely diffused through the pile, if the aperture in the top is paitially closed! I'roduces a superior article of lime. Eye Water for Horse.« and Cattle. — Alcohol, 1 tablesix>onful ; extract of lead, 1 teaspooufid ; rain water, ^ pint. To Destroy Mos3 on Trees. — Paiut them with white-wash made of quick lime and wood ashes. To Protect Fruit-trees from attack op Mice, etc.— Tar, 1 part ; tallow, 3 parts ; mi«, Apply hot to tha bark of the tret with a i>aiBt l>nuh. PAEMF.RS' KECEIITS. 5S ft)TNTS or A Good Hobs?;. — tic rlioiild be about ir*^ ^andB high ft© head light and clpnn made, wide bet\»fen the nostrils, and the rop.trilt< tiicnifflves Inr^e, transpaiT:it .and open ; broiid in the fore- head, eres prorainont, dear and sparkliug ; <-~'rs rimnll and nently ?et on ; neck rather shoit imd weil ^fet up ; larjit anii or s-lutuider, well thrown bade, and high ; ^v■;lherci inched and hiv'li : le;.~ line, iat, tliiu and small-boned ; body round and rath- r lisht. thciijih saffl- cieutl\' large to afford tiubi>t:ince wheu it is neeuod ; lull chest, afford- ins play lor the liuigB ; bark sLoit, with the hind-qiuuters set on rather obliquely. A rjood drov(/hl J-ors'- e.hin\\d have a rather large, well-shaped head, a ciGiin, long ear. full eye, n-ck r?ther long, but not too nr.'.ch arched ; Klrou;,' witlier.^, lyiu^ well for\^ard to catch the oollar at the proper 3n.!:;le lor drar.ght, end broad ghoaldcrs, well sprcjid into the back, back very Ktiaiglit, ribs lone; a.nd well i-ounded. iiiud-legs bent at the l!.x;k, fore-lcga lorv.ard, land-quartorH some- wh.nt roiijid. but not sufi'icicntly to make thciu look short ; the mane Rnd tail of sliort. bnt not coar.^e hnir, and with a feUock about two iiichet* long, broad laiccs, long hocks, f-nurt ehiinks, and hard ankles or fetlock joints, and round hocjfs, well opened behind, nnd the nearer you ajiprouch this dc:;crij,tk)n tlie nearer the hot.ve will be to 1 erfection. Tnr. Epizootic. — The early pymptom.s of tlie disease are a light, h-K-kinj!; coutrh, with a general diJuess, and r,n indisposition t(i move ; cold legs, wiih n wateW discharp;e from th.e nostrils. At first, the nasal membrane is pale, but, as the di.-ual mess of or.ts, and, when all is c<.''d, feed them to the horse V;epe;'t till all symptoms disappear. Ci ro certain. Ground guige* mixed with the oats, h.^.s also juoved eiTctuiil. A<;k of Horses. — />'/ Teeth. — A .horsj has 40 teeth, 24 double t'lth, or grinders, 4 tuahes, or single file teeth, and 13 front teeth, (■('led gatherers. As a general thing, mares have no tushes. Be- t-vpon 2 and 3 years old, the CAilt sheds his four middle teeth. 2 above I'ld 2 below. Alter 3 Yc:>r8 old, 2 other teeth are shed, 1 on each p '.e of those formerly changed ; he now has 8 colt's teeth and 8 horse's teeth ; when 4 yen i^ of age h>i cuts 4 new teeth. At 5 years of age. the horse sheds his remaining colt's teeth 4 in numlier, when i is tushes aone.-xr. At 6 ye.ars of a^ Lis tushes are up, appearfag wiilte, email" and sliarp, wLile a Bmall circle of young growing teetn 54 FARMEES' RECEIPTS. are ©bserTable. Tae mouth is now complete. At 8 jrwre of 8;?e ih« te^ have filled np, the horse is aged and his mouth is said to he f ulL By Eyelid. — After a horee is 9 years old, a \rrinkle comes on the eyebd at the upper comer of the lower lid, and every year thereafter he hasoue well defined wrinkle for each year over 9. If, for iustance, a horse has three of these wruikles, ho is 12 ; if 4, he Ls 13. Add thn number of wrinkles to 9, and you will invariably judge correctly of a horse's age. Those who inannge horses should be careful never to inflict any nnnecesearv p.iin. for it is only by the law of kindness that a horse can be trained and managed. No man ever yet ptruck a horse, but he made the horse the wor^e for it. Patieuce and kindness will a<:- complish in every instance what wliipping will fail to do. Horses having a vicious disposition are invariably made so from cruel treat- ment Horsies are designed to work, aiul daily labor lor them is aa much a necessity to their existence as to that of man's. It is not the hard drawing and i)onderons loads that wear out horses aud make them poor, balkv and worthless; but it is the hard drivuig, the worry by rough and inhuman drivers, that uses up more horse flesh, fat and muscle than all the labor a team performs. Another great reason why there are so few really sound animals ia becaiLse of their being put to work too soon. Horses are not develoj^ed until they are 5, 6 or V years old, and they should do very little work until they reach that period. When a horse is worked hard its food should cliiefly be oats; if not worked hard its food should chiefly be hay; because oats supply more nourishment and flesh making material than any other food; hay not so much. Aktificial Rubber FROM Mn.KWEED. — The juiceorsapisexpreff- ed from the milk-weed by running it between iron rollers and then allowing it to ferment or evaporate to the consistency of tiiin molasses. It may then be slowly boiled to reduce it to a thick* mass which may be treated in the usual way of manufacturing the genuine rubber. See Boot, Shoe and Rubber Munu/r's Dep't. To Pickle Meat ik One Dav.— Get a tub nearly full of rain or river water, aud put two pieces of thin wood across it and set the beef on them at about the distauce of 1 inch from the water. Heap aa much salt as will stmd on the beef and let it remain 24 hours, then take off the beef and boil it, and you nill find it is completely impreg- nated by the salt, the water having drawn it through the meat. Baeo>' Liebig's Great Fektilizkr. — Dry peat, 20 bushels, urn leached ashes, -3 bushels, fine bone diuvt. Another engine )f 5 horse power thrashed 400 bushels, coal consumed. 4 c^wer threshed 800 bushels p'.'r day, coal c< miume^ 6 cwt. Tlie economy of these pci-foiroances c^ evident at a glance, 56 FAEMEBS EECEIPTS. and even if much less work than the above were effected, it is e-rident that such an engine as the one represented above, ■would, if mounted on wheels, prove a most valuable acquisition to any neighlx)rhood composed of thrifty farmers. who might, by an equitable arrTngetrent, become both the owners and beneficiaries of the same. Manj porta- We engines are kno-wn to be performing excellent service, not only in threshing grain, but in chaffing rtniw. bav, &c..i'l ^ir rattle, cnttini: •wood for f"iel,and sawii' ■we have on« as novel ing engine, ri^^^-.c farmers' receipts. 57 ■ywthCT, togetlier with the necessary fuel and water, without tits aid of horses. An excellent view of this most useful invention is pre- sented in the cut. ExcELSioK Axle Grease. — Tallow, 8 lbs. ; palm oil, 10 lbs. ; plum- bago, 1 lb. J heat aud mix well. Pix>0GHiNG Table. — SHOwma the dtstancb travelled by a HoBSE IN Plowing an Acre of Land; and the quantity OF Land Cultivated per Day, Computed at the bate of 16 AND 18 Miles per Dai of 9 Hours. Tupow •lice. Suuce travel- led in Plough- ing an Acre. Extent Ploughed per Day. Furrow slice. .Space travel- led iu Plough- ing an Acre. Extent Ploughed per Day.- tiche*. Miles. IS 3files. IG Jk'iles. Inches. Jliles. 18 Miles. 16 Mile*. 7 14 1-2 1 1-4 1 1-8 14 7 2 1-2 2 X-i 8 12 1-2 1 1-2 1 1-4 15 6 1-2 2 3-4 2 2-5 9 11 1 3-5 I 1-2 16 6 1-6 2 9-10 2 3-5 10 9 9-10 1 4-5 1 3-5 17 5 3-4 3 1-10 2 3-4 11 9 2 1 3-4 13 5 1-2 3 1-4 2 9-10 12 8 1-1 2 1-5 1 9-i; I'.l 5 1-4 3 1-2 3 1-1& 13 7 1-2 2 1-3 2 1-lt 20 4 9-10 3 1-5 3 1-4 Rapid Rule to Reckon Co.st of Hat, Coal, &c.— Multiply tho number of poimds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left. Example: What is the cost of 7G4 lbs. of coal at $14 per ton ? Aus. : $5,348. Process : 764 14-=-2= 7 5.348 To Measure Grain.— Rule.— Level thegi-ain; ascertain the .space it occupies in cubic feet; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. Example: A box level full of grain 20 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, and 5 ft. deep, how many busliels does the box contain ? Ans. ; 80J bushels. Process : 20x 10x5=1000x 8 ;-10 -.-800 Or, 1(.X)0 ft. 800.0 N<^ .e. — Correctness requires the addition to every 300 bushels of 1 extra bushel. Quantity of Seed required for a Given Number of Hills, OR length of Drill. — Asparagus, 1 oz. to 60 feet drill; beet, 1 oz. to 50 ft. drill; carrot, 1 oz. to 180 ft. drill, endive, 1 oz. to 150 ft. drill; onion, 1 oz. to 100 ft. drill ; parslev, 1 oz. to l.'SO ft. driU; parsnip, 1 oz. to 200 ft. drill; radish 1 <aration of a solution of lii»e, nitre, and pigeon's dung in water, and therein steeping the seed. Tested on wheat, the produce of some of these grains was reported at 60, 70 and 80 stems, many of the ears 5 inches long, and 50 coma each, and none less thau'40. The same botanist (Millar) produced 500 plants from 1 grain, and 576,840 grains, weighing 47 lbs. Grains of wheat in different couutiies yield from 6, 10, 16, and even 30 to 1: Cape wheat 80 to 1. Barley yields from 50 to 120. Oats increase from 100 to 1000. Wheat and millet seed germinate in one day, bar- ley in 7, cabbage in 10, almond and chestnut and peaches require 12 mouths, and rose and filbert 24. A field of wheat buried under au avalanche for 25 years, proceeded on its growth, &c., as soon as the enow had melted. A bulbous root foimd in the hand of a mummy, above 2000 years old, lately produced a plant. Potatoes planted be- low 3 feet do not vegetate ;'at ^ foot they grow quickest, and at 2, are retarded 2 or 3 months. Compound foe REnviNG Exhausted Obchabds — Sulphate of potash, 30 lbs. ; sulphate of magnesia, 15 lbs. ; salt, 35 lbs. ; pltuster of Varis, 15 lbs. ; chloride of magnesia, 5 lbs. AJl to be well powdered and mingled with barn manure, and then dug iu around the roots at the rate of 10 to 20 lbs. to a tree. This cxjmpound is assumed to re- store those elements to the son of which it has been exhausted during many years of fruit bearing, and the secret has been sold to hundreds at extortionate prices. Abtificial Manure.— The composition of Dr. Jeannel's artificial manure for pot plants, as detailed to the Centi-al Horticultural Society of Fiance, is as follows : — Nitrate of ammonia, 400 grammes (a gramme == 15 grains); phosphate of ammonia, 200 grammes ; ni- trate of potash, 250 grammes; hydrochlorate of ammonia, 50 gram- mes; sulphate of lime, 60 grammes ; and sulphate of iron, 40 gram- mes. One gramme or 15 grains of this .i ixture is dissolved in a litte of water, and used ouce or twice a week. FARMERS BECEirTS. 59 EQnrr,\LK>-T FKKTn,i7.iKG PnoFEBTiEs OF VABrors Mantjre*.- 1 lb. guanu equals 08 Ibe. cow manure, 33 farm yard do., 22 swine do. 21 horse, 1-1 human. Seed Oats. — Place your oats in a heap at the leeward end of the threshing floor on a day when a gentle breeze is blowing through th« bam. TiSie a common wooden flour-scoop and throw the oats against the wind, towards the other end t>f the floor. A few minutes' experi- ence will enable you to throw them so tliat they will fall in a semi- circle at a nearly uuiiorm distance from where you stand, the oata which fall farthest are the best for seed, and are to be carefully swept together as fast as they accumulate in sufficient quantities. BEfco Wheat should not only be thoroughly cleaned from the seeds of weeds, but gnall grains should be taken out with a separator or suitable fanning niiil, feaviug only the largest, plumpest, and ear- liest ripejied kernels. To prevent smut, soak the seed wheat in brine, and then dust it with unslacked lime; this will prove a perfect preven- tive. To Prodccb the Peab in Pekfectiox. — Pears are liable to crack when tlie trees stand in soil deficient in lime and potash. These es- sential elements are restored to exhausted soil oy the application of wood ashes at the rate of 400 bushels to the acre, which ensures the renewal of the proper proiX)rtions necessary to supply the require- ments, viz., 40 per cent, of potash and SO per cent, of lime. This will check the cracking of the fruit. Tested. Applied to the roots of the trees and vegeUibies, 12 qts. of soot mixed with 1 hogshead of water, is a most powerful stimulant of gi-owth and production. A paint of Boot and sweet milk applied to fruit trees will keep rabbits olf . Salt axd its Uses. — Salt appears to be as necessjvi-}- for vegetable life as it is to animal life. Applied in combination with other manures at the rate of 2 cwt. to the acre, it never fails to produce wonderful results on ail kinds of grain and vegetable productions, and the vor- acity shown by animals lor salted hay is well known. To Kjxl the Potato Bug. — iiix 1 lb. Paris green with 10 lbs. poor flour or fine whiting. To use, take a circular piece of wood 4 or 5 inches in diameter (it may be cut out of a 2 inch plank), insert a mop handle in the centre, tack on an old tin cau with oue end removed for the reception of the block, punch tlie other end with holes through which to silt the compound on tlie hills as you pass along the rows, and bore a hole in the wooden end for the reception of the mixture, and fit a plug to secure it. The compound should be sifted on the hills while tlie vines are wet with dew or rain. The StrijjedJutjon Cucximbeis and 3Wo«s may be destroyed, Ist, By sifting charcoal dust over the plants 3 or 4 tirues in succession. 2aid. Use a solution ol 1 peck of henhouse manui-e to Ih gals, water, and sprinkle the plants freely with it alter sunset. Chinch-bugs.— Place any old rags in the crotches of tlie tiees. The worms will take ref age and spin in the old rags, when the latter may be thrown in boil- ing water. Co.terpillars. — I'f e a solution of 1 part in 500 of sulphide of potasidum, sprinkle on the tree by means of a hand syringe. Curculio. — Make a very strong solution" of water and gas tar, so that after standing 48 hours it will be i>owerfulaud dark colored like creosotew On the appearance of the curculio, drench the tree thoroughly with a hand-forcing pump, repeating it every 3 days for 2 weeks, and d» •troy all fallen fruit 60 rXBHXBS' BSCEIPTS. To Rkltevb Choked Cattle.— In choking, the accnmnlation of gu (chiedy solpbaretted hydrogen) is the caose of the animai'i death. This gas can be decomj>osed by forcing a strong solution of Bait and water down the animiils throat ; or, force the beast to jump orer the bars of a gate or fence. When she touches the ground on the opposite side, the obstruction will be ejected. Another way is to nse four or five feet of |-inch rubber hose, and push the obstractiafc down. FAitBOW Cows. — Feed them liberally, and they will give rich milk, ttongh perhaps but little of it Let taem hare three or four qnarts of meal per day through the wint«r and spring, and do not stop giv- ing it when the grass comes. As soon as it dries them up, they will be fit for the butcher. To Cook Food fob Cattle. — To Cook Hay. — Cut it, wet it well, p<7t it in an upright tank or cask, with a false bottom and tight . eover, press it down firmly, and pass the steam in under the fiQsa cover. To C'X>k Com. — Soak as many barrels, half full, as you wisli to cook from 15 to 24 hours ; turn on steam and cook until done, and the barrels will be fulL To Make ifush. — Fill as many barrels, half fnll of water, as you wish to make barrels of mush ; bring the water nearly to a boil by passing the steam to the bottom ; stir into each barrel from li to 1| bushete of meal until well mixed ; then cook until done, when the barrels should be full. To Cook VeqetubUs. — FiU the barrels fulL and, if no other cover is at hand, chop the top fine with a shovel ; then cover them up with meal or proven- der, and cook until done ; have holes in the bottom of the barreli to carry ofif condensed steam. To Fattex Sheep. — Sheep will fatten readily on good clover-hay alone, if the hay has been cut in full bloom, so as to reuiin all ite juices before they are turned into woody fibre, and of a good green color. A sheep of, say l-lO lbs. live-w'ejght, will consume 21 lbs. of clover-hay i>er week, and increase in wei<:ht 2 lbs. Allowing that it would ordinarily ttke 14 lbs. to keep it in good stationary condi- tion, an expendJtcre of 7 lbs. of hay extra will produce ij lbs. of mutton, worth in the sprln.? 10 cent.«, — perhaps more, — so that the hay is literally realizing to the farmer at the rate of S30 oi more to the ton. No other stock, we think, will give a return for the trouble of fattening like this. To fatten sheep more rapidly, the daily addition of a small qu-mtity of oats to their feed will priv duce good effects. Keep their quarters dry, weil-veutilated, and abundantly littered with dean straw, with freedom of access to good water, and an occasional taste of salt. The health of sheep during the grazing season will be promoted by giving the sheep tar at the rate of a gill a day for every 20 sheep ; and, if given pine boogha once or twice a week, they wiu create appetite, prevent disease, and increase their health. The best sheep to keep, both for wool and mut- ton, ia the American Merino. Hat Racks fob Sheep. — The cheapest and best rack for sheep ean be made of 8 boards, 4 long and 4 short ones, nailed to 4 rB, forming an enclosure 12 or more feet long, as the case may and 32 inches wide. The bottom board should be at least 10 inches wide, and the top one need not be over 4, with a space be« tween of from G to 8 mche^. depending somewhat, upon the sire of the aheep that are to eat, wit'i'thair heads through tiiis apertam OW BEK KEEPING. 61 Co>-sTBUcnoN' OF Eee nrrEfl.-" Few departments of economy and use are more productive of utui^, profit, and real pleasure than tba intelligent management of the hon- ev bee, but perhai'S no otlier sub- ject is leis understood by the enor- mous masses of the vast populatim ■who iQ every gi-de of soaety, mi-ht bo heiiefited by a correct knov. led ^e of the subject. Inoracr to manacle bees with profit it is ne- cessary to discr.rd the old method o£ Euffocriticn vl'-'J sv.Ii-Uur, t^e o.d br.rrels, holIu^T l.^^s straw hive?, boxes, &c., cf tl-o i.zf.t, and keep abreast witLi the cow di-covenes of the age. A'A t^at is requirel for succef s is to r 1-"^ ^c'l, and always work in hancony with, and never agniust, the h avcn d-:nvai instincts which guide the marvellous onerarloncf this ■ wondei-:ul inrect Fore- most amon» tlie anplirjices wliich bcneut miin and t"- cllitat« tl.e labors of the boes we would mention tl'.a Americcji MovnMe Comb Hive, cut3 of wliich are pre- sented herewith. D'rcciion3pr m<:/^l:i:j i'.-^ Ancriccn Hive. — ^The bot- . tom beard is l"i inches -^"^ ■^Me 13 iucheslcn^randlj inches thick. The front r.nd ■5 br.ck are U\ inches wi'.o f.nd 1C\ mc'ies long. Tho. 8x10 cbscrvr.tion door in thijbaclc, is cut out with a bn7.ziaw, 3 inches from the bottom, and th'n £t r r, g in.wicej.ro fcicked on the sides and top of the oneuln^ even w.ui_t:ie o:..cr ee_o to lea-c e an i in. r.ibl .-t on the inr4de for t-ic g.as.^ 1 l.e O-' / ».^^ bhed by nailing an inch clamp ou eud^and side, ^^^^^^^J^.^ and hung to the clamp abov^. B^th front and b.-ick hare r. ^^f^X^'^^^^A'^^^^^l on the m^ide, aero., the top 4^ in. ^ltany of these will be admirably adapted for painting bee-hives ia £ beautiful and inex- pensive stvle. The lumber nsed should be thorouehl^ seasoned, and, after bc-th sides are dressed, it should be, icx the LxKly of the hive, | in. thii^:. In the cut, the bottom board, projects in fi'ont of the hive, making a convenient alighting board, and being inclined, i^" kept clean by the bees during tlie working season. By remo^vLn;:^ t^ie entrance block, C, a large opening is made for brushing out litter in the vrlnter or early spring, and for hiving new swarms. By the use of the small sUde, B. held ia place by the same button, the entrance can be con- tracted, if necessary, to the admission of a single bee, thus efi^ectnal- ly guarding a weak swarm from robbery, and the entrance n:ay be dosed entirely by malnug notches d, d, in the slide corresi.-ond ■with the piUars. By means of the moAT.ble side and the observation door at the back of the hive every facility is famished for obtaining ho- ney, observing progress, remo^ving or adding frames to stren;Tthrn weak stock, transferring, &c., &c., ■without injuring the combs or irri- tating the bees, and the honey boxes on the top may be removea or added at ■wiLL Another hive of intrinsic excellence Is called the Climaux, and FtiU another, the American, ■with Climax improvements, see cuts. The Climax is made in two parts. Tlie upper part, which contriiis the boxes (or frame) is pro^'id.ed -with common trunk rollers, and rejta on cleats, secured to the lower parts of the hive. These cleats extend far enou-h beyond the hive to allow the upper to roll off from tl:e lower •vriih.oui cmshinj, d'stiirbin^ or in any way tnterfa-iny Trit^ the labors of the bees. Tlie strips forming the track, have drop lerj a: fheir outer ends, and are hinged just outside tlie body of thc'hive, and when not in use, fold up snugly against the hive. The bottcTq board of the upper part answers every purjoso of a honey board. (54 OK BEE KELT'tBTG. It is provided -witJi two slots to admit the bees ; each slot lstjrov1de< with a ziuc strip on the under-side, connected by a vdre vrith a ban- IKE CLliLKS B£E BIVB AM-EmCAS BEE BTVE WITH CLniAX IMPROTEarEKT. die on the oi^tside. By this simple contrivance, all oommnnlcatioil between the two parts of the hive mav be instantly cut off, and divi- ding or any other operation performed vitliont difficulty. The bottom board of the lower part is made of plank IJ ins. thick; and is beveled from the centre to ench end, and projects far enough in front and rear to form aliditin;? Ixiards. Alon.^ the ennunit of uie l)ottom lioard m nailed a trianjnilar strip notched on the upper ed:je. Corre=i>ondinij notfbes are made in the centre of the lower edges of the bottom bars of the frames. Then notches are cut bevel- ling', so that the frames are ea>ilv inserted or withdrawn, but when in place, are ?>/)woi-a?)'^.and will not shake or jostle, no matter how the hive is turned. Then there is a central rest for the frames, which renders them entirely independent of each other, and of the walls of the hire. The well known propeofiity of bees to glue every thing to' ON BEE KEEPING. «5 gether i.... .... . .:.a is thus aafcicii-)fited nnd prevented, while at the same time a liee passaije all around, betweeu, above and below the frames, is auorded. 'iue lower part has two entrances oa opposite sides, and tlie bottom board slanting each way is eivsily kept clean. By removing the euirance block, complete ventilation is effected, and for Bui-ulus honey inthe comb, twenty-Ioar small, frames above, each 5x6 aari 2 ins. wide are used. Six oi these frames are placed together, top End sides close fitting, and a pane of glass, 5x6 inches, placed at each end. A ?trip of tough paper, about 2 ins. wide, is then glued to each gide and turned aroimd on the glass, which holds them firmly in place. Twelve fnunes thus made into tiro surplus boxes, just cover the top, and another tier, above tliis, furnish room for 50 lbs of honey, in the best shape for market or home use, the cost of these frame boxes hcv.v^ less than half that of the common glass boxes. Another important auxiliary to the apiculturist will be found in the Honey Extractor, represei; ted herewith. This is a geared ma- chine made of metal, or other suitable i^^terial, fitted with au HONET EXTRACTORS. interior arrangement for receiving the movable frames contaiufngf tiie comb andhoney from the hive. Tlie centrifugal force generat- ed by the rapid rotary motion of the frame causes the honey to fly In every direction against the inner side of the machine, and flow down into the vessel beneath. The frame and perfect comb, minua the honey, is then rctarncd to the hive to be again filled with honey. This operation may he repeated with the same comb for twelve ot fifteen years, if required and the value of the device may be imma- 6« ON BEK KEEPIHO. g'ned Trben it is kno-vni that each poond ol the comb, eo far as the bor of the bees Ia concerned, is equivalent or eqnnl to the coUm- ticn of twenty pounds of honey. The knife represented herewith is cscd for uncapping honey for extracting. As the utility of the preceding ren:arks -will be neatly enhanced Tjy additional informatiou resarding bees, we herewith append the fol- lowing excellent representations of the tenants of the hive, togetliar with practical instructions for profitable management QUXZH- BLACK WORKER. ITAL. WORKXS. The Italian bees are becoming great farorite* •wherever they have been iatroducevl, and are rapidly supplanting the black bees. They are credited with being very industrious workers, makipg three fhghts for every two made by the black bees, and storing much more than double the honey, besides being more prolific, as is evidenced by their more frequent pwarming. Eosides, the Italian bee is very hardy, working earlier and later in the season and g;;thexing honey trom sources not frequented by the common bee. Useful, Hints for BEorNXEP^. — 1. AVork quietly ; r void sudden jars ; never fight your bees, and alwoys keep coofi 2. If you get btung, remove tiie sting, squeeze out r.il the poison yon can, and ap- ply hartshorn. 3. Use plenty of snioke ; a roll of dry i ;:3 or decay- ed wood makes the best ; blow in tl.e entrance and at^tJie top of frames. If you are timid, use rubber gloves on your liands, and. a veil over the face and head : the veil must be long enough to allo-nr the vest or coat to be put on over it 4. When jir^ ture lir£t becomes plenty in the spring is a pood tlire to tran-sier bees. Always work among the hives during tiie midule of tlie day, when the bees are busy. 5. Stocks wit^iout eg.-s or young brold in Jime, must bo qiioenless and should be sTi"",>-ied with a qaeen or queen cell, or they wOl dwindle away and peiish eitlu'r by robbers or moth. 6. When tymptoms of robbing occur, uc-e the htmost caution. Contract the . entrance of weak hives, and allow no comb, honey, sugar or syrup tobearoimd. Avoid opening hives as mncli as possible. 7. Avoid an excess of drone comb by the presence of a queen in swarms where comba are to be ccn.structed. As swarms having young queens sel- dom Bwarm that year, less drone comb is built in swarms having young queens. 8. Quiet is ew-entiallv neoesscrv to the well-being of an apiarv. Do not place it near llilL*. Steam "Work.*, or Jlannfao- tories of any kind. If possible have it in view from the windowe ol OV BEE KEEPING. ^ the family room, as much extra trouble may bo avoided. 9. Aa natural talent or business tact, is requisite, with education to success in business, so a careful turn of mind and a love for tho business, •with an understanding of the subject, is necessary to success in bee- keeping. 10. Put ca noney boxes partly fiUed with comb as soon as the lower part of the liive is well filled with honey and bees, and when they are gathering honey pleutif uUy ; commence with only ona or two boxes at a time on the most populous stoclvs. 11. In transfer- ring combs always give those the preference that contain wwk«r DRONE AND WORKER COMB. brood. Put brood comb near the centre of the hive in the order In which they were in the box hive. Do your transferring where rob- bers cannot possibly be attracted. 12. Avoid weak swarms, as they gather but little honey, breed slowly, snd are in danger of destruc- tion by robbers, the moth, or severity of vrinter. Weak swarms should always be imited in tlie fall, and should never be made by dividing early in the season. 13. Whenever you notice tlie bees run- ning about the entrance in the evening in a disturbed condition, mark that hive and notice it the next evening. If the bees run about Buidling each other, it is a sign they liave lost their queen and siionld receive attention. 14. In e-stablishing an apiarv, select a gentle slope to the south-east; face the hives in the same dnectlon, if pofisible have running water near ; shade and protection from wind* and the heat of the sun are important. Set every hive as perpendi- cular as a clock— for a stand, take two short pieces of Ix 6 scantling Mid Lay or nail on a board. 15. To make queen eases, cut wii^ doth 68 OK BBS RBBPDra. 8x4 inches; irll out trro or thrrc traasvoKe Trlres fron ona ol tae S inch C'-oCrf, and iuicrt the piojecting euda thus leu ia. tlie corres- ponding meelies oi tiie other tiiree inch edge, mid fasten them ; stop one end ^v"ith a cork or wood. When yoa wish to introduce a queen, put Iier in tiie cage imd stop the other end with wax. IG. A fe\V inches ol drone comb is amply abundant for any hive, es drones consume a grer.t deal of honey and •rather none. TLa movable frame hire renders any preventive operation very easy : the f :;t will enable the beiumer to identify the dr(.)ne by the lar^a colls. 17. In the Xortheru States andliriti?h Provinces, ex])erimeut3 demonstrated that bees wintered in the open air have consumed about 45 lL>s. oi honey pei hive, whil& t>ee3 wintered iu the celiac COMB SHOWTJfG BKOOD AXD QCXEX CEIi. itiring the same period constiraed on an average only 5 lbs each In another case 6 hives wintered out of doors lost an average of 29^ Ibe, in weight each, during 3 months, while 20 hives in tiie ceUar lost only 5j lbs, each, during the same time. Do not place them in the cellar nntil the pevere weather leoins ; give them plenty of upward Tentilation in order to pass off tie vapor generated from the bees ; place the hives in rows on shelves, keep uem in a clean d^k plaos^ OH BES KEEPING 6* ISot not in a damp or l>adly ventilated cellar, for that is certain death to bees, and keep wire clotli tacked over the entrance to each hive ; if a dry absorbent material such as cut straw or Ehavings, can he E laced in the upper part of the hive to receive and absorb the un- ealthy emanationa from the bees, all the Letter; in out door wintering especially, this is a most desimble plan, as it retains tlie beat while it absorbs the et!iu\ia. 16. Bees wintered on their summer standa should al .-. ays be allowed from 30 to 50 lbs, of honey to each colony and extra protection around tiae hive if the cold is very intense. 19. "When cjjgs are deposited by the queen in the cells prepared by the workers, in 3 days they hatch into small worms which are nurtured and fed , until about the eighth day the larvae become nyniphs. and are sealed up in their cells to reappear as perfect bees. The queen bee emerp;es in from 10 to 17 days, the drone m 24, and the workers in 21 days from the egg. The cut illustrates a cbmb showing biood and queen cell but the artist has not succeeded a cry well in represcntiae the royal form with which nature has endowed her majesty. In froM » to 5 days after emerging, the queen leaves the hive to meet the drones m the air, for fertilization. She never leaves the hive at any other times except when she goes with a swarm, and one copulation is all sufficient to ensure fertility for Ufe. Under favorable circumstances she will deposit oOOO eggs per day. 20. In introducing an Italian queen to a colon}" of common bees, enclosed her in a wire cloth cage and insert the cage in the centre of a comb where the bees will cluster upon it. In 36 hours release the queen, smear her with honey, and allow her to crawl down among the bees. 21. When lees are short of honey a good and cheap food may be provided by v.sing good coffee sugar, 4 lbs, added to water, 1 qt., bring to a b( il, i^Ldm and allow it to cool. 22. Another. Take of the best quality of biown sugar, two parts by measure, to one part of pure soft water ; boil and skim it ; then to ■eve^y quart of the mixture, add one even tcaspoouful of the best ci earn tartar ; dissolve the cream tai tar before ]nitting it in. Remove the empty comb with the frame from the liive fill them by allowing the syrup to drain through a proper strainer into the cells, and then return the frames to the hive. With box hives, use some good feeder or a dish of proper size to get under the cap on the top of the hive ; fill the dish with the syrup, and thiow en fine shaNings or cut straw, to prevent the bees from falling into it. 23. The best substitute for bee bread or natural pollen is rye Hour i:nbolted. In the absence of rye, use other flour. 24. The damp air n'ny be drawn from a cellar in whic!i bees are being wintered by connecting-the cellar and your stove pipe by means of a 2 inch t:n pipe pnssing up through the floor. 25. In hiving bees, use diluted honey or white si^gar syrup, damp the inside of your hive and gently sprinkle the bees with the hquid ; it will render them so happy that you may handle tliem as you please. Surplus HoKrr Stoeft) in Boxes.— "Those having bees in common hives, and who Avish their sur]->lus honey stored in boxes, will obtain the greate.^^t amount and avoid many disappointments by attending to the following conditions : 1. The boxes should be tight and large, but not over four or five inches high, and protected from the changes of the weather by an outer cap. 2. The bees should be induced to commence in them by attaching pieces of clean empty combs to the under side of the top, and placing the boxes directly yO OK BKE KEEPIWO. over the breeding ai>artment, with large openings under each box ta admit the bees. 3. Early Lu the season select a lew populous stocks, giving a box to each, and wheu the bees have commenced in them, give boxes to the next strongest, being careful not to give too much room until a start has been made. 4. Keep the hives cool by shad- ing from the sun, and if the beea cluster outside, when flowers are plenty, ventUate by enlarging the entrances and giving more room in the boxes if needed. Alter a jjopulous stock has nearly filled its boxes it will oiteu take long enough time to finish them, to have half filled empty ones, bcsiiJys the difficulty so often experienced in gettmg the bees' to commence in the boxes after those first filled are removed, which objections are both overcome in the American hive, described in the article ou liives." Bec-Kiepers' Text Book. Hatching and Fertilization" oi^ Queens — '"In about eight days after the old queen leaves with tlie fir.st swarm, the most advan- ced sealed queen is ready to emerge. Durmg thi$ time the old stock is without a hatched queen, the young qaeen immediately uixju leav- ing her cell, if not restrained by "the worl:ers, coinmeuces tlie work of destruction u^xju her yet imprisoned sisters. She accomphshes this by biting open the side of each cell near its base, and dispatching tlie unfortunate inmate with her sting. She is yet incompetent for the maternal duty, and must le.ive the hive to meet the drones in the air tor the purpose of fertiliz.ation. This once accomplished, the work- ei-s, awaiting her safe return, groot her with a reverence and afiec- tion never shown before. They hasten to prepare the cells to receivo her tiny eggs, and seem to realize that on lier existence the perpetua- tion of the family depends. There is also a perceptible change hi tho queen's form, her abdomen bcmg a little sv.-oUeu and .somewhat lengthened, but not as much as at tho height of the breeding seji- BOn. She now remauis the fruitiid mother of tliO prosperous and happy colony." Bce-Ksepers' Text Book. To Prevent new Sw.vkms from i.t^axtno tiieib Hives. " Natural swarms occnsionally refuse to etav after liavin" been hived, usually inconsequence of heat or strong odor about the hive. In nucleus swarming tliia peldom or never happens, because the bee.s are never witliout a comb containing brood and honey • and they will not leave voluntarily. 'Ihciefoie when hiving a swarm in a moveable comb hive, go to i',ny stock that can spare a comb contain- ing brood and lioney. Bnu^h back the bees, being carefid not to remove the queen or amy queen-ceils with comb, and place it in tho hive that is to receive the new swai-m. It will not only prevent the bees from decamping b-.t will greatlv encourage them, and should bad weather confine them to tlie hive they will be secure from .^ar- Tation. If the swariu is jiut in a common hive, place over them a box of honey taken from the narent stock." B":'-Kp-rpers' T='f.t Bonk The Nucleus System of SwARMiNf;.— " Th^ mtroducfion of a mature fertile qiteeji to a colony two vu;-h-s sooner than vhcn ilwy ncarm naturalhj in an advantane sufficient to pay fw the extra tnnible. The time gained in breedinfj is equivalent to a swarm. U. QuiNnv. In swarming bees ou this system, we first rear a queen in a small fluster nucleus of bees, allowing the nucleus hive to remain in its i>lace uatil the queen becomes fertile, when we ewaxm the beea bj OR BEE KEEPING. n simply cansing the t^o hircg to exchange place?*. Unlike nataral Bwarmiug, tlie old queen remains ia the jxirent btock and its labors go on scarcely interrupted. The system is based upon the well known law, that bees, alter iuxuriatmg upon the Howers, will returu to the exact spot of tiieir old habitation. Form a nucleus from an Italian or other populous stock by blowing a few whilfs of smoke into the en- trance and opening the hive ; select a frame of comb containing v^.p' ped brood, but especially plenty of eggs and young larv;e. Alter looking tills over careiiiily, lest the old queen be removed, place it -with its adhering bees in the empty hive, and next to it another comb containing honey, which will afford protection to the brood and food for the bees. As many of the old bees ■will return to the parent stock, give tho niicleua hive at lea.st a quart of bees and sot it on a new stand two or threo rods distant, Coutitii.t tlie euti-ance so that br.t one or two bees can pass at the same time, and set a feed pau on tho frames, or a t;ponge filled with sweet- ened water will supply tiieir wants until the yoimg bees go to work in their new location. In plate of the combs removed from tlie parent-stock, set in empty frames with a full one between. If tlie frames nre put near the centre, the old stock will increase all the faster, as the queen will fill the new comb with eggs as fast as it is buiit. The removal of the two combs stimulates the bees to great activity by giving tliem room to work, and detaches just bees enough to prevent tlieir chistermg idly about the entrance. Tlie nucleus will "construct queen-cells find rear a queen as well as a whole Bwann. Besides, the oneen !■? easily found among so few bees. We now wait nntil the tenth or eleventh day, from the time the nucleua was formed, when we open it, and witit a Fliarji thin bladed knife, cut out all the queen-cells hat one and use them immetliatelyin forming other nucleus, by attaching one of them to a frame of comb and beea taken from r.n oM stock, as before dcscril>ed, and placed in an empty hive. In trau-ierring queen-cells great care must be taken not to press or denttliem, or eA;-)ose them long to the hot sun or civil air for fear of destroying the royal c/t^cupants. The beginners should re- move but one at a time, returning the frame from which it is taken to its place in the hive mitil the royal cell ia adjusted in its new loca- tion. When practicable h;ive nbout an inch Hiuare of comb attached to the cell, and upon taking the comber brood ii^m the old stock, make an opening amonj; the e^gn and lan-a? where bees will bo sure to cluster upon it and keep it warm, and carefully in- Kcrt it as shown in figure, leaving on o])en space below it. If the first nucleus was lormed fron\ the only Italian stock in the yard, and more quefn-cclls are wanted, remove every queen- oell from it, anil add another comb of eggs and brood from ita parent 72 OH BEE-KEEPIKft. Stock. Bu-; Tfhen no more qneen-cells are needed, leave one to halcH, and as by this time the brood will all be capped over, the bees will b« liable to follow the young queen on her excui-sions to meet tlie dronw. To prevent tlii-s, exonange one of the combs for one cnnt.aiuing egirs and young larvae. When forming the other nucleus. \'n:ug queeiia will return unless lost by birds or other Oa,-;ualtie,«. to which all queens are once ex|X)sed. Such' loss is easily a«.certaijied amon.; so few bees, and we have only to insert anotlier queeu-t.'ell, addin;; a votub contain- ing eggs and brood and repeat the trial. Should the' p^ii mit stocli be very populous it may be swarmed by taldns a queen irom the nucleus belonging to a less populous stock, and another queeu reared there. When and how to Sioann (he Bees. — Every pionnlnii* st^ck. from which a nucleus has been formed, should beswai ' " tlier is favorable, as soon as the queen in the nucleu^ ■ ie. This is, usually, in from six to ten days after ins? - cU, and is readily "determined by examining the combs lur eggs' We now, uniess the yield of honey is very abundant, confine the young queen in a gauze "wire cage. Having iilled up the nucleus hives with empty frames, exchange the places of the two hives, brijiging the entrance of the nucleus have where the old .stock has stood, and where tiie mass of the old bees will return from the fields, thus throwing out of the old stock swarms of workers into the nucleus hive while the old bees from the nucleus will enter the old hive and minister to the wants of the numerous brood of the parent stock. The bees imi-st not be swarm- ed between the liatching and the fertilization of the oneen, and should they be swarmed when the honey harvest '. ' ' " mm a storm or drought, the bees thus empty o. itly more quarrelsome, being suddenly thrown .i a strange queen (although of the same scent) are inclined to stmg her. To prevent this she is caged for thirty-six boors, when the bees from the old stock will mostly have joined the nucleus colony and she may be safely liberated. But. if she wastiken from another nucleus, we sometimes let her remain caged a day longer, or smear her well with warm hopey, and drop her in among the bees. They immediately comniencB licldng up the honey, and forget to sting her! If from any cause the stocks are swarmed when "the bees are working but little, and alter three or four days the nucleus swarm be foimd deficient in bees, it may be strengthened by exchanging some of its empty frames for 1 1 ■ ■ I .ix>od from the parent stock, or sliould the flowers yiel . Uiin a week, the Iwation of the two hives may *ffi'- The bees will not quarrel as they are of the •ame scent. Umess a nucleus has been formed several weeks, or when honey is scarce, it is sometimes n<»<^essarv to treat both st'xks. especi- ally the old one. to t^' , -T- .- . , . for the ine.xj.eiienc' ,n when the llowers arc . : i,jj the queen or the ojieratur. Hexs Made to Protect Bees.— A bee raiser has patented an in- vention tor the protection of bees from the attacks of the honey moth, which enters the hives at night, and rides the stores. The idea arose out of his familiarity witli the daily routine, not of bees only, but of hens. Hens, he observed, retire to rest early; but bees seek repose eaiiier still; no sooner are they sunk into sliunber, than the moth •teals into theii- abode and devours the produce of f '^'- ♦-' He haa OSr BEE-KEEPING. n hioyr built a stand of hives •witfe a hen house connected. The bees first betake themselves to their dwelling and settle themselves for the night. The hens then come home to roost on their perch, and as th*^y take their places upon it, their weight sets some simple mechanicism to work, which at once shuts down'the doors of all the hives. When the day dawns, however, the hens leave their roost, and the remova'. ' of their weight from the perch raises the hive doors, and gives egreei to the bees in time for theix morning's work. Explanation of the above Cuts. — The cut A represents brood in various stages from eggs and larvae in the lower part of the coihb to brood cappedfat e, and just emerging at/; n, is a queen-cell jus* commenced at from larvae ; 6, a perfect queen-cell capped over ; a, a cell from which the queen has Just emerged. B represents queen- cells destroyed ; C unimpregnated queen ; D fertile queen ; E male moth or miller ; F female miller. To Kill Bke Moths. — Bee moths can easily be killed by setting a pan of gi'case on which is placed a floating lighted wick, near the hives after dark : the light will attract the moths in large numbe>:H, when they will be destroyed by falling into the grease. Many persons are deriving substantial yearly Licomes amoimting to thousands of dollars from bee-keeping, and it ii credibly reported that the late Mr. Quimby left property valued at $100,000, all derived from this source alone. Mr, Quimby wrote that the honey gathered by bees compared with what was lost for the lack of bees to gather it, was but as 1 compared with 1,000, so that it seems as if a careful per- son, engaged in bee-keeping, and thoroughly equipped with all mod- em appliances for the business, possesses, as old honest Sam JohnsoB 74 BEE-KEEPING, &C. once expraesed himself r^:arding a different subject, " The potential- ity of growTng rich beyond the dreams of avarice," and what is ol EtiU greater iiuixirUiuce. the [>le4i«iire derived from the business ia aL most ineffable in conipari*:)n witti tlie satisfartion of being rich. Limited space forbids the further ajniiideratiou of this atti-active subject in this place, and the author would conclude by expressing his sincere obligation? to the editor of the "" Bee- Keeper's Magazine " for according permission to make extracts from the varied content"* ol an excellent little manual calietl the " Bee-Keeper's Text Book," and other reliable sources of information. For the benefit of parties de- wring furtlier light on this fascinating topic, he would state that tha " Bee-Keej.er's Magazine " ^vill fill the entire bill of their require- ments. It is a rirst rat^ Ulnst rated mout'ily journal of 32 octavo pa^es, devoted exclusively to Bee-Oiilture, edited by .■\.l).>ert J. King, con- taining montuly contributions fruni Mrs. E. S. rui)',>er, and other eminent writers and bee-keepers in Ixith Eurojie and America. A large space is devoted to Beginners, giving useful information. j«5t when it is nwJed, throughout the ye.ar. Terms S1.5<) per ye;ir. The proprietoi-s will send the Magazine four mouths on trial, and include a 6i page pamphlet (i)rice .50 ceuts). containing a beautiful life-Uka •chromo of Houey-Plaut-< and Italian Bees in their natural colors; Prize Essay by Mrs. Tupper ; Queen Rearing by M. Quimby ; instruc- tions for beginners. &c. , all for 50 cents. Address, King & Slocura, 61 Hud8t)n street. New York. Foou FOR Mocking Bjkus, — Mix well together corn meal, [yea meal (made by drying split peas in an oven and then grinding them in a millj, each one pwirt, moss meal, prepared from tiie nios.-* seed imported from Germany, h part, add sufficient melted lard not to make it too fat or gre^isy, and sweeten with molasses Fry the mixture in a frying-iian for ^an hour, stirring it all the time, to avoid burning. Mocking, and other birds of Uke nature, will leave all other food for this. FOR LUMBERMEN, BUILDERS. CONTRACTORS, ]\nLL OWXEUS, SHIP BUILDERS, SHIT OWNERS, NAVIGATORS, QUARRYMEX, STONE CUTTERS, INLERCHAXTS, AND BUSINESS MEN GEXERALLY. To Pelvent wood from Cbackixg.— Place the wood in a biitli of fused parafflue heated to 212* Fahr. and allow it to remain ;vs long &s bubbles of air are given off. Then allow the paraiBne to coildown to its point of congelation, and remove the wood and wipe off tha adhering wax : wood treated ui this waj- is not likely to crack. To Bksv Wood. — Wood enclosed in a close cliamberand submitted to the action of steam for a limited time will be rendered .so pliant that it may be bent in abnost any direction. The same process will also eliminate tlie sap from the wood and promote rapid seasoning. Fire Pro *0. *fi/ LOADING PINE LOGS IN THE WESTERN FORESTS, opemtors, many of whom are farmers, have safely housed their crops, COEsistiiis of hay, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, &c., aud the work con- tinues with very little intermission until towards spi-ing. It must be conff^.-:-'od that lumbering pursuits are not well calculated to produce, in tlio minds of those who follow them, a very strong bias towards 8ciei;tific agrii;ulture, the tendency being rather to produce derange- ment in that respect, but there seems to be a fascination in the busi- ness which very few who enter upon it seem able to resist, and much of the farniing'work is considered by many as only of secondary con- sequence compared with lumbering, being stimulated i)rincipaUy by the necessity arising for agricultural products in the lumber cam{>8, and for family uses at home. In selecting the site for a camp, the principal object is to obtain a central position within easy reach of water, and an ample supply of Umber adapted to the wants of the market. It is also of great con- sequence that it should be easily accessible for the purpose of trans- porting, or " portaging," as it ia t«saed, the sub^jautial supplies i» rs BREAKING A JAIL BREAKING A JAM. quired by the men and horses engaged in the work, and convenient to a suitable " landing," uiiually on or near a Btream. where the log» at« unloaded to await the breaking up of the ice, and the spring floods, ■which are to convey them to their destination. Tlie work is systematl« cally conducted, every man from the boss to the cook having hii» post, but the labor is very severe, and taxes the utmost energies of both man and beast, some of the loads dra^«Ti by the Litter being of encrm- ons bulk and weight. This kind of toil continues during the fall aud •frinter montlis, oiily to give place in the siiriug to another form ol labor, which is, if possible, still more arduous, and id ceitainly mora dangerous; that of " dri\'ing " the lumber down stream. The driv- ing operatious are commenced by rolling the logs into the stream on the breaking up of the ice and guiding tliem down the current, ttie poor fellows being often up to the waist in cold water, and whan a ' jam," or lock of the timber takes place in the stream, owing to ob- structions or barriers of auy kind, the danger of "breaking" it is poflitivelv fearful, manv having been killed outright, by the suddeL '' shoot '' uken by the liberated ' ' " * by try it9 KLrgfiiis floods in the rear. timber as it rushes forward, imp«Ua^ 0\ LTTMBEKING. 79' ftj lumbering district* tlie srasou of active work ff>r cutting timbM ranges from November until towards the middle cf Manh; in Now BruBswick much of tbe work pei-formed in yettiiuj out, or hewing birch timber, is done during the summer months, but the cutting and hauling of spruce logs is the principal object of winter operations. In getting out birch timber, the tree is felled and hewn square to the largest avaDable dimensions, and allowed to remain till sleighing seta T] before being hauled to the stream for transportation. Owing to the density of birch timber much of it is lost by submergence in the water, and for tlie purpose of rendering it more buoyant it is usupJ to induue floatation bv forming connections with spruce logs or other tim- ber of light specific gravity. The rigorous climate of the Northern States and Canada is most' favorable for the growth of hardy mer- chantable timber, such as pine, spruce, &c., but is inimical to mahog- any, box, lignumvitae and other dense tropical woods which require a warm climate. Timber grown in humid, swampy or wet localities, with the excep- tion of cedar, willow, poplar, &c., is not so firm, sound, and durable as that grown on dry and elevated situations, wheie the soil is largely composed of loam interspersed with saud, gravel and stones. Trees selected from the midst of the forest possess greater elegance of form and are usually straighter, less knotty, and more mprchantable evei7 way, than timber ex],iosed to the ravages of storms, &c., on the con- fines adjacent to the clearings, or on hOl sides and exposed places, sheltered situations being the most favorable for the grmvth of timber, but not so promotive of hardness as unprotected localities. A dfense, dark, green color in the leaves of trees during June and July indicates a sound, healthy growth, while the sere and yellow leaves, scanty in number, decaying branches, with spotted, streaked, loosened and dis- eased bark, indicates defective timber. To secure timber in its best condition for long endurance, it should be cut during mid-winter, say in January or February, and durmg July in summer, and should be worked up as soon as ix)ssible by sawing, splitting or hewing, into the desired dimensions. The nature of the various depaitments of the work is very well illustrated in the cuts presented herewith, which are engraved in the best style from exceedingly fine photo^phs of actual scenes in the Western forests, and therefore ti-uthfully depict the various stages of getting out lumber, from the cutting down of the great trees, sawing Biem into lengths, nauling them out, and finally " hinding " the logs on or near the stream, in readiness for the spring freshet to drive them to market. Though many of these streams are too shallow in Bimmier to float an Indian in the lightest bark canoe, yet, when Bwollen by spring freshets, each one becomes a wide and deep river. Many ingenious contrivances have been constnicted to procure tim- bei from moimtains. A novel locomotive has been made in Califor- nia to run on the long flumes that are used to float lumber down from high elevations. Tlie wheels fit on the edge of the sides of the flume, and at the ends of the car are paddle wheels dipping into the water, and which are turned by the swift current By a simple arrangement, this power is made' to propel the locomotive up the flame, and it runs back itself. Alpnach, in Switzerland, as is well knownj was, durbig war time widely noted for its famoae slide, oi ON LUMBERING. TmLOADl>JG LOGS ON THE LANDING. wood«n trough, coutiining a stream of water, in whicli the tijaber was launched with teriific Yehicity from tlie forests on Mount Pilat'.a into Lake Lucerne, a distance of 8 miles. Spruce forests ]iosses3 a wonderful recuperative power, it being ■well known that they may be Ptiipped of merchantable timber dur- ing any frfven year, and ten years pubsequently, if nothing hai^jiens, another harvest will be ready for the axe. The great bane of all for- ests is fire, and the loss resnitin;^; from this one cause i.s simply in«il- eulable. While it is true that .nany forest fires are accidcnfail. it can- not be denied that the majoiity are purposely set ; and, while such atrocious wickedness caunnt be too severely denoimced, it is equally true that owius: to the privacy of the act, and consequent want of proof, the ofifeuAer too frequently escapes the retribution which hia enormities deserve. The recent forest fares in Michigan. Wisconsin, and other places, proved terribly destructive, and the so-called "great Miramichi fire" will be memorable tor generations to come, on ao count of the terrible destruction of human life and property of every kind effected by it. Many of the old settlers on tlie Miramichi have a vivid remembnince of tliat awf td ciilamitiy, and can recount maof SEASONING OF TIMBER. 81 harrowing narratives ot Piifferinj!:, consternation, death and hair- breadth escape* during that terrible time, when the sliy appeared ag one sheet of flame, emitting a universal rain of tire, which de- etroyed evor>i;hing in its course, even burning the soil from the eaitii, rendering thousands of acres a barren desert to this day . A most singular case of forest-der^truction occurred many years ago, as related by the Allemamc. Zclturnj, in Avhich a subterranean fire, nndoabtedly of volcanic origiu, burnt the roots of 250 acres of forest trees at Magland, in Switzerland, which, falling, were also cou* sumed ; flames also, issued near Lausanne. iseasoiuny and Presemm/ Timber. — This may be effected — 1st. By piling and completely ventilating under cover for a periocJ of fioui two to five years, for thorough seasoning. 2nd. By immer eion in water for a few weelcs. This imjtroves all kinds of timber, both flat, square and ror.nd. If a man wishes to season green boards quickly, let nira throw them into wnter, — all the better if it is run- ning water, — and the sap will be withc.rawn very rapidly : a short subsequent exposure to the air wn. be all that is necessary. 3r(i. Fell your trees during June and July, while in full leaf, and allow them to lie mitil every leaf has fallen ; it is said the leaves will ex- haust nearly all the sap from the tree, leaving it dry in from one month to six weeks, according to the dryness or wetne.s9 of the weatlier. 4th. Small ]iieres of non-resino'.;s wood can be seasoned perfectly by boiling four or five houi-s ; the process taking the sap out of the wood, \\hich sliriuks nearly one-tcuth in the operation. Bth. Kiln-dnjino, is adai't^-d only for boards aud .small timber ; it is lia- ble to check, crack, ami otherwise injure the wood, unless the process is cautiously conducted. r.ia;'!c w;ilnut cannot bo seasoned in this way at all: for this wood use Process No. 1. Gth. Stcaminf/. — This pro- cess has been adojited by some, and has proved successful in eliniin- atiug the sap from tlie wood. 7th. Ki/anizing consists in the satura- ration of the wood with c^orrosivo sublimate, — solution, 1 lb. of chl;.- rido of mercury' in 4 gals, water. 8th. Birnirttizinf/. — By this process, impregnation of the wood is effected by submitting it to an end-ways pressure of 150 lbs. to the square incli, — solutitm, 1 lb. of the chlo- ride to 10 gnls. water. Otli. Boucheri's Proccfis. — Impregnation is effected as in the last instance, using a pressure of 15 lbs. to tlio square inch — solution, 1 lb. sulphate of copper to 12J gals, of water. 10th. Bciliol's Prorrsx. — As above, by submitting 'the wood to an end-ways pressure of 150 to 200 lbs. per square inch, with creo- scte oil intermixed with bituminous matter, lltli. Robbing' Proaesfi. — See full descrij^tion of this process in the Jlechanical Dennrtment of this work. 12th. ScDnuel Wood's Process, consists in Naporizihg and withdrawing the sap fimn the wood, as des'-ribed hi ilubbius' Process, and forcing in a solution of suliihate of iron at a pressure of 175 lbs. per square mch for thirty minutes ; then finishing with another solu- tion of carbonate of lime. In preserving and seasoning w<'x>d by impregnation with coal tar, creosote, etc., it is essential that the juices of the wood should be com- pletely withdrawn and the albumen coagulated, othenvise decay will ensue" Wood treated in this way repels decay, the attacks of worms, etc., and is greatly increased in .strengtli and resilience. Dr, FeucMwaugei's process for preserving wood consists in steai* 6 82 SEASONING OF TIMBER. 'jjg the timber, and m5«<3ting a solution of eflicate of soda for eight noors ; afterwards, soak wood for the same period in lime-water. George Woods, the celebrated organ mamnfac'tiirer, in Cambrid^ port, near Boston, has also discovered and patented a very valnaol* method of eeasoning timber. Lumber is improved by rei>)ling, and the shifting of it/» position at proper interrals. Violent cunents of heated air cause cracks, etc., in the lumber dunng natanil seasoning ; a moderate temperature « thfl best in every respect The proiiortion of water in different woods varies from 26 to .50 per cent. A beam of gieen oak weighing 972 lbs. lost 342 lbs. by seasoning. The best results are attained by piling the lumber nnder shelter in properly arranged piles, elevated on blocks at least 2 feet from the ground, each kind of timber by itself, witli 1 inch slats interposed be- tween the boards at short dLstanoes, to keep them straight, and permit the air to circulate freely, while square and round logs should ba stripped of bark and nused from tlie ground. The best timber, is that which has been allowed to attain full ma- iurity previous to being felled. The age of a tree is easily determined by the number of concentric rings displayed on the stump. Spruce and fir matures very rapidly, pine more slowly, and oak matures in from 75 to 200 years. White oak 'in said to be favorably influenced by the vicinity of sea water; the growth of many other trees is re- pressed by it. In Nova Scotia the great vaUey extending from Com- wallis to Digby, is noted for the enormous quantity and excellent quality of the fruit produced, while on the other side of the mountain fronting the Bay of Fundy, the propagation of fruit trees has proved an entire failure, and no man ixiuld form any conception of the pro- digious extent of the New Brunswick forests from a steamer's deck, •while sailing along the treeless, rock-bound coast of that Province. The best timber in a tree is always the part near the gi'ound. The quality of the wood may be frequeutly determined by a healthy, fresh, and uniform appearance, free fixjra white or yellow spote, blending to a deeper shade near the heart. Yellow strtinji indicate the existence of dry rot, caused bj the fennentition of the albumen in the wood ; and the sapwood, being liable to early decay on accoimf of the putrefactive decoiuiwsition of the vegetable juices, should be removed. The loss to Uimbennen from this cause, when they are obliged fc) " hang up," or abandon their drives, owing to the insuflB- ciency of water in the stream to float them U> their de#tmation, is very great, and in the event of failure to drive them down with tlie ensuing faU or spring floods, often proves rninoi;s. The excellence of timlier us liable to be impaired by many causes, among otiiers. 1. Wind-alinkt'is or cirtuLnr chinks, or rents, involving the separatiiiu of the annular layers of wood from each other; a very bad irapeifeition. 2. lSrash-ico"'l. caused by deterioration or decay in the timbei , induced by jiiie, imparting a brittle crumbling grain to the wood, together with a reddish and poruus appearance. ;i Ticist^d wjod is very unsafe for long stretches, on account of its liability to break suddenly, owing to the screw like formatiim of the grain. 4. Splits, checks, and cracks, if greatly exp.auJed and enlarged, almost nun the timber for any useful purpose except the most common kind, the same is true oonceming, 5. Knotty timber, which though it mal SBASONING OF TIMBER. 85 ^ gtibstential Is not well adapted for fine work, but eubseiTM many important ases, such a* roofing, fencing, &c 6. Belted timber, con« eistf of trees which were dead and partially decayed previons to being felled; usually very bad. 7. Common rot. — Timber and Inmber ol rarious kinds, are liable to be affected in this way, whenever exposed to alternate humidity and dryness. It may also be induced by im- perfect ventilation in sheds, and manifests itself by yellow decayinjj spots, and a sulphur colored dust in the apertures and crevi?fs of the timber. 8. Perforatud timber. — This mischief is caused by worms and insects which infest timber and exist on the albumen, sugar, &c contained in it. Submerged timber is affected in a similar manner by the ravages of the Teredo navilis, a genus of testaceous mollusks. KuMBER OF Cubic Feit of Timber ly a Ton (Avoirdupois), to- gether WITH THE Weight ix lbs. per Cubic Foot. rLTsiTCubic" Lbs. iCubi« Woods. per Cubic Feet per Woods. per Cubic Feet per Foot. Ton. Foot. Ton. Alder, dry. Ash, " { 50. 52.812 44.80 42.414 Larch, dry. j i: 66.8 43.126 Lignum Vitae. 83.312 26 86« Apple, " 49.562 45.18 Logsvood- 57.062,39.223 Bay, 43.601 51.375 43.601 Mahogany. | 35. 64. 66.437!33.714 Beech. 43.8 Maple, dry. 46.876:47.66 I> K 53.25 Oak, Canadian. 54.5 41.101 Birch, common. 43.8 " English. 58.25 38.455 " American black. 46.9 " live, seasoned. 66.75 33.558 Box. 62.5 39.40 " " green. 78.75 Bullet-wood. 58. " white upland. 43. 62.09 Butternut, dry. 23.5 Pear, dry. 63.866 Plum, '' 41.312 Cedar, " 35.62 49.06247.47 Cork, 15. 149.333 Poplar. 26.31 1 Cherry, " 44.687 Pine, pitch, dry. 41.25 I54.303 Chestnut, " 38.125 " red, " 36.875 60.745 Ebony, mean of 2 sets. 79.4 " white, " 34.625 64.693 Elm, dry. | 41.937 53.25 " well seasoned. 29.562 75.773 35.625 62.97 " yellow. 33.812 66.248 Fir, white. 35.57 " •' dry. 28.81i Fir, New England, dry. Fir, Norway Spruce " 34.4 Poplar, m ean of 2 sorts 28.5 32. Bosewood. dry. 45.6 Fir, Riga. Gum, blue, dry. 46.9 Satin wood, " 55.312 £2.687 Spruce, '* 31.25 71.68 Hackmatack, " 37.10 60.37 Tamarack, " 23.937 Hazel, «' 53.75 Teak, African oak. 46.9 Hemlock, '* 2S. Walnut, dry. 41.9 63.42 Hickory, r*« nnt. 49.5 45.252 " black, dry. .'51.25 71.08 " shell ba_-k. 43.125 51.942 Willow. 36.562 61.269 Holly, dry. 47.5 >( It 30.375 73.744 Juniper, " 35.373 Lance wood, dry. 45. comparatrt: value of different woods, exhibiting their crushing strength ant) stirfnt:ss. Teak 6555 Beech 3079 Walnut 2374 EngUah Oak 4074 Quebec Oak 2927 Yellow pine 2193 AaB. 3571 Mahogany 2571 Sycamore 1831 JIUm 3468 Spruce 2622 Cedar TOt S4 AGE, AC, OP TREES. LOGS ON THE JjAmHSQ AWAITING TEE SPEISG FRESHKTlfc Age, tc, OF TREt. . :.^ ....,, w.. ^. ,^ ., ,^.,,c- ^.^...:, _ n. ^uy lus. A larch 3 ft 7i ins. ; at 70 years it is f iill prown : and a tree of 7'J vear« was 102 ft hi.<,'h, and 12 ft. giilh. contiiining 253 cubic ft. Another of 80 years was 90 ft. and 17 ft, and 300 cubic feet. An elm tree in 3 years ^ows 8 ft 3 in. A beech. 1 ft. 8 in. A poplar. 6 ft. A willow, 9 ft. 3 m. An elm is full ^rown in 150 years and it lives 600 or OOa Ash is full groTvn in 100, and oak in 200 The mahoganT is full grown in 200 years to a va^t size. A Polish oak,' 40 ft round had 600 circles. An oak in Dorsetshire in 1755, was 68 ft round ; 2 near Cran- bome Lodge are -38 and 'M ft There are yews from 10 1<-> 20 ft diam., •whose age is from HXK) to 2000 years. A lime in the Crisons is 51 ft round, and about GOO years old." An elm in the Pays de Vaad is 18 ft diam. and 3G0 years old. The African baobab is the patriarch of liv- ing organizations; one si>edmen by its circles is e.^timated at 5700 years old by Adarason and Humboldt The trunk is but 12 or 1."^ ft to the branches, and often 75 ft round. A cypress in Mexico is 120 ft. round and is estimated by De CandoUe to be older than A damson's baobab. The cyijress of Montezuma is 41 feet round. Strabo wrote of a cypress in Persia, as being 2.i'der l Sqcare Lsch. Lbs. Lance 23,000 Locust 25,000 Mahogany 21,000 Box 20,000 African Oak 14,500 Bay 14,500 Teak 14,000 Cedar 14,000 Ash 14,000 Oak, seasoned 13,600 Elm 13,400 Svcainore 13,000 ■\Villow 13.000 Christiana Deal 12,400 Spanish Mahogany 12,000 Lbs. Pitch Pine 12,000 TVlute Pine, (American) 11,800 AVhite Oak. " 11,500 Lignum Vitse 11,800 Beech 11 ,500 Chestnut, sweet 10, MK) Maple I0,,j00 Whire Spruce 10,200 English Oak 10,000 Pear 0,800 Larch 93o Maliogany, Spanish 8,000 Walnut 7.800 Poplar 7.00O Cypress 6,000 BuYTN'G AND Seixtng TtaiKER. — Inch boards, j^lank, joists and scantling are generally sold by board measure, the dimensions of one foot of board measure being 1 ft long, 1 ft. wide and 1 in. thick. Round timber is sold by the cubic foot, and when squared by hewing or sawhig is estimated to lose one-fifth, hence a ton of round timber is estimated to contain only 40 cubic feet. Square timber, hewn or sawn, is also sold by the cubic foot and rated at 50 cubic feet to the ton, but as usually surveyed, a ton of timber confcuns 50 92-100th8 cubic feet. Pine and spnice spars, from 10 to 4J in. diam. are estimated by taking the diameter, minus the bark, at^ of their length at the large end ; they are generally bought and sold by the inch diameter, all nnder 4 ins. being considered poles. The soundness of timber may be tested by applying the ear to the middle of one of the ends, while another party strikes the otlier end. The blow will be clearly and distinctly heard, however long the beam may be, if the wood is sound and of good quality, but it decay has B€t in, the sound will be niufiied and indistinct. The toughest' part ol a tre« will always be found on the side next the north. Bmtibh Carpextry. — The fir timber in general use is imported izom Memel, Kiga, Dantzic, and Sweden. Mepiel timber is the most •ocvenient for size, Riga the best in quality, Dantzic the strongetfc S6 BRITISH CARPENTRY, &C. and Swedish the toughest. Riga timber can always be depended upon; red pine maybe used whenever durability and strength are objects ; and Quebec yellow pii^ for light dry purposes. Deals are from Norway, Sweden, Prussia, Russia and New Brunswick. Fot framing, the'best deals are the Norway, particularly the Christiana battens; for pannelling. the Christians white deals; for ground floors, Stockholm and Gerie yellows ; for upper doors, Dram and Christiana whites; Archangel and Onega planks for warehouse floors and stair- cases, and for best floors, &c., Petersbnrg.Onega and Christiana batteni 100 Superficial ft. make 1 square of boarding, flooring, &c. 120 deals are denominated one hundred. 50 cubic ft. of timber equal 1 load. Also, 600 superficial ft. of inch boards equal 1 load. Battens are from 6^ to 7 ins. in breadth, deals, 8^ to 10 ins., and planks 11 to 12 ins. 12i 12-feet boards to 1 square of rough boarding or flooring. 12| " edges shot 13 " wrought and laid folding. 13J " " " straight joint. 14 " " " ploughed and tongued. 17 12-ft. battens to 1 square of wrought folding door. 18 " yellow to a straight joint floor. The duration of well seasoned wood, wheakept dry, is very great, aj beams stUl exi-rt. which are known to be nearly llOO years old. Pilea driven by the Romans, and used in the formation of bridges prior to the Christian era, have been examined of late, and found to be per- fectly sound after an immersion of nearly 2000 years. RcssiA>' Way of Stoppixg Holes in Ships.— In that conntry, there has lately been invented ard successfully applied, a reaoy means for stopping holes made in ships by collision or otherwise. It consists of a plaster made of two rectangular sheets of canvas sewed together, bordered with a rope, and containing a water-proof material. A sounding-line has to be passed under the keel, and brought up on the other side : then the plaster can be lowered to the hole, and made fast Several cases are ^ited in which this invention has been em- ployed with advantage ; and a large number of Russian ships aie now furnished with such plasters. It is projxjsed that men be spe- cially trained and ready for the manoeuvring Df the apparatus. To R-\isE THE Body of a Drowxed Persox.— In a recent fail- ure to recover the body of a drowned person in New Jersey, a French- Canadian undertook the job, and proceeded as foUows : Having sup- plied himself with some glass gallon-jars, and a quantity of un- slaked lime, he went in a boat to the place where the man was seen to go down. One of the jars wes filled half full of lime, then fillftd up ^ith water, and tightly corked. It was then dropped into the water, and soon after e.vi)lo't. — Equal parts of red and white lead, •with dry- ing oil, spread on tow or canvas. Aji admiralde composition for nnitrng la^e stones in cisterns. Stone Cemext River. — Sand, 20 parts; litharge, 2 parts; quick- lime, 1 part: mix with linseed oiL Glue. — Powdered chalk added to common glue strengthens it. A glue which will resist the action of water is made by boiling 1 lb. of glue in 2 qts. of skimmed milk. Cheap Waterproof Glue. — Melt common glue with the smallest possible quantity of water; add, by degrees, hnseed oD, rendered drying by boiling it with litharge. "VVTiile the oil is being added, the ingredients must be well stuTed, to incoi-porate them thoroughly. Ftbk ajtd Waterproof Glue. — Mix a handful of quick-ume with 4 oz, of linseed oil ; thoroughly lixiviate the mixture; boil it to a good thickness, and spread it on thin plates in the shade : it will become very bird, but can be dissolved over a fiie, like common glue, and is then fit for use. Prepared Liquid Glue. — ^Take of best wliite glue, 16 oz. ; white- lead, dry, 4 oz. ; rain- water, 2 pts. ; alcohol, 4 oz. With constant stir- ring dissolve the glue and lead in the water, by mean.s of a water- bath. Add the alcohol, and continue the heat for a few minutes. Lastly, pour into bottles, while it is still hot To Make Griabsto'es from Cojimox Saxd. — River sand 32 lbs. ; shellac, 10 parts; powdered gla.'^s, 2 parts; melt in an iron pot, and cast into moulds. PoLXSHma Powder for Specula. — Precipitate a dilute solution of sulphate of iron by ammonia in excess ; wash tlie precipitate ; press it in a screw press till nearly dry; then exjxjse it to heat until it appears of a dull red color in tlie dark. On Saw-Mills. — ^To Get the Most Lumber from S.a^w-Log8. — ^Experience has abimdantly pioved to our satisfaction that this can be done only bv the use of tlie circular saw. Some pnitie? are in favor of tlie mulay saw. Human ingenuity baa been so prolific in the invention and construction of this kind of "machinery, that the prin- cipal difficulty with the intending purcha^ser seems to be an iuabiUty to decide whose machine is really the best Every builder or inventor appears to claim for his machine such a perfect constellation of Talu- able features, that a ceitain amount of hesitation in coming to a de- cision seems to be inevitable. In the stationary form of saw mill/?, the saws are arranged either single or in gangs. Some of the port- able kind (circular saw luiU.-^) have an npjier saw to complete the cut . made but partially through large logs by the lower saw. See dia|n^m. By the single movement of a lever, the head-blocks on which the log rests, are simultaneously moved up, moving the log a distance ne.irer the saw, adequate to the thickness of boai-d desired, with an ovei-plus the width of the cut made by the saw. By moving another lever, a pinion meshing into a rack l>eueftththe log-carriage ig made to impel the log against the saw, and run the log backwardts after the board is cut. These movements, on the best constructed machines, are made with surprising velocity, some of them being ac- credited with having cut over 60,0(X) feet of lumber in one day. OLD FASHIONED J^ATT-MTLL, *ff. The performance of a 36 horse-power ' steam engine attached to a modern saw-mill, ia equivalent to that of 75 saw-pita requiring thje labor of 150 men. Comparative REsrr.rKNcrE of Various Kinds op Timber, Ash BEING 1, Fir A, Elm -54, Pitch Pine '57, Teak -59, Oak 63, Spruce 64, YeUowPine -64, Cedar 66, Chestnut '73 I^rch 84, Beech 86. By resi- lience ia understood the quality of springing back, or toughness. Percentage of Increase in Strength of Different Woods BY Seasoning.— White pine, 9 per cent.. Elm 123 per cent., Oak 26 6 per cent., Ash 44-7 per cent. Beech 619 per cent TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF WOODS, SHOWING THEIR .BREAKING WEIGHT FOR A THICKNESS OF ONE INCH SQUARE AND ONE FOOT IN LENGTH, WITH WEIGHT SUSPENDED FROM ONE END. Breaking Value weight, for use. LbB. Locust 295 80 Hickory 250 65 Oak, live American. . . 245 55 " white " ..230 BO " African 208 BO Teak 206 60 Maple 202 Oak, English, best. . .188 45 Ash 168 66 Pine, American 60 50 Birch ICO 40 Cbeatnat 160 B3 Breaking Value weight, for usbv Lbs. Oak, Canadian 146 " live American... 245 " English 140 Deal Christiana 137 Pine pitch 138 Beech 13C Pine whiteAmerican.130 Elm 125 Pine Norway 123 OakDantzic 122 White wooii 116 Riga Fir m Pine, white 9t 36 GS « 48 32 46 SO 40 3D MACHINISTS, EKGIKEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 89 Occasionally we Ustea to a great deal of rant regarding the beati* tades of "the good old times," during the lives of our forefathers. These times proved very disastrous to the enterprising Dutchman, who, in 1663 started the' first saw-mill in England, which he was finally obliged to abandon, and fly to save his life. In 1767 another eaw-mill, at Lime-house, near London, was demolished by a mob of eawvers, who considered that their business would be ruin»d to a dead certainty if things were allowed to go on. MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS, 91 The old method of mimnfactnrins lumber and dimensinn stnff by ripping logs lengthways on tlie sawpit, is still fresh in the remem. bi-anoe of many. One man moiuited tV.e log end pushed the saw downwards and pnlled it upwards, a^isi. tc d by anotlior man in the pit below, with a veil over hia lace to keep the sawdust out of his eves. We hail with gratitude tlie modei-n irajirovements which en« able us to dispense with every such form of labor. Having tried the np and down sa\r and the circular saw also, wo ■would agp.in repeat our conviction that the la^t mentioned is tlie best for manufacturing lumber, andshould aoiyperson act onthisexj^res-sion of oi)inion, let them in tbe fiivt place be very caret' id to get, if possible, tlie best machine, brhig it to the mill, and' set it perfectly level and true. "When you get it in oiievntion, gee that you handle it carefully. If you have been used to ramiingtlie up and down saw only, you will Boon find out that your former ejq-ierience avails almost nothing in themanagementof tlie rot:-. ry machine; but when you get the hang of nmning it, the compensrition in the way of convenience, rapidity, and quantity of work, is immense. S'-ii^e' prefer to use the inserted tooth saws, and will ure no other. They seem to posscfs many ad- vantages, ai.d are entirely safe. A late invention of sprraduvj the vpperpart of tlie tooth toicarv's the point during the process of manu- facture, spreaduig it out so as to make tlie point of the tooth the thickest part of the circumference of the saw, enables the sawyer to dL^-pense in a great measure with the use of the swage. Those insert- ed tooth saws which do not possess this improvement inurt be care- f idly swaged and filed at lea.st twice per day, and .sometimes as often as six or seven times per day, dependiug upon tlie kind of lumber being cut. In filing or swaging the saw, be careful to foiTn the point of the teeth absolutely square, and e'^en across, the slightestdeviation from jterJect truth in tliis resiiect being apt to cause the saw to iiin, as ' it is termed, or vary from its pro^^or course while passing through the log. Some prefer to form the point of the tooth a httle hooking, just enough so as to be barely perceptible, and in swaging to use tlmt part cf the die belonging to the swage, which gr os the toi.th of tlie saw a slightly cun-ed or rainbow form, gomeiliiug in tliis shape r^, or Frarcely so much cun-ed. One sawyer of 20 years' experience in running machinery, informed us that he nevev did better or more i-^jiid work with his millthan wlien he kept his saw exactly right on these ii^opo/n/s just stated. If you canmn a Ko. 7 gauge saw on your mill, the loss resultuig from* sawdust will be veiy slight, and as L'.rge sawB are geueraHy thicke.-t at tl^e centre, tapering off towards til e circumference, this size or No. 6 will, as a general rule, lie found Eufficiently strong for moFt pur^y>se,«. Make suie at aU times, es- recially during frosty weather, that the dogs have a secure hold of tlie log before the saw enters it. It is only a few days ago tiiat a case came to ray knowledge of a firm near Fredericlon, N.B., havuig Bustauied a severe loss by a log (insufficiently secured of course) canting over on the saw as it was passing tlirough it. The effect was to break oif the saw from the mandril, twist off the nut at the end near the saw, and break away the two iron pins used fc>r securing the paw in the collar, causing a stoppage of the mill, and the consequent expense of repair and delay. When you get the mill in operation, see HuX yoa handle it carefully, and maintain unceasing watch^nesq 92 ilACIlINISTS, EXG^.EEES*, iC, RECEIPTS, over it -wTiCe in o7^?Tation. Give it plenty of pcr^er ; if you don't, yon may «.•> we J that np ph.ip at once ; ^ood attaulnnce. and with a gfKid mral'ijie, tiie }-tt(.-nd*Jiit-- v.ill u« t have mnih tin'.e to j-ilay thc/n- Eelves, I can a^.-ure yoa. Keep all tlie parts well oi>ed — that hr,= a great d(ial to do with the KmOk-lii s'Jid tuccex-^fal lumiing of l;.a machine; and by the \'^;'y. 1 would reiu?.rk that saw-milfi are ii t the only tliin;;? in tlii.s v. rid t]\;it run all tlie better for being oile-L If that kin J. ]<)v:riL ;: i t'e and a!Tectior.;!te spirit of which o« iis tiie Fynil>)l, ))ervr, ■■ i •'...■ ;.;:::; ;;.l tho mijidt? of onr race, and for.riJ r3iiverpa; expn-- •:; inf. cry thought word, and deed during our daily iutercuiuve witli e;i
  • ^^•i ; cJciilatinns reirarding tlia velocity of saws, berewltls is n .; . i reli.jlila table to ser\"e as a guide ia ascertaining the l;ro;^r ^.^^cA fur running : — TABLE or SrE£I> FOE CtBCCLAB SAWS. 36 inches in diameter, 1000 revolutions i>er minats 33 .. ... 950 40 " 900 42 " 870 44 " 8i0 40 " " 800 4o ■■' 7 10 :o '■ 7J5 i 2 " " 7->3 :I " C75 r./j «. «i G-iO f.8 " CJ5 00 " C,K) C2 " " 575 (1 " zno Gil " 545 G3 " 530 70 " 515 72 " 5J0 Ti " i<5 76- " " 475 Shingle machine saws IWO Tlic ranrci of iraprovement in tbe maaufactureof shinrrle machines h'lsbeen truly wonder'ul, and ti-.ey «:n now be procured from the njaBufa-.-tarer <>f ;;i!'!.>?;t anv ca, ticitv and uower, at very reasonable rrte r"^^ " "liich cut o;i: over 30,000 rbiv -. Some of tliem possess ■vtiv ' .m^eruas to o;x' rate unless coutiuuui :.::... i.i.i: :.-, n.^.^ti^'iiLl. Uiie gentlc-;i:.in well known to the writer. A. r> rii')T lied for life by having his hand terribly lacer- ated daring an iicriiarded moment by one of these machines. As a rule the less geariu^j and tlie more simplicity t^ere is about the m»< ILiCnrS'ISTS, ENGI^'EEES', AC, EECEIPTS. 93 ehanipm of a sliingle machine ths more satisfaction win be derived from it. In the TnJinnfacture of ehin.eles, ?s t-cU as in anythinpr else, it is the wisest policy to use the best materijils. Get good rift, free from knots, sand, birk, &c., and you ■will inevitably get good merchant- able stuff, -with less waste and more pleasure every way, both with the macliincry in the first place, and t'e satisfactory state of yonr exchequer in the lat^t. It id all t2\e better if you can lay in a good etock one year ahead, as it cuts much er.sier when properly seasoned, to saynothhig of tlie sa\nng in weight dnriug transpcrtaMon. In edging shingles, many prefer the saw to tlie revohing knives, as it Guables the'opcrator In mnnv cases toget a shingle of extra quality by trimming a poor sliingle •own, and selecting the best part. This can be done by a smart kind with nuii-vcilous rapidity, but stiU, to use a modem phrase, many person? can't see it, and so'tiiey use the knives, giving what they conceive to 1 o good reasons for sodouig. Velocities of AVfiOD Wokkixo iLvirrs-EKY. — Circular Sates at periphery, CCOO to 7000 ft. per minute, JJand Saics, ioOO feet ; Ganr/ ^u^i-ft, 20 uK-h stroke, 120 strrjlics per minute ; Scroll Smos, 300 etrokes per minute; Planwfi Machine Cutters at periphery, 4000 to 6000 feet. Work under plaining machine l-20th of an inch for each cut. MoriMlng Machine Cutters, ?ZX^O to 4000 feet; Sqvnring-vp Machine Cutters, 7000 to 8000 feet; Wood Carring Drills, 5000 revo- lutions; Machine Avgcrs, 1^ in. diam., 9C0 revolutions; ditto, f in. diam., 1200 revolutions; Gang Serficial feet of pine per hour, 1 horse-power. Cir'^ilar Sates require 75 superficial feet per hour, 1 horse-jxiwer. In oak or hard wood f ths of tli'e above quantity require 1 hoi?e-power; Sharpening Angles of Machine Cutters. Adzing soft wood across the grain, £0°; Pinning Machines, ordinary poftwcft^d. 35°; Gauges and Ploughing Machines, ^0°; IIardv:o6d Tool Ci, tiers, b(P to £0°. Fii,i>'0 Satts. — The grand secret of putting any saw in the best possible order, consists in filing the teeth at a given angle to cut rapidly, and of a uniform length .=o that tlio points wiU'aU touch a straight edged r:Tle without sho^ving a variation of the hundredth part of an inch. Ec.-^ides thLi, there should be just set enough in the teeth to cut a kerf as narrow as it can be made, and at the same time allow the blade to work freely without pinching. On tlie contrary, the kerf must not be so wide as to permit the blade to rattle whet in motion. The very jwints of the teetli do the cutting. If one tooth is a twentieth of an inch longer tlian two or three on each side of it, the long tooth wiU be reqnired to do so much more cutting than it should, that the sawing cannot be done well, hence the saw goes jumping along, workuig hard and cutting slowly; if one tooth is longer than those on either side of it, the short' teeth do not cut although their points may be sharp. T\iien putting a cross-cut saw in order, it will pay well to dress the points with ail old file, and af- terwards _ sharpen ' them with a fine whet-tone; mnch mechan- ic:il skill is necessary to put a saw in prime order; one careless thrust with a file ^vill shorten the point of a tooth so much that it will be utterly useless, so far as cutting is coucerr.ed; the teeth should be set vrith much care, and the filing done with the greatest accuracy. If the tQCth are uneven at the ix)intd, a large flat file should be secured 94 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. to a block of ^vood in such a manner that the very points only ma,f be jointed, so that the cutting edge of the same may be in a straight line, or circle, if it is a circular saw; every tooth should cut a little a» the saw is worked. The teeth of a hand saw for all kinds of work should be filed fleaming, or at an angle on the front edge, while the back edges may be filed fleaming or square across the blade. The best way to file a circular saw for cutting wood across the grain, is to dress every fifth tooth square across, and apart one twentieth of an inch shorter than the others, which should be filed fleaming at an angle of about forty degrees. As regards such saws as are used for cutting up large logs iuto lum- ber it is of the utmost importance to have them filed at such an angle as will ensure the largest amount of work with the least expenditure of power. The following diagrams will help to illustrate our mean- ing. Fig. 1 shows the shape of teeth which nearly all experienced Fig. 1. mill-men consider as that standard form which combines the greatest amount of strength and capacity for rapid work, with the minimum of driving power while doing the work. Figure No. 2 represents a passable form of teeth which are capalila of doing a good deal of work, but their great weakness lies in their Blender points. Look out for "breakers" wheu teeth of thi* description are passing through dry spruce or hemlock knot*. FiQ. 2. MACHINISTS, ENOmEEKS', &C., RECEIPTS. 95 Fig. No. 3 Illastrates the appearance of one of those Intolerable wood raaps which are altogetlier too common in saw-mills. Only think what an appalling waste of valuable power la required to dav* a "jigger" like this through a large log! Fig. 3. Fig. 4, at a, is intended to show Cie method of ascertaining th» pro7jer-angle. that of sixty degi-eea, at which such saws should ba fjled. The diagram being self-explanatory requires but little further elucidation here. A quarter circle with lines radiating from the centra towards the circumference is represented near the verge of the segment of a circular saw. The lower part correspouds with the level of the horizon, and the higher part at 90° corresponds with the zenith or meridian, where the sun appears at noon-day. Exactly half-way up is 45°; look up a little higher and you will fiiid 60°, indicated by the radiating line which runs parallel with the angle of the tooth of the saw and this is the guide you muet follow iu filing. The same rule is see," applied to a straight mill saw at b. Many good authorities contend that miU saws snould in no ca«e Do Bet with the insti-ument commonly used for that puri)03e, but that in lieu thereof the teeth should be" spread out at the points with the Bwage or upset to a sufficient extent to jiermit t^.e body of the saw to operate without binding. Both instruments require' to be skilfully handled, and the swage, when used in tliis way, has proved itself equal to every emergency without the risk of breaking the teeth. It would be quite safe to say that the saw-set should only be nsed on saws of this description with the most extreme caution and care. Every man- ufacturer, however, has his own opinion, and consequent practice on. the subject, some contending that one way is right and the other di- rectly the revei-se. To' Repaib FK-vcTUREt) CiRCTTLAR Saws. — The best way to do this is to drill a small round hole at the termination of the crack, which effectually prevents its further extension. I have seen some circular saws very neatly repjxired by riveting thin clamps to each side of tha fractiu'e.'both clamps and rivets bemg countersunk so they will b« level with the surface of the saw, and placed in such a position acrosa the crack as to impart the greatest possible strength to the weakest place. To SIejtd Broken CROss-ctTx Saws. — In the first place scarf off tbe brokeu odges iu such a ma^uet that when lapped over each otha» 96 MACHimSTS, ENGINEERS , 4C., RECEIPTS they idll be abont the same thickness as the rest of the plat©, and rivet them together loosely with iron rivets inserted through holea which moat be punched for that purpose ; the ends most he united wTth gnat aecuracy bo tliat the teeth. &c., of the sa^v may rangfl truly. Now place the saw in the fire, then a tiux of powdered borax and sal ammoniac is flowed all over it after having it raised to the proper heat. See page 270 for preparing and using the composition, fiatom the saw to the fixe and when it is raised to the proper welding MACHIXISTS, engineers', AC. RECEIPTS. 97 heat, place it on the ajSTil and nnit* the joint as rapidly ag possibl* with liie hammer : be careful ntt to heat so hot as to injure the sted. When the job is ■well done, and the pait properly tempered, it will be found as strong as the re^^t of the plute. I kuovr one blacksmith in Canada who told me that this class of work was tlie best jiaying part of his business. Quantity a>t) Cost of Supplies for Horses a^td LtTiBFRDfO Crews ln the woods. — The following fignies have been kindly furnished for this work by the obliging manager of Messrs. Gilmonr's mill on the Gatinean, near Ottawa, Cimadri, and are mob-t valuable as affording a basis for calculatiug tho quantity and quality of the sup- plies required for men and horses engaged m tliis branch of industry. These c<^lculation3 are the result of long exijerience in the bnsiiiftfw, and are based on actual consumption. Quantity of Oats for each span of horses, 51 lbs. per day. Hay " " 40 '^ Flour used by each man Pork ^ 1.80 1 22 Beef " " 0.83 Beans " " 0.33 Fish 0.13 Onions " " 0.13 Potatoes " " 0.47 Total daily consumption per man 4.92 Quantity of Tea used " 1^ lbs. per montii. The diuly allowance of oats for each gpan of horses may appeal lar^e, but it must I e remembered that the labor is extremely severe, and more hay will be required if any part of the oats is withheld. On making inquiry with reference to the item of molasses, so largely used by our lumbering friends in New Brunswick and Maine, tho answer "returned was tr.at owing to the heavy cost of the commodity, it was entirely omitted from the list of su})p]iea. The followin;^ exhibits the comparative value of Mess and Piimc Pork, calculated from actual cooKumption : — Mess Fork Prime Mess. $26 $18 80 25 18 08 24. 17 35 23. 16 62 22 15 89 21 15 16 20 14 43 19. 13 70 18 12 97 MiSS Pork. Prime Mess. §17 S12 24 16 11 51 15 10 73 14. 10 C5 13 9^3 12 8 59 IL 786 10 7 13 9 6 40 1 Barrel Mess averages 37 lbs. grease, 6 lbs bones, when cooked, 1 " Prime Mesd 24 '" 13 To Me>i> Broken Saws. — Pure silver, 19 parts ; pure copper, I part ; pure brass, 2 parts ; all to "be filed into powder, and thor- oughly mixed ; place the saw level on tlie anvil, broken edges in contact, and hold them so ; now put a small line of the mixtuii along the seam, covering it with a larger bulk of powdered char'. — J 98 MlCHiy/STS, engineers', AC, RECETPTfl. coal ; now with a spirit lamp and a jewellers* blow-pipe hold tha coal dust In place, and blow eufficient to melt the solder mixture ; then with a hammer set the joint smooth, and file away any su- perfluous solder, and you will be surprised at its strength ^ the neat will not injure tlie temper of the saw. Vblocitt OF WnEEr,.i, PrrLtKYs, Dbujis, &c. — Wli en wheels are applied to communicate motion from one part of a machine to an- other, their teeth act alternately on each other ; cout;equently, it one -wheel contains 60 teeth, and another 20 teeth, the one containing 20 teeth will make 3 revolutions wliile the other makes but 1 ; ana if drums or pulleys are taken in place of wheels, tlie ellect will be the same ; because their circumferences, dotscribiug equal spaces, ren- der their revolutions unequal ; flora this the rule is derived namely: — Multiply the velocity of the driver by the number of teeth it con- tains, and di\ide by the velocity of the driven. Tlie quotient will be the number of teeth it ought to contain ; or, multiply the velocity of tiie driver by its diameter, ajid divide by the velocity of the driven. Example 1. If a wheel that contains 75 teeth makes 16 revolutions per minute, required the number of teeth in another, to work into and make 24 revolutions iu the same time. According to rule, you mul- tiply 16 by 73, and divide tlio product, which is 1200, by 24, and you have the answer, 50 teeth. Example 2. Suppose a drum, 30 inches in diameter, to make 20 revolutions per minute, required the diameter of auotlicr to make 60 revolutions per minute. According to rule, you multiply 20 by 30, and divide the product, which is 600, by 60, and you have Ihe answer, 10 inches. Example 3. A wheel 64 inches in diameter, and making 42 revo- lutions per minute, is to give motiou to a shaft at the rate of 77 revo- lutions in the same time ; find the diameter of a wheel suitable for that purpose. According to rule, multiply 42 by &4, and di\'ide the product, which is 268^, by 77, and you will have for the answer 35 inches nearly. 77)2688(34 10-13 231 378 308 70 Example 4. Suppose a pulley 32 inches diameter to make 26 revo Intions ; find the diameter of another to make 12 revolutiona in the same time. According to rule, 26 x 32 -^ 12 = 60J— 26 and 12) 832. This will be seen to be G9J 32 — — — 694-12=1 832 Example 5. Find the number of revolutions per minute made by a wheel or pulley 20 inches In diameter, wlien driven by another 48 inches iu diameter, and making 45 revolutions in the same time. Ac- cording to rule, 48 x 45-^20 = 108. That is, 48 multiplied by 45 = 8160, divided by 20, gives the answei, 1(^ revolutions. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 99 Construction of Trussed Roofs.— In roofs of tlio ordinary construction, the roof coveruig is laid upon rafters supported by horizontal purlins, which rest on upright ti-usses or frames of timber, placed on the walls at regular distances from each other. Upon tha framing of the trusses depends the stability of the roof, the arrange-, nient of the ratters and purlius being subordinate matters of detaiL In Trussed Roofs, exertimj no side thrust on the walls, each truss consists essentially of a pair of principal rafters or principals, and a horizontal tie beam, and in lar^^e roois these are coimected and strengthened by king and queen posts and struts. (See figs. 2. and 3.) Fig. 1. shows a very giiuple truss in -which the tie is above the bottom of the feet of the principal, wluch is often done in small roofs lor the sake of obtaining height. The tie in this case is called a collar beam. The leet o£ botu common and principal rafters rest on a wail plate. The purlins rest on the collar, and the common rafters but against a rid^e run- nh;g along the top of the roof. This l\ind of truss is only suited to very small spans, as there is a cross strain on that part of the prhiciiial below the collar, which is rendered harmless in a smaU epaa by the extra strength of tlie principal, but which in a large one would be -very likely to throw out the walls. In roofs of larger span the "tie beam is placed below the feet of tho principal, which are tenoned into and bolted to it. To b^ep the beam from sar/ging, or bending by its own weight, it is snfel^ndGd fr-om the head of the principals by' a king post of wood or iron.' '"The lower part of the kin" post affords abutments for sturts supporting the principal immediately under the purlins, so that no ctoes stxain is eocerted on any of the timbers in the truss, but they all act in the direction of their length, the principal and strute being subjected to compression, and the king post and the tie beam to t^psiou. Fig. 2 ehows a sketch of a king ti'uss. The common rafters" 'but on a pole plate, the tie beams resting either on a contumous plate, or on short templates of wood and stone. Whsre tho span is considerable, the beam is supported atadditiouM too MACHINISTS, ENGrSIEERS', AC, EE<5eIPTS. Ddnte t>y suspension nieces called qneen posts (% 3), from the bot^ fam of wiueh sprmV additional^struteV and, by ext^jag ttS Fig. a ^^Sl^o""^ J«^«!Vam, we mi-ht ccastruct a roof of any span were it not that a practical limit 13 imposed by the nature of the materiaLi! ^metmca i-oofa are constructed without king po/t.^ thrL^?^ .jgjj^ept apart by a straining piec^ This coiistru.-tion is sho4n ia Kg. 4. 65. 4, which phows the d^sirm cf the old roof (now destroyed) of the church of St. Paul, outside the walls, at Rome. TlnstnLss is iaterc-it- in? from its early date, havinui'Iins. DuK.VBLE I>-srLATiON FOR T,i.r.cTEJ.o "W Tpr ,'< — -Tj" thc ^rtres tai iijien cover withjure rubber. STRENGTH OF WOODS. 101 The lollo wing tabulated form shows the results of Mi. Hodgkin- Bon's eiperinients on the cnishins; strengths of differeut woods per square inch af section. The samples crushed -were short cylinders 1 inch diameter, and 2 inches long, flat at the ends. The results given in the first column are those obtained when tlie wood was moderately dry. The samples noted in the second column were kept seasoning 2 months longer than the first. The third column is appended by the author, to illustrate the resilience or toughness of certain woods. Kind of Wood. Crushing strength per square inch of section. Length in feet of a rod 1 inch square that would break by its own weight. Alder, 6831 to 6960 Ash, 8683 to 9363 42,080 Bay, 7518 to 7518 Box, 10300 Beech, 7733 to 7363 38,940 Birch, 10300 • English Birch, 3297 to 6402 Cedar, 5674 to 5863 TJpfil rrhri^tin.'na 55,500 Red Deal, 5748'to' '6586'" White Deal, 6781 to 7293 Hornbeam, 7300 Elder, 7451 to 9973 Elm, 7451 to 10331 39,050 Fir (Memel), Fir (Spruce), 40,500 "" '6499' to "6819 Larch, 42160 Mahogany, 8198 to 8198 Lignum Vitae, 9900 Oak (Quebec), 4231 to 5982 Oak (Enslish), 6484 to 10058 36,900 Pme (Pitch), 6790 to 6790 Pine (Red), 5395 to 7518 Poplar. 3107 to 5142 Plum (Dry), 8241 to 10493 Svcamorc 35,800 Teak, " * " '8241 to i2i6i' 36,049 Wahiut, 6063 to 7227 Willow, 2898 to 6128 It was also foimd that in pillars of the same dimensions, but of different materials, taking the strength of cast iron at 1.000, tliat ot wrouglit iron was 1,745, cast steel 2,518, Dantzic Oak 108.8, and Red Deal 78.5. . , Bea'ms of timber, when laid with their concentric layers vertical, are stroiisrer than when laid horizontal, in the proix>rtion of 8 to 7. AKii-FoULiyG Composition fob Ships.— Melt, mix and grind to- gether into an impali>able powder, 1 part copper, 4 of zinc, and 1 ol tin • mx thorouchlv \Tith red lead orTorbay mineral red. and ap- ply to the ship's bottom. (See "Marine Paint for Metals in Salt Water," imder Painters' Deimrtment) 102 TONNAGE OF SHIPS. MeAStTBEMEST AND CALCULATIONS OF THE TO^•^A TONNAGE OF SHIPS. 103 ^OE A DotTBLE DECK VESSEL.— Km?«. Multiply as aboTC, taking haH the breadth of be&m for the depth of the hold, and divide by 95. British Measurement. The British mode for measuxitifr vessels, anthorized by Act of Pari!* neiit in 1854, has been substantially copied into the above noted Act tc regulate the admeasurement of tonnage in the United States, the mair difference being a reduced number of areaa or eectious by the British method, which stands as follows. 1. Vessels of which the tonnage length is 50 feet or under are divide^f Into 4 equal parts. 2. Over 50 and not over 120 feet, into 6 " " S. " 120 " " " 180 •' " 8 " " 4. " 180 " " " 225 " " 10 " " 5. " 225 ft. into 12 " " Divide the length of the upper deck between the after part of the stem and the forepart of the stem-post into equal parts, and note the fore- most, middle, and aftermost points of di\asion. INIeasure the depths at these throe points in feet and tenths of a foot, also the depths from the under side of the upper deck to the ceiUng at the timber straJce ; or, in case of a break in the upper deck, from a Tine stretched in c^jatinuation of the deck. For the breadth, divide each depth into 5 equal parts, and measure the inside breadtlis at the follo^ving points, viz. : at 2 and 8 from the upper deck of the foremost and aftermost depths, and at 4 and 8 from the upper deck of the midship depth. Take the length, at half the mid- ship depth, from the afterpart of stem to the forepart of the stem-post. Then, to twice the midship depth, add the foremost and aftermost depths for the stum at the depths ; and add together the foremost upper and lower breadths, 3 times the upper breadth with the lower breadth at the midship, and the upper, and twice the lower breadth at the after division for stim of the breadths. Multiply together the sum of the depths, the sum of the breadths, and the length, and divide the product by 3500, which will g^ive the number of tons or rerfster. K the vessel has a poop or half deck, or a break in the upper deck, measure the inside mean length, breadth and height of Buch part thereof as may be included within the bulkhead ; multiply these three measurements together, and divide the product by 92.4. The quotient will be the number of tons to be added to the result, as above ascertained. For Open Vessels. — The depths are to be taken from the upper edge o i! the lower strake. For Steam Vessels.— The tonnage due to the engine room is deducted from the total tonnage computed by the above rule. To determine this, measure the inside length of the engine-room from the foremost to the aftermost bulkhead ; then multiply this length by the midship depth of the vessel and the product by the inside midship breadth at .4 of the depth from the deck, and divide the final product by 92-4. Self-Acting Nautical Pump. — Captain Leslie, in a voyage from North America to Stockholm, adopted an excellent mode of empty- ing water from his ship's hold when the crew were disabled from performing that duty. About ten or twelve feet above the pump, he ri^ed out a spar, one end of which projected overboard, whUe the offier was fastened as a lever to the machinery of the pump. To the end which projected overboard was suspended a water-butt half full, but corked dov:'n, so that when the coming wave raised the water- butt, the other end depressed the piston of the pump ; but, at the retiring of the wave, this was reversed ; for, by the weight of the butt, the piston ojime up again, and with it the water. Thus, without the aid of the cxew, the ship's hold was cleared of w iter in a few houxik 10* ENGLISH FREIGHT TABLK. GOODS PROPORTIONED IN STOWAGE. ffce following Table Is from" Harrison's FrHghfrra' Guule," Loidoa Edition, 18-18. The let column shows the Quantities, In Numbers and Decimal parW ; the '2d column the character, or kind of Goods ; the 3d column the Gross Weight of the Goods in Tons :tnd Decimal pam of a ton ; and tlie 4th column the number of Cubic Feot required far Stowing the same. [850 Vul'ic Feet ec/ual 21.2 Tons, or I Keel.] Qnantities in Numbers & Decimals. •97. 88. 106. 108. 114. Vi5. 10. 9.107 7.760 e.8:i5 4.444 6.257 7.2727 17. 17. 17. 17. 17. 17. 14.923 M515 4.8.57 1.275 i.ano 1.200 0.M0 0.706 1.054 3.886 8. 12. le. Articles of Freight. Quarters of ^\Tieat, 61.2 lbs. per Bushel, equal do. Tares, Beans, & Peas 63 do. do do. Rye, 67 do. do, do. Seed, 62 do. do- do. Barley, 62 do. do do. Oats, 37 do. do Tons Clean Hemp and Flax, do. do. Outshot do. do do. do. Half-clean do. do do' do. Cedilla do. do do. do. Wool, do. do. Wool, fompressed, do. do. Dried Skins, do do. Tallow, do. Ashes, J do do. Hides (Salted) Loads of Timber (Baltic square*! Fir),... do. do ' (N. American do.) J do do. do (Birch do-), ) do. Masts (round) do. Pieces. Ft. In. In. Stand. Hnnd. Deals, 120 12 11 V/~ do. do Battens, 120 12 7 214 Mille Baltic Staves reduced .' . Viz. 1200 pieces, 66 in. long by V/^ thick, do. Odessa do. do do. Quebec do. do do. Baltic Staves rough 1200 pieci'S 72 inches by ^/^ do. Odessa do- do 1200 pieces 76 inches by 3*4 do. Quebec do. do 1200 pieces 66 incites by 2% West India do. do 1200 pu-cex 42 inches by ly^ Casks Pol and Pearl Ashes .' do. Tons Bones (calcined), in Bulk, do. do. do. (manure, (^-c), do do. do. do. (best quality), do do. do. do. do. do- Tons Weight 21.2 20. 21. 20. 21. 16.5 10. 9.107 7.76 6-825 4.444 6.257 7.2727 17. 18.5 13.6 22. 17-5 17. 17.75 15.25 16. Cub. Feet 860 do do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do- do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. ♦ Wheat is the standard, 8 imperial bushels of Wheat equal 1 Quartav And 1 English Quarter equal 8V4 United States bushel. ■» •«• t The Staves average iuchoa in breadth. 105 ENGLISH FREIGHT TABLE. Artialea of Freight Tom "Weight aM4 109 100. 100. 136. 140. 160. 8.333 9.166 4.75 9.T 6. 17. 20. 40. 230. 17. 17. 8. 4.000 10. 8. 110. 106. 120. 630. 180. 144. 20. 90. 120. 16. 21. 150. 40. 60. 60. 100. do. MO. Tons Mats of 400 pieces (Archangel), equal BiUTel^ Tar do do. do. Pitch do do do. Tar (Stockholm), do do. Tar and Rosin (American), do, do. Flour 220 lbs. each (190 nett), do Sacks do. 280 do do ON COTTON. Tons New Orleans and Mobile, all ccan- pressed, do. Dest carrying ships, do do. do. Charleston and Savannah, not com- 1 ^ pressed, f do. Pernambueo and MaranhamJl^^Ves- ] sels from these ports generally stow 1 ^ 10 per cent, more than Vj the register ton- j nage, part compressed, say 7 tons as above J do. Alexandria, all compressed do- do, do, not compressed, do. Hogsheads Tobacco do. do. Sugar 16% cwt. average, do. Tierces CofEee, 7 cwt. do do. do. IVi cwt. do do. Tuns of Oil of 252 gals, each, do. do. "Wine, Brandy, or any other Spirit \ j, reckoning the full gauge of the Casks, l ^ ' Tons Oranges and' Lemons of 10 Chest \ • or 20 Boxes per Ton ) ""• do. (;ork, (Faro), do. do. Bark, (Tree) do. do. do. (Coppice) do. Tierces Beef, 3 cwt. each, do. Barrels Pork, 2 cwt. each, do. Bags Bread, 1 cwt. each, do. Firkins Butter, 70 lbs. each, do. Barrels Red Herrings, do. do. "White do do. Hogsheads Copperas, do. do. Lamp Black, do. Bags do do. Tons Soda & other Alkalies, in Casks, do. do. do. in Bulk, do. Carboy, Oil "Vitriol do. Crates Glass, 18 Tables, do. do. do. 15 do do. Crates Glass, 12 Tables, do. Gross of Bottles = 6 per GaUon = 19 lbs. "Weight per dozen, in Bulk, (Glass), 8.5 16. 20. 16. 17. 13.75 20. 8.333 9.166 4.75 9.7 5. 10. 16.5 14. 17.25 18.5 20. do. do. % Bottles = 12 per Gallon =» 11 lbs. ) ,. > weight per Dozen, in Bulk, J '^°- 4.5 10. 8. 16.5 15.5 6. 16.5 11. 21.5 17. 7. e. 16. 21. 8. 4.5 5. 6.5 10. 11.76 106 ENGLISH FREIGHT TABLE. Qa»ntitiee in Humber* & 80. 98. 22. 16. TOOO. 8000. 26. 17. 20. 21. 300. • 8. ArticlM of Freight. CrxB, Bottles (Glass) lost cnbic ft. each, equal do. Earthenware, small size do. do. do. mixed eorts or middling 8iz«,.do. do. do. largest size, do. Fire Bricks In Bulk, «4 Comnion do., also Tiles do. do. Chaldrons Grindstones do. hi Tons PotiK)e9,. ." do. do. do. Oil Cake, do. do. do. Slates, do. ^ Pigs of Leat\ giv es 996 cubic feet ; bur, when stowed in balk on board a ship, is relth3, making, in aU, about 15 per cent, as above. This seeming parariling to its weight and elasticity ; and sr qrs. of wheat, is equal to 8.50 cubic feet TREENAILS.— 5S?3 pieces of 9 inches eqaal 1 load of timber ; 4/>00 do. K\ do. do.; .3200 do. 15 do. do. ; 2363 do. do. U do. do. ; 2:iS.5 do. 21 do. do,; JOOOdo. 24 do. do. ; 1777 do. 27 do. do.; leiW do. 30 do. do. ; 1151 do. 3.3 do do, ; iy« do. 36 do. d.>.: 1142 do. 42 do. do. FIR AST) OAK PLANK,— 1200 pieces of li inch equal I load of timberj 800 do- 1 do. d •. ; 4»J do. lU d ■. do.; 3ortio:ied in .'^towage. Kt'LE.— If 97 Quarters of wheat equal a keel (21.2 tons or 8-50 cubic ft.) then how many qoartere of B ir ey,or how many tons of Hemp, Wool, or Cotton, or barrels of Floiir can be'stowt".! in a vessel whose carrying cap». eitv Is 2&4 tons ? Example,— 2^ tons multiplied by 40 ithe number of cubic feet in a ton) equals 11.760 cubic feet, which diri-hd by tiSO and the quotient multipliid by 140 'the numi^er of barrels which can be stowed in 850 cubic feet, ai ■tate^Vcr -t'y" ft. m. 7B 8B 9B 10 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 B 16 B 17 B 1 4 5 5 6 fi 7 8 8 9 9 9 •z — 8 S 11 1 ( 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 8 3 — 1 « 1 2 1 A 1 6 1 ■; 1 f 1 11 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 « 4 — 1 4 1 7 1 ( 1 11 2 2 2 4 2 € 2 9 2 11 3 1 3 4 6 — 1 i 1 11 2 2 2 fi 2 8 2 11 3 2 3 5 3 8 3 11 4 2 « — 2 1 2 4 2 8 2 11 3 3 3 6 3 10 4 1 4 6 4 8 5 _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 2 ] ] J ] ] 1 1 1 1 2 2 — 3 ] ] : ] 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 •n 6 2 2 31 S> 3 4 4 4 6 9 5 lOS LIGHTNINa CALCULATOK. ft. in. |8B »)B lOB llB 12B 13B I 14B I 15B ■ 16B 17 B 18 B 5 11 1 4 1 9 2 3 2 8 T 1 i! 1 1 3 9 1 8| 1 10 2 3 2 6 2 yj 3 l' 3 4' 3 8' 4 9 1 5 2 2 2 11 3 T 4 4 9 1 7 2 4 3 1 3 11 4 8 l{ 1| 10 1) l! 10 2| 20 31 3i 30 10 1 2 4l 4 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 5 10 1 8 2 6 3 4 4 2 5 11 1 9 2 8 3 7 4 5 5 4 1 2j 3 5 1 2 3 5 11 1 11 2 10 3 9 4 9 5 8 6 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6 Length 9 Inches Thick.- -Bv /t.,*n. 9B |10B 11 B :12B 13 B HB 15 B 16 B 17 B [ 18 B 19 B 1 ^ 71 8 8 9 10 11 11 1 1112 1 3 2 1 2: 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 9 1 11 2 2 2 2 3 2 5 3 1 8l 1 11 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 fe 2 10 3 3 2 3 6 3 7 4 2 3' 2 6 2 9 3 3 3 3 6 3 9 4 4 3 4 6 4 9 ts 2 10 3 2 3 S 3 9 4 1 4 6 4 8 5 5 4 5 8 5 11 6 — 3 5| 3 9 4 2 4 C 4 11 5 3 5 8 6 6 5 6 9 7 2 1 l| 1 e 10 1 1 1 I 1 10 1 1 2 1. 1 10 2 2 2 "S 2 2 2 2 , 3 2 2 2! 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 - 6 3' J 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7! 7 Length 10 In c-hes TWck.- -Bv ■ft., in. 10 B UB il2B 113 B 1 UB ,loB 16 B 17 B 18 B 19 B 1 20 B 1 - 8 9| lol 11 1 0| 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 14 15 2 — 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 10 1 111 2 1 2 3 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 9 3 — 2 1 2 4i 2 61 2 9 2 11 3 2 3 4 3 7 3 9 4 4 2 4 — 2 9 3 1 3 4 3 7 3 11 4 2 4 C 4 9 5 5 3 5 7 6 — 3 6 3 10 4 2 4 6 4 10 5 3 5 7 5 11 6 3 6 7 6 11 6|- 4 2 4 7 5 5 5 5 10 6 3 6 fc 7 1 7 6 7 11 8 4 — ! 1 1,01 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 r 2 2I 2 2: 2 2 2 3 3 3 —I ^ 2[ 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 -i'L 4| 5 oi 5; f. 6 7 7 .±1 8" 9 Lergth 11 Iiuhes Thick 18 B fi- 1 til- IIB 12 B 113 B 14 B 15B ,16B 17 B 19 B 20 B 21 B 10 111 1 1 1 12 13 1 4 1 5 1 S 1 6 1 6 2 1- 1 8 1 10, 2 2 2 2 4; 2 5 2 7 2 9 2 11 3 1 3 3 3 1— 2 6 2 9| 3 3 3 3 5 3 8 3 11 4 2 4 4 4 7 4 10 4 3 4 3 8] 4 4 3 4 71 4 11 6 2 5 6 5 10 6 1 6 5 fi 4 2 4 7 5 5 4 5 9' 6 1 6 6 6 11 7 3 7 6 8 6 — 5 1 5 66 6 6 6 Hi 7 4 7 10 8 3 8 y 9 2 9 8 1 1^0 1' 1 1 1' 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 L- 3 3 3 3 3 _- 3 3 3 3 3 3 -J 4 4 4 5 5 mm 6 5 6l 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9! 1« LIGHTNING CALCULATOR. 109 Cengt? ■■ 12 Inches 'tES? ^^r ■~— ft. in. 12B |13B J14B jl5B 16 B |17 B 1 18 B 19 B 20 B 21 B 22B 1 — 1 1 l! 1 2' 1 3 1 4 1 S 1 6 1 7 1 6 1 9| 1 10 2 '— 'i 2 2' 2 4; 2 61 2 8; 2 1( , 3 3 2 3 4 3 61 3 8 S i— 3 3 3 3 6 3 9f 4 0| 4 ; 4 6 4 9 5 5 3; 5 6 4 ;— 4 4 44S505 4, 68 6 6 4 6 8 7 Oj 7 4 5 |- 6 i 6 6 5 10| 6 3; 6 S| 7 ] 1 '' 6 7 11 8 4 8 9 9 2 6 1— 6 i- 6 6 7 Oj 7 6, 8 Oj 8 6 9 9 6 10 10 6' U — 1 1 1 if 1' 10 1 2 2 2 2| 1 — 2 2' 2 2| 3 3: S 8 3 3 41 2 - 3 3. 3 4; 4 4 4 5 5 5 51 e 4 — 6 6 7 7' 8 6' 9 9 10. 10 111 15 Length lo IiKht-s Thick.— Bt "' />.,n. Jo B I14B jloB jl6B 17 B IbB .9B, 2.B, 21 B : 22 B 23B 1 — 1 2|1 3 1 4| 1 5 16 18 1 9, 1 10 1 11 2 0| 2 1 2 — 41 2 C 2 £) 2 11 3 13 3 3 5 3 7 3 10 4 o! 4 2 3 — 3 6 3 10 4 1 4 4 4 7! 4 11 5 2, 5 51 5 8 6 Oj 7 11! 6 3 4 — 4 fl 5 15 5 5 9 •5 21 6 6 6 10 7 3 7 7i 8 4 ^ — 101 6 4 6 9 7 3 7 81 8 2 8 7 9 9 fi! 9 11' 10 5 <> — V l|'i 7 8 2| 8 8| 9 Sj 9 S 10 4 10 10;. 11 5; 11 111 12 6 1 11 1, 1] Ij 2 2 2] 2, 2| 21 3 — 2, 3' S| 3 3 3 3 4! 4, 41 4 — 3 t> 4 40 4| 040506 5 51 61 fil $ — 6 1 •. 8 8 9 9, 10 10 mrjHM 11' 11 1 0, 1 Length 14 Inches Thi -k.— Bv ft..in. 14 B |15 B IG B ;17 B IS B ,19 B , 20 B 2l"B 1 22 B 1 23 B ■ 24 B 1 i— 1 4 16 17 18 1 9 1 10 1 11 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 - 2 9 2 11' 3 13 4 3 6 3 8 3 11 4 : 4 3 4 6 5 1ft ? - 4 1 4 5| 4 S 5 5 3 5 7 5 10 6 S 6 5 6 9 7 * - 5 5 5 10 6 3 6 7 7 7 6 7 9i 8 : 8 7 8 11 9 4 6 - 6 10 7 4 T 9 8 3 8 9 9 31 9 91 10 3 i 10 8l 11 2i 11 8 6 '— 8 2 1 8 9j 9 4 9 11 10 6jH 11' 11 8i 12 2 1 12 lOj 13 5; 14 — : 1 ll 2; 2 2J 2| 2 2 2 2 2 ~-\^ 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 < 4 4 5 -|3 4 4 5 5 5 6 r 6 6 7 9 7 H 6 8 9; 91 10| f. 11! 101010 1 1' 1 1! 1 i Length 15 B 16 B |17 B 15 Inches thlck.-Bv ' 18 is 19 B 20 B , 21 B 2i B 23 B ; 24 B 25 B 1 i— 1 7 1 81 1 9 1 11 2 0: 2 1 2 21 2 4 2 5 2 el 2 7 2 ;- 3 '> 3 4 3 7 3940: 42 45 4 7 4 10 5 0| 5 3 3 i— 4 8 5 5 4 5 8; 5 11: 6 3 6 7 6 11 7 2 7 6; 7 10 4 — 6 3 6 8 7 1 7 6( 7 11 8 4 8 9 9 2 9 7 10 Ol 10 5 B — 1 10 8 4: 6 10 9 5; 9 11 10 5 10 11 11 6 12 12 6; 13 6 — a 5 10 10 8 2 2 11 3111 11 12 6 13 2; 13 9 14 5 15 0! 15 8 — i 1 2 2' 2! 2 02! 2 2 3' 3 — I 2 3 3 4 4' 4' 4' 4j 5 5 5| 5 — : 3 6 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 81 8 _;£_6_ 9 10 IV 11 1 0; 1 1 1 2' 1 2 1 2! 1 3 1 3 110 LIGHTXIKG CALCULATOR. Langcli ft. in. le Inches Thick, ^^r* ■BMB 16 B 17 B 16 B 119 B 20B 121 B | 22B 1 23 B 1 24 B 23B 26B 1 — 1 9 1 11 2 0' •_' 12 3. 2 4' 2 5 1 2 7 i 2 8 2 9 1 2 1. •J 3 7 3 9 4 C, 4 3 4 54 81 4 11 ' 6 1 , 6 4 5 7 ! 6 10 * ■ 5 4 6 8 6 6 4' 6 8. 7 7 4 7 8 ; 8 8 4 i 8 « 4 — 7 1 7 7' 8 0, 8 5: 8 11 9 4' 9 ft 10 3 ! 10 8 1 11 1 11 7 j; 8 11 9 5 10 10 7 11 1 11 8 12 3 12 S ] 13 4 : 13 11 14 5 6 - 10 8 11 4 12 12 8 13 4 14 14 8 15 4 I 16 01 16 8 1 17 4 — 1 2 2 2; 2I 2, 2 2 3 3 3 S — i 2 41 4: 4, 4| 4 51 5 5 ' 5 6 e — 3 5 6, 6, 6[ 7 7 7 S 8 , 8 8 — f) 11 11 1 0' 1 1 1 1 1 2. 1 3 1 ? 14 1 6 1 9 lUjuziir -bT" /:. L 17 B ,18 B ;19B ;20B ,21B ,22B 1 23B 24B ] i5B 26 B 27B 1 — 2 0. 2 2 2 3 2 4, 2 6| 2 7 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 1 3 S 2 — 4 0' 4 3 4 C4 9, 6 0,52 55 6 8 5 11 6 2 6 5 3 — 6 6 5 6 91 7 1' 7 51 7 10 8 2 8 6 1 8 10 9 3 9 7 4 — 8 8 6 9 0' 9 6 9 1110 5 10 10 11 4 j 11 101 12 3 12 9 5 — 10 aio ^u 3 11 IP 12 6 13 13 7 14 2 1 14 9 15 4 15 11 6 — 12 112 9 13 6,14 2U 11 16 7| 16 4 17 ,17 9 18 6 19 2 -| 1 2 20 2; 21 2, 3 3 3 1 3 3 4 - 3 4 4* 4; 5' 61 5 5 6 1 6 6 1 6 - 3 6 6 7 71 7| 8 8 9 9 9 10 -! 6 1 111 1 1 2 1 3 1 4' 1 4 1 6 ' 1 6 1 6 1 7 LentjtE" Its Inches Tlii^k, -Bv ft. .n. 18 B '19 B ;20 B j21 B 22 B 23 B 1 24 B 2o'B 26B 27B 28B 1 — 2 3 2 5' 2 3 3 3 3I s' 3 4 4 4 — 2 5 5! 6 6i 6' 6' 7 7 7 7 • 8 --; 3 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 1 C — ' 6 1 3 14 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 7i 1 8' 2 9 1 9 1 10 1 H LIGHTNING CALCULATOR. Ill tSngiiii '•"" """'wrn^^vrpir^i-ry'""^" rt tn SOB 21 B 22B 23B 24 B 25 B 26 B 27B 28B 29 B SOB 1 2 i; 2 11 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 e 3 7 3 9 3 11 4 4 S it — . 5 1 6 1( 6 1 6 5 6 8 6 1: 7 J 7 6 7 J 8 1 8 ■ » — 8 k 8 £ 9 2 9 I 10 10 5 10 K 11 i 11 i 12 1 12 « 4 — 11 ] 11 k 12 8 12 J 13 4;13 Hi 14 8 15 ( 15 ■; 16 1 16 8 S _ 13 11 14 7 15 3 16 Ojie 8il7 4i 18 1 18 £ 19 5 20 2 20 W 9 — 16 8 |l7 6 18 4 19 220 20 10 21 8 22 C 23 4 24 2 2S 1 _ 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 « 2 6 6 6 6 0; 7 7 i. 8 8 C 1 — 3 f S 9 10 If lOi 1] 11 1 C 1 C 1 1 — 6 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 71 1 8i 1 9' 1 10 1 Ul 1 11 2 2 1 tength 21 Inches Thick ,— Bv ft in. 21 B 22B 23 B 24 B |25 B 26 B 1 27 B 28 B 29 B SOB 31 B 1 S 1 3 3 3 4 3 6| 3 8 3 10, 3 11 4 1 4 3 4 5 4 7 'i — 6 2 6 6 6 9! 7 Ol 7 4 7 7 7 11 8 2 8 « 8 9 9 3 — 9 2 9 8 10 1|10 6 10 11 11 61 11 10: 12 3 12 8 13 2 13 7 4 — 12 3 12 10 13 5114 0!l4 7 15 2 15 91 16 4 16 11 17 e 18 1 6 16 4il6 1 16 917 6,18 ; 119 0] 19 8: 20 5 21 2 21 11 22 T 6 — 18 6 19 3 20 2 21 21 11 22 9 23 8 24 6 25 5 26 3 27 a -1 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 7 7 7 8! 8 8 8 9 9 3 9 10 10 11 11, 11; 1 0] 1 Ol 1 1 1 1 1 2 — 6 1 6i 1 71 1 81 1 9 1 10! 1 11 2 2 l| 2 1 2 2 2 3 Lenfrth 22 Inches Thick,— Bv ft. tn. 22B 23 B 24 B 25B 26B 27 B 28 B 20 B 1 30 B 31 B 32 B 1 3 4 3 6 3 8 3 10 4 4 2 4 3 4 5! 4 7 4 9 4 H 2 6 9 7 7 4 7 8 7 11 8 3 8 7 8 lOl 9 2 9 6 10 3 10 1 10 7 11 11 6 11 11 12 5 12 10 13 4 13 9 14 3 17 1 4 — 13 5 14 1 14 8 15 3 15 11 16 6 17 1 17 9 18 4 18 11 19 7 fi — 16 10 17 7 18 4 19 119 10 20 8 21 5 22 2' 22 11 23 8 24 6 6 — 20 2 3 21 1 22 22 11 23 10 24 9 25 8 26 7] 27 6 28 5 29 4 _ 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4' 5 5 6 •_ 2 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 — 3 10 11 111 111 1 1 11 11 12 1 2 1 t -' 6 1 8 1 9i 1 101 1 111 2 2 ll 2 2l 2 31 2 4 2 4 2 5 Length 23 Inches Thick— By Jt.fn. 23 B 124 B j25 B 26 B i2T B 28 B 29B 30 B 31 B 32 B 33 B 1 _ 3 8 3 10 4 4 2I 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 10 4 11 5 1 5 2 'Z — 747 8808 4( 88 8 11 9 3 9 7 9 H 10 3 10 7 3 11 '1 6ll2 0!l2 6 12 11 13 15 13 11 14 5 14 10 15 4 15 10 4 — 14 8 15 4 16 16 7!l7 3 17 11 18 6 19 2 19 lOl 20 5 21 1 » - 1 18 4 19 2 20 0I2O 9'21 7 22 4 23 2 24 24 9| 25 7 26 4 6 ~ -S 1 23 0;24 0i24 11|25 ll| 26 10 1 1 27 10 28 9 29 9 30 8 31 8 1 4 4 4 4 4' 4| 5 5i 5 5 S — 2 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 — 8 11 1 10 10 1111 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 ^^ 6 1 10 1 11 2 0' 2 1 2 2! 2 3 2 4 2 5 % 6 2 7 29 112 LIGHTNING CALCULATOK. Lensth '■' ' ' " 24 Inches Thick.— By ' ' St. *» 24B 25B 26 B 27 B |28 B 29 B SOB 31 B 32B 33B 1 34B 1 4 4 2 4 4 4 6; 4 8 4 10 5 6 2 5 4 5 6! 5 8 2 8 8 4 8 « 9 0, 9 4 9 8 10 C 10 4 10 J 11 ( 11 4 3 12 12 6 13 C 13 6 14 { 14 6 15 C 15 6 16 { 16 6 17 4 _ 16 C 16 8 17 4 18 oils 8 19 4 20 C 20 8 21 4 22 ( 22 fe S ^- 20 C 20 10 21 8122 6 23 4'24 2 25 25 1( 26 f 27 6 28 4 6 — 24 25 26 027 0^28 0j29 30 31 32 33 34 1 4 4 4 5i 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 _ 2 8 8 £ 91 £ 10 IC IC 11 11 11 3 1 (1 1111 12 12 1 a 1 a 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 5 — 6 2 2 1 2 21 2 31 2 41 2 5 2 6 2 7! 2 8 2 9 2 19 Length 25 Inches Thick,— By ft. in. 25 B 126 B 27B 28 B 29 B GOB 31 B 32 B 33B 34B 35 B 1 — 4 4l 4 6 4 8 4 10 5 5 3 5 5 5 7 5 9 5 11 6 1 2 — 8 8 9 9 6 9 9 10 1 10 5 10 9 11 1 11 6 11 IC 12 2 3 — 13 0'l3 7 14 1 14 7 15 1 15 8 16 2 16 8 17 2 17 9 18 3 4 — 17 4il8 1 18 9 19 5 20 2 20 10 21 6 22 3 22 11 23 7 24 4 5 — 21 822 7 23 6 24 4 25 2I26 1 26 11 27 9 28 8 29 6 30 5 6 — 26 lj27 1 28 2 29 2 30 3l31 3 1 32 4 33 4 34 5 35 6 36 6 1 4! 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 2 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 Oil 11 1 1 3 1112 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 7 — 6 2 2 2 3 3 4' 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 91 2 10 2 111 3 Iciigth 26 In. hcs niick.— By ft. xn. 26 B 27 B 28 B |29 B |:;0 B \.',\ B 4 11 5 15 3 5 6 5 7 32 B 33 B 34B 35B 36B 1 4 8 6 9 6 6 2 6 4 6 6 2 9 5 9 9|10 lilO 6|10 10 11 2 11 7 11 11 12 3 12 8 13 3 14 1 14 8(15 2|15 9116 3 16 10 17 4 17 11 18 5 19 19 8 4 18 9 19 6:20 3|20 11121 8 22 5 23 1 23 10 24 7 25 3 26 K — 23 6 24 5!25 3 26 227 l!28 28 11 29 10 30 8 31 7 32 6 6 — 28 2 29 3 30 4 31 5 32 6 33 7 34 8 36 9 36 10 37 11 39 1 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 — 2 9 10 10 10 11 11 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 15 15 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 8 — 6 1 4 2 5' 2 61 2 7 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 3 ll 3 2 3 3 flenigth "57 Inches Thick,- fty ft.^^in. 27 B 28B I29B 30 B 31 B j32 B ■in', B 34 B 35 B 36B 37B 1 - 5 1 6 3! 5 6 5 8 5 10 6 6 2 6 6 6 7 6 9 6 11 2 — 10 2 10 6 10 11 11 3 11 8 12 12 5 12 9 13 2 13 6 13 10 8 — 15 2 15 9|16 4 16 11 17 5 18 18 7 19 2 19 8 20 3 20 10 4 — 20 3121 0i21 9 22 6 23 3 24 24 9 25 6 26 3 27 27 9 B — 25 4126 3 27 2 28 2 29 li 30 30 11 31 11 32 10 33 9 34 8 6 — 30 6J31 6 32 8 33 9 34 11 86 • 37 2 38 3 39 5 40 6 41 6 _ 1 5i 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 _ 2 lOl 11 111 11 1 1 10 11 1 1 1 2 1 a ._ 8 1 31 1 4 1 4' 1 5; 1 5j 1 6 17 17 1 6 1 8 1 9 — 6 1 2 6' 2 8 2 9 2 10' 2 ll! 3 0' 3 ll 3 2l 3 3l 8 5 3 T LIGHTNING CALCTTLATOR. 113 Length /l.iin. 28 B 129 B 1 130 B 131 B 32 B 33B 1 34 B 1 35 B 1 36 B 1 37 B 1 38 B 1 — 5 f 5 8 5 101 6 ) 6 C 16 5 6 7| 6 10 7 ) 7 l\ 7 t 2 — 10 1 11 3 11 1 12 ljl2 t 112 10 13 3| 13 7 14 Ol 14 6l 14 IB 3 ~ 16 < 16 1 IT ( 18 1118 f |i9 r 19 ll 20 6 21 21 7 21 11 4 — 21 I 22 ' 23 '. •-'4 1124 1 '25 1 26 £ 27 31 28 28 91 29 7 6 — n 3'28 2129 2|30 2|31 : 32 : 33 : 34 C 35 36 36 11 « — 32 8 33 1( 6 f 136 36 5 >37 4 38 € 39 i 40 IC 42 43 2 44 4 — 1 6 e 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 — 2 11 111 1 1 ( 1 1 : 1 ] 1 2 1 S 1 ] 1 2 — 3 1 4 1 5| 1 6 1 ( 1 7 1 1 1 8 1 8 1 £ 1 10 1 11 — 6 2 9 2 101 2 11 3 01 3 1 3 3 3 41 3 4 3 € 3 7 3 8 feustL. 2y futhes Tiiicli,— By ft. ift. 29 B 130 B 31 B 32 B 33B 34B 35 B i 36 B STB S8B 39 B 1 _ 5 10 6 1 6 3 6 5 6 8 6 10 7 1 7 3 T 5 7 8 7 11 t — U fc 12 1 12 6 12 11 13 4 13 8 14 1 14 6 14 1] 15 i 15 9 3 — 17 6 18 -l 18 9 19 ^ 19 11 20 7 21 2 21 J 22 4 23 23 8 4 — 23 4 24 2 25 25 9 26 7 27 5 28 2 29 C 29 10 SO 7 31 5 B — i9 2 30 3 31 3 32 ■< 33 3 34 i 35 3 36 I 37 3 38 3 39 3 6 — 35 1 36 3 37 6 38 8 39 11 41 1 42 4 43 6 44 9 45 11 47 2- — 1 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 — 2 1 1 10 11 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 4 — 3 1 6 1 6 17 17 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 10 1 10 1 11 1 11 — 6 2 11 3 01 3 1! 3 3! 3 41 3 5 3 6 3 8 3 9 3 K) 3 It LeiiKtbi 30 luches Tljick,— By ft. in. SOB 31 B 32 B 33 B 34 B |35 B 36 B STB 38 B 39 B 40 B 1 6 3 6 6 6 8 6 11 7 ll 7 4 7 6 7 9 7 11 8 2 8 4 2 — 12 6 12 11 13 4 13 9 14 2 14 7 15 15 5 15 10 16 3 16 8 3 — 18 9 19 5 20 20 8 21 3 •'! 11 22 6 23 2 23 9 24 5 25 1 4 — 25 25 10 26 8 27 6 28 4 29 2 30 30 10 31 8 32 6 33 4 S — 31 3 32 4 33 4 34 5 35 5 36 6 37 6 38 7 39 7 40 8 41 8 6 — 37 6 38 9 40 41 3 42 61 43 9 45 46 3 47 6 43 9 50 — 1 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 5 — 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 1 — 3 1 7 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 10 111 1 11 2 2 2 2 — 6 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 10 4 4 1 4 9 Cengtlii 31 Inches Thick.— Bv ft. m. 31 B 32 B 6 8 6 11 33 B 34 B T 1 7 4 35B 7 6 36 B 37 B 38 B 1 39 B 40B 41 B 1 7 9 8 8 2; 8 5 8 7 8 8 'A — 13 4 13 9 14 3 14 8 15 1 15 6 15 11 16 4 16 10 IT 3 IT 8 •d — 20 0|20 8 21 4122 22 7 i3 3 23 11 24 7 25 2 25 10 26 C 4 — 26 8 27 7 28 5129 31 30 2 31 31 10 32 £ 33 T 34 6 35 4 6 — 33 4 i4 5 35 6l36 7 61 8l 38 9 39 10 40 11 42 43 1 44 2 d — iO 1 41 4 42 8'43 11 45 3 16 6 47 10 49 1 60 5 51 8 5i 1 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 — 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 6 1 — 3 1 8 1 9 1 13 1 10 1 11 1 11 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 — 6 13 41 3 51 3 80 3 81 3 9 3 11 4 Ol 4 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 114 LIGHTNING CALCULATOK, LeDBtti nches Tluck,— Bv ^^ fl in. 32 B |33 B i»4 B ;35 B 136 B 37B 1 38B 39 B 40B 41B 4BB 1 T 17 4' 7 7! 7 8; 8 8 3| 8 5 8 8 8 11 9 1 9 4 3 14 3I14 815 1,15 7 16 0il6 51 16 11 17 4! 17 9 18 3 18 » S — 21 4 2t 22 8 23 4i24 0124 81 25 4 26 01 26 8 27 4 28 4 — i8 5'29 4 38 3 31 132 0:32 111 33 9 34 8, 35 7 36 6 37 4 6 3.T 7136 8'37 93S 1140 41 l| 42 3 43 41 44 6 4.5 7 46 8 6 — 12 8;44 0|45 4,46 8148 0^49 4 oO 8 52 Oj 53 4 »4 8 se » 1 7 71 8 8 8 i 8 9 9 9 9 — o 1 2 13 13 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 T — 3 1 9 1 lOi 1 11 1 11 2 2 12 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 — 6 3 7 3 s; 3 9 3 11 4 4 1 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 7 4 a Len^thj 33 Inclies Thiok,— By n.in. 33B 34B |35 36B 37B 8 3 8 6 38B 39B 40B 41B 42B 43B 1 7 7 7 10 8 8 9 8 11 9 2 9 5 9 8 9 11 Ji — 15 2 15 7|l6 1 16 6 17 017 61 17 11 18 4 18 10 19 3 19 5 3 — 22 8 23 6;24 1 24 9 25 5,26 2| 26 10 27 6 28 2 28 11 29 1 4 — 30 3 31 232 1 33 0;33 1134 ini 35 9 36 8 37 7 38 6 39 5 C — 37 10 39 040 1 41 3|42 5 43 7| 44 8 46 10 47 48 2 49 3 6 1- 45 5 46 948 49 6,50 11 52 3j 53 8[ 65 56 6 57 9 69 2 — ; 1 8 8 s; 8i 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 — ! 2 1 3 1 4! 1 4| 1 5 1 6 1 5 1 fl 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 8 — 3 1 11 1 111 2 0' 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 5 — 6 3 91 3 Hi 4 4 2 4 3 4 41 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 10 6 l>eugUi 34 luches Thick.— Bv fl. in. Ji B !35 B 36 B 37 B 38 B ,39 B III, 40B 41 B 42 B 43 B 44 B 1 - 8 8 3! 8 6l 8 9 9 O' 9 3 9 5 9 8 9 11 10 2 10 4 — 16 1)16 6il7 0117 6 17 11 18 6 18 11 19 4 19 10 20 4 20 10 3 — 24 1124 10 25 6 26 3 26 11 27 8 28 4 29 1 29 9 30 6 31 2 4 — 32 133 1'34 034 11 35 11 36 10 37 9 38 9 39 8 40 7 41 7 6 — 40 2 41 4'42 643 8 44 10.46 1 47 3 48 5 49 7 50 9 51 11 6 — 18 2'49 7,51 52 6 53 10 65 3 56 8 58 1 59 6 60 11 62 4 — 1 8 8 9' 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 — 2 1 4 15 1 5| 1 5 16 16 1 7 1 T| 1 8 1 8 1 9 — 3 2 2 12 2| 2 2 2 31 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 6 2 7 — 6 4 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 6 4 7 4 9 4 10 5 5 1 6 3 Length! ■■■" :>-> I u Thee Tliick,— Bv ft- »n 56B j36B 37B 38 B 39 B 40 B 41 B 42B 43 B 1 44 B 1 45 B 1 _ e el 8 9| 9 9 39 69 9 10 10 3 10 5! 10 8 10 10 2 — 17 0!l7 618 18 9 19 19 5 19 11 20 5 20 11; 21 5| 21 11 3 — 26 6 26 327 -7 9 28 5 29 2 29 11 30 8 31 4i 32 1 32 « 4 — 34 0135 0'36 36 1137 1138 11 39 10 40 10 41 101 42 9! 43 t 5 — 12 643 9,45 46 2 47 5 48 7 49 10 51 1 52 3| 63 6 54 8 6 — 51 1 52 6M 55 5,56 11 08 4 59 JO 61 3 62 9| &} 2 65 8 1 9 » 9 9 91 10 10 10 10| 11 11 —I 2 1 6 1 \\ 6 1 6, 1 7i 1 7 1 8 1 8 19 19 1 10 — i ^ 2 2 2 3 2 41 2 4I 2 6 2 6 2 7 2 7 2 8 X 8 >- i 6 ^ 4 3 4 el 4 6 4 71 4 9 4 10> 5 5 1 5 3 6 4 » • LIGHTXING CALCrLATOK. 115 Li«i 56B 57 B| 36 38B 139B 1 Inches ThicK, 10 B 141 B 1 42 B 1 43 B 44B 45B 1 46B 1 9 9 3I 9 el 9 9!lO o'lO 3 10 6 10 9 11 11 3 11 9 f 18 18 6119 0,19 6,20 20 6 21 21 6 22 0! 22 6 23 a 3 97 n'27 9l28 6'29 330 0i30 9 31 6 32 3 33 "' " 33 9 34 6 4 _ :ifi 0!37 0!38 039 OiW 0l41 0| 42 43 44 45 46 (I 45 0146 3|47 6 48 9 50 0!51 3' 52 6 53 9 55 56 3 57 6 S 1 54 55 6| 57 58 6 60 61 6 63 64 6 66 67 6 ee — 9 9 10 10 10. 10 11 11 11 11 1 2 1 6 1 7 17181 81 19 1 9 1 10 1 10 1 11 1 11 3 2 3 2 4 25252 627 2 8 2 8 2 9 2 101 2 11 — 6 4 6 4 8 4 9I 4 11 5 0' 5 2 5 3 5 61 5 61 »| D Si ft. m. STB 38 B |39 B |40 B j41 B j42 B 43 B 41B 45B 46 B 47 J5 1 9 6 9 9 10 10 310 6 10 10 11 1 11 4 11 7 11 10 12 1 •> 19 19 620 120 7)21 1 21 7 22 1 22 7 23 2 23 8 24 2 s 28 6 29 4'30 1,30 10131 7 32 5 33 2 33 11 34 8 36 6 36 3 4 38 39 1 40 1141 142 2 43 2 44 2 45 3' 46 3 47 3 48 4 6 6 _ 47 6 57 1 48 10 58 7 50 151 5!52 8 eO 2, 61 8:63 3 54 64 9 11 55 3 56 6] 57 10 66 4 67 10| 69 5 59 1 70 11 60 5 72 6 1 10 10 lOl 10 1 s' 1 9 11 11 11 10 10 19 2 17 18 1 9 t 10 1 10 1 11 1 11 2 2 3 2 5i 2 5 2 6i 2 7 2 8 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 2 11 3 6 4 9| 4 11 5 0; 5 2i 5 3 5 5 5 6 5 8 5 9 5 11 6 in. i;8 Im 38 B ]39 B ]40 B 41 B ;42 B 10 10 4'l0 7 10 lo'll 1 hes 43 B Tm.k, 44B -By 45 B 1 46 B 47 B 48 B 1 11 4 11 7 11 111 12 2 12 5 12 8 2 1— 20 1 20 7:21 1 21 J-, 22 2 22 8 23 3 23 9 24 3 24 10 25 5 3 - |oO 1 30 11131 8 32 6,33 3 34 1 34 10 35 8 36 5 37 3 38 4'- 40 1|41 2'42 3 43 3 44 4 45 5 46 5 47 6 48 7 49 7 50 8 5 — 10 2:51 6;52 9 54 155 5 GO 2 CI 9|63 4.e>4 11 G6 6 56 9 58 1: 59 5 60 8 62 0| 63 4 6 — 68 1 69 8| 71 3 72 10 74 5 76 _ 1 10 10 11 11 Oil 11 1 01 1 1 1 1 1 2 18 19 1 9| 1 10 1 10 1 11 1 11 2 2 0] 2 1 2 a 3 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 3 01 3 1 3 1 — 6 5 2| 5 3; 5 5! 5 7 5 8 B 10 6 111 6 11 6 21 6 3 39 Inches Thick.— By St. in. 39 B 40 B 41 B 42 B 43 B 10 10 11 1 12 5 11 8 44 B j45 B 46 B ;47 B 48 B 49 a 1 '0 1 11 n! 12 2 12 5 12 9 13 13 3 1 21 2I2I 9I22 3!22 9|23 4 31 8[32 633 51 -4 2 34 11 23 IC 24 5 24 11 25 6 26 26 1 n 36 9 36 7 37 6 37 2 39 39 Ifl 4 42 3|43 4|14 6 45 0:46 7 47 i 47 9 49 10 60 11 62 52 5 -,2 lol.^ 2!55 6!5« 11158 3 59 1 60 11 62 4 63 8 65 66 4 6 — 63 S 165 60 8G8 3 '69 ll'Tl 6 73 2 74 9 76 5 78 78 8 "*■ - 1 1) 11 U ll'o 11 11 I I 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - •> 1 t 1 lOll 10 1 11 1 11 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 i _^ . 3 2 « 2 9 2 912 10 2 11 a ( 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 3 - - 6 5 C 5 els 715 8 5 10 6(16 11 6 31 6 41 6 61 6 J 116 SIZE AKD COST OF VESSELS, ETC. Mb. Moobsom's roB>rrLi. to Approximate Rkgisteb Toysx9-a PXDF.B ANY PKoposKD 1>I.MKX5!0XS. — To shipbaiMori who may wish :« know, bef'^re the construotion of an intended design, the approximate register tonnage under any proposed principal dimensions, the ioU.^v.-iuj{ fr.rmuln i-^hich has r»^eiv^d tlie approbation of Jlessrs. Martin and Rit- chi«. the two chief surveyors at Lloyd's, who, from their great experience »nd intelligence, are authorities on the Biibjret) will beffiind usetul, a« it gives ■the tonnage, on an average, generally speaking, within al)out 2\. Wood in hull, mants and pjiars. ?41; T ellow ineinl, iron-bolt* aud bbor, SiO.:*0 ; joiner work and labor. \tr>.lo : lal>or ou hull, §20 ; boats, etc.— out fit, Sl2.:0 ; rope and pails. $-S ; anchor? chains and tnnks, 1>4.25 : yel'.ow^ metal sheathing, $4. Total. S105. 2. Iron M^rcfuintmitn, of 509 Tous : Cort. -S-SS per tin. 3. Iion-Passcnfjer Ship, or Stcom r, t^K) Tons : Cost, Jl25 per ton. 4. Anoifi-ir Iron-SUnr.ier, or Shir\ of l.'VX) Tons : Cost. .?147 pf>r vm. 5. Anothiyr Imn-Pintfn'fer Si^wn r. of 1.5f)0 Tons : Cost, ?122perton,as follows: Mateii.al for hal!. >J.).">0: labor, $14.50 : rent, nnch'iiierr. toob. etc., Sl^.riO ; fittinsrs aud laiL'iciiing. 814.2.5 : wood, work, Si 2 '25 ; eqaipment, Sl7 ; cabins and fitting, $20. Total, as above, -S122. In the case of s/^ain vessels, the vc.=?ol bniit of iron is more buor- ant than the ve. per cent, of the weijjht of the wood hull, or 13 per cent of thf' weight of the cai-go. To Fi-VD THE Mr.R!inAK.— Tai:e a piece of lioard, or any simflar material, ajul describe ou it a numlxjr of concentric circles. Place thi? in tlie sim, over the centre of ;i plummet. Olwerve the short- est sha.clow from the plmnmot ; the sun will then be on the merid. ian ; draw a line to the centre of tlte circle, and that will be the true meridian line. This will do to mark the appareut time, or to eontc* the comi'Oss for variation. Captals B 'Yton's Xew Devices to Save Lifb fhom the Piers, axi> to Thkow a Line fkom a SaiP.— Tue follotring art Captain Boytnn's statement*!, as extracted from the Xew York 3>'un ; * My Invention is simply this : Here is a wooden bobbin, to which 60 feet of the itrougest Manilla line is attached by one end, and a four-Dronged steel grappling iron fits in the hollow part of the 8CTER11PIC FACTS. ET( 117 tvood. The TrhoTe 13- enclosed in a leather fase, zv\ dr*9 not weigh *. pound. If every poUceniar ou duty had one ol these,the saving Of persons from drowning in the rivers wonM be lessened 80 pei pent. If t'le person in the wafjr accidentally fell in, the offlcfti could hold the gr.ipi»llu^ iioa in his htiuJ, rsid throw the bobbin. •B-hi:h floats, oat to the ^trairtriing person, [f the car^e was one of atte^niited saicide, or ^here the jersoii vr;>s tijo dniu!.- tn make any effort tn save him.'^elf, he cnnld throw oat th*? grapple, and hanl him In. I p5o;toge to gite the police fon-e of this city and Pliiladelphia the rigut to m.Tnnfactnre these f>ir themselves ; and, I suppose, they can make them for fifty cents a piece. "My othrr invention is equally simple : Wlien a ahip is driven on a lc?e-.^hore, snd her back h be'n:; broken by t!:3 sea bcatin',' a-rainst her, the efforts of the c-oat^t-guard to throw a rope on board by means of a rocket or niorfcit lr(';'!ei:t!y fnil. c.ving either to the ivuid coming uito the ghore blowiii!? the rocket ba.-k or to one side. Now, bsre is a Ix^x, four feet by tiiree. which avn be easily placed under the table iti the cabin of any ve.-»sel. It contains a long, fine, fetrobj hue attached to a rocket, 'of pocali.'ir constr.ictiou. The filiii. i? d-iven on .aid, and the crew saved." A common felt-hat may be made use of as a liie-preserver. Place the hat upon the water rim downwards, and ■ivith the arm around it, pressing it slightly to the breast, the com- pressed air within will sustain a man fur houre. NaTCRAL, MECHA>TrCAL, A>T> SciEXTEFIC FACTS. COMPAEATITE TiELD OF YAUIOrS VEGET.4BLES. PKODUCTIOXS IN Pounds Weight Pek Acrk. Hoo? . . Whest. Ba;lev. Uat!?.". . Feas ... Beans . Plums. LbB. I per ac 442 Cherries . 1 2t>0 Onions... 1 600, Hav 1 840 Pears.... 1 KO Grass ... 2 COO Carrots . . , 2 000. Potatoes Lbs. I Lbs. per &c. per ac 2 OOO'Apples 8 009 2 fOnlToTDips 8 420 4 OOOlCinque-fi'il gnus 9 600 5 OOOj Vetches, Greon.. 9 800 7 OOOjCabbages 10 900 6 POOIParsuips 11 200 7 o'.iopiaiigel Wnrzel ^22 000 C'ne acre will produce 224 lbs. mutton, 186 lbs. beef. 2900 lbs. nuik. oCK) lbs. butter, and 200 lbs. cheese, A fair crop of potatoes, from 16 bnsliels of seed, is 340 bushels. v Paris Green, for potato buss, and other enemies of the farmer, may be mad3 as follows: Dissolve 2 lbs. sulphate of clipper in 1 sal. hot water, in a stone jar. In another jar put 1 lb ot white arsenic and 2 lb- pfc.irla'^b in 4A lbs. hot water, and etlr till dissolved. Mix when tequirtd in the pioportion of 1 part of the former to 5 of the latter, &ai Cic with a sprinkler. It ia certain death to Termia 118 SCIENTIFIC FACTS, ETC The average growth of trees during 12 years, as determined by • committee of the Illinois Horticultaral Society, when planted in belti and groves, is as follows: White maple, 1 ft diam. and 30 ft. high; Ash-leaf maple, 1 ft. diam. and 20 ft. high; White willoV, 1^ ft. diam. and 40 ft. high: Yellow willow, l}i ft diam. and 35 ft high; Lom- bardy poplar, 10 ms. diam. and 40 ft. high ; Blue and White Ash, 10 ins. ii«m*. and 20 ft high; Chestnut, 10 ins. diam. and 20 ft. hi^h; Black Walnut and Butternut, 10 ins. diam. and 20 ft high ; Elm, 10 ins. diam. and 20 ft high; Birch (varieties), 10 ins. diam. and 25 ft high; Larch, 8 ins. diam. and 24 ft. high. The different varieties of evergreens will make an average growth of 18 to 20 ins. in height annually. Tlie loug- evityof various trees, as estimated by Mr. Don, Secretary and Li- brarian of the Liunaeau Society, are as follows: The Dragon's blood tree, 4,000 vears; Baobab tree, of Senegal, 5.150 vears; DecidiouB Cypress, 6,060; Ash, 400; Yew, 3,000; Oak, 1,G00; Cedar of Lebanon, 3,(X)0; Juniper, 380; Lime, 583; Olive, 2,500; Apple tree, 80 to 175; Pear tree, 260; Orange, 1,500; Oriental plane, 1.200; Scotch fir, 90 to 120; Larch, 270; olive, 2,500; Ivy, 600; Balm of Gilead, 30 to 50; Brazil vino pahn, 150; Brazil cabbage palm, 600 to 700; Date palm, 200 to 300: Cocoa nut palm, 330; Oriental plane, 1,200. 1 lb. of catechu is equiva- lent for tanning purposes to 7 to 8 lbs. of oak bark. Terra japonica ia mimosa catechu. Relative H.VED?rE98 of Woods. — Taking shell bark hickory as the highest standard of our forest trees, and calling that 100, other trees will compare with it for hardness as follows : — SheU bark Hickory ,100 Red Oak, 0!) Wild Chen-, 55 Pignut Hickory, 96; White Beech, 65 Yellow Pine, 54 White Oak, 841 Black Walnut, 65 Chestnut, 52 White Ash, 77; Black Birch, 02 Yellow Poplar, 51 Dogwood, 75 Yellow Oak, 00 Butternut, 43 Scrub Oak, 73! Hard Maple, 56 White Birch, 43 White Hazel, 72 i White Elm, eS White Pine, 30 Apple Tree, 70 Red Cedar, 56 Timber intended for posts, is rendered almost proof agjvinst rot by thorough seasoning, charring, and immersion in hot c/ial tar. The slide of AJpnach, extending from Mount Pilatus to Lak« Lucerne, a distance of 8 miles, is composed of 25,f)ed of their bark, and Laid at an inclination of 10° to 18°. Trees placed in Ihe slide rush from the mouutTui info the lake in 6 minutes. The Alps comprise about ISO muuntaLns, from. 4000 to 15,732 fe<»t bigh, the latter being the height of Mont Blauc, the highest spot iji Enrope. The summit is a shaqt ridge, like the roof of a house, %:>n- eifiting of nearly vertical granite rocks. The ascent recjuires 2 days, *) or 8 guides are required, and each guide is paid 100 fi-ancs (£4). It was ascended by 2 natives, Jacques Belmat and Dr. Packard, Aug, 8, 1786, at 6 a.m. They staid up 30 minutes, with the thei-mometer at 14° below the freezing point. The provisions froze in their pockets; their faces were frostbitten, lips swollen, and their sight much weak- ened, but they soon recovered on their descent. De Saussure records in his ascent, August 2, 17tJ0, that the color of the sky was deep blue; the stars were visible in the shade ; the barometer sunk to 16.08 inche« (being 27.08 in Geneva); the thermometer was 26J4 °, in the sun, 29« (Iwint 87® at Geneva). The thin ttir works the Wood into a high fey« SCIESTiriC FACTS, ETC. 119 j«oa fed as If yoa hardly touched th« gronnd, and you can scarcely make yourseCf heard- A Frenchwoman, Mademoiselle d'Angeville, ascended in September, 1S40, being dr.^gged up the last 1200 feet by the guides, and crying ont. " If I die. carry me to the top." WTien there, she made them lift her up, that she might boast she had been higher than any man in Europe. The ascent of these awful sohtudea is most perilous, owing to the narrow paths, tremendous i-avines, icy barriers, precipices, etc In many places every step has to be cut in the ice, the party being tied to each other by ropes, so that if one shps he may be held up by the rest, and silence is enforced, lest the noise of talking should dislodge tlie avalanches of the .Aiguille da Midi The view from the mouutath is inexpressibly grand. On the Alps, the limit of the vine is an elevation of KiOO feet; below 1000 feet figs. oranges, and olives, are produced. The limit of the oak is Ssiw ft. . oif the chestnut 2800 ft., of the pine 6500 feet, of heaths and furze to 8700 and 9700 ft. ; and peri^etoal snow exists at an elevation of 8200 feet On the .^des, in lat 2°, the limit of pei-petual snow is 14.760 ft In Mexico, lat 19«, the limit is 13,800 ft ; on the peak of Teneriffe, 11,454 ft.; on Mount Et:ia, 1*000 ft; on Caac^us, 9ti00 ft.; on the Pvre- nees, 8400 ft. ; in Lapland, 3100 ft ; in Iceland. 2890 ft. The walnut ceases to crow at an elevation of 3600 ft. ; the yeUow pine at 6200 ft. ; the Ash at 4800 ft ; and the Fir at 6100 ft The loftiest inhabited rx)t on the globe is the Port House of Ancoinarca, oa the .Vnde.^, in rem, 16,000 feet above the level of the sea. The 14th peak of the Himalayas, in Asia, 25,659 feet high, is the loftiest mounfciin in the world- Lauterbrunnen is a deep part of an Alpine pa.«s, where the sun hardly shines in winter. It abounds with falls, the most remarkable of which is the Stiubbach, which falls over the Balm precipice in a driz7:lhig spray from a height of 925 feet; best viewe'iMAL.s, &c. — Elephant. 100 years and upwards ; Rhinoceros, 20; Camel, 100: Lion. 25 to 70 ; Tigers, Leopard?, Jaguars, and Hvenas (in confinement), about 25 vears ; Beaver. 50 years ; Deer, 20 "; Wolf, 20 ; Fox. 14 to 16 : Llam.TS,' 15 ; Chamois. 25 ; Monkeys and Baboijus, 16 to 18 yeai-s ; Hare. 8 ; S<|uirrel, 7 ; Rab« fcit, 7 ; Swine, 23 ; Stag, under 50 ; Horse. 30 ; Ass, 30 ; Sheep, uude« 10 ; Cow. 20; Ox, 30 ^Swans, Parrots and Eiaveus, 200 ; Eagle, 100 ; Ge«8e, SO ; Hem and Pigeons, 10 to 1(3 ; Hawks, 30 to 40 ; Crane, 24 j 120 SCIENTIFIC FACTS, ETC. Blackbird, 10 to 12 ; Peacock, 20 ; Pelican, 40 to 50 ; Thrush, 8 to 10 . Wren, 2 to 3 ; Nightingale, 15 ; Blackcap, 15 ; Linnet, 14 to 23 ; Gold- finch, 20 to 24 ; Redbreast, 10 to 12 ;' Slrj-lark, 10 to 30 ; Titlark, 5 to 6 : ChalBnch, 20 to 24 ; StarUng, 10 to 12 ; Carp, 70 to 150 ; Pike, 30 to 40 ; Salmon, 16 ; Codfish, 14 to 17 ; Eel, 10 ; Crocodile, 100 ; Tor- toise, 100 to 200 ; Whale, e^mated, 1,000 ; Queen Bees live 4 years ; Drones, 4 months ; Worker Bees, 6 months. The melody of singing birds ranks ns follows : The nightingale first, then the Unnet, titlark, sky lark, and wood lark. The jnocking bird has the greatest powers of imitation ; the robin and goldfinch are superior in \igorou3 notes. Gardner's notation of the music ol - birds affords conclueive proof that most of the best ideas of the great composers were derived from these melodious warblers. One well known bird in the Canadian woods takes gi-eat deliglit in calUng out, Whippoor Will, Whip poor Will ; the red-eyed fly-catcher seems to isay, Tom EeVy ! Whip ! Tom Edly ! ' The condor of Peru has spread wings 40 feet, feathers 20 feet, quills 8 inches round. In England, a quarter of wheat, comprisin.sr 8 bushels, yields 14 bushels 2i pecks, divided into sevsn distinct kinds of flour, as fol- lows : Fme flour, 5 bushels 3 pecks ; bran, 3 bushels ; twenty-penny, 3 bushels ; seconds, 2 pecks ; pollard, 2 bushels ; fine middlings, 1 peck ; coarse ditto, 1 peck. Fourteen poimds of oats produce 8 lbs. of oatmeal. In America, 1 bushel of buckwheat, or 50 lbs., wUl produce 25 lbs. of buckwheat meal ; more may be obtained, but the quality wiU be impaired. ^ A 20-inch Hamson light vertical burr-mill will grind 54 bushels of corn per hour. Revolutions per minute, 1300 ; 20 horse ix)wer will drive two such rim of stones. In England, 2 bushels of seed will produce 18 ol wheat in fair crops. The ancient Greek phalanx comprised 8000 men, forming a square battalion, with spears crossing each other, and shields united. The Roman legion was composed of 6000 men, comprising 10 cohorts of 600 men each, with 300 horsemen. The ancient battering ram was of massive timber, 60 to 100 feet ^ong, fitted with an iron head. It was erected under shelter to pro- tect the 60 or 100 men required to work it. The largest was equaJ in force to a 36-lb. shot from a cannon. Pile Drivixg os Sandy Soils. — The greatest force will not effect a penetration exceeding 15 feet. Various Sizes of Type. — It requires 205 lines of Diamond tjrpe to make 12 inches ; of Pearl, 178 ; of Ruby, 1(56 ; of Nonpareil, 143 ; of Minion, 128 ; of Brevier, 112i ; of Bourgeois, 102^ ; of Long Pdmer, 89 : of SmaU Pica, 83 ; of'Pica, 71^ ; of English, 64. To supply a population estimated at over 40,000.(XX), there were in existence in "the United States and Territories during July, 1876, the enormous number of 8129 newspapere and periodicals, embracing 73? daily, 70 tri- weekly, 121 semi-weekly, 6235 weekly, 33 bi-weekly, 105 semi-monthly, 714 monthly, 13 bi-monthly, and 67 quaiterly pub- lications. Of these, the New' York Sun has the largest circulation, haviag eireulated 46,799,769 copies during the year ending March, 187" ; weight of whit* p4per consumed, 3,426,610 pouDds. Its dail; StlENTItlC FACTS, ETC. 121 rircnlation is over 138,000, weekly 85,000. To supply this demand it requires the combined results of the labor and brains of 249 men, a weekly expenditure of about ?H5,000, and the services of seven ponderous Bullock printing presses, having a capacity of 1400 copies per minute. Another press, of double size, with a capacity of 50,00Q copies i>er hour, has been ordered. Each press prints two complete copies at oue impression, i ot from type, but from cylindrical stereo- type places which revolve with the press cylinder. ^ ire ropes for the transmission of power vary in size from § to | inch diam. lor from 3 to 300 horse power ; to promote flexibility, the rope, made of iron, steel, or copper wire, as may be preferred, is provided with a core of hemp, and the speed is 1 mile per minute, more or less, as desired. The lope should run on a well-balanced, grooved, cast iron wheel, of from ^ to 15 feet diam., according as the transmitted power ranges from 3 \. 1 300 horse ; tlie groove should be well cushioned with soft material, ai leather or rubber, for the forma- tion of a durable bed for the rope. With good care ^e rope wUl last from 3 to 5 years. In paper making, 10 cylinders for preparing the pulp, making 200 revolutions per minute, 1 paper making machine, cutting machines, pump and accessories, consimied 50 horse power. The macliiue made 13 yards of paper per minute, and the produce was 1 ton of paper per day of 24 hours. In another instance, 28 pulping cylinders and 3 paper making machines produced 2 to 3 tons of paper per day of 24 hours, and consumed 113 horse-power. A Leffel Turbine Wheel, Ifl ins. in diameter, strongly built of fine brass and steel, with German silver buckets, is now performing the work of a 120 horse power engine which it supei-seded ; it has a head of 228 feet. The St. Gothard Tunnel, under the Helvitic Alps, will be, when finished, 9.3 miles long, and will cost 289,000,000 francs. CoATHrPES RiTLE FOR LENGTH OF GuN Bahkexs. For the best shooting, the length of the barrel, measured from the vent hole, should be not le^s than 43 times the diameter of its bore, nor more than 47. Proportions of Gunpowder as made by the English Government, is, nitre, 75; charcoal, 15; sulphur, 10. That of the French, nitre, 77; charcoal, 14, sulphur, 9. A 13 inch Armstrong gun, with a charge of 90 lbs., ball 344.5 lbs., velocity 1760 ft. per second, penetrated 11 inches of solid iron plates at a range of 200 ft. No field piece should be load- ed with more powder than a fifth or sixth of the weight of its balL A 32 poimder with a charge of 8 lbs. will peneti-ate 15.25 ins. of hard brick, or 12 ins. of hard freestone, or 3o ins. of granite, at a ranae of 200 feet. Cannon balls go furthest at an elevation of 30°, and less as the balls are less ; the range is furthest when fired from west to east iu the direction of tlie eartli's motion, which for the diurnal rotation on its axis, is at the rate of 1037 miles per hour, and in its orbit, 06,092 miles. The air's resistance is such, than a cannon ball of 3 lbs. weighty diameter, 2.78 ins. moving with a velocity of 1800 ft. per second, ifl resisted by a force equal to 156 lbs. Estimated Thkust of Screw PROPEiiER with BJsrGnrBs o» 1000 Horse Power, 20.000 lbs. ■ Brick-layers ascend ladders with loads of 90 lbs., 1 foot per seoand. There are 484 bricks in a cubic yard, aiu 4350 in a rod. A power of 250 tona is necessary to st^Jt a vessel weighing 3000 toai Ifg . SClEKTirrC FACTS, ETC. orer greased slides on a marine railway, when in motion, 160 toM ooi$ U required. A modem dredging machine. 123 ft. long, beam 26 ft, breadth c vei all, 11 ft, will raise 180 tons of mad and clay per hour, 11 feet from wnter-line. In tanning, 4 lbs. of oak bark make 1 lb. of leather. Flame is quenched in air containing 3 per cent of carbonic add ; th« aame per cent^ge ia fatal to animal Ufe. 100 parts of oak make nearly 23 of charcoal; beech, 21; deal, 19; ~pple,23.7; elm 23: ash, 25; birch, 24; maple, 22.8; willow, 18; pop- lar, 20 ; red piae, 22.10 ; white pine. 23. The charcoal u^ in gun- powder is made from vrillow, alder, and a few other woods. The charred timber found in the ruins of Hercnlaneum has under gone no change in 1800 years. Four volumes of nitrogen, and one of oxygen compose atmospheric air in all localities on the globe. Air extracted from pure water, under an air pump, contains 34.8 per cent of oxrgen. Fish breathe tliis air, respiring about 35 times jier minute. 'The oxyhydrogen lime light may be seen from moan- tains at the distance of 200 miles round. Lightning is reflected 150 to 200 miles. 1000 cubic feet of 13 candle gas is equivalent to over 7 gals, of sperm oil; 52.9 lbs. of tallow candles; and over44 lbs. of sperm caudles. The time occupied bv gas in travelling from a gas well (iu Penn- sylvania) through 32 miles of pipe was 22 minutes, pressure at the weU was 55 lbs. per inch, pressure at discharge 49 lbs. The flight of wild ducks is estimated at 90 miles per hour, that of the swift at 200 miles, carrier pigeons 33 miles, swallows 60 miles, migratory birds have crossed the Mediterranean at a speed of 120 miles per hour. Were it not for dry rot, ships would last on the average about 30 years, as it is tlieir average duration, when built of ordinary timber, is 7, 8 and 9 years. Calomel is composed of 50 grs. of mercury and 10^ of chlorine gas. Carbon is the base of organic structures, and Silica of mineral. At birth, the beiits of the pulse are from 165 to 104, and the inspira- tions of breath, from 70 to 23. From 15 to 20, the puIsation.a are from 90 to 57, the Inspirations, from 24 to 16, from 20 to SO, the pulsations are 112 to 56, the inspirations, 23 to 11. In usual states it is 4 to 1. The action of the heart distributes 2 ozs. of bloud from 70 to 80 time* in a minute. Daniell makes the heat in a common parlor fire 1141°. Solids be- come incandescent in the dark, at 600*^ or 700^, but not in daylight U11800<=orl00O=. Sea water is seldom below 40", springs about 45*'; and pools and small rivers are as the atmosphere. The lowest heat for fermenta- tion is 57.5, the highest 77°. The lowest for drying herbs, etc., 77" and the highest 122°. The mean heat of the human body is 98° and of the skin 90° Tea and coffee are usually drank at 110°. The explosion of nitro-glycerine is so sudden that it acts a^inst the air as against a solid body, thus forming a deep chana m thf •arth. '"'— _»CIKNTirTC FACTJl, ETC, 1.2S tmcMAL NoTATiov, &c—Th« first flpirs to the right of the point »« Iftir/iB thousandths, &c., tlus 4.5, is 4 njiite and 5 «€njA^; 9-24 is 9 unltt KDd 24 hundreth3 ; or 8. BIO is 8 units and ttlO thousandths. Again .1 is ^10 01 is 1-100, and .001 is 1-1000. The Arithmetical Signa and their ilgn'ifloation can be formed by consulting the Tabular part of this work. Value of Metals.— The following table, transcnbed from the Iron Age, may be considered as showing the value of 44 ditferent kinds of metal during July, 1876. The prices of the rarermetals hiiv* been taken from Trommsdorff's and Schuehardt s last price Iwt, and the initials indicate the authorities consulted. The avordupois lb. i« MBumed as being equal to 453 grammes, and the mark to 24c. gold :— Metal. Vanadium, cryst. fused Kubidlum, wire Calcium, electrolytic Tantalum, pure Cerium , fused globules Lithiun. globules lithium, wire Erbium, fused Didgmium, fused Strontium, electrolytic Indium, pure Euthenium, pure Columbium, fused Rhodium Barium, electrolytic Thallium Osmium Palladium Iridium — tTrarium Gold Titanium, fused Tellurium, fused Chromium, fused Platinum, fused Manganese, fused Molybdenum Magnesium, wire and tape. Potassium, globules Silver Aluminnm, bar Cobalt, cubes Nickel, cubes Cadmium Sodium Bismuth, crude Mercury Antimonv Tin Copi)er Aiienlo Zinc Lead IroB • ••♦• Value in gold per lb. Avord. Price in gold per gramme. *4,V92.40 3,261.60 2,466.20 2,446.20 2,446.20 2,228.76 2,935.44 1,671.57 1,630.08 1,576.14 1,522.08 1,304.61 1,250.28 1,032.84 924.12 738.39 652.32 498.30 466.59 4»4.88 299.72 239.80 196.20 196.20 122.31 108.72 51.34 45.30 22.65 18.60 16.30 12.C8 3.80 3.26 3JJ6 1.95 1.00 36 25 22 16 10 6 $10.80 7.20 5.40 5.40 6.40 4.92 6.48 3.96 3.60 3.48 3.36 2.88 2.76 2.28 2.04 1.63 1.44 1.10 1.03 52 43 43 27 24 12 10 05 036 0-28 008 007 OCT 0043 Au- thor ity. takes book reccsi qootoi 124 ICIEXTIFIC FACTS, ETC. Ajbses'ical Soap for the Skiks op Weld A>'imal3.— The skim must be well scraped and divested of all fat, and well rubbed with the following soap. Lime, 1 oz. ; camphor, 1 oz. ; arsenic, 1 oz. ; alum, 1 oz. Mix all thoroughly with 1 lb. of yellow soap. This will prove a good preservative. Positive Cctse fob Poot Eot ly Sheep.— Tills is caused by exposure to bad weather, more esijecially to wet pasturage, etc. 'NS'hen lame, pass them through a trough coutainiug a warm solution of arsenic, of nearly the following strength: i ozs. arpeuic, 4 ozs. ol soda ash or potash, 1 gal. of water. Boil till dissolved; keep it about three inches deep, so as to cover the foot as the sheep walk through ; the trough should be alK)ut 20 feet long, and just wid# enough to admit one sheep walking after the other. A 74 gun ship consumes 2000 tons or trees, the produce of 57 acres lor a century. The deepest coal mine in England is, or was, at Killingworth, near Newcastle, and the mean annual temperature, at 400 yards be- low the surface, is 77°, and at 300 yards, 70°, while at the surface it is but 48°, being 1° of increase for every 15 yards. This explains the origin of hot springs, for, at 3;>00 yards, the heat would be equal to hoilmg water, tiking 20 yards to a degree. The heat of the Bath waters is 116°, hence they would appear to rise 1,."20 yards. Peron relates, that at the depth of 2144 feet in the sea, the ther- mometer falls to 45°, when it is 66° at the surface. Swemberg and Fourier calculate the temperature of the celestial epaces at 50 deg. centigrade below freezing. In Northern Siberia, the ground is frozen permanently to the depth of 660 feet, and only thaws to the extent of 3 or 4 feet in sum- mer. Below 660 feet internal heat begins. Eiver water contains about 30 grs. of solid matter in every cubic foot. Fresh water springs of great size abound under the sea. Per- haps the most remarkable springs exist in California, where they are noted for producing sidphuric acid, ink, and other remarkable pro- dacta. St. Winifred's Well, in England, evolves 120 ton.s of water per minute, furnishing abundant water power to drive 11 mills within Mttle more than a mile. The Nile has a fall of 6 ins. in 1000 miles. Tlie rise of the river commences in June, continuing until the middle of August, attaining an elevation of from 24 to 26 ft and flowing the valley of Egji^t, 12 miles wide. In 1829 it rose to 26 cubits, by which 30,000 persoia were di'owned. It is a teiTible clim.ite to live in, owing to the fester- ing heat, and detestable exhalations from the mud, etc., left on the retiring of the Nile, which adds about 4 inches to the soil in a cen- tury, and enroaches on the sea 16 feet every year. Bricks have been found at a depth of 60 feet, showing the vast antiquity of the coun- try. In productiveness of soil it is excelled by no ccicr in the world- Belzoni considered the tract between the first and second cata- racts of the Nile, as the hottest on the globe, owing to there being no rain. The natives do not credit the phenomenon of water faUing from above. Hence it is, that all monuments are so nicely preserved Buckingham found a building left unfinished about 4000 years M^ and the chalk marks on the stones were still perfect. Porapey's Pillar is ^2 ft. high, and 27i round at the has*. SCIENTIFIC FACTS, ETC 125 The French removed a red granite ?oluinn 9o ft. high, weighing SlOtons, from Thebes and carried it td Paris. The display of costly architectural rains at Thebes is one ot the most astonishing to ba seen anywhere in the world. The ruins and costly buildings, in old Eastern" countries, are so vast in their proportions and so many in number, that it would require volumes to describe tliem. Babel, now called Birs JVimrovd. built at Babylon by Belus, waa nsed as an observatory, and as a temple of the Sun. It was com- posed of 8 square towers, one over the other, in all 670 ft high, and the same dimensions on each side, on the ground . The Coliseum at Rome, built by Vespasian for 100,000 spectators, was in its longest diameter R15.5 feet, and in the shortest 510, em- braced 5^ acres, and was 120 feet hi^h. Eight aqueducts supplied ancient Rome with water, delivering 10 millions of cubic feet daily. That of Ckiudi;* was 47 miles long, and 100 feet high, so as to furnish the hills. Maitia was 41 miles, of which 37 were on 7000arch68, 70 feet high. These vast erections would never have been built had the Romans known that water always rises to its own level. The Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, was 425 feet long, and 226 broad, with 127 columns, CO feet high, to support the roof. It was 220 vears in building. Solomon's Temple, built B. C 1014, was 60 cubits, or 107 feet m lengtu. the breadth, 20 cubits, oi o6 feet, and the height, GO cubits, or 54 feet. The porch was o() feet long and 18 feet wide. The largest of the Egj'ptiau pyramids is 543 feet high, 693 feet on the sides, and its base covers 11 acres. The layers of stones are 208 in number ; many stones are over 30 feet long, 4 broad, and 3 thick. The Temple of Ypsambul, in Nubia, is enormously massive, and cutout of the solid rock. Belzoni foimd in it 4 immense figures 65 ft high, 25 ft over the shoulders, with a face of 7 ft. and the ears over Sit Sesostris erected in the temple in Memphis, immense statues of him- self and his wife, 5J it. high, and of his chiidi-en, 28 ft. In the Temple of the Sun, at B^-ilbcc, aie stones more than 60 ft. long. 24 ft. thick, and 16 broad, e;;( !i eiabrucing 23,000 cubic feet, cut, squared, scidptured, and trauspuitcd from neighboring quarries. Six enoiinous columns are each 72 it. high, comjwsed of 3 stones, 7 ft in diameter. Sesostris is credited with ha\Tng transjiorted from Jio mountains of Arabia, a rock 32 feet Avide, and 240 ft. long. The engineering appliances used by the ancients in the movement of these immense masses are but imperfectly understood at tha present day. During modem times, a block of granite weighing 1217 tons, now used as the pedestal of the equestrian sUitute of Peter the Great, at St. Pt ter.sburg, was transpoi-ted 4 miles by land over a railway and 13 miles in a vast caisson by water. The railway consisted of two lines of timber furnished with hard metal grooves ; between these groove* were placed spheres of hard brass about 6 ins. diameter. On these spheres the frame with its massive load was easily moved by 60 men working at caixjtans with ti'eble-purchase block. In 1716, while yet but 28. the illustrious Swedenborg contrived to transport (on rolling machines of his own invention), ovw valleys and momitains, 2 galleys. 5 lacse boats, and 1 sloop, from Stromstadt to 128 FBENCH MEASUBES, ETC. Iderfjol (\rniohdlTid68 Sweden from Nonvajoa the Sonth", a distance of 14 miles; by which meana, Charles XII. wad able to carry on hla plane, and, oiider cover of the galleys aad boats, to transport on pon- toon*, his heavy artillery to the very walls of Frederickshall. Aa an exponent of the' laws of friction, it may be stated that a square rtone, weighing lCfcK)lbs. which required a force of 75S lbs. to drag it along the floor of a quarry, roughly chiselled, required only a fcrceol 22 Ibe. to moY 6 it when mounted on a platform and rollers over & plank floor. Water is the absolute master, former, and eecondary agent of the power of motion in every thing terrestrial. It is tlie irresistible power which elaborates every tuing, and the waters contain more organized Ibeingg than the land. Bivers hold in susi>ension 100th of their volume (more or less) of mad, 80 that if 36 cubic miles of water (the estimated quantity) flow dafly Into the sea, O.Sii cubic miles of soil are daily displaced. The Rhine carries to the sea every dny lio.OSO cubic feet of mud. The Po carries cat the land 22S ft! per annum, consequently Adria, which 2500 years ago, wr-s on the .sea, is now over 'M miles from it. The enormous amount of Rlluvium deposited by the Mississippi is almost incalculable, and renders necessary the e.^tensive engineering operation.^, which are now (1S7G) being prosecuted in order to remove the impediments to navigation. French Mzasukes with thx English Eqctvalests. Measures OP Lexgth. — ifyrimtUr, eiuivalent to lO.OX) meters, or to Gmilee, 1 fur- long, 2Sii i>ole3. K'.lom'^Ur, l,i>JO meters, or to 3,2S0 ft. aud 10 ins. Hictomft'r, 1 meters, XS ft. and I iujh. D'.'/'ameier. 10 raetere. equal to 32 aud 4-5:^13 ft. Meter, the unit of the French measure of leiizUi, equal to 29J^'i inches. D^cirndtfr. 1-10 of a meter, equal to 3.97 inches. Centimeter, l-l>.iof a met^r, or .39371 inch (U6aily2-Gtlis inch). MiUimei-er, l-lOOtr.h of a m- ter, or .(KWi inch. ScBFACE Measures. — .\fyriarf, 100,000 square meters, equal to 246 acres, 3 roods, and 20 poles. Hectare, lO.OUO square meters, equal to ll.J'i-O ErvglUi squara vai is, or to :?.4T1 acres. An, lOO square meters, or 119 8 square yards. C'c utare, 1 square meter, or 1550 square incliea. Z>Ieasche.s of VotriiE. — Ki'.o:U.35 pecks, or 26.417 gals. /)."ca^ifer, 10 liters, or 10 cubic deci- meters, equal to 610.28 cuMe inobes. orto 9.0« qts., or to 2 and 1-5 Impriiial gals. Liter. 1 cubic decime'er, a unit of capacity, equal to a little less than an EngUah quart, or precisely .909 qt. D^cilittr, 1-lOth liter, or 1 cubic deci- meter, 6.1023 cubic iiches, equal to 0.176 pint, or .»45 gill. C^n.'UlUer. l-lWth liter, or IJ cubic decimete.'S, equal to .61ij2 cubic inch, or .33* flala oz. Mi^liliifr, 1-lOoijtb. liter, or 1 cubio centimeter, equal to .061 oublo Inch, or .27 duid drm. MEAsrKEs OF Weight.— jr7?iVr or Tonn^ctu, 1.000,000 grains, or 1 cubic meter of water at i^a maximum deusitv, equal to 2204.6 Iba. avoirdupois. Oiii/iAi.', l0O.Oij»J grains, or 1 hectoliter of water, equal to 220.46 lbs. avoinlupois. hlijrigram, or I'^.OOO erains, or 10 liters of w&ter. equal to K.'ijo lbs. avoirdupois. Kilngram orKiu->, 1000 grains, or 1 liter of water, equal to 2 lb*. 3 ozs. 6.5 drs. {2i»6 lbs.) avoirdupois- Hect'->graTH, 100 graliis, or 1 der-iliter of wat^r, equal to 3.5277 ozs. avoirdupois. Cram, the u:vit of weijht, being the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water, or abou:; lyu grains troy. Drc'tQram, 1-10 grain, or 1-10 of a cubio centimeter of waier, ei^ual to i.M32 grains trov. V<^tigram, 100th gram, or 10 cubic mllli-ueters of water, or equal to 1-W3 grains troy. Millu/ram, HOOO gram, or 1 cubio miUlmet«r ol w»'», equal v3 MH gr»ln« trof WEIGHTS OP METALS, ETC. 127 lV>r sorfM* meworemant, the K^^^^e dekAmeter ia used under the term of NcMBER OF Cubic Feet is a Tok (Avoikdupois) op Ditfireiit ftLATEEiAis.— Cast Iron, 4-98 ; Wron<;lit Iron, 4.59 ; Bar Iron, 469 ; Steel, cJoft, 4-57 ; Steel, Hard, 459 ; Copper, Sheet, 4-G2 ; Copper, Cast, 401 ; Brass, 4.17 ; Lead, 3- 15 ; Tin, Cast, 4-91 ; Zinc, Cast, 49-8 ; Granite, 13-514 ; Marble, 13-34; ; ParinK Stone, 14-83 ; Millstone, 14-42 ; Grindstones, 17 ; Common Stone, 14-22 ; Fire Brick, 16.2A4 ; Briclc, Mean, 21-:>61 ; Anthracite Coal, 21-284 and 24-958 ; Cannel Coal, 2 5-609 ; Cotton Bale, Mean, 154-4S ; Pressed ditto, from 89-6 to 1-14 ; Hay, Bale, 2:J-517 ; Bale, Mean, 154-48 ; Hav,Pres«ed 89-6 ; Clav, 15S-69: Common Soil, 16-335 ; Mini, 21-987 ; Loose Sand, 23-893 ; Earth with Gravel, 16-742 ; India Rubber, 30.63 ; Plaster of Paris, 21-3 ; Glass 12-44 ; lee, 38-58 ; Chalk (BriUsh), 17-92 ; Tallow, 38 ; Oil, 39 ; Fresh Water, 36-84 ; Salt Water, 34-931. Weight OF Variops Materials ix Lbs. (Avoibdppois) per Cubio Foot.— Pure Gold, 1203-6; Standard Gold, 1102-9; Hammered Gold, 1210-11 ; Pure Silver, 654-6 ; Hammered Silver, 656-9 ; Staudaid Silver. 658-4 ; Cast Brass, .524-8; Brass Wire, 534; Bis: auth, Cast, 613-9; Antimony, 418-9; Bronze, 5134 .- Cobalt, Cast, 488-2 ; Clipper, Cast, &19-3 ; Copper, Sh..-et, 557-2; Copper, Wire, 554-9; Wrought Iron, 4(<0-75 : Iron P'ates, 481-5 ; Cast Iron, 450-4; Gun Metal, 543-75; Cast Lead. 7C9-5 ; liolled do., 711-75; Red Lead, 55875 ; Tin, 456-7 ; Platinum, Pure, 1213-8 ; Hammered rto., 1271, Mercury. 60°, Fluid, 848 ;mercun-, Solid, 977 ; Nickel,Ca;-t, 487-9; Sluel, I'lates. 480-75; Steel, Soft, 489-6; Type Metal, 653-1; Zinc, Cast, 439; Granite, 105-75; Mill- stone, 15o'3; Marble, Mean, of nineteen Kinds. 180; Grind-stones, 133-9; Firebrick, 137-5; Tile, 114-44; Brick. Mjan, l.;2; Clay, 120; Limestone, Mean, of seven sorts, 184-1; Loose Earth or Sand, 95; Coarse Sand, 112-5; Ordi- nary Soil, 124; Mud, 102; Clay and Stones, 160; Slate, 167 to l»l-25; Plaster of Paris. 73-5; PlumbSgo, ISlSo; Anthracite Coal, from 89-75 to 1025; Can- nel Coal, from 77-3;5 to 82-83; Charcoal from Hard Wood, lS-5; ditto from Soft Wood, 18; Port Wine, 62-31 ; Fresh Water, 62-5; Sea Water, 64-3: Dead Sea Water, 77-5; Vinegar, 67-5 ; Alum, 107-10; Asbestos, Starrv. 192-1; Ice at 32°, 57-5; Sulphur, 127-1: Pear, 3;5 to 83-1; Marl, Mean, in:i-3:5; Hydraulio Lime, 171-60; quartz, 16625 ; Rock Crvstal, 170-94; Salt, Common, 133.12 ; Lard, 59-20; Whale Oil, 57-70; Olive Oil. 57-19. Weight of a Citbio Ikch of Various Metals isr Potryos.— Hammered Gold, .701 lbs : Cast do. (pure), .638 ; 20 Carats Fine do., .567 ; Hammered Silver, .3S2 ; Pure do., .373 ; Cast Steel, .287 ; Cast Iron, .263 ; Sheet Iron, .279 ; Rolled Platinum, .797; Wire do-, .762; Hammered do, .736 ; Sheet Copper, .323 ; Sheet Brass, .3&4 ; Lead, .410 ; Cast Tin, .264 ; Cast Zinc, .245. Sundry Commercial Weights.— A ton of wool is 2 stones of 14 lbs. each. A pack of wool is 240 lbs. A sack of wool is 22 toonfulfl=l o«. DI.A.MOXD WEIGHT. 16 Parts make 1 Grain (?-10tha Grain, Troy). 14 Grains " 1 Carat (3 l-5tb Grains, Troy). 4 GUIs make 1 Pint- 2 Pints '' 1 Quart. 4 Quarts '' 1 Gallon. LIQUID MEASURE. 2 Gallons make 1 Peck- 3\\(, Gallons " 1 BarreL 54 Gallons " 1 ilhd. DRY ^MEASURE. 8 Quarts make 1 Peck. I 8 Bushels make 1 Quarter. 4 Pecks " IBusheL | 36 Bushels " 1 Chaldron. 1 Bushel equal to 2815^ ctfbic in. nerirly. A bushel of Wheat is on an average 60 lbs.: Barley or Buckwheat, 46 lbs. ; Indian Corn or Rye, 56 Ibh. ; Oats, 30 Ibg. ; .Salt, 70 lbs. 14 Ibd. of I.,ead or Iron make 1 Stone ; 21'^ Stone. 1 Pig. 1 Bbl. of Flour contain! 196 lbs. ; Beef or Pork, 200 lbs. The Imperial Gallon is 10 lbs. avoirdu- ftois of pure water ; the Pint 1 1-4 lbs. 1 Gal. Sperm Oil weighs. 7V* be. ; 1 do. of Whale Oil, 7 lbs. 11 ozs. ; 1 do- of Linseed. 7% lbs. ; 1 do. of C'live, ~y^ lbs. ; 1 do. Sots, of Turpentine, 7 lbs. 5 oza. Proof Spiritu 7 Iba. 15 0Z8. ; 1 do. of Ale. 10.5 lbs. SCRIPTtmE MEASURES, BXC 159 SCBrPTrRI MEA3rEZ3 09 LBSGTH.~The great Cubit was 21-858 in*. •cl.824 ft. and the less 18 ins. A Span the longer=^j a cubit— 10.^*4 iB«.=> .813ft A span the Ie88=i3 of a cnbit=T.296 iiiS.^.608 ft. A h*nd'a breadth"-' ' s cf a cubit=3.6^4 ins.=,3C4ft. A fingers breath=1.24 of« Cubit=.912 ins.=.076 ft. A fathoin=4 cubits=7.296 ft. EzekUrs B-eed^ i cubitB=10.£^U ft. The mile=4000 eubita=7296 ft. The Stadium, 1-10 of their mile=-100 cabits=729.6 ft The Parasang, 3 of their inile*=12,000 eubita, or 4 English miles and 580 ft. 33.104 nules was a day's joumev— some Bay 24 miles; and 3500 ft a Sabbath day's journey; some authoriCieg say 3&43 ft. ScBiPTCTSE 5tEAsniE3 OF Capacitt.— The Chomer Or Homer Lu King J&jies' traiislntion was 75.G25 gals, liquid, and 82-125 peeks dry- The Ephah or Bath was 7 gals. 4 pts., 15 ias. soL The Seah, ij of Ephah, 2 gals. 4 pts., 3 in. sol. The Hin=i.i of Ephah, 1 gal-, 2 pts., 1 in. sol. Tho Omer=l-10 of Ephah, 5 pis., 0.5 ins. sol. The Cab=l-18 of Ephah, 3 pts., 10 ins. sol. The Log=7-«lj of Ephah, i^ pt., 10 ins. so!. The metretes of Syria (John ii. 6)=Cong. Rom. 7^8 pts. The Cotyla Eastem=l-100 of Ephah, K pt. 3 in, 6ol. This Cotvla contains jtist 10 oas. Avordupoia of rain wate'r. Omer, 100 ; Ephah, 1000 ; Chonier or Homer, 10,000. ScRiPxrEE Weights assd Corss.— The following are the Hebrew weights and their equivalents in Troy weight ; also their value in pur« Gold and Silver: — TheGerah=3lTofa Shekel.-..*...... The Bekah = V, Shekel T The Shekel The Maneh, or Mini=60 Shekels' 2 The Talent « 3000J Shekels 113 10ii|562 84 10»4! 2«,142 2o! 1,766 23 B. d. far. s ct«. 0.75 00.343 1.50 00.687 7 2. 13.75 2 6 0. 13 75. Roman money mentioned in the New Testament reduced to English and American Standard: — £ A5rit« A Farthing, about A Penny, or Denarina A Pound, or Mina 3 KoTE — ^The above determinations of Scripture Measures, Weights, &C., are principally by the Rt. Rev. Richard, Bishop of Peterborough. GcxTER's Chaix, 'Lajsd Measckemext, &c. — 792 inches constitute 1 link ; 100 links 1 chain, 4 rods or poles, or 66 feet, and SO chains 1 mile. A square chain is 16 square poles, and l6 square chains are 1 acre. Four roods are an acre, each ontaining 1210 eqtiare yards, or 34.785 yards, or Si yards 28 inches each side. Forty poles of 30.25 square yards each is a rood, and a pole is S^j yards each way. An acre is 4840 square yards, or 69 yds. 1 ft., 8*i ins. each way ; and 2 acres, or 96.S0 square yds.'areSS yds. 1 ft., 2 ins. each way ; and 3 acres are 120% yds. each way. A square mile, or a U. S. section of Laud, is 640 acres; being 1060 yds. each way ; half a mUe, or SSO yds. each way, is 160 acres ; a quarter of a mile or -440 yds. each way, is a" park or f ar'm of 40 acres ; and a furlong, or 220 yds. each way, is 10 acres. Any length or breadth in yds. which multiplied make 4840 is an acr« ; any which makes 12-10 is a rood, and 30.25 is a pole. An English acre is a square of nearly 70 yds. each way, a Scotch, e< 77% /da. and a^ Irish of &S\'^ yds. 130 STEENGTH OP MATERIALS, ETC. NAmcAL Distances, Log Lines.— A nautical mile, the 60th of a degree, Is 2026.5 yards ; a mariuo league, or 20 to a degree, Is 6079.6 yard». Log-lines are divided into spaces of 60 feet, and the way measured by a half minute sand-glass, which beat-s nearlv the same proportion to an hour, which 50 feet bears to a mile, the number of knots which run ofl the reel !u half a minute showing the number of miles the vessel sails la an hour. The line should be about 150 fathoms long, having 10 fathoma between the ship and first knot for stray line. Estimating a mile at 6139.75 feet, and aAvg: aSd'' glass, 1 knot=51 ft. 1.95 ins. and ] fathom, 6 ft. 1.396 ins. Or if a iV glass is used, and 8 divisions, the result will Da thus ; 1 knot=47 ft. 9.024 ins. and 1 fathom=5ft. 11.627 ins. BoTTDiTCH B Xavigatoe computes 6120 ft. to a sea mile, which 11 taken as the length with a 28'' glass, will make the divisions 47.6 ft. and 6.96 ft. Teksile Sthenoth of Materials, Showino the Stbexgth on FOBCK BEQ01RED TO TEAR AsnXDER 1 SQCARE r>-CH. Lbs. Lba. Iron VTire, wrought, 103,000 Copper Bolts, 38,009 Swedish bar Iron, 72,000 Wire, 60,000 Kuseian " " 59,500 Brass, 42,00< Mean of English Iron, 53,900 Gold, 20,49« Oun Metal, mean of Iron, 37,232 Gold, 6 pts., copjier 1 pt., 50,000 Clyde, No. 1, 16,125 Silver cast, 40,89T <• 2, 23,468 Bronze, 1T,698 to 6«5,788 Stirling, mean of " 25,764 lln cast, block, 6,000 American, mean of " 4.'5,970 " Banca, 2,122 lyow Moor, No. 2, cast " 14,076 riatinum Wire, 6,300 Crank Shaft " ajao Zinc, 7,000 Amerioan boiler, ( 48,000 (62,000 Sheet Lead, 3,000 plates, Iron, Antimony, 1,060 English plates, mean. 51,000 Bismuth," cast, 3,120 " •' lengthwise 63,800 ivory. Manilla Rope, 16,070 " " crosswise, 48.800 a,3o0 Germ«n piano steel Wire, 268,800 Tarred Hemp Bop«, 15,000 Cast .Steel, maximum, 142,000 Wire, Kope, 37.000 " " mean, 88,000 Whalebone, 7,600 Steel, 100,000 to 130,000 Leaiher Belting, 333 Chromo Steel, mean, 170.980 Gutta-percha, 3,500 Shear 124,000 Slate, 12,000 American Tool Co., 179,980 Well-burned Brick, 760 Blistered Steel, soft. (133,000 1104,000 Inferior " Portland Stone, 100 to 290 857 to 1,000 Razor " 1C,000 Crown Glasa, 42,346 Steel plates, lengthwise, 96,300 Limestone, Hydraulic Lime, 670 to 2,800 " " crosswise, 93,700 140 Yellow metal, 48,700 " Cement, 234 Cast Copt)er, 19,000 Ponland " 6 mo8. 414 American Copper, 24,250 Plaster of Paris, 7a Brass Wire, 50,000 Remarks.— Owing to the damage Inflicted by the hot tar, tarred ropea are 25 per cent, weaker than white ropes. Hemp rope is stronger than Manilla, but tarred hemp and manilla are nearly of equal strength. ManlUa ropes are from 25 to 30 per cent, weaker than white ropea. Twisted hempen cords will sustain the following weights per Muaro inch of their section : Vi inch to 1 inch thick, 8746 lbs. ; 5 to 3 ina. uiick, 68C0 lbs. ; 3 to 5 ins. thick, 5345 lbs. ; 5 to 7 ins. thick, 4,800 lbs. Ropes of 4 strands up to 8 ins. are about 17 per cent, stronger than those having but 3 strands. One-eighth of an inch in diameter of iron will sustain more than 1 Inch in circumference of hemp rope. In Tredgold's and Duleau's experiments, a piece of the best bar iron, 1 inch square, bore a wvigbt of 77,373 lba.. while a similar piece of cast iron would be tora STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, ETC 131 Mimder bv a weight of from 16,243 to 19,464 lbs. , and 1 square inch of ir thb xrrsura ot Brick BEQtjmuD to cossTseo* AVr Bt?H/DI»0, KMBaACIX? WALLS, FBOII 4 IXCHES TO 20 UfCHM THICK, BBCKOXISG 7 BRICKS TO EACH srrEKFICIAL FOOT. IJjimp'e.— Required ilie number of bricks in 100 Eiiperflcial feet oi wall 12 Inches thick. Under 12 inch, and opposite 100, you will find the answoi, 2260, the number of bricks required. Superficial feet of Wall. >; umber of Bricks to Thickness of 4-inch. 8-inch. 12-inch. 16-inch, 20-inch. 1 24-iach. 1 7 15 23 30 38 45 2 15 30 45 60 75 90 3 23 45 63 90 113 135 4 30 60 M 120 150 180 B 38 75 113 150 188 225 < 45 90 135 180 225 270 7 53 105 158 210 263 315 8 60 120 ISO 240 300 360 9 68 135 203 270 E38 405 10 75 150 225 300 375 450 80 150 300 450 600 750 MO 30 226 450 675 900 1125 1350 40 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 60 375 750 . 1125 1500 1875 2250 60 450 900 1350 1800 2250 2700 70 625 1050 1575 2100 2625 31£l 80 600 1200 ISOO 2400 3000 3600 90 675 1350 2025 2700 3375 4060 100 750 1500 2250 3000 3760 4500 200 ir.00 2000 4500 6000 7500 9000 300 2250 4600 6750 ' 9000 11250 13500 400 3000 6000 9000 12000 16000 18000 600 3750 7500 11250 1.5000 18750 22500 600 4600 9000 13500 18000 22500 27000 700 5250 lavK) 15750 21000 26250 31500 800 6000 12000 IROOO 24000 30000 36000 90O 6750 135<'0 20350 27C*00 33TS0 45000 1000 7500 15000 22500 30000 37500 45000 Facts fob Bcilders. — lOOO shinc^les, laid 4 ins. to the weather, will eover I'Ki sq. ft. of surfaoe, and 5 lbs. of shingle nails will fasten them on. 0n6-:ifth more siding a'ld flooring is needed than the number of sq. ft. of surface to be covered, l>ec.iHse or the lap in the siding and matcning. 1000 laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 1 1 lbs. of lath nails will nail them on. 8 bushels Df good lime,.!'^ bushels of sand, and Ibusbel of hair, win make enough good mortar to plaster luo sq. yds. A cord of sTone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic "yard of sand, will lay 100 snbic ft. of wall. 6 courses of brick will lay 1 ft. in height on a chimney, 16 bricks in s •ourse will make a flue 4 ins. wide ana 12 ins. long, and 8 brick* in a eouise \vill make a flue 8 ins. wide and 16 ins. long. Cement, 1 bush., and sand. 2 bush., wiU cover 3^ sq. yds. 1 in. thict 4U sq. yds. *4 inci liiiek, and 6% sq. yds. ^ inch thieit. l"bu*.h. cemeuc ana 1 of sand will cover 2*4 sq. yIE9, KTC 13S ExtAKSiON AN© CoOTTiACTioit Of Boi>rE9.~The «o»owiBg tftW* ^blte the linear dilatation of various bodies from 82° to 212o, ac Mdipg to Laplace, Smeaton, Roy, etc. ^ Flint glass Glass (barometer tubes) . . . . " solid rod " cast, prism of Platinum, per Borda Palladium, per Wollaston . Gold (French standard) . . . Silver ( French standard). . Copper 8 parts, tin l.o. . . . Copper ■ Copper 2, zinc 1 • • Brass 16, tin 1 Brass wire Brass cast Solder, tin 1, lead 2 Bismuth Speculum metal Iron Steel (yellow temper) Tin, Falmouth. Lead Zinc Mercury, in volume Water." Alcohol All the gases TlW ToVo T24 ^ ■^7 ToT TFT ■vhr T550 V, TT7 li^r ' 1 T2rT I TTTT "StTT rfa ^tT Mercury freezes at40o below zero, and melts at39o. Ether freezes a*. 47° below zero: wine tieezes at 20°; sea water freezes at 28°.3. Alcohol has been exjiosed to 110° and 120° below zero without freez- ing Grsinite decomposes at a red heat. The second's pendulum, of 39.1o9 ins., is lengthened by 30° of temperature 128th of an inch, or 8 ▼ibrati ms iu 24 hours. The heat conducting powers of metals, etc., are as follows: Gold, 1000°: platinum. 981°: silver, 973; copper, 898.2; iron, 374.3; zinc, 863: tin, 30;V9: lead. 179.G; marble, 23.6; porcelain. 12.2; fine clay, 11.4. 1 lb. of coke melts 94 lbs. of ice; 1 lb. of coal, 90 lbs.; 1 lb. of wood, 52 lbs.; 1 lb. of charcoal, 95 lbs.; 1 lb. of peat, 19 lbs. The capacity of the solar heat all over the globe is the ability to melt an icy covering 46 feet in thickness. 6 Ibe. wbite lead added to 1 gal. t»r varnish, and applied as paint, wlU prevent dajnp coming through waUA^ 134 DTERS AND BLF.ACHEES' RECEIPTS. To pRErE>-T Dkcat of Fabm iMTLEMESTfl.— Wlien not in OM have them sheltered from the sim, \rmd, rain, and snow. By this means, sleighs, wagons, cnrts, ploughs, threshiug-machines, har- rows, and tlie like, would hii^t twice as loi^ a5 they wonld if left in the open air, sTrelling from jnoistiire one week, aiid shrinking the neit from the intiuence of the sun and wind. On.i>'G OR Cleaking old Cabriagb-tops. — E'jamel leather-top8 ehould be first watched with Ca?tile soap and warm water, then oiled with neat's-foot oil ; or ?weet oil and a coat of enamel varnish j>ut on, the leather will look ILke new. Dashes may be cleaned ittthe Kime manner, but varnish color is not very beneficial to V^tent leather ; however, when old and cracked, it may be colored to Impivve the appearance. DYERS, BLEACHERS, AND CLOTHIERS' DEPARTMENT. In accommodation to the requirements of dyers, many of the following receipts describe dyes for large quantities of goods, but to make tuera equally adapted for the nse of private fam- ilies they are usually gireri in even quiintities, so that it is quite an easy matter to ascertain the quantity of materials required for dveing' when once the weight of the goods is known ; tlie quantity ci materials used being reduced in proportion to the smaller quanti^ of goods. L'se soft water for all dyeing purposes, ii it can be procured, using 4 gals, water to 1 lb. of go" FrsTic Dve.— For 50 lbs. of goods use 50 lbs. of fustic with alum 11 lbs. Soak in water until the strength is extracted, put in the goods until of a gix>d yellow color, remove the chip*, and acd extract of indigo in smafi quantities at a time, until the color is satiiiactory. PiBPLE Bli-e ox Woou — 100 lbs. 0* wool are first dipped in the Tilne vat to a li^ht shade, then boiled in a solution of 13 lbs. of alum, and 3 lbs. of half refined tartar, ff«r 1^ hours, the wool taken out, coolftd, and let stand 24 hours. Then boil in fresh water 8 lbs. ot powdwed cochineal for a f«w minctes, cool the kettle to 170^ Fahr. ; candle the prepared wool in this for 1 hour, when it is ready to cooL liose, and dry. By coloring first with cochineal, as afor^&id, an< DYERS AND BLEACHERS* RECEIPT*. 155 finishing in the bine rat, the fast purple or dahlia, so much a^niired In German broadcloths, will be produced. Tui acids most not be used in ttds color. . , , 3 •^.i. < n,- Blue Dte for Hosiert.— 100 lbs. of wool are colored with 4 lbs. Guatemala or 3 lbs. Bengal indigo, in the soda or wood vat ; then boU in a kettle a few luinutes. 5 Ibi- of cndl^ear or 8 lbs. of orchil paste : add 1 lb. of soda, or better, 1 paU of iirine. then cool the dye toabout 1T0<= Fahr. ; and enter the wool. H;uidle weU for about Jf) minutes, then take it out, cool, rmse, and diy. It 13 aU the same il the cudbeivr is put in before or alter the mdi^o. i ozs. 01 taialine purple d^solved in alcohol, ^ pt, cin be iised mstead of the cudbear. (Wood spirit is cheaper than alcohol, and is much used now by dvers for the purixise of di'^solrtng analine colors). It pro- duces a very pretty shade, but should never be used on mixed goods ■which have'to be bleached. ,««,, « , *v. Logwood a>tj Lsdigo Bltte Dvb for Cloth.— 100 lbs. of cloth, color the cloth first bv one or two dips in the vat of mdi^o blue, and rinse it weU, then bod it in a solution of 20 lbs. of alum, 2 lbs. of haU refined tartar, and 5 lbs. of mord;uit, for 2 Lours, then take it out and cooL In fresh water boU 10 Ibi of gt^d loz^-ood for half an hour in a bag or otherwise ; c>x>l oS to ITO^ Fahr. before entering ; handle weU over a reel, let it boil for luilf an hour, then take it out, cooU and rinse. This is a very firm blue. Di'B FOR Wool or Selk.— Co.'or bchcecn Purple and Blue, ioi 40 lbs. of goods, take bi-chromate of potish 8 ozs., alum lib., dissolve all and bring the water to a boil, and put in the gixxls; boil 1 hour ; then empty the dve. and make a new dye with logwood 8 lbs., or ex- ti-act of logwood 1 lb. 4 ozs., and b.rJ in this 1 hour longer. Grade tlie color by using more or less logwood, as you wish it dark or hght in the color. „ -.r- ^ .^ .lu New Bleach for Wool, Selk, or Stkaw.— M.x together 4 lbs. oxalic acid, 4 lbs. t;;ble salt, water 50 gnLs. The grvids are laid in this mixture for 1 hour, they are then generally well bleached, and only require to be thoroughly rinsed and v^orked. For bleachmg straw it isbest to soak the goods in canrtic sod.i, and afterwards to make use of chloride of lime or Javelle water. The excess of chlorine is after- w.'.rds rejnoved bylivposulphiteof 6oda. _ , j To Fix Dyes.— JVeiC Process. Mr. l-Iipijincr, of Manchester, England, has a new process of fixing dves. He dissolves 20 ozs. of gelatine in water, and adds 3 ozs. of bichromate of potash. This is done in a dark room. The coloring matter is then added and the goods submitted jhereto ; after which tl'.ey are ex^wsed to the action of light ; the '■aoinent thus becomes insoluble in water and the color is fast Scarlet with Lac Dve.- For 100 lbs. of flannel or yam. take 23 IbG. of ground lac dve, 15 lbs. of scarlet spi-.-it (made as per directions below), 5 lbs. of tartlir, lib. of flavine^ or according to shade, 1 lb. of tin crvstals. 5 lbs. of muriatic acid. Boil all f< )r 15 mmutes, then cool the dye to 170® Fahr. ; enter the goods, and handle tliem quickly at first Let them boil 1 hour, rinse them while yet h^t before the gum and impurities harden. Tliis color stands scouring with soap bettor than cochineal scarlet To this dye, a small quantity of sulphuric acid may be used, as it disf^olves the gum. ItujUATB ov Tut OK ScARLET SprHiT.— Tako 16 Iba. mniiatM 186 DTEB8 AND BLEACHERS' RECEIPTS. •rid, 220 B, 1 lb. featlieired tin, water 2 lbs. The acid should b« p'Jt in a stone ware pot, aud the tin added, aiid allow to dissolve ; tha mixture sliould be kept a few days before using. The tin is feathered or granuLated by melting in a suitable vessel, aud pouring it from a height of al>out 5 feet into a pailful of -water. Thid is a mogt power- ful agent in certain colors, such as scarlets, oranges, pinks, &c. ScABLZT DvE TTiTH CocHijfEAL. — For 50 lb3. of wool, yam, or cloth, use cream of tartar 1 lb. 9 ozs. ; cochineal pulverized, 12-i ozs., muriate of tin or scarlet spirit 8 lbs. ; after boUiug the dve, enter the goods, work them well for 15 minutes, then boil tliera Ik bours, slowly agitating the goods while boiling, wash in clean water, and dry out of the sun. Purple Dte. — ^For 40 lbs. of goods, nse alum 3 lbs., muriate of tin 4 tea cups, pulverized cochineal 1 lb., cream of tartar 2 lbs. Boil the alum, tin, and cream of tartu:, for 20 minutes, add the cochineal and boil 5 minutes, immerse the goods 2 hours, remove and enter them in a new d^ e composed of BrazU wood 3 lbs., logwood 7 lbs., alum 4 lbs., muriate'of tin 8 cupfols, adding a little extract of indigo, made as follows : CaEsnc BLCTErKG or Extract of Lsdigo. — Take oil of vitriol 2 lbs-, and stir into it finely, pulverized indigo 8 ozs., stirring briskly for the first ^ hour, then cover it up, and stir 4 or 5 times daily for a few days, then add a little pulverized chalk, stirring it up, aud keep adding it as long as it foams ; it will neutralize the acid. Keep it closely corked. Light Silver Drab. — For 50 lbs. of goods use logwood ^ lb., alum, about the same quantity ; boil well, enter the goods, and dip them for 1 hour. Grade the color to any desired shade, by using equal parts of logwood and alum. Chrojie Black for Wool.— For 40 lbs. of goods, use blue vitriol 3 lbs. , boil it a short time, then dip the wool or fabric | of an hour, airing freqtiently ; take out the goods, and make a dye with logwood 34 lbs. ; boil ^ hour, dip f of an liour, air the goods, and dip J of an hour longer, wash in strong soap suds. A good fast color. Black Dye on Wool, for Mixtures. — For 50 lbs. of wool take bi-chromate of potash 1 lb. 4 ozs., groimd argal 15 ozs., boU together and put in the fabric, stirring weU, and let it remain in the dye 5 hours; take it out, rinse slightly in clean water, then make a new dye, into which put logwood 17$ lbs. Boil IJ hours, adding chamber lye 5 pts. Let the fabric remain in all night, and wash out in clean water. Red Madder. — ^This color is mostly used for ai-my nniforms, &c. To 100 lbs. of fabric u.se 20 lbs. of alum, 5 lbs. of tartar, aud 5 lbs. of muriate of tin. >Micn these are dissolved, enter the goods, and let them boil for 2 hours, then take them out, let cool, and lay overnight. Into fresh water, f^tir 75 lbs. of good madder, and enter the fabric at 120o Fahr. and bring it up to 200° in the course of an hour, handle well to eecure evennet^, then rinse and dry. Dark Sxuff Bkowx ox Wool. — For 50 lbs. of goods, take canv- wood 10 lbs., boil for 20 minutes, then dip the goods for j of an hour, then take them out, and add to the dye, fustic 25 lbs. ; boil 12 minutea and dip the goods f of an hour, then "add blue vitriol 10 ozs., copi)eraa 2 lbs. 8 ozs., dip again 40 minutes; add more copperas if the shade ii required darker. Vfnrs CkJLoa Dve.— For 50 lbs. of goods use camwood 10 Iba., iMdi DTZES AND BLEACETERS' RECEIPTS. 157 X> minutes, dip the goods ^ hour, boU a|:ain, and dip 40 mlnntefl, then darken with blue yitriol 15 ozs., and Bhodld jou wish it darker, add 5 lbs. of co[)peraji. PtNK DvE TOR Wool.— For 60 lbs. of goods, take alnm 5 lbs. 13 ozs., boil and immerse the goods 50 minutes, then add to the dye cochineal well pulverized, 1 lb. 4 o.'.s., crean of taitar, 5 lbs., boil and enter the poods while boiling, until the color is satisfactory. Dase Blce Dye —Suitable for Thibrfs and Lastiiigs. Bofl IOC lbs. of the fabric lor IJ hours in a solution of alum 25 lbs., tartar 4. lbs., mordant 15 lbs., extract of indigo 6 lbs.; cool them as usuaL Bofl in fresh water from 8 to 10 lbs. of logwood, in a bag or otherwise, then cool the dye to 170<= Fahr. ; reel the fabric qnicldy at first, then let it boil stronglv for 1 liour. This is a very good imitntion o* indigo blue. OKAJ.GK bvE. — For 50 lbs. of goods, use argal 3 lbs., muriate of tin 1 qt, boil and dip 1 hour; then rfdd to the dye, fustic 25 lbs., madder 21 qts., and dip again 40 minutes. If prefened, cochineal 1 lb. 4 ozs. may be used instead of the madder, as a better color is induced by it Sky Blue ox Cottox. — 60 lbs. of goods, blue vitriol 5 lbs. Boil s short time, then enter the goods, dip 3 hours, and transfer to a bath of strong lime water. A fine brown color will be imi>arted to the goods if they are then put through a solution of pnissiate of potash. A jBkown Dye ox Wool may be induced by a decoction of oak bark, with variety of shade acconling to t!ie quantity employed. If the goods be first passed through a mordant of alum the color will be brignteued. Bkowx ox Cottox. — Catechu or terra japonica gives vjotton a brown color, blue vitriol turns it en the bronze, green copperas darkens It, when applied as a mordant and the stuff boiled in the bath boilinff boL Acetate of alumina as a mordant, brightness it. Tlie Frenc? color named " Carmelite " is given with catechu 1 lb., verdigris 4 ozs., and sal-ammoniac 5 ozs. Browx ox Wool axi> Silk. — Infusion or decoction of wnljut peels dyes wool and silk brown color, which is brightened by alum. Horse-chestnut peels also impart a brown color; a mordant of muriate of tin turns it on the bronze, and sugar of lead tlie rcddi!>h brown. Solitaire. — Sulphate or muriate of manganese dissolved in water •with a little tartr.iic acid imparts this beautiful brouze tint. "ITie stuff after being put tl.rongh the solution must be tamed through a weak lye of potash, and afterwards tlirough another of chloride of lime, to bVighten and &x it. Pn(ssiate of copper gives a bronze or yelloicish bro'icn color to silk. The piece well mordanted ■nith blue ■vitriol, may be passed through a solution oiprtissiale of potash. FuLLZB's Ptkitiek F0R"Ci.0Tns.— Diy, pulverize, and sift the following ingredients : Fuller's earth 6 lbs'., French chalk 4 ozs., pipe clay 1 lb. ; make into a paste with rectitied oil of turpentine 1 oz., alcohol 2 ozs., melted oil soap 1^ lbs. Compr>and the mixture into cakes of any desired size, lor gale if required, keeping them in water, «K small wooden boxes. Greex ox Cottox. — For 4011is. of goods, use fustic 10 lbs.. bl«e Titxiol 10 ozs., soft soap 2^ qts., and logwood chips 1 lb. 4 ozs. Soak the logwood over ni' Silk. — For 10 lbs. goods, use sugar of lead 7^ otis., alum 2 lbs., enter the goods and let tlieui remain 12 hours, remove them, drain, and make a new dye with fostic 10 lbs. Immerse until the color suits. PuKPLE ox CoTTox. — Get np a tub of hot logwood liquor, enter 3 pieces, give tliem 5 ends, hedge out ; enter tliem into a clean alum tub, give them 5 ends, hedge out; |:et up auotlier tab of logwood liquor, enter, give them 6 ends, hedge out ; renew your alum tub, give them 5 end.>s in that, and fijijsh. Black ojt Gottox.— For 40 llis. goods, use sumac 30 lbs., boil J hour, let the goods steep over uigi.t, and immerse tiiem in hme water 40 minutes, remove, and allow tliem to drip ^ hour, now add copi>era3 4 Ibe. to the eumac liquor, and dip 1 hour more ; next work them throngh lime water for 20 minutes, next m.V>re a new dye of logwood 20 lbs., boil 2h hours, and enter tlie goods 3 hours, then add bi-ol\ro- mate of iK)t;i-ili 1 lb. to the new dye, and dip 1 hour more. Work in clean cold water and dry out of the sun. Bed Dye for Wool.— For 40 lbs. of goods, make atolerably thick pa.ste of lac dye and sulph\iric acid, and allow it to efcind for a day. Now take tirtar 4 lbs., tin liquor 2 lbs, 8 07.s., and 3 Um. of the alxjve riste, make a hot kith w ith sulTicient water, and enter the goodj for hour, afterwards carefully rinse and dry. Yellow on Cotton. — For 40 lbs. goods, use sugar t)f lead 3 lb* 8 ozs., dip the goods 2 hours. Mal:e n new dye w:th bi-rhromate of potash 2 lbs., dip mitU the color suits, wring out and dry, if not yellow enough repeat the ojierr.tion. ViOLKT DvE ON Silk or Wool. — A good violet dye may be given ty pa.ssiug the ^oods fir^t through a solution of verdigris, then through a decoction of logwood, and Iixstly alum water. A fast violet m.iy be given by dveing the goods crim?on with cochmeal, without alum or tartar, and after rinsing, passing them through the indigo vat. LineT}fi or Cottons are fii-s^t galled with 18°!o of gall nufcj, next passed through a mord.mt of alum, iron liquor, and sulphate of co;)per, work mg them well, then worked In ajnaidder bath ra;ide with an equal weiglit o^ root, and lastly brightened with soap or soda. Slatb Dvk on Silk. — For a small quantity, ta^e a j>an of warai water, and about a teacup! ul of logwood liquor, pretty strong, and a Eiece of j^earLash the size of a nut ; take gray c>)!ored goods and andle a little in this liquid, and it is finished. If too much logwood is used, the color will be too dark. A Straw color on silk.— Use wnartweed, boil in a brass vessel, and set with alum. JJJU4C Dva on Siui,— For 5 lbs, of silk, us^ archil 7^ lbs., mix il STSRS AND bleachers' SECEIPT8. 139 irell with the llqnor ; make it boil i hour, dip the silk quickly, than ttst it cool, and wash it in river water, and a flue half violet, or lilac, more or less full, will be obtainei Green Dve on Silk.— Take green ebony, boil it in water, and let it settle ; take the clear liquor as hot as you can bear your hands in it and handle your goods in it until of a bright yellow ; then take water and put in a Uttle sulphate of indigo ; handle your goods in this tail of the snade desired. The ebony may previously be boiled in a bag to prevent it gtiuking to the silk. B140WN ON Silk.— Dissolve amiatto 1 lb., pearlash 4 lbs., in boiling ■water, and {lass the silk throuo;h it for 2 hours, then take it out, squeeze it well and dry ; next give it a mordant of alura, and pass it first through a bath of Brazil-wood, and afterwards through a batti of logwood to which a little green copperas has been added, wring it out and dry, afterwards rinse weU. Brown 'Dyk on Cotton ob Linen —Give the pieces a mixed mordant of acetsite of aininina and acetate of iron, and then dye them in a bath of madder, or madder and fustic, when the acetate of ahjmina predominates the dye has an amaraiUh tint. A cinnamon tlut is oV.tiiiiied by fii-st giving a mordant of alum, then a madder biith, then a bath of fustic, to which a little greeu copperas lias been added. MuLnERRY ON Su.K.— For 5 Ibs. of silk, use alum 1 lb. 4 ozs., dip BO miiuitcs, wath out, and make a dye witJi BiaziJ-wood 5 ozs., and logwood l\ ozs. by boilhig together; dip in this \ hour, theu add more Brazil-wond and logwood, equal }iarLs, until the color siuts. Grei:n Dt3 on Wool a>:i> Silk.— Equal quantities of yellow oak ftnd hickoiy bark, m.ike a . trong yellow bath by boiling, shade to tJia desired tint by addl'.ig a small quantity of exti-act of indigo. Orange Dvt. — ror401bs of goods, use sugar of le;id 2 lbs., boU may varied by dipping in lime watsr.- Blfe on Cotton. — For 40 lbs. of goods, use coppera.=> 2 lbs., boil and dip 20 minTi.t'D bleachers' RECEIPTfl. well stirred before the goods are retamed. The alcoholic FolntioB Bhould be first dropped into a little -water, and -well mixed, and the mixture should then be etrained into the dye bath. If the color ia not dark enough after working from 20 to SO minutes, repeat the re- moval of the goods from the bath, and tlie addition of the solution, and tJie re^immersion of the goods from 15 to 30 minutes more, or tin- til suited, then remove fi-om the bath, and riise in several messes of clean ■crater, and dry in the ghade. Use about 4 gn\s. water for dye- bath for 1 lb. of goods; less wates for larger quaiitiiies. Liquid Dtb Colors. — L Blue. Dilute Saxon bl'^ie or sulphate of indigo vrith water. If required for delicate work, neutralize with rhalV 2. Purple. Add a little alum to a strained dcvootion of log- wood. 3. Green. Dissolve sap green in water and ndl a little alum. 4. Tellow. Dissolve annatto in a weak lye of sulHarb jur.te of soda or potash^ 5. Golden color. Steep French" berries in hot water, strain, and add a little gum and alum. 6. R:d. Dissolve carmine in am- monia, or in weak carbonate of pota.sh water, or infuse powdered . cochineal in water, strain, and add a little gum in water. The pre- ceding colors, thicken^ with a little gum, may be used as inks in writing, or as colors to tint maps, foils, artificial flowers, &c., or to paint on velvet To Cleanse Wool. — Make a hot bath comjx)sed of water 4 parts, urine 1 part, enter the wool, teasing and opeiung it out to admit the full action of the liquid ; after 20 minutes' immersion, remove from the liquid and allow it to drain, then rinse it in clean running water, and spread out to dry. The hquid is good for subsequent operations, only keep up the proportions, and use no soap. Starch Lcstke. — A portion of stearine. the size of an old-fashioned cent, added to starch h half lb., and boiled with it for 2 or 3 minutes will add greatly to the beauty of linen, to which it may be applied. See also :t;inc-e ; alter which a proper quantity of vitriol and decoction of logw ood, with a little verdigris, are added, and the hats continued in tliLs mixture for a considerable time. They are afterwjirds ]uit into a fre^h liquor of logwood, g;Uls. xitriol, and ver '' ' " ' ' n the hats are of great price, or of a hair which with •=■ dye, the same pro- cess is rei)eated a third time, i i m-ist perfect color, the hair or wool is dyed blue pieriou^Ij to its being formed into huts. Chestnttt Beowx ox Straw Box>"ets.— For 25 hats, use ground ganders 1^ lbs., ground curcuma 2 lbs., powdered gall nuts, or sumac J lb., rasped logwood -^^ lb. Boil all together with the hi\ts in a laise kettle (so as not to crowd), for 2 hours, then withdraw tiie hats, rinse, and let them remain over night in a bath of nitrate of 4° Baume, whek they are washed. A da'rker bro^Ti may be obtiined by increasing the quantity of sanders. To give the hats the de*iired lustre, they are brushed with a brash of dog's (couch) grass, when dry. Violet Dve ox Straw Boxxets. — Take alum 4 lbs., tartaric •cad 1 Ik, chloride of tin 1 lb, DiasolTe and boil, allow the hats tt DT£Ba .OJT) BLEACHT^RS' nBOEIPTS. 1 H remain in the boaing solution 2 hoius, then add aa much of a decoction of logwood aud ciiriuine of iudjpio ;« is requisite to induce the desired shade, and lastly, rinse tinally in water in which some almn has been dLseolved. Silver Gkhy Dte ox StRavt. — For25 hats, select vonr whitest hats and soften them in a hath of crystallized soda to wliich some clean lime water ha.s boen added. See "Lime icaler" below. Boil for 2 hours in a lar^e ves.^el, usinir for a bath a decoction of the foUo^ving, viz. : fJum -1 lbs., tirtaric acid | lb., some ammoniacal cochineal, and carmine of indigo; a little sulphuric acid may be necessary in order to nentralize the alkali of the cochineal dye." If the last-mentioned Ingredients are used, let the hats ^^emain for an hour longer in the boiling bath, then rinse in sli^htlj' aScidnlated water. LuiE Water Fou Dvekj Use. — Put stone lime 1 lb., and strong lime water 1^ lbs. into a pail of water ; ramniaa:e well for 7 or 8 minutC)?. tlienlet it rest until the lime is precipitited and the water clear; add tliis quantity to .i tubful of clear water. D.AJtiv Steel Color. — ilix black and white wool together in tha proportion of 50 lbs. of blacJc wool to 7^ Ib.^. of white. "For large or small quantities keep the same proportion, mixing carefully and thoroughly. To Rkxder Asili>t: Colors Soluble in Water.— A solution of gelatine in acetic acid of almost the consistence of syrups is first made, and the aniline in fine jxjwder is gradually added, Stirling all tlio time 60 as to make a homogeneovis paste. The mixture is then to be heated over a water bath to the temperature of boiling water and kept at that heat for some time. AxiLiNE Green on Silk. — Iodine green or niglit green dissolves easily in warm w.ater. For a liquid dye, 1 lb. may be dissolved in 1 gal. alcohol, and mixed with 2 gals, water, eoutaiuing 1 oz. sulphuric acid. To Dye Aniline Scarlet. — For every 40 lbs. of goods, dissolve 6 lbs. white vitriol (sulphate of zinc) at iSO^ Fah., place the gooda into this bath for 10 minutes, then add the color, prepared by boiling lor a few minutes, 1 lb. aniline scarlet in 3 gaLs. water, stirring the same contuiually. This solution has to be filtered before being add- ed to the bnth. Tlie goods remain ui the Litter for 15 minutes, when they have become browned and mu5t be boiled for anotlier half hour in the .same bath after the addition of sal-ammoniac. The more of this is added tlie deeper will be the shade. Bismarck Brown for pteing. — Mix together 1 lb. Bismarck, 3 gaLs. water, and | lb. sulphuric acid. This paste dissolves easily ia not water and may be used directly for dyeing. A liquid dye may be prejiared by maldng the bidk of tlie above mrrture, to 2 gals, with alcohol. To dye with the above mixture, sour with sulphuric acid ; add a quantity of sulphate of soda, unmerse the wool, and add the color by small portions, keej^ing the temperature under 212° Fah. Very interesting shades may be developed by combining the color with indigo paste or picric acid. To Dte Wool with Aniline Green. — For wool, prepare two baths, one containing the dissolved dye and a quantity of carbonate of soda or borax. In this the wool is" placed, and the temperature is raised to 212^ Fall, A greyisb greeu is produced, trbicb moet bt 142 CTX5S A>r) BLEACHZR8* TKCEIPXi. brightened and fixed in a second bath of -rrater 100« F.itv., tn trhirb Eome aoetic acid has been added. Cotton req aires prepdrBlion by ■amac. AxiLi>-B BLrE. — To 100 lbs. of fabric dL«,«olve li lbs. aniline bine In 3 qts. hot alcohol ; rtrain through a filter and add it to a bath of 130° Fah. ; aho 10 lb««. glauber salts, and 5 lbs. acetic acid. Enter the goods and handle them well for 20 miuates ; next heat it pIowIt to 200° Fah. ; then add 5 lbs. sulphuric acid diluted with water. Let the whole boil 20 minutes longer ; then rinse and dry. If the aniline be added In two or three proix)rtion8 during th« procew ol coloring, it will facilitate the evenness of the color. A>'iLiN*E Red. — Enclose the aniline in a small mualin bag; have a kettle (tin or brass) filled with moderately hot water and rub the sul>- rtance out Then immerse the goods to be colored, and in a short ti.Tje they are done. It improves the col.ir to wring the goods out of ptrocg soap suds before putting them in the dye. This is a permanent color on wool or silk. Akilixb Violet axd PrEPi.E. — Acidulate the bath by sulphuric add, or use sulphate of soda ; both these substances render the shade bhiishL Dye at 212° Fah. To give a fair middle shade to 10 lbs. of wool^ a quantity of solution equal to ^ to | ozs. of the solid dye will be required. The color of tlie dy wi fabric is improved by washing in soap anawater,and tlien passing" through a batli soured by sulphuric acid, AxiLtxB Black fuk Dyeixo. — Water 20 to 30 parte, chlorate of jotassa 1 part ; sal-ammoniac 1 ivnrt ; chloride of copi>er 1 part ; aniline hydrochloric acid, of each 1 part previously mixed together. It is essential that the preparation should oe acid, and the more acid it is the more rapid will be the production of the blacks ; if too much 60, it mav injure the fabric. Kew iloaDA>-T FOR .iV>TLnrB Color.". — ^Immersie the goods for some hours in a bath of cold water m which chloride or acetate of zinc has been dissolved until t!ie solution shows 2° Baume ; for the vool the mordanting bath should be at a boiling heat and the goods should also be placed in a warm bath of tannin, 90° Fah., for half an honr. In dyeing, a hot solution of the color must be used to which ehould be added, in the case of the cotton, so'.ne chloride of tine, and, in the case of the wool, a certiin amount of tannin solution. To Dtb Anixjxe Yellow. — This color is shghtly soluble in water, and for dyers' use may be lused dirt< tly for the preparation of the bath dye, but is be?t used by dissoh-ing 1 lb. of dye in 2 gals, alcohol. Temperature of bath should be under 200° Fai The coloi is much improved and brifrhtened by a trace of sulphuric acid. To Dye with .4.lkali Blue axd Nichoi^ox's Blck. — Dissolve 1 lb. of the dye in 10 gals, boiling water, add this by suuill portions to ihe dye bath, which should be rendered alkaline by borax. The fabric' should be well worked alx>i;t between e.ich addition of the color. The temperature must be kept under 212<= Fah. To develop the color, wash with water and pa^ through a batb containing sol* phuric acid. AyiLiXE Beowx Dtb. — Dissolve 1 lb. of the brown in 2 gals, of spirit, gpeoific gravity 8200, add a sufficient quantity to the dye tath, and Immerse the fabric. Wool posseaaea a rery ttrong afBoitj fot ttufl color and ao mordant ia requued. DTER8 AA*D BLEACHEES' BCCElfTS. 148 To Extract Oil SrpTs fkom FrNTSEin? Goor>s, — Satorat* tnegwj* with benzine, then place two pieces of very soft blotting paper under and two upon it, press well with a hot iron, and the grease will be absorbed. To PRESEETE GoODS ASJ> CLOTHrKG FBOM MXLDEW. — AlUIU, 2 IbS., dissolved in 60 lbs. water; blue vitriol, 2 lbs., dissolved in 8 lbs. oi' TTQter ; to which is added pelatiue 1 lb., dissolved iu 30 lbs. of water ; acetate of lead, ^ lb. dissolved ta 30 lbs. of water. The solutions are all hot, and separately mixed, with the exception of th« vitriol, which is added. To Bleach Fe.*.thee.s. — Place the feathers from 3 to 4 hours in a tepid dilute solution of bi-chromate of potiissa, to which, cantionaly, some nitric acid has been added (a smaU quantity only). To remove a greenish hue induced by this solution, place them m a dilute so- lution of sulphuric acid,' in water, whereby the feathers become perfectly white and bleached. To Ci-EAX Stkaw BoyxETS. — First, brush them with soap and water, then with a solution of oxalic acid. Cbimsox. — For 1 lb. of sil!:. aliun, 3 oz. ; dip at hand-heat, 1 hour; take out and drain, while making a new dye, by I oiling, 10 minutes, cochineal. 3 oz. ; brused nut-galls, 2 o?.. ; and cream of t^irtar, ^ oz., in one pail of water; when a litSe cool, begin to dij), raising the heat to a boil, continuuig, to dip 1 hour ; wa.sh, and dry. Ci>'>'AMON OK Browx on Cotton axdSiiIk. — Give the goods as much color, from a solution of blue vitriol, 2 oz., to water, one gaL, as it will take ap in dipping 15 minutes ; then nm it tlirough lime-water; this will make a beautiful sky-blue of much durabihty; it has now to be run through a solution of prusslate of potash, l*oz., to water, Igal. ANiLrNT: Black on Silk or Cotton.— "Water, 20 to 30 parts, clilorate of potiissa, 1 part; eal-ammoniac, Ipait; chloride of copper, 1 I'art; aniline, 1 part; and hydrocloric, i pjirt; previously mixed together. The fabric or yam is'dried in ageing rooms at a low tem- perature for 24 hours, and washed afterwards. To Color Straw Hato or Bonnets a BEArriFTX Slate. — First, soak t e bonnet in rather strong warm guds for 15 minutes to remove sizing or stiff oniijg; then rinse in warm water, to get out the foap; now scald cudbear, 1 02.^ in snfflcierrivater to cover the hat or bonnet; work the bonnet in tlus dye, at 180° of heat, until vou get a li^'ht-purple, now have a bucket of cold-water, blued with tfie extract of indigo, i oz., and work or stir the bonnet in this, until the tint pleases; dry, then rinse out \ BLEACHrUS' -RPICEIPTS. To Cle-VX Fnas. — ^For dnrk fnr?; warji n quantity of new bran in a pan, tildng care that it doea not burn, to prevent ■vrhicli it must be briskly stirred. When well warmed rub it thoroughly into the fur with tiie hand. Repeat this two or three times, then shake the fur, and give it another sharp brushing until free from dust For white furs; Lay them on a table, and rub well with bran made moist with w;inn water, rub until quite dry, and afterwards with drj'bran. The wet bran should be put on with flannel, then dry with book muslin. Light furs, in addition to the above, should be well rubbed with mag- nesia or a piece of book muslin, alter the bran process, against the way of the fur. WASHING FLriD.— Take 1 lb. sal soda, ^ lb. good stone lime, and 5 qta. of water; boil a ^oit time, let it settle, and pour off the clear fluid into a stone jug, and cork for use; eoak yonr white clothes over night in simple water, wring out and soap wristbands, collars, and dirty or Ftiiued place? ; have your boiler half filled with water just beginning to bcU, thi^n put in one comsnon teacupful of fluid, stir and put ia your clotlies, and boil for ball anhour, tlieu rublightly through one sud^ onhj, and all is complete. Chip ob Str.\w H.\T3 ok Bo>-n'et3 may be dyed black by boiling them three or f(>ur hoars in a strong liquor of logW(X>d, adding a Uttie copperas occa-sionally. Let the bonnets remain in the liquor all niglit ; then take out to diy in the air. If the black is not satisfactory, dye again after drying. Kisb inside and out with a sponge moistened in fine OH; then block. R d D^i". — BoU ground Brazil-wood in a ley of pofcLsh, and boil your straw hats, &c., in it Blue Dye. — Take a suffi- cient quantity of potash ley, 1 lb. of litmtis or lacmus, ground ; make a decoction and then put in the straw, and boil it DvEs FOK Hats. — Tlie ordinary bath for dyeing liats, employed by the London mau-afactui-es, consists, for twelve dozen, of 14-1 lbs. of logwood; 12 lbs. of green sulphate of iron or copperas; 7^ lbs. verdi- gris. The logwood having been introfUiced into the copyier, and digested for some time, the copperas and verdigris are added in suc- cessive quantities, and in the above proportions, along with every successive two or three dozens of hats suspended upon the dripping machine. Each set of hats, after being exix>se-l to the bath wil.i occasional airings daring fij'.ty minutes, is taken oil the pess. and laid out uixin the ground to be mure completely bkvckened by the I'Crosy- dizement of the iron with t'.;e atmospheric oxj'gen. In three or four hours, the dyeing is completed. When fuUy'dyed, the hats are well ■washed in running water. Waterpboof Stiffexixg for Hats.— Mix IS lbs. of shellac vrith 1^ lb. of salt of tartar ( carbonate of potash ), and b\ gals, water. These materiab are to be pot in a kettle, and made to boil gradually till the lac is dissolved, when the liquid will become as clear as water, without any scum upon the top, and if left to cool, will have a thin crust npon the surface, of whitish cast, mixed with the light impuri- ties of the gum. 'WTien this sldn is taken off, the bat body is to be dipped into the mixture in a cold sfcite, so as to absorb as much as possible of it; or it may be applied witii a brush or sponge. The hat body, being thus sti:Tened,may stand tul it becomes dry, or nearlyso ; and after it has been bru.«hed, it must beimmersed in very dilute sulphuric or acetic add, in order to neutralize the potash, and cause the ehellaa DTEES AXD BLEACHERS* RECEIPTS, 145 lo set. If the hata are not to be napped immediately, they may be thrown iiito a cistern of pure water, and taken out as Vanted. Method of BLEACHrNG Stk.a.w. — Dip tiie straw in a solution of oxygenated muriatic acid, saturated with potat^h. (Oxygennted muriate of lime is much cheaper). The straw is thus rendered very ■white, and its flexibility is increased. BiJLiCHiXG Straw Goods. — Straw is bleached by simply exposing it in a closed chambei: to the fumes of burning sulphur, an old flour tfirrel is the apparatus most used for tlie purpase by miliiners, a fi.it Btoue beins Liid on the groimd, the sulphur IjjT.itcd thereon, and tlie baiTcl contiiluing the goods to be bleached turned over it. The goods should be previously washed in pure water. VAKK7PH roR y.u)ED Ec^BEE GooDS. — Elaje. Take of verdigris and verditer, of each 1 oz. ; gum water, 1 pt. ; mix them well and dip the feathers, they having been first soaked in hot water, into the said mixture. For Purple, use lake and indigo. For Car- nation, vermilion and smalt. Tliin gum or starch water should bo nsed in dying feathers. Colors for Artificial Flowers.— The French employ velvety fine cambric and kid for the petals, and tafeia for the leaves. Very recently thin plates of bleached whalebone have been used for soma portions of the artificial flowei-s. Colors and Stains. Blue. — Indigo dissolved in oil of vitriol, and the acid partly neutralized with salt of tarfcir or whiting. Green. — A solution of distilled verdigris. Lilac. — Liquid archil. lied. — Carmine dissolved in a solution of salt of tar- tar, or in spirits of hartshorn. Violet. — Liquid archil mixed with a little salt of tartar. Ydlov;. — Tincture of turmeric. The colors ara generally applied with the fingers. Black Yarxish for Chip A^^^ Straw IL\ts. — ^Best alcohol, *oz. ; pulverized black sealing-wax, 1 oz. ; ]iut tliem into a phial, and put the phial mto a warm pLice, stin-ing or shaking occasionally imtil the wax is dissolved. Ap]ily it wlien Avarm before the fire or in the sun. Thi^ makes a beautiful gloss. EA.SY Method of ruEA-ENTixf; Moths i>: Fcrs or 'W"oollex3. — Sprintle the f oia or wooUen stuffs, as well as the drawers or boxoa Jfl 146 DTEBS AND BLEACHERS' EECEIPTa. lb which they are kept, with spirits of turpentine, the unpleasaat Bcent of ■wliich ■will gpeedily evaporate on exposure of the ttuilg to the air. Some j^rsous place sheets of ]viper moistened with spirits of turpentine, o\ er, mider, or l>etween pieces of cloth, &c., and find it a very oCectiial metliod. M;uiy vroolien drainers put bits of cam- phor, tlie size of a nutmeg, in jxipers, on different parts of the shelves m their shops, and as they brush their cloths every two, three or four months, this keeps them free from motlis : ajid this should be done in boxes where the furs, &c., are put A tillow cand> is frequr.ntly put within each muff when laid by. Snuif or pepper is very good. Cl-othing Rexovatob. — Soft water, 1 gal. ; miate a strong decoc- tion of logwood by L-oiling the exti-act with the water. Strain, when cool, add 2 os. guru arable in powder ; bottle, cork well, and set aside for use ; clean the co^^t well from grease and dirt, and apply the above liquid Avith a pixinge evenly. Dilute to suit the color, and bang in the shade to dry ; afterwards brush the nap smooth, and it will look like new. WATEKriiooF FOE PoBOCs Cloth.— Dissoive 2* lbs. alum in 4 gals, water ; dissolve abo in a separate vessel the "same weight of acetate of lead iu the eame quantity of water, ^^1len both ai-e well dissolved, mix the solutions together ; and, when the sulphate of lead resulting from this raixtare has been preooL!ful ; shaving soap in shavings, 1 oz. ; Tniy altogether ; dissolve the soap well, and any grea.se or dirt that cannot be removed with tliis prepjiration, notlaing else need be tried for it. Waterproofing fob Clothing. — Boiled oil, 15 lbs. ; bees-wax, 1 lb. ; ground litharge, 13 lbs. ; mix and apply with a brush to the article, previously stietched again.-t a wall or a' table, previously well washing and drying e^vch article before iipplyiug the composition. To Eentew Old Sxlks. — Unravel and put them in a tub, cover them with cold water, let them remain one hour ; dip them up and down, but do nut wring ; han» up to drain, and iron while very damp, and they will look beautunL DvES FOR FrEs. — For Unci; use the nair dye described in these receipts. Bmrn, use tincture of lojrwood. Hcd, ground Brazil- wood, i lb. ; water, 1^ quarts ; cochineal, i oz. ; boil the Biazil-wood in tiie water one hour ; sti'iin and add tlie cochineal ; boU fifteen minutes. Scariet cAor, boil h oz. saffron iu h pint of water, and fiasa over the work before apjihTug the red. BTui, logwood, 7 oz. ; blue vitriol, 1 oz. ; water, 2*^ 02. ; boil. Purple^ log\vood, 11 oz. ; alum, 6 oz. ; water. 29 oz. Gnicn, strong vinegar, 1^ jiints ; best verdigria, 2 oz. ; giound fine ; sap i-Teeu, \ oz. ; mix all t<:>getlier and boLL Potter's In-visible Wateri'ROOfing. — Imbue the cloth on the wrong side with a solution of isinglaj>s. alum, and soap dii^solved in water, formmg an emuL-ion of a milky thiclrness ; apply with a brush, rubbing in well. MTien dry, it is bru.arts. To aveit cold from the feet, wear two pairs of stockings made from different fabrics, one pair of cotton or silk, the other of wool, and the natural heat of the feet will be preserved if the feet are kept clean. In arranging sleeping rooms tlie soimdest aud most refreshing slum- b«c vrill be enjoyed when the hml u towardd the north. Late hoozs 148 HEDICAL DEPAETHEJTT, ETC »nd anxious pureaftg exhanitt vitality, prodndug disease aad pi ttire death. tiier'=: — *■ " '"irs of labour and stadv slioold be short. Tuie abundant e recreation. Ba moitrato in eatii;; and driu'iing, u-iing t . _ ; -;un diet avoiuing etron^ drink, tobacco, gnnfi. Ouidin and e dr ei-e.?-?. Keep the 6>dy v.iiira. the teiny^r ealm. i^iene and vjbv'd : ehon idlenesa ; if yoor hand- cannot be uie- fally eiiir.loved. ahtad t) tae cultivation of voar ciinii For pore healtii ?: 'in;: tresh air, go to tha country. Dr. Stockton Hoogh ns- Eerts tliat ii7>lJ rhe inhabitants of the world -^-e-e lirl'i^ in cine? of tlo majraitade of London, th« hnman rr... " " ' ' ' >. century ort-n^o. Tte mean average of ;. Is 3dl years, -^hils in Xew York and Pi... , . - . about 50 jjer cent, of the deaths in these citi^ beiag of cLiivirea un- der five years of a?e. A great percentage of this excessive mortality is caused by bad air and lad food. To AFCERTAiir THE State OF THE LiTscsa — I>raw in as much l)reath as you conveniently can, then count as lon^ &s possible in a slow and audible voice without drawing in more breath. The number of seconds muit be carefully noted. In a consumptive the time doe« not exceed 10, and is frequently less than 6 seconds ; in pleurisy and pneumonia it ranges from 9 to 4 seconds. When the lungs are sound the time will range as high as from 20 to So seconds. To exi^ind the lungs, go into the air. stvad erect, throw back the head and shoulders, and draw iu the air through the nostrils as much as jKhssible. After having then filled the lungs, raise vour arms, still extended, and suck in the air. When you have thus forced the arms backward, with the chest open, change the process br which you draw in your lareath, till the lungs are em] 'tied- Go ^irongh Cie jjrocess several times a day, and it will enlarge the chest, give the lungs better play, and serve very much to ward off consumption. Remedy fob XcfKAiyGtA. — ^Ilypophosphite of soda taken in 1 dram doses 3 times p^r day in beef tea is a good remedy for this painful affection. So is the application of braised horse-radish, or the application of oil of peppermint applied lightly with a camel hair pencO. BKiTEDT FOB HEADACHE. — A Parisian physician has published a new remedy for headaches. Ue ui« a niixtare of ice and salt, in propdaon of one to one-half, as a cold mirture, and this he applies Dy means of a little purse of silk gauze, with a rim of gutta percha, to limited spots on the head, when rheumatic headaches are felt It gives Lnstantaneons reliet The application is from A minute to IJ minates, and the s'-rin is rendered white and hard by the applications. To Cure a Cold. — Before retiring soak the feet in mu=tard water ae hot as can be endured, the fe-i't should at first be plunged in a pail Lalf fall of lukewarm water, adding by degrees very hot water until tke desired heat is attained, protecting the body and knees with blankets so to direct tlie vapor from the water as to induce a gcxxl sweat Next, to 2 table spoonfuls of boiling water, add 1 table spoonful of white sasar and 14 drops of strong spirits of camphor. Drink the whole and cuddle in bed under plenty of bedclothes and sleep it ofL Eexedy fok CoxstTXPTiox.— The following is said to be au effectual remedy, and will in time completely cure the disorder. Live temper^ aadr, aToii f»iritaoai loquois^ we^ fiaTingl next the akia, and ta^«^ KXDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 149 erery momlng, half a pint of new mtik, mixed with a wine glassfnl of the expressed j uice of green horehound. One who has tried it says, " Fonr weeks' use of the horehotuid and milk relieved the pains of my breast, gave me ability to breathe deep, long and free, strengthened and harmoniised my voice and restored me to a better state of health, than I had enjoyed for years." Trichina is the term applied to a minute, slender, and transparent worm, scarcely l-20th of an inch in length, which has recently been discovered to exist naturally in the muscles of swine, and is frequently transferred to the human stomach when pork is used as food. Enough of these filthy parasites have been detected in half a pound of pork to engender 30,000,000 more, the females being very prolific, each giv- ing birth to from 60 to 100 yoimg, and dyiiig soon alter. The young thread-like worm at first ranges freely through the stomach and in- testines, remaining for a short time within the lining membrane of the intestines, Civusiug irritation, diarrhoea, and sometimes death, if present in sutficieut numbers. As they become stronger, they begin to penetrate the walls of the intestmesln order to eif ect a lod .r^ent in the voluntary muscles, causing intense muscular pain and severe en- doring cramps, and sometimes tetanic symptons. After 4 weeks migra- tion they encyst themselves permanently on tiie muscular fibre, and begin to secrete a delicate sac which gradually becomes calcareous. In tills torpid state they remain during the person's Ufetime. Remt.dy fob Diphtherta. — The treatment consists in thoroughly frwabhing the back of the month and throat with a wash made thus : Table salt, 2 drams ; black pepper, golden seal, nitrate of potash, alum, 1 dram each ; mix and pulverize ; put into a teacnp half full of water ; stir well, and then fill up with good vinegar. Use every half Lour, one. two, and four hours, as recovery progresses. The patient may swallow a httle each time. Apply 1 oz'. each of spirits turpentine, gweet oil, and aqua-ammonia, mixed, every hour to the wliole of the throat, and to the breast bone every four hours, keeping flannel to the part. Dollowat's OrsTMENT AXD Pit-Ls. — Buttcr, 22 oz. ; beeswax, 3 oz. ; yellow rosin, 3 oz. ; melt ; add vinegar of cantharides, 1 oz. ; evaporate ; and add Canada balsam, 1 oz. ; oil of mace, ^ dram ; balsam of Peru, 15 drops. Pills: Aloes, 4 parts ; myrrh, jalap, and ginger, of eacli 2 p.arts ; mucilage to mix. Aberxetity's PiLi.3. — Each pill contains 2 grains of blue pill and 3 graiiis compound extract of colocynth. Worm Lozenues. — Powdered lump sugar, 10 oz. ; starcn 6 oz. ; mix with mucilage ; and to every ounce add 12 grains calomel ; divide in 20 grain lozenges. Dose, t\vo to six. Soothing Svri"t. — Alcohol, oil of peppermint, castor oil, of each, 1 oz. ; mix ; add oil of anise, ^ dram ; magnesia, 60 grains ; pulve- rized ginger, 40 grains ; water, 2 oz. ; white sugar to form a syrup. Soothing Svrup. — ^Take 1 lb. of honey ; add 2 ta' .lespoonf uls of paregoric, and the same of oil of anise seed ; add enough water to make a thick s>Tup, and bottle. For children teething, dose, tea- •poonful occasionally. Infant's Syhlt. — The symp is made thus : 1 lb. best box raisins ; ^ ounce of ani.«e seed ; two sticks licorice ; split the raisins, pound th» aoibe seed, and cut the liooiice fine ; add to it 3 quarts of rain watAi^ ISO MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. sad boil down to 2 qnarts. Feed three or fonr times a day, as moeh as the child will willingly drink. The raisins strengthen, the aniM expels the wind, and the licorice is a physic Br.vndreth's Pllxs. — Take 2 lbs. of aloes, 1 lb. of eamboge, 4 02. of extract of colocynth, ^ lb. of Castile soap, 3 flnid drams of oil of peppermint, and 1 fluid dram of cinnamon- Mix, and form into piJJs. Davis' Tats Kii-leb liEPBOvzD. — ^Powdered gnaiac 20 lbs. ; cam-> phor, 2 lbs. ; powdered cayenne pepper, 6 lbs. ; caustic liquor of ammonia, 1 lb. ; powdered opium, h lb. ; digest these ingredients in 32 gal.'!, alcohol for two weeks, and filter. Coiu-oirsD SvBUP OF Htpophosphites a>-d Ikox.— Dissolve 25(J grs. each of hypophosphites of soda, lime and potassa, and 136 grs. hypophosphite of irou, in 12 oz. water, by a water bath. Filter and add sufflcieut water to make up for the evaporation. Add 18 ozs. sugar by gentle heat, to make 21 fluid ozs. syrup. Each fluid oz. con- tains 12 grs. each of the hypophosphites of soda, lime and potaasa, and six grs. hypophosphite of iron. Cure for Dec>ke>"nxs.s. — TVarranted a certain Remedy. Confine the patient to his room, furnish him with his favorite liquor of dis- cretion, diluted with § of water, as much wine, beer, coffee and tea as he desires, but containing | of spirit ; all the food — the bread, meat and vegetables steeped in spirit and water. On the fifth day of this treatment he has an extreme dis.gust for spirit, being continually drunk. Keep up this treatment till he no longer desires to eat or drink, and the cure is certain. Fahxestock's TEEinFUGE. — Castiir oil, oil of worm seed, each 1 oz. ; oil anise, J oz. ; tincture myrrh, ^ dram ; oil turpentine, 10 minims. Mix. SwAni's Yermtfuge. — ^Wormseed, 2oz. ; valerian, rhubarb, pink- toot, white agaric, of each 1^ oz. ; boil in sufficient water to yield 3 quarts of decoction ; and add to it 10 drops of oil of tansy and 45 drops of oil of cloves, dissolved in a quart of rectified spirits. Dose, 1 tablespoonf ul at night. Ater 8 Cherry Pectosax. — ^Take 4 grains of acetate of morphia ; 2 fluid drama of tincture of bloodroot ; 3 fluid drams each of anti- monial wine and wine of ipecacuanha, and 3 fluid oz. of syrup of •wild cherry. Mix. Spasms.— Acetate of morphia, 1 gr. spirit of sal volatile, 1 oz. sul- phuric ether, 1 oz. camphor julep, 4 ozs. Mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonful m a glass of cold water, or wine, as required. Keep closely corked, and shake well before using. E.aj3Way'8 Re.vdt Relief. — According to Peckolt, is an ethereal tincture of capsicum, with alcohol and camphor. Radwat's Re>"ovatixg Resolvent. — A vinous tincture of ginger and cardamon. sweetened with gugar. Ayer's S.^jesaparella, — Take 3 flnid ozs. each of alcohol, fluid extracts of sarsparilla and of stillingia ; 2 fluid ozs. each, extract of yellow-dock aud of podophyllin, 1 oz. sugar, 90 grs. iodide of potassium, and 10 grs. iodide of iron. Brown^s Beonchial Troches. — Take 1 lb. of pulverized extract at licorice : 1^ lb. of pulverized sugar ; 4 oz. of pulverized cnbebe ; 4 oz. pulverized gum uabic ; 1 oz. of polveiized extract coniom. Mix. MEDICAL DEPABTMEinr, ETC. 151 BtrssiA Saz-te. — Take equal parts of yellow wax and swoet ofl ; ■lelt slowly, carefully stirriiig ; when cooling, stir in a small quantity of glycerine. Good for all lands of wounds, &c. De>tists' Composition for Filling Decayed Teeth. — Gold, 1 part ; mercury, 8 parts ; incorporated by heating together ; when mixed pour them into cold water. Or, tiufoil and quicksilver ; melt together in a convenient vessel, take a small quantity, knead it in the palm of the hand, and apply quick. Or, mix a little finely-powdered glass with some mineral succedaneum ; apply as usual. Or, take some mineral succedaneum, and add some steel dust. Or, mineral succedaneum mixed with levigated porcelain or china. Or, gypsum, 1 part ; le%-igated porcelain, 1 part ; levigated iron filings, i part ; make into a paste with equal parts of quick-drying copal and mastic varnish. Or, quicksilver, 40 grains ; steel filings, 2<5 grains. Or, sil- ver, 72 parts ; tin, 20 parts ; zinc, 6 parts. Better than any, pore gold, 1 part ; silver, 3 parts ; tin, 2 parts ; melt the first two, add the tin, reduce all to a fine powder, use with an equal quantity of pure mercury. Gutta-percha, softened by heat, is recommended. Dr. Rollfs ad- vises melting a piece of caou^houc at the end of a wire, and intro- ducing it wlule warm. Amalgams for tlie teeth are made with gold or silver, and quick- silver, the excess of tiie latter being squeez&d out, and the stiff amal- gam used warm. Inferior kinds are made with quicksilver and tin, or zinc. A popular nostrum of this kind consists of 40 grains of quicksilver and 20 of fiue zinc filings, mixed at the time of using. The following is said to be the most lasting and least objectionable amalgam : Melt 2 pai-ts of tin with 1 of cadmium, run it into an in- got, and reduce it to filings. Form these into a fluid amalgam with mercury, and squeeze out the exce.«s of mercury through leather. "Work up the solid residue in tlie hand, and press it into the tooth. Another cement consists of about 73 parti of silver, 21 of tin, and 6 of zinc, amalgamated with quicksilver. Beyond aU doubt, gold foil is the best filUug in use. Poudre Metallique. — The article sold under this name in Paris api^ears to be an amalgam of silver, me -cury, and ammonium, with an excess of mercury, which is pressed out before using it. To Extract Teeth with little or no Pain. — Tincture of aco- nite, chloroform, and alcohol, of each 1 oz. ; mix ; moisten two pled- gets of cotton with the liquid, and apply to the gums on each side of toe tooth to be extracted, holding them in their place with pliers or other instruments for from five to ten minutes, rubbing the gum free- ly inside and out. Tooth Wash — To Remove Blackn-ess. — ^Pnre muriatic acid, 1 oz. ; ■water, 1 oz. ; honey, 2 oz. ; mix. Take a tooth-brush, and wet it freely with this preparation, and briskly rub the black teeth, and in SI moment's time tney will be perfectly white ; then immediately wash out the mouth with water, that the acid may not act upon the enamel of the teeth. Dentists' Nerve Paste. — Arsenic, 1 part; rose pink, 2 parts. To destroy the ner\-e, apply this prejiaration on a pledget of cotton, pr©« vionsly moistened with'creosote, to the cavity of the tooth, let it re- main 4 hours, then wash out thoroughly with water. Another.-* 152 UEDICAI. DXPABTXENT, ETC Arsenons add, 30 grs, ; acetate of morphia, 20 grs. ; creosote, q. g. faf paste. ^lix. Alloys FOR DEXTTST'sMorLDSAiTD Dies. — L Tin, very Tuxrd. — ^Hn, 16 parts; antimony, 1 ixxrt; zinc, 1 part; 2. Tin, softer than the lasL Tin, 8 parts; tine." 1 ixirt; antimony, 1 part; 3. Copper Alloi/, very hard. — Tin, 12 parts; antimony, 2 parts; o.^pper, 1 part; 4. Cadmium Alloy, about the hardness of ziru:. — ^Tin, 10 parts ; antimony, 1 part; cadmiom, 1 part. De>tists' Ejiery TThzixs. — ^Emery, 4 lbs. ; shellac, \ lb. ; melt the shellac over a slow firo ; etir in the "emery, and pour into a mould of plaster of Pari.**, ^\'hen cold it is ready for use. Base for Artificial Teeth. — Pkoportioxs. — India-mbber, 1 lb. ; sulphur, \ lb. ; vermillion, 1 lb. 4 oz. Nitrous Ox^ide, or L.A.rr,Hixr, Gas. — Take two or three ounces of nitrate of ammonia in crysfils and put it into a retort, taking cara that the heat does not exceed 50lP ; when the crystals besin to melt, the pas will be produced in considerable quantities. The gas may also be procured, though not so pure, by pouring nitric acid, diluted with five^r six times its weight of water, on copper filings or small pieces of tin. The pas is given out till the acid begins to turn brown ; the process mu.-t then be stopped To Ln-hale the Laughing Ga<5. — ^Procure an oiled or varnished eilk bag, or a bladder, f umi.elled then'pour iuto mooldii. Thij ftabsaiace must be kept from the lij^lit HEDICAL DEPASTMENT, ETO. 153 Ci.rFFORD'8 Shampoo Compotxm). — Mix borax | lb. with salta tar lar 4 lb. aud dissolve 1 oz. of the mixture in 1 pt water. Clifford's Hajr Dye. — No 1. Pyrogallic acid 1 oz. ; water 1 ql- No 2. Nitrate of silver 1 oz. ; water 4 ozs. ; ammonia 1 oz. Keep TOUT materials free from grease, cool, and in the dark. Apply each No. alternately to the hair, first cleaning the hair well. Bay Rum. — French proof spirit 1 gaL ext. Bay 6 ozs. Mix and color Tritli caramel, needs no filtering. Hair iNvnooRAXOR. — Bay rum, 2 pints; alcohol, 1 pint; cavStor oil, 1 oz. ; carb. ammonia, ^ oz. ; tincture of cantharides, 1 oz. Mix tliem well. This compound will promote the growth of the hair, and prevent it from falling out Razor-Strop Paste. — Wet the strop with a little sweet oil, and apply a little flour of emery evenly over'the surface. Oil of Roses. — Olive oil, 1 lb. ; otto of rose.-^, 50 drops ; oil of Tosemary, 25 drops; mix. Another, roses (hardly opened) 12 oz.; olive oil, 10 oz., beat them together in a mortar ; let them remaia lor a few days, then express the oiL Balm of Beauty. — Pure soft water, 1 qt ; pulverized Castila «oap, 4 oz. ; emulsion of bitter almonds, 6 oz. ; rose and oranga flower wr.ter, of each, 8 oz. ; tincture of benzoin, 2 drs. ; borax, 1 dr. ; add 5 grs. bichloride of mercury to every 8 oz. of the mix- ture. To use, apply on a cotton or linen cloth to the face, &c. Oriental Cold Cream. — Oil of almonds, 4 oz. ; white wax and epermaceti, of each, 2 drs. ; melt, and add rose water, 4 oz. ; oiaugo flower water, 1 oz. ; iispd to soften the skir, apply as the liist. Shavog Cre.am. — AVliite wax, spermaceti, almond and oil, of each i oz. : melt, and while warm, beat in 2 squares of Windsor 6oap previously reduced to a paste with rose water. Circassian Cream. — Take 2 ounces of perfectly fresh suet, either mutton or venison ; 3 ounces of olive oil ; 1 oz. gum benzolne in I)owder, and J oz. of alkanet root. Put the whole into a jam jar, which, if without a lid, must be tied over with a bladder, and place the jar in a sauce i)an containing boiling water, at the side of the fire. Digest lor a whole day, then strain away all that is fluid through fine muslin, and stir till nearly cold. Add, say 1 dram of essence of almonds, roses, bergamot or any other perfume desired. Freckle Cure. — Take 2 oz. lemon juice, or half a dram of powdered borax, and one dram of sugar ; mix together, and let them stand in a glass bottle for a few days, then rub on the face occasionally. Yankee Shaving Soap. — Take 3 lbs. white bar soap ; 1 lb. Castilo soap; 1 quart rain water; ^ pt. beef's gall; 1 gill spirits of turpen- tine. Cut the soap into thm slices, and boil five minutes after the «oap is dissolved, stir while boiling ; scent with oil of rose or almonds. If wished to color it, use ^ oz vermilion. Bloom of Youth. — Boil 1 oimce of Brazil wood in 3 pints of water for 15 minutes ; strain. Add | oz. isinglass, J oz. coclu- neal, 1 oz. alum, ^ oz. borax. Dissolve by heat, and strain. CoLOONE Water. — Oils of rosemary aud lemon, of each J oz.; oils of bergamot and lavender, each | oz. ; oil cinnamon, 8 drops ; oils of cloves and rose, each 15 drops ; wst deodorized alcohol, 2 qts.; shake two or three times per day for a week. 154 MEDICAL DZPABTITEXT, ETC. We propose to give the formula for the foUowing preparation^ end shall commence with what is said to be Bogle's Hyteriox Flctd. — To 8 oz. of 90 or 95 per cent alcohol, colored red with alkanet, add 1 oz. of castor oil : perfume with genmiam and verbena. Lyox's Kath-vikox. — To 8 oz. of 80 per cent alcohol, colored yellow by a few drops extract of annatto, add 2 oz. castor oil, and perfume 'with a little bergamot Phalon-'s Haik RESTORAxn-E. — TpSoz. of 90 percent alcohol, colored by a few drops tincture of alkanet root, add 1 oz. of cas* tor oil, and perfume with a compound of bergamot, neroli, verbena, and omnse. Mas. Allex's. — To 16 oz. of rose water, diluted with an equal pr.rt of salt water, add i oz. of stdphur and ^ oz. of sugar of lead ; let the compound gt;uid"five days before using. Batchelor's Hair-Dte. — Xo. 1. To 1 oz. of pyro-jrallic acid, dis- jiolved in 1 oz. alcohol, add 1 qt. of soft water. No. 2. To 1 oz. nitrata of sOver, dissolved in 1 oz. of concentrated ammonia, add 4 oz. of fof t water. Apply each Xo. alternately, with separate brashes, to th& hair. Christadoro's ILub-Dte. — ^Xo. 1. To 1 oz. of pyro-gallic acid, dis- solved in 1 oz. alcohol, add 1 qt soft water. JJo! 2. To 1 oz. crys- tallized nitrate of silver, dissolved ia 1 oz. concentrated aqua- ammonia and 1 oz. soft water, add ^ oz. gum arable and 3 oz. soft water. Keep covered from the light Phalox'3 IxsT.AJN-r.Ajr.Tors II.CLn-Dn:. — Xo. 1. To 1. oz. pyro- gnllic acid, and i oz. of tiunia, dissolved in 2 oz. of alcohol, add i qt of soft water. No. 2. To 1 oz. crystallized nitrate of silver, dissolved in 1 oz. concentr.'.fed aqua-ammonia, add 1 oz. gtmi arable, and 14 o£. soft water. Keep in tlie dark. ILvRRisox's. — No. 1. To 1 oz. pyro-gallic acid, 1 oz. of tannia dis- solved in 2 oz. r.lcohol, add 1 qt soft water. No. 2. To 1 oz. crys^ tallized nitrate of silver, dissolved in 1 oz. of concentrated aqua- ammonki, add 5 oz. soft water and J oz. gum arable. No. 3. 1 oz. hydro-sulphate of potassa, dissolved in 1 qt. of soft water. This last ingredient is intended to produce a deep black color if th© others should f.ail. Keep away from the light . Phalox's (Oxe PRErAR.A.Tibx. ) — To 1 oz. crystallized nitrate ol silver, dissolved in 2 oz. of aqua-ammonLi, add 5 oz. soft water. This is not an instantaneous dye ; but after ex]X)sure to the light and air, a d-irk color is jiroduced upon the surface to which it is applied. Remember to remove ail grease, &c, , from the hair before applying these dyes. Professor "Wood's. — To 8 oz. vinegar, diluted with an equal X>art of soft water, add 2 drs. sulphur, and 2 drs. sugar of lead Alpix'e H-kir-Balm. — To 16 oz. of soft water add 8 oz. of alcohol and i oz. spirit* turpentine, J oz. sulphur, and J oz. sugar of lead Gltcerixe Preparatiox. — New rum, 1 qt ; concentrated spirits of ammonia, 15 drops ; glycerine oil, 1 oz. ; lac sulphur, 5h drs. ; sugar of lead, 5^ drs. ; put the liquor into a bottle, add the anunonia, then the other components. Shake the compound occasionally for lour or five days. (^YSTAT.i.Tyj HnwAiir — Oil of almonds, 8 oz. ; epeim&ceti, 1 os. ; MEDICAL DEPAHTilENT, ETC. 155 ■leh together. When a little cooled, add J oz. or less of essence of b«gamot or other perfume ; put into wide^moutbed bottles, and let it stand till cold. Camphorated crystalline cream may be made by using campbornted oil (L. Camphorce,) instead of oil of almonds. Macassar Oil. — Olive oil, 1 qt. ; alcohol, 2^ oz. ; rose oil, 1^ oz. ; then tie 1 oz. of cbim^ed alkanet root in a muslin bag, and put it iu the oil, let it alone for some days till it turns the color of a pretty red, then remove to other oils. Do not press it. Ox Marrow. — Melt 4 oz. ox fcillow ; white wax, 1 oz. ; fresh lard, 6 oz. ; when cold, add 1.^ oz. oil of ber^^iaot. Bkars' Oil. — Use good sweet lard oil, 1 qt. ; oil bergamot, 1^ oz. Extract of PATCHorxr. — ML'^lJoz. otU:rof Patchouli, and Joz. otto of rose, with 1 gnl. rectified spirits. Sea Foa:m for Bartsers. — Alcohol, 4 oz. ; castor oil, 1 oz. ; am- monia, \ oz. ; water, 1 pt. Dissolve the castor oil and ammonia in the alcohol, then add the alcohol mixture to the water. pYRon.\LLic Hair Dve. — Pyrogallic acid, \ oz. ; dissolve it in hot distilled water 1^ oz. ; when the solution cools add gradually rectified spirit, i fluid oz. ri>"E'SnA.-MPOO LTQrrD. — Dissolve ?f oz. carb. of ammonia and 1 oz, of borax in 1 qt. water, then add 2 oz. glycerine, 3 qts. of New Eng- land mm, andlqt. of bay mm; moisten the hairvrith this liquor, shampoo witli the hands until a elight lather in formed, then wash off with clean water. Barber's SH.viiPoo Mixture. — Soft water, Ipt. ; sal soda, 1 oz.; cream tartar, J oz. Apply thorouglily to the hair. Cheap Bay Rc-jl — Saturate a'^i lb. block of carb. of magnesia with oil of Bay ; pulverize the magnesia, place it in a filter, and pour water through it imtil the desired quantity is obtained, then add alcohol. The quantity of water and alcohol employed depends on the desired .strength alid quantity of the Bay rum. Another — Oil of Bay, 10 Hiiid dr.^; oil of pimento, 1 fluid dr. ; acetic ether, 2 fluid drs. ; alcohol 3 gals. ; water, 2 J gals. Mix, and after 2 weeks' repose, filter. Liquid forForci>-g the Beard. — Cologne, 2oz. ; liquid hartshorn, 1 dr. ; tinct. cantharides, 2 drs. ; oil rosemary, 12 drops ; lavender, 12 drops. Apply to the face daily and await results. Said to bo rehable. CoL"KT Plaster. — Bmsh silk over with a solution of isinglass, in epirits or warm water, dry and repeat several timesw For the last application apply several coats of balsam of Peru. Used to close cuts or wounds, by warming it and applying. It does not wash. ©£E until the skin partially heals. Balm of a Thousaxd Flowers. — Deodorized alcohol, Ipt ; nice white bar soap, 4 oz. ; shave the soap when put in, stand in a warm place till dissolved ; then add oil of citronella, 1 dr., and oils of neroli and rosemary, of each ^ dr. New York Bakef,rs' Star Hair OrL.— Caster oil6i pts. ; alcohol, 1\ pts. ; citronella and lavender oil, each ^ oz. Fraxgipanxi. — Spirits, 1 gal. ; oil bergamot, 1 oz. : oil of lemon, 1 oz. ; macerate for 4 days, frequently shaking ; then add water, 1 gal. ; orange-flower water, 1 pint, essence of vanilla, 2 or. Mix. Jockey Club.— Spiiita of wine, 6 gaL ; orange-flower water, 1 156 ICEDICAL DEPAB-ntENT, ETO. fal. ; balsam of Pern, 4 or. ; essence of bergamot, 8 ox. ; of mti*k, 8 oz. ; essence of cloves, 4 oz. ; essence of neroli, 2 ol. Ladies' Ow>-. — Spirits of wine, 1 gnL ; otto of roses, 20 drops ; essence of thvnie, i oz. ; essence of neroli, ^ oz. ; essence of vanula, •J oz. ; essence of bergamot, ^ oz. ; orange-flower water, 6 oa. Kiss mb Quick. — Spirit, 1 gaL ; essence of thyme, j oz. ; essence of orange-flowers, 2 oz. ; essence neroli, ^ oz. ; otto of roses, 30 drops; essence of jasmine, 1 oz. ; essence of balm mint ^ oz. ; petals of roses. 4 oz. ; oil lemon, 20 drops ; calorus aromaticus, ^ oz. ; essence neroli, j oz. Mix and strain. Uppeb Tex. — Spirits of wine, 4 qts. ; essfriice of cedrat, 2 drs. ; essence of violets, i oz. ; essence of neroli, ^ oz. ; otto of roses, 20 drops ; orange-flower essence, 1 oz, ; oil of iosemary, SO drops ; oik bergamot and neroli, each i oz. LsDiA CHOU\tK)GrE. — Quinine, 20 grs. ; temvian bark, pulverized, 1 oz. ; sulphuric acid, 15 drops, or 1 scruple of tirtaric acid is best ; brandy, I'gill ; water to make one pint ; dose, 5 teaspooniuls every 2 hours, In the alienee of fever ; an excellent remedy. FEBRiFrr.E V.'iXE. — Quinine, 2o grs. ; water, 1 pint ; snl{)hnric add, 15 drops ; ey)Som salts, 2 oz. ; co]'">t with tincture of red sanders. Dose, a wine glass 3 times per day. This i3 a world-renowned med- icine. B-Uikell's In'diax LixniEXT. — ^Alcohol, 1 qt. ; tincture of cap- sicum, 1 oz. ; oil of origanum, sassafras, pennyroyal, and hemlock, of each i oz. Mix. ' God Liver Oil, a^nsuallyprepared, is nothing more orlessthnn cod oQ clarific-d, by which process it is in fai.^ deprived in a great niea.sure of its virtiire. Cor- tion of the stearine, itis subjected to refrigerating mixtures in the enmmer, and the incongeaJable portion is drawn oS and placed in bottles. Pakegoric. — Best opium, ^ dr. ; dissolve in about 2 tablespoonfuls of boiling water ; tlicn add benzoic acid ^ dr. ; oil of anise, h a fluid dr. ; clarified honey, 1 oz. ; camphor gum, 1 scruple; alcohol, 76 per cent, 11 fluid Of. ; distilled water, 4 fluid oz. ; macerate (keep warm) for two weeks. Dose for children, 5 to 20 drops; adcdts ; 1 to 2 tea- gpoonfuls, CiocGH SYBtTP. — ^Put 1 qt horehonnd tea, 1 qt of water, and boil it QDwn to 1 pt. ; add 2 or 3 sticks licorice ; 2 oz. syrup of squills, and a tablespoonful essence of lemon. Take a tablespoonf ul 3 times a day or as the cough requires. Cough S^urp. — Syrup of sqniUs, 2 oz. ; tartarized antimony, 8 grs. ; sulphate of morphine, 5 grs. ; pulverized arable. J oz. ; honey, 1 oz. ; water, 1 oz. ; nux. Dose for an adult, 1 small teaspoonful; re- peat in half an hour if it does not relieve : tiuld in proportion. Vegbtable Scbstitcte fob CAi.o>fKT.. — Jalap, 1 oz. senna, 2 oz. : MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 15? peppermint, 1 oz. (a little cinnamon if desired), all pulverized and sit ted through gauze. Dose, 1 teaspoonfui put in a cup with 2 or 3 spoonfuls of hot water, and a good lump of white sugar ; when cool, ozs. , or 3 lbs. 14 ozs. , with at least an equal weight of water in addition daily. The same authority indicates as healthy proixjrtious. of albumi- nous matter 4.587 ozs., fattv matter 2.9(54. carbo-hydrate 14.250, salts 1.058, total 22.859 ozs., for daily ur-e. This quantity of food will vary greatly in the requirements of individuals engaged in sedentary employments, or of persons with weak coustitutioas or impaired digestion, as also whether employed in tlie open air or within doors much also, depending on the temperature. Preference should be given to the food which most readily yields the materials required by nature iu the formation of the human frame. Beef contiins about4 lbs. of such minerals in every KX) lbs. Dried e.xtract of beef con- tains 21 lbs. in each 100 lbs. Bread made from unbolted wheat flour is also very rich iu such eleraetits. much more so than superfine flour ; hence the common use of Graham bread for dys',>epsia and other ailments. The analysis of Liei; ig, Johnston, and others give in 100 parts, the following' proportions of nutritious elements, viz., Indian com, 12.30 barley 14.C0, wheat 14,06, oat.-; 10.91. A fish diet is well adapted to sustain intellectual, or brain labor. "What is required may be best known from- the fact that a human body "weighing 154 lbs., coutaius, on a rough estimate, of water 14 gals, (consisting of oxygen 111 lbs., of hydrogen 14 lbs.), carbon 21 lbs., nitrogen 3 lbs. 8 ozs., calcicum 2 lbs., sodium 2i ozs.. pho.<^horus Ij lbs., ix)ta5siuni ^ oz. sulphur 2 ozs. 219 grs., fluorine 2 ozs., chlorino 2 ozs. 47 grs., iron 100 grs., magnesium 12 grs., silicon 2 grs. Aiter death, the human body is by gradual decay, slowly re.-olved into these its component parts, which elements are again used in the complex and wonderful laboratory of nature, to vi\ ify tlie countless ibrms of vegetable life. These in their turn fulfil their appointed law by yielding up their substance for theformation of other bodies. What a suggestive comment on mortal ambition to witness the present inhabitants of Egypt engaged in wliat they consider the lucrative commerce of quarr\"ing out the bones of the'ancient inliab- itants from the catacombs where they have been entombed for thou- sands of years and transporting them liy the ship-load to England, in order to fertilize the crops which are destined to assist iu forming the bone and sinew of the British nation! CcRE FOR SxAKE Bttes. — The Inspector of Police in the Bengal Government ret>orts that of 939 cases in wliicii ammonia was freelf 158 MEDICAL DEPAETMEKT, ETC. administered 207 victims have recovered, and in tlie crired instanees the remedy was not administered till about oh lionrs after the attack, on the average of the fatal cases the corresponding duration of tima w^s 4^ houTS^ Bemzdt Fob Smai-l Pox. — Sulphate of rtnc, 1 gr., foxslove [digitalis.] 1 gr. , sugar i teaspoonful, mix -with 2 teaspoonf uls of water, add 4 oz. of water. Dose 1 spoonful every hour, child in proportion. From experience it is known that nothing' wijl break up this frightful disease sooner than continued and persevering bathing, with the water at a comfortable temperature. Reliable Ssiall Pox Remedt. — Tested. — A child 9 years old was effectually cured of small pox by administering 15 grs. sod:e snlphice dissolved in milk, sweetened, every 3 hours. The entire body was oiled with crude potroleum applied'by hand. Nest mornin? the erup- tion was kiiied and dry; and the disease broken up. To prevent pit- ting with small pox, as soon as the disease is distinguished, apply aa ointment made of lard and charcoal to the face, neck, hands, &c. , and continue imtil all signs of supperative fever has ceased. One case is worthy of notice, being that of a gentleman who sirfferOi terribly for many days with this dreadfcl disea.-^. Everything was done for him that medical skiU could suggest, without giving th© •lightest reliet Finally, as a last resort he was removed from the bed and placed in a warm bath: the transition was so soothing and delightful that he exclaimed. Oh, my God. I thank Thee for this great relief I " In a short time he fell' sound asleep in the bath, and continued in this position for many hours, the water being renewed from time to time to keep np the temperature. The cure proved to be immedinte and permanent Nothing is so conducive to health of body, and tjie eradic-ation of di^^ease therefrom, as the u-.tellijeut use of pure water. Sir Astley Cooper, being complimeured on ona occasion for his great skill, remarked, that he had " made mistakes enough to fll a graveyard," but it is scarcely x>oss;ble to make a mis- take with water, as no diseased person can iaii to derive benefit from its use. PoBTABLE Bath. — Make a g^all circtdar boiler of copper or tin. and fit the same into an upright tin stand, in which, directly tmder th» boiler, you must leave an aperture to contain a small spirit lamp. The boiler fid must fit tightly ard be provided with three small tube* pointing upwards. The boiler being filled with water and the lamp lighted, as soon as the steam gets np, it rushes through these tabes, and the patient, seated on a ctuie chair, with his or her feet in a pan of warm water, with a stiitable cloak tightiy fastened around the neck, is speedily enveloped in a cloud of steam. Ten minutes is the time recommended for the duration of the first few baths. It may be afterwards increased, but not beyond half an hour. On getting oat of the cloak, plunge into a cold bath for a few minutes, then rub the Ekin till it is quite dry and glowing with a coarse tjwel and a pair of good hair-gloves. Persons in health or disease will experience a wonderful recuperative power in the frequent use of this bath, and all win find it incomparably superior to the use of drugs in any form •whatever. In this connection a new and very ingeniotis inventioa called Spoxgio Pills e, is deserving of favorable mention. It con- UBiB of wool and small particles of sponge felted together, and attached UEDICAL DEPAETMENT, ETC 159 (o a Bkin of IndLi-mbber, the ■whole bein? about hall an inch in thick- ness, and of inestimable value as a means of applying cold or tepid ■water, &c., to such exterior piorts of tlie human frame as may bo nearest to the seat of pain or disease. The water is sponged over the felted surface, the surplus, if any, ■wiped off; it is then placed on th© Bkin, and covered over •with several folds of bandages, ■which assist in retaining the heat and moisture, thus attracting healthy blood to the part, from which nature selects such food as is most conducive to ex- pel disease and build up healthy tissue. Fly Paper. — Coat paper ■with turpentine varnish, and oil it to keep the varnish from drying. SwEATLSG Dkoi'S. — Ipecac., saffron, boneset, and camphor gnm, of each, 3 oz. ; opium, 1 oz. ; alcohol, 2 qts. Let stand 2 week.s and filter. A teasx)oonful in a cup of hot sage or catnip tea every hour ■nntil free perspiration is induced; good In colds, fevers, intlamma- tious, &c. Bathe the feet in hot water at the same time. SvRiT FOR CoxscTviPTiTES. — Of tamanic bark, take from the tree, "without rossing, 1 peck; spikenard root, ^ lb. ; dandelion root, J lb.; hops, 2 oz. iJijil these s-oifieient to get tlie strength in 2 or 3 gals, ■water; sti^ain, and boil down to 1 g-^l. ; when blood warm, add 3 lbs. "best honey, and 3 jiiuts best brandy; bottle and keep in a cool place. Dose, di'ink freely of it 3 times per day before meals, at least a gill or more ; cure very certain. CoitMOX Castob Oil. — ^Pale vegetable oil, 1 gaL ; castor oil, 3 gals. ; mix. PcLMOXic WATTnts. — Lump sugar, licorice, and starch, of each 2 parts; gum, 10 part,-*; squills and ipecacuanha, of each 5 parts; lactu- carium, 2 parts. Mix, and divide into 8 grain lozenges. Sir James Cl.viike's Diarrhoea axd Cholera Mixture. — Tlnct. of o'l^ium, tiuct. of camphor, and spirits of turpentiue, of each 3 drams; oil of peppermint, 30 drops; mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonful for cholera. Vegetable or CosrposiTiox Powder, — Fine bayberry bark, 1 lb ; ginger 8 oz., common cayenne, 3 oz., mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonful in a cup of boiling water, sweeten and add milk. TixcTTRES are made with 1 oz. of gum, root, or bark. &c., dried, to each piut of proof spirits ; let it stand one week, and filter. Essences are made with 1 oz. cf any given oil, added to 1 pint alcohoL Peppermints are colored with tinct. turmeric; cinnamoa ■with tinct. of red sanders ; wintergreen ■with tinct. kino. St-'ESTiTCTE FOB Arro^wroot. — Finest pototo storcli, 75 lbs. ; lump sugar, 4 lbs. ; finely-ground rice, 21 lbs. Mix, and silt through Iri^wn ; yields 100 lbs. excellent a^^o^vroot. Certain Cciis fob CRorp. — Goose oil and nrine equal parts. Dose, 1 teaspoon fuL A certain cure if taken in time. CoK>"3 ANi> Warts. — Take a small quantity of the potash paste recommended for PoU Evil, and apply to the com or wart. Drcgcist's Colors. — I'eZ/oio, take iron filings, hydrochloric acid to disi^olve, dilute with cold ■water. Bed, solution of sal ammoniac, cochineal, to color. Blue, indigo, 1 part, oil of vitriol, 2 parts, dis- aolve, then dilute with water. Green, verdigris, 1 part, acetic acid^ 3 parts, dilute ■with ■water. Purple, cochineal, 25 gra., eugar of leaa 1 oz., dissolve. ICO MEDICAL DEPAKTMEXT, ETC. SstELUXQ Salts. — Sub-carbonate of ammonia, S jvarts ; put it is eoarse jiowdPT in a bottle, and pour on it oil of lavendar, 1 part. Tcr>fERtD&i<; Wells \Vateb. — Cliloride of sodium, 5 grains ; tinct. steel, 20 drojis ; dL«tilled water, 1^ pints. Mineral Wateiv. — Epsom salts, 1 oz. ; cream tartar, ^ oz. ; tar- taric acid, i oz. ; loaf su^r, 1 lb. ; oil of birch, 20 drops ; put 1 qt. cnld water on 2 tablespooufiils yeast (winter green oil will do), let.it ■work 2 hours and then bottle. CoxGKESs Water for ForxTAixs. — Common salt, 7j ozn. ; hydrate of soda, 20 grs. ; bicarbonate of soda, 20 grs. ; calcined niaimesia, 1 oz. Add to 10 p\\. of water, and then charge with j^as. Kissixc.EX Water for Focxtalss. — Bic.irbonate of soda, Idr. ; carlKinate of lime, 2 drs., and 2scr. ; precipitate carbonate of lime, 2 scr. ; common salt, 8 ozs. ; muriate of ammonia, 4 grs ; sulphate- of soda, 2 drs. and 2 scr. ; sulphate of magnesia, 2 ozs. ; phosphate of soda, 13 gT.«. ; phospliate of lime 2 drs. and 2 scr. Mix. Add water 3^ of a gal. Let it stand for G hours, filter, add carbonate of inaa:net;ia, 3 dr?. and 1 scr., and charge witli 10 gals, of water. Vichy Watkr for FouxtajxsT — Sulphate of poti.^s, 2 drs.; sulphate of soda, 25 grs. ; common salt, 6 drs. ; bicarbonate of am- moma, 10 grs. Mbc Add water, 1 g;il. Let it stand 1 day, filter and then charge with 10 gal. of water. Gexuixe feEiDUTz J'owDFJis. — Rochelle salts, 2 drs.; bicarb. Foda, 2 scr. ; put these into a blue paper, and 35 grains tartaric acid into a white paper. To use, put each into dilJersut tumblers, fill ^ with water, adding a little loai sugar to the acid, then pour together and drink quick. Bottled Seidlttz Water. — Fill soda-water bottles with clear ■water ; add to each as below ; cork and wire immediately : Rochelle salt^, 3 drops ; bicarbonate of soda, 35 grs ; sulphuric acid, 11 drops. ExcELLEXT Tooth Fowder. — Suds of cascile soap and spirits" of camphor, of each an equal quantity ; thicken with equal quautitiea of pulverized chalk and charcoal to a thick paste. Apply with the finger or brush. ItAT ExTERMiXATOR. — Warm water, 1 qt. ; lard, 2 lbs ; phospho- rus, 1 oz. ; mis, and thicken with fioar ; to be spread on breatj and covered with sugar. Bi'G Foisox. — .Vlcoliol, ^ pint; turpentine, ^ pint ; cmde sal am- moniac, 1 oz. ; mis all bigether, and let it digest in a warm place for a few days, and it is ready for use. Medicated Cough C.\xt>t. — To 5 lbs. candy just ready to poor on the sb.b, add tlie following mixture, aud form it into sticks to correspond with, the price asked for them : Tinct. squills, 2 oz. ; cam- phorated tinct. of opium and tinct. of tolu, of each h oz. ; wine of ipecac, ^ oz. ; oils of gaultheria, 4 drops ; sassafras, '3 drops ; and of anise seed oU, 2 drops, and use tliis freely hi common coughs. Ague Pill. — Quinine, 20 grs. ; Dover's powders, 10 grs. ; sub- carbonate of iron, 10 grs. ; mix with muciLage of gum arable and form into 20 pUls. Dose, 2 eacli hour, commencing 5 hours before the chill should set in. Then take 1 night and morning until all ai-e taken. Age at WTncH Me^s'strfatiox CoM>rEXCES. — Dr. Walter Rigden gives the eubloined etatistics obtained from femalea who Wc*e oon" MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC 161 iSned at University College HospitaL In 2,C96 cases menstnmtioa «ocaxed for the first time : At the age of At the age of 9 in 3 cases. 18 in 150 cases. 10 " 14 " 19 " 76 " 11 " GO " 20 " 29 » 12 " 170 " 21 " 7 " 13 " 353 " 22 " 8 " 14 " 560 " 23 " 2 " 15 " 540 " 24 " " 16 " 455 " 25 " " 17 " 272 " 26 " 2 " It thns appears that it is most common at 14 years of age, and great care should be taken of the health on the occurrence of thesa important periods. Atkinson's Infant's Preservativp. — Carbonate of magnesiji, 6 drs. ; sugar, 2 oz. ; oil of anise seed, 20 drops ; sal-volatile, 2^ drs. ; laudunum, 1 dr. ; syrup of saffron, 1 oz. Make up 1 pint with caraway water. Pills to rROMOTE Menstrual Secretion. — Take pills of aloes and myrrh, 4 drs. ; compound iron pills, 280 grs. ; mix and form into 100 pills. Dose, 2 twice a day. For Ohstructed Menstruation. — ^Make a strong tea of smart weed, covering it to retain the strength, or use tlie extract of smart •weed instead, taldng 1 teaspoonful of ^e latter once every 3 hours, (or about 10 teasi)oonfuls of the tea) in warm water, sweetened, making free use of hot baths for the feet and the lower parts of the body. It will give great relief. Injection fob Obstructed Menstruation. — Mix 1 to 2 fluid drs. liquor of ammonia with 1 pint milk. Use thrice daily. Fob Obstructed Menstruation. — Sulphate of iron, 60 sts.; potassa (sub. carb.) CO grs. ; mjTrh, 2 drs. ; make them into 3| gr. ?ills ; 2 to be taken tliree times a day, in tlie absence of fever. For 'ainful Menstruation, take pulv. rbei., 2 drs. ; pulv. jalap, 2 dr:. j syrup of poppies to mix. Divide into 200 pills, and take night and morning. To check Immoderate Flofic — Tinct. of ergot, 1 oz., liquor of ammonia, 3 drs. ; mix. Dose, teaspoonful in water 3 times a day. Stimulant. — In Low Fevers, and afteb Uterine Hemok- BHAGES. — Best brandy and cinnamon water, of each, 4 fluid oz. ; the yolks of 2 eggs, well beaten ; loaf sugar ^oz. ; oil of cinnamon, J* drops ; mix. "Dose, from i to 1 (fliud) oz., as often as required. This makes both meat and drink. Of course, any other flavoring oil* can be used, if preferred, in place of the cinnamon. Fob Female Complaints. — One of the best laxative pills for female complaints is macrotin and rhubarb, each 10 grs. ; extract of liyoscyamus 10 grs. ; Castile soap, 40 grs. ; scrape the soap, and mix •well together, forming into common sized pills with gum solution. Dose,l pill at bed time, or sufficiently often to keep the bowels in a laxative state. Fob Disease of the Kidneys. — Boil 1 oz. of pareira brava in 3 piote of water down N 1 pint. Dose, a wincglossf ul 3 times per day. 192 MEDICAL DEPAHTMENT, ETC. To CTRE TOsrrrrs'G rs Pregxaxct. — Mix 1 dr. caiivsnate ol magnesia; ^ oz. tinct. of Colombo; 5^ oz. peppermiat water. Dose, 1 tablespoonful 3 times a day. Harea>'d'3 Ve>tereal fcuKE. — ilix together powdered cnliebs, 1^ oz. ; balsam capaiba, h oz. ; powdered gum arable, A oz. ; cinna- mon water, 3 ozs. A tafilespooniul of the mixture to be taken at intervals 8 times a dav. Inco>ti>t:nce of'Urixe of Old Peoplz. — The continued ii?o of 1 to 6 drops tinct. of iodine has proved a successful remedy. For other persoTis, put -1 drops tincture of aconite root in a tumbler of •water, and use a teaspooiif ul every half hour until relieved, CoMPOCKT) Extract Bcohu. — Buchu, in coarse powder. 12 ozs. ; alcohol, 3 pts. ; water, 6 pts. are sufficient Treat the leaves by maceration and displacement, fiist with a portion of the alcohol and then with the remainder mixed with the water, evaporate the result- ing liquid with a gentle heat to three pint.-;, and add 2h it's, sujrar, continue the heat till it is dissolved, and after removing from the tire, add oil of cubebs, oil of juniper; of each 1 fluid dr.; spirita of nitric ether, 12 fluid ozs., previously mixed, stir together. AxODYXE FOB Pai>"ful Mexstruatiox. — Extract of stramo- nium and sulphate of quinine, each IG grs. ; macrotiu, 8 grs. ; mor- crotin, 8 grs. ; morphine, 1 gr. ; mate into 8 pills. _ Dose, 1 pill re- peating once or twice only, 40 to 50 minutes apart, if the paia does not subside before this time. Pain must subside under the use of this piU, and costiveness is not increased. PowDEB FOR ExcES'^nE rLOODixG. — Gums kino and catechu, each 1 gr. ; sugar of lead and alum, each ^ dr. ; pulverize all and thoroughly mix, liicn divide into 7 to 10 grain powders. D'se. on© every 2 or 3 hours until checked, then less often merely to control the flow. Lnjection for Letcorrhce.^. — ^When the glairy mncns discharge is present, prepare a tea of hemlock inner bark and" witch hazel (often called spotted alder) leaves and bark, have a female syrin.:j;e large enough to fill the vagina, and inject the tea, twice daily ; and occa- Bionally in bad cases, say twice a week, inject a syringe of the fol- lowing composition : For Chronic Female Complaints. 'White ^^triol and sugar of lead, each, J oz. ; common salt, pulverized alum, and loaf sugar, each, ^dr. ; soft water, 1 pt. Inject as above. For Proe.apscs'L'teui, or Falling of the Womb.— Xot only the cheapest but the Lest support will be found to be a piece oi fi:« firm sponge, cut to a prox>er size, to admit when damp of being pressed up the vagina to hold the womb in its place. The si^nge should have a stout piece of small cord sewed 2 or 3 times tlirongh its centre, np and down, and lett sufficiently long to allow its being taken hold of to remove tlie sponge, once a day, or everj- other day at the farthest, for the purpose of washing, cleaning, and using the necessary injections ; and this must be done whiie the pjitient is Iving do\vn, to prevent the womb from again falling or prolai)6ing. After having injected some of the above tea. wet the sponge ia tha same, and introduce it sufficiently high to hold the womb m it3 place. If pain is felt about the head, back, or loins for a few days before the menses appear, prepare and use the following : Evnmenagog^ie Tinc- ture. Alcohol, 1 pt. ] red oxide of iron, 1 oz. ; oil^ of juniper aod MZDICAL DEPAETinarr, ETC. 16S ■avin, each J oz. ; oil of tanser, 1 dr. ; tincture of ergot, 3 dre.; tincture Spanish flies, ^ oz. : mix all, and shake when talien. Dose, 1 teaspoon 3 times daily, to be taken in mucilage of slippery elm or gum arabic, and drink freely of the mucilage also through the day, or use the following : EjoLEXAGOcaTS PiLL. — Precipitated carbonate of iron and gum myrrh, of each 2 drs. ; aloes and tincture of Spanish flies, of each 1 dr. ; and oil of savin, 1 dr. ; all to be pulverised, and made into 100 pUls by using thick gum Foliition. Dose, 1 jjiH, from 1 to 3 times daily, but not to move the bowels too much. Uterts-e HEiiOERHAGE. — Unfailing cure. Sugar of lead, 10 grs. ; ergot, 10 grs. ; opium, 3 grs.; ij)ecac., 1 gr. ; ail pulverized, and ■well mrsed. Dose, 10 to 12 grs. ; given in a little honey or svrup. In very bad cases after chilbbirth, it might be repeated in 30 minutes, or tlie dose increased to 15 or 18 grs. ; but in cases of rather profuse wasting, repeat it once at the end of 3 hours, or as the urgency of the case may require. In every ca.«e of fema'le debility make a liberal use of iron, as tho •vrant of iron in the system is often the cause of the trouble. Mix fine iron filings with as much ground ginger. Dose, half of a tea- sjKKDn 3 times daily in a little honey or molasses, increasinj or lessen- ing the dose to produce a blackness of the stools. Continue this course until weU. Imperial Dkops for Gravel a:st> KTX>:^^E^ Compl.^xnts. — Oil of origanum, 1 oz., oil of hemlock, J oz., oil of sassafras. ^ oz., oil of anise, ^oz., alcohol, 1 pint: mix. Dt) Boxe Li>t3ie>t.— Beef's gall. 1 qt. ; alcohol, 1 pL; Tolatile liniment, 1 lb. ; sirits of turpentine, 1 lb. ; oil organom, 4 oz. ; aqua ammonia, 4 oz. ; tincture of cayenne, i pt ; oil of amber, 3 oz. ; tincture Spanish flies, 6 oz. ; mix well Cephaxic Sxttf. — Take asarbacca leaves, marjoram, light Scotch BDuff, equal parts ; grind and silt, use like common snuif. Dowxek's Salve, — Beeswax, 4 oz. ; opium, i oz. ; sugar of lead, 1 o*. ; melt the beeswax, and rub the lead up in the wax, then the opium, then 1 gill of sweet oil, incorporate ail thoroughly together, spread lightly on cloth ; good for bums, pDes, &c. Anothek'Sala'e. — Burgundy pitch, beeswax, white pine pitch, and resin, 1 oz. each, mutton tallow, 8 oz. ; goose oil, 1 gill ; tar, 1 gill ; melt and mix thorouglily. A first-rate salve. Whooping Corcn Syiiit." — Be«t rum, 1 pt ; anise oil, 2 ozs. ; feoaey, 1 i)t. ; lemon juice, 4 oz. ; mix. Dose for adults, 1 tablespoon- ful, 3 or 4 times per day ; children 1 teaspoon, with sugar and water. Liquid Opodeldoc. — ^Warm bi-andy, 1 qt ; add to it gum camphor, 1 oz. ; sal ammoniac, J oz. ; oils of origanum and rosemary, each 4 oz. ; oil wormwood, J oz. ; when the oils are dissolved, add 6 oz. soft soap. Greex Mor>-TAix Salve. — For rheumatism, bums, pains in the hack or side, &c., take 2 lbs. resin, burgundy pitch, J lb, ; beeswax J lb. ; mutton tallow, J lb. ; meit slowly ; when not too warm, add oil hemlock, 1 oz. ; balsam fir, 1 oz. ; oil of origanum, 1 oz, oil of red cedar, 1 oz. ; Venice turi>entine, 1 oz. ; oil of wormwood, 1 oz. ; ver- digris, ^ oz. The verdigiis must be finely pulverized and mixed with the oils ; then add as above, and work in cold water lilce wax till cold enough to roil ; rolls 5 inches long, 1 imh di:\meter, sell for 25 cents. English Rejiedy fob Cancze. — Take chloride of zinc, blood- Toot pulverized, and flour, equ:U quantities of esich, worked rate a paste and apphed. First spread a common st:ckins-pln.ear white and parboiled, as if burned by steam. Dress with slippery elm poultice xmtil suppuration takes place, then heal with '^av common salve. Chboxic Gout — To Cuke. — Take hot vinegar, and put into it all ^e table salt which it will dissolve, and bathe the parts affected with a soft piece of flannel. Rub in with the hand and drj- the foot, &c., by the fire. Repeat this operation four times in 24 hours, 15 minutes each time, for four days ; ther twice a day for the same period ; then once, and follow this rule whenever the symptoms show themselvei &t anv future tiac.'. 6ouT Tincture. — Yeratrum viride (swamp hellebore), ^ oa. ; ffiuffi, ^ oz, ; wliie, ^ pt. ; let them stand lor several days. I)0Be. If MEDICAL DEPARTITENT, ETC. 165 •o 30 drops, according to the robustness of the patient, at intervals of 2 to 4 hoars. Paralytic Lhoment. — Sulphuric ether, 6 oz. ; alcohol, 2 oz. ; laudanum, 1 oz. ; oil of lavender, 1 oz. ; mix, and cork tightly. In a recent jase of parulysis let the whole extent of the numb surface be thoronglily batlied and rubbed with this preparation, for several minutes, usiug the hand, at least three times daily ; at the same tima take internally, 20 droi>s oi the same, in a little sweetened water. Charcxjal'a cniE for Sick Headache. — It is stated that 2 tea- spoons of finely powdered charcoal, drank in ^ a tumbler of water ■Kill, in less than fifteen minutes, give relief to the sick headache, ■when caused, as in most cases it is, by superabimdance of acid on the stomach. We have frequently tried" this remedy, and its efficacy in every iustance has been signally siitisfactory. Cath.vktic Strut. — Best senna leaf, 1 oz.' ; butternut, the inner Tjark of the root, dried and bruised, 2 "z. ; peppenuiut leaf, ^ oz. ; lennel seed, i oz. ; alcohol, h pt. ; water, 1^ pts. ; sugar, 2 lbs. ; put sill into the spirit and water^ except the sugar, nnd let it stand two ^eeks, then strain, i)ressing out from tl;e dregs, adding the sugar and simmering a few minutes only, to form the syrup. If it should cause jrripiug in any case, increase the fennel seed and peppemiint leaf. Dose, 1 tablesjioon, once a day, or less often if tlie bowels become too loose, up to the next period when the headache might luive been cxjiected, and it will not be loithcoming. CiiiLELAixs. — To Cuke.— Mutton t;illow and lard, of each J lb. ; melt in an ii-on vessel, and add hydrated oxyde of iron, 2 oz. ; stirring contnually vith an iron spoon, until the mass is of a uniform black color ; then let it cool, and add Venice turpentine, 2 oz. ; Armenian bole, 1 oz. ; oil of bcrgamot, 1 dr. ; rub up the boic with a little olive oil before puttiug it in. Felons.— l.p kecext, to Cure ixSix IIor-RS. — Venice turpentine, 1 oz. ; and put iiuo it half a teaspoon of water, and .stir with a rough Etick until tiie ma^is looks like candied honey ; then spread a good coat on a cloth, aud wrap around the finger. If the case is only recent, it wiU remove the pain in sis hours. Felon Salve. — A salve made by burning one tablespoon of copper- as, then pulverizing it and mixing it with the yolk of an e"^, is said to relieve the pain, and cure tlie felon in 24 hours ; then heal -ft-ith cream two jiarts, and soft soap one i:>art. Api^ly the healing salve daily after soaking the part in warm water. Felon Ointment. — Take sweet oil, ^pt., and stew a3-cent plug ef tobacco in it until the tobacco is crisped ; then squeeze it out, and add red lead, 1 oz., and boU until bhxck ; when a little cool, add pul- Terized camphor gum, 1 oz. Warts and Corns.— To Ctre in Ten Minxtfs.— Take a small piece of jwtash, aud let it stand in the open air until it slack."*, then thicken it to a paste with pulverized gum ambic, which prevents it Irom spreading where it is not wanted. Infl-ajoiatorv KHEi:3LA.TisiL— Sulphur and saltpetre, of each 1 OE. ; gum guaiac, i oz. ; colchicum i-oot, or seed, and nutmegs, of each J oz ; all to be pulverized and mixed with simple syrup, or molasses, 2 oz. Dose, one teaspoon every 2 hours tmtil it moves the bowela rather freely ; then '6oii times daily until cured. 166 MEDICAL DEFARTMEXT, ETC. The Cokservation of Health. — Tliis important object, so De««» Bary to the enjoyment of life, can only be secured by conforming to an orderly sfcite of existence. Every man is in duty bound to dis- cliarge with fidelity the debt which he owes to that frame, so " fear- fully and wonderfully made," and so well adapted by the Divine contriver to fulfil the uses of life, by living with regularity and mod- eration, abstaining from every excess calculated to induce disease or inflict injury either on body or mind. Excessive intellectual labor is i'nst as fatal in its degree as violent physical exertion. We have a imentable proof of the truth of this remark in the sudden termination of a most useful life, that of the late Dr. Hall, Editor of Hall's, Journal of Health. As i3~~well known, the fatal stroke was induced by an overworked brain, it being his habitto apply hf mself ardently to stndy, writing, &c., from 5 in the morning to 10 in the evening, an impru- dence all the more reprehensible as it waa one which he was continu- ally denouncing in others. Business men are particularly li.ibleto affections of the heart result- ing from trade anxieties, &c., and in the male, the number of deaths from enlargement of the heart are as seven compared with five in the female. Thi.'i phase of mortality is caused not only by intranquillity and worry of mind occasioned by lack of success in the grand struggles of life, but is too frequently brouglit on by conjugal infe- licities and disturbances, which seldom fail to accelerate a crisis which terminates in death. Many a well moaning man lays plans which he fondly anticipates will result in securing to him and to those depend- ent on him, an honestly obtained competence, and confident of pros- perity, does his best endeavors, and often risks a great deal, to ensure success, little dreaming of the poetic ai>othegm, that " the best laid schemes o' mice and men, gang aft aglee. " The result too often is, as many know to their sorrow, entire failure, and subsequent reproaches, opprobrium,.asperities, ascriptions of incapacity, &c., are showered on his head, and continued to the end of life, with more frequency and greater regularity than the dispensation of his daily bread, by the very one who should be all gentleness, all love, and her husband's chief com- foiter and consoler under misfortune. This is the most fatal kind of mental trouble, inasmuch as it involves a grinding grief of mind, which dissipates happiness, induces gloom, and tends to destroy life ; whatever affects the love, which is the real man, or spirit, reacts upon, and affects in an equal degree the body which contains that spirit. That this is so, results from the correspondence existing between the soul and body, as may be palpably manifest to every one capable of inte- rior reflection, and this to such a degree that to obtain convincing proof it is not necessary to extend his observations beyond his own experi- ence. Grief caused by financial loss and the reaction which sets in on re- tiring from busiiiess, after spendina: an active life in amassing a. for- tune, are also pregnant with evil results to health. No man has a right to retire from the duty of makmg himself useful to society, even if he has a fortune, and can afford to do so. If he does, this evil, like every other, is sure to work out its own retribution with a full harvest of unexpected misery. Many of the influences which are patent for evil, and evil only, are self inflicted, such as the habitual indulgence in alcoholic drinks, wine, beer, &c., the use of tobacco, opium, and other narcotics. Eighty-sevea MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 167 per cent of all kidney diseases are induced bj- alcohol. Its continued use curtails vitality, (destroys the membranes, generates disease 'm th& braiu, heart, spinal cord, lungs, liver, muscles and blood vessels ; it ■wrecks the system, imp^es the circulation, xjaralyzes manhood, and. precipitates premature decay. Tobacco, also, in every form, exercises a most baneful effect on the" health and mind. A distmsuished French savant, the Abbe Moigno, increased his daily aUowauce of snufE until in 1861 it was over 2(3 erammes, and hft observed a rapid decay of the faculty of memory. He had learned some 1500 root words in each of several lan^ages, but found them gradually dropping out of his mind, so as to necessitate frequent re- ference {o dictionaries. At last he summoned resolution to abandon its Jse, and after 6 years of abstinence writes as follows : " It was for us the commencement of a veritable restirrection of hsalth, mind, and memorv; our ideas have become more lucid, our imagination more vivid, our work easier, our pen quicker, and we have seen gradually return tliat army of words. Our memory, in a> word, h.is recovered all its riches, all its sensibility. That tobacco, es|)ecially in the form of snuff, is a powerful enemy of memory, which it has destroyed little by little, and sometimes very promptly, cannot be doubted." With these known pernicious effects resulting from the use of alcholic drinks and tobacco, abstinence from both, becomes an imperious necessity. Other most irajxjrtnnt auxiliaries to the maintenance of health, are pure air, ix;rfe t ventilation in dwellincrs, and absolute cleanliness of person (See Ba(hinj). Keill estimates the smface of the lungs at 150 cubic feet, or ten times that of the external body. During ordi- nary respiration, 16 or 17 cnbic inches of atmospheric air pass into the lungs 20 times in a minnte, or a cubic foot every 5.25 minutes ; 274: cubic feet in 24 hours, or a cube of 6h feet each way. The lungs generate 10.7 cubic feet of deadly carbonic acid gas, and remove from the atmosiihere the same amount of oxygen, every 24 hours. The cause of nearly all the headr.ches in crowded factories, schools and work shops, as well as all the sleeping and snoring in churches, is due more to vitiated air than to any other cause. To the same cause is owing the fearful mortality so prevalent in badly ventilated city tenements, boarding houses, cellars. &c., as well as in houses built on low levels, and bogay land near stagnant iX)ols. inoperative sewers, ira])risoned springs, &c'. Bad air, imperfect ventilation, uncleanness and ill health must ever go hand in hand. It is worthy of note that while the death rate in the filthy eastern districts of London is nearly 60per 1000 of the i^pulation, inWliite Chapel it is 41. in Limehonse it rises to 48, in pai-t of tlie Aldgate district of the "White Chapel union, it ranges between 58 and 50, or more than double what may be called the fair allo-«-auce of 25 per cent. Yet it apjiears from the recent statistics of the same citv, that in the Pe.aj?ody Model Bcii-rTxns the mortality has frJlen to 17 per 1000, very near the minimum of the most galnbrious pp.rts of England. Decaying vegetable and animal matter yields varioiis noxi'^'is gases, also exnired breath, all enter the lungs, poison the blood and penneate the system : therefore all impuritie<« should be kept away from our abodes, and every precaution taken to secure pure air. Temperature of rooms should be about 60° Fahr. As the solar rays exercise a benignant influence on health and purify the air in dwellings, therefore admit the blessed sunlight without stint, for good health canuot exist without it. 168 MEDICAL DEPABTMENT, ETC. As disinfectants, the following may be iased with gooA effect 1. Quicklime, to absorb moisture aud "putrid Huids. Use fresh lime, scattering it about, finely powdered, and whitewash with lime. 2. Cliarcoal powder, to absord putrid gases. The coal should be dry, and fresh, mixed with lime. 3. Chloride of lime, to gie off chloride to absorb putrid effluvia and to stop putrefaction. 4. Sulphate of iron tcopperas) 1 lb. dissolved in 1 qt. water and poured do\vn a water closet will destroy the foulest smells. A quantity in an open pan will purify the air in rooms. 5. Fluid carbolic acid dissolved at the rate of 1 part to 100 or 150 parts of water is also very good. Among di;:eases liable to be spread by the distribution of organic, poisons, may be mentioned scarlet fever, typhus fever, tvphoid fever, Jellow fever. me;isles, small-pox, diphtheria, infectious ophthalmia, ydrophobia, erysipelas, cholera and glanders. The poisonous par- ticles which effect contagion, are in every instance of organic origin, and are evolved from matter composing living bodies. They float in the atmosphere, are inhaled by the breath, aud are absorbed by the ■walls of dwellings, hospitals, etc., and are liable p.t any time to enter on a career of baneful activity. The walls of hospitals should be glass Uned, the better to prevent contam illation, aud means .should Ije used to destroy the contagious matter hy means of ch.emical agents, such as powerful heat, nitrous acid gas. bromine, clUorine, iodine, sulphurous acid, etc. Solar light is aiiother jwwerful disin- fectant, and as a means of health has been ranked by Lavoiser as superior to pure air. Dust is highly inimical to health, and it is everywhere present in the air we breathe. Its presence is made manifest in a manner per- fectly startling, by admitting a beam of sivn-light through an orifice into "a dark room." It has a most pernicious effect on the health in cities, and indeed everywhere, but the air may be filtered from the noxious particles previous to entering the lungs, by tlie use of a cot- ton-wool respirator. This contrivance possesses the further merit of being an effectual barrier to the admission to the lungs of those germs or poisonous particles whereby contagious disease is propa- gated. Good health is impossible without pure water. The amount of or- ganic and mineral impurities held in solution or suspension by water. is perfectly astonishing, and wherever suspicion of such impurities exists the water should be filtered. Good reliable filters may be pur- chased ready for immediate use, but wherever they cannot be ob- tained, an excellent substitute may be made from an oak tub made to hold from half to a barrel of water, according to the needs of the family. Let it stand on end, with a faucet near the bottom, or pre- ferably, a hole through the bottom, near the front side, with a tube inserted to prevent the water from rotting the outside of the tub; then put clean pebbles 3 or 4 inches in thickness over the bottom of the tub. Spread a piece of clean white flannel over the pebbles ; now have charcoal, pulverized to the size of small peas (that made from hard maple is best), and put in half a bushel or so at a time : pound it down quite firmly, then put in more and p>ound again until the tub Ls filled to within 8 inches of the top, and again put in 2 inches more of pebbles, then put a piece of clean white flannel over the whole top a^ a strainer. The flannel may be washed occasion' MEDICAL ©EPAKTMEXT, ETC. 16^ ally, to remove the imparities collected from the water, and it might be well to replenish the tub with fresh charcoal once a year at least. The result will be wholesome water. Reckless ex^wsure to cold, especially by aged and sensitive per- sons, should be carefully guarded agaiiist. From returns published bv the Registrar General in Englaud, it was found that during the w'inter mouths the body wastes, the loss of weight varying in an in- creasing ratio ; that during summer the body gains, the gain varying in an increasing ratio, and that the changes from gain to loss, and from loss to gain, are sudden, and ta'te place, the first at the begin- ning of September, and the secoud at the bejilnuiug of April. Deaths from nneumouia and bronchitis attain their maximum iu the months of January, February, and M.irch; in the succeeding 3 mouths they decline, and in the next quaiter reach their miuimum, re-commenc- ing to iucreiise in October. Xovember. and Deoember. Air saturated with moisture tends to develop rheumatic disease, and organic dis- eases of the heart which spring from rheumatism. During cold raw weat'.ier, aged persons should keep close to the house in apartments warmed bv a cheerful, open, blazing fire, which, is much preferable to the oppressive heat from a hot air register, Eteam pipes, or close stoves. If Ciilled o.it by busiaess during a cold monim-. do not go out t;>o earlv. nor until after a good warm break- fast, and be sure to return be.ore the chiil of the evening. Add to the clothing earlv in the fall. diminL?h it very gradiuiUy m tho sprinossesses a powerful influence m modifving dangerous extremes of temperature. Dr. Fettenkofer statesthat equal surfaces of various mat«rial3 are permeated by the air as follows, flannel being taken as 100: Linen of medium fineness, 58; silk. 40; buckskin, .'^S; chamois leather, 51; tanned leather. 1. The dress should fit loosely, should be warm and light throughout, and fieerature of alJOUtGQo. Tliey should be f i-ee from direct 4r»u^t3 on the slee;)er. The mattress, should be hard, but may b« 170 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. easy and springy if so desired. Feathers should not be used, th« euiauatious from them are most mihealthy, and they generate an ex- cess of heat which is very enfeebling and unwholesome. The sweet- est reiKJse is obfciiued with the head towards the north, — with the bed insulated by means of glass interposed between the feet and tiie floor, to bar the passage of the electric currents, wJiicli are liable to leave tlie body depleted of strength unless they are retained. Guard against sleeping in new dwellings before the plaster and paint have become fully dry. Thousands of deaths, seemingly very mysterious and principally of aged persons, have taken place from lieglect of this precaution. The natural allowance for sleep is c ight hours out of the twenty- four, and the most favorable time is from 10 o'clock uutil 6. Intellectual labor is more exhaustive than physical, consequently per- sons thus employed require more rest than workiug men. Tiie most favorable position for sleep is on the right side; the worst is to lie on the back, as it generates a perilous heat over the region of the kid- neys and spinal cord. Solitary repose is the most beneficial every ■way ; when two parties sleep togetlier, each one inliales a deleterious effluvia thrown oft by his neighbor, and the weakest is always the greatest sulYerer, more especially is this tlie case with children who sleep with aged persons. Add to this, electric changes are continual- ly taking place, which frequently cause imrest, disquiet, and exhaus- tion, when two sleep together. Refreshing sleep gives rest to the brain and the nervous system. The retina is inert, the tympanum ia placid, the nerves of taste, smell, and feeling, are dormant, and all the powers of the cerebrum and cerebellum are quiescent. Childrea require more sleep than adults, and they should get ail they will take of it, with a bcnc-diction and kind words to begin witli. It is atro- cious to think of the hard language, maledictions, and downright lies addressed to tender hearted children by many parents on putting them to bed. They cerbiinlj^ are not aware of the grievous injury they in- flict by such irrational' conduct. Sleep is an ai)solute necessity to all animal existence, and when we think of its inestimable Ijenefits, and wonderful surroxnidings, we can only stand mute, and with emotions inexi)ressible, refer their origiu to thiatlxFixiTS Love which " neith- er slumbers nor sleeps." In dressing children, use care to keep them warm, keeping flainiel to their skin during the entire year, especially covering the extremi- ties well. There is a peculi: r fashion most dead y in its effects, which lets children runabout Avith bai'e legs, arms, and necks, with the low- er part of the dress expanded away from the person, thus admitting the chilling cold to do its worst Such exposure would prove certaio death to its parents in less than a month. Keen the extremities wann by keeping thera well clothed, and thus keep up a free circulation, for cold feet and hands prevent health, and are the certain precursoi-s of disease and death. Add to this ])lenty of good food, ripe fruit, and out-door exercise ad libitum, and you will have rosy, blooming chil- dren, as the result. In the matter of out-door exercise, it might not be amiss to use a little wholesome overeight and restraint, let them liave their full swing in the enjoyment of exercise calculated to de- velop the frame, such as running, jumping, playing ball, driving boops, &c. , but when it comes to every day six)rt in the line of firing uistols, exploding fire crackers, cracking whips, and an everlasting Mattering of toy drums, &c., then I say, stop it at ouce, unless MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 171 you wish to raise a dangerous boy aud a dangerous man, for that is just the way to do it Children, or otliers who may be afflicted with impediments of speech, may be cured, if the remedy is uot organic, by reading aloud for an hour or two every day, taking care to iuhale air, and well fill the lungs, before reading each paragraph, as the cause of stammering in nine cases Out of ten, is the endeavor to speali when the lungs arft empty. Dr. Hunt, of Regent street, London, a celebrated and suc- cessful stammerers' doctor, charged fifty guineas for effecting cures by the method just noted. It is only in civilized life that we find the most favorable conditiona for health and longevity. The poets have expended much rapturous »entimeut aud romance about "the noble red man"iu his native forest, but a personal investigation of the object of their effusions is very apt to cause a sudden revulsion of feeling. A filthy person, greasy blankets, rank skins, and other unsavory surroundings, are apt to make short work of high-strung ideas iu tlie shape of poetry, romance, or sentiment. Of a verity, "cleanliness is next to godli- ness," and it is indeed a most auspicious token that the old mediieval ideas regarding the necessary connection between filth, poverty, aud piety, are notions belonging to tlie past. Human life has been abso- lutely lengthened by the addition of several years to a generation, compared with what it was a hundred year.s ago, all owing to the observance of sanitary laws, and it will continue to lengthen, just in tlie proportion that these laws are respected. Dr. Jarvis intimates that in ancient Rome, in the period of 200 to 600 years after the Christian era, the average duration of life in the most favored class was SO years, while iu the present century the average longevity of persons of the same class is 50 years. In the 16th century, the average longevity in Geneva was 21.21 years; be- tween 1814 and 1833 it was 40.G8, and as large a proportion now live to 70 as lived to 43 300 years ago. In 1000, only 228 medical men live from 63 to 72, and 328 theologians. In the last 50 years the mean term of life seems to have increased from 33 to 41. In iirofessions, of those who attain the age of 66, there are found to be 43 Theologians, 40 Agriculturists, 35 Men in office. 32 Military, 32 Clerks, 29 Advo- cates, 28 Artists, 27 Professors, and 24 Medical practitioners. When man, by an orderly life, passes through the various stages of a healthy existence, from cliildliood to youth, from youth to man- hood, and from manhood to old age ; during the decline of life he grad- ually approaches the verge of natural decay, and death takes place from the gradual effluxion of vitality. Few lives, comparatively epeaking, terminate in this way, but when this consummation is attained, and death, purely natural, takes place, it must be regarded as nuich in the light of a blessing as is natural birth, for it is an orderly working out of a most wise and beneficent law, and the nearer advance ■we make to tliis natural limit of existence tlie better. Death is usually regarded as a curs«, and as something very dreadful; there is a dcutfi wliich is indeed terrible beyond all powers of human conception, but natural death is not so, and is in no sense a calamity, but a wise pro- vision of Infinite Mercy for man's highest good. Hanissing thoughts, mental anxiety, late hours, and worriinent, are fruitful causes of disease in healthy jjersons, and of death in cases •f illuess. Use every possible means to get rid of such feelings, and 172 MEDICAL DEPAETILENT, ETC. do not scrapie to make use of snch dirersions or amnsem^its as wfl effectnallv divert an invalid's thoaghts from being too much en- grossed with self. ^Miea nature calls for rest and recreation, do no« neglect the warning. Guard against extreme fatigue of either body or mind.espedaUy a complicatibn of both together. Keep the pas- sions under thorongh control; in doing this the good old Quaker's rule wiU be found of great assistance, viz.. Never to aCow himself to speak in a loud tone of voice. Nothing preserves health better than a placid temper. Exercise and physical training should not be neg- lected; person? engn.2elem kitchen'* eive^ one the imaee of a giant's d=~ '~ " : — - ^^ . j , _ 1 , . _ j . _ g!ed Ihnbs. ' the system, cr : of animal food is \izl:L\\,r..'J^e 10 i:s fc..;or:.5, C\^/,.u-v, li.e dieccCic, allowanced himself to 12 ozs. of dry food and 14 ozs* of liquids per d^'.y, from the age of 40 to l'>5. S-:* D:/namic Porr':r of Food. in eating, select good nourishinir diet, so as to insure Tariety with- out excels, eat with rr-ciir!:-. T^t'.ioas 1 ng intervals of abstinence, and eat leisurely. I _■ av -id tril:i;i:: Ir.rje draughts of cold water, drink with c , oration dvj^ing nieal.«. and avoid drink- ing water w'aich h:-; ; . .,- in rooms or in lead pipes. Impare water is liable to produce nr-.Lirial au;e<:t;ons. Tea and cofifee, if used strong, and in lai^e quantirles, are c-ertila to pmdace nervon? irrita- bility and brain excitement, but if ttsed in moden- ' ' • :nild Etrenzth, they are mo5t refreshing and pleasant. -• -ons will find coffee more soothing th;\n tea. while pers- : : rent temperament will be better suited with the latter, Beyoad all doubt, and for almost every purpose, in health and diseai^e. pure water is the bealthiest beverage, and it certainly is the natural drink of man. According to Hoiim?in. "If there be any universal medicine it is water; for. by its assb^tmce. all distempers are aEe%iated or cored, and the body preserved sound and free from corruption, that enemy to life." As Dr. Gall sail of another snbject, so the writer would say here, that '' Tnis is TsirrH, though at enmity with the philo«o{Ay roces.s. Remehy fob Gorr axd Rhettmattsm. — Gum guaiacum, 1 ok. ; rhubarb in powder, 2 drs. ; flour of sulphur, 2 ozs. ; cream of tartar, 1 oz., ginger powder 1 oz.; make into an electuary with molasses. Dose : 2 teasooonfuls, night and morning. Rhenrtmtic Plaster, resin j lb., sulphur I lb., melt them by a slow fire ; then add cayenne pepper 1 oz., camphor gum ^ oz. Stir well till mixed, and temper with neats- foot oil. To guard against rheumatism, adhere to a regular diet breath pore air. and avoid exposure. Mbdical departmewt. IS] HTDCSTRy PROMOUES BODILT HEALTH AND MENTAL ACTiriTT. Every true man will most willingly concur in the royal assevem- tion of old king Solomon, that the pric« of a wise, virtuous, and food wonmn, "is far above rubies.''' Poet* of evwy ag« and rac«, BTeioBg her {«dj»*g, e£d cmny a mas hfi£ had atmsdeut Teseon «» 182 HEDICAL DEPAETMEKT. thank hit Maker for an inettinuiblc blessing In tiie eompanionshlp of a virtuous, loving, devoted and afEectionate wile. Wha: earthly prize can for a moment be compared with this. In her person we se* the perfection of lovelineso— modesty, grace, and beautj- ; iu her voice we hear the sweetest music ; in her mind we see a fragrant blending of the most attractive attribntes. and the nearest created approximation to that Love which is Induite. Sherlock avers that '• The percei'tlon of woman is as quick as hghtning. Her penetra- tion is inioition: almost instinct. By a glance she will draw a deep and just conclusion- Ask her how she formed it, and she cannot answer the question. While she trusts her instinct she is scarcely ever deceived, but she is generally lost when she commences to rea- son." Every one knows that this is true, bnt verv few know the reason whv it is so. This we find unfolded in the following quotation from the' illumined Swedenborg : " The mnn is bom to be inteUectual. thus to think from the understanding, but the woman is bom to be voluntary, thus to think from the will ; which also is evident from the inclination or connate disposition of each, as also from their fonn. From the disposition, in that the man acts from reason, but the woman from affection. From the form, iu that the man has a rougher and less beautifal face, a heavier epeech. and a harder body, but the woman has a smoother and more beautiful face, a more ten- der speech, and a softer body. Similar is the distinction between the understanding and the will, or between thought and affection." Again, "The male is bom into the affection of knowing, of uuder- Btanding. and of being wise, and the female is bom into the love of conjoining herself with that affection in the male." The special at- tributes of the will principle are perception, affection, and every re- sultant feminine grace, or in one word — Love. The question which eclii^ses all ethers in importan'-e is. How shall this mo«t precious qoalitv t« trained and cultivated ? Or. into what channels should its course be guided and directed ? On tliis snbiert, hear Swedenborg once more : " Love truly conjugal, considered ta its origin, and its correswndence, is heavenly, spiritual, pure, and clean, above everv love which is with the angels of heaven and the men of the church." Again, '• I know that few will acknowledge, that all jov3 and delisht^, from first to last are eathered into coniu- gal love, because that love tmlv ooniugal. is at this day so rare, that what it is is not known, and "scarcely that it is. \S e may leara from this, that love is of heavenly origin, and was given that it might be used for heavenlv ends and purposes. It follows from this there- fore, that in order to att-nin to a fuU and healthy mental and physical development, it is iinperion.«lv necessary that immorality and un- chastitv in everv fom\. should be discountenanced and shunned, .or it is oniv in total aletinence from impnritv and illicit pleasures, that we can' find immnnitv from r^iin. desradation. and death, ims is true in the ca.se of man, and it is still more so in the case of woman, for m almost everv ca.=e after the first fal.se step, she is led on to swift destruction bv the ascendancy of her affections, without being arrested in her career bv the wholesome restraint of the reflective or reasoning faculties wliieh ooerate *> lowerfully in man. Every means should be employed that will operate to prevent such a baleful eoMommation, All obscene, immoial, aad impure books, everything ITEDICAL DI:PART3IE>-T. 183 hi the shnp* of literature which t^nds to inJllame the paseiOBB, pro- mote licentiousness, and corrode parity of mind, should be at once depositt^d iu the only place where they will prove inocuous — in th^ fire. Labor to elevate and train the laculties of the &oul in the love and practice of what is good and true; rule the propensities, and h»ld them in abeyance, remembering that no victory is at all com- parable with that obtained over self. Perhaps the intenscit longinij of which a good woman's heart is susceptible, is after union and intimate coniunclion with a worthy husbaud. It may be no news to inform sucn women that nothing attracts the opposite sex to them compared with a tender and win- ning manner, blended with feminine sweetness of temper. The sweet temper is a crowning charm, together with the female grace which oeems to so'.icitaud invite, while at the same lime it modestly repels. Men never respect boldness or audacity in women. What they most desire to see in them Is something in which they are dc cidedly deficient themselves. Prof. Tyndall, the scientist, a man of great scientific attainments, is now fifty-six yeirs of age, and but lately rairried. On being interrogated by a friend previous to his marri;ize, as to what attractions he saw in his intended which drew forth h;s preference for her more than for others, the characteristic reply was; "Less dyoamic force." It has been so in all ages, and will's J continue. In every possible wr-y try to act in a natnral and becoming man- ner, without, naectatiou. Dress according to your means and sta- tion, if you will, but always iu a modest, unassuming style, and dis- card at once and forever oU those wretched shams and miserable appliances in the shape of padding, painting, perfuming, curling, l:ght lacing, etc., which are calculated to ruin the health and deceive the obsener. Cultivate kindness, cheerfulness, an even quiet tcmr>i r. and repress asperities of every kind. If the mother be endowed with physical vigor, a pure moral char- acter, and is, in Ler domestic relations, a becoming model of all that is orderly, clean, prompt, digniucd, kind and loviue, she is certain in the very nature of things, to transmit these benettcient qualities to her offspring, and through them a blessing to society. Let all parents know that, by a law from which there is no appeal, those very quali- ties and eudowments of miud which they cultivate i-i themseives, be they good or evil, they by that vi ry act implant in their posterity. The most powerful means for til e repression of evil and theelinTi- oation of eood, is constancy in some useful employment of body cr mind. Useful industry promotes bodily health, enhatvccs every female grace, sweetens the tempter, and beautifies the countenance. It is thegreat safety-valve which, by Divine appoiutmeut, is designed to absorb and utilize the surplus enenry dispensed to every healthy human beinif during the prime of life, and which, if spent in idle- ness, frivolity, dissipation, or seaseiuss gossiping, is certain to pro- duce the most maliimant evils. Ladies should never neirlect pure air, andabundant out-door ex- ercise, either in walkiusr, carriage, or horseback riding. Confinement in close rooms, with stove or furnace heat, is most unfavorable to robust healtd. It is all important, in consideration of the perform- ance of those high and holy functions eutrusted to woman, that the beautiful, dclic;Ue, and exqui^lteiy constructed body by which thos« faacUoi;8 are accomplished, sliooTd he kept attuned to 'the most per- 1?4 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. feet state of health. The mind should be kept free from moral con- tamination of every kind, and trained to habits of pure thought, Bobiietv and etabOity. Nothing can be of greater importance t/j humanity than the proper adjustment of the physical and mental equilibrium of -woman. The -^veal or woe of the human race seeru to tEm on this primary- essential as on a pivot. What our children ?.r'^. 13 in a great measure what their mother's have made them, for intlie turn on this primary e&sential as on a pivot. What our children are ir? in a great measure what their mothers have made them, for in the rerv nature of things, children are in the mother's hand, like plas- tic wax under the seal, and the impression is generally in harmony cither with what she has taught them or neglected to teach. Eqiually important is the duty incumbent on every female to vigi- lantly guard against forming matrimonial engagemeots with men of defective health or vitiated morals. The neglect oi this wise precau- vx>n has caused an extent of misery and wretchedness beyond all hu^uan conceptiun. On tliis subject, one of the ablest living medical men, Dr. B. W. Richardson, of London, England, remarks as fol- lows: •' The first step towards the reduction of diseases is, beginning at the beginning, to provide for the health of the xmbora. If the intennaniage of disease were considered in the same light as the intennarriage of poverty, the hereditary tnmsmission of disease would be at an end in three, or at most, four generations." He re- marks in another place, " Gre^iter care than is at present manifested, ought to be tiiben with women who are about to become mothers." As many estimable ladies are pardonably anxious about their chances for niarriage, the following curious statement, by Dr. Gran- ville, is drawn up from the registered cases of 87ij married women in France. It is the first table ever constructed to exhibit to ladies their chances of marriages at varicca ages. Of the 876 tabulated, there were married : — Tears of age. Years of age. Years of age. Years of age. 3 at 13 118 at 20 28 at 27 5 at 34 11 at U 86 at 21 22 at 28 3 at 35 16 at 1.5 So at 22 17 at 29 at 36 43 at 1*; 50 at 23 at 30 2 at 37 45 at 17 r>:i at 24 7 at 31 ' at 38 77 at IS .36 at 25 5 at 32 1 at 39 115 at 19 24 at 26 7 at 33 at 40 It should not be forgotten that women, and men, too. in England, Canada, and the Northern States, are no nearer maturity at 20, than the French at 18. This is owing to the warm climate, which in France accelerates maturity with greater rapidity than in more northern climes. From salutary experience, it would be safe to say that the best results would follow, did our girls not marry until after 20, and our men till after 22, or evon 24. Women married at 25, live four years longer than unmarried ones; 72 married women live to 45. for 52 unmarried. Among mar- ried men, 41 attain 45. for 18 immarried. ^t 60, there are 48 married men for 11 mim;irried. At 80. the numbers are 9 married for 3 unmarried, Csrebeo-Spek.vl Meningitis, oe Spotted Fetek. is fre- <^aently caused by bad dl«t, malaria, cold, repression of the seci-e- tioiis. ohangsable' weather, etc. It is a mc=t sQaligiiant tiouble, con- fitting of infla:araation of the brain said spinal marrow. Jhare in &ver, pain in the hwd; rigidity of the muicles, intense thirst, ter- diile lain, and a& abnodanoe of purple spots. Ths head ii forced MEDICAL i . • ...,X\IENT. 185 baolrxard with fearful agonj-, the intense gnffering induces prostra- tions, stupidity, deafness, — in some ca<-e3 blindne^, and if the dis- ease is not leJ-trained by skilful treatment, insensibilitA- and death. In treating this dL«ea*ie. keep the bowels open, and the "body warm: immersion in a hot t«th, made strong with «altand mii«t;ird. is good to bring the bk>od to the suriaoe. Another way is to wrap the body in a woollen blanket wrung out of hot water, and place outside of tho blanket bottles filled with hot water, and cover over close, as de- scribed under the wet sheet pack ; this will induce a copious perspir- ation and afford reUef. Warm ginger tea is useful to geuei-ate inter- nal heat, and tincture of pepper for outward application, with fric- tion on the skin. If the jjiilse is high, give two to three drops ex- tract of VeralriDn r?>jV?e ( American Hellebore), every hour, diluted by adding 1 te;ispoonfu] of water to each diop of the extract. Guard ftgainst con-tipation, retention ol urine, convulsions, etc., and if the bead is severely pained, relieve by dry cupping over the neck and spin& Crovp SvBtT. — Crushed bktod root, 2 leaspoonf uls ; vinegar, 2 gills ; white sugar, 8 tablesixwuiuls ; boil all together and straia Dose, from | to 1 teaspoonf ul every hour or half hour, (warm) accord, ing to the severity of the case. Sponge the body with strong salera- tus water, and if inflammation exists, give, for a child of 1 year, a tea?p<:»ouful (every hour) of a niixtui-e of 5 drops of veratruni in 20 tKisp'.'onluls of vrater. bCLPUiRic Ether. — Rectified spirit, 3 lbs. ; sulphuric acid, 2 lbs. carbonate of potassa (previously ignited), 1 oz. ; pour 2 lbs- of the spirit into a glass retort, add the acid, place the vessel on a sand liath, so that the liquor may boil as soon as possible, and tlie ether as it forms, pass over into a weU cooled receiver; continue the distilla- tion until a heavier fluid begins to pass over, then lower the heat, add the remainder of the spirit, and distil as before ; pour off the supematent jxirtion, add the carbonate of potassa for one hour; finally, disMl the ether from a large retort, and keep it in a well- stoppered bottle. Chix)KOForm. — Take chloride of lime (in powder), 4 lbs.; water, 12 lbs. ; mix in a capacious retort or still, add, of rectified spirit. 12 fluid ozs., and cautiously distil, as long as a dense liquid, which sinka in tlie water it passes over with, is produced ; separate this from the water, agibito \t with a little sulphuric acid, and, lastly, rectify from carbon-^.tf of Inrfi. The ov.]v s:ife way known of purifying chloro- form, r w.iter and redistillation. Pnif lU prolonging the anaesthesia in- duced!; . :.^ , . : taueous injection of a solution contaiumg 1 gr. of acetate oi nuiqihia. In one case the patient slept 12 bours and underwent a painful operation, without any sensation^ ■whatever. The injection performed without the previous inhalation of chloroform, produced no sucli effect. Carboxip Oxide Gas, is inflammable, but arrests animal life. Carbonic Ackl Gas maybe Uaifjicd as follows : — Get a strong iron bottle, strong enough to re.«ist a pressure of 40 atmospheres, or 6(X1 lbs. to the square inch ; put into it about 4 ozs. of sodic bicartxjnate, and a small pot containing about the same quantity of oil of \-itrioI, Insert the latter carefully, so as not to spill any : close the bottle with an airtight cnii. surromid by a mixture of ice and salt, and upset the inner pot. The gas becomes couviensed and liquified in the bottle and on opening the bottle, by means of a stop-eock in tlie lid, will fiish. out, and i>art will fall down in a frozen state like snow, A jd 188 MEDICAL DEPABIMEKT. of the liquid cstfbonic add, directed on the "bulb of a ppirU tbennom- ettr. made it fall to 19i° below zero. A jet passed into a phial is ex- panded 400 time?, and the cold solidifies it as a vrhite powder. Then, jf the finder is placed ou the ix>wder, tlie exjansion repels the finger, the cold being 231° beiow zero ! It is too dangerously cold for medi- cal applications, but a mistiu-e of salt and tuelv broken ice, hare been used to promote immunity from pain during amputation, and in- cases of Esvere headache. Anjetthesia may also be produced by projecting a ipray of sulphuric ether and rliig'cline, ■whicn produces a temporary fi»€iiug, daring -which time an opeir.tiGn msy be per- formed witiiout pain to tliS patient, alter ■which tl:» pan* thaw, and »en--ilility returns. Eri_£S TO EE FOLLOArED ET THE BT-?TA>-DEES HT CASE OP I^- JTBT BT MACH!>T3r &C., 'NrHXEE SUEGICAL ASSISTAJSCE CAyNOX EE oBTATvED,— In Ciises oitcv'-re shock, inducing ijalenes*, chiilinese, and prostration, place the suilerer on a bed with the head but slight- ly raised, keep up Trannth by wrappinghim tu blankets and coverlets, a'ssiiied by bottles c-ontaining h^t water, or by warm bricks, wrap- ped in cloths, and appUed to tie armpits, sides, feet, &c. . stimulate with table gpooniul doses of whi.ikey or brandy every 15 or 20 minutes, unnl partial recovery, and nourish by giving strong "soup occasionally. If the patient is not bleeding, do not" bind the limb tight, but cover the bruised part lightly with rags. If bleeding results, do not try to stop it by binding up the wotmd, but find ti;e anery by its beatinj, and place "a firm and smooth wad made of cloth or f.'.gs rolled up, or any roimd smooth article of proper size, wrapped up and place oicr the artery as shown in the figures, tie a haudKerchief around the Umb and tigbten up : put a stick through nnd-xsa rE03i CorD. -Restore ^rarmth gradually, in pro Twrtion a3 circ-cilation in the parts or boay incxeasei. ^rSBArHOZLN-LmB.-Rab ^^th siio^, and place 1° «^1<1^^« for a short time. 'RTien sensation retams, place agam m coW water add h^t i-r-rv nradualbj, by adding warm water. Ir apparently dead or IS.VS'smp enti^ly of clothea, and cover bodr^th excygou of mouth and nostrib, with $ac-.c c- ice-coM tcc^t^r. When the body fa Ked drv it, place it in a cold bed; rub with war:n handj under the cover coitimie this for hours. If life appears, gire small mjec- tions of camphor and water; put a drop of spt*. camphor on tha tongue; then rub body with spirit.? and water, finally witli spirits; , then rfve tea, coffee, or brandy and wr.ter. „ „ „ l/^PAKEVr DSATH FROM BREATEES-O ^OXIOCS YAPORS — LX- Dose'the person to the air; sprinkle cold water on face and head; mb Btrong vinegar about nostrils; give drink of vinegar and water. // tujo^ated b1/ breathinj charcoal jumrs, treat m the same manner, and e£nte breathing as directed in cases of drowning. Ds. M. Hall s Doiectioks for RrsTORLso; the Apparextly DaowNKD —1. S-^^nd for aphi/siciaa inall cases. 2. Treat the imtient ixsTA>CTLY ov THE SPOT, ill tuB OPEX AiK, freely exix>?ing the face, neck and chest to the breeze, exce:)t in cold weather. 3. In order to clear the throat. pLice the patient gently on the face with one wrist under the forehead, that all fluid, ajid the tougue itself may faU Jorward, and leave the entrance into the windpijw free. 4. To ex- criE bespiratiox, turn the patient sliglitly on his side, and apply some in-itating or stimnlating agent to the nostrils, as vekatrtxb, DTLirrE AitiioxiA, &c., or snuff, or apply a feather to the throat. 3. Make the face -vr.rm bv brisk friction; tiien dash cold water upon it. 6. If not successful, lose no time, but, to imitate re-SPIratios, place th« patient ox his pide, and a little betoxd; then again on the face, and so on altei-nately. Repeat these movements deliberately and perse veringly 1.3 TI3IE3 oxlt in a minute. (When the patient lies on the breast, this a^.vitv is C' )Mppxs.sf.d hy th4 weight of the body, and expiration takes place. When he is turned on the side this pressure is removed, and j/ispirati^^n occursV 7. When the prone position is resumed, make a uniform and efflcient pressure aloxq THE sprxE, removing the pressure immediately, before rotation on the side. (The pres-snre augments the ej-piration : the rotation commences tJispiration). Continue these measures. 8. Rub the limbs xtpward Tnxn FIRM PKEssniE, and ^vith ener^v. (The objert being to aid tha TPt-.ri of venous blood to the heart). '9. Substit-te for the patient** vet clothinj, if possible, such other covering as can be instantly pr»- 188 MEDICAL ©EPAETMENT. •nred, each by-stander supplying a coat or rept, &c. Meantime, and from time to time, to excite iNSPiRATioir, let the snriuce of tne body be SLAPPED bi-iskiy -with the hand. 10. Rub tlie body briskly till it Is warm and du^, then dash oojld water upon it, and repeat the rubbing. Avoid the immediate removal of the patient, as it involves a dax= GEHOus LOSS OF TIME; al.so, the n.se of bellows, or any forcing in- strument, and ALL EOUGH TKEAT3IENT. Rules fob Accide>ts on Water.— When npset in a boat or thrown into the water and unable to swim, draw the breath in well; keep tlie mouth tight shut; do not struggle aud tlaow the arms up, but yield quietly to tlie water; lioIJ t.ie head well up, aud stretch out the hand3 only below tlie w;iter; to throw the hand.s or feet vp will pitch the body below the Avater, Icuids or icct up will pitch the body head doivn, and cause the whole person to go immediately under vrater. Keep the head above, and every thing el&e under water. Everj-one should learn to swim ; no animal, aquatic fowl, or reptile requires to be taught this, lor they do it natuially. Few persona exist who have not some time or other, seen a bulllrog perform his masterly movements in the water, and it would detract from no one's dignity to take a lew lessons from him. In learning, the beginner might sustain himself by a plank, a block, of wood, an attachment composed of cork, an inflated bladder, a flying kite, or a stout cord attached to a long rod held by an assistant on the land. Leaiti to twim cost mhcit it icill. An oflBcer of the New York police force wears three medals, and receives ??oO per month from the Life Saving Benevolent Association. He has saved 12 lives from death by drowning, but he says that M'hcn a boy he received a thrashing every night from his father forgoing in swimming. Oxygen Gas. — 1. L>e red oxide of mercury; heat over a spirit lamp, or ignited charcoal in a green glass retoi-t, or in a short tube of Bohemian glass, closed with a perforated cork furnished with a piece of bent glass tube of small bore to convey the Uberated gas to the vessel aiTanged to receive it. Pure. 1 6z. yields about 100 cubic inches. 2. Treat chlorate of potassa as above. Pure. Product 100 cubic inches of gas from 100 grains. 3. Bichromate of potassa, 3 part!> ; oil of vitriol, 4 parts ; heat gently as before ; yields pure oxy- gen very freely and rapidly. 4. Binoxide of raonganese and oU of vitriol, equ.al parts: treat as the last. Product, 256 cubic inches from 1 oz. binoxide. 5. On the lav'ie scale ; expose nitre to a dull red heat in an iron retort or gnn barrel. Product, 1200 cubic inches of gaa (from 1 lb. nitre), oontammated more or less with nitrogen. 6. Treat flood commercial binoxide of manganese, as the last. Product. 1300 to 1600 cubic inches, or from .5 to 6 gals, from 1 lb. of binoxide. 7. Chlorate of potassa 1^ lbs. ; binoxide of manganese, | lb. ; treat aa the last. Gas procured from mantjanese or nitre, may be purified by passing it through lime water. When required for nice experiments, the first gas should be allowed to pass away, or else be gathered eeparately, as it is a])t to be impure. Oxygen gas is the supporter of vitality and fire, and is often used as a remedial agent in asphyxia, arising from the inhalation ot carbonic acid or carbonic oxide. It was first discruninated as a distinct gas, by Piiastly, in 1774, MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 180 German Rhectiatic Fldtd.— OUs of hemlock and cedar, of each i oz., oils of origanum and eassafras, each 1 oz. ; aqua ammonia, 1 oz. ; capsicum pulverized, 1 oz. ; spirits of turpentine and gum camphor, each i oz. ; put all into a quart bottle, and fill with 95 per cent, alcohol. l)o.se, for colic, for man, half a teaspoonf ul ; for a horse, ^ to 1 oz., in a little wann water, every 15 minutes, till reUeved. LiNrMENT FOR Old Sores.— Alcohol, 1 qt. ; aqua ammonia, 4oz. ; oil of origanum, 2 oz. ; camphor s:;nu, 2 oz. ; opium, 2 oz. ; gum myrrh, 2 oz. ; common salt, two tablespoons. Mix, and shake occa- Bioui'.ll y for a week. LixBi EXT.— Good Sajiaritax.— Take 98 per cent alcohol, 2 qts. ; and add to it the following articles : Oils of sassafras, hemlock, Bpirits of tur])entuie, tincture of cayenne, catechu, guaiac (guac), .and laudauimi, of each, 1 oz. ; tincture of myrrh, i oz. ; oil of oiiganum, 2 oz. ; oil of wintergreen, ^ oz. ; gum camphor, 2 oz. ; and "chloro- farating them. Ck)MPor>'D Smup of Hytophosphites.— Take of hypophosphito of lime, IJ oz. ; h}'popho.=iihite of soda ^ oz ; hypo phosphite of pot- assa, ^ oz. ; cane sugar, lib. troy: hot water, 20 fluid ozs. ; orange water, 1 fluid oz. Mix a solnti>3n of the mixed salts in the hot water, filter through paper, di^isolve the sugar in t;ie solution by heat, and strain, and add the orange flower water. Dose, a teaspoonf ul, con- taining nearly five grains of the mixed salts. Cook's Electbo-IIagnetic Li.nimext.— Best alcohol, 1 gaL ; oil qf amber, 8 oz. ; guiu camphor, 6 oz. ; Castile soap, sliaved fine, 2 oz. ; beefs gall, 4 o.'.. ; ammonia, 3 F.'s strong, 12 oz.; mix, and ehake occasionally for 12 hours, and it is fit for use. This will be found a strong and valmihle liniment LoxDON LiXDiENT. — ^Tahe diloroform, olive oil. and aqua ammo- nia, of each 1 oz. ; acetate of morphia, 10 grs. Mix and use as othez liniments. Very valuable. OrKTiis>-r3.— Fob Old Sokes. — Red preclpitite, | oz. j .TOgar of lead, i oz. ; burnt alnm, 1 oz. : white \-itiiol, J oz., or a httle less ; all to be v*ry finely pulverized ; lux\ e mutton tallow made warm, f lb. ; Ftir nU in, and stir until ojuL Jcdkin's OnrrME>T. — Linseed oil, 1 pt ; sweet oQ, 1 oz. ; and boil them in a kettle on coals for nearly 4 hours, as warm as you can : then have pulverized and mixed borax, ^ oz. ; red lead, 4 oz. ; and sugar of lei;d, 1^ oz. ; remove tlie kettle from the fire, and thicken in the powder ; continue the stii-ring until cooled to blood heat, then etir in 1 oz. of spirits of turpentme ; and now take out a httle, let- ting it get cold, and if not then PuflBciently thick to spread upon thia Boft linen rs a salve, you will boil again until this point is reached. It is good for all kinds of woimds, bruises, soree, bums, white swell- ings, rheumatisms, ulcers, sore brea-sts ; and eveu where there &t9 wounds on the inside, it has been used with advantage, by appljing a plaster over the paat. Magnetic Oint:mekt. — Said to bk Trask's. — Hard raisins cat in pieces, and fine-cut tobacco, equal weights ; simmer well toijether, then strain, and press out all from the dregs. Mead's Salt-Rhecm Oixtmext.— Aquaforth*, 1 oz. ; quicksilver, I oz. ; good hard soap, dissolved so as to mix reiidily, 1 oz. ; prei^ared chalk, 1 oz. ; mixed with 1 lb. of lard ; mix the above by putting the aq^iafortis and qiucltsilver into an eartiien ^e^sel, and when dona en^.rveccing, mix ^^-ith the other ingredients, putting the chalk in last ; add a little spirita of tari)eQtiue, gay ^ tablespoon. WEDICAL DEPABTMENT, ETC. 19i QXESK Otntmekt.-— Honey and beeswax, each J lb. ; spirits of tarpentine, 1 02. ; wintercreen oil and laadiinum, each 2 oz. ; ver* digris, finely pulverized, J oz. ; Lard, 1^ lb. ; mix by a stove fire, in a copper kettle, heating slowlv. Itch Oi>t>ient.— Unsaltei butter, 1 lb. ; bnrgnndv pitch, 2 oz. , spirits of tnri)eDtiue, 2 oz. ; red precipitate, pulverized, l| oz. ; melt tlie pitch and add the butter, BtiiTiu? well together ; then remove Irom the fire, and when a little cool add the spirits of turpeutiue, and Jafitly the precipitate, and stir until cvld. Jaundice.— l>- its AVokst Fukjis.— Kediodideofmercnrv, 7grs.; iodide of potassium, 9 prs. ; aqua dis. (distilled water), 1 oz. ; mix. Commence by gi^'ing 6 dix)i« 3 or 4 times a dav, increasmg 1 drop a day imtU 12 or 15 drojis are given at a dose, feive in a little water, imaiediately after meals. If it causes a griping sensjition in the bowels, and fuLues.s in the head, when you get up to 12 or 15 drops, go back to 6 drops, and up again as before. Resiedy fob Kheituatis-m axb Stiff Jorsrs.— Strong camphor spirits, 1 pt. ; neat's-foot, coon, bear's, cr skunk's oil, 1 pt. ; spirits of turjieutine, ^ pt Shake tl;o bottle when used, and apply 3 times daily, by itourmg on a little at a time, and rubbing in all you can for 20 or 30 muiutes. > o j Asthma Rkmedies.— ElecamjKine, angelica, comfrey, and spilie- nard roots with hoarhound tops, of each 1 oz. ; bruise and steep in honey, 1 pt Dose, a tablespoon, taken hot every few minutes, until reUef is obtained, then several times daily until a cure is effected. Another.— Oil of tar, 1 dr. ; tincture of veratrum viride, 2 drs. ; Bimple syrup, 2 drs. ; mix. Dose, for adults, 15 di-ops 3 or 4 times daUy. Iodide of potassium has cured a bad case of asthma, by taking 6 gr. doses 3 times daily. Tsie | oz. and put it in a phial, and add 32 teaspoons of water ; then 1 teaspoon of it will contain the 5 grs., which put into ^ <.nll more water, and drink before meals. CoiirosiTiox Powder.— TH03ipsoN's.—Bayberry bark, 2 lbs. ; hemlock bark, 1 lb. ; ginger root, 1 lb. ; ca venue pepper, 2 oz. ; cloves, 2 oz. ; all finely pulverized and well raised. Dose, \ a teaspoon of it, and a spoon of sugar ; put them into a toa-cnp, and pour it half full of boiling water ; let it stand a few minutes, and fiil the cup with milk, and drink freely. If no milk Ja to be obfciined, fiil up the cup with hot water. French RntEDT fob Chronic Rhettmatism.— Dr. Bonnet, of Granlbet, Frame, states, in a letter to the " AbeiileMediaile." that ho, has been long in the habit of preeciibiu? "the essential oil of turp-en- tme by friction for rheumatism : and tliat lie has used it himself vith perfect success, having almost mstantaueously got rid of rheumatic pains in bc^th knees and in the left shoulder." Da-»ETics— PiLi.s, Drops, Decoction, &g .—Solidified copaiba. 3 parts ; alcoholic extract of cubebs, 1 part ; formed into piLlr' wiUi a litUe oil of juniper. Dose, 1 or 2 pills 3 or 4 times daily, Tliis pill has been found very valuable in afl'ections of the kidneys, bhidder, and urethja, as inflammation from gravel, gonoiTho.a, gleet, whites, leucon-hcea, common IntlammationB, &c. For giving them a sugar coat, see tliat heading, if desired. Diuretic Drops.— OU of cuhebs, i oz. ; sweet spirits of nitre. J M. ; balaam of copaiba, 1 oz. ; liatlem oil, 1 bottle ; oU of lavexideii 192 HEDICAL DETABTMEXT, ETC. 20 drops ; sy^irits of turpentine, 20 droits ; mix. Dope, 10 to 25 drops, as the stoniiicli will bear, tliree times daily. It rany be used in any of the abijve diseases vrith great satisfai'tiou. DiUEETic TixcTCRE. — Gieen or fijowing Fncanrant mashed, put into a bottte, and covered with gin, is an exceLcut diuretic. Diuretic fok Childrex. — Sxiii its of nitre — ii few drops in a little gpearmint tea — is all sufdcient. Fur very youu:jf children, pumpldn- eeed, or water-melon-seed tea is i)eihai s tlie l'eowder, and keep in motion imtil completely coated, dry, and smooth. If yon are not very careful, you will get too much syrup upon the pills ; if you do, jiut in more, and be qiuck al>outitto prevent moistening ths pill too mm h, getting them into the jiowder aa soon as possible. Positive Cure for Hydrophobia. — The dried root of elecami«ne, pulverize it, and meisure out 9 he^iping tablespoonfuls, and mix it vith 2 or 3 teaspoonf uld of x>ulverizcd gum arable ; then divide into MEDICAL DE^AETMENT, ETC. 19S Seqnal portions. When a i)erson ia bitten by a rabid animal, talcs cue of these jxirtiona and steep it in 1 pt. of new milk, until nearly ialf the quantity of milk is evaporated ; then strain, and drink it in the mominc, fasting for 4 or 5 hours after. The same dose is to be repeated 3 momings in succession, then skip 3, and so on, until the 9 doses are taken. The patient must avoid getting Tret, or the heat of the sun, and abstain from high-seasoned diet, or hard exercise, and, if costive, take a dose of salts. The above quantity is for an adult ; children will take less according to age. Eye Prepaeatioxs.— Eye Water.— Table salt and white vitriol, of each 1 tablespoon ; heat them uiMn coi^per plates or in earthea- ■ware until dry ; the heating drives off the acrid water, called the water of crystallization, making them much milder in their action ; BOW add to them soft water ^ pt. ;^uttiug in white sugar, 1 table- jjpoon ; bine vitriol, a piece the size of a common pea. If it should prove too stron'? in any case, add a Uttle more soft water to a phial of it. Apply it to the eyes 3 or 4 times daily. I>-riA PKEscRiPTio^f' FOR SoRE Eyes.— Sulphate of zinc, 3grs. ; thictnre of opium (laudanum), 1 dr. ; rose water, 2 oz. ; mix. Put a drop or two in the eye, 2 or 3 times daily. Another. — Sulphate of zinc, acefcite of lead, and rock salt, of each i oz. ; loaf sugar, 1 oz. ; soft water, 12 oz. ; tiijt without heat, and use as other eye watei-s. li sore eyes shed much water, put a little of the oxide of zinc into a phiil of 'water, and use it rather free- ly. This will soon effect a cure. Copperas and water has cured sore eyes of long stindiug ; and used quite strong, it makes an excellent application in erysipelas. Allum aud the white of an egg is good. IxniAX Eye Water. — Soft water, 1 pt. ; gum arable, 1 oz. ; white vitriol, 1 oz. ; fine salt, ^ teaspoon ; put all into a bottle, and shako nntil dissolved. Put into the eye just as you retire to lied. BljVCK Oil.— Best alcohol, tinctuie of arnica, British oil, and ofl of tar, of each 2 o?. ; and sloicbj add sulphuric acid, \ oz. These black oils are getting into extensive use as a liniment, and are indeed valuable, especially in cases attended with much inflammation. VERMiFfGE Lozenges.— Santonin, 60 gr.-?. ; pulverized sugar, 5 oz. ; mucilage of gum tragacanth. PufHcieut to make into a thick paste, worked carefully together, that tlie santonin shall be evenly mixed throughout the whole mr;.^ ; then if not in too great a hurry, cover up the mortar iu wliich you have rubbed them, and let stand from 12 to 24 hours to temper ; at which time they will roll out better than if done immediately ; d'\ide into 120 lozenges. Dose, for a child 1 year old, 1 lozenge, night and morning ; of 2 years, 2 lozenges ; of 4 years, 3 ; of 8 years. 4 ; of 10 years or more, 5 to 7 lozenges ; in all cases to bo fcjken twico daily, and continuing until the worms start on a voyage of discovery. Harlem Oil or Welsh Medicamenttm.— Sublimed or flowers of pnlphur and oil of amber, of each 2 oz. ; linseed oil, 1 lb. ; spirits of turpentine sufBcient to reduce aU to the consistence of thin molasses. Boil the sulphur in the linseed oil imtil it is dissolved, then add the oil of amber and turpentine. Dose, from 15 to 25 drops, mominj and evening. Amongst the Welsh and Germans it is extensively uaed for etrengthening the Btomach, kidneya liver, and lunjfs ; iT)i.\x'PKEscRrETnoxFOECHOi.EKA. — First dissolvegumcamphor, ioz,, in Ij oz. of alcohol; se\xiud, give a teasixwn of spirits of hartshorn in a wine glass of water, and follow it every 5 minutes with 15 drops of the camphor in a teaspoon of water, for 3 doses ; then wait 15 minutes, and commence again as before ; and continuo the camphor for £0 minutes, unless there is returning heat. Should this be the case, give one more dose, and the cure is effected ; let them perspire freely (which the medicine is designed to cause), &s Mixm tills the life depends, but add no additional clothing. IsTHiirs Choleka TixcTUKE. — Tincture of rhubarb, cayenne, opium, and spirits of camphor, with essence of peppermint,' equal parts of er.ch, and each as strong as can be made. Do-d RHEritAxisJi. — Boming fluid, 1 pt ; oils of cedar, hemlock, sassafras, and origanum, of each 2 oz. ; carbonate of ammonia, pulverized, 1 oz. ; mix. DiRF.cxioys. — Apply freely to the ner\e and giuns around the tooth ; and to the face, in neuralgic pains, by wetting brown paper and lading on the parts, not too long, i<.>r iear "of blistering, — to the nerves of t*eth by lint I\EriiAL<;iA. — Lntfrvai. Remedy.—- Sal-ammoniac, i dr., dissolve in water 1 oz. Pose, one tablespoon every 3 minutes, for 20 minutes, at tlie eud of which time, if not before, the" pain wiU have disappeared. Aktificiai. Skix. — Fob Bciixs, BEnsESjArRAsioys, &c. — Proof AGAi>'ST Water. — Take gun cotton and Venice turpentine, equal parts of each, and dissolve them in TO times as much sulphuric ether, dissolving the cotton fir.^t, then adding the turpentine ; keep it corkea tightly. Water does not affect it, hence its value for cracked ni[>plea, chapped hands, surface bruises, &c., &c IxDu^x Balsam. — Clear, pale resin, 3 lbs., and melt it, adding ■pirits of turpentine, 1 qt ; bal-am of tolu, 1 oz. ; balsam of fir, 4 oz. ; cil of hemlock, origanum, with Tenice turpentine, of each, 1 oz. ; rtrained honey, 4 oz. ; mix well, and bottle. Dose. 6 to 12 drops ; for a child of sir, 3 to 5 drop.s, on a little sugar. Tha dose can be raried according to the abuity of the stomach to bear it, and the Eecessity of the case. It is a valuable prejiaration for coughs, inter- nal paica, or strains, and works benignly upon the kidneys, ^\ Exs — To CiTiE. — Dissolve copperas ta water to niake it very strong ; now tike a pin, needle, or sharp knife, and prick or cut th« wen hi aliout a dozen places, juit sufficient to cause it to bleed ; thea w et it well with the copperas water, ome daily. Bronchockt,e. — E>"LAROED JsECK. — To CcRE. — ^lodide of potas- Bium (often callej hjdnodate of potash), 2 dxa. ; iodine, 1 dr. ; watai MEDICAL DEPARTitENT, ETC 196 Ji oz. ; mix and shake a few minntes, nnd ponr a littte into a phial for internal use. Dose, 5 to 10 drops before each meal, to be taken in a little water. Exterxal Application. — ^^'ith a feather, wet tb» enlarged neck, from the other bottle, night and morning, until well. It will cause the Bcarf skin to peel off several times before the cure is perfect, leaving it tender; but do not omit the ap])Uc^tion more than one day at most, and you may rest assured of a cure, if a cure can bo performed by any means whatever. Daley's CAKjnNAiivE. — Jiagnesia, 2dr8. ; oil peppermint, Sdrops; oil nutmeg, 7 droj^ ; oil anise, 9 drops ; tmct of castor, 1^ drs.; timet. ofassafcetida, 45di"op9 ; tinct. of opium, 18 drops ; essence pennyroyal, CO drops ; tiuc-t of cardamoiis, 93 dro^DS ; peppeimlnt w^ater, 7 oz. ; mix. Positive Ccre fob Diahkikk.^. — Take 2 wine gla-sses of vinegar, and one tables] wonful of salt. Mix the ^Nhole thoroughly to dissolve the salt ; add 7 to 10 drops of laudanum, according, to the age or strength of the patient, and give the whole at one dose. CuKK FOR Aguk. — Cut three lemons into tliin slices and ponnd them with a mallet, then take enough coffee to make a quart, boil it down to a pint and pour it while quite hot over tlie lemons. Let it stand till cold, then strain through a cloth, and take the whole at one dose, immedlatchj afiT the chill is over, and before the fever comes on. To Improve the Voice. — Beeswax, 2 drs. ; copaiba balsam, 3 dr^ ; jiowder of liquorice root, 4 drs. ; melt the coimiba balsam with tlie wiix in a new earthen pipkin ; when melted, remove them from the f'.TQ, and mix in the powder ; make tlie pills of 3 grs. each. Two of these pills to be taken occasionn 11 y , 3 o r 4 ti mes a day. Very best known. Cl're for Tape Worm. — Tali© at one dose, ether foz. 2 hours nfter this fcike castor oil, 1 oz. The worm is discharged entire or al- most eo, and always with the head intact. Necessary Rules fob Sleep. — There is no fact more clearly established in the physiology of man than this, that the brain expend* its energies and itself during the hours of wakefulness and that these are recuperated during sleep. If the recuperation does not equal the expenditure, the brain withers ; this is insanity. Thus it is m early English history, persons who were condemned to death by being pre- vented from sleeping always died ^a^^ng maniacs, and those who are etarved to death become insane ; the brain is not nourished and they can not sleep. The practical inferences are three; 1st. Those who think most, who do the most brain work, require the most sleep. 2d. The time "saved" from necessary sleep is infallibly destructive to mind, body and estate. 3d. Give yourself, your children, your servante, five aU that are under you, the fullest amount of sleep they will take, y compelling them to go to bed at some regular early hour, and to nse in tlie morning at the moment they awake ,• and, within a fort- night, Nature, with almost the regularity of the rising sim, will un- loose the bonds of sleep the moment enough repose has been secured for the wants of the system. This is the only safe and efficient rule. Signs of Disease in Children. — In the case of a baby not yet able to talk, it must cry when it is iU. The colic makes a baby cry- loud, long, and passionately, and shed tears — stopping for a moment and beginning again. If the chest is affected, it giv«B (me ibaip vxj, breaking oS imak^ diateiy, as if crying hortu. 19% MBDICAL DEPABT3tEXT, ETC. If the tead i3 affected, it cries, in sharp, yier^'^i shrlcJcx, Trith /<»* mcxms and xcails between. Or iheie may be quiet doziug, aud etart- iDjrs between. It is easy enonga to perceive, wiere a cIiiM is attnclied \~ disen-a that there" is some clian_-e taking flr.^ -3 ; for eiclier iu? slcia will be dry and hot. its apperlte gone ; it is stxipiuly sleep v, or fretful and cry:!-'/; It is tliirstv, or pale and lan^mid, or ta eome Vay t*tray3 that some- thing is ■vsTong. When a cLiid yoinits. or bcs a diarrhoea, or is orv tive ?nd feverish, it is owing to pome derangement, riid needs attcrv tion. But these various Fvmptouis tr.ay ci ntinr.e lor a day or t. j before the nature of the disease can t-e "dctornaned. A ^nvrra lath, •warm drinks, et:., can do no harm, and mr.y help to determine tl.a case. On coming out of the bath, nnd being Avell nibbed with t.3 Tiand. the ekin wlB show fym-ytoms of ra?h, if it is a skin diiea^e ■which has commenced. By the ap.ieamnv. e of the rr..-h, tl:e nature of the disease can be learned. Measles are in r-tche«. d?.'-\ r^-.i. ?> I come out fir>t about the face. If scarlet fever is L^ i Tvill lo>-)k a deep ] ink all over the Ixdy. though n. > neck and face. Chicken-pox &hows fever, but not ^ ^ at the nose, and aprearant-e of ccld, as in measles, nor is theieua mnch of a cough. Besides, tlie pp-cte are smaller, and do not run nuch tocrether, and are more diilosed over the whole surface of tiia fikin, and enlarge into little bli;-ters in a d.iv or tvro. Let the room"where the child is sick be shadv, quiet, and cool. Be careful n^r^t to sre.ik Fo suddenly as to startle tlie haU-cir' - t and handle it v.lih the grciitest tenderness wlien it is : :o move it If it is the lungs that sxuier, Lave the little pi,-._. - .:- ■w^t elevrted xipon the i illowg for ea.-ier bre.athing. and do even :;- » to s'X'th an i rcr.hc it e^nrfortr.hV. s*^ "^^ not to have it cry. and to V: ij tV '" '' ' ' ' 1 is very weak, do not move it I nv.ilsions. In administering a :_ _,: ; ^ . r ^ : len n->t to frighten the child. It should be put in so graduiiiiy, and to amused by something placed in the wnter on purpose as to forget its fear ; keep up a good supply of fresh air, at a temperature of aboi:t OOo F.:b'. If a hired nur-"e WKt be had. select if p<\e of sickness, S-.e should not be under t^renty-fi .e or over f fty-iive. aa l>etween these two ages she will, if her'.thy, be in her full strength and capacitv. W'HOOPixr, Cough. — To em^ty ti.e child's stomach by a lobelia emetic, is the first step. After this make a gvrup of gngar, ginger- root, a little water, and enon^rb lobelia tincture to piwiuce a. eiigat ransea. This, given two or tliree times a day, vriil iooaen the co^h rery much. See " %STiooping Cou?h Symp.^' Di-VRRHCEA. — Nothing is better f < ►r l«x>seness of the bowels than tea m-ide of ground bayberry. Sweeten it well, and give a hait- te;icupful once in two hours, until t'.ie child is bener. Baiiiioe miut ■ot be neglected- For Cronp Remedy see "Cure for Lockjaw/' Couc — ^Thij can be cured wiih warm injectiaDS of simple wap< MEDICAL DErAETSlENT, 1;TC> 197 Bnds, or^rann water Trith a -warming tincture in It. A little warm' tea may be given at the same time, and the bcvvels rubbed. Every family shoiild have a small and large syringe. Notliing is oftener needed, particularly in the care of children. Fever.— Where a child hns a simple fever from teething or any- other cause not connected witli acute disease, give a teaspoonf ul of, syrup of rhubarb, a Avarm injection, and sponge-battis. These will generally be all that is needed. Rickets ano Scrofula.— K children have either of these, or both the.se dipeapes, a good, nutritive diet is a great ef'j=ontial Then the allcalinc-bath, a little lime-water, say a teaspoonlul three times a day,^ and out-door exercise, are the chief remedies. Fits— Spasms — VVlien these are brour,ht on by indigestion, place the child in a warm bath immediately, give warm water, or a lobeha emetic, ri;b the skin briskly, etc., to getnp an action. In brain disease the warm water is equally useful. In fact, unless the fit is constitu- tional, the warm bath wUl relieve tlie patient by drawiug the blood to the surface. ExLARr.KjrEjTT OF THE BRArM.— This chicfly effects children, and' consists iu r>n unnatural growth of tlie brain. The skull may grow Avith it, and there be no sjTutoms of di.-^ease, though chudren with this large brain are apt to die of some brain direase. The symptoms of enlargement of the brain are, dullness of intellect, indifference to ex- ternal objects, irritable temper, Inordinate appetite, giddiness, and habitual headache. Soractimcs tlicro are convnlsions, epileptic fits, and idiocy. There is also a pecular projection of the i^arietal bones in this disease. Treatment.— Xs, much a,q possible, repress all exercise of tlie mind. Do not suffer the child to go to school ; b;it put it to the most active and muscular exercire in tl.e open air. The moment there is any heat in the top of the head, apply ccld Water, ice, or cold evapornting lo- tions. The diet should be vciy simple, bread and mUk only, if, as the child grows up, the signs of the disease iucreaf'e. Water ixthe Head.— Another disease of children, an« especially of scrofulous cliUdren, It is infliimmatorv, and should be early no- ticed. Symptoms. — Capricious appetite, a foul tongue, offensive breath en- larged, and some times tender belly, ton^id bowels, stools lieht-colored from ha^ing no bUe, or dark from vitiated bile, fetirl, soui--smelling, slimy and lumpy. The child grows pale and tiiin : and Ls hea\-r, Lan- guid, dejected ; it is fretful, irritable, uneasy, and apt to be tottering m its gait. The disease may begin, after these symptoms, bv pains in tlie head, becoming more severe and iiequent, giiaqi and ehooting, causing tl.'O child to waken and shriek out. As the drowsv stnte advance.-?, the shrieking gives i)l;ice to moa ning. There is grejit stiflne.cs in the back of the neck, pain in the limbs, tf ndenie.e tinctiire of digitalis, one oiince ; syrup of squills, one ounce ; mix. Ten drops for a child seven yeai^ old every four hours. The patient should be kept iu a dark room, aeay from all noise and excitement, and should lie upon a hair mattress- with his head somewhat elevated. T];e diet in the first stage snould be noth- ing more than gT;.el ; alter Cvct, more nourishing, but easy of diges- tion, such as beef-tea, pLiin chicken-broth, animal-jellies, etc. At the same time the patient should be supxKjrted by the cautious use of wine-whey, valerian, or ton drops of aromatic spirits of ammonia every four hours. Mumps. — This disease, most common among cnildren, begins witn soreness and stillness in the side of the neck. Soon e swelling ai. the paratoid gumd takes place, which is painful and contmues to increase for four or five day?, sometimes making it difficult to swallow, or open the mouth. The swelling sometimes comes on one side at a time, bat commonly upon b^iih. There is often heat and sometimes fever, with a drv slan, quick pulse, furred tongue, constipated bowels, and scanty and "high-colored urhie. The disease Ls contagious. 'rreatnvcnt. — Keep tlie face and neck warm, and avoid taking cold. Drink warm herb teas, and if the symptoms are severe, 4 to 6 grs. of Dover's jvjwder ; or if there is costiveness, a slight physic, and observe a very simple diet If the dii^ease is aggravated by taking «old, and is very severe, or is translated to other glands, physic must be used freely, 'iceclies applied to the swelling, or cooling poultices. Sweating must be resorted to in this case. Scarlet Fe^tik u an r.cnte infiamr.iation of the sidn, both exter- nal and internal, and connected with an infections fever. Svnwtoms. — The fever shows itself l>etween two and ten days aft^r exposure. On the second day of the fever the eruption comes out ia minute pimples, which are either clustered together, or spread over the surface in a general bright scarlet cf>lor. The disease begins with lanOTor. pains in the head, back, and limbs, drow.-Lue.-s, nausea and chifis, followed by heat and t'lirst. "^Tien the redness appears the pulse Is quick, and tlie patient is restless, anxious and often delirious. The eyes are rt-d, the face swollen, and the ton^e covered in th« MEDICAL DEPABTMENT, ETC. 193 ■iMdIe vith wlute mixcus. throngh which are teen elevated points of extreme redness. The tonsils are gwollen, and the throat is red. By the evening of the third or fonrth day the redness hns reached its height, and the skin becomes moist, •when the scarf-skin begin^i to come o3t in scales. In this fever the flesh pafEs np so as to distend the fingers, and disfignre the face. As it progresses the coating suddenly comes off the tongiie, leaving it and the whole mo-'th raw and tender. The throat is very ranch swollen aud iuilamed, and ulcei-s form on the tonsils. The eustachian tube which extends np to the ear, the glands under the ear and jaw, sometimes inflame and break ; and the ab- scesses formed in the ear frequently occasion deafness, more or lesa difficult to cure. The symy toms of this disease may be known from that of measles by the "absence of cough ; by the finer rash ; by its scarlet color ; by' the rash appearing on tlie second instead of the fourth day ; and by the ulceratton of the throat Treatnient. — In ordinary cases the tre^-'-tment required is very simple. The room where the patient Mes should be kept cool, and "the bed- covering U;rht The whole body should be sponged with cool water as often as it becomes hot and dry, and cooling drinks should be admln- ittered. A lew drops of belladonna, night and morning, is all that is needed. If there is ranch fever and soreness of throat, give the following tin'^ture of hellebore often enough to keep down the piil.'-e : — Tincture of American hellebore, 1 dr. ; tinct;ire of black cohosh, 2 oz. ; mix. Tnke 1 teasiioonf ul 3 to G times a day. It would al.«o be useful to commence treatment with an emetic • nnd to soak the feet and hands in hot water contaiaing a little Kiustard or cayenne pepper ; ccutlnaing this bath 20 miniites, twice a day, for 2 or 3 days. The cold stage being iiassed, and the fever having set in, wann water may be u?cd without tho mustard or pepper. If the liead is affected, pr.t draft.-! v.\->on tlie foct ; and if the Dowels be costive, give a mild physic. Solid food should not be Rllowed ; br.t when the fever sets iu,"co<:>ling drinks, such as lemonade, tamarind-water, rice-wnter, flaxseed tax, then gruel, or cold water may be given in reasonable quantities. To stimulate the skin, muriatic acid. 45 drops in a tumbler filled with water and sweetened, a nd g iven in da-^es of a teaspoonful, is a good remedy. Where the di>ea.se is very violent, and the p^itient inclines to sink immediately ; where tyi)hoid symptoms appear and there is great prostratii m ; the eruption strikes in ; the skin changes to a mahogany color ; tlie trnrue is a deep red, or has on it a dark brown fnr, and the ulcers in the throat become putrid, the treatment must be diiler- ent from the alove. In this case it mu-t be imi:. Q-.iinia must bo piven freely ; aud wine whey, nixcd with t'^nrt- water, will be useful. Quinia is made as follows :— Sulphate of qulrlne. 1 scruple ; alcohol, 4 ozs. : sulphuric acid, 5 drops ; Madeira v>T^.e, 1 quart ; mix. Two wine-glassfuls a dry. Tincture of cayenne, in sweetened water, mav l-e given in small doses. Gar-les nre'al o ccesfvary. A good one 19 made of pulverized cayenne. 1 dram ; salt, or.3 dram ; belling watci; 1 gilL Mix, and let them stir.d 15 minutes. Then a Id 1 jr"! vme^^nr. Let it stand an hour and st~;in. Put a le?':poGn'.;l in t-ho child'* Bootb ouca in an honi. A if arm bath should be used dailj as aoot 200 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. as the slrin bceins to peel off, to prevent dropsy. If dropsy gets in, the bath once in 3 days is sufficient, and sweating should be promotea fcy giving the tincture of Tiiginia snake-root and eimi!ar articles : a peuerous diet should be allowed at the same time, to bring np the ihild's strength Measles is an acute inflammation of the skin, internal and exter- nal, combined with an infectious fever. Symptoms. — Chills succeeded by great heat, languor, and drowsi- tess, pains in the head, back, and limbs, quick pulse, soreness of throat, thirst, nausea and vomiMng, a dry cough, and high-colored tirine. These symptoms increase in violence for four days. The eyc3 are inflamed and weak, and the nose pours forth a watery secretion, ■with frequent sneezing. There is coru^iderable ijiflammation in the larynx, windpipe, and bronchial tubes, with soreness of thebreastand hoarseness. About the fourth day the skin i • covered with a breaking out which produces heat and itching, and is red in spot*, upon the lace first, gradually spreading over the whole body. It goes off in the game way, from the face first and then from tlie tody, and the hoarseness and other Bymptoms decline with it; at last the ontside ekin peels off in scales. Treatment. — ^In a mild form, nothing 13 required but a light diet, slightly acid drinks, and flax seed or slippery elm tea. Wa^m herb teas, and frequent sponge baths with tepid water, serve to aUay the fever; care should be taken not to let the patient take cold. If the fever is very high, and prevents the rash coming out, a slight dose of salts, or a nauseating dose of ipecac, lobeha, or hive-syrup should be given, and followed by teasponf ul doses of compound tincture of Virginia snake-root until the fever is allayed. If the patient from any derangement takes on a low typhoid ty^je' of fever, and the rash does not come out until the seventh day, and is then of a dark and livid color, tonics and stimulants must be given, and expectoration promo- ted by some suitable remedy. There is always danger of the lungs being left in an inflamed state after the measles, unless the greatest care is taken not to suffer the patient to take cold. Should there be much pain, and a severe cough, this must be treated as a separate disease, with other remedies. Typhoid Fea"er. — Symptorns. — Is generally preceded by several days of languor, low spirits, and indisposition to exertion. There is also, usually, some pain in the back and head, loss of appetite, and drowsiness, though not rest. The disease shows itself by a chUL During the first week there is increased heat of the surface^ frequent pulse, furred tongue, restlessness, sleeplessness, headache, and pain in the back; sometimes diarrhoea and swelling of the belly, and some- times nausea and vomiting. The second week is often distinguished by small, rose-colored spots on the belly, and a crop of little watery pimples c~ the neck and chest, having the appearance of minute drops of sweat ; the tongue is dry and black, or red and sore; the teeth are foul; there may be delirium and dalbiess of hearing; and the symptoms every way are more eerious than during the fii-st week. Occasionally, the bowels are at this period perforated or ate tlirough by ulceration, and the patient Buddenly sinks. If the disease proceeds unfavorably into the third iveek, were is low, muttering delirium; gi^t exhaustion; sliding OaOCKBS AXD COXFECTIONEKS' KECEIPT3. StSA dcjwn cf the patient toward the foot of the ted; twitching of the muscles, bleeding from the bo^vels ; and red or purple spotrj upon the skin. If. on the other haud. the patient improves, tlie coimtenanco brightens up. the pulse moderates, the tongue cleans, and tJie dis- charges look healthy. Treatmnit. — Give the patient good air, and frequent spoiigings with water, cold or tepid, as mo^t agreeable. Keep the bowels ui order and be more afraid of diarrhce;i than costiveness. Dianhcea sliould be restrained by a little biimdy, or by rejjeated doses of Dover's powder. For costiveness, give mild injections, made slightly loosen- ing by castor oil, or common molasses. To keep down tlie fever, and produce perspiration, give tincture of veratrum viride, 10 drops every Lour. If the bowels are swelled, relieve them by hot fomeutiitions of hops and vinegar. If the pain in the head is very severe and constant, let the liair be cut short, and the head hathed' frequently with cold Mater. Give light nourishment, and if the debility is great, broth and wine will be needed. Cle;mse the mouth with Very weak tea — old hyson. If the fever runs a low course, and the patient is very weak, quinine may be given from tlie beginning. Constant care and good nursing are* very important. Tj/phns fever is distinguished from typhoid by there being no marked dis^e oi the bowels iu typhus. GROCERS AXD CONFECTIOXERS' RECEIPTS. Cheap Vixegae. — Mix 25 gaL«. of warm rain water, with 4 gals, molasses and 1 gal. yeast, and let it ferment; you will soon have the best of vinegar; keep adding these articles in these proportions as the stock is sold. For Grocers' Saxes— Take three barrels ; let one of them be your vinegar barrel ; fiU this last up before it is quite emptv, with molasses, 2 gals. ; soft water, 11 gals ; yeast. 1 qt ; keeping thkse pro- portions in tilling up the whole three barrels; sell the vinegar out of yonr old vinegar barrel aa soon as it is ready, which will be in a short time ; when nearly empty, fill it np with the fluid as before, and pass on to sell out of the next barrel ; by the time it is disposed of go on to the last ; then go back to the first, filling up your barrels iu every case when nearly empty, and you will alwcys keep a stock of good vinegar on hand unless yonr sales are very large ; in which case, fol- low the next process. Have the bung-holes open in the barrels to admit air. The free admission of warm air hastens the process. ViXEGAR IX Three Days.— Get a quantity of maple, beech, or basswood chips or 8ha\Tngs, and soak these in good vinegar, for two or three days. With these cliips you will fill a barrel, which has beea pierced with a large number of inch noles all around the sides for th3 ireeadoiissionof air among the chips (the more holes in the barrel the better, for the more air the sooner the viue^r will be made) cut toother barrel in two halves, place one hali beLaw tfu barrel with tbs S02 6&0CEE9 AXD C0N?SCTI0^£S3* RSCSIPTS. chii>8 and the other half above it The top tnb must hare Ite bottom pierced with a number of gimlet holes, in xvliich are placed sereral threads of twine, to conduct the Ninegar evenly over tlie clilix*. The liquid drams down slowly through the chi;->e and ont of a faucet near the bottcun of the barrel" into the lower tab. It should mn through everj' lour liours, and then be baled or pumped back. Directionsto make vinegar from sugar : Use 1^ lb. to each gal. of water ; of the dregs of niolasses baiTels, nse 2 Ib.to each gal. of water ; small beer, lager beer, ale, «Src., which have become sour, make good vinegar by being reduced with water ; email beer need :* but little water, lager beer as much water as beer ; to 2 gals, cider, add h gnl. of water ; you can also make excellent vinegar out of the artificial cider mentioned below. Use, in everj- case, soft water to make vinegar, and \\>c> 2 qts, yeast to eveiy bai~el. It makes much quicker if i^.e fluid ia gliglitly lukewarm. Leach either of these preparations through the sliavings. Tliis proce.<3 should be attended to during warm weather, or in a room where a pretty high temperature is kept up, as it will not •work otherwise. Excellent Vikegak, CirrAP.-^Acctic acid, 5 lbs. •, molasses, 3 gal. ; yeast, 2 qts, ; put them uito a forty-gal. cn-^k, and £11 it nn with rain water ; stir it up, and let it stand one to tlirce weeks, letting It liave all the air ix>.*siljle, and you will have good \inegar. If wanted stronger, add more mohis-es. Should you at any time have weal: Ainegar on hand, i)ut mola.v.*es into it to set it working. This will BOon correct it. Make in a warm place. ■\Vhite Wixe Vinegar. — ;Mash np 20 Hm. raisins, rnd add 10 gals, ■water ; let it stand in a warm place for one month, and you will have pnre white ^vine vinegar. The raisins may be used a Bocond time the game way. To Pkeserve Eclgs.— To each patent pailful of "water, add 2 pts. of fresh slacked bme, and 1 ft- of common salt ; mix well. Fill your barrel half full with this fliud, put your eggs df)wn in it any time af- ter Jime, and they will keep two years if desired. LiQCiD Mucilage. — Fine clear glue 1 lb. ; gum jirabic, 10 oz. ; \rater, 1 qt. ; melt by heat in a glue kettle or wuter b.ilh ; when en- tirely melted, add slowly 10 ozs. strong nitric acid, set off to coci, Theiv bottle, adding in a cou; le of cloves to each bottle. Ca>'died Lemon Peel. — Take lemon peeld and boil them in syrup ; then take them out, and dry. Baking Powder. — Tai-tiric acid, 6 Its. ; pure sesquicarbonato of soda. 8 lbs. ; potito farina, or other flour or starch, IG lbs. Dry separately by gentle heat. Mix this perfectly in a dry room, pass the mixture through a sieve and pat up at once into damp proof hard pressed packages. To nso, 1 or 2 teasixwufuls are nd.-icd with dry Sour, which is then mixed with cold vrater, and baked imme- diately. Another. — Tartaric acid, 1 lb. ; pure bicarbonate of soda J lbs. ; potato farina, % lb. Treat the same aa the last To Maj£E an Pe Chest. — Take 2 drygoods boxes, one of which U enough smaller than the other to leave a space of about 3 inches all ground when it is placed inside. Fill the space between the two with Bawdust packed closely, and cover with a heavy lid made to fit neat- ly inside the Lirger box. Insert a small pipe in the bott<:)m of the thest to carry oil the water Ixoui tlie melting; ice. For lamily usd oi ©EOCEIia A>'P CQNFfiCTIOJS'EBS' BSCEIPTS. 208 fWc«TB, «8« thlB Trill 1W0T8 »« s«rric«abl« as refrigerators tliat cost twenty times as much. Soap Mantfactuee.-— When wood ashes camict conveniently ha ha,d it is iisiial for poap manufactiirere to use equal qnautities of re- cently sLtcked lime, and sal soda, eoda anh or caustic soda, using water enough to gi\ e the ley pnfflcient strength to supjtort a fresh egg. It must be very etrong. The solution c^m be eflected by heat, or stir- ring, or by both metlioda, finally drawmg off, or bailing^out tlie liquid dear of sediment, previously thro-wing in salt and gi>-ing time for the sediment to settle ; 1 ton of yellow soap will require about 10()0 lbi>. tallow and a'K) lbs. resin, with ley siulicient. The same quantity of white soap Mill require nearly 1300 lbs. tallow, boiling in every caso with the proper quantity of ley, untU it forms a perfectly homoec- neous ma.*3 by a perfect blending of the comiwnent parts all together, when it is poured out into suitable frames to harden and csx)\. It is afterwards cut up into j^roper sized bars by means of wires to which handles are attached and then piled up to drv. Tkansparext Soap.— Slice 6 lbs. nice yellow bar-poan into shav- ings ; put into a bra.«.^, tm or copi^cr kettle' with alcohol, % g;il., heat- ing gradually over a slow fire, stiiring till all is di.-^solved'; then add 1 oz. s!s.safm8 e^fence, and stir imtii all is mixod ; now pour into ]vin:» about 1^ inches deep, and wl.cn cold cut into square burs the length or width of the pan. as desired. English Bak-So-U*.— Six g:i!s. soft water ; G lbs. pood stone L'me; 20 lbs. sal-soda ; 4 oz. boiT.x: ; 15 lbs. fat (tallow is be^t) ; 10 lbs. pal- verized resin, and 4 oz. beeswax ; jjut the water in a kettle on the nre, and when nearly boilijig add the lime and soda ; when these are di.«solvcd, add the borax ; l)oil gently, and stir tmtil all is dissolved ; then add tlie fat, re; In, and bees-wax : boil all gently until it shows flaky on the stick, tLen pour into moulds. over in Best Soft Soap.— Mix 10 lbs. potnsh in 10 gals, warm soft water •er nJgh.t ; in tae morning boil it. adding 6 lbs. grease ; then put all a barrel, adding 15 gals, soft water. 4 lbs. sal-soda, and 2 rz. boi-ax, and 1 oz. hurtshorn ; boil one quarter hour with £'_' qt-. water ; add, to harden, ?, lb. resin. Geemax Yei.low Soap.— Tallow and'eal-soda, of each 112 lbs., resin, 56 lbs. ; stone lime, 28 lbs. ; palm oil, 8 oz. ; soft water, 28 gals. all together, stirring well and the work is done. Fw small quantldcs. — Tallow and sal-soda each, 1 lb. ; resin, 7 oz. ; stone lime, 4 oz. ; palm oil, 1 oz. ; soft wrter, 1 qt. IIakd Soap with Labd.— Sal-soda and lard, each 6 lbs. ; stona lime, 3 lbs. ; soft water, 4 gals. : dissolve the lime and soda in tli9 water by boUing stirring, settliu":, ntid pouring off ; then return to tliekettle (brass or copi er), and add tlie lard, and boil ittill it becomes soap ; then potir into a dish or moulds ; aud, when cold, cut luto bar% ana dry it. 204 GHOCEBS AND CONFECTIONEES' RECEIPTS. White Hakd Soap ■wtth Tallow. — Fresh slacked lime, finl-eodA, and tallow, of each, 2 lbs. ; dis.solve the soda in l»gal. boiiiug soft water ; now mix in the lime, stirring occasionally for a few hoars ; after which, let it settle, iX)aring off the clear liquor, and boiling the tallow tlierein until it i^ aU dissolved ; cool it in a liiit lx)x or pan, cut into bars br cakes as desired. It may be perfumed with sassafras oil or any other perfume desired, stirring it in when cooL Ot\£ hundred pounds soap, very cheap. — Potash, 6 lbs. ; lard, 4 lbs. ; resin, ^ lb. Beat up the resin, mix all together, and set aside for five days ; then put the whole into a 10-j;al. cask of water, and stir twice a day for *en days, when it is ready for use. Vakiegated Soaps.— Soft water 3 qts., nice white bar soap Sl'os., 8al-soda 2 ozs. ; Chinese vermilion and Chinese blue, of each a^ out 7 grs., oil sas.-^fras |oz. ; shave the soap into thin tlicf? and add it to the water as it begins to boil, when dissolved set it o.f tlio fire, take out a cup of poap and stir in the venniilion, tal:e out an? ihc-r cup of soap and stir in the blue ; then pour in the contents of tlie dvt cnp, giring two or three turns only with a stirring stick, then aJ i tLic other cupful in the same way, then pour into moulds, or into a i>io;)er box, and when cold it can be cut into bars ; it will present a beautiful streaked apjiearance. CAiiPHOK Soap.— Curd soap 23 lbs., otto of rosemary 1^ lbs. Reduce the camphor to powder, add one oimce almond oil, then sift it, when the soap is melted and ready to tarn out, add the camphor and rose- mary. 'White Windsor Soap. — Curd soap 1 cwt., marine soap 21 lbs. oil soap 14 lbs., oil caraway, l^lbs., oil th^-me aiid rosemary of each § lb. oils of cassia and cloves of each J lb. Bivvn Windsor Soap. Curd soap | cwt. , marine soap ^ cwt. , yeUow soap i cwt. , oil soap J cwt. Brown coloring (camrael) ^ pt. oils caraway, cloves, thyme, cassia, jxjtit grain and French lavender of each 2 oz. Sand Socp.-^uid soap 7 lbs. marine soap 7 lbs., sifted silver sand 28 lbs., oils thyme, cassia, cara- way, and French lavender of each 2 oz. I ^OLiD CAJfDLK3 FEoM LARD. — DLssolve Jib. aluai end Jib. salt- petre in i pt. water on a slow fire ; then fciie 3 Tjs. of lard cut into small pieces, and put into the pot with this solution, stirrmg it con- stantly over a very moderate fire nntil the l.Td is ;J1 dissolved ; then let it simmer until all steam ceases to rise and remove it at once from the fire. If you leave it too long it will get discolored. These cao- dles are harder and better than tiUow. Tallow — To Cleaxsb axd Bleach. — DL<:>olve alum. 5 lbs., in water, 10 gals., by Ixiilmg : and when it is sul dL-^solved, add tallow, 20 lbs. ; continue the boiling for an hour, constantly stirring and skimming; when sufficiently cool to aHjw it, st;-ain through thick muslin ; "tlien set aside to harden ; when taken from tlie water, lay it by for a short time to drip. LiiTATiox Wsx Candles. — ^Purify melt'?d tallow by throwing in powdered quick lime, then add two parts wax to one of tallow, and a mast beiiutifiil article of candle, resembling wax, will be the result. Dip the wicks in lime water and &.'dtpetre on making. To a gallon of water add 2 oz. saltpetre and ^ lb. of lime ; it iiuproves the light, and prevents the fcillow from running. Adamajntln-e CofDLEs FBOii TalijOW. — Mclt together 10 OZ, mat- tfWL tallow } camphor, J oz, ; beeswax, 4 oz. ; ulam, 2 oz. TABL£g, AC, FOB MERCHAyXS. 205 Table of Mischujuajteous Weiohts aot> SlEAstrsES, Apples, dried, bush, about 35 lb«. Alinooids, sexon of, 1 to2 cwt. Beef, Urkiu, luo }b9. " or Pork, barrel, 300 lbs. Buckwheat, bush, usually 5Ulbs. Beans, white, bushel, 60 lbs. Butter, barrel. 224 lbs. " firkin, 56 lbs. " tub, 84 lbs. Ck)ffee, tierce of, 5 to 7 cvst. " bags of Eio, about 162 lbs. " " St. Domingo, about 130 lbs. " pocket of Java, about 50 lbs. " bale of iSIocha, 2 to 2V2 cwt. Clover seed, cask, 7 to 9 cwt. «' " bushel, usually 60 lbs. Corn, per bushel, in most places, 5G lbs. Cement, barrel, 300 lbs. CoSxin, bale, K. Orleans and Alabar- ma, 400 to 300 lbs. " '« East Indies, 320 to 380 lbs. " " Carolina, Georgia & West Indies, 300 to 312 lbs. " " Brazilian 160 to 200 lbs. Dried Peaches, bush, usually 33 lbs. Flax, bale, Russian, 5 to 6 cwt. Fish, quintal, 112 lbs. " barrel, pickled, 200 lbs. Flaxseed, bash, in most places, 55 lbs. Flour, bbl. net, 106 lbs. " including bbl-, 216 lbs. •• sack, 5 bu.hels, 280 lbs. Figs, dmm, 24 lbs. Ginger, ground, box, 24 Iba. Honey, gal., 12 lbs. Hops," bac! of. about 21^ cwt. Hempseea, bush, in most places 44 lbs. Indian ileal, hog.'ihead, 800 lbs. Lime, bl>l., 225 lbs. Lemons, box, Sicily, about 350 lbs, Mace, case, about ii^ cwt. M«!a»e9g, khd, from 130 to 150 aals. O^W, per bush., 32 lbs. Oranges, box, double O, 300 to 359 lbs. " " single O, 175 to 350 lbs. Eye, bush, in most places, 56 lbs. Salmon, box. 120 to 130 lbs. Salt, hhd., 3 bush. " bbl., 31/2 bush. " bushel of, fine ground, 70 lb* Sugar, bbl., 2W to 2.-.0 lbs, " box, 400 to 500 lbs. Soap, bbl. 256 lbs. '♦ box, 75 lbs. Tea, chest, Congou, 75 lbs. " " Hyson, 60 to 84 Iba. '' »4, about 40 lbs. net. Timothy Seed, bushel, 45 lbs. Wheat, bushel, 60 lbs. Beer, hhd., 54 gals. Butt of Sherry, 108 gala. Brandy, puncheon of, 110 to 120 gals. '• hhd., 55 to 60 gals. Claret, hhd., 46 gals. Puncheon of Scotch Whisker 110 to 130 gals. " Bum, 100 to 110 gala. Pipe of Port, 115 gals. " Maderia, ft'J gals. " Teneriffe, 100 pals. A hogshead is one-half, a quarter cask is one-fourth, and ^n oe- tave is one-eighih of a pipe, butt, or puncheon. Bbttish Measures of Volcme. The Imperial gallon measures 277- 274 cubic inches, and contains 10 lbs avoirdupois of distilled water at 32° Fnhr. The Ale gallon is 282 cubic inches, and contains 10.2 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water. The vane g.illon of 231 cubic ins. containing 8.35-5 lbs. a^oirdupois of dis- tilled water, is the government or customs gallon of the United States, and the legal gallon of each State in which no law exists fixing a State or statute gallon, nnd the Stmulard U.S. bushel is the WincJiesfer, contain- ^°«,r^^*^-^- <'"^'''' iuches, or 77 627413 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water. The Imperial 6!t.*/(«'/=221S.100 cubic ins. The heaped bushel=10.5 ins. diameter, cone 6 ins. high='J815.4ST2 cubic ins. For Orai7i—B bushelB= 1 quarter. 1 quarter= 10.2694 cubic feet. Coal or Heaped measure— i bushels=l sack, 12 sacks=l chaldron ; 1 chaldron=.'58.6ort cnbi.; feet and weighs 3136 lbs. 1 stone=14 lbs. 1 Quarter is equal to 8K, U. .S. bushels 1 sack floiir=5 bU8h8.=280 lbs. Anthracite coal per cubic ft. weighs 90 to 102 lbs. Bitumittous coal, per cubic ft 78 to 82 lbs. Coal as conventioaaJh 106 TABLED, iC, FOE MEECHANTfl. Iv purchased =«4?.N3 c'blc ft. to a ton (or about 2^ bushels and 5 pecki>, to tlie U. S.. and is bought wholesale by the dealer at -iiiO lbs. p«r ton. a::rxiTr of Goods vhich compose a Toy .— Txtract from (he Bue-Laics of the -Vnr Yor': Ckatr.ber qf Commira. lii freighting %-e8S.^l3 bv tlie ton, la th-3 absence of a de.'^.nite agreement b«r5Te<;n the owTier of the vessel and freichtc;r of the roods, ihe lonowlng ■ regulationB shall be the standard of computation : That the articles the fctJ.t o/tchich sliall cvinpose a Ton.to equalu Ton (ifhearj materiaU. shall be in 'weight as folio v. s. Coffes fa casks, 1563 lbs. : Coffee In bags, 1^30 lbs. : Cocoa in casks, 1120 lbs. ; Cocoa lu bass, 13uT lbs. ; Pimento iu ca^ks, 952 lbs. ; Pimento iu bags, lUO lbs. ; Ijry hides, 10 cwt. ; Chiu.-8e raw silk, 8 cwt. : Bohea tea, net, 10 cwt- ; Green teas, 8 cwt. ; Ship-bread, bulk, 8 cwt. ; Ship-bread, bags, 7 cwt. ; Ship-bread, c.isk', 6 cwt. ; Grain, Peas, ot Beans in casks, 22 bushels ; Grain, m bulk, 26 bushels ; European .«aU, SI bushels : '.Vest India salt, 31 ba.shel8 ; Sea coal, 2V bushels ; Tobacco, • hhde. ; Pig and Bar iron. Potashes, Su^ar, Logwood, Fustic. JClLarazu^ wood and Heavy Dye-Voods, Rice, Honey, Chopper ore, and all oiieJ heavy goods. 20 "cwt.=l ton ; Coflfee, cocoa, and arlo-l codfish in bulk. iC cwt,=l ton ; Dried Coh, Pitch, Tar. andT'ir»>entine, 6bbls. = l ion. A Cak-load. — As a general rule the following quantities constitute a. car-load throughout Ginada and the United States, ^^z. : 20,000 lbs. or 70 bbls. of salt. 70 of lime, 70 of floor, 60 of whisker, 200 sacks of floor. 6 cord."? of hard ^roo-d. 7 of soft wood. lf> head o£ horses, 18 to 20 head of cattle, 50 to 60 head of hos.i, 80 to 100 head of eheep, 9.000 leet of solid boards. 17.000 feet of siding, 13.000 feet of flooring, 40.000 shingles, one-hali less of hard lumber, one-fourth le-s of green lum- ber, one-teuth less of joists, scantling and all other large timber, 340 bushels of wheat, 360 of com. 6S0of oats. 400 of barley. ?i30of flax-seed, 360 of apples 430 of Irish potatoes, 356 of sweet potatoes, 1.000 boshela of oran. EXCHAXGE ox EXGLAXD. Exchange is the method of adjusting accounts or paying debts, when the debtor and creditor are distant frC'Ui each other, by riieajis of an order uT drai't called a Ull ^^fejichange, *> as to avoid the transmission of either money or goods ; for example, A of New York wishing to pay a debt to B, of London, pays an equivaleut amount ro C, of Kew \ork. who has a debtor, D. in London : and A receives from C an order, addressed to D, requesting him to pay the amount to B. Thisi.s 8er:t iu a letter to B, who present* it to D for acceptance or payment. Thus the d btorin one place Is substituted for the deotor in another, and two accounts may be adjust- ed "^t the s4UBe time by the simple trunsTniaeion ai a i«nex. 'l'«r qf t» TABLES, AC, f Ofi iTEECHANTS, 207 •fcrfny. 19 the equivalency of a certain amount of the currency of on« country to the currency of another, the currencies of hoth being of th» precise weight and purity fixed by their respective mints. Thus accord- ing to the mint regulations of England and Fi-ance, £1 sterUug Is «qual to 25 francs, 20 ceuiimes, which ia consequently said to l)« th« war bstween London and Paris. Exchange is made to divirgs from par, •ithsr bv de- preciation of th« currency in eithsr country balow th« mint standard or by the differ«ue« in th« amounU of ind«btedn«88 between ons country and another, called the balance of trade, which effects th» relative d*- inand for bills of ejichang*. Thus in the following tabl«, the prwent standard value of £1 stg. Lx th« United States, being «4,84!4, when «x- change 18 at 9 per cent., It is then at par ; If higher than 9, it is ab«ve par, II less than 9, It is below, as shown by the table, EXCHANGE TABLE, 6 per cent. St " 6 - f/i 6 7 7% ?4.66.7 4.66.0 4.70.0 4.71.1 4.72.2 4.73.3 4.74.4 4.75.6 4.76.7 4.77.8 •afe S>4.78.9 10 per cent. .«4.8S.9 4.80.0 lil :: 4,90.0 4.81.1 4.91.1 4.82.2 4.92.2 4.83.3 n * " 4.93.S 4.84.4 11% " 4.94.4 4.85.6 4.95.6 4.86.7 4.96. T 4.87.8 12 4.97.3 The following Table exhibits thk LEGAiTlQuiviLENTS or BB1TI9H Money in Amebica n Dollajis and Cents. $ c. m. S. $ c. m. £ Flavobing Extracts, Vanilla, Ginger, &f:.— Vanilla beans 4 0Z6. ; sugar, 2 ozs. ; alcohol, 4 fluid ozs.. ; simple syrup, 4 ozs. ; braudy', 1 pt. Cut the beans finely, and rub thorongblv mth the sugar, put all into a strong stone bottle, secure the cork with twine, and boil in ^T'] .^^**' ^u "■ i^iour, then transfer to a filter and allow it to per- colate through, then add brandy suftluient to make 4 pte Other extracts, as ginger, &c., can be made in a similar m.onuer, by using the respective ingredients. ^ * Essential oils of aniseed, lavender, pepperminli, cloves, cinnamon, &c., are obtained by submitting parts of the plants, previously ground to a coarse powder, to distillation with water, when the oils are carried over ma minute state of division with the aqueous vapor. The essential oils enclosed in the skins of lemons, oranges, bergamots &c are obtained by pressing the rinds of these fruit.? » ' «»' ro Preserve Apples. -Pack in boxes or barrels elevated from the cellar floor, with a layer of dry sawdust at the bottom of each box or barrel, then a layer of apples placed out of contact with each otlier tlien a layer of sawdust and so ou till all are fuU. Sound applea packed m this way will keep frest a long time. 208 GEOCEKS AN1> COJJFECTIOXEK'S RECEIPTS; AC. Tf EIGHTS. IX POUITDS, OF VARIOUS ARTICLES, A3 RATED BY RAILTTAT C0MP.^Os-IE3, WHEX TttEIB WEIGHTS CAUXOT OTHEBWISE BE ABCEEc TAIXED. POriTDS. Ashes, pot or pearl Barrel 450 Apples, and barrelled frnita Barrel 200 Ap!>l*28 Bushel 50 Barley ;Buehel.... 45 Beef, pork, bacon Per hhd. .-. .1,000 Butler, tallow, lard Per bbl Sa3 Salt lish ami meat Per firkin 100 Brau. feed, shipstuffs, oats Bushel 35 Buckwheat Bushel 48 Bricks, common Each. .. 5 Bark Cord ...2,000 Charcoal "Bushel .... 22 Coke, and cake meal Bushel 40 Clover seed'. Bushel 62 Eges Barrel .... 20O Fish and sa't meat Per firkin 100 Flour and meal Per bushel, CC lbs. Barrel 216 Grain and seeds, not stated Bushel ... 60 Hides (green) Each 85 Hides (dry), salted or Spanish Each 33 Ice, coal, lime Bushel . . 80 liquors, malt a!id distilled • Barrel S50 Liquors Per gallon 10 Lumber — pine. pc>plar, hemlock .Ft. b. m . . . . 4 Lumber — iiak. ■« aluut, cherry, ash Ft. b. m . . . . 5 Kails and spikes ' Keg 106 Chiions, sheat. potatoes Bushel.... 60 OvstPTS '. Per bushel, 100 lbs., per 1 .000 a"0 Plasteruii? lath Per 1,000.. .. 60o Ee.?i;i. tar. turpentine Barrel.... .]fiO Sand, gravel, etc lor cubic ft ... . loO Shincrles Per JI., short, 900 lbs.. Long. . . .1,400 Salt.". Per bushel — 70 Stone, undressed Perch . . . .4,000 Stone, dressed". Cubic ft. . . . 180 Timo- hv and light grass seed Bushel 40 •Wood— hickoiy Cord. . . .4,500 "Wood— oalc Cord. . . . 3,500 1 ton (?24o ]bs.> cured hny i? 4C5 cubic ft.; 1 ton of hay in mow, 414.37 Ibf ., or a cube of T'i ft. lia'y.as usually delivered, weiglis o lbs. per cubic f;.; do., well pressed, 8 Ijs. Str.aw, loose, weighs 3*^, lbs. per cubic ft.; do., well prpssed, 5% lbs. U. P. gallon of water weijilis 8.33 lbs. ; do-, of molasses, \\-'~\ do., of turpentine, 7.31; do., of alcohol, 6.96. Bklfast'Cinoeb Ale.— Double refined sugar, powdered, 1 lb.; birarbonate of soda, 3^ 07?.: citric acid, 4iozs. ; concentrated Cf^s. of gincrer, 1^ ozs. ; ess. of'cayenne, 2 drs. ; epp. of !em<;n. 40 drop.s. The soda, acid and siisrar must be carefully dried separately at a tempera- ture not exceedinjc 120° ; and the supar before drying mu>;t be tlior- oncbly incorporated with the essences, tf> which a email quantity of caramel, as color, niny be added. The whole forms a powder, & des- sertspoonful of which will make a tumblerful of the drink. UxFFRMENTFD WiNE. — To make this, boil grajies of any bind over a slow fire till the pulp has thoronghly separated from the skin, add- ing just enough water to prevent buniing at the bottom of the vessel, tb«u press the juice through a fine cloth and add J its weight of sugai. GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS, AC. 209 mix well, bring the juice to the boiling point once more, and can it in air-tight jars. This wine -will keep sweet for years, and haa the coLor of port. To IMEROVE Spoiled BuTTEa.— The cut represents an excellent arrangement for the restoration of bad butter by means of the well- known absorbent uud deodorizing qual- ities of charcoal. The tainted butter is removed from the firkin or other ves- sel by removing the staves and hooiis surrounding it. It is then placed iu a clean bag and buried in granulated charcoal iu a suitable barrel or box. In a short time, the offensive odor and bad smell will disappear, and a fine, fresh, marketable appearance will be imparted to the butter by the conserv- ing operation of the charcoal. Another way, melt the butter in twice its weight of boiling water, shake well and pour tl'.e melted butter mto cold water to regain a proper consisteuce. ■ . \ . \ ^ Or, wash in good new milk, in which the butvric acid, which causes the raucidity, is freely soluble. Wash afterv.ards in cold spring water. Another good way is to wash the butter in strong lime water, pre^•iously permittmg the lime ample time to settle, and using the clear portion. To Cax Fkuit.— The followhig iustructions for boiling and can- nmg fruit will prove useful to mauy. The first number after the nanie of the fruit has reference to the number of minutes required for boiling, aud the second to the oimces of sugar required to eacb quart. Currants, 6, 8 ; cherries, 5, 6 ; crab-apples, 25, 8 ; blackberries, 6, 6 ; gooseberries, 8, 8 ; grapes, 10,8,- plums, 10, 8; peaches (whole), 15, 4; peaches (halves), 8, 4 ; pears (whole), 30, 8 ; quinces (sliced), 15, 10 ; tomatoes, 30, (no sugar) ; beans and peas, 3 to 4 hours, no sugar. To Can Green Com.— Dissolve 2h ozs. tartaric acid in 1 pt. water, and use 1 teaspoonful to eveiy piut'of com while the com is at boiling heat. When opened for use, add one teaspoonful of soda to e\ ery 3 cans of com. I'ERCEXTAGE OF AlCOHOL IS 100 PARTS OF THE FOLLOWINQ Liquors.— Pro/. Bmnde. Scotch Whiskey 54. .53 Irish do 53.9 Rum 5.3.08 Gin 51.6 Brandy 53 39 Burgundy 14. .57 Cape iSIuscat 18. 25 Cluimpague (still) 13. 80 l>o. (Sparkling) 12. 61 Cider .' 6.2t«9.8 Congtantia 19.75 Gooseberry Wine , 11 48 Currant Wine 20. .50 Port 22.90 jNladeria 22.27 Teneriife ' . .19.79 SheriT 19. r7 Clavet 15.1 Elder 8.79 Ale 6.87 Porter 4.2 M'llaja 17.26 Phenish 12.S Small Beer 1,28 110 aBOCEBS AXD CONFECTIOXEfiS' BECEIPTS. BaPTD pRnCKSS OF -X-KJCSTSO GoODS AT ATT DE SIKED TElt CEJfT. Profit. — Retail merchants, in busing gDods hy wlioleealo, buy a great muny articles by the dozen, such as boots and shoe?, hats and caps, and notions of various kiuds ; uow, the merchant, in buying, for in- Etance, a dozen hat-^. knows exactly ■what one of these hat^ will retail for in the market where he deals ; and, unless he is a good accountant, it will often take him some time to determine whether he can afford to purchase the dozen laats and make a living profit by selling them by the single hat ; and in buying his goods by aiictioa, as the merchant often does, he has not time to make the cilciilation before the goods are bid off. He therefore loses the chance of making good bargains bv be- ing afraid to bid at random, or if he bids, and the goods are cried off, he may have made a ]oor bargain, by bidding thus at a venture. It then becomes a useful and practical problem to determine instantly wlLit per cent, he would gain if he retailed the hat at a certain price, to tell what an article should retml for to make a p'ofi* of 20 per cent Blle. — Divide ichat the articles co.j7is by removing the decimal point one place to tfi£ left. For instance, if hats cost 817.50 per dozen, remove the decimal point one place to the left, making SlTo, what they should be sold for apiece to gain 20 jier cent on tlie cost 1£ they cost S31.00 per dozen, they should be sold at S3.10 apiece, etc. We 'tnJ^e 20 per cent, as thg ■basis for the following reasons, viz : because \re can determine instant- ij, by simply removing the decimal i)oint, without changing a figure, and, if the goods would not bring at lea,^ 20 per cent profit in tho Jtome market the merchant could not afford to parchase, and would look for chea;>er jixkIs. The reason for t!ie alcove role is obvious, for if we divide the cost of a dozen by 12, we have t'.e cost of & single article ; tliea If we wish to make 20 ]'>er cent on tie co.-t (cost beih? 1-1 or 5-5), we add the per cent., wliich is 1-', t;i f.-.e f-"!. Tr.::\i\:vx 6-3 or 12-10 ; then as W9 multiply the cost, diviied bv 12, by the 12-10 to find at what price one must be sold to gain 20 per cent, it i? evident that the 123 will canc^ and leave the cost of a donen to I:? divided by 10, to do thi5 remove tho decimal t)oint one place to the left ExAOTLE 1.— If I buy 2 du7on cays at ST-'IO per dozen, what shall I Trtr.il them rt to n^aV.e 20 per coat ? Ans. 75 cent:*. EXA3IPLE 3.— "When a mcrc!i:int ret^iils a vest at 84.50 and makes 20 per cent what did he pay per Aot. ? Ans. ^5. Example 3. — At wh?.t pnce should I retail a pair of boots that cost $85.00 per doz. to make 20 per cent ? Ans. S-S.50. Xow, as removing tlie decimal point one place to the left, on the cost oi a dozen articles, givc-^ tlie stlliug lirice of a sin^rie one with 20 pter rent added to the Co.- 1. ard, as the cost cf any article is 100 per cent, it is obvioos that the selling price won id be 20 per cent, more, or 120 per cent ; hence, to fi:^d 50 per. cent profit which would make the selling pri. 9 150 per cent, we would first find 120 per cent then add M per cei^t. by increasing it one-fourth itself ; for 85 per cent, increase it one-eight itseif, etc. Hence to mark an article at any per cent profit we find the following: —General Bxr.^.— First find '2D per cent, profit by removing the dec- imal point one place to the left on the price the artichs cost per doz.; iken, as ^p(r cent profit is i20p€r cenL add to or subtruct from thit GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS- 211 mn&untHheJrcKrtionalpart that the required per cent, addtdio 100 « tfwre or less than 120. Merchant-a, in marking jfoods, censrallv take a per cent that is an ali- quot part of 100, as 25. 3;^ 1-3, 50, &o. tlie reason they do this is be- cause it makes it much ejisier to add such a per cent, to the cost ; for instance, a merchaut could mark almost a dozen articles at 50 per cent, profit in the time it would take him to mark one at 49 per cent. The foUowing is arranged for the convenience of business m«n ia marking the prices of all articles bought by the dozen. To make 20 per cent remove tlie point oue pLvce to the left " 80 '« •' " " and add i itself. " 60 ' " " " " 1.^ " " 60 " " " " " 1^ «' " 4^ «< «« l< « K j_g (t " 40 " " " *' tt J c <( " 37 " «« " tt n J T (c " 35 " «• « K It ^'q u " 331-3" " " " " 1-9 « " 32 " " " " " 1 10 «« 30 " " " " " 1.13 <« «< 28 " " " " " 1-15 «» *' 26 " " " " «' 1.20 " " 25 " " " " « 1 24 '* " 12* " " " " subtract 1-16 " " 162-8 " " " " »' 1-36 «« " 18| " " '« " « 1.96 «« If I buy a doz. shirts for 128.00, tvhat shall I retail them for to tnake 50 per cent ? Ans. S3.50 Explanation.— Remove the pomt one place to the left, and add i jtself. Aliquot Pakts of 100 a>-d 1000.— Merchants in selling goods gen- erally make the price of an article some aUqnot part of 100, as m sell- ing sugar at 12^ cents per lb., or 8 lbs. for $1.00, or in sell- ing calico for 16 2-3 cents per yard, or 6 yds. for §1.00, etc. The loUowiiig table wiU be found valnble for all such calculations. 12i is 1-8 part of 100. 8J is 1-12 part of 100. 26 is 1-4 part of 100. 16 2-3 is 2-12 or 1-6 of 100 37^ is 3-8 part of 100. 33 1-3 is 4-12 or 1-3 of 100. 50 is 4-8 or i of 100. 66 2-3 is 8-12 or 2-3 of 100 62i 5-8 part of 100. 83 1-3 is 10-12 or 5-6 of 100 75 is 6-8 or 3-4 part of 100. 125 is 1-8 part of 1000. 87i is 7-8 part of 100. 250 is 2-8 or i of 1000. 6i is 1-16 part of 100. 375 is 3-8 part of 1000. 18| is 3-16 part of 100. 625 is 5-8 part of 1000. 31| is 5-16 part of 100. 875 is 7-8 part of 1000. To mnltiplv by an aliquot part of 100. RcxE.— Add two cjrphers to the multiplicand, then take such part of it as the multiplier is part of 100. N. B. If tlie multiplicand is a mixed number reduce the fraction to a decimal of two places before dividing. N. B. For the sake of unlfoncitv, it has been thought best to classify the Coal, Interest and Ready Reckoner Tables at the end o| the Engineers' Department, 212 GROCERS Aim confectioners' RECEIPTS. Teas.— Tlie names of the different kinds of tea relate to the time of their heing gathered, or to some pecuharity iu their manufacture It is a general rule, tliat all tea Ib fine in proi^ortion to the tendemesa and inunaturity of the leaves. The quality and vjilue of the differ* ent kinds diminish as tliey are gathered lateV in the seas^on. Bi^.-vcK Teas.— As poon as the leaf-bud begins to expand, it la gathered to make Pekoe. A few days' later growth produces black- leaved Pekoe. The next picking is called boxuhonfj ; as the leaves crow larger and more mature, they form Covcjoii ; and the last pick- ing in JBohea. Bohea Is called by the Chinese, Ta-cha (large tea), on acconnt of the maturity and eize of the leaves ; it contains a larger proportion of woody fibre than other teas, and its infusion is of a dai'ker color and coarser flavor. Congou, the next higher kind, ia named from a corruption of the Chinese Koong-foa (great care, or assiduity). This forms the bulk of the black tea, imported, and is mostly valued for its strength. Souchon;/ — Seaoa-choong (small scarce sort), is the finest of the etrongest black tea, with a leaf that is generally entire and curly. It is much esteemed for its fragrance and fine flavor. Pekoe is a cornip- tion of the Canton name, Pak-ho (white down), being the first sprouts of the leaf-buds ; they are covered with a white silky down. It is a dcliaite tea, rather deficient in strength, and is principally used for flavoring other teas. Gkeek Teas. — The following are the principal lands, lioankay, Hyson-Skin, Hyson,Chivpmcder, and Young Hiisort:. Young Hyson is a deUcate yomig leaf, called m the original lan- guage Yii-isien (before the rams), hecause gathered in the early Bpiing. Hyson, fi-om the Chinese -word He-tchune, -which means, flourishing spring. This fine tea is gathered early in the season, and prepared with great care and labor. Each leaf is picked separatel;^-, and nipped off above the footstalks ; and every separate leaf is rolled in the hand. It is much esteemed for its flavor. Giinpoicdcr Tea is only Hyson rolled and rounded to give it the granular appear- ance whence it derives its name. The Chinese call it Choo-cha (peal tea). Hyson-Skin is so named from the Chinese term, in vrhich comiection skin means the refuse, or inferior portion. In preparing Hyson, all leaves that are of a coarse yellow, or imperfectly twisted appearance, are separated, and sold as skin-tea, at an uiferior price. Twankay is the last picking of green tea, and the leaf is not rolled or twisted as much as the dearer descrii^tions. There is altogether less trouble bestowed on the preparation. Coffees. — Java Coffee. — Use of the imported article, 20 lbs. :' dried dandelion root, 7 lbs. ; chiccory, 13 lbs. Roast and grind wcU together. For West India, nse rye roasted with a little butter, and ground very fine. For 1\jrket Cofpfe, nse rice or wheat roasted vrith a little hutter, 7 lbs. ; chiccoiy, 3 lbs. ; grind. Essence of Coffee is made by boiling down molasses till hard ; grind to a powder ; add h lb. of good Java coffee to every 4 lbs. of the mrsture. Put up for" salo in roimd tin cans or air-tight paper packages. CosTEE TOR roma> PjkjCKAflBs.— Bsst Jav|_op2e©, 1 Ih. ; i3[«).9 6E0CER9 A:ND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. 218 R»B. ; carefully clean the rye from all bad grains, wash to remove dugtj diain off the -water, and put the grain into your roaster, carefully stirring to brown it evenly. Brown tlie rye and coffee eeparately, griud and put up in tight packages to preserve the nrcnna. To Flatok Tobacco.— This is done by means of a mirtnre of 1 part each of lemon peel, orange peel, fi^s, coriander seed and eassafras ; i i)art each of elderflowera, elderberries, and ciimamon ; 2 pails of Kaitpetre, 3 of salt, and 4 of sugar. This mi-vture mu!-t bo digested in BO parts of- w.nter, and, before applying it flavored with an alcoholic solution of gum benziou, nia,«tic, and myrrh. It is paid that tliis decoction gives a flavor to common U ;i\'e3 io!;embUng Poito liico, but to this cud the leaves must bei well dried, about a ycnr old, well per- meated witli the prei>aration, kept in a pile for 8 days, turned dsvily, end finally dried. Fl.\vor fob Ctgar SIakers.— Take 2 ozs. tonqua beans ajid 1 oz. chinamon ; bruise and pulverize them to a powder, and put them into 1 pint of Santa Cruz rum ; lot it stand fv.v a few d.-.ys to macerate ; stir all together, a^d with this liquid sprinkle yo-ar common or inferior tobacco. Diy out of the sxm, and the flavor will be unequalled. Tab AG I*i;KFUjrEE Aux Flet.-r3 is made by putting oranro fiowerg, japmines, tube roses, musk roses, or common roses, tosnufi' hx a close chest or jar, sifting them out niter 2i hours, and repeating if necessary, Mac-cakoy Sj.xff is imitated by moistenhig the tobacco with a mixture of treacle and water, and allowing it to ferment Spanish S:-.xrF is made, from unsifted Havana snuff, reduced by adding groimd Spanish mitshcllf', sprinkling the mucture with treacle water, and allowing it to sweat for some days before pacliing. YrxLOW Sntjff is prepared from ordinary pale sm/^', nioistened with a mixture of ydlo70 ochre diCused in water, to "which a fe\^ sX'Oonfuls of thin mucilage has been added. PERFrsu:s FOB S>i;fi!'. — ^Tonqua beans, essence of ditto, ambergria musk ci\et, l(:a%e3 of orchis f usca, and esf-ence of orri:; root, essence or oils of bergamot, cedar, cloves, lavender, petit grain, neroli and ro?es, as well as several others, either alone or compounded. l;^^:^ftI^■G Tests fom good Flott:. — Good flom is white, witn a yellowi,-h or straw-col ared tint Squeeze some of the flour in your hand ; if good, it will retain the shape given by pressure. Knead a little between youx fingers; if it v.orks soft and sticky, it i.? poor. Tlirow a little ao^ainst a dry perpendicular siurface; if it fall like powder, it is bad. To CoRBECT llrsTY Floub.— Carbonate ofmaguesia, o ibs. ; flour, 7G5 lbs.; mix. This improves bad flour, cauFin^T it to become more wholesome, producing lighter and better bread than when alum is used, and absorbs and dissipates themusty smell. ^:bated Br-kad.— 1 lb. flour, ICO grs. carb. of soda; GO gre. com- mon salt; 1 teaspoon powdered sugar; 120 grs. muriatic acid, more or less, according to its fitrength ; 1 wine pt. of water, inferior flour will require loss. V/ell mix the flour, soda, salt, and sugar in an earthen vessel, then add the acid mixed with the water, stir with a wooden elKwu. Bake in one lo.if about 1 hour. Bake in tin or iron pans, but •void tlie use of metallic vessela or epoons while misiiig. 214 GROCERS ky-D COKTECTIOXrKS' EECEIPTS. Patent Seu-Raisisg FLorB. — ^Kfln-dried flonr, 1 cwt ; t&rtaria add, lOi ot ; mix thoroasUy. Alter 2 or 3 days, adJ, of bicarb, soda, 12 oz. ; lump gngnr i lb. ; common Eolt, 1^ lb. Jlii, and pass through the '" diessiuj mn'chine." Have ail the articles perfectly dry, and separately r^ut-^ to line powder befcre adding to the floor. Mix ■with cold water, and balie at once. It prodacca light and poroia bread. To Cure Bl*tter. — Take 2 parts of fine sa'.t ; 1 part loaf sugar ; 1 part saltpetre ; u;ix completely. Use 1 cz. of tuj-s mixture to each pound of butter ; work welL Bury your b itter firkins in tho earth in your cellar bottom, tops nearly level with the ground, or Btdre away in a very cool place, covering ti.e bt'.tter with a cleaa cloth and a strong "brine on the top, and it will keep two years if desired. To Keep Bctteb DmrKG IIot We-vthxr. — A eimple mode of keeping butter in warm weather is to invert a L.rge crock of eartl:en, ©r a flower pot if need be, (varying with the size of tlie vessel con- taining the butter,) over the di:-h or firkin in wh:Lh the batter is held. The porousuees of the earthenware will keep tae bntter cr>ol, and all the more so if the i>ot be wTapi>fc<.l in a wet cloth, with a little \\-n.tcr in the diah with the butter. 2»ot the poro.-ity of tl.o eartlieuware, but the rapid absoretion of heat by external evaporation causes the gutter to become hard To B£3TORE R.^^cciD BnTER. — ^Usc 1 pt Water to each lb. of but- ter, previously adding 20 prs. chlorids of lir.ie to each pt of water : wash well the butter in this mixture, afterward re-wa?h in cola water aud salt ; or melt tlie butter in a w:iter bath with animal charcoal, coarsely powdered and previously well silted to free it from dust ; skim, remove, and strain throu,:::;h fl.innel ; then salt ToM.\TO Catsup. — Boil 1 bu^el of toinatoea till they are soft; equeeze them through a fine wire sieve; add li pts. srJt, 2 oz. cayenne pepper, and 5 heads of onions, skinned and sc^sirated; mix together, and boil till reduc-ed one half; tlien bcttlc. The Northkrx-Lic.ht Bcr>."iX(3 Fluid. — Get good deodorized benzine, 60 to G5 gravity, and to each brL of lignls. add 2 lbs. pulvcr- uced alum, SJ oz. gum camphor, and 3^ oz. oil of sa.'^-safra."', or 2 oz. oil bergamot ; stir up and mix tlioroughly togetlier, and it will soon be ready for use. N. B. — As this fluid creates a Ciuch larger volume of light" and flame tlian carbon oU, it is ncccssnry to use either a high burner, such as the sim burner, to elevate tl.e flame away from tlie lamp, in order to keep it cool, or instead thereof, to use a burner pro- vided with a tube for t]ie e«c-ape of the gas generated from the fluid, eucL, for inst.uit*. as tlie Meriden bnnier. Test fob bi."K>'iX(; Oil. — Heat water In a pot on tho fire to 120° Fahr, Take a tin and put in it a tablesy)Oon'uI of the oil yon wish to test, place the tin coutaining the oil in the hot water, let it cool down to 112° Fahr. ; when at this point, approaf h a li;:ht very cautiously to- wards the oil, and if it takts lii'e before the light touciies it you will be safe in rejecting it. Pkesek%"ed or SoLTDiFrED MiLK. — 1. Frcsli-sklmmed milk, 1 gaL ; niiicarbonate of soda (in powder), 1^ dr. Mix; evaporate to | part eat of steam or waterhath, with constant agitation ; then add of j(<6wdei-6d iU'tiiii 0^ Ibd. ami c«iuplcte tlio &\&:jtiz^tkta at » redact GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 211 temperature. Ecdnce the dry mass to powder, add tho cream vrell dxadned, ■which was taken from the milk. After thorough admixture, putthe whole into well stopped bottles or tms, and hermetically seal. 2. Carbonate of soda, ^ dr.; water, 1 fluid 03.; dissolve; add of fresh milk, one qt. ; sugar, 1 lb. ; reduce by heat to the consistency of a syrup, and finish the evaporation on plates by exposure, in an oveu- Observe — About 1 oz. of the powder agitated with 1 pt. of water forms a good substitute for milk. Sealing-wax, Red. — Shellac (very pale), 4 oz. ; cautiously melt in a bright copper pan over a clear charcoal fira ; when fused, add Venice turpentine, IJ oz. Mix, and fuilher add vermUiou, 3 oz. ; remove the pan from the fire, and pour into a mould. For a black color, nse ivory black, or lampblack, instead of the vermilion ; for a blue color, use Prussian blue, in.«tead of the vermilion, same quantity- Each color must be well mixed with the composition ; of the lampblack, use only sufficient to color. HoRTicxTLTURAL IxK.— Copper, 1 part ; dissolve in nitric acid, 10 parts, and add water, 10 parts ; used to write on zinc, or tin labels. Bottle Wax — Black. — Black resin, 6^ lbs. ; beeswai, h lb. ; finely powdered ivory black, 1^ lbs. Melt together. Red, as the last, but .substitute Venetian red, or red lead, for the ivory black. Gold-colored Se^vlixg-wax. — Bleached shellac, 3 lbs.; Venice turpentine 1 lb. ; Dutch leaf groimd flue, 1 lb., or le^s. The leaf should be ground, or powdered sufficiently fine, without being reduced to dust. Mix with a gentle heat, and pour into moulds. Lithographic Ink. — Venice turpentine 1 part, lampblack 2 parts, hard tallow soap 6 parts, mastic in tears, 8 parts, shellac 12 parts, wax 16 parts -melt, stir, and pour it out on a slab. Inks. — 1. Fine Black writing Ink. — To 2 gals, of a strong decoc- tion of logwood, weU strained, add 1^ lbs. blue galls in coarse powder, 6 ozs. sulphate of iron, 1 oz, acetate of copper, 6 o;:s. of well ground sugar, and 8 oz. gum arable. Set the above on the fire until it begins to boil; strain, and then set it away uutil it has acquired tlie desired black. 2. Green Ink. Cream of tartar 1 part, verdigdi 2 parts, water 8 parts. Buil till reduced to the proper color. 3. Bltui Ink. Take sulphate of iudi:;o, dilute it with water till it produces the re- quired color. 4. Violet Ink. Is made by dissolvmg some violet aniline in water to which «ome alcohol has'been added: it takes very little amline to naake a large quantity of the inlc. 5. Gold Ink. Mosaic gold, two parts, gum aiabic, one part, rubbed up to a proper condition. 6. Silver Ink. Triturate in a mortar equal parts of silver foil and sulphate of potatsga, imtil reduced to a fine powder, then wash the gait out, and mix the residue with a mucDage of equal parts of film arable water. 7. Fnllajus Bccipe for IndcVihle Str.ncil-jtlate nk. 1 lb. precipitj!,te carbonate of iron; 1 lb. sulphate of iron; IJ lbs. acetic acid. Stir over a five until they combine ; then add 3 lbs. printer's varnish and 2 lbs. tine bcKik ijQk,"aud stir imtil well mixed. Add 1 lb. of Ethiop's mineral. 8 I^zchequtr Ink. Briised galls, 40 lbs. ; gum, 10 lbs. ; gi-een sulphate of iron, 9 lbs. ; soft water, 45 gals.- Macerate for 3 weeks with frequent agitjitiou and strain. This ink will endure for ages. 9. Asiatic Ink. Bruisc-d galls. It lbs. ; gum, S lbs. Put them in a small cask, and add of boiling soft water, 15 gals. Allow the whole to macerate, witt frequent agitation, for two weeks, 216 GBOCERS AKD CONFECTIO!?EES' BECZIPT3. then further ndd {rreen copperas, 5 Ibc. dispolrcd in 7 pt?. irntet, Ag&in mix wt- 11, and agit:ite the whole daily for two or thre« weeki 10. Extra good Black Irk. Brui'^ed gal!5, 2 lbs., logwood chips, green copperae and gum, oi e;ich, 1 lb. ; ^".tcr, 7 pals. Bi il 2 honra and gtram. Product. 5 gals. IL Brorcn Ink. A Etroof decoction of catechu. The shade may be raried by the caatiouB addition of a little ■weak eolation of bichromate of potash. 12. Indelible Inl:. Nitrata of eilTer, i oz. : \rat€r, | or. DifsoU e, add as much of tl.e etrongest liquor of avmi"'>a ^ will dissolve the precipitate formed on ita Ar«t addition; then add of mucilage W dr., and p. I;:t1e ssp groen, eyrtip cf buckthorn, or finely powdered indigo, to cr'or. Tnms bbck on being held near the fire, or toadied with a hot iixa. 1^. Irt'leiible IiJc fcr Glass or M'tal. BoraT, 1 oi: plicUac, 2 oz, ; wcter, Hfluii oz. ; b il in a covered vessel. r.Jd of thick mucilace, 1 oz. ; triturate it with levigated indigo acd Ir.mpblack q. e., to give it a g^ed color. After 2 hours' repose, decant from the dregs and bott!e for ufp. It may he bronzed after being applied. Resists moistiu-e, cV.lorlne, and acidp. 14. Common Ink. To 1 fer.l. boiling soft Tratcr, add f oz. extract log- wood; boQ two minutes; remove from the fire, and stir in 48 giahw bichromate of potash, and 8 grains prussiate of pofci^h; for 10 gals, use 6J oz. logwood extract; 1 oz. bichromate of potash, and 80 grains pru.^iateof ix^tash; sti-ain. 15. Black Crying Ink, or Wridnj fluid Take 2 gals, rain water and put into it gum r.mV i"^, J lb. ; brown sugp.r, ^ lb. ; clean copperaa, J Ih. ; powdered nutg.V.i-^, ^ lb. ; mix, and shake occasionally for ten days and strain; if needed sooner, let ft stand in an iron kettle until thestrengtli ia obtained. Tl.i3 Lik will stand the action of the atmosphere for centuries, if required. 16. Bed Ink. In an ounce phial put 1 lca.«poonful of a<^iaa-ammonia; gum arable size of two or three peas; and 6 grains of Xo. 40 carmine; fill up with soft water, and it is soon ready for use. Liquid Blacking. — Ivory black, 2 lbs. ; molasses, 2 lbs. ; sweet oil, 1 lb.; rub together till well mixed; theh add oil \itrol, | lb.; add coarse sugar, i lb. ; and dilute with beer bottoms ; this cannot be excelled. TicKETLKG IsK TOT. Groceks.&c. — Dissolve 1 oz. of gum arable In 6 o%. water, and strain ; this is the mucilage ; for black color, use drop black, powdered, and ground with the mucilage to extreme fine- ness ; for blue, ultra-m.arine is used in the same mromer : for green, emerald green ; for white, flake white ; for red, vermilion, late, or cnrmine ; for ydlovo, chrome yellow. "UTien ground too thick they are thinned witli a little water. Apply to the c-ards with a small brush. Tho cards may be sized with a thin glue, and afterwards varnished, if it is desired to presene them. Blcikg fob Clotites.— Tal.e 1 oz. of soft PrussLin blue, powder it, and put in a bottle with 1 quait of clear rain water, and add \ oz. oi pulverized oxalic acid. 4. tablespoonful is sufficient for a large wash- ing I*REMrr5i Method or KXKP:^■G Ha2>is, kc. — To 4 gals, water, add 8 ibe. coarse salt ; J oz. potash ; 2 oz. saltpetre ; 2 lbs. brown sn^r. Boil together, skim when cx)ld irat on the above quantity to 100 lb«. meat ; hams to remain in eight weeks, bcpf, three ire,"?f3. Let tbc haOM dry several day? before smoking. Meat o' all k^ads. lalmoili xaA ether firh. loijcter?, 4rc., may be pi-essrved iiaij' pickle. — PiccaliiH. — ^Take one hard white cabbjige (.i^liced), 2 cauliflowers, pulled to pieces, 20 French bcins, 1 stick of horse-radish, sliced fijie, 2 doz. small white onions, and 1 doz. gherkins. Cover these with boiling brine ; nest day, drain the ■whole on a sieve, put it into a jar, add of curry powder, or tur- meric, 2 oz. ; garlic, ginger, and mustard-seed, of each 1 oz. ; cap- sicum h 02. Fill up the vessel with hot pickling vinetjar ; bimg it up close, and let it stand for a month, with occasional agitation. To PRESER^'E Frcit Juice without Heat. — ^Ingredients : 10 lbs. of fresh-gathered, picked, red-ripe currants, or otlier fruit, 2 qtg. cold water, 6 oz. tartaric acid, 6 lbs. of coarse siited sugar. Put the fruit into a large earthen pan, pour the water witli the tartaric acid dissolved in it over the fniit, cover the pjiu with some kind of lid, and aUow the whole to steep for 24 hours in a cold place, and it would be all the better if the pan containing the fruit could be immersed in rough ice. Next, pour the steeped fniit iuto a sus- pended stout flannel bag, and when all tlie juice has run through, tie up the open end of the bag, and place it on a large earthen dish, with anothei dish upon it ; pkice a hr.li-hundred weight upon this, to press out all the remaining juice, and then mix it with the other juice. You now put the gifted sugar into the juice, and stir both together occasionally, until the sugar is dissolved, and then bottle up the syrup, cork, and tie down the bottles with wire, and keep them in the ice well or iu a cold cellar, in a reclining position. To RESTORE IxjriiED Mf.at. — When the brine soui-s and taints the meat, pour it off ; boil it, skim it well, then pour it back again on the meat boiling hot ; this will restore it, even when much injured. If tainted mepe-r. 4 oz. ; vinegnr to mix. CosEMOX ilfST AEO. — ^llour of c: list;' rd 23 lb?. ; wlicat flour, 23 1 w-. , cayenne pepper, 12 oz., or as required ; common s;.lt 10 lbs. ; ra;-« oil 3 lbs. ; turmeric to color ; mis well, and pass through a fine seive Starch Pousn. — Wlutewax. 1 oz. ; sijerraaceti, 2oz. ; melt them together with a gentle her.t When you have prepared a s-ifBcient amount of starch, in the u.-ual way, fr'r a dozen ]i!cc<'^, jiut into it a piece of the poli^h about the size of a large peji ; more or less, accord- fcg to large o'r smiill washincT". Or thick gum solution (made by pour- t^^ boiling water uix)n cum arabic\ one tablespoon to a pint of starch, gtv«a clothes a 'jeautiful slosa. 220 GROCERS AND CONFECTIOKERS' KECEIPTa. PiRK KiNDi.F.Rs. — To make very nice fire kincllorr!. tike re?in, rti* quantity, and melt it, puttinj^ in for eadi pound lieiiig a3et> Swxetev Som Cid'J'^. — To keep cider perfect, take a keg an i bore holes in the bottom of it ; spread a piece of woollen cloth at tiie bottom; then fill with clean sand closely l^acked ; draw your cider from a barrel ju.-^t as fa.~t as it will run through the sxiiid ; after t;\i.=i, put in clean barrels which liave had a piece of cotton or linen chjth 2 by 7 inches dipped in melted sulphur and burned inside of tliem, tiiereby absorbing the sulphur fumes (this process will also sweeten sour cider) ; then keep it in a celhxr or room where there is no five, and add ^ lb. white mustard seed to each banel. If cider is long made, or souring when yon get it, about 1 qt of liickory ashes (or a litJe more of other hard wond ashes) stirred iuto each barrel \\ ill sweeten :; u d clarify it nearly equal to rectifying it a.s above ; but if itis notrcctiiiLd, it rar.st be racked off to get clearof the pomace, as with this iu it, it will sour. Oil or whL-^liy barrel.^ aro best to |.ut cider in, or h piut sweet oil to a barrel, or a gallon of whisky to a barrel, or both, may be added with decidedly good cfTecU ; isinglass, 4 oz. to each barrel, helps to clarify ajid settle ci- der that is not to be rfctirted. Gixc.EK Wi:.s.— Vt'atcr, 10 gals., Inmp sugar, 20 lbs., bruised gin- ger, 8 oz. ; 3 or 1 eggs. Uoil wfU and skim ; then pour hot on six or seven lemons cut iu slices, macemte for 2 hours ; then rack and fer- ment ; next add spirit 2 qts., and afterwards finings, 1 pint ; rum- mage well. To make the color, boil ^ oz. saleratus and -^ oz. alum in 1 pint of water till you g-"t a bright red color. Ice Ckk.vm. — Have rirh, sweet crear.i, and a half-pound of loaf sugar to each quail of cr».-:ira or milk. If j^ou cannot get cream, the best imitation is to boil a suit custard, 6 eggs to cacli quart of milk (eggs well beat). Or another is made as follows: boil 1 qn:trt of milk, ana Etir into it, while boiling, 1 tablespoonful of aiTowroot wet with cold milk ; when cool stir iuto it the yolk of 1 egg to give it a rich color. Five minutes' boilmg is enough for either plan. Put the sugar in af- ter they cool ; keep the same proportions for any amoxmt dc-irecl Or thus : to G q'.-.aits of miik odd h lb. Oswego starch, fir-t dis.solved ; p-'t the starch in 1 quart of th.e milk ; tlicn mix altogether, and sim- mer a little (not lioil) ; sweeten and flavor ti your taste ; excellent. The juice of stitiwberries or ras'^berries gives a boautiail color aji I flavor to ice creams, or about h oz. essence or extract to 1 gallon, or to suit the ta.-tc. Have your iGe well broken, 1 qt. salt t.-i a bucket of ice. About one hour's' con.-t mt stirring, with occasional scraping do^vn and l)oatiag together, will freeze it. CH3CA<;(i jfi: (^KKA?t. — Irish moss soaked in warm water one hour, and rinsed well to cleanse it of sand and a certain foreign taste ; tlien Bte«p it in mUk^ keeping; it just at the point of boiling or Bimmering GEOCEBS AKb CONPECTIONEES' EECEIPT3. 221 S» one hour, or until a rich yellow color is given to the milk ; with. ont cream or eggs, from 1 to IJ^ oz. to a gal. only is necessary, and this will do to steep twice. Sweeten and flavor like other cream?. SrESTiTTJTE FOK Crf.a-V. — Take 2 or 3 whole eggs, beat them well np in a basin ; then pnir boUing hot tea over them ; pour gradually to prevent curdling. It is difficult for the tast6 to distanguish it from licb cream. GoTGEK Beer.— Take 5^ gals, water, | lb. ginger root braised, tartaric acid, ^ oz., white sugar, 2^ Ib.s., whites of 3 eggs well beaten, 10 small tsaspoonfuls of lemon e.^s. ; yeas^t, 1 gill ; boil tho root for 30 minutes in 1 gal. of the water; strain off, and put the ess. in while hot; mix, make over night; in the morning, skim and bottle, keeping out the sediments. PiciLAUELPiTi.i Beke. — Take 30 gals, water, brown sngar, 20 Ibg r"nger root bruised, J lb., cream of t;irt;ir, 1^ llis., carbonate of soda, oz., oil of lemon, cut in a little alcohol, 1 teaspooTiful, the white of 10 eggs well beaten, liops, 2 oz., yea.st, 1 qt. The ginger root and hops should be boiled for twenty or thirty minutes in euongh of tiie water ti_> malvG all milk-warm ; then strained into the rest and the yeast added »nd allowed to work itself clear; tlien bott!e. CiDKK WITHOUT Api'LEs. — Water, 1 gallon; comnmn sugar, 1 lb.; tirfciric acid, ioz. ; yeast, 1 tablespoonfid; shake well, make in the .heuhig. and ft wiU be lit to use next day. Fob Bottling. — Put in a barrel, 5 gals, hot watc; 30 lbs. common sugar; | lb. tirtnricacid; 25 gallon.'? cold water; 3 pints of hop or brew- ers' yeast, worked into paste with 1 pint of water aud 1 lb. flour. Let it work in the Iwrrel forty-oig]it hours, the yea.«t running out of the bunghole all the time, putting in a little sweetened water occa.^ioiially to keep it f uU ; then bottle, putting in two or three broken raisins to each bottle; and it will nearly etjual champagne. Cheap Cider. — Put in a cask 5 gals, hot water ; 15 lbs. brown sugar; 1 gal. molasses ; ^ gal. hop or brewers' yeast; good vinegar, 6 qts. ; gtir well, add 25 gals, cold water, ferment as the la.st. Another Ceder. — Cold water, 20 gals., brown sugar, 15 lbs., tar- tiric acid, ^ lb. ; rummage well fc^getlier, and add, if you have them, 3 or 4 lbs. of dried sour apples, or boh them and pour'in the express- ed juice. This cider will keep longer than the othci-s. SiKUCE A2fD GiKHEU BicEK. — Cold watcr, 10 gals.; boiling water, 11 gals. ; mix in a barrel; add molasses, 30 11 >.«:., or brown sugar, 21 lbs. ; oil of spruce or any oil of wluch you wi,sh the flavor, 1 oz. ; add 1 pint yeast, ferment, bottle ui two or throe days. If you wish whito ipruce beer, use lump sugar; for ginger flavor, n.«e 17 oz. ginger root braised, and a few hops; bod for thirty minutes m tluee gals, of th* water, strain and mix well ; let if stand two houi-s and bottle, using yeast, of course, aa before. Hop Beer, vekt fine. — Mix 14 lbs.of molasses and 11 gals, water well together, and boil them for 2 hours withG oz. hops. When quite cool, add a cupful of yeast, and stir it well by a gallon or two at a time. Let it ferment for 16 hours, in a tub covered with a sack, then put it in a 9-gallon cask, and keep it filled up ; bung it down in 2 days, and in 7 days it wiM be fit to drink, and vrill be stronger than London porter Edutbubgh AiiSi— Employ the best pale malt— Ist, vaaeh 2 barrels 222 GROCERS JlND confectiokers' RECEITTS. pr. qa&iter, at 18o<=', raasb three^}asuters of an hour, let it etand \ nonr, and allow half an hour to run off the ■wort; 2d, mash 1 barrel per quarter. 180°, mash thi-ee-fourths of an hour, let it stand about three-fourths, and tap as before; 3d, mash 1 barrel per quarter, at 170°, ma^h half an hour, let it stand half an hour, and tap as before. The first and second wort may be mixed together, boiling them about an hour or an hour and a quarter, -with a quantity of hops proportioned to the time the ale is required to be kept. Tho first two may be mixed at tJie heat of 60°, in tlie glyetun, and the second should be fermented separately for smaU beer. The best hops should be used in the proportion of about 4 lbs. for every quarter of malt employed. Bottling Porter.— Bkow>- Stout. Tale malt, 2 quarters ; amber and brown malt, of each 1^ do. ; mash at 3 times, with 12, 7, and 6 barrels of water ; boil with bops, 50 lbs ; set with yeast, 29 lbs. Product, 17 barrels, or li times the malt Lemox Beer. — To make 20 gals, boil 6 oz. of ginger root bruised, I lb. cream of tartar, for 20 or 30 minutes, in 2 or 3 gals, water ; Siis will be strained in 13 lbs. coffee sugar, on which you hava put J oz. oil of lemou, and six good lemons squeezed up together, laaving warm water enough to make the w!.ole 20 gals, just bo hot that you can hold your hand in it without burning, or about 70 degrees of ae^;t ; put in 1^ pints of hop or brewers' yea.«t, worked into paste with 5 or 6 oz. flour. Let it work over night, then strain and bottle lor use. Table Beer. — Malt, 8 bushels ; hops, 7 lbs ; molasses, 2o lbs. ; brew for 10 barrels ; smaller quantity in proportion. Hop Beeb. — Hops, 6 ounces ; molasses, 5 quarts ; boil the hops till the strength is out, strain them into a 30-gallon barrel ; add the molasses and one teacupf ul of yeast, and fill up with water ; shake it well, and leave the bun^ out tiU fermented, which will be in about 24 hours. Bung up, and it ^vill be fit for usd in about three days. Molasses Beer. — Hops, 1 oz. ; water, Ignl. ; boil for ten minutes, strain, add molasses, 1 lb. ; and when luke-warm, yeast, 1 spooufuL Ferment. EooT Beer.— Water 10 gal«, heat to 00° Fah. then add 3 gals, mo- lasses : let it stand 2 hours, pour it into a bowl and add powdered or bruised sassafras and wintergreen bark of e;w;h ^ lb. ; yeast 1 pt. ; bruised sarsapariHa root, ^ lb. ; add water enough to make 25 gals, in all. Ferment for 12 hours, then bottle. Ottawa Beer a>t) Gi>'ger Ale. — Ottawa beer is made by using 8 ozs. of a fluid extract which contains the concentrated strength of 4 Ibe. of 13 different roots and barks, added to 1 gal. syrup which is mixed ■with 14 galg. water, into which carbonic acid gaa is'f orced at a pressure of 80 lbs. to the square inch. Ginger Ale is made in the same way except that 4 ozs. of extract is sufficient When the ginger is reaUv used, an extract deprived of resinous impurities id made use of, whicn gives a clear amber colored drink. Cheap Beer. — Water, 15 gals. : boil half the water ■with i lb. hoi>s ; then add to the other half in the tun, and mix well with 1 gal. molasses and a httle yeast To restore Sour Beer. — Good hops, i lb., powdered chalk, 2 lbs. Pat Lithe hole of the caek, and bong dose for a fe^w days ; for frosted GBOCEBS A>T> CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. 223 beer, add some finings, a few handftils of flour, and some scalded hops ; for rcpy beer, use a haoidf ul or two of flour, the same of hops, ■with a little xxiwdered alum to each barrel. Rummage well. To IsiPBOVE THE FLAVOR OF Beek. — Bruised ginger, 1 oz. ; bruised cloves, i oz. ; a few scalded hops and a doz. broken coarse biscuit* to every two barrels. Riuimiage well. Lemoxade. — White sugar, 1 lb., tartaric acid, i ounce, essence of lemon, 30 drops, water 3 qt^. Mix. Cream Sod.a. — Loaf sugar, ten lbs., water, 3 gals. ; warm griidu- ally so as not to bum ; good rich cream, 2 quarts ; extract vanilla, li ounces ; ertract nutmeg, i ounce ; tartaric acid. 4 ounces. Just bring to a boiJing heat ; for if you cook it any leui,'th of time, it wUl crrstallize ; use 4 or 5 spoonfuls of this syrup instead of three, as in other syrups ; put h teasi)ooiif ul of soda to a glass, if used without % foontam. For cluifged fuimtains no acid is used. Fkeezixg Pkeparatiox. — Common sal-ammoniac, well pulverized, 1 part ; salti)etre, 2 parts ; mix well together. Then take common eoda, well pulverized. To use take equal quantities of the^e prepa- rations (which must be kept seixirate aud well covered previous to using) and ])ut them in the freezing pot ; add of water a proi>er qmintity, and put in the article to be frozen in a proper vessel ; cover up, and your wauts will soon be supplied. For freezing cream or wines tiis cp.nnot be beat. S.a:rsapaii:lla Mead. — 1 lb. of Spanish Sarsaparilla, boil 5 hours and sti-ain off 2 gals : add sugar 16 lbs. and tartaric acid 10 oz.s., half a ^viue glass of sjTup to half pint tumbler of water, and half teaspoon- fuJ of soda is a fair projjortion for a drink. Portable Lemonaue. — Tartaric acid, 1 ounce, white sugar, 2 lbs. , esseuce of lemon, quarter ounce ; jwwder and keep dry for use. One dessert spoonful will make a glass of lemonade. IiO'ERiAL Cream Nect.\b. — Part 1st, take 1 gallon water, loal engar, 6 lbs. , tiiit;\ric acid, 6 ounces, gum arable, 1 oimce. Part 2d, flour, 4 tea,*poonfuls, the whites of 5 eggs ; beat fiuely together ; then add i pint water ; when tlie first part is blood warm, put in the second ; boil 3 minutes, and it is done. Directions : 3 tablespoonfuls of syrup to two-thirds of a glass of water ; add oue-third tea.-[>oouful of carbonate of soda, made fiue ; stir well, and drink at your leisure. Peppekmixt CoBniAL.— Good whisky, 10 gals., water 10 gals., white suy^ar, 10 lbs. , oil pepperuiiut, 1 oimce, in 1 pint alcohol. 1 Ib.floui well worked in the fluid, * lb. burned sugar to color. MLx, and let it §taud one week before usfng. Other oil m place of peppermint, and you have any flavor desired. Silver-top Drixk. — W.-iter. 3qta.. white sugar, 4 lbs. , ess. of lemon, 4 teaspoonfuls, white of 5 eggs, beat with 1 tablespoouful of flour ; boil to a syrup ; then divide into equal parts, and to one add 3 ouncea tartaric acid, to the other 4 ounces of carbonate of soda ; put in s teaspoonful of ea<^'h of the syrui^, more or less (according to the siz« of the glass), to two-thirds of a glass of water : diink quick. Sangaree. — Wine, ale. or porter, or t\vo-thuds water, hot or cold, according to tlie season of the year, loaf sugar tu taste, with nutmeg. Soda S\Tiirps. — Loaf or crushed sugar, 8 lbs., pure water, 1 gallon, gum arable, 2 oz. ; miT in a brass or copper kettle. BoU until the com is dissolved, then skim and strain throogh white flannel, after 224 OBOCEBS AND CONPECTIONEES' EECEIPT8. which add tartaric acid, 5) oz. ; dissolve in hot water ; to flavor, uea extract of lemon, orange, vanilla, rose, garsaparilla, straw;b6rry, Ac, &c., i oz. or to your taste. If you xuse juice of lemon, add 2^ Ids. of sngar to a pint, you do not need anj tartaric acid with it ; now use two tablespoonfuls of syrup to ^ of a tumbler of water, and J te^i- spoontul of super-carbonate of soda, made fine ; driuk quick. For Boda fountains, 1 oz. of super-t-arbouate of soda is used to 1 gallon of water. For charged founuiins no acids are needed in the syrups. Stoughtok Bitteks. — Gentian, 4 OLmoes, orauge peel, 4 ounces, Columbo, 4 ounces, camomile flowers, 4 ounces, qu.i isia, 4 oimces, burned sugar, 1 lb., whiskey, 2 J galls. Mix and k-t it stiind 1 week. Bottle the clear hquor. Common Small Beeb. — A handful of hops to a pail of water, a pint of bran, add half a pint of molasses, a cup of ye;i£t, and a sjioon- lul of ginger. RoTAL Pop. — Cream tartar, 1 lb., ginger, lioz., white sugar, 7 lbs., essence of lemon, 1 drachm, water, G galls., yeast Ipint. Tie the corks down. Raspberry Syrup ■wtthottt Raspberries. — ^Firs t make a eyrup with 36 lbs. of white sngar, and 10 gallons of water, and put it iu$o a clean mixing barrel. Then dissolve i lb. of tartaric acid in 1 (ft. of cold water, and add to the syrup. Next t;i;;o ^ lb. orris root and pour over it half a gallon of boilinrf water ; let it infuse until cold, then filter, and put •\ into the mixing barrel, stirring it weU. To Color. — Boil ^ oz. of cochineal ; | oz. cream fcirtar; ^ oz. ealeratus ; and h oz. alnm in 1 qt. of water imtil you j;et a bright red color, and add this to the sj rup till tlie color suits. The above i^ a very valuable receipt, and wiU make IG gals, syi up at a very low cost per gallon. If it is desirable to produce a riciier syrup, add more *ugar. Colors should be made in a brajs or copper kettle. Bottled Soda Water without a Machine. — In each gallon of water to be ased, carefully di.«3olve J lb. cnisl.ed sngar, and one ounce of super-carbonate of soda ; then fill pint bottles with this water, have your corks ready ; now drop uito each bottle J dr.ira of pulverized citric acid, and immediately cork, and tie down. Hajidle the bottles carefully, and keep cool until needed. More sugar may be added if desired. Ovster Soup. — ^To each dozen or dish of oysters, put ^ ^int of water ; nulk, 1 gUl ; butter ^ oz. ; jnawdered crackers to thicken ; Tiring the oysters and water to a boil, then add the other ingredients Ereviously mixed together, and boU from three to five minutes only eason with pepper and ssdt to taste. Mock Terrapin. — A supper dish. Half a calf's liver ; seasoned, frv brown. Hash it, not very fine, dust thickly with flour, a teaspoon- ful mixed mustard, as much cayenne pepper as will lie on a half dime; 2 hard eggs, chopped fine, a lump of butter as large as an egg, a teacup of water. Let it boU a minute or two ; cold veul wiU do, if liver is not liked. Blackberry >Vine. — Wash the berries, and pour 1 gt. of boil- ing water to each gal. Let the mixture stand 24 hours, sturing occa- eionally ; then strain and measure into a keg, adding 2 lbs. sugar, and good rye whiskey 1 pint, or best alcohol, ^ pint to each gah Cork tight, and put away for use. The best wine that can be made. CfEOCEBS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 225 MtrrroN Harricot.— Take a loin of mutton, cut it into small chopB, Benson it -vsith grouud pepper, allspice, and salt, let it stand a nisJit, and then fry it. Have good gravy well seasoned vrith flour, butter, catsup and pepper, if necessary. Boil turnips and carrots, cut them smaU, and add to the mutton stewed in tlio gra-rj-, with the yolka oi hard boUed eg^a, and forced meat hoBa. Imitation Apple Buttek.— Vinegar, 1 qt. ; cheap mobsses 1 qt. : tnix together, set over the fire till it commences to cook ; L..'ce itol7, add 10 tablespoonful3 of wheat flour, and cold water to make a bat- ter, then add 1 qt. scalding water, stir and cook for fiTtcen minutes. Lemox SrRrr. — Havana sujur, 1 lb., boil in water do%vn to a quart, drop in tlie white of 1 egg, and strain it. Add i oz. tartaric acid; let it stand 2 days; shake often; 12 drops essence of lemon will much improve it Superior Raisin "Wine.— Take SO lbs. of chopped raisins free from stems and dust; put them in a h^rge keg, add to them 10 gals. 6o!t water; let them stand two weeks unbunged, ehakiug occnsionaUy (warm place in winter), then strain tlirough woollen, or filter; color with burnt sugar ; bottle and cork weU for use. The mce raisins th© better tlie wine, not exceeding 6 lbs. to each gallon. Raisin Wine equal to Sherry.— CoU the proper quantity of ■water and let it stand till cold. To each gal. of thLs add 4 lbs. of chopped raisins, previously well washed, and freed from stalks; let the whole stand for 1 month, stirring frequently; then remove tix& raisins, and bimg up closely for 1 month more ; then rack into another vessel, leaving all sediment beliind. and repeat till it becomes fine: then to every 10 gals, add G lbs. of fine sugar, and 1 doz. of good oranges, the rinds being pared very thin, and infused in 2 qts. of brandy, which should be added to tlie liquor at its last racking. Let the whole stmd three months in the cask, then bottle. It should re- main bottled twelve months. To give it the flavor of ]Madeira, when it is in the cask, put in a couple of green citrons, imd let them remain tiU the wine is bottled. Port wine.— Worked cider, 42 gals. ; good port wine, 12 gals : good brandy, 3 gals.; pure spirits, 6 gals; mix. Elderberries and aloes, and the fruit of the black haws, make a fine purple color for wines, or use burnt sugar. AiiEEiCvVN Champagne.— Good cider (crab-apple cider is the best), I gals. ; best fourth-proof brandy, 1 qt. ; genuine champagne wine. 5 pts. ; milk, 1 gal. ; bitartrate of potassa, 2 oz. Mix, let sfimd a short tune ; bottle while fermenting. An excellent imitation. British Chasipagne.- Loaf sugar, 5G lbs. ; brown sugar (pale), 43 Ibe. ; water (warm), 45 gals. ; white tartir, 4 02. ; mLx, and at a proper temperature add yeast, 1 qt. ; and afterwards svceet cider, 5 gals. : bruised wild cherries, 14 or 15 oz. ; i^aio epirita J gal. ; orris-powder, j oz. Bottle while fermenting. British Madeira.— Pale malt 1 bushel; boding water, 12 gals.; mash and strain ; then add white sugar, 4 lbs. ; yeast 1 lb. Fer- ment, next add raisin or Cape wine, 3 qts. ; brandy, 3 qts.; sherry, 2 qts. ; port, 2 qts. ; bimg down. The malt may be masned again for bottle beer Currant and other Fruit Wines.- To every gallon of expressed Jaice, add 2 gala, soft water, 6 lbs. brown sugar, cream tartar^ JJ 02.; J26 GROCEna axd confectionees' receipts. Kid qt. brandy to every 6 gals. ; some prefer it witTiout orandy . Aftei fermentation, take 4 6z. LjinglA^s dissolved in 1 pt. of the -wine, and pat t.:> each oarrel, which Anil fine and clear it: when it mtuit b« drawn into clean casks, or bottled, which is preferaLle. Blackbebuy and Sthawbekry Wixes are made by taking the above wine when made with port wine, and fe wines), milk to settle it, 1 pt ; draw off 36 hours after thoroughly mixing. Ginger Wint:. — Put one oz. of good gin_^er-root braised In 1 qt. 93 per. cent, alcohol; let it stand nine days, and strain; add4 ^ved and sbrtiin. 3. Lemon — h — Simple gjrun 1 gvJ., oil of" lemon 25 diopj;. ciaic acid 10 diiuns, fiib the oil of IcKcn with the add, add a srarJl portion of sttu'^, and mil. 4. Strai:beni' — a — Stm-wberry jnii-e Ipt, 8im2'?e syrup ^ pintv solution of citric acid 2 dr.ims. 5. Straiclyrry — b — Fresh strawber- nes 5 qts. while supir 12ll>?., -water, 1] t Sprinkle some of tlic sngci over the fruit in lave—, aud allovr the while to stand for sever.il hoars ; express the juI •:■ and Ftrain, washiiio: t ut the p'-P witii v.ater ; add the remainder of the sugar and wutor. brjigti.e fluid to tl.ejK>ii:i of boiling, and then stiiiin. This will k\:cr) fi r a Ions: time. 6. ^^5^-^- bernf. Raspberry juice 1 pt, simple ?vrup 3 1 ts., citric acid 2 drami Baspberrv eyrup may also be var.C.c in a wry similar toNv^v. 5 for Btrawberfy. 7. Fani^^a. — Fluid extract of vanilla loz., citric acid.? oz., pimple syrup 1 paL Hub the acid with some of the syrup, a Ji the extract of vanilla, and mix. 8. T'(?/i.7.^a Crtrtv. — Txiiii extract of vanilla 1 oz., simple symp 3pts., cream or condcnjcd milk 1 pL ; may be colored with carmiie. 9 Vrcnm. — Fresli croaia 1 pt , fresh milk 1 pt, powdered sugar 1 lb. ; eux ly ^halcing, and keep in a cool place. The addition of a few piuvis of bicarbonate of so'la will for some tin.e retard sor.nn-. iO. G^njer.—T.:: ' r 2 fluid oz3. simple syrup 4 pts, - "ll. Oran;!-. — C>11 c _ - . t-.rt-.' ric acid 4 drams.' sim:le syrup IpaL iiubtaeci. ■ - r.nd mix. li Pimaj'ple. — Oil of i.inea;]l8 Idram, ta::^uic a^d 1 dram, simplo syrup 6pt5. 13. Or<7fc't.-^JKamf:.-Tupl]^t, vanilhi syrup Ijt, oifof bitter almonds 4 droys. 14. X: "fc.-.— VaniZa syr.;p 5 j '=«., piuearplo syrup Ipt, strawberry, raspberry or lemon 2pts. 15. 6ntiii'.t. — VaniUa syrup 3 pts., ] iiicap- le lit, Icmca ST—rrp 1 ^ t. 1'. C?-^-". — Brandv |"of a ' t, spirits cfTemon | cz., tine. ., simple syrup l'j;uL 17. BaTiaiuu — Cilofba: .1 1 dram, "simple .syruo C ft.*. 18. CV i". — CV — : , . . ^ -.^ water 1 gal. Enouj^a is Jlltcred to make alv^ut ^ s;:!! of t.e iuiusii;a, to which add granulated sugar 7 lis. ID. Wi:d Chemr. — Wild dierrj bark coarse powder, 5 ozs. Moisten the bark with water, aud let it st'.nd for 24 hours in a close vesseL Then pacic it £iu^.Iy in a pc- colator, and pour water upon it vuV.\ 1 it. of ti id is obtained. To this add 28 ozs. of sugar. 20. V — Oil cf wiutergreen 25 drops, simple svrtrp 5 pts., and a ■ '.antty cf burnt sugar to color. 21. Sar'sayarilla—a — Oil v„.i i^.. .a lOdro^s, oil of anise 10 drops, oil of sassafras 10 drops, fluid extract of sarsaxarilla 2 ozs. eimple syrup 5 pts.. powdered extract of licorice 1 oz. 22. 5 rr- ""irf'.'a — b — Simple syrnp 4 pts., compound syrup of sarsaparlii ' ?., caramel 1^ ozs., oil of wintererecn 6 drops, ofl. ox sac- 5. 23. J/jp?-:.— Maple sugar 4 lbs., water 2 its. 24. C . _-=t chocolate 8 ozs., water 2 pts., white sugar 4 lbs. Mix the cht>i>ii:ta in water, and sttr thoroughly over a slow fire. Strain, and ada tho Euear. 25. C -'e Crcu'/i.—toiiee syrup 2 pts., cream 1 pt 26. ^i.:- hrtfia. — Ra.«rbL-rry svtud 2 pt-.. vanilla 2 pts,, hoc-k wine 4 ozs. 27. /7>;,t and C'.cir._ ♦.— Ih vk or claret wine 1 pt, simple sjTnp 2pts. 2.S. S-jlftrino. — Brandv 1 pt, simple syrup 2 pts. 29. yniit Arid. — (Cse- gether, and grate a little nutmeg on toji. To make it hot, u^e fi^t milli and no ice. Glasgow Po-ch. — Melt Inmp-sngar in cold water, with the JTiice of a couple of lemons, passed through a fine wire strainer ; this is sher- bet, and most be well mingled. Then add old Jamaica rum, one part of rum to five of sherbet. Cut a coTiple of lemons in two, aud nia each section rapidly arotmd the dUe of the jug or bowl, gently equeeziug in some of the delicate acid, when all is ready. MtST "Jl-xet. — One tablespoonfrJ of white ])ulverL2e ! f-gnr. 2^ ditto •v water; mix well with a stxxin. Take 3 or 4 sprigs of f re>h mint, press them well iu the sug.ir'auJ water, add Ij wine g;a.-t) Hvrj. — ^In London, this drink is made by mixing half iiorter and half ale; in America, it is made by mixing half new and toif old ale. Arpr.K ToDDT. — One tablespoonfnl of fine wliite FUgar, 1 wiue- gLoss of cider brandy, ^ of a baked apple. F;U tiie glass two-thiida tuil of boilincr water, and grate a little nutmeg on b-jx Arrus Fu^fCit. — Lay la a china buwl slices of Apples and lemuna J?') GBOCEHS A>n confectioners' BECEIPT3. sltsmatelv, rncii larer l^^ing; thickly etretrcJ w-lth pow.ieiwd gngat. Pour over tie fruit, •n-'nea'the bovrl is half filled, a bottle of claret; eorer, and let it grand Ijt 6 hoars. Then pour it ti)rcKi^h a mnslia ba^, and it is all readv. Old Ma^"'s Mit.k— One wine-glass of port Trine, 1 teafpoonfulof engnr. Fill the tumbler cue third lull of hot milk. Pertect Love. — One table5TX)oaful sugar, 1 jiiece each of orange and lemon peeL Fill the tumbler one-third fidl of shared ice, and fill balance with wine; ornament ia a tastr manner with berries in season ; sip through a straw. < iIoi.A55E3 Ca>'i>y. — ^\'eat-Indiaa mola&ses, 1 gallon ; brown sugar, 2 lbs. ; boil the molasses and 6U.!^.r in a pre.~ening kettle over a slow fire ; when done enough it will oea?e boiiin^ ; stir frequently, and when nearly done, stir in the juice cf four lomons or two tea- spoonfuls of essence of lemon ' aXterwanU butter a pan, and pour oat. CoyFEcnoxEEs' C<^ix)e.';. — lied, cochineaL 1 oz. ; boil 5 minutes in half pint water ; then add cr.ujn tartar, 1 oz. ; pounded alum. ^ oz. ; boU 10 minutes longer, add sngar. 2 oz. ; aai bottle for use. Bhie, put a little warm water on a pL^te, and rab in indira till the required color is got TiU.oio, rub with some water a litue yellow gamboge on a plate, cr infuse the heart of a yellow-lily flower with uiilk-warm water. Gr^'n, boil tbe leaves of 6piaa«:;h about 1 minui* in a Uttle water, and. w;ien strained, bottle for u»e. To Caxdt Sugar. — Dissolve 2 parts of d«: -.ihla refined sngar in 1 of water. Great care miist be talrcu thnt tl;e svmp dies not boil over, and that the sui^ir is not burnt Tl.e first ^egi^e ia called the t-iread, which is subdi\idc-d into the little and grxuit tlire^ ; ii yon dip your finger in the ?yrap, and apply it to the tliumb, the tenacity of the eATTup will, on ee;^rating the lincrer and thumb, a3ord a thread which shortly breaks, t!ds is the little thread ; if t';e thread admits of a greater extension of fiager and thumb, it is caiie-i the great thread; by longer boiling you obtain tlie i)eRrl, which admits of being drawn vrithout breaking" by the utiaort ertension of finger and thumb ; this makes candied" sugar: by finbc-r boiling you obtain the bloK, which is known by dipping a'slrlaimer with ho'.es in tlie syrup, and blowing through them ; if bubbles are perceived, you have got the blow. The/eallur implies more numerous bubbles, and then the sugar will fly off like flakes while the skimmer is being tossed. By boil- ing longer, you obtiin the crack ; it will crack when broken, and does Eot .stick to theteeth ; dip a teaspoon irto the s^ignr, and let it dron to the bottom of a jian of cold water. If the sugar remains hard, it lias ell-lined the degree termed cruck. Fig Caitdt, — Take 1 lb. of sugar and 1 pint of water ; set over & elow fire. When dozie add a lew drops of viacjgar and a lamp of but- ter, aiid pour into pans in which split figs are laid. R.4isi>' Ca^'dy can be made in the same manner, substitnting stoned raisins for the fig?. Common mola^ies candy is very nice with all kinds of nuts added. Scotch BcrrEa Ca>-dt. — Take 1 lb, of sugar and 1 pint of irater; dissolve and boU, When done, add one tab'.espooDiol of batter, and enough lemon juice and oil of lemon to flavor, Co>o[ox T.r.Moy CA>-Dr,— Take 3 lbs, oo&rse brown mgar ; add \» SBCKJEBS A.N-D CONFECTIONEES' EFXEIPTS. 951 It aiif« teacnpfnJs of vr^t^r, and set over ft sIot fir© for hsH an hoirr; put to it a little cum arahic dissolved ia hot water; this is to tUear it. Coutinue to take off the ecum as long as any rises. When perfectly dear, try it by dipping a pipe-stem first into it and then hito cold water, or by taking a spoonful of it uito a saucer; if done, it will Bnap hke glass. Flavor with essence of lemon and cut it into sticks ^EPPEKiiixT, Rose, or IIoebhocxd Caxdy.— They may be mada as lemon candy. Flavor with essence of rose or peppermint or finelr powdered horehotmd. Pour it out in a buttered par>er, placed in a square tin imlu. Popped Corx, dipped in boiling molasses, and stuck together, forms an esceUeut candy. Rock Cavdt.— To make fine rock candy, clarify doable refined white sugar filter it, and boil it till it is ready to crystallize, or boded to a bhster. The boiling sugar mu.^t measure 35° on the srrup weight, a degree more or less prevents its crvstaliization. Then ta'ce a brass kettle, of about 1(5 or 18 inches diameter and from 6 to 8 inches deep, smooth and polished on tlie inside. Make 8 or 10 small holes at eqnal distances from each other in.a circle around the sides of the kettle, about 2 mches fi-om the bottom; pass threads through these from one side to the other, and st<.>p the holes on the outside with pa«!to or pa,per to prevent the syrup from running out Haviu^ thus pre- pared the kettle, pour in the syrup, tiU it rises about an Inch above the threads; then place it ui a stove moderately heated, and leave it to crystiilhze, agitatmg it from time to time. Tlie crystallization will take place in six or seven days. As soon as the crystals are formed, pour off the remaming syrup, and throw in a little water to wash the crystals tluit are left at the bottom of tlie vessel. So soon as the ma.-^3 IS thorouglily draiend set it in a very hot stove, leave it for two davs. when It is fit for use. Straw-colored rock caudy is made by sub- stitutmg brown for loaf sn^. The svrup must be'boiled over a very hot &ie in order to render die candy perfectly white. Tlie sides of the kettle should be sponged repeatedly during the boii^- process \o prevent the sugar from adhering and buminc. Oraxge Rock Ca>-dv is made by flavorin|'the svrup with a couL>''i of teaspoonfuk of orange flower water, and colonug with saffron just as the syrup is about to be taken from the fire. Jiose Rock Candu IS flavored with rose water, and colored with clarified carnune lak^ VaniUa Rock Candy is i>erfumed with vanilla, and colored with liquid violet Tlie degree of coloring.may be tested by dropping a little of the colored syrup on a sheet of white paper. GiNGEK Ca>t)t.— Dissolve 1 lb. double-refined sugar in i pint of spnng water; set it over a clear fire, and let it boU to a thm svmp Have ready a teaspoouful of powdered ginger, mbc it smoothly with 2 or 3 spoonfuls of the syrup, then stir it gradually into the whole Boil the mucture mto a _nake, watching it carefidly, that it may not exceed this pomt; then add the freshly grated rind of a lar^e lemon and stir the sugar constantly and rapidly until it fall in a mass from tae spoon, without sinlring when dropped upon a plate. If boiled for a moment beyond tlie point, it will fall mto a powder. Should this happen by mistake, add a httle water, and boil to the proper lon- eistency. Did tlie candy from the kettle, and drop it iu BmaU "^^^ npon buttered pana. then set it away to cooL ^^ S32 GROCERS AXD CONFECTIONEES' EECEIPTS. Cream Ca^s-dt.— To 3 l"bg. of loaf sugar add J pt -vrater, and set if ever a slow lire for half an hour; then add a teaFpoonful of gum arabic dissolved, r.nd a tablespoonfol of vinegar. Boil ittiU it is brit- tle, then take it olf, and flavor with vanilla, ro?e, or orange. Rub the lands with sweet bntt^jr, and puU the candy till itis white; then twiat or break it, or stretch it out into thin wliite strips, and cut it off. Rkd VEiUJrx SuGAKED Almoxds. — ^Dry thcalmonds in a stovo by a blow fire. "When dry enough to snap bet-iveen the teeth, put them into a swingin;^ basin and gum them by throwing over them a little gum arabic .solution, cold ; swing them constantly till dry ; then give them another coating of gum araliic mixf^d with 4 oz. pngar, and swing them again till dry, using no fire. 'NMien they are thoroughly dry, set them over a moderate lire. Dissoh e some sugar in orange or rose water, not too thin, set it over the fire 2 or 3 minutes, stitiin it through a sieve, and pour it over the almonds in the ba.'^in. Swing them "till they are thoroughly coated and dried; then add another coating, composed of 2 partrf of ciirmine, one part of gnm, and one part of sugar, and proceed as before. . If the almonds are not perfectly covered, give them a coating in which there is cortsiderable giim; and when tliorougldy moLstened, tlirow on them some sifted sugar, stir till the mixture is all absorbed, t!ien add successive co.atlngg of sngar till they are large enough, and pi;t them Into the stove to remain till the next day, wlien in order to wJdtcn t'.iem, you will proceed to boil € or 7 lbs. of fine clarified sugar to a blistr r, add 1 lb. of starch after taking it from tlie fire, stiriug it constantly till a paste is formed a little thicker than that used for pastilles; a few droits of blue lak^ may be added to produce a pearl white. Put the almonds, warm, in- to the swinging basin, add enough of the prepared 6u;7nr to coat them, swing the basin till they are nearly dry, then set on the fire to finisli tVie drying, then take the basin oil the fire, he;ip tliem up in the mid- dle, so as to allow the bottom of the vessel to cool; then add the coat- ing of sug-ar, swing and dry them as before, and continue t'le procesa nntil 4 successive coatings of equal thicloiess have been given; then heat them well in the bnsin, put them into pans, and set them in the ftove to remain over night. You will then procec^l to })oli.h them by gi-iing them a coat of the prepared sugar and star, h, and shake them violently mitil they are quite dry ; give them auoth.cr coating and pro- ceed as before, and continue the process until they have received 4 successive co.atinga, when they will generally be found sufficiently polished. When the polishing is finished, ]jut"tJio almonds over a fii-e and stir gently till all are tlioroughly heated, tlicn place in a stove till the next day in a wicker basket lined with paper. Spanish " Sugaked Almonds. — JIake verdun sugared almonds about the size of pigeon's eggs, whiten and polish them by the pre- vious directions, and paint dilferent designs on "hem when completed. Superfine Vanilla Sug-Uxed Al5io:cds. t'roceed in the same manner as in the manufacture of verdun su^'ared almonds, make the solution of sugar in pure water ; crudb iiie essence of vaniUa with a little sugar, and put in the solution. ConoioN Spgared Almonds.— Common aimonds, 20 lbs., sugar 8 lbs., farina, 20 lbs., starch, 2 lbs. Heat the. almonds in the swinging basm, when they boil, make them into a pulp svith diluted starch ; gtve fiist a warm then a cold coatuig, cover them with farina, fhainng GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 283 tlie baflin violently ; then, ■when the nhnonds have been coated to th« requisite size, spread them out on sieves ; after a fortnight put tliem in a stove to finish drying : whiten tliem, and finish by the process described for the fine sugared almondB. Superfine Chocolate Sugared Aj.moxds. — Caraccasa cacaonuts, shelled and roasted, 20 lbs., Martinique sujjar, 1(5 lbs., vanilla 4 drs., Btarch 10 oz. The same method is required a.^ for the superfine vanilla sugar plums, but care must he taken in addmg the coatings of gum, to touch the cacao nuts lightly, as tJiey are very easily broken. SuPERFDTE Sugared Filberts.— Filberts, 50 lbs., sugar, 4 lbs., etarch, 4 oz. Employ the same process as for sugared almonds and flavor to taste. Rose water is geuendly preferred on account of ito color and fragrance. Coriander Sugar Plums. — Coriander, 2 lbs., farina, SO lbs., sugar, 14 lbs. The washings of the bafin are adde"dy. — Clarify 3 lbs. of common brown sugar, and boil it till it is brittle, take it from the fire, pour it in buttered pans ; rub the hands with a little butter, and as soon as it is cooled, pull it as you would moliU'^ses candy until it is perfectly white ; then twist and bniid it, and cut it into sticks. Cakamel is made by boiling clarified sugar till it is very brittle, then pouring it on an oiled slab or sheet of tin, and, as soon as it is cool enough to receive an impression with the finger, stsmipmg it in small squares, about an inch in size, with a Ciiruuiel mould : then turning over the mass, wiping the bottom to remove any oil tliat may have adhered from the slab, and i^uttiug it in a dry j)lace to harden. If you have no caramel mould, you may score it on the slab with a common case knife, after which' they iire glazed ^vith an- other coating with sugar. Keep them tightly closed from the air af- ter they are made. Lbmon Cabamsl is made by grating the yellow rind of a lemon with a lamp of sugar ; add to this a few drops of lemon juice with water enough to dissolve the sugar completely and stir the whole in- f34 GKOCERS AND COXFECTIONEnS KECEIPTS. to the boiled symp a few minutes before it is taken from thei Hn Orange and Lirne caramels are prepared in the (»ame manner Iroa these respective fruits. Coffee caramel, coffee, 2 oa. , sugar I lb. Mak« an infusion of the coffee, using as little water as p^ible ; strain it through a doth, and stir it graduaLy iut.> the bcolate caramel, choco- late, 4 oz., sugar 1 lb. Di.ssolve the chocolate in as little water as pos- sible, and add it to the boiled sugar, as in tLe coSee caramels. Va}v Ula and Orange cream caramels are made by u:dng the respective es- sences of these fruits. Cocoa Nct Ca>'py. — Pare and cnt cocoa-nut into slips, or grate on a coarse grater the white meat of cocoa-uut3 tmtil tou have ^ a iwuud ; T)r Drops oa Pastilles. — PouuS and sift douLle-refinod su- gar, first through a coar.^e. and then through a fine sieve. Put tho sugar into an ejtrthen vessel, and dilute it with t^e fla\oring extract, mixed with a little water. If t«jo liquid, the syrr.n will be too thin, and the drops Avill run together ; wliile, if too tjaicx. tV o syrup will be too compact, and cannot be poured out easily. V»l. n tl.e sugar is mixed in a ratlier stiJ iiaste, p-.it it in a smnil paurep;-.a with a spout and set it over the fire. As so .n as it begins t-j bublle np tl;e sides of the saucej>an, stir it once in the middle, take it from the fi:e, and drop it in small lumjis, of the size and shape required, upon sheets of tin, to stand for 2 hours, then put them in tlie stove to finish drying. As soon as they are perfectly hard ani briliiiint, tal:e them from the fire, otherwise' ti.ey will loie their aroma. Ct) Clotts Dbops are made by Tni-ring the above paste with these respective extracts : Fob Salad Deops. — Water distilled from Ifttace is used. S-iFTRON Deops. — Hake an infusion of ealTron, strain it, let it co^'l, use it to mix tl-.e jiaste, and proceed as before. HfxiOTEOPB Drj PS. — Proceed in the same manner, flavoring tho pa.=te with a few dro^s of oU of neroli, or oil of orange, jaamine and tube-rose, and color \ iolet. Pi>"K Dboi'S. — Flavor the taete with tincture of red pinks, and color with carmine lake. Ci>'>'AMOX Deops. — ilix 5 drs. powdered c'nnamon and 8 oz. of sugar with mucilage enough to make it into a paste, r.nd iiroceed as above. Chzwdcg Gc^. — Take of prepared balsam of tula. 2 oz. ; white BUgar loz., oatmeal 3 oz., soften the gum in wr.ter bath and mix in the ingredients ; then roll in finely powdered sugar ct flour to form fCcks to suit M A RSTrn ALLOW AST) LicoEicE drops are made the same way. BusB Drops — Mix the paste v. I'Jx row wattr, and color with carmine lake. PrcK-eed as ab-Dve. Le3iox AST) Ora>ge Deops. — Rasp off the yeUow rmd of anorang* or lemon; mix the raspings with donble-refinetlla Drops. — Mix the paste with extract of vam^xa, or finely- ground vanilla bean; to which add 2 oz. 3 grs. of tartaric add, dis- solved in water, to sustain the blue, without which it would disanpear. Imitation Cckka>t Drops.— ;Mix the paste with water, adding a little essence of raspberry and of violet, or Florence iris, with a little tartaric acid dissolved in water; color with carmine, and proceed as Peppekmett Drops— Dissolve finely-powdered sngar with a uttle strong peppermint- water ui a sauceiwn with a spout As soon as it is thoroughly dissolved, add an equal quantity of coarse-grained sugar with a few drops more of the peppermuit, stir the whole for a few moments, then drop the mixture on paper, and dry it la the open air. In the same way are made lemon, rose, vanilla, and other droi)3. Citric and tartaric add may be used to increase the addity of lemon drops, EkTEMPOBA>'Eor8 PASTILLES. — ^Make the paste as usual, without flavoring the water, drop the pastilles upon paper, leave them for two hoars, then take them off and put them into the stove to dry. When wanted for use, put the quantity required into a large-mouthed jar, and flavor as desired. For instance, to make 2 lbs. of peppermLut drops, take 5 pts. of sulphuric ether ui which are diluted a few drops of essence of peppermiat, and pour it over the candies, then cover the jar, and shake it until they are thoroughly moistened ; then place them on a sieve, and set them in the stove for 5 minutes, evaporate the ether. In this manner rose, orange, lemon, jonquil, tube-rose, mignonette, clove, cinnamon, or any otiier drops may be made, dis- solving their essential oils in sulphuric ether. Glngek Caxuy Tablets. — Take 1 lb. loaf sugar, a few drops of acetic acid or the juice of half a lemon, a dessert-spoonful of essence of Jamaica ginger. Boil the sugar with just water enough- to dissolve it to the ball degree, then add the acid and the essence, and rub the sugaj with the ba«k part of the bowl of a silver spoon up against the sides of the sugar-boiler to whiten or grain it sufS- dently to give to the whole an oiwilized appearance; then pour it into very small-sized moulds, measuring half an inch or an inch oblong square, or else into a tin pan, the bottom part of which is marked out tu small tablets, so that the candy m;iy be easily broken Into squares when dry. Smear the moulds sliglitiy with oil of al- monds. When the sugar is poured into the mould:-, place ta the screen lor half an hour or more, to dry them hard. Okastqb Flower Cxsdx T.A3UCT9.— Ingredients ; 1 lb. loaf BOgan ?36 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. a tablespoonfnl of orange-flower -water, and a few drops of acetic arid. Proceed as directed in the preceding. No color. Va>-it.la C.\>i>r Tablets. — Ingredients ; 1 lb. loaf 8nI'3. — Use 1 lb. loaf sngar, and a few drops essence of cinnamon. Proceed as in the last. Tb'is may be colortd rose pink, the color is to be added while the sugar is boiling. Clo^t; Cantiy Tablets are prepared in the same way as the fore- going, eesence of cloves being used instead of cinnamon. KosE Candt T.\blets. — Use 1 lb. loaf sugar, a few drops of es- sence of rose.=», a few drops of acetic acid, and a few drops of prepared cochineal. Proceed as in the preceding. Fexjit CAM>i' Tablets. — Use 1 lb. of loaf sugar, J pint of the jxiice of any kind of fruit, either currants, cherries, strawberries, rasp- berries &c., extracted by pressing with a spoon tlirough a clean hair sieve. Boil the sugar to the crack, then incorporatethe fruit juice by rubbuig it with tlie sugar, as directed in the preceding, and finish tiie candies as therein indicated. To FREE MOL.^SSES FRO.M IT3 SHARP TASTE, AXT) TO RE^TDER IT FIT TO BE USED cv'STEAD OF ScGAii. — Take 24 Ibs. molasses, 24 lbs. water, and 6 lbs. of charcoal, coarsely pulverized ; mix them in a kettle, and boil the whole over a slow wochI fire. A\1ien the mixture has boiled half an hour, pour it into a flat vessel, in order that the char- coal may pubtiide to the bottom ; then pour off the liquid, and place it over the fire once more, that the superfluous water may evaiwrate and the molaivses be brought to its former consistence. IM lbs. of molasses will produce 24 lbs. of syrup. pEppEUJiixT LozEXGES. — IngTcdieuts : 1 oz. of picked gum traga- canth soaked with 5 oz. of tepid water in a gallipot (this takes some 6 hours), and afterwards squeezed and wrung through a cloth, about IJ ibs. of fine icing sugar, and a teas2>ooniul of essence of peppermint, rt'ork the prepared gum with the flattened fist on a very clean slab tratO it becomes perfectly white and elastic, then gradually work in the sugar, adding the peppermint when the paste has become a com- pact, smooth, e£stic suhttanes. CrEKA>T A>T) Raspberhy Paste Deops, — ^Ingredients : 1 lb. of pulp (the cmTant3 and raspberries in equal propTirtious boiled, and aftenvards rubbed through a sieve), 1 lb. of silted 8Up;;ir. Stir both together in a copper su;^i-b3L!er or preserving p:'.u over a brisk fire, until the paste becomes sufficiently reduced to show the bottom of the preserving pan as you draw the sjioon across it ; then proceed to lay out the drops about the size of a florin, u.=ing a snouted sugar boiler for the purpose. The drops should then be placed in the screen to dry, at a low heat for an hour or so. When tlie di-ops are dry, use a thin knife to remove them from the tin sheet on which yoa laid then: out, and put them awr.y between slicets of paper in dosed boxes, in a dry place. Dam-ton Paste £>rop.<:. — In.irredieuts : 1 lb. of damson thick pnlp, 1 lb. bniised sugar. Stir the pulp and sugp.r on the fire until reduced to a thick p.iste, tlien proceed to lay out the drops on square sheets of jwlished tin ; dry them in the screen (modeintb heat), and remove them in the manner aforesaid. The~e drops may be prepared with all kinds of plums and also with gooseberries. Pear Paste Drops. — Use 1 lb. pear pulp (made by peeliug the pears, and boiling tliem to a pulp with ^ pt of cider or perry, and ribbing this tlirougn a coarse sieve), 1 lb. of bmL«ed sugar. P: occcd as for dainscn pafte. Apple Paste Drops. — Use lib. cf apple pulp (made by peel- lug, .«;licir.g arA boiling the apples with ^pt ciflcr), 1-lb. of bruised sug;ir. Proc-eed as in the foregoing cases, adding a few drops of cochineal to half of the parte fortl-.e sal;e of va:;ety. P;«c Apple Pa.'ite Dmps. — Use 1 lb. of pine-ap;le pv.lp (made by frst )>ecling, and then grating the pine-apple on a dish, n.siug a cle-n coarse tia prater for the piirpose), 1 lb. of braised sugar. Procc^-d v.i in the former cases. Tasks, Baskets, FrGrsK.<», AKtiiAL. the ball degree, add a few dn j^-* of acetic acid, and work the sugar with the back part of t':e bol ; add 1 lb. bees' honey and 4 drops essence of peppermint. If you de.^ire a better aiticle, use white sugar, and ^ lb. less water, J lb more honey. Another. — Coffee sugar, 10 lbs. : water 3 lbs. ; cream tartar, 2oz9. : strong vinegar, 2 tablespoons: white of an e^^ well beaten; bees honey, ^ lb; Lubin's extract of honeysuckle, 10 drops. Put on the Bugar and water in a suitable kettle on the fire ; when lukewarm stir in the cream tartar and vinegar; add the egg; when the sugar is nearly melted put in the honey, and stir till it comes to a boil; take it off, let it stand a few minutes; strain, then add the extract oi honey- suckle last; stiud over night, and it is ready for use. Anothei'. — Common sugar, 4 lbs. ; water, 1 pt. ; let them come to a boil, and skim. Tiieu add pulverized alum, J oz. remove from the fire and stir in cream of tartar, ^ oz. and water, or extract of rose, 1 table- spoonful, and it is fit for use. To Keep Frcits Fresh.— Rosin 2 lbs. ; tallow, 2 oz. ; bees' -wax, 2 oz. Melt slowly over tire fire in an iron pot, but dcn't boil. Take the fruit separately, and rub it over with pulverized chalk or whiting (to prevent the coating from adhering to the fruit), then dip it into the solution once, and hold it up a moment to set the coating, then pack away carefully in barrels, boxes, or on shelves, in a cool place. Unequalled for preserving apples, pears, lemons, &c. Acid Drops.— Pound and sift into a clean pan 8 ozs. of double refined sugar, add slowly as much water as wiil render the sugar eufficieutly moist not to stick to the stirring spoon, place the pan on a small stove or slow fire, and stir till it nearly boils, removo from the fire and stir in i oz. tartaric acid. Place it on the fire for half a minute, then dip out small quantities from tlie pan, and let it fall in small drops on a clean tin plate; remove the drops in 2 hours with a knife. Ready for sale in 24 hours. Chocolate Cream Candy.— Chocolate scraped fine, J oz., thick cream, 1 pt, best sugar, 3 ozs., heat it uairly boiling, then remove it from the fire and mill it well; when cold, add the whit«8 of 4 or 5 eggs; whisk rapidly and take up the froth on a sieve. Serve tix9 cnstua. is glasses and pile up the froth on top of them. 240 LEATHER WOUK£BS', I.C., E£C£IPXS. TANNERS, CURRIERS, BOOT, SHOE ANT) RUii. BER M'FRS, MARBLE WORKERS, BOOK- BINDERS, &c. Best Color fob Shoe asd HARjrEss Edge,— Alcohol, 1 pint ; tkicture of iron, 1^ ozs. ; extract logwood, 1 oz. ; pulverized DutgaUs, 1 oz. ; soft water, i piut ; sweet oil, | oz. ; put this last into the alco- hol before adding the water. Nothing can exceed the beaatiful finish imparted to the leather by this prepar:itiun. Cheap Colob for the Edge. — Soft wat^r, 1 gallon. ; extract logwood, 1 oz. ; boil till the extract is di-N^solved ; remove from the fire, add copperas, 2 oz., bichromate of potash, and gum arable, of each ^ oz., all to be pulverized. Beautifitl Bkoxze fob Leather.— Dissolve a little of the so-call- ed insoluble aniline violet in a little -water, and brush the solution over the leather : after it dries repeat the proces."?. Sctebior Edge Blackixg.— Soft water 5 gallons; bring to a boil, and add 8 oz. logwood extnict, pulverized ; boil 3 minutes, remove f fom the fire, and stir in 2^ oz. gum arabic, 1 oz. bichromate of potash, find 80 grains prussiate of potash. For a small quantity of tliis, use water, 2 quarts ; extract of log- -wood, I oz. ; gum arabic, 9G grains ; bichromate of potash, 48 grains; prussiate of potash ; 8 grains. Boil the extract in the water 2 mmntes; remove from tlie fire and stir in the others, and it is ready for use. For tanners' surface blacking, Tvhich is not required to take on a high polish, the gunx arabic may be omitted. SizrKG FOB Boots a^td Shoes in Tbeeexg Oirr.— "VTater, 1 qnait; dissolve in it, by heat, isinglass, 1 oz. ; adding more water to replace loss by evaporation ; when dissolved, add starch, 6 oz. ; extract of logwood, beeswax, and taUow, of each, 2 oz. Bub the starch up first by pouring on snfflcient boiling water for that purpose. It makes boots and shoes soft and jjliable, and gives a splendid appear- ance to old stock on the shelves. Black Takxish fob the Edge.— Take 98 per. cent alcohol, 1 pint ; sheUae, 3 oz. ; resin, 2 oz. ; pine tnqientine, 1 oz. ; lampblack, i oz. ; mix : and when the gums are all cut, it is ready for use. This preparation makes a most splendid appearance when applied to boot, Ehoe, or harness edge, and i» equally appUcable to cloth or wood, where a gloss is recjuii-ed after being painted. Waterproof Varnish for Hae>-ess.— India-rubber, ^ lb. ; spts. turpentine 1 gal. ; dissolve to a jelly, then take hot linseed oil equal parts with tlie mass, and incorjxirate them weU over a glow fire. Blacking fob Karxess.— Beeswax, i lb. ; ivory black. 2 ozs. ; spts. of turpentine, 1 oz. Prussian blue, ground in oQ 1 oz. ; copal varnish, i oz. ; melt the wax and stir into it the other ingredients, before tho mixture is quite cold ; make it into balls, rub a little upon a bruah, apply it upon tiie harness, and polish lightly with sUk. Best Harness Varnish Extant.— Alcohol. 1 gallon; white tur- pentine, li lbs. ; gum shellac. 1^ lbs. ; Venice turpentine, 1 giU. Let them stand by the stove tilj ti^e guma are diaaoh ed, then add awect LEATHEB \rORKERs'', AC, RECEIPTS. 241 oil. 1 gffl; and color it if yoTl vrish with lampblack, 2 oz. Thia will n(ii crack like the old vami^Ii, Hakjtess on,.— Neat's-fcMjtoil, 1 pal. ; lampbLick. 4 or. Jlix welL ERn.i,TA\T Frekch VAR:.-iSH FOB Le.v.thi:b. — Spirit of wine, f pint ; •r!ne»ar, 5 pints ; gum tenegal in powder, J lb. ; loaf sugar. 6 oz. ; Xow-dered gails, 2 oz. ; green co; per.'U!, i 02. Dlesolve tlie gum and EU2ar in the water; stKlin, find put ou a glow fire, but don't boil; now T'si in the galls, copperas, and toe akx-hol ; eMt well for five ininutes ; t r t off; and when nearly cool, strain thiough flannel, and ix)ttle for use. It it applied with a pencil brnsb. Host superior. LiQTiD JxFxs FOB Leathss.— Molasses, 8 lis. ; Limpblack, 1 lb. ; eweet oil. 1 lb. ; gam arable, 1 lb. ; isinglass, 1 lb. Mix well in S2 lbs. water; aj nly heat; when cool, add 1 quart alcohol; an ox's gall will inirrove it. WATOirKooF OtL-BLACKEfo. Camphenc, 1 pint; add all the India-rubber it will di.s?olve; curriers' oil, 1 pint; tallow, T lbs.; lampblack, 2 oz. Jli-x thoroughly by heat Shoemakers' Heel Bajli^. — Beeswax, 8 oz. ; tallow, 1 oz. ; melt, and add jxivrdered gam arabic, 1 oz., and lampblack to color. Best Heel Ball. — Jlelt toirether beeswax, 2 lbs. ; suet, 3 ozs. ; stir in ivory black, 4 ozs., lampbi;ick, 3 oz., powdered gum arabic, 2 oz., powdered rock candy, 2 oz., mis and when partly cold pour into tin or leaden motild5. Cha>~s"zllees ant> Shoemakeks' Cejeejtt. — ^India-rubber dis- solved to a proper consistence in sulphuric ether. Ceiie>"t fok Leather ok Rrr.BEii Soles axd Leather Beltes'g. — Gutta percha, 1 lb.; ludi.i-rabber, 4 oz.; pitch, 2 oz.; shellac, 1 oz.; oil, 2 oz.; melt, and nse hct GERnLVN' Blacetn-o. — ^Ivory-black, 1 part; molasses, Jpart; sweet oH, I part; mix, as before; then stir in a mixture of hydrochlorie add, I P'lrt; oil of vitriol, J part; each separately diluted witli twice its weight of water before miring them. This forms the ordinary pasta blacking of Germany, according to Liebig. Oil Paste Blackixcj. Ivorr-LIack, 4 lbs.; molasses, 2 lbs.; sweet oil, 1 lb. ; oil of vitrei 3 lbs. ; mi-y and put in tins. Gold Yar>-ish. — Tormeric, 1 di-am ; gamboge, 1 dram ; turpen- tine, 2 pints ; sheUac, 5 oz. ; sandarach, 5 oz. ; dragon's blood, 8 drums ; thin mastic vamL^h, 8 oz. ; digest with occasional agitation for fourteen days ; then set aside to fine ; and pour off the clear. Grain Blacik for Hax-2.t:s3 Leather. — First gfcun in tallow ; then take spirits turi:)entine, 1 pint ; cream of tartar, 1 oz. ; soda 1 oz.; pum shellac, ^ oz. ; thick paste, reduced thin, 2 quarts. Mix well. This will finish 12 sides. Beautiful Statn's for Boots, Shoes a>t> Leather Goods. — Soft water 1 pt ; oxalic acid, 2 tablespoonfuls or more ; if required stronger, dissolve, and for a red color, add finely pulverized rose-pink, vermilion or drop lake. Blue, add finely pulverized Prussian blue, cr indigo. Yellov;, kin?'s yellow, yellow ochre, &c- White, fialce white. Green, blue and yellow mixed. Orange, red and yellow mised. Purple, red and blue mixed. Pidverize the ingredients well before mixing with the water and acid. Any other shade desired can be selected from the " Compound colors" in the next department Biluia Staxs.— Skimmadiailk, 1 pt. ; spirits ol salts, ^02. ; apt* 16 242 LEATHER WOBKEBS', AC, EECEIPTsT •f red layender, \ oz. ; gum arable, 1 oz. ; and the jnice of 2 lemoM : piJT ■well together, and cork, for use ; apply with a sponge ; whea dry, polish with a bmsh or a piece of flannel If wished paler, put mles3 red lavender. Ox Rlebeb Goods. — As many parties require to use rubber goods ■who are entirely ignorant of the cheisp mLstiires which are vended in large quantities, at enormous profits by manufacturers, I have thought proper in this plate to irradoite "the subject with a little "light" for the benefit of those whom "it may concern," and ac- cordingly present the formulre for compounding the different mix- tures wiich enter into the composition of many articles sold quite extensively as pure ru66?rgood.«, but which, owing to^arge adulter- ations, in many cases cost 75 per cent leiis than uie prices charged for them. The first I shall pre.-ent is for Light BrrrEB SrsiNGs. — Grind together clear Java rubber, 25 lbs. ; Para rubber, 5 lbs. ; common magnesia, 10 lbs. ; pure sulphur, 25 ozs. This is brown at first, but ia a few days turns grey or white, and just sinks ia water. Springs made from" this compound, "1^x24 z 1, pressed to half an inch, showed Sj tons on the diaL Gket Packxno F02 M.vKCTE Ekgctes. &c. — Grind togetlier clean- ed Java rubber, 5 lbs. ; Para rubber, 25 lbs. ; oxide of zinc, 16 lbs. ; carbonate of magnesia, 6 lbs. ; Porcelain or Cornwall clay, 3 lbs. ; red lead^ 2 lbs. ; pure suljihur, 50 ozs. It niay be proper "to state that good purified Java rubber might be substituttHi by engineers with good effect for I*ara rubber in the above and some other com- positions. Rag Packixo fob Valves, BEABrNG Speingp, &c. — ^This is made principally from the useless cuttings in the manufacture of India- rubber coats, when the gum is run or spread on calico foundations. Proportions as follows: grind together useless scraps, Solbe.; black- lead 18 lbs. ; Java gum, lo lbs. ; yellow sulphur, 1 lb. Composition fob Srcricix Hose fob Ftek Exgixes, &c. — Grind together Java rubber, 20 lbs. ; Para do. 10 lbs. ; white lead, 14 lbs. • red lead, lilbs, ; yellow snlphur, 1\ lbs. This is spread upon flax clotn, which weighs 30, 16, and 32 ozs,'to the square yard. Cosmox BI.ACK Pacioxg. — Grind together, Java "rubber, 15 lbs. ; Paia do., 15 lbs. : oxide of zinc, 15 lbs. ; China or Cornwall clay, 15 lbs. ; yellow sulphur. 23 ozs, CoMMOx White Buffeb Rtxgs, &c. — Grind together Java rub- ber, 80 lbs. ; oxide of zinc, 13 11«. carbonate of magnesia, 6 lbs. ; clean chalk or whiting, 6 lbs ; flour of sulphur, 2 lbs. VuLCAXiTE, OB Eboxite.— If the amount of sulphur added to the prepared rubber amounts to 10 per cent and the operations of vul- canizing is performed in close vessels, at a temperature exceeding 800, or the beat required for Yulcaxizixg Ixdia-Rcebee as de- cribed under that head, which see, an article Avill be produced known as vulcanite, or ebonite. It is a black, hard, elaiUc substance, re- Bembling horn in iu texture and appearance, and capable of tildng a very higii polish. It is of great use in tlie arts, and is largely miin- »!actured for making combs, door handle*, and hundreds of articles 1 --dia Rtebsb. — Tne vulcanizing process patent- ed by the late Charles Goodyear con-^ists in mcori-xjrating with the rubber from 3 to 10 per cent of eulphur, to;:ether with various me- tallic oxides, chiefly lead aud zinc, the quantity of the latter articles being regulated by the degree of elasticity &c, required in the desired article. The goods of one large establishment are vulcanized in cylindrical wrought iron steam heaters, over 50 feet long and from 5 to 6 feet in diameter. These heaters have doors opening on hinges at one end, and through these doors the goods to be vulcanized aro introduced on a sort of railway carriage, tAen, aft'3r the door is shut. Fleam is let on, and a temiXrrature of from 250<3 to 300° of heat is kept up for geveral hours, the degree of heat being ascertained by means of thermometei-s attached to the heaters. The value, solidity, and quality of the goods is much increased by keeping the articles underthe pressure of metalic moulds or sheets while undergoing this procesa The whole process r^uires careful manipulation and great experience to conduct it properly. To Deodorize Rubber. — Cover the articles of rubber with char- coal dust, pLice them in an enclosed vessel, and rai.se the tempera- ture to &io Fahr., and let it remain thus for several hours. Remove and dean tl.e articles from the chaix»al dost, aud they wiU be found irt?e from all odur. GrTTA-PEECKA A>-D BcBEEB "WASTE. — The waste is cut into small pieces, and 100 lbs. of the same are placed in a weU-closed boiler with 10 lbs. of bisulphide of carbon and i ozs. absolute al- cohol, well Etirred; then the boiler is closed, and leit a few hours to Eoak. After this time it is found to be changed into a soft dough mass, which, alter being ground or kneaded, is fit to be formed into .-my shape, when the solvent will evaporate. If too much of tlie latter has been used, a tiiick uiunanageable liquid is obtained- To Utilize Leather Sctzaps — First clean the scraps, then so-^i them in water containing 1 x>er cent of siUphuric acid until the material becomes soft and plastic, then compress into blocks and dry by steam. In order to soften the blocks, 1 lb. of glycerine is added to 100 lbs. of the material; they are then passed through rollers, and brought to the proper thickness to be used as Loner soles of boota and shoes. Deer Sktss. — Taxsiso A2vD BtmxG for Gloves. — ^For each fkin, take a bucket of water, and put it inti 1 qt of lime ; let tha ekin or skins lie in from 3 to 4 days ; tlien rinse in clean water hair, and giuin ; then soak them Ln cold water to get out the glue ; no>v scour or pound in go-id sou|>-5uds for ludt an horn- ; after which tike white vitriol, alum, and s-il't, 1 tablespoonful of each to a skin ; tiie*a will be dissolved in sufficient water to cover the skin, and remain in it for 24 hours ; wring oat as dry m convenient, and sproad on with a 2 14 LEATHEB -VTORKERS', ^ not make them =oft, ?ur out in =udj rj : ' ' ■ ' "0. The oil: " ' ' v: 3 safl>. i: T . - . - readii)? :t- 6i.rfa«.e of Uie skia '• .-<-ii iliiiilibd- ri;ijh;:^_ .; •. . i v. i^ a biUfh. T.^"^TN"Q •vriTH Ac:ix — Aiter liavl:.^' ii:-i.y.- i tLe hair. 6Cour!'^7. r ; tiienfolil L— , , ,,' readr a s^. .. _......-, _ , .„,- 1 ... . _ bjckc'tcf water, and aonk tiie skin orebias nz that fur two hoi' t^, when yoM wLU -wath in t:«x;a wat»r. andap>y a little drr Fait, letting lie in t- ' r nifr'.t, or '.' " 'i of time; f et'.j fiofh V : kni.e, cr. iiness on •^, bj mean." 1 ^.r be^.m a:. : e ; when t -J ^% Eoften 1 y ] /.lii.g and rahblng wl,.a il^* hands, and al-j wiili a plece^ of pnrai <:— toae. Ti.'.a cf cour-e ij the qnichest wsy of tiTinia^ End by only wetting the elduA wiui the acid, aud soaking out iu 20 minutes, they are u it rotttd- A>-OTnrK"MzTHOP.— Oil of vitriol, | ot. ; r~!t, 1 teacnp ; milk eniHcient to handsomely cover the skin. ; ^ :iqts. ; wnrm the mUk, then add the ealt and vitriol ; .- . .n tli'e lirjiiid 4U r:ini:tes, keeping it warm ; then dry, ; . .c as directed in the above. C.*v.\T>TAN' Proce=«. — ^The CanadiPT>3 mnl-Te fotir liqnnr^ in ti'^tt" iure ;.l;=o. Ti. J . - J lifi.. of j.i- iru The ForRT:- nlv 15 lbs. _r ±u=. of snliihnric acii - ^ ■•'":ns 4 r lor ay;,er ; and L.i tlir:e They coar* ?^ c--!' . _ .js of V - lie in eac". ^:x5, &C. — . i nse!eer-«ait-. of each ^ ot,. ar.d di»="l"e r^r wet with fnftwjittr fv^Ade--" -■■-... ^ - - - .- ■ - • ■ ' p_t it fin V, ,\iT> J^Illd 1.. 2 1 ' .Lot illowixj^ it Z.J Iiv;>..e. 3da 1 oz. ; boi-Rx ^ oz, ; le'r t-. . c , .^er, baiug caieliil not to all .. ..^ th3 mirtnte to the £e?h side at first. B->il u: warm place for 24 hoars ; then wash the skin .. and have saleratus 2 oz.. dissolved in hot rain wn.irr sz^jieixt t j w^U tsttuatetheakli:; take alosi 4 os. ; saltSoz.; anddigsolveaL-obiLot 1 T I CI J.. ■ d: lys "i: ere b tHATEfSa TrOEKERS', iC, llECEIPTS. S45 Rus water ; vrhen gufflcientlv cool torJlowthe hnndlmj of it witb- «ut scalding, put La the sk-in lor U hours ; tiica wrin-j out tte -watei End hang up for 12 honrs more to drv. Kc«."ttlns List soaliing and drying 2 or 3 times, according tn tie dcsLreU ?oftne-s oi the pJdn when finished. Lr..-t;v finish, bj pulling and v^ork;;;;;, and finally by rub- king with a piece of pan^ico-^•t<>ne and fine fjiv.d-paper. This worfca 3^6 a charm on fheep-sk:u.=«, iui glons, doc, v.. df, bear-skins, &c. Process of TAXNitrfi Calf, Kip, a:.i> ILvii>es3 Leathtr ix FBOM 6 TO 30 Days. — ^For a 12-Ib aili-skln. tike 3 lbs. of tena ja- pon ra, common salt, 2 ll)?. ; alum, 1 lb. ; pv.t tliem in a copper kettle \r:tt euiScieiit water to dissolve the whole w;:';, -ut boiling. The skin will be limed, haired, imd treated every wav a* for the old process, when it will be put rrito a vc^^J;cl with water to cover it, at whidi time you \^ii. put in 1 pint cf ti.e composition, t-tirriug it well, adding tliO fame night and mo-xing for tkree days, when tou will add the whole, handling 2 or 3 tLi.os daily all the time t. uuiii^ ; yon can continue to use tlie tanning liquid bV adding half the qoantity each time, by keeping thp=e ■ roportions for any amount, li tou desire to give 4 d.iik color to tlie leatlser, you will put in 1 lb. 61 Sicily sumac ; kip tkins will Tc-TiUixe ab<3Ut 20*days, licht horse hides for harness 30 aays, calf-gkir.s fn^m G to 10 davs at mo^t. To TA2f Kavt lIiDS. — AvLon taiken from the animal, spraad it flesh eideup; then put 2 i«,rts of go.lt, 2part3 of 6alti>etre and alum oom- Li:ied, make it fine, sprinkia it evenly over the surface, roll it up, let it r.lone a few d.iT.s till diss«jlvei; then t:ke off what fle^h remniiK', and nail tl e $l;in to' the side of a bam in the srjj, stretoh tight, to make it solt like harness leather, put neaf s-f Jot oil on it. fasten it up in the er.n again ; then rub cut all tke oil you can with a wedge- shaped stick, ai>d it is tanned with tie hair on. To Ta>' MrsKRAT SsLss WITH TiLG Fi.*B OX. — First, for soaking, to 10 gals. co\d soit water, add 8 parts of wheat bran, o:d soap, J pL ; pnlverirpd borax, 1 oz. ; sulpliuric acid, 2 o.'.s. If the skitLs have not been salted, add salt, 1 pL Green skins should not be soaked more than 8 to 10 houis. Dry ones should soak tiU very soft The sul- phuric a'^id hr..~teus the soaking process. For tan liquor, to 10 gals. warm sOit water, add bran, ^ bushel; stir well, and let it ferment in a warm room. Then add slowly, sulphuric acid^ 2^ lbs. ; stir all the time Musk tat skins should remain in about 4 hours ; then tike out and ub "with a fle^^hing knife ; an old chopping knife with the edg* take: cfi: will da Then work it over a beam until entirely dry. To Dte Fru^ — Any dye tliat will color wool will also color fun, and an imiucuse nr.mler of such dyes can be found under tlie dyers depaitniciit. in bujing furs, examine tlie density and lenarth of the down next the skin,*tlus can easily be done by blowing brL«kiy against the set of the fur, if it is very close and dense it is aU right, but if it «pens easily^and exposes much of the skin, reject it French "FixjSH for Leathke, — Take a common wooden paUfnl of Bcraps (the legs sad pates of cjiLf-skius are l>est), and put a handfnl each of salt and alnm upon them, ai>d l*>t stand three days ;, then boll until they get a tliick paste ; in usmg, you will warm it, and in the f r?t aupiic-atioD put a little tallow with it, and It a second time a little soil £O0>, and ase it in the r^nlar way of finishing, and jou le of drying vamieh, made by boiling linseed oil with white lead and litharge, iu the proportion of one pound of each of the latter to one gallon of the former, and addhig » portion of chalk or ochre, each coating being thoroughly dried before the application of the next Ivory black is tlien substituted for the chalk or ochre, the varnish tJjinned ^vith spirits of turpentine, and five additional applicatious made iu the same manner as before, except that it is put on thin and not worked in. The leather is rubbed down with punuce-stone, in powder, and then placed in a room at 90 degrees, out of tlie way of dust The last varnish is prepared by boiling § lb. asphaltum with 10 lbs. of tlie drying oil used in the first stage of the process, and then stirring in 5 lbs. copal varnish and 10 lbs. ol turpen- tine. It must have 1 month's age before using it. CriEAP Tanking without Bark or Mineral Astejngents. — The astringent liquor is composed of water, 17 ^als. ; Aleppo galls. J lb. ; Bengal catechu, 1^ oz. and 5 lbs. of tormentil, or septfoil root Powder the mgredients, and boil in the water 1 hour ; when cool, put in the ekins (which must be prepared by being plunged into a preparation of bran and water for 2 days previously) ; handle them frequently during the first 3 days, let them alone the next 3 days, then handle three or lour times iu one day ; let them lie undisturbed for 25 days more^ when the process will be complete. New Tai.t«ng Composition. — For harness leather, 4 lbs. catechn, 3 pts. common ley, 3 oz. of alum. For wax leather (split leather), 3 lbs. catechu, 3 pts. common ley, 3 oz. alum. For calf-skins 2 lbs. catechu, 1 pt ley. For slie€2}-skins, 1 lb. catechu, 1 pt. ley, 1 oz. alum. The catechu by itself will make the leather hard and brittle^ the ley will soften it; the alum being only used for coloring, can be dispensed with, or other matter used iu its place. The mixture is in every case boiled, and the leather is then immersed in it long enough to be thoroughly tanned, for which purpose the harness leather should be steeped from 18 to 20 days, wax leather from 12 to 14 days, calf- ekins from 7 to 9 days, and sheep-skins from 2 to 4 days. French Polish ok Dressino for Leather. — Jttix 2 pts. best Tiuegar, with 1 vt. soft water; etir into it J lb. glue, broken up, ^ lb. logwooQ-cliips, i oz. of finely powdered indigo, J oz. of the best soft Boap, ^ oz. of isinglass; put tlie mixture over the fire, and let it boil ten minutes or more; then strain, bottle, and corli. When cold, it ia fit for use. Apply with a sponge. Tanning. — The first operation Is to soak the hide, as no hide can be properly tanned uuIces it has been soaked and broken on a fleshin? beam. If the hide has not been salted add a little salt and soak it in 6oft water. In order to be thoroughly soaked, green hides should remain in the liquor from 'J to 13 days; of course the time varies with the thickness of tlie hide. The following liquor is used to remove hair, or wool, viz. : 10 gals, cold water (soft); 8 qts. slacked lime, and tie same quantity of wood ashes. Soak untU the hair or wool will pull o£f easily. As it frequently happens it is desirable to cure tlie aide and keep the hair clean, the following paste should be made, viz: equal parts of lime and hard wood ashes (Ume should be slaked) and made into a paste with soft water. This should be spread on the SiBth. aide of the hide and the akin rolled up fiesh side in and placed LEATHER TTOKKERS*, AC, KECEIPTS. 243 to a tnb jnst corering it Tdth water. It should remain 10 days of until the nair will pull out easily, then scraije with a knife. The skins of animals are composed maiily of glue or gluten. This is soluble, r.nd the principle derived from tlie bark, tannin or tannic acid is also to a considerable extent soluble; when tlie latter is allowed to act npon the former, chemical combination takes place, and leather is pro- iuced, whicli is insoluble. CiKRiERs' Size.— Take of sizing, Iqt. ; soft soap, 1 gUl; stuffing, 1 gill ; sweet mLLlc, ^ pt. ; boil the sizing in water to a proper consistence, .-tntin, and add tlie other ingredients ; and when thoroughly mixed, it is ready for use. CuRBiEKs' Past-e.— First Coaf.— Take of water, 2 qts.; flour, * pint; Castile soap, 1 oz. ; make into paste. Second Coat. — ^Take of fi 1st paste, i pt. ; gumtragacauth, 1 gUl; water, Ipt. ; mix all together. This will finish 18 sides oi upper. CrKKiEKs' Skirting. —This is for finishing skirting and the flesh of harness leather, iu imitation of oak tanning. Take of chrome yeUow, i lb. ; yellow ochre. 1 lb. ; cream of tirtar, 1 oz. ; soda, ^ oz. ; paste 5 qU. ; mix well Tliis will finish twelve sides. Skiktinc,. — For the grain to imitate oak tan. Take of chrome yellow, i lb. ; yellow ochie, h lb. ; cream of tartar 1 oz. ; soda, 1 oz. ; paste 2 qt.s. ; spirits of torpenttue, 1 pt ; mix well. This will finish twelve sides. Dyes for Morocco ajnd Sheep Leatheb.— (iJZwc.)— Blue is given by steeping the subject a day in uriue and indigo, th€n boiling it with alum ; or, it may be given by tempering the indigo, with red wine, and washingtheskin therewith. — Aiiolher. — Boil elderberries or dwarf -elder, then smear and wash the skins therewith and wring them out ; tlicn boil the elderberries as before in a solution of alum water, and wet the skins in the same manner once or twice, dry them, and tlicy will be tcij blue.- (7?.— Dark green ia given with steel-filings and sal-anunoniac, steeped in wine till soft, then smeared over the skin, which is to be dried in the ehade. ( Yellcno. ) — YcUow ia given by smearing the sJun over with aloes and linseed-oil dissolved and strained, or by infusing in weld. {Lu/ht Oranf/e.) — Orange color is given by smearing it with fustic berries boiled in alum water, or for deep orange, with turmeric. {Sky-color. ) Sky-color is given with indigo steeped in boiling water, and the next morning warmed and smer rod over the skin. jS'ee Dyers' Department. To Marijle Looks or I'.vper.- rrovide a wooden trough 2 Inches deep and the length and width of any dasired sheet ; boU in a brass or copper \-:'.n any quantity of linseed and water mitil a thick mucil- uge is formed ; strain it into tlie trough, and let cool ; then grind on a marble slab any of the following colors in small beer. For Blue. — Prussian blue or indigo. R-'d. — Rose-pink, vermilion, or drop lake. Yeltov — King's yellow, yellow ochre, &c, H7ki(€.— Flake vhit€c 243 LEATHER -WOEKEKs'. AC, RECEIPTS. BlacTc. — burnt ivory or lamb black. Brown. — ^Umber, burnt do.; terra di Bienna, burnt do. Black, mised with yeHoAv or red, ako makes broTvn. G>-e>:n. — Bine and Vellow mixed. Orange. — Ec J and yellcv mixed, ^urplr. — ^Red ana blue mixed. For each color voa mu5t have two cups, one fcr the color arter griiiding, the other to. mir it irith ox-sall. ■wLieh mur-t be used to tLin tlie* colors at discret'.^n. If too much gall is used, the colois'will ei rend ; ■when they keep their place on the surface of the trough, when moved with a qii'"'l, they are •£t for use. All things in readmessj the colors axe successively sprinkled on the surface of the mucilage in the trough with a brush, and are waved or dravm about with a quill or a stick, accordLng to taste. When the design is just for.iied, tae bock, tied ti,:;htly between cutting boards of the same size is lightly prest i-d with its edje on the surface of the liquid pattern, and then withdrawn and dried. The covers mav be marbled in tlie same way only letting tlie liquid colors run over uiem. In marbling pry.er tl;e sides of the paper is geutlr applied to the colors in the troufc'.i. The film of color iu the ticuga may be as thin as possible, aud if any remains after the marbling it may be taken off by applying paper to it before you prepare for marbling again. To" diversify the effects, colors are often t.i^ed with a little sweet oil before sprinlding thcai on, by which meaas a light halo or circle appears around eac-n sfx-t BooKBiKDERs' V.UIX1SH. — ShcUac, 8 parts ; gum benzoin, 3 parts ; gum mastic, 2 parts ; bniise, and digest in alcohol, 4-jclb fkh JB jOks.— I'nt in a marble mortar J oz. pnre honey and one book of gold leaf, rub thera well together until they are very fine, add \ puit cle:o: water, and mis well together; when the water clears, pour it oS, and put in mora till the honey is all extracted, snd nothing remains but the gold; mix one grain of corrosive sub- limate in a teasixjoui'iil of spuits of wine, aiid when dissolved, puttiie pam3, together with a little gum water, to tl:o gold, and bottle for use. The sdges of the book may be spihihlcd or colored -^ery dark, with gieen, blue, or pnrple, and Lastly ^vith the gold liquid in small or large spots, very regular, shaking the bottle before using. Burnish the edges when dry, aud cover them with paper to prevent tlia dust falling thereou. This sprinkle will have a most beautilul appearance on extra work. To Gild tste Edges of Books.— Armenian bole, 4 parts; sngarcan- dy, 1 part; white of egg to mix. Apply this composition to tlie edgo of the leaves, previously firmly screwed in the cutting-press; when nfci\rly dry, smooth tlie surface with the burnisher; then take a damp sponge aud pass over it, and with a piece of cotton wool, fcika the leaf from the cushion and apply it to the work ; when qcite drv, burnish, obsen ing to place a piece of silver or India paper between the gold and tho ag;ite. Chinese Eu.;r kok Books. — Color the edge with liglit liquid blue and dry ; then tike a sponge charged with vermilion and dab on spots according to fancy ; next throw on rice, and finish the edge with dark liqu'.d blue. Teak milk ol lime, well -worked in water, and exposed to the air for 24 hours. They are then placed in a copper boiler § fiUed with water and f iir- nished with a perforated faUe bottom, to prevent them from burning, and as mucn is piled on as will fill the vessel and rest on the top of it Heat is next applied, and gentle boiling continued until tlie liquor on cooling becomes a gelathioos ma.ss. The clear portion ia then run off intx) another vessel where it is kept hot by a water bath, and all around to repose for some hours to dexif it, when it ia ran into the congealing boxes and plated in a cool Bitur.tion. The next morn- ing the cold gelatinous mass is turned out uixia boards wetted with water, and are cut horizontally in thin cakes with a stretched piece of brass wire, and into smaller cakes with a moistened flat knife. These cakes are placed upon nettings to dry, after which they are dipped one by one in hot water and slightly rubbed with a brush wetted with boiling water, to give them a gloss ; they are lastly stove dried for sale. During this time the undissolved skins, &c. , left in the cop- per is treated with water and the whole operation is repeated agam and again, as any gelatinous matter is extracted. The first runmngs produce the finest and bett glue. The refuse matter from the tan- ners and leather dressers yields on the average, when dried, 50 per cent of its weight in glue. To DvE Leathzb Yellow.— Picric acid gives a good yellow without any mordant ; it must be tised in very dilute solution, and not warmer than 7(P Fahr., so as not to penetrate the leathe Greex Dve foh Lk-\theb. — Aniline blue modifies picric twid to a fine green. In dyeing the leather, the temperature of 85" Fahr., must never be exceeded. See AniliiieDyes in Dyers' Bep't. Dyes fob Ivory, Horn^, axd 'Bo:st..— Black. — 1. Lay the articles lor several hours in a strong solution of nitrate of silver, and expose to the light 2. Boil the article for some time in a strained decoction of logwood, and then steep in a solution of per-sulphate or acetate of bon. 3. Immerse frequently in ink uutil of sufficient depth of color. Blue. — 1. Immerse for some dilute solution of sulphate of indigo, partly eaturated with potash, and it will be fully stained. 2. Steep in a strong solution of sulphate of copper. Green. — 1. Dip blue-stained articles for a short time in a nitro-hydrochlorate of tin, and then in a hot decoction of fustic. 2. Boil in a solution of verdigris in vinegar Bntil the desired color is obtained. Red. — 1. Dip the article first in a tin mordant used in dyeing, and then plunge in a hot decoction of Brazil wood — \ lb. to a gallon of water or— cochineal. 2. Steep in red ink till sufficiently stained. Scarlet. — Use lack dye instead of the pre- ceding. Violet — Dip in the tin mordant, and then immerse in a decoc- tion of logwood. Ttillow. — ^Boil the articles in a solution of alum, 1 lb. to i a gallon, then immerse for half an hoxir in the following mirure : T.ake h lb. of turmeric, and 4 lb. pearlash: boil in 1 gah water: whea tiiken from this, the bone must be again dipped ia the alum solution. Mother of Pearl Work. — ^This delicate substance requires great care in its workmanship, but it may be cut with tlie aid ot saws, files and drills, with the aid of muriatic or sulphuric acid, and it is polished ty colcothar, ox the brom red oxide of iron left altex the <^ifftill^^ti"B LEATHER "NVORKEES', &.C., RECEIPTS. 251 of the add from sulphate of iron. In all omamental work, -where pearl is said to be used, for flat surfaces, such as Inlaying, moeaie work, &c., it is not real pearl, but mother of pearl that is used. To Polish Peabl. — Take finely pulverized rotten stone and make into a thick pa^te by adding olive oil ; then add sulpnuric acid a sufficient quantity to make into a thin paste, apply on a velvet cork ; rub quickly aud, as soon as the pearl takes the poUsh, wash it. To Polish Ivoby. — Remove any scratches or tile marks that may be present with finely pulverized pumice-stone, moistened with water. — Then wa.sh the ivory and polish with prepared chalk, applied moist upon apiece of chamois leatner, rubbing quickly. Etching pIcid fob Ivoby, — Take dilute sulphuric acid, dilnto muriatic acid, equal parts : mix. For etching varnish take white wax, 2 parts ; tears of ma.«;tic, 2 paila : mix. To gild Ivoby. — Immerse it in a solution of nitro-murlate of gold, and then expose it to hydrogen gas while damp. Wash it afterward* iu clean water. To Sil%'eb Ivory. — Pound a small piece of nitrate of silver in a mortar, add soft water to it, mix them well together, and keep in vial ior use. When you wi.'^h to silver any article, immerse it in this BOlution, let it remain till it turns of a deep yeUow ; then place it in. dear water, and expose it to the rays of the sun. If you wish to depicture a figure, name, or cipher, on your ivory, dip a camel* s-hair pencil in the solution, and draw the subject on the ivory. After it has tamed a deep yellow, wash it well with water, and place it in the eunshine, occasioually wetting it with pure water. In a short time it will turn of a deep black color, which, if well rubbed, will change to B brilliant silver. To Soften Ivobt. — In 3 oz. epirits of nitre and 15 oz. of spring- •water, mixed togetlier, put your ivory to soak ; and in three or four days it will obey your fingers. To Whiten Iv'orj-. — Slake Kome lime in water ; put yonr ivory in the water, after being decanted from the grounds, and boil it till it looks quite white. To polish it afterwards, set it in the turner's wheel ; and, after having worked, take rushes and pumice-stones, subtila powder, with water, rub it tiU it looks perfectly smooth. Next to that, heat it by turuing it againsta piece of linen or sheep-skin leather : and when hot, rub it over with a little dry whiting diluted in oil of oUve ; then with a Uttle dry whiting alone : finally with a piece of soft white rag. When all this is performed as directed, the ivory will look very white. Anotheb WAT TO Bleach Ivort. — Take 2 handfuls of lime, slaka it by sprinkling it with water : then add 3 pts. of water, and stir th« ■whole together ; let it settle ten minutes, and pour the water into a pan for your purpose. Then take your ivory aud steep it in the lime- water for 24 hoursj after which, boil it iu a strong alum- water 1 hour, and dry it in the air. Horn in Imitation of Tobtoise-Shell. — First steam and then press the horn into proper shapes, aud afterwards lay the following mixture on with a small brush, iu imitation of the mottle of tortoise- shell ; Take equal parts of quick lime and litliarge, and mix with strong soap-lees ; let this remain until it is thoiMughly dry ; brush off. ynd repeat two or three times it necessary, S uch paits as ar« teqaked 952 LEATnEn ttorkers', &c., receipts. to l>e of ft reddiab bro'mi Eboold be coveied \nth a mlxtare o£ wbitin^ aod the stain. To cnr and polish M.\rble.— The marble saw is a tliin plate of Boft iron, contiuualiy supplied, during it3 eawing motion, •wita water and tlie slinrpest sand. The Ba\vtng of modsr:ite pieces is performed by hand : that of large shibs is moat fccououiieally done by a proi>er mill. The lii-st substance used in the iwiishiu^; process is the sharpest Band, which must be worked with till the Bariace becomes perfectly flat. Then a second and even a third snnd, of increasing fineness, js to be appUed. The next substance is emery, of progTcssive degrees of fineness ; after which, ti'ipoli is employed ; and uie last polish U given with tin putty. The body witli which the sand is rubbed iipo:i file marble is usually a plate of iron ; but, for the subsequent proces.-<., a plate of lead is used, with fine sand and euiery. The polisliiiig- rubbers are coarse linen cloths, or bagging, wedged tight into an iron planing tool. In every step of the oxieratiou, a constant trickling supply of water is required. Powerful, Ci^ie-nt for Broken Marble. — ^Take gum arabic, 1 lb. ; make mto a thick mucilage: add to it jviujcred plaster of Paris, li lb. ; sifted quick lime, 5 oz. ; mix well ; heat the marble, and ap- ply the niLxtiue. Seven Colors For SxAJXixa Marble. — It is necessary to heat the marble hot, but not so hot as to injure it, the proper heat being that at which the colors nearly boil. Bute ; alkaline indigo dye, or turn- sole with alkali. Ji d; Dragon's blood in spirits of wine. Ydlow ; gamboge in spirits of wine. Gold Color ; siil-ammoniac, sulphate of zinc, and verdigris equal parts. Green ; s.ip green in spirits of pot- ash. Brown ; tuicture Oi logwood. Crinis'm ; alkauet root in tur- pentine. Marble may be veined according to taste. To stain marble well is a difficult operation. Perpetual Ixk for Tomstoxes, etc. — Pitch, 11 lbs. ; Iximpblack, 1 lb. ; turpentine snfiicient ; mix with heat To Clean Old M.uiBLE. — Talie a bullock's gaU, 1 gill soap lees, half a gill of turpentine ; make into a paste ^vith pipeclay, apply it to the marble ; let it dry a day or two, and then rub it off, ana it will appear eqiKil to new ; if very dirty, repeat the application. To EXTR.VCT Oil from Marble or Stone.— Soft soap, 1 part ; fullers earth, 2 jxirts ; potash, 1 part ; boiling water to mis. Lay it on the spots of grease, and let it remain for a few hours. To Gild Letteiw on Marble.— Apply first a coating of size and then several successive coats of size thickened with finely powdered whiting imtil a good face is producecL Let each coat become dry and rub it down with fine glass paper before applying tlie next Then go over it thinly and evenly with gold size and apply the gold leaf, burn- ishing with an agate ; several coats of leaf will be required to give a good effect To Clean Marble. — Take two parts of common soda, 1 part pum- ice-stone, and 1 part of finely powdered chalk ; siit it through a fine sieve, and mix it with water ; then rub it well all over the mar- ble, and the stains will be removed ; tlien wash the marble over witk soap and water, and it will be as clean as it was at first. To MAKE A CnF.mcAL BAROMETER.— Take a long narrow bottle, and put into it 2^ drs. of camphor ; apirita of wiDe 11 drs. ^Tbea th* CABINETMAKERS, PAINTESS', AC, RECEIPTS. 253 camphor Is dissolved, add to it the folln\dn£; mixture : •^ater 9 drs. , saltpetre, 38 gra, ; sal-ammoniac, 38 grs. Dissolve these salts In tha water prior to mixing with the camphorated spirit ; then shake all weU together, cork the bottle well, wax the top, but af terwai-ds make a very small aperture in the corlt with a red-hot needle. By ofcaerr- ing the different appearances which the materials assume as t!i3 weather changes, it becomes an excellent proguosticator of a com- ing^ storm oi oi a sunny sky. Tkappers' a>t> Anglers' Secret for Game xst> Fish. — A few drops of oU of anise, or oil rhodium, on any trapper's bait, will en- tice any wild animal into the snare trap. India cockle mixed with floor dough, and sprinkled on the surface of still water, will intox- icate fish, rendering them insensible ; when coming up to the surface they can be lifted in a tub of fresh water to revive them, when they may be used without fear. Fish may also be caught in large numbers during the winter sea.«on by watching them through the ice and striking it with a mallet directly over where they happen to l>e. The shock stuns them, and they wiU rise, belly upwards towards the surface, when they are easily secured by breaking a hole in the ice. PAINTERS, CABES'ETZ^IAKERS, GILDERS, BRONZERS, GLASS STATNERS, &c. CoMPOtTNT) Colors— 62 Ttsts — Bhie.—GTmi Prussian blue in turps, other blue, very fine in linseed oil; mix with whit&paint to the color required. Straio. — A mixture of chrome yellow and wliite leiid, eil and turps. >?tecZ.— Mix ceruse, Prnssiroi blue, fine lac, and vermilion, with oil and turps. PwrpiV.— "White lead. Prussian bluo and vermilion, vrith oil and turns. French Gray. — White lead and Prussian blue tinged with vermilion, and for the last coat substitute carmine or lake for vermilion. i)r-;b. — Wliite lead with a little Prussian blue and French veito^i^ linseed oil and turps. Another J)rab.—Vrhite lead with a httle Prus.^ian blue and lampblack, linseed on and turiK. JJark Bed, for common p u rposes. — ilLx English Venetian red, in boUed oil, with a little red lead and litharge, to give a drymg qualitv. Lighter Fed.—Zllx together equal paits of Venetian red and red lead in boiled oil and turjis. imitation of Vennilion. — Grind togeth- er, in oil, red lead and rose puik. Deep i?e(i— Mix in oil, vennilion with a dust of Venetian red, or red lead. Un/a.Ung Orange — ^This is a mix- tire of oransre lead (orpiment) and French cr stone yellow, oil and turps. Bright Yellow, for floors.— White le.ad and linseed oU, mixed with some French yellow, and a htt'.e chrome yelJow to heighten it, some red lead, burnt white vitriol and litharge, added to give it a dry- ing quaUty. This color mixed with equal parte of boiled oil and turpentine, and used verv thin. Bark YeUoio.—}lossom. Color. — Wliite lead and vermilion. Brown. — Venetian red aud lampblack. Dark Green. — Lampblack and chrome grecu. Olive Color. — Red, green, or bLick, yellow and rod. Snuff Color. — Yellow, siemia, aud red. Fkesco PArNTixG.— Steep good glue over ni^ht in water to soften, then melt in a suitable pot or kettle, applying the heat cautiously, so aa not to boil, as boiling will render it unfit for u^e. Then take aa much Paris v.hiting aa you tliink you will use for your first coat, beat it up thick Vk-ith water to a perfect pulp to get rid of lumps, &c. Now put in a pail as much of this whitiug mixture as will be required for your work aud prix-eed to mix in the colors required to produce the desired shade. The colors, previously groimd iu water, should be cautiously mixea with the hand, aud the shade tested by drying a little on a shingle or white pa-ier; if too dark, add more whitiug, if t<.>o light, more color. Now add enough of your melted glue to bind or fix the color very hard so as not to riiie or wash up with your Becond coat, aud test this on paper or wood also, otuerv.ise you may ruin your worlc. For Yellow, chrome yellow of diilerent tmts mav be used. B"J' or Drab can be got by admixture of yeUow ochi-e, red, blue, or black, aud Bometimes umber is intermixed with good effect. Buff or di-ib colors may bo produced by yellow ochre, chrome yellow, or raw sienna, iutcmiixed with Turkey umber. For Green, niineraJ or Paris greens are first class. Any good chrome green will Buit very welL For Blue, me cobalt ultramariue blue, Prussian blue aud verditer. For Graij, use comjiosiuoQ of white, blue, red, and black. Fur lied, use vermilion, Indian red, Venetixm red, lake, and carmine. For Pink or R^^se tiuts, use a mixture of red with white, if not wanted bright, use Indian red, if a strong rich color is degued, use carmine, lake, Venetian redj or vermilion. For Black, use blue black aud the Franlifort, or pure Ivory black. For Brmcns for thading, &c., m^e banit sienna, oumt ochre, puiole brown, cc4cotlier. imparts a beautiful color to the gold, and gives a splendid edect to the work. Pre\-iou3 to using the distemper color<», gi\e the walls and ceilmp. if new aud clejin, a good coat of paiut, which should 09 mixed about f turpentine ana i linseed oil, using as much J.appji dryer as will dry it haul ; be careful of adding too much oil, as it wilj 6^)011 tlie subsequent work. La preiiariJig vestibules, haUs, &c., to stand washing, go over the rails with oil paint for the fir^t coat, but for tlie l;u-nsH FOE Pahloes. Plastered Walls. Give them a coat of glue size before painting in oil. Killinr] Smoky Walls or Ccilin!7S. Wash over the smoky or {^easy walls -with nitre, soda, or thin lime -white-wash, the last is the best. UsEFCi. HiXTS TO Paixtees. — Painters' Colic. To "2^ gals. ftpmce or table beer add 1 dram of sulphuric acid, mix w«ll and let it Btand 3 boms. A tumbler full 2 or 3 times per day is said to be very CABnfETMiLKEUS, rAIXTER3", AC, RECEIPTS. 257 ■beaeflcial in cnsea of lead colic. Sweet oil and milk &r« also good, but add, fruits, spiritaons liquors, and Yinegar should be avoided ia every illness caused by paint. Avoid inhalin? tlie dost when haadlo- iag dry colors, or drinking water which has stood lon» in a painted room ox jiaint shop. Never eat or sleep without washing the hands nnd face and riui^in.jthe moutli, cleaning well out under tlxe mills. Lrthe the whole body every few days, avoid spattering your clothes, ai;d either wear overalls or change Voiir garmeata every week, well iiiring those you put oSf. Keep your paint shop clean, weli ventilated, and avoid sleeping in it at any "time. To Remove Paint from Cloth- ing. Saturate the spota with equal parts ttirpentine aiid spirits of ammonia until they become soft, then wash out with soapsuds. J) dissolve Paint Sl'iiis, Cleanings of Pots, Brushes, tash, IV oz. ; mix them thoroughly in fine powder, and add water 3 parte, mixing well again and let stand three or fo;u: hours. Pea Brown. — Ist. Take sulphate of copper any quantity, and dissolve it in hot water. 2d. Take prossiate of potash, dissolve it in hot water to make a strong solution; mix of the two solutions, &a ia the blue, and the color is made. Rose Pimc. — Brazil wood 1 lb., and boa it for two hours, having 1 piL 0^ water at the end; thee strain it, and boil alnra, 1 lb., in tha 17 45^ CABINETlttAKKnS, t»Amtr.RS', tC, RECEIPTS. •water until dissolved ; trhen pufficiently cool to admit the liand, add mniiate of tin, | oz. Now have Paris white, 12.^ lb. ; moigten up to a Kalvy consistence, and -nhen the first is cool, stir them thoroughly together. Let stand twenty-four houra. Patent yELrx)W. — Common salt, 100 lbs., and litharge, 400 lbs., are ground togedier wilii water, and for some time in a gentle heat, ■water being added to supply the loss by evaporation ; the carbon-ita of soda is toen washed out with more water, and the white residuum heated till it acquires a fine yellow color. Naples Yellow. — No 1. Metallic antimony, 12 lbs. ; red lead, S lbs. ; oxide of zinc, 4 lbs. Mix, calciue, triturate well together, and fuse in a crucible: the fused mass must be ground and elutriated to a fine powder. Cx_EAP Yellow Pai>-t. — ^Whiting, 3 cwt ; ochre, 2 cwt. ; ground eriority and exi>en.«e. For a Pure Whttk Paint. — Nut-oil is the best : if linseed oil is used, add one-third of turpentine. To Mix CoicviON White Paint. — Mix or grind white lead in lin- seed oil to tlie consistency of paste ; add turpentine in the proportiofl of one quart to the gallon of oU ; but theae proportions most b4 ▼» CA-BINETXiAiCERS, PAINTERS*, AC, EECEIPTS. 259 ned according to circnmstanccs. Remember to strain yoTtr color for the better eorts of work. If the work is exceed to tlie sun, use more turpentine for the ground-color, to prevent its blistering. Invisible Green fob Ootslde Work.— Mix lampblack and French yellow -vsith burnt -white vitriol. These colors mix in boiled oU. Burnt vitriol is the best drier for greens, as it is powerful and colorless, and, consequently, will not injuie tlie color. Bright Varnish Green, for Inside blinds. Fenders. &c.— The irork must first be minted over with a light lead color, and, -wnen diry, grind some white lead in spirits of turpentine ; afterwards take about i in bulk of verdi2;ris, which has been ground stifiE in linseed oil ; tlien mix them both" together, and put into a little resin varnish, suflicient onlv to bind the color. When this is hard, which will be the case in 15 minutes, pour into the color some resin to give it a good gloss. Then go over the work a second time and, if required, a third time. Thus you -will have a cheap and beautiful green, with a high polish. It possesses a very drying quality, as the work may be com- pleted in a few hours. The tiiit may be varied according to taste, by- substituting mineral green for verdigris ; and if a briglit grass-green is required, add a little Dutch pink to the mixture. N.B.— This color must be used when quite warm, to give the varnish a uniform ex- tension. CoMi'oiTND Greens. — ^Tliis is a mixture of whiting, indigo and Dutch jiink, the intensity of which may be increased or diminished by the addition of blue or yeUow. These mixtures will not admit of any fixed rules in regard to the quantities of the matters used in theuf composition. They must depend on tho taste of the artist and the tone he is desirous of giving to the color. Pea Grekn. — Take one pound of genuine mineral green, one pound of the precipitate of copper, one pound and a half of blue verditer, three pounds of white lead, three ounces of sugar of lead, and three ounces of burnt white vitrioL Mix tlie whole of these ingredients in linseed oil, and grind them quite fine. It will produce a bright mineral pea-green pain^ preserve a blue tint and keep any length of time ia any chniate, without injury, by putting water over it. To use thia color for house or ship painting, take one pound of the green paint with some pale boiled ou, mix them well together, and this will pro- duce a strong pea-green paint. The tint may be altered at pleasure, by adding a proportionate quantity of white lead to the green, which may be ground in linseed oU, and thinned with spirits of turpentin* lor use. It may also be used for painting Venetian window blinds, by adding white lead and mixing the color with boiled oil. For all the aforesaid preparations it will retain a blue tint, which is very desir- able. For ELr^OTTiNQ.— One pint of vegetable naphtha, 1 tablespoonfnl of red lead, J pint of japanners* gold size, 7 ozs. of orange shellac, mix aU together, set in a warm place to dissolve, and frequently shake. Another.— Uix white lead, or red lead powder, in strong glue size, and apply it warm. White Lead.— The most usual method of manufacturing whit* lead is that known as the Dutch method. It consists in exposing lead, cast in thin gratings, to tlie combined action of acetic acid, moist all ftnd carbonic acid gas. The gratings are supported a little abovt the t60 CABrNETMARERS, r^IKTEBS', AC, EECEIPTS. bottom of earthen pote, similar to flower pof.g, in each of which & smaS quantity of weak acetic acid i3 placed. Tne i)ot3 are built up in al- ternate layers with spent tanners' bark, until a stack is formed, each layer of pots bein,' 0(>\ered with a board. Fenneutatiou soon talics pLace in the tan. uud serves tLe double place ld letters, double shaded, black and white. White letters on a blue gromid, sliaded with blacic, look very well. On a purple ground, pink letters shaded with white. Mix ultramarine and vermiiion for a ground color, wliite letters shaded with a li.^^ht grey. Yennili m ground, chrome yellow, stained with vermilion and lake, for the letters, shaded bl;.ck. A subs'tituta lor the above colors: Rosse pink and red lead; a:id for the letters, ft.me yellow, white lead aud Venetian red. A good substitute for gold is obtiined by grinding white lead, chrome yellow, and a dust of vermiUon togetlu-r. Mix your colors for writing in Ijoiled oil, and use for drier gold size. Other good grAunds for gold letters are: blues, vermilion, lake, and Saxon. 'U^icu your siioi is ready f Lktteks on Wood, &c.— When your sign is prepared as smooth as possible, go over it -with a sizuig made by white of an eg? dissolved in about four times its weight of cold water; adding a small quantity of fuller's earth, this to prevent the gold sticking to any part but the letters. When dry, set out the letters and commenco writing, hvving on the size as thinly as possible, witli a sable pencil. Let it stand until you can barely feel a slight stickiness, tliengoto work with your gold leaf, knife, and cushion, and gild the letters. Take a leiif'up on the point of your knife, after giving it a slight puff into the back part of your cu.shion, and 8pre;id it on the front part of the cushion as straight as possible, giving it another sUght puff with. your mouth to flatten it out. Now cut it into the proper size, cutting withtheheelof your knife forwards. Kow rub the tip lightly ou your hair; Uike up the gold on tlie point, and place it ne;itly on tha lettei-s; when they are all covered get some very fine cottonwool, and gently rub the gold until it is smooth and bright. Then wash the sign with clean water to take off the egg size. See Gilding on To Use Sm.u.ts.— For a gold lettered sign, lay out on a lead color or white surface tlie line of letters, and roughly size tlie shape of each letter with/a« oil size. This mui?t be allowed at least 12 hours to get tacky and ready for gilduig. After the gold leaf is laid and perfectly di-v, mix up (for blue smalts) Prussian bi«e and keg lead with oil, addiug a little dryer. Outline carefully around tlie letters, and fill up all the outside with blue paint; tlien with a small sieve sift on the smalts, allowing the sign to lay horizontally. Cover every part with plenty of smalts, and allow it to remain unmolested until the pamt is dry. Then carefully shake off the surplus smalts, and the work is done. SuPEKFiXE Size for GiLDrN-G.— Good drying oil, 1 lb. ; pure gum animi, powdered, 4 ozs. ; bring the oil almost to the boiling point in a. covered metal pot, add your gum gradually and cautiously to the oil, stirring all the time to dissolve completely. Boil to a tarry con- sistency and strain while warm through silk into a warm bottle with a wide mouth; keep it well corked j use as required, thinning with turpcntuie. This is the celebrated Birmingham " secret size," and is tmequaUed for tenacity and durabiUty. Size to fix the Pearl on Glaus Sifins. 1. Copal varnish 1 part, Canada balsam 2 parts. 2. Pura mostic varnish. 3. Pale, quick drying copal varnish. To Paixt Banxers, &c., ox Cloth ou Silk.— Stretch the fabric upon a frame, and finish your design and lettering. Use a size made of bleached shellac dissolved in alcohol, thinned to the proper consistence, go over such parts as are to be gilded or painted, over- ruunmg the outlines slightly, to prevent the color from spreading. For inside work the white of an esg makes a good size; lay tlie gold while the size is still wet, when dry, dust off the surplus gold, and proceed with the shading, painting, &c. A litU© honey, combixiai yriiix thick glue, is another good si^iQ. 262 CJiBrSETMAKEnS, PAIKTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. JvU'AyxED Tin Sios.— Draw your letters on pap«r to suit yoot piece of tin. having first cleaned it' with diluted alcohol and a piece of cotton. This will remove any grease or other matter that mi^t hold the gold. Then take some whiting and rub it over the back of the paper upon which your design is made and lay it upon the Japanned tin. Next place a weight upon the four comei-s of the paper, or otherwise fix it secarelyto the tin : then, with a tine p"SPare>'t Cloth. — Di.'^solve together white rosin, pulverized, 8 ozs., bleached linseed oil 6 ozs., white beeswax 1^ ozs., add the turpentine while hot. Applv to both sides of the cloth while it is stretched tight A good vehicle for mixing colors for painting on cloth or paper Ls gum Siellac dissolved in alcohoL Ti>'3ELLED Letteb Glass Signs. — Paiiit tlie ground-work of your Eign, on glass, any desired color, bi'.t be carefid to leave the lettering or design naked, after it is dry, take any of the fancy colored copper or tin foils, crumple them in your hand and ap^jly them over the black lettering, &c., after partially straightening them out To bfCKTST 'Wtsvow Glass with Jfwels. — Dissolve dextrine in a concentrated solution of sulphate of mngnesia, sulphate of zinc, sulphate of copper or otlier m'et.illic salts, strain the liquid and Tsrosh a thin c-oat of it over the glass and dry slowly at the ordinary tempemtnre, keeping the gkiss level. For protection it may ho ▼armshed. The effect produced is that of an incrustation of" dia- monds, sapphires, &c. . according to the color of the salt used. To P.AJ>T ry Imitatiox of Gbouxd Glass. — Grind and mix white lead in three-fourths of boiled oil and one-fourth spirits of tur- pentine, and to give the nurture a very drying quality, add sufficient quantities of burnt white vitriol and sugar of lead. The color must be exceedingly thin, and put on the r>anes of gla.«3 with a large sized paint brush in aa even a manner as possible. \\'hen a number of the panes ai« thus painted, take a dr^' ouster quite new, dab the ends of the bristles on toe glass In quick g'uocession, tiU you give it a imiform Appearance. Repeat thij operation tiU the work appears very totL. CABINET>tAKEliS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 263 and it will then appear like ground glass. When the glaea reqaires fresh painting, get the old coat off first by using sti-ong pearl-ash water. Another i/e^Aod.— Spirits of salts, 2ozs. ; oU of vitriol, 2oz8. ; Bolphate of copper, 1 oz. ; gum arable, 1 oz. ; mix all well together, and dab on the glass with a brush. Another. — Dab your squares regularly over with putty ; when dry, go over them again ; the muta- tion will be complete. PATKTrKa ON Glass. — Take clear rosin, 1 oz., melt in an iron ves- sel. When all is melted, let it cool a little, but not harden; then add oil of turpentine sufBcient to keep it in a liquid state. When cold, use it with colors ground in oiL Hard Drtixg Paixt. — Grind Venetian red. or any other color you wish, in boiled oD ; then tlVin it with black japan. It will dry very hard for counter tops, &c. Paste for Paper HAXGrxGS. Books, Paper Boxes. &c. — Good wheat flour, sifted, 4 lbs., make it into a stiff batter with cold water in a pan, beat it well to break the lumps, then add pulverized alum, 2 OZ3. Into this pour boUing water, hissing hot from the fire, stirring the batter thoroughly all the time. As it cooks it swells and loses its white color, and when cold, will make about | of a pail of thick paste. Thin with cold water to adapt it for ea,«y use with the brush. For painted or varnished walls, add h oz., pulverized rosin to each 2 qts. paste, and reduce the mass witli thin gum arabic or glue water. A little pulverized corrosive sublimate will enhance the keeping qualities of paste, but alum used as above will do very well. To Remo\-k Old PAiyr.— Sal soda, 2 lbs. ; lime, J lb. ; hot water, 1 gal. ; rummage all together and apply to the old paint while warm. It will soon loosen the paint so tliat you can easily remove it. Ano- ther simple method is to sponge over vour old pamt with benzine, set it on the fire, and you can then flake oft tlie paint as quick as you like. Do not attempt to go over too much surface at a time, otherwise you might get more to do than you can attend to. Rkfcse P.ajxt and Paint Skins. — Dissolve sal soda. \ lb., in rain water, 1 gal. ; cover the refu.se paiut for 2 days, then heat it, adding oil to reduce it to a proper consistence for painting and strain- ing. Spirit Graeninq for Oak. — Two pounds of whiting, quarter of a pound of gold size, thinned down -nith spirits of tiir.ieutine: then tinge your whiting with Vandvke brown and raw sienna, ground fine. Strike out your lights with a fitch dipped in turpentine, tinged with a little color to show the lights. If your lights do not appear clear, add a little more turpentine. Turpentine varnish is a good substitute for the above mentioned. This kind of graining must be brushed over with beer, with a cleair brush, before vamisning. Strong beer must be used for glazing up top-graining and shading. Oil for Graining 0.^^. — Grind Vandyke brown in turpentine, add as much gold siie as will set, and as much soft soan as will make it stand the comb. Should it set too quickly, add a httle boiled oil. Put a teaspoonful of gold size U) half a pint of turi>entiiie, and aa much soap as will lie on a twenty-five cent piece, then take a little soda mixed with water and take out the veins. To Prepare the Grocnd for Oak Rollers. — Stain your white laod with raw sienna and red lead, or with chrome yellow kod VeoA* 2frt CABnTETMAKERS, PAmTEES', AC, RECKIPT8. tian red ; thm it -with oil and turps, nni Ftvahi for use. When tba grotmd work is dr\', giiud in beer, Vandyke bro^ni, whiting and a Httle burnt sienna, for the graining color; or you may use raw sieun:i with a httle whitin?, umbers, &c. To I.^nTATE Old Oak. — To make an exceedinsly rich color lor tlie imitation of old oak, the ground is a composition of stone ochre or orange chrome and burnt sienna ; the graimug color is burnt umber or Vandyke brown, to darken it a little. Observe that the above colors must be used whether the imitation is in oil or distemper. When diy, varnish. To Imitatk Old Oak, dt Oil. — Grind Vandyke and whiting in turpentine, add a bit of common soap to make it stand the comb, aii>l thin it with boiled oiL To Imitate Poll.ujd O.uc. — The ground color is prepared witii a mistare of chrome yellow, vermilion, and white lead, to a rich light buff. The graining colors are Vandyke brown and small portions of raw and burnt sienna and lake gro'imd in ale or beer. Fill a large tool with color, spread over the surface t'3 be grained, and soften witix the badger hair brush. Take a moistened sponge between tlie thumb and finger, and dapple roimd and roimd in kind of knobs, theu soften very liglitly ; then draw a softener from one set of loiobs to the other while wet, to f onn a multipUcity of grain.s, aud finish the knots with a hair pencil, in some places in thicker clusters than others. When dry put the top grain on in a variety of directions, aud varnish with turps and gold size; then glaze up with Vandyke aud strong ale. To finish, varnish with copal. To bnTATE Mottled Mahoga^tt. — ^The ground is prepared witli the best English Venetian red, red lead, and a small |X)rtion of white lead. ITue graining colors are burnt sienna, ground in ale, with a small portion of Vandyke brown, sufficient to take away the fiery ap- pearance of the .sienna. Cover the surface to be grained, soften with the badger h:iir brush, and while wet take a mottling-roUer and go over the lights a second time, in order to give a variety of shade, then blend the wliole of the work with the badger softener. Put the top grain on with Che same color. When dry, varnish. To tmTATE Rosewood. — Mix vermilion and a small quantity of white lead for the groiuid. Take ro?e pink, tinged with a little lampblack, or Vandyke brown, aud grind very fine in oil, then take a flat .ojatQing brusli, with the hairs cat away at imequal disfcmces, and cut down the grain as if wending round a knot When nearly dry, take a graining comb tJiat is used for oak, and draw down the grain. This will-give it the appearance of nature. When dry. Tarnish. Aiwthcr. — ^The gi-ound color is prepared with verrailioa and small quantities of white lead and crimson lake. When the ground is dry and made very smooth, take Vandyke brown, ground in oil, and with a small tool spread the color over the surface in dif- ferent directions forming kind of knots. Before the work is dry, take a piece of leiither, and with great freedom strike out the Ught veins; having previously prepared the darkest tint of Vandyke brovm, ot eum a.sphaltiun, mimediately take the flat graining brush vrith feMf nairs in it. draw the gram over the work and soften. ^Vhen varnished, the imitation will be excellent. Amoxhes Koskwooo lauTAiioir iir Size.— Mix Venetian re4 CABTXETMAKEKS, PAINTERS', JtC, HaCEIPTS. 265 ■white lead ponder, vermilion and common sire, the conpfetency of ■which, when cold, most be that of a weak tiembiing jeily. With this composition paint the work twioe over. When tlie ground is dry, take some h^inpblack, finely ground in beer, and beat the ^rhite of an egg into it; tike tlio flat srraining brush, dipped lu the blnck, pnd put on the ,£n-:iin. When dry, stnin the fir^t coat of vanii ":i ■^vith rose pink, finely ground in tai-jjentine, and fiuii^h the vrork by giving it a eoat of clear varnish Tc) Imitate Bird*s-eve JIaple. — The grocndis a light buff, pre- pared ■svith white lead, chrome yellow, and a lit*le vemulion or Eng- lish Venetian red, to take off the rawness of the yellow. The grain- ing color is equal parts of raw umber and sienna ground in oil to the proper consistency. Spread the surface of tlie work with this color, and, having gome of the same prepared a little tliieker, iaimediatel7 take a sash tool or sixmge, and put on the dark shade?, and soften ■with the badger' s-hair brash before the color is dry pv.t on the eyes T)y dabbing the dotting macliine on tlie work. When dry, j ut on the prain with the camel' s-hatr pencil on the prominent parts, to imitats the small licai-ts of the wood. ViTien dry, varnish. To Imitate Ctri-ed Maplt:. — Pre^'are a light yellow for the frrormd, by mixing chrome yellow aui \\ hite lead, tinged with Vene- tian red. The graining colur is a misture of equal poi^tioas of raw fieima and Vandyke, ground in ale; s^ire.id the surface to be grained in an even manner; then ■with a piece of cork rub across tl-.e work to and fro, to form the grains wliich ran across the wood. 'NMien dry, varnish. CiBLED Matle in Oiii FOE OrTSTDE WoRK. — Prcijare a rich ground by mbdng chrome yellow, white lead and burnt sienna. For the graining color, grind equal parts of raw siemia and umber with a little burnt copx>eras in turpentine, and mix ^ith a small quantity of grainer's cream. Thin the color ■with boued oil; then fill a tool and spread the surface even, and mb out the Ughte with the sharp edge of a piece of buff leather, which must now and then be wiped to keep it clean ; soften the edges of the work very lightly, and when dry, put on the top grain with burnt umber and raw sienna, ground in ale, ■with the white of an egg beat into it. When dry, vamith. Satixwood. — This ground is prepared with white lead, ttone ochre, and small quantities of chrome yellow and burnt sienna. The grain- ing color is one-third of raw sienna and whiting, g^'onud in pale ale, very thin ; then spread the color over the surface to be grained. While wet, soften, and have ready a wet roUer or tiiott'ing brush, ia order to take out the lights; blend the whole with the Uidger' s-hair crush. When the work'is dry, take the fiat brush, and ■with the same color, put on the top again. 'NMien dry, varnish. To briTATE Tew Tree. — ^The ground is a reddish buff. For the graining color grind in ale equal portions of Vandyke trov.-n and burnt sienna, ^vith a small quantity of raw sienna. When tl:e ground la dry, spread the surface even -with the color, and soften; then with a piece of cork with a sharp edge, rub the work crors t:nd cmrs in order to form the fine grain. When dry, dip the tip of your fingers in the graining color to form the eyes or knots, and" put in the sinall touches ■with a camel' s-hair pencil. When dry, put ou the top grai^ And when this is dry, varnish. J$6 CABD?ETMAE£R3, PAINTEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. To Imitate Black asv Gold MAnBL".— Tlus descrixjtion of marble is now in great demand. The ground Is a deep jet black, or a dead color, in gold size, drop black and turps : second ooat, black japan. Commence veining; mix white and yeilow ochre with a small quantity of vermihon to give a gold tin.iie ; dip the pencil in tliia color, and dab on the groimd with great fre-edom pome large patches, from TThieh small threads must be drawn in varioiu directions. In the deej>est parts of the black, a white vein w sonietimes seen rmrning with a great number of small veins attaclied to it; but care must be taken toat these threads are connected with, and ran in some degree in the same direction with the tliicker veins. Lf durability is not an object and the work is required in a shmt time, it may bo executed very quick in distemper colors, and when varnished, it will look well. Red Makblk. — For the ground, put on a wlute tinged with lake or vermihon ; then apply deep rich rels in patches, fining np tlie inter- mediate sjwvces with brown and white mixed in oil ; then blend them together; if in quick dryhig colors, lu^e about luilf turps and ^old size. Wlien dry, vamish; and while the varnish is wet, put ma multitude of the fine white threads, crossing tlie whole work in all directiuus, as the wet varnish brings the pencil to a line point Jasper Makble. — Put on a white giound lightly tinged with blue; then pnt on patches of rich reds or rose pink, leaving spaces of the white grounds; then partly cover those s]>ace3 with various browns to form fossils, in places running veins; thenp'.itin a few Bi)ot.s of white in the centre of some of the red patches, and leaving in placea masses nearly all white. When dry, use the clearest varnish. Blce a>t> Gold Mabble. — For the ground put on a light blue; then lake blue, with a small piece of white lead and some dark com- mon bhie, and dab on the groimd on patches, leaving portions of the ground to shine between; then blend the edges together with dnstcr or softener; afterwards draw on some white veins in every direction, leaving lar^ oi>ea spaces to be filled np with a pale yellow or gold- paint; finisn with eome fine white running threiids, and a coat of Tarnish at last To LsuTATB Graxite. — For the ground color, Btam your white lead to a Ught lead color, with lampblack and a little rose pink. Throw on bhick spots, with a graniting machine, a pale red, and fill np with white before the ground is dry. Another. — A black ground, when hall dry, throw In vermilion, a deep yellow and white Bj)ots. To 'Imitate Haib Wood.— For the grotmd color, take white lead and thin it with turj)€ntine, and felightly stain it with equal quantities of Prussian blue and lampblaclt. For the graining color, grmd in ale a mixture of Prussian blue and raw sienna ; when the ground is dry, #pread a transparent coat of the graining color on the surface of th.e work, and soften; then with the cork, mottle by rubbing it to and fro across the work, to form the fine long grain or mottle. When this is done, soften and top grain in wavy but perpendicular direo- tions; varnish when dry. SuBSTiTtTTB FOR Whitb Lead. — Sulphate of barytes ground in oil and applied like paint It can also be used to redace white lead to any desired extanl CABi:iETiLA.E:EES, TXl^JZSS', AC, BECEIPT8. 267 Padtt for Black Boahm nf Schools.— Common glue, 4 ot; floor of emerv, 3oz. ; andjust lampblack euonph to give an inky color to the pi-eixiration. Diiisolve the glue in ^ qt of -warm water, put in the lampblack and emery, stir till there are no Inmps, then apply to the board %vith a woollen rag smoothly rolled. Three coat* are amply snflk-ient CoMPOCXD Ibox Pai>'T. — Finely pulverized iron filings, 1 part; brick dust, 1 jxirt; and ashes, 1 jart Pour over tliem glue-wafer or size, set the whole near the fiie, and, when warm, Btir them well together. With this paint cover all tiie wood work which may be in danger; whcu dry, give a second coat, and the wood will be rendered incombustible. Ftlli>"G CoMPOSiTioxa — 12 kixps. — 1. "Work finished in oil should receive a substantial filling consisting of equal parts by weight of whiting, plaster of Paris, pumice-stone, and litharge, to which may be added a little French yellow, asphaltum, Vandyke brown, and f-jna Ji sienna. Mix with 1 part jajjan, 2 of boiled oil, and 4 of tur- peutiue. Grind fine in a mill. Lay the filling on with a brush, rub it in well, I "" ' ■ "' '^ "" ' i-^--^v-_j some time, the filling . , . . _ vripe ofif, and rab to a polL-h with fine cotton, and finish with iiny fino fabric. Some fill with rye flour, whe;'.t fioar, coiti starch, Paris white, &c., grotmd fine in oil and trirpentine. but when work is to Ixj Tami.-!heon it, and r'.m it in weU with vour hand or a stitf bntsh. all over the surface; the whiting al>snrbs"theoil, and fills tlie pores of the wood completely. For black walnut, add a little bumea umber to the whiting; lor rherrv, a little Venetian red, kr., according to the color of the wood. Tnmed work can liave it applied while in motion intlie lathe. Furni- ture can afterwards be finished with ouly one coat of varnish. 5. Ter- ra alba is a very good and very cheap filHug. M:.ny paintei-g have been most shamefully imix?sed'on by parties selling the stuff at a high price. 6. Fumitiire Pasks. — Beeswax, spts. turi>entiae and linsoed oil, equal parts; melt and cool. 7. Beeswax, 4 ozs. ; turpentine. 10 ozs. ; alkanet root to color; melt and strain. 8. Beeswax, 1 lb.; lin- seed oil, 5 ozs. ; alkanet root, ^ oz. , melt and add 5 ozs. ttirpentine, strain and cool. 9. Beeswax, 4 ozs. ; rosin. 1 oz. ; oQ of turpentiiie, 2 ozs. ; digest until eufflciently colored, then add beeswax till dissolved, then add beeswax scraped small. 4 ozs. ; put the ve,^el into hot water, and stir till dissolved. If wanted pn/e tlie alkanet root should b« omittfid. 10. (>\'hite.) White wax, 1 lb.; liquor of jiotassa, \ gal.; boil to a proper consistencv. 11. Beeswax, 1 lb. ; soap, i lb. ; pearlash, 3 0Z8., dissolved in water, * gal. ; strain and boil as the la.-;t 12. Tel« low wax, 18 parts; rosin, 1 part; alkanet root, 1 part; turpentine, 4 paits; linseed oil 6 parts. Fir»t steep the alkanet in oil with he«^ §68 CABIXETMAKEES. PAUTTERS', AC, EECEIPTS. and, wlien •well colored, poor off flie deer on tlie other ingredients, and ag:iin heat till all are dissolved. 1"3. Ftmiiture Cream. — I3eea- Tvax. 1 lb. ; soap, 4 ozs. ; pearlash, 2 oas. ; soft water, 1 gtiL, boil to- gether until mixed. To Rep ATE tee SixvERrr^G OF MrRKOic?. — Pour upon a sheet of tin foil 3 drs. of qiiicksilver to tlie square f-cils fob "WEmcfG on Glass. — Stearic add. 4 pts. ; matton- f aet, 3 Bts. ; wax 2 pts ; melt together and add C : -^ '•^ ' • t^M lead, an^ 1 pt, pimljed carbonate of i)ota*:>a, pre^^ous!;.- 1: :I;er; eet f.f'>,^. — Gum benjamin, 2 ozs. ; giim s'. ~ ' "s ot •wine, 1 pt. ; mix in a clos uid Ixith or in hot water till t-.^ .-. . . \ ._ the mixture, shake it up with ± gi^l oi ilie best ilear i'<-'»'i>y oil, and put it by for use. 5. Fin>shin(/ Poli-^h — Gum sbell.T". 2"drenja- n:in, 2 drs. : put into ^ pt best recti":' • - i a bottle closely corted; keep in warm pLics. .- :':e giur.s aredissolved. '\Vlien cold. shake upV thebest clear i>oppy oil 6. Polish ftr Jlcmov^a, '.(..:-! JJi'dan f/om Fitrhii^cTe. — ^Take of ' GS per cent. : ut: pulverized rr^in r.nd ^.im shellac, of each, Joz. L< t i. . : l:-. ;ke alcohol; tlien add hn seed o:L ^ pt; siiake well, and r^^^lv •with a sponge, brush, or c-^tton flamiel, or an old news^per. r.;";.bing it well after tl-e -., whiou gives a nice poli-h! 7. Po'Lh for Bevivinj C . — Take alcohol, 1^ oz. ; spirits of f.-Jt? (muriatic acid), i I r. , ._ 1 ' :1, 8 oz, ; best vin^ar, i [t : and b:itt?r of antimony, Ijozl; mix, putting-in tlift vinegar lart. 8. J t or Polish for Wood cr l/>fT*hfr. B'ark. Rd. or Blrte- — Alcohol (: 3 per cent), 1 pt. : sealing wnv *' ' ' -■-=-—■ -^ ..-•-. .:;-, .^ bv heat, rnd haveitwarm v" :o apply it vrAli. 9. I'o'.lih for T .1 oz*, "in siiirit of v.-iae, | pt; next t}..iTe lcc,s^vax, 1 cz,; and dissolve it in a sufficient qoantity of t^iiiits of turpentine t> make it into a pc£te, add the former mixior* CABIiTETlIAKERS, PAINTEHS'. AC, KECEIPTS. 20% by degrees to it, then -nith a woolen cloth apply it to the work while it ia in motion in the lathe, and with a eoit linen rag polish it It wil appear aa ix highly vamiahed. 10. Furniture Jrotish. — Be«6wax, -i Id., and ^ of an oz. of allianet root: melt together in a pipkin until the former is we^i colored. Then add linseed oil and spirits of tur- ]>entine, of each halTa gill ; strain through a piece of coarse muslin. 11. French Polishcs.-^l. Shellac, o lbs. ; wood naphtha, 3 jits. ; dis- solve. 2. Shellac, 2 lbs. ; powdered mastic a'.id sandarac, of each 1 oz. ; copal varnish, htint ; spirits of wine, 1 gal. Digest in the cold till disswlred. 12. Black Walnut Polish. — Take pulverized asphal- tum ; put it in a jar or bottle, pour over it about twice its bulk of tur- pentine or benzole, put in a warm place, and shake oocasionaily ; when di-^solved, strain, and apply it to the wood with a cloth or stiff brush; should it prove too dark, dilute with turpentine or benzole. If desired to bring out the grain still more, apply a mixture of boiled oil and turpentine; this is better than oil alone \7henthe oil is dry, the wood can be polished with the following : shellac varnish, 2 parte, boned oil, 1 part ; shake it well before using Apply with a cloth, rub- bing briskly 13. To Polish Wood. — T;tke apiece of pumice-btuue and water, and pass repeatedly over the work imtil the rising of the graia is cut down. Then take powdered tripoli and boiled linseed oil, and polish the work to a bright surface 14. Clock Case and Picture Frame Finish. — Copal varnish, 2 lbs. ; linseed oil varnish, ^ oz. ; mix well, shake often, and place in a warm spot The wood to be var- nished is prepared witli a thin coat of glue-water, and rubbed down with fine pumice-stone or something equivalent In light-colored wood, a hght pigment, such as chalk, L=4 added to the glue-water; in dark wood, a dark pigment is added When ready, the articles ara varnished with the above mixture, and. after drying, rubbed with a solution of wax in ether, thereby receiving a high polish 15 While Poli.?h. for Mliite Wot. ; oil of turpentine, ^ pt ; rectified sjiiiits, 4 ozs. ; pov.- dered resin, li oz. ; rose pink, ^ oz. ; niLx. 3. Acetic acid, 2 drs. ; oil of lavender, .^ dr. ; rectified spirits, 1 dr. ; linseed oil, 4 ozs. 4. Linseed oil, 1 pt ; alkiinet root, 2 ozs. ; he;it, strain, and add lac varnish, 1 oz. 5. Linseed oil, 1 pt ; rectified spirits, 2 ozs. ; butter of antimony, 4 Oiis. 6. Linseed oil, 1 gal. ; alkanet root 3 ozs. ; rose pink, 1 oz. Boil them together ten minutes, and strain so tliat the oil be quite clear. Faxcy FiGL-EEs ox WooD. — Slake some lime in stale urine. Dip a brush in it and form on the wood figures to suit your fancy. \\'he:i dry. rub it well with a rind of pork. Staixs for Wood.— 1. Cheap Black Walnut Stain,— Bnmt um- ber, 2 parts: rose pink, 1 part; ghie, 1 jiart; water sufficient; heat all together and dissolve completely, apply to the work first with a spon;.;e. then go over it with a brush, and varnish over vrith slio-Uac; X Sbony Utain^—iyzo^ black, 2 parts \ ros« pink, 1 part ; turpeatiua, a 170 CABINETMAKEES, PAUfTERS', AC, EECEIPTS. Bufflcient quantity. 3. Bright Yellow Stain. — 1. Brusli over •with the tincture of turmeric 4. Warm the worlc, and brush it over with weak aquafortis ; vaniish or oil as usual 5. A very small bit of aloes put into tlie varnish will give a rich yellow color to the wood. 6. Ejctra Black Stain for Wood. — Pour 2 quarts boiling water over 1 oz. of jKiwdered extract of logwood, and, when the solution is affected, 1 dr. of yellow chromate of potash is added, and the whole well etirred. It is then ready for use aa a wood-stain, or for writing ink. When rubbed on wood, it produces a pure black. Repeat with 2. 3, or 4 applications, till a deep black is produced. 7. Imitation of Mahogany. Let the first coat of piainting be white lead, tlie second orange, and the last bomt umber or sienna : imitating the veiu.s ae«)rding to your taste and practice. 8. To Imitate Wainscot. — Let tlie lirst coat be white ; the second, half white and yellow ochre ; and the tliird, yeUow ochre only- shadow witli umber or sieima. 9. To Imitate Satiii Wood. — Take white for your first coating, light blue for the second, and dark blue or dark green for the third 10. Rosewood Stain, very bright sliade — Used Cold. — Take alcohol, 1 gal.; camwood, 2 oz.: set them in a warm place 24 hours ; then add extract of logwood, 3 oz. ; aquafortis, 1 oz. ; and when dissolved, it is ready for use; it makes a very bright ground like the most beautiXiil rosewood: 1, 2, or more coats as you desire. 11. Chen^j Stain. — Raiu waterj 3 qts. ; annatto, 4 oz. ; hoil in a copper kettle till the annatto is dis- solved, then put in a piece of potash the size of a walnut; keep it on the fire about half an hour longer, and it is ready to bottle for use. 12. Rosevjood Stain, very bright shade. — Equal parts of logwood and redwood chips, boil weU in water sulScieut to make a sti-ong stain ; apply it to the furniture while hot; 2 or 3 coats accordin^tothe depth of color desired. 13. Rose Pink Stain and Varnish.— -rut 1 oz. of potash in 1 qt. water, with red ganders, 1 ^ ozs. ; extract the color from the wood and strain : then add gum sl'.ellac, ^ lb., di.«solve it by a brisk fire. Used u^xin lo^ood stain for rosewood imitotion. 14. Blue Stain for Wood. 1. Dissolve copper filiup:3 in aqiiafortis, brush the wood with it, and then go over the work witli a hot solution of pearlash (2 oz. to 1 pt. of water) till it assumes a perfectly blue color. 15. Boil 2 ozs. of indigo, 2 lbs. wood, and 1 oz. alum, in 1 gal. water, brush well over until thoroughly stained. 16. Imitation of Botany- Bay Wood. — Boil i lb. French berries (the unripe berries of the Rhammis infectorius) in 2 qts. water till of a deep yellow, and while boiling hot, give 2 or 3 coats to the work. LE a deeper color is desired, give a coat of logwood decoction over the yellow. When nearly dry, form the grain with No. 8, black stain, used hot, and. when dry, rust and Tarnish. 17. Mahogany Color — Dark. — 1. Boil | lb. of madder and 2 ozs. logwood chips in a gallon of water, and briish well over while hot; when dry go over the whole with j)earl:«h solution, 2 drs. to the quart. 2. Put 2 ozs. dragon's blood, bruised, into a quart of oil of turpentine ; let the bottle stand in a warm place, shake fre- quently, and, when dissolved, steep tlie work in the mixture. 18. Box^wood Brown Staiii. — Hold your work to the fire, that it may re- ceive a gentle warmth ; then take aquafortis, and, with a feather, pass it over the work till you find it change to a fine brown (alwayi keeping it near the fire), you may then varnish or polish it. IQl jLight Red Brown. Boil ^ lb. madder and ^ Ih. fustio in 1 gaL 'water: CABINETMAKERS, PAINTEES', AC, EECEIPTS. 271 brush over the work, when boiling hot, until properly stained. 20. The surface of the work being quite smooth, brush over with a weak eolation of aquafortis, ^ oz. to the pint ; then finish with the follow- ing : — Put 4^ ozB. dragon's blood and 1 oz. soda, both well bruised, to 3 pte spirits of wine, let it stand in a wann place, shake frequently, strain and lay on with a soft brush, repeating until of a proper color; polish with linseed oil or varnish. 21. Purple. — Brush the work several times with the logwood decoction used lor No. 6 Black ; and, when dry, give a coat of pearlasli solution, 1 dr. to a quart; lay it on •venly. 22. Rcd.—l. Boil 1 lb. Brazil wood and 1 oz. pearlash in a gal. of water ; and, while hot, brush over the work until of a proper oolor. Dissolve 2 ozs. alum in 1 qt. water, and brush the solution over the work before it dries. 23. Take a gaUon of the above stain, add 2 ozs. more pearlash ; use hot, and brush over with the alum solution. 24. Use a cold solution of archil, and brush over with the pearlash solution for No. 1, Dark mahogany. 25. Mahcgany Stain on Wood. — Take nitric acid, dilute with 10 imrts of water, and wash the wood with it. To produce rosewood finish, glaze the same with car- mine of Mmiich lake. Asphaltum, thuiued with turpentine, forms an excellent mahogany color on new work. 26. Mahogany Stain on Maple. — Dragon s blood, i oz. ; alkanet, ^ oz. ; aloes, 1 dr. ; spirits of wine, 16 ozs. ; apply it wifli a sponge or brush. 27. Crimson Stain for Musical Instruments. — Ground Brazil wood, 1 lb. ; water, 3 qts. ; cochineal, i ounce; boil the Brazil witli the water fbr an hour, strain, add the cochineal; boil gently for half an hour, when it will be fit for use. If you wish a scarlet tint, boil an ounce of salTron in a quart of water, and pass over the work before you stain it. 28. Purple Stain. — Chipped logwood, 1 lb. ; water, 3 qts. ; pearlash, 4 ounces ; powdered indigo, 2 ounces. Boil the logwood in the water half an hour, add the pearlash and indigo, and when dissolved, you wiU have a beauti- ful purple. 29. Green Stain. — Strong vinegar, 3 pts. ; best verdigris, 4 ounces, ground fine ; sap grseu, ^ oimce ; mix together. Black Stains fob Wood. — 1 Drop a little sulphuric acid into a small quantity of water ; brush over the wood and hold it to the fixe : it will be a fine black and receive a good polish. 2. For a beautiful black, on wood, nothing can exceed ti\e black Japan mentioned under Tinsmiths' Department Apply two coats ; after which, varnish and ix)lish it 3. To 1 gal vinegar, add a quarter of a pound of iron rust : let it stand for a week ; then add a pound of diy lampblack, and three-quarters of a pound copi^eras ; stir it up for a couple of days. Lay on five or six coats with a sponge, allowing it to dry between eaoi ; polish with linseed-oil and a solt woollen rag, and it will look like ebonv. Incomparable for iron work, ships' guns, shot, &a 4. Vinegar, | gal ; dry lampblack, | lb. ; iron-rust sifted, 3 lbs. : mis and let stand for a week. Lay three coats of this on hot, and then rub with linseed oil, and you wiU have a fine deep black. 6. Add to the above stain, nut-galls, 1 oz. ; logwood-chips, ^ lb. ; copperas, i lb. : lay on three coats ; oil well, and you will have a black stain that will stand any kind of weather, and is well adapted for ships' combings, &c. 6. Logwood-chips, ^ lb. ; Brazil-wood, t lb. ; boO for 1 J hours in 1 gal. water. Brush the wood with this decoction while hot ; make a decoction of nnt-galla, by gentle simmering, for three or four davs, a quarter of a pouad of the galls in 3 qts. water ; give the wood tnre« 272 CABINET^t.VTTIIRS, PAmXERS', AC, EECEIPT3. coats, and, while wet, lay on a solution of sulphate of iron (2 oza. to ^ quart), and, when dry, oil or vamiih, 7. Give three coats with a solution of copper filings in aquafortis, and repeatedly brush over with the logwood decoction until the greenness of the copper J3 destroyed. 8. Boil ^ lb. logwood-chips iu 2 quai-ts water ; add an ounce of pearlash, and apply hot with a brush. Then tiike 2 qts. of tlie logwood decoction, aud h oz. of verdigris, and the same of cojv peras ; strain, and throw in | lb. of ixoa rust Brash the work well with tliis, and oil. Black Walxut Staix. — Spirits of turpentine, Igal.; pulverized asphaltum, 2 lbs. ; dissolve in au iron kettle on a stove, stirring con- stantly. Can be used over a red stain to imittite rosewood To make a perfect black add a little lampblack. The addition of a little varnish with the turpentine improves it. Cktstal Yarxish, for Maps, &c. — Canada bal.=vim, loz. ; spirits of turpentine, 2 oz. ; mi v together. Before applying this varnish to a drawing or coloved piint, the p.nper should be placed on a stretcher, and sized with a tliin solution of isinglass in water, and dried. Apply with a soft camel' s-hair brash. To EaoNizE ^VooD. — MLx up a strong sfciln of copperas and log- wood, to which add powdered nut-gall. Skiiu your wood with this BolutioTi, dry, rub dovro. well, oil, tlien use French polish made toler- ably dark with indigo or finely powdered stone blue. Miscellaneous Staixs. — Ydloio is produced by diluted nitric acid. Rii is produced by a solution of dragon's blood in spirits of wine. BiacJc is produced by a strong solution of nitric acid. Green la produced by a solution of verdigris in nitric acid ; then, dipped in a hot solution pearlash produces a JJlue stain. Jfurple is produced by a solution of sal-ammoui.ac in nitric acid. Beauxifcx y.ujxisH FpB TiOLixs, &c. — Rectified spiiits of wine, i gal. ; add 6 oz. gum sandarac, 3 oz. gum mastic, and ^ pt turpea- fiue vaniish ; put the above in a tin can by the stove, frequently shaking till well dissolved : sti-aln aud keep'for use. If you find it hai-der than you vrish, thin with more turi^entiue varnish. AxoTHER. — Heat together at a low temperat.ire 2 qt<. of alcohol, J pt tiux>entine varnish, and lib. clean giun mastic ; when the latter is thoroughly dissolved, strain through a clotli. Varxish for FiLViLES, ETC. — Lay the frames over with tin or silver foil by means of plaster of Paris, glue or cement of some kind, that the foil maj' be x)erfectly adherent to the wood ; tJicn apply your gold lacquer varnish, which is made as follows : Groimd turmeric. 1 lb. ; powdered gamboge, 1^ oimces ; powdered sandivac, 3^ lbs. ; powdered shellac, | lbs. ; spiiits of wine, 2 gals. ; dissolve and strain ; then add turpentine varnish, 1 pt. ; aud it is ready for use. Dyes fob Vex-eers. — AfneBlack. — Put 6 lbs. of logwood chips into your copper, -with as many veneers as it wUl hold without press- ing too tight, fill it with water, let it boil slowly for about 3 hours, then add^ lb. oi powdered r:rdif;ris, ^ lb. copperas, bruised gall-nuts 4 ozs. ; fill the copjier up with vinegar as the water envaporates ; let it boil gently 2 hours each day till the wood is dyed through. A ffm Blue. — Put "oil of vitriol, 1 lb", and 4 ozs. of the best powdered indiga in a glass bottle. Set it in a glazed eaithen pan, as it will ferment Now put your veneers into a copper or stone trough ; fill it rathei CABINETMAKEBS, PAINTERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 273 more than one-third ■with water, and add as much of the vitriol and Indigo (stirring it about) as -vnll make fine blue, te?tLag it with a Eiece of white paper or wood. Let the veneers remaia till the dva as struck througn. Keep the solution of indigo a few weeks before using it ; this improves tHe color. Fine Yellow. — ^Reduce 4 lbs. of the root of barberry to dust by sawtnjr. which put in a copper or brass trough ; add turmeric, 4 ozs. ; water. 4 gals. ; then put in as many white holly veneers as the liquor will cover. Boil tlicm together 3 hours, ofteu turning them. When cool, add aquafortis, 2 oz., and the dye wiU strike tlrrough much sooner. Bright Green, — Proceed aa in the previous receipt to produce a yellow ; but, instead of aqu?.- fortis, add as much of the vitriolated iudigo (see above, under blue- dye) as will produce the desired color. Bright Red. — Brazil dust, 2 Ids. ; add water, 4 gals. Put in as many veneers as the liquid will cover ; boil them for 3 hours, then add alum, 2 oz . aquafortis, 2 oz.; and keep it luke-warm until it has struck thr75rigli. Purple. — ^To 2 lbs. of chip logwood and \ lb. Brazil dust, add 4 gals, of water ; and after putting in your veneers, boil for 3 hours ; then add pearlash. 9 ozs., and alum 2 oz. ; lot them boil for 2 or 3 hours every day till the color has struck tlirough. Orange. — ^Take the veneera out of the above yeUow dye, while still wet aud saturated, transfer them to the tright red dye till the color pcuch-ates throughout. To DirEo\-E THE CoLOR OF St.4I>7s. — Nltric acid, 1 oz. ; muriatii; Rcid, J tea.«poonful; grain tin, ^ oz. ; rain water, 2 oz. Mix it at lea.-t 2 days before using, and keep your bottle well corked. Steoxg Glxte fob Islatxng or Vexeerixg. — Select the be.^t light brown glue, free from clouds and streaks. Dissolve this in wa- ter, and to every pint add haK a gill of the best vinegar and ^ oz. of isinglass. For other glues see Engineere' Department. tfLAiD Mother of Pearl Work, on serving machines and other fancy work, is jierformcd by selecting the thin scales of the shell and cementing them to tlie surface of tlie material ; the rest of the surface is covered vrith successive coats of Japr.n varnish, generally bLack, bemg subjected to a baking process after each applicati'jn. When the vami~h is as thick as the sl^.ell, it is polished, the gilding and painting added, and a flowing coat of varnish put over the whole. AnotJier Method. — ^Prepare the job witli a heavy coat of bktck Japan, then, before it is dry, procure fialres of pearl and Liy them on the black surface, pressing them into the Japan until they are level with the surface; then with colors form vines and flowers, allowing the pearl to form the body of the flower leaf, and shade up all nicely. Tra^'sparf.nt Paixtixg on WrNTtow Shades. — The muslin is spread on a frame and secured tightly with tacks, then sized with a mixture of fine flour paste, white glue, and white bar soap ; the soap 'enders the muslin pfiable and soft. A tlita coat is applied, which is nearly invisible v.-hen dry. A coat of pure hnreed oil, dUnted with spirits of turpentine, is tliVn applied, to tiie whole, or part, as desired; lay it on quicldy and smoothly, to insure an even trrjisparent surface. TlJe colors used are, ivory black, ultramarine, Piiris green, sienna, umber, verdigris, asphaltiim, or other suitable colors. An outline of the design is drawn witli a small pencil with black or nmber. aft^r which the colors may be appUed, more or ie?3 diluted, as more or lesa ttuas7>arenc7 is desired. In genei-al, the brightest colors should b« IS 274 CAB1KET3IAKEES, P-UXTERS', -t Magic L.a>,-teex Sides.— Transparent colors only are nsed for this work, such as lakci, sap-green, ultrr-marine, verdigri.*, gamboge, asphaltiim, &c., mixed in oi^ ar.d tempered with light colored ^-amLh (white Demar). Draw on tlie paper the design de- sired, and stick it to tlie gla^js with water or gum; then witli a fiue pencil put the outlines on the opposite side of the gla.«9 vrith the prop- er colors; then shade or fill up with black or Vandyke brown, as voa find best M.\Ki>-E Patst for Metals ix S.\i.t TTatxr.— Ecd lead 55 parts; quicksDver, 30 mrts; thick turj^entine, 7 parts. Mil with boiled linseed oil to the proper consistency. The quicksilver must bo thoroughly amalgamated with tl:e thick turpentine by grinding or rubbing, and this misture must be ground witii red lead and mora boiled oiL As little oil as is necessary to make the paint lay well must be used. To make the paint adhere ruore firmly, a previoai coat of ox- ide of iron paint may be n.sed- To biiTATE ToKTOisE Sheix.— Paint a ground of erJmon color; then when dry and smoothed off, coat it over with rose pink, mixed in varnish and turpentine; then with a flat piece of glass, press on the snrface, and remove the glass quickly, being careful not to push it over the paint so as to disturb the curious figures which tlie pressure vrill form thereon. Varnish when dry, p.: \ you will find you have a beautiful imitation of tortoise shell B.AJNXEB Pai>-ti>-g.— Lay out tie lettere very accnratelv with charcoal or crayon, then saturate the cloth with water to render the painting easy. On hirge work a stencil will be found useful Take a piece of tin. lay the straight edge to the mark, brush over with a saah tool, and by this means yon will make a very clean-edged letter. Use stiff bristle pencils in paintiag on canvas. Oil Cloth Pain-tisg. — To paint crjivas for floors, the canvas should first be saturated with glue-water or flour paste, and allowed to dry first Then pr,:i-t it with any color desired. To put in tlie figures, cut out designs in tin plates or stiff paper, and 'stencil them on in various colors. To Imttate Maeble. — For i-hjte marble, get up a pnre whita ground, then hold a lighted cjmdle near the surface, and allow tl:e smoke to form the shades and various tints desired. This will make a very handsome imitation. Black m;irble imitation is mada by streaking a black surface with colors, using a feather and pencii Another plan is to get up a smooth black surface : then take the colors, ^Teen, yellow, red, white, &:c., ground thick in gold size, and streak the surface with a stick or pencil. Allow it to dry, and apnlv a heavy coat of lampblack and yellow ochre. mLxed with" rough stuff. When all is hard, nib down'to a level surface with lump pnmice-stuue, Tarnish, and a beautiful varigated marble will be the result £tchi>'g 07f Glass. — ^Druggists' bottles, bar-tumblers, Eigna, am) CABINETMAKEBS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 27.^ giMBware of erery description, can be lettered in a beantifnl style of art, by simply giving tlie article to be engraved, or etched, a thin roat of the engraver's vaniish (see next receipt), and the application of fluoric acid. Before doing so, the glass must be thoroughly cleaned and heated, so that it can nardly be lield. The varnish is then to bo applied ligntly over, and made smooth by dabbing it with a Email ball of silk, filled with cotton. When dry and even^ tlie lines may be traced on it by a sharj) steel, cutting clear tlirongh the varnish to tho glass. The varnish must be removed clean from each letter, other- wise it will be an imperfect job. When all is ready, jxjur on or apply the fluoric acid Avith a feather, filling each letter. Let it remain until it etches to the required depth, then wash off with water, and remove the varnish. Etching Varnish. — Take of virgin wax and asphaltum, each 2 oz. ; of black pitch and Burgimdy pitch, each h oz. ; melt the w.ai and pitch in a new earthenware glazed pot, and add to them, by degrees, the asphaltum, finely powdered. Let the wholo boil, simmering gradually, till such time as, taking a drop upon a j aate, it will break when it is cold, or bending it double two or three unips betwixt the fingers. The vamish, being then boiled enough, must be taken off the fire, and, after it cools a little, must be pomal into warm water that it may work the more easily with the hands, so as to be formed into balls, which must be kneaded, and put into h piece of taffety for use. The sand blast is now in extensive use for ornamenting on glass. Fluokic Acid to Make fob Etching IPijrposes. — You can make your own fluoric (sometimes called hydro-fluoric) acid, hj gettmg the fluor or Derbyshire spar, pulveriziiig it, and putting sdl of it into sulphuric acid wluch the acid will cu'; or dissolve. Inasmuch as fluoric acid is destractive to glass, it ©innot be kept in common bottles, but must be kept in lead or gutta percha bottles. Glass-Grinding tor Signs, Shades, &c. — After you have etched a name or other design uiion uncolored glass, and wish to have it show off to better advantage by permitting tlie liglit to pass only through the letters, you can do so by talcing a piece of flat bra^sa siitn- ciently large not to dip into the letters, but pass over them when gild- ing upon the surface of the glass; then, with flour of emery, and keeping it wet, you can grind tlie wholo surface, very quicklv, to look like the ground-glass globes often seen upon lamps, except tne letter, which is eaten below the general surface. To Drill and Ornament Glass.— Glass can be easily drilled bj a steel drill, hardened but not drawn, and driven at a high velo- at;r. Holes of any size, from the l(ith of an inch upwards, can bo drilled, by using spirits of turpentine as a drip ; and, easier still, by nsing camphor with the turpentine. Do not press the glass very hard again.>it the drill. If you require to ornament glass by turning in a lathe, u.se a good mill file and the turpentine and camphor drip, and you will find it an easy matter to produce any shape you choose. Gilding Glass Signs, "^&c.— Cut a piece of thin paper to the size of your glass, draw out your design coiTectly in black lead-pencil on the paper, then prick through the outline oi the letters with a fine needle; tie up a little dry white lead in a piece of rag; this is a pounce-bag. Place your design upon the glass, right side up, dust it with the ];M3unce-bag; and, after taking the paper off, the deaiga will 276 CABDsETMAKEKS, PAETTEES', AC, EECEIPT3. * appear in white dots npon the glass; these will guide you in laylr^ on the gold on the opposite side, which must be tr .7 cleaned VTepaxa torr to layin? on tl.e ^old. Preparing the siz^. — Boil perfectly clea. wrUer m an enamelied siucepan, and while Ix^llin j, add 2 or 3 shreds of best seleaed isinglasa, aiter a few minutes stmin it through a clean linen rag; when cool, it is ready for use. Clean the glass per- fectly. — ^^Mien tliis is done, n^e a filit camel' s-hairbru^h for laying on the pize ; and let it drrJn off when you put the gold on. When, the gi;!d Ls Liid on and perfectly dry, take a ball of the finest cotton wool end gently nib or polish tLe gold; you can tV.cn Ir.y on another coat of gold iidftfirable, it is now ready for writing. In doing this, mix a litue of the best vegetable black with black japan; thin with turpen- tine to proper working consistency; apply t'^.i^ when thoroughly dry; wash off the ani^rfluous gold, and shade as in sign-writing. Glass Gm):^'G, A>-othzr 3Jxteoo.— Clean and dry the glass thoroughly, then lay out the lines lor letters with a pi«ice of hard Ecented soap, then paint the letters on the ri^^-iU side of the glass with lampblack mixed wiih oil, in order to/or;/i a fpnlcfor the icork, then on the inside lay on a coat of the size mentioned in the preced- ing receipt, using a camel' s-hair brush, covering ths whole of the let- ters ; next b.y on the geld leaf with a tip, mitil every part of the let- ters is covered welL Let tV.e leaf remain ur^il the size is dry, whea you win f nd that the letters on the front Biiie ciJi be easily seen and traced. Tnis is done with qtiick drying black, tnlxed vnth a little varnish. P.i int over the whole directly over the g-^l J ; allow it to dry ; then wipe oiE with soap and water the lampblack letters from the front side ; with pure cold water and a clean spcnge. wash the su- perfluous gold leaf and size from the back, and yoit will have a splen- did gold letter on the glass ; next, shade your le~er to suit the taste, always remembering to shade to the edge of tke gold, for then you have only one edge to make straight. The o:aer ^^ge may be left rough, and when "dry may be straightened by scraping with a knife. OBXAjrEVTAL Desigxs OX Glass. — la m^-kin^ scrolls, eagles &c., on gk^.?~ '.^ters put on the outlines and shades first, and then lay tl. : . er all ; another goc-d way is to scratch the shades on tot- - . ; alter it is drv, and putt. e colors on the biick of the goli SuVcr lc.ii may be used ia the same manner as gold, but it wiU not wear as well A very pretty letter may be made by incor- jxjrating silver wit 'a gold ; take paper and cut'any fancy design to fit the parts of the letter ; stick it on the size before laying the" leaf, r.'Jowing it to dry and wash o5 as before; then with a penknife raise the parer figure, and the exact shape or form of t:;e figure will be found cut or.t of the gold letter ; clean oil nicely, applv more size, ind lay filvtr leaf to cover the.vacant s^ots ; wash" off when dry. and a very handsome letter will be the result Colors may be used in- gtead'of silver, if desired, or a silver letter edged or " cut up" with gold, will look welh Glass a^d Poecelven' GiLDDrr,. — ^Dissolve ia linseed oil an equal ▼eight either of copal or amber ; add as much oU of turpentine aa win enable you to apply the compound or size thas formed, aa thia as possible,* to the ports of the glass intended to be gilt Tr.e glasii is to be placed ia a stove till it will almost bum the fingers when han- dled ; at this tempeiataid the size becomes adhesive, and a piece cf CABINETilAKEBS," PAINTEKS'. iC.j KECEIPT5. 27? gold leaf, applied in the nsnal war. -will lmraodL''.te!y et'ir'k. Svrtrf CI J thoeupCTiluoiis portions of the loaf, and -when quite coid it may l>8 burnished ; taking care to interpose a i^iece of India paper betweea tlie jrolc and the bumifher. Druxesg Chena, Glass, &c.— To drill china n?o a copper drill Rnd emerj-, ir.oi«teiiod •vritli spints of tr.rx;cntij'.e. To drill g'-a^s, nso a steel drill tenipered as hard as possible and camphor and ■water as a lubricant Gold Lttstke ron Stoxextaee, Cnrxv, fee. — Gold, 6 part"; aqa- reda, 36 pait.?. Dissolve, then add tin, 1 part : next add bakam of e.iiphnr, 3 parts ; oil of turpentine, 1 pai-t. ilix gradnally into a raortar, and rub it until the mixtuia bercn.cs hard ; th.cn add oil vt t'lri^enttne, 4 parts. It is then to be applied to a ground prepared for the imrjiosc. GiLPxr} Cn:>'A Axn Glaps. -^Powdered pold is niL^ed Trith borax t.ni giim-wator, and the soluticn siplicd vrjth a camel's-halr i)cncll. lft.Mt is then applied by a stove nntii the borax fuses, ■when the gold is fi"cd and afterwards brirnlshed. priniicfj better than patent dryVr, and -works bc-tter n'-der the pan !- l^aper. ^Vhen tic first coating is hard and dry, r.ib do\vn v:\0\ jr- v fand-pnper end bo S'.je to make perfectly levei -wcrk airf'T-i: t.ia in-e;:;iluritips, deficiencies and ridges en the pnrface of yonr •^^-ork. Next dust yo-.ir -work careiuHy, and ■with your p'.itty knife go ovcf the whcle FiirTace and pntty lip every crevicej Fplrt, crack or knut- hole with the hard drving petty "hereiifter mentioned. Be very car*^- icl not to overlook the slightest fl:iw. but bring every sp< it to a truo and perfect level. Xow"'dtl^t off the -work ajrain, preiiaraUwy to pecond caiting. Thm your cclor -with turpentine, if too stout or thick, but do not u?e thin coloi-s, for it neith.er covers well, nor rub.'* down ■weiL For dark colors, use a d;irk lend coVir for tlie oil coat^, but, for prcnaring for snch a col^r r.} li:::ht green, let the color bo l;^-ht lead color, if for a yellow, begin ■witli white, or slightly tinted ■with chrome vcilow. Be careful with your second corrt, to lay it fair, regular, and equal, over each and every part of tlie work, and when it is tl^orouglily dry, rub down with a 'finer quality of sand-paper than the last, being careful to make the surface perfectly sraootii and evert No^r com- mence to give the third coat (after dusting off), putting on the paint, not lavi^jhlv, but rub it out well. Tiie nest ptep, when the bst is hard and dry, is to apply the filling ■np coats. Tor a good composition see receipt for '' Bovjh StuJ"' for caniige wi^rk. Another eood filling consists of dry French 3 ellow, a small quav.titv of white lead, the s^me amount of wliiting, a little lod lead. Elvout one-sixteenth of htharge. and of drying' Japan enouE:h tj nearlv mix it, put in a very little dryius oil, and tunjeutine to tliln to a suitable thickness to ni'ake it spread like a .«:tiff coat of paint Thin so that it can \te applied easily, and flow on fidl and free. Applvthis sompodtlon, givmgthe bodv, shafts, wheels, springs, &c., a jto»d coat l&TCliins oil any hoflows, «S:c.*, existing in the parts, and whai J78 CA.BI>'ETMAKEKSj PAISTEES', &C.. EECEIPTS. tiiis coat becomes perfectly hard give it anctlicT. The nest step, aftei this last coat dries hard, is to rub it do^vn Nriij lunip pmnice-etone, first rubbing the pumice flat upon a stone beiore commencing to use il In rubbing down with lump pumice use plenty of water, freely supplied from the gponse in your lelt hand ; be very cautious to »Toid cutting through, and feiel the parts frequently as the work progresses, to ascertain when all is eafSciently smooth and hard, then with your sponge wash oSf the work nicely, and with youx wash leather wrung out, dry it off cle^m and emoutli. The next step is to paint tLe carrl;ige. See to it that your colors are freshly ground, your paint mill, pot", tins, brashes, &c., j>cv- fectly clean. Aijply your color the proi>er thickness, eipeer thickness and a-^ply at once. Two coats •vs-ill be required. Ultramarine b'v.e^ F^r your ground color, ^Ind good Prussian blue in oil. ar.i ae stigar of lead as a dryer. Before giving the second coat rub down w;:h gioimd ptmiice and water, tiding a cloth ; the nest coat will flow all the better for t'Js treatment After a few days rub down again with ground pumice and water, wash, and drv with your chamois skin, when the work will be all ready for picking out and striping. (Tiaret or Lake, Vermilion and rose pink, in oD, same as the List, for first coat When hardened dry, give another li^ht cir.t, previously rub^ lug down with ground pumice and water, as directed for blue. I'^r a rich light claret be sparing of your rose pink in the ground color; for dark claret, tise more rose pink. For darker s'lodes use more rose pink in the grotmd color, Cien tise the be:-t crimson lake, same way as for the light claret two good coats will do. For a purple shade of claret use vermilion, rose pink a spice of ultramarmo blue, for a ground color. Then add the pror-er quantity of ground purple lake to body flowing vamish and apply two coats. Jajian Brown. Grind drop black in Japan using enough vermilion to be visible. Chrome Greens. Giind your greens in Japan, or use greens oonw posed of chrome yellow and Pti'.ssianb-"e. Carmine Color en Fin Ewfines, d-c. Cheap method. For a ground, use tl;e best En|rlisi vermihon, then add pure carmine, ground in. a little drying oil to your body flowing vamish, and apply two coats carefully. This method extends t}.e precious color so that an ounr-e will guSce for & carnage or machine. Or ford Broi?n, Use a Uttle chrome yellow, India red, be>-t ochre, white lead, bumed timber, jtist white enough to be seen ; yellow is the leading color ; red to warm it, and umbef to impart the brown shade. liich Purple, YeimllioQ and Prub^iaa CABINETMAKERS, PAETTESS', AC, RECEIPTS. 279i blae, with a Kttle vrhite, a very cheap, nice color. Favm Color. Vsfi T^ow, red. a little bLick, a little tierra de sienna, or bnrued lunber may be added to obtain the right shade. Drab Color. White and raw umber form a cool drab -which may be varied with chrome, or red, as may be desired. Pluvi Brown. Drop black and vermilion makes a very good color at a cheap rate. STRiPDfG OR "PiCKrxo OuT, FOB C.VREiAGE WoKK. — Great care is required in this part of the •work to carry a steady hand so that the lines may be dra^rn equidistant, cleiin and neat. For fino lines, grind the color in drying oil, as it makes the best work. Japaa color vrill do for broad or coarse lines, on bl>'e ground. If a lax^'i carriage, with heavy wheels, draw lines with Frankfort-black, Japan mixed color from three quarter inch to one inch broad, on aU parts of the carriage, wheels, spnngs, spokes, hubs. &c., then draw fine hnes of light orange or light primrose color about throe-ei.-hths or a quarter inch from the broad black line, with one fine line around the edges ot the black nuts and bolt heads. On snpeiior work, pure white, goH, or deep orange hues may be drawn down the midJle of the black lines, producing a very fiiie effect ; on greens, pick or.t with black, if a light green, black lines wiU be sufficient, if dccired better, run up the centre of the black lines with white, not too fine. On dark green, pick out with black, mnning very fine lines on each side of the black three-eighths of an inch off the black. This also sets off a very bright green to good advantage. On Clarets, piclc out with black, with ver- milion or rich orange fine side lines, or bglit orange side lines with vermilion Mne run up the centre of the blick ; or light gold line up the centre of one large black line. On OTj'crd Bmtrn, pick out with black, fine hne with vermilion or medium tint of chrome yellow wit'i slight tint of red in it ; or part the black lino with white down thu centre. On Fmcn Colors, pick out with broad black, fine line with white on each edge, or brown drab shade. On Japan or Plum Brmims, vermilion line has the best appearance. On Olives or Qua- kers' Greens, pick out with black, with white for fine lines, or orange or light green. On Drabft, pick out -with black, fine line with vermil- ion, or high colored orange, or white centre line for extra finish. On Purple, pick out with black, fine line with a bright tint of orange or vermilion. VAicTisTHrsG OF Coaches axd CAKRLVnES.— In this, as well as m the painting dej^artment, absolute cleanline««s is iudispensable, as regards brushes, pots, freedom from diist, &c. 'UTien your work is ready, if it is tlie under carriage, apply a good fuU coat of carriago Tarnish, and when through with this part of the process, go over it •gain, this time using body varnish. After it is hard and dry proceed to ' ' flat "the work by lightly removing the gloss with ground pumice, water, and a woollen cloth, being careful not to cut into the lines or ground ; then clean away all the pumice, and dry off nicely with the chamois leather slightly wet. If you have cut through in any part, repair with Japan color previous t«^ second coating. Let your second coat bq very full and weU laid on, but be carefnl that it does not run. A very superior gloss will be obtained on tlie wheels, if after ths application of a good coat you spin them until the varnish is nearly eet If th* Moond ooat is not Mtisfactory, repeat the flattei^ prooeafl 280 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTEBS', &C., RECEIPTS. with yoTir pumice, cloth and water, dean off aa before and varnish again. In more costly polished ■work, commence with the very finest ground pumice or Trinoli, rub until you brinj: the work to a verv smooth state, then -wasn off very cler.u and nice, dry and dust welL Use every precaution against dust, by f-weeping and sprinkling your floor in every stage of polishing and va:-ni;ihing. The next step in poUshing is to use a fine cloth for a ruLljer, rotten-stone, sifted fine through muslin and mixed with olive oil ; rub with tliis until tlio gloss is restored, occasionally examining the j-rogress of the worl:. This step being fiui?hed. wipe off v.ith a ^>erf6ctly clean cotton cloth, , with a piece of the finest tiax f iill of fine w heat flour or putty powder go orer the work, riiL'iing well to polish it still farther, and remove every particle of the t^il and rotten-etone pre\iously used. Finish off by rubbing the work briskly with an old silk )ir.ndkerchief, which will induce a beautiful fine gloss. h\ every instance when a po;i.-^h and varnish finish is required, do nrt omit to lay on an extra coat of vamiijh, as it will greatly enhance the appearance of the work. Gllding axd ORNAaiksTiNG Cabklaghs. — English gold size is t!:e best for tliis purpose. If you cannot get it re;idy prepared, make a substitute by using Euglish yamish and Japan in equal parts. If the gilding is for stiiiiiiig, you should K:ix a little chrome yellow with it, to be able to see' the linos the better, but for lettering no coloring is retjuiied. Rab yniir job down suioothly, take a piece of muslin and tie up in it a little wliiteniug to form a " ixjunce bag ;" with this dust over ever>- jart of the v."ork where the gold leaf is to be put, to prevent tl.e Icr.f sticking to tlie surface not covered by the size, or wash the job o\ er with starch water, or rub it over with the raw siuface of a potato cut in halves ; tlie jnice of the potato soon diies, and leaves a tliin film to which tl-.e gt>!d will u'^t ndliere. Either of the above methods will do, and tie co.nt:ng v.ill wash off when the gilding is dry. The surface prepiued, take the size and put on the stripes, figiire«i, or ornaments, ar.d all( w it to dry just enough to enable you to iiass your finger over it Avithout sticlon^, but u it is '"tackv" when you place your finger upon it, it w ready for the gold leaf, x^hich is to be ajviir-d in the VvT.y directed for gilding letter.* on wood. The gold letters mry be shaded with ultramarine, carmine, a.«i)haltum, lake, Paris green, verdigris, &c., to suit the taste. Broxzekg. — Gold bronze is used on carriage parts for striping and ornamenting, using the same size as that used for gold leaf. For taking up and applying the bronze, take a piece of plush or velvet '.nd make a "■ poimcc bag." by tyiug up a wad of cotton, rubbing the bronze gently over tJie si.'.e. To' vary the a^inearance, a mixture of copper, gold, and puyov 1 rouz.e may be gppliid. For fancy work in bronze, cut out any desired jjatteru on thin sheet brass, pasteboard, nr paper, and apply it to any nearly dry varnished surface ; rub the bronze on through the ai>e!-tarcs in the p-itteni. CrOOD Colors for Brsr>-Ess W.a.uox'*. — No. 1. £oed ■with rc<^. bbie nr dark arreon. or black, and red fine line. No. 2. Botly. — YeUow; jrauie'tlack. stiiped with pine or white. Sw.:ung j/eur.— Light veixuilioa, fetrii-eJ with CABINKTMAKEES, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 281 K{ick and ukite. No. 3. Joc?tf.— Carmine ^aze over Indian red. Rniming £rc«r.— VerQoilion. No. 4. Body.~D6ep vonnilion. Run^ niag gear, — Light vermilion. MixTCTiE TO REMOVE OLD Patnt. — Dissolve 1 lb. potash in 3 pte. vraler over the fire, then add yellow ochre or some common dry paint until it is as thick aa rough stuff ; spread this over your old paint and after a little it wiU come off quite ea.sUy, then wash the wood nitli so:ip ;iTid water to remove all the potash, djy off and sand-paper, then give a coat of clean raw oU. Another method is to heat a heavy piece of iron and apply to the paint, which wiU cause it to becoma loose and suit, so that it may be Bcraped o£f Vvith a knife. Still another method is to direct tlie flame of a spirit lamp (which may be con- structed for tlie purpose) on the old paint, scraping it ofl as it softens. To Bleach Oil. — Pour as muck linseed oU into a shallow earthen vejisel as will stand one inch deep, tlien pour in 6 inches of water,' cover with a fine cloth, and let the whole stand in the sun for a few weeks until the liquid becomes tliickj when it should be poured into a, phial and submitted to a gentle heat ; after whidi the clear is to b« poured off and strained through a flannel cloth. To Copy ax Oic» ament. — Mace the jiaper or other article "contain- ing the ornament against a pane of gLoss ; then laying a sheet of thia paper over it, you c;ia copy it e::actly with a lead pencil, Okxamexts, in the sJiape of decalcouline or other gilded pictures; may be e:isily transferred to carriages or coaches by following th« dii'ections given in transferring pictures. See farther on. Vekjiiliox. — To prevent vermilion from fading, add to tne dry color, before mixing, ^ part of flour of sulphur. Light English ver- milion is used for stliprng, ornamenting or letteiing ; the deep vermil- ion having less body, will not cover good. English vermiUon gives the best color on carriage work when mixed with rubbing Tarnish and oil. Amerioau vennilion should not be ground, as the process would change it to an orange color ; whilo green, Indian red, chrome yellow, and all hciivy body colors are all the better for beuig ground as fine as pos.-:;ii>le. Raw oil is preferablo to boiled, as it is more volatile, and penetrates and fills fiie iwres of the wood better. Pi{::Mixa for C.vsuiags Wobk. — First coat of lead. Mix whitd lead with raw oil, 2 parts, Japan, 1 part, to make it proper for a thick coal^ adding a very little turpentine to make it wor^ easily. For carriage parts add a little Indian black, but not for bodies. — Second coat of l( ad. Mix wlute lead with 1 part raw oil and 2 parts Japan, and a little turpentine, as before, adding lampblack for carriage parts, bat none for the body. — 'i hird and fourth coat. Mix white lead into a thick piuste with turpentine, add a little oU, Japan and rubbing varnish to bind the pamt well ; add, for tho carriage parts, a little lampblack and a httle red lead. IIaku URYiNa TxjTTY^—For carriage work. Mix dry white lead with Japan and rubbing varnish equal part'', to the proper cousistoucy, beathig it with a Biuail mallet to bruuso the lumps. Keep it, when not in use, i» w.ater, to prevent it drying. Rough Stuff. — For carriage work. Take 3 parts of English filling (ground stiite), 2 parts dry white lead, 1 part white lead in oiL Mix with Ja^iau, 2 parts, rubbing varnish, 1 part. Mix and crush thor* eojjhiy by runuing all tluough the mill together. 192 CAJQINETMAXfES, PJaNTEKs', *C., BECEIFTS. TxcsS'j Leajj fob C.4RB1AGE '\roRK.— -ilix drT white le^d with 1 parts Japan, 1 part rabbiDg varuish, aud tbin witfi spirits of turpen- tine, adding a uttle lampblack to make a dean lead color, and niu all through the niilL Coach Paintixg. — The panels of such •work are generally painted in color, while the pillars, top strip, quarters, deck, &c, are always hlack ; umber colors, lakes, sheens, and blues are some of the best colors used on this work. To prepare the body for any of these colors, a ffround color is \i5ed in the place of hiuipblack on black work. The following are a few approved ffrounds. Lake. — ^Indian red and vegnilion mixed to a dark brown, but some prefer a black ground for lake. Ultramarine. — 5Iix a medium blue with white lead and Prussian blue. Vermilion. — A light pink color is generally used h& a ground for vermilion. Green. — Green and all heavy-oodied colors will cover well on the lead colors without any ground color. Tictoria lake aud black Japan makes a fine color for carriages. Prepared Oel fob Carriages, &c. — To 1 gaL linseed oil add 3 lbs. mm shellac ; litharge, ^ lb. ; red lead. \ lb. ; umber, 1 oz. Boll elowly as usual until the gums are dissolve d ; g:ind your paints in this (any color), and reduce with turpentin'5. Porcelain Fixish, vert fi>-b fob Parlors. — ^To prepare the wood for the finish, if it be pine, give one or two coats of transparent Tarnish, which prevents the pitch from oosing out, causing the finish to turn yellow ; nert, give the room at leact four coata of pure rinc, which may be ground in only sufficient oil to enable it to grind prop- erly; then mix to a proper consistence with turpentine or napntha. Give each time to dry. WTien it is dry and hard, sand-paper it to A perfectly smooth surface, when it is ready to receive the finish, which consists" of two coats of French zinc groxmd in, and thinned with I>emar varnish, tmtil it works proi)erly under the brush. Jap AX Drier Best QrALrrr. — Take linseed oil, 1 gaL ; put into it gum shellac, | lb. ; litharge and burned Turkey umber, each \ lb. ; red lead, \ lb. ; sugar of lead, 9 oz. Boil in the oil till aU are dissolv- ed,which wiU require about 4 hours ; remove from the fire, and stir in epirits of turpentine, 1 gaL, and it is done. 2. Liaseed oil, 5 gals. ; add red lead and litharge, each 3i lbs. ; raw nmber, LJ lbs. ; sugar of lead and sulphate of ziuc, each, \ lb. ; pu2veri2e all the articles to- gether, and boil in the oil till dissolved; wb^n a little cool, thin with turpentine, 6 gals. 3. Linseed oil, 4 gals, red lead and umber, of each 8 OM. ; sulphate of zinc, 4 ozs. ; sugar of lead, 4 on. Boil until it will scorch a feather, when it is ready for use. 4. N".t or linseed oil, 1 gaL ; litharge, 12 oz. ; sugar of lead and white viiriol, of e;n.h 1 oz. ; Eunmer and skim until a peUicle forms; cool, and, when settled, da- cant the clear. 5. Oil 1 grJ. ; litharge, 12 to 16 oz. ; as last. C>. Old iiut or linseed oil, Ipint; litharge, 3oz. Mix; agitate oc-casionaUy for 10 days ; then decant the clear. 7. Nut oil and water, of each 2 "lbs. : white ritriol, 2 oz. ; boil to dryness. 8. Mix oil w:th p'jwdered snow cr ice, and ketp it for 2 months without thawing. To Eedcce On:. Faixi with Water — -Take S lb«. of pure on- flaked lime, add 12 qts. water, stir it and let it settle, turn it off jentlj and bottle it; keep it corked tfJ used. This will mix with oil, and i^ 5»roportion of bait will render paint more duralle. Ou. PAiyr^-^To SSSCC2 inxB Waxsk.— Cum sheUac, 1 lb.; nk S^INETMAKEUS, TAINTEKS', AC, EECEirTS. 281 Kda, i lb.; vater, 3 parts; boil all to;:ether in a kettle, Btirring till dissolved. I f it does not all dissohe, add a little more sal-eoda ; -when cool, bottle foi use; mix up 2 quarts of oil pjunt as usual, any colot desired, using no turpentiae; put 1 piut of the gum shellac mixtura with th« oil paint -when if becomes thick : it can then be reduced with water to a proper thickness to lay on witn a brush. AjfOTHEB Method.— Soft water, 1 g:^!.; dissolve it in pearlash, 3 s.— Asphaltun, 66 lbs. ; melt, then add litharge, 9 lbs., red lead, 7 lbs. Boil, then add boiled oil, 12 g.-ls. ; yellow resin, 12 lbs. Asaiu boU until, la cooling, the mlxtui-o mav bo rolled uito pills ; tl:cn Idd spts. of tuiTcntme, 30 gals. : lampbhick, 7 lbs. hlxn well. Voitia FamisA. —Mastic, 1 lb. ; white wax, 1 oz. : sririts tur^cn- Bne, 1 gallon ; reduce the gums small ; t^ en digest it with heat m - a close vessel tCl di-ssolved. Tiu-pcritine Varnish. — Resin, lib. : boiled oil, 1 lb. ; melt ; then add turpentine, 2 lbs. Mix well. Po^.e Tuj-- fjwA.— Pale African copal, 1 part ; fuse. Tlien add hot pule oil, 2 parts. Boil the mixture till it is stringy ; then cool a little, and add spirits of turpentine, 3 parts. Lacquer FcirHwA.— A good lacquer la made bv coloring lac varuifh v\ith turmeric and annatto. Add as much of' these two coloring substances to tlie varnish as will give the Jiropei color; then squeeze the varnish, through a cotton cloth when it orms laojuer. Gold Varnish. — Digest shellac, sixteen parts, guiu sandarac, mastic, of each three parts ; crocus, one part ; gum gam« ^e, two pixia ; all Vruised, wita alcohol, one hundred and lottf 284 CABlXETilAKBRS, PAINTEES', «tC., RSCEIPT8. fonr ivarts. Or, digest eeedlac, gandarac, inastic, of ea^li eijUi parts ; gamboge, two jxii-ts ; dragon's blood, oue pai-t ; white t-upen- fine, six parts ; tiirmciic, four paits ; bruised witli r.lcoliol, caa hundred aud twenty paits. Ik^p GAd-C'dovt:! Laiquer-Scod lac. 3 oz. ; turmeric, 1 oz. ; dragon's biood, oue-louith ouace ; alcohol, ] pt ; digest for a week, frequently shaking : decant, aud filter. La.:- quers are used ujxiu ix)liKhed metals and wood to imp;iit the a; ipear- ance of gold, ii yellow is required, use turmeric, aloes, saiiroa or gamboge ; for red, use amiatto, or dragon's Llood, to color. Turmeric, gamboge, and dmgon's blood generally afford a sufiicient range of colors. Gold Lacquer. — Put mto a clelm 4 g-al. tin 1 lb. of ground turmeric, 1^ oz. of gamlxjge, 3^ lbs. powdered gum sr;ndarac, £ pound of shellac, and 2 gals, of spirits of wine. When siiaken, db- solved, and strained, as^d 1 pint of turpentine varnish, well mixed, VarnUh For Tools. — Take tallow, 2 oz. ; resin, 1 oz . ; and melt to- gether. Strain wliUe hot, to get rid of s^^cks which are in tie resin ; apply a slight coat on your toobj with a brush, and it will keep oS rust for any length of time. Qj'.d Tarnich. — Turmeric, 1 dram ; gamboge, 1 drsai ; turpentine, 2 pints ; shellac, 5 oz. ; dragon's blood, y drams ; thin mastic vaniish, 8 oz. ; digest wi:h occa.sional agitation for 14 days ; then set aside to fine, and pour ol the clear. JJ^auiJ'ul Pale Aiiib'^r Varnish. — Amber, pale and transpareut, 6 lbs. ; fuse ; add hot clarifie; powdered black -je>:a a::l Is;v.!c3 aephaltum, of each 3 oz. When properly iaccr;iorated aud coniiJ- erably cooled, add oU of tur;>e;itiue, 1 pt. Bjly Vi.imu-.k. — ^I'iiic.i; African copal, 8 lbs. ; fiu^e carefully ; add clirified oil, 2 gals. ; h '1 geutly for 4^ hours, or a:itil qr.ite stringy ; cool & little, and thin wiih oil of turjieutiue, S^ gals. JJrics slowli/. Carria;e Va^-nish. — Sau- darao, !;> oz, ; i^ale shellac, 9^ oz. ; very ^ale traaspareut resin, 1'2\ oz. ; tur^utine, li oz. ; to per cer.t. alcohol. 5 pts. : d:.-.iolve. Used for the internal parts of caiTiage, &c. Di ies rn ten minutc-.s, Cabinci- inai:ers' VaraiJt. — Very paie shellac, 5 lbs. ; laastic, 7 oz. ; alcoliol, i-Oper cent. 5 or 6 pt-!.;' dissolve in the cold with frequent stirring. Used lor French polishing, &-c. Jopannirs' Copal Vatiiuih. — ^Piila Aliieau cojial, 7 lbs. ; fuse ; add clarified linseed oil, ^ gal. ; boil fivo miiiu es, remove it into the open air, add boiling oil of turpentine, 2 pal CABINETMAKERS, PAKTTEKS', JtC, RECEIPTS. 28l daiso, 2 lbs. ; g:um mastic, | lb. ; place all In a tin can -srhlcli admits of being corked ;. cork tight, shake it frequently, occasionally placin* the can in hot water. When dis-sblved, it i? ready for use. Fim Slack Varnish for Coaches. — Melt in an iron pot, amber, 32 oz. ; resin, 6 oz. ; asphaltum,6 oz. ; drying linseed oil, 1 pt. ; vhen partly cooled, add oL of turjientine, Tvarmed. 1 pint. Mordant Varnkfu-^ dissolve 1 oz. mastic, 1 oz. sandarac, * o.-^. j;am gambo^ie, and ^ oz. turpentine in 6 oz. s^nrits turpentine. One of the f^implest mordants in that procured by dissolving a little honey in tliick glue. It has tl:e effect of greatly heightening tlio color of 'the gold, and the leaf sticks eitx-emely well. Changing Varnish.— To imitate Gold or Silver, dc. Put 4: oz. best gum gamboge into 32 oz. spirits of turpentine ; 4 o?.. dragon's blood into 32 oz. spirits of turpentine ; and 1 oz. of annatto into 8 oz. spirits of turijentine. Make the 3 mixtures in difieront vessels. Keep them in a warm place, ex])osed to the sun as much as possible, for about 2 weeks, when they will be fit for usa Add to- gether such quantities of each liqtior as the nature of the color you ar« desirous of obtaining will pouit out. Transparent Varnish, for Wood. — Best alcohol, 1 gal. ; nice gum shellac, 2^ lbs. Place the jug or bottle in a situation to keep it just a little warm, smd it will dis- solve quicker than if hot, or left cold. Patent Vami.'sh for V/ood or Canvas. — Take spirits of tunientiuo. 1 gal ; aspluVitiun, 2^ lbs. ; put them into an iron kettle which will fit upon a stove, and dissolve the gum by heat. When dissolved and a little cool add copal varnish, 1 pt. ; and boiled linseed oil, 1 pt ; when cold, it is ready for use Perhaps a little lampblack would make it a more perfect black. Mos.uc Gold Powder fok Bkoxziag, &c.— Melt 1 lb. tin ia a crucible, add ^ lb. of purified quicksilver to it: when this is cold, it is reduced to ixnvder, and ground, with ^ lb. sal-ammoniac and 7 oa. flour of sidpliur, tiU the whole is thoroughly mixed. They are then calcined in a matrass ; and the sublimation of tlie other iugrediente leaves the tin converted into the mosaic gold lewder wliich is found at the bottom of the glass. Remove any black or discolored particles. The sal-ammoniac must be very white and clear, and the mercury of the utmost puritv. When a deeper red is required, grind a verj' small quantity of red lead with the above materials. True Gold JPowder. — Put some gold leaf, with a little honey, or thick gum water made with gum arable, into an earthen mortar, and poimd the mixture till the gold is reduced to very small i^artioles; then wash out the ho:iey or gum repeatedly with warm water, and the gold in powder will ba left behind. Wlien dry, it is fit for u.£B of &pcle gold color is produc«d from an alloj «f 886 CABINETMAKERS, PAIKTERS, AC, BECEIPTS. 13J parts of copper and 2| parts zinc, of a crimsoyi metallic lustre from copper, of & paler color, copper, and a very little zinc, green, bronz* with a proportion of verdigris, of a fine orange color, by 14^ -^aiXs cop- per and 1| parts zinc ; another orange color, litj parts' copper and 2i zinc The alloy is laminated into very fine leaves with careful anneal- ing, and these are levigated into impaliiable powders, along with a tilrn of fine oil, to prevent oxidizemeut, and to favor the levit^tion. Gexekal Directions fok Bkoxztng.— The choice of tSe above powders is of course determined by the degree of biiUiancy you wish to obtain. The powder is mixed with strong gum water or isin^laae. and laid on with a brush or pencU ; and, not so drv as to have" still certain clamminess; a piece of soft leather wrapped' round the finger is dipped into the powder, and rubbed over the work. When the work has been all covered with the bronze, it must be left to drj-, and and loose powder then cleared away by a hair-pencil. BRo>-zrNG Iko>". — The subject should be heated to a greater de- gree than the hand can bear, and German gold, mixed with a small quantity of spirit of wine varnish, spread over it with a t)encil; should the iron be already ix)lished, you must heat it well, and moisten it with a linen rag dipped in vinegar. Gilder's PAECHirEST Size. — The best is made from cuttings of fine parchment Wash them clean, cover them with water, and al- low them to simmer for about 2 hours over a slow fire: when brought to the proper strength or tenacity, which may be tested by tlie tiial of a portion between the thumb and finger: if "it proves adhesive pour it into a clean vessel for use. When solidified, it resembles a jelly; if very stiff, it will require dilution with water. Some gilders use a lactometer and a deep glass to determine the proper strength of size. When the float indicates a little higher than 1, for burnish size, and near 2, for matt gold size, excellent work will result. In the United States, some gilders substitute a ichite glue for parchment cuttings in the making of size. For On. Got.d Size, consult that item. Matt Gold Size is usually purcliased from dealers ready made; it is prepared for use by intermixture, (in a clean vessel) over a glow fire, widi parchment size, to the density of a thickish cream, and used ■while warm. BuBXiSH Gold Size is often bought ready made from the deal er. Good results may be obtained by using red chalk, black lead, and deer suet, of each" 2 ozs., fiuely ground to a stiff paste, with 2 lbs. of pipe dav, and for use prepared like matt size. Thick White for application to tlie p;irts intended to be burnish- ed, previous to putting on the burnish size, is a composition of parch- ment size and whitening, about the density of cream. Gilder's OEMOLr.— Red Sanders wood 2 drs., turmeric 1 dr., garnet shellac 1 oz., spirits of wine ^ pt. : mix all together thoroughly and Etrain. This is added to medium strength parchment size in or- der to impart a more beautiful appearance to the matt and oil gilding. Clay for Gilder's Use is usually purchased from the dealer* and Is prepared similar to burnish size. Thb STOPPD.-G CoMPOsmox used for filling holes and deficiencies in the work is a compound of size and whitening, brought to tha density of putty. To"White>' MorLDESGS.— On gUded work to be exposed to the weath«r, paiat is used as a foundation, and the gOding is done in oil CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, -, fill the holes, blemishes, and irregularities with the stopping composition; then apply a good coat of (hick iclilte, dry, and apply another. After applying several coats of the thick white, which should be in all about l-16th of an inch in thickness, pumice-stone should be applied to smooth off all irregularities and the surplus wliiting. Make thorough work to ensure a &ie smooth surface on the moulding, paying great attention to the different hollows, beads, &c. Composition for Oio.aments. — Best glue, 9 lbs. 6 ozs. ; water 5 pts. ; rosin (white) 4 lbs. ; raw hnseed oil 4 pts. Boil the glue in th» water until dissolved ; dissolve the rosin in the oil, add the whole to the glue mixture. Boil the whole slowly for 25 minutes longer, and pour the mixture into a large vessel among finely sifted whiting, and mix up to the consistency of thin puttj*. Set away in a damj) place, - and cover with a wet cloth ready for use. The ornaments are made by selecting a portion of the mixture, steaming it to a soft plastic con- dition (for tlie mixture becomes very hard when cold), and pressing with the hands into a boxwood mould, previously well lubricated or smeared with oil and turjientine. The composition being fitted into the mould, a board tlioroughly wet, is place against the mixture out- side the mould, and the wliole is submitted to pressure in an iron screw press, which drives tlie mixture into the minutest parts of the mould. This done, the pressure is relaxed, and the mould taken from the press and the ornament withdrawn from it. The ornaments may be attached to the frame with glue or white lead ; and when they com- pose the comers on fran\es, require to have the vacant space between backed or ^fiUrd up with composition softened in boiling water. Gilding ix Oil. — The ornaments being pronerly adjusted and al- lowed full time to harden on the frame, the first step taken by th& gilder is to wash and cleanse them, togretherwith the frame, from the adherent oil and dust This done, when dry. apply a uniform coat of thin white to the frame, and, after drying, fill all the holes and defect- ive parts with the stopping described above. When this becomes hard, go o^■e^ every part of the work and bring it to the utmost smoothness with fine {'lass paper. This part of the work must not be slighted if a good job is wanted, for it cannot be dispensed with. Now dust off the work and apply the clay prepared as described above; al- low it to dry and rub smooth with fine glass paper once more. A coat of dear cole is now applied, consifting of parchment size diluted to a thinnish consistency with water. It is usual to apply 2 coats of this size in a warm condition. It effectually prevents the absorption of the sncceeding coat of oil size. The gilder prepares the oil size (boiled linseed oil and ochre well ground together) by bringing it to a creamy consistency, and purifies it by Ftraining through a clean mg held un- der pressure, squeezing out the size. This pre{iaration is spread very evenly over the prepared surface, and allowed to stand imtU it b&- comea slightly sticky or tacky, when the knife, cushion and gold leaf are brought into requisition, and the leaf applied with the tip to the entire surface covered with the size. Tliis process requires carefiU management ; the gilder blows the gold leaf out on the cushion with bis bziaiUu divides imd euMivides it witJi hia knile to cover the difier> 283 CAB1NET1IAXEU3, FAJXTER3. 4C=, RECEIPTS. •Dt wants of various parts of the work. The leaf is dabbed down with a dabber of cotton wool or other soft iDatorial, and finished v.-iih * badger. See Gildimj JUdcrs on JWxxi. The frame being now cov- ered with the leaf, is brushed off to clear it from the small jgrold pani- cles still adhering, and is fiuallr finished bv applying the finish, sir.e evenly with a hog's-liair brush over the work. The Cnii-h com-Ms of a somewhat weak, clear size, whith may betemyeied with a httie or- molu if it is desired toimpait a finer color to the pr': J. W'atek and Oil Gii-dlso o^- Labge, Bko.' d Fb.'jies, &c.— Re- move all dust and dirt fi-om the frame and oruanienfs, by thoroxi^h washing and brushing with plenty of dear water, being careful not to damage the ornaments while doing so, dri-, and avjly a coat of thin white, fill all holes and delects bv stoppiiij, and trer't the f nits in- tended to bebuiuished with thrte'or four coats of tLLk icfutc, smooth- ing down the last coat when neaily dry, bv passing the fin-ers over it. When dry, go over it v.ith glass paper,*ma!:inga comi-lete smooth job; next apply a coat of clay, and smocth down with .; lass pn]:er once more. Next, apply an even coat of size, and w].en dry. aprly cjiother. The frame is next " put in oil "' as above de^-tiihed, and siibsequently, the parts intended to be burnished, which have received Vze coats of thick ichite. must be thoroughly cleaned from oil bv careful ruhbing with a wet piece of cotton applied by the finger, tuming the rag at short internals so as to present a clean surface to the work. Guard agamst touching any otlier paits of the frame with the wet cloth, as the mistake will have to be corrected with the oil brush. To make sure that no trouble will result from grease, it is r.ece.-'saiy before lay- ing the gold, to apply clay to all parts intended to be bV.mi-hcd, in order to prevent any of the gold leaf from sticking, as it would have to be removed with glass paper previous to applying ether ] repara- tions. The frame is then gilded as previously' desciited, the leaf pressed into the cavities of the ornaments, &c.. the defects corrected, the work brushed off, and size finished as above. The parts to be burnished or v:ater f/ihUd, previously noted rs being coated with clay, must now be treated to three or four coats of met pold size, laid on evenly with a camel' s-hair brush. "When dry, jc-lsh with fine glass paper, brush down, and pass over it afterwards with a damp sj>onge. Kow apply 2 even coats of burnish gold size, and apply the leaf as won a.-* the last cait becomes dry. This is a- plied in a manner en- tirely different from that previously described. The frame being ele- vated at a proper angle to allow tlie snrpliis water to drain off, and the gold leaf, cushion, knife, tip. camel's-hair pencils, glass of clean water, &c., being ready, proceed to gi'd the bead which passes around the frame lietween those parts whioh h.nve prev'onsly been oil-gilt, by dipping a proper sized camel's-hair pencil into the glass of water, wipe it on the edge, commence at the left hand extremity of the bead, wet- ting it for a space of 4 or 5 inches or n^':>re down, saturating it thoroughly with the water, and apply the gold leaf (previously cut to the proper size and held in re.adiness on V.ie tip^ very neatly and quickly to the spot while it is covered with wnter. Go over tlie bead, ornaments, and all parts intended to be burnished in this way. being extremely careful to allow no water to come in contact wit'i the gilded }i«rt of the frame. When done, examine closely fc r faults, and repair &11 defects discover«d, dry, and proceed to bwnish by applviug th« curred part of de baimsber to the work, passing' it hi£tier ani Uiither over the gold Mfith the right hand, susdistiug the prefigare and steadying the movement by the thiunb of the lelt. This resolta iu biiiigin^ out a ppleudid buiiiLsh. Go over the work with particulas care, bnug out the full lustre of thej^old, cover tlelicieuoei.jj/i.'.'*/*, s/zc the frame once more, -iaref ully avoidiu;t: tho biinii,arts of the frame, such as the beads, ormiments. i-c. should be selected for opeiation. Brish Polish. — Shellac 4 ozs.. white ro^La 4 ow., dissolve in 2 pts. spirit< of wine and apply while warm, with a br;'sh. Cabinet Makek's Vakxlsh. — Ciniu siieiiac o o;:*., gum nlR^'tIo 1 oz., gum sa'.idarac, 3 ozs., spirits of w iue, 40 ozs. Dia«)lye the h«>^ 2 in the spirit*, theu dissolve the shelhic «md pour oS the deai" for tise. French Polish Reviver. — Linseed oil 1 pint, viuef^r 4 ozs., ept?. camphor 2 ozs., spt*. hartshoni h oz., butter oi antimony, 1 oz. .4;io?/i-/\— Dissolve 8 oz?. shellac and ^ an oz- of oxalic acid in 2 lbs. naphtha, theu ;yid 3 ozs. linseed oil. Ebonized Black for EBOxizixr. MocLDtso Framzs, &c. — Stroug vinegar, 1 gal., ext. of logwood, 2 lbs., green copperas, i lb., China blue, J lb., nut-gall. 2 ozs. Simner over a slow lire until all is dissolved ; set off and cool. Aid to the above ^ pt imn rast obtained by steeping iron filings in strong viuegiir. Au miequuiled jet bkck. SATI>'TfoOD StAIX FOR THH IXSID^; OP DkA^VUR-S. — Alcoliol 2 pts., powdei-ed gamboge, 3 ozs., gronud titrnieric, <5 ozs. Steep fe> obtain full strengtli. and sti-ain through musiin. Api»ly 2 coats with a fiue sponge, s^-mdpaper when dry and varuiih or F:-ench polish. Wal>tt Statx ox PtXE OR Whitewo-:)!). — T;ii::e 2 gals, of vcr;,' tliin sized shellac; add burnt sienna, 2 lbs., burnt uniljer, 2 lbs., l.i:n;>- black, ^ lb. ; siiake all togetlier and mix well iu a stons jug. Apply 1 coat with a brush, dry; sandpaper s.^l^x>th, and anply a eor-t of com- mon varnish or shellac. A fine imitiition of walnut. Cheap Bl.\ck Stain ox Pink ob Whit::wood. — "Water, 2 pals., black copperas, 1 lb., logwood chins, 1 lb., ext. logwood. 1 lb., indlzo blue, 1 lb., lami^bhick, 2 ozs. ; simmer over a slow -fire, cool off, strain, and add 1 oz. nut-galL A splendid black stain for cheap work. To Gild a Wooden Flower Stand. — r.;'.b t':e wooii gmootji, prime with glue size, tiicn put on 2 coats of oil p.^t r.nl one of fiat- ting. Smooth over, when dry, with wash-leather. Pi:t on gold sLce, and when it is sticky to the touch, it is ready for the leaf, whi'^h j'.ut on carefully and dab down with cotton-wool. A tninsiiariBt glazing can be used to deaden the gold in place,*. Old Oak Imitation on Whitk Deal.— Bunit nmber, 1 part, brown ochre, 1 i>art, mix thoroughly with a very ti.Ln glue fire and apply. A good oak ftarn is made by adding 1 lb. each of pcfc^h f.:id pearlash to 1 gal. water, adding more water if a lighter BUihx is re- quired. RoszwooD lAnT.A.Tioy ON White Deal. — Apply Venetian red and a little lamp-blaclt in solution, -with tliin glue'size. A good ma- fukfant/ ft'iiii is VeuPtian red, 1 lb., yellow lead. 2 H«. ; mix with thin glue si>e. W' Imit sUiin on dcrJ. — Burnt umbor and yellow Odit* > ♦^ "uze. The aoove t'^v be applied while warm wit4 % 290 CABIXETMJLKEBS, PAISTEK5, 4C., BECEIPT8. soft rag or by dipping the wood into a vat containing the solotinB, af is done with chairs, etc., in many manniactories. Mahog.vnt Imitatiox oy Beech.— Pulverized dragon's blood, 3 ozs.. rectified spto. of vriae, 1 qt. IiLLiyo FOB Fke>ch Polished Wobk.— A creamy paste com- posed of water and plaster of Pari.*, applied with a coarse rag to tiie grain of the wood forms a good filling. Apply ^-igoroa*ly to the wood to fill the pores thoroughly, and wij* on tae sujplu*. Finely sifted whitening, mixed with painter's drying oil, is another good filling com^osirion. Splexdid Cbemsox Spieit Staix. — Brazil-wriod, loz., cochi- neaL 1 oz., dragon's-blood. 1 oz., saffron, 2 ozs. ; steep to obtain full gtreugth. in 2 qta. alc-jhol and strain. BKiT MocyxrsG ilATEBiAi..— Good Bermuda arrow root, 1 1 oss; sheet gelatine, 80 grain* : mix the arrow root to a creamy consistence with a spoon, in 1 oz. of water; then add 14 ozs. of water and the gelatine broken into fragmema. Boii for 4 or 5 minutts, set it aside until partiaUv cool, then add 1 oz. of methylated spirit, and 6 drops of carbolic acid, the former quite slowly. This article has no superi- or and will keep for years. To Cleax ExgbaVixgs. — Place the engraving on a smooth board with a sheet of clean paper between, damp the picture on both sides irith a sponge and clean water: then soak it well with the following BOlution applied with a clean sponge : Water. 1 pt, chloride of lime, 4 ozs. ; oxalic add, 1 oz- Tnis imparts a fine wliite appearance to dis- colored prints, but it must net be applied to water colors in any case, as it will certainly destroy them. To RE^^vE the Colors or Old Patstixgs.— Mix linseed oil. 3 ozs., with methylated chloroform. 1 oz.: and apply a little over the painting, previously washing it^ with clean water applied with a little cotton wool: wir>e off the composition with a soft silk handkerchief darins the next dav. The mtxtore possesses the valuable property of restorins the faded" colors of paintii^ The vapor of alcohol has a like effect. To Pbesebvb a Scaltxg or Cbacked P-atxtlxg. — Clean the painting very carefully with pure soft water, and pour over, or gently apply, a mirtnre of equal parts of methylated chloroform and linseed oiL Allow it to remain a day or two: carefully wire off the excess of oiL and apply more of the fresh mixture, wioin? it off as before. Re- peat the process tintil the colors become fixed, and the painting be- comes flexible, when it may be cleaned and varmshed. Yarxish tor PATXxixnp. — Xo better varnish for paintings can be had than that made from good. ripe, clean, gnm mastic and rectified terpentine, fully matured by an exposure of se^'eral months in a wide mouthed glass' bottle. Cover the bottle fo as to admit air, bat no dust and set it in the light, but crt of the sna. To Pbesebve P.vixTiyGs Ixdeftxitet.v. — Tarnish the painOnff on both sides, and hermetically seal with well fitting sheets of polished gla^ on the front, and apply a good coat of air nroof material to the back. According to "Vragner. the real cause of tne ultimate destrac^ tion of pictures as well an of paint, is the graduaL but continnoos, yet slow, oxidation of the linoxine. resulting in the crumbling to fowder of pnlTemlezit matters — pigmeote uMd*4 'vlors. It maj not CA.BIN£TJ£AKER3, PAINTERS, AC, RECEIPTS, 291 t» oat of place to state that one of the best solvents of linoiine (diied paint) U a mmare of alcohol anl chloroform, -which miiy be ad- vantageously used to remove stains of paint, and also of wagon and carriage grease from silks and woollen tissues. To Remove Old Black Yakxxsh fbom Paixxekgs.— Various articles as soda, naptha, spirits of wine, oil of tartar, &c., will effect this, if carefolly handled by an experienced person, or the following mixture may be applied to the painting with a dabber of cotton wool: Wood spirits, 4 ozs. ; linseed oil ^ pt. spirits of salts, 2 ozs. Go over the painting, imparting a spiral movement to tlie rubbing wad, keep- int' the picture level and the rubber clean. Watch the progress oi tJo work, taking care not to go too far, and finish by wiping with a clean rag wet with spirits of turpentine. To Whitex Pl.\steb C.\st3, &c.— If t!ie uncalcined plaster is un- mersed for 15 minutes in water contaming 8 or 10 per cent of sul- phuric acid previous to burning it, it will after being calcined, set more slowly, and make splendid casts, which will be perfectly white. Semi-transpai-eiit casts of lincv articles can be made of unbaked gypsum, 2 parts, bleached bees- wax. 1 part; parafline, 1 part. It la very tough and becomes plastic at 120=. Plaster casts will bear a nail driven in them without fracture if they are immersed in a /wr«o/utw7i o/fl'.'as long enough t3 bej^jms sat arat-3l. Tj meni P I asUr Models, use sandarac varnish, saturating the broken surfaces weU, then pres- sing them together, then drving. As an a-pplioation to the inside Plaster Mndds use glycerine, or a mixture of lard and oiL To Polish PiaxoI, Fcrxttvbz. Fsexch Polish, &c. — The fol- lowing method of polishing pianos is in use in all first class factories. The same process will answer for any other piece of furniture, by merely substituting for the scraping, where scraping is not practica- ble, a fiUin^. properly colored : * First, give the work three coats of icraping or >o. 2 fnmiture varnish, allowing each coat to become per- tectiy hard before applying the next ; then scra;>e ok the varnish with a steel scraper, properlv sharpened on an oilstone, and in scraoing be careful not to cut into the wood, but merelv remove the varnish from foe surface, leaving the pores filled. Smooth with No. 1 sandpaper, and the work will be ready for the polishing varnish, four coats of which must be put on, allowing each coat to harden. To detemune the proper time required for the hardening. I wor.'.d say that one coat ■will not be ready for the next nntil it is so hard that yo"u cannot make an impression on it with your thumb nail. The four coats ha\-ing been put on, anl the work having stood a few days— and the longer the bet- ter — rub down with fine-ground pumice-stone and water, applied with a woolen rag. The work must be rubbed until all lumr^ and marks of the brush are removed ; wasli off with a sponge and dry with a chamois-skin : let the work stand out in the open air for a day or two, taking it into the shop at night. The work should now receive two coats more of polishing varnish and a second rubbing, after which it is ready for polishing. Foraiture may be polished after the first rubbing, and In that cas« the polishing is performed with lump rotten-stone and water applied with a woollen rag. Put plenty of rotteu-^t^ne o:i vour work, with water enough to make it work easy. Rib until" all marks and »ci"atchfes are removed. Rub the rotten-stone off with your bare hand keeping the work wet What cannot be removed with the hand should |9f CABlNET>tAKER«, rAlKTKR>', AC, RECEIPTS. be -srashed off with 3 spon<3:c. After drying with a rhamois-skin, brin* up tlie polish with the palm of your hand, mcviug it lightly aua quickly with a circular motion, over the work. Clean up the work ■with a piece of soft cotton, dipped into sweet oil, and lightly tgucli all the white spots and marks of the rotteu-stone. Remove the oil with wheat flour, applied with soft cotton, and finally d.ut oE with a soft rag or silk handkerchiei. The follo%viug method is known as the Shellac or French PolL«lv In preiiaring for this x^rocess, add to one pint of Sliellac vr-i'nish twc tablespoouf uls of boiled oil ; the two to be thoroughly mixed. If yoa want the work dark, add a little burnt umber ; or j'bu can give the work any desired shade by mixing with tlie shellac the proper pig- ment in the dry state. Apply the shc4lac thus prepared with a siuali bunch of rags held between your tiugers. Iii applying it be j)articiilar in getting iton smootli and even, le.i\ ing 110 thick places or blotches. Repeat tlie process continually until the grain is tiHed and tlie worlc has received sufficient body. Let it stand a few hoars to harden, and tlien rub your work lightly -with pnraice-stone and oil, applied with a rag. A verj- little rubbing is required, and tiiis is to be followed by the cleaning of the work with rags as drj- as po.'^sible. With a piece of muslin wet with alcohol, go over the work two or three times, for the purpose of killing the oil. ELive ready ^ lb. of pare gum shellac dissolved in one pint of 95 per cent, alcohol. Vrith tiiis saturate a pad made of soft cotton, covered with wliite musliji, and with the pad thus formed go over your work two or three -times. To become proficient in this work, practice and close attention are required, "W.VLMTT Stai>' for Wood. — "Water, 1 gal. ; Vandyke brown, 10 OZ3. ; bichromate of potash, 1 oz. ; wasliing soda, 6 ozs. ; boil 10 minutes, immerse the article, or apply with a brush as desired. Gold Broxze For. FrKKiTrKE.— Mix copal varnish with gold- colored bronze powder. This is made from bisulphate of Mn. To Eboxize Wood. — ?>Iix lampblack with good French polish and apply in the usual way. The lampblack may be collected on a tin held %ver a kerosene oil lamp, or lighted candie. Kevivek fok Gii.tFka51E.s.— ^^'hite of escis, 2 ozs.; chloride of pot- ash or soda, 1 oz.; mix well; blow olf the diist from the frames; then go over them with a soft brush dipped in the mixture, and thcv will be equal to new. Bad Sjiell from Axim^vl Size.— To remove bad smell jass ii through powdered charcoal. To preserve it, dissolve one OQiice of sidphate of zinc, generally known as wliite copperas, in hot water, anc add to every i cwt. It will keep any length of time. Melt your size, and thorougliiy mW it PoLisHixG Br.\ss axd Sto>-e.— Plate-glass may be polished bj rubbing with emery and water, the emery being of a greater degree of fineness as the work progresses, until at last by employing an imjial- pable variety prepared by suspending emery in' water for an hour or more. Of course no scratches must exist in the work when the polish- ing operation begins ; such must have been removed by means of a coarser emery flour. "Stones, such as Brighton pebbles, &a, are often eat and polished on a rapidly revolving leaden disc, the surface of which is loaded with diamond dust, emery, or tripoli, according to tin stone under operation. 801.CBLB Glass.— I. Silica, 1 part, carbonate of soda. 2 parts; fas* together. 2. Carbooate of sodit (dry) 54 parts; dry carbonate ol CABINETMAKERS, rAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. J^S ^otaesa, 70 parts ; silica, 192 parts ; soluble in boiling -waUfr, yielding ft fine, transparent semi-elastic varnish. S. Carbonate of potassa (dry), 10 parts ; po^wdered quaitz (or sand free from iron or alumina), 15 paits ; charcoal, 1 part ; all fused together. Soluble hi 5 or 6 times its -weight of boilinf/ water. The filtered solution evaporated to dryness, yields a transparent glas.?, permanent in the air. Glass Staining. — The following colors after ha^'ing been prepared, and rubbed ui)ou a plate of grouud-gla!?s, with the sjnrits of turfien- tuie or lavender thickened in the air, are aiipiied with a hair-peacil. Before using them, however, it is necessary to try tliem on small pieces of glass, and expose them to the fire, to ascertain if the desired tone of color is produced. The aitipt must be guided by the?e proof- pieces in using his colors. The glass proper for receiving the::e j-.ig- ments must be colorless, uniform, aud difHcult of fusion. A dei-i'^n must be drawn on paper, and placed beneath the plate of glass. Tfio upper side of the glass, being sponged over with gam-watsr, afTordn, when dry, a surface proper for receiving the colors "wlthoT-t .the risk of running irregularly, as they would othei-wise do on 11:3 dippciy glass. The artist draws on the plate (usually in black),, with aCno pencil, aU the traces which mark the great outlines or shades of tho Bgnres. Afterwards, when it is dry, the vitri';;,-in.jjer,is calciuca together) : grind them to a fine powder, and work this up with eU cohoi upon a hard stone. When shghtly baked, this produces a fjie fiosh-color. Xo. 2.. LUick color. — T;ike 1-1^ oz. of smithy scales of iron ; mix them with 3 oz. of Avhite glass : ar^timonj-, 1 oz. manganese, h oz. ; pound and grind these ingredients together with strong vinegar. No. 3. Brovm color. — White glacs or enamel, 1 oz. -.good manganese. \ oz. ; grind together. No. 4. I\"d, Rose and L'rov:n colors ryo made from peroxide of iron, prepared by nitric acid. Tho flux vwu- sists of borax, sand, and minium, in small quantitif^.s. JTcZ color may likewise be obtained from 1 oz. of red chalk, poujided, mi.ted with 2 oz. white, hard enamel, and a little peroxide of copper. A red may also be coInlK)^^ed of rust of iron, glass of antimonyj yellow gi.T^s of Jead, such as is used Ly potters, or litharge, each in e4ual (juanliuci, f94 CABI^'ETMAKEE5, TAIKTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. to which a little snlphnret of silver is added. This compotdtioii, well gronnd, produces a very fine red color on glass. Ko. 5. Green. — 2 oz. of brass, calcined into an oxide ; 2 oz. of minimti, and 8 oz. of -white eand ; reduce them to a fine tiowder, ■which is to be enclosed in a well-luted crucible, and heated strongly in an air ftirnace for an hour. "When the mixture is cold, giind it ia a brass mortar. Green may, however, be advantageously produced, by a yellow cu one side and a bine on the other. Oxide of chrome tas also been employed ; to stain glass green. No. 6. A fine yeUoic stain. — Take fine silver, lam- inated thin, dissolve in nitric acid, dilute with abundance of water, and precipitate with solution of sea-salt ; mis this chloride of silver in a dry powder, -with three times its weight of pipe-clay well burnt and pounded. The back of tiie glass pane is to be painted with this powder ; for, when painted ou the face, it is r.pt to run into the other colors. A pale yellow can be made by mixing snlphnret of silver with glass of anMmony and yellow ochre, previously calcined to a red bro\\Ti tint. Work all these powders t-ifrether, and paint on the back of the glass. Or silver lamince, melted with sulphur and glass of antimony, thrown into cold water and aiterwards ground to powder, affords a yellow. A pale yelloic may be made with the powder resulting from brass, sulphur, and glass of antimony, calcined together in a crucible till they ceo.se to smoke, and then niixed with a, Uttle burnt ochre. The.7!7l€ yelloio of M. Meraud is rrepared from chloride of silver, oxide of zinc, and rust of iron. This mixture, gimply gronnd, is applied on the glass. Oro?\7e colcr. — Take 1 part of silver powder, as precipitated from the r.irrate of that metal, by plates of copper, and washed ; mix with 1 p;.:t of red ochre, and 1 of yellow, by careful trituration ; grind into a thin pap, with oil of tur- pentine or lavender : apply this with a brush, cud bum in. To Sn-VEB LooKi>-G GLASsrs. — A sheet of tin-foU corresponding to the size of the plate of glass is evenly spread on a perfectly smooth r.TA solid marble table, and every wrinkle on its surface is cajefuUy nibbed down with a brush : a portion of merctuy is then poured on, and rubbed over the foil with a clean piece of soft woollen stuff, after which, two rules are applied to tlie edges, and mercury poured on to the depth of a crown piece ; when any oxide on the surface is care- fully removed, and the sheet of glas3,"rerfectly clean and dry, is slid along over the surface of the liquid metal, so that no air. dirt, or oxide can possibly either remain or got between them. "Ulien tha glass has arrived at its proper piosition. gentle pressure is applied, and the table sloped a httle to carry off the waste mercury ; after which it is covered with flannel, and loaded with heavy weights ; in t-.venty-four hours it is removed to another table, and further slanted, and this position is progressively increased during a month, till it becomes perpendicular. PoECELAix CoLOBS. — The following are some of the colora used In the celebrated porcelain manufactorv of Sevres, and the propor- tions in which they are compounded. Though intended forporcelain painting, nearly all are applicable to painting on glass. Flui No. 1 Eiinum or red lead, 3 parts ; white sand, washed, 1 part. This miituie Is melted, by which it is converted into a greenish-colored glass. Flux No. 2. Gray flux.— Ot No. 1, 8 parts ; tas&d borax in powder, 1 part. This mixture is melted. Flux No. 3. For carmine* andgrter^ CABINETMAKEBS. PAINTEES'. AC, BECEIPTS. 295 —Melt togetlier fused borax, 6 parts , calcined flints, 3 parts ; pure minnm, 1 part No. 1. Indifjo »iu«.— Oxide of cobalt, 1 part ; flux No. 3, 2 i>arts. Deep azure 6? «e.— Oxide of cobalt, 1 part; oxide of rinc, 2 i«irts ; flux No. 3, 5 parts. No. 2. Eincrcdd Green. — Oxide of copper, 1 part ; antimonic acid, 10 parts ; flux No, 1, 30'paxtM. Pul- Tcme together, and melt. No. 3. Grass green. — Green oxide of chromium, 1 part ; flux No. 3, 3 parts. Triturate and melt No. 4. Yellow. — -Antimonic acid, Ipart ; Bubsulphate of the peroxide of iron, 8 parts ; oxide of zinc, 4 parts : flux No. 1, 3(3 parts. Rub np together and melt. If this color is too deep the salt of iron is diminished. No. 6. Fixed yellow for to^iches. — Na 4, 1 part ; -white enamel of com- merce, 2 parts. Melt and pour out ; if not siiffieicutly tixed, a little sand may be added. No. 6. Deep Nankin yellow. — Subsalphate of iron, 1 part ; oxide of zinc, 2 parts ; flux No. 2, 8 parts. Triturate ■without melting. No. 7. Deep red. — Subsnlphate of iron, calcined in a muffle until it becomes of a beautiful capucine red, 1 ijart ; flux No. 2, 3 parts. Mix without melting. No. 8. Liver brown. — Oxide of iron made of a red brown, aud mixed with three times its weight of flux No. 2. A tenth of sienna earth is added to it, if it is not deep enough. No. 9. Mliite. — The white enamel of commerce, in cakes. No. 10. Deep black.— Onde of cobalt, 2 parts ; copper, 2 parts ; oxide of manganese, 1 part ; flux No. 1, 6 jkrts ; fused borax, i part. Melt, and add oxide of manganese, 1 part ; oxide of copper, 2 parts. Trit- urate without melting. The Application.— ToUow tlie general direc- tions given in another part of this work, in relation to staining glass. How TO WErrH ox Glass in the Sex. — Dissolve chalk in aqua- fortis to the consistency of mUk, and add to that a strong dissolution of silver. Keep this in a glass decanter well stopped. Then cut out from a paper the letters you will have appear, and paste the paper on the decanter or jar, which you are to pkice in the sun in such a man- ner that its ravs may pass through the spaces cut out of the paper, and fall on the surface of the linuor. The part of the glass tlirongh which the rays pass will turn blacK, whilst that under the paper will remain white. Do not shake the bottle during the operation. Used in let- tering jars. To SxArx OR CoLOE Glass. — For amethyst, oxide of manganes* Is used ; blue, oxide of cobalt ; for brown, oxide of iron ; for green, black oxide of copper ; for purple, oxide of gold ; for ruhij red, sub- oxide of copper ; for tchite, oxide of tin ; for yellow, oxide of silver, &c. These substances pure and well powdered, are either added to the melted contents of tne glass-pot, or are applied to the surface as in glass staining. Fine Blue. To 10 lbs. of flint glass, previously melted and cast into water, add zaffer, 6 drs. ; calcined copper, J oz. ; prepared by putting sheet copper into a crucible, and exposing it to the action of a fire not strong enough to melt tlie copper, and you will have the copper in scales, which vou x)ound. — Briqht ViiqAe. Use 10 lbs. flint glass as before ; zaffero drs.; precipitate of calcium. 1 dr. Cold Ydfow. Flint glass 28 Ibe., of the tartar which is found ia nrine, i lb., purify by putting in a crodble on the fire until it ceases to smoke, and add manganc-e, 2 ozs. Bottle Gla.hs. — No. 1. Dark Green. — Fused glanber-salts, lUtM.; Boaper salts, 12 lbs. ; wnste soap-aslies, ^ bush. ; silicious sand, { cwt. ; glass-skimmings, 22 lbs. ; broken green gkuis, 1 cwtto Ij^ cwt, j basalt, 23 lbs-, to i owt. No. 2. Pale Orcen. —Pale sand, 100 Iba. *, kelp, 35 lbs. ; lixiviated wood-aslies, 1^ OAVt. ; fresh do,, 40 Iba. ; pipe-clay, | cwt. ; ciilUt, cr. broken glas^a, 1 cvrt. No. 3 Yellow ol white Faiul, 120 part^ ; woofl-ashes, 80 parts ; pearl-ashes, 20 parts : common salt, 15 iiurtd ; v.hite arseuic, 1 part ; very pale. Ci'ystat Glass.— ^0.1. Refilled potaihes. GO lbs. ; saud, 120 lbs. ; chalk, 24 lbs. ; nitre and white arsenic, of eaohj 2 lbs. ; oxide of manganese, 1 to 2 oz. No. 2. Pure white sand, 120 parts ; refined aslies, 70 parts ; saltpetre, 10 parts ; white arsenic, ^\iirt ; oxide of manganese, \ part. No. 3. Sriud, 120 parts ; red-lead"^ 50 paits ; puriScd pearlash, 40 parts; nitre,. 20 parts; manganese, ^ part. Flask Glass (of St. JSiieniic). — Pure silicious sand, CI parts ; potash, 3^ pails ; lime, 21 parts ; heavy spar, 2jiarts ; oxide of manganese, q. s. Best German Cnjslal GU'-fS. — Take 120 lbs. of calcined Hints or white sand ; best pearlash, 70 lbs. ; saltpetre, 10 lbs. ; arsenic, I lb. ; and 5 oz magnesia. No. 2. (C/i?rtKr.>— Sand or fiiut, 120 lbs. ; pearlash, 4Clbs. ; nitre, 7 lbs. ; arsenic, G lbs. ; magnesia, 5 oz. This will require a long continuance in the furnace, as do all others when much of the arsenic is used. Plate Glass. — No. 1. rmo sand, 40 parts ; dry carbonate of soda, 261 parts ; lime, 4 parts ; nitre, 1\ parts ; broken ]3late glass, 25 parts. No. 2. Ure's. — Quartz-sand, ICO parts ; calcined sulphate o£ soda, 24 parts ; lime, 20 parts ; crdlet of soda-glass, 12 parts. No. 3. l7eH««.— Sand, 100 parts ; calcined sulphr.te of soda, 50 parts ; lirae, 20 parts ; charcoal, 2^ parts. No. 4. French. — White quartz sand and cullet, of each "00 parts ; dry carbonate of soda, 100 parts ; sk,kcd lime, 43 parts. Crown Gla.'^s. — No. 1. Sand, ^^00 lbs. ; soda- ash, 200 lbs. ; lime 30 to "5 lbs. ; 200 to 300 lbs. of broken glass. No. 2. (JBohcmian.)— Vine silicious «(and, G3 part-; ; potash, 22 parts ; lime, 12 parts ; oxide of manganese, J part. No. ?. I Prof. Schicciggers.)— Pure sand, 100 lbs. ; dry sulphate of soia, 50 parts ; dry quicklime m powder, 17 to 20 pails ;' charcoal, 4 paits. l^rodiict, white and good. Pest Window-Glass.— l\o. 1. Take of whito sand, GO lbs. ; puri- fied pearkishes, 30 lbs. ; of saltpetre, 15 lbs. ; of borax, lib. ; of arsenic, ■| lb. This will be very clear and colorless if the ingredients be good, and not be very dear. No. 2. (Cheaper.)— \\'hitQ s.ind, CO lbs. ; un- puritied pearl-ashes, 25 lbs. ; of common salt, 10 lbs. ; nitre, 5 lbs. ; arsenic, 2 lbs. ; magnesia, 1^ oz. No. 3. Common green uindoio-' (jlass. — Vv^hite sand,''G0 11 '-i. ;''unpurlficd peailashcs, 30 lbs. ; common salt, 10 lbs. ; arsenic, 21!;s. ; magnesia, 2 oz. Loolivg-G ass Plate. —No. 1. Cleansed white sand, GO lbs. : pcarlashes, purified, 25 lbs. ; saltpetre, 13 lbs. ; borax, 7 lbs. This cwnposition should bo contin- ued long in the fire, wliicli should be sometimes strong and artcr- wards more moden'tp, tlint the glass m;iy be entirely free from bub- bles before it be wor!;ed. No. 2. 'V^'hitesaiHl, G01L'.s. ; pearkishes, 20 lbs. ; common s::!t, 10 lbs. ; nitre, 7 lis. ; borax, 1 lb. This glass will run with as little he;:t as th.o former; but it will bo more brittle, and, TcfKU't the rays cf li<-:''ifc in a greater degree. No. 3. Washed white eand, GO lbs. ; purified penrlashes, 25 lbs. : niti'e, 15 lbs. ; borax, 7 lbs. If proi)€rly managed, this glass v.iil be colorless. Window Glnss.—^o. 1. Dried sulphate of soja, llll'S. ; soaper salts, 10 lbs. ; lixiviated soap waste, ^ bush. ; sand, £0 to CO I'.is. ; glass-pot Bki:n- miugs, 22 lbs. ; broken /T'cfepi-eenglasrs, Icv.t. No. 2. (Paler.) — ^Whita eand, CO lbs. ; pearl-ashes, oO lbs. ; common aalt 10 lbs. ; arsenic, Id Ci^BHTETiLlKEKS, PAIKTEES/ AC, RECEIPTS. 29? ^**^} '^Jl* ^^ manganese, 3 to 4 oz. Xo. 3. (Very Pa7e. >— Whtts Band, 60 lbs. ; gocxi i«t ashee, 25 lb?. ; common enit 10 Jbs. ; nitre 5 w^d ^.-r='^' uv'-' '^^^*^^^'*^» - ^ * "^- «^ required ; broken poia Ck)ix)Rfa> PoTTEiw' Glazixgs.— TJ7,,7e: prepare an latiraate mix- ture of 4 pam 01 massicot, U ul tiu a^he^, a fragmentd of cj-,>ial glass, and ^ part of sea salt The mixture n PulIerecL to melt in eanhen- ^re vftfsels. when the liquid fiuj may be i^^ed. Tdh-ic ; take equal parts of maj^sioot. red lead and sulphuret vi antimony, calcine tbo mixture, and reduce it again to powder, add Uieu2 i -irts of pnre ■ind. and 1^ r^irt^ of salt ; melt tbe whole. Grcm ■ o p.j^^ pj ^,^.^ \l^,^^/'^^^^^'--<^% } part of Kat aiid copi.cr scales, atci.rdiW to" the shade to l^e produced : melt and use. VioUt; 1 i«rt ma^cct 3 Mrts sand. 1 of smalt, J part of bbck cxida of man^-anese : melt i^iu '" 1,,, ^J^^ ,^*^ mas.-icot, equal puita ; bli:e s"-ia!t, h part ': mclL Black; black oxide of manu'ane>e, 2 paits ; suioTt i lart • burned quartz, 1 part ; ma^>ic•ct, l.V pr>its ; nieit Lr^'sn'; ^a bottift gla^, 1 part ; mangane**, 1 rart ; lead, 2 parts, Keit MoKTAR, Pi,.vsTEii, d:c.-22 kLm.3.-1. i7o7,- J/.-rtor.— Cemefli, « parte; lime 3 parts; sand, 31 parts. 2. if'j.tar.— Lime, 1 part; sbarp^ clean sand, 24 paits. An excels of water in eUikiu- ihe lime sweli^ the mortar, which remains light and porous, cr thrinks in dTving: an excess of s-and dcstrovs the cohesive properties of tie ffass S Brmcn Jforf ar — Luue, 1 part; sand, 2 parts, aud a small qi-anftv of hair, i Bnck J/ort«r.— Cement, 3 yans; lime, 3 part^; s:;i,d 27 parts. Lame and sflnd. and cement and sand, Ic^.'^en al)Out 4 in Tolume when mixed U -ether. 5. Turkish Mortar.— Vowdend brick and tiles. 1 p;irt ; line eifted lime, 2 parts ; mix to a proper ccnsistencv witn water, and lay on layei^ of 5 or 6 imhes thick between the rourses of bnck or stone. Verv useful on mns^ve or Terr solid buildmgs. 6 Inienor PlasiirJig—f\xirs€ SUnf.—Commcn lime mortar as made for brick masonry, with a smaU q"uantitT of hair • or by volnme^. lime ia*.te (;^ lb.-<. lime.) 1 part; sard, 2 to 2i part*; hair. i V^n. A\ lien fuUiime for hardening cannot be allowed. sn1jst=tute Iiom loto 20;>f'r cent, of the lime by an equal portion of hvdmnlic ^^il^*- ^- • ^¥ ^,^"ond or broicn coat the pr(>iiortion of hair may be sbghtly dinum.vhed. 7. Fine Stuf.—{Ume puttv): Lumo lirup sla'kcd to a paste with a moderate volun;e of water, aud aiterwcrd? dUuted to the coasisteucy of cream, and then harden bv evaiion-tiou to the re- quired con.or. JIj.rd Finish. Flno Ftufif applied with a trowel to the depth of about J of an inch. I'i Cement for External Use. — Ashes, 2 parts; clay, 3 parts; sand, 1 part; mix -with a little oiL Yery durable. 14. Compositions for Streets and Roads. — Bitumen, 16.875 parts ;?.splialtum, 2.2o parts; oH of resin, 6.25; sand, 1.33 parts, TLiclicess from It to Ig inches. Asphaltum, 55 lbs., and gravel 28.7 lbs. ■v^-lIl cover an area of 10.75 square feet. 15. Asphalt Cymposiiion. — ^^I-ueral pitch, 1 part; b'tn- men, 11 parts ; powdered stone or wood a.-:'.'.es, 7 parts. 16. Asphalt Mastic is composed of nearly pure carbonate of line and about 9 or 10 per cent, of bitumen. "When in a state of powder it is mi.-^od •with about 7 per cent, of bitumen or mineral pitch. The powdered asphalt is mixed ■with the bitumen in a melted state alon^r with clean gravel, and consistency is piven to pour it into moulds. The asphalt is duc- tile, and has elasticity to enable it, with tlie small stones sirted upon it, to resist ordiuary wear. Sun and rain do not aflect it. wear and tear do not seem to injure it The pedestrian in many cities in tlio Tnited States and Canada, can readily detect its presence on the side- walk by its peculiar yielding to the foot as he steps over it. It is also a most excellent roofing material when riglitly applied, it bc::i:; on record in France that a stout roof of this material ■withstood the ac- cidental fall of a stack of chimneys, ■with the osly efTect of bruL-ing the mastic, readily repaired. 17.' Asphalt Jhr WaiJ^s. — Take 2 p.-.rts ■very dry Ume rubbi&hT and 1 part coal ashes, also very dry, ail s; Itcd fine. In a dry place, on a dry day, mir tliem, and leave a hole ii] the middle of the heap, as bricklayers do when mailing mortar. Int j this pour boihng hot coal fcir; mix, and when as stiff as mortir, pat it three inches thick where the ■walk is to be; the ground should be dry and beaten smo .naudi oiL W. Cexaoni for 2'i?e-.E'3o/«.— Equal parts of whit- C>LBiyETMAKKR8, PADfTEBS', AC, RECEIPT*. 299 tag and dry sand, and 25 per cent of litharge, made into the consst* ency of putty with linseed oiL It is not liable to crack when cold, nor mtft, like coal-tar and asphalt, with the heat of the sun. 20. Cement for Outside of Brick ITcu/*.— Cement for the outside of brick walla, to imitate stone, is made of clean sand. 90 parts ; litharge, 5 parts ; plaster of Paris, 5 parts; moistened with boiled linseed oiL The bricks shotild receive two or three coats of oil before the cement ia «>plied. 21. Tracer Lime at Fifty Cents per Barrel. — Fine clean sand, lOO lbs. ; quick-lime in powder, 28 lbs. ; bone ashes, 14 lbs. ; for use, beat up with water, and use as quick as possible. 22. Cement for Seami in Roofs.— Ta.ke equal quantities of white lead and white sand, and as much oil as will make it into the consistence of putty. It wDJ in a few weeks become as hard as stone. SiLVEB Polish Kalsomin-e. — Take 7 lbs. of Paris white and J lb. of light colored glue. Set the glue in a tin vessel containing 3 pts. of •water, let it stand over night to soak, then put it in a kettle of boiling water over the fire, stirring till it is well dissolved and quite thin. Then, after putting the Paris white into a large water pail, pour on hot water and stir it tDl appears like thick milk. Now mingle the glue liquid with the whiting, stir it thoroughly and apply with a whitewafih brush, or a large paint brash. JIKAflCKEME>TC OF STOh'B OB BB>"Tt WOEK. 1. Perch, Matons' or Quarrymen^ Ifeature, 16i feet long ) ( 16 inches wide > «= ■^ 22 cubic feet To be l^<«^l^ed in wall. 12 " high) ( Js^SSS'^del = I 24.ra cubic feet To ^* measured in 12 " high) ( P"®- 1 cubic yard = 3 feet X 3 feet X 3 feet = 27 cubic fee^. The cubic yard has become the standard for all contract work of '»te years. Stone walls less than 16 inches thick count as if 16 inches thick to masons ; over 16 inches thick, each additional inch is counted. VUKBKB or BBICK KEQCIELED TS WALL FEB S<)UAJl& roOT TACB Ot WALL. Thicknees of walL 4 inches 7i 8 " 15 13 " 22i 16 " 30 » " 37J rhici sness o< wan. 24 inchfl* 46 28 K 62i 32 11 60 36 (( 67^ 42 aJ paint. It is svperior. Farmkk^' t.'u>-T.— Parjut-ri will find the following profitatle fc« home or fence P'tiJ^t '■ sliim milit, two qu<\its; frt-iih daked lin:e 8 oz.; linseed oil, D oz- ; white Buigiindj pitch, 2 oz. ; Spanish while, 3 lbs. The liroe is to l>e shii^ed in water, esiT.oscd to ti.e air. and t!;cn n.ixcd with about ona-foinlh of the milk; the oU m which tlie pitil. U (.: .- ulved to be added a Ltile at a time, then the rest of the milk, and alterwards the Spanish white. Ti:isLs suiUcieut for twenty -fievcn yaids, 2 coats. This is for wlJte paint If desirable, any other color niay be produced ; thus, if a cream color is detired, in place of pait of tl;e Spanish white use the other alone. EsnsiATE OF SIATEBIAL3 AXD LABOR FOB 100 StjnABB TASDS Of LATK A2SD PLASTCB. Materials ITteee coats and Labor, hard finiiih. Two Coartfe Slipped. 1 Slaterials and Labor. Three coats hard finish. Two CO*t3 Slipped. Lime. . .| 4 Oaeks. LximpLime; ^i " Pla.'itcr of Paris . . »<, " T.T.hs. . .200' Hair . , . 4 bxuhs. Sand ... loatK 2000 elojuls. j'^hiieSiind 'Nail?. . . Masoiis . . 1 Laborer . jCariage . . 13 'lbs. 4 da-ya. 1 « 13 Ihe. aij dnys. 2 " % " l*ArNTT:;o ik Milk, — Skimmed milk, | gallon ; newly slaked lime, 6 cz. ; and 4 oz. of poppy, lln.^eed, or nntoil; and 3 lbs. Si^anish white. I'lit t'.ie lime into an earthen yesscl or clean bucket; and having loiircd on it a sufficient quantity of milk to make it about the tLiclmess of cream, add the oil in small quantities a littla at a tiuiCj stirring the mixtuie welL Tuen put in the rest of the mUk, aiterv.-ard3 tlie Siani.t ■\nTH0CT Oil or Lead. — Slake stone-lime with boiling water in a tub or barrel to keep in the steam; then pass 6 quarts tlirough a fine sieve. Xow to this quantity add 1 quart of coarse salt, and a gallon of water; boil the mixture, and skim it dear. To every five gallons of this skimmed mixture, add 1 lb. alum; ^ lb. -eoppenis: and by slow degrees | lb. ph. and 4 quarts sifted ashea or tine sand ; add any coloring desired. A more aurable paint wag nfever made. GsEEy Paist fob Gabdes^ Staiojb, Bu>^d3, ETC.— Take mineral CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 301 green, and white lead groood ia turpentine, mix np tiie qnantitT yon ^sh with a small quantity of tnrj^entiue varuiilju Tliis gerves for tb« first coat For the second, put aj much varaish iu your mixture as will produce & good glosg, if you dej>ire a brighter green, add a little Prussian blue, which will much improve the color. Milk Pai>t, for B.\rx3, axy Colok. — Slii water lime with gTrir: milk, to a proper consistence to apply with a brush, and it ia ready to use. It will adhere well to wood, whether smooth or ron;j;h, to brit^k, mortar, or .-tone, where oil h;is not been used (in wluch ciseitclearej to some extent), and forms a very hard substmce, as durable as tha best oil paint. It is too cheap to estimate, and any one can put it or who can use a brush. Any color may be given to it, by using colors of the tinge de,-5ired. If a fed is preferred, mix Venetian red with Tniiv^ £ot using any lime. It loolia well for fifteen years. P.AJXT. — To Make wrruorr Lead or Oil. — ^Wliitinj, 5 lbs.; ekimmed milk, 2 qts. ; fre.'jh slaked lime, 2 cz. Pat tlie lime int j a stoneware vessel, pour niwu it a sufiidsnt quantity of the milk to make a mixture resembling cream j tlie balance of the milk is then to be ^ded; and Lastlv, the whiting is to be crumbled u'x^n the surface of the fluid, ia whic'h it gradually sinlcs. At tl-ia periv;>J it must bo well stirred in or ground, as yon would other paint, and it is fit for use. Paris Grix>*. — Tske unslaked lime of the best quality, sLike it with hot watar; then take the finest part of the i)owder, and add alum water as strong as it can be made, suiScient to form a thick pa.'te, then color it with bichromate of jxitash and sulphate of copper until the color suits your fancy, and dry it for use. N.B. — The sul- phate of copper gives a blue tinge ; the bichromate of jxitash, a yil- low. Obsei-ve this, and you will get it right Beaxttiful Geeex Pai>t for WALLs.^^Take 4 lbs. Roman Titriol, and pour on it a teakettlefnl of boiling water. Whcndis- fiolvbd, add 2 lbs. pearlash, and stir the mixture well with a stick un- til the effervescence ceases; then axld ^ lb. pulverized yeJlow arsenic, and stir the whole together. Lay it on with a, paint brush ; and If the wall has not been painted before* 2 or even 3 coats will be requisite. If a pea-green is required, put in less, if an apple-green, more, of the yellow arsenic. This paint does not cost the" quarter of oil paint, and looks better. Blue Color fob Cehjxgs, &c. — ^Boil slowly for 3 hours 1 lb. blue vitriol and h lb. of the best whiting in about 3 qts. water; stir it frequently whileboiling, and also on taicing it off the fire. When it has stood till quite cold, pour oil" the blue Uqnid, then mix the cake of cnlor with good size, and use it with a plasterer's brush lathe same manner as whitewash, either for walls or ceilings. To H-iRDEX WiriTEWAsn. — To ^ pail of common whitewash add ipint of flour. Ponron boiling water in quantity to thicken it. Then add 6 pals, of the lime water, and stir welL Wii-TEWAsn THAT WILL NOT KcB OFF. — Mix Up half a pailful of Jme and water, ready to put on t'r.e wall; then tike J pt. flour, mix it up with water; then poor on it boiling wnter, a sufftcieut quantity to eJckenit; thcnjwur it while hot iuto tho wlutewjkslj, etir aUwiJi together, and it is ready for use. U2 CALCULATIONS, AC, FOR BUILDERS. Slati^^g —The pitch of a slateJ roof shoald be about 1 in height to 4 in leneih; the usuaJ lap is abont 3 in*., but is is fomeiimes 4. Eatb slat* pbould be f .istene-l bv 2 naiis, either ot copper or zinc. A «iuare of glat^ U 100 superflciai fee't, allowances being made for the txc-uble of cutting The slatee at the hips, eaves, rouud chiuuieyj, etc. The sidea and bottom edge* of the slates should be triuimed, and the uail boles punched as near the head as possible; they should be sorted in siz#^, when ihev su-e no» all of one eize, and the siiiallest riz^ pla^-ed near the ridge. The thiok- nese of ^lates yaries from 3-16 to 5-16 of an inch, and their weight from 2.6 to 4-53 lbs. per square foot. The following uble of sizes, etc., of rooi- iug siaic-* ii very useful: i . v-^ „, Xo. re-Xo. of Dewription. ] «H"8« fS^f?- perl-'V toco vex quired I '• u i^^^, iu t^as- one to one I inches, cover. jLength Bre'th. square. , square. I ft. ill. Double* 1 1 Ladies C-ounteoaee Duch eases. Imi>erials ... Bags and Q u e e ns Westmore- lands, of various 54 7 9 10^4 2 7 2 10 3 4?0 175 127 3S2 234 a ton ^U cover C^« to 2^ ■qoaiw. sizes. The next table exhibits the comparative weighi of various roof corer- WeUht. l.eabt Slope. Plain tiles, per sqtiare of 100 Bup'l feet . Pantiles Slarijig, an average L'ead, 7 lbs. per sup'l feet Com: gated iron Cot'i'-rr. or zluc. 16ozs. per sup'l feet.. . Tiilivr framing for slated or tiled roofs Boar.liug, s^ in. thick Board: :ig. \^ in. thick A J i:.; .'nal load for pressure of wind. . . Gou-i rr-'-'fs. steeoest aiig'.e 8 to IScwt. S^iCwt. 7 to 9 cwt. 6'^ cwt. Scwt lem. 560 to C72 lbs. 24 cwt. Bcwx. 35c«t. 26^4 to 30° 254 to 3U» 4=> 4> 4'» &>» CotEST FOR M.u?BLE .OTD Alab.aster. — Mix 12 part? of Port- land cemeut. 6 parts slacked lime, 6 parts of fine sand, and 1 part of infu-sorial earth, and make np into a tiuck pa,ocly of terra cotta, a partial vitrificr.t:on of the mass is aimed at by adding clays and substancea whi'.'h coufciin a small amount of alkalies wliich act as a flux to f ass tie body harder ; also vitrifying ingredients, pure white river sand, old firebrick, ground fine, previously ground clay called " grog," ara addnd in various proportions, amoimting even to 25 per cent. They ci;uutoract excessive shrinkage, act as vitrifying elements, and keep t'le color lighter. In tlio manufactirre the mixture of clays is ground under an edge runner to the consistency of floar. The mills have either revolviug or stationarj"^ pans ; t'lO former do tlia most work. In order to mix and incorporate tiie different clays, a subijequent care- ful pugging i.s rcxjuired, for hot water is somelimcs uscl The mix- 'tiiro'when brought to the proper homogeneous consistency, is placed in a plaster mould, dried near the kilns or otlierwLse, an baked in a kiln for five or seven days, luring wliich time itis slowly brought to a white heat, and is gradually cooled down again. I order to avoid twisting and warpmg dnring the firing, it is necessary, besides complete mix- ing of olays, that the mould be shaped so as to give a uniform thick- ness of material throughout, and ii the temperature of the kilns be well graded, the homogeneous body will not wai^i. To cheajien terra cotta builduig block.'?, they are made hollow, and filled, diu-ing the con- etruction, with concrete or cement. Although in tlie kilns tlie pro- ductions are separated from the wares, it is foimd that the use of sul- ph.urous fuel darkens and tami.she3 the surface, and it is to be avoid- (■d. This material admits of being used with tlie greatest facility ia the formation of th« most elaborate architectural ornaments and other beautiful derigns which can be multiplied to any required extent at a f ery cheap rate. A piece of four inch column tested at the 1851 Exhibi- tion required a pressure of ibj tons per square foot to crush it, or aa touch as good gi-anite and two or three times a.s much as most build- ing stone. ExcELT^EXT CHE.'i.p RooFiNO. — Ilave your roof stiff, raftera made of stuff IJj by 8 inches, well supported and 6 feet apart, with ribs 1 inch by '2 inches, set edgeways, well nailed to the rafters, about 18 inches apart. The boards may be thin but must be well eeaaoned, and nailed close together- this done, lay down and cover the roof with thin 20 SOS CABIKETMAKEBS, PACfTEES', &C., BECZIPTS. Boft, fpon^ gtraw paper used in making paper-Txixe?, which comee IJt roll* and comee very low. Lay in courses up and down the roof, and lap over, riailing down with common No. 6 tacks, with leather nndef the beads like carpet tacks. Then spread on geveral coatingB of the following comp>osition, previously boiled, stixred, and mired together: good clean tar, 8 gals. ; Roman cement, 2 gaU. (or in its place very fine, clean sand may be used) ; resin, 5 It*?. ; tallow. 3 1m. ; apply hot : and let a hand follow, and eift on sharp grit gand, pressing it in- to the tar composition. If wished fire-proof, go over the above with the following preparation ; slake stone lime nnder cover with hot water till it falls into a fine powder, sift and mix 6 qta. of this with 1 qt salt ; add 2 gals, water, boil and skim. To 5 gals, of this add 1 lb of alum, and l| lb. of copperas, slowly while boiling, lilbs. jKJtash and 4 qts. of clean, sharp sand, and any color desired. Apply a thick coat with a brush, and you have a roof which no fire can injure from the outside. How TO BcTLD Gbavel HorsES. — This is the best building ma- terial in the world. It is four times cheai)er than wood, six times cheaper than stone, and superior to either. Proportions for mixing : to ^ight barrows of slaked lime, weU deluged wiih water, add 15 barrows of sand ; mif the?© to a creamy consistency, then add 60 barrows of coarse gravel, w hich murt be worked well ajid completely ; you can then throw stones into this mixture, of any Bhai>e or size, up to ten inches in diameter. Form moulds for the walls of the house by fixing boards horizontally a::ainst upright standards, which must be immovably braced so that they will not yield to the immense pres- sure outwards as the material 'settles ; set the stpjidardi in pairs around the building where the walls are to sfcrnd, from six to eigl:t feet apart, and so wide that the inner space shr.U form the thickness of the wall Into the moulds thus formed throw in the concrete material as fast as you choose, and the more promiscuously the better. In a short time the gravel will get as hard as the solid rock. Yabxtsh fob Plastek Casts.— ^Miite soap and white wax, each J oz., water 2 pts., boil together in a clenn ves.iel for a short time. Thia varnish is to be applied when cold with a soft brush. The BBO>"zr>'G of Pla«tf:b Casts is eiTected by givmg them a coat of oil or size varnish, and when this is nearly dry, applying with a dabber of cotton cr a camel-hair pencil any of the metallic brcnze powders ; or the powder may be placed in a little b-ag of muL-lin^ and onsted over the surface, and'afterwards finished with a wad of Imen. Ths surface must be afterwards vsmished. SuBSTirTTB FOR Plaeteb OF Paei?. — Beft whiting. 2 lbs. ; glue, 1 lb. ; linseed oil, 1 Ih. Iler.t all together, and stir thoroughly. Let the compound cool, and then by it on a stone covered with powdered wmting, and heat it well till it becomes of a tough and firm consistence ; then put it by for use, covering ^1th wet dcths to keep it fresh. ^Vhen wanted for nse, it must be cut hi pieces adr.::ted to the size of the mould, into which it is forced by a screw press. The ornament may be fixed to the wall, picture-frame, &c., with glua or white lead. It'beoomes in time as hard as stone it^^elf. MoDEi-LrsG Clay. — Knead dry clay with glycerine instead cf water, and a mass is obtained which remains moiit and pListic for a ^ooiiidenble time, being a gio&X cosvenience tc the znodeUer. WATCnMAKEKS, JE'^TELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 30? Roman Ce:mi:>-t.— Drift sand, 94 parts j mislaked lime, 12 lbs. ; »nd 4 Ibe. of the ixwrest cheese grated ; mix •well ; add hot (not boil- ing) -water to reduce to a proper consLstence for plastering. Work ■well and quick with a thin smooth coat. To Polish Plaster of Pakis woitK.— The addition of lor 2 per tent of many saltcs, such as alum, siilphato of potash, or borax, confers upon g>-psum the property of setting slowly in a mass capabla of receiving a very high polish. To MAKE Plaster of Parls as hard as Marble. — The plaster is put in a drum, turning horizonfcdly on its axis, and steam admitted from a steam boiler : by this means the plaster is made to absorb in a short si^ace of time tlie desired quantity of moisture, which can bo regulated with great precision. The plaster thus prepared is fiUcl into suitable moulds ; and the whole snbmitted to the action of an hydraulic press : when taken out of the moulds, the articles ar3 ready for use, and will be found as hard as marble, and will taka a, polish Mke it. To TAKE A Plaster of P.vris Cast from a Person's Face. — The jwrson must lie on his back, and his hair be tied behind ; into eacli nostril put a conical piece of paper, open at each end, to allow of breathing. The face is to be hghtly oiled over, aud the plaster, bemg properly prepared, is to be poured over the face, taking particular care that the eyes are shut, till it is a quarter of an inch thick. In a few nfiinutes the plaster may be removed. In this a mould is to bo formed, from which a second cast is to be taken, that will furnish caeta exactly like the originaL '^ti^i.- WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS A^^> GILDERS RECEIPTS, TABLES, &c. On Watch Cleaning.— The greatest care is necessary in takingc the watoh down, and separating its parts. First, remove the haudt carefully, so as not to beud the shght pivots on which they work, next remove the movement from the case, and take off the "dial and di.il wheels ; next, let down the main spring by placing your bench key upon the arbor, or wiadiug post, and tuiiung as though jou "Jrei» 308 WATCHMAKERS, JETTELLERS , &,C., KECETPTS. going to ^tvind the -watcTi tintil the click refta lightly npoti the ratchet* then with your screw-driver pre«>9 the point of tlie cliclc away from tlie teeth and ease down the springs; next, draw the b'crews, or pins, and remove the bridges of tlie train or tlie upper plate, as %h9 case may be, next, remove the bahmce with the greiitest care to avoid iujurmg the hair spring. The stud or emcll ]>f)f-t into which the hnif epring is fastened may be removed from the bridge or plate of most modem watches without nukeying the spring, by glipping a thin u> etrument, like the edge of a blade knife, under the conier of it Rn.i frying upward, this will save much trouble, as you will not have ti.e air-spring to adjust when von reset the baiauce. If the watch upon Tvliich you propose to work has an upper plate, p.a an American or an Enghsh lever for instance, loosen tl'.e lever IcTore yoit have entirely separated the plates, otlxerT\ise it will hang and probably be broken. The watch being now taken apart, brush tbc dust away from ita dif- ferent parts, and subject tliera to a careful examinatiou with ronr *v6-glas8. Assure yourself the t«eth of the wheels ajid leaves of tlie pinions are all perfect and smooth; that the pivots are all straight, round, and higlily polished; that the holes through wliich they arfc to ■work are not too large, and have not become oval in shape ; that every jewel is smooth and perfectly goimd ; and that none of them are loose in their settings. See also that the escapement is net too deep or too f hallow ; that the lever or cylinder 13 perfect; that all the wheels havd Faflacient plav to avoid friction, but not enough to derange their coming together properly; that tione of them work against tlie pillar- rhite ; that the balance turns horizontally and does not rub : that th» hair-spring is not bent or WTongly set so th.at the coi's rub on each other on the pkte, or on the bahince; in short, th.nt everythmg about the ■whole movement is just as reason would teach vou it sliould be. If Ton find it otherwise, proceed to repair in accordance ■with a carefully Weighed judgment and the processes given in this chapter, after which clctm; if not, the watch ofily needs to be cleaned, and, therefore, you may go on with your work at once. To Clt-xs. — Tlie be.-t procesa is to pimply blow your breath upon the plate or bridge to be cleaned, and then to U5e your brush witli a little prepared chalk. The wheels and bridges should be held between the thumb and finger in a piece of gof t paper while undergoing the pro- cess; otherwise iJie oil ft-rrna the skin will prevent their becoming clean. The pinions m-iy be cleaned by sinlnng them several times into a piece of pitli, and" the holes by turning a nicely shaped piece of pivot wood iiito them, fir'-.t dry, and afterwards oiled a very little with watch oil. When the holes pass through jewels, yon "must work gently to avoid breaking tliem. Thk " CHEsncAij Process." — Some ■watchmakers employ wniit they call the *- Chemical Process " to cleah and remove discoloration from watch movements. It is as follows : — Remove the screws and other steel parts ; then dampen with a solution of oxalic acid and wr.ter. Let it remain a few minirtes. after ■^•hich immerse in a »jluti(jn made of one-fourth poimd cyanuret pot- assa to one gallon rainwater. Let remain about five rriinutes, and then nns9 trell with clean water, after which you may dry in sawdust, of "^th a brush and prepared chalk, aa suits your convenience. Thia £>E!9 t]M work an exceUent appeanuKd, ▼ATCnsIAKEBS, JEWELLERS , AC, BECEIPTS. 301 To PKEPAEE Chaix FOB CLEAToyo.— Pnlrerke yoTiT duilk thor- •cghiy, and tiien mix it ■jritb cIkvt n;in \r?.term t'*ie proportion to lwoponnd5 to t-.e^-llon. Stir TreH. r_ud then let rtnr.d about two minutes. In thi« time tl e grittr matter v;.l have settled to the bot- ttm. Pourtlie wstcr iutoan' thcrTo.--;elF'i"-l7 eo as not to etir bt* the scttlin::?. L?t gtand ni::;l eiit:r«".v F'"tt'cd, snd then pour off a'g before The fettlhigs in t".;e scvor.d' re. cl vnjl b» vour preT^r.red chalk, ready lor ufe^as fot-n as dried- S- nr.ish Trliitmg, treated in tie siime 'war, riike* a very pn."d cl'id-.-.h:^ or polls '.ling powder. Bome ojierataves add s litt!e j vreilcr'9 ron~», and ve thini it an Im- irovement ; it gives the joTTder a nice ctl.-ir rt least, and thercforts Cilds to ita impxn-tance in ti;6 tyes of the cnL-:'tiatcJ- In cs?'^ where a sharper polishing povrder is required, it cur be prepared in the eame way from rot+c-n-stone. rivoT'TToop.— VratchmalicrB ■D?txal!T br.T this artid* of watch- material deiler*. A f •.r.r.U shr^.b known afi I:V-'.-an arrow-wood, to be t:c-t with in tLs nonhcra ar.d wcsteni str.tcs, mshes an excellent I ivot wood. It niuft be cut wl:enti;e erT 15 fIo^vn, pjid eplit into quar- ters so as t J throw the pith or.fc^ide of t"..3 roi IhTH F'^a CLEA^^^"^.— The stalk vt tlie common muTlen afford.! the best pith for cleaning jiiiions. 'Wiiiter, when tlie rtr.Ik is dry, is the time to gather it come use cork instead of pith, bet it is iuTerior To PrvoT. — ^VThen you find a pivot brolten, you will h.irdly be at a lr>r3 to nnderstiud that the easiest mode of repairing the dr.rah,ce is to drill into the end of the pinion or staff, as che esse may be, and h.iving Inseiicd a new pivot, turn it down to the proper proix>rtion«. This ii by ne meacs a diS(.nIt thing when the pieceto be drilled is not too hard, or when tlie temper may be slightly drawn without injury to the other parts of the article. To TELL wnr.x the Llver is of rROPEit Lrxcrn. — Ton may readily ler.m whether cr not a lever is of pro-ver lengtli, by measur- ing from the g-.iard point to the pallet staiJ, and then "comparing with the roUei or ruby-pin table ; the diameter of the table should always be just half the' length measured on the lever. The rale will work both ways, and may be useful in cases where a new ruby-pin table has to be erpplied. To CHAX IE Depth of Levee i^c.^PEsrErsT. — ^If you are opera- ting on a fita watdi, the best plan i^ to pnt a new staff into the lever, cutting its I'ivots a little to one side, just as far as you desire to change the escapement. Common watches will not, of course, justify ^o much trouble. The usual process in their case is to knock out the staff, r.ad with a small file cut the hole oblong in a direction opixjsita to tliat in whiLh yon desire to move your pallets : then replace th9 efaff, wedge it to the required xx)siticn.' and secure by soft scildering. In instances where the rtaff is put in with a screw, you will have to {jroceed diiTerentlv. Take out the staff, pry the pallets from the ever, file the pin fioles to slant in the direction you would move tha paHeti, without changing their sij.e on tlie otiier side of the lerer. Connect the pieces as they were before, and, with tlie lever resting on Br.mo solid substance, you mav strike lightly with your hammer until tha bending of the pins will ftllow tiio pallets to pass into jieei,- 810 WATCHMAKRES, JETTELLERS', &C., EECEITTS.' CaxPESsxiioy Balance of Cheokometees. — The balance is a small piece of eteel covered ■with a hoop of brass. Tbe rim, contiiffting of the two metals, is divided at the two extremities, the one diamet- rical arm of the balance, so that the increase of t<;mperature M-hich ■weakens the balance springs contract, in a proportionate degree, the diameter of the balance, leaving the spring less resistance to overcome. This occurs from the bra.d, nnrter which a small spirit lamp ia kept burning ; the spring i» cboUanally drawQ baclrward ao4 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLEES', &C., EECEIPT3. 311 t Itnrward, about two or three Inches at a time, nntil it a^'stimes the orange or deep blue tint throughout, according to tlie tiuste of th9 purchaser. By many the coloring is considered to be a matter of ornament and not egseutiaL The last process is to coil the spring into the spiral form, that it may enter tlie barrel in Trhich it is to b« contained. This is done by a tool vith a small axis and ■winch handles, and does not require heat To TEI.L WHEN LeVEK PALLETS AKE OF rROPEB SiZE.— ThB clear space between the pallets should correspond with the outside measure, on tlie points of three teeth of the scai>e ■wheel. The usual mode of measuring for new pallets is to set the wheel as close as po* gible to free its self when in motion. You can arrange it in your dep* thing tool, aiter which the measurement between tlie pivot holes of the two pieces, on the pillar plate, will ehow yua exactly what is re- quired. To LENGTHEN LeVERS OF AnCHOR-ESCAPEJEENT AVaTCHES WITH- OUT HAMiiEEixG OB SoLDEEiNG. — Cut Square across with a ecrew- head file, a httle back from tlie point above tlie fork, and, when jrou have thus cut into it to a sufficient depth, beud forward tlie desired distance the piece thus partially detached. la the event of the piece Enapping off while bending — ■which, however, rarely happens — filo down the wiut level with the fork, and insert a piu Eugliih lever Btj^e. ' ^ To TEstPEK Case and other Springs op "Watches. — ^Draw the temper from the spring, and fit it properly ia its place in t!ie watch ; then take it out and temper it hard in rahi-wnter (tlie addition of a little table-salt to the water ■will be an improvement) ; after which place it in a smnll sheet-iron ladle or cnp, and barely cover it with Mii- eeed-oil ; then hold tlie ladle over a hgbtcd lamp until the oil ignites, let it bum unt^Il the oil is nearly, not quite consumed ; then re-cover with oil and bum do^svn as before ; and so a thhd time ; at the end of which, plunge it again into water. Miiin and hair springs may, in like manner,"bc tempered by the same process ; first draw the temper, end properly coil and clamp to keep it ia position, and then proceed the same as ■with case-springs. To MARK Red Watch Hands.— 1 oz, carmine, 1 cz. muriate of silver, J oz. of tinner's Japan • mix together in an earthen vessel, and hold over a spirit-lamp until formed into a paste. Apply this to the watch hand, and then lay it on a copper plate, face side n;\ and heat the plate sufficiently to produce the color desired. To Dkill into H^\nD Stecl. — 3Iake your drill oval in foniL In- stead of the nsual pointed 8ha;.e, and temper as hard as it will bear without breaking; then roughen the surface where you desire to drill with a little diluted mnri.atic acid, and, instead of oil, use turpentine or keroseue, in wliich a little gum camphor has been dissolved with your drill. In operating, keep tlie pre? sure on yo^ir drill firm and Btcady ; r.nd it tV.e bottom of the hole should chance to become bur- nished that tlie drill will not art. ac gometiuies happens, again nnighea with diluted acid aa before; then clean out the nola (^ef ally, and proceed again. To Put Teeth nr "Watch or Clock "Wheels \nTHOUT Dove- TATLINQ or Solderino. — Drill a hole somewhat wider than th« tooth, 6(i\x&i9 through the plate, a little below the base of the tooth ; 812 MATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, EECEIPT9. ■» cut from fhe edge of the •wheel square down to the hole already drHl. «d ; then flatten a piece of wire so as to fit snuglv uito the cut of th« saw, aud with a light hammer form a head on it like the head of a l^in. When thus prepared, press the wire or pin uito possession in the wheel, tlie head filling the hole drilled tlirough the plate, and tho projecting out so as to form the tooth ; tlicu with a sharp-point' i graver cut a small groove each side of the pin from the edge ot tiio wheel down to the hole, and with a hlow of your hammer pprend the lace of the pin so as to nil the grooves just cut. Repeat the ennie op- eration on the otlier side of tiie wheel, and finish off ia the usual way. The tooth will he found perfectly riveted m on every side, and as strong as the original one, while in appearance it will be equal to the best dovetaihng. To Casb-haedejt Ieok. — If you desire to harden to any conplder- able depth, put the article into a crucible with cyanide of jintash, cover over and heat altogether, then plunge into wator. Thiaprocesa will harden perfectly to the depth of one or two inches. To TIGHTEN A Cannon Pinion on the Ckntue Aubor wheh TOO LOOSE. — Grasp the arbor lightly with a pair of cutting nippew, and, by a single turn of the nippers around the arbor, cat or raise a small thread thereon. To Fkost Watch Movkihents. — Sink that part of the article to bo frosted for a short time ia a compound of nitric acid, muriatic acid, and table salt, one ounce of each. Ou removing from the acid, place it in a shallow vessel containing enough sour beer to niciely cover it, then with a fine scratch brush scour thoroughly, letting it remain xmder the beer durmg the operation. .Next wr-.-^h off, first in pure water and then in alcohol. Gild or silver in accordance vrith any recipe in the plating department. RULB FOB DETEEIVIINING THE CORRECT DiASrETF.R OF A PlNIOX BY BCEASORING TEETH OF THE WhEEI, THAT MATCHES INTO IT. — The term full, as used below, indicates fuU measure from outside to outside of the teeth named, and the term centke, the measure from centre of one tooth to centre of the otlier tooth n:imed, inclusive. ' For diameter of a pinion of 15 leaves measure, with calipers, a shade less than 6 teeth of the wheel, full. For diameter of a ])inion of 14 leaves measure, with calipers, a shade less than 6 teeth of the wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 12 leaves measure, with calipers. 5 teetli of the wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 10 leaves measure, with calipers, 4 tectli of the wheel, full. For diameter of a pinion of 9 leaves measure, with calipers, a Iitt]o less than 4 teeth of the wheel, full. For diameter of a pinion of 8 leaves measure, with calipers, a little less than 4 teeth of the wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 7 leaves measure, with calipers, a little less than 3 teeth of the wheel, full. For diameter of a pinion of 6 leaves measu re, with calipers, 3 teeth cf the wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 5 leaves measure, with calipers, tacth of the wheel, centre. Af A general, rule, pinions *'»at lead, as in tb« hour wheel, vhould "WATCHMAKEna, JEVTELLEES', &C., BECBIPT3. 818 be somewhat Irvrgnr than those that drive, anfl pinions of clocV* Fhoald geueraUj bo somewliat larger proportionally than those of watches. For dLimetet of a jiinion of 4 leaves measnre, ■with calipers, odb half of one sjuce over 2 teetli of the wheel, /«W. To Polish ^\'HEELg pekfectlv without injury. — ^Take a flr.t tarnishing tile, warm it over a spirit lamp, and coat it lightly with beeswax. ^\ hen cold, wijie off as much of tlio wax as can'be rendCy removed, and with your tile thiw prepared, polish the wheel, re.stin* the wheel while polishing on a piece of cork. The finish produced will be quite equal to the finest bulf polish, while there will be no clogging, and tlia edges of the arms and teeth ^vill remain perfectly equare. Sandoz' IIethod of PRODUcrNO LsociiKOxisM IN Flat axd Bkegukt SriuNcs. — Isochronism, from tlie Greek, meaning equal time, is the ])roperty possessed by the pendulum and the hair spring to accomplish tlieir arcs of vibration of diif erent amplitudes in the fame space of time. In a pendulum, the only condition required is that its length be such as to make the centre of gravity move accord- ing to the cycloid curve; but in the hair spring the means change with the forms effected by the sprincr. In tlie spherical or conical Fjiringa, the extreme curves constructed after the mathematical rules discovered by Pi-of. Phillipps, of the Polj-technic School of Paris, will produce an Isochronism very nearly perfect. In the flat spring, tliese curves caimot exist, therefore other means must be resorted to. 1 shall give now the results of several years of erperimeut and study, v.liich can be embodied in the two followong thetjrems : 1. In the flat simng, every coil has theoretically a point where the vibrations are Isochronal. 2. That point of Isochronismis determined by the relative position of the two points connecting the hair spring uith the collet and stud, called Points d' attache. These two propositions form the base of Isochromsm in tlie flat ppring; therefore the idea generally accredited among watchmakers tfiat the Isochronal properties of a flat spring depend on its length is incorrect, since the lOth as well as the 20th coil of the spring is able to produce the Lsochrouism, the only limit being such si^es of springs tlin.t would prevent the perfect freedom of its action. Freedom of action being necessary for the Isochronal properties of the spring to develoji themselves, tlie spring must be bent to the cnntre, according to Fig. II. — the first coil being too near or the curva tioflat, £0 that even a minute part of the spring could touch the c iih-t, would hinder the Isochronism. Next, the spring luust be I iuned perfectly tight |B| the coUet and stud, and move freely between the regulator pins. •" ' These conditions fulfilled, the watch is run 3, 6 or 13 hours with juat ctrength cnoui,'h to keep it going; the result is compared with a regu- lator and set down. Next, the watch is fully wound up, and alter a space of time equal to the first trial, the result ia again set do^ra. Host genenilly the watch will run slower in the short vibrations tliaa in the wide ones, and cousequeiitly lose time in the pocket in tlie last twelve hoursof itsnmning. Having set down;iaa principlethatevery coil has an Isochronal point, we have now to determine tliat point, re- memberinj; that aa a general rule, every incrcaae of length of thtt 814 TTATCHMAKERS, JETTELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS* tpnng over thai point, wilt cause the watch to gain in the sJiort tH/ra* ?M)7W, and every decrease back of that point will cause it to gain in the tcide vibratiom. This rule is correct only for certain limit'», as I am foing to explain. Supposing that a hair spring of 15 coils is per* ectly Isochronal vrith the tvto points d' attache jast opposite each other, as sho-ma in Fig. lU., the Mth and the 16th coil, as well as tha loth, will produce the Isochronism very nearly at the same point Supposing that we increase gradually the lengtn of that hair spring of lo coils, pinned up so that the tvro points d' attache are primitively opposite each other — so that its length mill noio be 15^ coils — the two fioints d' attache are now in the position shown in Fig. 17., or what is called pinned to the half coil. The result will be that the hair spriiig •will cause tiie watch to gain in the short vibrations as much aa it is in its power to do. But if we go further than the half coil, we now enter the ground that belongs to the IGth coil, and every increase of length in that half coil will cause the hair spring to lose in the short vibrations, in the Fame proportion that it has been gaining in increasing the length of tlie first half. That change will continue until we reach the same point on the 16th coU that we started from on the 15th., the two pins ojv- iKjsite each other; at that point we shall have again the Isochronism. The same oj^eration is applicable to the 14th coil, with the same re- enlts. Now it is immaterial whether we take that half coil to the centre, or to the outside of the spring, because both of these operations will pro- duce the same results, viz., the change of the relative places of the jxnnts d'attache at tlie spring. Therefore the artist has his choice, and is guided by the size of tae spring aud the weight of the balance; for taking half a coQ to the centre of the spring will not much affect the rate of the watch, but taken outside, the difference will be great. On the other hand, a very short cut to the centre will greatly affect the Isochronism, and at the outside, a full half-coil will generally produce from 15 to 25" difference in 24 hours. If then the watch- maker would produce the greatest possible diangea of Isochronism in a watch, the change of position of the two points d'attache of tha spring of one coil around, will give him the two highest degrees of gaining and losing in the short vibrations. It follows from the following pages, that If a watch loses in the last running (short vibrations), tlie first thing to do is to increase the length of th« hair spring from the outside; if the result is better, but not yet good, give stiU more length; if the result is worse, it shows that you are too far on the coil. Take back the whole length tliat you tad given in the first operation, and draw more length, so as to affect the spring the other way ; or if your spring is already small or J our balance pi-etty heavy, cut to the centre so as to come around to the required positions. Some springs caimot produce the Isochronism ; this comes from a defect in making the spring, or a want of homogeniety in the metal ; the only remedy is a new spriji^. In tile Breguet Spring, the Isochronism is produced in the earn* manner as the flat springings, but great care must be taken in making the curve, for if it is not made in conformity to the prindpl* oi Phil- lippa, tht laochroniein will bo distorbwi. WATCHMAKERS, JE-WELLERS,* AC, RECEIPTS. 315 For instance, in Fig. Y., tlie spring being pinned in A, and tlio watch losing 7" in tlie last 12 hours (short vib.), I first increase tha length of the hair spring to the point B ; but as I am already on tht ground belonging to the losing action, the result will be an increased 1068 of time in the last ruiming. I then go back to the point A, and moreover pin the spring to C, and then I shall approximate Isochron- ism However, in most cases the increase of length will naaka th« tratch gain in ita iaet runnin?. Timing and Adjuat'nf. Pig. IL Pig. IV. ADjrsTMEyrs to Posttions.— This adjustment is known to but Sew watchmakers, and they make it a regular business It require! 91 the operator coosideiable manual Bkijl aud i«tlective power*. Tin WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, BECErfTS. 817 fraat principle is to equalize the frictions, bo that the pivots will offei lo the action of the spring the same resisLince in the four positions fenerally required, viz., dial up, XII up, cock up and III up. Alter avlng inspected and corrected the train so that the motive power ia transmitted nuiformly to the balance, the pivois and jewela of the lever should be polished and ehoitcued bo as to have very little fric- tion; next, the lever should be poised as nearly perfect as possible, and the slot also in the fork wLcie the ruby pin acts should be polished. The balance jewels ought to be made short enough to nave the holes square, rounded infeide, and perfectly ixjli^hed. tho balance pivots well burnished and their ends hulf rounded, and tlie balance poised very carefully. The English method of throwing tlia balance out of poise to obtain the same rate in different positions is not accepted generally, and is considered a bad practice by the motjt eminent watchmakers. The hair spring is put in its position without the balance, and bent so that the collet and the cock jewel will havo the same centres. The watch being now in good running order, is put under trial for 12 or 24 hours, aud the rate ia each position care- iully noted, K there is any difference in the nmuiug with the cock up, or dial up, making the ends of the pivots even and equally well polished will remove the discrepancy. If the watch loses with XII lip, wluch is generally the case, and the friction ou the balance jewels being reduced as much as possible, the remedy is to increase the friction when the watch is either dial or cock up. Tliis i.s done by throwing the hair spring a little out of ihe centre of the cock jewel, thereby adding to the mction on the pivot end, a lateral pressure against the balance jewels. If the watch is well regulated with XII up, and loses with III up, throio the simng a little toicnrds the figure III ; tills operation lifts up the balance when tlie watch is in losing position and diminishes the friction of the pivots in that particular case. Maldng the ends of the pivots perfectly flat has a tendency to make the watch gain with dial or cock up. The soimd of the watch must be clear in all ix)8itions, else it indicates a friction, as for instance rough jewels or pivots, safety pin rubbing against the roller, etc. How TO Regulate a Watch rv a few Mi::?utes, ant) a Phacti- CAX. Method to put a kew II air Srni^-G, of the right size ant> Perfectly REcrLAiED in a ^VATc^ without Eunki>-o It. — Fii-st, a.scertain bow many vibrations the watch beats in one minute, by cotmting every other vibration and comparing that time with a well- regulated watch or regulator. In general, Swiss watches beat 18,000 in one hour, viz., SCO in one minute; American watches, eitlier 18.000 either 10,200, or 270 per minute; and the English levers, 14,400, or 240 per minute. If there is any doubt, it is better to count up leaves and teeth, and ascertain the right number- but these cases are scare* where watches will beat odd numbers. Ilaving found out the right number, esaimine tne oalance carefully for one or two minutes, coimting every vibration going from right to left, and ia the mean time examining tlie regulator or clock, to see when one minute is up. If the watch is weU regulated, the number of vibrations must be exactly half of the regular first number, viz., 150, 135, or 120, as only every other vibration has been recorded to facilitate the observation. If not so, move the regulator, right or Wt, uAtu a perfect coincidence oomes< 818 WATCffSrAKEK?, JE-WEIXfiRS', AC, RECEIPTS. To pick Tip a. ne-w hair pprice, after harms reecmled the ripht rmau ber of beats — either by the old hair Bpring or by tlie numbers of tlia teain— lar first the spring with its centre well in the centre of the cock jewel, and having ascertained where the coU will enter between the pins of the regulator, note the place. Stick to the pivot of tlie balance asmallronnd piece of bee*: wax; then stick it to t ■■e centre of the ppnng, 80 as to e^^tablish a temporary bnt firm connection of the t-rro paeces, and having pinched with the' tweezers the hair eprine: to t!:e place indicated by the regulator pin5, cause it ty vibrate gently ; then count up the ribrations for one minute, and when yon have got » spring that will produce nearly the required number of beats, pin it to the collet and cause it aga^jj to vibrate, moving the tweezers for- •ward and backward, until the right number oibeats la produced; witli another pair of tweezer?, pinch the hair spiing about one-eighth of an ini± bacK of the regaLiting point, go as to counterbalance iia gain produced by the regulator pins, and bend slightly the wire, which is the pL'icie where the hair spring mast be pinned to the Ftud. Having then trued up the spruit:, proceed to put the regulator to the right ]3ace, by using the w.-iy indicated in the beginning of this article, and the work" ia done. Success is certain, when the operation has been carefully performed. The balacje muet be mr.de to vibrate on Fome hard and well polished substance, so as to keen up the vibra- tion to about tlie standard of regular running. A little practice will 8oon enable the watchmaker to change a nair epring very quick, and without any trouble whatever. Of CwrpENSATioy. — A most accurate way of counterbalancing pfFects produced on the running of watches by 'difierenttomperatarcs, id the expansion balance, formed of two concentric riuzs, one in- terior, oi steel, and one exterior, of brass, joined together by hard soldering or smelting. The general proiKntion of these two metals to one part of steel, two of bras!». The stronger dilation of brass, causes the rim of tiie balance to head in^-ardly when the heat, increasing, diminishes the strength of the hr.ir sirring; the greater contraction bends the rim ontwardly when cold comes^to increase the rigidity of the spring's coils. Pushing forward or br.clnvard the screws of tlia rim will affect the compensating powers of the balance, by causing their weight to be more active as thev come nearer the end of the cnt arm. Tlie thinner and higher the rim, the greater the action. A few trials will bring the balance to com',-)ensr.te the e "ect of temperature from 30° to iOO<' Fahrenheit For extreme tempemtnres another compensation, called a^mUnrv, is nsed. but only iii sh.ip chronome- ters. A soft spring will be less affected I y changes of "temperature than a hr.rdened one; this affords a war tJ compensate certain bal- ances, where otherwise new ones would have to be used. A precau- tion to observe in compea-xiting is to malre the screws go freely on the lalance, and not screw thera too ti^ht, else the nrtlon of the "rim not being free, a good coTnpens''ticn could not be attained, until the com- bined actions of diLition and contraction of the rim have fr^d the Bcrews. For watchmakers who would want to compensate a watch without ha^■ing an exi)ansion baiince, I give tlie following procesa, which I have Buecessfidly used : After having cut off the greater part of the •i^olAtor's Kta, ew^^vmii to \k fitted wltU « wnw 9;^ ^« ;is| WATCHMA.KERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 31t> of the regnlator, so as to revolvB freely aronnd tli.it screw as an axis. TTie pins are pat in the same position as ou tlie old arm. A ring, of two parta of brass and one oi steel, ib tlien fastened to one end on that movable arm, and the other end is screwed at any convenient place, either on the regulator itself, or on the cock. See Fig. 1. By placing tlie whole ring on the regulator, the latter may be moved as ui any other watch, tlie ring opening or shutting itself imder tha changes of temiierature, will pnsli 1>acicward and forward the regu- lator pins, and so effect the compen^ition which is to be rejrulated by varying either tlie proportion of brass and steel, or the Biz« of the To try the nmning of the watches, a common refrigerator is nsed to prodiice tlie low temperature, and tlien an apparatus, self-regula- ting, will produce the high temperature. It is commonly a squai-a box of tin or copper, hermetically closed, under which is a gas burner. A compensating aim of the form of a U, made of brass and steel, is fastened inside tlie box, and is connected by a string with a lever at- tached to the key of the burner, and acts so that at the high temper- ature, say 100<' Fah., the gas is nearly shut off, the compensating arm gradually releasing itself and consequently letting out more gas when the heal diminishes inside the box. Use 6teel pins to secura spring to collet and stud. To MAKE PoLisni>'Q BROACHES. — These are usually made of ivory, and used with diamond dust, loose, instead of having been driven in. You oil the broach lightly, dip it into the finest diamond dust, anfl proceed to work it hito the jewel tho same as you do the brass broach- Unfortunately, too many watchmakers fail to attacli sulR- cient imijortance to the polishing broach. The sluggish motion o£ watches now-a-days is more often attributable to rough jewels tlian to any other cause. To 'Polish Steel. — ^Take crocus of oxide of tin and graduate it in in the same way as in preparhig diamond dust, and apply it to tho steel by means of a piece of soft iron or bell metal, made proper form, and prepared with flour of emery, same as for pivot bumishers; use the coarsest of the crocus first, and finish off with the finest. To iroa or soft steel a better finish may be given by burnishing than can be imparted by tlie use ofi polishing powder of any kind whatever. Ths German Method of Polishing Steel is perfonued by the use of crocus on a buff wheeL Nothing can exceed the surpassing beauty imparted to steel or even cast iron by this process. Cbocub Powder for ^'olishino. — Chloride of sodium and sul- phate of iron are well mixed in a mortar. The mixtuie is then put into a shallow crucible and exposed to a red heat ; vapor escapca and the mass fuses. When no more vapor escapes, remove the crucible and let it cool. The color of the oxide of iron produced, if the fire has been properly regulated, is a fine violet ; if the heat has been too high it becomes black. The mass when cold is to be powdered and washed, to separate the sulphate of soda. T'le l)owdcr of crocus is then to be submitted to a process of careful dutriation, and the finer particles reserved for the more deUcata work. An excellent jiowder for applying to razor strops is made by igniting together m a crucible, equal parts of well dned green TttTM 9»X oominua palt, Tb« heat miwt be elowlj raided and vreU S20 WATCH3SIAKERS, JEWELLERS', &C., RECEIPTS. regulated, otherwise the materials \nn. boil over in a pai3ty rtate, and be lost. WTien ■well made, out of contact witk air, it has the brilliant aspect of black lead. It ibquires to be groimd and elutri- ated, after which it affords, on drying, an impalpable powder, that may be either applied on a Btrop of smooth buff leather, or mixed up with hog's lard or tallow into a stiff cerate. To Removb ErsT from Lrox or Steel, &c.— For cleaning piirt po.ses, &c., kerosene oil or benzine are probably the best tilings known. \>'hen articles have become pitted by mst, however, these can of course, only be removed by mechanical means, such as sconr- Ing with fine powder, or flour of emery and oU, or with very fine emery paper. To prevent steel from rusting, rub it •with a mixture of lime and oil, or with mercurial ointment, either of which will be found valuable. To Make BuRifiSHEEs. — ^Proceed the same as in making pivot files, ■with the exception that you are to iise fine floiir of emery on a slii) of oiled brass or copper, instead of the emery paiicr. Burnishers which liav3 become too smooth may be improved vastly with the flour of emery as above without drawing the temper. To Prepare a Bitrisisher for Pol:shtn-g. — Melt a little bees- wax on the face 'of your burnisher. Its effect then on brass or other finer metals, wUl be equal to the best buff. A small burnisher pro- pared in this way is the very thing with which to polish np watch ■wheels. Rest tliem on a piece of pith while polishing. EULES FOR DeTEEMI>-ES-G THE CORRECT LeXGTH OF THE LevER, SIZE OF RcBY-pry Table, size of the Pallets, a^td depth of Escapement of Le'Ver Watches. — A lever, from the guard point to the pallet staff, should correspond in length with twice the diameter of tiie ruby-pin table, cvud when a table is accideutally lost, the cor- rect size thereof may be known by measuring half the length of tl:o lever between the points above named. For correct size of pallet, the clear sjKice between the pallets should correspond wiih the outside measure on the points of three teeth of the escapement wheeL The only rule that can be given, without the use of diagrams, for correct depth of the escapements, is to set it as close as it ■will bear, and still free itself perfectly when in motion. This may be done by first placing the escapement in your depthing tool, and then setting it to the correct deptn. Then by measining th.e distance between the pivots of the lever staff and escapement wheel, as now set, and the corresponding pivot holes in the watch, you determine correctly ho^w much the depth of the escapement requires to be altered. To Pre^vknt Watches losing Tdie from Action of "PEKDxrLXTX Spring. — Pin the pendulum spring into the stud, so that that part, the part of the eye immediately emerging from the coUet, and the centre of the collet, are in a line; then you will have the spring pin- ned in, in equal terms, as it is called by tliose who are versed in the higher branches of springing. Bring the watch to time by adding to or talring from tlie balance, and poise it; tiythe watch with the 13 up for 2 hours, then ■with the 6 up for 2 hours, then lying down for tlie same time; the trials here described will be sufficient if t};e watch has seconds; keep the curb pin close so as to allow the spring only a little play; the vibration of the balance should b« If turn oir Inlying. WATCSMAKEftSj JEWELLERS', AC, feBCBtPTS. Sti LIST OP TRAINS OF wItCHES. •aOWtKG THB MUMBKU 0> TEETH IN TSK WHEELS, I,aAV48 lH tUM PISIONS BBAT8 IM A MINCTK, AND TlHB THB FOOBTH WHBEL KKVOLVaa IK. Trains, for Seven Teeth i--» tbtt Escapement Wbeel. No. of LeiTes Teeth In the Kscape- LeaTos in the No. of SaconO. Teeth Terth in inSd Teeth in in 4th Escape- We. of Bcfttg in ih« 4tb 3d \Theel. Wheel WhWheia Wheel ment aa« misut«. Wh««i. Oonu-o WieeL Pinion- Pinion. VrtccL Wlicel Piojon. reTOl- Tu ia. 73 66 6 M 6 7 6 298— 37 6« 64 6 64 6 7 6 2^2+ 31 66 64 6 68 6 7 6 287+ 31 66 63 6 68 6 7 6 283— 31 66 C3 6 62 6 7 « 278+ 31 66 r.3 6 61 6 7 <« 274— SI 6G 6^ 6 60 6 7 6 269+ 31 Trains, for Ntno Teetli ia the Escapement Wheel. 63 60 6 57 6 9 6 299+ 66 60 6 64 6 -9 6 297 63 G6 60 60 6 6 i 6 6 9 9 6 6 29i 291+ 63 60 6 55 6 9 6 289— 06 CO 6 82 6 9 6 286 «3 6) 6 54 6 9 6 288+ 66 6) 6 51 6 9 6 280+ 68 60 6 53 6 9 6 278+ 66 60 6 50 6 9 6 275 C3 CO 6 52 . 6 9 6 2r3 34 33 34 33 84 33 34 3J 34 33 31 Trains, for Eleven TeetSi in the Escapement Wheel. 60 CO 6 49 6 11 6 30 J— 33 CO 51 6 54 6 11 6 297 40 CiO 56 6 53 6 11 6 230— 30 61 62 6 52 6 11 6 294— 30 53 56 6 53 6 11 6 292 + 40 60 64 6 53 . 6 11 6 291+ 40 61 64 6 51 6 11 6 290- 3d fi8 64 6 51 6 11 6 287+ 41 53 55 6 53 6 11 6 237 41 69 51 6 58 6 11 6 286+ 41 60 5i 6 52 6 11 6 283 40 60 55 6 51 6 11 6 233— a) 61 55 6 50 6 11 6 285- 89 63 55 6 48 6 11 6 282+ 33 5f) 51 6 52 6 11 6 281 + 41 60 54 6 51 6 11 6 231+ 40 61 51 6 50 G 11 6 280— 89 fift 51, 6 54 6 11 6 277+ 43 60 60 6 48 6 11 6 293+ 36 62 64 6 52 6 11 6 296+ 39 63 64 6 60 6 11 6 289- 88 6!) 48 6 63 6 11 6 . 287+ 43 7ft 70 7 63 11 ( 29.1f- 85 70 70 48 1 n 6 293-i- 86 70 m 7 48 6 11 6 293+ 36 21 Ig2 WATCH>L4.K;tBS, JETTBLLIBS', LC.j BECEIFI4 JtcpJ to -it Ccarrt I.«»T"» I«BT« Tes-i i. ih« I". »i Wlwel Wh.*;. F'Bk* Ptaks. wti*;. V'-'.\ .'•T&> ? jj<-a. TB ta. ft) 70 6 43 7 U 6 2aS- 86 «3 £0 S 5« 7 U 6 387- 40 «8 «3 6 W 7 11 6 2b»- 38 » 80 8 64 8 11 8 2»8i- 86 80 80 8 &5 • 11 7 2^3^ 96 80 80 8 48 8 11 6 2M8^ 8C 80 70 S so 7 \ 7 29Sr do 80 70 8 43 7 It « 293^ 38 80 60 S 48 6 11 6 aesr as 70 SO 7 M 8 11 7 296-1- 83 70 80 7 48 8 11 6 238i- Sj 60 80 6 48 8 11 6 2S3i- »> 84 73 8 60 8 11 6 2^- S3 84 63 S 50 7 11 6 2»- 33 H 54 S 60 € 11 6 £S?- Si es 73 6 60 8 11 6 .as>- K 63 63 6 » 7 11 6 283- C3 u C4 8 M 8 11 6 2874- 47 S4 (A 8 66 7 11 6 287-1- 4^) 64 43 8 83 6 11 6 SS7+ 40 63 &4 6 M 8 11 6 257-1- 40 C3 rA 6 Oo 7 11 6 40 Tr&lns, for TlvLrte€a Teeth la the Escapement "WTieel. bi C-j b a^ 6 U 6 '^■: — 45 66 53 6 50 13 6 2^i— 41 £9 51 6 4d 13 &:— 43 00 51 6 43 13 2P4- 43 M 63 6 61 13 2a*- 43 £6 53 6 49 13 283- 44 66 64 6 48 13 2&1-!- 44 67 58 6 48 13 2S1— 43 &4 63 « 61 13 2S7-1- 45 64 43 6 60 13 2-7J- 4) 60 51 C 60 13 216-J- 45 61 53 6 60 13 2=^- 43 66 51 6 4d 13 2S1— 45 67 51 6 48 13 2S)- 44 63 63 6 61 13 277- 43 63 52 6 60 13 275-i- 43 63 as 6 53 13 ?«3- 43 66 61 6 61 13 iS7 4S 66 £0 6 61 13 2S34- 4A 66 53 6 43 13 239+ 44 K C3 6 50 13 Z12+ 44 flO 43 6 4S 13 rr:+ 45 eo bO 6 43 13 2S9- 43 90 64 6 60 13 &2-<- 53 60 53 7 5J 13 2S7-i- 61 00 60 8 64 13 sao 44 63 66 7 63 13 29>4- 47 68 53 7 61 13 2S 6) e 60 7 60 7 13 «!) 60 64 60 7 60 7 13 233 60 n TO 8 68 8 13 6 1 2?) 80 74 68 8 68 8 •5 5 2-,5-u 60 WATCHiLiKEBS, JEWELLERS', *C., RECEIPTS. S23 TrmlBs, for Plfte«n Teetb In tbe Eseapsm^iit Wheel. Ko. of L«BT«( L»»T« Te»h in vhs Ki cm pe- 1q tb* i"o. o; InSd T««*hfai ln7I Vralna, for Tlili'd Wheel and S>atettt Se«ond«« Ko.ef Twtb InUsa Ooitra WbMi Ijt^rm litmrea Te*«h In tha 1 :eth isthi Towh 'n inS4 Teeth tn ta 4;ii . in 1^-3 Ejeare- H»c»p.-] Xe. of Beats In b~ 44 iJ.WiunaL. ■VTheel «ii Wheel Wheel cb:: Vtkr.M. WhMl PiniiA. Pinica. laent Whed. Wiec: Pinion. TMbi, M 60 8 70 8 15 i 300 60 64 60 8 60 8 15 6 800 60 61 43 8 60 6 15 6 300 60 60 56 8 60 7 15 6 aoo to 48 60 6 60 3 15 6 300 60 «0 TO 7 70 7 15 7 900 60 90 49 7 60 7 15 6 300 60 48 4d 6 69 6 15 6 a» 60 80 45 10 70 8 15 7 300 60 75 60 10 60 8 15 6 9jO 60 61 64 8 70 10 15 7 3 60 61 75 8 60 10 15 5 afio 60 66 75 7 70 10 15 7 3 60 66 76 7 60 10 15 6 30} 60 M 75 8 51 8 15 6 270 60 «0 60 8 64 7 15 6 2T1 60 64 56 8 64 6 15 6 270 60 4S 45 6 64 8 15 6 270 60 60 60 7 63 7 L5 7 270 60 60 49 7 54 7 15 6 270 60 48 49 6 54 6 15 6 270 60 64 43 8 43 8 15 6 210 00 60 60 8 48 7 15 6 240 00 48 60 6 48 8- 15 6 240 - 60 64 60 8 48 6 15 6 240 60 60 43 7 06 7 15 7 24-} ■ 69 eo 49 7 48 7 13 6 240 60 4S 45 6 4S 6 15 6 240 60 60 5^ 8 4? 7 15 6 2i0 ©) Tr&ln*, for Foarth TTlieel Seconds, TvItK SeT-enteen Tcetb in Escapement Wlieel. 80 &J 8 61 ^ i; t) Giy 8 e-D 8 17 6 56 8 61 1 17 6 60 10 60 3 17 6 64 10 50 8 17 6 56 10 6S ( 17 8 63 10 68 6 17 6 75 10 68 11 17 8 2-J 2S3-}- 289 2834- 283-i- 289 299 2?9 W 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Train of tbe American Watcli Company's Wateb. 64 61 8 I G4 i 8 I 15 I 60 IToTS. — By n=«'-fth'' foro?oin» «ot of Trains, and the rnle for sixes of piuioni, on pa^i 312, alt diuic.ilc:^ of calcdating u obviated; and at ons view. In case of tlie acciden^^l K.-i of a wheel ; ud pirion, maj be known tbo oorrvct sue and count of tne pijiiou, and aumber of t'««c^ la tb* vbesliKMt. 326 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, JLC, RECEIPTS. To PcTP Watcetes in Beat.— If a cylinder cscai)ement, or a de- tached lever, put the balance into a position, then tnm the regulator BO that it will ix)iut directly to the pivot-hole of the pallet ptaff , if a lever, or of the scape- wheel, if a cylinder. Then lift ont the balance •with ita bridge or clock, turn it over and set the ruby -pin directly in ixae with the regulator, or the square cut of the cylinder at right angles with it. Your watch will then be in perfect beat. In case of an American or an English lever, when the regulator is placed upon tiie plate, you will have to proceed di j'erently. Fix the balance into its place, cut off the connection of the tra;n,'if the main.'spring is not entirely down, by slipping a fine broach into one of the wheels, look between the I'lntes and ascertain how the lever stands. If the end fartht-st Irriin the balance is equi-distant between the two bra^js pins, it is all ri.cht; if not, change the hair-spring till it becomes so. If dealing \^ ith a duj-lex watch, you mast see that the roller notch, ■when the balance is at rest, is exactly between the locking tooth and the line of centre; th;.t is, a line drawn from the centre of the roller to the centre of the 6cai)e-wheeL The balance must .sfcirt from its rest and move through an arc of about ten degrees before bringing the locking tooth into action. To Fbost Watcu Tlates. — ^Watch plates are frofted by means of fine brass wire scratch brushes fixed in a lathe, and made to re- volve at great speed, the end of the wire brushes striking the plate producing a beautiful fro.«ted appearance. To Restore Watch Dlujs. — If the dijJ be painted, clean the figure off with spirits of wine, or anything el.se tliat will render the iml perfectly clean ; then heat it to a bright red, and plunge it into a strong solution of cyanide of potassium, then wash in soap and water, and dry in box dust Repeat If not a good color. India ink, ground with gum water, will do for the fi.gures. To Whiten Silver Watch Dials. — Flatten a piece of cnarcoal "by rubbing it on a fl:.t stone: ontliis place the dial face upwards, ap- ply a gentle heat carefully with tlie blow-pii>e, allowing the flame to play aU over the surface of tlie dial without touching it, so as to thoroughly heat without warjiing the dial. Then pickle and rinse, vising acid enough to make the water very tail, and immersing but for a few seconds. Silver dials may also be annealed by heatings them red hot on a flat piece of copper over a clear tire. To M.\KE A Watch Keep Good Time whex the Ctldtdkr Edges are Worn Off, et Alterdtg the Escapejiejtt without PcTTiKG A NEW Ctxxnx>f>b IN.— Look at the cylinder, and see if there is room, either above or below the old wears, to shift the action of tlie wheel. If the wheel holes are brass, making one a little deeper, and putting a shallower one on the other side, will perhapa be sufficient This must be done according as you want your wheel Mp or down. If the holes are stone, shift your wheel on 'the pinion by a new collet, or turning away more of' the old one, as the case may require. If you niise yonr wheel see that it works free of plate Bna top of cvlinder, and that the web of wheel clears the top of pas- gage. Thisla^t fault may be altered by polishing the passage a bttlo wSer, if the rub be slight If shifted downwards, see to freedom at bottom of cvlinder, &c PoieufQ 'Wxxca Bat. tNCg.— This may be done with enflacient se- WATCHMAKEBS, JEWELLERS', AC, KECEIPTS. 327 COiacy by scraping one arm of the callipers with a file when tha baUnce is set in motion. This will cause tlie heaviest part to settle downwards ^rith certainty, observing always that the pi^■ot8 are nicely rounded and formed at the ends. In some cases it becomes necessary to put a balance out of poise, in order to make the watch go equally in various positions. The rule for this is : to make the watch gain, the balance should be heaviest on tlie lower side when hanging up: to make it lose, the reverse. To Peeve^-t a Chaix RtJNNTxa off thk Fcsee.— In the first place, you must look and ascertiiiu th.e cau.se of tlie difficulty. If it results from the chain being too large, the only remedy is" a new chain. If it is not too large, and yet runs off without any apparent cause, change it end for end— that will generally make it go all right In cases where the channel in the fusee has been damaged and is rough, you will be under the necessity of dressing it over with a file the proper size and shape. Sometimes you fiud the chain naturally inclined to work away from the body of tlie fusee. The be.st way to remedy a difficulty of this kind is to file off a very little from the outer lower edge of the chain the entire length ; tliis, as you can see, ■will indine it to work on instead of off. Some workmen, when they have a bad case and a common watch, change the standing of the fusee BO as to cause the winding end of its arbor to incline a little from the barrel. This, of course, cannot do otherwise than make the chain run to its place. To Weaken the HAOt-SPKiyG.— This is often effected bv grinding the spring down- Tou remove ti.e P-.ring from the collet,"and place it upon a piece of pivot wood cr.t to fit the centi-e coil. A piece of soft steel wire, flattened so as to pass freely between the coUs, and armed with a httle pulverized cil-stone aiid oil, will serve as your grinder, and with it you may soon reduce llie strength of the spring. Tour operations will, of course, be confijied to tlie centre coil, for no other part of the sprinir will re?t sufficiently a^rt'inst the wood to en- able yon to grind it, but this will generr.r.y stuace. The effect will be more rapid than one would supiK^c, tlierefore it will stand you iu hand to be careful, or you may get the spring too weak before yoa suspect it. To Tighten a Ruby Pin.— Set the ruby pin in asphaltum varnish. It wiU become hard in a few minutes, and be much firmer and better than ram shellac, as generally used. To Tempek Brass, obtoDkaw its TtorPEB.— Brass is rendered hard by hammering or rolling; therefore, when you make a thing of brass nece.--sar\- to be in temper, you must prepare the material be- fore shaping the article. Temper may be drawn from brass by heat- ing it to a cherry red, and then simply plunging it into water, the same aa though yon w«»re going to temper steel. To TEiCPER Gravers.— Gravers, and other instruments larger than drills, may be tempered in quicksilver asal>ove; or yoo may use lead instead of quicksilver. Cut down into the lead, say half an inch; then, having heated your instrument to a Jght cherry red, press It tirmly into the cut. Tlie lead will melt around it, and an ex. cellent temper will be imiarted. To TptPER DRn.1^.— Select none but the finest and best steel for yoar drills. In making theui, never heat higher than a cherry red, 328 TrATeHJLAJLEES, jewellers', AC, RECE1K1I. bud aivara hammer till neatly cold Do all roar hammering in on* iray, for If, after yea have flattened your piece out, you attempt to hammer it baclc to a square or a round, you s^xtil it. Wlien your driU is in proper shape, heat it to a cherry red, and thrast it into a piece of resin or into quicksilver. Some use a solution of cyanuret potassa and rain-water lor temijering tlieir drills, but tlie resin or quicksilver •will work best. Othek Methods to Tejiteb Spkings. — ^Having fitted the spring into the case according to your liJdn^, temper it hard by heating and plunging into water. Next ix)li>ih the small end so that you may be able to see when the color changes; lay it on a piece of copper or brass plate, and hoLl it over your lamp, with the blaze directly under the Largest part of the spring. Wat/^rh the jwlLshed part of the steel closely, and when you see it tarn blue, remove the plate from th» lamp, letting all cool gradually together. When cool enough to handle, i)olici«.va assume the color yon wie you desire: then, havui^ oiled them sliihtiv. roll their points into line diamond dust till enthely covered. Uold'tliem tlien on the face of your anvil, and tip with a licht hammer till tlie grains disappear in the brass. Great caution will be ne^^essary in this operation. Do not tap heavy enou :".i to flatten the broach. Very li^'ht blows are all that will be requhed; the grains will be driven ia much sooner th;m one would imagine. Some roll the broach between two small pieces of steel to imbed V.iq di;i.inoud du^t. It is a very good way, but somewhat more wasteful of the dust. Broaches made on this pLin are used for dres.sing out jewels. Jewellinc— In using the broache.i, press but lightly into the jewel hole, and turn tlie broach rapidly v. iili your fingers. For poll.-e led to regard them too sligutly cut to work well, but nut so. They dress a pivot mora ra]-)idly tiian any rther file. To Make a Diamoxd Mill.— Make a brass chuck or wheel, suit- able for use on a foot-la.he. with a iLit even surface or face of about Ih or •_ in-ncs in diameter; then place a number of the co;irsest pieces ^- '■^'^ diist on diCerent parts of its face, and %%-ith smooth I- ^ mmer drive the pieces of dust all evenlv into the brass to B€ ,;., .. ^_:e level with the surface. Your mill, "thus prepared, 'm 330 WATCnilAKCRS, JETVELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Iio-w nscd for makini^ paJlei je-xels ot for grindiiis: etone and glass of iny kiud. Foriwlisliiiig, use a bone or boxwood chuck or wheel.of sim- ilar form to your miU. aud coat it lightly with the tiuetit grade ot jrour diamond-du?t aud oil; with this a beautiful i>olish may be giveu to the hardest i^tuue. To Make Diamoxd Dt'^t. — Place a few ?mall pieces of commoa or cheap diamond on a block of haid polished steel, in a suitable rcd- eel, and cover it with water to preveLt it fl\"ing or scattering, then place a flat steel pnuch on each piece peparately, and strike the punch with a mallet or hammer, with sufficient forte to crush the diamond. When reduced sufficiently fine in tliis way, the dust may be collected and dried for u?e ; after drj-ing, it nmy be graduated for differeul purposes, by mixing it with a little watti oil ; when agitated, the fin- est particles will fioat near the surface, while the coarsest pieces will fink at once to the bottom ; and thus by decantinj the oil in which the dust floats, ns many grades of fineness as desired may be obtain- ed. The dust mny be separated from t!ie oil by poming on a pi'^ce of smooth clean I'Ujior ; tlie* paper will absorb tl.e oil, or allow it to fil- ter through, while the diust will remain on t'.e surface ; but to pre- vent waste, the better way is to leave it in t':e oil and use directly therefrom as required, or the oil may bo washed out of the dust witix alcohol. To PRESERVE PI^^o^"3 ob BEARrscs mo3i Corrosion xsv Rcst. • — ^In case of the lower centre bearing under the cannon pmion cor- roding or rusting, when you clean tlie watch, bo particuLar to take tha central wheel oif. Clf-:n it thorong]:ly; if the ]iivot is scratched, pol- ish it, then make a litti© hoUo^r in tlie top hole ; put good fresh oil on it, and the pivot will not corrode or rust lor two or three years. As to the other pivots in the watch, they should all be thoroughly cleaned, and old oil cleaned out ; then if no diust gets in, and no acci- dent happens V.ia -ivatch. It will mn for years. To Clean a Clock.— Takethe movement of the clock " to pieces." Brush tlie wheels and pinions thoroughly with a stiJ coarse brush ; also the plates which tlie trains work. Clean the pivots well by tam- ing in a piece of cotton cloth held tightly between your thumb and finger. The pivot holes in the pLitcs are'gcnerally cleansed by turn- ing a piece of wood into tliem, but I have always found a strip of cloth or a soft coi-d dra\vn ti;:htly thronc;h tliem to "act the best. If yoa use two cords, the first cue slightly oiled, aud the next dry, to clean the oil out, all the better. Do not use salt or acid to clean your clock — it can do no good, but mny do a great deal of harm. BoUuig tlia movement in water, as is the pi-actiee of some, is also foolishness. To Bl'sh.— The hole through which the great arbors, or winding axles, work, are the only ones that usually require bushing. Wliea they nave become too much worn, the great wheel on the axle before named strikes too deeply into the pinions above it and stops the clock. To remedy this, bushing is necessary, of course. The most commoa way of doing it is to drive a steel jwint or punch into the plate just rbove the axle hole, thus forcing the brass do-.vuwards xmtil the nolo is reduced to its original size. Another motle is to solder a piece of bra£3 nixjn the plate in guch a position as to hold the axle down to itj prope» place. If you simply wish your clock to rtm, and have no am- Mtioa to produce a liuab UmhI will Mok workoaoUke, about m $004 % "WATCHMAKERS, JETTELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 881 way M any is to fit a piece of liard Trood between the post which cornea thron;:h the t'jp of tiie plate rjid axle. Make it long enonjrh to hold the aille to iti» proper place, to tliat the axle will run on tha end of tlie griin. Cut notches where the pivots come through, ana secure by wrapping around it and the plate a piece of eniall wire or a thread. To Rk-medy Worv Pi>nox.— Turn the leaves or rollers, so tha worn places upon them vdU be towards tlie arbor or shaft, and fasten tlieiu in that porution. If they are 'rolling pinions" and you cannot secure them otlierwise, you had better do it with a little soft solder. To Oil Pkopkrly.— (Jil onJy, and very lightly, the pallets of th<» verge, the steel pin xiyion which the verge works, and tlie pouit where tlie loop of the verge wire works over the pendulum wire. Use nono but the best watch oil. Tliongh you might be, working constantly at the clock-repairing business, a bottle costing you but twenty-five cents would last you two years at least You can buy it at any watch- fumisliing establishment. To Make the Clock Strtkk Correctlt.— If not very cautious inputtijig up your clock vou will get some of the strildng-tram wheels in wrong, and thus produce a derangement in the striking. If this should hapi>en, pry the plates apart on the strikinj; side, slip the pivots of tlio npi>o.r wheels out, and ha\ing discon;ie(.-tcd them from the train, tmn them part around and put" them back. If still net right, repait the experuuent. A few efforts at most will get them to working properly. The sound in cnckoo clocks is caused by a wire avting on a small bellows which is connected with two email pipes like organ pipes. A Defect to look after. — Always examhie the pendulum wire at the point where th.e loop of the verge wire works over it You will generally find a small notch, or at l&ist a rough pl.-'.ce worn there. Dress it outperfe^lly smooth, or your dock will not be likely to work well Small as tliis defect may seem, it 6tox>s a large number of clocks. Figures ox Gold ajnt) SlL^'ER Dials. — IIoIJ a small piece of «opper over a gas fl^me for a few minutes till it is coated with soot ; clear this off on to a piece of finely giound glass, add fat oil and a gmall quantity of oil of spike lavender, and grind up ; paint vsith a gmaU-camel hair j^enciL To Dktekmixe the Exact Focal. Distance of Spectaclb Glasses. -^-I'lace the cud of a measure of thirty or forty inches in length against a smooth wall, or other suittvble ground, in'phiin view of some well-defined object a few rods distant, as for iustance a bnilding or window on the opposite side of the street. Tlien place the edge of your lens on the measure, and move it backwards or forwards until a sjiectrum is formed, or, in other words, until a clear and distinct outline of tlie distant object is produced on the ground against which your measure rests. This point will represent sufli- ciently near, for all practical purixjses, the exact focal distance of the lens, and will corre.'^pond in inches with the number on all properly marked convex specticlcs. For mending fine steel spectacle fmnea, use the best gold solder in preference to silver or brass solder. VALrABLB Receipts tor GoLDSJirrHs.— Standard gold is com- 90^Bd«d of 440 psiui of fine gold, and 40 graioa CTroy weigbt.) \^ 332 IVATCHMAXERS, JEWEtLEES', AC, EECEIPT3. the oz. alloy ; therefore, when yon jndsje how mnch gold a jMece of •work will lake, compoimd it to the standard weight by the following directions : Ax^aij Weight. — The weight of go'd is a ponnd, which is divided into 12 ozs. each oz. into 24 carats, each carat into 4 grains, and, lastly, eaxG. — In melting T!rn$s Gold, urge the fire to a great heat, and stir the metal with the lung stem of ft tobacco pipe to prevent honev-combiug. If Steel or Iron filimjs ges. mto gold whUe melting, throw iu a piece of sandiver the size of a common nut ; it will attract the Llou or steel from the gold into the flux, or, sublimate of mercury will iestroy the iron or Eteel. To cause Gold to roll well, melt with a good heat, add a teaspooofnl of sal ammoniac and charcoal, eqtiaJ (quantities, both pulverized, gtir up well, put on the cover for 2 minutes, and pour. To Refink Snatiepings CoxT.\i>n:i ; Goli> or Silveu. — To 8 ozs. of the diit, which has been washed and Lumt, add .salt, 4 ozs. .• l«arlash 4 ozs. ; red t;irtar 1 oz. ; saltpetre h oz., mix thuronglily ia a mortar, melt in a crucible, and dissolve out tlie precious metals in a button. QCAXTITY OF STA>'DAKD GOLD TO COMPOUND .\X OZ. OF AXT OF THE FOLIX)WrN'G ALLOYS CALCCLATED TO TILK ^ OF A GBAlXi A3 FOLLOWS : Carat, Dwts. Gra. Qrs. D\ri.3. Gra. Qrs. 1 21 9 19 2 3 2 1 19 7 18 4 4 3 2 17 5 17 6 6 4 3 15 3 16 8 » 6 4 13 1 15 10 10 6 5 10 10 14 13 1 7 6 8 8 a 13 15 3 8 7 6 6 <; 12 17 5 9 8 4 4 11 19 T 10 9 2 2 10 21 9 11 10 6 10 C 12 10 21 9 P 9 2 2 13 11 19 7 E- 8 4 4 14 12 17 5 ^ 7 6 6 15 13 15 3 o 6 8 8 16 14 13 1 ►J 5 10 10 17 15 10 10 J 4 13 1 18 16 8 8 <. 3 15 3 19 17 6 6 2 17 5 20 18 4 4 1 19 7 • 2J 19 2 2 21 9 22 22 To Fuse Gold Dcst. — Use sucli a crucible as is generally n«ed for melting bras.s ; heat very hot : liien add your gold dnst mixed with powdered Ixirax ; — ^alter some time a scum or slag will arise on the top, which may be thickened by the addition of a little lime or bone 8.«h. If the du.-t contains any of the mora oxidizeable metaJs, add a little nitre, skim oS. tlie slag or scum very carefolly ; when melted, grasp the crucible with strong iron tongs ; WATCnriAKEKS, JE"WT:LLER3*, AC, RECEIPTS. 333 •nd pour off immediately into cast iron moolds, plightly greased. The Flng aud crariblcs iruiy be afterwards pulverized, and tha cririfcroos matter recovered irom tlie mass through cupeUation by r.eaud of lead. Gold Allot?. — Tlio "Kcw Standard" for watch cases, &c., is 18 canits of fine p Id and 6 of all ^y. No gold of inferior quality can receive the "liiiU mark ;" and gold of lower quality Is generally doFcribcd by its commercial value. The nlloy may bo entirely fih er, which will give a green color, or entirely copper for a red c/ colored Gold Alloys. 17 Cdrat. Fine gold, l.j dwts., fine silver, Idwt 10 grs., fine copper, 4 dwts. 17 grs. — 3. Another, IS Carat. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 4 dwt-?. 10 grs., fine copper, 2 d\\ta. 5 grs.— -4. Another, 18 Carat. Fine gold, 15 dwts., fine silver, 2 d\\ts. 4 grs., fine copper. 2 i\-:U. 19 grs.— o. Another, 18 Carat. Fine gold, IS dwt''., fine silver, 1 dv.-t^ IS grs., fine copper, 3 dwts. IS gri.— C. Another, 19 Carat Fine gold, loz., fine siiver, 2 dwts. 6 grs., fine copper, 3 dwts. 13 g:-3.— 7. Another, 20 Carat. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 2 dwts., fine copoer, 2 dwts. 4 grs. — 8. AncAhcr, 22 Carat. Fine gold, 18 dwts., fine tilv'cr, 12 grs., fine copper, 1 dwt. 3 grs.— 9. Guld solder for the forc- fing AUoiis. Trke of the alloyed gold you are uting, Idwt, fino t ivcr, 6 gfi*. — 10. Al'.'^y /<^r Dry Colored liinejs. Fine gold, 1 oz., il;ie silver, 4 dr. ts. G grs., "fine copper, 4 dwts. C grs.— 11. Solder for J. 70. S rap gold, 2 ozs., fine silver, 3 dwt-?., fine copper, 3 dwts. — 12. Jiry C'doird Scrap reduced to cos. Guld. Colored scrap, 1 oz., 9 dwts. 12 gre., fine silver, 2 dwts., fine copper, 17 dwts. 12 grs., spelter, 4 dwts. DuY CoLORrsG FOB TitE FoBEGOtsc— Poli.sli your work well and for every 2 ozs., t".ke Kilt;ietre, 8 ozs., alum, 4 oz?., salt, 4 ozs., melt all together in a bl;uk lead pot, stirring with a thin iron Ixir whea disi«oh-iug. Use tl:e fire on a forge and urge it well ^vith the bellows, is you can not make it tf>o In it. Your fKilislied work being vrell cleaned with soda, soan, and hot water, is dried in box sawdust Ja cfterwards covei-ed, with a thin layer of borax ; anne;iled and boiled out and again dried in box sawdust and finally hung on pUitinum CT silver WHO. ^^■hen the "'color" in the pot assumes a bro\m yellow f.:ii:,e. the work is dipped in for two or three seconds, and queuclied with hfit water diluted with muriatic acid, which removcsany " color" that may adhere to the work. This ought to produce tlio desired color, but if it does not, repeat tho proccaa. previously drjin; the 334 WATCH1U.KEBS. JEWELLERS', ACS BECEIPTS. work before K-immersioa in tlie "color." The color-pot most ba emptied iimne"0 Allots. — Fcr 5 023. of work take ealtpetre, lii oz.?., aiam. 8 ozs., salt, 8 oza.. all ptilverLzed and muriate £cid 2 ozs., dissolve the ingredients gmdanlly in a black lead pot "When it boils up, add the acid, an J j^tlr t':e whole with a wooden spoon. Having r.nnealed your work and m.^i" it perfectly dean, tie in small parcels with platinum or fine silver wire, and when the color Ixiils up immerse it therein for four minntes, movin;: it about to en- sure & perfect contact with all p-.urts of t.\e sarface. Then take it out and rinse it well in boiling water, then Lmnerse in tie color again for for 1,J minutes and rinse well once more in fre^h hot water. Now add 2 ozs, of fresh hot water to the color in the pot, which will cause ji to liak. Whes it rise« pat m jour woik for 1 minute, lissing in "WATCmiAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 335 tnrix hot water npiin, ^vhen it -wtII begin to brighten. Now immene your work lor half a minute longer, and rinse for the last time in ci^ hot water, when it will appear of a most beautiful color Allots co>-Ti>-trED. 1. Pale gold for coloring Enamelling, or iMppxng—Yme gold, 1 oz., fine gilver, 9 dwts. fine copner, 2 dwte 12 grs. 2. Another ditto— Tine gold 1 oz., fine sHver 9 dwts., fine cop- p» 3 dwts. 12 gr?. a AroVier ditto— Yme gold 1 oz., fine silver 10 dvrts-, fine copper 3 dwts, 12 grs. 4. Enamelling Gold Xo. 1— Fine gold I oz., fine silver 1 dwt 12 grs., fine copper 2 dwts 12 grs 6 enamelling Gold from Sterling— SteThus 1 oz., fine sUver 8 gra fine copper 2 dwts. 6. Enamelling Gold ,'^older— Gold alloyed 1 dwt fine silver 4 grs. 7. Another ditto, cost 43s. stg., or $10 75 'per oz — Fine gold 12dwt -= Ime gold 1 oz., fine silver 4 dwts., fine copper 4 dwts., pin bra.<»s 16 iwts. 28. Another ditto. Xo. 3. —Fine gold 1 oz., fine sUver 5 dwts 12 gi^, fine copper 3 dvrts. 12 grs., pin brass 19 dwts. 6 grs '>9' Amtaer alloy.— \ ine gold 1 oz., fine silver 3 dwts. 21 grs., fine copper i^H-.^lP';^ comTOsition 5 dwts. 6 grs. 30. Another di/«o-Fme gold 15 dwt3. 9 grs., fine silver 5 dwts. 19 grs., fine copper 3 dwts ^i CTs., composition 15 dwts. 31. Composition for the last tico alloys— 1 inest copper 1 oz. , spelter 5 dwts. 32. Solder for foregoing alloys- Gold alloyed, 1 dwt, fine sUver 12 grs. 33. Imitation Gold, costs Sic. vcr oz.—YmQ silver 2 oz. 6 dwts., fine copper 1 oz., composition 1 oz keeps its color very welL 34. Composition fvr ditto— Fine copper ll ozs. , spelter 2 ozs. 33, " Ca'.ifomia " Go/d— Fine gold 6 ozs. 12 dwta. eomj)o«Uon7 ozs. 17 dwta 36. (JM 1 oz.. fine silvei 5 J\vxi., fine copper 1 oz.. speltero dwta, 4-3. J'../ C ■" -a, J Scrap rc-.i:. *-_ j to '^-''3. or SS.75 tyo?'i — Colored scrap 1 oz. 9 d . te. 12 grs., fine silvc; .? d^vts., fine copper 17 dwt,«. 12 grs., spelter 4 d'.vts. 4i. Alloy j\>r GAl (J'l^.nf. — Fine gold 11 dwts. 6 grs., fine silver 2 dwts. ogx-s., fine cop- per 6 dwts. 13 grs. 45. Another ditto — Fine gold 1 pz., fine silver 9 dwts., fine copper 6 dwts. 46. Gold worth 45 gtj. or Sll.25. — Fine gold, 1 oz,. coiniX)sition (see Xo. 22) 1 oz. 47. Solder for dPJo. — ^Fiue gold 1 or., fineailver 15 dwts.. fine copper 15 dTts. 4S. 12 Curat Gold, — Fina gold 1 oz.. fine silver 10 dwts., ti:ii e «' '>or 9 d?rti. 6 grs. 49. Com- mon G-IJfiMin '• Cf.iforma," — "CaLLurnla," (>. ? No. 35) 8 oz.?. fine eilver l;< ozs. IG dvrts.', fine copi>er 6 oz:*. 16 d .. rs. 50. 20.j or S7.25 Gold. — Fine gold 1 oz. 13 dwts- 6 grs., fine silver 1 oz. 12 d^vts. 13 gr?., fine copper 1 oz. V> divts. 6 gi^, spelter 4 d-.vts- Standi nitria acid very well. OKDIXAHT BRIGHT GOLD -mRE, TABLE SHOinyG THE PKOPOKTIOS* OF ALLOY FKOM 1 OZ. UP TO 21 OZ. Fine Gold. FineSil rer. Fine Copper. TotaL Oz. Ehrts. Grs. Oz. Dwts. Grs. Oz. Dwts. Grs. Oz. Dwts. Gra. 6 21 6 6 6 21 1 11 13 14 12 13 13 2 17 15 1 1 18 1 15 3 1 15 6 2 3 12 2 1 6 6 2 13 21 3 5 6 2 1 21 9 3 10 12 4 7 4 3 13 12 4 8 3 5 8 18 5 3 3 13 5 4 IS 6 10 12 6 3 18 13 6 3 8 7 13 6 2 4 9 21 To Recover the Gold lost in CoLORrxG. — Dissolve a h-andfnl of enlpiijre of iron in boiiing water, then add this to tout "color" ■water, it preeii'liatestlie small paititles of gold. Now draw off the ■waier. being very careliil nut tu disturb the auriferous sediment at the bott-jin. You will now prot^eed to wash tlie sediinent from all trace of acid with plenty of buiiiug water ; it will re<.]uire 3 or 4 sep- arate was'iings, with sailicienttinie between each to allow the water to cool and the sediment to settle, before pouring the water off. Then dry in an iron vessel by the fire and finally fuse in a covered skittio pot with a flux as directed on pn:;e 202. ALLOT3 FOK GoLD.— 1. R d 'jold. — Coppcr. 66.67 pQits ; gold. 33.- S3 parts. 2. Yd'^^-x uo'd. — C'lvi^ier. 12.50 ixvrts ; silver, 37.50 iiarts ; gold. 50 parts. 3. Gr:rn grr, 'J.— Silver, 25 parts ; gold, 75 parts. 4. Jdlou ^oW.— Silver, CW.C7 parta ; gold, 33.33 parta. 5. Gray goid,^^ IfATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC., BECEIPTg. 337 fiDrer, 5.89 parts ; gold, 88.23 parts ; iron, 6.89 parta. 6, Dentists' gold. —Silver, 8.M jjarts ; platinnm, 66.67 parts ; gold, 24.29 parts. 7. Englishgold coin. — Copper, 8.34 parts ; gold, 91.66 parts. 8. Amei-ioan gold coin.— Copper, 10 parts ; sold, 90 paits. French gold coin game as American. 10. Alloys for Silver Coin and Plate.— English standard. — Copper, 7.50 ixirta; silver, 93.50 parts. 11. American d>Uo. — Copper, 10 imrts ; silver 90 pai-ts. French, the same. GiuJiNG Metal for common jewelry is made by mixing 4 parts copper -with one of calamine brass. Sometimes 1 lb. copper, with 6 oz. of brass. Dentists' Plate.— 'No. 1 Gold, 20 dwts. ; glh-er, 1 dwt ; copper, 2 dwte. 2. Gold, 21, silver, 2, copper. Gold for Springs, — ^Gold, 18 d\vts. 12 grs. ; silver, 6 dwfcs. ; copper, 5 dwts. Jewellers' SouDEStsG Fluid.— Muriatic acid, |pt.; grain einc, IJ oz. Dissolve, and add a little common solder and sal-ammoniac- Jewellers' Gold Compositions.— C'om?no« (ro^rf. — Silver, 1 part; Spanish copper, 16 parts, gold, 2 parts; mix. Sing Gold.—Svunish. copper, 6 parts; silver, 3 parts; gold, 5 parts; mb:. Manheim Gold. — copper, 3 parts; zinc, 1 part. M-ilt, and stir well. Mosaic Gold. — copper and zinc, equal parts ; melt at the lowest temperature that wiU. fuse the foimer, then mix by stirring, and add 5 per cent, more zinc. Parker' s Mosaic Gold. — Copper, 100 parts; zinc, 5i parts. For common Jeivch~y — Copper, 3 parts; 1 of old brass, and 4 oz. of tin to every lb. *f copper. Factitious Gold. — Copper, 16 parts; platinum, 7 parts; rinc, 1 part; fused together. This alloy resembles gold of 16 ciirats fine, or §, and vc ill resist the action of nitric acid, uiiless very concen- trated and boiling. Harmstadt's True Imitation of Gold.— is stated not only to resemble gold in color, but also in specific gravity and ductility. Platinum, 16 parts; copper, 7 parts; zinc, 1 part; put it ma crucible, co\er with charcoal powder, and melt into a mass. Do. of fi'iVrer.— Copper, J oz. ; brass, 2 oz. ; pure silver, 3 oz. ; bismuth, 2 oz. ; saltpetre, 2 oz. ; common salt, 1 oz.; arsenic, 1 oz. ; potash, 1 oz. ; melt in a crucible with powdered charcoal. This compound, used by a German chemist for unlawful purposes, was so perfect that he waa never discovered. Aktificial Gold.— This is a new metallic alloy which is now yctj extensively used iu France as a substitute for gold. Pure copper, 100 parts; zinc, or, preferably, tin, 17 parts; magnesLa, 6 parts; sal- ammoniac, 3-6 parts; qiiick-Kme, | part; tartar of commerce, 9 parts; are mbced as follows : The copper i.s first melted, and the magnesia, Kil-aaimoniac, lime and tartar are then added separately, aud by degrees, in the foim of powder; the whole is now briskly stirred for about h an hour so as to mix thoroughly ; and when the zmc is added in small grains by throwing it on the sui-face, and stirring till it is entirely fused; the crucible is then covered, and the fusion matutained for about 35 minutes. The surface is then ekiramed, and the alloy is ready for casting. It has a fine grain, is malleable, aud takes a splen- did poli^li. It dose not corrode readily, and for many purposes, is an excellent Fill )stitut for gold. When tarnished, its brilliancy can bo restored by a httle acidulated water. If tin be employed instead of 2inc, the alloy will be more brilliant. It is very much used in France, and must ultimately attain equal popularity here. , New French Patent Alloy for Silver.— Messieurs De Ruobi ,& Fontenay have Invented the following alloy, whldi may be udei 22 338 WATcmiAKEEs, jewellers', er. The remainder (.:;yld) is tiien fused and weijrhed ; by comparing the first and liVat wei^jhta t'.e number of carats of pure gold is found. TIas operation is always reieated several times, and if any difference oa:uis in the result, "all is doue over again. Jewellers' Alloys. — Soldes, &c. Eljhte^n-caratgold/jr rings — Gold coin, 19^ gr. ; pure cojv^ier, 3 grs. ; pure silver, 1^ gr. Cheap gold, tv>elve carat.— Gold coin, 25 gr. ; pure copper, 13^ gr. ; pure silver, 7i grs. Very cheap four-carat gold. — Copper, 13 purt3; gold, 4 parts ; Buver, 2 parts. Imilations of gold.—l Platina, 4 dvv-t ; pure copper, 2Jdwt ; sheet-zinc, 1 d\vt ; block-tin, 1| dwt. ; pure lead, 1^ dwL If this should be found too h.ard or brittle for practical use, re-meltin.:; the composition with a little &al-ammoniac will generally render it malleable as desired. 2. Phitina, 2 parts ; silver, 1 part ; copper, 3 parts. These compositions, when properly prepared, so nearly resem- ble pure gold it is very diScult to distinsruish tlicm therefrom. A little powdered charcoal, mixed with metris while melting, will be found of service. Best oreide of gold. — Pure copper, 4 oz. ; sheet zinc, If oz. ; magnesia, g oz. ; sal-ammoniac, ^ oz. ; quick-lime, 9-33 ©z. ; cream tartar, ^ oz. First melt the copv'er at as low a temperature as it win melt ; then add the zinc, and afterwards the other articles in powder, in the order named. Use a charcoal fire to melt tLe-co metals. Bushmj Alloy for Pivot-fu-ls, <£c. — Geld coin, 3 d-rts. ; sC- ver, 1 dwt. 20 grs. ; copper, 3 dwts. 20 grs.; pa'.ladiim, 1 dwt The best composition known for the pnnx)se named. Gvld Solder far Fjui teen to Sixteen-carat Work. — Gold coin, 1 dwt ; pure silver, 9 grs. ; pure copper, 6 grs. ; bra.«3, 3 grs. Darker solder. — Gold coin, 1 dwt ; pure copper, 8 grs.; pure silver, 5 grs. ; brass, 2 grs. ; meit to- gether in charcoal fire, f^' >'dcr for Uold. — Gold, 6 d^\•ts. ; silver, 1 dwt. ; copper, 2 dwts. Soft Gold Sohier.— Gold, 4 parts ; silver, 1 part ; copper 1 part Solders for Silver. — (For the nse of jewellers. ) — fine silver, 19 dwts. ; coioer, 1 dw"t ; sheet brass, 10 dwts. Mliite Solder for Silver.— &-lrei, 1 oz. ; tin, 1 oz. Silcer Solder, forPlated Metal.— Tine silver. 1 oz. ; brass 10 dwts. Solders. — For Gold. — 1. Silver, 7 parts; copner, 1 part, with borax. 2. Gold, 2 parts; silver. 1 part ; oopi^er, 1 p.ift a Gold, 3 parts ; silver, 3 parts ; copi>er, 1 part; zinc j part F^r Silyr. — SUver, 2 parts; brass, 1 part, with bo- rax ; or, silver, 4 paits ; bmss, 3 parts ; zinc, 1-1 S i^art, with borax. Gold S'Ader».—\. Copr>er. 21.24 parts ; silver, 27.57 parts ; gold, 48. 19 parts. 2. Enamel iv/it r.— Copi>er, 25 parts; silver, 7.07 jmrta; gold, C7.'J3 parts. 3. Copper. 2d.oo parts"; zinc, iiso j^arts; silver, 31.25 parts; gold, 36 parts. 4. Enamel Solder. — ^Silver, 1 (.57 parts ; gold, 80.43 parts. Solder.— For 22 carat gold^-Goli. of 22 carats, 1 dwt; silver, Sgr. : copper, 1 gr. For 18 carcA gold. — Gold of 18 carats, 1 dwt ; sil- ver. 2 gr. ; copper, 1 gr= For cheaper gold. — Gold, 1 dwt ; silver, 10 WATCHJIAKERS, JE"SrELLEKS', AC, EECEIPT8. 339 gr. ; ooppet , 8 gr. Cheaper $tUl.—Tiae gold, 1 dwt ; silver, 1 dwt. ; copper, 1 dwt Silver Solders. — 1. (hard.) Copper, 30 parts ; ziuc, 12.85 parta ; silver, 57.15 i>art8. 2. Coj>i>er, 23.:^ paits ; ziuc, 10.00 parts ; silver, 66.67 parts. 4. Copper, 26.(36 partrf; zLuc, 10.00 parta; silver, 63.34 parts. 5. (soft.) Copper 14.75 parts; ziuc 8-50 i>art3 : silver, 77.05 parts. 6. Copper, 22. ;M parts ; zmc, 10.43 parts ; silver, 67.18 parts. 7. Tin, 63.00j)art3 ; lead, 37 parts. Colored Gold. — 1. Fvll red gold. — Gold, 6 dwts. ; copper, 5 dwts. 2. Bed gold. — Gold, 5 dvrts. ; silver, 1 dwt. ; copper, 4 dwts. 3. Green GoW.— Gold, 2 dwt. ; silver, 21 gr. 4. Gray gold.— Gold, 3 dwts. 15 gr ; silver. 1 dwt 9 ct. 5. Blue qokt — Gold, 5 dwt ; steel filings, 5 dwt. 6. Antique gold, greenish-ydloio color.— Gold, 18 dwts. 9 gr. ; silver, 21 gr. ; copper 18 gr. These all require to be submitted to the process of wet coloring. 7. Fictitious gold, very bright. — Cop- per, 16 parts ; platina, 7 paits ; zinc, 1 part ; fused together. English Standard for Silver. — Pure silver, 11 ozs. 2 dwts. ; copper, 22 dwts. : melt Silver Imitation, — Copper, 1 lb. ; tin, | oz. , melt This composition will roll and ring very near to silver. French Gold Plate. — 1. Gold, 92 parts ; copper, 8 parts. 2. Gold, 84 parts ; copper, 16 parts. 3. Gold, 75 parts ; copper, 25 parts. Jewellers' i/eto/.— Copper, 30 parts; tin, 7 parts; brass, 10 parts ; mix. Alloy fob "Watch Pinion Sockets. — Gold, 31 parts; silver, 19 parts; copper 39 parts; palladium, 1 part Coloring OF Jeu'elrv. — 1. To Ilciyhien the Color of Yellow gold. — Saltpetre, 6 ozs ; green copperas, 2 ozs. ; white vitriol and alum, of each 1 oz. If wanted redder, a F^inll quantity of blue vitriol must be added, 2. For Green Gold. — buitpetre, 1 oz. 10 dwts. ; sal-ammo- niac, 1 oz. 4 dwts. ; Roman vitriol, 1 oz. 4 dwts. ; verdigris, 18 dwts. 3. To Clean Gilt Jewelry. — Boiling water in a clean flask, \ pt; cyanide of potassium, 1 oz. ; shake the flasli to dissolve the potaa- eium. Add, when colj!, liquor ammonia, \ oz. ; rectified alcohol, 1 oz. Used by brushing over gilded articles. 4. Coloring Jewelry. — Boil the articles in a dilute solution of terchloride of gold, to which some bicarbonate of soda has been added. 5. Coloring of Gilding. — Defective colored gilding may also be improved by the help of the lollowing mixture : nitrate of potash, 3 ozs. ; alum 1^ ozs. ; sulphata of ziuc, 1^ ozs. ; oommon salt, 1^ ozs. These ingredients are to be put into a small quantity of water to form a sort of paste which is put upon the articles to be colored ; they are then placed upon an iron pmte over a clear fire, so that they will attain nearly to a black heat, •when they are suddenly plungod "into cold water : this gives them a beautiful high color. Different hues may be had by a variation in the mixture. 6. For Red Gold. — To 4 ozs. melted yellow wax, add, in fine powder, 1 J ozs. of red ochre, ;liozs. verdigris, calcined till it jielda no fiimes ; and ioz. of Ci.lcined borax. Mix them well together. Dissolve either of above mixtures in wat«r, as the color is wanted, and nse as required. 7. Fine color for Heavy Gilt Work. — Alum, 3 ozs. ; saltpetre, 6 ozs. ; sulphate of zinc, 3 ozs. ; common salt, 3 ozs. Mix all into a thick paste, dip the articles into it, and heat them until nearly blAck on a piece of sheet iron over a clear coke or charcoal fire, theu plunge them into cold wat«r. 8. Fine Color For Light Plated toorA-.— bulpbate of copper, 2 d^vt3, ; best verdigris, 4 dwts, 12 grs. ; sai-aznmo» 340 "WATCHMAKERS, JE-VTELLEBS', AC, BECEIPT8. mac, 4 dwt?. ; ealtpetre, 4 d-wts. ; acetic acid, 1 oz. ; pnlverize the soil* articles, add the acetic acid gradually, stirring all the time. Dip your articles into tl.is mixture and heat them to a black color on a Fheetof copper. When cold, place them in a middling strong sul- phuric acid pickle, ■which dissolves the coloring salts and iuducea a very fine gold color. 9. Ztmscan Gold Coloring. — Alum, 1 oz. ; fine tabie-fa'-t, 1 oz. ; saltpetre (powdered), 2 oz. ; hot rain-water, suffi- cient to innl:e the eoiution, ■when dissolved, about the consistency of thick ale ; tlicu add sulScient muriatic acid to produce the color de- sired. The degree of success must always depend, in a greater or less degree, upon the skill or judgment of the operator. The article to be colored should be from lourteen to eighteen carats fine, of piure gold and copper only, and be free from coatings of tin, or silver solder. Tlie eoiution is best used vrann, and ■when freshly made the principle on ■which it acta is to ent out the copper aJloy from the sur- face of the article, leaving thereon pure, frorted gold only. After coloring, wash off, first in rain-water, then in alcohol, and ary ■with- out rubbing, in fine clean sawdust. Fine Etruscan -jewelry, that has been defaced or tarnished by use, may be perfectly rene-wed by the same process'. Fob SiLVERSMirns, Sterling Silver. — 1. Fine silver 11 oz. 2 dwts., fine copper 18 d-wts. 2. Eqnal to Stcrlinr/ — Fine silver 1 oz., fine copper 1 d-wt. 12 grs. 3. Another dtto — Fine silver 1 oz., ^e copper 6 dwts. 4. Common Silver for Chains — Fine silver 6 d-wts., fine copper 4 dwts. 5. Solder for ditto — " me silver 16 dwts., fine copper 12 grs., pin brass, 3 d-wts. 12 grs. G. Alloy for Plating. — Fine silver 1 oz., fine copi)er 10 dwts. 7. S'\-cr Solder — Fine silver 1 oz., pin brass, 10 dwts., pure spelter, 2 d-wts. 8. Cojiper Solder for Plating — Fine silver, 10 dwts., fine copper 10 dwts. 9. Common t^ilver Solder — Fine silver 10 ozs^ pin brass, 6 ozs. 12 d-wts., spelter, 12 d-wts. 10. Silver So'der for Enamrlling, $1 per oz. —Fine silver 14 dwts., fine copper, 8 dwts. 11. Ditto, for filling Signet Pings. — Fine silver, 10 ozs, fine copper, 1 oz. 16 dwts., fine pin brass, (3 ozs. 12 dwts., spelter, 12 dwts. 12. Silver Solder for Gold Plating — Fine silver, 1 oz., fine copper, 5 dwts., pin brass, 5 dwts. 13. Quick Silver Solder — Fine silver, 1 oz., pin brass, 10 dwts., bar tin, 2 dwts. 14. Imitation Silver — Fine silver, 1 oz., nickel, 1 oz. 11 grs., fine copper, 2 ozs. 9 grs. 15. Another ditto — Fine silver, 3 ozs., nickel, 1 oz. 11 dwts., fine copper, 2 ozs. 9 grs., Bjielter, 10 dwts. 16. Fine Silver Solder for Filigree Work — Fine folver, 4 dwts. 6 grs., pin biass, 1 dwt. 17. Bismuth Solder — Bismuth, 3 ozs., lead, 3 ozs. 18 dwts., tm, 5 ozs. 6 dwts. Dead White o?f Silver Articles. — ^Heat the article to a cherry Ted, or a dull red heat and allow it to cool, then place it in a pickle of B parts sulphuric acid to 100 parts of water, and allow it to remain for an hour or two. If the surface is not right, rinse in cold water, and repeat the heating and pickling operation as before. This removes the copper from 8ie snrfai^e of the article, leaving pure silver ou the Burface. When sufficiently -s\hitened, remove from the pickle, well rinse in pure hot water and place in warm box sawdust. Pickle, fob Frostino akd Whitentkg Sil-ver Goods. — Sul- phuric acid, 1 dr. ; water, 4 oz. ; heat the pickle, and immerse th« •UTer in it until frc^d &a desired ; th^ -wash oS clean, and dry -witb WATCHMAKEES, JEWELL^BS', AC, KECEIPT9. Z4X ft Bofl linen cloth, or In fine dean sa-wdust. For •whitening only, a ■mailer proportion of acid may be used. To Fkost Poliseed Silver. — Cyanide of potassium 1 oz. ; dis- solved in ^ pt of water. Do not hold tl'.a silver in your hands, but Use pliers made of lauce wood or box wood, and apply the miituie •with a brush to the polished s'orface. SiL'VEEi>'G HooK3 A>*D ErEs, fzc. — The BmiU iron articles are BTispended in dilute culphuric acid until t!;e iron thows a bright clean Kuiiace. After rinsing in pure water they are placed iu a bath of a taixed selution of gulphatei of zinc, snlpliate of copper and cyaoido of iK)ta^jam, and there remain untU they receive a' bright coatin- of ljra£3. Lastly, they are transferred to a b.'i.t':i of nitrate of silve:-, cyanide of i-KJtP.ssi'.im and sulphate of goda, in •which they quickly leceivcd a coating of silver. Oroi".uir>T.vL De3IO>-3 ox Siltee. — Select a smooth part of tha silver, and g;:ct:h on it a monogram or anv other desi,.Tn you chon.«e, with a shar,) load T>encil, then place the article in a gola golution with tlie battory in good working order, and in a short time all the parts not sketched -vvith the lead pencil will be covered with a coat of gold. After cle;msii]g the article, the black lead is easily removed by the fingers, and the silver ornament disclosed. A gold ornament may be produced by reversing the proccfs. To Extract Sll\tji from waste PRonrcTS. — ilix your refuse with an equal quantity of wocd charcoal, place in a crucible and sub- mit to a bright red heat, and in a short time a silver button will bo ioimd at the bottom. Carbonate of soda is another good flux. To Solder Tortoise Shell. — Bring the edges of the pieces of shell to fit each other, observuig to give the same inclination of grain to each, then secure them in a piece of paper, aud place them between hot irons or pincers ; apply pressure, and let them cool. The heat must not be so great as to burn the shell, therefore try it firat on a •white piece of paper. ABTtFiEEV-ii Pearls. — ^Are made from beads of opaline glass filled with gum, the polish of the glass being reduced by the vapor if hydrofluoric acii REvn'ES FOR Old Jewelry. — Dissolve sal-ammoniac in urine, and put the jewelry in it for a sho:t Jime ; then take it o'Jt, and rub -with chajiois leather, and it vri\\ appear equal to new. To RECO^'ER Gold from Gilt Metal. — ^Take a solution of borax water, apply to the gUt surface, and sprinkle over it some luiely powdered sulphur ; make the article red hot, and quonch it in water; then scrape off the gold, and recover it by means of lead- Polishing Powter for Gold and Silver.— Rock alum burnt and finely jiowdere i, 5 parts ; levigated chalk, 1 part Mix ; apply with a dry brush. SiLVER-rLATtxQ Flttid. — Dissolvc 1 ounce of nitrate of silver, in crystiils, in 12 ounces of soft water ; then dissolve in the water 2 oz, cyanuret of ix)ta.=h ; shake the whole together, and let it stmd till it becomes clear. Have ready some half-ounce vials, and fill half f rdl Sf Paris wlilte, or fine whiting ; and then fill up the bottles with tha quor, and it is ready for use. The whiting does not increas* the coating powder ; it only helps to clean the articles, and save thf iilvpr fluid, by half filling tha bottles. 342 "WATCmiAKERS, JETTELLERS, &C., RECEIPTS- To EsDrcE English SovEREicys to Lowbk FryETEss. — No. L 15 Carat gold, Coins, 2 ozg. ; gold, 8 ozs. ; silver, 2 oza. 3 dwt6. ; copper, 5 OM. 3 dwte. 2. Another ditto. Coiue, 4 ozs. ; gold, 6 ozs. ; silver, a era. 2 dwts. ; copper, 5 ozs. 2 dwts. b. ^nom-Lr di.'2o. Coins, 2 oze ; gold, 6 oz«. ; silver, 1 oz. 14 dwts. ; copper, 4 ozs. ; 2 dwts. 4. 14 Carai gold. Coins, 3 ozs. ; gold, 5 ozs. : silver, 1 oz. £' dwt*. 12 grs. ; copp-er, 11 dwts. 12 grs- 5. Arwther ditto. Coins, 1 oz. ; gold, 2 ozs. ; silver, 13 dwts.; copper, 1 oz. 11 dwts, 6. Anuther ditto. Coins, 1 oz. ; gold, 8 oz«. ; silver 2 ozs. ; copper, 4 ozs. 14 dwts. Sterling Value of Gold of DiFrERE>T Degrezs of Fixi:>-ess. Value per. Value per. Carats Fine. oz. Troy. Carats Fine. oz. Trov. £ £ 24 4 4 IH 12 2 2 5i 23 4 15 11 1 IS 11 22 British Standard. 3 17 lOi 10 1 15 4* 21 3 14 4 9 1 11 10 20 3 10 9 8 18 3 19 3 7 3 7 14 9 18 (Lowest Han Mark). 3 3 8i 6 1 1 2J 17 3 2 5 17 8 16 2 17 n 4 014 2 15 2 13 1 3 10 7i 14 2 9 C>i 2 7 1 13 2 6 1 3 6i Xote. — The British Sta>1)akd for gold, is gold. 22-24 of a pound, egufll to 11 parts pure gold and 1 of alloy; a pound is estimated to be divided into 24 equal parts or carats, hence the proportion is rated equal to 22 carats. The JStandard of Silver is 222-240 of a poond, equivalent to 37 parts pure silver and 3 of allor. A Trov oivnce of Standard gold is coined into £3.17.10.21. and aii ounce of Standard silver into 5*. 6d. A lb. Trov of gold yields 46 19-240 sovereigns. A lb. TroT of silver 66 shillings. £150.000 in gold weighs over a ton. £75.000',000 weighs 500 tons. The American Sta>d.\rd of Gold and Silver is SCO parts of pnr6 metal and 100 of alloy in l.COO parts of coin. t>.e fineness being ex- pressive of the qnantitv of pure metal in 10«30 parts. The value of 1 onnce of pure gold is ^20.OT.183i, as standard gold coin it is worth $18.60.465. The value of 1 ouncie of pure s^ver is Sl.29.29., as stand- ard silver coin it is wortli Si 16.36-36. To Melt Gold. — Prepare a good fire, and heat the ingot in which you wish to cast the gold, a little !• rter than boiling water: next put the alloy In the crucible, add a 8H_. U quantity of pulverizea borax, and leave on the fire until melted. Cast this in a clean ingot, and after breaking t!ie bar into small fragments, return to the pot and remelt the gold, not adding borax this time, but when the gold looks clear and smooth on tlie top. add, for every 6 ozs. gold, a piece of saltpetre about the size of a nea, and in abciut a minute pour the gold. Keep up the heat after adding the sjtltpetre. and, previous to pouring the gold. ix)ur a few drops of oil ijitn the iron ingot. If tha rtock was clean when you commenced, the gold will roll well. Much depends on the fir?t roLhug of the stock : 18 carat should be subjected to a very heavy strain; the first and second draughts, which impart* a grain to the 'stock : ligiit diiiughts stretch the gold on the surface, and the middle poition^remainiug as cast, causes the gold to crack ; Boasj- good b»T)i having been coodemued, wh»a the troaUe was Im WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, AC., RECEIPTS, 345 file rolling. After the 18 carat has been rolled to about twice it» original length, it must be annealed, then rolled to the size you re- quire. Proceed with melting 14 carat as above described for 18 carat, giving it as heavy strains in the rolls, but not rolling so much before inneaJing as the 18 carat The other carats of cheaper grade, do not require the use of saltpetre to toughen; instead of ■which, use a iittle salammoniac, and then proceed as above. When you anneal red gold, do not quench it when red hot, but allow the gold to blacken before quenching, otherwise it will slit or seam. Melt new alloys in every case twice; treat solder the same way, to ensnre a thorough admixture of the copper with tlie gold. To RE.MOTE Tix FROM THE STOCK. — Just previous to pouring the gold, throw a small piece of corrosive sublimate in the pot, stir well with a long piece of pointed charcoal, and allow the pot to re- main on the fire about half a miuute afterward. This will take tin from the alloy; while the tin is in, the gold will not roll without cracking. To remove emery or steel filings from gold, add a small piece of glass-gall, while melting; it will collect them in the flux. M.\KiNG Beittlb Gold STnoxr,. — Gold is sometimes so brittle that the jeweller cannot well work it ; this is probably due to phos- phorus, which, being no metal, is of course not detected in the assay. The remedy is to pass chlorine gas through the molten gold, by which treatment mo.<*t of the gold which had otherwise to be set aside &s imfit for certain kinds of work, can be redeemed. To M.A.KE Plated Stock. — Ciist t'le bar you wish to plate the breadth you require, and roll to the thickness of the .Sth of an inch. If you plate on silver, cast the silver the same width as the gold, and roll a little longer tliau the gold. Generally the lower, cheaper grade metal, is 2 or 3 times the thickness of the dearer, therefore use as much of each as wiU malce the desired proportions. Polish as nearly flat and straight as possible, then file one face of silver and one face of gold, until they are bright. Previous to this you have rolled a piece of plate solder very thin, .^ay, 36 in. round size plate, and cut a strip a little wider aiid longer' than your gold. Emery paper can be used to clean each side of this from dirt and grease. Cover the siirface with ground bonix from theslr.te, on eacli side; do the same on the bright faces of the gold and silver; place the solder between them, and have a piece of iron wire about | of an inch in thickness, and 3 feet long, in readinef^s, place this lengthwise on the gold, and squeeze the whole tightly together in a vice, and bind every inch or so with heavy binding wire very secure. Xext make a good charcoal fire in the forge, shaped so as to be like an oven, and then solder; when the solder melts on each side the whole length, all is ready to roll like any other stock. If you make gold plating that is 18 carat, or 16 carat, or 14 carat, and 12 carat, you must use a gold solder about 5 or 6 carats less than the inferior gold. If gold on sil- ver or composition, use copper solder. The clippings from the above, ■when the gold is on silver, may be placed in an enamelled vessel, ami covered with nitric acid, 2 part-;; water, 1 pait. The silver will bo taken in solution, which must be sa%ed in an earthen pot. Precipi- tate the silver from the solution, or after the solution has been di- luted, a ]>ar of copper placed in it will collect it; this sediment must be well washed and dried, then melted. The gold after being well dried, can be melted in a bar, a small amount of copj>er l>(>)ng added, »o that it ■will be of the jiame quality as before. 344 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLEES", AC, RECEIPTS. J bw£l leb3' ARMExiAJf Cemext. — Isinglasa soaked in water aod dissolTed in spirit, 2 oz. (thick) ; dissolve in this 10 gra. of very pale gum ammonia (in tears) by rubbing them tj^ ether ; then add 6 lai^e tears of gum ma?tic, dissolved in the least ivjssibVe quantity of rec- tified epirits. When carefulij made tldi cement rediala moisture and dries colorless. Keep in a closely ? ti^pi-ed phial. Jeweixzes' Cem£S-t. — ^Put in a bottle 2 ozs. of isinglass and 1 oz. of the beat gum arable, cover them, with pnx>f spirits, cork loosely, and place the bottie in a vessel of water. a,ud boil it till a thorough solu- tion is effected ; then strain it for u;5e. Gold is taken from the surface of silver by spreading over it a paste made of powdered sal-ammoniac, with aquafortis, arid heatm^ it till the matter pmoke,«, and is nearly dry ; when the gold niaj b« separated by nbbin j it with a scratch* brush. To Sep ABATE Gold: a:s'i> SIL^^Eat fbom L-\ce, &c. — Cut in pistes the gold or silver lace, tie it tightly, and boil in soap ley till the size appear? dimini-jhed : tike the cloth out of the liquid, and aitor re- peated rinsings ot coki water, beat it with a mallet to draw out the alkali. Oi>en the linen, and the pure metal will be found in all its beauty. Tak>19h ox ELECTRr>-Pjjk.TE Goods may bo removed by immers- ing the article from one to ten or fiiteen minutes, or imtil tbo taiTiijh hM been removed, bnt no loi\ger, in the following solution : Ra'^n water, 2 gals. ; cyannret potassa. h lb. ; dissolve and pnt into a stone jug or Jar and closely cork. After immersion, the artiiles mn.=t be taken out and thoroughly rinsed in two or t".\ree waters, then dried with a soft linen doth, or, ii frosted or chase?-! work, with fine cler.n sawdust. Tarnished jewelry may be speedily restored by this process ; but make sure work of removing the' alkali, otherwise it "will corrode the goods. A Bright Gou) TrxGE may be given to silver Vy steeping it for Si atiitable lengtli of time in a weak solution of guiphnrio acid and water strongly impregnated witli iron-riist. To Refi>te Gold. — If you desire to retlne gold from the baser metals, swedge or roll it out very thin, then cut into narrow stripa and curl up so as to prevent ita lying flatly. Drop the pieces thus prepared into a vessel containing good nitric acid, in the proportion of acid, 2 ozs., and pure rain-water ^ oz. Sufier to remain until thor- oughly dissolved, which wiU be the case in from i an hour to 1 hour. Then pour oS the liquid carefully, and yoa will fiiid the gold, in the form of yellow jwwder, lying at the ix)ttom of the vessel. Wash this witii pure water till it 'cea.«es to have an acid torte. after which yon may melt and ca,"X Sllver. — Dissolve in nitric acid as in the case of the gold. When the silver hd3 entirely disappeared, add to the 2^ oz. ot solution nearly 1 quart of pure rain-water. Sink, then, a sheet of clean copper into it : the silver will collect nit idl ,- uTxm tlie coprer, and you can 8Ci«pe it otf znd melt into bulk at pleasure- WATCHMAKERS, JKWELLEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. S45 In the ereot of yonr reftning gold In accordance witii tlio foregc«ng formula, and the impurity was eilver, tlie oiily steps necessary to sava the latter would be to add the above named proportion of water to th© solution poured from the gold, and then to proceed with your copper plate as just directed. To Rej'ixe CorpKR. — This process differs from the one employed to refine silver in no respects save the plate to ie immersed ; you use an iron instead of a copj^er plate to collect the metal. If the impurities of gold refined were both silver and copper, jou might, after saving the silver as above directed, sink your iron plato into tlie solution yet remaining, and take out the copper. The parts of alloyed gold niay be seiiaiated by these processes, and leave each in a perfectly pure state. Cold Silvering of Metals. — 5Iix 1 part of chloride of silver with 3 i^arts of pearlash, 1^ parts common gait, and 1 part whiting; and well rub the miiture on the surface of bra^s or copper (previously well cleaned), by means of a piece of soft leather, or a cork nioi.-stened with water and dipped in the powder. When jiroperly silvered, the metal sliould be weU washed in hot water, slightly alkalized; then wiped diy. To Hard Solder Gold, Silver, Copper, Brass, Iron, Steel ob Platina. — The solders to be used for gold, silver, copper and brass are given in the preceding part You commence opeititions by reducing your solder to small particles, and mixing it with jxjwdered sal- ammoniac and powdered borax in equal parts, moittened to make it hold together. Having fitted up the joint to be soldered, you secure tlie article upon a piece of soft charcoal, lay your soldering mixture immediately over the joint and then with your blow-pipe torn tha flame of vonr lamp upon it imtil fusion takes place. The job is then done, and ready to be cooled and dressed up. Iron is usually soldered with cc^per or brass in accordance with the above process. The best solder for steel is pure gold or pure silver, though gold or silver solders are often used successfully. Platina can only be soldered well with gold ; and the expense of it, therefore, contributes to the hindrance of a general use of i)lathia vessels, even for chemical purposes, where they are of so much importance. To Soft Solder Articles.— Moisten the parts to be united with Boldering fluid; then, having joined them together, lay a smaU piec« of solder upon the joint and hold over your lamp, or direct the blaza npon it with your blow-pipe until fusion is apparent. Withdraw them from the blaze immediately, as too much heat will render the solder brittle and unsatisfactory. When the parts to be joined can be made to spring or press against each other, it is best to place a thin piece of solder between tliem l^ef ore exposing to the lamp. Where two smooth surfaces are to be soldered one upon the other, you may make an ex- cellent job by moistening them with the fluid, arid then, having placed a sheet of tin foO between them, holding them pressed fijmly together over your lamp till tlie foil melts. If the surfaces fit nicely, a joint may be made in this way so cK>se as to be almost imperceptible. The bright looking lead which comes as a lining to tea boxes works better in the same way than tin foO. To Cleanse Gold Tarnished in Soldering. — The old English mode was to expose all parts of the article to a uniform heat, allow it 846 WA.TCHMAKEES, JEWELLERS', AC, Kl-CEIPTS. to oodl, and then boil until bright in urine and sal-ammcniJic. It la now usually cleaned with diluted sulphuric acid. The pickle is mads in about the proportion of one-eighth of an ouuce of acid to one ounce of rain water. To Clean Silteb TAR^^SHED IK Soldep.ixo.— Some expose to a uniform heat, aa in the case of gold, and then boil in strong alnm •water. Others immerse for a considerable length of time in a liquid made of ^ oz. of cyanuret potassa to 1 pint rain water, and then brush off with preparedchalk. Nickel Platexg. — The following is the substance of the patent granted to Dr. Isaac Adams, March 22, 1370. Tlie process is hijjhly Buccessf ul. " This improvement consists in the u.«e of 3 new solutions from which to de;x)i:it nickel by tlie electric current. 1. A solution formed of the double snlp!iate of nickel aud alumina, or the sulphate of nickel dissolved in a solution of soda, potash, or ammonia alum, the threedifferentvarieties of commercial alum. 2. A solution formed of the double sulphate of nickel and magnesia, with or without an excess of ammonia. I have found that a good coating of nickel can be deposited from the solution before mentioned, provided th^y axe prepared and used in such a manner as to be free from any add or alkaline reaction. When these solutions are used, great care must be taken, lest by the use of too high b.itterr power, or from the in- troduction of some foreign matters, the solution becomes acid or alkaline. I prefer to use these solatiom* at a tempemtore above 100" Fah., but do not limit my invention to the use of these solutions at thiit temperature. I therefore claim, 1. The electro deposition of nickel by the means of solution of the double sulphate of nickel and alumina, prepared and used in such a manner a;< to be free from the presence of ammonia, potash, soda, lime or nitric acid or from any other add, or from any acid or alkaline reaition. 2. The electro deposition of nickel by means of a solution of the double sulphate of nickel and potash, prejiared and used in such a manner as to be free from the presence of ammonia, soda, alumina, lime or nitric add, or from any add or alkaline reaction. 3. The electro dei)osition of nick- el by means of a solution of the double sulphate of nickel and mag- nesia, prepared and used in such a manner as to be free from the presence of {lotash, soda, alumina, lime or nitric acid, or from any acid or alkaline reaction. " St ALB a' 8 Nickel Platiko Peocess. — Consists in plating with nickel, by the action of zinc upon salts of nickel, in the presence of chloride of zinc and the metal to be plated. By this process, Stalba states that he has succeeded in plating objects" of wrought and cast iron, steel, copper, bi'a.«s, zinc, and lead. It is only necesearj' that the size of the objects should permit them to be covered entirely by the plating liquid, and that their surfaces should be free from dirt. The following is the nnydus operaruH : — A quantity of concentrated chloride of zinc solution is placed in a clean metalUc vessel, and to this is added an equal volume of water. This is heated to boiling, and hydrochloric add is added drop by drop, until the predpitata which had formed on adding the water has disappeared. A small quantity of zinc powder is now added, which produces » zinc coating on the 'metal as far as the liquid extends. Enough of the nickel salt tthe chloride or sulphate answera equally well, id now introduced t» WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLEBS,'' AC, EECEIPTS. 3-17 color the liquid dujtinctly green ; the objects to be plated are placed In it together with some zhic clippings, and the liquid is brought to boilin". The nickel is precipitated in the course of 15 mmutes, and the objects will l>e found to be completely coated. The coating va- ries in lustre ATith the character of the metallic surface; when this is polished, the platii^g i3 likewL«e loatrous and cice versa. Salt of co- balt aflords a cobalt phiting, winch is steel gray in color, not so lus- trous as the nickel, but more liable to tarnish. To Make Sllviir S<5LmoN fob ELECTRO-PLATisa.— Put to- gether into a gliiss vessel 1 oz. good silver, m-ide thin and cut ijito strips; 2 oz. best nitric acid, and i oz. pure r;'.:ii wn.ter. If solution does not begin at once, add a little more water— voutinue to add a, Tery little at a time till it does. In the event it starts off well, but stops before tlie silver is fullv dissolved, you may generally start it up again all right by adding a little more water. V\ hen solution la entirely effected, add 1 quiirt of warm i-ain water and a hirge table- spoonful of table salt. Shake well and let settle, tiien proceed to pour off and wash through other waters as in Cie case of the gold preparation. AVheu no longer acid to tlie ti.-;te, put in an oimce and an eighth etannret potassa and a quart pure rain water: after stand- in^f about 24 hoius. it will be readv for a'^e. To MAKE Gold SoLt-noN fok ELECTKO-PL.eration, you find places where the plathi^; seems inclined to j)Cel off, or where it h.-is not taken wcU, mix a little of the plating solution with prepared chalk or r(jnge, and rub the defective part thoroughly with it. This will be likely to set all ri-Jit. Govern your time of exposing the article to the bsttery by the do- fdred thickness of the plate. During the time, it should be taken out and poliiiicd up as juf^t directed about every ten minutes, or as often at least as there is an indication of a growing darkness on any part of its surface. When done, finL:h with the burnisher or prepared chalk and chamois slan, as best Buitsyo'.'.rfcifte and convenience. In case the artijlc to be pil-ted is iron, steel, lead, pewter, or block tin, yoa janst, after first cleaning with ti.o ley and chalk, prepare it by'ap- plyiug with a soft br.ith — a car::els'-hr.ir pencil is test suited — a solution made of the foilowing r.rticle3 in trie proportion najiied : — Mtric acid, ^ oz. ; muriatic acil. ^ oz. ; snl^huric acid, l-'Jth oz.; mr.riate of p-^ta^h, 1-7 th oz. ; svJ^hate of iron. ^ oz. ; suir-lmi-ic ether, l-5th oz. ; and as ranch sheet zi:ic as it wlil dis.-olve. This preparei* a foundation, v.ithout which the plate would fail to take well, if aS .all. To MAKE GoLr> AmalgavL — ^Eight parts of gold and one of mer- cury are formed into an amalgam lor plating, by rendering tlie gold into thin plates, maki!;g it red hot and then putting it hito the mercurj while the latter is a! -o bected to ebnliitlon. The gold immediately disapjiears in corcbiiu-.tion with the mercury, after which the mixture may be tumed into v-.ler to cooL It is then ready for use. To Plate wiiar Gold AaiALOA?.!. — Gold amalgam is chiefly osed as a plating for silrer, copper or brass. TTie article to t« plated is washed over with diluted nitric acid or pofcishlyeand prepared chalk, to remove any tarnish cr ru.on a grata over a cliarccal fiie, or j laced into an oven .and Leated to that degree r.t which mercury exhf.les. The gold, when the mercitry has evai.nrated. presents a dull yellow color. Cover it Vvith a coatinjof pnlveri.Ted nitre and alum in equal parts, mised to a paste with water, and heat again till it is thoroughly melted, then plunge into water. Burnish up with a steel or blood- stone burnisher. To Mak£ a^-d Apply GoLD-PL.\TrN-G SoLmox. — Dissolve ^ oz. of gold am.ilgam in 1 oz. of nitro-muriatic acid. Add 2 oz. of alcohol, and then, having brightened the article in the usual way, apply tha eolation with a soft brush. Rinse and dry in sawdust, or with tissu© paper, and polish up with chamois skui. To M.VKB a^'d' Apply Gold-I'lating Powder. — ^Prepare a chloride of gold the s;ime as for plating with a battery. Add to it, irhen thoroughly washed out, cyanoret potasea in a proportion of 3 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, BBCEIPTS. 319 W5. to 5 p«nuy weights of gold. Pour in a pint of clean rainwater Bbake tip well and then let stand till the chlorido is dissolved. Add ■ ^Ji L^- ^^ rreixired Spanish whiting and let it evaporate in the open aa tiU dry, after which put away in a ti-Lt vessel for use. To apnly rt yon prepare the article in tlie usual wav, and having made tba powder into a paste with water, rub it upon the surface ^vith a pieca n chamois skin or cotton flannel An old mode of making a gold-plating powder was to dip clean Jmen n^s into solution prepared as in the second article p-"©- ceding this, and having dried, to fire and bum them into ashe^ The a»:hes formed the powder, and were to be applied as above. To Make and .\pply Silvek-Platixg Solutio'.— Put to^-ether in a glass vessel 1 oz. nitrate of silver, 2 ozs. cvanuret pota5sa,'4 ozs pr^jared Spanish whiting, and 10 ozs. pure niin water. QeansQ the article to !« plated as per preceding directions, and apply with a soft brush. Finish with the cuamois skin or burnisher. To M.A.KE AXD Apply S!l\t:e-Plati>,-g Powdee.— Dissolve sil- ver m nitric acid by the aid of hc-.t; put some pieces of copper into the solution to precipitate the silver; wasli the acid out in tho usual way; then, with 15 grains of it mix 2 drams of tartar, 2 drams of table salt, and ^ dram of pulverized alum. Brighten the article to M plated with ley and prepared chalk, and rub on the mrrture. « hen it has assumed a white appearance, e3qx)se to heat as in the case of plating with gold amalgam, then polish np with the burnisher or soft leather. To Desthoy the Effects of Acid ox Clothks.— Dampen as eoon as possible, after exposure to the acid, with spirits ammonia. It wiU ae.-^roy the effect immediately. To Wash Si l^-erw are.— Never nse a particle of soap on toot Bflverware, as it dulls the lustre, giving the article more the appear- ance of pewter than silver. When it wants cleaning, rub it with a piece of soft leather and prepared chalk, tlie Litter made into a khud of paste with pnre water, for the reason that water nut pure mi«'ht contam gritty particles. " To CpAKSE Brushes.— The best method of cleansing watch- makers and jewellers* brushes iri to wash them out in a stron^ soda water. A\hen the backs are wood, vou must favor thiit ^rt as much as poesible ; for being glued, the water may injure To Cut Glass Round or Oval without a Diamont).— Scratch Ihe glass around the shape yon desire with the comer of a file or graver ; then, having bent a piece of wire in the same shape heat It red hot and lay it upon the scratch, sink the gla*rD3.— Use apphaltum varnish. One coat wiU make old rusty hands look as good as new, and it dries in a few minutes. To Gild Steei — Ponr some of the ethereal solution of gold into a wineglass, and dip mto it the blade of a new penknife, raM)r lancet. &c. ; with iraw the mstmment and allow the ether to evaporata The blade wri then b» found covered with a beautiiul caat oigold. 850 WATCHMAKER*, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. The blade may be moistened with a clean rag, or a small pieoe o£ very dry sponge dipped in the ether, and the eauae effects will bo Jjrodnced. SrLVERiNa Shells. — Silver leaf and gum water, a sufficient quan- tity ; grind to a proper thickness, and cover the inside of the snella. For a Gold Colok, grind up gold-leaf with gum water, and apply to the inside of the shells. Liquid Foil fob Silvekino Glass Globes, &c. — Lead, 1 part; tin, 1 part; bismuth, 1 part; melt, and, jurt before it sets, add mer- cury, 10 paits. Pour this into the globe, and turn it rapidly round. Siltek-Platers' Strippln'o LiQcnD. — Sulphnric acid, 8 parts; nitre, 1 part Used to recover silver from old plated ware. To StLV'ER Clock Faces, &c. — Old silver lace, ^ oz. ; nitric acid, 1 oz. Boil them over a gentle fire for about 5 minutes in an earthen pot After the silver is dissolved, take the mixture off, and mix it in a pint of clean water, then i>our it into anotlicr vessel free from sedi- ment; then add a tablespoonful of common F.-Ut, and the silver will be precipitated in the form of a white powder of curd ; pour oif the acid, and mix the curd with 2 oz. salt of t;irtar, and h oz. whiting, all to- getlier, and it is ready for use. To Use.— -Cleanyour brass or copper plate with rotten-stone and a piece of old hat ; r.ib it with salt and water with your hand. Then take a little of the composition on your finger, and rub it over your plate, and it will firmly adhere and com- pletely silver it Wash it well -with water. When dry, rub it with a clean rag, and varnish with this a'arxish fob clockVaces. Spirits of wine, 1 pt. ; divide in three part's, mix one part with gum-mastic in a bottle by itself; 1 part spirits and ^ oz. sandarac in another bottle; and 1 part spirits and i oz. of whitest giim benjamin, in another bot- tle; laix and temper to your mind. If too thin, some mastic; if too soft, some sandarac or benjamin. When you use it, warm tho silvered plate before the fire, and, with a flat camels' -hair pencil, stroke it over till no white streaks appear, and this will preserve the silvering for many years. REFnsTNG Gold a>t» Silver. — The art of assaying gold and sil- ver is founded upon the feeble affiaiity which these have for oxygen in comparison with copper, tin, and other cheap metals, and on the tendency which the latter metals have to oxidize rapidly in contact with lead at a high temperature, and sink with it into any porous, earthy vessel in a thin, glassy, vitrified mass. The precious metal having previously been accurately weighed and prepared, the first process is Cupellation. The muffle, vrith cupel properly arranged on the " muffle plate," is placed in the furnace, and the charcoal ad- ded, and lighted at the top by means of a few ignited pieces thrown on last Aiter the cupels have been exposed to a strong white heat for about Iialf an hour, and have become white hot, the lead ia put into them by means of tongs. As soon as tliis becomes bright red and " circiilating," as it is called, the specimen for assay, wrapped in a email piece of paper or lead-foil, is added ; the fire is now Kept up strongly until tlie metal enters the lead and '^circulates" well, wnen the neat, 8li";htly diminished, is so rop^ulated that the assay appears convex and more glowing than the cupel itself, whilst the **vndul(itvm*" circuIatQ in all dUiectiooa, and the middle of tht WATCHMAKEKS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 351 metal appears smooth, Trith a marsin of litliargo, Trliich is freely ab- sorbed by the cupel. When tlie metal bcroiiK's bright and Bliiiimg, or, in technical language, begins to "U(jlUc))-," and pridmatic huea suddenly flash across tlie globules, andunduLiteaud cross each other, loUowed by the metal becoming ^ eiy brilliant and clear, and at length bright and solid (called the brightcniivj), the separation is end- ed, and the process complete. The cupels are then drawTi to tlio mouth of the "muffle," aud allowed to cool slowly. TNTien quite cold, the resultuig ^'button," if of s;lvek, is removed by the "pliers" or "tongs" from the cupels, r.nd, after being flattened on a small anvil ofpvll*hed steel, with a poll; hed steel hammer, to de- tach adhering oxide of lead, and cleaned with a smaU, hard brush, ia Tery accurately toeujhed. The weight is that oipvre silccr, and the dif- ference between the weight before cupellation and that of tlie pure metal represents the proportion of alloy in the sample examined. In the case of GOLD, the metal has next to undergo the operations of quab- TATiON. The cupelled sample is fused with 3 times its ■weight of pure silver (called the " witness "), by which the gold is reduced to one-fourth of the mass less, and in this state may easily be removed by PAitTiNo. The alloy, after quartation, is hammered or rolled out iuto a tliin strij) or leaf, curled mto a spiral form, and boiled for a quarter of an hour with about 2^ to 3 ozs. of nitric acid (specific gravity, 1.3) ; and the fluid being poured oiT, it is again boiled in a similar manner, with 1^ to 2 ozs. more nitric acid (sp. gr., 1.2); after which the gold is carefully collected, washed in pure w.iter, and dried. When the oper;ition of partuig is skilfully conducted, the acid not too strong, the metal preserves its spiral form; otiiei-wise it falls into flakes or powder. The second boiling is termed the " rq^mc." The loss of weight by parting corresponds to the quantity of silver orig- inally in the specimen. For Alloys Ck^NTAiinxQ PLATiNxrir, ■which tisnally consist of copper, silver, platinum, and gold, the method of assajong is as fol- lows : The alloy is cupelled in the usual way, tlio lo-^s of weight ex- presses the amount ci copper, and the " button," made into a riband aud treated with sulphuric acid, indicates by the portion dissolved tliat also of the silver pi-esent. By submitting the residuum to quarta* tion, tiieiHaiinum becomes soluble in nitric acid. The loss after di- gestion in this menstruum exjiressesthe weight of that metal, and tho weight of the portion now remaining is that of pure gold. Gold con- tainmg PALLAnma may be assayed in the same manner. Auneal- INO.— This consists in putting the pure gold into a small, porous crucible, or cupel, and heating it to redness in tho muffle. Weighino must be done with the utmost accuracy. Tlie weight in grains Troy, doubled or quadrupled, as the case may be, gives the number of carats fine of the aUoy examined, without calculation. According to the OLD French method of assaying gold, the following quantities were taken ; For tlie assay pound, 12 gr. ; fine silver, 30 grs. ; lead, 108 gr. These ha\ing been cupelled together, the perfect, button i» rolled into a leaf (IJ X 5 inches), twisted on a quill and submitted topartmg with 2^ oz. and li oz. of nitric acid, sp. gr., 1.16 (20o Baumd. ) Tlie remainder of the process is similar to uiat above de- cribed. Tne usual weight of silver taken for the assay pound, when tb« fineiieBs Is reckoued in lOOOths, is 20 gis., every real grain of 352 WATCHMAKERS. JEWELLEBS', StC^ BKCEIPTfl. which represents SO-lOOOths of fineness, and bo on of smaller dirl- stona. EjfAaoEtxrsG ox Gold or Coppeb. — The basis of all enameb i* a highly transparent and fnsible glass, called fkit, Ftrx, or past^ which readHy receives a c«ilor on the addirion of the metallic oiidei Prejxn-arton.— Red lead, 16 parts ; cikined borvx, 3 parts ; poonded Sint glass, 12 part?; flints, 4 parta, Fiise in a Hossum crucible for 13 honrs, then ponr it or.t into water, and r«?dace it to powder in a bis- cnit-ware mortar. The foUo-wing direct; :^s will ser\ e to show how tiie coloring preparations are made : JB /: emiinel.-' are ruiide with peroxide of manganec^e, or protoxide of ir.'n, to wuii~a more denth of color is given with a little cobalt Violet enamel of a very fine nne s made from peroxide of manj:?jiese, in small q'^antity. with saline or alkaline fluxea. Rzd enamel is made from tLe jWtoxide of copper. Boil a solution of equal \>z.its of sugar and acetcite of cop^ier in four parts of w.'^ter. The su^r takes possession c f r\ '^r*:-'". of tbe enpre- OU8 oxide, r.:-liedace3 it tothe prDtoxidD; ' /:- tated in the form of a granular po^rder of a jt two hour? of moderate boiling, the li'^ili L- . . ._ : -: _:, de- canted off the precipitate, whidi is wasxied and dri.-i. By this pur9 oxide any tint may be obtained from red to or.ui^e by adding s greater or smaller quantity of per^oxide of iron. 'Eio nxile and porple of Casc^os are likewise employed to co.or red eni'.r^'.eL This composition resists a strong fire very welL Green en.":nel can b© proauced by a mistire of yellow and blr.e, but is gt?nerary obfc'.ined olreot from the oxide of "copper, or, better etEl, witli the oxide of chrome, which last will resist a strong heat r..7o?c. — Take one part of white oxide of antimony, with from one to three parts of white lead, one of alum, and one of sal-ammonia. Ea?h of these sub- stances is to be pulverized, then ah are to be exact!" mixed, and ex- posed to a heat adeqrjite to decompose the =al-animomac. This oj)er- ation is judged to be finished when the yellow color is well brought cat. BiM. — This color is obtained fromthe oxide of cobalt or some of its combinations, and it pro-.iuces it with su. h intensity that only a very little can be used lest the shade shoald pass into black, " A vhite enamel may be pre;.ared with a ecJci.ie formc-"amel Oir Gold ob Siltep.. — Ta-ke ^ pennyweight of i-Qver, 2J pennyweights of a^per, 3^ pennyweights of lead, and 2J penayweighta of muriate of ajBmoma. Slelt'together. and pour into a VATCBOJASEUS, JSXTELLERS', AC., RECEIPTS. S5S crncifole witli twice as nmch polreriztyl gulphor; the <*rapil)l« is th«i to be ImmedLitoly covered that the ^alphar maynottake fire, and the miiture is to be caldned over a stmofting fire until the gnperaiiooa Bulphur « burued away. The conrxcmd is tlien to be coarsely pouQded, and. with a solution of muriate of ammonia, to be formed into a paste which is to be placed up<^Ti the article it is designed to enaAeL The anicle must tlien be b»'.d over a spirit lamp till the compound upou it melts and Cows, /ilter tliis it may bo smoothed •nd polished up in safety. Silvee-Platesg.— Fiie the parts vrl:U\ itreto receive the plate yery smooth ; then apply over the 5urfa<-o the miuL^.te of tine, which is made by di?solvin;4^inc ia muriatic aoi! ; noT hold this part over a dish coatiLni'i? hot (fofts?]'->r, and w:::i a E^^ab n'^rilv the solder t;iVri watra-, 14 oz. Tlie articles, after being perfectly clenn«:4 fi>)m scale or grea:^e. aud receiving a proiier face, are to' be p" t ended on drives, dipined into the liquid hoi'.iiiff hot, and moved alwi^t thei-oin, when, in from a fe-sv seconds to a minute, depending on the neime?? a:id streuirth of the liquid, the requisite coating vf g-'M v.ill be de;xisited on them. Bv a little practice the time to withdiawthe aiticles is readily known; tlj^ doration of the immersion re<-|uired to produce any given effect gradnaliv inrrervses as the liquid weakens by u?e. \VTien pro^^rlT gilded, the aiticles are witlidrawn from tlie solution of gold, washei fa clean water and dried ; after which they undergo the usual opera- tion of coloring, &c. A ''arts of the metal where yon do not wi^h the gilding to appeaXv the gold will thou b« 854 MACHH^'ISTS, rXGiyEF-Tts', AC, Ri:CETPTS. deponted in those spot^^ only -whore there is uo cii, and the oil is easilj TcmoTed when the ]ol> is finished. Watchhakeks" On,. — Pat thin shoot Irad into olive oil in a bottle, expose it to the puu for a few weeks, and pour <>rl" the cle:ir. SoLCTiON FOR DrppiNO Steei. Abtici,e.«, 1'keviocsly to Elec- tko-Platixg. — Xiti-ate of pilver, 1 piirt: nititit* of niereurj-, 1 pait; nitric acid ( sp- gr. . 1.:3S4 ), 4 i>art? ; Avater, IJ) parts. For c"; 'per a>-tid's. — Sulphuric acid, 6i part.s; water. M p;?rtif; nitric add, 32 part^; muriatic acid, 1 part ; mi.^. The aititle, free from gieaso, ia dipped in the pickle for a second or two. ABR.iXGE>IEXT OF LaPIPARIES CtTTTIXG pLATES. — 1. Soft irOQ (very thin) with diamond du^-t in oil. 2. Pewter, with coarse emery and water. 3. Pewter, with fine emery and water. 4. Wood with sand and water. 5. Pewter witli ri)tten-.stone and ^rat^r. 6. Leather •with putty ]X)wder slightly wet PoLiSHixo DiAMoyps.— The plan in u-se £t all the large diamond cutters is simply a cast iron disc of go<^ metal, with a vertical spindlo run tlvough its centre, balanced, and turned, and faced true in a lathe. The disc revolves at about 1000 revolutions per minute. "Vtith a little diamond dust and oil, the stone is set in a small brass cup filled with, common soft solder; it is then screwed un in tiia clamiw and applied to the gkive till the facets is formed. RECEIPTS FOR MACHTXISTS. ENGINEERS, MILLOTVXERS, BLACKSMITHS, LOCOMO- TIVE BUILDERS AND METAL TTORKERS OF EVERY KIND. DraTEUcnoKS to Exgikeers — Getting vp Steam. — Before light- ing tLe fire in the morning, raise your safety valve, brushing away all the ashes and dust which may impair its free action, and il it leaks steam grind it on its seat with fine emery or grindstone grit. Valves with vibratory stems are safer tiian those with rigid stems, as they are not so liable to bind by the lever and weight getting out of true. To guard agiainst loes by leakage and evaxwration, leave th9 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. SIM «rater up to the third guage at night and beep it np to the second gauge dorin,? working hours. Qean all athes and cindera from the furnace and ash pit, and spread a layer of two or three inches of coal over the j;rate bars ; pile on plenty of shaviugs over the coal, with dry sawdust, split wood, &c., then start your fire. Keep the fire even and regular over tlie ^mte bars, about 5 inches thick with soft coal, and about 3 inches with anthracite, and always avoid ex- cessive firing. Moderate charges or firings at intervals of 15 to 20 minutes give the best results. In getting up steam from ld water the fire should be raised graduaUy, to avoid damaging the boiler by unequal exiiausion of the iion. t>o not keep the damper and fur- nace door o^ieu at the same time, as the extreme draught expels the heat from the furnace into the chimney, and the cold air entering through the door induces a damaging contraction of the boiler plates •wherever it strikes. The current of air enters the ash pit with a Telocity of 12 feet per second, and every 100 lbs. coal reqiures about 15.624 cubic feet for its combustion. With tcood for fuel, the area of grate surface should be 1.25 to 1.4 that for coal. Volume of furnace for coal bumiug should be from 2.75, to 3 cubic feet for every square foot of its grate surface, for wood 4.6 to 5 cubic feet The iise of the pyrometer has satisfactorily established the following facts. 1st. That the admission of a certain quantity of air behind the bridge developes a greater amovmt of heat for raising: steam by assisting combustion and consuming the smoke, the existence of smoke being a.lways a sure sign of waste. 2. A regular and continuous supply of air to the furnace increases its heating powers 33^ per cent. 3. Tlie supply of air may enter behind the bridge, through the bars, or through the furnace doors, as long as it is properly regulated. 4. The supply of tiir may vary with tlie nature of tlie fuel ; light burning coal requir- ing less air than caking ooal, because the latter becomes a compact mass in the furnace, excluding the air from the bars, while the latter is the reverse. 6. For perfect combustion a high temperature ia necessary. In all cases see that tlie bars are well covered and the fuel kept from caking. Knock away the clinkers as soon as formed, keeping tlie spaces open between the bars. Regulate the supply of air either by the dampers, ashpit, furnace doors, or by an orifice behind the bridge. A jet of steam from a pipe placed across the top of, and inside the door, will grortly assist m consuming the smoke and intensifying the heat, by yielding up its oxygen and hydrogen, If steam commences to blow off at tlie safety valve while the engine is at rest, start your pump or injector to create a circulation, co\ er or bank your fire with a charge of at;hes or fresh coal to absorb the heat, and allow tlie steam to have free egresa through the safety valve, if by neglect the water gets very low, and tlie boiler dan- ferously hot, the fire should either be drawn, or drenched with water, hould the fire be very hot and the water supply temporarily cut off, Btop the engine and cover the fire quite thickly with fresh fuel to absorb the heat, keeping the usual allowance of water in the boiler until the supply is renewed. Boilers should be blovra out every 2 or S weeks, or as often as mud appears In the water, but never until after the fire has been drawn at least one hour, and the damper closed, otherwise the empty boilei^ 'night be damaTed by the heat. Never fill a A&t boiler with coid water, as the sudden coatractioD 356 MACHINISTS, ENGIKSERS", AC, RECEIPTS. many times rep«at«d will cventnallT canec it to leak. Never blow out a boiler w.th a higher pressure than jO lbs. to the square inch, as eteam at a high pressure indicates a high temperature in the iron, which under caretal management should be always let down grada- ally. Previous to filling a boiler raise the valve to permit the fre« egress of the air which might otherwise do manifold damage. Use every possible precaution against using foul v ater as it in- duces foamtog in the boiler ; soapy or oily substances and an insuffi- ciency of st-eam room have a like effect, causing the boiler to burl on the spots where the water is lilted fron it, and the glass gauges to indicate falsely, besides damaging the cylinder by priming, carrying mud, erit, water and slush into it t' r.^ugh the pipe, and rendering the cj'linder heads liable to be knock-;d oug. Steam from pure water at 212^ Fahr. supports a 30 inch column of mercury. Steam from sea, or impure water at the same temperature, will support only 22 inches. Pure soft water derived from lakes and large streams, rain water from cisterns, reservoirs, drc, and spriuj^s outsUle of linestone d's- tricU. is the best for steam purposes. Water from wells and springs in limestone tlutrict^ and smaU streams, hold in solution large quantities of chloride of sodium, carbonate of lime, sulphate of lime, mpletely averted except by the'use of chemicals, which wiU neutralize the diflferent corrosive impurities in the water. (Se^ artiie on Iri'rii.'stal;->n. page 3CS. In tubular boilers, the hand hole should be opened frequently and aU sediment removed from over the fire ; keep the sheets, flues, tubes, gauge cocks, glass gauges and coimections well swept and perfectly clean, and the boiler and engine-room in neat condition. Keep a sharp lookout for leaks, and repair them if possible without delay, and allow no water to come in contact with the exterior of the boiler under any circumstances. Examine and repair every blister as soon as it appears, and make frequent and thorough examinations of the boiler with a small steel hammer. In ease of foaming, close the throttle, and keep closed long enough *o show true level of water. If the water level is right, feeding and blowini? will generally stop the trouble. With muddy water it is a safe rule to blow out 6 or 8 inches every day. If foaming is violent from dirty water, or change from salt to fresh, or from fresh to salt, in addition to following the above directions, check, draught, and eover the fire with ashes or fresh fuel Qreat watchfulness is necessary when Bteaoa ia raised, t^ safetf MACfins'ISTS, EJfGrifEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 357 i^Te fixed, the fire strong, aud the engine at rest. In every case there is a rapid and dangerous absorption of heat, the temi>eratiu-e, latent and sensible lieat included, olten rising to 1200° Fahr Frequently it is but the work of an instant to convert the latent into eensible heat, thus generating an irresistible force which bursts the b(Hler and destroys life and property. The destruction generally coming at the moment of starting the engine, the opening of the valve inducing a commotion in the water, which flashes into steam tho mstant it touches the heated plates. Steam has been known to rl^e from a pressure of 32 lbs. to the square inch to 90 lbs. to the square mch, m the short sixace of fevcn minutes, with the engine at rest. It onght to quicken the vigilance of every eneineer to know that the explosive energy in each and every cubic foot of water in his boiler at eo lbs. pressure, is eqnal to tliat contained in 1 lb. of gimpowder. From avaricious motive's it has bec»>me quite common to discharge* or to decline to emplov, qualided and careful engineers. Incompe- tent men are employed becaui^e their labor costs a few dollars less than that of the former. This is too much of a bad Ihing to pass over without notice. Employ good eldli'ul men in tho management of steam power, or employ none at all, and pay tlicm decent wages If an oversight takes phwe, and the best and most carefjl men are liable to make mistakes, never scold, reprimand, or c:^;i.t service during dangerous emergencies, as in the event of lost water in tTie boiler. In no case riak life, limb, or property, and do not let t];o consideration of saving a few dollars debar vou from securing intelli- gent assistants. The Turkkh mode of driving business on a kte occasion was to discharge the English engineers who brourht ov.t the war vessels which were built ia England, and t-upply the vacancies by iustalling cheap green hands. Alter getting up rtcara the new '-Chief" proceeded to start the engines. A Lit at a crank produced no results, a pull at a lev^r was equally useless. At length the iUostrious officL'U espied a bright bniss cock, and thinking he had got hold of a sure thing this time, proceeded to give it a twiit, when he was suddenly saluted with a jet of steam fuU in tue lite, which swept the "engineer" and his assistants out of the engine room, intx) the fire room down stairs. So much for cheap labor and the consequent results. Duties to the Engine when under steam.— Before stirting the engine, warm the cylinder by admitting steam so as to slowly move the piston back and forth, letting the condensed water f.o\v from tta drip-cocks, which should be left open all night for this purpose • especially should this be done during cold and frosty weather, during wiiich time all pipes and connections should linve extra protection. The minimum speed of tlie piston should be 240 ft. per minute, and the m a xim um speed 700 ft in anv enrlne. The most economical steam pressure is from SO to 90 lbs. to t-e sqnare inch, on the piston of any high pressure steam engine. To attam tl.is it is necessary that the boiler pressure should be considerably hi-rher. for tiiere is a lo^ of at leaft SO per cent, arising froi-itie irregularity of the steam pipes and steam ports, by radiation of heat, bv imi^roper packing, by friction of valve, by the effect of the goveriKir and bv atmospheric pressure, whiih of itself entails a loss of 15 lbs. per square inch on the oiston. The lower the steam pressure per equaxe inch on tih« 358 MACHnilSTSj EXGINEERS', AC, RICEIPTS. piston, the greater the los« of poTrer from the atmoepheric pre«tir» ; for ruBtance, a steam pr^sure of 30 lbs. per siquare inch on the piston, leaves oniy 15 lbs per square inch effective pressure for actual work, the otheikis lbs. being re.^iured to overcome atmospheric pressure. In tightening piston rt^d paekiaj?. screw uo tighter than merelr to prevent leakage; any more cini'^unips power by friction, and will des- troy the packing. Spring pac-du:: in tue cylinder should be adjusted with great care, always kept up to its place, aad never allowed to become loose, or leakage wiU ensue. ca;i>in? loss of power. On the other hand, if it b set tco tight it will cut the c>iinder, and loss will result from friction. Keep your pacAiug free from grit, sand, filings, &c., as such substaneee will cut tiie tyliuder and flute the rod. Eemove all old packing before inrei-:nvqf new, obwrving to cut the packing into proper length.*, ard bre;iking joints by placing each joint on opposite sides of the etuffijig bo.T. Keep the governor clean, easy in its movements, and avoid txres.sive tight paclang around the spindle. Use good oUi. Avoid watte in the use of oil, as too great profusion generates gum and dirt Use it with judgment in combi- nation with concentrated ley when it is required to remove gum or dirt from these or other parts of the machinery. Do not lubricate the cylinder until after starting the engine, and closing the drip cocks. U you have occasion to sej^irate a rust joint, or any crank from a fhait on which it has been shrunk, the simplest plan is to apply heat, when the bodies being of different dimensions will expand unequally and separate. Iron when heated expands with irresistible force. Eailway contractors know thiit tiie heat of the sun on a warm dav will cause such an extension of the iron, that the rails, if laid with dose joints, will rise with the sleepers from the ballast, and form arches 4 or 5 feet high and 50 or 60 feet in length. In accommoda- tion to this law of expansion, spaces are left between the rails on rail- way tracks. The contraction of ircn by cold is equally powerful, and has been put to good use in truciag up large bulring b-.iildings bv fitting iron girders across them with strong wall plates £t each eni Then, by cpplving ^as jets all alcng the girders they ^ill expand ; the screws are then tightened up, and the girders allowed to cool, and the straia of these contractions several times repeated is sufficient tD bring the walls to the perpendicular. Again, in hoisting heavy machinery, &c. by means of pulley-blocks, if the ropes stretch and "the blocks' come together too soon. Vet the rope, and the object will be elevated by its contraction without any other force. These hints will be found useful wken occasion o"eis. In driving the kegs on the crank-pin and cross-head, use a leaden mallet, or interpose a piece of leather, or a sheet of soft metal for prelection, if a steel hammer is used. The piston should be removed every 6 months, and the parts in- jured by friction, Sec carefully ground." fitted, and if need be turned, trued, and made steam tight. If knocking occurs in the engine it may arise by the crank t'eing ahead of the steam ; if so, move the eccentric forward to give more lead on the valve, if caused by too much lead move tlie eccentric further back, if caused bvthe exhaust closing too soon, enlarge the exhaust chamber in the vafve : if caused by the «u^e being out of line, or by haxd or tight piston rod packing, tbeM MACBTNISTS, ENGINEERS', AC., KECRIPTS 359 fetdts mtist be corrected ; i£ caused by lost motion in the jam nut? on ihe valve, tmcovor the steam chest and adjust them correctly. It may be that knocking is caused by lost motion in the craiik-pin, pilW- blocks, key of the piston in the cross-head, or boies on the cross- bead, If so. tighten the key, or file off the edges of the boxes if they are too tight. Should knocking arise from shoulders becoming worn on the ends of the guides ftom any cause; replace the guides ^aockmg may be caused by insufficient counterboring in the cylin- aer, causing derangement in the movements of the piston The remedy for this is to re-counterbore the cyUnder to the proper depth Keep a close wateh over the journals of the crank and cross-head If they are loose in the boxes^ or too tight, they \rill run badly il tightened too much, they will heat and wear out the brass shoes il not tight enough there is danger of the keys flying out and breakm* the engine. ' ° Be sure that your steam gauge indicates truthfully. It ought to teUacciiratelythej:>re«»Mre of steam in the boUer when the water is hotter than 212° Fahr., and indicate the variation in tlie pressure of Bteam from time to time; but many gauges are much worse than the contnvance used by the colored engineer, who, disdain fuUy dispens- ing with a gauge altogether, used to ascertain the critical moment when steam was up, or danger at hand, by clapping his open hand on the outside of the boiler. * '^ => j. Steam Packing.— Many varieties of packing are used, such as metiUIic packmg, packing composed of a mixture of duck, paper and taUow m proper proportions, soapstone and loose twisted cotton coils, asbestos, jute, Lc. An exceUeut packing is composed of hemo In long loosely twisted coils, well saturated with melted grease or tallow, with as much pulverized black lead as it will absorb Pack- ing IS always applied with the best effect when the parts of the engme are cold, and its efficiency is promoted by soaking ft in beeswaiand tallow previous to use. To Work Steam Expansitelt.— The volume of steam at 15 lbs pressure to the square inch or atmospheric pressure is 1700 times greater tlmn that of any given quantity of water from which it may be denved. \V hen confined under pressure, as in the cylinder of a steam engine, it is always in the effort to expand itself to the fullest extent, and a vast saving of fuel is effected by cutting off the supply of steam from the piston by means of the mam valve, before it reacues the end of its stroke, instead of allowing it to flow during the full length of its stroke. ^ xi-'^r®,?^"'^* available pomts at which to cut off steam is J, * and | ol the full travel or stroke of tlie piston. If steam at 75 lbs. pressure to the square inch is applied to the pie^ton and cut off at half stroke the average pressure, during the whole stroke, owing to the expan- mve qiiaUty of the steam, would be 6'^^ lbs., or only llj lbs. less than the fuU pressure, although but half the quantity of steam is used, remuringfullyi less fuel. ' Iniauine tlie diagram to be a cylinder of 3 ft. in length, with steam at (.0 lbs. ]n-essure entenng the oj.cu i)ort. During tlie kr^t 4 inches of t]ie travel of tlie pLstun the ste^m port is oiien, permitting the full pressure of the steam to o-jerate on thepi.'^ton ; but at the twelfth incli marked G, the steam lap on the valve V closea the port Th» 3fiO MACHIKISTS, EXGTNEEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. imprHtoned steam ■wiil now pfojiri the piftnn to the end of tha stroke, driving out the liberated eteam through the lort A into the exhaoBt cavitv B, but by the time the pi^ton reaches D, 12 inchea from C. the orijjinni prpppnr*? of rO !h?. rer pquare inch, will hare decreased onp-balf, or to 30 lbs., and -v. hen it reaches E, 24 inches from C it will have ptiil f tirther decreased tn !?0 lbs. Average pres- sure 39 lbs. Ttro-third.s of the stmke have thus been made vritnout any enpply of 5team from tlie boiler, and forms the saving due to ■forking the ;?team erpansively. The lacK of tiiis contrivant-e is tlie tnie reason why some engines use more fuel and steam, than others cf the same capacity- and j;«)-.ver. It has been stated that the economy of the Corliss cat-off is snch that it requires only 2 tens of ccal instead of <55 tons xised by other engines of tl.e same power, but the great tronble with that'engine is the liability of the complex and costly valve-gear to get out of order, emtailing "difficult and expensive rerairs. TAm.T^.—Shmeinrf tht arrraqs Pressure of St?am en the cylvider ■fh.i. ' - '70 75 ;fT) ;8o. T" '- ' : 111 MS 47| .50 f ■ " 5«4 6?;i 67| 72 7 :*12V6Tl:72|77iS2, S7 ,9l|9< To renlise the "be?t re=nlt=! from rteam. keey* the cylinders, pipes, &c. . well covered with -r-.n.! non-conductor!--. Various materials ar« used, such as common felting, aj^be-^tos felting, hair, old wool, t'D the Theow of the EccE^-TRIc.— Measure the eccen- tric on the heaviest side, then measure on tl:e o^^^osite or iLrht side The difference between the two measurements will be thethrow of the eccentric. Lead on the Slide Yalve.— The lend of a valve i" tl^e width of openmg which the valve allows to the steam port when tlie piston is at the end of its stroke, as shown on the diai'rara at A which re- presents ot(^»?c7e lead, inside lead, bemg ghov\-n ii.to tlie exhaust at B which ought to he double the amount of out.5;ae ler.d iu order to liberate tae exhaust easUy, and thus reduce or pros ent br.ck pressure C'-ra should be taken not to liberate the exhau.-^t too soon, as it will grc-'tiv curtail the power of the engine, especially if tlie Labor is heavy ard ' the speed slow, as m engines with heavy trains en up rjadcs &c To ascertam whether the exhaust oi^ns atthe li' ht time or m t' uncov-r the steam chest ; tJien uncouple the valve from the valve rod pl.T^e'a short batten of wood lengtliwavs on the cxLau.st port • then w^*'i a scratch awl layoff linea on the valve seat, on ea; h side of the exhaust port, that will appear above the valve. Kc:ct 1 -,• the batt°n on the lace of the valve and lay off corresponding lines on the exhaust chamber that will show on the edges of the valve, now replace t^e valve on its seat, and give 1-32 of an inch lead, and if the Imcs dt- Bcnbed on the face of tlie valve are past the hues described on the valve Beat 1-16 of an inch, the exhaust oi^ens at the proper time if it 362 MACHINISTS, ENGIXEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. does not the exhaust chamber in the valve should be enlarged to tlia right size. Lead is given to a valve to enable the steam to act a? a cushion on the piston, bv admitting the steam to it previous to the end of its Ftroke, in order to cause it to reverse its motion easily, without jar or noise, for it is not allowed to touch the top and bcttoin of cylinder for lear of knocking them out. The space between tiie top and bottom of the cylinder and the piston, when the latter is at tlie end of its stroke, is called the clearance, shown at C C on diagram. The term clearance is also used to designate the capacity of the connecfc-ig steam ports and passages. It is necessary to guard again-^t too much cushion as it greatly impairs the powers of the engine, causing violent thumping or knocking, and sometimes a serious breakdown. One- eighth of an inch lead is suflRcient for an ordinary freight and 1-16 is tufficient for passenger locomotives, the difference being on account of the greater speed of the latter. Lap ox the Slide YAL^-E.— The steam lap on the slide valve is the amount by which it extends over the extreme width of the c-iiT^der ; J rte, as illustrated in tlie diagram, the distince l>ctween tlie cotted lilies B B LL. aud the sides of the ports P P, being in each ca.se the lap. the lines B B nidicating the outside lap, and L L denot- ing the inside lap, E P exhaust ;K>rt, E exhaust cavity in valve. V S Talve B«at, C C viilve iace. The e;ni.ssioa of gteaiu into the cyli&de; MACHINISTS, EKGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 363 Is regulated by the outer and inner edges of the valfe and of tha tteani ports. When th^e valve is so contrived that at J stroke the faces of the valve do not cover the steam ports iutemally, the apace by which each face comes short of the imier edges of the ports is mown as inside clearance. By means of the steam lap given to the Talve the engine is enabled to use its steam expansively, as elsewhere explained. Table. — Showing the amount of Lap on the Slide valve at various points of cut off; also, the travel of the valve in inches. Travel or stroke of the Piston where steam is cut off. Travel of the Valve in inches. i \ I The correct amount of Lap. 2 2i & Si 4 4i 5 5i 6 6J 7 1i 8 8i 9 9i 10 lOi 11 IH 12 lA H 1 IS V 1 li ll 2 Giffaed's Injector, as made bv Wm. Sellers & Co., ip a novel and reliable invention for feedins; boilers, economizing the heat ?nd dispensing with pumps. By a simnle and well knoH-n combination of 2 pipes, the one conveying steam, the other water, both terminat- ing in a third pipe or tube, a let of steam from the boiler escaping through ao onfice, of Bay, 1 inch \a diameter, with 60 lbs. pressuri^ 364 HACBTINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC. KECEIPTS }» (xmdeQsed in perhaps 12 times its "weight of -water, which it drive* thiongh the thLd^ tube, causing it to enter tlie boiler through an orifice much siiialler tlian the cue by which it escaped. The niomen- tam of the ?teain impels tLe water "With gre:it force and imparts all its heat to the water during transmission. The followingfcible shows tlie maximum temperature of "the feed-water admissible during different pressures of eteam. Pressure per Fonare inch. 10 20 ?0 i") TO 100 Temperatui-e of ieed, Fahr. lilP 130° i;iOo 134° liXP 110° On the Tc'rh, Strt.n'Gth &:c. of Ste.ui EorLERs;.— Begard- fcig th&/orm of boilers, it is now an^?ceit.i;!icd fact that tlie ina>i- n; um strength is obfeiined by adopting the cylindricr.l or ciixular form, the haycock, hemisjjhcricr.l, and wagou-sliaixid boilers, so general at one tuue, have now dchen cd'y gone ahncst out of u^e. Good boiler plate is capable of v.iil;.- tiiiiling a ten.-ilo stT.Ln of 50,000 lbs. or 00,000 lbs. on every sqimro inch of section : b;;t it jrill only bear a third of this ttxain vithoat permanent dcr.iugement of etructiue, and 40,000 lbs., or SO.OtX) lbs. even, upon the sqiuire inch, is a prefer- able pi-oix)rti"n. It hcis been found that t'.io tcD:;c:tyof boiler-i'.lato increases with the tempei:,tare up to 570°, ?.t which point the ten- acity commence.^ to dhniiii.sh. At S2° cohesivo force of a square inch of section was 50.000 lbs. ; at 570o it was (k;.500 Ibf^. : at 720°, 55.0(0 lbs. ; at 1050°, 32,000 Iha. ; at 1240°, 22,OC011«. ; nr.d at 1317°, 9,000 lbs. Strips of iron, when cut in the direction of the fibre, were found by experiment to Ve 6 ] er cent, stronger than when cut across the grain. Tbe sti-ength of riveted joints has al. o been demonstrated by tearing them directly asunder. In two d;i:ercnt kinds of joints, double and s-ing'e riveted, the strength w."s found to be, in the ratio of the plate, as the numbers 100, 70, and 5(5. Assuming the streu^^th of the plate to be 100 The strength cf a double riveted joint would be, after allowing for tlie adhepion of tlia surfaces cf the plata 70 And the strei^gth of a single riveted joint. 56 The5e figuics, representing the relative strengths of plates and joints in vessels required to be steam and Avater tl, .l.t, may be safely relied on as perfectly correct. The accident:! oveilioating of a boiler has been found to reduce the ultimate or n^axunuia strength of the philes from (15:000 to 45.000 lbs. per square inch of section. Every description of boiler used in raanuiactorics or on board of steamers should be constructed to a barsting pressure of 400 to CCOlbs. on tlia square inch ; and locomotive enghie boilers, wlach are subject to much harder duty, to a bursting pressure of CC-0 to 700 lbs. 8uch boilers are usually worked at iX) to 110 lbs. on the iuch, but are fre- quently worked rpto a pressure of 120, and, when rising steep grades sometimes even a j high as 2uO lbs. to tlie square iuch. In a boiler eubject to such an enormous working prf-sure, it requires the utmost care and attentitiu r n tlie part of the engineer to satisfy himself tliat the flat smfaces of the fire box are capable of resisting that pressure, and that every jiart of the boiler is so nearly Uilanctd in its powers of resistance as that, ■nlienonepart is at tlie yioint of rupture, every other part is at the point of yielding to the same uniform force : for we find that, taking a locomotive boiler of the usual s\iQ, even with IIACHISISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 365 a presetire of 100 Iba. on thfe sqnare incll, It retains an expanding force within it3 interior of nearly 60,000 tons, •which is niLlier in- creased tlmn dirainif-hed at a high speetl. To show the strain upon a high-pressure Ixjiler, 30 feet long, 6 feet diameter, having 2 centra flues, each 2 feet 3 inches diameter, working at a pressure of 50 lbs. on the square inch, we haVe only to multi^ily the number of tlie square feet of surface, 1030, ex]K)sed to pie->vare, by 321, and we hare the force of SCl'J tons, wliieh such a builer has to sustatu. To go farther, and estimate the pressure at 450 lbs. on the squ;ire in.-h, which a well-constructed boiler of this size will bear before it bnr.-ti», and we have the enormous force of 29,871, or nearly 30,000 tons, bofc tied np witliin a cylinder SO feet long and 6 feet diameter. Boilers in aetnal use should be tested at least once a year, by forcing water into them by the hand feed-p:inT», until the s-ifoty-valve is lilted, wliich should be loaded with r.t lc;i't tvrico the working pressure for tlie occa- sion. If a boiler will not stand tliis prc.=>3i;ro it is not safe, and either its strength ehould be iicrcai^cd or the working pressure should be di- minishecl. Internal flues, sr.ch as contain the furnace in the interior of the boiler, ghoidd be k?jt as nc?.r us possible to the cyliudrical form ; and, as wrought iroa will yield to a force tending to crush it about one-half of wlir.t would tear it asunder, the flues should in no case exceed one-half the diaiteter of tlie bc-iler, with the same thick- ness of plates they may be considered equally safe with the other partj. The force of com];ress'ou bting so diiTerent from that of tension, greater safety would be ensured if the diameter of th.e internal flues were in. the ratio 1 to 2.^ instead of 1 to 3 of the diameter of the boiler. As regards the relative size and strength of flue^, it may be sfcited that a circular flue 18 inclies in diameter will resL-t double the pres- sure of one 3 feet in diameter. Blill owners, with plenty of room and a limited experience with steam power, would do well to dispense with boilers contaiuiag mr.ny flues, the expense is greater and the durability less than where there is one or t^vo oiSy. The foam caused by a large number of flues is apt to deceive an inexperienced engineer, causing him to believe that there is plenty of water in tlie boiler when he tries the gauge cock when there is but very little, often causing an explosion. Some mill-owners insert a fusible plug in the crown of the furnace to indicate danger from low water. As common lead melts at 0-0°, a rivet of this metal, 1 inch in diameter, inserted immediiitely over the fire phiee, will give due notice, so that relief may be obfciined before the internal pressure of the steam ex- ceeds tliat of the resisting power of the heated plates. In France, an extensive use is made of fusible metal plates, generally covered by a perforated mctvllic disc, which protects the alloy of which the pLite 13 composed, and allows it to ooze through as soon as the steam haa attained tlie temperature necessary to insure the fusion of the plate, which varies from 2.S03 to SoO*^. lie reader will fiud a number of each alloys under the tabular view of alloys and their meltiug heats, f urthat oh. Au( ither method is the bursting plate, fixed in a frame and atfcxched to some convenient part of the upper side of the boiler, of f uch thiclcness and ductihty as to cause rupture when the pressiire f xceeds that on the safety valve. But, beyond all question, constant u;-e should be made on all boilers of a good and reliable system of staam.&)D*es, gUkss tubes, gauge cocks, safety valres, &u. B^ meana S66 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEES', AC, RECEIPTS of Cie glass tubes affixed to the fronts of the boflers, the height of th« water withiu the boiler is indicated at once, for the water will stand at the same height in the tnbe that it stands in the boiler, conunnnication being estibli^hed with the water below and the steam above, by tneans of stop cocks. Wlien dry ?team is an object, the nse of the rteam dome on boilers 13 strongly recommended ; opinions are divided as to the real value of mud drains, some reason strongly in their favor while others discard tliem eatiitjly ; but there can be "no question as to tlie trie economy of heating the feed water previous to emission into the boiler ; it should always be done when practicable to do so, by means of some one of the many contrivances for that purpose which are now in tlie market Kegarding the power of boilers, it may be stated that a boiler 30 feet long and 3 feet in diameter, will a5ord 30x3x3.14x2 — 141.30 square feet of surface, or steam for 14 horse-power, if 10 feet are assumed lor one horse-power. Two gl-.ort boilers are preferable to one long one, on account of having more tire surface, — it bein^ always necessa- ry to have as much fire surface as possible to make the best use of the fuel — as the hotter t^.e surfaf^e is kept, the less fuel it takes to do the game amount of work. \Vhen tliere is a large furnace it gives the llreman a better chance to keep the steam reguhir, for when clearing oat one part of the f amace, he can keep a liot lire in the other. For each hor36-]X)wer of the engine there ought to be at least one equare foot of grate, and three feet would be better. In setting a boiler, rrrangement should be made to carry on combustion with the great- est possible heat This requires good non-conductors of heat such as brick, with which to surround the fire. If these bricks are of a white color, the combustion is more perfect than if of a dark color. The roof, aswell as the piues, of the ftunace shnuid be of white fire-brick. The IrxTS of the funrioe should be 13 or 20 inches below the boiler or crown of the f iimace. They should slope do-.vuward toward the back Cirt, alwuthalf an inch to "tlie foot A crack in a boiler plate ma/ i closed by baring holes in the directiou of the crack and inserting rivets v.ith hirce heads, so as tJ cover up the uu-ierfection. If the tor> of the f r.ma.e be L'Cnt down, from the boiler having been accideufcdly allowed to pot short of water, it may be set up again by a screw-jack, a fj^e of wood having been previously made beneath tiie injurel phta ; b;it it ^v:ll hi general be nearly as expeditious a course to reuioTc tlie phitJ and introduce a new one, and the result will be more fatisXaotn-y. There is one ohje^ t that requires very particular atten- tiou, aad which must be of a certr.iu size to pi-oduce the best effect, and that is the fine leading from the boiler to the chunuey, as well as the size and elevation of the chimney itself. Every chimney should be built several feet above the mill house, so that there i« no obstruc- tion to bre:\k the air from the t/^p of the cliimney. In England a factory chimney suitable for a 20 horse-power boiler is commonly made about 20 inches square inside, and 80 feet high, and these di- mensions are correct for con.*umption of 15 lbs. coal per horse-power l>er hour, a comuun consumption for factory engines. In the Do- minion of Canada and the United States, chimneys of sheet iron, from 30 to 50 feet high, are in quite common use by owners of saw, and other mills, and thev seem to answer everv reqivLrement FBoroBXiccf 07 SxsAic ^u.EES.'-OyUndir ^oU«Ti, The len^ MACHDTISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 36: •hould never exceed 7 times its diameter ; the mut for it is I'' so ft of heating surface, and | of a square foot of grate surface foreach twrse-power ; a fair evaporation is 6 Ibe. of water for 1 lb of co*i. Tabular Boiler. Cylinder Boiler. Tery long cybnder boflers should have a central enpport All boQer* ehoold have an inclination of 1 inch in everv 20 ft. towards the blow- off end. Tubular Boilers— Length 4 timea 'the diameter Evapora- lancaahlre Boiler. Cornish Boiler, tion about 9 lbs. of wat^r to 1 lb. of coal. Heatinsr surface 15 sqnar* It and prate surface. ^ square ft. per horse-power. Flue Boilers require from 14 to 15 square ft. of henting surface, and h square ft of grate per horse-power. Evaporation 7 lbs. water to every lb. of S98 MACfilNISTS, EWGINEEBS', AC, RECEIPT*, coaL Length of flue boilers should not exceed 5 times thdr diameter, diameter of flues not more than 12 to 14 in. ; if made larger, use heavier iron than that u«ed in the shell of boiler, and construct with butt joints. Cornish and Lancashire Boilers. In England, Cornish boilers are kno'wn as those furnished ■with one internal flue, and are usually of great capacity and power, having plenty of steam room, Lanca- ehire boilers have 2 flues. Rtiirn Flue 'Boikr. When a boiler is fitted -with a fiue cuning round at the rear, and returning to the front, it is called a retiim flue boiler. See diagrams of boilers. BoiLrR Shells. — For a boiler of 48 in. in diameter, to carry 90 lbs. per square in. pressure, use J in. to | in. good plates. Wrought iron teadi for ditto, | to f inch. Tube Sheets and Crotm S?Ketsfyr diitJ. I to f inch. liivcts on boilers up ts 42 iu. diam. and | in. iron, should be f in. for curvilinear, and § in. for longitudinal rivets for sinr/h rf-efei tcork. On double riveted work, § in. rivets ■will answer for both kinds of seams. For 5-16 iron down to it-lG iu. smaller rivets will answer. Drilled rivet holes are preferable to punched. It is highly beneficial to heat the boiler plates before rolling to form the shell of the boiler. The fibre of the iron should alwars run around the boilerj never across it A $ted thdl byiler 4 ft. in diam. and z in. tliick, is as strong as an iron boiler of same diam. and | in. tMck, and will evaporate 25 per cent more water, besides being more free from incrustation and corrosion. The work- ing pressure of boilers should be 5 times less than the bursting pressure. Co3iPOsrno>- fob CovEKrjrG Bollees, &:c. — R^ad scrapings, free from stones, 2 parts ; cow manure, gathered f n m the pasture, 1 jart ; mix thoroughly, and add to each barrowful of the mrsturo 6 lbs of fire clay ; ^ lb. of ftax shoves or chopped hay. and 4 ozs. teased hair. It must be well mixed and chopped ; 'then add as much water as will bring it to the consistency of 'mortar, — the more it is worked the tougher it is. It may either be put on •with the trowel or daubed on with the hand, 'the first coat about 1 inch thick. When thoroughly dry, another the same thifkrieBfi, and so on, three inches is quite enough, but the more the better. Let each coat be scored like plaster, to prevent cracks, tl.e last coat light and smooth, so as to receive paint, whitewash, &e. The boUcr, or pipes, must fir^t be brushed ■with a thin wash of the nuxture to msure a catch. OS TffE PRETESTIOS OF SCALE TS StEAM BOtLBES. — It IS well known that all natural ■waters contain more or less imparities, and also that these impurities work to disadvantage in «team Doilers. But there are very few steam users who fully realize Low far the disad- vantages of these impurities extend. We nud taat 170 boiler explosions are on record for the year 1880, by which 2oit persons were fclled and 555 were injured, and we think the following reports, gi^ven by the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. for the same year, ■Rill show that SO per cent, of t aece explosions ■were caused either directly or indirectly by iaipuritiea in the wat^r. The following is the report : — FamacTsdefective, U*>o. Fractured plat*s, 20 i.x Burned plates, U&5. Blistered plates, i/44i. Cases o£ Bediment and depoei^ 275% MACHINISTS, engineers', &J., BECEIPTS. 369 incrngtition and scale, S89t. Cases of corropicn. 318?. Internal propvirig, 2.J4. Watei-guages defective, 525. Blow-out* defective, ?'S |*^^*y ^'^^esoverloa-ded, 9.58. DefectiTe bracing a\.d staying vM. Boilers cocdoTrned, oTT. The above report shows tde neoeasity of oare and erperiecpe in the management of the st«ain boiler, and th« f ollo^ving figures wxJ show what li lost by depo.-its of sediment. iir. Haiq, Master Mccbanio of the New Yorlj Central E.B., states m a report, at a meeting of the Railway Jlastsx- Mechanics" Associa- tion, held at LoaisvUle. Ky.. in Is-Tl. that t:ie estra exj-ense in o'e ^^-r^ unpurs water and iiicrndt.;t;cn, on his road, would amount to $75,000 for svery hundred locomotives. . ^a-y solvents have bet.n iiitioiu"ed fo^: th« pejnoTal and preven- tion of boiler scalf, but from a ^cientlSo inveetfgation recentlv made of the m«rits of articles sold for the removal and prevention of boiler scale, we have a report .showing th.it most of these articles are made np of refuse mattpf, the bulk being no more or less than water; the strength or so-called virtue consisting of powerful refuse acids, which are damari^ig and destructive to the boiler. But an article known a^; Lord's Boiler Compound, manufactured by Geo. W. Lorcj, Philadelphia, Pa., is highly indorsed. We find also in several different works on Steam Engineering Lord's Com- ponnd highly re-ommended. Roper, in his Hand-book of Lqnd and Marine Engipeering, in an article on Corrosion, page 4.50, savs that Lord's Compound appears to be the only known remedy that affords any protection to boile.s a^inst its fearful effects. Toe article seems to possess the necessary ingredients to produce satisfaptory results under all circumstances. It is found to have no injurious action upon the iron of boilers, but on the contrary to have a tendency to protect the iron against grooving, pittin^', or wasting of the plates by corrosion. ° A close inve.=t!ption of the Hartford In-spectcr's Reports for th« year ISbO, given in this article, will show that the true value of such a remedy can hardly be estimated. A-TER.vr.E Phoportiox of VAEiors Parts of 'Esara^'i.— Steam P'pe should be ^ tlie diameter of cvliuder, but varies on lanje ea3e vibratory «1:em3, for the reason that they are not so liable to get out of order as those with rigid stems. RcxE FOR Size of Cn-rs-DEK.— The requisite diameter of cylindqi tot a 2.5-hors9 l>eam engine is 23 inches, and about 5 feet stroke. The no!i;n::iI horse-power of any sized cvlinder can be foimd by the follo-.rlng formula :— For low pressure or beam endnea divide the area of cylinder by 25, which will give the number of to^pf-poTSr. For fii»h preasip^ horizontal engines, diyida the 24 S70 MACmNISTS, ENGINEEBS', AC, EECE1PT8. area of cylinder's diameter b^ 12"5, which will give the nnmber ol horse-power, including all t 'ction. Stroke of Engikes. — The stroke of an engine varies according to circumstances, which the designer muyt take into consideration; but the general rule is to make the stroke about twice the diameter of the cylinder. The diameter of tlie fly-wheel should be about 4 times the stroke of the engine, and the rim should weigh about 3 cwt per horse-power. Rule to fint) the Horse-Poweb of Stationary Engines. — Multiply the area of the piston by the average pressure in lbs. per square inch. Multiply this product by the travel of the piston in feet per minute; divide by 33,000, this yrm give the horse-power. — Soper, Exaicple: Diameter of cylinder 12 12 144 7864 Area of piston . 113,0976 Pzeesnre, 70 ; Average pressure, 60 60 5664.880 Travel of piston in feet per min. 300 33,000)1696464.000 51. horse-power. Balance Wheels.— Every balance wheel should be speeded np 80 aa to run twice or three times as fast as the crank shaft it is in- tended to balance. When a balance wheel is applied in this way it makes the machine run a great deal more steadily, for, when the balance wheel is geared into the crank shaft, and runs two or three times faster than the crank sliaft, it forms a power of itself when going over the centre, which propels the crank shaft until it reaches the qnarter, where it agam, takes its power from tho machine. Although it takes an additional shaft and gears to apply a balance wheel in this way, the saviug of metal in the balance wheel fully compensates for the extra labor; for, when a balanca wheel is speeded three times as fast as the crank shaft, it needs only one third of the metal in it that it would were it not speeded up at all, and if balance wheels were applied in this way generally it would make all engines run far more steadily. To Reverse an Engine. — Make a legible mark on the eccentric near the shaft, make a similar mark on the shaft at the same place. Now place one point of tiie callipers on the mark made on the shaft, and with the other point ascertain the centi-e of the shaft on the op- posite side, making another mark there also. Next unscrew the eccentric and move it in the direction in which you wish the engine t« ran, until the mark on the eccentric comes into line with the second mark on the shaft, then screw the eccentric fast and the engine will rxa the reverae way. 1IA.CHIKIST5 AXD ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT, dt i Maktn-e Beam Exgdte. — The above cut represents a marine fceaai •ngine, being the kind so frequently seen on river, lake, and coasting eteamers. The Workixg-beam, W, is a ma«5sive casting in the form of ft cross, surronnded, strengthened, and stayed, in every direction by a powerful wrought-irou strap, forged in one piece, and" shaped to 9onfoM.i to the casting, which contnins pockets at each extremity fit- ted to receive the end journals, besides containing intermediate sock- ets for tlie m.ain centre and air pump journal, &-c., the whole maes lifting on the/'-ame compoaed of i stout beams of wood, forming 3 372 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. triangles .13 sJiowu .it DD in cut. These again rest on massive beami styled keelsons, shown, at KK, and are braced and rigidly secured to. the vessel and inacliinery by otlier powerful timbers, knees, straj)^, and iron fastenings. Tlie gmdes are shoMn at B. The main link ia shown at A, the fmi^ecUng rod at C, the valvt. stem at X, and the cylinder at F, in a vertical position o\"er the con- denser. The steam cylinder F, ia uguallj a mag«ive casting, annular in form, bored and finished very true for the easy movements of the piston. It rest* on a round flanged castiujr containing the lower steam port, called the cylinder bottom, which uitervenes between it and the condenser S, and is securely attache4 to each, by bolts and steam tight rust ioiots. The elevated end of the cylinder is immovably braced to the framing above. The valve chest is shpvn at EE, the air pump at I, the hot well at G, we boiler feed pump at R, and the delivery pipe ^t P. The cpndeuaer S, in vrhich the exhaqst steam is reduced to a liquid form, is of the same phape and diameter as the cylinder, flanged at both ends, and its contorts should be llJ-.^Oths of the space through which the piston moves during one stioke. The wooden frame which sustains the main beam is attached by stout bolts and keys to strong flanges which project from the condenser, the upp^r pait is cast close and the lower end is opep and fitted accurately on the bed plate to which it is attached by a rpst joint and bolts. In the method known as " surface condensing" the process is ef- fected by causing the steam to pass through au arrangement of tubes submerged in nmning cold water ; the other method, known as "jet condensing," and by far the cheapest arrangement, consists in bring- ing the steam in contact with a jet of cold water as shown in the fol- lowing diagram, where J represents the jet; E, the exhaust pipe, ¥, the injection pipe; H, air-pump cyliudev; A A, air-pump valves, V, air-pump rod ; D, delivery valve ; fj, hot well. The next cut represents Sewall's surface condenser, in which the exhaust steam enters at B and is liquefied by contackin^, and is powerfully braced by diverginjt arms cast on the n^ per aad Iowm flanges, the cylinder head is simnaily strengthened 374 MXCHIXISTS AUTD ENGINEERS' DEPARTMEHT. Internally, while the exterior or outside is turned and usually kep* highly polished. The steam chests contain the usual appliances of the receiving and exhaust steam passages, valves and valve seats ; the lower chest contains the outlet or exhaust port communicating with the condenser, while the higher chest embraces the throttla valve pipe connected with the supply pipe, communicating with the boilers. The steam chests are very accurately fitted and strongly secured to the cylinder, and the valve bonnets and piston rod glaudj are turned and kept bright. The valves which control the flow of tho gteam are of the description styled double-balance valves, because the downward pressure on one valve is almost balanced by an oppo- site pressure on the other, the two being connected in pairs, and being retained in their seats, by the highest valve in the jxiirs on the induction side and the lowest valve of each pair on the exhaust side being somewhat larger than the others, thus inducing a very slight unbalanced pressure. The valve gear embraces the lifter rods, and lifters, the rock-shafts and their levers. The lifter rods, four in num- ber, have a vertical movement up and down on guides attached to the steam chests and side pipes, and to tliese rods, eight projecting arms, called lifters, are attached by keys. Four of the lifters connect with the extremities of the valve spindles, screwed, and fitted with double jam nuts, the other four are set vertically over the levers on the rock- shaft, which imparts their motion to them. The rock-shafts, two in number, one for the induction and the other for the exhaust valves, are operated by distinct eccentrics. There are four levers on the shafts, operating and raising the rods and lifters, and to induce a smooth movement, they are bent or inflected on their working faces. Cast iron side pipes polished, turned, and ornamented, connect the steam chests, and are fitted with expansion rings of sheet copper to accommodate or compensate for the unequal expsmsion or contraction of the metaL The lifter rods with the valves, are alternately elevated and de- pressed, by the rocking or reciprocating movement of the shafts. The length of the exhaust levers is so adjusted as to impart the exact amount of lift and lead, and are so regulated on their rock-sh;ift that the elevation of one rod commences at the very instant the other is completely depressed. The induction or steam levers are longer than the Last noted, and axe. placed on thin rock-shafts so as to incline to each other, so that a space intervenes between the elevation of one rod and the depression of the other, during which time both valves are down, and the steam connection stopped. This mechanism forms the expansive cut o!r ge.'\r. and may be partially changed by varying th« fixture or position of the eccentrics on the" shaft, the pin in the eccentric lever, and the levers on the rock-shaft : the required lift of the valves may be adjusted by changing the position of the eccentric pin. The trip, or rockshafl is a wrought iron shaft moving in solid bear- ings c«i the lower steam chest, and is fitted with substantial projec- tions commensurate with similar ones on the lifter rods, which when ia motion elevate and depress the valves, operating in the same way AS the large rook-shafte. The rock-sh.^ft is fitted with apertures for the insertion of the starting bar, which in starting has to overcome 4he weight of the valves, lifter-rods and their connections. DvTTLES TO Mabine A2iD oxH££ £2(ai>£S, — AmoQg the varied MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 373 teeks that devolve on the engineer, none of them are of more impor- tance than the imperative watchfulness required to see that all tha IMirts of the engine are properly adjusted, fitted, and regulated; that everything is kept in efficient order; that there is neither dangerous looseness or extreme tightness about the keys, nuts, bearings, eta In the event of the crank-pin heating, apply a mixture of tallow, lead- filings, and black lead, or sulphur, black lead, and oil. In steam vessels, the crank-pin and the pillow-blocks are the points most liabla to heat. The latter may be treated with the cooliny componnd else- where mentioned, or water mixed with Bath brick dust, or pulverized Eumice storae, may be poured in through the holes m the bearings. 1 trouble caused by grit, the application of concentrated potash lye, and subsequent lubrication, has good eiTect. If delayed in port, th& piston should be removed and examined, and the faces of the rings, where they compose the joints with the fiange of the piston-head and follower-plate, tried, and accurately fitted, by regrindiug, etc., and the sprmg-packiug properly adjusted. Tha tightness of the repairs may be tested by the admission of steam, tha use of the indicator, and a few turns of tlie engine. The steam chest should be uncovered, the valves, seats, etc., examined, and any varia- tions from truth corrected by careful fitting and scmping, and tha proper amount of lead imparted to the valves, by placuig the crank on the top and bottom centres, adjusting the go-ahead gear in proper place, in order to determine whether or not the valves open and closa at the proper time. The link-motion should be inspected and all derangements adjusted, repaired and corrected. The valves of the air-pump should be exam- ined as opportunity offers, and all necessary repairs effected; the cover must be taken off and the bucket elevated for this express pur- pose. The screic-sha/t should be kept true, and great care taken to guard against the glands or any other parts becoming damaged or eeriously deranged in any way. Close and frequent inspection sliould be made of the condenser, which should be tested by removing the openings and pouring in cold water; and should any ooze out, the de- ficient tubes should be either rejiaired or renewed. The condition of the vacuum may be ascei-tained by the vacuum guage connected with the condenser. If derangement exists, search out and rectify the cause. If the temperature of the hot-well exceeds 100°, add more in- jection water. Test the joinings of the parts connected with the con- denser with a lighted lamp or candle; if the union is imperfect, the ^ flame will be inhaled by the internal suction. Make thorough work in searching out leaks, and repair them well whenever they are dis- covered. Tlie entrance of air into the condenser and its connections, can, when ascertained, be stopped for a while, by entering in thin wedges, or using some of the numerous impervious compositions noted in this work. In the event of leakage into the condenser, it is useful occasiona'ly to admit water through the aperture. Instances have happened where water-tight tanlcs have been fabricated (during long voyages at sea) between the side keelsons, in cases where the condenser had become inadequate to perform its use through corro- sion, or otherwise, thereby submerging the air-pumps and condenser in a reservoir of water supplied by the ocean, excludins the air, and finding its way into the leaks, assisting the mjection water in condens- tag the steam, the aperture of the injection-cock being partly shut, to 376 KACHIHISTS AXT> ENGINEEBS' DEPASTMEVT. eonformto the amoant of internal leakage. In the event of a FioleiA rtorm imparting a rolling motion to the vessel, and consequent irregn- laritj- in the movement of the engines, owing to the alternate elevation and "depression of the wheels or propeller, the machinery is liable to l)e stopped by a surplus of water in the condenser, and in all suck cases the supply of injection water should be curtailed. As oppor- tunity offers during ov-casional detentions, search out and close all leaks' connected wiSi tlie injection-cock or air-pump, which may causa the condenser to fill with water, causing much delay and anno.vance in startuig the engine, Wheue\ er this is anticipated, the sea-cock eliould be shut at tne same time the injection-cock is closed. When the iudicjitions of the steam gauge exhibit any excess of pressure over the atmosphere, raise the valves and permit tiie steam to ilow through the pipes into the cylinder, to expel the air, heat tlie cylinder, and Ereveul the liquefaction of the su-am on the startuig of the engine, luring temiwrary stoppage, the cyunder drip-cocks on stationary en- gines should be iu>tanuy opened, in order to permit the water of con- densation to flow out, and they should not be closed until alter starting up. Previous to startiug an engine which has been stopped for some time, you should, as a i^recaution against danger, work the engine a lew turns with the starting bar, and warm the cylinder by letting in Eteam. Lubricants should not be applied to the cylinder or valves Tintil after the engine is started up and the drip-cocks closed, other- "wise waste is sure to result from the expulsion of a ix)rtion of the oU or tal- low through the drip-cocks. On the production of steam equivalent to produce a vacuum, and work the air-pumps, tlie injection-cock should be slightly oy»ened, the eccentric-hook disconnected, and the valves moved alternately hither and thither, with the starting-bar. or the link, as either is convenient, in order to effect an inten-hangin? move- ment in the piston. The engine should tlien be finally tested bv " turning over " three or four times for the purpose of making sure that all is risht, and everything trim for the anticipated voyage; after whifh. if evervthLn? is correct, the engine is brought to a stand, and all the parts lubrior.ted in readiness for the start Previous to getting nnder wav. the boQers sTinnld he filled with ■water to the np^er ganse-cock. This can be easily effected, when thft Ixiilers are in the hold, by simnly orenins the blow-cock, and the ■water will flow into the boilers by gravitation, throneh the vesitel's bottom, from the sea. In boilers" otherwise situated, the filling may be performed by the hand-force pnmn. or a pump worked by a donkey engine, etc. On starting the fires, Minhtly elf-at" thf sauiy valy. in order to permit the air to escape from the boilers: bnt on the emission of steam, whijh indicates the complete ernnlsion of the air. close them at once In stfypvinfj an mninp, shut off the steam, open the fumac« doors, close the damper in the chimney, curtail the snr>i>lv of injec- tion-water, work the valvp« by hand, and unshin the eccentric- To back or reverse an enrrinf fitted with the link-motion, all that is requisite is to change it to the reverse-motion; bnt where only one eccentnc is available, shnt off the steam, throw the eccentric hook ont of pear, and, with the starting-bar, apply the steam to the other end of th« piston. 0>' Mari>-t: axd otftkk BorLEKs. — In steam ve»»el9. it is nece*- eary, in order to maintain a proper eqnilibriam. that the boilen ghoold be placed equidistant from the keelsons on either side ; vxf XACBIXIST8 MiH> ENGINEEB3' DEPASTKENT. S77 S9h S78 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. deflection from perfect truth in this arrangement entails much trop< ble in adjusting the proper balance of the ship. To this end they ought to be secured by rigid fastenings to the hull, with the lower face of the boilers and the extension of the flues ranging or conform- ing with the load hue in each direction. In some places it is usual to place them on a substantial platform composed of 3 inch plank over the keelsons, on which the boilers are placed, the planks being pr&- viously coated to a depth of 1^ inches or more, w ith a tenacious mixture composed of drj'ing oil and whiting, which affords a hard impen-ious Erotection to the boiler against water and rust. Another way, which as the advantage of presenting an opportunity for making incidental repairs, cousistsln placing the boilers on cast iron saddles attached to the boiler supporters. Boilers should be properly protected by a proper clothing of nou conductors, such as asbestos, hair felt, &c., cov- ered with a lagging of wood ; or some of the other materials elsewhere noted in this work, may be used instead, ilariue boilers demand the greatest attention and care in repairing, testing, cleaning, blowing off. GANG OF STEAM BOILERS PROPERLY SET. and water supply. Especial care should be iised at all times to keep the brine at a low degree of strength when sea water is used, by blow- ing off every two hours at least, frequently testing the strength of the brine by the sahne hydrometer, an instrument constructed to indicate by gradations the number of ounces of salt held in solution in each gallon of water. Sea water contains 3.03 parts of its weig^jt in saline matter, or nearly 1 lb. in every 33 lbs. of water, and saturation is complete when it contains 36.37 parts. When by evaporation the proportion of salt increases to 4 lbs. in 33 lbs. of water, the formation of scale is imminent, and should be guarded against by blowing off, and the repletion of the supply by additional fresher water. While in port, as opportmiity offers, the hand-hole plates above the furnaces ought to be removed in order to permit the removal of any saline deposits on the crown sheet, and as dampness is inimical to the inte- rior of the boiler, the bottom hand hole plates should also be removed ■when a long detention is anticipated, in order to permit the water to drain off, and air to circulate, so as to dissipate any dampness, which ethenrise might result in the rapid oxidation of the boiler plates. If MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 379 this cannot be done, it is better to keep the boilers fall, rather than have them partially so. Scale is not the only danger to be gnarded against, for it is attested by the reports of the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company that almost half of the sum totil of imperfect boilers became such by reason of the deposit of sediment, there being no less than 40 per cent, more hazardous Civses resulting from the deposit of sediment causing the plates to be burned, or overheated, than from Bcale when hard water is used, the hme, etc., held m solution is pre- cipitated, and t'le deposit becomes concreted, fonning a terrible obstacle to t e transmission of the heat to the water, aud rendering the plates exposed to the action of the fire liable to be burnt through or seriously weakened. In setting stationary boilers, it would be well to have an air space of 2 or 3 inches intervene between the boiler and tlie surroimding brick work, and fire-clay is every way preferable to mortar for the entire surroundings. Arrangements should be made to have con- venient apei-tures at suitable places in order to permit access for the removal of dust, soot, ashes, aud other impediments interfering with the effective action of the lire on the lower parts of the boUer. A vgood way of setting long stationary boilers is U) attach cast-iron knees to tneir middle and at each end, having them about 12 feet apart, and placed on brick foundations; these knees, if placed on substantial rolls on a solid seat, would ensure ample provision for the contraction and expausioD of the boilers, as well as prevent all strains resulting from unequal settling. As to the attachments called mud drums, past experience^ has 8ho\vu, when their great cost and short duration are taken into account, that the benefits to be derived from their use, are, to say the least, very equivocal, as they impart but a slight amount of heat to the feed water, retain none of the ruinous carbonates which induce scale on the boiler, but only the muddy matter held in suspension in the water, while the cost of renewal consequent on their rapid decay, is very heavy. Cleaning Boiler Tubes. — ^Weinlig recommends a copper pipe, 5 millimetres in diameter, tapering at one end, and fitted at the other with a flexible india-rubber tube, by which it cau be connected with the steam-cock of the boiler when required. The pipe is mounted on a 3ft. wooden handle, and should be long enongh to reach through the fire-box. In use, tlie wooden handle is held firmly under l£e right arm, and the nozzle of the pipe introduced an inch or so within the tube to be cleaned. Steam is then turned on through tlie india- rubber tubing. Stea>i-Pipe Jacketing.— The Stettin Vulciin Works make use of •wool for clothing steam-pipes. A lead cylmder is laid aroujid tho I)ipe, and the space between, which is about 1^ inches, is filled up firmly with wool. The lead cylinder being drawn back, the wool as exposed is tied down with wire, and finally linen is sewed over tho •whole. Cement. — Sifted peroxide of manganese and zinc-white, equal parts; and snfficient soluble glass (commercial) to form a thin i>aste. Apply immediately. This cement will resist a red-heat, water, and oils. Flanges to Stand Brazing. — Copper 1 lb., zinc i oz., lead | ofc. Gsdob's Metal.— Copper 60, zinc 38.2, iron 1.8. i80 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* ")EPART1IEN», Engineers' T001.S. — The mechanical appliances renresented abovis, should be kept within easy reiich, and, if arranged on a vertical table of thick plank, fitted with recesses conformed and adapted for tlie re- ception of each tool, it would not only prove a great couTenience, but ttlio a striking ornament to tlie eugine room. MACHINISTS AND ENGINEEKS' DEPARTMENT, 381' FrRE AND Waterproof Cement. — Pulverized litharge 6 Iba.. fine Paris white 2 lbs., yellow oclire4ozs., hemp cut iuto ajireds ioz., mix to the density of thick putty with boiled liuseed oil, and it i» ready for use. M.\RiNE Engine Counter, Clock, Vacttttm G wcc, am> ^team Gauoes. — The Gauge A, B, rkpkesents an ADArxATioN applica- ble TO LOCOAIOTIVES. — A, SHOWS THE POINT OF CONNECTION WITH Boiler, B, the Spiral Spring and Graduated Scalk. — The above cuts, togetlier with the following ones, represent a Marine engine counter and clock, together with steam and vacuum gauges of vari- ous kinds. The counter, inclosed in an annular box of cast-iron, con- fciins a mechanism connected by snifcible attachments to the engine, which impart such a correct mechanical movement to a regular series of figures or numbers displayed through the narrow apertures in the dial, as to exhibit at a glanr^e the exact number of revolutions per- formed by the engine. Tlie steam gauges used to determine the pressure of steam, operate either bv the use of mercury, thin metallic tubes, or springs, and several of these adaptations are shown in the cuts we present. As used on stationary boilers, for it cannot be used on locomotives, the mercurial gauge is formed of an upright glass tabe connected with a cistern of mercury, resting on a round piece of eteel or gutta percha; on marine engines it consists of an inverted si- phon or tube bent in the form of a U, with one end exposed to the pressure of the steam, and the otlier open to the atmosphere. When not pressed by steam, the mercury will remain level iu both arms of 882 MACHINISTS AND ENOINEERS' DEPAETMENT. the syphon, but &.-( the pressure rises, it will act with increasing forc« on the'mercury exposed to tiie action of the steam, and forces it to rise in the limb exposed to the air, and will determine the amount of the steam pressure over and above that of the atmosphere, the indi- cations being exhibited on the gauge, the gradations ou which are one inch in length, consequently every inch that the mercury rises in the tube shows a change of 2 inches in the level of the mercury contained in the tube, and each inch of mercury on the scale represents 1 lb. pressure of steam. Many excellent gauges, nearly thirty in all, are in use in the United States and Canada, among others, that of the American Steam Gauge Co. and Bourdon's, or, as it is better known in the United States^ Ashcroft's gauge, from the name of the maniifactarer, the interior of which is shown in the cut. It is composed of a thin circular metallic tube, a, closed at one end; the steam from the boiler is intro- duced at b. The re.sult of the steam prcs sure on the interior of the circular tube is I to enlarge the circle more or less in pro- portion to the pressure, the elastic proper- ties of the metal operating to contra(;t the circle to its original position on the re- moval of the pressure. The sealed or closed eud of the tube is united bv the link _ c, to the lever d, which operates a seg- lvteriok of Ashckobt's mental gear or rack placed at the upper Gauce end in gear with a piuiou, which imparts movement to a hand ou a graduated circular scale as shown in th© cuts above. The same invention, when fitted to a condenser by the pipe A, see cut above, will indicate the state of the vacuum in a condensing en- ILfltCHISISTS A2fD ENGINEERS* DEPAETMENT. 383 gine. In this case the indications are caused by exterior atmospheric pressure, the gauge is graduated to extend only from 1 lb. up to 15 lbs., and the entire action is reverse from that of steam, as described above. Ou the ooening of the tap C, as the vacuum enlarges, the band will be flattened aud the hand on the dial will move in an oppo- eite direction irom that caused by the action of steam. Care of Steam Gauges.— A' little glycerine, or sulphuric acid, placed on the surface of the mercury will keep a mercurial steam gauge in good order, by lubric;itiu^ Iwth glass and metals, preventing their adhesion. Steaji Pipes. — Ruptured steam pipes may be repaired by heating aud then soldering them. The condensation of steam in siibterianean pipes mav be prevented by enclosing the pipe inside a larger one, and filling the vacant sjisice between the two with a mixture of clay and teased hair, or i)laster-of-Paris. Slestitute for Fire Clay for Boieer Fcrxaces. — ^To common earth well n;ixed ^^-ith water, add a small quantity of rock salt and allow it to stiind untU the salt dissolves, then use as fire clay. It an- swers very well. Watch the Leaks. — Engineers should keep a vigilant eye for leaks, weak sTiot«, &c., and apply a promi t remedy by repairing all defects without delav. See that' all the seams aud rivets are tight, and the tubes and tube sheets in good order. Leaky tubes should be replaced or stopped, by driving a tightly fitting wooden plug at each end and binding them' by means of an'iron-iod passing through the tube fitted with broad washers at each end, and screwed up tight -nitli the " i-e. (See Cut.) Hnnht from foor to top or smoke stack, 8 ft 10 ins. Lertr/th oi-er aU,including tonffne, 23n. 8ins- Diamefr of boiler, 2 ft 8 ins. Diameter of pnmps, 44 ins. btrokeoj same, 8 in"". Diamoter of steam a/Unders 7§ ins^iV um*e>-o; cfca- tJiarrie nates. 2. Capacity in vals. per minute. 900 gals. W eigtit, 6 500 lbs The boiler is aii upright tubular, very simiile m its com- bination and for strength, safetv, durability, and capacity for genera- ling steam, unsurpassed. Staiting with cold water in the boiler, a Working head of steam can be generated hi less tlian five minut^ Vom the time of kindling the fire. The enguie Amoskeag, owned 384 MACHINISTS AKD EXGIXEEES' DEPARTMENT. by the city of Slanchester, has played two streams in three minute* and forty seconds after touching tb& match ; at the same time draw- ing her own water. The following mstructions to engineers, given by the Amoskeag Co., for running their engine, may be easily adapted to efficient uise in the case of steam fire-engines constructed by other builders. 1. In laying yonr fuel in the fire-box, first lay plenty of shavings, then light, dry kindhng wood ; filluig your furnace full, which in most cases will give you steam enough, 6y the time you arrive at a fire to commence work, provided you light your fiie when you leave the house, which, as a general rule, is advisiible. 2. If you use coal, be careful to keep a tbiu fire, and not clog it. "L'se the coal in as large lumps as i^ossible, and do not bieiili it tip tumecessarily in the furnace. Tl.e beelow the centre of the tubes at which i>oint the first gauge-cock is lov-ated. 5. Avoid using an unnecessary anioiuit of steam. The tendency ia to use more tl;an is required. From sixty to eighty jiounds is as much as yon will generally require to do good fire duty. 6 Theengme rrs two suitable feed pumps for supplying the boiler with water. One of these pumps should be worked nearly all the time, m order to keep the water in the boiler at the proper height, and to preserve p.n even pressure of steam. 7. If brackish water is nsed for supjilying the boiler, or if the bcUcr becomes foul fnm long Tise without beirg tlcwn off, it L" likely to icr.m or piime. If foam- ing occurs while the engine is working at a fire, it may be prevented or diminL-hed by opening ths surface blow-ofl ccck. which is located between the third r.nd fourth garge-cocks, rnd blow ing off from the eurface of tlte water the sctim and oily matter which usually causes foaming. lu this way the difficulty can generally be prevented w ith- out any serious iiiterniptiou in the workmg of the engine. While doing this the water in the boiler should be carried as high as the eurface blow-off cock. After the engine is returned to the hou^e, the ■water should be blown entirely out of the boiler through the blow-off cock near the bottom of the boiler, with a steam pressure of about twenty poimds. and the boiler refilled with fresh water. This pro« cess may be repeated untQ the b<3iler becomes clean. 8. The pump npon the Amoskeag Engine is a vertical double-acting pump, with the cylinder surrounded by a circular chamber, divided vertically outside the cylinder, so as to answer both for the suction and discharge cham- bers of the pump. It has a separate valve-piate at the top and bottom of the pump, carrying both the suction and discharge valves ; the suc- tion vadve upon {)ue"side of the plate, and the discharge valve npon the other. Each of these valve plates can be reached by taking off the top and bottom of the pump, which is so constmcted as to ba readily removed. The discharge and suction parts of the water- chamber, surrounding the cylinder, are connected by a valve in the vertical partition, wluch is called a relief valve. 9. With a single MAXXISISTS AST) £27er!rE£S.<' DSFABTU£2rr. 886 MiiW S86 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT, long line or hose, it may be necessary to open your relief-valve a littla^ but as r.11 iir.lier times be particular to have it closed, except whe» you wact to feed your boiler without forcing any water through th9 hose. 10. In the smoke-pipe, directly over the upper flue-sheet, a valve is placed, which is called the variable exhaust-valve. By oper- ating this valve the size of the aperture for the escape of the steam from the steam-cylinder is increased or diminished, thus regulating the draft of the chimney and the heat of the fire. This valve should ba closed, when the engine h started, until a fair working pressure of steam is obtained, after which it may be opeued. 11. Care should be taken to have the suctiou hose and its connections air-tight. 12. Open your jth of the crank sliaft btcinng should be equal to 1^ times its diameter, or, for massire machinery, twica the diameter wiil be required. The aiea of the crank at the central part should be exactly that of the shaft ; the thickness should be equivalent to that of the shaft journal multiplied by 6 : the thickn.ss of the tab of the crank ehould be equivalent to 3 times tlie diameter of shaft joomaL The boss of the crank, if of wrought iron, should be equivalent to the di- ameter of the shaft journal or pin multiplied by 4, and if of cast iron, ehould equal doable that of the shaft journal, and the depth should equal that of the crank journal multiplied by 7. Tae diameter of crunk at the pin should equal twice the dinmeter of pin, and its depth at the same part should be equivalent to tlie diameter of the pin mul- tiplied by 12. The Governor should be kept perfectly clean and free from all gummy deposits, or old dry pacltin:j which mr.y retard, or impede its movements iu any way whatever. The best of oil only should be U5ed, and thorou^'h duty should be perfonned w:ien the governor spLuille works through stuffing boxes, to have the boxes carefully packed at regular intervals. To Fi>T> THE Di.VMETER OF Goverxor-Shjuft Pct.t.kt. — Multi- ply the number of revolutions of the engine by the diameter of the engine shaft pulley and divide the product by the number of ravolu- tions of the governor. To FCTD THE Dl.VilETEB OF THE EXGI^-E^HAFT PCXLET. — 31ulti- ply the revolutions of the governor bytlie dianieterof the governor eliaft pulley, and di\'ide tlie product by the number of the revolutions of the engine. Facts fob Ste.\3i Usees. — \ fair horse-power in a steam boiler is an evaporation of 30 lbs. of water per hour, Irozn a tora)erutnre of 212°. Ten pounds of water, evaporated frcni a temperature of 212° for each jwund of coal, is high economy. Six pounds is fair work, and above the average. Fnder the be^t conditlcus, a hor^e-power can be had from an evaporation of less than £0Ij3. of water. Every owner of steam power should weigh the water evaporated in his boiler, and also the coal used to produce such evaporation. A meas- ure of some kind that will show the weight of feed water, j*assing into a boiler with accuracy, should be used with all boilers when economy is an object. It should be the duty of a fireman to know the weight of the fuel used as well as the weight of water. Xo man ' has any right to find fault with the etononiy of his boiler until he knows the amount of water evaporated per hour and the amount of coal required to produce the same. In getting the evaTorative power of a steam boiler, it is necessary that the steam should be dry to get a fair restdt. A boiler that carries out water vritu iCs steam may sho w a large apparent evaporation, but the steam.being wet, is of less valu« in the engine. A boiler should give dry steam in all cases. Super- heating is beneficiaL Boilers that are overworked, necessarily wasta f ueL A boiler taxed to it^* full evaporative ppwer, evaporates, say, £ lbs. of water to 1 lb. of coal : double the size cf the boiler, and yoq Win get the same amotmt oi steam, with probably 30 to SO per ceub Diam, of Cylinder. Length of stroke. . Area ofstcani port. Area of eduction port Diameter of blast pipe* Diameter of pump ram Stroke of do Diam. of feed pipe. Length of connect- ing rod Diam. of piston rod Diam. of crank pin Diam. of back pin. Diam. of forward Diameter of crank axle n 3 2. •S.-a 3 r. n • 3 9-in. Outside Passer. Ul UU.».H. MHM H H MB.' i2-in. Outside Passer. 14-in. Outside Freight. j 15-in. Outside Passer. ! i6-in. Outside Passer. 18-inch, 6 drivers. Freight. 4> 18-inch, 6 drivers. Anthracite. 18-inch, 6 drivers, Br'd Gauge. Do. tul)e surface... Do. total healing surface Ditto, fire grate surface Ratio fire surface in i(\. ft. to cubic contents of cyl'r. Diam. of chimney. Diam. truck axle.. n 5" f r. :rS,S- c c 3 = 5- % ft < c « s r 3 n ■-• "I 2.0 c . • 00 -Nl ^ 00^ C^»;--«- e*- 9-in. Outside Passer. ■ "^ com « i2-in. Outside Passer. ^ w *^ - . {ji ^ . Ok- « m O « 14-in. Outside Freight. 15-in. Outside Passer. ^3. - « S - i6-in. Outside Passer. -. M M M 00\.». - 0 i-?- c-»- r< tl> &» CO ;^ CO g. losion, has achieved an engineering triumph which entitles him to recocrnition as a pubUc benefactor. Aa one whs is cognizant of much suffering arising from the causes enumerated aboTS, the writer can truthf oily aver that he is moved by no motlTW MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 393. •&er than those of humauity in making favorable meution of The Root Wrought Iron Safety Boileb. Tliese boilers, made by the Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Com- pany of New York, are constructed on correct scientific principles, oil •what is Jvuown as the sectional system, beina; composed entirely of wrought iron lap-welded tubes, which are tested to a pressure of 500 lbs. per square inch, and are said to be capable of withstanding two or three times that pressure. These tubes, 4 inches in diameter, and 10 feet in length, are lap- welded, consequently tliey have no rivetted joints, thereby enhancing their strength. The boiler is constructed entirely of these uniform and interchangeable parts, perfectly free from explosion, easilj' enlarged or diminished in size, all parts being easily accessible for cleaning, repairs, or removal; also economical, durable, and a rapid generator of steam. Of these boilers, nearly 50,000 horse-power have been sold, and are giving good satisfaction to the purchasers. The next cut represents the Renshaw CaRt Iron Sectional Boiler, constructed by Dougherty & Broome, New York, which embodies the possession of a perfect constellation of most excelleiit requirements as a generator of steam power, among others, complete immunity from explosion. As to the capacity, etc., of this boiler, limited space ■will only permit the insertion of the following valuable testimony, by Dr. P. H. Van der Weyde, the able editor of the Manufacturer and Builder: "We have "had the pleasure of witnessing" the rapidity •with which steam may be raised in a boiler of this kind, in one rated at 25 horse-power, at the establishment of Messrs. Dougherty & Broome, 113-147 Bank street, New York. The fire was started whil» 894 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. cold, and in half an honr there was a pressure of 70 pounds, and th» engine staited. As tlie water used was for the purpose of measure* meut inc:osed iu a tiiik of 2 by 4 feet, and 3 feet high, we could easily measure tlie evaixjrating capacity, and found it to be 600 pounds per hour, for which duty the furnace coiLsumed 50 pounds of coal. This The Renshaw CA.->r ii;(i> oir.i tional BorLEK. agreed with the testimony of the engineer, that J ton of coal was used per day of ten hours, while it showed the capacity of the boiler and furnace to be the evaporation of 12 pounds of water with 1 jwund of toal. This is a xerj high ratio, when we consider that theoretical tnaximuin, when no heat whatsoever is lost, is 14 pounds of water for 1 of coal, (see "Theory of Steam -Engineering," on page 26 of our February number for this year)." Proportion of Land Boilers — For each nominal horse power a land boiler requires : 1 cubic foot of water per hour; 1 square yard of heating surface ; 1 square foot of fire grate surface ; 1 cubic yard capacity; 28 square inches of flue area; 18 square inches of area over bridge wall. For Ci/Iindrical Double-flued Boilers — Length multiplied by diam- eter divided by 6 = nominal horse power. Tubular Boilers require for each Horse Poioer — 1 cubic foot of water per hour ; 10 square feet of heating surface ; h square foot fire grate; 10 square inches sectional area of tube; 13 square mches flue area ; 7 square inches chimney area ; 8 cubic feet total boiler capa- city ; 2 cubic feet of steam room. Diameter of tubes l-30th of their length. The number of square feet of heating or flue surface required to evaporate a cubic foot of water per hour, which is equivalent to an actual horse power, is iu different boilers as follows: Coi-nish Boilert, 70 square feet; Land and Marine Boilers, 8 to 11 square feet; Loco* motive Boilers, 5 to 6 square feet. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 395 RfLE to FrST> THE "WEIGHT NECESSART TO PUT OS A LevER ^EN THE AREA OF VALVE, LeVER, &C. ARE KNOWN.— Multiply the area of valve by the pressure in pounds per square inch; multiply this product by the distance of the lever from the fulcrum • multiply j the weight of lever by one-half its length (or its centre of gravity) • ? then multiply the weight of valve and stem bv their distance from' the lulcrum ; add these last two products together, and subtract theii. Bum from the first product, and divide the remainder bv the leugtlk ol lever ; the quotient will be the weight of the ball.— i?o/3er Example: Area of valve 7 sq. in. Pressure , . (iOlbs. Fulcrum 3 ir Length of lever 24 in. . 60 lbs. . Tin. 420 lbs. Sin. 12fi0 . 126 lbs. 24) 1134 lbs. 9 lbs. 12 in. 108 lbs. 18 lbs. 126 lbs. 6 lbs. 3in. ISlbfc "Weight of lever 9 lbs. 47.25 lbs. weight of ban. Weight of valve and stem 6 lbs. Maeiot: EKorNE.s.— Dwffes to mrrchinen/ ichen in Harbor hpfore getting under Stram, hi a Practical Enq'ineer. When an engineer takes charge of the macliinery of a boat his first attention ought to be directed to his boilers; for, being the source of power, they may be-- come the source of great danger if not properly looked after. In in- epectmg the boilers, three tilings reqirire special rttention. 1. Tho thickness of the plates above the fires and other places of importance. Z. Ihe state of the stays. 3. The position of the gauges, viz.: tho •water gauge, cocks, and glass water gauges. Respecting the fii-st, a general pLm is to drill a small hole through fiie plate, and thus find Jts real thickness, for it is often the case that a boiler plate may be far thicker at the scams than in the middle. At the seams the proper thickness cannot always be correctly ascertained on account of th« way in which they are caulked, by which a plate may appear aoa* «J96 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. eiderabljr thicker than it really is. Mter the hole has served its pu»« pose, it IS tapjied and plugged tightly up again. As regards the stays, tbey require a great amount of attention; toi they are ^■ery apt to get eaten through, near the plates by oxidation. The gauge cocks are often placed just above the highest row of tubes. Now this is a very dangerous practice, for it is possible for an engineer to lose his ■water, let him be ever so careful, when great danger fol- lows; while if the cocks were placed a little higher, the loss of water would not be attended by so much danger. Duties to Machinery irhcn Steam is f/etling vp. The water in tho boiler when the fires are liglited ought to be just above the bottom of the glass. In a large or e\en moderate sized boiler, the water will expand, and there is ahso not .'^o much water to heat at first; and we know, by reason of conduction aud radiation, that small bodies of water are heated comparatively more rapidly than larger. On first lighting the fires they should not be kept too large, but just sufficient to cover the bars. A large thin surface of fire is found to be the most effective in getting under way. 'When the fires are lighted, and tho eteamer is gouig on a long voyage, it is the practice to rub the jiolished ]"iarts of the engine over with a composition of tallow and white lead. This prevents any rust forming on the rodsj, etc., from water dropping on them which may have been used for kcepmg the bearmgs cool. The discharge valve is also opened now, or else on stinting the engine something will give way. Several accidents have occurred by neglecting to do this. The safety valves are now to be inspected to find whether they are fast or corroded to their seatings. If so, they must be freed aud made ready to act before starting. It is a good plan and one much practised, to give the engines a good blowing through whilst the steam is getting up. This warms tho cylinder and tries any joints that may have been made since the engines were worked last. It also saves the steam, for if not done now (when the engine is starting) a great amor.ut of steam is wasted in lieating the cylinder, instead of imparting its elastic force to the piston. Starting the Engines. — All steamships are now fitted with the double eccentrics or '"Stephenson's Link Motion," by which the engines are started, or rather by this the slide valves are under the control of the engineer, and can be worked back or forward as command is given, by either a bar, lever, or generally, m large engines, by a wheel. The handles, by which steam is turned on and off, with the injec- tion cock handles, are placed beside the wheel, so that one man can BOW generally start the engine. Some large ships have a steam piston so fitted that it rises and falls hy steam admitted above or below, thus raising or lowering the link m its motion. This is what is called steam startuig gear, and is very handy when the link is of great an eight. There is always hand gear fitted as well, which can be nsed in ca.'^es of en^ergency. In giving in- jection to a common condenser, it should be ojieued just after the tteara is turned on to the cylinders, or else if going slowly the con- denser may become too full of water, aud the air pump not al>l« t* perform its work properly. ]iA.CHnnsTS, exghtbebs', ao., ssckzpts. 397 In Btartins an engine that is fitted with snrf ace condense™, the only Cling requiring attention before going on, is to open both yalveg eommunicatiag with the pea above or below the condenser, viz.; BQCtion to the circulating pumps and delivery from tliem. Duties when under isteam. — Always keep looking at the water leveL This is sometimes a source of great anxiety, for some boilers require the water to be kept at a certain fixed level. If water be too high they will not keep steam, and if too low the steam will generate too fast. Some boilers require a high water level : nothing but practice can determine it. A safe rule is to keep tlie glass gauge about two thhda full. Blowing out marine boilers should be practised every two or three hours. Practice has proved this to be a good rule, on account of not so much water being required to be blown out at a time, and therefore the steam pressure is not reduced to a very great extent. In steamers fitted with surface condensers, a little sea water ia snpphed to the boiler to make up for the loss iu the steam pipes, jackets, caps, iu the condensers, etc. This in time may injure the boiler if not counterbalaueed some way or other. Tbe general rule is to blow out about two or three inches every twelve hours. The water in these boilers is never allowed to reach more than 2-30 of saltness. The fires require much conside'ration. A furnace is best worked with a heavy fire, but not too heavy, thicker towards the back than front. The fresh fuel should be placed iu front, and then pushed back after being thoroughly heated. Every four hours (at the least) the fires should be cleaned out, as large clinkers or refuse of the coals adhere to the fire bars and prevent the draught, making the fires burn dead, especially towards the back of the furnace. Sometimes the slag will stick fast to a furnace bar, and cannot be removed from it. Tills causes a great amount of trouble, as in trying to remove it, the fire bars are occasionally pulled out of their places, and the greater part of the fiie falls through causing much waste and often danger. The principal thing to pay attention to when the engines are under steam, is to keep the bearings cool and the glands steam tight. Oil is generally used for keeping bearings cool, but when larger ones are working hard, a jet of water is kept playing on them. This is found to answer very well when the water is turned on before they have had time to heat. It should not be used after they have been allowed to get heated, for it may crack them by too sudden contraction. A good stream of water should be kept running on the thrust blocic from the time of starting, this with the tallow, which is always put into it before starting, keeps this all important bearing cool. The cap of the thrust block requires great care iu adjusting. If screwed on too tightly it is almost sure to heat, or fire as it is termed, and if not screwed down sufficiently tight the unpleasant jumping shake so often experienced in onr screw ships is sure to follow. The packing of the gland at the stem tube should be well looked after, and kept quite ti"ht and well tallowed. In paddle-wheel steamers there is frequently not sufficient care taken about the outer bearings of the shafts. In very few ships are proper means provided for lubricating these important parts. At the commencement of a voyage, the outer bearings are well tallowed,, and 598 MACHINISTS, ENGDJEEES', AC, RECEIPTS. often put down, screwed up, and left to look after themselves as beat they may. Very few ships, indeed, being provided with tubes lead- ing down from the paddle boxes to the oil holes of the blocks, or in ■which means are provided for their lub rication. The coals in the bnnkers must be carefully watched, to prevent ppontaneous combustion. The stoppers over tlie holes should bo kept open as much as jwssible, and care taken not to keep damp coals longer in the bunkers than can be avoided; for it is only damp coal that is liable to spontaneous combustion. In new fast running engijies, castor oil i.'? a very good thing to use on first startiag. When new brasses have been fitted into the bearings, till they form a good bearing for themselves, the same should ba used. It appears to have a much finer body in it to lubricate than other oils have. The difference in the cost of e oil is not very much, coarse ca^*or oU being very little dearer than good machine oil Duties to Machinery ichen the Ship has arrived in Port. — The white lead and tallow should be rubbed off with a piece of oily waste, and then tlie bright work of the engines will give no trouble by rusting-. The engines should have a good blowmg tltrough to drive out all "water in the condensers, then the Kingston's valves communicating ■with the sea, should be shut, next open the coudenser draui cocks, which let out aU water left in them. This is allowed to run into the bilges, wliich can be pumped out by the donkey pump, or the hand pump if no steam is left in the boilers. Some engineers always blow out their boilers after steaming, others do not, the latter only let the fires out and shut the valves in the Bteam pipes ; both plans have their advantages and disadvantages. Perliaps the majority keeps the water in the boilers, onlj- blowing out "whcu repairs or an examination of the boiler is required. An engineer should always examine for himself, whether all the fires are properly out, and not fcike the word of the stokers for it. A great amount of damage may be done by the fire not being properly put out in the ash pits. A frequent practica is to get a heap of hot ashes together and dash some water over it. This makes it hlack outside and leaves it burning inside. The ashes should rather be spread out evenly, and the water thrown over gradually and gently, to put out the fire effectually, and to create as little dirt and dust 'as possible. To find the amount of Ixip on the Slide Valves (before setting th» Elides). Take a batten of wood, and place it on the cylinder slido face at right angles to and over the ports. Mark off on 'it the edges of the steam and exhaust ports with a square and scriber. By placing this on the face of the slide valve, the amount of lap can at once ba found. To Set the Slides. — Put the piston at t^ top or bottom of its stroke. If the eccentric is rightly fixed on the shaft, simply fasten the slid© valve on the spindle with the required amount of lead. Tlien turn the engine to the other end of its stroke, and see if the lead is tho same; or in some engines more lead is given at the bottom than at tho top (as in vertical engines). If the engine is fitted with the link motion, the reversing eccentric is then connected and the valve tested in like manner. Also with the link motion, the slide rod is placed in the centre of the link ; and although the position of the eccentrics on the shaft ought to destroy any motion of the valve, yet there is a littlt MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. 899 with a short link. This is tested to see that the steam ports are always dosed and thus the engines can be stopped, even if the full pressure of steam be admitted to the back of the sUde by the stop or throttl* ▼alvea. PORTABLE CONDENSrNQ STEAM ENGENE, The above cat represents a portable condensing steam engine of a pattern quite common in Europe. A, Working-beam : b, Steam pis- ton; C, Cylinder; c, Upper Steam port; d. Lower Steam port; E, Throttle valve ; F, Fly-wheel ; i. Crank ; K, k, Eccentric and eccentric rod for working the steam valves; I, Steam valve and valve casing; n. Condenser; o, Injection cock; q. Hot well; r, Shifting valve to cause a vacuum in the condenser previous to starting the engine; S. S, Feed pump; (, Cold water pump for supplying the condenser cistern; v. Governor; V, Connecting rod; lo, Air pump; X. X, The parallel mo- tion; y, Condenser. Sterro Metal.— Copper, 55 to 60 parts, zinc, 34 to 44 parte, iron 3 to 4 parts, tin, 2 to 4 parts. Sterro Metal is used for the pumps of hydraulic presses, &c. It is capable of withstanding a pressure of from 43,000 to 85.000 per square inch. Steam Fire Engines are or should be constructed with steel boilers and blast tubes, copper tubes and large water spaces, together with a good fit out of gauges, safety valves, injectors, &c. , with facility of gettm^ up Bteam in from 6 to 10 minutes from cold water, and in 400 KACHCnSTS, EKGETEEBS', 4C., EECEIPTS. *boat 5 minntes from -water at 130°. These machines as now coo- structed are of great elegance and power, some of them having pro- jected a continaous, solid stream of water over 300 feet, throagh 100 leet of hose, fitted with 1^ inch nozzle. Steam pressure about 80 lbs. Eer square inch. The principle is that of a steam pnmp, being tted with the usual air chamber to iuduce a continual steam. See diagram of fire engine with horses att^iched. Portable Engixes are constructed as light as possible, consistent with proi)er strength of parts, in order to render tliem available for easy trau.«portation. Sometimes they are mounted on wheels, and are in quite extensive tise for driving light saw-mills, threshing, brick-making, pumping:, chaff -catting. &c. CoExiSH E>'Gi>"ES.-Are usually single acting beam engines which us© the steam at a very early ''cut off," and only on one side of the pis- ton, making great "use of its expansive property, and are used entirely for pumping water in mines and cities, bteam is used in eiiectiug the downward movement of the piston, being the Btix)ke which hits the water, the upward movement is caused by the weight of the plun- gers, rods Uc, at the pump end of the beam. Coniish engines aro nsually very massive and powerful, but the first cost is enormous, and there is" quite an outcry against them in some places. In the line of pumping machinery, possibly the largest engines in the world are those doing duty at ILiarlem L:ike, Iloiiaud. The en- gines, three in number, drain "a sui"face of 4J.2U) acres, an average Eft of the water, depending on the st;Ue of the tides, bemg lb feet. Each engine hits Gd tons of water per stroke to a height of 10 feet ; "when pressed, each lifts 109 Urns to that height. Rimuing economic- idly, each lilts 75,000,000 lbs. of water 1 foe t'high lor 14 lbs. of Welsh coaL Diameter of ajlinders (annular in lonnj, 12 leet, with inner cylinders 7 ft. diameter. Lnstkcctioxs to Exgdteeks a>t) FmrMEX ox LoroMorrrF-s. — Keep the fire evenly and uniformly spread over the grate without elevations or depressions. Fire from hirse coal, as it le;ives wider openings between the lumps lor the admission of air, may be deeper than when the coal is small and lies clo.-e togetlier. Remove all incombustible material and clinkers from the furnace as soon as pos- sible, they prevent the draught from producing proper results. The tulk of fuel on the grate should always be in proixirtion to the quantity of fuel consumed. The dampers in the front and rear of the ash-pan regulate the draught admitted to the furnace, and require very careful attention, as the" stream of air issues ■v\ith a velocity of 72 ft. per second when the dampers are open and train under full teadway. At a speed of GO miles per hour the pressure of the cur- rent of air amounts to 9 lbs. on every square fosit3 of foreign matter from the barrel of tlie boiler, the tubes, and from tho crown sheets between tlie crown bars, especially while tising bad water, and after heavy rains ; and screw-plugs, made of hard brass, should be fitted to every boiler near the sides of the fire box, to permit the use of a hose with water for this purpose. To avert danger from intense heat, to save fuel, and keep up a free circulation, engineers should adjust tlie injector so tlut the boiler will lose a little water while rumiing between stations, if the injector is kept at work during stoppages, this loss ^vill be compen- sated, and a full supply always kept up, alisorbing the surplus neat and preventing explosion. Incessant watchfulness is necessary to look out for impending danger in every possible direction, and no engine driver, while on duty, should relax his energy, eare, caution, watchfulness, decision, and presence of mind for a single moment. If ri^lance ana endoiance were ever necessary in any business or call- 26 402 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS, ing, most certainly they are of paramonnt importance in tliia above all •thers. See that the safety valves are properly acting, and that i— I ^— i tx) ^ >» ® "5 o u ^ a^ g C O 3 5 >. ^ a o j< aa P •5 a *^ M'~* Qt ~ 3"a -3 » ^ ± ? > 3 S'SrS S » OH ?; ©'~ --a fl a g t, e _ S jT o !i a'g . ai o Q v >5 - t; -e* g a; " '<^ fc E2 J?' 3« s^ * is <* « . c s-2 ",d \:4 "^^ © 90 « « o ,. _ s i; H 00 3 « 2! * bO© .3 '" 2 2 P ijijo 2 5 > c » 00 c g the indicatioiui of the steam gauge are correct. In experiments mada with a locomutive boiler, the fire being kept regular, and the eogiju MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, KECEIPTS. 403 at rest, in 9 minutes the pressure increased from 32 lbs. to 74f Ibe. per square iuch, being much more than double, a most surprising increase, and one which will enable us to accouut for many explosions which have happened while engines were at rest. Piiy the closest attention to the cylinder and piston rod packing, and exercise judgment and care in selectmg the best lands and also in applying them when selected. Use due precautiou agaiuat making mistakes either in packing too tight or too loose, as each extreme iu its degree is productive of much mischief, waste, and loss of power. It requires the exercise of considerable mtelUgence and care to maka the best possible adjustment of either spring or steam packing. Equal vi|jilauce is necessary in guarding against incrustation and acale in boilers. In order to raise steam to a pressure of 120 lbs. to the square inch, a very common pressure in locomotive boilers, tha ■water must be heated to a temperature of 345°. Tliis involves a high temperature in the furnace plates and other parts of the boiler, imposing a very severe duty at any time, but doubly destructive in the event of the existence of incrustation or scale. The annexed figures are inserted with a view to render assistance ia Adjusting the valves of locomotives. The first diagram represeata tha position of the valve as it should be when at half gtroke. The second figure indicates the proper position of the valve when at the end of its etroke with the crank at the dead centre. A represents e:diau;>t cavity io Talve. F ditto in valve seat P P rteam ports. E lead. The third cut represents the position of the valve when the link is exactly under the saddle-pin and the reverse latch in the outer notch in the quadrant or sector. V V -hows the lap. Full steam is the position of tne valve when fiilly open, and the engine in motion. Cut-of is the position of tha valve when it h.is ju.-td Plugs should be provided on the side of the shell on a level with the cro^vn sheet. To avoid weakening the boUe", rivet a welt on the inside of the shell in the line of the holes. Steam Boom, 6 to 7 cubic feet per square ft. of growth surface. Good work has been obtained from boilers possessing 1 cubic foot of steam room to 1 sqnare foot of water surface, and a water surface 1-13 that of heating surface. Average PKOPOExiojf of the Vakious Parts of Locomo- TIVES. — Cylinders of locomotives vary in size, rangin.^ aU the way from 8 in. up to 20 in. diam. Crank Pin should be J the diam. of cylinder. Valve Stems should be 1-10 the diam. of cylinder. Piston Mods should be J the diam. of cvUnder. Pump Plunger ehovdi be 1-0 the diam. of cylinder. Main ^tcarn Pipe. Area should be from J to I the diam.'of cylinder. Steam Ports. Area should be 1-12 the area of cylinder. Exhaust Port. Area should be equal to J the area of cylinder. The width of bridges for different sized cylinders of locomotives vary from | to 1^ inches. Chimney. Height should not exceed 14 ft., diameter a little less than t':c diam. of cylinder. Diam. of Boilers vary from 3 ft. to 4 ft. 3 in. Tubes vary in number tsom 100 to 220, top row should be 8 inches under water. Heating surface. Total should be from 1000 to 1-300 square ft. Fire Grate Surface ranges from 12 to 30 sq. ft., usual nile 15 sq. ft. with about 90 sq. ft. of heating surface in fire box. Evaporative Poioer should range from 100 to 200 cubic ft. of water per hour. Proportion of heating surface to each sq. foot of grate, should be from C3 to 80 feet. Petticoat Pipe should be I the diam. of tlie in^^ide pine of the stack. Ash Pans, should be 9 inches below bottom of grate for wood burning engines, 10 in. for soft coal, and 12 to 11 in. for anthracite coal burners, and should be as nearly air ti^^lit as possible when dampers are shut. Dampers, should when shut stind at an angle of 35° from perjiendicu- lar. Smoke Box, diam. should equal diam. of boiler, length from flu9 •beet to iondd oi front do^r 1| times tlio length of the stroke ol tlui Hachinists, engineers', &c., keceipts.' i6T •netae. Tires, when new 2^ to 23 in, thick, must not be worn down to less than 1| to 1^ in. Wrought iron tires wear about 1-12 of an inch per annum. (For further details see page 413. ) Rule to fixd tue HofoE-PowER of a Locomotive.— Multiply tiie area of the jii.ston by the prepsure per square inch, which shoulii be fciken as § of the boiler pre.ssuro ; ninltii)lv this product by thD number of revolutions per minute. Multiply this by twice the length of the stroke in feet or inches ; if in inches 'they must be divided by 12), multiply this product by 2 and di\ide by S3,000 ; the result "wiu be the power of the locomotive. — Roper. Example ; Cylinder 19 inches Stroke 24 „ Diameter of Drivers , . , 54 „ Running Speed, 20 miles per hour. Area of piston, 283.5 square inches. Boiler pressure, 130 lbs. per square inch. Maximum pressure in cylinders, 80 lbs. 283.5X80X4X124X2 ^ 681.6 horse-power. 33,000 Stephenson's "Rocket."— The annexed figure represents tbo 'Rocket" as it appeared when it ran in the memorable Rainhiil competition, in 1829, and graued tlie prize of £500 offered by tho directors of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The stipuLitions were: (1.) That the engine should consume its own smoke; (2.) If the engme weigh 6 tons, it must draw after it 20 tons, 10 miles an hour; the pressure on the gauge not to exceed 50 lbs. ; (3.) There must be 2 safety valves, the cuair.o aud boiler must be supported on springs and rest on 6 wheels, the height of the whole not to exceed 15 ft. to th(» top of the cliimney; (1.) It must not weigh more than 6 tons, Icis weight preferred, which may draw a less weight behind it, then it may have 4 wheels; (5.) The price not to exceed £550. Dimensions— Boiler. Cylindrical ui form, length, 6 ft., diam. 3 ft. 4 in. Cylinders, two, diam. 8 in., stroke IGJ in. Weight of Engine, 4 tons, 5 cwt. with water m the boiler, with loaded tender 7 tons, 9 cwt. Chimney, diam. 12 m. Heating sjoface, 117| square ft. Tha boiler contained 25 copper tubes, 3 inches in diameter ; tlie use of those tubes with coke for fuel, gained Stephenson his victory-, and estabhshel his fame. The cylinders were set iuclininst to the niils at an angle of 45°, this proved a poor arrangement, as tho jolting motion sUghtly lifted the boiler up and dovra on the springs. Driving Tllieels, diam. 4 ft. 8 in. Highest Speed dvring trial, 24 miles per hour, for a dis- tance of 1^ miics. The " Rocket " with all its defects, was a great im- provement on Stephenson's first engine constructed at Killingworth, in 1814, aud used to " lead coals '^ from the pit, the motion bein? transmitted to the wheels by the intervention of cranks and toothed gearmg. There is a vast contrast between the " Rocket" and locomotives of recent coni-truction. Some freight engines are now in use, whicl» weigh 66 tons, havmg 4 cylinders and 12 coupled dri^•lng wheels. Some have cylinders 20 in. diam., with 26 inchea stroke, others hav« driving wheela 9 ft, diam., cylind^ralSm, diam,, an^ 2* inchea g^Qly^ 408 MACHIXISTS, E^GIXEEES', AC, RECEIPTS. English exprees engines have attained a epe^ of 73 miles "per tom be^een Holyhead and Loodozx. The Ulnstrious Stephenson is ■well deserving: of donble honor as tha ■worthy champion of the loftiest df^cription of mechanical progrees, at a time -when it might truly be said tlLat he -was opposed by almcs-t the entire nation. In interference %Tith the old state of affairs nearly every one, high and low, seemed to see -visions of bankrupt coach companies, deserted hotels, ruined Inndlords, roads overgrown with grass, buildings and mansions burned to the ground by flying sparks irom the engine, commerce ruined, aud man and beast everywhere run over and crushed imder the car wheels. During Stephenson's memorable examination l>erore the committee of the House of Com- mons, one of the questions put to him was — "Would it not be an awkward thing for an enTine to run over a cow?" The honest Korthumbrian's reply is weU laxiwn, " Yes, it would be awkward for the coo." Feee CE>rE>T. — ^Fire clay, wet, ICO ixarts, white lead, 3 parts, pow- dered asbestos, i part, mix "all together and i^se as mortar. Kaplwat Traxn" Speed Table. — A train going 1 mile an hour travels one aud seven-fifteenths — say one and a half foot per sec- ond. To form a table of speed from these data is a mere matter of multiplication. Example: — A train going 70 miles an honr travel* pet second 1 and 7-15 it. multiplied by 70^102 aad two thiids feet 1U.CHINIST3 AND KSQINEKRS* DEPABTMKNT. 409 The Stephenson Link and "Valve Gear of 1833, shown in tha •ut, differs but little from the arrangement of the present day, as exhibited on page 4U2. In the sketch, A A represents the eccentric* keyed on the driving-shaft B, O is the link, and D the "strap-link" conn°cted with the eccentrics by the rods E E, as shown in cut. F ia the valve and G the valve-rod working slide-valve and connected with link -block. The elevation or depression of the link, necesgary to in- duce a backward or forward movement of the engine, was effected by a lever handle H. fitted with a catch which could be dropped into a series of notches in the sector I ; this lever-handle operating by meana of the reaching-rod K, and the counter-weighted bell-crank h, had the effect of bringing the pin on the link-block connecting with the valve-stem into operation with either eccentric as the forward or reverse movement of the engine might require. The lever as shown at H, shows the link in full gear for reversing ; at I (mid-gear) steam would be shut off, as the valve would cover both steam-ports ; at M the lever would be in full-gear for running fori^ard, and in inter- mediate positions between mid-gear and full-gear the effect would be more or les.s expansion of the steam, but never the full power. The locomo:ive. with its entire connections and Burroimdinga, should, while on the road, be the object of a care and vigilance which knows no weariness. Before starting from a station, the engine Bhould be closely inspected to be sure that all is right; the boiler should be well replenished wich water, and a good surplus stored in the tank. The injector should be closed before starting, and whUa ascending grade?, but should be opened to admit feed water during stoppage, or while descending a down grade if required, and fuel may be added at the same time. In descending down grades, the steam should be either partially or entirely shut off, and the engineer should, like a trusty sentint^l. be always at his post, with his hand on the lever, and with all the faculties of his body and mind on the alert, ready to act in response to simals, or on the first intimation of danger in any of its varied forms. Modern improvements have rendered it an easy matter to stop an engine at very short notice, although it sometimes happens, on critical occasions, that some of the most power- ful patent brakes have proved inoperative, owing to complicated or imperfect mechanical adjustment. Broken rails, mce especially during winter, in cold climates, like that of Canada and Russia, are a fertile cause of numerous disasters, severe loss, and much solicitude and anxiety to the engineer. The frequency of these breakages »lw»ya inoreasea in proportion with the rigor of the climate. 410 MJICHIKISTS AXD EKGINEERS' iJEPABTMZNT. The valve gear and eccentrics shonld te frequently examined, and if found defective in any way, no time shonld be lost in adjusting them by foUowinjj the directions given elsewhere. Use clean water ; by so doing much trouble and danger will be averted. Keep the tubes well swept, and if one should burst, plug both ends of it with as little delay as possible ; if impeded by the emission of steam or water, an ample supply of cold feed water will decrease tlic pressure and permit work. *lf the leak is very serion.«, it would be the best plan to quench the fire in order to secure pro^^er access to repair the defective tube. Every engineer should malie a point of ha\ing on hand all those appliances which experience has shown to be neces- sary for use during jxjssible emergencies, such as plu.c.s for the tabes, screw jack, wrecking tools, wrench.es, hammers, signals, wedges, files, Tone, buckets, chisels, waste, cll, tallow, Sec. Railway Signals. — A red flag by d.iy, cr red light by night, ia s signal of danger. Hoisted at a tt;:t!on it is a signal for a train *' to stop." Hoisted by the road side, it is a .«i^-nal of danger on the train ahead. Carried un'urled ca an cnjir.e, it is a waraing that anotlier engine or train is on its way. One short sound of tl.e whittle is the signal to apply brakes; two, to kt them go; three, to back up; lour, to call in "the flagmen; five, for road crossing.?. A sweeping partingof the hands on a level v»-:th the eye is a signal to go ahead. A downward motion of one hand, ^ith extended arm, to stop. A beckoning motion of one hand, to back. A lantern raised and lowered vertically, is a signal for starting; when swung at ri,'ht angles, or across the track, to stop; when gwun^ in a circle, to back the train. One stroke of the alarm-bell signiSes stop: two, to go ahead ; three, to Ixick. Speed of Passekoee Tr-^tks. — In the United States, the News- paper Express train, between New York and Philadelphia makes tht Oahj trip of 92 miles in 1^ hours, iuclusive of four Etcppage& ltA.CHl^^STS and engineers' department. 411 The most remarkable feat of railway travel on record, was accom- pliflhed Jane 4. 1876, by a fast special train, which made the journey Jrom New York to San Francisco, a distance of 2900 miles in 2G min- Htes less than 84 hours, being at the rate of 40 niiles per hour. Regarding Englisli railways, the folIo\riug table embraces an enu- meration of trains which rimoir«r60 miles without stopping, shows the distance run, and the average speed per hour. It will be seeu that the London and Northwe.«tem rim the longest distance without stopping, as their engines suck up water on the way wliile running at fall speed. The fastest is the 11.45 a. m from Paddingtou over the Great Western, which runs from London to Exeter, 194 miles in 4^ hours on the "broad gauge." Tlie Great Northern, though nmning on the "narrow gauge," maintains an average speed of more than 50 nSlea per hour, and the 10 a. m. Express from London to Edinburgh, called by some of the country people the " Flying Scotchman," travels 188J miles in 4^ hours, from London to York. The Great Xorthem R., •with their'new engines, having 8 ft. driving wheels, sometimes at- tains 51 miles per hour. London to Swindon (Broad Gauge Express) G. W. London to Peterborough G. N. York to Newcastle N. K Grantham to York G. N. Kewcastle to Berwick N. E. New Cross to Canterbury S. E. Carstairs to Carlisle Caledonian Oxford to London G. W. London to Dover S. E. Rugby to Crewe L. & N. "W. London to Rugbv L. &N. W. Kentish Tn. ta VVellingboro' M. Holyhead to Chester L & N. W. Wigston to Luton M. Carlisle to Preston L. & N. W. X 5_ I 87 83 66f 77 741 63i 78 82| 62 85 61i 89 s o 2 > X 3 < a. Besides the above, there are well attested cases of passenger trains tunning 78 miles per hour with 16 coaches attached, and even as high fts 84 mUes per hoiu have been attained. THE rOLLOWINQ TABLB EXHIBITS THE EFFECTIVE ADHESIOK OF LOCOMOTITE3 PEB TOJf DUEtNG DIKFEKKiTr WEATHSBS, OS TBM Lbs. Lbs. During frost or snow 200 Daring damp weather 400 Daring misty weather .350 Daring fine dry weather 760 Daring wet ramy weather. .600 The adhesion of a locomotive with 4 wheels, comptared with OM ba\-ing 6 wheels, is in th« proportion of 5 to 8. 4l2 iUCHlXlST9 AND ENGINEERS' DEPAJITMENT. Experiments have demon5tnUed that traing (properly fitted with good brakes), moving at the rate of 33 njjle* y-er hour, can be stopped within a distante ol 57 yai-ds, and within 273 yards ii moving at th» rate of (jo miles an hour, the re?L-ting power of V>oth cylinders was S40.552 That the friction of lx3th valves was 54.952 '• " " eccentrics 74.32G Total friction of v^ves and eccentrics 129.251 or 15 per cent, of the jxjwer of the engine required to move them. Rf.voi.itiovs of DRivrso Wufel^ I'ER iln.?,. The average life of a car wiieel under a load of 3^ tons, is 45. 'XO miles. The weight of iron rails per mile varies from 78 tons. 11 cwt. , 4-S !!»., to 1.57 tons. 3 cwt., 84 lbs., according as the rails range from 50 lbs. to 100 lbs. weight to the yard. No. of 15 ft. rails per mile, 704 I i^o. of 18 ft rails i)er mile, 587 " 16 ft. " " eeO I " 20 ft. " " 523 A ri*e of 60« in the tf a. crstrje of a 25 ft. raU lengthens it to 25 ft I ia. The la£t table refers to No. of rails required for single track. I ^ " < „ wi 3 c 2 " ' 5 s -I ; — _, :; r» _.— >< X s 3 »fi^ ^ = 3 a 2 ! 3 =•= Sr; 3 a 5 tea.— ~ —-'(&—■"-.-?--• '->^^' Q ~ r- ■> "^ = s/^ a- ,-•3 — ij-, I = 5 3*^ » ^ J o 3 r« a -1 i-i ^ _ ' i'^_s-|^'^M5 ^ o = = b- ."« 3 ,c < •• rr -* ^ -► 3: :r i.'^ ^ a- _. « £. o |.- © i ^ .- =■ --i __ — — ? 5' 2 ^— .?* .-^ s» ri8 Ls-I"!"?!!???-?^ 414 KAcaiKiaTS* xsn ejtgineees depaktmeht. GEORGE STEPHENSON, THE FIEST LOCOMOTTVE EXGI>"EEB, ■ Bom June 9, 1781 Died August 12, 1848. The iron energy, indomitable perseverance, sterling integrity, and thorough practical sagacity for which this Father of Railways wa* noted, hare indelibly enrolled hi3 honored name among the benefao tors of the race. Of the first railway, that between Stockton and Darlington. George Stephenson was both surveyor and contractor, laying out every foot of the road, and taking the sights through the spirit level with his own hands aud eyes. On his persistent recom- mendations, the intended plan of a wooden tramway was set aside and iron raUa substituted, and reluctaut permission given him to place upon the road, which had been intended only for horse-draught, a steam locomotive. The trial day was fixed for the 27th of Septem- ber, 1825. which may be regarded as the natal day of railway travel A great throng of people was present to witness the new-fangled and Bnch ridicaled affair, the multitude being ready to appl&ud the Ba»> MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 415 ENGINE NO. 1.— STOCKTON & DARLINGTON R. R.— 1825, cess or deride the failure of the man -whoni they were equally ready to canonize as the wisest, or condemn as the craziest man in England. The veteran was fully prepared to withstand the oideal. A long pro- cession of vehicles was formed, consisting of 6 wagons, loaded with flour ; a covered coach, confciiiiin^^ d=-ectors and passengers ; 21 coal wagons, fitted up for and crowdetl v ith passengers. Locomotive en- gine No. 1, represented in the crt, driven by our h.ero, headed the procession, which was preceded Iv a precursor on horseback, who rode before to herald the comiii'x of the tiain, the velocity of which wag not expected to exceed 4 or 5 mDes nn hour. But difS'erent re- sults followed. An immen?^9 r-.nlt:tude of pcojle, both on horseback and on foot, accompanied tlic tiain, br.t net kng ; they were soon distanced, the man on horseb;\( k who heralded was compelled to leave the track, and the first t:-a:n thnt ever can-ied passengera fin- ished its journey at the rate of 12 to 15 miles an hour. The load carried amomited to . 03 a 4-« "".r 3> L ? * ». c 5 _ ■ago 2il ill as!. "^^^ c^>5. S— 3 - -< "12 ' ? ^ B*i - = c o - X * 3 <:; s X ^ " r a •5 »:3 : -- r ~ z C l=! i — ~~ '5 2 III ~ - cS^ ~ X cr. > "9 CjS 3 £ - 7si 1=' 03 C- ■C i 2 3 = ' §,:-s gfj ; c^ c •■ S ■ t'i"i Sao k^"-* 5^ ■3-25:: §^ - c 5 ^52 o^"-" "^ii C3_--2 x^ a ^- ^ -JT" j: = 3 — "" ^ ~E a £«- c:"-**-^ ^■5:2> s «■ f— S .5 :, 03 3 J^-.- X 5 3 T^5 3j'3 i i-^rv • > d 2 * c— ^ ^ £ - .X -^ -OM S»- s — -.St so"* 1 ?^ - 5 £-3 « - c •-= a^5 ^ 2 = 2 i MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 41 7 ropervispd it from beginning to end, getjting liis breakfast of oatmeal with his own hands, living on horsebac-k, i^rsonally inspectin"^ the progress of the work, supervi.ving the pay-rolls of the men, and per- lecting with his own hands the workin 2: drawings. In 1829, we find Robert, the younger Stephenson, at a later dav engineer of the famous Victoria Bridge, Montreal, treading in his father's footsteps, and canrng off the victor at the noted contest at Rainhill, when the Kocket, as shown on a previous page, eclipsed the performance of tlie Novelty, Sanspareil, and Perseverance. Soon the Liverpool & Manchester R. R. was opened with the Rocket, altered and im- proved, as locomotive, running at the rate of 30 miles an hour The Illustration exhibits the Rocket, as remodelled after the trial and as aow to be seen iu the South Ksasingtou Museum. 8PAKK3 FBOM THE LOCOMOTIVE.— (27/. Cent. R.) Fuel, etc. Arerage number of miles rmi to 1 cord of wood, 4:3.98. Ditto to 1 ton of coal, 39.87., Ditto, to 1 pint of oil, 1:183. Cost of Jiepairs, Mechanics' wages, (i2 per cent. Materials— iron, steel, brass, etc , 31 per cent. Su])enntendence, paints, tools, etc., 7 ]ier cent. Averago cost per mile, m cents, for passenger engines, 20.10, for freight, do. 00.42. Frenrh LiKomotivcs.— Avenge actual power exerted, 450 horses : epeed of passenger trains with 15 vehicles, is 24 miles per hour ; ireight trams. 18 miles, mbced engines, 20 to ;?0 miles per hour. American Lofo; native. —A 10 wheeled engine, 18 x 22 cylinder toUl weight, 30 tons 9 cwt. ; weight on drivers, 22 tons, on Readia* ^37 ^ 418 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. EDSON'S TIME, PRESSURE, SPEED RECORDIXG, AND ALARM GAUGE. K. B. EDSOX, 91 LIBERTY ST., JTEW YOKK, lXA'E>rTOR ASTD PATENT^ ACCORDED EXCLUSIVB MENTION AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIEITIOl OF 1876. RR. ; will haul 130 loaded cars ; weight of coal, 676 tons ; of cars, 38C tons ; total load, 1,085 tons ; ou a down grade, maximum, 13-5 ft pei mile ; minimum, 0.65 per mile. Same Engine will haul 70 loaded cars, or 561 tons, over an ascending grade :35.3 ft. per mile.>' New York City Street Dooiv Engines. — Cylinders, 6 ins. by 1( ins. stroke ; can haul 2 cars, containing 100 passengers each, up a grad< 100 ft. per mile, at 5 miles per hour ; on a level and low grade, at 10 miles per hour, runs 125 miles per d^y, bums 1,200 lbs. of coal ; steam pressure, 130 lbs. A Crampton locomotive, drawing 12 carriages, consumes 35 lbs. of coke per mile in summer, and 37 lbs. in winter ; the weight with t*"*^*'- is 90,000 lbs. ; the cost of running a trip per mile, all items iJ»cIud8d, i» 33 cents (gold). An engine is generally worn out wheu 1IACHIKIST8 AND ENGINEERS' DEPAKTMBNT. 419 It has travelled 186,000 miles, although some have run more th^ twice that distance ; the usual performauce is from .15,600 to 25,000 miles per annum. The lifetime of an engine may be taken at 10 years ; the cost, in England, S9,600 (gold), tender, 82,200, and the annual tamings about $25,000. GIFFARD'S INJECTOR. A, steam-pipe connecting -n-ith boiler. B, tube or cylinder, lkw)ugh which steam passes into the space b. C, screwed rod for regulating the passage of steam through circular conical space c, and worked by the handle shown above. E, water supply pipe connect- ing the reservoiror hot-weU with tlie small chamber m. C, I, circular conical opening or discharge pipe, the dimensions of which is ad- justed bv the movement of the tube or cylinder C. G, hand wheel for openitflng the cvlinder C. H, opening, in connection with the at- mosphere, intervening between discharge pii^e and the receiving pipe through which the water is forced. I, tube through which th^ 420 MiLCHINlSTS AND ENGIKEERS' DErABTMENf, water is pa.«aed to the bpiler. K, valve for preventing the rettum ot the water from boiler when the injector is closed. L. overflow oi waste-]npe. Mkthod of Opkration. — ^Tum the wheel so as to allow a little water to flow into the mjector. Open the tip connecting the instra- ment with tlie b<:>i]er ; tlie admiiision of the steam will create a par- tixil Tacuiim, into which the water will fiojv wijh rapidity. The steanx condenses as it mingles with the water, and a* it rushes forward it carries the water afong in its com-'- i^:' in_' it into the boiler witli great force. The quantity may b' t diminished by means of taps fitted to the steam and v..., -pipes, and any suqilus water \vill escape at the overflow o:- wa.-te-pipe. This inventiom effects gi'eat economy in the ti-ansnii?;ion of hot water to the boiler, for not the 3lightearticle of heat i^ lo.-t. Samuel Rue's injector, a most valuable invention, is well adapted to operate a.-* a boiler feeder on land or water: but may be considered as iudispeusaule on maiuie boUere, as from its jieculiar construction, with steam of from 40 to 50 lbs. pressure, it is capiable of forcing water against a pressure of over 200 lbs. per square inch. In 40 years tha miles of railway in the United States have increased irom 3 miles to 60,000 miles. Railway Cboss Ties, No. per mile, 2 ft. centre to centre, 2.641 " " 2i " •• 2.348 <( << 3 <« •' 2 Cf)l CI » u « 3 » .< ijgi 1 Tlie usual dimensions of r^way ties are 9 feet long, 10 ins . wide Xoins., average life time, 7 years: best material, seasoned white oak. If ties are preserved by Bumettiziug they will last 15 years. The test for new steel car axles, is 5 blows of a ram, weighing 1,650 lbs., falling 30 ft on axle placed on supports 3 ft. apart. The test for new iron axles, is 5 blows of a ram, weighing 1,650 lbs., fall- ing 20 ft., on axle placed on supports 3 ft. ai>art. NoN-Co>'DrcTOR FOK Stea3i Pipes and Ctlixdt:ks. — Good clay, 50 lbs., finely sifted qpal ashes 50 Ib.a.. hair for a bind 12 ozs.. mix all thoroughly with watpr to the consistence of mortar, and allow it to rest for a few hours, bet just previous to u?e, add 50 lbs. plaster of Paris, working it in well. Now apply it to the pipes, &c. , while warm, in a thm co;'.t. and when drv, add another, continuing until the prop- er thickness is secured, whitewashing or painting over aU. EvAPOKATm: Powers of Fuel, etc. — 1 lb. of coal evaporates 9 lbs of water. 1 " coke " 7^ to 9 " 1 " wood " "4i 1 " turf (peat) " 6 Stationary engines use from 3 to 7 lbs. of coal per horse power p«f hoiir. Locomotive pa.ssenger engines 25 to .% lbs. coal per mile. " freigkt '' 45 to 55 " " Wood-burning " 1 cord of wood to 42 miies. Bulk of coal is 6 times less than its equivalent in wood. 60 bush. Newcastle cojU will make r»2 bush, of coke. 1 bush, anthracite coal weighs 86 lbs.: bituminous coal = 80 Iba^ charcoal (hardwood) « 32 lbs. ; coke = 32 Ib^. SIACHI»ISTS ANp ^IfQINEERS' DEfABTMENT. 421 ^^^r THE FIRST R-ULWAY PASSENGER COACH. The ma.Lnnficent caravan rejiresented by the cnt couvevp a good idea of raiWay ^xissenger travel and accommodations pre\'iou6 t« tlie use of st«am ix)wer for that purpose. U. W. BALDWIN'S LOCOMOTIVE " IRONSIDES" — i83a. II. W. BALDTVry'S LOCOMOTIVE " tROSSTDtS" — 1852. The engine represented ahove. constructed .l>y 51- VT. E.ildjiu, fonpder of the Baldwin Locomotive "Works. Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A., was first mn on the Philadeliihia & Xomstovni R. R., iu 1SS3, and )>rr)ved to be the pioneer of euccessful railvray locomotion iu tho United States. The avei-n^e life of an iron mil is 13.000.000 of tons, or equal to 100.000 tr-iiis of 1.".0 tons eadi. On the Great Northern Railwr.y at Eaniet. the life of an iron rail was 5 years, ^vith 13,484.601 tins of fast trains, and "3. SOS. 01^8 tons of slow" traffic. Steel rails v,'ere only kalf worn out vrith 05,577,2-10 tons traflSc. 42? MACHINTSTS, EKGINEERS', AC, BECEIPtS. liATmrr Heat of Steam.— Take 2 emaU vessels connected at theil tops by a tube. Let one contain 1 lb. of water at 32° Fahr. , the othe« 5i lbs. at the same temperature. Apply a spirit lamp below the ves- sel containing the 1 lb. of water until it is all boiled away and its vapor condensed by passing through the tube and mingling with the 5^ lbs. of water in the other vessel. At this point the heat absorbed by the B^ lbs of water will raise the temperature to 212° Fahr. or boiling heat, and the combined weight will be 6^ lbs. instead of 5^ lbs., as placed in the vessel at first. The whole of this heat has been trans- ferred from the 1 lb. of water held over the spirit lamp, although at no time has its heat exceeded 212°. Inasmuch as this heat cannot be Eeasured by any known instrument, it is caUed latent heat. The 1 . of water' made the 5^ lbs. to boil, and from this we know by cal- culation that the combined latent and sensible heat of steam is about 1200O. The pressure of eteam ia measured by atmospheres. Steam of 15 lbs. pressure is steam of one atmosphere, of 30 lbs. pressure, of 2 atmospheres, &c. It is frequently used as high as 6 or 7 atmospherea. Steam below 2 atmospheres is called low pressure steam, and all pres- sure above, high pressure steam. Heat, by expanding water, imparts motion to the gulf stream, when transformed into steam it evolves suflacient power to drive the rolling mill, cotton and other mills, the machine shop, the locomotive, and impel the steamship over the trackless ocean. As the temperature of water falls below 100° Centigrade (212°.) the boiling jwint, it wiU contract or occupy a smaller space until it descend-^ to 3°. 8 Centrigrade, when it will con- tract no more, as its greatest density is then reached. From 5°. 8, aa the water bm)mea colder, it expands, till it reaches the freezing point 0°, Centigrade, so that is specifically lighter than water, and floats on the surface, being about 10 per cent, lighter. Were it not for the interposition of tlm merciful law, and were ice to sink in water, many of the lakes, rivers and streams within the temperate zones would be rendered incapable of navigation during the greater j)art of the year by reason of the ice at the bottom. Applicatiox for Bcrxs akd Scalds. The following has been tested in the severest cases of burning and scalding from luUway and steamboat accidents. Glycerine, 5 ozs. ; white of egg, 4 ozs. ; tinct, of arnica 3 ozs. ; mix the glycerine and white of egg thoroughly in a mortar and gradually add the arnica. Apply freely on linen rags night and morning, previously washing with warm castile soap suds. In urgent cases, if nothing better can be had, clap on a mad poultice, a favorite and very effectual remedy with school boys who are stung while making war on hornets' nests. Cement to mz>t> Leaky Boilers. — Powdered litharge, 2 parts, very fine sand, 2 parts, slaked quick lime, 1 part Mix all together. To use, mix the proper quantity with boiled linseed oil and apply quick. It gets hard very soon. Steokg Cement fob Steam Joints. — Wbite lead groimd in oil, 10 parts, black oxide of manganese, 3 parts, litharge, 1 part Reduc« to the proper consistency with boiled linseed oil and apply. Ceme>"t Fob Holes ob Cracks. — Red lead ground in oil, 6 parti white lead, 3 parts, oxide of man^nese, 2 parts, silicate of sod&, 4 pazt, litbdzge, ^ part, all mixed and used as putty. MACHINISTS, tNGDfEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 423 RuBT Joi^nr, Quick Setting — Sal ammoniac pulverized, 1 lb., flour ol sulphur, 2 lbs. ; iron borings, 80 lbs. ; mix to a paste with water in quantities as required for immediate use. QncK Settcng Joest bettek thax the last, but rbquires MORK TIME TO Set. — Sal ammonia, 2 lbs., sulphur 1 lb., iron filingt 206 lbs. AiB A2fD Water tight CEME>"r for Casks ajtd Cisterns.— Melted giue, 8 parts, linseed oil, 4 parts, boiled into a varnish witk litharge ; hardens in 48 hours. Marine Glue.— India rubber 1 part, coal tar 12 parts, heat gently mix, and add 20 parts of powdered shellac, pour out to cool, when used heat to about 250°. Another Ditto. — Glue 12 parts, water sufficient to dissolve, add yellow resin 3 parts; melt then add turpentine 4 parts, mix thor- oughly together. Cement for External Use. — Ashes 2 parts, clay 3 parts, sand 1 part; mix with a little oQ, very durable. Cement to Resist Red Heat ant> Boiling "Water. — To 4 or 5 parts of clay, thoroughly dried and pulverized, add 2 parts of fine iron filings free from oxide, 1 part of peroxyde of manganese, 1 part of common salt, and ^ part of borax. Mingle thoroughly, render as fine as ix)ssible, then reduce to thick paste with the necessary quantity of water, nuxing weU; use immediately, and apply heat, gradually in- creasing almost to a white heat. Cement to Join Sections of Cast-Iron Wheels, &c. — Maka a paste of pure oxide of lead, litharge, and concentrated glycerine. Unrivalled for fastening stone to stone or iron to iron. VAEN^SH FOR BOILERS. — Asphaltum dissolved in turpentine. Soft Cement for Steam-bolleks, Steam-pipes, &c. — Red or white lead, in oil, 4 parts; iron borings, 2 to 3 parts. Hard Cement. — Iron borings and salt watOT, and a small quantity of sal-ammoniac, with fresh water. Gasfitters' Cement. — >Tiy together resin, 4^ parts ; wax, 1 part ; and Venetian red, 3 parts. Plumbers' Cement. — BLack resin, 1 part; brick dust, 2 parte, weU incorporated by a melting heat. Coppersmiths' Cement. — BoUed linseed oil and red lead mised together into a putty, are often used by coppersmiths and engineers to secure joints ; the washers of leather or dotli are smeared with this mixture in a pastv state. Compositions to Fill Holes in Castings.— Mix 1 part of borax in solution -with 4 parts dry clay. — Another : Pulverized binoxide ot manganese, mixed with a strong solution of eilicate of soda 'watet. day) to form a tiiick paste. Cast Iron Cement. — Clean borings, or turnings of cast iron, 15 parts ; sal-ammoniac, 2 parts ; flour of sulphur, 1 part ; mix then well together in a mortar, and keep them dry. When required for use, take of the mixture, 1 part ; clean borings, 20 parts ; mix thor- oughly, and add a sufficient quantity of water. A little grind-stonff dust added improves the cement Cement for Steam-pipk Joints, etc., with Faced Flangia— White lead, mixed, 2 parts ; red lead, dry, 1 part ; grind, or other- wise mix tbem to a ooaaisteuce of thiu pott^ ; apply interposed la^eca 424 MACHINISTS, ENOrNEEES', AC EEGEIPTa. ■with 1 or 2 t'lidoiesscs of canvas, or ganze wire, as the necessity ol the cri?e nmy be. CElir.NT FOB JOESTS OF LrOS PIPES OR HOLES tS CASXrNGS. — Tp.ne of iron boi-ings, cairsely powdered, 5 lbs. ; of powdered sal- ammoniac, 2 oz. ; of suii'.Iiiir, 1 oz. ; and water sufficient to moii»ten It. This com]X)sition liardens hipidly, bnt, if time can be allowed it Bets more firaily without the piilphor. Use ad soon as mixed, and lam tightly iuto'the jumts or Jjoies. Best Cement for Aql'.^eia. — One part, by measure, g«v a gill of Jitharge ; 1 gill of plaster of Paris ; 1 giil of dry, white sand ; ^ a gill of finely jiowdered resin. Slit, and keep corked tight until required for u.-e, w hen it is to be made into a putty by mixing in boiled oil (lin.^eed) with a little patent drier added. Never use it after it has Iseeu mixed (th.at is, with the oil) over fiftcoji hours. Tliis cement can be used for marine as well as fresh water aquaria, as it resists the action of salt water. The tank a. a be Uiicd immediately, but it is best to give it three or four hours to dry. ANOTHER. — Slix equal quantities of aiiy white lead and red lead to a paste with mastic varnish and use as soon as mixed. C'EirEXT FOB Beltixg. Waterproof. — DL=.^olve gutta percha in bisulphide of carbon to the consistence of molasses, slice down and thin the ends to be united, warm tlie paits, and apply the cement, then hammer lightly on a smooth anvil, or submit the parts to heavy- pressure. To Rei'air Leakages in Fire Exgine Hose. — ^Pass a rotmd bar of iron into tlie hose under the leak, then rivet on a patch of leather, previously coated with marine glue. To Repair Rctjbek Hose.— Cut tlie hose apart where it is defec- tive ; obtain from any gastitter a piece of iron pipe 2 or 3 Lucheslong, twist the hose over it until the ends meetj wrap with strong twine, well waxed, and it wiU last a long time. Portasle G"LrE for KnAUGirrsMEX. — Glue 5 ozs. ; sugar 2 ozs. ; water 8 ozs. ; melt in a water ba^, cast it in molds. For use dissolva in warm water. Cemextixg Emert xo Wood. — Melt together equal parts of shellac, white resin and carbolic acid in crystals ; add the last after the others are melted. To Coat biox vtith EsiZBr. — Give the iron a good coat of oil end white lead, when this gets hard and dry, apply a mixture ci glue and emery. To Clean Cotton Wast?:. — ^Pack the -waste in a tin cylinder \r.ih. a perforated false bottom and tube with stop-cock at lx>tto?j. P(.ur on the waste bisulphide of carbon sufficient to cover, and allow to soak a few minutes, then add more bisulphide, and so on for a time or two, and tl.en squeeze out. By simple distillation the whole of the bisulphide, or nearly all, can easily be recovered and so be used over again. This will free the cotton completely from grease. French Prrrr. — Seven pounds linseed oil and 4 lbs. brown nmber are boiled for two hours, and C2 grammes wax stirred in. After removed from the £re 5^ lbs. fine chalk and 11 ll>s. white lead are addoa and thoroughly incorporated ; said to b« very hard and permanent. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC., RECEIPTS'. 425 To Mexd Cracked Cast-Irox Vessels. — ^Drill a hole at each ex- treme end of the crack, to prevent its further extension, plug rivet the holes "with copper, and, -with fine iron filings saturated with urine, caulk the crack. Four pait3 of pulverized clay and one part of iron filings made into a paste vrith boiling linseed oil and applied hot is a good cement for the same purpose. To PRE^'E^-T Ieox Rrsxi::?G. — Give it a coat of linseed oU and whiting, mixed together in the form of a -paste. It is easily removed and will preserve iron from rusting for years. Glue fok LABELtrsG on Met-\xs.— BoCing water, 1 gt. ; pulver- ised borax, 2 ozs. ; gum shellac, i ozs. Boil till dissolved. Used for attaching labels to metals, or it will do to write inscriptions with, and dust or dab on a littie bronze powder over it, vamishing over file bronze. Cemext for Petsoleum Lajips.— Boil 3 parts of resin witli 1 part of caustic soda and 5 of water. The comj^osition is then mrsed with half its weight of plaster of Paris, and gets firmly in ^ to | of an hour. I{; is of great adhesive power, not permeabl e to petroleum, a low conductor of heat, and but superficially attacked by hot water. For LrxE, or cement for closing joints of apparatus, mix Pans plaster with water to a soft paste, and apply itatou;e. It bears nearly a red heat. To render it impervious, rn'j it over with wax and oil. Roman Ceme>-t.— Slaked lirr.e, 1 bush., green copperas, 3^ lbs., fine gi-avel sand, ^ bush. Dissolve the co^reras in hotwater, and mix all together to the proper consistency for u;o ; use the day it is mixed tmd keep stirring it with a stick while in use. Vicat's Hydraulic Ceme>"t is prepared by stirring into water a mixture of 4 parts chalk and 1 part clay ; mix with a vertical wheel in a circular trough, letting it run out in'a large receiver. A deposit soon takes place which is formed into ernall bricks, which after bc- hig dried in the sun, are moderately calcined. It enlarges about | "when mixed with water. Glue to Resist Moisture. — Glue, 5 parts, resia, 4 parts, red ochre, 2 parts, mix with the smallest possible qriOntity of water. Cemext to Fasten Leather ox Top Rollers. — Gum arabic, 2| ozs., L=iQglp.ss 2| ozs., dissolve each separately in water and mix.' PARrrotEXT Glue. — Parchment shavings", 1 Ih., water, 6 qts. foil till dissolved, strain and envaporate to "right consistence. To ATTACH Glass or Metal Letters to Pl.\te Glass. — Copal ▼amish, 15 parts ; drying oil, 5 parts ; turpentine, 3 parts ; oil of tur- pentine, 2 parts ; liquefied glue, 5 parts. Heit ia a water bath and add 10 parts of sLaked lima Turxers' Cemext.— Beeswax, 1 oz.; resin, ^ oz. ; pitch, ^ oz.; inelt, and stir in fine brick diist Baxk Note Glite.— Dissolve 1 lb. of fine glue or gelatine in water; evaporate it tiU most of the water is exx>elled; add i lb. of brown surar, and pour it into moulds. Cejiext fob Electrical Machtxes a>t) Galvanic Troughs.— Melt together 5 lbs. of resin and 1 lb. of beeswax, and stir in 1 lb. of red oclire t highly dried and still warm) and 4 oz. of pLaster of Pari.'4, continuing the heat a little alx)ve 2lL'°, and stirring constantlv till all frothin>; cea,-*es, or (for troughs) rosin, 6 lbs. ; dried red ochre, J ^h., Cftldned plaster of Iteis, i lb. ; linseed oil, ^ lb. 426 MACBrnaSTS AXB EI9'GrNXEES' dbpaktment. Abchitectural CE3rE>"r — 1. Reduce paper to a smooth paste by bofl« ing it in water; then add an equal weight of sifted whiting and good eizt' boil to a proper consistence. 2. Paper paste and size, equal parts ; finely powdered plaster of Paris to make it of a proper consistence. Use it aa Boon as mixed. Can be used in making architectural busts, etatues, columns, &c. It is light, receives a good pohsh, but will not stand water. Alabastek Cement. — 1. Finely powdered plaster of Paris, made into a paste with water. 2. Melt yellow rosin, or equal parts yellow rosin and beeswax, then stir in half as much finely powdered plaster of Paris. The first is used to join and fit together pieces of alabaster or marble, or to mend broken plaster figures. The secoud is to join alabaster, marble, and other similar substances that will bear being heated. Frexch Cemext fok Rooms. — A coat of oxide of zinc , mixed with gize, made up like a wash , is first laid on the wall, ceiling, or wainscot, and over that a coat of chloride of zinc applied, prepared in the same way as the first wash. The oxide and chloride effect an immediate combina- tion, and form a kind of cement, smooth and polished as glass, and said to be superior to plaster of Paris for coating the walls of rooms. Cemext foe Cloth or Leather. — Take ale,l pt. ; best Russia isin- glass, 2 ozs. ; put them into a common glue kettle and boil until the isin- glass is dissolved; then add 4 ozs. of the best common glu«, and dissolve it with the other ; then slowly add IJ ozs. of boiled linseed oil, stirring all the time while adding, and imtil well mixed. TMieu cold it appears like India rubber. To use, dissolve what you need in a suitable quantity of ale to have the consistence of thick glue. It is applicable for earthen- ware, china, glass, or leather ; for harness, belts for machinery, cloth belts for cracker machines for bakers, &c. If for leather, shave off as if for sewing, apply the cement with a brush while hot, laying a weight to keep the joint firmly pressed for G to 10 hours, or over night. CcTLERs' Cemext. — Black losin, 4 lbs. ; beeswax, 1 lb. ; melt together and add 1 lb. finely powdered and dried brick-dust. Used for fastening knives and forks in their handles when they become loosened by use. Cemext for Fastexixg Fibrous Materials to Metals. — This can be effected by dissolving glue in vinegar by heat and adding one- third of its volume of white pine pitch, also hot Good Paste that will Keep a Year. — Dissolve a teaspoonful of alum in a quart of warm water. When cold, stir in as much flour as will bring it to the consistence of cream, being particular to break up all tha lumps ; next, place it on the fire and allow it to cook gently for a few minutes, stirring well meanwhile; add 2 teaspoonf uls of corrosive sub- limate, a few drops of carbolic acid, and a teaspoonful of oil of rose- mary, or cloves, or lavender, or any other essential oil, stirring in well. Tkis paste will keep for any length of time in prime condition. Mucilage. — Put 3 ozs. of gnm arabic in an earthen-ware vessel con- taining i pt. of cold water. If the liquid is occasionally stirred, th€^ gum in 24 hours wiU be dissolved and ready for use. Cemext to Fasten Rubber to Wood or Metal. — Soak pulverized gum shellac in 10 times its wei^'ht of ammonia ; in 3 or 4 weeks a slim.v mass is obtained which will become liquid without the use of hot water ; this softens the rubber, and becomes, after vola- ilization of the ammonia, hard and impermeable to gases and fluids whenever it is used on rubber couuected to wood or metal, .ts in steam, or other apparatus. Imperishable Putty. — Linseed oil, 7 lbs. ; brown umber, 4 lbs. ; boil together two hunrs ; stir in 2 oz. beeswax, remove from the fira, aud mix in 5^ lbs chalk and 11 Ihs. white lead, mixing thoroughly. Cheap Gold V.ajrxish fop. Orx-^jiextal Tix-Ware. — Turpentin* Tarnish, 2 gals. ; turrientine, 1 gal. ; asphaltnm, 1 giU ; umber, 8 oz. ; yellow aoilinej 4 oz. ;' gamboge, 1 lb. Boil and mis for 10 hoon. MACHINISTS AITD ENGIXEERs' DKPAKTMENT 427 Temporary Repairs In Locomotive Break-downs on the Road. That the locomotive, in its long and rapid trips, with continual oscilla- tion, jars, and heavy shocks, over uneven rails, passing around curves and sinuosities, twisting first one way and then another, should meet ■with frequent break-do\Tns, is a matter of small wonder. The real wonder is that they do not occur more frequently. Much of this im- munity from accident is doubtless owing to the watchful care of the men to whom they are intrusted, whose perceptions and intuitions are quickened to a wonderful degree of activity by the peculiar dangers which beset them in their calling. Among the emergencies in which the locomotive engineer may be called to act, the following may be noted : 1. Bursiiyigofthe Tubes or Hues. — The temjx)rary remedy for this is to drive a tapering plug of pine wood iuto the ruptured tube by ram- ming it with the end of an iron bar. "When a simple leak exists, the plug should be driven into the tube so as to cover the fractured part, where the action of the steam will swell the plug, causing it to fit tight juid correct the trouble. The timber used should be well seasoned, and the plugs formed a trifle too small for the tube ; the expansion due to the moisture will do the rest. With bursted tubes the wooden plugs should be followed up by tapering iron plugs driven tight into the flues. To do this comfortably it will be necessary to repress the heat in the lamace by covering the fire with fresh fuel from the tender. 2. Thr'oicing off a Driving WJieel. — When the break occurs, as is fre- quently the case, "just out«ide the driving-axle box, remove the driving- box and substitute in its place a substantial piece of timber fitted to use as a journal bearing for the axle. Adjust this timber on the pedestal cap BO as to sustain the axle in the centre of the pedestal. By cautions management, disconnecting the valve gearing, securing the piston, and opening the cylinder cocks as before, the engine may be run slowly to- wards its destination. 3. Where a mieel Tire is Thrown OfT, the best way is to elevate the dismantled wheel from the track by fitting a block of timber into the oil cistern of the driving-box; when this is done connect with another engine and tow the disabled machine to the repair shop without allow- ing the tireless wheel to touch the rails. 4. Heated Axk-Boxcs. — This trouble is frequently detected by the odor of burning oil. In this case the speed should, if possible, be re- duced, and the box freely lubricated ; but if this proves of no avail, a brisk jet of cold water from the tank should be directed on the hot box by means of a small rubber hose, which should always be kept on hand for such emergencies. To avert all danger from tlie fused lining metal of the brasses becoming brazed to the journal of the axle the engine should be kept moving very slowly, and not allowed to come to a full etop until tlie trouble is past. 5. Mlien the Piston-Bod becomes Heated, the remedy is to loosen the gland sufQciently to permit the free emission of steam from the engine cyl- inder through the packing. Lubricate freely and apply water with the hose as above noted, while nmiiing slowly. 6. Broken Crank Piti. — Where oulv one crank-pin is broken remove the parallel or coupling rods on both sides of the engine, and if the broken crank-pin belongs to the driving-wheels, remove the connecting rod at the game time, open the cylinder waste-water cocks, and se- curely block the cross-head. If the parallel rods on both sides of the engine are not removed, there is imminent danger, while ruxmiog, ot breaking th^ remaining crank-pins on the opposite side. tf28 MACHINISTS A>*D E^rGETEEES' DEPARTMEin*. 7. Driving out the Front OyUnder-hcad. — Remove th^connecting-rod on the disabled side of the eiigine, and detach the valve motion, either by taking down the eccentric rod straps or at the roclr-shaf t ann. Next, eet the valve in the centre of its travel. ?o as to. overlap and cover both of the cylinder eteam ports, bnt -with the exhanst port open. Then 6rowd the back towards the tender as far as it will go and proceed with the sound cylinder. 8. Breaking of the Piston-rcd. — ^The provisional remedy for this, where the cylinder-head is not driven out, is to proceed as directed in tl:9 last noted emergency. Open the waste-water cochs of the disabled cyl- inder to check any leakage of rteam past the slide valve from graining idmissiou to the cylinder and forcing the pistcn against the cylinder- head and driving it ont. Block the piston securely by nieans of pieces of timber fitted between the guide-bars, so as to extend between the gnide-yoke and cross-head. 9. BroTcen Spring or Spring-Hanger. — Apply the jacks and raise the engine nntil the axle-box of the driving-whcelii; nearly in the centre of the pedestal, then place a suitable piece of iron crosswise of the upper part of the driving-ar-le box, but between it and the engine frame, so as to rest the weight of the engine on the frame and relieve the spring. To prevent the movement of the equalising bar, and tted for conflict with the tropical hun-icane and the freezing gales of the noith. It is a fact that the first-class iron steamers which ply between New York and the v.arious Eiropcan ports have proved themselves abundantly capable, where no serious derangement is sustiiined by the machinery, of coming safely into port throngh the worst possible kind of weather. Even contrary wmds have the beneficial effect ci quickening the draught of the furnaces, and tlius increasing the speed of the vessel. This wonderful endurance and nice adaptiition to duty is no chamo work ; it is the result of design— the careful adjustmci(t of forces, and tha closest calculation on the i)art of the designer. It a vessel is to be impelled by the wind, she v.iil have one shape ; if by steam, and with paddles, quite another ; and .still another if a propeller. There is a vast discrepancy between the graceful curves and swe'ling lines of a first-class excursion steamer and the unwieldy, cumbrous form of the collier, yet each vessel is specially designed for its particular vocation. The character, cost, length, width, dei)tli, and capacity of the vessel being determined, the first step is to make the model. To do this a number &f pieces of well-sensoned, select pieces of wood, of a uniform thickness, aie ch'isen. The size may be from 4 to 7 ins. wide, and from 18 ins. to 3 ft. in lengtJi. An equal number of pieces of veneer, of a corresponding size, are ne^'t selected, of a color contra.sting with th;;t of the boards previously cho.^cii. The boards aie now carefully adjusted over eacli other, with a veneer between each, and the whole are glued together, and submitted to pressure, so as to make a solid, compact block of the whole. From this block the de.-;igner forms the model of one side of the hull of the projected vessel, for as both sides will be exactly alike, there is no use for rejiresenting more than one-half of the hull. The greatest caie and the nicest calculation must be used in order to render the form of the blocic an exact counterpart of the liuU of the future .shin, as in building tlie latter every part must be e/^n- 6t!' icted to conf calcn- liite the proper degree of immersion for the paddles or snl^w^rsi-^i for tho projieller, as either of the two iO&f be used for piopuiwoiij VltU MjiJaeroua other minor detiiil&i 430 MX0HIKI6TS AKO EKOIKEEBS* DOFABTMElTIk JAMES WATT. Anong the benefactors of humanity, whose labors have conduced to rendar the latent forceg of nature subservient to the uses of mankind, the nanie ot James Watt holds preeminent rank. The following epitaph is inscribed on th« pedestal of Chantry's statue of Watt in Westminster Abbey ; Not to perpetuatb a kame, which must endure while the peackfuXi abt8 flourish, but to show that mankind have learnt to honor th08h who bk8t debekvb their gratitude, the king, his mihistibs, and makt of the n0blk8 and commoners of the bkalm, raised this monu- MENT TO JAMES WATT, who directing the force of an orioinal genius, ZABLT KXEBCIBED IN PHILOSOPEaC RESEARCH, TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THH BTEAM ENGINE, enlarged the resources of his countbx, imcrkabed THX power of MAN, AND ROSE TO AN EMINENT PLACE AMONG THE ILLUSTRIOUS rOLLOWERS OF 8CIENCB AND THE REAL BENEFACTORS OF THE WORLD. BORS AT Oresnook, 1736. Died at Heathfield, in Staffordshire, 1819. In 1764, Watt constructed the first steam enpine of real practical value eref made in England, and in 1786 he patented and introduced the first non-oondena- ing engine. This improvement consisted in his discovery of the power of cold water to condense steam, and he applied this means in a separate vess^J. Four ounces of water will, in a eecond, condense 800 feet of steam, and reduc* their expansive force to one-fifth. The Watbrous Engine Wobkb Co.'s High Pressttbb Bngiots, repre- Bented in the cut, is in very extensive use in Canada, and is credited with fijst- class performances. The improved Govenwr used on this enprine is superior t« fcioet of the best kinds now manufactured in its controlling and regulating RCtion, combined with easy adjustment. Outer bearings are added to the valve epmdles, and brass glands to the stuffing boxps. which are held to place with >» cap screwed on, thiu obvlatiiig uny liabiUty to get y:.t of line. The pistoa MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPAETMENT. 433 432 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPAETMENT. rods and crank-pins are of steel, and all valve spindles and engiot bolts are made of Lowmoor iron. The above noted engine most not be confounded with the 20 and 25-horse power direct action portable engines manufactured by the same company, so well known and so extensively used in driving saw mills, and performing work connected with ship buUding in the JIaratime Pro\Tnces, and other parts of the Dominion of Canada^ These engines and miUs are considered by many who use them as marvels of perfection, several parties ha\-irig sent in attestations of having performed nearly double the work gxiaranteed ty the com- pany. RICHAED'S INDICATOR, BT ELLIOT BROTHERS, LONDQ}^. The above cut represents a Richards Steam Engine Indicfttor, eousisting ol a cylinder cunt;iiuing an accurately adjusted piston, tha upper side of which is always exposed to the do-svnward pressure of MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 433 the atmosphere, and fitted with a stiff spiral spring of known Btrength to resist the upward movement of the steam when it operates from beneath. The indications of the instrument are exhibited by means of a pencil connected with the piston and operated by the fluctuating pressure of tlie steam, whereby the pencil is compelled to move up or down in a vertical direction, aad describe a line on a piece of paper placed on the card barrel or drum sho\vii in the cut, with the gradu- ated scale, the drum in the meantime bemg compelled to move hither and thither on its axis by means of a cord connecting it with a suit- able part of the engine operating to draw it one way against the ten- sion of a spring during the forward stroke of tlie engine, the back- ward movement of the drum towards its original position being effected by the operation of the spring while the cord is relaxed dur- ing the return stroke of the engine. The piston to which the pencil is attached, is very light, has very little friction, smaU momentum, and very limited motion, the spring on the upper part being quite etiff and rigid, and so graduated in strength that a variation in the Eressure of 1 lb. to the square inch will force the pencil up or down a, efinite part of an inch. The indicator is intended to exhibit the pressure of steam in the cylinder at every part of the piston's travel, and thus show the actual or indicated horse-power. In applying the indicator to horizontal <;ylinders, tlie proper place for insertion is on the upper side, near the ends, but averted as much as possible from the steam ports, as the rushing steam has a tendency to derange tha indications. Vertical cylinders should be tapped at the upper end, and the indicator cock screwed in, or tl;e aperture in which the oil cup is inserted maybe used for that purpose; for the lower end, drill through the side of the cylinder, and insert a tube with the end bent upwards for the reception of the indicator cock. The indicator be- ing in position, a cord (fine wire is preferable), from tlie paper barrel is attached to a " reducing wheel," which is secured to some part of the en'nne frame; another cord connects the reducing wheel with the piston head ; the inter\-ention of this wheel is necessary in order to diminish or reduce the long movement of the piston to a suflScient extent to conform to the small size of the instrument used. The connection being complete, and tlie engine m motion, the paper bar- rel will commence to revolve ^-ith the forward movement of the piston, in antasonism to the tension of the coiled spring above noted, when ihe cordis relaxed bv the return stroke of the piston, the paper barrel, operated bv the sprinc, will resume its original position, and this motion wiU continue as long as may be desirable. The pencil, if now allowed to press npon the moving pnper, will descnbe a Btraight horizontal line, called the atmospheric Ime. On the admis- sion of ste.im bv turaing the tap of the indicator, this horizontal motion will snddenlv change into an upward cr downward move- ment, just as the piston in the indicator is driven upwards by tne steam or downwards bv the atmosphere, as either gains the ascend- ancy; and the pencil will describe, on the moving paper, a space or oatiine, compoimded of the two motions, called an indicator diagram, each point in the course of which will determine, by its elevation or depression above the atmospheric line, the exact amount of pressure in that part of the cvlinder during each part of tlie forward and re- turn stroke. Many prefer to trace the indicator diagram previovw W tracing the atmoapheric Uiie>. 43-i MACHnasTS axd esgineess' depabtmemt. In dJagram E, the atmospheric line A B, described by the pencft ^thout steam, is equivalent to the stroke of the piston, which may be divided into a,« many aliquot parts as there are inches in the stroke of the piston. Perpendiculars raised on this line will cut the diagram at points indicating the corresix>nding pressure. The cnr\-ed lina A B, traced by the peucU, exhibits the var\ uig pre-ssure of the steam daring the steam stroke, in the direction A B. aud during the return stroke B A; the continuation B C A represents similarly the back pressure due to incomplete exhaust. The curve is thus arranged to begin and end in itseK. and it plainly represents the pressure of the fteam on one side of the piston during a double stroke. Divide the base line into inches of stroke, say 20, and at each division draw vertical lines ; similarly draw lines "parallel to the atmospheric lina «t equal distances, of say 10 lbs. pressure by the indicator scale ; th* force of steam at all rKjiuts of the stroke will be obvious. TlxparisiOft -< «t Starting Corner ^t earn Stroke Comer j j ^ 1 1^ _u"±: " :::^:3| 4- t 7 _ 7 2 J JJ-L-^^ / /T ' J( ^ - ' ^-^\ 1 .Eduction H^oAm ^ Cvrner- 'Vd.cu-u-m'I/ine Corner Metum Stroke. To Compvte the, Poxrer of the Diar/ram—Set down the length ol the spaces formed by the vertical lines from the base, in measure- ments of a scale accompanying the indicator, and on whiih a 10th of an inch usually represents a pound of pi-essiire; add np the total length of all the spaces, and divide bv the number of spaces, which will give the mean length, or the mean pre.-snre uix)n the pi.*ton in pounds per square inch; multiply the area of the piston in square mches by the pressure in pounds i>er square inch, and by the ei>eed of the piston, in feet, per minute, and divide bv 33.000, wbicb gJTe« the actiml number of horses' yower. MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. 435 At such times a register should be used to count the number of revolutions per minute. Note the size of the poits, the form and kind of engme, the lap and lead of the valve, the exhaust lead, the pressure of steam in the boiler, diameter of cylinder, number of strokes per minute, the diameter and length of steam pipe, the point of cut-off, the heiglit of the barometer and temperature of the engine room; and the vacuum by gauge, the temperature of the hot-well, and that of the injection water, if the operation has been performed on a condensing engine. To take a diagram with absolute truth it is necessary to operate at each end of tlie cylinder. Power Reqtjibed for Various Purposes. — To drive a 20 to 30 inch circular saw, 4 to 6 horse power- " 32 to 40 " " 10! " u 32 to 40 48 to 50 50toG2 12 15 25 POWER XECKSSARY TO GRiyP GRAHi WITH PORTABLE MILLS Horse Revolutions Bushels Corn Bushels of Power, per Ground Wheat Ground Minute. per Hour. per Hour. 2to 4 12-inch. 800 to 900 Ito 4 1 to 3 4 to 6 20 " 650 to 700 5 to 8 4to H 6to S 30 " 550 to 600 10 to 15 7 to 10 8tol2 36 " 450 to 500 18 to 25 12 to 15 12tol5 48 " 350 to 400 25 to So 15 to 18 S.\w Machixe for SToyES.—Soft Sand Stone : Breadth of «;aw- cut, i inch; time required to saw 10 square feet, 5 minutes 25 seconds- nower expended, 4.54 horses, Hard Sand Stone: breadth of cut' i inch; tmie employed to cut 10 square feet, 1 hour 37 mmutes; pow! er required. 2 horses. In sawing stone the labor on calcareous stones is as 45 to 50; on granite, as 500 to 700; on porphyry 1,200. A mar. ble saw requires half a horse power. W\T^R WonKH. —(Molesworth.)—! gal. of water - Ifi cubic ft. ap proximately : 1 cubic foot of water = &l gallons a^proximateYv manufacturing towns; 20 gallons per lav in m'^nnfaotnrh" town " T^ mam should be large enough for double the nnial nnanti™ ° Sounding EnXnT Se^"'4" f "'!* '? ^'^'^ ^"^'''>' in thl \^'ss ^ainy dfsS h! St 6-IOth.f ^ fh^t-^'r,?-^ '"'"^''''' ^ ^■'^^■*'' ^"PP^:^- <^" *he average, i^TS^oit'Sird^tfc-'l'T!!-., s,p„c„.. u „ inspring 3a " « „ m summer 2 " " 4— ,-«-.« «^ in autumn 4s «' « Arerage of fhe year ^ « « flRllonri^^r^J^J^J^^':^^''--^ VqiiareWd'oif' filter' for evory 70» E^Tid fi^t.^f^T.' ^?''T^ ""f 2 f* 6 '""• of fi"e Band, 6 in. of com- mon sand, 6 ins. of sheila. 2 ft. 6 ins. of gravel. Perf()rated pipes to be laid in the lowest stratum. ^fiirJlT'^-^- ^ATER Pn>Ks._An excellent material for nnitin* 1 ™Ji!^y^ ■" '^ P'i^PJ^^d by combining 4 parfc* of Portland cement and 1^ Of unslacked lime, mixed together in small portions in a stout wonar, adding enough water to permit it to te reduced to a eoft paet^. 436 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. THE ALLEN HIGH PRESSURE CUT-OFF ENGINE. The engine represented above is constructed in the best manner, and valuable impro-vements have been introduced with a view to attain a very high speed and thus ensure immense power in a limited spsice. The travel of the piston is from 600 to 800 ft. per minute, and tha engine is constructed of the best material, and is of excellent design throughout. Hampsox and Whitehill's Hioh Pressure Enoine. — This massive and powerful engine (see cut) is in quite extensive use, and is noted for its substantial construction, its excellent valve arrange- ment, powerful governor, economical expansion gear, and many other valuable points. The following Tablb shows the Dimension's, Power, Wbioht, &o., of different kinds op Portable Steam Engines ANa Boilers.— ffaswell. Power. Cylinder. Driving or Fly Wheels. Weight of Engine and Nom- Act- a M a ReYolu- Boiler. inal. ual.* 1 ^ S g tions. « ^ S ^ ins. lbs. 4 4.7 4 X 10 2y2X 6 175 2,800 5 7.3 5 X 10 3X7 175 3,200 7 10.5 6 X 10 S'/aX 7 175 4,200 8 14.3 7 X 10 3%X 8 175 4,900 12 19.2 8 X12 4X8 150 6,100 15 24.3 9X 12 6X9 150 6,900 20 30.9 10 X 16 6 X 10 116 11,200 25 36.3 11X18 6 X 10 100 12,.';0« 30 43.2 12X18 6 X 12 100 13,800 40 58.8 14X18 7 X 14 100 16,700 * Computed at 60 lbs. pressure. All the Portable Engines kave tw» If wtjeele, or Driving pulleys. MACHUJISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPABTH*««, 437 4S8 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT, The Baxter Poetable Steam Engine, as mantifactured b^ the Colt Arms Co. of Hartford, Conn., is made of five sizes, embracing two, four, six, eight, and ten-horse power, respectively, is certainly one of the most complete, unique, smiple, ana economical portable engines ever constructed. It is too weli known to require a detaUed descri on; but two illustrations are presented herewith, the first ahowi g a front ^iew of the exterior part, and the other exhibiting a •ectiooai Tiew of the plain boiler Xor Uie two-hoibe power engiue. The larpept size hns a bursting strength corresponding' to 600 lbs. to the square inch, whei-e^is the working pressure is about 70 lbs. ; the Bmallert size a burstin? strength of 1000 lbs., and a worlcing pressure of about 90 lbs. All the heating surfaces are below the water line, •which ensures safety to tlie boiler. The circulation of the vrater withia the boiler is perfect, thus holding the sediment in suspension, so that it may be expelled by blowing out The cylinder aud its pai-ts are kept hot by immersion in the steam, so that no caloric is lost, and th« ^toA has a vertical movement, ^o that th«t« is but Uttle wear and MACHINISTS A.ND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT, 439 tear resulting froin friction. It is hardly possible to explode the boiler in any contingency, and 100 lbs. of coel will nm a four-horse engine for 10 hours. The whole machine is composed of about 130 component parts, all interchangeable, so that each article can be fur- nished by the manufacturer, as it may be required to effect repairs rendered necessary by wear or breakage. The engine has a piston speed of about 200 feet per minute, the diameter of the piston is about the same as the length of the stroke, Jind the valve arrangement is most complete. Gkiffith and Wedge's Vertical Portable Enqiite. — ^The engine represented below presents a combination of many valuabl* features, among others, the mini- mum of friction, owing to the vertical position of the cylinder, an improvement wliich is quite a novelty on engines of this de- scription, and effectually pre- vents the unequal wear of the cylinder and piston to which all horizontal engines are liable. The whole mechanical arrange- ments are most complete, and so efficient that it can be driven from 875 revolutions, the proper speed GRIFFITH AND WEDGE'S VERTICAL PORTABLE ENGINE. for saw milla, to 460 revolutions per minute, without overtaskiog th« boiler. 440 ICACHINISTS AND ENGINEEBS' DEFARTMBNT. ROBEfiT FULTOX, THE PIOiraEK OF STEAM NAVIGATION IN AM£BICA> While Robert Fnlton was in Encland, convertina; a p^JHMilation into s realitv. he was on friendly intercourse with Sir R. Pliillips. to whom lie wrote a triumphant letter on the evenin? of his first voyage on the Hudson. This letter was shown to Earl Sfcinhone and four or five eminent engineers, but treated with scorn as descrintive of an impos sibility. Sir R. Phillips then advertit^ed for a company to repeat on the Thame.« what had been done on the Hudson, but ho obtained only two ten-pound conditional subscribers, after expending soma pounds in advertising! He then printed, with coir.mendation. Ftn> ton's letter in the Monthly Maciazine and his credulity was general- ly reprobated. Then, for several years, the American accounts were treated as falsehoods, till a man nuned himsell by launching a vesfMl MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. 441 en the Clvde. Three Scotchmen afterwards made exi>eriments. !V was however, a mere speculation until taken up by Fulton in 1806-7, and'introduced on the American rivers. Thence Bell introduced it to the Clyde. At first every one derided the iflventor as well as the in- vention, being afraid to trust themselves on the boat The ignoble treatment accorded bv America to the memory of her noble son. the generous Fulton, is a blot most foul uixjn her banner. Hundreds of Siousands now avail themselves of the great invention which his genius brought to light, on the waters and wharves where 70 years ago, during his life time, the name of the poor unrequited inventor •was a laughing stock and a bye-word. It is but a few days ago that a relation appeared in the X^eio York Svn, giving an account of the accidental discovery of his bones m a vault, where, as we now learn, they had beeu granted a temporary resting place by the favor of the owner, and finally forgotten. Sugar Mill for C.xkes.— A S-cylinder mill, "with rollers 5^ ft. Ion"-, 30 ms. diam., and making 2^ turns per minute, driven by an cn^ in an hour, or about 22.000 lbs. in 24 bonis. 3d, With the wind at oO feet per second, a mill vrHl carry all sail, and make 22 revolutions per minute, grinding 1984 lbs. of flour in an hour, or 47,69;) lbs. in 24 hours. From the experiments of Smeaton. it appeals that the following positions are the best Suppose the radius to be divided into 6 equal parts, and call the first part, beginning with the centre, 1, the second 2, and so on, the extreme part being 6: — ANGLE -WITH THE NO. ANGLE -WITH AXIS PLANE ; OF MOTION, 1 72 deg. 18 deg. 2 71 " 19 " 3 72 " 18 " 4 74 " 16 " 6 77i" 12^ " 6 83 " 7 " French Floub Mill. — Diameter of millstones, 70 inches; num- ber of revolutions per minute, 70; quantity of com ground and sifted per hour, 260.7 lbs.; power consumed, 3.34 horses, as tested by the dynamometer. English Flottr Mill. — Diameter of millstones51.18 inches; rev- olutions per minute, 110; com ground per hour by each revolving millstone, 220 lbs. ; power required for two revolving stones, 5.64 horses. Power consumed by one winnowing machine and two bolt- ing machines, with brushes sifting 1,650 lbs. of flour per hour was 6i horses. In another mill the number of turns of the rnill.stone was 486 per minute, the quantity of corn ground by each horse power was 120 lbs., of which 72.7 per cent was flour, 7.8 per cent, was meal, and 19.5 per c«nt. was bran. In a portable flour mill, with machinery for cleaning and sifting, the total weight was 1000 lbs. — Bourne. English Flour Mill n-ear Metz. — Diameter of stones, 61.18 inches; number of revolutions per minute, 110 ; weight of millstone, 1 ton ; com ground per hour by each pair, 220 lbs. with two pairs of millstones acting, 1 bolting and 1 winnowing machine; the jKJwer con- sumed was 8^ horse power. — Bourne. 5 bushels of Northern, and 4i bushels of Southern wheat, are required to make 1 barrel of floar; 2 lbs. of wheat make about 3 lbs of bread. MACHINISTS AND ENGIKEERS' DEPABTMENT, i4S Thb Leftel IjrpROVED Double Tuebine Wateb Wheel.— This celebrated wheel (see cut), manufactured by Jas, Leffel & Co., cf Spring:field, Ohio, and New Haven, Conn., of which there are now about 8,000 in use, combines two independent sets and kinds of buck- ets, one a vertical, and the other a central discharge, differing entirely from each other in the principle of action upon the water. The two sets of buckets are so combined as to make really but one wheel, and by their arrangement admit the greatejit possible quantity of water consistent with economical use to any given wheel of whatever gire» and at the same time the greatest area for the escape of the water is secured. Thus, the surface of the wheel is reduced to a minimum, as compared with the quantity of water used, and a very great loM of power by friction is avoided. In connection with these wheels th« Globe cast-iron ca,«ing is coming to be almost universally used, espe- cially for the smaller wheels. Many of them are placed under headtf of water, varying from 80 to 240 feet, and the tremendous presenr* is withstood in the most admirable manner. The severest test, that of taking the place of an over-shot wheel under a very high fall, and with an extremely limited supply of water, is repeatedly applied, and ia every instance with the moft complete success. For ever 12 jaan 444 MACHINISTS AND EXGnTEEBS' DEPABTMEHT. this wheel h&s stood tue severest practical tests, deTeloping the n> most power from a given quantity of water, in all places and imdei all circumstances, from the magnificent cotton Tniii down to th» humble frontier saw and grist mill , Iable of Spoctixg YELocrrr a>t> Dischabge of "Water fob Gate Obificzs. BIE|F|!BIE I F^BI E 1 F B| E|F 1 IT.&i 0-62 11 5S.51 2.V6 il ^' .■*-4 i.^l 31 !*.:J2 3.41 2 24.95 0.^6 12 61.11 2.12 :._' . _ 7 - i- C'..bO, 3.46 3 30.55 1.16 13 63-61 2.21 : 34i 3.5J 4 35^ 1.22 14 66.01 2.23 -.f>7! 3.57 5 39.45 1.37 15 68.33 2.37 ^37! 3.63 6 43.21 1.50 i 16 70.57 2.45 r>5 3.67 7 46.68 1.62 1 17 72.74 2.53 7 311 3.72 8 49.90 1.73 : 18 74.85 2.60 - * -.73 3.77 9 52.92 1.84 19 76.90 2.67 ,, 2.75 II iS 1 •^.(■ii &^ < 3& ,110.17 3.82 10 55.79 l.»*i 20 1630 30 I&6.e3 3.i5 j 1 40 ;111.58! 3J!7 The above table gives depth in inches from 1 to 4Ci, a.s noted under oolamns B. Columns E represent tlie veltxity p^r second, in inches and decimals of an inch. Columns F rei resent the number of cabi6 feet per minute for each square inch of orifice. Illcstkatiox. — Suppose the opening under a forebay gate, r&- quired to pass the water of a stream, is 48 inches \er minute. LeffeiFt Wtuei Book. Saw AST) Gkist MilXu — A Waterous 40-horse-power aigine will drive a 60 inch circular saw. capable of cutting 20.000 feet of ship plank in 12 hours, edger, trimmer, sliingle macnines, lath machine •od bolter, and 2 ran of stones iu grist milL MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. ^4$ Pitch of Wheels, being a Table of Radu of "Wheels m JlfCHES, HATIXG FBOM 7 TO 22C TEETH, THE PITCH BEING 2 rKCHEB, SHOWING HOW TO COMPUTE THE PITCH FOR A DESIGNATED DiAlH ETER, OB THE DiAMETEE FOB A DESIGNATED PITCH. Badioa 58.25 5«.57 58.89 59 21 59.53 59.84 60.16 60.48 60.80 61.1.3 61.44 61.76 62.07 62.39 62.71 63.03 63.34 63.66 63-98 64.30 64.62 64.94 65.26 65.57 65.89 66.21 66.53 66.85 67.17 67.48 67.80 68.12 68.44 68.76 69.07 69.39 69.71 70.03 70.35 70.67 70.68 71.30 71.66 71.94 Tseth. Radius. Teeth. Radius. Teeth. Radius. Teeth. Radius. Teeth. | 7 2.29 51 16.24 95 30.24 139 44.25 183 8 2.61 52 16.56 96 30.56 140 44.57 184 9 2.93 63 16.88 97 30.88 141 44.88 185 10 3.24 54 17.20 98 31.20 142 45.20 186 11 3.55 55 17.52 99 31.52 143 45.52 187 12 3.86 56 17.83 lOO 31.64 144 45.84 188 13 4.18 57 18.15 101 £2.15 145 46.16 189 14 4.49 58 18.47 102 32.47 146 46.4S 190 15 4.81 59 18.79 103 3:;. 79 147 46.79 191 16 5.12 60 19.11 104 S3. 11 148 47.11 192 17 5.44 61 19.42 105 33.43 149 47.43 193.- 18 5.76 62 19.74 106 33.74 150 47.75 194 19 6.39 63 20.06 107 34.06 151 48.07 irs 20 6.71 64 20.38 108 34.38 152 48.39 1P6 21 7.71 65 20.70 109 34.70 153 48.70 197 22 7.03 66 21.02 JIO 35.02 154 49.02 198 23 7.31 67 21.33 111 35.31 155 49.34 199 24 7.66 68 21.65 112 35.65 156 49.66 200 25 7.9S 69 21.97 113 So. r7 157 49.98 201 26 8.30 70 22.29 114 36.29 158 £0.30 202 27 8.61 71 22.61 115 36.61 159 50.61 203 28 8.93 72 22.92 116 36.93 160 50.93 204 29 9.25 73 23.24 117 37.25 161 51.25 205 SO 9.57 74 23.56 118 37.56 162 51.57 206 SI 9.88 75 23.88 119 37.88 163 51.89 207 32 10.20 76 24.20 120 38.20 164 52.21 208 33 10.52 77 24.62 121 38.52 lf5 52.52 209 31 10 84 78 24.83 122 38.84 166 52.84 210 35 n.iG 79 25.15 123 39.16 167 53.16 211 36 11.47 SO 25.47 1'j4 39.47 16S 53.48 212 37 11.79 81 25.79 125 39.79 109 53.80 213 38 12.11 82 26.11 126 40.11 170 54.12 214 38 12.43 S3 26.43 127 40.43 171 54.43 215 40 12.74 84 26.74 128 40.75 172 54.75 216 41 13.06 85 27.06 1^9 41.07 173 55.07 217 42 13.38 86 27.38 130 41.38 174 55.39 218 43 13.70 87 27.70 131 41.70 175 55.71 219 44 14.02 88 28.02 132 42.02 176 56.02 220 45 14.. ?3 89 28.34 133 42.34 177 f.6 31 221 46 14.65 90 28.65 134 42.66 178 66.66 222 47 14.97 91 28.97 135 42.08 179 56.G8 223 48 15.29 92 29.30 1.36 43.29 180 57.23 224 49 15.61 93 29.61 137 43 61 181 67.62 225 60 15.93 94 29 a? 138 43.93 182 5S.93 226 To find the Kadius for any given Pitch other than two inches, the ml« is, as two inches is to the given pitch, 6o is the radins of theTable to the r8<1ius required, or, to determine the riumher of Teeth in a wheel for a desiffnated pitch and diameter, divide the diameter ly the pitch, and oppoeite to the quotient, in the Table will be found the proper number of teeth. Wheel Gearing, Construction of Teeth. — The cut represents a sectiou of a pair of gears whose teeth act on each other on the same plane; they are known as spur gear. The largest is a qpxi' mortiot ^46 MACHINISTS AXD EKGIXEEKS' DEPABTMENT. voh^d, fitted with woodeu cogs. A shows the square wooden cog^ generally driven into uiortice wheels previous to being laid off with the dividers and dressed down to the exact pitch and outline, as shown in the s^iaded part represenims the finished tooth. The teeth of th« small wheel (called the driven, the laree one with the cogs heins known as the driver) are irou, being cast with the wheel, and are snfflciently ationg if but half the size of cogs. "Die pitch lint (aee dotted lines extending from 6 to C, and from D MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 447 to E) is a circle of sufficient dimensions to permit the requisite num- ber of teeth and spaces to be laid out on it. The length of a tooth should be .7 of the pitch, .4 of it being below the pitch line, and .3 above, as shown in cut. As a general thing, the greater the breadth of a tooth across the surface the longer it will wear. By the pitch is understood the space between the middle or centres of two adjoining teeth, as shown by the arrows at F F, or the breadth of a tooth and a space, as shown by the arrows at G G. The semi- diameter running to the pitch line is called the pitch radius. The true or chordial pitch is a straight line drawn between the centres of two adjoining teeth, and is tliat by which the dimensions of the teeth and speed of wheel are computed. The radius is the space between the centre Oi the wheel and the periphery of a tooth, or half the diameter of the wheel. ilie line of centres, shown at H, passes through tlie centres of two ■wheels, and on this line the pitch circles of the wheels should merge jnto each other (as shown iu cut) when they are properly regulated for operation. Pkopoetiox of Teeth of WnEELS— . From pitch line to top of tooth = Pitch x 0'33 Total depth of tooth = Pitch x 0-7t> Thickness of tooth on pitch line r= Pitch x 0-45 Space between teeth on pitch line = Pitch x 0"55 Thickness of rim of , wheel = Pitch x 0*45 Thickness of arms in flat = Pitch x 2-50 Tliickness round centre = Pitch x 1'30 Mortice wheels to be wider than iron wheels by twice the thickness oH the rim ; rim to be double the thickness of iron wheels. PiTCHns OF Equivalent Strength for the Teeth of "Wheels in Different ^Materials — Pitch for cast iron = i-oo " brass =: l-oo " hardwood := 1-20 " " according to other authorities = 1-26 The number of arms in wheels should be as follows : — 1-5 to 0.26 feet iu diameter, 4 8.5 to 16 feet in diameter, 8 3-25 to 5 " " 5 16 to 24 " " 10 5 to 8.5 " " 6 Fly Wheels.— Weight of rim should be 85 to 95 lbs. per horss power, momentum of wheel being 4^ times that of the piston; dia-^ meter 3 to 4 times that of the stroke of the engine. Single-acting engines, fly-wheel to be 5 times heavier than in double acting engines. Tu Compute Weight of Rim — Multii^ly the mean effective pressure upon the piston, in pounds, by its stroke, in feet, and divide the pro- duct by the product of the square of the number of revolutions, the diameter of the wheel, and 00023. For a light wheel multiply by •0003; for a heavy one by -OOOIG. To Compute Dimensions of i?mi— Multiply the weight, in pounds, by '1, and divide the product by the mean diameter of the rim, in. feet ; the quotient will give the sectional area of the rim in square inches of cast iron. Ginniufj Cotton — 4 horse jK)wer will drive a gin of from 40 to 60 saws, and for every additional 20 saws add 1 horse power. Threshing Grain — 4 horse power shoiUd thresh 50 bushels per hour ; 6 to 8 horse power will drive the ordinary 10 to 12 borM thresher and separator. 448 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DfiPARTifflW, BORING MACHINE FOR SUBMARINE TUNNELS. The above ensTraving represents a back view of the tiuineUinjr or boring machine intended tobensed in perforating thej jposed tunnel tinder the English Channel, between France and England. Opera- tions have already been commenced on the French coast, and fer- vent hopes are entertained that no insurmountable obstacles • ^.11 be encountered The chalk formation through which it is proi)Osed to drive the timnel, is 400 feet thick on the English coast arid 300 feet on the French ; and, as the Straits ol Dover are in no part deeper than 186 feet, it is confidently anticipated that the proposed enterprise will MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 449 be successful. It is intended that the machine will at once bore out the tunnel to the proper size, 16 or 18 feet in diameter ; and, as the eoil to be penetrated consists only of soft chalk beds, it is thought that all the operations can be conducted without resorting to the use of steel drills or blasting operations, as simple boring tools will b« all that will be requisite. The power will be transmitted from ft steam engine placed at the mouth^of the shaft or entrance to the tun- nel, by means of a wire rope connecting with the first wheel or pulley, as shown in the cut, which then, by means of intermediate gearing, &c., communicates motion to a series of cutters and borers in m>nt of tlie macliiue. Should this arrangement prove too compli- cated, it is most probable that compressed air will be used as a sub- stitute for steam power. The machine, as represented above, is im- movably braced by means of two uprights, fitted with stout rollers, extended against the arch above, and four projecting wheels with triple flanges, fitted into temporary rails below, the whole being further secured by two heavy jack-screws, one above the machine and another below, pressing on projier bearings aeranst the contri- vance from the top and bottom of the tunnel. It "is estimated that the tunnel, if driven through the lower chalk formation, will be aboui, 23 miles long ; but in the event of serious obstacles arising from over- whelming quantities of water breaking in, it is not improbable that tlie advice of Professor Prestwick may be followed : to drive a tun- nel througli the Paleozoic rocks (the lowest fossililerous strata), which are supposed to be about (iOO feet below the surface at Dover, in which event the length would somewhat exceed the above estimate. The only question in connection with the prosecution of this enormous enterprise, is merely one of money, as the scientific appliances of the present day put the practicability of the work beyond a doubt. That a vast amount of money will be required, niav be'manifest from the following table, compiled by Major I\icClel]aii,'U. S. A., showing the cost of tunnels in various localities prior to 1855 : — Location. Per Cubic Yard. Location. Per Cubie Yard. Black Rock, U.S., grey wacke slate $6 60 Blaisley, France, lined 3 18 Blisworth, Eng., blue clav, lined 1 55 England, freestone, mar- ble, clay, &c., lined.. $3 46 Lehigh, U.S., hard gran- ite 436 Schuyikilii U.S., slate.'. 2 00 Blue Ridge, U. S 4 OOiUnion. U. S.. slate 2 08 Railway TrxNELs in soft snncfstonr, in the United States, cost, *rithont lining, per lineal yard, ^8. In loose ground, thick lining, per lineal yard. 87.10. Ordinarv brick lining, including centering, per cubic yard, ?8.50. Shafts. — Blahley Tvnnel, clav, chalk, and loose earth, cost, per yard in depth, $139.11. Deepest, 646 ft. Black Rod; 7 ft. in diam. and 139 in depth, hard slate, cost, per vard in de)>th, S79.50, or per cubic yard, J18.72. The time required 'to drive the heading of th» Black Rock Tunnel for 1782-? feet, was 23. 387 turns of 12 hours each The Ingersoll Rock Drill, represented in the cuts, is a most powerful and effective mechanical appliance in the varied r©quir»» 28 450 XIACHCaSTS A>-D EKGnrEERS' DEPAHTXEirr. xaents of tonitelling mining, submarine blasting, S:c. It works am the percussion principle, and is operated either by steam power, aa il- lustrated in the cut, or by com- pressed air, acting on a piston within. a cylinder, secured by clamps to a ver- tical or horizontal column or tripod. It can be adjusted to perforate the rock at any desired angle, and. on open quarry work, the terge drill (they are made of differ- ent sizes), is an equivalent to the ■work of 25 men, and has often doae tiie work of -10 men for successive dnvs. TLEVr OF THE DRn.1. ATTACHED TO COUTSSS, AS j ^^^.j^^ tuuncls E!£^. YF.^_5P.'?7^^'-'"* "^ ""^ ^'^^' and other subter- ranean places pre- senting impedi- Eients to active rk, of course the •gress is consid- ..■bly less. The . e f a g e boring ae in hard rock, r day, of ten irs, is from 70 r. SO feet In un- derground work, where foul air ex- ists, tlie employ- ment of compresa- e^i air becomes a -oessity, as it not .y dissijiates all danger from eiplo- pive gases, but drives the drill equal to steam power, cools the atmosphere, and OF DRILL ATTACHED TO coLUMX, AS AS- dispenses f resh air WHEX PRACTICABLE. SASGSD rOS US£ III SHAJTS. to the workmen. Considered in all its bearings, it is a most wondeiiat , marhino. ASSAYING AND SMELTING METALS. 451 Gold Assay by Smelting Process.— Take 600 grains of tht fold-bearing quartz, finely pulverized, and free from sulphurete- mix with 600 grs. litharge and 7 grs. of charcoal: melt all in a crucible of ample size, and set off to cool. Break the crucible when cold and the gold wili be found in a small button under the refuse matter at the bottom. To aacertain the amowU of (/old in a metallic itib- staiKe, select a small sample, weigh it, and melt in a small cupeL composed of calcined bone ashes. This absorbs the common metal leaving the gold and silver exposed to view. The resultant button is melttd once more in the proiwrtion of gold, 1 part, silver, 3 parts and then rolled uito a thin band and boiled lq nitric acid, whicJi dial solves out the silver, and leaves the gold pure at the bottom. Tha fold can be removed, and the silver subsequently predpiuted with Gold Ass.\y with a Horn Spoon.— Take an ox horn and re- move half of it, so as to leave an open part 7 or 8 ins. long and about Sins, wide; pulverize the rock to be tested very tine, and usiuc it instead of a i^an, wash out a few ounces, and if some particles of ^Id are detected, or a " color " perceived, as a rule it will pay to worK it In the Assay of Rock Containing Pyrites, it must be roasted until it ceases to evolve sulphurous fumes, then mix 600 "ts of tlie powder with 300 gi-s. carbonate of soda, 300 grs. charcoal, "sOO grs. litharge, 300 grs. dried borax, and 15 grs. charcoal: melt all in a crucible, and treat as directed above. Silver Assay by Smelting.— H no lead is present, mix 600 grs. of the pulverized ore with 300 grs. carbonate of soda, 600 grs of litharge, and 12 grs. of charcoal in a crucible, add a slight coat of borax over all, put on the furnace, melt, take off, give it a few taps to settle the ractil, let it cool, and remove the button. ,r- '^n^^^*-^''' ->R«E>"TrFERors G.\LENA, oT lead bearing silver ore — Mlx oOO p. of the piUyerized ore with 900 grs. carbonate of soda and 30 grs charcoal; meltm a cmcible on a furnace, and treat as de- scribed above, and remelt the button in a porous cupel made of bone dust, which absorbs the lead, leaving the silver pure Test for Ikon or Copper Pyrites.- Place a sample of the mmeral rock on an anvil; if it becomes flat under a blow of tha hammer u is gold hut if it scatters into frasrments it ispvrites: or place some of the doubtful material, pulverized, in a cup with nitric acid over a flame until it evolves dark red vapors: the acid will be- come stuned or tiuged if pvrites are present Silver Assay with Testing TrcE.-PLice in tlie tube enough of the powdered mineral to fiU one inch of space, and om this voui nitric acid m quantity to occupy 2 ins. more, and hold the mLxtura over a flame until the acidlwils. Tlie acid will dissolve what- ever silver may be present, and must be passed through filter- vag paiwr to remove extraneous matter, and returned to the tube, l^ext add a few drops of water saturated wiili salt; anv silver or lead that mav be present wUl be precipitated in a cloudy forni to the bottom. Drain off the acid, place the precipitate in the sunlight, and in a few minuter, if it coutams sUver. it will turn to a purple color, and may be again liquified by the addition of spirits of ammonia. Tlie testing tobe IS formed of thin glass, about 5 ins. Ion;:, and less than 1 in. diam. ; bottom and sides of equal thickness. Where the tube i^ lacb fog, a cap may be used instead. 452 PROSPECTING FOR GOLD. PROSPECTtNG FOB QuAKTz. — The first step to be taken is to asc«» tain the direction of the strata of the bed-rock and quartz veins im- bedded therein. Then take a common rick, shovel, and good iron pan, and prospect the surface dirt along, and just under the break of the veins every few yards, then following the vein as far as it shows itself, either by its outcrop or loose fragments ; and if gold is found in the surface along the vein, it is a good presumptive evidence that the vein is gold bearing. Then ascertain the point on the vein that gives the best " prospect," and make a cut across it deep enough to show the vein as it is inclosed in the bed or wail rock ; then make a careful examination of every part of the vein, so as to determine what part of it is gold bearing. The casing of the vein where it joins the wall rock sbould be carefully tested also ; it frequentiv occurs that the casing ia richer than the vein itself. The best mode' of testing the rock is to pound it up finely in a hand mortar, and wash it out m a pan or horn apoon. If a satisfactory result is obtained, then sink a shaft go as to cut the vein at the pomt where the prospect is obtuned, and follow it down, say 40 or 50 feet. The character of the " wall rock " should be closely observed, to ascertain the " line of its texture." The smooth feces that separate the vein from the wall rock should be carefully examined ; the smooth faces have numerous small ridges upon them, thatsliow "the line of its projertion," ur the direction from which the vein was forced up between the walls enclosing it The ridges and fine grooves on tlie faces of the veins will, in most cases, be found to have the same direction of the texture of the wall rock; and the rich section of the vein will most generally contmue rich in the " line of its projection." It is frequently the casf that a vein will have a section of a few feet that will be rich, and all tlie balance of it be poor ; therefore, it is very important to leam the " luie of its projec- tion," for the rich sections always follow the course indicated by the " line of projection," and the " line of texture " of the wall rocli — J. E. Clayton. To Prospect a Riter Bar. — ^The prospector should, during the season of low water, select the bend ri a stream below where it emerges from a deep gorge,and,noting the spot where the eddy usually exists during high water on the inward bend of the stream, he will proceed to dig to a depth of 2 or 3 ft, as near the water's edge as pos- sible, but distant enough to keep the hole dry on reaching the rock. Now fill the pan nearly full -with the bottom dirt from the rock, take it to the stream, immerse it in the water and agitate the mass, break- ing up the lumps of clav. &:c., if any exist. Keep the pan underwater, •with the side next the operator slightly elevated; shake from side to side; the muddy water will flow out, as the clear water flows in, car- rying away the'dirt; the pan is now raised from tlie water, and the shaking continued, with the lower side still more depressed in order to allow the light sand to pass over the further edge; the stones are removed byliand, and the operation cortinued until but a few dregs are left; the particles of gold, if any existed in the sample, will be found in the pan, and a search for tiiem will decide the question of value. To Prospect t>- a Gnxr. — Select a spot soon after a rain, when \Tater is abundant, and if possible let it be a level place over a \ eiu of slate with vertical, or nearly vertical strata, presenting its ragged edges towards the adjacent acclivities in such position as to intercept PROSPECTING, PLACEB MINING. 453 ttie gold in its downward progress. Fill the pan with dirt from th« slaty bed, make a dam across the stream and pan out in standiujf In Prospecting Flats, examine the surface for the indications of old channels, and the beds of ancient streams or brooks, and ex- plore the most promising spots by digginj: down to the bed rock, and tAst by panning out a portion of the diit. In minmg districts, the high elevations coutainmg gravel and clay should be well tested by the panning oat of numerous samples, as they frequently coutam vast stores of golden wealth. To Prospect with a Knife.— Select a suitable spot in a ravm« in an auriferous district, remove the earth to the vicinity of the rock, making a hole large enough to afford room to admit the prospector to overhaul the dirt with the point of a knife. Tiie particles of gold are carefully picked as they are discovered, and the rest is rejected; the seams and crevices in the rock should be thoroughly scraped out and the contents closely examined, as these places often contain the most precious dejwsits. , , • Placer Mining, Board Sluice Process.— The board sluice is a trough from 50, to 1400 or 1500 ft. long (composed of 1^ m. boards, length of boards from 12 to 14 feet,) constructed in sections or boxes of the same length as the boards. The sections composing the trough are made to fit into each other, and usually rest on trestles elevated from the ground, but with an inclination of from 12 to 18 ins. in every 12 feet of length. The box may be from 12 to 50 ins. wide, and half as deep as it is broad, more or less as desired. By placing- division boards edgeways along the centre it may be divided into two parts, thus adopting it for the use of two parties, or for keeping up constant work in the washing department on the one side, while cleaning is go- ing on in the other. The bottom of the sluice is fitted with longitudinal riffle bars from 3 to 7 ins. high, aijd from 2 to 4 ins. wide, well se- cured from 1 inch to 1^ ins. apart, by means of wedges, two sets of riffle tars being fitted into each box. The labor of from 5 to 18 or 20 men is required to fill the dirt into the sluice, and a stream of water, say from 15 to 40 inches or more, in admitted at the upper end and emerges at the lower, carrjnng along the mud, gravel, stones, &c., in its course. A vessel containing quicksilver is placed at the head of the sluice, and, about 2 hours af- ter the washing commences, the liquid particles are allowed to trickle through an aperture iu the side of the vessel into the stream, which hurries them onwards and downwards through the sluice, where they mingle with the gold particles and lodge together against the riffle ■bars. Tlie precious metals being heavy, alway trend towards the bottom, and lodge against these interposed obstacles, the riffle bars. The same effects may be seen on our sti-eets and roads any day after a shower, the dirt is washed away, and the heavy articles, as nails, buttons, horseshoes, &c., remain. This furious torrent " or run " of water, gravel, str of several hundred men: the force exerted bemg literallv equivalent to the removal of nmnntahi?. as the snperincnmv bert masses of earth and rock frequently c3!S II .125 20 .035 29 .o»v ^ .26 4 '^4 Xi .iC>9 8t .032 30 .OI» X3 -o^S 3Z .02S 3t .ot rt >>3 T4 .0S3 »3 -o*? ** .ooj 33 •«* '6 .2 15 •«"* 24 .022 7 "?7 8 .i66 i6 .06s as -02 34 -oor 17 -056 36 .018 3$ 'Oof 9 -'SS 18 .049 27 .016 36 -«»• fHo. iW.G. = ... ,5; in. No. iiW. C 4 " .^ i in. 16 " ..f^in 32 " . . a^ jn- Abtiticiai, Meerschattm is made with very fine sifted plaster of Paris, baked for a few hours and thrown while warm into melted wax or linseed oil : the resemblance may be increased by a coloring solo* tioa of gamboge and dragon's blood. MACHINISTS, ENGIJTEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 457 N.B.— In addition to tlie following inestimable Receipts and pro cesses, the blacksmith ^vill find Iron Tables, and Tables of Circum- ferences, Areas and Diameters of Circles, for measurement of hoops, tinge, &c., at the end of the mechanical department. Tempering Liquids.— 1. Water, 3 gals; soda, 2 ozs. ; saltpetre, 3 czs. ; prussic acid, 1 oz., or oil of vitrol, 2 ozs^ 2. Water, 6 gals.; isaltpetre, sal-ammoniac and alum, of each 4 ozs., and draw no tem- per. 3. Water, 4 gals. ; saltpetre and alum, of each, 4 ozs. ; sal-am- moniac, pulverized, 1 oz. ; salt, 3 lbs. Heat to a cherry red and plmige in, drawing no temper. 4. Water, 4 gals. ; saltpetre, 1 oz. ; pulverized borax, 1 oz. ; pulverized sal-ammoniac, 1 oz. ; white vitriol, 2 ozs. ; salt, 3 pts. Do not hammer too cold, nor heat too high. 5. Water, 4 gals. ; salt, 2 teacupfals; salti^etre, 2 ozs. ; pulverized alum, 4 teaspoonf uls ; never heat over a cherry red, nor draw any temper. 6. Water, 2 gals. ; add corrosive sublimate, 1^ oz. ; common salt, 3 handf uls ; when dissolved it is ready for use. The first gives tough- ness to the steel, while the latter gives the hardness, causing the water to adhere to the steel, which otherwise would be repelled by the heat. 7. Tempering Liquid for Mill Picks. — Water, 3 gals. ; spts. of nitre, 3 ozs.; hartshorn, 3 ozs; white vitriol, 3ozs. ; alum, 3 ozs.; sal-ammo- niac, 3 ozs. ; salt, 6 ozs., with 2 handfuls of the parings of horses' hoof. The steel is to be heated to a cherry red. A large jug of this preparation should be kept corked tight, in order to retain its strength. Use soft water in all these temperhig liquids. Tempkring Mill Picks. — Get double refined cast steel made ex- pressly for mill picks. In drawing out the pick, use an anvil and hammer with smooth faces, and be careful not to heat the steel higher than a dark cherry red. Do not strilce the pick on the edge when finishing it, but hammer it on the flat side, striking light and often,, nntil the steel is quite dark, letting the blows fall so as to close the pores of tlie steel. When a dozen jiicks are ready to temper, get 3 gals, of rain water from which the chill should be taken, if in winter, by dipping a hot iron into it; add 2 lbs. salt, and it is ready for use. Heat your pick gradually from the centre ; let the heat run to the point, and when it is a dark cherry red, dip the point vertically into the bath and hold it still. When the heat has left the part immersed, take it out, and cool the balance of the pick in ordinary water. Be 8ure to heat and hammer well. To Temper a Drill very Hard. — Heat your drill to a cherijt zed and queudi it iu mercury. This will drill hardened steeL 158 KACHTN'ISTS, EKGrSTlEES. AC, r.ECETPTS. Composition fob Tempeei>-g.— Hosin, 7^ parts; whale oil, 1| parts ; pulverized charcoal, ^ part ; tallow, ^ part. Directions. — Very small tools should be dipped in this mirture the same as in water, then polish and draw tlie temper as usual. Large tools should be dipped, then heated up again and temper as usuaL This composition ■will also restore burnt steel as good as new. If small tools, dip once. 11 large, dip two or three times; no hammering is required. To Make Lbox take a Bkight Polish like Steel. — Pulverize and dissolve the following articles in Iqt. hot water; blue vitriol, 1 oz. ; ■faorax, 1 oz. ; prussiate of potash, 1 oz. ; charcoal, 1 oz. : salt, \ pt ; then add 1 gal. linseed oU, mix weU, bring your iron or steel to the proper heat and cool in the solution. It is said the manufacturers of the Judson governor paid SlOO for tliis receipt, the object being to case hardea iron so that it would tiike a bright polish like steeL DippixG Tools wbxx H-iEDE>n>'G. — To harden a pen-loiife blade, lancet, razor, chisel, gouge-bit. plane, spoke-shave, iron shaving knife, three or four square fi'.es, and round and flr.t files, dip them endwise or perpendicularly. This kcejs them straight, which would not be the case were they dipped ia the water ob- liquely. SrESTixuTE FOB BoK.vs. — ^Vlum, 2 ozs. ; dilute with wntcr and mix with 2 ozs. potash, boil in a pot half an hour over a gentle fire, take it out of the water, add 2 ozs. gem salt in powder, as much of alka- line salt, 3 lbs. honey, and one of cow's milk, mix all together, set it in the sun for 3 days and the boras is ready for use. This wid go twice as far in a blacksmith's shop as common borax, Weldlno Cast Steel. — Silver sand 2 lbs., plcrter of Paris, 1 lb. ; mix thoroughly. Heat your article and dust it with the above, place it m the fire again untilVou get a red heat and it will weld. Respirator. — -Vn excellent respirator mry be made of a thick sheet of carded cotton wool placed between" two pieces of muslin. Unequalled for arresting dust, steel particles, &c. An'kealixg Steel. — For small pieces of steel, take a piece of gas pipe 2 or 3 inches in diameter, and put the pieces in it, first heat- ing one end of the pipe, and drawtng it together, leaving the other €nd open to look into. "When the pieces are of a cherry red, cover the fire with saw dust, use a charcoal fire, and leave tlie steel in over night. To DRILL Hardexed Steel. — Covcr your steel with melted beeswax, when coated and cold, make a hole in the wax with a fine pointed nee- dle or other article the size of hole you require, put a drop of strong" nitric acid upon it, after an hour rinse oIT, and apply again, it will gradually eat through. To Harden Metals. — Iron, 60 parts; chrome, 40 parts; form a composition as hard as the diamond. A high deCTee of hardness may also be imjiarted to iron or steel by adding^ part of silver. Copper may be externally hardened by the fumes of zinc and tin.. The specula of Lord Ross's telescope is 1 part tin and 1 part copper, this is as hard as steel, and takes a very high polish ; if more than this be added it will scarcely cohere. Welding Cast Steel. — Rock saltpetre, J lb. ; dissolve in i lb. oil Titriol ; and add it to 1 gaL water. After scarfing the Bteeh get it kot; and queoch La the preparation. Then weld the same as • MACHINTSTS, ENGDTEEES', &C., KECEIPTS. 459 piece of iron, hammer it very qmck with light blows. It answers the purpose much better than borax ; cork it iu a bottle, and it will keep for years. Anotlier. — Borax, 15 parts; sal-ammoiuao, 2 parts; cyan- ide of potippiuiii, 2 parts; dissolve all in water, aud evaporate the water at a low temperature. Geiol^x Weldixg Powdek. — ^Iron turnings, 4 jxirts; borax, S parts, borate of iron, 2parts; water, 1 part. Tempering Swokds a>i> Cutlasses. — X. B. Ames, hite of Clii- eopce, Mass., after many costly exiieriments, found that the best means of tempering swords and cutlasses tliat would stand the U. S. Govermueut test, was by heatinsj in a charcoal fire, hardening in pnre sprin? water, and drawing the temper iu charcoal flame. Belgl\x \VELDixa PowDEK. — ^Iron filings, 1000 parts; borax, 500 parts; balsam of copaiba, or otlicr resinous oil, 50 parts; sal-ammo- niac, 75 i)arts. Mix all well together, heat, and pulverize completely. The surfaces to be welded are powdered with the composition, and then brouglit to a cherry red heat, at which the powder melts, when the portions to be luiited are taken from the fire and joined. If the pieces to be welded are too large to be both introduced into the forge, one can be first heated with the welding powder to a cherry red heat, and the other afterwards to a whiteheat, after which the welding may be effected. CoitPOsiTiox Used ix "Weldesg Cast Steel. — ^Borax, 10 parts; Bal-ammoniac, Ijxirt; grind or pound them roughly togetlier; then fuse them in a metal pot over a clear fire, taking care to continue the heat imtil all spume has disappeared from the surface. "When the liquid appears clear, the com]X)sition is ready to be poured out to cool and concrete ; aiterwards being ground to a fine jwwder. it is ready for use. To use this composition, the steel to be welded i« laiseii to a heat wliich may be expressed by " bright yellow;" it is then dipped among the welding powder, and again placed in the fire nntil it attains the same degree of heat as before: it is then ready to be placed under the hammer. To Restore Bi"kx"t Steel a>T) Lsipeove Poor Steel. — ^Borax, 3 ozs. ; sal-ammoniac, 8 ozs. ; pmssiate of jxitash, 3 oz.s, ; blue clav, 2 ozs. ; resin, | lb. ; water, 1 giU: alcohol, 1 gUl. Put all on the fire, and simmer till it dries to a powder. The steel is to be heated, dip- ped iu this powder, and afterwards hammered. To Restore Burnt Cast Steel. — Borax 1^ lbs. ; sal-ammoniac \ lb. ; pmssiate of potash ^ lb. ; rosin, 1 oz. Pound the above fine, add a gill each of water and alcohol, and boU all to a stiff paste in an iron kettle. Do not boil too long, or it wiQ become hard when cooL The burnt steel is dipped while quite hot in the composition aud aUghtly hammered. Restoring Blrxt Steel. — It is not generally known th.it burnt steel may be almost instantaneously restored by plunging it while hot in cold water, and hammering it with light strokes ou tlie anvil, turn- ing it so as to hammer all over it, again dipping in the cold water, and repeating tlie hammering process as before Try it ; if you don't suo ceed the first time, you will soon do so. CoMPOsiTiox to'Restork Bckxt Steel. — ^Two parL Saws. Purple 530 ) All kinds of percussive tools. Dark purple. . . . 550 | c ; , Wue . .... .STOJ^P^SS. Dark blue .... 600 Soft for saws. TEsrpKKi>-G Razors, Cctlert, Saws, &c. — Razors and pen- knives are too frequently hardened without the removal of tl'.e scale arising from the foregoing : this practice, rchich is never done loith the best icoi-ks, cannot be too much deprecated. The blades are heated in a coke or cliarcoal fire, and dipped in the water obIiq".ely. In tempering razors, they are laid ou their backs upon a clean fire, about half-a dozen together, and they are removed one at a time, when the edges, wliich are as yet thick, come down to a pale straw color. Should the backs accidentally get heated beyond the straw-color, the blades are cooled in water, but not otherwise. Pen-blades are tem- pered a dozen or two at a time, on a plate of iron or copper, about 12 inches long, 3 or 4 inches wide, and about ^ of an inch thick. The blades are arranged close together on their back and lean at au angle against each other. As they come down to the temper, they are picked out with small pliers and thrown into water if necessary ; other blades are then thrust forward from the cooler parts of the plate to take their phice. Axes, adzes, cold chisels, and other edge tools, in which the total bulk is considerable compared with the part to be hardened, are only partially dipped ; they are afterwards let down by the heat of the remainder of the tool; and, when the color indicative of the temper is attained, they are entirely quenched. With the view of removing the loose scales, or the oxidation acquired in the fire, some workmen rub the objects hastily in dry salt before E lunging them in the water, in order to give them a cleaner and righter face. Oil, or resinous mixtures of oil, tallow, wax, and resin, are used for many thin and elastic articles, such as needles, fish hooks, steel pens and eprings, which require a milder degree of hardness than is give^ 462 HACHCaSTS, ENGrsnEEBS, tn-g foe Ikox. — Cast iron may be case-hardened by heating to a red heat, and then rolling it in a composition composed of equal parts of prussiate of potash, sal-ammoniac, and saltpetre, all pulverized and thoroughly mixed. This must be got to every part of the surface ; then plunged, while yet hot, into a bath containing 2 ozs. prussi&te of potash, ancl i ozs. sal-ammoniac to each gallon of cold "water. Moxo>-*s Casz-IIaedzntxg Peocess. — Cow's horns or hoofs are to be b:ied, dried and pulverized in order that more may be pot into the box "with the articles, or bone dust answers very well To this add an oqtial quantity of bay salt; mix them with stale chamber ley, or white "wine vinegar; cover the iron -with this mixture, and bed it' in the same in loam, or enclose it in an iron box, kiy it on the hearth of the forge to dry and harden; then put it into tlie fire, and blow till the lump has a "blood red heat, and no higher, lest the iron mixture he burnt too much Take the iron out and throw it into cold "water. Foe MATT.T-ATtTTt Ibox. — Put the articles in on iron box, and gtrat> ify them among animal carbon, that is, pieces of horns, hoofs, skins, or leather, just sufficiently burned to be reduced to powder. Lnt» the box with equal parts of sand and clay; then place it in the fire, and keep at a light red heat for a length of time proportioned to the depth of steel required, when the contents of the box are emptied Into water. AyoTHEB roE Weought Iboit. — ^Take pmssiate of potash, finely pulverized, and roll the article in it, if its shape admits of it; if not, ■prinkle the powder upon it freely, while the iron is hot. To Te3cp£e Speotos.— For tempering cast-steel trap springi, aS KACHIMSTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 46S that U necessary is to heat them in the dark, jnst so that von can see that they are red ; then cool them in hike-warm \rater. Yon can ob- serve a much lower degree of heat in the dark than by daylight, and the low heat and warm water give the desired temper. CASB-IlAiiDEiaxQ CoMPOUXD.— Prussiate of potash, 3 lbs. ; sal-am- moniac, 2 lbs. ; bone dust, 2 lbs. CoMPOsiTiox FOB Weldixq Cast Stzel. — Pulverized borax any i quantity, and slightly color it with dragon's blood. Heat the steel red not, shako the borax over it; place it again in the fire till the borax emokei on the steel, wliich will be much below the ordinary ■welding heat, and then hammer it To Weld Cast Iron.— The best way of weldmg cast iron is to take it at a very intense heat, closely approaching tlie melting point. In tliis state it will be foimd sufficiently malleable to stand welding by the liamraer. There are other methods, but most of them are attend- ed by almost insurmountable difficulties. To TEJirER TjVTS or KsAiiERs without springing, select your steel for the job, and forge the tap with a little more than the usual allowance, being careful not to neat too hot nor hammer too cold ; after tlie tap or reamer is forged, heat it and hold it on one end ou the anvil. If a large one, hit it with the sledge ; if a small one, the hammer will do. This will cause the tap to bend slightly. Do not straighten it with the hammer, but on finishing ana hardening th a tap, it will become straight of its own accord. To Harden A>a> Temper Cast Steel.— For saws and springs hi general tlie following is an excellent liquid; Spermaceti oil, 20 gals. ; beef suet rendered, 20 lbs. ; reat's-foot oil, 1 gal. ; pitch, 1 lb. ; black resin, 3 lbs. The last two articles must be previously melted together, and then added to the other ingredient, when the whol& must be heiited in a proper iron vessel, with a close cover fitted to it, until all moisture is evaporated, and the composition will take fire on a flaming body being presented to its surface. Water Axnealixg. — ^Ueat the steel to a red heat, and let it lie a few minutes, until nearly black hot; then throw it into soap-suds; steel in this way may be annealed softer than by putting it into th» ashes of the forge. To Soften Malleable Iron. — When your furnace is charged with fuel and metal, get thft fire up to a duU red heai., then pour fluoric acid all over the coke; use ^ pt. to 1 pt or even 1 qt. adding a handful of fluor spar; it wUl make the metal much softer. WoRKijro Steel fob Tools.— In working steel for tools, great care should be taken to hammer all sides alike, for if one side is hammered more than another it will cause it to spring in harden- ing. Again, steel, when being hammered, should be heated as hot as it will stand, until finishing, and should then be hammered until almost black hot, for the reason that it sets tlie grain finer, and fives the tool a better edge. The reason for heating the steel so ot while hammering is simply because it makes the steel tougher when hardened, and softer when annealed, while if it wer» worked at a low red heat, the contuaued percussive shocks of th» hammer would so harden it as to make it almost Impossible ti anneal it, and at the Bame time tender it brittle when liardened. 464 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. To Make, Hakden, autd Tempek Tools.— Exi)erience has proved that all steel cutting tools should be hardened at a low red heat, or the lowest degree of heat compatible to yield efficient results, not forgetting that large tools require more heat than small ones, for the reason that they retain the heat much longer in the cooling process. Very small tools such as some surgical, and dental instruments, all springs, centre drills, needles, etc., should be hardened iu oil, as cold water is apt, by cooling them too rapidly, to render them brittle and worthless. Too much heat impaits a coarse grain like ca^^t iron, to tlie steel, and makes it liable to break when in use. A heat sufficient to raise scales should never be tiiken unless with an implement too large to temper wthout it, for it is siue to result in injury to the steel, even though the temper is drawn to a straw color. Tools such as cutters and reamers which require to be haidened without springing, should be accurately turned to \vithLU ^ inch oi their fiuished size, and then annealed previous to finishing. In annY holding the light colored parts longer in tne tube, or if any parts color too deep, cool oft" with a little oil. The squares of taps should b« tempered to a deep blue color. MACHINISTS TOOLf. 465 Tig. 1. Tool for catting square thread serews, &o. Fig. 2. Lathe tool for boring. Fig. 3. Tool for cutting Interior screws. Fig. 4. Left hand side tool, top view. Fig. 5. Tool for cutting V thread screwa. rig. 6- Diamond-point tool, to turn small shafting, . Itg. T. Eoond-ended tool, to torn beavy thafting, 4 «0 466 MACHINISTS, ENGEfEEBS' AC, RECEIPTS. To Da* OB Tempeb HAU-Bor>T) Felzs ob Rzamebs. — 0« accoant of the unequal surface presented to the water by half round tools, it is necess;iry, in order to keep them straight, or nearly so. while tempering, that they should be inserted with the scmt-circidar side 20' leaning towards the icater. To dip a fluted reamer, insert it ^ an inch beyond the duting, dipping and withdrawing it several times in succession. This ensures a reliable temper in the tool and will assist greatlv in preventing fracture, and breakage. To SsT A Lathe to Tcrx Tapering. — Calculate a certain amount of taper to the foot or the extension of the piece to be turned, lor instance with a shaft one foot long with a thickness of 1 inch at one end larger than the other, set the puppet-head over ^ inch, and you wdl obtain the desired taper of 1 inch per foot ^^ ith a shaft 29 ins. long, yoa will obtain a taper of 2 ins, over its whole length, by settmg vour lathe over 1 inch. To Set a Lathe to Tcrn Shaftin-g. —Find out if your centres are true, and adjust them correctly if they are not, using a square end tool, keeping them true to a three-square gauge, otherwise you will be apt to ruin voar work. Now set your puppet-heiid so that it will turn the shaft "true and straight, and if without a straight mark upon it, turn one end of the shaft for about an inch, next, without stirring your tools, take the shaft from the lathe, run the carriage down to the main head, and if the tool comes in contact with the spot you have turned, the machine is straight, if not, screw over the puppet head, and keep adjusting it until the tool touches the place turned at both ends of the lathe. Ox Keys, Plaxixg BLet Wats, &c.— To ensure an easy entrance, apply oil to the key way and enter the key, marking where it binds, avoiding extreme tightness at the sides, and securing the lock by a proper taper at the rate of about J of an inch to the foot of length. To ease hardened kaj waits ani slots, xise a strip of copper as a file on the surface of the metal, together with emery and oil. To plane a key way in a shaft, drill a hole the size of the wav the de-ith you wish to plane; then plane the key way slightly narrower than the intended size ; this is done with a square point tool, afterwards finL-h with a tool of the desired size ; this method ensures a much neater finish, than the use of one tool only. To ensure true cutting in adjusting a tool for cutting a key way, test each side of it by a square set on th« planer bed, to see that it Ls perpendicular. To plane a T shaped slot or xoay, plane to the desired denth with a snnare nointtool, then plane the upper part of the way to the proper width. Now plane the bottom part of the way with two tools, each being bent to a different angle, one to the right and the other to the left ShaUmo trays may be'cut out, the upper width and proner depth, then finished with one tool ghaped the desired form of the way. Powerful tools should be used in plani^ug large wavs in order to avoid breaking, and shonld cut easily on each of the three sides. Use a sheet iron gause and plane the way to conform to it. To plane a gibe rest or slide, plane it aU over, omitting the slide, on both side^; then set the planer head at an ande of 30°. and finish the slide with a taper point tooL In planing thiJi east iron s'lrfivs, the ont«ide being harder than the inpide, it is B^oessary in order to prtjvent sprincing owing to the exr>ansi<^n of th« •ohIs, to plane over a cut on each side preyious to finiishing eithec. machinists' tools. 467 Fig. 8. Side view of right-hand side tool- Fig. 9. Tool for cutting V tlireada, side Tlew. Fig. iO. Tool for planing a key-way. Fig. 11. End view of a fluted tap or reamec Fig. 12. Side tool for squaring the ends of wrought iron work. Fig. 13. Tool for parting or cutting brass apart. Fig. 14. Side tool for cast iron, wrought Iron or Bteel, left hand foc^ tig. 15. Parting tool for iron or eteel work. 468 HAcmsiSTS, iwcnrrERs' &c., beceipts. CxKB OF Lathes, Puoteks, Dktlls, &c. — ^In order to atillzs joat lathes, fee, for nice line work, and keep your ways, aibors, and centres in order, it is necessary to keep tiiem cle.TJi by brushing away the rubbish from the wrvys,' feed gears, and other working i-arte; clean well by frequent rubbing with cotton wa^te, and keep them in easv working order by regular oiling. Tools fobTvkxin'G. — 1. Tot turning balance u>heels, or squaring vp large sur/acxs, use a round end tool constructed well tapering to cut from tlie side. 2. The bes-t tool for turniwj s }:all thrtling is a diamond point tool; for heavy shalti'jg use a round end tool, shaped to stand nigh like a diamond point and to cut fail and free from the side. 3. For cutting off a shcjt, use a tool shaped thin and having the ta.ering down the reverse of turning tools. 4. For catting a T tliread screw use a Y thread tool, with the points ground to lean down when finished, so as to prevent running and de- etroying both the tool and the work. 5. Tot cutting a square thread tcnlc, the best way is to use a squiire point tool about f of the thick- ness of the thread you intend to cut, and tin i^h with another the exact size of the thread. In cutting a thread within a hole apply thesam© method. 6. Tor boring out a hole u*e a lathe boring tool with the end tamed on a ri::bt angle to the left and the point turned up hooking. The side tool shown in Fig. 12, should, for liglit work, be hardened right out- temper to a straw color for heavy work. For heavy work on a slottino- machine, temper to a brownL^h purple, and gnnd so that the cuttin<' ed -'e first strikes the cut near the bc>dy of the tool, and not at the point ends : use at a speed of about 10 feet per minute. The parting tool for brass. Fig. 13. should be made to conform to the shape as renresented and hardened right out , ^ i j The sidfi tool fyr ijr>n. Fig. 14, cannot be made too hard : and snould be used at a sneed ranging from 20 to 30 feet per minute, with feed from 20 to 30 revolutions for each inch cut varying as the duuensions of the work ranses from 1 inch up to 12 inches in diameter, the speed decreasing as the size of the work increases. The mrting tool for iron. Fig. 15. should be tempered m accordance with the size of the tool and the nature ci the fork to be done; it may be hardened right out, or hardened to a dark straw, or, for a weak tooL to a purple color. .„. ,^ v j ^„ !„,.«. The rouQhinr} tool for irrorr^W iron. Fig. 16, when used on large work, should be tempered to a li-ht straw, but for work of o mch diameter or les.*. itshAuld be made ns hard as possible and not tem- nered at aU The cutting speed varies from 15 to oo feet per minnta u the size of the work varies from 1 inch to 20 mches or more m diameter : feed &c, ranging about as follows : — r«d „. inch 1 or less. f5 g 2 5 » 2 5-10 » JJ 20 and upwards iJ . ^ j v-xstt it In hardening and temperiBg the boring tocds rei^esented d7*^S^ 3 19. 20. 21. 22 and 26 proceed, according to the directions given else. where-.makingthem very hard. , , , . -j ^ >, oa tnm The tide, toi^/ar brasi, Fig. IS, should be hardened as much aa 6X9 KACHmiSTS' TOOLS. 469 Pig, 16. Tool for rougMng out wrought iron work. Fig- 17. Boring tool for heavy work on wrought iron. Fig. IS. Side tool for Drass work. rig. 19. Boring tool for heavy cutting on wrought iron Fig. 20. For boring on cast iron where tool is liable to Tflsratu or trciBM« Tig. 21. Stout finishing tool on cast iron. Tho baf from 18 to 38 revolu- tions per minute, as the size of the work vnrias from 18 inchea, or more, down to 1 inch in diameter, with a feed from 14 to 30 revolu- tions for each inch cut, as follows : — Diameter of Work Cuttins Pijecrl ft Amount of Feed in Inches. per minute. 1 or less, 38 30 1 to 2, 29 24 2 to 4, 24 19 4 to 10, 22 19 10 to 18, 19 16 18 and no wards. 18 14 In addition t-o these fn:-triict'ons, ea'h tool requires to be ground In such a way as will best ada;>t it for tlie performance of the various kinds of work that iumv h" in hani. SpiRAij DaiLL3. Fi'j;. 35. .should be annealed and turned to l-50th «< an inch la^vger tliau th@ fiuiahed suce -, tUen he^^t^d a^iu, &ad Mt* machinists' tools. m Fig 24 nnisMng tool for cast Iron. Fig. 25. Counter boring tool, end \\evr. Fig. 26. To be used on wrought Iron •when the tool U 1i»blft to rpr^g 9^ account of distance from the tool poet, Hg. 27. Fl3te4 »|lU«ig tPO} v>r CBtt«f « 472 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. Healed in a vertical position, among lime, ashes, or soap-ends ; the shank is then turned to fit a proper collet gocket, and afterwards the point may be turned to the desired dimensions and shaped. Kext measure ftrom the point and finish the turning, by making it tapering to the extent of 100th of an inch smaller for every 2 inches of the length of the drill , Tlie spiral grooves are cut on a machine con- Btructed for the purpose, containing a spindle, -which imparts tlie double movement of sliding and revolving slowly while the spirala are being cut. The spindle coutaius a screw, on which a chuck to hold the drill is adjusted. Tlie drill being ^u^crted in the chuck, pro- ceed to elevate the sliding block bciualh the drill, so tl:ct it will touch it, adjusting it so as not to rai^e it too high ; thtn im^ert a cut- ter, which siiould be one-half the diameter of driU, and groove yor.r drills, which should, for a drill 1 iuch in diameter, be cut 1 tc> the inch, and down to within a o2nd cf the centre ; for ^-inch drills, cut the grooves 1^ to the iuch, down to within a C4th of the centre ; for ^-inch drills, cut the grooves 2 to the inch, do-wn to within lOOtli of the centre, coraputiug as you would in cutting a screw m a Lithe, the index plate giving joxi the two starting points at which to commence the work. Fluted Reameks, Fig. SG, ghould be carefully turned to a 32nd of an inch of the finished si^e, then heated and allowed to cool in a perpendicular position, previous to finishing. The treatment re- moves the strains and the occasional hardness made by the hammer- ing, so that they wiU not spring in the operation of heating for tam- pering. The lips of a reamer should be made uneven ; otherwise, when it chatters, it leajis from cue lip to the ether. In reamers from 1 inch to 1^ inches iu diameter, the flutes or channels shoidd be 9 in number, and 11 in reamers of from IJ to li inches in diameter. Reamers from J to § of an inch in diameter, should have 5 fiutes, and reamers from | to 1 inch should have 7. After cooling, as above noted.tum the part intended for the lips ICCth of an inch larger than the finished size ; afterwards turn a spot in the middle of it f long, and l-12th of the size of the reamer smaller than the reamer. After liardening, this is the place to pene it straight. When the turning of all but the upper part is fiuished, put it on the centres, and mei'are to flute it, deferring the turning of the upper part until after harden- ing and straightemng. Place it on the centres ; if on a planer, flute ■with a round end tool, 1-lOth of an inch thick, and plane down to the face of each lip, to the bottom of the si ot intended for the pen- ing, and plane them so that the space between every otlicr of the two lips wiU be shorter tlian that of the two just before them. The next step is to plane off the back side of the lips with a square end tool to within a 32nd of an iuch from the face. The faces of the lips phould be planed even with the centre, the lips dressed smooth with the file, hardened again, and then pened straight. Finish by turning the upper part to the desired size, and polish it off ; grind the lips to a sharp edge and to the proper size, and it is all right. To flute taps, Fig. 38, adjust tlie work on the cejitre.*, and plan* the faces of all the teeth with a cutter or jOaning tool, made circular at the end, the thickness at the end '^eing ^ the diameter of the tap. Taps should be fluted with the teeth slightly hooking on the face. Press the faces of all the teeth with the pinner one-half the dej.th of ke Uiread deeper than the bottom of the thread ; thifi done, plane 1LA.CHINIST3* TOOLS. 47t Fig. 29. Front tool for brass work. Fig. 30. Tool for cutting sqnAre threads. Fig. 31. Tool for cutting hard metal. Tig. 32. Boring tool for brass. Fig. 33. Tool for fiuishing cast iron, wrought iron »nd >tML Fig 3i Die for Bcrew-cutting, fftM Tiew, yi(. So. Spiral drili 474 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, KECEIPTS, off the back parts of the teeth, giving them 1| the breadtli of thei» pitcli, leavir^ them, if the pitch is 10, a lOth and a 20th, wuich le;ivea them quite strong enough lor efficient sendee and e;isy worii. Triiu the back parts of the teeth with a plauhig tool "^ual In tliicknes to the size of the tap. Two taps ehomd oe used for each tlueaJ: \Mtii hie first, remove two-thirds of the thread, and finish oil" with t,ie otiier. Ko taer is pre Brown. Clasp-knives, Join-) ers" and Carpen- J 19 4 265^ Purplish Colored. ters' Tools ) Swords, Cutlasses, ) and Watch[48 4 2SS° Bright bine. Springs ) Stilettos. Boring) Tools, and Fine J 50 2 2C2<' Dee;>blu«. Saws ) Ordinary saws j ^ se^Jd ou!'''' i '^*^ Blackish olne. Such tools as tire required to work iron and other metals, and hard stones, are heated to a bright yellow : razo.'Ts c-oiniug dies, en- gravers' tools, and wire-drawjng i)]ates follow next to sts-aw yellow ; carpenters' tools ts on a line through the middle on the end: next harden and temper. R^se hatmrs should be made with squai-a ends, with the comei-s removed, lips cut about 9 to the inch on the end, and a little hoolcing, with a temper like other roamers. To Chuck Pclley!?. — This means to adjust or secure the work in such iwsition as to ensiu-e truthful diilliug or planing ; tlie tenu cliucl; is also used to denote the iustrument employed to secure the work, being merely a circular ciece of iron with an" ai)erture on one side «if it, litted A\ith a screw arrangement used to secure it to the snindle of a latlie. The other side contains a number of jaws, gener- ally three or toui-, wnicn screw tra = | of the pitch. For rough bolts, the distance between the parallel .^;Vle.s of bolt^head and nut =f 1^ diameters of bolt -]- J of J'n inch. Thickneisa of head = h distance of between jiarnllcl sides. Thiclvness of nut = diam. of bolt. In finished holts, tliiclaioss of hend erjuals thic'-ne?3 of nut. Distance between parallel sides of a bolt-head and nut and thickness of nnt is ^^ of an inch less for finished work thnn for ro''rrh. Speed of Emery AVheei.s.— A 12-:ncli whe.el should make 1,2()0 revolutions per minute; an 8-inch, 18,00; and a 6-inch, 2,400. To True Coruxdim Wheei,.«.— Adjust the wheel in the l.fthe and start it at a high sneed, holding: a piece of conmdum stone against the uneven surface. Tl-.e stone will soon melt and unite itself to the defective places in the wheel. To Cle.^x Greast Cotton Wa.ste.— Boil it in a .'rtroug solution 9f common soda in water, and uae the resultant emulsion as a lubri* tant for drills, reamers, ««. 478 MACHTinSTS, ENGINEEB8,* AC, EECEIPTS. Tkkpebixo Tools. — Dra-wing the temper of tools is usually dona In a charcoal flame, and to draAvthe temper of a tool properly it ihould be held in the thickest part, or the part not reqiiirtng any temper, towards the fire, and in the meantime, should be often ■wiped with a piece of waste or rag, dipped in oiL The oil keeps the temper even, and prevents it drawing more to one place than another. And in drawing the temper of any tool it should be diawn very slowly, otherwise it •will run too far ere you are aware of it Lancet btides and razors should be drawn to a straw color. Knife blades and chisels should be drawn to a copper or almost red color. Plane irons, sharing knives and shoemakers knives the same temper ; cold chisels and etone drills, should be drawn to a dark blue. Fluted reamers should only be drawn to a Btraw color, on the end, as they never break elsewhere, and keep their size longer by leaving the lips hard. Half round or tapering reamers, also taps, dies, and drills, should be drawn to a straw color. Jijucs and gauges, also common latlie tools, need no drawing, being tempered enough when merely hardened. FfARDEyiyG Assv FrLLTKG FOB FrRB-PEOOF Safes. — ^Experience has ehown that the fire and burglar-proof diamond chill for iron or steel, described in another part of this work, has no euperior as a harden- ing for sectirity in the construction of safes ; and. as a non-conductor of neat, we would recommend a filling of plaster of Paris or alum. It is claimed by some that a mixture of both of these articles forms the best known filling for safes, as an external application of intense heat is certain to liberate a large quantity of water, which is transformed into Bteam, thus ensuring entire safety to the contents of the safe. Other manufacturers employa concrete filling for safes, and ex tol it very high- ly. Mr. Moffat, gas and Ft?amfitter, Boston, has informed me that he has applied for protectioninthe matter of a discovery by which he cLoima that he can fully protect a safe against a double blast furnace heat, by means of an outside lining of bricks composed of asbestos and kaolin, a very small portion of the latter material being used. From the well known incombustible nature of these materials, there can bo no reasonable doubt but that the claim in question is a just one. MzTALuc Bath fob Tzmpebixg. — Use a black lead or cast iroa crucible (of the requisite depth), and place the same, filled with lead, on a fire made of coal or charcoal, and surrounded on all sides by a metallic or brick wall, level, or nearly so, with the top of the crucible; but at a sufficient distance (say 5 or 6 inches) from it, to receive tiia fuel necessary to maintain the fire, in order to keep the lead in » melted state. Let the crucible rest on iron bars, and leave apertures to admit air to the fire. The articles, s'ightly greased to prevent the adherence of oxide, are immersed in the melted lead (which is kept at a red heat) bv means of tongs, two or three pairs being generally nsed, in order that one or two pieces may be heated while the other is undergoing manipulation by the hardening process. Keep the lead covered with charcoal dust or cinders. This plan is used by many cutiers and file manufacturers for giving the proper degree of heat in the tempering of their wares. The process is highly valued by those who use it See file manufacture. CoNCEBNDfG Saws, RAILWAY Spkixg?, &c. — ^Whcn the saws ara «SQt«d to be rather hard, bat little of the oil tempering compceitioa MACHINISTS,. ENGINEEIIS', AC, RECEIPTS 471 li bnmed off; -when milder, a larc:© portion; and for a ppring temper the whiole is allowed to bum away. Saws as well as springs appear to lose their elasticity, after hardeninii and temperin":, from the redaction they \mdergo in grinding and i)olishing. Towards the conclusion of tlie manufacture, the elasticity of tlie saw is restored principally by hammering, and pailly over a clear coke fire to a straw color; th3 tint is removed by very diluted muriatic acid, after which the saws are well wa*;hed in plain water and dried. Spring manufacture in- cludes the heaviest specimens of hardened steel works uncombincd Yvith iron ; for example, bow-sprini^s for all kinds of vehicles, soma intended for railway use, measure 3i feet long, and weigh BO lbs. each piece; two of these are used in combination; other single springs are 6 feet long, and weigh 70 lbs. Tlie principle of these bow-springs will be immediately seen by conceiving the common archery bow fixed horizontally with its cord upwards; the body of the carriage being attached to the cord swavs both peqiendicularly and sideways with. perfect freedom. In hardening them they are heated by bemg drawn backwards and forwards through an ordinary fiio built hoUow, and they are immersed in a trough of plain water. In tempering them they are heated imtil the black red is just visible at nignt ; by daylight the heat is denoted by its making a piece of wood sparkle •when rubbed on the spring, wnich is then allowed to cool in the air. The metal is nine-sixteenths of an inch thick, and some consider fivo- eighths the limits to which steel will hard enproperly, that is sufficiently alike to serve as a spring. Their elasticity is tested far beyond their intended range. Temperlng Locomottte Ttres. — This is qiut« jionderons work, as the tires of the eight foot wheels weigh about 10 cwt. and con?i;:t of about one-third steeL The materials for the tires are first swaged se- parately, and then welded together under the heavy hammer at tho steel works, after which they are bent to tlie circle, welded, and turned to certain gauges. The tire id now heated to redness in a cir- cular furnace ; during the time it is getting hot, the iron wheel, pre- viously turned to the right diameter, is bolted down upon a facc- Slate, the tire expands with the hejit, and when at a cherry red, it 13 ropped over the wheel, for which it was previously too small, and is also hastily bolted down to the surface plate. The whole load is quickly immersed by a B';^^nc? crane into a tank of water about five feet deep, and hauled up and down until nearly cold ; the steel tires are not afterwards tempered. The sixjkes are forged out of fhit-bars with T fonned heads, these are arranged radially in the founder's mould whilst the cnst-iron centre is poured around them, the ends of the T heads are then welded together to constitute the periphery of the wheel or inner tire, and little wedge-form pieces are inserted where there is anv deficiency of iron. The wheel is then chuclced on a lathe, bored smd turned on tlio edge, not cylindricaUy, but like the meeting of two cones, and about one quarter of an inch higher in the middle than the two edges. The compoimd tire is turned to the corresponding form, and consequently, larger within or under cut so that the shrinking secures the tire without the pos-sibility of obliquity or derangement, and no rivets are required. It sometimes happens,' that the tire breaks in shrinking, when by mismanagement the aiai4« etM of the whocl i» iu excessi 4S0 MA-CHINISTS, ENGINEERS'. AC, RECEIPTS. Maktno Anchoks.— The anchor emith's forge consists of a hearfli of brickwork, raised about 9 inches above tlie ground, and generally about 7 feet square. lu the centre of this is a cavity containing the fire. A vertical brick wall is built on one side of the hearth, which eupporte the dome, and a low chimney to carry off the Bmoke. Behind this wall are placed the bellows, with which tlie fire is urged ; the bellows being so placed that they blow to the centre of the fire. The anvil and the crane by which the hi;avy masses, of metal are moved from and to the fire are adjusted near the heailh. The Eei'cules, a kind of stamping machine, or the steam hammer, need not be described in tliis place. To make the anchor, bars pf good iron are brought togetlier to be fagoted ; the number varying with the eize of the anchor. The fagot is kcjit to.:Tetlier by hoops of iron, and the whole is placed uj :r>n the properly arranged heartli, and covered up by small coals, which are thrown upon a kind of oven made of cinders. Great care and good management are required to keep this temporaiy oven sound during the combustion ; a smith strictly attends to this. "When aU is air:iug_ed, the bellows are sot to work, and a blast urged on the fire ; this is continued for about an hour, when a good welding heat is obtained. The mass is now brought from the fire to tl e anvil, and the iron welded by the hammers. One portion ha^ i- g been welded, the iron is _retmi)e(J to to the fire, and the operation is repeated uutil the whole is welded in one mass. The dlHerent parts of t]ie anchor being made, the aiTns are united to the end of the shaik. This must be done with great care, as the goodness of the anchor depends entirely upon this proce?« being effectively performed. The arms being welded on, tlie ring has to be formed and welded. The ring coiLsicts of sevend bars welded together, drawn out into a roimd rod pas.-cd through a hole in the ehank, bent into a circle, and the ends welded together. YThen all the parts are adjusted, the whole anchor is brought to a red heat, and hammered with lighter hammers than those used for welding, the object being to give a finish and evenness to tlie surface. The toughest iron that can be procured should be uf ed in anchors. Good "Welsh mine iron" is suitable; also "scrap iron." An anchor of the ordinarv or Admiralty pattern, the Trotman, or Porter's im- proved (pivot fluke), thelloniball, Porter's, Aylin's, Rodger's, JJitche- gon's and Lennox's, each weighing, inclusive of stock, 27006 lbs., withstood without injury a proof strain of 4o000 lbs. In diij ground, Rodger's dragged the Admiralty anchor at both long and short stay ; at short stay, Rodger's and Aylin's gave equal resistance; Mitche- eon's dragged Aylin's at both long and short stay ; and Aylin'B dragged the Admii-nlty at short stay, they giving equal resistance at long stay. In c/ronnd nnder water, Trotman's dragged Aylin's, Honiball's, Mitcheson's, and Lennox's : Aylin's dragged Rodger's ; llitcheson's dragged Rodger's, and Lennc x's dragged the Admiralty's, The breakingweights between a Porter and Admiralty anchor, as tested at the WoohVich Doclryard, were as 43 to 15. MA2reFACTUEiKG AND Rj^PAiKiKG Anvii^s. — The common anvil is nsually made of seven pieces : 1, the core, or body ; 2, 3, 4, 5, the four comer pieces, which serve to enlarge its base ; 6, the projecting end, which has a square hole for the reception of the taU or shank of m elilsel on which iron bars may be cut through, and 7, the beak, or KACHTKISTa, ESGETEEES AC, RECEIPTS i%X hanzontsl cone round which rods or sUm of metal may be tumod ib • circTilar form, as in tnalring rings. Tlieee fix piecas are weMe4 Separately to the first or core, and then hammered into a nniform bodr. In manaiacturing large anvils two hearths are needed, in order lo tring each of the two pieces to be welded to a proper heat by itself, «nd geveral men are employed in working them to;:ether briskly in the welding state, by heavy rwmg hammers. The steel fcicing is" ap- plied by welding in the same manner, powdered borai with sal-am- mcniac (1 part to 10 parts of borax) being used as a flnx. The anvil is ihen heated to a cnerry red, and plnngM into c^M wat^r. a run- ning stream being better than a poof or > ' " ' ' .f.'ioif of steam at the sraes of the metal preve: f the wr.ter for the removal of the heat with tl In •ome cases a stream of •water is contrived to de&ceud from a cistern above on the part to be chilled, which is sure to render it very hard. The facing should not be too thick a plate, for when such, it is apt to crack in the hardening. It is somewhat dangero;is to stand near ench wcTks r.t the time, as when the anvil face is not perfectly weld- ed, it sometimes, in part, flies off with great violence and a loud re- port In the case of broken anvils the repairs will have to be made in accordance with the above description. In fi^-UhiTig o3 the face, it is smoothed upon a grindstone, and, for fine work, polished with em- ery and croc'is. -T : ■ ; . ; >■"} Chatks. — Tot t'.is purpose the iron is cut off : :t, as frcm the annular form of the Irnlrs their ex- t -::f : : -.lie asunder when gtruck. Every succeeding link is Lont, introduvtd, and finally welded. In some of these welded ctrJns the links are not more than ^ an inch long, and the iron wire J inch diameter. These are made with great dexterity by a man and a b»y, at a small fire. The curbed chains are welded' in 'the or Unary way' and twisted afterwards, a few links being n:;ide red-h'"t at fi time for the purpose. The massive caLIe chains are made much iM the same maimer, although partly by aid of ina*;iii:ery. The bar of iron, now one, one and a half, or even two inches in diameter, is I:eatt4 and the scarf is made as a plain chamfer, by a cutting machine ; the link is then formed by inserting the edge oj the heated bar within a loop in the edge of an'oval disc, which may be comj-ared to a chueS fixed on the end of a lathe mandril The disc is put in gear by the Etcam engine : it makes exactly one revolutioa and throws itself oaj of motion. This bends the heated extremity of the iron into an oval figure. Afterwards it is detached from the 'rod with a chamfered cut tv the cutting machine, which, at one stroke, makes the second scarf ci the detached link, and the first of that next to be curled np. Th(> litik is n'^TT threaded to the extreruitv rf the chr.in. clo?cd t~~eth5^ i: '. ■ : -d to the f : " : " : ; •> t: :. the link i- ; T I . ires^iedoff t : . ...._. ._ a. iLe cast iron transverse stay Ls iusentd, and ll.e Jjik having beta closed upon the stiy, the rouMne is recommenced. The work oo-n- r:"-'- -" •■-^3 thr^ men, andthe s(arf is placed at the ii'leof tha c i flit way through the same. In similar chains mads ly - pcxliap^ more codtomaiytOTrUd the link at the CTvu^ eiritauui cad. 482 MACmXISTB, ElJGnfEEBS', &C., EECIIPTS. VuLOjanm Emkry WHEKLg.—Use a compound of Indm Tnbb«i and Wellington mills emery, a» little of the former aa 19111 euffic* to hold the particles of emery together. The mi^terials must be thor- oughly incorporated together, then rolled into eheefc', cut into wheela of the desired size and pattern, pressed into the iron moulds, and vul- canized or cured by being subjected to a high degree of steam heat _ Jor several hours, making it almost as hard as cast iron. To BsAZB A BA>-r) Saw. — Whitney' s method, — The tools required are a small portable forge, brazin» clamps, &c. and a straight edge, 8 or 4 feet long, also some brass wire and jwwdered bonuc Take ths saw and cut it to the proper length, scarf the ends from one-half to three-fourths of an inch, then put tlie saw in tlie cbjnps. I would «ay that I use a very smsdl and simple clamp in the shape of a double vise. Keep the back of the saw out of tlie jaws of the vise, or clamps, and apply the straight edge to the back, as it is very necessary to ■fcraze it straight ; make the fire in as small a compass as possible ; place the clamps directly over the centre of the fire, and then put on three pieces of brass wire, bent in the form of the letter U, so that they win pinch the lajps together ; put as much borax as will Me on the eaw, cover the whole with a piece of charcoal : melt the brasa so that it will flow over the saw before taking it off the fire, and cool Tery slow so as not to make the braze brittle. File off what remains on the saw and it is ready for use. To Remove Rust. — If you immerse the articles in kerosene oil and let them remain for some time, the rust will become so much loos- ened as to come off very easy. DAMAScrg Steel. — ^It is said that this steel consists of a highly carburetted metal which, by undergoing careful cooling and annealing, eeparates into two compounds of iron and carbon, giving it the peculiar appearance known aa Damasceening." The wonderful strength of this steel is no doubt owing to careful manipulation. Geabixg A Lathk fob Screw Cctti>-g. — Every screw-cntting lathe contains a long screw called the lead screw, which feeds the carriage of the lathe, whUe cutting screws ; upon tlie end of this screw is placed a gear to wliich is transmitted motion from another gear placed on the end of the spindle, these gears each contain a dilTerent number of teeth, for the purpose of cutting diilerent threads, and the threads are cut a certiin number to the inch varying from 1 to 50. Therefore to find the proper gears to cut a certain number of threads to the inch, yon will first: — multiply tlie number of threads yon de- tire to cut to" the inch, by any email number, four for instance, and this will give you the proper gear to put on the lead screw Then ■with the same number, four, multiply the number of threads to the Inch in the lead screw, and this will give you the proper gear to put on the spindle. For example, if you want to cut 12 to the inch, mul- tiply 12 by 4, and it wiU give you 43. Put this gear on the lead Bcrew, then with the same number, 4, multiply the number of threadi to the inch in the lead screw. If it is five, for instance, it will give you twenty, put this on the spindle and your lathe is geared. If the lead icrew is 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, the same rule holds good. Always multiply the number of threads to be cut, first Some, indeed most small latiiee, are now made with a stud geared into the spindle, which rtnd «Dl7 runs half as fast as the spindle, and in finding the gears for theev JLiCHlKISTS, KNQIHEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.' 4^ fcithee, yon •will first multiply thennmber of threads to be cnt, tt b*< lore, and then multiply the number of threads on the lead screw, as double the number it i's. For instance, if rou waiit to cut 10 to th« inch, multiply by 4, and you pet 40. put thii on the lead screw, then if yourleiia screw is five to the inch, you call it 10; and multiply by 4 and it will pive you 40. Again put this on your stud and your lathe is geared ready to' commence cutting. CuTTiKQ A Screw is ax Engi>"B Lathe. — In cutting V thread- Bcrews, it ia only necessary for you to prr.ct:oe operating the shipper and slide-screw handle of your lathe, bsfoie cutting. After having done this, until you get the motions, you may set the point of the tool as high as the centre, end if you keepthe tool sharp, you will find no difficulty in cutting screws. Tou must, however, cut very light chii>s, mere scrapings in finishing and must take it out of the lathe often, and look at it from both sides, very carefully, to see that the threads, do not lean like fish scales. After cutting, polish with an emery stick, and some emery. CuTTrNQ Squakb TnKEAD-ScREwg. — In cutting square thread- screws, it is always necessary to get the depth required, with a tool eomewhat thinner than one-half the pitch of the thread. After doine this, make another tool exactly one-half the pitch of the thread, and use it to finish with, cutting a slight chip on each side of the groove. After doing this, poUsh with a pine stick, and gome emery. Square threads for stren^ should be cut one-half the depth of their pitch, ■while square threads, for wear, may, and should be cut three-fourtha the depth of their pitch. Mongrel, Threads. — ^Mongrel, or half Y, half-square threads are usually made for great wear, and should be cut the depth of their pitch and for extraordinary wear they may even be cut 1^ the depth of the pitch. The point and tlie bottom of the grooves should be in "Width J the depth of their pitch. Whr-t is meant here by the point of the thread, id the outside surface. And the Ix ttom of the groove ij the groove between the threads. In cutting these threads it is n»c«8- »ary to u^e a tool about the shape of tlie thread, and in thicknesa about one-fifth less than the thread is when fiiiished. As it is im- |)ossible to cut the whole surface at once, you will cnt it in depth »bout one-sixteenth at a time, then a chip off the sides of the thread and continue in this way alternately till you have arrived at the idepth required. Make a gauge of the size required between the threads and finish by scraping with water. It is usually beet to leave ■uch screws as these a little large until after they are cut, and then turn off a light chip, to size them, this leaves them true and nice. PuLXTHQ Metals. — The first operation about planing, is to oil your planer and find out if the bed is smooth. If it is not, file off the rough places ; then change the dogs to see if tiiey will work well, and find out the movements of the planer. After doing this, bolt your work on the bed, and if it is a long, thin piece, plan© off & chip, tben turn it over and finish the other side, taking two chips, the last of which should be very light Great care should be taken, in bolting it to the bed, not to spring it After finish- ing this side turp> it to the other side, and taka off a light cut I9 fiuish it 484 MACmXlSTfj ENGUreEES', &C., BECEIFT8. pLAxrsG PERPEyDicruLRLT. — ^In planing perpendicularly, ft if necessary to swivel the bottom of the ?mallnead around, k> it win Bt'iud about three-fourths of an inch inside of pqTiare, towards the piece you are to plane. This prevents breaking the tool when th« bed runs back. Geab CrrTrs'G. — In cutting gears, they are reckoned a certain number of teeth to the inch, measuring across the diameter to a cer« tain line vrLich is marked on the face or sides of the gear -with a tool. This line is one-half the depth of the teeth from the outer diameter. That is, if the teeth of the gear are two-tenths of an inch deep, this line would be one-tenth of an inch from the edge and is called the pitch line. Depth of Teeth. — Every gear cut with a diilerent number of teeth to the inch, should be cut of a depth to the pitch line, to corres- pond with tlie number of teeth to the iiich. This is called pro;xirt:ou. Therefore, if you cut a gear eight to the inch, the depth to the pitch line should be one-eight of an luch, and the whole depth of the tooth would be two-ei_'hths. Again, if you cu^ a gear twelve to the inch, the depth to pitch line should be one-twelfth of an inch, and the whole depth of tooth two-twelfths. Aud again, if you cut a gear twenty to the inch, the depth to pitci line should be one-twenMeth of an inch, ■while the whole depth should be two-twentieths, and so on wi in* fnitum. MEAsrKTN-o TO FCTD TH3 NrsrEES c? TEETH. — ^To find the sixe a cert.'.iu gear should be, for a certain number of teeth, is an easy matter, if you study carefully these rules. If you want a gear with thirty-t-.vo teeth and eight to the inch , it slioul J Le f our inch es measur- ing across the diameter to the pifc.h line, and the two-eighths outside of the pitch line would make it four inches and two-eiglihts. Again. if you want a gear with forty teeth, and ton to the inch, it should measure across ti.e diameter to pitch line four inches, and the two- tenths outside the pitch hue would make the whole diameter four inches and two-tentiis. Aiid again, if you want a gear with eighty teeth, and twenty to the inch, it should measare to the pitch line, across the diameter, four inches, and the two-twentieths, outside the pitch line, would make it four inches and t-.vo-twentieths, and these examples will form a rule for the measurement of all except bevel gears. BE^^:L Ge-vbs. — These are turned a certain bevel to correspond with each other, according to the angle UT>e five inches, while it would only measure three inches inside the teeth. These examples will form » rule for all bevel gears. ' ' > . . i Dkaw-filino axd FiisisHixG.— To draw-file a piece of work Fmoothly and quickly, it i.s best to first draw-file it with a medium fine file, and finish with a superfine file. After doing this, poUsh the work with dry emery paper and tlien with emerv paper and oil. LnaNO BoxKS with BAnniiT Metai..— To line boxes properly, so as to insure tlieir filling every time, it is neceg^arr to he;it the box nearly red hot, or at least hot euoagh to melt the metal. Then smoko the shaft where tlie meUil is to be poured iipou it. This insures its coming out of the box easily, after it is cold. After smokuag the shr.ft, put it into the box or boxes, and draw some in'.tty around the ends of them, for the purpose of stoppmg them, talcing rare not to press u])on it, for if you do it will go into tlio tox and fill a place that ought to be filled with metal; and, in the meantime, your mefcil ought to bo heated, and after you have poured it, kt the box stand till it is nearly cold ; drive out your shaft, anditia done. TcKKiNO AND BoRixG. — For tuiTiinj, the proper speed for the cir- cumference is about fifteen feet per minute. The best speed for bor, ing cast iron is about 7^ feet per minute. For drillinq, about 10 o 1 1 feet per minute is a good speed for tlie circumference of the toof For a 1 inch drill, 40 revolutions = 11 feet per minute, other sizes tr proportion. How TO FIT Keys into Locks.— "WTacn it is not convenient to take locks apart in the event of keys being lost, gtolen, or missing, ^7hen you wish to fit a new key, fcike a lighted match or candle and smoke the new key in the flame, introduce it carefully into the key- hole, press it firmly against the opposing wards of the lock, witlidraw it; and the indentations in the smoked part of the key will show you exactly where to tile. Pi-TTiNT, Machixes ToGETHEE. — In putting machines together na part should be finished except where it is necessary to nlake a fit, as it is sometimes the ca.«e that machinery is miscalculated, and by finishing it would be spoiled, while if it were not, it might be saved by slight alterations in design. And again, in finishing certain parts before you get a machine together, you are imknowingly finishing parts not necessary to he finished, and making tnein of a gliape anj-- thlng but desirable. This rule, however, is not intended to apply to maclunery being made to detail drawing.s. To Drill a Hols where you have no Reamer.— It is some- times necessary to drill a hole of an exact size to fit a certain shaft, and at tlie same time have it smooth without reaming it. This may be done, by fir.est for this. A rough chip should first be taken off, over the entire surface to be faced. Then speed your lathe up and taking a light chip, merely enough to take out the first tool mark, run over the entire surface again. In turning up surfaces it is always best to begin at the centre and feed out, as the tool cuts freer and will wear twice as long. BoBiKG A HoLB WITH A BoEixQ TooL.— In boring a hole with a Iwring tool, it is usually necessary to drill the hole first, and too much care cannot be taken in finishing. An iron gauge should be made first; it \s usually made of a piece of sheet iron or wire. The hole should then be drilled smaller than the size desired, and then Iwred to the required size, and it is impossible to bore a hole perfect •without taking two or three light chips, mere scrapings with which to finish. Holes, in this way, may be bored &s nicely as thev can b<9 reamed. BoRENG Holes with Borenq Aebob. — A boring arbor is a shaft ■with a set tn it, for the purpose of boring holes of great length, and is designed to be used in a lathe. In doing this properly, yon must first cee if your lathe is set straight; if not, adjust it. Having done this, put the piece of work to be bored in the carriage of your lathe, pass your arbor through the hole to be bored, and put it on the centres of TOUT lathe. Having done this, adjust vour work true to the position oesired by measuring from the point o/ the tool, continually turning round the arbor from side to side of the piece to be bored, while yoa are bolting it to the carriage, and measure until it is perfectly true. Having done this, bore the hole, and take for tiie last chip only a hundredth of an inch. This makes a true and smooth hole. It is Impossible to make a hole true with any kind of a tool when yon are cutting a large chip, for the tool springs so that no dependence can be placea upon it To Makb a BoEEjro Asbob a^td Tool that wtll kot Chat- ter. — ^Boring tools, when used in small arbors, are always liable to chatter and make a rou^h hole. To prevent this, the tool should be turned in a lathe, while in its position in the arbor, upon the circle of the size of the hole to be bored, and the bearing lengthwise of the arbor, should be only as wide as the feed of the lathe; for if the bear- ing of a tool is on the face, the more it will chatter. To STRATGHTEy Shaftixg. — This should be done by centreing, then put it into a lathe, and square the ends up with what is called ji side tool After doing this, take a piece of chalk and try it in several placee, to find out where the worst crooks are : then, if you have not a machine for springing shafting, spring it with a lever where the most crook is, and continue this operation till the shaft is straight TuR>'T>"G SHAFTDfG. — To do this properly, two chips should always be run over the shaft, for the reason that it saves filing, and leaves the shaft truer and more round, and on shafts thus turned, the time saved in filing more than compensates for the time lost in turning. Before you commence von will put your feed belts oi |8ax oc « coaxM feed ; tots ad ooe a &ixty-fourth of an iM^ MACHINISTS, EN0INEEE8* ACEECErPTS 487 hutger than the size required ; having tumea off this chip, oom nience the finishing chip, and turn it small enough to have the pully -wring on about an inch without filing. TMs. vrill leave it large enough to iile and finish. If there are couplings to go on a ehiSt, with holes smaller than the holes in the pulleys, the ends of the shaft, ■wTiere they fit on, should be turned down to a sisty-fourth of an inch of the size required before any part of the shaft i» finished ; that is, every part of a shaft should be turned to within a sixty-fourth of an inch of the size required before any jwirt if it has the finish-chip taken off. The reason for tliat is that it Icsavea every part of the shaft perfectly true, which would not be the case were it done otherwise. Having done this, you will file the shaft so that the pulleys will slide on, and the couplings so that the J' will drive on ; polish the shaft with a pair of polishing- damps and some emery and it is done. To Forge a Twist Dktll. — It is necessary to forge a flat blade similar to a flat diill, and then twLst this blade into the resem- blance required, then, with a light hammer, and careful blows, ham- mer the twisted edges so that they will be thicker than the central line of the tool, "fhis wiU give greater strength and a better drill, and, to cut well, the central line or cutting point must be made quite tiiin. Be careful to get the same twist at the point of the drill as upon the body of the drill. The inexperienced often leave the point straight like a flat drill. To COMPUTE THE NUMBER OF TEETH KEQUIRED IX A TEAIX OF ■WHEELS TO PRODUCE A GIVEN VELOCiTr. Eule. — Multiply the number of teeth in the driver by its number of revolutions, and divide the product by the number of revolutions of each pinion, for each driver and pinion. For speed of Wheel, Pulleys, &c., seepage 98. Example. — K a driver in a train of three wheels has 90 teeth, and makes 2 revolutions, and the velocities required are 2, 10, and 18, •what are the number of teeth in each of the other two. 10 : 90 : : 2 : \^=teeth in 2nd wheel. 18: 90: : 2: 10=teeth in 3rd wheel. To COMPUTE THE DIAMETER OF A WHEEL. Rule. — Multiply the number of teeth by the pitch, and divide the product by 3, 1416. ETMTTiple.— The number of teeth in the wheel is 75, and the pitch 1, 675 ins: what is the diameter of it? 75X1.6755 =10 in*. ai4i6 To COMPUTE THE TKUE OB CHORDiAJ^ PITCH. Rule. — ^Divide 180 by the number of teeth, ascertain the sine of the quotient, and multi- ply it by the diameter of tlio wheel. Example. — The number of teeth is 75, and the diameter 40 inches; what is the true pitch? 180 =2«>24, and tin. of 2°2A,= 04188, which X 40=1.6762 ins. 75 Paper Friction Pullets. — These superior mechanical contri* ▼ances are made by cutting pieces of pasteboard into a circular form, and of the desired diameter of the pulley, and placing them in layers one on the tup of another, cemeutii^ properly with a good coat of gloa 468 MACHINISTS, EN'GINEEKS', iC, KECEIPTS. between each lavcr, pounding or pressing them tojrcther as cloee M possible, and lea ring a perforation iu t!ie centre of e:aii, fcrthe sbalt When jou have got enough of these layers to;;ether to give you tha properbreadth of piiiiey, alloV tlie glue to harden, then tmn'it off to a smooth fini^ in a lathe. Secure each side of the pulley Tvith a good etoat iron flange large enough to cover tlie entire diameter, or nearly so, and vrlth proper n&age it -vrilllast a long ti.ne. Ox BELTTxa A>T> pKiCTiorT. — Leather belts vrUl last double tha usual time if treated with castor oil, tl;cy will be rat proof, they will always remain flexible and will not crack. A belt 4 inches wide will be equal to one 6 ihchea wide without it; It rcn-.-.ires about 24 hotii3 to penetrate the leatlier, if used sooner the grea'sLness will cause it ti slip. A leather bo'.t'should have a ppeed of 1^00 ft. per minute, and not more than 1800 tt or it will not la:t long. Leather belts, with grain ride to puliey will drive C5 per cent, more than thfc flesh side, because it is less porous, thus admitting less air between tlie surfaces. Pulleys covered with leather with evolve full 50 per cent, more power than "the naked puUey. To increase the power of rubber belting, use red lead, French ycllowrad litharge, equal parts; miswth boiled linseed oiland jaiKmsuillcient to maieit dry quick. This will producs a highly poHshed surface. Experiments without lubricants resulted in showing the following co-efficients. Cakunon oak, €2; wrought iron on oak, 43 to G2; cait iron on onk, C3; wrou :ht iron on cast, 10; cast iron on ca.-t, IG; cast iron axles on 1; ;nani-vitsi bearings, 18; copper on oak, G2; iron on el;n, 23; pear trie on cast iron, 44; iron ades on lignumvitrs bearings (with oil), 11; Iron axles with brass beanngs (vr:th oil), .07. A belt 5 in. wi^e, velocity 1C03 ft per min- ute, on leather covered pullc;"?, will yield 5-horse power; double the fpced and it will evolve douLle the power. , Methtlated Spikit. — Methylated spirit, so very useful in tha nrts, is an iaferior kind of alcohol, mixed with one-ninth of its toI- ume of pyroxylic sphit, or wood nnphtha. ExGEN-EEEs' Bell Sigtt.axs 'Cf VyE ox STEATEcn:^. — Go ahead, 1 stroke. Back, 2 strokes, Stop, 1 stroke, Slou-Iy, 2 short strokes, Full fpccd, 3 short strokes, G) ah'ad SloxdVy 1 long and 2 short strokes, Back Sloicly, 2 long and 2 short strokes, Go ahead Full Speed. 1 long and 3 short strokes, Back Fast, 2 long and 3 short strokes, Hurry, S short strokes repeated. To DvE Metals. — Metals can be dyed any color by dissolving any of the aniline dyes in methylated spirit and adding shellac. This Folution must be painted on until Hie desired shade is obtained. H the iron has been previously painted white so much the better. ^EVr SriLF-LuBRicATixT Aim-FRrcTioN' ro"R Beaetkos. — ^Tako equal parts of asbestos and plumbago, mix them thoroughly and caref ally together, then add suffirient liquid silicate of soda or potash to reduce the whole to a half drv paste. This paste must then b© Eubmitted to the action of a hydraulic or other press, till it is con- verted into a solid mass, which is afterwards dried, either in a fur- nace or bV exjKisnre to the air, until all moisture has diiappeared. The be-aruigs may either be turned out of the block or moulded from the com;-)osit!on while in the moi«t state. "When the bearing is finish- ed it is steeped in hot melted parafSne or other mineral oU, until all the pores of the composition are filled up. MACniNISTS, engineers', AC, BECEIPTS. 489 Bhrglah At. akji.— During tli« present time, when tramps, sneafc thieves, audacious bur^iliirs aud desperadoes are prowling around and infestiii? society, It may not be amis3 to quote tlie following description of a homo made burglar alarm by a correspondent of the Engliih Mechanio :— " Just inside my shop door, and directly oppo- site to it, I have cut a trap in the floor, oft. by 2ft., and made it to ■work upon hLa"-c3, at the kick or door side (same as a box-lid). I have placed imder tlie front edge of the trap two coaunon spiral bed spring's, blocked up from the ground sulBcently to throv,' front ed-^e of frap, which rests upon them, about 1 in. above the level of the flooring. Tho springs of course, are placed about 6 m. frora each front comer, along front edge, so as to equalize the strain as much as possible. The foUowing is easy. In the place where New Subscriber" would fix his electric bell, lethim fix or have fixed an or- dinary bell or gong, with the wire carried from it, in the way best suited to tho house, under flooring of liassageto thetrap beneath tha front or raised edge of which there mui^t be a crank that the spnug- ing of the trap shall work and ring the bell, which, if well hung at a good Tin say, alx)ut half aa inch and withdraw anci return it several times. Thi^ hardens all the ips, and prevents it cracking off at the water's edge, which is tha case when a piece of steel is Ti-FiucTiON Metat- — Copper, 4 lbs. ; regulns of antimony, 8 lbs. ; Banca tin, 96 lbs. 2. Grain zinc, 7^ lbs. ; purified zinc, 7^ lbs. ; antimony, 1 lb. 3. Zinc, 17 parts; copper, 1 part; antimony, IJ parts. This possesses nnsurpassible anti-friction quahties, and does not re- quire the protection of outer casings of a harder metiL 4. Block tin, o lbs. ; antimony, 2 lbs. ; copper, 1 lb. If the metal be too hard, it may be softened by adding some lead. 5. The best alloy for journal boxes is composed of copper, 24 lbs. ; tin, 24 lbs. ; and antimony, 8 lbs. Melt the copper first, then add the tin, and lastly the antiitony. It should be first run into insots, then melted, and cast in the form required for the boxes. 6. Melt in a crucible Ij lbs. of copper, and, while the copper is melting, melt in a ladle 25 lbs. of tin and 3 of anti- mony, nearly red hot, pour the two together, and stir until nearly cool.' This makes the finest kind of Iming metal 7. Ve?^ cheap. Lead, 100 lbs. ;• antimony, 15 lbs. Tliis co.-ts about 10 cents per lb. 8. For Bearings to sustain great tceK/A's.— Copper, 1 lb. ; zinc, | oz. : tin, 2^ oz. 9. Sard Bearirigs for machinery.— Covn^CT, 1 lb. ; tin, 2 ozs. 10. Very Hard dVtto.— Copper, 1 lb. ; tin, 2^ ozs. IL Lininj Metal /or Boies of Bailvcay Cars. — Mix tin. 24 lbs.; copper 4 lbs. ; »ntimonv, 8 lbs. ; (for a hardening) tlien add tin 72 lbs. 12. Lining Metal for Locomotive^- Axle frc«.— Copper, 86.03.; tin, 13.97.13. Another, French. — Copper, 82 parts, tin, 10 parts, zinc, 8 parts. 14. Another, (Stephensem' i). — Copper, 79iiarts; tin, 8 parts, zinc, 5,part{i, lead 8 parts. 15. Another {.Belgian).— Co^^^^ 89.02. parts, tin, 2.44 parts, zinc, 7. 70 parts iron, 0.78. 1'). Another [English). — Copper, 73. S6 parts, tin, 9.49 iiarta, zinc, 9.03 parts, lead, 7.09 parts^ iron, 0.43 parts. 17. Another. — Copper, 90.('iG parts, tin, 3.5G parts, zinc. 6.38. of Is^iclcel Anti-friction Mi'ol. — AL"t« improvement in the manufactura of anti-friction metal is the introduction of a small percentage of sickel iato either of the &bove, cr any cilicr anti-friction compoftitioiv KACHUnSTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. , 4^ OoMPOsmox FOB Crtcibles. — 1. Stourbridge crncible clay 4 parte, plumbago 3 parte, bard coke 2 parts, cement, consisting of old pota fronnd and sifted. 1 part. If old pots are not to be had, the forego- bg must be burnt hard, ground and sifted. The carbon chippings from the interior of gas retorts are superior to the best ordinary coke. Pulverize the whole aud sift through a ^ inch mesh sieve, temi^er and mix with plenty of clean cold water, tread with tlie bare foot to tho consistency of stiff dough, allow it to stand for three or four days covered with a damp cloth to i^ermit sweatmg and thorough mattmty, then block by a machine or by hand. When completely dry. place in the kiln and anneal, but do not bum hard. 2. Avother. — "fhe Birm- ingham soft, tough pot consists of 2 parts of the best Stourbridge cru- cible clay, 3 parts plumbago, and 1 i^rt cement consisting of old cru- cibles pulverized and sifted, &c., as above described. 3, Another. — Stourbridge crucible clay 2 parts, cement 3 parts, sift through a | inch mesh sieve, temper as above, and when dry place in the kiln and bum hard. 4. Another. — Stourbridge best crucible clay, 3 paits by measure; cement, composed of old worn out fire brick, 2 parts; hard coke. 1 part: sift, temper and manipulate as above. Cast Lrox Patteexs should be made very smooth, then slightly warmed, and waxed all over with the best beeswax. Facixgs. S-otds, &c., for Castings. — As a facing for loam cast- ings use fire sand 3 parts, Whitehead sand 1 part; mix. For pipes and small cylinders use Xo. 1, or fine sand, facing with plumbago. Albany or Waterford sand is exceDent for fine castings, or use 1 part of sea" coal to S or 10 of Albany sand : 1 part to 5 will do for heavy- castings. To ensure very stnooth castings, mix with the green foun- dry sand about 1-20 part of tar. To PRE^■E^"T Holes ix CASTtscs. — In casting iron on iron or steel spindles, the moulds are cast endwise; let the cast metal spindle be an inch lonser on the uppermost side than is necessary when the job is finished: thus the air holes, if any, will form in the" extra inch of length, and may be cut off in the lathe. To Cast Chilled Irox Tools fok Crrrixa Chilled Ibok. — After making a tool of the required form out of wrought iron, cast the chilled part, using charcoal iron Xo. 5. Dysiot. — The new alloy, called dysiot, brought into the market by Rompel & Co., of Hombmgh. has been analyzed by Von Uhlenhuth, and found to consist of copper. 62.S0 parts": lead." 17.75; tin, 10.42; rinc, 9.20. with tracf s of iron. It can be pre ared by melting together 62 parts of copper, 18 of lead. 10 of rin. and 10 of zinc. EiCELLEXT A>-ti-Frictiox.— Tin 50 parts, antimony 5, eopj^r L CHE.4P Br.a.«s.— Copper 1 lb., zinc 12 ozs. Brazixg Metal.— Copper 1 lb., spelter 8 ozs., with a little load, TorcH TvPE Metal.— Lead 100 lbs., antimony 40, tin 20. Plattnttsi Bronze, .Rjwf-Proo/.— Xickel 100 narfe tin 10, platt- tum 1. '■ ' MALLE.4BLE OR ALrMrsTM Broxze.— Copper PO, tin 10. ALrMTXTM SIL^'ER, OF FjXE LCSTER AXD POLl'sH.— Copper 7fl part*, nickel 23, alummum 7. ^ I^K^T ^^^ ^°^ S^^*^ ENer, 85 parts ; zinc, 15 parts ; tin, a trace 6. Used for German Ornaments.— Copper, So 3 prrts ; zinc, 14.7 parts. 7. Chrysorhnlk. — Copper, 90.0 parts; zinc, 7.9paits; lead, l.G parts. 8. Red Tombac from Paris. — Coiiper, 92 parts ; zinc, 8 parts. Brass. — 1. Telloio Brass for Turning, (common article.)— Copper, 90 lbs. ziiM^ 10 Iba. lead, 4 ozs. 2. Another Brass for Turning.— Co^ MACHINISTS, ENGINEKRS*, AC, RECEIPTS. i93 per, 321bnv, 44 ora. 4. Bi*, Red Brass f>r fine Castinr/fi. — Copper, 24 lbs. zinc, 5 lbs. bL^mnth, 1 oz:. 5. Red Tombac. — Copper, 1011)3. zinc, 1 lb. 6. 7bm5ve. K the brass luis not been re-cast a little less lead -will do, bit if re-cast several times it mav ta!ce the fall quantity. New AXD BEAt-TiFVL Allots.-^oi per, 60.8 parts; nickel, 19.8 parts ; zinc, 0.5 parts ; cadmiuum, 4.7 parte; used for spoons, forlis. &:c. .4?io<^er.— Copper, 89.3 parts; aluminum. 10.5 paits. Oreide rtscm- Uiiig Gnld. Copi^er, 70.7 parts; zmc, 83.05 parts; nickel, 6.0D parts, with a trace of iion and tin. Good BKitaxxia Mktal.— 1. Tin, im lbs. ; copper 3 lbs. ; antunony, lOlba. 2. Britannia. 2d QraUfy.-Tin, 140 lbs.; Copper, 3 lbs.; anti- mony 9 lbs. 3. Britannia Mttal. for Castvif/.-Tm, 210 lb?.; copT)er. 4 lbs:; anUiuony, 12 lbs. 4. Britannia Afthil for spinninff.-lin, 100 lbs.; Bnwnuia hardenhig, 4 lbs.; antimony, 4 lbs. 5. Britannia Mttalfor R:;/i.^fFrs.—Tia, 140 lbs.; hardening 8 lbs.; antimony 8 lbs. 6. Beit Britannia for spouts.— Tva 140 lbs.; copper. 3 lbs.'; anti- mony, 6 lbs. 7. Z? Jit jB/7a;.>t>«a ;brsp»7?s.— Tin, IvX) lbs.; hanleuing 61b3.;antiiUony, lOlbs.S; Brrst Britannia for nand^:s.—Tm, 140 Ihi.; ci': : rr •- Ids. ; av.tim.my 5 lbs. 9. Best Britannia for I.nnvps, PiUars, (t .i >''j'Us.—'l'm. 3C<01b9. ; copper, 41bs. ; antimony 13 lbs. 10. For Co^' >,;.— Tin, 100 lbs. ; hardening 5 lbs.; antimony. 5 ibs. 11. Tin, 62 parts; le'.l. 18 parts; brassomrts; antimonv.'S parts; mix. 12. AnotJier Bitannia.— Tin, 20 parts; antimony, 4 parts; bress, 1 part-, Mix. 13 hardening ftyr Britannia,— Brass, 4 parts; tin, 4 parts; when 494 MACHINISTS, EIWUNEERS', AC, EE0EIPT8. ft»B©d, add bismuth, 4, and antimony, 4 parts. Another Hardentnd •^Antimony, tin, bismuth, and plate brass of each equal parts. Ad4 this mixture to melted tin until it acquires the proper color and hard- ness. 15. Britannia.— Tm, 89.70 parts, antimony 9.70 parts, copper 0. 30 parts, zinc, 0.30 parts, 16. Tm, 81.64 parts, antimony, 16.51 parts, copper, 1.85 parts. 17. Tin, 89.97 parts, antimony 9. 12 parts, copper, «.91 parts. 18. Tin, 90.00 parts, antimony, 10 parts. 19. Tin 89.30 ^rts, antimony, 7.14 parts, copper, 1.78 parts, bismuth, 1.78 parts. German Silver, Fikst qualitx- fob Casting.— 1. Copper 60 lbs. line, 25 lbs. nickel, 25 lbs. 2. Second Quality, for Casting. — Cop- per, 60 lbs. zinc, 20 lbs. best pulverized nickel, 10 lbs. 3. Oerman Silver for Rolling.— CopTper, 60 lbs. zinc, 20 lbs. nickel, 25 Iba. 4. German Silver for Bells, and other Castings.— Copj^er 60 lh.63 parts; tin, 2.38 parts; zinc, 6.99 parts. 67. Metal for Slid: ng Ln-crs of Locomotives. — Copper, 85.25 parts; tin, 12.75 parts; ziric, 2.C0 parts. 58. Another (i'V/Uou* j.^Copper, 5.50 tm, 14.J-0; zinc, 60 parts. 59. Baron Wet" terstedt's Patent Sheathing for Ships. — C"onsii;ts of lead with from 2 to 8 pet cent of antimonv, about 6 i>€t cent is the usual quantity. The alloy is robed into sheets. 60. Muntz Metal for Ships. -Best selected copper, 60 parts; best zinc, 40 parts. Melt togetlier in ths usual mauueraud roll into sheets of suitable thickness. This com- bosiiioa resists oxidation from exposure to eea -n ater, and proventa 496 MACHINISTS, ENOrNEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. the adhesion of barnacles. 61. Metal for Anatomical /nfecitorvs.— Tin. 16.41 "parts; lead, 9.27 parts; bismuth, 27.81 parts; mercury, 41.41 parts. 62. Fusible Metal for casts. — Bismuth, 8 parts; lead, 5 parts; tin, 3 parts. It will melt at 200O or tinder boiling water. For mala casts itse tin onlv. 63. Pot Metal. — Copper, 40 Ibe. ; lead, 16 lbs. ; tin, 1\ lbs. 64. Metal for Modelg.—Tea, lead, 6 lbs. ; tin, ^ lb. ; anti<. mony, f lb. 65. Imitation of Silver. — Copper, 1 lb. ; tin, 3 oz3. 66. Von Bibra's Alloy for Medds. — Bismuth, 27.27 parts; lead, 59.09 parts ; tin, 13..46 psirts. If the cast objects be bitten with diluted ni- tric acid, washed with wat°r, and rubbed with a woolen rag, the ele- vated spots become bright, while the simken portions are dull and the castings a'^qnire a dark gray appearance with an antique lus- tre. Without biting the color is liuht giny. 67. Kcv: Sheathing Metal. -This alloy is made by melting 2V parts of copper in one crucible, in another, 9 parts of zinc, 87 of lead, 1 part of mercury, and ^ part of bismuth, then mix the contents of both crucibles, covering t!ie sur- face with charcoal dust, and stirring well tiU all are incorporated. The mercury in this alloy protects both the zinc and copper fP3:n the action of sea water. The contents of the crucible are run into ingc ta and rolled into sheets. 68. %>€lter. — Natural impure zinc, wliich con- tains a portion of lead, iron, copper and a little manganese and plum- bago. iROS MANTTFACTtJKE. — ChaTcoal 138 bushels, limestone 4.T2 lbs., and ore 2612 lbs., will produce 1 ton of pig iron. In England temper- ature of hot bla^t is 6le a few sharp taps when you take it ofif the lire. Effects op heat ox vakious soDrES. Jfine Gold mellfi 2590* '• SUve-r " 1250 Copper melts 25»8 "Wrought Iron melts 3C'S0 0»*t " " 3479 Bright red " in the dark 752 Kedhot "in twilight. «4 Glass melts 2377 (ommon fire 790 Bra:^s melts 1900 Airfiirnaoe 3300 Antimony melt^ 951 Bismuth' " 476 Cadmium 600 SteeL 2500 J>ead 604 Tin 421 Heat, chem- red 1500^ '• bright" 1860 " red viBible by day 1077 " white 2900 Mercnrj- boils 662 " volatilizes 680 Platinum melts 30S0 Zinc melts 740 Highest natural temp«rature (Egypt) IIT Greatest natural oold (below zero) 56 " artificial " " 106 Heat of human blood 98 Snow and Salt, equal parts ... Ice melts 32 Water in rocuo boils 98 Furnace tinder steam boiler. . 1100 Sheixkage of castecgs. Iron, small cyUud'«=l-ieth iu. pt?r ft " Pipes.." = i " "ft. *' Girders, beams, ©ct = ^in. in 15 ius. •' Large cylind- ers, the " con- traction of di- ameter at top. = l-16th per foot. Ditto at bottom. .= l-12th per foot. Ditto, in length... I in 16 ins. Brass, thin = J in 9 " Brass, thick =1; in 10 " Zinc =5-l6th5 in a foot Lead = 5-16ths " " Copper = 3-16th3 " •' Bismuth = 5-32nda " " Green sand iron castings are 6 per cent, stronger than dry. an, if the nnmber of revo- lutions and size of pulley on tlie main shait are given: Multiply the diameter in inches of diiving puUcy by the rerolutions of the main Bhaft, and divide by the speed required; the quotient will be the di* ameter in inches of "the pulley. Example — Wiir.t will be Miq diameter of a pulley to make a cotm- ter-sV.aft ttim 450 revoluticns per n::nute diivcn bv a SO inch pul- ley 130 revoluticns per minute : lS0+C0-f-150=12 in. pulley. 10 PlND THE Sl.-.S OF A PUXLEY FOR A MaTS ShAFT. if the ppeed of shafts ani diameter of pulley on the cotmter-shaft are given: Multiply the diameter in inches of ptiUcy by speed of the counter-shaft, and divide by the revolutions of tlie main shait; the quotient will be the diameter of the pulley. Exampl''. — ^What will be the diameter of a pulley on a main shaft, maldng 18*3 revolutions per minute, to drive a 12 in. 450 revolutiona per minute: 450X1^-1-1^0=3;) inch puHcy. To YTeld Steel Axles. — To in^n^e a good weld, prepare the cr«m- position described on page 270 for welding cart steeL Use a strong fire, and when the axle is brought to what may be termed a bright red heat, apnly a suSciencv of the com'>csit;f n and return it to the fire nntil the heat is recrained once more, then ]>lace it under tha hammer. Be careful not to pa*, on t'vj niu- h of the composition, otherwise it might waste in the fire, and bv its affinity for metal ob- struct the tire iron, therebv preventing the fire from rccrivirz tha fnU enerry of the blast and thns reterdimi if not sroUins the job. Mildew ox Salls can be prevented by F.'>apinz the mildewed pnita and then rubbing in powdered chalk. The growth of the mildew fuoTus can be prevented by steeping the canvas in an aqueous solu- tion of corrosive sublimate.' Another irav Slacked lime 2 bushels, draw off the lime water, and mix it with 120 gals, water, and -with bine vitrinl ^ lb. . To >£ VKE Gr>- CoTTOX.— Take dry saltpetre. ^ oz. ; strong oil vit-/ riol. I oz. Tilix in a tumbler, add 20 ets. of dry cotton wool, stir with a £r1?s.<»Tod 5 min-ites, remove the cotton and wash from all traces of the acid in 4 or 5 vaters: tben carefolly dry ixcder V^fP, TW» if gua cottoa. MACHINISTS, ENGINEEKS', AC, RECEIPTS. 499 To Keht "Wagon TmES on the Wheei»-~A practical mechanic suggests a method of so patting tires on wagons that they will not get loose and require resetting. He says he ironed a wagon some years ago for his own use, and, before putting on the tires, he Oed the felloes with linseed oil, and the tires have worn out and wer» never loose. This method is as follows : He used a long cast troa heater made for the purpose; the oU is brought to a boiling heat, th» ■wheel is placed on a stick, so as to hang in the oil, each felloe an hour. The timber should be dry, as green timber will not take oil. Care should be t;iken that the oil is not made hotter than a boUinf»- heat, or the timber wiU be burned. Timber filled with oil is not su^' ceptible of injury by water, and is rendered much more durable by tiiis process. To Chijll Cast Iron vert Hard.— Use a liquid made as foUowsr Soft water, 10 gallons; salt, Ipeck ; oil vitriol, * pt.; saltpetre i lb • prussiate of potash, i lb. ; cyanide of potash, Jib. Heat the iron a cherry red and dip as usual, and if wanted harder repeat the process Another to Harden Cast Lkox.— Salt, 2 lbs. ; sal^etre A lb ; roche alum, J lb. ; ammonia, 4 ozs.; salts of tartar, 4 ozs. ; pulverize all together and incorporate thoroughlv, use ty powdering all over the iron while it is hot, then plimgicg itm cold water. Flux for Reducing Le,u) Ore.— Red argol, 6 parts: nitre, 4 parts: fluor spar, 1 part; grind well and mix thoroughly. Varxish for smooth moulding Patterns.— ^Vlcohol, 1 gal • ehellac 1 lb. ; lamp or ivory black, sufficient to color it. Iron Lustre is obtained by dissolving a piece of zinc with muriatic acid, and mixing the solution with spirit of tar, and applying it to the ^rface of the iron. i i- j o Black having a Polish for Iron.— Pulverized gum asphaltura, 2 lbs. ; gum benzom, i lb. ; spirits of turpentine, 1 gal. ; to make quic'c, keep in a warm place, and shake often; shade to suit with finely ground ivory black. Apply with a bra-h. And it ou-ht to be used en iron exposed to the weather as well as on inside work desiring a nice appearance or polish. Varnish For Iron.— Asphaltum, 8 lbs.: melt in an iron kettle, elowly adding boiled linseed oil, 5 gal.s. ; litharge, 1 lb. ; and sulphat» of zinc, 4 lb. ; coutinuing to boil for 3 hours ; then add dark guia amber, 1^ lbs. ; and continue to boil 2 hours longer. When cool, re- duce to a j)roper consistence to apply with a brush, with spirits of turpentme To Soften Cast Iron For Tur^hng.— .^teep it m 1 part of aqna- lortis to 4 of water, and let it remain in 24 hours. Cast Iron Ornaments are rendered susceptible of beinr finished •mth a scraper, where they cannot lie reached with files, alter havin-' the following liq uid applied to them : ^R^^^^,^ ^-^^^ Iron.— Vitriol, 1 part; water, 2 parts; mix and Iry on the diluted vitriol with a cloth in the form of a brush, enough to wet the surface well; after 8 or 10 hours, wash off with water, wbea the hard, scaly surface will be completely removed. To Bre.vk Up Old Cannon.— Old ciinnon and massive castin.'^ may be cut in two by a continuous stream of hot molten iron, •which wears away the iron as a stre;im of hot water would eat ioto ft na» of ice. Or the gua may he roUe4 ou a ix&ta» w ttie nouth 500 iTXCHUnSTS, EXGDCEEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. cf a fniuace, and the muzzle end shoved in as far as possible amon^ other iron, the opening filled up and luted around the gnn, the end of which is melted orf. At the next charge shove it in another length, and BO on until the breech is disposed oL Large ma^es of cast iron may be broken up by drilling a hole in tht the most solid i^rt, filling it up vrith -R-ater, "fitting a steel plug very •ccnraWy into the hole, and letting the drop of a pile driver descend on the plug. AsiAiOAM FOB MrBKOBi — ^L Tin, 70iiarts; mercury, 30 parts; 2. (For curred mirrors) Tin, 80 parts ; mercury, 20 parts ; 3. Tin, 8.33 partB ; l^ad, 8.3i parts ; bismuth, 8.33 parts ; meircnry, 75 parts. 4. (For sph Tical Mirrors) Bismuth, 80 parts ; mercury, 26 parts. Refle rroR Met ax. — 1. (Dinypler's) Zinc. 20 parts; silver, SO parts; 5. Copper, 66.22 parts; tin, £3.11 parts; arsenic, 0.67 parts. 3. (Coop- er s.)Gofp€ii, 57.86 tpaits ; tin, 27.28 parts ; zinc, 3.30 parts ; arsenic, 1.65 par's ; platinum, 9.91 parts ; 4. Copper, 64 parts ; tin, 32.00 parts ; arsenic, 4.00 parts. 5. Copper, 82.18 parts ; lead, a22 parts ; tntimony, 8.60 piarts, 6. (Litt:e's) Copper, 60.01 parts ; tin, 3a82 parts ; zinc, 2.44 parts ; arsenic, 1.83 parts. Metax for Gilt "Wares. — 1. Copper, 73.47 parts; tin, 2.87 parts; rinc, 17.23 parts ; lead, 1.43 parts. 2. Copper, 64.43 parts ; tin, 0.25 I^arts ; zinc, 32.44 parts ; lead, 2.S6 parts. 3. Copper, 72.43 parts ; tin, 1.87 parts ; zinc, 22.75 parts ; lead, 2.96 parts. 4. Copper, 70.90 parts ; tin, 2.00 parts ; zinc, 24.Co parts ; lead, 3.05. Amaegam fob Eeecteicai. Maches-es. — 1. Tin, 25 parts ; zinc, 2n j«rts ; mercury, 50 parts. 2. Tin, 11.11 parts ; zinc, 22.22 parts ; mercury, 66.67 parts. Type Metae. — 1. For smcUest and most briftie types. — Lead, 3 parts ; antimony, 1 part 2. For small, hard, brittle types. — Lead, 4 pr.rts ; antimony, 1 part. 3. For tirpcs of medium size. — ^Lead, 5 parts ; antimony, 1 part. 4. For large tvpes. — Lead, 7 parts ; anti- mony, 1 part 5. For largest and sf^ftest types. — Lead, 7 parts ; anti- mony, 1 part La addition to lead and antimony, type metal also con- tain.? 4 to 8 per cent of tin, and sometimes 1 to 2 per cent, of copper. 6. Stereotype plates are made of Icr.d, 20 parts ; antimony, 4 parts ; tin, 1 part 7. Another do. — Lead, 25 parts ; antimony, 4 parts ; tin, 1 part 8. Typemxtal. — Lead, 4 parts ; antimony, 2 parts. 9. Tough tirr-e metal. — ^Lead, 100 parts ; antimor.y, 32 parts ; tin. S parts. " Doweais Irok Works, (Fngland.) Furnaces. — Eight, diameter 16 to 18 feet, 1300 Tons Fortje Iron per week ; discharging 44.000 cubiq feet of air per minute. Engine, (noncondensing,) Cylinder, 55 ins. in diam. by 13 feet stroke of piston. Pressure of steam, 60 lbs per square inch, cut off at | the gtrtke of the piston. Valves, 120 ins. in area. Boilers. Eight, (Cylindrical flue, mtemal furnace,) 7 feet in diam. tnd 42 feet, in length ; one flue, 4 ft in dir.m. Grates, 288 square feet, J7y ichccl. Diam. 22 feet, weight 25 tens. Blowing Cylinder, 144 hjs. diam. by 12 ft stroke of "piston. Pll volutions. 20 per minute. lilast 3J lbs. j)er square inch. Discharge pipe. diam. 5 ft. and 420 feet in length. Valves, Exhaust, 56 square feet, delivery, 16 square feet. To Examel Cast Irox axd Hollott Ware.— 1. Cilcined fliats, 6 parts ; Comiah stone or composition, two parts ; litharge, 9 parts ; borax, 6 parts ; argillaceous earth, 1 part ; nitre, 1 part ; calx of tim • part* ; purified potash, 1 part 2. Calcined fiintS;^ 8 ^laits i req MACHINI3T3, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 501 leaxl. 8 parte ; borax, t parts ; calx of tin, 5 pnrtg ; nitre, 1 part. 3 Potters' composition, 12 part-* ; boi-ax, 8 i>&ns ; wLite lead, 10 r.rts; nitre, 2 parts; white marble, c-alcined 1 lait', purified potaeh. part.« ; calx of tin, 6 parts. 4. Calciued flints, 4 parts ; potters composition, 1 pait ; ui-'re, 2 i>art-< ; borr.x, 8 jjarts ; wUite marble, calciued, 1 jiart ; argillaceous eartli, ^ part ; calx of tin, 2 parts. Wliichever of the above cuiMj'Oi^itions is taken must be finely pow- dered, mixed, and fused. Tr.e vitreous nja.-s is to be ground when cold, sifted, and levigated with water ; it i.-» then made into a pap with water, or gum water. The pap is pnicared or bru.-hed over the interior of the vessel, dried, and fused with a proper heat in a muffle. Clean tlie Teseels perfectlv belure applying. Russia Sheet Ieox.— Rnspia sheet iion i?. in the fir?t instance, aTery pure article, rendered exceedinj;ly tuv.gh and flexible by refimng and annealing. Its bright, glos.'d Other vessels. — ^Flint glass, 6 parts . borax, 3 ];arts ; red lead, 1 part ; oxide of tin, 1 part. Mix all to- gether, frit, grinc mto powder, mfike into a thin paste witli water, ap- ply with a bru.^l to the surf.ice of tiie vessels, alter scaling by neat and cleaning the n, repeat with a second or even a third coat, after- wards dry, and lastly f u.=e on b^- heat of an enamelled kiln. Emery" Whee;.' FUR Polishing. — Coarse emery ix)wder is mixed ■'q C.\STI^-c.s.— Oean thein well from the sand, then dip them m or pamt tliera over with good boiled linseed oil ; whca moderately dry, heat them in an oven to giich a temnerature as will turn the oil black, without burning. The stove should not be too hot at first, and tlie heat should be gi-adual!y raised to avoid blisterui''- • the slower the change in the oil is eHeoted t];e bcUer wUl be t£» result. The castings, if smooth at first, will rcceivo a fine black and polished surface by this method. Hakdeni>-g Axletrees and Boxes.— Tlie method now used m the manufacture of Muri^hy's axlctrees is to use wrought iron and weld two pieces of steel into the lower side, where they rest upon the ^heels and sustain the load. The work is her.ted in an onen for^^ Sfire, in the ordinary way, and wlien it is removed, a mi-:ttire, prnc'- lly prussiate of potash, is laid upon the steel ; tlie axlctrea is then mediately immersed m water, and additional wr.tcr is allowed to lall upon it from a cistern. The steel is considered to be very ma- tenally hardened by the treatment, and the iron around the same is also partially hardened. One very good wav to chill axlctrre boxes la to mould, from wooden patterns on sand, and cast tliem -jpon an iron core which has tlie effect of makmg them very hard. To form the annular recess for oil, a ring of sand, mn.le in an appropriate core- box, is slipped upon the iron mandrill, and is left behind when the atter is driven out of the casting. CoBiPosiTK iRox Ratlings.— The process by which this light, ele-' gant and cheap fabric is manufactured, is as follows :— Rods and bars of wronght-iron are cut to tlie leui^tbs desired for the pattern, and Bubjected to a process called crimping, by which they are bent to the desired shape. These rods are then laid in the form of the design, and cast-iron moulds are affixed at those points where a connection is desu-ed ; the moulds are then filled wif,h melted metal, and immedi- ately you have a complete rniling of beautiful deKi:,-n. Castmo- in u:on moulds has this great advar.tnge over the old sand mouldrn" it does not require any time for cooling, as the metol is no sooner run than the moulds may be removed and used again immediately oa another section of the work ; and besides, it is so much more easily I effected. By the corabmation of wrought and cast-iron in this pro- cess, the most curious and complex designs may be produced with great rapidity and cheapness. To Galvanize Cast Iron TnROTTGH.-,To 50 lbs. melted iron add I U). posrenzedpwe zmc. Scatter the zm powdot weU otw tbQ )a4i\ 604 ilACHINISTS, ENGCfEEKS*, AC, EECEIPTS. then catch the melted iron, eHr it up vrith an iron rod and poof al once. To OBTAi:^ CoJEttERCiAL AMTrMO>-T.— Fuse together ICO parts std- fhuret of antimony, 40 parts met;iLlIc in m, and 10 parts dry crude eulj^hate of soda. This produces from tiO to Co parts of antimony, tesides the scorire or ash which is also valuable. 31 lallic Antimomj. Mix 16 parts sulphiiret of antimony and 6 parts cream of tartar^ Loth In powder ; put the mixture, in sinaU quantities at a time, into a Tessel heated to redness ; when reaction cc^ises, fuse tlie mass and after 15 minutes, pour it out and eeparate the metal from tLe gl.j. The product is nearly pure. Holes in Mii.lsto>i:3 are filled M-ith melted alum, mixing burr Band with it. K the hole is lar^e, put come pieces of burr mill stones in it first, and pour in melted alum. These pieces of block ghould ba cut exactly to fit. There should be small joints, and fastened with plaster of Paris. These holes should be cut at least 4 inches deep ; there is then no danger of their getting loose. Fitting a Xew Back ok an Old Millstoxt:. — Block your etone up with a block of wood, having its face down until it lies even, solid, and perfectly level ; then pick and scrape o5 all the old pkister down to the face blocks, bo that none remains but what is in the joints of the face blocks ; then wash these blocks, and keep them soalced with water. Keep a number of pieces of bi'.rr blocks, at the same time, soaked with water. Take a pail ha'.f filled with clean water, and mixed with 2 tnblcspoonf uls of glue water, boiled and dissolved ; mix in with your hand plaster of I'aris until it be thick enough that it will not nm ; and, breaking all tlie lumps, pour this on the stone, rubbing it with your hand ; the etone being at the same time damped ; r.nd place small yjicces of Ftoue all over tlie joints of the face blocks ; you then, with more pla^^ter, mixed in the game way but more stifL with this and pieces cf biur gt.-nes, build walls round the eye and Tcrge 4 or 5 inches high, leaving tlie surface uneven and the eya larger, as it ■w'ill be brought to its proper size by the last operation. It is better to build up the wall of the nmniu^ stone round the verge for 3 mches without any spalls, so that the holes maybe cut in to balance it. If vou wish to Uiake your gter of iBLlf an 'inch from the face to the biuik o£ the' iitc^ue: Whoa Uiat4 MACUINISTS. engineers', &C.. RECEIPTS. 505*^ 'T-'und' in tliia way, lay the stone down on the cock-head ; it being iji' '.:.o balance rync, but the driver off, then raise the spindle, andl L-..'.lancc the atona as already directed berore putting on the remainder if tli3 !)ack. Til en liave a tin made the size of the eye, and to reach. i.c.-.H t':e b;U.iac3 r;.-ne to tlie thickness you want the stone to bo at the' ? 73. Thij t'u s'l'jrJJ be c::actly fitted to ltd place, and made fast ; then fitj iCi'.oop of vrocid or iron round the verge, having the upper edge of th»| t";i( !:ii2.'isfro-.ntlio face you want the stone to be at the verge, and equal ell ro'ind. This hoop should be greased; and, all the cracks round it, ' end the tin in tlio eye, beinp stopped, you pour thin plaster (w)th|! r-ioroglue water than in previoiis o;)erations, to prevent it from setting ' 60 quickly, and t;) give time to finish off the back correctly) until it be' level with the lioop round the verge, and with a straight edge, one end resting on the hoop, and the other end resting on the tin at the eye ; then, by moving it round, and working the plaster with a ti'O'wel, malio the surface of the back even and smooth between these two points. The hoop is then taken off, and the back and edges planed smooth ; then lower the "f plndle imtil your runner lies solid, and put your band or hoop on, it being first made nearly red hot, and tilvhig care that it is of suiflcient size not to require too much driving ; If fittmg too tigh.l'y, it may loosen the back in driving it to its proper place ; it may be cooled gently by pouring water on it; and, when cool, it should fit t;.:ht. BAJL.\NCI^"G A M:llsto>t!:. — First, take off the driver, that the etone may have full play on the cock-head ; then raise the spindle so that there raaj^ be room between the stone to see the balance. Find th» heaviest parts, and near the verge lay on suflicient weight to balance it Cut a hole in the back of the stone, as deep as you can make it and as near the verge as possible that the binding iron hoop of the ftone may keep the lead in its place. This hole should be wider at the bottom than the top in order to retain the lead when the stone is in motion, and into this the melted lead should be poured until it' brings the stone completely into balance. WJien the lead is cold, cover over with mixed plaster, even with the back of the stone. CoMPOsiTiox TO Keep Millstones Cleai*. — Hot water, 1 gal ; borax, 2 o^ ; washing soda, J lb. and 3 balls of the size of a hazel nut each, of sal priiuel. Mix and apply it to the burrs with a pcrabbii:g brush. When grindmg garlic wheat it is not necessary to t.ike up the burrs at all. It is sufficient to drop throagli the eye of the buir twice per day one of the above described balls of sal prunel. and that will keep the burrs sharp and clean, enabling the miller at all sea.sons to use the No. 13 bolt, to make finer fiour and in gi-Ciiter qnautity than usual. Mill Dams. — When buildmg a dam, you should select the most suitable place. If you can, place it across the stream neair a rocky l)luff 80 tliat the end of the dam may run into the bluff. This will prevent the water running by at the ends of the dam. Build your dam very strong ; if this is not done, they are breaking up oiten, causuig ruinous expense jn money and loss of time. Flour Mill MAcnixERy.— For each pair of 4 feet stones, with aa the necessary diessing machinery, etc., tlvere is required 15 horses' powei. Stones, 4 ft. diam., 120 to 140 revolutions per minute. Pressing MaoMneSt 21 ins. diam., 150 to 500 levolutioua per miaotoij 506 KACHrN'ISTS, ENOmEEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. tHevator, 18 ins. diam., 40 revolutioiis per minnte. Creepers, SJ iuaJ pitch, 75 ravolutiona per minute. ScfSin, 16 iii.s. diam., 300 to 350 rerolutions per minute. 7S8 cubic feet of Trr.ter, discharged at 3 velocity of 1 foot per second, are necessary to grind and dress a bushel of wheat per hotir^l.40 horses' power i^er busheL 2000 feet pes minute for the velocity of a stone 4 feet in diam. may be coniiderea a maximum speed. Rock Dams are incomparably tlie best in use, if there is plenty of material at hand for building, and a rock bottom to the stream; if there Is not a rock bottom you should diyc a trench in the bottom, deep enough, so that the water Ciinnct uudormiue it. Tiiis should be tha Kime'as if you were building' the foimdation of a Large building. Tho wall to be iomlt should be of a small circu]ar form, so that the back of the circle should be next to the body of water, which may by its pressure tighten it To secure the water from leaking through at the ends of the dam, dig a ditch deeper than the bottom of the river ; then fill this with small pieces of rock, and pr.ur in cement. This cement is made of iiydraalic cement, and is made of one part of cement t« five parts of "pure sand. It will effectually stop aU crevices. A rock dam if well buHt will be perfectly tight Use as yon conveniently can move ; building this wall 4 to 6 feet thick, according to the length of the dam, with jam or buttTesse,«3 every place where they are needed to strengthen it ; make true joints to these rocks, especially on the ends BO that 5iey may join close together. When y.-.a have the'outaide walls laid in cement for every layer fill the midiLe up with pieces of small rock, pouring in your grout! so that there may not be a crevice but what is tilled If there is any crevice or hole left open, the water will ■breakthrough, wearing it hirger and larger. If the stream is wide and lai^e, it is necessary to build the da^m in two sections, which should te di\^ded by a waste way, necessary for the waste, or gnrplus water, to run over, to keep the head in its prober place or height Let each section, next to where the water is to he run over, be ahutmente, built to strengthen the dam. The last Ir.yerof rock, on the top where the waste wa^er runs over, should project 5 or 6 inches over the back of the dam bo that the water may not undermine it This last Layer should hi of large roclis and jointed true ; then laid in hydraulic c«ment, in proportion of 1 of cement to 3 of sand. When the dam is guilt the front should be filled up with coarse gravel or clay ; this is best done with teams, for the more it is trampai the more durable it becomes. Fbame-Dams. — ^In building a frame dam, commence with & good foundation, laying the first sills in the bottom, of suSciect depth- They should be large square timbers that will la=t in the water with- out rotiing. ^Tiere there is a soft foundation, the bottom should first be made level ; then dig trenches for the mudsills, about 7 or 8 feet apart, lengthways of the stream, and 10 or 12 feet long. Into these first sflla other sill^ mtxst be framed, and pat crosswise of the stream, C or 8 feet apart, to reach as far across the stream as necessary. Then two outside sills should be piled down with 2-inch plank driven down to a depth of 4 or 5 feet If tliis can be done conveniently, they are to be jointed as closely as possible. It weuld be better to line with some stuff 1 inch thick ; then with posts their proT»er leucrth, abort 12 or 14 Inobee sqoaie, which should be iiamed into the oppemioet eUl, in bott^ HACniXISTS, EXGINEEES*, AC., RECEIPTS. 607 iMes, and all the wayacrosfl the dam, from bank to bank, at a distanca ef 6 feet apart. Then, with bracea to each post, to extend two-thirda of the length of the post, where they should be joined together with a Jock, mstead of a mortise and tenon, vrith an iron bolt 1 or ij inches ki diameter, going through both, and tightened with a screw and nut. When mortises and tenons are used, thev often become rotten and useless in a few years. These braces should be set at an angle of 50 or 60^ with the other end mortised into the mud siU. These braces re- quire to be about to 8 inche?, and as long as you find necessary ; be- ing covered with dirt it will not decay for a long time, as the' air is excluded. These posts should be capjied from one to the other, plato fashion. The posts should be lined with '2 or 2^ inch plank on the in- eide, pinned to the plank, and should, m the middle, be filled in with dirt. If the stream is large and wide, the dam should be btult in two sec- tions, which should be di\ided by a waste-way for the surplus water, which should be in the centre of the dam, and sufficient for all tha ■waste-water to run over. Let each section of the dam form an abut- ment next to the waste-way, placing cells or sills 4 feet apart the length of the waste-way ; in each of these sills, posts should be framed with a brace for the sides. These rows of posts, standing ""joss the dam, will form the sectional abutments ; the middle one mavbe con- etmcted by being lengthways of the stream, with short bracra, so that they will not be in the way of drift-wood passingdown the stream ; It being necessary for strong pieces for a bridge. Then cover the sills with an apron of 2-inch plank joined perfectly straight, to extend 30 or 40 feet below the dam. to prevent undermining of the dam. The plan^ wnich are used for the purpose of lining the posts which lorm the abutments of each section of the dam, and the ends of the waste-way, should be truly pointed, so as to prevent any leakage. The dam being bmlt, the dirt should be filled in with teams, as the more it is tramped the better. Qay or coarse gravel is the best Then place your gates on the upper side of the wast©-wav, the size that is necessary to a level with low-water mark ; whici gates are not to be raised except in times of high water, as the proper height of the mill-pond should be regulated by boards placed over the gate for the desired head, as the water should be allowed p^ss at all times freely over them. To strengthen the dam, if yon think necessarv, 2-inch plank may be used in lining the front side of the dam, long enough to reach from the bottom of the stream (on an inclined plane, and next to the body of water to the top of the dam, and filled up nearly to the top of the dam with day or gravel well trampled down. Bkitsh OB Log Dams are very often used in small, muddy streams When the bottom of the stream is of a soft nature, take a flat boat where you want to fix your dam, and drive piles the whole length of the stream, about 3 or 4 feet apart, as deep as you f^n , Take young oak saplings pointed at the end, for the purpose. If you can, construct a regular pile-driver, similar to those in use for making trsstle-work on tte railways. This weight may be pulled up by horses instead of an engine, when yon have finished drivin? piles, make some boxes or troughs of 2 or 3 inch plank, about 3 feet wide and as long as the plank is. Sink these in the water the length of the dam, close to th« pQes, by loading them witli tock, nntil they are at the Itatiom oi tb« 508 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEBS', AC, EECEIPT8. Btream, filling in the front part of the dam -with dirt and brash, nearly to the height you want it This kind of a dam will lost a long time. Whenever there is a small break in the dam or race, cut np soma willows and brush, put them in tiie break along 'with some straw and dirt, and ram them down with clay. lu regard to the flume, the greatest care must be taken to inanre strength and durability combined with tightness. Every step taken in its construction must be of such a nature as to unite these qualities in the highest possible degree, otherwise the whole is, in a manner, labor lost. BROxzrN-Q Compositions, 32 Kinds. —1. Silver white Bronzing Poio-' der. — Melt together 1 oz. each, bismutli and tin, then add 1 oz. quick- silver, cool and poTvder. 2. Gold colored Bronze Potrckr. — Verdigris, 8 0Z3. ; tutty powder, i ozs. ; borax and nitre, of each 2 ozs. ; bichloride of mercury, ^ oz. ; make into a paste with oil and fuse them together. Used in japanning as a gold color. 3. Beautiful Red Bronze Powder. — Sulphate of copper, 100 parts ; carbonate of soda, 60 parts ; apply heat until they unite into a ni.u«s. 4. Acid Bronze.— CobaXt, 4 lbs.; pulverize; siittlirough a fine sieve; put in a stone pot; add ^ gaL nitric acid, a Uttle at a time, stirring frequently for 24 hours ; then" add «bout, 5 gals, muriatic acid, or until the work comes out a dark bro>vn. 6. Alkali Bronze. — Dissolve 5 lbs. nitrate of copper in 3 gals, of water; and 5 lbs. pearlash; add 1 or 2 pts. potash water; then add from 2 to 3 lbs. sal ammoniac or mitU the work comes out the required color. & Coating Dip. — Sulphate of zinc, 8 lbs. ; oU of vitriol, 5 gals. : aquafor- tis,fgal To use, warm up scalding hot. 1. Quick Bright Biitping Acid, forBra£S2chichhas been Ormolued. — Sulphuric acid, Igal. ; nitric ai^id, Igal. 8. Lipping Acid. — Sulphuric acid, 12 lbs. ; nitric acid, 1 pt. ; nitre, 41t«. ; 8ot)t, 2 handfuls; brimstone, 2 ozs.; pulverize the briuLstona and soak it in water 1 hour, add the nit: ic acid last, 9. Good Dip- ping Acid for cast Brass. — Sulphuric acid, 1 qt. ; nitre, 1 qt. ; a litfia miu-iatic acid may be added or omitted. 10. Ormolu Dipping Acid for Sliect Brass. — Sulphuric acid, 2 gals. ; nitric acid, 1 pt. ; muriatic acid, 1 pt; nitre, 12 lbs. ; put in the miiriatic acid last, a Uttle at a time, and stirring the mixture with a stick. 11. Dipping Acid. — Sulphuric acid, 4 gald. ; nitric acid, 2 gals. ; saturated solution of sulphate of iron 1 pt. ; solution of sulphate of cop;ier, 1 qt. 12. Ormolu Dipping Acid for cast Brass. — Sulphuric acid, Ig.il.; sal ammoniac, 1 oz. ; sulphur (ia flour) 1 oz. ; blue viti'iol, 1 oz. ; saturated solution of zinc in nitria acid, 1 gal. ; mixed with an equal quiintity of sulphuric acid. 13. Vinegar Bronze for Brass. — Vinegar, 10 g^Js. ; blue vitriol, 3 lbs.; muriatic acid 3 lbs. ; corrosive sublimate, 4 o^^s. ; sal ammoniac, 2 lbs. ; alum, 8 ozs. 14. Antique Bronze Paint. — Sal ammoniac, 1 oz. ; cream of tartar, 3 ozs. ; common salt, 6 ozs. ; dissolve iu 1 pt. hot water; then add nitrate of copper, 2 oz*.; dis-solve in \ pt water; mis well ani apply it to the article in a damp place with a brush. 13. Blue Bronze on Copper. — Clean and pohsh well, then cover the surface with a fluid obtained by dissolving vermillion in a warm solution of sodium, to which some caustic potash has been added. 16. Bro)i2e Dip. — Sal ammoniac 1 oz. ; salt of sorrel, (binoxolate of potash) i oz. ; dissolvetl in vinegar. 17. Parisian Bronze Dip. — Sal ammoniac,^ oz. ; commoa salt, h oz. ; spirits of hartshorn, 1 oz. ; dissolved in an English qt of fiae^^r, a good result will be obtained by addiug ^ oz. sal amnwHiia^ .MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, BECEIPTS. 80& instead of spts. of hartshcm; the piece of metal being well cleai«d is to be rubbed with oue of these solutions, then dried by friction with a fresh brush. 18. Green Dip. — Wine vinegar, 2 qts. ; verditer green, 2 ozs.; sal ammoniac 1 oz. ; salt, 2 ozs. ; alum, \ oz. -.French berries, * ozs. ; boil the ingredients together. 19. Aquafortis Dip. — Nitric acid, 8 ozs. ; muriatic acid, 1 qt. ; s;il ammoniac, 2 ozs. ; alum, 1 oz. ; salt, 2 ozs. 20. Olive Bronze Dip for Brass. — Xitric acid, 3 ozs. ; muriatic acid, 2 ozs. ; add titanium or palladium, -when the metal is dissolved add 2 gals, pure soft vrater to each pt. of the solution. 21. Broicn Bronze Paint for Copper Vessels. — Tiuct. of steel, 4oz3. ; spts. of nitre 4 ozs. ; blue vitriol, 1 oz. ; vrater, h pt. ; mLx in a bottle, apply it with a fiue brush, the vessel being full of boiling 'wntcr. Varnish after the application of the bronze. 22. Bronze for all l-:nds of Metal. — Muriate 01 ammonia, (sal ammoniac) 4 drs.; oxalic acid, 1 dr.; vinegar, 1 pt; dis.solve the oxalic acid first; let the work be clean, put on the bronra with a brush, rci^eating the operation as many times as may be necest:ary. 23. Green Bronze. — DLssolve 2 ozs. nitrate of iron, and 2 ozs. hj,-posulphate of soda in 1 pt of water; immerse the article until the reiiuired shade is obtained, as almost any shade from brovni to red can be obtained according to tlie time of immersion, then well wash with water, dry and brush. 2-i. Pale Deep Olive Green Bronze. — Perchloride of iron, 1 part ; water, 2 parts. Mix and immerse the brass. 25. Dark Green.— Saturate nitric arid with copper and im- merse the brass. 26. Dead Black fo^ Brass Work. — Rub the surface first with tripoli, then wash it with a solution of 1 part, neutral nitrate of tin, with 2 parts, chloride of gold, alter 10 minutes wine it off with a wet cloth. 27. Be$t,^ronze for Brass. — ^Take 1 lb. of nitric acid, and ^ lb. of white arsenic^ put them into an earthen vessel and then proceed in tlie usual manner. 28. Another Bronze for Brass. — 1 oz. muriate of ammonia, ^ oz. alnm, i oz. arsenic, dissolve together in 1 pt. of strong vinegar. 29. Black Dip for Brass. — ^Hydrochloric acid (com- monly called smoking salts,) 12 lbs. ; sulphate of iron, 1 lb. ; and pure white arsenic 1 lb. This dip is used in all the large factories in Birmingham, but the dip used in the London trade is 2 ozs. corrosive Bublimate, in 1 pt. of the be.-t vinegar, cork both air tight in a bottle, let it stand 24 hours ; then it is fit lor nse. SO. Quick Bright Dip for Brass. — Use strong nitric acid in suflicient quantity, dip your brass in the liquid for an instant, withdraw, and immcdir.tely immerse it first in cold water, then in boiling water, for a short time only in each bath, then allow it to dry, repeat the process if necessary. 31. Ap- plication of Bronze Powder. — The proper way is to varnish the article and tlien dust the bronze powder over it after the varnish is partly dry. 32. Black color for Brass Trort.— Make a strong solution of nitrate of silver, in one dish and nitrate of copper, in another. Mix the two together and plunge in the brass. Now heat the brass evenly tin the required degree of blackness is acquired. Unrivalled as a beautiful color on optical insraments. Graham's Quick Bronzixg LiQtjros. — For immediate action on Copper, Brass, or Zinc. — 1. Brown or Dark Bronze for Copper, Brass, or Zinc. — Dissolve 6 drachms nitrate of iron in 1 pt. water; or, 5 drs. perchloride of iron in 1 pt. water. A black may al§o be ob- tained from 10 ozs. muriate of arsenic in 2 pts. permuriate of iron, ■ad 1 pt water. 2. Brovon or Red Bronzing for iroas.— Dissolve 16 810 KACHUnSTS, ENGEKEEBS', AC, EECEIPTS. in. tiiteite of iron, and 16 dra. hyposnlphate of soda, in 1 pt. water, or, 1 dr. nitric acid may be substitated for the nitrate of iron. 3. Hed Brawn Bronzing for Brass. — Dissolve 1 oz. nitrate of copper, and 1 oz. oxalic acid in 1 pt. water, brought to the boil and then cooled. 4. Bark Brown Bronzing for Brass. — Mix 1 oz. cyanide of potassium, and 4 drs. nitric acid, with 1 pt water. 6. Red Bronzing for Brass. Mix SOgrs. tersulphate of arsenic, 6 dra. solution of pearlash, and 1 pt water. 6. Orange Bronzing on Brass. — Mix 1 dr. potash bo1u« tionof sulphur with 1 pt water. 7. Olive Green Bronze for Brass. — Dissolve 1 pt permuriate of iron in 2 pta. water. 8. Slate-colored Bronzing for Brass. — Dissolve 2 drs. sulphocyauide of potassium, and 6 drs. perchloride of iron, in 1 pt. water. 9. titcel Grey Bronzixigfor Urass. — Mix 1 oz. muriate of arsenic with 1 pt. water, and use at a heat not less than 180° Fahr. 10. Bright Red Bronzing for Copper, Mix 2 drs. sulphide of antimony, and 1 oz. pearlash in 1 pt water. 11. Dark Bed Bronze for Copper. — Dissolve 1 dr. sulphur and 1 oz. pearlash in 1 pt water. 12. Copper Colored Bronzing for Zinc. Agi- tate the articles in a solution of 8 drs. sulphate of copper, and 8 dra. hyposulphate of soda in 1 pt. water. Copper Plates or JSods may be covered with a superficial coat- ing of brass by exposing to the fumes given off by melted zinc at a light temperature. The coated plates or rods can then be roUed into thin sheets, or drawn into wire. SoLUTioif OF Copper or Zinc. — Dissolve 8 ozs. (Troy) cyanide of potassium, and 3 ozs. cyanide of copper or zinc, in 1 gaL of rain water. To be used at about 160° F., with a compound battery of 3 to 12 cells. Brass Solution. — Dissolve 1 lb. (Troy) cyanide of potassium, 2 czs. cyanide of copper, and 1 oz. cyanide of zinc, in 1 gaL of rain- water ; then add 2 ozs. of muriate of ammonia. To be used at 160<* F., for smooth work, with a compound battery of from 3 to 12 ceUa. BRAssi>-a Iron. — Iron ornaments are covered with copper or brass, by properly preparing the surface so as to remove all organic matter which would prevent adhesion, and then plunging them into melted brass. A thin coating is thus spread over the "irwi, and it admits ot being polished or buxnished- Okmolu Coloring, Lacquers, &c. — 18 KXi;i)3. — Ormolu Color'- ing. — 1. Alum, 30 parts ; nitrate of potassa, SO parts ; red ochre, 30 paurts; sulphate of zinc, 8 parts; common snlt, 1 part; sulphate of iron, 1 part It is applied with a soft brush. The articles are placed over a clear charcoal fire imtil the salts, melted and dried, assume a brown aspect They are then suddenly cooled in nitric acid water, containing 3 per cent of hydrochloric acid, afterwards, washed in abundance of water and dried in sawdust. 2. To Prepare Brass Work for Ormolu Dipping. — ^If the work is oily, boU itinley, andif itifl finished work, filed or turned, dip it in old acid, and it is then ready to be ormolued, but if it is unfinished and free from oU, pickle it in strong sulphuric acid, dip in pure nitric acid, and then in the old acid, after which it wiU be ready for ormoluing. 3. To Repair Old Nitric Acid Ormolu Dips. — If the work after dipping appears coarse and •potted, add vitriol till it answers the purpose : if the work after dip- ping appears too uuooth, add moiiatic acid and mu& till i'i gives th« HACHINISTg, ENGINEEES', AC, KECEIPT3. 511 right appearance. The other ormola dips should be repaired accord- ing to the receipts, putting in the proper ingredients to strengtlien them. Tliey should not be aUowed to settle, but should be stirred. often while usmg. 4. Directions for making Lacquer.— mx the in- gr«lient8, and let the vessel coutaiuins them stand in the son, or in • place ^ghtly warmed, 3 or 4 days, shaking it frequently till gum is dissolved, after which let itsettle from 2-4 to 48 hours, -frhen the clear liquor may be pouied off for use. Pulverized glass is sometimes used in rnakiii g lacquer to carry dovrn the impurities. 5. Lacquer for Dip^ ped £rcws.— Alcohol, (95 per cent. ) 2 gals. ; seed lac, 1 lb. ; gum copaL 1 02. : ijiglish saffron, 1 oz. ; aunatto, 1 oz. 6. Lacquer for Brorizei Jirass.— To 1 pt. of the above lacquer add gamboge, 1 oz., and after mmng it, add an equal quantity of the first lacquer. 7. Deep Gold Colored Lacquer.— Best alcohol, 4 ozs. ; Spanish anuatto, 8 ozs. ; tur- meric, 2 drs. ; shellac, ^ oz. ; red eanders, 12 grs. ; when dissolved, add «pts. of turpentine, 30 drops. 8. Deep Gold Colored Lacquer for Brass not Dipped.— Alcohol, 4 gals. ; turmeric, 3 lbs. ; gamboge, 3 ozs ; gum sandarac, 7 lbs.; sheUac, IJ lbs.; turpentine varnish, 1 pt. 9. 6ol<£ Colored Lacquer, for Dipped .B^-ass.— Alcohol. 36 ozs. : seed lac, 6 ozs r ?{" j^i^ °^^- ' S^™ S^^' 2 ozs. ; red sandal Wood, 24 grs. : dragon's blood,60 grs. ; oriental saffron, 3G grs. ; pulverized glass, 4 ozs 10 (jold Lacquer, for Brass.— Seed lac, 6 ozs. : amber or copaL 2 ozs '• be'isTS, engineers', &c., keceipts. To Frost a^tp Cloud Small BnASP-woRK.— Scour the braaa "Bioroughiy with, strong ley, aud hold tne work against a circular 6v;ratch-brubh of fine brass wire, secured in a lathe aud driven at a high speed, as in Irostiug watch plates, sec page o'^^; lor clouding brass work, see page 515. , , . Cembnt for Bkass and Wood.— The best cement for this pur- pose is a glue composed of best gehitine, 1 part; gjaoial aeeti': acid, 1 part. Soak the gelatine in cold water imtil it luis swoUen up aud be- come quite soft. Throw away the v\ ater and dissolve the gelatine ia the acetic acid, applying geutle heat ii uecessary. YiiLLow AMD Liuux Ki£D liiiio:^;zB.— 1. Copper bronze powder, 1 oz. ; mix thoroughly with japaioier's gold si^o, adding tarxjcutiiie diuing its use suiiiciL-ut to keep it at tlio consistency of crcaia. K^ ■with a pallet kuiie on glass or poixcluin ; if niado too thin it is liable to be removed by the brush as fast tis put on. Apply with a soft brash. 2. A gold bronze color is obtained by using ^ gold bronze and ^ copper bronze powder, or ether beautiful colors may be obtained by varying the mixtures. 3. A Lurk Brown Bronze is pi-oduced by the addition of burnt umber to the above named higredients. 4. A Bark Green Bronze is obtained by mixing green bronze and terra vert© V. ith geld size, adding as much ivory black as may be reqrJred to im- jait the dei th of tint required. Finish with a coat of fine shellac var- nish. 4. For a Fc7'tZeJtHfj(7!(eshadej apply the bronze coat as above, vaniishwith shellac, allow it to get firm and hard; then coat the depressed parts with gold size thinned with turpentine, l^evious to drying, dust the article with diy paint, of lid:t yellow or blue color, and gently remove all tliat can be easily mbbed'ciT with a rag moir-t- encd with turpentine. 6. Brown Bronze for Ilarch'nrc.—lluTicLiio acid, 2 lbs.; iron scales, 2 lbs.; arf^enic, 2 oz.; zinc (a eolid mr.fato lie kept in only when the solution is in T:r-e), 1 lb. 4 oz. Previous t'l immer.=-i(m iii the bath, cler.npe tl.e articles thorourhly in acid ]ic!-.'.e. 7. Green Bronze on Hardin-rc. — A'-iply a varnish compo?cd of ground tin or bronze po-n-der mi"ed up with' honey in gum w.nter, then wash with a solution cf vineTar, 1 vt; spts. hart?hom, 1 oz. ; sal ammoniac, ^ oz. ; salt, i oz. Place the aiticlcs in the eim for a dp.y or two ; then frfve them anctl' er coat, 8. Black Stain on Braa^. — ^Vrater, 80p.aits; hydrochloric acid, 4 part'-; pnlphrnc acid, 1 part 9. Ati- vthn: — nydrochloric acid, 12 parte; arsenic by weight, 4 parts; apply brighten.'dry, and lacquer. Macic Polish fok Bp.ap?. — Add to sulphuric acid hrlf its bulk of J>nlverized bichromate of pofctsh-; dilute with an erur.l welTlit of water, and apply well to tlie bmsa, Fwill it well immediately in water, wijie dry, and' polish with pulverized rotten ftone. To iSRONZE Polished Steel. — ^lethylnted spirits, 1 pt. ; gum phellac, 4 oz. : gum benzoin, h oz. Set the bottle m a warm place, with occasional agitation. "Uiien dist^olved, dconnt the clear part for fine work, .and stram the drears throu^'h muslin. Xow tnke 4 oz. powdei-ed bronze green, vars'ing the color with yellow ochre, red ochre, and lampblack, as may be desired. Mix the bronze powder with the above varnish m quantities to snit, and a'lply to the work sfter previously cleansing and ■warming the articles, givinsi them a eecond coat and toucmngoff ■nith gold powder if required, previous to varnishing. MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, EECBriPT3. 5lS Dead Black fob the Brass Work of Lenses.— The brasa work must be made quite clean and the following preparation applied with a earner s-hair pencil: bichlorid of platuium, 4 drauis: nitrate of bilver, 1 grain ; water, 6 oz. When you get the right d€f)th, waah with clean ^\ ater, dry, and tinisli with plumbago. To ISoLDKK German Silver. — Dissolve granulated zinc in spirits of salts in an earthen vQgsel. Cleanse the part to be soldered, and apply the spirits of salts.- Next put a piece of pewter solder on the joint and apply the blow-i)ipe to it. ftlelt German silver, 1 part, and zinc in thm sheets, 4 parts, then powder it for solder. Silvery Ai'rEARA:NCis ox Iro^' Wire.— Suspend a piece of zinc in hydiocliloric acid, and immerse the wue in it. Next, place it iu contact Avith a strip of zinc, in a hr.th of 2 parts of tartaric acid dis- solved in 100 parts of Avater, to which is added 3 parts cf tin salts and 3 paits of soda. Let it remain two hours in the bath; then brighten by polishuig or drawing through a drawing iron. Permanent Brassing on Ii;on Wire.— Place the wire, thor- oughly cleaned, in a solution of suljl-.ate of copper, when it immedi- ately becomes covered with a thin film of coj jicr; now cover with a paste of pure oxide of tin, and heat hot cnou.di to fuse the coi^per. To Clean Sjiooth Tarnished Bra.'^s.— U.'-e a saturated solutioa of oxalic acid in water; apply with a still roll of clean flannel briskly used; then rinse tlie object in plenty of water to remove the acid. After drymg Avith a w:irm cloth, polish up with chamois-skin and prepared' chalk or the finest wliitiug. To Clean Emeos.sed ok L'NDERcrT Brass. — Boil the objects in. a strong solutitm of caustic soda or ley, and immerse them in a mix- ture of hydrochloric acid, 6 parts; water, 2 parts; and nitric acid, 1 part, until they become covered with a dark deposit. Take them from the mixture and remove the black matter witli a fine scratch- brush : when thus cleansed, swill in hot water and dry in hot saw dust. A fine orango-yellow tinpe may be given to the brass by sub- etitnting an equivalent weight of powdered alum for the nitric acid in the solution. De.\d ArPE.VRANCB ON Brass. — Immerse the objects in a mix- ture of nitric acid, 200 parts; suljjhnric acid, sp. gr. 1.845, 100 parts; common salt, 1 part; Biilphate of zinc. 2 parts. Einse thoroughly; t'.iis jmpai-ts the dead appearance stAled 7nat, by the French. For kirge work use nitric acid, 3 parts; sub :huric acid, 1 part; water, 1 part; sulphate of zinc, i part. Repeat dipping and rinsing the objects till the proper color is brought out. To Lacquer Brass. -Fov fiat work, cleanse thoroughly by boil- ing the article.-; in strong potash water; if you wis- h to heighten tha color of the brass, dip it In hydrochloric acid, rinse well in cold and hut Avateralteniatelv, nsing a fine brush to remove any blackness, and dry in hot s.iwdust, burnishing afterward."? !f desired. Place th» T, ork on an iron plate, kept at a Ioav heat, and pass the lacquer regu- larly and rapidly over the surface with a good s'zed fine citmel's-halp bru.sh, keeping the iron plate warm until the worlc is dry Small cirada: work, after being well cleansed, and burnished if need be, and slightly heated in a stove or over a charcoal fire, should have tha lacquer thinly and evenly applied while in motion in the lathe, hold- ing a charcoal brazier imder the work for a short time, to avoid cooU ing too soon. 514 MJLCHEnSTS, EXGTNEES5', &C., RECEIPTS. C05TRA5T Colors for PAnrrrxG Machin-eet. — 1. Deep blae aad golden brown; 2. Black and warm brown; 3, Chocolate and light Une; 4. Violet and light rose color: 5, Tiolet and pale green ; 6. Deep red and gray: 7. Caret and buff; 8, Maroon and warm green; 9, chocolate and peagreen : 10, Deep blue and pink; 11, Black and warm green : 13. Maroon and deep blue. Vakxuh fob Loom HLikN-E*s. — Linseed oiU 2 gals. : gum shellAC, Si lbs. : red lead, 1 lb. ; umber, 1^ lbs. : litliarge, 2 lbs. : sugar of lead, li lbs. >fiY and thoroughly incorporate together. WATEK-PK"Q Li>"es. — Soak the nets or lines in a mixture of 2 parts boiled linseed oil and 1 part gold size; expose to the air. and dry. WixTEB FisHtsG ox THE Westerx Lakes. — A small portable liou5t is erected on large runners, like those of a sled, with a hole cut in the centre of the rioor Tlus house is moved to any desired spot ; a liole is cut in the ice, so as to be directly under the aperture in the floor: the lines are droppe ply ft hot iroa until the foil is melted. MACHINISTS, EXGINEEKS*, AC, RBCEIPTS." 515 To Tin Coppkb A^^> Brass.— Boil 6 lbs. cream of tartar and 4 gals, of water and 8 lljs. of grain tin or tin shavings. After the mate- rial has boiled a sufficient time, the articles to be tinned are put therein and tlie boiling continued, when the tin is p»ecipitated on tiie goods in metallic form. Mixture for Six,verino.— Dissolve 2 ozs. of silver with 3 grs. of corrosive sublimate; add tai-taric acid, 4 lbs. ; salt, 8 qts. To Separate Silver from Coi'per. — Mix sulphuric acid, 1 part; nitric acid, 1 part ; water, 1 part; boil the metal in the mix- ture till it is dissolved, throw in a little salt to cause the silver to sub- side. To "Writb IX Silver.— Mix 1 oz. of the finest pewter or block tin, und 2 ozs. of quicksilver together till both become fluid, then grind it V. ith gum water, and write with it. The writing will then look as if dune with silver. TiNNiKa Acid, for Brass or Zinc. — Muriatic acid, 1 qt. ; zinc, 6 ozs. To a solution of this, add water, 1 qt. ; sal-ammoniac, 2 ozs. To Cleax and PoLisn Brass. — ^Wash with alum boiled in strong lye, in the proportion of an ounce to a pint; afterwards rub with strong tripoli. Kot to be used on gilt or lacquered work. Bronze Paikt, foe Iron or Brass. — Chrome green, 2 lbs.; ivory black, 1 oz. ; chrome yellow, 1 oz. ; good japan, 1 gill ; grind all together, and r.ux with linseed oil. To Bronze Ikon Castinos. — Cleansethoroughly, and afterwards immerse in a solution of sulphate of copper, when the castings will acquire a coat of the latter metal. They must be then washed in water. Removing Zinc and Iron From Plumbers' Solder. — Digest the metal in graius in diluted sulphuric acid. The acid will dissolve the zinc first, the iron next, and all traces of these metals by subse- quent washing. Tinning Cast Iron. — ^Pickle your castings in oil of vitriol; then cover or immerse them in muriate of zinc (made by putting a suffi- cient quantity of zinc in some spirit of salt) : after which dip it in a melted bath of tin or solder. Silvering by Heat. — Dissolve 1 oz. silver in nitric acid ; add a email quantity of salt; then wash it and add sal-ammoniac, or 6 ozs. of salt and white vitriol ; also J oz. corrosive sublimate ; rub them together till they form a paste ; rub the piece which is to be silvered with the paste; neat it till the silver runs, after which dip it in a ■weak vitriol pickle to clean it. Zincing. — Copper and brass vessels may be covered with a firmly adherent layer of pure zinc by boiling them in contact with a solution of chloride of zinc, pure zinc turnings being at the same time present in considerable excess. To Cloud Metal "Work.— Metal work may be clouded by put- ting a piece of fine emery paper mider tlie thumb or finger and work- ing it over a surface of the metal with a spiral motion. Silvering Powder. — Nitrite of silver and common salt, of each 80 grs. ; cream tartar, 3^ drs. ; pulverize finely and bottle for use Unequalled for polishing copper and plated goods. To Clean and Polish Brass.— Oil of vitriol, 1 oz. ; sweet oil, \ 516 MACHCflSTS, EXGEfEEES', ect is produced by boiltog the articles vtth tin-filings and caustic allsali, or cream of tartar. In tiie aboT9 MACniXlSTS, engineers', &C., EfiCEIPTS. 5l7 ivay, chemical vessels made of copper or brass may be easily and perfectly tinned. New Ti>'Mxa Peocess. — Articles to be tiimed ai"e first covered ■with diluted sulphuric acid, and, when quite clean, areplacewl in ■wana water, then dipped in a eolution of muriatic acid, copper, and zinc, and then plunjred into a tin bath to which a small quantity of sine has been added. When the tinning is fiiiishcd, the articles are taken out, and pUuii^ed into boiling water. The ojieir.tion is completed by placing tnem in a very warm sand-bath. Tiiis last process softens tho iron. To Recover the Tin- from Old BRrr.A.>-N-iA.— Melt the metal, and while hot sprinkle sulphur over it ; and stir it up for a short time, this bums the other metals out of the tin, which may then be used for any purpose de.-ired. KrsTiTiEx's JlETAi. FOB Ti>->Tsr,.— Malleo.ble iron, 1 lb., heat to whiteness ; add 6 ozs. regulus of antimony, and Molucca tin, G-sxvAxizixo lKO>r. — ^The iron plates are fir.'^t immersed in a cleansing bath of equal pai-ts of siiliiliuric or muriatic acid and water used warm; they aret'.iea scrubbed with emery or sand, to clean t-'iemthorouglily and detach all scales if any are left; after whicU they are immersed in a " preparing bath " of equal pai-te of saturated solutions of chloride of zinc aud cliloride of ammonium, from whicli bath they are directly transferred to the fluid "metallic bath," cou- rLsting, by weight of GIG lbs. zinc to lOG lbs. of mercury, to which are added from 5 to 6 ozg. of sodium. As soon as the iron has attained the temperature of tliis hot fluid bath, which Ls 050° Fahr., it may be re- moved, aud will then be found thoroughly coated with zinc. A littlfi tillow on the surface of the metallic bath will prevent oxidation. Preventls-q or Rest. — C'a.st iron is best preserved by rubbing it irith blacklead. For polL'^hed work, varnish with w;ix dissolved in jenzine, or add a little olive oil to copal varnL^h and thin with spts. turpentine. To remove deep-seated rust, use benzine, and polish off with fine emery, or use ti-ii>oli, 2 parts ; powdered sulphur, 1 part Apply with soft leather. Emery and oil is also very good. To PcRiFY. Zlxc. — Pnre zinc may be obtained by precipitating its sulphate by an alkali, mixing the oxide thus produced •with clKxrooal powdered, aud exposing the mixtirre to a bright red heat in a covered crucible in wliich the pure metal will be found as a button at the bottom when cold. Tra>-sparf.xt Bleb for Iron or Steel.— Demar varnish, igal.; fine ground rr;i5sian blue, i oz. ; mix tlioroughly. Makes a Sijfcndii appearance. Excellent for bluing watch-hands. Lead Shot are uist by letting the metal run through a narrow slit into a species of colander at tlie top of a lofty tower; the metal escapes in dro^is, which, for the most part, assume the spherical form tefore they reach the tank of water into which they fall at the foot of the tower, and tliis prevents their being bruised. They are af- terwards riddled or silted for size, aud afterwards churned in a bar- rel with black lead. Black Bronze on Iron or Steel. — The following mixtures ar» employed: liquid No. 1. A mixture of bichloride of mercury and sal-am- Biouiac. No, 2, A uu:Uure oi pecchloiide of ixon, sulphate oi copysi^ 518 MACHINISTS, ENGnnEERS' &C., EECEIPX3, iiitric acid, alcohol and water. No. 3. Perchloride and protocblorida of mercujT mixed "with nitric add, alcohol and water. No. 4. A iceak eolation of sulphide of potassium. Clean your metal well and apply a slight coat of No. 1 with a 6ix)nge ; when quite dry, apply another coat Remove the resulting crust of oxide with a wire bmsn, rubtho metal with a clean rag, and repeat this operation after each applica- tion of these liquids. Now apply several coats of No. 2. and also of No. 3, with a full sponge ; then, after drying for ten minutes, throw the pieces of metal into water heated neartheboiling point; let them re- main in the water from 5 to 10 minutes, according to their size. After Leing cleaned, cover again with several coatings of No. 3, afterwards with a strong coating of No. 4; then again immerse in the bath of hot water. Remove from the bath dry, and wipe the pieces with carded cotton dipped in liquid No. 3, diluted each time with an in- creased quantity of water; then rub and wipe them with a little oliva oil ; again immerse in a water bath heated to 14(P Fahr. , remove them. Tub briskly witii a woolen rag, and lastly, with oiL Unequalled for producing a beautiful glossy black on gun-barrels, steel, irbn, &c. Patkt for Shiiet Lbox Sm^okz PLpe. — Good varnish, ^ gallon; ■boUed linseed oU ^ gallon; add red lead sulScient to bring to the con- eistencv of common paint Apply with a brush. Applicable to any Idnd of iron work exposed to the weather. To COPPEE THE SCEFACE OF LkOX, StEIX, OK IrOX "WiEE.— Bave the article perfectiy clean, then wash with the following solu- tion, and it presents at once a coppered surface. Bain water, 3 lbs. ; sulphate of copper, 1 lb. To JOEN' Broken Lead Pipes dcrdcg Pke-^stcre of "Watek. — It frequently happens that lead pipes get cut or damaged when the water is running at a high pressure, causing much trouble to make repairs, especially if the water cannot be easily turned off. In this case plug both ends of the pipe at the break, place a small pile of bro- ken ice and salt around them. In a few minutes the water in the pipe wiU freeze ; next, withdraw the plugs and insert a new piece of pipe ; solder perfectly, thaw the ice, and it will be all right To Bepaik sjiAxf. Leaks ix Lead Pipes. — ^Place the point of a doll naU over the leak, give it a gentle tap with a hammer and the flow wiU cease. To Preve>t Cobrosiox rs Le-\i> PrPE3. — ^Pass a strong so- lution of sulphide of potassium and sodium through the inside of the pipe at a temperature of 212°, .ind allow it to remain about 10 or 15 minutes. It converts the inside of the pipe into an insoluble sulphide ©f lead and prevents corrosion. To Bekd Copper or Brass Tubes. — Run melted lead or resin into your pipe till full, and you may then bend it gradually into any desired shape ; the pipe may then' be heated and the lead or resin melted and run out. To Jors Lead Plates. — ^Tlie joints of lead plates for some pni- poses are made as follows : The edges are brought together, ham- mered down into a sort of channel cut of wood and secured with a few tacks. The hollow is then scraped clean with a scraper, rubbed over with candle grease, and a stream of hot lead is poured into it, the iorface being afterwards smoothed with a red hot plumber's iroiL To Jotx \-Pi-n Pipes. — Widen out the end of one pipe with a t*- MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., feECEIPTS. 519 por wood rift, and scrape it clean inside ; scrape the ena of the othei Iiipe outside a little tapered, and insert it in the former : then solder t with common lead solder aa before described ; or, if it requires to be strong, rub a little tallow over, and cm-cr the joint with a ball of melted lead, holding a cloth (2 or 3 i)lies of greased bedtick) en the under side ; and smoothing over with it and the plumber s Iron. TrfTNiya LsTERioR OF Lkad Pipes. — Tliis ijivention consists in applying a flirx of grease or muriate of zinc or any other flux that will protect the lead from oxidation, and insure a perfect coating of tin, when the tin is poured tlirough the pipe or the pipe dipped into the iKith of tin ; after the lead pipe has been made, place the same in a Tcrtical or nearly vertical position, and pass down through the same a strong cord, to which a weight is attached to draw the cord through the pipe ; and at or near tlie other end of the cord , a sponge or piece of •other porous or ela>^tic material, is attached of a size to fill the pipe, and of any desired length, say 6 inches more or less. The sponge or l>orous wad being saturated with tlie flux, is drawn through the pipe, and by its length ensures the covering of the entire inside surface of the inside of the pipes with the flux, so that the melted tin, sub- sequently applied, will adhere to aU parts with uniformity and firm- ness. To Prevent Lead Exploding. — Many mechanics have bad their patience sorely tried when pouring melted lead around a damp or wet joint to find it explode, blow out, or scatter from the effects of steam generated by the heat of the lead. The whole trouble may be stopped by putting a piece of resin the size of the end of a man's thumb into the ladle and allowing it to melt before pouring. Simple as the secret is, many have paid $20 for the privilege of knowing it Tabular View of the Processes of Soldkeinq. — Hard soWer* ing. The hard solders most commonly used are the spelter solders, and silver solders. The general flux is borax, marked A on tha table, and the modes of heating are the naked fire, the furnace or muffle, and the blow pipe, marked a, b, g, applicable to nearly all metals less fur-ible tha.n the solders ; the modos of treatment are nearly similar throughout. Kote. — The examples conmience with the solders (the least fusible first) followed by the metals for which they are commonly employed. Fine gold, laminated and cut into shreds, is used as the solder for joining chemical vessels made of platinum. Silver is by many considered as much the best solder for German silver, for silver polders, see Jewellers' alloy* Copper cut in shreds, is sometimes similarly used for iron. Gold folders laminated are used for gold alloys, see 333 and 338. Spelter solders, granulated whilst hot, are used for iron, copper, l)rass, gim metals, German silver, &c., see below. Silver solders laminated, are employed for all silver works and for common gold work, also for German silver, gilding metals, iron, steel, brass, gun metal, &c. , when greater neatness is required than is obtained from epelter solder. White or button solders, granulated, are employed for the white alloys called button metals; they were introduced as cheap substi- tute's for silver solder. Hard Soldering. — Ajiplicable to nearly all ihe metak; the modes of treatment are very different. The soft sol< 520 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEBS', &C., RECEIPTS. der mostly used is two parts tin and one of lend ; sometimes, bom motives of economv, mnoh more lead is employed, and 1^ tin to 1 lead is the most fusible'of tlie group, unless bismuth is used. The fluxes B to G, and the modea of heating, a to a, are all used with the soft fcolders. 2rote. — ^The examples commence vrlth the metals to be Foldered. Thus in the litt. zinc, 8, c.f, implies, that zinc is soldered with No. 8 alloy, by the aid of the muriate or chloride of zinc , and the copper bit Lead, 4 to 8, F, d, e, impUes that lead is soldered -with alloys Taping from No. 4 to 8, and that it L" fluxed with tallow, the heat teing applied by pouring on meited solder, and the subsequent use of the lie;'.ted iron, nottiimed: but in general one only of the modea of 1 eating is selected, according to ciicimistances. "iron, ca«t-iron and steel, 8, B, D, if tliick, heated by a, b, or e, and also by .7. Tinned iron 8, G, D,/. GciId and silTCr are soldered with pure tin, or else with 8. E, a, g, or h. Copper and many of its alloys, namely brass, gilding metiil, gim metil, &c., 8, B, C, I); "when thick, heated by a, h, c, f. oTft. when tliin. by /, or 7. Sj-eculnm metal, 8. B. C. D, the heat should be cautiously applied; the sand bath Ls perhaps the bci^t laode. Zinc. 8, 0,/. Lead and lead pii>cs, or ordinary plumber's ■work, 4 to 8 F, ^.or e. Lead and tin pipes. 8, D. and G, mixed, g, and also/. Britannia metil, C, x,', g. Pe%vtcrs, the solders must vary in fusibility acconiing to the fusibility of the mefcil, generally G, and L, arc used, sometimes, also G, and g or/. Lead is united ^fithout sol- d!"r by ] n-iring on red hot lead, and emjiloying a red hot iron, d. e. Iron and l)rass are sometimes burned, or uuitsd by partial fusion, by pjuring very hot metal over or aroimd them. ALix)Y3 a:.-!! thetk MKLxrso Heats. rnJXEa. Kg. 1 1 Tm 25 Lead 258 F.ihr. A. Bnrax. B. Sal-nuL or mur. of anim. C. iluriate or chlor. of ziuc. D. Common resin. E. Tcnioe turpentine. F. Tallow. G. Giulijwli oH, or common [sweet oiL iloDEs OP Appi>yi>g Heat. a. Nuked fire. I. Ho'.'ow furnace or muffle, c. Immersion in melted solder, fahr. d. Melted solder or metal poured on. " e. Heated iron, not tin'd. " /. Heated copper tool, tinned. " .7. Blow Pipe flame. " h. Fiame alone, generally alchohoL 18 3 " . 5 " 2 " 202 " i. Stream of heated air. CiTP.AP MosQtrrTO Bar. — Drop a small quantity of petroleum or kero?8ne oil on a piece of cott-.n. squeeze out the excess as much aa p^^^sitle, t'len rub the cott 'U over the face, hxina.-s, &c., and these x«»* tifeioub indeOd ^Till not ali^'ht where tLe scei^t has been left 2 1 " 10 '• 541 " 3 1 " 5 511 cc 4 1 " 3 482 l( 5 1 " 2 441 I< 6 1 " 1 S70 (< 7 li 3.S4 it 8 340 IC 9 3 " 1 356 (( 10 4 3li5 (t 11 5 378 (( 12 fi " 1 381 II 13 4 Lead 4 Tin 1 Bismuth 320 14 3 " 3 " 1 ■« rio 15 2 " 2 " 1 " Oip-) 16 1 " 1 " 1 « 254 17 2 " 1 " 2 " 2:36 lIACniXISTS, EXGIXEEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. 6ill Solders Z2 kixds.— 1. Phtmberg' solder.— Lead, 2 parts; tm, 1 part 2. Tinmen's solder.— Lead, 1 part; tin, 1 part. Zinc solder. —Tin, 1 part ; lead, 1 to 2 parts. 4. Peirtcr solder.— Le&d, 1 part ; bismrrta, 1 to 2 paita. 5 Spdier solder.— Ecvaal jKirta copper and zinc 6. Pewierera' eojt sold^. — Bismuth, 2 ; lead, 4 ; tin, 3 parts. 7. An- ©t^T.— Lismuth, 1 ; lead, 1 ; tin, 2 parts. 8. Another pewter solder. —Tin, 2 parts ; lead, 1 part. 9. Glazier's Solder— Lin, 3 part» ; lead, 1 part. 10. Solder for Copper.— -Co]>i)OT, 10 i^arts ; zinc, 9 parts. 11. Icii'jw Solder for Btv^sor Copper.— Co-pver, 32 lbs. ; zinc, 29 lb?.; tin, 1 lb. 12. Brass Solder.— Copper, 6ir25 paits ; zinc 38.75 part.^. 13. Brass Solder TcUoio and easily fusible.— Copper, 46; zinc, 55 p?.rt3. 14. Prass solder, Tlliite. — Copper, 57.41 part^; tin, 14.60part3; sine, 27.99 parta. 15. Another SvlJer for C"ppir.—Tin. 2 parte ; load, 1 part "S\lien the copier is thick, heat it by a naked fire ; it thin, use a tinned conper tooL Use muriate or chloride of zinc, as a tius. The same soluor mil do for iron, cast iron, or steel; if the pieces are thick, heat by a nailed fire, or immerse in the solder. 15. Plack y.'l ?;r.— Coi'per, 2 ; zinc, 3 ; tin, 2 parts. 17. Another.— Sheet trasa, 20 lb.?. ; tin, 6 lbs. ; zinc, 1 lb. iS. Cold Brazing icithout Fire or lamp. — Fluoric acid, 1 oz. ; oxr muriatic acid, 1 oz. : mix in a lead "bottle. Put a chalk mark each side wlicre voa want to braze. This mixture Trill keep about 6 montlis in one bc'ttle. 19. Co'd Soldering tcithout Fire or iamp.— Bismuth, J oz. ; quicksOver, | oz. : block tin filings, 1 oz. ; spiiits salts, 1 oz. ; all mired togetiier. 20. To Solder livn to St'':l or either to Brass.— Tin, 3 parts ; copper, 39^ parts ; zinc, 7i ir.rts. "Wl:en applied iu a molten state it will firmlv unite metals first named to each other. 21. Phanbers' Solder.— 'Bismuth, 1; lead, 5 ; tin, 3 parta ; is a first class composition. 22. Wnite Solder for raised Britannia Hare.— Tin, lOO Ibs^ : hardening, 8 lbs.; antimony, Slbs. 23. Hardening for Britannia.— {To be mixed separately from the other Ineredient*). Copper, 2 ll>s. ; tin. 1 lb. 24. Best xoft so'der for cast Britannia TTore.— Tin, 8 lbs. ; lead. 5 n>s'. 25. Bismuth solder Tin, 1 ; lead, 3 ; bismuth, 3 parts. 28. Solder for Brass that viU f*and IIamm:ring.—BTF.ss. 78.26 parts ; zinc. 17.41 parts ; sUver, 4. 33 parts ; add a little chloride of potassium to your borax for a flux. 27 Solder for Steel Joints.— SUver, 19 parts ; copper, 1 part ; brass, 2 parts. Melt all together. 28. Hard Solder.— Copper. 2 parts : zinc, 1 part. Melt together. 29. Solder for Brass.— CoppeT. 8 parts ; zinc 1 part ; with borax. 30. Solder for Copper.— Bizss, 6 parts ; zinc, 1 TOrt ; tin, 1 i>art ; melt all together well, and pour out to cool. 31. Solder for Plaiiixa.— Gold with borax. 32. Solder for Iron.— Th» best solder for iron ig good tough brass with a little borax. N. B. In soldering, the surfaces to be joined are made perfectly dean and smooth, and then covered with sal ammoniac, resin or other * flux, the solder is then applied, Lemg melted on and smoothed over by a tinned soldering iron. Soldering Fluid.— Take 2 oz. muriatic acid; add zinc tillbnbblea cease to rise ; add ^ teaspoonful of sal-ammoniac. Black Varxish For Co-a.l Buckets.— Asphaltum, 1 lb. ; lamp- black, i lb. ; resin, i lb. ; spirits of turpentine, 1 qt. Dissolve the ».=r'li^ltam and resin La the turjientine, then mb up the lamp-black with linseed oil, only sufficient to form a paste, and miy -with tha «thser. Apply mth a bnuh. 522 MACHIXIST3, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS, SIZES OF TIX-WARE OF DIFFERENT KINDS. {For Diameters, dc. of Circles see Tables. ) Diam. i^^.^t I>nTEB3. - - Coffee Pots. Pans. - - - Pee Pa>-s ------ Large \V.\5h Bowl - - Small Wai> Du?h KEXTija COLAN'DEB. MiASUKES for Druggists, Beer, &c. MzAfiCKES of other forms. 1 pt. 1 giil. 3 qts. 20 qts. 16 qts. U qts. 10 qt*. 6 qts.j 2 qts. 3 pts. 1 pt 14 qts 10 qts. 6 qts. 2 qts. 2 gaL 1 gal. igal. 1 qt. 1 pt. h Pt- 1 gal. 4gaL 1 qt. 1 pt ^ pt. inches 4 3| 7 6 13 inches inchea &i : 4 Tix C.\xs. — Size of Shef.t. for from 1 to 100 G.\llo>'s. lor 1 gallon, 7 by 20 inches. 3% 10 by 28 6 12 bv 40 6 14 by 40 10 20 bv 42 15 30 bv 42 For 25 gallons, 30 by 56 incbea. 40 50 100 36 by 63 40 by 70 40 by 84 40 by 98 Tliisiacludes all the laps, seams, &c., which will be found sufficiently correct for all practical purposes. Patent Lubkicatixg Oil. — Water, 1^1.; clean tallow, 3 Ibe.; palm oil. 10 lbs.; common soda, ^ lb. Heat the mixture to about 210<' Fahx. ; stir well until it cools down to 70= Fahi., when it ia fit for 0^. HACmNISTS, EKOIKKERS', AC, RECEIPTS; 528 Explanation of Diagrams for Sheet Metal Workers, &C. R-^^-. : Era N- ■■■ ■'■- -r ! L -i, ■■- /3 ^B^^^^^H^^^^^S^ Right- Akgled Elbow.— J'jg. 1. — Strike out the length and deptb of the (Ihovr as shown in the above diajrram, drawing semicircles at the end as exhibited above. Then draw seven horizontal lines as shown extending along the small figures. Divide the circumference or length into 16 equal parts by drawing 15 vertical lines as in diagram. Kow driiW a line from h to k and d ; directly opposite draw another line alor>g the letters v r p ; for the top sweep set the compasses on the fouaili line from tlie bottom, and sweep two of the spaces; and do the same at the comer. On space for the two remaining sweeps set the compasses so as to intersect in the three corners of the spaces designated by the small cross marks. The drawing does not includo seams or laps, these must be added. Elbows for Gcttees for Eaa-es of Roofs. — ^Lave troughs pos- sess a form resembling the undivided half of a pipe divided length- ways, therefore by describing one half of one tid of the elbow of a pipe whose size is equal to the size of the gutter at the top, you havo the requisite pattern; extra allowance to be made for bead. BKOxziyo Gas Fittings. — Boil the work in a strong ley, and Bcour it free from all grease or old lacquer. Pickle it in dilute nitric scid imtil quite clean, and then dip it into strong nitric acid to make it bright, swilling it in the water immediately after. Sometimes thia latter dipping in strong acid requires to be repeated two or three times, bat tlie work must always be rinsed immediately after dipping. Eind it very loosely round with iron wire, and let it stind for a few- minutes in the water you have used for swilling. This will de- posit a layer of copper on the work. Again wash well, dry in box- wood dust, and brush over with equal parts of blacklead and Bag- neli's red bronze. To Separate Gold Fko?i Sil-str — The alloy is to be melted and pjoured from a height into a vessel of cold water! to which rotary mo- tion is communicated. By this meiins the alloy is reduced to a finclT granulated condition. The metallic substance is then treated ■witK nitric acid and gently heated. Nitrate of silver is produced, which can be reduced by any of the ordinary methods; while metallic gold remains as a black mud, which must be washed and melted. — Scieri' tijlc American. 'To Ti:s Coerjx, Stbtt Dishes, &c.— Wash tha surface of the arti- 524 MA.CHINISTS, EKGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. cle to be tinned vrith. sulphuric acioi, find iTiO tli« surface well, so us to have it smootli and Ireoof blackness craised by the acid; then sprinlile calcined and finely pulverized s.-il-r.mnioniac uix>ii the sur- face, holding it over a fire, -when it ^vill 1/6 PiilBciently hot to melt a bar of solder Avhich is to be rubbed over the surface. Any copper dish or TCfsel may be tinned in this way. P.^t.ker's Copper IIahdexixg proce:3 conpists in introducing an admixture of a minute quantity of phosphorus into the metaL To Strike out Ci '-i.-; ■ : . x ...■.;-> . -■, ■■ i ^srL?, Co>-i:s, &c. — Fi*E. — Form a paralello£^m as in the dingrram; the s'lace from II to K equivalent to the diameter of the cone ; K to D eqniva- }ent to^tho_ devation; next draw lines from H and K to the ccntee o? t:-.^ i:.ic D T, rncl from tliis as a base or ecntre describe a se-Tnent <.t a Circle from H to K. I'lxx Fou WcLUDio CoppKR.— Boracic acid, 2 parts ; phosiihr.tj of foda, 1 }:;rt; mix. This weldiiic: p.nvder should be strewn over f.j fizr.ace of copper at a red heat; tlie piecea should then be heat*..l i; » to a fUl oheny red, or yeUow heat, and brought immediatelv nudcr tae J-^mmir. Heat the copper at a flame, or gas jet, where it will not touch, charcoal or solid carbon. To Strike orr A CmctTLAR Elbow.— /'jiys. 3 and 4.— Lay out tw9 :tmct the paralcUograra, Fi.,'. 4, the leuqth eqiiivaleiit to the diame- tor of tlie pipe yoa are ina'ciii:, ^he widtli equal to C B in Fig. 3; lay (u a segment of a circle equivalent in rlininetcr to the pipe, touching the point 11; divide the so riiicr.t into any der-ircd number of equal. t;i\"isions ; draw lines across the dots parallel to Y V ; open the com- rasses 1^ times the diameter of the pipe, and describe the line from' V to the intersection of the lines P P and R E, draw curvilinear linca CO the crossings of tlic other lines to the point H, this will fomiBh one side of a section. 526 MACHIKISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, EECEIPTS. To Strike oxtt Ot.vls, Oval Flakcs'g Tessix?, &c. — Fig. 5.— «• Construct the ijaralellograru H K D V ; H K equivalent to the long and K D to correspond to the shoit diameter: divide it into four equid parts by drawing the lines P R and N X ; mark the point L one-thiid the dbitance from X to U ; then describe the arcs I S I, I S I, and from the line N N describe the segment INI. To describe an egg-shaped oval with ends of unequal magnitude, construct the frustruni of a con« that will embrace the ovaJ and proceed as in Fiy. 5. To Strike out an oral Flaring Vess'fl in four eubdivipions, find the circtimf erenc* of the arcs I S I and I X I for the bottom of the pieces ; foi-m a paral- fcllogram the Ien;::th of which shall be equal to the circumference of the top of either di\Tsion, and operate as in Fig. 2. The same allow- ance must be accorded for flare on the eide parts as on the ends, allowing for burrs and loclcs. Gold Lacquek for Trx — Teaxspakent, All Colors. — Alcohol in a flask, 1 pt ; add .cnjn-?hellac, 2 ozs. : turmeric, 1 cz. ; red gand- ers, li ozs. Set tlie ihisk in a warm place, shake frequentlv for 12 Lours or more, then strain oil the liquor, rinse the bottle, and" return it, corking tightly for use. When tliis varnish is used, it must be ap- plied to the work freely and flov.ing, and the articles should bs hot when applied- One or more coats inay be laid on, as the color is re- qtiired more or less light cr deep. If "anv of it should become thick iTOQi evaporation, at any time, thin it with alcohol. And by the fol- lowmg modifications, all the various colors are obtained : 1. BoseCoIor. Proceed ac above, substituting 1 oz. of finely ground best lake in pkico of the turmeric. 2. Bhie. The blue is made by substituting pulverized Prussian blue, 1 oz., in place of the turmeric." 3. Purple. Add a little of the blue to the first. 4. Green. Add a little of the rose to the first. Ceacked STO^•E3.— Equal parts of wood asbea and salt ; tpj x to a pwtd vrltk -water ; witlithia fill the cxacka. MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 527 To Desckebb a BEART.—Fig. 6.— Draw the straight line H D K equal to the breadth of th« heart; layoff the segments H D and D K, then with the dividers extended from H to K, describe the arcs H K and K V. To find the circumference of a circle, the diameter be- ing known, multiply the di- ameter by o.l41ti, and to find the diameter of a circle, the circumference being known, divide the circum- ference by 3.141G. To Strike out Ovai. Wash Boiler Covers. — Fig. 7.— Describe the line V R equal in extension to half the length of the boiler ; from the central point D lay off the circle M R N, equiva- lent in diameter to the ■breadth of the boiler outside the wire around the rim; describe the line H K so as to cross the line V R in the manner shown in diagram ; make V S three-eighths of an inch high more or less as you desire it for the pitch of the cover; place the comer of the measuring square on the line H K, laying the flat part touching the point S; then de- scribe the Imes H N, H S, S K and K M, which, with the proper al- lowance for locks and edges, completes the cover. Japanners' Gold Size. — Gum ammoniac, 1 lb. ; boiled oU, 8 ozs. ; spirits turpentine, 12 ozs. Melt the gum, then add the oil, and lastly spirits turpentine. Japannlng.— Xearly 30 formula for varnishes will be found on page 283, among them Japanners Copal Varnish, and this, together with oil, alcohol, shellac, or any other transparent vaiTiish, admits of lemg mixed with coloring matter to produce different shades. 1. For Scarlet. Gromid vermilion may be used, but being so glaring it is not beautifid unless covered over with rose-pink, or lake, wliich Lave a good effect when thus used. 2. Bright Crimson. Use saff- flower or Indian lake dissolved in alcohol; in place of this lake car- mine may be used, as it is more common. 3. Yellow. Turmeric dis- solved in spirits of wine, strained through a cloth, and mixed with pure seedlac varnish, makes a good yellow jajjan ; saffron will answ- er applied in the same way. and chrome yellow is excellent. Dutch pink forms a cheap yellow "japan ground. If dragon's blood be added to til* yellow japan, a most beautiful and rich saimnn-colored vamiph is the result, varied according to the quantity of tlie ingredient used. 4. Orange. Use yeUow mixed witli vennilion or carniine, just as a bright or inferior color is desired. 5. Purple. Add to the varnish a mixture of lake and Prussian blue, or carmine, or for an inferior color, vermilion. 6. Blve. I^se brisrht Prussinn blue ; it may b« ;ltus6d iritli liUeiJao vanuali aod brought to a poUsIiing st^te by 6 or 8 528 MACHINISTS, engineers'', AC, EECEIPTS. coats of varnish of seecllac ; mix with the purest' Varnish wheu a li:iht Ll.ie is desired. 7. Black. Prussian blue 1 oz., asphaltum 2 ozs., epiiita turi-entine 1 pint; melt the aeplialtum in the turpentine, rub v.p the blue with a little of it; mis a d strain, then add the whola to li pints of the varnish. 8- Gncn. Mix equal parts of tlie bine and yellow together, then mix with the varnish until the color siuts the fr.ncy. 0. I'ink. Jlix a little of the blue to more in quantity of the red £r.d then add to the varnith till it suits. 10. 'Wlilte. One Avhite gror.nd is made by the following composition: white flake or lead washed over and ground up with a sixth of its weight of starch, then di'ied and mi::edv,ith tbe finest gum, grouud up in parts of 1 oz. piim to i oz. of rectiiied tunienture mixed and ground well together. Tins i3 to be finely laid on the article to be japanned, di-ied and then varnished with 5 or 6 coats of the following: 2 ozs. of the white, t eeed-lac to 3 ozs. of gum-anime reduced to a fine powder and dis- solved in 1 ejt. alcohol. For a softer varuish than this, a little turpen- tine should Le added and less of the gum. To Strik?: oiT Ca>- Top.s and Bevi^l Covers forTessels.— HACHINlStS, ENGrSEERS', AC, EECEIPT3. 529 ditiJers from R to K and divide the curvilinear line T W into six equal divi.-iori.;; cut out t'lie i,itH(s H H 11, D D D loavLng edges for locks parallel to II V. For tiip oj.cKing in the can head or top, describe the curvilinear lineH H HomaJ in i-i!ig'iitu^ diniuc- ter of the can and use half of it Remember to graut full allo^vanco lijr locks only. Different STn^rsoFFiLiXG. — To file a surface ti-ne. it isnece,"- Fr.ry on comraencrti^, to Ecmeer.e the f:le t^-rhtly betwet n the tiii id and fiuith fiu;;eni nild rclm or your h::nd until you become used to it. Your f>OFiti*>n in filing rlionld b'> h-Jf l^rt f^L-eto your -work, wlUi the middle of your ri-;'it foot Jiiteen in-'ies behlud your left heel ; and to file yonr rrork true or square, it i=5 necessary to reverse your Viork often, as by this mcrtns rvyu are enabled to see the whole surfaca Tou are filiiij^.and pes uLi'.e filing xrVtl-.er you are filiniz true or not. Nvben, however, vncr-wnrk is so hou -%' tlrt you cannot revci>3 it you had better file firrt t> t'-o ri^litavl th u tithe b^:t, ?•< by thi.» means you can plainly sea the lila uuuizs, aiii tlu3 again asdsts yea inliiinitrue. To Crystaluzb Tt-n-.— Ptd^hnri''. acid. 4 ors.; ^*t water, 2 to 3 07.S., according to etren :th of t'.e acid; pnlt IJ or^ JIlx. Hc-at t^:8 tiu hot over a stove, then vith a s^onTe an;ly th'i irixtur>, th-^a T.a.-h off dirr^ctly with clean "natcr. 'Dij tlic tin, and varulsh with deinar vanii.sh Co>n>i;::-iA-RrEKEK Brrrrator T'lnvri iNciTta SrijoKic— 1 ton, 1.3 i:ichfs. 1\ tnu?. I'l Liches. 2 tjns, 2 inchea, 3 tuiLJ, 2| inches. 5 touij, 2^ inches. 10 toa*, 3 iadiea. 530 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEES', &C., RECEIPTS. To Strike a Set of Patteess fob the E:^fT^,oPE of a Cone= — Tig. 9. — Lay off the lines H N and KN ; the space from H to K corres- pondiug to the circumference of the coue at the largest end; II N equal to the sloping height; from X as a basis de- scribe the Be:;'n;cnt3 H K, D D,' V V, R E, aiid P P; each of the paits between these segments •will compose a section of the coveriug if allowance be made for the laps. To lay off tho frustriim of a cone, see Firj. 2. 2o find the Area of a Circle,^ multiply the circumference by one-fouith the diameter. To find the Area of a Section of a Circle, multiply the length of the arc by half the length of the radius. To Strike oxtt Strainer Bucket and Coffee Por Lrps {Eeistern Style).— Fig. 10.— Describe the triaHgle H K D, H K equivalent to the" sLmtiug height; fiom D lay out the section H K; describe sections of circles from K to D and H to D ac- cording to the dimensions of the vessel. In coffee pots, the section extending from H to K should be regidated according to the style ia which it is to be constructed. In describing Tea-kettx.b AXD Tea-pot Srorrs, pro- ceed as in Figs. 1 and 4, mak- ing the breadth of the paral- ellogram commensurate or equal to the angle you desir© to cut. and the length equiv- alent to the circumference of the spout To Strike ottt Lips For MEAsruEs, &r. — Lay out a circle the dimensions of tbo top of the vessel; describe a i'ue tai-ough the centre of the circle and divide it into four equal sec- tions; span the compasses on the line one quarter the distance from the end, and descrj-ae a semi-circle touching the opposite end of tho line; pass the compasses the breadth of the lip desired, and lay out an arc until it approaches the semi-circle, which ^viU allow tho do- siFod lip. The annexed Sector ia appead@d to eoabld mechaoics te <>btaia aagles wkeu le^oixed; HACHIXISTS, EXGDfEEES', AC, RECEIPTS. 531 Adjtsttn'g LocoMOTTTE Valves. — A corre?pondent of the 5cien-i tific American gives the following method of setting glide valves of. locomotives : — Slake a steel tram, about 5k in. long, with two points at the right angles with the straight bar, one point to be 2| in. ia length, and til e other 1^ in. Both "points are to be sharp. Take a centre pimch, rnd make a cer-tre-mark on the top of tlie steam-chest ]iacking-box ; then fcike a strip of tin and put it in the steam-port. Diawtiie valves slowly back'nntil you can just move the tin be- tween the edge of the valves and tl:e'edge of the steam-port (which is now closed excejjt as to tjie tl:ickae<3 of the strips of tin.) Take the tram, place the short point iu tl:e centre-mark on the packing-box ; then make a scrat'^h on the valve stem, and go through with the same process v. ith the opposite steam-port. Xow Tou have marks on the valve-stem just where the valve b?^jis too. en. ^e valve-st°m must nert be got into radius (as we form it), which. Is to show the proper length for the valve-stem. It is done thus : Cover the steam-ports equally with the valve, pet the centre of tho rock shaft and the rocker pin at a right angle with the bore of the cylinder: and when the valve-stem is adjusted to this, it is of tho proper length and should not be altered. To adjust the valves in for- ward motion, hook the reverse lever in the forwrjrJ notch, take the dead points for centres, and alter the eccentric rods until the STiace^ are equal on the valve-stem, which is dctermiucd by the use of the tram. Take the forward centres and give 1-lCth. leadto the valve, for either passenger or freight engines. By adopting this pLin the engine will reverse her action "promptly. Hook the reverse lexer in the" back motion, and repeat as above. If the job is to be done quickly and the eccentrics are in the proper position, it can be dona ■by the" travel, in this way : Move the engine slowly forward with steam, take the tram, and trace the movement of the valve on the valve-ftem until the stem stops: then trace the return movement until that stops. Take a pair of dividers and measure each distance from the valve mark on the stem to the extreme of the travel IJ^e (or where tlie valve stopped). Alter eccentric rods until the spaces are equal. By these meaos you dQ not require to take tbetteais chwt covexs off, 532 FACTS FOR GAS COMPANIES AXD COXSUMEKS. FAcra FOB Gas CompajvTes a>t) «'' ---"-"--=.— The follo-mng different volumes of gv.s have been o> varioas kinds of coal. Cannel coal, 15. (HX) cubic ft; \A . 15,4J'r, Boghead cannel, 13,334; Cape Breton " Cow Bav '; Pictoa and Sid- ney, 8000; EngUsh, mean, 11,000; NeV . f<,5iX) to lO.C^^O, Pittsburg, 9,530, Sv.-otch, from 10,300 to !•■ . isend 1 "-"^ ^ r- ginia. 8.960; Western, I'.oOO. Pine wkxI \v;il evolve 11. <- per ton. Rosin lo.iXK). Oil andgrea^e 2;'..fX'a cubic ft. : should produce alxvut GOO cubic ft of 2a,> in 5 liours, with a rtuu-./ .if li cvrt. of coal, or 1>S0 an admix- ture of water, 43 bosheh!, and lime, 1 bushel : "30 cubic it. of gas. One per cent, of carbonic acid in gas - its illumin- ating power one-tenth. Defective burners f - ;uged with- out delay, as all smoking, roaring, irregular, ragged, and prt'Dged flames cafused a great waste of gaa with deficient light ; a smoky flame indicates loss of ga.s as well a^ loss of light One good gas light is better economy than a number of small ones. T?ie stamiard o/f7TS burning is a 1.5 hole Argand lamp, interior diameter '44 ins., chiumey 7 in.*, high, consuming 5 cubic ft per hour, evolvuig a light from common coal gas of from 10 to 12 sperm candles of 6 to the pound, with cannel coal from 20 to 24 candles, and with Pennsjl- vania coal from 14 to 16 candles The advantage gained by employ- ing a :iO-hole argand instead of the stimdard is a greater pi-oduttion of light, the increase being from 20 to -V) jier cent., for if the standard cousumes 5 ft. per ho ir, and evolves the light of 12 candles, the oO- hole burner, consuming 7 ft. per hour, will give the light of 22 c;ui- dles. An Argrxnd burner with two chinmeys, one within the other, with air soace between in wiiich the air l>ecomes heated during its f' ' -novemeut towards the flame, for nn equal amount of - a saving of g:is equal to 33 per cent , und for an equal •- 1 of ga.-;. the gain iu li,''.t 5- e ; i:;l at 02 per cent B^ira^is are made so as to i)r> > " ilaine, and are of diflereut jnaterials-l^va, iron, ,st' tite. bra.ss, plati- num liue-f, etc. The bore from v.„. . l.. .......t of the gas issues should be arrancced, as regards itj Milih, lor the quality of the gas con^wrt'^i. f-nnne! conl gn? for inft:'7vc. 1 -iuc: provided ^vith narrower *. VTe have single jet bum- ? , cockspur. and other >. :^ , . _. ; s, bored with (J to CO or 4<> holes, or as in the Dumas burner, a siit instead of a hole. The best gas burners are made of lava, and the hind known as fi.'^htai] burners consume from 4 to 5 ft of common coal gas \yer ' ' 7^ burners require from 6 to 10 cubic ft. per hour, in proi>o! sheltered lights ctmsumo about 4 cuVic ft per hour, oiu j about 5 cubic ft. ; street lumps in cities mnsume frnm 3 to 5 Oi . :. per hour, according to size of burner u-ed. .\ 13 candle-gas fy.\- ffumed in an Argand burner, evolves an illuminating power of l^) cait- dles ; if burnt in a batwing or fish-tail burnftr the same gas will pro- duce only the illiuninating power of 9 candles.' Tlie deflciency ol ligit is caused by so adnxixtore of atmospheric air minglyag larger irith ihtk thia jtti of gasjincreiisiiii; the hMt, but diaeipating the li^hf^ FACTS FOR GAS COMPANIES AND CONSUMERS. 533 •nd imparting a blue tinge to the flame. Bat-wing burners are the best adapted for all ont-dbor lights. Whenever economy in ji;a^ ^iid good light are main objects, the larger kind of bat-wing burners are preferable ; a bat-wiug burner consuming 3^ ft. of gas per hour yields only the light of 6 candles, whereas a burner consuming 6 it. {er hour evolves a light equal to 15i candles, the pressure being 4- Oths of an inch at the point of ignition. Nearly the same residts are obtained by the use of the fishtail burner. The careel burner, with a l)erforated di.?o at the lower part, and tvro orifices at the upper, where tlie flames unite and spread into one. each side of this unittyi flame being supported by tv, o curved levers or arms, is paid to be equal if not superior to the Argand or fishtail buruers in tha power ot cvolvhig a soft, steady, mellow light. Loss TO THE Diffusion of Gas Light ev Glass Globes. — Clear glass, 12 per cent. ; glass globe engraved with ornaments, 24 per cc!:t, ; half ground globe, oo per cent. ; globe obscured all over, iOjier cent ; oi^al globe, GO per cent ; painted opal globe, (>! per cent. No glasses of any kind are ever used with the bat-wing burner owing to tlie widely extended flame, but for fish-tail burners they are in com- mon use. Globes »% usually made, are of faulty construction and cause needless obscurity and a gi-eat loss of light. The Trudeau globe, hivcuted and patented by Mr. Trudeau, of Ottawa, Canada, is constructed on correct scientific principles, with spacious and roomy apertures, which tend to promote a low temperature in the glass, tlius preventing fracture from the heat, and the accumulation of smoke and dust. Thebumerbemgproperly adjusted, theheightof the globe being low, and the openings wide, the gas is easily ignited, and bums at an exi-eedingly low pressure, with a clear, steady tiame, with- out lUckerin?, and diffuses a flood of soft, briUiont light, which for quan- tity and quaUty is really surprlshig to one accustomed to the old fusliioa- ed globes. If 1 jcr cent, of air is mixed with gas, the illimiiuating power is diminished alxjutS per cent; if one-fifth of air be niLsed with, four- fiitlis of gas, no servicable light can be derived from tlie mirture. The greatest light and least heat is produced when the gas is not ex- posed to too great a current of outside air, and the most heat and least light is evolved by permeating the gas Lirgely with external air; in eveiy oase an iusuiBciency of air supply will cause smoke and ob- eourity o! light with any kind of burner. Large burners under a low pressure produce ?. greater amoimt of light than small burners under a high pressure, each kind consuming equal quantities of gas in a fiven tirr.e, and a greater volume of light is emitted from a large umer t^ian from two small ones consuming the same quantity of gas as the one hirge. All burners, no matter what the size maybe, re« qnire a certain qaantitA' of gas to produce the lirge.st amount of hght, which is as much lost through the use of too litcle gas as by the use of a surplus. Explosion' or G a'=. — Seven parts of air and one of gas is considered to be the most rtaneerous compound, but much depends on the purity, &c.. of the gas. Comi>oands of less than [5 of air to 1 of gas, or abovo 11 of air to 1 of gas, will not explode. G:is unmiscd v, ith oxygen or atmoeplieric air, extinguishes flame, and while iu this state cannot ex- plode. The terrific gas explosion durins the summer of 1.S70 in Cin- cinuati, was caused by a lighted pipe bslongiug to a laborer employed en th9 top ef th« gas Lolder ; the heat geaeratcd bj tha fio^h 584 PACTS FOE GAS COMPANIES AND CONSUMERS. ■was nearly 2,500°, or about the temperature of melted steel ; out party at the distance of half a mile from the explosion compared his experience to the inhaJation of a stream of hot air from a furnace; the time occuxjied by the explosion was about the 3rd part of a second. An exijlosive mixture of gas, lohlle viider pressure, will only ignite at the exterior orifice of the pipe or holder ; but if the pressure is removed, the flame i^enetrates to the interior, and explosion ensues. On per- ceiving the odor of escapiug gas, instant action shoiUd be taken to de- tect and stop the leak, but there is great temerity in appljing a light in such cases ; the best way is to turn oif the gas for 3 or 4 hours, and allow it full time to dissipate uito the open air through the doors, Avin- dows, &C., before using flame in any form. If a light is required at the open end of a pipe while making a new connection, gas-fitters should in every case turn the oxitlet tap off, or disconnect the outlet union of the meter, in order to avoid the hazard of exploding the me- ter. Pressure. — According to Jlr. Haswell, " The pressure with which gas is forced through pipes should seldom exeeed 2i inches at the works, or the leakage, wUl exceed the advantages to be obtained from increased pressure. When pipes are laid at an inclination either above or below the horizon, a correction will have to be made in esti- mating the supply, by adding or deducting 1-100 of an inch from the initial pressurefo'r every foot of rise or fall in the length of the pipe. By experiment 30,000 cubic feet of gas, sp. gr. "42 were discharged in an hour through 6 inches in diameter, and 22.5 feet in lenjjth, and 852 cubic feet, specific gravity 'o^jS were discharged under a head of 3 ins. of water, througn a main 4 ins. in diam. and 6 miles in length. Loss of volume of discharge by friction, in a pipe 6 ins, diam. and 1 mile in length, is > stimatcd at 95 per cent. In distilling 56 lbs. of coal the volume of gas produced in cubic feet when tlio distillation was eliected in 3 hours was 41.3, in 7 hours 37.5, in 20 hours 33.5, and in 25 hours 31.7." Tire expiraticji of the breath from the lungs in the gentlest manner, is about equal to tlie proj^er pressure for the most favorable consumption of gas, while a slight blowing force is equal to the highest pressure in the mams of gas companies; the first example is about equ'', alent to tv.o or three-tenths pressure, and the second to from 3 to 5 ins. pressure. The orifices of gas burners should be well proportioned, not too email, to require increased pressure to exiiel tlio gas, thus serioutly curtailing the light, as sho-rni by the folloAviii':; errperiments with 4 Argands, all of one size, each having 15 holes, but the orifice of each gr^uated so that only 5 cubic feet of gas per hour could pass under the respective pressures here intimated : — Gas is-snivrj icj'h Pressure in tciiths of inches. 1-lOth yielded the ligiit of 12 cam'lcs. 5-lOths " " 6 10-lOths " " 2\ " 40-10th3 " '• 1-6 " On the other hand^ if the orifice of au Arg.ond burner is too large the flame will gmoi;corienLivelyaud Vanr- c;itail waste and loss. Grade the size of the orifice by the quality of t'le gas to be consumed ; for poor gas the holes mavbe larTC; for gnod gas, emaller holes may be used. In every case be careful to efiect a correct adjustment m ordet to obtftiu tha l^eet resalt», tjlcts for gas companies and consumers. 535 ToLPMER OF Gas BiscnARaEn r^n nom Under a Pressubb OF Half \y Inch of Water— SrECiFic Gravity of Gas •42. T>iam. of [Diam.of Diam.of ©pening. Volume, op'ning. Volume, op'ning. Volume. Ins- Cubic ft 80 321 I 1 Ins. Cubic ft. 723 1287 Ins. IV4 Cubic ft, 1625 2010 Diam.of op'ning. Volume. Ins. Cubic ft. 288.-1 46,150 Diam?:ter axd Lexoth of Ga.s Pipes to Transmit Given Volumb OF Gas to Bkaxcu Pipks.— X»r. Ure. Volume Diam- Volume Diam- Volume Diam- p. hoar. eter. Length. p. hour. eter. Length. p. hour. eter. Length Cub. ft. Ins. Feet. Cub. ft. Ins. Feet. Cub. ft. Ins. Feet. 50 **• \ 100 i,noo 3.16 1,000 2,000 7. 6,000 250 1. ' 200 1,500 3.87 1,000 6,000 7.75 1,000 600 1.97 COO 2,000 5.32 2,000 6,000 9.21 2,000 700 2.65 lO'JO 2,000 6.1)3 4,000 8,000 8.95 1,000 To Determine the Size of Gas Pipe Reqcieed— London R0i,b — For 200 light.?, 2 inch lube; 120 lights, IVj inch; 70 lights, I14 inch; 50 lights, 1 inch; 25 light*, % inch-; 13 lights, 1^ inch; 6 lights, % iuch; 2 lights, Vi inch. Diameter and Extreme Length of Titrino and Number of Burit- EKs Allowed— American Standard. Diam. Feet No. of Capac- No. of Diam. of in burn- itv of burn- of tub- tube. length ers. met'rs. ers. ing. 'i 6 1 Slights. 6 1 20 3 5 " 10 114 % 30 6 10 " 20 i 40 12 20 " 40 2 60 20 30 " 60 L'ngth No. of Capac- No. Of in burn- ity of burn- feet. ers. met'rs ers. 70 35 45 b'ts. 90 100 60 60 '• 120 150 100 100 " 200 200 200 Diameter and Length of Pipe from the Main, together wits THE Number of Lights allowed in the Gas Service for Lamps. Ko. of lamps. Dis- [ tance Diam- from main in feet. 40 40 60 eter of pipe. No. of lamps. 10 15 20 Dis- tance from main In feet. 100 1,30 150 Diam- eter of pipe. No. of lamps. Dis- tance from main in ft. 180 200 Diam- eter of pijie. 1% 1% NJllna^if^^^K^ conducted by Mr. Pattinson, analvtical chemist, ^h^r^-fv.'l'r ^""'" ^® ^^^^ «^^« "ght equivalent to ITf caudles; Tf^i ' 7i^ a *i"^,® qu^mtity of gas, some burners gave only 3f otaers ,5.i. 6, 8, and 9i candle light. fe "'i ^. _ A.^to the quality of ilbmhmtimi gas, the English law enacts that such gas shall, with respect to its puritv, be so far free from am- monia and sulpnuretted hydrogen that it shall not discolor either turmeric paper, or paper imbued witij acetate or carbonate of lead, when these tests are exposed to & current of gas, issuing for oae mJ^ 636 FACT8 FOR GAS COMPANIES AND CONSi/MEHS. nte under a pressure of five-tenths of an rnch of ■water, and gball not contain more than 20 grains of sulphur in any form in 100 cubic ft. of gas." The following enumeration shows the illuminating power of the common gas used in Tar.ons cities and towns in Great Britain, as determined hy Prof. Frankland, in accordance with the Goveinmeij* standard: London, 12 caudles, Liverpool, 22, Manchester, 22, Car- lisle, 16, Birmingham, 15, Ediuburiih, 2S, Glasgow, 28, Hawick, 30. Aberdeen, 35, Inverness, 25, Greenock, i'S.o, Paisley, S0.3. In Berlin, it is 15.5, Palis, 12.3, Vienna, 9; and in the United States it varies from 12 to 18 candles, computing by the English standard. Gas manufactured from cannel coal emits a light tlie standard of which is equal to 20 candles. This gas, in London, is usually supplied to tlie piiblic buildings and the residences of the wealthy. London has now (1876) 5,000 miles of gas mains, 54.000 street lamps, which bum 3,000,000 cubic feet of gas each night ; on the lighting of the lamps and other lights the deoxydation of the atmosphere caused thereby ia equivalent to the addition of 500,000 inhabitants to the population. The illuminating value of gas is enonnously enhanced by causing it, after it haa parsed through the meter, to enter a Carhonizer or Carbureter, containing gasoline, or other light oil, where it becomes saturated and enriched by tlie absorption of the carbonaceous fumes and vapors generated fro'm the oil previous to emission into the ser- vice pipes of the building. The apparatus ought to be of sufficient size, and should, in its construction and location, combmc every available appliance to ensure safety, strength, simplicity, and ease of management, while presenting the largest possible surface for the proper evaporation of its contents. The economy of this carbureted gas is such th.at a two-foot burner emits the light of five feet of com- mon gas, while the direct saving effected on the consumption of the latter, varies, according to the quality of the gas used, from 33 to 43 Eer cent. Hvdrogen, an essential component of coal g^s, is the ghtest substance in nature, being 15 times lighter than air, and 12,000 times lighter than water, and requires for perfect combustion, 8 tones its weight, or half its volume of oxygen ; in its passage through the carbiireter above described, it is simply the medium or vehicle to transmit the particles of vapomed carbon from the generator to the burner, where on ignition it attracts to itself a sufficient portion of the surroundins oxvgen, etc., to effect illumination. When 12 lights with 5 foot bumei^ are required to furnish the desired light from common gas, 6 lights, with 3 foot liurneis and carbureted gas, is found to be all sufficient for the same purpose. ■ , ■ ^ Gasoline 1>eing almost a pure cai]K>n, may be transmitted m the vaporized form in combination with the coal gas, direct from the gas works t/> the consumer. The Superintendent of the AA est Pittsburg, Pa., Gas Works, reports a product of 603.600 cubic feet of 20 candle gas from TObbis. benzine, 72 gravitv, costing $1.75 per bbl., being a result of 8,622 feet per bbl.. at a cost, including material, labor, futl, etc., of about 32 cents per lOOO cubic feet. Crude petroleum and heaw oil from the refineries, including gasoline, benzine, etc.. were all tested and used -vrith the greatest ea^e. the vaporizing or carbon- izing process being produced by nie;u»s of supevheatcd or other ster:ra fassjne through a coil of pipe inside a tank oi- still couUiining the oil. topoftk^na used were: 14 candle gas. 50 per rent, oil gas. 80 per cent »ir, 15 i-^t ceat It is -worthy ol note tiiM tiiO unusually large per FACTS FOR GAS COMPANIES AND CONSUITEKS. 537 rentage of air did not perceptibly diminish the illuminatine power of the compound, used with common coal gas, 15 per cent of aar would have produced great obscurity in the resultant light Owiug to the cheapness of petroleum and its products, several towus have commenced its exclusive use for the production of illu- miuatiug gas, and rind it much clieai)er and better every way than the gas produced from coal. In Pittsburg, Pa., and elsewhere, sev- eral enterprising firms have taken a notable step in utilizing natural gas, which is conveyed in some instances many miles through pipes from the wells, and'is used in the manufacture of iron, for illumina- tion, the generation of steam power, etc. The gas, manufactured in natiue's alembic, is most probably generated by the action of subter- ranean heat operating on an ocean of volatile carbonaceous matter at a great depth in the earth, from which it frequently issues with ter- rific noise and irresistable force on the penetration of the crust by drilling or otherwise. Gas machmes for generating gas from gasoline are now in exten- sive use for Ughting factories, dwclluigs, oflfices, etc. A good illus- tration of a moi?t meritorious invention of this class can be seen on the next page. The gjis made by this machine, known as carburettcd air gas, is obtained by the impulsion of common air, by means of an air- pump, into a carbureter containing gpsoline. In this receptacle the air becomes satumted and impregnated with the carbonaceous vapors from the gasoline, and, impelled by the action of the air-pump, it transmits its burden to the bimiers tlirough the service pipes of the building, yielding a beautiful, rich, bright flame, conceded to be fully equal to that evolved by the best coal gas, b(7ing free from sulj^hur- ous compounds and other imjiu.ities. Nearly one thousand of these machines are now in successful op'eration in the United States, Can- ada, etc., and the saving eiTeotcd by them is almost incredible. Tlie proprietors of the National Drover's Hotel, cor. 100th Street and 3d Avenno, New York, certify that their gas bill for one year, with a 200 Ught Gas JIachine, was only $550, the light obtained being every way more desirable, and far superior to that formerly supplied by the " citj' gas " at an annual cost of nearly .?1,400. blAMETEU AlfD EXTREME LENGTH OF PlPR AND NUMBER OF BlTRNKRS ALLOWED FOR CaRBUKETTED GA9, SeRVEI) BY GaS Machine. (Gilbert & Barker). Greateet namber of boaMa to be luppUed. 2 4 15 25 40 70 . 140 225 . 300 500 As to the qvalityot carVniretted air gas it possesses an illuminnting power of from 1(5 to 20 candles, being nearly equal to cannel ga*, and la characterized by perfect combustion, ease of lighting, large volume vt flame, and perfect coiubinAtion. Greatest number of feet Size of lobe run. 20 feet . 3 SO i 60 '« ^ • 1 70 1 100 *' , , . li 150 15 200 " , 2 300 ' . ■ 2i 400 " , ^ . 3 600 4 H6 eJLS MACHINB. ON GAS METEUS, AC. 659 CiiAsaiFiCATTON OF Hydrocakbons.— The grade usually ac- cepted by distillers stands as follows : All above 88" of Baume'a hydrometer is styled chimogene, from 88° to 70° gasoline, from 70<' to 60° naphtlia, from 60° to 50° benzine, from 50° to 35° kerosene, from 35° to 28° lubricating oil. On Gas Meters— In distinguisliing between dry and wet meters, the construction of tlie former is briefly as follows : In a gas-light me- tallic box are placed 2 or 3 bellows U'ke vessels, which instead of being inflated by air, are inflated by the gas entering from the service pipes. When inflated to some extent an arrangement of sjjriugs and levers forces the gas out of the bellows a;;aiu into the exit-pipe leading to the burners. The cubic capacity of the chambers (as the bellows like ar- rangements are called), luiving been accurately adjusted, the move- ments of their walls is communicated to wheel-work, wliich b«ing connected with dials, indicate in tens, hundreds and thousands, th« coQsumption of gas in cubic feet. Fig. 1. Fio. 1. D^ meters are preferred on account as well of not being liable to te affected by frost as of not causing the sudden extinguishing of the gas-light for want of water as may occur with wet meters. Wet meters are constructed upon a plan devised in 1817, by Clegg. and im- proved by Crossley, and others. Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4, are drawings of this kind of meter, which con.xists in the first place of an outer cylin- drical box of cast iron, closed on all sides. In this box is placed a drum of pure block-tin, divided into 4 compartments, bearing upon a bell-metal axis, and immersed for rathex more than half its circum- ference in water. By the pressure of the ga.<. and the ensuing de- Eression of the water, the drunr revolves, ench of its compartments ecoming alternately filled with and emi>tied of gas. On the axis of the drum is an endless screw, whicli by mechanical means is connected with the wheel-work of the dials. The ilrum is very accurately adjusted, so that at every complete revolution a certiin cubic quantity of gaa pasees through aad is registered, i'ig. 1 exhibits the apparatus with 540 ox GAS 3I£X£BS, &C. the front plate removed; Fig. 2 shovrs the side of the meter; Fig. 3 ii tectiouol plan: and Fig. 4 is a section through the box; a is the box . ■ taO drum, b its axis, c the errf!c? j ^ : retv ; bearing in the wheel d, and ca.rrinsby means oi ether.. the drum on to the wheel-work of the dLois : /' o>.t 1 eet, gns is permanently emitted and conveyed in bamboo t... ._ ^ -lies where it is used for lighting and heating purposes, more especially the heat- ing of salt-pans in which the brine is evaporated. In Central Asia, and near the Caspian Sea, there are, at several localities, so-called infernal fires, which aie due to the coustint evclr.tion of gas from the soil. Similar phenomena exist at Arbela, in Central Asia, at Chitta-Gong, in Bengal, and other placet. About 1786, Earl DimdoniUd made experiment? on gas licrhtiug at Cnlross Abbey; but it should beobser\edi-e'uiiam IMuidock. who. in 1792, lit his shops at Redruth, Cornwall, with gas oltiiined from coals. The first more extensive gns-work was estc Liished in 1S02. by Mur- dock. at the Soho Foundrj-, ne: r Birmingham, the property'of the celebrated Boulton it Watt. In ISOo he iiluniinated two* cotton mills in Manchester the same way. Gas Exgixes. — In Lenoir's gas engine, now much employed in France, the source of power is the exjiansion arising from theelplo- sion of gas. Air and gas are admitted to a cylinder in the proj ortion of 11 to 1: a sj^rk from a galvanic batten,- is sent through it: the spark explodes the mixture, and the exi>an.«ion consequent on this explosion drives 3 piston to the other end of the cylinder. Mechanism does all the rest: opens a slide valve to permit exit to the exploded mixture, drives the piston back by the momentum of a fly-wlseel, opens tubes for the admission of new air and gas. e^tablisl'e.s connection again with the battery, and prepares for a renewal of the action, and so on continuously. These engines are cortly in the firrt while at a good working heat, then .... .. ._li fine coaJ dust, and charge the retort for working. To Stop Le.4.ks in Cl.\y Rktorts When at Worktnq Heat:— Five part« fire clay, 2 parts white sand, 1 part of borax pressed and gioasd. Mix the whole together wiih as much water as may be n&< 542 MACHUrtSTS, ENGDfEEES', AC, RECEIPT3.' •SBary to bring it to the consistence of putty. Roll it in the hands to a proper length and apply it over the ciaclc, pressing it Trith a long epatnla into the crack. To Remove Deposit of Cakbox from Clat Retokts. — Leave the retort uncharged for 48 hours, or as long as can be gi:)ared. Put the lid on the mouth-piece so as to be closed at top, and open two or three inches at the bottom. Take out the stopper from stand pipe, eo as to allow a current of air to pass through the retorl and oiydize the carbon ; use no bar. Put in a charge of coal after the retort haa Liin idle the number of hours required, and when it is withdrawn tha carbon comes with it. To Preve>-t Gas Meters From pKrEzixG. — Half a pint of good glycerine is said to prevent the freezing of 1 gid. water, though at least double the proportion is preferaLle in the country, whatever the temperature in the winter may happen to be. ^^^:;s^^o ^^'^s^>'o <^'S^^4f 7 LO.OOO 10 D EACH. HoTT To Rr:.4J3 Tnz G.vs Meter. Tlie figures on the index at the right hand denote even hundreds. "VMien the hand completes . the entire circle it denotes ten hundred, and is registered by the hand in the centre circle, pointing to one — each figure in the centre circle being a thousand, this entire circle being ten thousand ; and is re- gistered on the index of the left hand circle by the hand, there de- noting by each figure, ten thousand. The quantity of gas which passes through the meter, is ascertained by reading from the index at the time the amount is required to b« mown, and deducting therefrom the quantity shown by the index at a presious observation. If the whole is registered bv the hands on the three circles above, it indicates \ 49.900 Amount at previous observation, as shown bv the dotted lines ". 42.5(X) Shows amount which passed through since last taken off 7.403 The register at all times shows the quantity that has passed through gince the meter was first set, by deducting from which the amoimt that has been paid for (without any regard to the time when,) ehows that the difierence remains nnp-Hld. To PuKrFT Gas. — ^Tlie purifier is to be filled with miBr of lime, made by mixing 1 part of slaked lime with 25 parts of water. A very rreat improvement in the purification of gas has been effected by Sir. Statter, of England, by the emplo.^^ne^t of hydrated clay along vith the lime employed for this purpose. Hydrated clay uoites wit& MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, BECEIPT3. 543 the ammonia of the gas .is ■with a base, and, at tho same time with its enlphuret of carbon as an acid, and tlius removes both of these nox- ious impurities from the gas exix)sed to its iufluenca It assists also, in conjunction with the lime, in removing tarry vapor and other impurities from the gas. The illuminating power of tlie gas is posi- tively increased by the clay purification from 22 to 33^ per cent. Latterly, use is made of hydra ted sesquiuxide of iron for purifying gas. To Avoid Waste of Gas. — Turn tlie gas partly off at the meter ; much pas is burned to waste by tt>o great pvessui e in certain localities. In buildings of any size a good regulator will soon pav for itself. To stop the leakage of gas. Tuin oil the gas back of the meter ; then take out (a screw driver is all the tool required) the plug. Next light a wax, sperm, or paraffine candle, and drop the melted wax, sperm, or parafHne upon the surface of the plug, till it is covered with a thin layer. Next, screw in tlie tap, and in nine cases out of ten the leak will be stopped, and remain etopiied. To Remedy Scattering Siior Gtnvs. — The only remedy known to gunsmiths-is by choke-boring, that is, boring from the breech of the gun, so as to have a gradual toper towards the muzzle. Thia method of boring greatly improves the shooting qualities of the gun, as the charge concentrates at the muz;:le. Large shot are more ajit to scatter than fine, but this depends on the bore of the gun. A large Ijored gun does not shoot fiue shot so well as medium. A small tored gun throws fine sliot with greater force than a large bored one. As a general thing, a small bored gim is not adapted to large ehot, as it does not chamber them well. The length of gun also de- pends on the size of bore — 28 or 30 inches for a gun of from 10 to 14 gange ; 30 to 34, of guns from 8 to 10 ; 2G to 28, of jjuus of 15 to 18 gauge. Bkoxzinq Fluid for Grxs. — Nitric acid, sp. gr. 1 .2 part's ; nitric ether, alcohol, muriate of iron, each 1 part; mix, then add sulphato of copper, 2 parts, dissolved in water, 10 parts. Bluing on Revolveks and Gun B.vrrel3 is performed by Bimply heating the piece to be blued in powdered charcoal over a firs until the desired color is obtiined. Fine Blue Finish for Gun Barrels. — Apply nitric acid and let it eat into tho iron a little ; then the latter will be covered witli a thin film of oxide. Clean the barrel, oil and bumi.sh. A very fiuo appearance is given to gr.n barrels by tre;iting them with dilute nitric acid and vinegar, to which has been added suljjhate of copper. The metallic copper is deposited irregularly over the iron surface ; wash, oil and rub with a hard brush. Browning for Gun Barrels. — Spirits of nitre, lib.; alcohol, J lb. ; corrosive sublimate. 1 oz. ; mix in a bottle, and cork for nse. Directions: polish the barrel perfect; t^icn rub it with quick lima with a cloth, which removes grease and dirt; now apply tlie brown- ing fluid with a clean white cloth, apply one coat, and set it in a warm dark place for from 10 to 20 hours, until a red rust forms on it; then card it down with a gunmaker's card, and rub off with a clean cloth. Repeat the process if vou wi.riiaj»to»e, 4 oz. ; bin© vitriolj | f>44 MACHINISTS, EXGIXEEKS', AC, EECEIPTS. oz. ; corrosive sublimate, J oz. ; nilric acid, Idram; copperas, Jos,; mix with 1^ pints rain -n-ater, and bottle lor use. Tins is to be ap- plied the same as the first ; it causes the twist of the barrel to be visible after application, a quality which the other liquid does not possess. Bbowutn-g Composition fob Grx Barhels. — 1. Blue •vitriol, 4 oz. ; tincture of muriate of iron. 2 oz. ; vrater, 1 qt ; dissolve, and add aquafortis and sweet spirits of nitre, of each, 1 oz. 2. Blue vitiiol and sweet eiiirits of nitre, of eacli 1 oz. ; aquafortis, i oz. ; water, 1 pint. To be used in the same manner as previously described in this ■work. Vak>tsh A>rD PousH FOB Gcx Stocks. — Gum shellac, 10 oza. ; gam sandarac, 1 oz. ; Venice turiientine, 1 dr. ; 93 per cent alcohol, 1 gaL ; shake the jug occasionally for a day or two, and it is ready for use. Apply a few coats of this to your gun stocks, polish by rub- bing smooth, n'ud your work is complete. Boring Gcn Barrels. — Take a piece Ox rod, cast steel, J inch cmaller than the interior of the barrel, and a few inches longer, beat one end up something larger than the size of the bore, then turn or file it in the shape of an egg, leaving tlio swell, or centreing ixiit l-20th of an inch larger than the bore. AVith a Baw file, cut longi- tudinal cuts, I inch ajiart, laying them tha same angle as a rose bit countersink, taking care not to injure the periphery of the tool; tarden and temper to straw color. D.AMASccs Twist a>'i> Stcb-Twist Gc^-B.arrel.^. — Tlie twisted barrels are made out of long ribbands of iron, woimd spirally around a mandril, and welded on their edges by jumping them on the ground, or ratlier on an anvil embedded therein. The plain stub barrels are made iuthis manner, from iron manufactured from a bundle of stub- nails, welded together, and drawn out into ribbands, to in.^iire the possession of a tuaterial most thoroughly and Intimately worked. The Damascus "jarrels are made from a mLxture of stub-nails and clippings of Bte^i in given propoitious, puddled together, made into a bloom, and sibssqnently passed through ajl the stages of the manu- facture of iron, in order to obtain an iron that shall be of an unequal quality and hardness, and therefore di.«play different colors and markings when oxidized or browned. Other twisted barrels are made in the like manner, except that the bars to form the ribbands aretvHsted whilst red hot, like ropes, some to the right, others to the left, and which are sometimes laminated together for greater divers^ ity. They are subsequently ai;iin drawn into the ribbands and ■wound upon the in;mdril, and frequently two or three differently pre- jjared pieces are placed side by side to form the complex and orna- mental figures for the barrels of fowling-pieces, described as stub- twist, wire-twist, JJamasciis-t^rist, &c. "Sometimes Damascus gun- barrels are formed by arranging twenty-five thin bars of iron and mild steel in alternate layers, welding t]ie whole together, drawing it down small, twisting it like a rope, and aeaiu welding three such ropes, for the formation of tlie ribband, which is then spirally twisted to form a barrel, that exhibits, when finished and acted upon by acids, a diversified, laminated appearance, resembling, when prop- erly managed, an ostrich feather. t>A2i^JiK£Ksisa. — ^This is the art, now in a great measoie lost, oi KACnunSTS, engineers*, AC, EECE1PT3. 5i5 |»roducing a watered or Travy appearance on the gtecl sword-bladea, armoiir, &:c., or of mlaying and eucrnstuig steel ^rith gold and silver, originally practised at Damascus. Various methods of damaskeen- faig were practised, but the most common seem to bava been those of welding two different kinds of steel, or steel and iron, together, or of cutting lines on the eurface of the steel and filling them with gold or Bilver, which was either forced into the incised lines and brought to a level with the surface of tlie steel, or remained in relief above it. ■yVhen the former method was used, a light pattern, generally in many lines, was produced on a dark ground, or vice versa, and the junction of the metals caused the pattern to run through the entire thick- nees of the blade, so that it could not be obliterated even by grind- ing. On Wood Ccts a>i) New Wood Ttpes. — ^Wood cuts should never be washed with lye or water, benzine or caniphene only shoiild be nsed. Large woo-i>-g Coamox QrAi-'irrEs or Black ob Colored Ikss. — Demar Tarnish, 1 02. ; balsam lir, ^ oz. ; oil ber- gamot, 25 drops ; bakam of copaiba, '65 drops ; creosote, 10 drops : oopfd varnish, 50 drops. Use in gmall ({uantiitiea. The whites 01 Iresh eggs are also brighteners of colored mks, but they must be ap- plied a little at a time, as they dry very hard, and are apt to tako away the suction of rollers if used for aay extended period. Good Eedcctsg DBrnR. — Brovm's (genuine) Japan. Use in email quantities. Hardening Gloss For Ink?. — Gum Arabic dissolved in alconol or a weak dilution of oxalic acid. Use in small quaaiitiest and mix with the ink as the latttr is consumed. To GiTE Dark LyKS a Broxze ob Qujc^q-eulSjjz Hite. — Dissolve 1^ lbs. gum shellac in 1 gaL ^ per cent alcchol or cologne sjiixita for 24 hours. Then add 14 02a. aniline red. Let it stand & few honiB longer, when it will be ready for use. Add tjus to good blue, black, or other dark ink, as needed in quantities to suit, when if carefully done they wiH be found to have a rich bronze or changeable hue. Quick' Drtzb fob Lxks used ox Bookectdebs' Cases. — ^Bees- wax, 1 oz., gum arable (dissolved in sufficient acetic add to make a tnin mucilage), i or.. Brown Japan, ^ oz. Incorporate with 1 lb. of good Cut ink. To Benev: a Hard Roller. — ^Wash the roller cr-refunj- with lye cover the surface with a thin layer of molasses arid lay it aside till the next morning, then wash it with water, and let it bang till dry enough for using. Savage's ""Prtstesg Lkk. — Pure balsam of copaiba, 9 ozs, ; lamp- black, 3 ozs. ; indigo and Prussian blue, each 5 drams; Indian red, J oz. ; yellow soap, 3 ozs. llix. and grind to the utmost smoothnessu PsbrrLKG tvK. — ^Set on a fire in a large iron pot 12 gals, of dear linseed oil, boih and stir until it smokes, tLen i^;nitc it, remove it from the fire and let it bum imtil a sample will draw into strings between the fingers. Put the lead on to extii^uL^h the flame, then add 1 lb. of resin to each qt of oQ; dissolve, and add gradoally in slic^a 1| TtA. of Boap; heat the pot until the soVjti«?n is complete, when tLe varnish is ready. Two sorts axe kept, or^e thick, and the other thin, so as to mix wfien required : the diiierence is caused in the boiling and firing being kept up for different periods. For large printing ^pe a thin it required, as thick ink woul3 only print in patches ; for small type very •tile ink is used, to prevent it running ol. For making black ink, mix together miner^ laiKpbla<±, 8 lbs. : vegetable black, 7 lbs. ; in- digo and Prussian blue of each 5 ozs. Indian red, 2 oxs. ; grind tbJB with sufficiest varnish, gradnallj adding as the grinding goes 00, For colored ink use colored pigments, according to the required shade. Gum fob Backlkg Labels. — Mix pure dextrine with boilins water until it assumes the consistencv of ordinary mudlage. Apply with a full bodied, evenly made camel g hair brash. The paper sbmila Dot t-e too thin or imsized. It will dry quickly and adnere wbsm «li;htlv wet , fsor. Bottgsb's Postabls Lxk.— Make the Btroogest posaiblt MACHCaSTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 547 eolation of aniline black in water or alcohol, and soak thick onsized paper thoroughly to imbibe mirtiire, and then dry Put in a botttle and add -water as required. CoLORi>'G A>*D Sizing of Papek. — Paper is adulterated with plas- ter of Paris, sometimes to the extent of 30 per cent., to increase tho ■weight. Brown paper is mixed with ochre and clay, the manufac- turers say, to give it a nice brown color, but doubtless," the true reasoa is, to make it heavier. White soap, glue, starch, and dissolved resin with a few pounds of almn, form a good size for printing paper to mix withftie pulp. Four or five pounds oxide of cobalt (smalts), give a "beautiful blue tinge to fine writing paper, when added to 100 lbs. of the rags. Writing paper is sized by being dipped 5 or 6 sheets at a time into a composition made from skins and other aTiimal substances, a Large pile of it being afterwards pressed to force out the superfluity, although machines now exist making fine writing paper, sized with gelatine, dried, and cut mto sheets, at the rate of GO feet a minute in length, and 70 inches wide. Almost any desired shade may be im- parted to paper by the tise of several of the coloring pigments mention- ed on pa^e lo2. It requires great skill and judgment to rightiy pro- portion the various ingredients for coloring the pulp. To PcLP Straw fob Paper Making. — The straw is placed in a boiler, with a large quantity of strong alkali, and with a pressure of steam equal to from 120 to loO pounds per square inch, the extreme hciit being attained in saperheating the steam after it leaves th& boiler, bv passing it through a coiled pipe over a fire, and thus the silica is destroyed, and the straw soften^ to pulp, which, after being freed from the alkali by working it in cold water, is subsequentiy bleached and beaten in the ordinary rag machine. To Transfer Pictures from Paper to Wood fob Re-ek- CRAVDfG.— Soak the print in a saturated solution of alcohol and white caustic potash to soften the ink, then transfer to the block under rol- ler pressure. To Transfer Prdtts, &c. — Take of gum sandarac, 4 ozs. ; mastic, 1 oz. ; Yenice turpentine, 1 oz. ; alcohol, 15 ozs. Digest in a bottie, trequentiy shaking, and it is ready for use. Directions : use, if pos- sible, good plate glass of the size of the picture to be transferred, go over it with the above varnish, beginning at one side, press down the picture firmly and evenly as you proceed, so that no air can possibly lodge between ; put aside, and let dry perfectiy, then moisten the paper cautiously with water, and remove it piecemeal by rubbin» •arefully with the fingers; if managed nicely, a complete transfer of the picture to the glass will be effected. Paper for Dr.^ughts3ien, &c. — Powdered tragacanth, 1 part; water, 10 parts ; dissolve and strain through clean gauze ; then lav it smootiily upon the paper previously stretched upon a board. This paper will take either oil or water colors. To Apply Decalcomin-e Pictures. — ^Yamish the pictures care- fully with the prepared varnish (which can be obtained with the pic- tures), with an ornamenting pencil, being careful not to get the vaiu nish on the white paper. In a few minutes the picture wiU be ready to lay on the panel, and the paper can be removed by wetting it, and when thoroughly dry, it should be varnished like an oil paiutlng. Ba particoLu: to purcbaM only these transfer pictozes wbicn are coTeiie4 548 MACHINISTS, ENGDTEEES', AC, RECfiHTS. with a gold leaf on the ba<^k, for they ^\-ill show plainly on any colored surface, while the plain pictures are used only on whit© or light ground. E^•GRA^^Na ok "Wood. — ^In order to mnl?e this subject rightly nn« derstood we will state that the log of box is cut into transverse ^ices, linch in depth, in order that the face of the cut may be on a level with the surface of the printers' tyy>e, and receive the sam* •mount of pressure; the block is then allowed to dry, the longer th« better, as it prevents accidents by warping and splitting, which some* times happens after the cut is executed, if tressure on the dark parts only. Die SintvING. — When a die is required for a coin or medala. tbf eBgraver takes a piece of soft steel of suitable dimeosioos, geaerallg MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS^, &0., REC^PTg. 5./^ 8or4 inches in length and about an inch greater in diameter than the coin or other article required, on this he tollows out the exact torra of the desired impressiou by cutting away the steel by deffrtps. with small well-tempered case-hardened tools. As soon as this woi-^ IS thoroughly accomplished the steel is hardened by being heated red hot m a crucible with charcoal and oil or bone-dust, and then plungedl into cold water, ^yhen a great number of coins of one sort are re- qnired the orjgmal die is termed the matrix, and copies are mada trom It by talcing impressions from it in soft steel, which is in reUef and IS called the puncheon, and from which, when it has been hard' ened, other dies are produced by pressure, exactly sunilar to tho matnx, and in mtarjUo, which are case-hardened in their ttirn befor* they are fit to transmit an impression to any metal used for money, Iho metal used for our coin.ise, whether gold, silver copper or bronze, is stamped in a cold and solid state ; but medals and casts' can also be produced by a method called casting ca cliche, in which tha metal is used m a soft stata For this purpose an alloy is used, con- Bisting ot X lead 1^ tin, and J^ bismuth, which fuses readily at tha boding point 212^ J?ah. When the metal is soft, resembling paste in consibtenoy, the die is placed upon it, and the impression produced by a smart blow from a mallet : the surface of the metal sots instantly from coming into contact With the cold die, and thus readily retains tae form that has bsen given to it. Copies of medals may be readily made m this way, but each face will be obtained iu a separate piece and these must be joined to give representations of the coin in a com- pleue form. Ornamontal work is produced in thin metal for "-as fit- ting, cornices parts of cruet-stands, trays, Ac, by means of a pair of dies, on one of which the pattern is formed in relief, and on the other m ititagho the met d being placed between them, and brought into the desired shape by pressure. Dies are also made in metal for form- ing articles in gutta-percha and leather, and producing embossed figures on the cloth covers of books, as weU as od cardboard, paper, >ec. ^ Steelplate Engraving. -As regards steelplate engraving, it has proved immensely superior to the old copper plate system. A soft Bteel plate is first en-raved with the requii'ed subject in the most fin- ished style of art either by hand or mechanically, or the two com- t>moa, andthe plate is then hardened; a Softened steel cylinder la then rolled over the hardened plate, with great pressm-e by powerful machinery untd the e;igraved impression appears in reUef, --the hol- low lines ot the original becoming ridges upon the cylinder, the roller IS re-c, n verged to tho condition of ordinary steel, and hardened after wuich it serves for returning the impression to any number of ^ecar- .-.oiuzed plates, every one of which becomes absolutely a counterpart ot the original and every plate, when hardened, would yield the eijormous number of 150,006 impressions, without any perceptible diflerence betwenn the first and the last. In one instance, from onff engraving of the Queen's head on the postage stamp, over 6,000 platca were produced from the original, and plates for bank-note printing are multiplied m the same way. Great caution must be used in the various processes of annealing and hardening, as only slight care, iessness would result in ruining the most costly plates. The method UJ use in the Bank of Enj^land is as follows : the work to b« hai'deaej 550 MACHnrrsTs, engineeks', &c., eeceipts. ia enclosed in a wronght-iron box with a loose cover, a false bottota, and with three ears projecting from its surface about midway ; tha steel is surrounded on all sides with carbon from leather, driven in hard, and the cover and bottom are carefully luted with moiat clay ; thus prepared, the case is placed in the vertical position, in a bridge fixed across a great tub, which is then filled with water almost to touch the flat bottom of the case ; the latter is now heated in the furnace as quickly as will allow the uniform penetration of the heat. When sufficiently hot, it is removed to its place in the hardening tub, the cover of the iron box is removed, and the neck or gudgeon of the cyUnder is grasped beneath the surface of the carbon, with a long pair of tongs, upon which a couplet is dropped to secure the grasp. It only remains for the individual to hold the tongs with a glove ■whilst a smart tap of the hammer is given to their extremity ; this knocks out the false bottom of the case and the cylinder, and the tongs prevent the cylinder from falling on its side, and thus injuring its delicate but stiU hot surface. For square plates, a suitable frame is attached by four slight claws, and it is the frame which is seized by the tongs ; the latter are sometimes held by a chain which re- moves the risk of accident to the individual. The steel comes out of the water as smooth to the touch aa at first, and mottled with all the tints of case-hardened gunlocks. Writing Inscriptions ok Metals. — Take i lb. of nitric acid and 1 oz. of muriatic acid Mix, shake well together, and it is ready for nse. Cover the place you wish to mark with melted beeswax ; when cold, write your inscription plainly in the wax clear to the metal with a sharp instrument ; then apply the mixed acids with a feather, care- fully filling each letter. Let it remain from 1 to 10 minutes, accord- ing to appearance desired ; then throw on water, which stopa the process, and remove the wax. Etching Fluids. — For copper. — Aquafortis, 2 ozs. ; water, 5 ozs. For steel. — Iodine, 1 oz. ; iron filings, J-a dr. ; water, 4 ozs. Digest tiU the iron is dissolved. For fine touches. — Dissolve 4 parts each of ver- digris, sea salt, and sal-ammoniac, in 8 parts vinegar, add 16 parts ■water ; boil for a minute, and let it cooL Engravers' Border Wax. — Beeswax, 1 part; pitch, 2 parts; tallow, 1 part. Mix. Enffravers' cement. — ^Bosin, 1 part ; brick dost, 1 part Mix with heat. Moulds and Dies. — Copper, zinc, and silver in equal proportions; melt together under a coat of powdered charcoal, and mould into the form you desire. Bring them to nearly a white heat, and lay on the thing you would take the impression of, press -with sufficient force, and you will get a perfect and beautiful impression. Cast En gratings. — Take the engraved plate you ■wish to copy and arrange a support of suitable materials round it, then pour on it the following alloy in a state of perfect fusion : tin, 1 part ; lead, 64 parts; antimony, 12 parts. These "cast plates " may be worked off on a common printing press, and offer a ready mode of procuring cheap copies of the works of our celebrated artists. Black Stencil Ink. — Triturate tog»ther, 1 pt. pine soot and 2 pta. Prussian blue with a little glycerine, then add 3 pts. gum arable and sufficient glycerine to form a thin paste. JLnvaLiSLS Stsncix. IiiKS. 1, V&miah, such w ia used for ordji* MACHINISTS, engineers', 4C., RECEIPTS- 551 nary printing ink, 1 lb. ; black sulphnret of mercury, 1 lb. ; nitrate of Bi-lyer, 1 oz. ; sulphate of iron, 1 oz. ; lampblack, 2 tablespoonfuls. Grmd all weU together; thin vrtth spts. turpentine as desired. 2. Sulphate of manganese, 2 parts; lampblack, 1 part; sugar, 4 parts; all in ane powder and triturated to a paste in a little watel. Permanent Red. — ^Vermilion, 4 parts; sulphate of iron, 1 part; drying oil to mix. Any other color will answer besides red. Blub Ruling In^k. — Good vitriol, 4 ozs. ; indigo, 1 oz. ; pulveriza the indigo, add it to the vitriol, let it stand exposed to the air lor 6 days or until dissolved; then fill the pots with chalk, add fresh gall, 4 gill, boiling it before use. Black Rui-inq Ink.— Take good black ink, and add gall as for blue; do not cork it, as it prevents it from turning black. See 16 different inks on page 215. To Prist a ricrcKE from the Print Itself.— The page or picture is soaked in a solution, first of potassa, and then of tartaric acid. This produces a perfect diffusion of crystals of bitartarate of potassa through the texture of the imprinted part of the paper. As this salt resists oil, the ink roUer may now be passed over the sur- iace, without transferring any part of its contents except to the printed part. _ To Clean Old Oil-Paintings.— Dissolve a small quantity of salt in stale urine; dip a woollen doth in the mixture, and rub the paint- ings over with it till they are clean; then wash them with a sponge and clean water; dry them gradually, and rub them over with a clean cloth. Should the dirt not be easily removed by the above prepara tion, add a small quantity of soft soap. Be very careful not to mb the paintings too hard. To Renew Old OrL-PAnrriNGS.— The blackened lights of old pic- tures may be instantly restored to their original hue by touching them ■with dentoxide of hydrogen diluted with six or eight times its weight of water. The part must be afterwards washed with a clean sponge and water. Magic Paper.— Take lard oil, or sweet oil, mixed to the consist- ence of cream, with either of the following paints, the color of which is desired : Prussian blue, lampblack, Venetian red, or chrome green, either of which should be rubbed with a knife on a plate or stone un- til smooth. Use rather thin but firm paper; put on with a sponge, and wipe off as dry as convenient; then lay them between uncolored paper, or between newspapers, and press by laying books or some other flat substance upon them until the surplus od is absorbed, when (it IS ready for use. Rubber Hand Stamps.— Set up the desired name and address in common type, oil the type and place a guard about i inch high aroimd the form ; now mix plaster of Paris to the proper consistence, pour in and allow it to set. Have your vulcanized rubber all ready, as made in long strips 3 inches wide and J of an inch thick, cut off the size of the mtended stamp, remove the plaster cast from the type, and place both the cast and the rubber in a screw press, applying sufacient heat to thoroughly soften the mbber, then turn down the screw hard and let it remain imtil the rubber receives tne exact impression of the cast and becomes cold, when it is removed, neatly trimmed with a Bharp knife, and cemented to the handle ready for use 552 au-CHiKisTS, engineers', &c,j beceipts. To Make Dook Plates.— Cut yonr glass the right size, and maka it perfectly clean vrith alcohol or soap ; tut-u cut a strip of tiu-foil suf- ficiently long and "vride for the name, and -with a piece of ivory or other burnisher rub it lengthwise to make it smooth; nowAvettlie gl.iss with the tongue (as saliva is the best sticking substance), or if the glass is very large, use a weak solution of gum arable, or the white of ?Ji egg ii half a pint of water, and lay on the foil, rubbing It do\ra to the glass with a bit of cloth, then also with the burnisher; the more it is burnished the better it will look ; now mark the width on the foil which is to be theheiglitof the letter, and put on a straight ed^e, and hold it firmly to the foil, a:id with a eharp knife cut tiie foil, and take olf the superfluous ed^zcs; then either lay out the let- ters on the back of the foil (so they ^lall read correctly on the trout) by your own judgment, or by raeans of pattern letters, which can Le purchase for that purpose; cut with the knife, carefully holding down the pattern or straight edge, whichever you use ; then rub down tlie edge of all the letters wiih the back of the kniie, or edge of the burnisher, which prevents the black psintor japan, which you next put over the back of the plate from getting under the foil; har- ing put a line above and one below the name, or a border around the jiliite or net, as yoa br.rgaia for the job. The japan is made by dis- solving asphaltum in jii^t enough tur]>entine to cut it; apply with a brush, as other paint, over tlie back of the letters, and over the glass forming a backgroimd. This is u.sed on the iron pkite of the frame al.^o, putting it on when tlie plate is a little i.ot, and rs soon as it cools, it is dry. A little Lampblack may be rubbed into it if you desire it any blacker than it is without it Reliable FoRiitxjs for PnoTOGKAPHERS. — No. L Silver Bath for Albumen Pafcr, for Summer use. — Crystal nitrate of silver, 40 grains : nitrate of ammonia, 35 grains ; filtered rain water, 1 oz. ; paturatea Bolution bicarbonate of sodaj^ about 8 or 10 drops, or enough to make the bath slighMy alkaline. 2so. 2. For winter %ise. Nitrate of silver 2^ ozs. ; nitrate of soda 2o^s. ^ glycerine 3 ozs. ; pitre water 40 ozs. Make it a little alkaline with aujnas ammonia. No. 3. Another Silver Baih, Silver, from 40 to 45 grs. ^according to temjveratnre ;) nitrata of ammonia, 20 gra. : diitiUea or ice water, 1 oz. Float 45 seconds to 1 minute. No. 4. Sal Soda Toning Bath. DistUled or melted ice water 64 ozs. ; acid solution chloride of gold, (4grs. to the oz.) 1 oz. ; siiturated solution of sal soda, 4 oz. Make it a fuU half hour befort you wish to u^e it, and during the cold weather use the water shghtly ■a-arm. No. 5. Chloride of Lime Bath. "Water, 40 ozs. ; chloride of lime, 5 grains ; chloride of gold, 4 grs. No. 6. Bicarbonate of Soda Bath. Chloride of gold solution (1 gr. to the oz. of water. ) 1 oz. ; luke warm water, 1(J ozs. ; bicarbonate of soda, (saturated solution,) 10 minims. Make up fresJi every time you j^repare to tone. Make half £u hour be/ore ruling. Precipitate th"e gold I'l the old solutions witli prctosulphateof iron. Xo. 7 Fixing Bath. Hyposulphite of soda, 1 i«trt to 8 of water, and if the paper blisters in the wasxung, soap the pruita for 5 minutes in a solution of common salt No. 8. Bath for Salting the I'apcr. Pure rainwater, 60ozs. ; chlorideof ammoniuo'., 3fi0 grs. ; gelatiue, 120 grs. Photoorath PAi>Ti>"ar5f OtL Cot.ohs. — ^Trxrs for th* Iir."! PAixiLNO.->-ii.ESH.— Tf7«i«oiui Liyht&ed. — ^\\lut«, Naples yeikwrj MACHINISTS, engineers', &0., REOEEPTa, 553 and vermilion. Wliite, vermilion, and light red. Gray, Pearly and Half Tints.— \Ta:\X&, vermilion, and black. White and terra verde. White, black, Indian red, and raw umber. Deep Shades — Ljglit red and raw umber.— Indian red, lake and black. Gamationa. r->Vhite and Indian red (powerful color). White and rose madder White and lake. llAm.—Lif/ht 77a/?-.— White and yellow ochre White and Roman oclire. White and Vandvlve bro\vn for the dark parts. W hite and raw umber for the dark parts. Dark Bi awn Hair --Raw and burnt umber. Wliite and raw umbor. White and Van- dyke brown. TixTs for the Second and Tiurd P.unting. Hinh Zif/hts. "UTiite and Naples yellow. Carnations. Rose madder and white. Indum red, rose, madder, and white. Green Tints.— White, and ultramarine, with any of the yellows. Wliite and terre verte Tith the addition of a little raw umber. The above green tints m.ay 1)6 converted mto green grny.s. Graij rmf,s\— Ultramarme, light red. and white. Indian red, lake, black and white. White, ultramarme Indian red, and raw umber. Piiuple Tints.— Any of the lakes or red madden;, with ultramarine and white. Powerful Shadow Tints. In- dian red, purple lake, and black. Indian red, raw umber, and black. ^trong Glazing Co.'ors.— Light red and lalce. Brown madder. Van- dyke brown, Indian red, and lake asphaUam. Dr.\peries.— B vck Ground Colors.— Pearry.—White, vennili.m, and blue. White vermilion, and blaclr. White and blade. Gm;/.— White, Veuptian red and black. Yellow. Yellow odlire and white. OKt-e.— Yellow- ochre, terra verte, and umber. Stone.— Ra.\r umber and yellow lilack, white, and raw umber. Shj.— Trench, blue and white. French Une vennihon, and white. Edges of Clotcds.—Ye]lovr ochre and wmte. CYou^is.— Indian red, lake, and white. Brown madder, French tine, and white. PiiOTOGR.vpn Water Colobs.— Flesh Tints. No. 1. Fair Com. pierton.— Light red, a little carmine or vermilion, and Indian yellow, i-o careful m using the Litter, and. in the flesh tints of very fair chU- aren, allow the vermilion to predominate ; carnations, rose madder, and, if t;ie face be full of color, add a little vermilion to it. 2. Mid^ aiing Complexton.—mtrh the same as No. 1, saving that the light red m:ist be m excess over the other colors— carnations, rose madder, and A^ J T> * Complexion.— Light red and Indian yeUow, or light red and Roman ochre, and, if the complexion be generally ruddv, you may add a little Indian red, but it must be sparinglv used, as it m a powcrliu color, and likely to impart a purple tone to the flesh. Car- nations chiefly lake, but if the complexion bo warm, lake and a little yellow. The carnations for children's portraits are rose madder and vornulion, mchning more to the latter tint. Aged persons have rose madder, and a little cobalt to give a cold appearance to the color in tlicir cheeks and lips. These tints, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, are indispensable a:i general washes, for the purpose of recei\-iug the other colors, winch are to be worked over them to bring up the complexion to the ii.e._ Lncolorod photographic portraits vary so much in tone, thatthe bcgmner will perhaps, find some difficulty m mixing up the tmts for the washes He must note that the wa-m-toned ones do not require •o much Indian yeUow as tlie cold ones do KER0F-.ENE OR Carbon Oil MANTTFACTURE.-Petroleum, or rock «J. is a ha uid substance, of a dark color, exuding from the wth aa4 554 MACHENISTS, ENGINEERS', ^&C., KECEIPTSJ containing certain liquid and solid hydrocarbons ench as benzole, o» l>enzine, kerosene, parafflne, asphaltum, &c., in a fetate of solntion, in different proportions. It differs greatly in composition, some sam- ples containing solid paraflSne and benzole in large quantities, while others do not. Petroleum is separated from its different products by careful distillation at different temperatures. The crude material ia first heated in a retort to a temperature of about 100° Fah. Thia causes a light oU of a strong odor to pass over into the condenser. The residue is then distilled at about 120° to 160°, the result being bumhig oiL "When this is distilled off, steam is forced into the retort and a heavy oil, fit for lubricating purposes, comes over, a black, tarry mass being left behind. The light oil is now used for mineral, turpentine, and as a grease solvent. It is often of a dark color, which, is easily removed by agitation, first with siUphuric acid and afterwards, with soda-ley and water. In many instances this Mght oil (benzine) is sold for iUurainating purposes under the name of Sunlight Oil, Combination Burning Fluid, Lightning oil, &c. I knew a gentle-- man in Philadelphia who paid one man over S3000 for the receipt for making, together with the sole right to manufacture, vend and sell, a compound of this kind in that city. The curious, or those interest- ed, wOl find the receipt under the name of the " Northern Light " un- der the Grocer's Department in this work. Truth requires me to gtate that this article requires to be handled with great caution wheu used for Ughting purposes — many lamentable accidents having re- Bulted from a careless use of it. The heavy lubricating oil, when cooled down to 30° Fah., often yields parafllne in large quantities, which is separated by straining and pressure. The asphaltum may ba used for pavements, or mixed with grease as a lubricant for heavy machinery. The most important product is, however, the burning oil, which is now used as a cheap and efficient illuminating agent in nearly every household in this country. An average sample of pe- troleum contains, according to W. B. Tegetmeier, 20 per cent, of ben- zine or mineral turps, 55 per cent of burning oil, 22 per cent o£ lubricating oU, and 8 per cent, of carbonaceous and tarry matter. To Deodokizk BE>'zrN"E. — Shake repeatedly with plumbate of soda (oxide of lead dissolved in, caustic soda), and rectify. The following plan is said to be better. Sliake repeatedly with fresh portions of metallic quicksUver ; let it stand for 2 days, and rectify. To Purity PETKOLEr?.i or Kekosese Oil. — ^The distillate or crude burning oU is converted into ordinary burning oU by being placed into a tank when it is violently agitated by forcing air through it, and while thus agitated, 1 J to 2 per cent sulphuric acid is add^, after wliich the agitation is continued 15 or 30 minutes. The oU is then aUowed to settle, when the acid and impurities are removed, andany acid remaining in the oil i.s neutralized. It is then taken to shallow bleaching tanks, where it is exposed to light and air, and al- lowed to settle. It is next heated by ineans of a coU of steam pips running through it, to expel all gaseous vapors which wUl ignite at a temperature IJelow 110'^ Fahr. 'i'lie oil is now called afire test oU, and is ready to be h»aneled and sent to market. Kerosene oil is de- colorized, by stirring it im with 1 or 2 per cent, of oU of vitriol, which will carbonize the colloring matter, then with some rnilk of Um9 o? some other c*ustiQ alliaU, eetUiii^', a»d re-distiUing, KACBmnSTS, EKGDfEERS', AC., RECEIPTS. 5oS To BiJiACH Fixed Oils. — Shake strongly for some minutes, 30(1 partB oftiieoilwith40 parts water containing 1 part permangate of potaa- ea; allow the mixtare to stand in a warm place for some hours, and then filter. This renders the oQ colorless. To purify oil. Into 1000 parts by weight of oil. pat a mixture of 6 parts solution of ammonia and 5 parts water, agitate the barrel well until the alkali is perfectly mixed, which may be done in 15 minatee. The barrel is then sealed'henmet- icallv, and after 3 days' repose, the oil is decanted and filtered. The residue is used for tl:e manufacture of soap. To Clarify Coal Oil. —Place in a close vessel 100 ll«. crude coal oil. 25 qts." water, 1 lb. chloride of lime, 1 lb. soda, and i lb. oxide of manganese. The mix- ture is violently agitated, and aT'owed to rest for 24 hours when tho dear oil is decanted and distilled. The 100 lbs. coal oil are to be mixed with 25 lbs. resin oil ; this is one of the principal points in tho manipulation; it removes the gummy parts from the oil. and renders them inodorons. The distillation spoken of may terminate the pro- cess, or the oils may be distilled before they are' defecated and preci- pitated. On. FOR Fi>-E SIechasism. — Oil for fine mechanism can be pre- pared by putting zinc and lead shaving, in equal parts, into good Florence olive oil, and placing in a cool place until the oil becomes colorless. Unequalled for sewing machiiies, &c. To Make Linseed a>-d Cotton Seed Oils.— In making linseed oil quite a variety of machinery is used, more or less expensive ac- cording to tiie enterprise and capital of the manufacturer. The seed ie first passed through iron roUers, to be crushed or ground, one of the roUeis is made to revolve more rapidly than the other, which sub-t jecte each seed to a pulling, as well as to a crushing process. The meal is taken from the mill to the "chasers." when it is subjected to another crushing process, more severe than the first The diasers are two large circuLu: stones about 5 feet diameter, and 18 inches thick, rolling upon a third stone in the manner of an old-fashioned bark or dder miU. These heavy stones start the oil from the seed, ind to keep it from adhering to the chasers it is moistened with water. The meal is next put into an iron cylinder, which is kept revolving Dyer a fire until tlie water is evaporated. Much of the skill of making oil depends upon this heating process. It must not be scorched, ana yet it must be broupht up to a high temperature, so that it will readi- ly give out its oiL The presses are of various structure, some of tnem are patented, and others not open to public inspection. In one, the vats or hoops holding about 2 bushels each, were placed opposite each other agraust two immen'^e beams or uprights, made fast in tie foundations of the building. The followers were forced down upon the meal by 2 kirge levers worked by hydraulic power. The meal is kept under pressure about an hour.' and the two presses work up about 92 bushels of seed every 24 hours, the mill being kept running night and day. The product'is not far from 2 gals^ of oil from a bushel of seed, a littie more or less, acoordiu:; to vie aualitv of th» seed and tiie skill in pressing. The cakes, as taken from the press, are generally sold by the ton without griuding, and are geneially ex- ported in this form, but when there is a m.arket in the vicinity of tha mill, the cakes are put under the chasers, ground into meal," ba^ed aod gent to the feed store*. The price of the cake i$ from S30 tolw ^556 MACHINISTS, ENQIWEEKS', er day of 10 hours in gi-anite, or 300 to 400 ins. per day in limestone, Two strikers and a holder can bore with a bit 2 ins. in diameter 10 feet per day in rock of medium harilnesa. To .MAK-E IhjALix. — Di.alln is made fiom jwiper Etov.k, saturate J with nitrate of poUissium and drie>l in a furnace. Tlioii ;,'round an J mixed with nitro-glycerine. Coirqontnt jxirts of nUro-f/'uccrim, To 4J U)s. concentrated snlphuric-acid and 2^ lbs. of concentrated citric acid, add 1 lb. of glycerina Lauou ox E.MEAXK.\tE>T^. — f^lnrjls horse and cart A horse with a loaded dirt cart employed in el^ioavation and embanknient, will make 100 lineal feet, or 200 feet in tue distance per minute, wLila mo\Tng. TLe time lost in lou^diac;, diunpir.g, awaiting, etc,=4 min- utes per lo;id. A medium ]abSoKjpi)v;, tlie tiuie lost in loa'ling, tumiiig, &c., will be 1 minute ; and in i?ing!e J^coopini;, it wi'J be 1^ nunuteS. (AV.'icocd Morris. HArLrsG SroxTi — A cart drawn by horses orrer an ordiiuiy road will travel 1.1 miles per hour of t-iii. A4-horse team will haul from 25 ta o6 cubic fi-ct of lime stone at each lo.'id. The time expeudetl ia I'joding, unloading, ^c, including delays, averages 35 minuter per trip. The co6t of I'xidiiiii and uiiloiiding a cart, using a horse cram at the qnarry, and unli^iauing by hand, when lalwris Sl.25 jierday, and a horso 75 cents, is 25 cor.ts per percli=24.75 cubic feet Tlie w'ork done by an aninial i< greatest when the velocity with vhich he moves is | of the prcatest with wliich be can move wlien not impeded, and the force then exerted .4' of tlie utmost force the animal can exert at a de-id nn!L IIay. — 270 cubic feet of new meadow hay, and 21'j and 243 from laj^e or old eUcki, will wei^h .a ton, 297 to o24 cubic feet of dry clover weigh a ton. ICF- — To compute t2io nmnlier of tons an ice-house will contain, cAl- eolate uic number: of cubic feet in an ice-hou;>o, and divide by S2 ; 558 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEB8 , AC, HECEIPT87 this givea the ntunbefof toiis"the Ice-h6n6e"will"contaln it if is closely packed Eakth Digging. — Number of cubic feet of earth in a ton. Loosa earth 24 ; coarse sand 18.6. Clay 18.6. Earth with gravel 17.a Claj "with gravel, 14-4. Common soil 15.6. The volume of earth and sand in bank exceeds that in embankment in the following proi)ortions ; Band 1-7, clay 1-9, gravel 1-11, and the volume of rock in embank- ments quarried in large fragments exceeds that in bank fully one half. Weight of Earth, Eogk, &c. — A cubic yard of sand or ground ■weighs about 30 cwt ; mud, 25 cwt ; marl, 26 cwt ; clay, 31 cwt ; chalk, 36 cwt ; sandstone, 39 cvrt. ; shale, 40 cwt ; quartz, 41 cwt ; granite, 42 cwt ; trap, 42 cwt ; slate, 43 cwt To Deteemixe TN'eight of Live Cattle. — Measure in inches the girth around the breast, just behind the shoulder blade, and the length of the back from the tail to the fore part of the shoulder blade. Mmtiply the girth by the length, and divide by 144. K the girth is less than 3 feet, multiply the quotient by 11. If between 3 and 5 feet, multiply by 16. If between 5 and 7 feet, multiply by 23. If between 'i and 9 feet, multiply by 31. If the animal is Icaji, deduct 1-20 from the resiilt, or take the girth and length in feet, multiply the square of the girth by the length, and multiply the product by 3.36. The result- will be the answer iu pounds. The Uve weight multiplied by 6.05, gives a near approximation to the net weight Gauging Stkea^is. — MrJtiply the square root of the cube of the height in inches of the water on the si]i of the weir or gauge by the constant 17.13, which will give the number of gallons per minute. If the water has any initial velocity it must be determined by experi- ment, and in that case multiply the square of the height by the square of the velocity, and by 0.8 ; to the product add the cube of the height, extract the square root of the sum, and multiply by 17.13 as before. Stowage of Coaxs. — The following information will be valuable to many coal dealers and consumers who may be in doubt as to the capacity of their coal bins. A box 4 feet long, 3 ft., 5 in., wide, and 2 ft, 8 in., deep, has a capacity of 30^ cubic feet, and wiU contain 2000 lbs., or one ton of Beaver Meadow or Lehigh (American) coaL The spaces occupied by one ton of the undermentioned English coals, economic weight are: — Haswell's Wallsend, 45'25 cubic feet North Percy, Hartley (Newcastle) 46'96 cubic feet. - Balcarras Arley (Lan- cashire) 44"35 cubic feet Cannel (Wigan, Lancashire) 46'37 cubic feet DufErvn (Welsh) 42-09 cubic feet Pontypool (Welsh) 40-22 cubic feet Hence, a shed 16 feet high, 20 feet broad, and 30 feet long, ■friU hold over 212 tons of Haswell's Wallsend (Newcastle) coals, about 207 tons of Cannel, and 228 of Dufiryn. The average space occupied by one ton of Newcastle coal, economic weight, is 44 cubic leet, that of one ton of Lancashire coal, 44^ ci^bic feet, and that of 1 ton of Welsh coal, 41 cubic feet. Therefore a shed of the above dimensions, would, on the average, hold 217 tons of Newcastle coal, 216 of Lancashire, and 23* of Welsh. From the above data, any in- tending purchaser can eaaUy calculate the capacity of his coal bins, eheds, tc, and in many cases secure a good bargain by laying ia "i ia^e Btock when coals are cheap. MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 559 CtoMPOsmox Tacks fob Mcktz Metaju on Ships.— Copper S7 parts, zinc 4 p;irt3, tin 9 parts. aSSUI-TS OF J. H. CHEEVER-S' EXPEKIMEXTS WITH VULCANIZED BCBBEB BELTING AND LEATHER, DITTO. Rubber. Leather. Lbs. Belt slipped on Iron pulley at 48 " " Leather '• G4 " Rubber " 1U8 Lbs. Belt slipped on Iron pulley at 90 Leather " 128 " " Rubber " ISo Deductions from the above : Rubber belt^ for equivalent resistances with leather belts, may be reduced respectively 4(j, 50 aud 30 per cent Vulcanized Rubber belting has greater endurance thau leather, ita resistance to slipping being from 50 to 8i per cent greater MxLL FOR Spinning AVool and Weaving Merinos. — Nineteen machines to prepare the combed wool, having together 350 rollers; 16 mules with 3,400 spindles ; one winding machine of 60 rollers to pre- pare the warp ; 2 warping machines ; 2 self-acting feeders ; 100-power looms; 2 lathes for wood and iron, and one pump require in all 30 horse power. Produce : 13,600 cops of woolen thread, of 45 cops to the pound, each measuring 32 yards. The looms make 115 revolu- tions i)er minute, and produce daily 4 pieces of double width merino of 68 yards each, and 4 pieces of simple merino of 1.2 to 1.4 yard broad, and each 88 yards long. Cotton Factory. — Coitdensinr/ Engine, CiiUnder, 37 in. diam. Stroke o/piston, 1 ft. Volume o/ijiston sjyace, 53.6 cubic ft Average pressure of steam', 16.73 lbs. per square inch. Revolutions, 17 per minute. Fnction of Engine and Shafting, (indicated) 4.75 lbs. per eq. inch of piston. Indicated Horses' power, 125. Total power=l. Available, deducting friction=717. (The foregobig has reference to an English mill, for driving 22.0G0 Hand mule spiiidtes. with preparation, and 260^ looms, with common sizinp.i Remarks. — Rich additional horse's power will drive 305 iuuid- mnle spindles, irith pi'eparation, or 230 self-acting ''^ or 104 throstle " ©r 10.5 looms with common sizing. Including preparation : 1 throstle spindle=3 hand-mule, or 2.25 sell-actiug spindles. 1 self-acting spindle=1.2 hand-mule spindles. Exclusive of preparation, taking only the spindle : 1 throstle spindle=3.5 hand-mule, or 2.56 self-acting spindles. 1 self-acting spindle=1.375 hand-mule si^indles. The throstles are tlie common, spinning 34 twist for power loom weaving ; the spindles revolve 4,000 times per minute. The self- acting mules are. one half spinning 36' s weft, spindles revohing 4,800; the other half spinning 36's twist, spindles revolving 5.200. The hand-mules spinning about equal quantities of 36's weft and twist. Weft spindies 4,700, and twist spindles 5,0(X) rev. per minute. Aver- age breadth of looms 37 ins. (weaving 37 ins. cloth), making 123 pick.s per minute. All common calicoes about CO reed. Stockport count, and 68 picks to the inch. No jwwer epi: ■ led by the sizing. yfiieD. the ^-am ia dressed imtead of sized, one Horse's power caoaot 660 MACHINISTS, EHQIMEEES", AC, BECEIPTS. drive so many loom*, as the dressing machine vdll absorb from 17 ts .14 of the povrer. Size for Duessis-g Cottox Tak^« oe Wakps. — Flour 280 lbs ; tal- low 1 lb. ; add ^ to 2 per cent of the amount of floor employed f/f parafilne. The paiaffine may be made to replace tte whole,, of apart of the tallow employed. BEArriFn, SizrsG fob Lixex. — Crystallized carbonate of soda, 1 part ; white wax, 4 to 6 farU ; stearine 4 to (i parts ; pure white soap, 4 *o 6 ports ; fine Paris white or carbonate of magnesia 20 parts ; fo- tato starch. 40 parts ; fine wheat starch, IGO parts ; Ik.iI with sufid'^nt water to form IG'X) parts altogether, addhig, if desired, some nllra- marineto counteract tiie yellow tint of the linen. The linen is starched with this prei^arauon, afterwards steamed and dried, then sprinkled wiih soap- water and placed in the stamping mill, afterwards gteamed and calendered- The Marj>-ek'3 Compass. — The needle or maenet is said to point always to the north, and as a Tiattor of conr^e the other points, as eagt, wc^ &c>, are easily found bv the needle point:?!? north aiMl 60u^. In certain parts of tlie world, however, the necVJe does not point to the north, but is drawn con.sideral)]y to the rij;ht or left of true north. This is called tl;e varir-tion of the comT^a?^. and mrwt be known accarately by the navigator in order to etc " -r the right course. For instance in crossing the At :u the variation of the compass amoriuts in sailing ve?.-': ,_ '~i Tjoints westerly, and the course steered mu5t be corrected &ixC>i\Iing- ly. Say that you wish to make a due eist course, you must Ftect 2 J or 2f ix)iats south of that or to the right hn-ni\ in order to make a direct course. 05 the Cape of Good Hope in the South Atlantic Ocean, stranjo enough, the variation of the compass in shijxs bound to India or Aiis- tralia is 2| points easterly, and in order to make it due ea^t c-ourse itia necessary to steer 2^ to the north or le:t of her course, while again to- wards the equator or centre of the globe there is hardly any perce^jt- ible variation of the compass at all. The way of fin'lir? oit ho\r much the compass varies in different parts of the worM ' ' er- vations of thesun taken with the comiwss, and the . o- tweenthe true and magnetic or corapass bearin?is i 3» which mtist be applied as a correction to the course st-^ied. W« have, howerer, in iron ships or steamers what is called the deviatioa of the compass to attend to besides the rariation. This is the local attraction capsed by the iron, and must be careftilly uEde>:tiX)d be- fore steamers or iron ships attempt to go to sea. As in steamers of the Allan crCunard line,' each vessel lofore proceeding on her first voyage must be carefully swung, and rcagnets fixed to the deck, be-j sides small chains plaoed on each side ci the compasses in box^ in] order to counteract the attraction of the iron. Thus the compass6& are so nicely balanced with the E-ignets and iron, that it is rare In^ deed -it this day that :' . ler on a trans-Atlantic passage. The conseouences to sailing ghip whose co.mpassea are astrsy would be i. ^rLite. even if it were btrt oneJ half poirt, on dark w;ri:<:T nigato a;..! rOadiing the land. These difll«^ enlties are now happilv obviated by the discoveries of modem Bcientm and th£iz application in corre>tiug'tIie compass at sea- ItACHIKlgTS, BWG1NSER$', kC, ftECRttTS.. 561 Heat of Waieb ik Steam Boilebs. "VTABimrGOF Bt-nLDmos,&c —The following table shovm the temj-trature of water by Fahrenheit's and Centigrade scales of meMurements, alicwing 14.6Jll». per square inch to a:moephere ;— Pressure of i Steam in Tempera- Atmospheres tiire. 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.6 4 4.6 5 6.5 6 6.5 T 7.5 8 9 10 11 12 tore. F. I C. I F. I C. _L>-'100.° 13,381° 155.^ 230 112.2 14 387 157.7 251 12l.2'l5 393 '200 2&4 12*. g 16 398 203 275 125. 1 17 404 .206 _ 285 14').5 1S409 |209.4 2&t 14.-).5 19 414 212.2, 300 14s. 8 20 418 214.4. 30$ 1.5.3.121423 217.2' 314 156.2 22 427 219.4 320 160. 23 431 221.2 326 163.1 24 4.36 224.4 332 166.2 25 439 226.1 15 (2 S 13.1 5-|.= ^3 _g-^ 169.4 30 457 172.2 35 473 177.2 40 4^7 181.2,45 491 186.1 50,5U 190. 236.1 245.1 ;252.7 ,255. , 266.11 ill!! .5 "5 a 5-5 9 S S *3 I 1 t ill ^ ; ? I O -.= - "^ - 5 = = .a 3" I 5i3s55i 6 D 8 a ^ ft40 3 H '« iiii TALrE OF FcEL.— The evaporative power of Coi-^ in the fumacQ ©f a steam boiler, and under pressure. Ls from U to 9 lb« of fresh Jirater per lb. of coke ; that of charcoal o\ Yb$. of fresh water vet lb The evaporative power of 1 cubic f.x)t of pine wood is equal to that oj 1 cubic foot of fresh water ; or, ia (^\ the furnace of a steam boiler, and Jmder pressure, it is If Ibi fresh water for 1 lb. of wood. One cord ^ of hardwood aud 1 cord of soft ^ frood,such as the general average f in Canada, is equal in evaporative '' -^ eflfects to 2000 lbs. of anthraci1/>| coaL One cord of the kind of "irood used by Americ-an river steamers in the West, is equal to E.f"^q'JfJ^J^^ o; Pirt^bnrg .^..^-, ,,,,, ^^,^^^ •oai , ycon^ cotton, asa and cypress wood are equal to 7 cords veUow pine. Ihe densest woods give the greatest heat, as charcoal' gene ^tes more heat than flams. The evarorative power of mat in tlia Jumare of a steam boiler, and nnder pressure, is S^ t.- .5 lbs of fresh J^r for every lb. of fuel. Bi'':m 'yr, < •„,; i, 13 per rpnf more ef- fective than cokf. for equ.'^l weieht^. and in England th^ eff<=H:l3 ar» alike for equal co^ts. In an exT^erimeDt under a pressure of 30 ]bs t B>. pine wood evarwrated 3.5 to 4.7.5 lbs. water. 1 lb. Lehif^h coaj,' y J5 to &.7& Ibe. Hid least oonsumptioo of coal yet attiiiiied 5 U Iv Rettkx Ft-rr: B01T.ER. 562 MACHnnsTs, exgiseeks', &c., receipts. r!r mdicatetobe equal in evaporating eilect t<5 1.25 tonstif an- thracite co?J, and 1 ton of anthracite to "be equal to 1.75 cords pine ■wood ;, also that 2000 lbs. Lackawanna coal are equal to 4500 lbs. best pine wood. Much depends on the kind of b>oiler used. The .ff ^titT-n. Flue Boiler gives very good results in econonuzing heat. See diagram above. SPEcmc Gka m t v . — Is the densitr of ^Iie matter of which any body is composed, comiiarcd with tlie den? :ty of another body as- Fomed as the standard, or 1000. This standard is pure distilled water for liquids and solids, and atmospheric air for gaseous bodies and- vapors. Thus as gold is 10, and silver 10 times heavier than water, those numbers 19, and 10 are siiid to represent the speciac gravity of gold and silrer. The heavic-st kno-s\Ti sr.bstnnceis iridium, used for pointing gold pens ; its speciilc gravity is 2.3. The lightest of all liquids has a specific gravity of 0.6, it is called chimogene. and is made from petroleum, it Is exceedingly voLitile and combustible, heing in fact a liquefied gas. Carb---.nic acid gas or choke damp is 500 times lighter than water, common air SCO, street gas about 2>X)0. and pare hydro- gen the lightest of all echstances, 12,0(.O times. The heaviest substance has thus 23+12,000, or more thr.n a qu:::tcr of a million times more weight than an equal bulk of t!ie lijhtestjand the substance of which comets consLst, has by astrouomei's been proved to be even .several thoiL^and times lighter than hydrogen gas. ArpROVED Fkictiox Matches. — Abor.t the best known prepara- tion for friction matches consi.~t3 of gam arable, 16 paits by weight; phosphorus, 9 parts ; nitre, 14 parts ; peroxyde of manganese, in powder, 16 parts. The gum is first made iuto'a mucilage vrith water, then the manganese, then the phosphorus, and the whole is heated to about ISQOFah. When the phosphorus is melted the nitre is ad- ded, and the whole is thoroughly stirred unMl the mass is a uniform paste. The wooden matches prepared first with sulphur, are then dipped in this and afterward dried in the air. Friction papers, for carrying in the pocket, may be made in the same manner, and by addiiig some guia benzoin to the mucilage they will have an agree- able order when ignited. liiPKOVED Ojlokzd Fires. — White. — Saltpetre, 2 parts; sulphur, 2 parts; antira«ny, 2 parts. Red. Nitrate of stroutia, 20 parts; chlorate of potash,' 5 parts; snlphirr, 6\ parts ; charcoal. 1 i>art Blue. Chlorate of potash, 9 parts; sulphar S' parts; carbonate of copi^er, 3 parts. YeUi^nr. — Xitrate of soda. 2i parts; rntimony, 8 parts, sul- phur, 6 parts; charcoal, 1 lart. Green. — Nitrate of baryt.'i, 26 ]>arts: chlorate of potash, 18 parts ; sulphur, 10 i^.rt*. Violet. — Niti-atc oi gtnmtia, 4parts;c)ilorate of potash, 9 parts; sulphur, 5 parts; car- bonate of copper, 1 part; calomel, 1 ]Virt. To KE-covrJi HAiDiEES IX PiA>"os. — Get felt of graduated thick- re- s, cut it in strips the exact ^vidth, touch only the two ends with glue, not tiie p.art striking the strings. Hold in place with springs of narrow hoci>.iron. W-VTirE. — Fresh Water. — ^The component parts by weight and measure is, Orygtu, 88.9 by weight, and 1 by measure. Hydrogen,^ ILl by weight,* and 2 by measure. One cubic inch of distilled watM* »t it« Bcaiidum denaitr of 39°, 83, the barometer at SO jp.f^es, weigh* KACniNISTS, ENGIKEEES', &C., RECEIPTS. 568 252.6937 grs. A cubic foot weighs 62.5 Ihs. Rated bj the British Imperial standard, a cubic ft. of Trater at 62" weighs fCS.Cii ozs., S5.8i cable ft. of water weich 1 ton, 39.14 cubic ft. of ice weLTb. Iton. Sea- Water. 1 cubic'ft. weighs 64.3126 lbs.; St.84 cubic ft. weigh 1 t<>n and contains from 4 to 5| ozs. of salt per gal. varying in different parts of the globe ; carbonic arid, 62 parts in everj" iOOO of water. The saline matter in the Dead Sea is 21.722 parts in every 100; Dr. Scoresby's observations of the height of waves in tho North Atlantic Ocean record 24 ft, 30 ft., the highest 43 ft, and tha mean 18 ft in western gr.los. French observers in the Bay of Biscay Etite a height of wave of 36 ft. ; Captain Wilkes writes of 36 ft intha racific and Sir J. Ross of 22 ft in the South Atlantic. Heights of waves in northwest gales off the Cape of Good Hope have been com- Euted at K) ft, those off Cape Horn at 32 ft, in the Mcditerraneaa ea at 15 ft., and in the German Ocean at 14 ft, but in the British waters they are only found to average 8 to 9 ft. The velocity of ocean storm waves was observed by Dr. Scoresby in the North Atlantic to be about 32 miles per hour ; Capt. Wilkes records it at 2G]i miles in the Pacific, and French mariners in the Bay of Bis- cay at GO miles an hour. Dr. Scoresbj' has estimated the dirtanca between or breadth of his Atlantic storm waves i4 about r.OO feet from crest to crest which is only about half of that ft, ted by soma others, and Dr. S. states tliat the waves of 30 ft height move at the rate of 32 mUes per hour. The mean force of the Atlantic waves for the summer months is over 600 lbs. per sq. ft., during winter 2083 lbs. During a severe gale 6383 lbs. per square ft. has been noted. Corrosive ejfrcts of Sea-Water on Metals, per sqiiara Joof. Steel 39 grs., iron"38, copper 9, zinc 8, galvanized iron 1.6, tin 2. Brazts-g Cast Ieon". — ^There are two ways of joining cast iron. 1. Fit the broken pieces exactly together in moulding sand and potir melted iron over the parts to be joined. "VSTien cold chip off tlia superfluous metal and you will have a joint scarcely to be detected. 2. Well tin the parts to' be joined, fit together in sand as above, and pour melted brass over them. Maci>'tosh Cloth. — ^The material is merely two layers of cotton cemented with liquid India rubber; but the junction is so well effect- ed th.at the three become, to all intents a.i:.d purposes, one. The stout and well-woven cloth is coiled u'^on a horizontal beam lite the yard beam of a loom ; and from this it i.s stretched out in a tight state and a nearly horizontal direction ; a layer of liquid or rather paste-like solution Ls apphed with a spatula, to a considerable thickness, and the cloth is drawn tmder a knife edge which scrapes the solution and dififuses it equally over every part of the cloth, whici may bo 30 or 40 yards long. The cloth i.<< then extended out on a horizontal framework to dry ; and when dried a second coating is applied ui the fame way, and a third or fourth coat if necessary Two pieces, thus coated, are next placed face to face with great care to prevent creasing or distortion ; and being placed between two wooden rollers, they are «o thoroughly pressed as to unite durably and permanently. Cloth, tluu cemeutod and doubled and dried, may be cut and iuade intoi 864 MACHIKIST3, ENGIS*EEBS', AC, EECEIPT8. ramenta which will bear many a rough trial, and many a ddngiTtg, Before rain or water can penetrate. To Petrift Wood— Gam salt, rock alnm, white rinegar, chalk and pebbles powder, of each an equal quantity. Mix well tojretlier. If, after the ebullition is over, you throw into this liquid any wool or porous substance, it will petrify it. To CoxsTKCcT A>' .SoLiA>' Harp. — Mate a box with the top, bot- tom, and sides of thin wood, and the ends 1^ inch beech, form it the same length as the width of the window in which it Ib t> Lo placed. The box should be 3 or 4 inches deep, and 6 or 7 inches wide. In the top of the box, which acts as a sounding bcsrd, make 3 circular holes about 2 inches in diameter, and an eqnrA distance apart. Glue across the sounding board, al>out 2V inches from each end, 2 pieces of hard wood ^ inch thi^k, and ^ inch high, to serve as bridges. You must now procure f i -m nny muii- cal instrument maker twelve steel pegs similar to thor e of a pLino- forte, and 12 small brass pins. Insert them in the following man- ner into the beech : first commence with a brass pin, then insert a steel peg, and so on, placing them alternately i in. apart to tho number of twelve. Now for the other end, which you mast com- mence with a steel peg, exactly opiwsite the brass i^in at the other end, then a brass pin, and so on.'alttTnately, to the number of 12 ; by this arrangement you have a steel peg and a brass pin always oppo- site each other, which is done so that the pressure of the strincrs on the instrument shall be uniform. Now string the instrument with 13 first violin strings, making a loop at one end of each string, which put over the brass pins, and whid the other ends round the oppo- site steel pegs. Tnne them in uuisnn, but do not d:-aw them ti^hL To increase the cuiTcnt of air, a thin board mny be placed a'.>jut 2 iniies above the strings, sujiwrted at each end by 2 pieces of wood. Place the instrument in a partly opened window, and to increase the draft, open the opix)site door. To CoKSTECCT A METROTOME. — Take a clieap clock morenient and substitute for the pendulum a wire with a sliding weight, mark- ing tlie wire with a file at the dlJerent poiots of graduation. Used to indicate the projier time in music To Bexd Glass Tubes. — Hold the tube in the npiier part of the flame of a spirit-lamp, revolving it slowly between the fingers : when red hot it may be easily bent into any desired shape. To soften larje tubes a lampVith a double current of air should be used, as it gives a much stronger heat than the simple lamp. Black Lead Pescil!*. — The best pftucila are made by grinding the black lead into a fine irnxjaljiable ]x)wder, then forming it into blocks by compression without any cementing substance, and finally sawing it up into the square pri.«ra8, whii h. when placed in grooves in wood, form the black lead pencils of commerce. The color can be graduated to any desired tinge by the intermixture of very finely ground chiv. By the proce,^s of Prof. Brodie. the most intractable graphite may bereducel to the finest jwwder with great ease. The mineral is coarsely powdered and mixed with l-loth of chlorate of pota^, to which mixture is added twice its weight of sulphuric acid. Chl< ic acid is disensaged, and. after the mass has cooled, it is well wae Hi, dried, aad heated to redness. During the latter ciieratkta^ MACmXISTS, lafGDfEEKS', AC, RECEIPTS. 5^B Vie black lead pwcHs and becomes reduced to so fine a powder t^*^ Ifvrill rvrim uiwn water, a little flaoriJe of eodium ia nsed to dissoJvd the Eilicions imparities. The finest quality is found near Bunxjwdaie in Cnmberbind, pjisland. It is nearly pure carbon, and perfectly- free from prit It id tised principally in the manufacture of lead pen- cils, the coars-r quality bemg u^ed, -when pronnd, for polthing iron ■work, plazing guujowder, as a lubricator fur machinerv, compoundetj •mth four times iti weight of lard or tallow, and in the manufacture of «nclbles for melting metals, as it is very intractable in an intente heat rniixip^s FmE A>-nthilator.— Consists of a case containing ■water, ■within •which is a gmaller case containing chlorate of po^S and Bugur. Dipjied in the latter is a smaU tube wmtaining sulphuric aad ; when this tube is broken the chlorate of potash and" su^ be- come igmtcd, throwing ofiE large quantities of mixed gases which are non-supporters of combustion ; the action is maintained bv the -water m the outer case becoming heated. The gases are conveyed to the- fere by means of a flexible tube fitted ■with a proper norzle'and stoo- cock. I have seen still another kind constructed of copp^ in qurto an e.egant etvle, fitted with shoulder gtraps, &c, for easv transporta- tion, m wmch the gases were generated by mean5 of chemicals on the nrmciple of what may be seen every dav in the euervescence of car- bonic acid gas from the intermixture of seiJIitz ix)wders in ■watec The chemicals being introduced from white and blue paper packagjw into the water omtained in the copper case ^ M.^M-FAC-rt-KE OF CoRX Stasot.— TCaii's Patrnt.— The com v steei^ed m water, nmg-.ng in temperature from IQo to 140° Fah. lor about a week, changing the water at least once in 24 hours. A certain amount of add fermentation is thus produced, can^iu" th& Efcxrch and refrse of the com to be easily separated aftenrarda Ihe swollen c-im is ground in a oirrent of dear soft water and ine pulp passed through Fievcs, ■nith the water irto vats In 'thesa ■J>3 starch gradually settles to the bottom, the dear ■water is then run off by a tap, and the gtarch gathered and dried in a prop«- apartment for the purpose. RfTUMXG OF gcGAB.— Both cane and beet-root sugar are refined on the same prcidple, by mixture with limewater, boilino- witb ■mraal chiircoal, and filtration throuch twilled cotton. In eomo ertabashmeuta bullock's blood is used to aid in the clarifying ne albumen of the serum becomes coagulated cu the applititSt of heat, forumig a network, which rises to the top of the Dtraw carrying with it a great part of the impurities. The reddish ijraa ohtamed cj the Hist filtration is next passed through filters iaS laijge vate, twelve or fourteen feet deep, npcn which are laid cokx9» ticking, ci^rsely ground animal charcoal, and a second laver tt ticking. The syrup is i^owed to flow over the surface of the filter., and runs slowly through the charcoal, coming out perfetW colorless. The concentrated gvrnp is then boiled in vacuo, tvyHnaai of which two important re*Tilts are arrived at The visdd Eflta* wonld bnil m air at 230© Fah., at which temi^ratnrea quaatitrot BDcrj-rtallixaWe sugar wonld be lormed. By i>erforming th» •n»> ation in a vacnum-pan the boiling point is brought down to 150» or iOP. no fezmatiaa of onczystallizable sugox takes ylac t^ aad 566 MACHIKISTS, engineers', AC, BECEIPTS, a great saving in fuel i3 effected. VTten tlie concentration reachM a certain point, the symp is transferred to a vessel heated by steam to 170°, and forcibly agitated with -wooden be?ters, nntil it forms thick and granular. From the heatiag-vat3 it id transferred into inverted conical moulds of the •well-known shape, at the bottom of each of •which is a movable plug. The syrup is •well stirred to prevent the formation of air-bubbles, and then left at rest for several iours, at the end of •which time the plug is removed, and the tmcrystallized syrup runs out. The loaves are further freed from ell colored matter by a portion of perfectly colorless syrup beinff run through them. They are then dried in a stove arid finished for market by being turned in a lathe. Cncshcd or granulated su^ar is made by causing the granular syrup to revolve in a perforated drum, by •which means the unciystalLizable portion is separatea from the crystals by centrifugal force. BcTTOx Jl^^sTFACxcKE. — ilctal buttons are formed of an inferior Idnd of brass, pe^cer, or other metallic compositions. For button metal, see a -variety of alloys on pages 291 and 2'j2. Buttoas •with shanks are usually made of these compositions, •which is supplied to the manufacturers ia sheets of tiie required thickness. By meana of fly presses and punches, circular disks called blanks, are cut out of these sheets. This is mostly performed by females, •who can •furnish about 30 blanks per minute, or 12 gross per hour. Hand punching is the general mode of cutting out blanks, but mora complicated machines, •which cut out 8 or 10 bLinks at a time, aro in use. After betug punched, the edges of tlie blanks are very sharp, and require to be smoothed and rounded. Their surfaces are then planished on the face by placing them separately in a die imder a small stamp, and allo^wing them to receive a small blow from a polished steel hammer. In this state they are ready to receive the shanks or small metal loops by •which they are attached to the dress. They are made by a machme iu •wliich a coil of wire is gradually advanced to-warda a pair of shears •which cuts oif short pieces. A 'metal finger then presses against the middle of each piece, first bending it and then pressing it into a -vice, •when it is compressed so as to form a loop ; a hammer then striljes the two ends, spreading them into a fl;it surface, and the shank is pushed out of the machine ready for use. The shanks are attached to tha "blanks by •women, ■with iron "wire, solder and rosin. They are then put into an oven, and •when firmly united, form plain buttons. If a crest or inscription is -wanted, it is placed in a die and stamped. Buttons are gilded by gold amalgam, by beiug put into an earthen pan •with the proper quantity of gold to cover them, amalgamated Xrith mercury in the following mauner : the gold is put into an lion ladle in thm strips, and a small quantity of mercury, say 1 part of mercury to 8 of gold, added to it, the ladle is Held over the fire till tlie gold and mercury are perfectly united. This amal- jram being put into tlie i«u with the buttons, as much aquafortis, dilated with water, as will wet them all over, is thrown in, and th«y are stirred up •with a brush till the acid, by its affinity to tha copper in the buttons, carries the amalgam to every part of their surface, giving it tlie appearance of silver ; this done, the acid is -vifihed away with clean -water. This id called the guicking pro* ttACHUriSTS, ENGINEEB3*, AC., BECEIPTa. 567 S5!iir^ *^-/''»fi' of, the pan of buttons ia heated bv a charcoal fir« expelling tlie mercury in the form of a vapor, whidTlmder Sla ^.P ST^^e'Si^n of £.Vi-lP'*'r"'* °^ "^^f^^« ^ admitted;' the contortSaSuni from the coolmg process hermetically seals them and decay seem, t? be almost imj^ssible. There is a man-hole ik the S ^^d t^ ^ange or clean out the contents; and the wood chaml^rTf umThod te wSfn y^l P"^"^! ^'^^^ The whole operaTiS i^coiSeted in le«3 than cue hour, rendering the wood proof a-ainst rS mT?«itP« and the attacks of tlie Teredo vari:if'° ^""^J ^^ ^^ J'-^t carefnUv; applv^^[h a bS ;^^^i! w dragged by the chain of a draw-bench. afterthe man ner of wire, though a pair of ton-, with two bell-slmned iaw^^ Jh^ « pressure of water, steam, or gas to which they have beSTsubiwted a^ they admit of bein^ bent b<,th in the heated and cold rtatrS^u^ wut impunity. Sometimes the tubes are made one u^athe^U 5G8 jiACHisnsTS, exgineees', ac, receipts. wheu great thicloiess is reauiied ; bat those stoat pipes, and those larger than 3 inches, are but selaom required. The wrought iron tubes of hydrostatic presses which measure about ^ an inch intem;iUy, and | to §"of an inch thick in the metal, are frequently subjected to "a pressure of /our tons on each square inch. Brass Tuees. — Bkuss or other tabes are formed of rolled metal •which is cut to the desired width by means of revolving discs: in th« large sizes of tubes, the metal is partially carved in its length bj means of a pair of rolls, when in this condition it is passed through a eteel hole or a die, a plug bein^ held in such a position as allows th» metal to pass between it and toe interior of tlie hole. Oil is used to lubricate the metal, the motion is communicated by power, the draw- ing apparatus being a pair of hujre nippers, which nolds the brass, and is attached to a chain and revolves round a windlass or cylinder. The tube in its tm5oldered state is annealed, bound round at intervals of a few inches with iron wire, and solder and borax applied along tho Beam, The operation of solderui^ is completed by passing the tubes throufrh anair stove, heated with cokes " Dr " breezes" which melts the solder, and unites tlie two eyes of the metal, and forms a perfect tube; it is then immersed in a solution of sulphuric acid, to remove scaly deixjsitt. on its surface, the wire and extra solder *having been previously removed ; it is then drawn throu>:h a " finishing hole plate" when tlie tube is completed. Mandril drawn tubes are drawn upon a very accurately turned steel mandril, by tliis means the in^ temal dianieter is rendered smooth. The tubes drawn by this pro- cess are well adapted for telescopes, syringes, small pump cylinders, &c The brass tubes for tlie boilers of locomotive enghies are now made by casting and drawing without being soldered, and some of them are drawa t£;-er in their thickness. Tubes from 1-10 inch in- ternal diameter and 8 or ten incies long, np to those of two or three tnches diameter and 4 or 3 feet long, axe drawn vertically by means of % strong chain wound on a barrel by wheels and pinions, as in. a crane, m Donkin's tube drawing machine, which is applicable to making tubes, or rather cylinders, for paper-making and other ma- chinery, as large as 2Ci inches diameter, and 6^ feet long, a vertical screw 'is used, the nut of w hich is turned round by toothed wheels driven bv six men at a windlass. The fluted tubes of pencil cases are drawn through oramental plates, with elevations and depressions corres]X)nding to the impressions left on the tube. Lead Ptpb, is made by forcing lead, while heated to a pLastic state, over aa annular mandril or die to lorm tiie core, by means of hy- draulic pressure. CtTTLEBY MA^jTFACTUHa. — ^There are three kinds of steel employed in manufacture of different firticles of cutlery, common steel, shear steel, and cast steel. All edge tools which require to be tenacious without being very hard, are made of shear steel. The best scissors, razors, penknives, &c., are made from cast steei, which is able to take a very fine polish, common steel is only nsed ir making cheap articles of cutlery. In making good table-knives, shear steel and cast steel are generally preferred. In the ordinary method of mak- ing knives, the blades are cut out of a sheet of steel, and the backs, ghoulders and tangs of wrought iron, are attached to the steel liiades by welding at the forge. The knife is thea gtoosd tc th* MACHINISTS, ENGINEEBS,* AC, RECEIPTS. 569 proper shape, and the bladia polished and hardened. The fork manufacture is a distinct branch of industry, and the mamifacturem of table knives generally buy their forks from the fork maker* ready to be put into their handles. In makin» table knives, two t men are generally employed ; one is called the foreman, or maker, and tlie other the striker. Pen knives are usually forged by a smgle hand, with hammer and anvil simply ; they are hardened by heatmg tlie blades red-hot, and dippmg them into water np to the shoulder. Bazors are also hardened in the same manner. Tlie grinding and polishing of cutlery are generallj; performed by macliinery, the busi- ness of the grinders is divided into grinding, glazing and polishing. Grinding is performed upon stones of various dimensions. Those ar- ticles wiiich require temper bemg ground on wet stones. Glazing is a process by which lustre is given to cutlery ; it is performed with % glazier, consisting of a circular piece of wood, sometimes covered •with leather, or an alloy of lead and tin ; it is fixed on an axis like & grindstone. The polishing process is the last, and is performed on & eimilar piece of wood covered with buff leather. Only articles of ca.st steel which have been hardened and tempered are subjected to this operation. ^ Ox Needle MAXTTFAcrrKE, TE^rPEiirN-G, &c.— This small but im- portant implement has to go through the hands of about 120 work- men during the process of manufacture. The steel wire, being drawn to the proper size, is submitted to various test3 to ascertain its qual- ity, and is then cut into proper lengths by shears, which, by striking 21 blows in a mmute, cut in 10 hours fully 400,000 ends of steel wire, which produce about 800,000 needles. These are passed on for fur- ther manipulation to other workmen, who straighten and point tho pieces of wire. After pointing they are cut in two, so as to form two separate needles of equal Icrgth and quality. For each different size a small copper plate is employed. It is nearly square, and has a tumed-npVdge on two of its sides, the one is intended to receive alb the points, while the other resists the pressure of the shears. On this plate a certain number of wires are put with their poiats in con- tact with the border, and they are cut together flush with the plate, "by means of a small pair of shears moved by the knee of the work- man. These even vrires are now taken to the hcad-flattener. This ■workman, seated over a table with a block of steel before him about S inches cube, takes up from 20 to 25 needles between his finger and thumb, spreading them out like a fan, with the points under th» thumb, he lays the heads on the steel block, and, with a small flat- faced hammer strikes a few successive blows upon them so as to flatten them in an instant. The heads, having become hardened by hammering, are now annealed by heating and slow coomig, and are handed to the picrceT, generally a child, who forms the eye in a eecond by laying the head uixm a block of steel, and by driving a small punch through one side with a smart tap of the hammer, and then exactly opiwsite on the other. The eyes are then trimmed by dri\-ing the punch through them again on a lump of lead and, after laying the needle with the punch sticking through it, upon the block of steel, hammering the head on the sides, which causes it to take Ihe form of the punch. Tue next operator malces the groove at tho ^e and rounds the head, which he does with a small file. Thv 570 XACHDaSTS, EXGUTEEES*; &C^ EECEIPTS needles, being thns prejiared, are thro'^m by the workmen peD-ntell into a sort of drum or box, in ■whidi thev are made to arrange them- selves in parallel lines by means of a few dexterous shakes of the workman's arm. They are now ready to be tempered, for which purpose they are ranged on sheet-iron plates, about 30 lbs. weight at a time, containing from 250,000 to 500. OuO needles, and are placed in a proper furnace, where they are heated to a bright redness for the lai^r needles, and to a less intense degree for tSh smaller ; they aro then removed, and inverted suddenly over a bath of cold water in ench a way that all the needles may "be immersed at the same time, yet separate from each other. This has the effect of making them very hard and brittle. The water being run ofr, the needles are re- moved for further operations. Some manufacturers heat the needles by means of inmiersion in melted lead, others throw them into a pan along with a quantity of grease, which, being placed on the fire, the oUy matter soon ignites, and after it bums out, the needles are found to be in the proper temper ; those which are twisted in the tempering being afterwards straightened by the hammer on the anviL Po'.uhing is the next and most expensive and prolonged operation. This is eHected on bundles containing 500,000 neeidles intermixed with quartzoze sand, and a little rape-seed oiL Thirty of those bundles are exposed to the vibratory pressure of wooden tables, which make about 20 horizontal double movements per minute, canning tho bundles to rtm over 2 feet each time, or 800 feet per hour. This agitation is kept up about 18 or 20 hours, causing such a move- ment and attrition as to polish the needles in the bags or bundles. They are then removed from the packets into wooden bowls and mixed with sawdust to remove the grease and other impurities, placed in a cask, which is turned by a winch ; more sawdust is mtroduced as required, and the turning is continued until the needles become clean and bright. They are then winnowed by a Ian to clean them from the sawdu5t and refuse matter, and are subsequently arranged in regular order on a small, somewhat con- cave, iron tray. The operation of making np the rolls or bags, polishing, winnowing and arranging them, have to be repeated ten times on the best needles. It is found that emery powder mixed ■with quartz and mica or pounded granite is preferable to anything else for polishing needles by friction in the l»g3 at the first, emery mixed with olive oil, from the second to the seventh operation, putty, or oxide of tin for the eighth and ninth, putty with very little ©U for the tenth, and lastly bran to give a finish In this mode of operating, the needles are scoured in a copper cask studded in the interior with raised points to increase the friction and a quantitvof hot soap suds is introduced occasionally to keep them clean. The cask must be slowly turned upon its axis for fear of injuring the mass of needles it contains. They are linally dried in the wooden ca^ik by attrition with saw dust,' then wipe^ with a hnen rag or eoft leather — the damaged ones being thrown aside. The sorting is performed in dry apartments, where all the points are first laid the same way, and the needles arranged in the order of their polish with great rapidity. The workman places 2000 or 3000 needles in an iron ring two inches in diameter, and sets all their heada in. one plane, then, on looking caxefoUy at theii pointB, he easily r^ MACHINISTS, EKGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 571 eogni£te the broken odcs and removea them ^rith an instroment adapted for the purpose. These defective needles pass into the hands of the pointer m order to be ground again, when they form articles of inferior value. Those needles bent in the polishing must now be straightened, and the whole are finally arranged by the tact of the fijuger and thumb of the sorter, and weighed out into quantities for packing into blue papers. The bhter puts the final touch to them by taking 25 needles at a time between his fore-finger and thumb, and pressing their points against a small hone-stone of compact micaceous schist, quadrangular in form, mounted in a email lathe, turning them briskly roxmd, giving the points a bluiah cast, while he ixjlishes and improves them. On File Manttfactcre Files are made of bars of steel, rendered doubly hard by a process called double conversion, drawn the re- quired size at the tilt hammer, and then shaped, the square and flat ones by the hammer and common anvil only, but those of round, half-round, and three-angled forms, by means of bosses and dies mado In the above shapes, which fit into a groove left for them in the anviL The steel blanks having been thus formed, are next annealed, or Rofteued, to render them callable of being cut, by placing a number of tliem together in a brick oven, rendered air-tight by filling up all the interstices with sand (to prevent the oxidation of the steel, to which it is very liable, if air be admitted,) and then making a fire play as eqiuilly as possible all round until they are red hot, when the heat is discontinued, and the steel allowed to cool gradually before it is uncovered. The surface to contain the teeth is now rendered as smooth as possible by grinding or filing; the teeth are then cut with a carefullv ground chisel, each incision being made separately. The next ani last process, that of hardening, is performed in various ways by different makers, the ordinary method, however, is to cover the files with a kind of composition or protecting varnish to prevent oxi- dation and scalding of the steel when heated; and, lastly, they are plunged in cold, fresh water to cool them as quickly as possible, ^me file-makers coat their files, before tempering, with a composition of cow-dimg, or pig-flour, which not only protects the sharp angles of the cuttings from the action of the fire, but furnishes a highly azotized substance, which conduces greatly to still further harden and steelify the finished work, I know several file manufacturers who make use of a bath of melted lead for tempering purposes. The files are first coated with a greasy composition to prevent any oxide adhering, then, introduced for a short time into melted lead, or the "metallic bath" as it is called, and then plunged into the temi)ering liquid. Tlie melt^ ed lead may be kept covered with charcoal, or other suitable ingredi-i cnts, to prevent oxidation. In some manufactories a charcoal fire la kept burning on the surface of the melted lead. Pen Making. — Pens should be made of the best steel that can b6 got, as peculiar elasticity is required in them, which could not be ob- tained if peer steel were used. The steel is cut into slips some 3 feet long and 4 inches broad; these slips are then plunged into a pickle of diluted sulphuric acid so as to remove the scales from the surface ; next it is passed between heavy rollers by which it is reduced to tha thickness required, and made fit to undergo the first process in pen making. Tola ia performed by a girl, who, seated at a atampui^ 572 HACHINISTS engineers', AC. RECEIPTS t)Tra8"proyided with a bed and corresponding punch.speedlly cut3 out the bhmli, which is perfectly flat The nest step is to perforate th« liolB which terminates the slit, and to remove any superfluous steel Tvhich might interfere with the elasticity of the pen. The embryo pens are then annealed in a muffle, and the maker's name stamped upon them. The pens are next transferred to another class of work- xaen, who, by means of a press, either make the pens concave, if they are merely to be nibs, or, if they are to be barrel pens, they roll the l>aTrel together. The next process is termed the hardening, and con- sists in placing a number of pens in an iron box which is introduced into a muffle. After tliey become of a deep red heat they are plung- ed into a tank of oil, and, when they get cool, the adhering oil is re- moved by agitation in circular tin barrels ; tempering is the next step, "by heating to the necessary elasticity iu a warm bath of oU ; and, fin- •ally, the whole number of pens are placed in a revolving cylinder along with sand, ground crucible, and other cutting substances, which tends to brighten them up to the natural color of the steel ; next the nib is ground down finely, with great rapiditj-, by a girl, who picks it up with a pair of pUers, and, with a single touch on an emery wheel, 7)erfeQts it at once. The slit is now made by means of a press. A chisel, or wedge, with a flat side, is afoxed to the bed of the press, and the descending screw has a corresponding cliisel-cutter, which passing down with the greatest accuracy on the pen, which had been placed on the chisel afuxed to the bed, and the slit is made and the pen complete. They are next colored brown or blue, by placing them in a revolving metal cylinder, under which is a charcoal ctove, and, "bj watching narrowly the diCcerent gradation of color, tl.e requidto tint is speedily attained; a briUiant polish is subsequently imparted l)y immersing the pens in lac dissolved in naphtha; they are then dried, counted, selected and placed into boxes for sale. Gold Pens. — Gold \)ens are made much in the same manner as steel, with this im^wrtant difTercnce, that, as they cannot be tempered in the same way that steel is, the necessary elasticity is imparted to them by hammering, and by rubbing them with a small hard stone end water, instead of the tempering, »S:c., in oil. As gold is too soft cf itself to mr.he a durabl3 pen, it is found necessary to r.ttach a min- ute portion of an alloy of irrivlium and osmium, by Eoldering to the lips. Tills mahc3 an extremely hr.rd and durable point Tisxt::^ S:iai,l Ai:t:c::^i:3. — Dlssolre as much zinc scraps in mu- Tiatic aci 1 as it v.ill t::"-:3 up, let it settle, then decant the clear, and it is ready for u;o. Loxt'^ prepare a E.utable iron vessel, set it over the fire, pat your tla therein, and melt it, and pi'.t as mnch mutton or beef tiUow as will cover tlie tin about :| inch thick. This prevents the oxidation of the metal; but be very careful that the tallow does Ect catch fire. The iron, or any other metal to be tinned, must be v::ll cleaned, either with scraping, filing, polishing with sand, or im- mersion in diluted vitriol. Proceed to wet the articles in the zinc eo- lation, then carefully immerse them in the taUow and melted tin ; in a Tcry short time they will become perfectly tinned, when they may be taken out. To Tix Iron WrRE. — Clean the wire thoroughly in a pickle made cf sulphuric acid rnd vrat^ r (acid, 1 part, water. 2 parts^ cover it witii a aolotioa ol muriate of zinc, aad dip in melted tin. MACHINISTS AND ENQINEEES' DEPARTMENT. 57S MODERN OCEAN STBAlLSHIP. In its wonderful design, vast power, and nice adaptation to snccessfoUy encounter the most tremendous forces in nature, the modern ocean steam- ship is justly entitled to rank as the proudest achievement of man in tCe lin® of modem eaginejring. For the M>dfUinri of K'sxi^/.s. see page 429. Eagmeers of steannhips have found that the best lubricants are glycerioB for the cylinders and castor-oil for the bearings. When castor-oU is used, the main beiringT sjldom become heated. Only the best glycerine can be employed with a Ivanta^o ; bat when it i3 of a hij^h grade, the results leave little to be desired. CovtPAiivTivE WEiGax OF luox ANT> "WoOD HiTLLS.— An iron hu^ •weighs nearly 45 pj-r cent, less than a wood bull. The weight of huU of a vessel with an :ron frame and oak planking, compared vrith a hull entirely of wood, is as S to 15. LUBittCANr FOR ruRsrNS Tools. — It is said thit eteel annealed to a straw color can be eas.lv turnol by u^iag a mixcare oE ptitroleain aud turpentine as a lubricant. AIloj» which re^risced ch^ ue:!t temper id tools have been turned by the use of petroleum alone. Planeh To )liS. — For coinin'>n pUminct, xl^q a half side tool, stont and short, and with the point tuvaed u >, like a coiniuoi diamond point; for plamtig mider, aa, in slide rests. Ac, a->e to )ls sharpened up to a point, with the tharp end turned up with a taper from i le point to the thick part of about 2 inches. For squaring up, use a round d nnt tool, cuttius? from the side. The U.sited Statss G-ovensMEsr TEMnrRiNci Secret. — The following process and mixtures, patented bv Q-arJoan and Siegfried, and owned by the Steel Refining^ and Temperiig Co., of Bosto:!, Mass., cose the XJ. S. Government §10.000 for the- right of U31U3 in the'.r shop^ aud is said to iraptirt extraordinary hardness and darability to the pojrsst kinds of steel. Sie^ied's sped ti cation reads as follows; " I ftr-ic h -at t*ie steel to a cherry red in a clean smith's fi '6, and then cover the steel with chloride of solium I'commjn salt). punfyin!» the fire also by throwing m ealfc. I work the stnel in thii f.ondition, and while subjected to this tn-atment, until it is brought into neatly its flnistied f irm. I then substitute for the salt a coraponnd compc«ed of tiie following ingre lient.s. and in about the following proportions : One- part by wjigh: of each of the foUo.vin? subst'in'^"s : chloride of sodium (-alt), suh hat« of oopiier, sal-ammoniaa and sal-s^da. together with }^ part by weight of pur* Hitrate of potassa (s Jtoetre). said ingredients bein? pulverized and mixed ; I "iter- natcly iieat the steel an 1 treii it by covering with this mixture and hammering it untU it is thorooghly refined and brought into its flni.shed form. I then return it to the fire and heat ic sloijly to a cherry red. and then plunee it into a bath composed of the following insredients, in siibstanttally the following proportions for th« required qnantit.- : of rain water. 1 g-il.. alum, sal-soda, sulphate of copper, of each \}i OZ3.; of nitrate of potassa (saltpetre), 1 oz., and of chloride of sodium (j^aJtJ, 6 OZ8. Thes<» quantities and proportions are stated as being what I r gard a- practically the best, bat it is manifest that they may be alightly changed without departing tns^ Che principles of my invention.", 674 XACHIXISTS, E:7QI^££BS', AC, SSCfilFXt, OLIVEB EVANS', the Watt of AxzbioA. Inventor of the High-Pressore Steam Engine. In 1793, Olirer Evans, a native of Kewport, Delaware, invented the H!gh> praRsore Engine, and in 1S04 he constmcted an engine in Philadelphia, woridnff on the high-pressnre system, and placed it on a large scow mounted on wheeU. ms shown in the following cat. Althongh the whole weight was eqnal to 2U0 barrels of floor, yet hLs small engine propeUeei.) Fkasce. Metre 3-28feet. Decimetre (1-lOih metre) 3-W inches. Velt 200gall3. Hectolitre 26-42 galls. Decalitre 2* 64 galls. Litre 2-11 pints. Kilolitre 35-32 feet. Hectolitre 2-84 bush. Decalitre 9-08 quarts. ilillier 2-205 lbs. Quintal 220-54 lbs. Kilogramme 2 •21 lbs. AlISTEEDAJI. 100 lbs. 1 centner 108-93 lbs. lA^t of grain S5-'2.i bush. Ahm of wiue 41-00 galls. Amsterdam foot 0-33 foot- Antwerp foot 0-*4 foot. Bhineland foot 1-03 feet. Atnstersdam ell 2-26 feet. Ell of the Hague 2-28 feet. EU of the Brabant 230 feet, XETHZBLA^TDS. Ell 3-28feet. MuddeofZak 2-»4 bush. "V at hectolitre 2642 galls. Kaa hire 2-11 pints. Pond kilogramme 2-21 lbs. HAMBITEG. I>ast of grain 89-64 bush. Ahm of wine 38-25 galls. Hamburgfoot 0-96 fi)ot. Ell l-92feet;. PRUSSIA. 100 lbs. of 2 Cologne marks each 103-11 lbs. Quintal, 110 lbs 113-42 lbs- Sheffel of grain 1-56 bush. Eimar of wine 18-14 galls. Ellcfcloth 2-19feet. Foot 1-03 feet. DEyiLA_EK. 180 lbs. 1 centner 110-28 lbs. Barrel or toende of com. 3-95 bush. Tiertel of wine 2-04 galls. Copenhagen or Rhine- land foot 1-03 feet. SWEDES. 100 lbs. or 5 lisp uuds 73-76 lbs- Kaui of com 7-42 bush. Last 7500 bush. Cann of wine 69-09 gails. EllofcloUi 1-95 feet. ECSSIA, 100 lbs. of 32 laths each... 90-26 lbs. Chertwert of grain 5-95 bush. Vedroofwine 3.25 gaUs. Peter?bur2h foot 1-18 feet. Moscovr fix>t 1-lOfeet, Pood 36-0Oli>s. gpAur- Quintal, or 4 arrobas...... ;Xll-44n)eu Arroba 25-:36 lbs. Arrobaofwine ....« 4-43galla' Fanega of grain 1-60 busii, POBTTTOAl* 100 lbs 101-191beu 22 lbs. (I arroba) 22r26TbB. 4 arro: -as oi 22 lbs. (1 qain* tal) S9-'ioIb8. Alquiere 4-75 bush. Moj'> of grain 23-03 bush. 1-ast of salt 70-00 bush. Almude of wine 4-^7 galls. SICILY. Cantar ogroso 192-50 lbs. Caniaro soitile 175-00 lbs. 1'^ lbs 7000 lbs. Salma grossa of grain 9-77 bush. Salma generale 7-t5 bush. Salma of wine 23-06 galls. NAPLES. Cantaro groso 19650 lbs. Cantaro picolo 106-00 lbs. Carro of grain 52-24 bush. Carro of wine 264-00 gallj. BOHE. Rubbio of grain 8-36 bush* Barih of wine 15-31 galls. GENOA. 100 lbs. or peso groso 76-K7 lbs. 100 ibs. or peso sotdle 69-89 lbs. Mina of grain 3-43 bush. ilezzarola of wine . ■ 39" i.'2 galls. FLOREXCE AN'D l£GHORS'. liTO lbs. or 1 cantaro 74-J6 lbs- Moggio of grain 16-59 bush- Bariie of wine 12-04 gaUa. VEXICE. 100 lbs. peso groso 105-18 lbs. 100 lbs. peso sottUe 64-04 lbs. Moggio of grain 9-08 bush. Aiufora OI wine 137 -00 galls. TRIESTE. 100 lbs 123-60 Ibe. .Stajo of grain 2-34 bush. Orua or eimer of wine 14-f4 galls. EU f or woolens 2-22 feet. Ell for silk 210 feet MALTA. 100 lbs. 1 cantar 174-50 Ibe. Salma of grain ^-j^ bush. foot 0-S5foot. 100 lbs. (1 quintal) ..129-48 lbs. Oke 2-83 lbs. Quillot of grain 1-46 bush, QuiUot of wine 13-50 gall* CHISA. Tail 1-33 oz. Id tails 1 cattT 1-33 lbs. ICO catties 1 picul 133*35 lb& PRINTERS A2yD PUBLISHERS TABLE. 577 PAPER TABLE FOR PRINT- ERS' AND PUBLISHERS' USE, Showing th« gnantity of paper re- quired for printing looo copies, (in- cluding 56 extra copies to allow for ■vrastage), of any usual sized Book from 8vo. down to 32mo. If the quantity required is not found in the Table, double or treble some suita- ble number of pages or quantity of paper. •HI ii s 2a, a B ^ E if 1000 Cop's. Rs.Qs «1 * 12 i6{ »4 33 z 2 3! 16 2^ 3: 48 64 2 4 3! 24 36 4^ 72 9'- 3 6 4! 32 48 64 96 12S 4 8 5, 40 60 80 120 160 5 10 61 4S 72 96 144 .92 6 12 7! 56 84 112 168 224 7 14 81 64 96 128 192 2S6 8 i5 9i 72 loS 144 216 288 9 iS 10 80 120 160 240 320I11 ii| S8 132 176 264 352|l2 2 12! 96 '44 192 2S8 384I13 4 >3 104 is6j 2o3 312 416 14 6 »4 112 168 224 336 448 IS 8 »S 120 i8a 240 360 480:16 10 16 128 192 2S6 384 S" 17 12 »7 136 204 272 40S 18 14 18 »44 216 288 432 19 i5 19 IS2 228 304 4-,^ 20 iS 2o 160 240) 320 4S0 22 21 168 252 33(' 504 23 2 22 17b 264I 352 24 4 2^ 184 276 36S 25 6 34 192 288 384 26 8 as 200 300 400 27 10 26 208 312 4'6 28 12 «7 216 324 432 29 14 38 224 336| 448 30 16 39 23a 348 464 31 j3 So 240 360 480 33 J I 248 372 40 34 2 32 256 3S4 S«2 35 4 13 264 396 S28 36 6 »4 272 408 S44 37 8 35 280 420 Sbo 38 10 36 288 432 57<> ^9 12 37 296 444 S92 40 14 3» 304 4S6 608 41 i5 39 3«2 468 42 iS «>l }iO 4io 44 NAMES AND DIMENSIONS OT VARIOUS SIZES OF PAPEK. PRINT. Medium 19 z Ro>-al, (20 X 24) 20 X Super Royal 22 x Imperial 22 x Medium and a ha'f 24 x Small Double Medium 24 x Double Medium 24 x Double Ro\-al 26 x Double Super Royal 28 x Double Super Royal 29 x Broad Twelves 23 x Double Imperial 32 x FOLDED. BHIet Note ...6 x Octavo Note 7 x Commercial Note 8 x Packet Note 9 x Bath Note SJ^x Letter 10 x Commercial Letter 11 x Packet Post iiMx Foolscap, i2j^x FLAT. L»c;al Cap 13 x Fiat Cap 14 X Crown 15 X Double Flat Letter 16 x Demy 16 x Folio Post. 17 X Check Folio 17 x Double Cap 17 x Extra Size Folio ig x •Medium 18 x *Ro%-al jg X *Super Royal 20 x •Imperial 22 x Double Demy 21 x Elephant 22 fix Columbier 23 ^ Atlas 26 X Double Elephant 26 x i5 ir 19 29 it 22 24. 2S 2S 25 24 2S 30 'H 3i5i 33 40 N. B. — The weight of a ream of paper and the price per pound being piven, the cost per ream or quire may be known at once by coDSultiag the Rbm)Y Rsckonbs Table. 37 578 PASTEBOARD, PULP COLORS, &C. To Remove Printer's Ink form Paper Pcxp.— Potash 4IbB;di3« solve in as little boiling water as possible, and add S^ Ibe. tallow, boil for 3 hours, and add while cooling and stirring, 3 gaLs. rain water. Boil the paper pulp, keepmg it covered with water, and to each 20 gals, pulp, add 1 gal. of the above mixture; beat and stir thorouglily, and the black printing ink will rise to the surface ; skim it off as long as it continues to rise. Colored Paper. — The papers made from colored ragr are the brown packing paper and coarse colored paper, such as sugar and pin papers. According to Wagner, colored pin paper requires to every 50 kilos (see the French measures and their Enghsh equivalents described elsewhere) of dry pulp the several tmdef-mentioned sub- stances: — ,.„ii „ ( 2.05 Kilos Acetate of Lead, ^^"°^ )0.45 " Bichromate of Potash^ .p, J 2.05 " Sulphate of Iron, **^^ "-Jl.Oo " Ferrocyjinide of Potash, r«w.r, J 3.00 " Blue, G^° \l.05 " YeUow, Violet 1.05 " Extract of Logwood, Eose 6.00 *' Ex-tract of Brazil Wood, Tj _ (3.00 " Oil of Vitriol. ^'^••- jo.OO " Chloride of Lime. TTltra marine and aniline blue are al-^o used in coloring. In varie- gated paper chemical, mineral and vegetable colorings are used ac- cording to the desired colors. Body colors are rendered fluid by a solution of gum arable or alum in the size, which can be applied by a brush or sponge when only one. side is to he colored. Variegated and tapestry paper are an important part of the manufacture. French Compositiox for Printer's Rollers. — For a 24-inch roller, take Russian isinglass, ^ oz; gelatine J oz: when the usual com- position, compounded of glue. 1 lb: molasses 1 pt is ready for pouring add the above to it; let all boil 15 minutes longer, then cast in the nsual way. Pasteboard an-d other Papers. — Pasteboard is made in 3 ways: 1. By placing the pulp in a form: form-board. 2. By pressing several damp sheets to fo ra a thick card; elastic pasteboard. 3. By pasting together the finished paper sheets ; sized pasteboard. 1. Form-board is an inferior kind employed for ordinary purposes of packing, book- binding, etc. It is made, from waste paper, refuse rags, and the coarse parts of the pulp. Clay or chalk is sometimes present to 25 per cent, of the weight of thi.s' pasteboard. It is made in a coarse ribbed form, goes through the same process of knotting as the paper eheet. and is diied and dressed under a roller. 2. Ehvstic pasteboard is of better material, and presents a smoother surface: 6 to 12 sheets of paper previously dampened are placed to- gether and pressed into one compact sheet. A separate and harder kind of pasteboard is the thick elastic board. u.-G.— Have gold leaf cut the proper form to suit your Job, and use gold size instead of ink as in the usual way on the type, ^pply the gold leaf to the size until the impression is covered, using- a gilders tip, or by a dexterous use of the thumb, and forefinger of the right hand slightly moistened, raise the gold leaf -with the ac- companying paperand apply to the size. When aU is covered dab ifr down gently with a baU or soft cushion of cotton or other proper material, and remove the superfluous gold with a soft brush, and if the size has been well applied it -will assume a splendid appearance. XTse a good firm roUer for gold and bronze printing. Colored Inks fob. Printebs. — 21 Tints. — In every case use good Tarnish, the greatest cleanliness, a good marble slab, a gocd muller ior grinding, and never compound a surplus quantity over and above the present requirements. Grind, blend, and finely pulverize the ingredients, in each and every instance. Good work demands cmooth good ink, free from gritty particles. For a good Red. grind in English vermilion, -with a little lake. Deep Red use Indian red and lake. Bright Red, add carmine to pale vermilion. Deep ScABLET, add a little portion of TermHion to carmine. Blue, Prussian blue. Bright Pale Blue, cobalt, also verditure and indigo for other shades of blue. Greex, to pale chrome add Chinese blue; Tary the colors by varviog the proportions of the different pigments. IbtERALD Green^, grind pale blue with a little Chinese blue, then add the emerald until the color suits. Deep BRoyzE Bute, Chinese "blue. Deep Browx, burnt umber, with a small quantity of scarlet laka Pale Browx, burnt sienna with a little scarlet lake. Deep Xelac, add a little carmine to cobalt blue: for a pale lilac, reverse the proportions of each. Bright Fisk, crimson, lake or carmine as Tou prefer. Blue and black inks intermixed, will evolve a Deep Blue Intc; carmine and blue, win yield a Ptrple I>-k;; yellow and "blue, a Greex Ixk; vellovr and carmine, a Tekmiliox Ixk; yellow and black, a Broxze Greex; yellow, blue, and bkick, a Deep Greex Ink; carmine, yellow and black, a Browx Ixu. Copper Plate PpJxter's Ixk is made by adding Frankfort black in proper quantity to the usual linseed oil burnt as for common printing ink. See pa-T> Licirr is produced by directing a jet of mixed ©lygen and hydrogen ui)on a pencil of pure lime, the gases being conveyed in separate tubes or pipes, to ■within a very short distance irom the aperture at vrhich they are to be delivered, and the flowing together and mixing in a very minute quantity before combustion takes place. This arrangement is adopted to "ensure safety. The gases are used hi tl:e proportion of 2 of hydrogen to 1 of oxygen, ■which form a dreadfully explosive mixture. To ExGEATE ox CoppER. 2szw METHOD. — Coat the copper with any of the silvering solutions described in this work, cover this with colored varnish, then draw the lines with a sharp point in the manner of using a diamond for stone engraving, and etch them in with per- ^iloride of iron- To EyA^rri. Copper Tesszls. — Pulverize finely 12 parts of fluor cpar, 12 parts unground gyi^sum, and 1 part borax", and fuse together in a crucible; when cold, mix with water to a paste, and apply to the interior with a paint brush ; when dry the vessel should be thoroughly liaked in a muSie or furnace. Tempekixg PorsTS of Tools. — After being tempered the Tolnme of the tool is slightly increased, and consequently its specific gravity 'i« decreased. As "the expansion or increase, of volume is so very jdight, it is quite immaterial which is plunged into the liquid first ; liowever, every moment the edge is kept out it is cooling, and the tempering may be rendered defective thereby. Mercury temx^eiB the hardest, then water, then salt water, then on of rarious kinds — as whale oiL As oil cools the metal more slowly, it is not tempered so hard but the tenacity is increased. TT*TtT> Tixxrs'G CoMPOtrsT). — An aUoy of nickel, iron and tin has laeen introduced as an improvement in tinning metals, by the firm of Blaise & Co., Paris. In an experiment to show the tenacity of the sickel, a piece of cast iron tinned withtlie compoond was sabjec^eerature necessary for the fusion of the nickel ; the metals are covered with 1 cz. of borax and 3 ozs. pounded glass. The fusion is complete in half an hour, when the composition is nm oft through a hole made in tha flux. In tinning metals with this composition the workman proceeda in the ordinary manner. To Keco^'er Gold fkom Quaktz. — Pulverize the quartz rock as usual, and fuse the mass with lime and oxide of iron, \\lien fused, immerse thin plates of wrought iron in the mixture. The plates Boon become coated with a thin f.lm of gold, and are then with- drawn and immersed in a bath of melted lead, which removes the adhering gold, when the plates can at once be returned to the fused quartz and the operation repeated as frequently as the case may require. Another method, when the metal is disseminated througu quartz pyrites or lead, is to pulverize the ore as usual and wash tha whole with a stream of water, which carries away the hghter portions of sand, leaving the heavy metals behind. It is further freed from impurities bv being amalgamated wit> quick-silver, which is afterwards distilled off. In this state it gc ^erally contains from 2 to 10 per cent, of silver or tellurium. It L* further refined by being finely granulated and boiled with concentrated sulphuric acid until eve'rv other constituent is boiled out. Gold by being aUoyed, loses ranch of its ductUity and malleability, but gains i? Visibility and hardness. Gold alloys are assayed in two ways, first, bv rubbing the article on a touchstone (which is a velvety, tlack flinty variety of jaspar) so as to make a metallic streak, •which is touched with aqita rcjia, and thfl effect is compared with that of a similar streak made by an alloy ci' known composition. By this means an experienced operator can estimate the amount of alloy in any mixture correctly within one per cent. Full informa- tion regarding the second process can be seen under the article on EEFrNTxr, Gold assd Siltek. Gold Mi>tn-g es' Colorado. — From the vems of Gilpin County- alone nearly 600 tons of ore are raised daily, or 160,000 tons annually. Kearly 500 lodes have been assayed or mapped in a circle of three mUes in diameter ; fully a thousaijd lodes have been recorded, and more or less work performed on each. From fifteen to twenty miles of reputable lodes are known to exist, upon which there is not less than 8 miles of shafting, the deepest being 800 feet There is not less than 20 miles of drifting on these veins, following the ore deposit in the crevices, and the oiQcial assays show the ore to be worth from $40 to SlCO per ton. The tailings, or refuse of ore put through the stamps, are found to be worth S20 per ton, notwithstanding from 10 to 20 per cent of the precious metd passes down the stream. The average shipments of bullion from this one county verges on S2,600,- 000 annually. Tlie machinery required for this immense production consists of 83 stamp mi'.ls, Yo enrhies in place, 43<37 horse power, and 1597 stamps, of which there are over SOO in use, requiring 1704 682 MACHIKISTS, EXGINEEES', AC, EECEIPT3. horse po-wer. There are 30 eneinea nsed at the shafts of mines fof raising ore from the veins and keeping them free from water. These mills contain from 5 to 50 stamps, mostly driven by steam. Th9 ore, broken iuto fragments, is fed into a battery in which the stamps are raised and allowed to fall, crushing the ore fine enough to flow through a screen placed ta front. Mercury is fed in this battery, and the pmverized ore mixed with suflScient water is then made to flow oxer wide plates of copper amalgamated with quicksilver. The gold, or part of it, adheres, forming an amalgam with the mercnry, which is afterwards scraped off, squeezed hard, and the lump retort^ in a close retort of iron for the purpose of vaporizing the mercury and getting tlie gold almost pure ; the retorts being subsequently shipped to the East for minting. Each stamp is calculated to do from ^ to ^ of a ton in 24 hours, requiring about one horse power to each stamp iead. Most of the ore is reduced in leased mills abandoned by com- panies. These null men charge their customers between $3 and $i per ton for doing this work and returning the retort of gold. The tailings are partiallv caught ia the best mUls on blankets, and reworked at a prodt ; the bulk, however, passes outside, a portion Ftoppiug to be shovelled into a pile, the balance going on to the stream- The waste is nearly or quite equal to the gross yield in bullion. The most profitable branch of vein mining and reduction by thS' smelting process was undertaken by Prof. Hfil in 1S67, in connection ■with some Boston and Providence capitalists, and is managed with. much ability, energy and skilL, compensated by enormous profits, of ■which the outside public know little or nothing, from the vigUanco ■with which all such information is suppressed. From the road side you see from 20 to 30 piles of ore sending forth sulphurous emanations into the air. These piles are first started on a layer of wood, and are run up in a pyramid form some 5 to 6 feet, ■with diameter at base of from 1(3 to 20 feet, and then fired, the sulphur affording the only fuel, after the exhaustion of the wood, to keep the fire going from lour to six weeks. Tliis ore has been passed through the sampling ■works and been paid for, the amount lying thus in piles at one time amounting to, perhaps, SSO.OOO. After roasting sufficiently to drive off the sulphur, and oxidize a portion of the iron, these piles are cooled and the ore carried to the smelting furnaces, where under a heavy heat, more sulphur is driven o£f, and the sfiica or gangue mat- ter is made to imite with the oxide of iron to form a slag. At the end of the smelting some 8 or 10 tons are thus reduced to one called "matte," containing from §1.500 to $2,000 in the precious metals, and from 40 to GO per cent of copper. This product is then shipped in bags to Swansea, England, for separation into the several metals contain^. The establishment confciins three smelting furnaces and three calcin- ing furnaces, capable of reducing from 20 to 25 tons of or^ per day. The tailings which are concentrated along the streams, and are also 6o!d to this establishment, average from $?).5 to §40 per ton. These ivorks are doubtless the most profitable of the kind known in the •world. In working tolerably high grade sulphuretted ores, if the facilities do not admit of sending them to England, the best way la to erect a common furnace, having the fire surfaces of good soap stone; then, to every 150 lbs, of ore, put in one bushel of charcoal and 10 yet cent of ^t The ore will readily melt to a slag, and ■will b* lLA.CUn?ISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. bSS pretty well desulphurized. The slag can he drawn off, and when cdd can be broken up, and worked like free ^old ore. Reooverixg Silver by thb Patio Process. — ^Tlie operation known by this name is sometimes conducted on an inmense scale. In one instauce at the hacienda of Regla near Real de Monte, there is an establishment the floor of which id 1.^ acres in extent, built in the most substantial manner, slightly sloped to facilitate the flow of water. The flooring consists of well matched pine boards, and this vast re- ceptacle sometimes contains as much as 1000 tons of argentiferous shme, 30 tous of salt, 3 tons sulphate of copper, and 18,000 lbs. of mercury in various stages of tlie amalgamating process. The reason why tills takes place in the well known m^mner is because there is an affinity bet^vcen the diCferent ingredients employed in the operation. Ox CtoRREspoNDEXCES. — ^Th.e aliinity above referred to as existing between different materials, arises from a nature inseminated or im- planted in each substance by the Creator, by virtue of which such a mutual affinity exists between them that when an intermixture takes place, they, as it were attract each other, and rash together in mutual embrace. Closely connected with these affinities, as showing the cause of their existence and origin, we have iu the science of cor- respondences a most wonderful and instructive study, entering in its varied ramifications, so deeply into t!ie inherent nature of every created thing, tliat there is notliing, and can be notliing in the universe but what comes within its consideration. The transcendent import- ance of the subject is such that it is deserving of vastly more elaborate consideration tl'.an the transient notice of a single paragraph, but as it would be a vioLition of order to enter into an extended explanation in this place, the reader is referred to tlie appendix for further illustration. Mercury or Quicksilver. — The ore is cinnabar of a bright ver- milion color. Its specific gravity is 8008. It is produced in immense quantities at the New Almadcn mine iu Santa Clara County, 12 miles from the town of San Jose, which is 54 miles from San Francisco, CaL The process by which the fluid metal is extracted is one of great sim- phcity. There are 6 furnaces, near which the ore is deposited from the mine, and separated according to its quality ; the larger masses are first broken up and then all is piled up under sheds near the furnace doors. Tlie ore is next heaped on the furnaces, and a steady though not a strong fire is a]iplied ; as the ore becomes heated the quicksUver is sublimed, and being condensed it falls by its own weight, and is conducted by pipes, which lead along the bottom of the furnace to sraaU pots or reservoirs imbedded in the earth, each containing from. 1 to 2 gallons of the metaL The furnaces are kept going night and i day, while large drops or minute streams of the pure metal are * constantly trickling down into the receivers ; from there it is car- tied to tlie store house and deposited in large ca,':t iron tanks or vats, the largest of which is capable of containing 20 tons of quicksilver. Seven or eight days are required to fill the furnaces, extract the quicksilver and remove the residuum. The miners and those who merely handle the quicksUver are not injured thereby, but those who work about the furnaces and inhale the fumes of the metal are seriously affected. Salivation is conmion, and the attendants on the furnaces are compelled to desist from their labour every three or four weeks, when a fresh set of hands is put 684 MACHEaSTS, ENGIKEEBS', &.C., BECEITTS. on. The horses and mules are also saliTsted, and from 20 to SO of them die every veai from the effects of the mercury. SiiELTrNG OF Copper. — After the ore is raided from the mine, it is freed from its matrix and sorted, the purest portions being broken into pieces the size of a nut. The first calculation is efieoted in a leverberatorv furnace, the beat not being raised too hi:rh. At the end of 12 hours the ore is converted into a black powder, contain- ing sulphide of copper, oxide and sulphide of iron, and earthy impurities. The roasted ore is next fused with a quantity of silicious Blag, by which means it is converted into a fusible slag, consisting of silicate of iron and sulphides of iron and copper, which sink throogh the slag, forming at the bottom a heavy mass, termed a matt. The matt thus procured is, while melte Polish.— A good and reliable substitute for K-wdered stove polish, can be thus made: black lead, pulverized, 2 i. ; spts. turpentine, 2 gills; -vrater, 2 giils; sugar, 2 ozs. ; Tni-r , USEFUL ITEMS TOR DAILY REMEMERAXCR Legal Bkkvitles. — A note dated on Sunday is void. A note op- tained by fraud, or from one intoxicated, is void. If a note be lost or stolen, it does not relea.se the mr.ker, he must pnv it. An endorser of a note is exempt from llatility, if not served -svith notice of its dis- honor -within 24 hours of its non-pavment. A note by a minor is void. Notes bear interest only when so stated. Principals are re- sponsible for their agents. Each individual in partnership is respon- sible for tlie wholeamount of the debts of the firji. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. It is illegal to compouud a felony. The Liw compels no one to do imt>ossibiiities. An agreement without a considemtion is vcid. Sicnaturea in lead pencU are go* d in law. A receipt for money is not legallv conclusive. The acts of one partner bind aU the others. * Contracts made on Sun- day cannot he enforced. A contract with a mtaor is void. A con- tract made with a lonatic is void. Written contracts concerning lanl must be under seal A TABLE OF DAILT SAVIXGS AT COMPOr^ND ESTEBE5T Cents pei- Day Per Year In Ten Years Fiftu YeoTi '1% SlO S130 3 2,S00 5| 20 260 5,800 11- 40 620 11.600 24 100 1,300 29.000 ,55 2C0 2,G00 68,0CO i-io ^f^:* 5.200 iie.wo 1-37 6w0 6,500 145,000 By the above table it appears that if a mechanic, or clerk saves 29 cents per day from the time he is 21 till he is TO, the total with in- terest will amount to S2.900. and a daily saving of 27i cents reaches the important sum of S29.000. Save all vou can in a prudent man- ner for a time of possible want, but act jn.stly by paving vour debts, and Uberally by assisting those in need, and helping 'in a good cause. * Ox Profaxb Sw-eakts-g.— Let every man do his best to discotm- tenance tliis abominable habit, and shun it as an accursed sin in every possible way. Xo respectable person will allow himself to be guilty of it Business men who make a practice of it wUl find themselves avoided by the best class of customers, for I know that some persons can suffer no mental punishment equal to that inflicted bv bein" com- pelled to Usten to profane languaee. Besides, every man known as a profane swearer, will not be credited by those whcee good opinion is worth having, even when he mav be speaking the truth. Act Well Tom Part, Dox't be Selfish.— Remember that it Jb by impartiiig happiness to others, and "laiHrig ourselves useful, 588 MACHIXISTS, EXGUfEERS', t> Sorrows. — A good wife is the greatest eartlily blessing. A wiie never makes a greater mistake than when she endeavours to coerce her huband with other weajxnis than those of love and affection. Thope weajxjns are a sure pull if hQ has any thing human left in him. ' Forbear mutual upbraidings. In writing letters, during temporary separation, let nothing contrary to love and sincere aUection be expressed ; such letters from a^wif» have a most powerful emotional eifect, sometimes little understood by those who write them. It is the mother who moulds the character and destiny of the child as to the exteriors, therefore let calmness, peace, alxection, and firmness rule her conduct towards her children. Children are great imitators, whether they have scolding or peaceful mothers, they are generally snre to leam from the examples set before them, and thus the consequent joy or sorrow is transferred to other families, therefore let mothers take heed to their conduct It is not possible to exercise judgment and prudence too much before entering on the married life. Be sure that the affections on both sides are so perfectly intertwined around each other, that the t vo as it were, form one mind ; this requires time, and a thorough mutual Icnowledge on both sides. Marry in your ovrn relic;:on, and into a difierent blood and temperament from your own. Bead your whole powers to avoid depreciatory remarks, jibing and anjer in every form, aud spec- ially avoid everlastin:;ly disliing up any unsuccessful past action that was done from a good motive and with the best intentions at the time. Let nothing foreign to the spirit of love and mutual affection interveno to cause distance between husband and wife ; to tliis end let self-de- nial rule over each, and reciprocal tmselfishness. Avoid habitual fault-finding, scolding, &c., as you would perdition itself; many mca tremble as theycrosstheirthresholdintothepresenceof scolding wives. Let husband and wife cultivate habits of sobriety, and specially avoid drunkenness in every form. What a dreadful spectacle it is to see a husband transformed into a demon, tottering homeward to abroken- hearted wife, whose noble self-sacrificing devotion to him seems to partake more off the nature of heaven than of earth. Never part, even lor a journey, without kind and endearing words, and as a kiss sym- bolizes union from interior a"ection, do not dispense with it on such occasions, repeating it when you return. In one word, let love rule supreme. In all your dealings with woman, take a lesson from the cooing dovei, speak softly, deal gently, kindly and considerately with her in every way. Let "every husband and every wife cherish for each other tha heavenly flame of affection, and let no rude, harsh, or embittered ex- pieesioD on either side chill the sacred fire. If ever adoration of the MACHINISTS, ENGINEEES', *C., BECEIPTS. 589 ereatnre may hope for pardon, surely the •vrorship rendered by man to a kind, pure, affectionate and loving wife, heaven's best gift, may Invoke for?ivenes3. ^Vhat countless millions of women have sac- rificed health, strength and Lfe in attendance on sick and dying hus- bands, children and strangers ? How many have perished bv rush- ing through fire and water to save their children, and starved them- eelves that they might live ? In how many hospitals has ehe proved herself an an^el of mercy, and her sweet voice uttered words of comfort and cheer ? Therefore let woman have her full rights, even that of voting if shedesires it, for a good woman's influence will ever be used for a good purpose ; but let woman act towards man as indi- cated in the above advice for man to act towards woman, and she would be all but omnipotent, for man in a manner would move heaven and earth to serve her, and would do unspeakably more for her than can ever be done by all the fussy croakers, old maids, and woman's rights associations and lecturers in the creation. Love in the family is tha one thing needful to regenerate the earth and cause the wilderness to become as Eden, and the desert to blossom as the rose. Reversed love and discord have broken more hearts, and caused more sorrow, estrangement, and downright death, tlicu. war, pestilence and all other causes combined. It palsies energy and ambition, engenders gloom and despair, aud transforms manliood uito an icicle. Statistics prove that the married live longer on the average by several years, than the unmarried, a most satislactory proof that the married state is pre- eminently the life designed for man, therefore let all interested do their utmost to make it the happiest. In reference to the maintenance of h:aJth, many valuable prescriptions and much good advice wiU be found imcler tlie Medical Department in tills work, but truth reqiures us to state that for the puri^ose of . mitigating the pains and labour incident to woman at the most event- ful and critical periods of her life, nothing within the whole compass of nature will compare with water, in its varied applications. 'This intimation is made for the purpose of directing enlightened and in- telligent action on the subject as necessity may call for it. Past ex- perience sustains us when we say that aU may enjoy the great bless- mg of good health in the free use of the bath, the temperate use of proper diet, plenty of exercise, pure air, warm clotlung and ab- stinence from every excess inimical to health. Childkex A^^> Hojie Conversation. — Children himger perpetu- ally for new ideas. They will learn with pleasure from the lips of parents what they deem drudgery to learn from books, and even if they have the misfortune to be deprived of many educational ad- vantages they will grow up intelligent if they enjoy in childhood the privilege of listening to the conversation of intelligent people. Let them have many opportunities of learning in this way. Be kind to them, and don't think it beneath you to answer their little questions, for they proceed from an implanted faculty which every true man and woman should talce a gi-eat delight in gratifying. Home after Business Holks. — ^Ilappy is the man who can find that sokice and that poetry at home. Warm gieetings from loving hearts, fond glances from bright eyes, and welcome siiouts of merry hearted children, tlie many thousand little arrangements for comfort and enjoyment, that silently teU of tlioughtful and expectant lovs, these ate the ministtations that reconcile ua to the prose of life. «90 ILA-CHHrrSTS, EIIGnrEEESr, 'OTHEK Sensible Quaker. — A Quaker lately propounded th» momentous question to a fair Quakeress, as follows : " Hum ! yea and verily; Penelope, the spirit urgeth and moveth me wonderfully to beseech thee to cleave unto me, flesh of my flesh, and bone of my" bone." "Hum ! truly, Obadiah, thou hast'wisely said. Inasmuca. as it is not good for inan to be alone, lo, I wiU sojourn with thee." Table Co>~vEESATiox. — Instead of swallowing your foodinsullea Eilence, or brooding over your business, or severely talking about others, let the conversation at the table be genial, kind, social and cheering. Don't bring any disagreeable subject to the table in your conversation, any more than yon would in your dishes. Avoid scandalizing people, and never cherish a jubilant feeling over the infirmities or misfortunes of others. The more good company you. have at your table the better. Hence the intelligence, refinement and appropriate behaviour of a family given to hospitality. Kever feel that intelligent visitors can be anything but a blessing to'you and yours. Keep the HorsE Cle-\n "a^"d Well Yextilated. — A neat, clean, fresh aired, sweet, cheerfrd, well arranged house, exerts a moral in- fluence over its inmates, and makes the members of a family peace- able and considerate of each other's feelings ; on the contrary, a filthy equahd, nosdous dwelling, contributes to make its inhabitants selfish, sensual, and regardless of the feelings of others. Never sleep iJi a pmaU close bedroom, either during summer or winter, without free ventilation from door or windows, unless otherwise supplied with, abundance of fresh air. It will be seen that a person's house usuidly corresponds with his character. Safe Bcslkess Rules. — BrsrsEss mex, in business hours, attend CXLT to busing matters. Social calls are best adapted to the BOCLAL CTECLE. Make voui business known in" few words, without loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger be most carefullt considered, and tried feie>t3?hip duly appreciated. A meax act ■will soon recoU, and a sla.x of hoxour will be esteemed. Leave " Tricks of trade" to those whose education was never completed. Treat all with respect, coxfide in few, wrong no man. Be never afraid to say No, and always Prompt to acknowledge and rectify a wrong. Leave nothing for to-morrow that shouxd be done to-day. Because a friend is poUte, do not think his time is valueless. Have a place for everything, and evert thing in its place. To preserve LONG friendship, keep a short credit, the way to get credit is to be punctual ; the way to preseetb it is not to use it much. Settlb often; have short accounts. Trust no man's appearances, they are often deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining credit. Rogues generally dress weU, The rich are generallv PLAUf HEN. Be WELL satisfied bcforc yon give a credit, that those JO WBOic TOV Gxvs JX axe bats hsx to be trusted. ITEM3 FOR DAILY EESTEICBRANCE. 591 Habits of a Max of BrsiXKss. — A sacred regard to the prind. pies of justice forms the basis of every transaction, and regulates the conduct of the upright man of business. 1. He is strict in keeping his engagements. 2. I>3es nothing carelessly or in a hurry. 3. Employs -nobody to do what he can easily do himself. 4. Leaves nothing un- done that ought to be done, and which ciroamstances permit him to do. 5. Keeps his designs and business from the views of others, yet i he is candid with alL 6. Is prompt and decisive with his customers, and does not overtrade his capital 7. Prefers short credit to long ones: and cash to credit at all times, either in buying or selling; and small profits in credit cases with little risk, to the chiince of better gains with more hazards. 8. He is clear and explicit in his bargains. 9 Leaves nothing of consequence to memory which he can and ought to commit to writing. 10. Keeps copies of" all his important letters which he sends away, and has every letter, invoice, &c., belonging to his business, titled, classed and put away. IL ^ever suffers his desk to be confused by many papers lying upon it. 12. Keeps everything in its proper place. iS. Is always at the head of his busi- ness, well knowing that if he leaves it, it wiU ^eave him. 14. Holds it as a maxim, that he whose credit is susj^ected i.^ not to be tru-^ted. 15. Is constantly examining his books, and sees through all his affairs as far as care' and attention will enable him. 16. Balances regu- larly at stated times, and then makes out and transmits all his accounts current to his customers, both at home and abroad. 17. Avoids as nanch as possible all sorts of accommodation in money matters and law-suits where there is the least hazard. 18. He is economical in. Lis expenditure, always living within his income. 19. Keeps a memo- landnm book in his pocket, in which he notes every particular relative to appointments, addresses, and petty cash matters. 20. Is cautious how he becomes security for any person. 21. And is generous whea urged by motives of humanity. ' Let every man act strictly to these habits; when once b^^in ^vill be easy to continue in. ever remember- ing that he had no profits by his pains whom Providence does not prosper, and success will attend his efforts. Let him also remember that the true achievements of life do not consist in making startling' Btiikes. but in the solid performance of daily duty. How TO Make a Fokti-xe. — Cornelius VanderbUt. on being inter- logated as to the best way to make a fortune, is reported to have said in reply, '' There is no secret about it. all you have to do is to attend to your business and go ahead. " " There is nothing," said George Law, "so easy as making money when you have money to make it with ; the only thing is to see the crisis and take itatits flood." Alex- ander T. Stewart, the millionaire merchant prince of New York, who died .A.pril 10. 1876, once said to an anxious enquirer, " I consider honesty and truth great aids in making a fortune." This was ster- ling advice, and when it is supplemented by good management, ardent application to business, and strong self-relmnce, as it was in. an eminent degree in Mr. Stewart's own case, it cannot fail to tell with irresistable power in favor of the man who follows it Tkue Charity. — Mr. Stewart" s idea of charity was that in order to help men you must assist them to get work to help themselves, and not cherish in them a spirit of cringing dependence by ^ving them monej for nothing. ''Himself a man of strong self-reliance. 592 ITEMS FOB DAILY BEMEMBRAKCE. he believed that the best service yon could do men was to teach them to rely on themselves — to present them opportunities which only conld be improved by individual effort. He had no charity for idle- ness, or the ambition to reap when you have not sown." As observ- ed by his executor, Judge Hilton, " It is more charitable to furnish employment to men aud women, than it is to destroy their self-respect by giviug them money, as to paupers. Mr. Stewart never beheved in helping people to live without work. We have 9,600 persons on the pay roll of A. T. Stewart & Co., and I think that I will best carry out ilr. Stewart's views, and be practicaDy charitable by maintaining the business which will keep those 9,600 pert^ons m honorable employ- ment, so that they can supjxjrt ihemselves and the thousands of fami- lies dependent upon them." Of Mr. Stewart's houet^ty and rigidly fair dealing there are numerous accoimts. " What do you mean by saying what you know to be untrue," he once demanded ol a clerk who was trying his best to convince a woman that a piece of calico woidd not fade. " The calico won't wash, she'U demand her niouey back and she'll be right. I don't want goods represented for what they are not" It was this perfe^ honesty towards his customers that was Mr. Stewart's leading characteri.^tic ; and it was his invariable custom, when questioned as to his explanation for his success, to reply with, much emphasis. " Truth, truth i.s the ti-.lismanic word; and if I have one earthly wish or desire greater than another, it is that in this respect my example may be commended aud followed by yomig mea entering into business, and especially by young merchants." On this firm basis t)f truth aud integrity he conducted his colo.^sr.l bu.^iness, not by reckless risks or bargains, but by steady adherence to busmess, perfect system, and close attention to the least details aa well as the largest. It is much to be rcirretted that Mr. Stewart did not, during hla long and most successful business career, see fit to inaugurate and carry out to completion anv such system of public beneficence as was at ail commensurate with the ample means at his comusand. aud that the performance of such important ofiices should be delegated or in- trusted in an optional w"v. to another. Every man, prospered and blest with the almost boundless prosperity meted out to Mr. Stewart, owes a dutv to societv which should never be neglected in this way. Tlie cenerous conduct of that great and pood pliilanthrophist, Geoige Peabodv. is in this resiiect most worthy of double honor, and his e.s- teemedname wiUbedesenedlyand gratefully ren ! em bered by gen- erations yet unlwm. for the rriemorable senices which he rendered in his princely bequests to the Industrious poor of London, and the eduf'ntion of tlie colored population of the Sorth. The following extracts froai a letter written by Dr. Franklin to the Rev. Georce Wliitefield (in response to a letter of thanks for reUef derived bv the latter from the application of electricity m a case of paralysisf very clearly defines the mutual duty of mankind to eiich other. The following is the first part of Fran k li n 's letter :— Philadelphia, June 6, 1753. Sm : I received your kind letter of the 2d inst., and am glad to hear tliat you increase in strength. I hope you will contnme raend- iBg till you recover your former health and firmness- Let me know ITEMS POR DAILY BEitEiIBKAJfe«. 595 whetner yoa still use the cold bath, and what effect it has. As to the lundness yoa mention, I wish it could have been of greater service to you. But it it had, the only thanks I should desire is, that you v?ould alvrays be equally ready to serve any other person tliat may need your assistance, and so let good oflSces go round, for mankind are all of a family- For my own part, when I am employed in serving others, I do not look upon myself as conferring favors, but on paying debts. In my travels and since my settlement, I have received much kindness" from men, to whom I shall never have any opportunity of making the least direct return, and numberless mercies from God, who is infinitely above being benefited by our services. Those kind- nesses from men I can therefore only return on their fellow-men and I can only show my gratitude for those mercies from God, by a readi- ness to help his other children and my brethren. For I don't think that thanks and compliments, though repeated weekly, can dischai^e our real obligation to each other, and much less those to our Creator. You will see in this my notion of good works, that I am far from ex- pecting to merit heaven by them. By heaven we understand a state of happiness infinite in degree and eternal in duration ; I can do nothing to merit such rewards. He that for giving a draught of water to a thirsty person, should expect to be jmid with a good planta- tion, would be modest in his demands, compared with those who think they deser, e heaven for the little good they do on earth. Even the mixed imperfect pleasures we enjoy in this world, are rather from God's goodness than our merit ! how much more such happiness of heaven ! for my part, I have not the vanity to think I deserve it, the folly to exi)ect it, nor the ambition to desire it, but content myself in submitting to the will and disposal of that God who made me. who has hitherto preserved and blessed me, and in whose fatherly good- ness I may well confide, that he will never make me miserable, and that even the aflSictions I may at any time suffer, shall tend to my benefit. CORRESPOXDENCE OR SYMBOLIC MeANTKG OF COLORS. — WhltS •was the emblem of light, religious purity, innocence, faith, joy and life. In the judge, it indicates integrity, in the sick, humility, in th» "woman, chastity. Red, the ruby, signifies fire, divine love, heat of the creative power, and royalty. White and red roses, express love and wisdom. The red color of the blood has its origin in the action of the heart, which corresponds to, or symbolizes love. In a bad sense, red cor- responds to the infernal love of evil, hatred, etc. Blue, or the sapphire, expresses heaven, the firmament, truth from a celestial origin, constancy and fidelity. Yellow, or gold, is the symbol of the sun, of the goodness of God, of marriage, and faithfulness. In a bad sense, yellow signifies in- constancy, jealousy and deceit Oreen, the emerald, is the color of the spring, of hope, particularly of the hope of immortality and of victory, as the color of the laure) and palm. Violet, the amethyst, signifies love and truth, or passion and suf- fering. Purple and scarlet signify things good and tru» from a celMi ttal origin. 38 094 ITEMS FOB DAILY EESTESTBEANCE. Black corresponds to despair, darkness, earthliness, monminft negation, ■wickedness and death. The Be9T Thi>gs.— The best theology— a pure and beneficent life. The best philosophy — a contented mind. The best law — the golden rule — Tlie best education — self-knowledge. The best state- nianship — seif-frovemment. The best medicine cheerfulness and temperance. The best art — i)ainting a smUe on the brow of childhood. The best science — extracting simshine from a cloudy wray. The best war — to war against internal evils and selfishness . The best music — the laughter of an innocent child. The best journalism — printing the true and the beautiful only on mem- ory's tablet The best telegraphing — flashing a ray of sunshine into & gloomy heart The best biography — the life which writes charity in the largest letters. The best mathematics — that which doubles the most joys and di%ides the most sorrows. The best navigation — steer- ing clear of the lacerating rocks of personal contention. The best diplomacy — effecting a treaty of peace with one's ovra. conscience. The best engineering — building a bridge of love, faith, and trust, in the Divine, over the river of death. S.WE A Little. — Every man who is obHged to work for his liv- ing, should make a point to lay up a little money for that "rainy day" whijh we are all liable to encounter when least expected. The best way to do this is to open an account with a savings bank. Ac- cumulated money is always safe : it is always ready to use when needed. Scrape together five dollars, make your deposit, receive your bJink book, and then resolve to deposit ' a given sum, small though it be, once a month, or once a week, according to circum- stances. Nobody knows without trying it, how easy a thing it is to save money when an account with a bank has been opened. With such an account a man feels a desire to enlarge his deposit It gives him lessons in frugality and economy, weans him from habits of ex- travagance, and is the very best guard in the world against intemper- ance, dissipation and vice." The following table is appended in order to exhibit the time required by money todouble itself when loaned at the designated rates of interest : — Rate per cent. Time in which a Stmi will double. Simple Intere.st. Compound Interest 2 1-2 3 1-2 1-2 50 years. 40 years. 33 vears 4 months 28 years 208 days. 25 years. | 22 years 81 days. • 20 years. " I 16 years 8 months; 14 vears lOi davs. 12 i-2 years. 11 years 40 days 10 vears. 35 vears 28 vears 23 vears 20 years 17 years 15 years 15 years 14 years 10 years 9 years 8 years 7 vears 1 day. 'i& davs. 164 days. 54 days. 246 davs. 273 days. 75 days. 327 days 89 days. 2 davs. 16 davs. 100 days. "WAGES TABLE. fAT.ATirF. a AXD •WAGM BT THE YEAE, lIO>TH, ITBEK OB DAT, 8HOV- tSO WHAT ANT SUM FROM $20 TO §1600 FEB ANITUM, IS FEB MOXTH, WEEK OR DAT. Per Tear Per Month. Per Week. Per Day. Per Tear. Per Month Per Week. PerD«y • « c. • e. • c. » • c. 9 c. » e. aois 1.67 .38 .05 280 is 23.33 5.37 .77 25 2.03 .48 .07 285 23.75 5-17 .78 30 2.50 .58 .08 290 24.17 5-56 .79 35 2-92 .67 .10 295 24.58 5.66 .81 40 3.33 .77 .11 300 25.00 6.75 .82 45 3.75 .86 .12 ■ 310 25.83 6.95 .85 SO 4.17 .96 .14 1 320 26.67 6.14 J8S 65 4.58 1.06 .15 S35 2708 6.23 .89 eo 5.00 1.15 .16 1 330 27.50 6.33 90 65 5.42 1.25 -18 340 28.33 6.52 .93 70 5.83 1.3i .19 : 350 29 17 6.71 .96 75 6.25 1.44 .21 1 360 30.00 6.90 .99 80 6.67 1.53 .22 370 30.83 7.10 1.01 85 7.08 1.63 J3 375 31J>5 7.19 1.03 90 7.50 1.73 .25 1 380 31.67 7.29 1.04 95 7.92 1.82 .26 390 32.50 7.48 1.07 100 8.33 1.92 .27 •400 33.33 7.67 1.10 105 8.75 2.0J .29 425 35.42 8.15 1.16 110 9.17 2.11 .30 450 37.50 8.63 1.23 115 9.5S 2.21 .32 475 39.58 9.11 1.30 120 10.00 2.30 .33 500 41.67 9.59 1.37 1^ 1042 2.40 .34 525 43.75 10.07 1.44 130 10.83 2.49 .36 550 45.83 10.55 1.51 135 11.25 2.59 .37 575 47.92 11.03 1.58 140 11.67 2.69 .^ 60<) 50.00 11.51 1.64 145 12.08 2.78 .40 625 52.08 11.99 1.71 150 12.50 2JS« .41 ; 650 .M.17 12.47 1.78 155 12.92 2.97 .42 j 675 56.25 12.95 1.85- leo 13.33 3.07 .44 1 700 58.33 13.42 1.93 165 13.75 3.16 .45 725 60.42 13.90 1.99 170 14.17 3.28 .47 750 62.50 14.38 2.05 175 14.58 3.36 .48 775 64.58 14.86 2.12 180 15.00 3.45 .49 800 66.67 15.34 2.19 185 15.42 3.55 .51 825 68.75 15.82 2.26 190 15.83 3.64 .52 1 850 70.83 16.30 2.33 195 16.25 3.74 .53 875 72.92 16.78 2.40 200 16.57 3.84 35 900 75.00 17.26 2.47 205 17.08 3.93 .56 925 77.08 17.74 2.53 210 17.50 4.03 .58 950 79.17 18.22 2.60 215 17.92 4.12 .59 975 81.25 18.70 2.67 220 18.33 4.22 .60 1000 83.33 19.18 2.74 225 18.75 4-31 .62 1050 87-50 20.14 2.88 230 19.17 4.41 .63 1100 91.67 21.10 a 01 235 19.58 4.51 .64 1150 95.83 22.06 3.15 240 2iX00 4.60 .66 1200 100.00 23.01 3.29 245 20.42 4.70 .67 1250 104.17 23.29 3.42 250 20.83 4.79 .69 1300 108.33 24.93 3.56 255 21.25 4.89 .70 1350 112.50 25.89 3.70 260 21.67 4.99 .71 ' 1400 116.67 26.85 3M 265 22.08 5.08 .73 1 1 14.50 120.84 27.80 3.93 27e 22.30 5.18 .74 1500 125.00 28.77 4.11 275 22.92 6.27 .75 1600 133.34 30.68 4.38 Note. — If the deeired sum is not in the table, double some number ; fo» instance if the salary or wages is 92000, double the sums opposite 91000, and sC •n with the rest. WAGES TABLE. WAGES TABLE, calcctlatkd ox a scalk op TEN HOITES la»o» FEB DAY. THE TIME, IX HOtTRS AXD DAYS 15 XOTED IX TM» LEPT HAXD COLUXX, AXD THE AMOUNT OF VAOE3 UXDEB TH« KESPECTIVE HEADI>"GS AS XOTED BELOW. Wi«e«. • lid 1 tl-S) ♦■J .00 »2J0 ♦3.00 1 t-'M 1 t'i.OO 1 t4J0 { tSJOO ti.M t6.0» i '^ .1 .1% .3% 1% •2% •1% .3% .2 .4H .2% .5 3 6 :i^ n fi^ .4%| .6 .9^1 .10 i 2 .5 .62^ .10 11% .13% .15 •16% .18%! .20 .27% .30 -36%, .40 .46 .50 3 .6 •7% .10 .12 J$ .15 17% .20 .22% .25 4 S .6*4 .8% .10 .12% .13% .16% !21 .20 .25 23% 29'4 !^ .30 .37% ^ 6 .10 .15 .20 1 .25 .30 35 1 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 7 .11% .17% .23% .29% .35 41 ! •46*i .52^ J58% .66% .64;^' .70 S .13% .20 •2623 .33% .40 462^1 .53%' .60 .73% .80 9 .15 .22% ^ .3-% ... 52%1 .60 .67% .75 .82% .90 1 2 3 4 5 6 .16% .25 .33% .50 .50 .75 .66*^ 1.00 Ji3% 1.25 1. ti 1.50 .33% .66% 1.00 1.33% 1.66% 2.00 .41%! .50 .83% 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.66% 2.00 2.08% 2..50 2.50 1 3.00 .5?% .66% .75 .83% 1.1623 1.33% 1.50 1.66% 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.33% 2.66«ii 3.00 3.33% 2.01% 3.33%| 3.75 4.16% 3.50 4.00 4.50 00 .91%1.0 1.83%2.0 04 oo S.io |3.0O 3.66%'4.0O 4..'>8%'5,0O 5.50' ,6.00 ■Wagps. t5J0 «r.oo »:jo »s.oo »0.00 $10.00 $11.00 $:2.oo $;5.(M $14.00 $li.Oi S '/^ .5% .6 .6% .6% .7% •8%l .9 .10 .11 .12 : .12% 1 1 .1 .112^ .12H .13% .15 .162; .18% .33%! .362^ .20 .22 .23% .25 £ 2 .21% .23% 25 -26% .30 .40 .43% .46^i .50 3 .32% .35 .37J^ .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 1 .75 4 1 .43% .46% .50 .53% .60 .662^ .73% .80 .862^ .93%!lJ)0 5 1 .Mi? •58% .62% .662i .75 •83% .91% 1.00 1.08% 1.16% 1.25 6 .65 .70 .75 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1J30 7 .76 1 .81% .86%l .93% .87% .93% 1.05 1.16% 1.28% 1.40 1.52 1.63%, 1.75 8 1.00 I.062j 1.20 1.33% 1.46% 1.60 1.73% 1.862.^2.00 9 i7% 1.05 1.12% 1.20 1-35 1.50 1.65 l.SO 1.95 2.10 i2J25 D«y». 1 1 1 1.08% 2.16% 1.16% 2.33% 1.25 1.33% 1.50 1.66% 1.83% 3.00 3.33% 3.66% 2.00 2.17 2.33%' 2J50 2 2.50 1 2.66% 4.00! 4.34 4.662^3 5.001 3 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.51 6.992, 7.50 4 4.33% 4.66% 5.09 6.33% 6.00 6.662; 7.331; 7.001 8.33% 9.16»i 8.00 8.68 9.33 10.00 5 5.41% 5.83% 6.25 6.66% 10 00 10.85 11.66% 12.50 • 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.001 13.00 14.00 . 15.00 If the desired ■nntn'ber of days or amount of wages is not in the table^ double or treble any suitable number of days or amount of money as the cas* may be, until you "obtain the desired number of days and th* wages to correspond. To Redcck the Price of Wheat, in Steklixg. pek Imperial Qi^RTER, TO Dollars axd Cents.— Reduce the shillings per quarter into dollars and cents, at 24.2 cts. per shilling, and divide by Sj, the num- ber of United States bash els in an imperial quarter. Example. — Required the price of wheat per U. S. bushel in Liverpool, vh*a it fetches 58s. 6d. per imperial quarter. 58*. 6d, equals $li 15, vbich, dlTlded bj 9^ gives §1.51^ the price per boflheL INTEREST TABLE, AT BIX PEB CHirr. , TS DOLLABS AUD CE^TTS, JBOM OmS COLLAB TO TEX THOUSAND. Iday. 7 days. 15 daj-e. 1 mo. 3 mos. Cnios. 12 mos. » «c. «c. »c. « c. »c. «c. ,?c. 1 00 00 oov. 001^ 00-; 0114 03 0« 2 00 001 4 01 ■ 03 06 12 S 00 OOJ. 0034 oil 3 041^ 09 13 4 00 OOit 01 02 06 12 24 6 00 ooi: 0114 01V2 o-"i 071^ 15 30 6 00 003. 03 09 18 36 T 00 00^. 01% O0I/2 lOVi 21 42 8 00 01 02 01 13 24 43 9 00 01 02V. 02»| 041; 131; 27 64 10 00 oivi 02i| 03^1 OP/i 05 15 30 GO 21) »! 05 10 30 60 1 20 SO 0'% 15 45 90 1 bO 40 00% 10 20 60 1 20 2 40 50 01 06 1214 25 75 1 50 3 00 100 OlVa iil 25 50 1 50 3 no 6 00 200 05 60 1 00 3 00 6 00 12 00 SOO 05 35 75 1 50 4 50 9 00 18 00 400 07 46% 68I4 1 00 2 00 6 00 12 00 24 00 COO 03 1 25 2 50 7 50 15 00 30 00 1000 17 1 I614 2 50 5 00 15 00 30 00 60 00 2000 3^ 2 33i^ 5 00 10 00 30 00 60 00 120 00 3000 60 3 50 7 50 15 00 45 00 90 00 180 00 4000 67 4 66i/„ 10 00 20 00 60 00 120 00 240 00 6000 83 5 83y, 11 66»^ 12 50 25 00 75 00 150 00 300 00 loooa 1 67 25 00 60 00 150 00 300 00 600 00 ftr BEVEK PEB CEirr., IN D0LLAB3 A>T) CENTS, FBOat QKE DOLLAH TO TEN THOUSAND, 1 2 3 4 6 6 S 9 10 20 30 40 60 100 200 200 400 600 1000 2000 3000 4000 fiOOO aoooo 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 001/4 00% 001s 00=4 01 02 04 J 05 , 08 10 19% 39 68 78 or 94 00 oov; oov? 00% 003,1 00% 01 01 0114 0114 ^' 051 i 13j| 27^2 40^ Si% 63 1 .36 2 72',i 4 O814 6 44I2 « SOU 13 61 0014 OOU oo«4 01 our, 01% 02 0214 03 - 06 Ot) 12 15 29 53 , 87y, 1 17 1 46 2 92 5 S3 8 75 11 rt7 14 !VH 29 17 OOiJ Oi7i 0214 03 031^ 01 04-3 Ooi/i 0534 11-9 17it 231: 29I4 58^5 t 16^^ 1 75 2 33% 2 912', 5 83% 11 66% 17 50 23 33% ;» 16% S8 33 0134 0314 esi/i 07 ^% 10% 121,4 14 15% 171', 35 52i:, 70" 87% 1 75 ■ 3 50 fi 25 7 00 8 75 17 .50 3r, 00 52 50 70 00 M7 m 173 00 03% or 07 14 101 '2 21 14 23 171:. 33 21 42 24% 49 28 5« 31% 65 S5 70 70 1 40 1 05 2 10 1 40 2 80 1 75 3 50 3 50 7 00 7 00 14 00 10 50 21 00 14 00 28 00 17 50 35 00 35 00 70 00 70 00 140 00 105 00 210 00 140 00 280 00 175 00 .350 00 350 00 700 00 sm* if H H H * O C.-5 86E W "-a < o w >. ei S I o ^ - S 5-5 § ^54 S 8 S S S ? 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IS " c OX r^o »n m *t m o ooc t^ w C 03C O "^C -fC^-^C^TC^r-.X r-jX fri ►• n H «r wi-c t'^oo r^i " o •• w « m wiO NO t>.*n« O t^"^«-5CX u^r*^»*X>0 i*>« CT"0 ▼ •■ O* f^ C^ C - '-i -^O r^X Q - f^ -^o r-.x a u^N c tN.-^ (*iC r^mO t^tnO t^»»sO !>.(*»<> ■»>0 3^ - ■<■ O O I ▼ w> »AO e* X w^ " "-•c c '^ u-ix nsC O t^X X C^ 6 6 ■• ■" « * *<»'M«rnT-^m irtsC O e^X 06 CT^ C^ 6 ■- •* (t ^01- fnO l^t^«X ---r--- -ri I CO 't- ■^ m »rjo O t^-oo 00 C* d^ 6 6 »"-rC^"^OX r^OsC U-. ■^-T's - OX r>.rN.^ rX *^X rex fOX rex «*» I T ■^ tn iri>C 'O ^* t^X CO ^ d» d »« ►• n «o t*> -^ ■^x mr^wo •* ^oo ^C^ rex « t^.— mo ■^>»o *• •*« WfOfn-^T-^m m<; >o ^» t^X X X ^ ooomooomoco- I ▼» MOO -^x f« o o -r3 ""MMtoeot^O 'Tt^" "^00 M m <> < " M « M C^O O M »^30 " u-130 ►- -^ t^ O too O POO a* M »^ m ^ — ■♦r-%-^0 c^-*- r^-v-?D iri -3C »««00O M ^O M ~ •• M M M •«» O «0 00 - ▼O C- N ■«■ t^ O M >O00 O K10 tj8 ■▼ »« t«» ■* *nX o M vn r^ ^ N -^O O *- r*i sC X Q p* »n rx O « ^^ Q* k4 •>• M n n ■^-O X — M irt t^ O M ^"O O ** fo u^ f*. O « "^O M M M M rf N r* « «rif*ipe(*)'**^^ ro fo ^O !> • . O ^ f^ - -«■ I « t^^^'TC^ MX n t^ - o c t^ £ ;5:x M J^* - o ^ O tN. C-^30 X X 9 "•ftwnn-^tso^ poo X ^ m ^JJ^J^J^': > X o « »^*^ , ^o r>.x <^ o "- « f^ -^^ *^*> ? 2 ii 2 ? i |3"2.2.R«^S|8|SJU||y||||||||8 W9 KE-U)Y RECKONER. READT RECKONEE, to find the Price of any Number of Poundfi, Tarda Pie<'e«, or BusbelB. from 2 cents to S3.00. The first column contains the XIIMBER, the top columns the PRICES. Noe 2ct. 3ct. 4 ct. 5ct. 6ct. eV^ct. 7ct. 8ct. 9ct. 10 ct. 11 ct. 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 .10 .12 .121/2 .11 .16 .18 .20 .22 3 . 6 . 9 .12 .15 .18 .184! .21 .24 .27 .30 .33 4 . 8 .12 M .20 .21 .26 .28 .32 .36 .40 .44 6 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .31V. .37i| .43*4 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 6 .12 .18 .24 .30 .36 .42 .48 .64 .60 .66 7 .14 .21 .28 .35 .42 .49 ,56 .63 .70 .77 8 .Itf .24 .32 .40 .48 .50 .56 .64 .73 .80 .88 9 .18 .27 .36 .45 .64 .561. .63 .72 .81 .90 .99 10 .20 .30 .40 .50 -CO .62ii> .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 11 .23 .33 .44 .55 ■66 ■^il .77 .88 .99 1.10 1.21 12 .24 .36 .48 .60 .72 .75 M .96 1.08 1.20 1.32 13 .26 .39 .52 .65 .78 .871.^ .91 1.04 1.17 1.30 1.43 14 .2* .42 .56 .70 .84 .98 1.12 1.26 1.40 1.54 IB .30 .46 .60 .75 .90 .9334 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.65 16 .32 .48 .M .80 .96 1.00 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.60 1.76 17 .34 .51 .-58 .85 1.02 I.O6I4 1.12^1 l.i^s^ 1.19 1.36 1.53 1.70 1.87 13 .36 .54 .72 .90 1.06 1.26 1.44 1.(2 1.80 1.98 19 .38 .57 .76 .05 1.14 i.:B 1.52 1.71 1.90 2.09 20 .40 .00 .80 1.00 1.20 1.25 1.40 l.CO 1.80 2.00 2.20 25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.54.14 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2. 5 30 .60 .90 1.20 1.50 1.80 1.871;, 2.10 2.40 2.70 3.00 3.30 40 .80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.50 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00 4.40 eo 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.121.2 3.50 4.00 4.50 6.00 5.50 CO 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 360 3.75 4.20 4.S0 5.40 6.00 6.60 70 1.40 2.10 2.80 3.50 4.20 4.371, 4.90 5.60 6.30 7.00 7.70 so 1-60 2.40 3.20 4.I.K1 4.80 6.00 5.C0 6.40 7.20 8.00 8.80 90 1.80 2.70 3.60 4.60 6.40 5.621^ 0.31) 7.20 8.10 9.00 9.90 100 2.00 aoo 4.ffl 500 6.00 6.25 7.<^''> 8.00 9.00 10.00 ll.OO Noa 12 ct. 12Uct. 13ct. 14 ct. 15 ct. 16 ct. ISct. i83;ct. 19 ct. 20 ct. 21 ct. 2 .34 .25 .26 .28 ^ 32 .36 .3714 .38 .40 .42 3 ^ •37ii .30 .42 .43 .48 .54 .o6i; .67 .60 .63 4 .48 .50 .62 .56 .60 .64 .72 .75 .76 .80 .84 6 .60 .621 w .C5 .70 .75 .80 .90 .9334, .96 1.00 1.05 6 .72 .75 j .78 .84 .90 .96 1.08 1.12i/i 1.14 1.20 1-26 7 .84 •87i'i .91 .98 1.05 1.12 1.26 1.311-4 1.33 1.40 1.47 8 .96 ;.oo J.M 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.44 1.50 1.52 1.60 1.68 9 1.08 1.12H < 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.44 1.62 l.f.83^ 1.71 1.80 1.89 10 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.80 1.87i| 1.90 2.00 2.10 11 1.32 1.371^ 1.43 1.54 1.66 1.76 1.98 2.O6I/4 2.09 2.20 2.31 12 1.44 1.50 1.56 1.G8 1.80 1.32 2. If. 2.25 2.28 2.40 2.52 13 1.5« l.«2l^ 1.69 1.82 1.95 2.08 2.34 2.4334 2.62i| 2.47 2.60 2.73 14 1.68 1.75 ■ 1.83 1.96 2.10 2.24 2.52 2.6C 2.80 2.94 15 1.80 1.87Va 1.95 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.70 2.811/4 2.85 3.00 3.15 16 1.92 2.00 2.08 2.24 2.40 2.56 2.88 3.00 3.04 3.20 3.36 17 2.04 2.121; 2.21 2.38 a.-w 3.72 3.06 3.18''4 3.23 3.40 3.57 18 2.16 2.35 ' 1 2.3i 2.52 2.70 2.88 3.24 3.3rrV2 3.42 3.60 3.78 19 2.28 2.371/2 I 2.47 2.60 2.85 3.04 3.42 3.56li 3.61 3.80 s.yj 20 2.40 2.50 : 2.60 2.«t 3.00 3.20 3.60 3.75 3.80 4.00 4.20 25 3.00 3.121^ 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4..^.0 ,^62 it 4.76 5.00 .5.25 30 3.60 3.75 3.90 4.20 4.50 4.80 5.40 5.70 6.00 6.30 40 4.80 6.00 5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 7.20 7..50 " 7.60 8.00 8.J0 50 6.00 6.25 6.60 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.0<1 9.37ii 9..5O 10.00 ll)..-.V «0 7.20 7.50 7.80 8.40 9.00 960 lo.,«n 11.25 11.40 12.00 l2.t') 70 8.40 ^.75 9.10 f>.>iO 10.50 11.20 12.60 1.1. 1 2' ; 1.^:30 14.00 14.70 80 9.60 1«.00 10.40 11.20 12.00 12.H0 14.41) l.j.O-'l 15.20 16.00 i(;.?o 90 10.80 11.25 11.70 12.60 1.^.50 14.40 16.20 16*^71,4 17.10 18.00 18.90 100 12.0G 12.50 13,00 14.G0 1S.00 16.00 18.00 16.73 13.00 20.00 21.00 600 READY RECKONER. The fitflt column on the left contains the NUMBER of the Artide, and th« column on the tops of the tables the PRICE. N08 22 ct. 23ct. 24 ct. 25 ct. .50 26 ct. 27 ct. l28ct. 29 ct. 30 ct. 81 Ct. SlVtCfc 2 .44 .46 .48 .52 .54 .56 .58 .SO .62 .62% 3 .66 .69 .72 .75 .78 .81 .84 .87 .90 .93 4 .88 .92 .96 l.DO 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.30 1.24 1.26 S 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.60 1.65 1.561/4 1.871/$ 2.183,; 6 1.32 1.38 1.44 1.50 1.56 1.62 1.68 1.74 1.80 1.86 7 l.W 1.61 1.68 1.75 1.82 1.89 1.96 2.03 2.10 2.17 8 1.7G 1.84 1.92 2.00 2.08 2.16 2.24 2.32 2.40 2.48 2.50 9 1.98 2.07 2.16 2.25 2.34 2.43 2.52 2.61 2.70 2.79 2.8I14 3.12'| 3.4342 10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 11 2.42 2.53 2.64 2.75 2.86 2.97 3.08 3.19 3.30 3.41 12 2.64 2.76 2.88 3.00 3.12 3.24 3.36 3.48 3.60 3.72 3 75 13 2.86 2.99 3.12 3.25 3.38 3.51 3.64 3.77 3.90 4.03 4.061/4 14 3.08 3.22 3.36 3.50 3.64 3.78 3.92 4.06 4.20 4.34 4.371^ 4.6884 15 3.30 3.45 3.60 3.75 3.90 4.05 4.20 4.35 4.50 4.56 16 3.52 3.68 3.84 4.00 4.16 4.32 4.48 4.64 4.80 4.96 5.00 17 3.74 3.91 4.08 4.25 4.42 4..59 4.76 4.93 5.10 5.27 5.31Vi 5.62^1 5.93»4 18 3.96 4.14 4.32 4.50 4.68 4.86 5.04 5.22 5.40 5.58 19 4.18 4.37 4.5t! 4.75 4.94 6.15 5.32 5.51 5.70 5.89 20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 6.40 5.(;o 6.80 6.00 6.20 6.25 25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.73 7.00 7.25 7.25 7.75 7.8I14 30 6.60 6.90 7.20 7.50 7.80 8.10 8.40 8.70 9.00 9.30 9.371/, 40 8.80 9.20 9.60 10.00 10.40 10.80 11.20 11.60 12.00 12.40 12.50 60 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 1.3.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15 50 15.62' S 60 13.20 1.J.80 14.40 15.00 15.60 16.20 16.80 17.40 18.00 1860 18.75 70 15.40 16.10 16.80 n.iw 18.20 18.90 19.W 20.30 21.00 21.70 21.8715 80 17.60 18.40 19.20 20.00 20.80 21.60 22.4(^ 23.20 ^.00 24.80 25.00 90 19.80 20.70 21.00 22.50 23.40 24.30 25.20 26.10 27.00 27.90 28.1214 100 22.00 '2Z.W 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 31.25 Nos Get. .64 .33ct .66 .'iSijCt. .662/3 34 ct .68 35 ct .70 36 ct. 37 ct. 37i^ct. 38 Ct. 39 ct. Uoct. 2 .72 .74 .75 .70 .78 .80 3 .9(5 .99 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.11 1-12V2 1.14 1.17 1.20 4 1.28 1..32 1.33U, 1.66^5 1..36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.56 1.60 6 1.60 105 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.871/2 1.90 1.95 2.00 6 1.02 1.98 2.00 2.04 2.10 2.16 2.22 2 25' 2.28 2.34 2.40 7 2.24 2.31 2.:53V, 2.38 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.0214 2.66 2.73 2.80 8 2.56 2.04 2.72 2.80 2.88 2.90 3.00 ' 3.04 ' 3.12 8.20 9 2.88 2.97 3.00 3.06 3.15 3.24 3.33 3..37I/, 3.42 3.51 3.60 10 3.20 3..30 3.3314 3.40 3.50 3.00 3.70 3.75 ■ 3.80 3.90 4.00 11 S.52 3.63 3.66i? 3.74 3.63 3.96 4.07 4.1214 4.18 4.29 4.40 12 3.84 3.96 4.00 4.08 4.20 4.32 4.44 4.50 4.66 4.68 , 4.80 13 4.16 4.29 4.33t' 4.66% 4.42 4.55 4.08 4.81 4.87% 4.94 5.07 5.20 14 4.48 4.62 4.76 4.90 5.0-t 6.18 5.25 6.32 6.46 5.60 15 4.80 4.95 6.00 5.10 5.25 5.40 5.55 5.621^ 6.70 5.85 6.00 16 5.12 5.28 5.33U 6.668| 6.44 5.60 6.76 5.92 6.00 6.08 6.24 6.40 17 5.44 6.61 5.78 5.96 6.12 6.29 6.3714 6.46 6.63 6.80 iB 6.76 5.94 6.00 6.12 6.;J0 6.48 6.66 6.75 6.64 7.02 7.20 19 6.08 6.27 8.33i| 10.00 6.46 6.65 6.84 7.03 7.1214 7.22 7.41 7.60 20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.80 8.00 25 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.371/2 9.50 9.75 10.00 30 9.60 O.'JO 10.20 10.50 10.80 11.10 11.25 11.40 11.70 12.00 40 13.80 12.10 13.33V.5 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 13.00 15.20 15.60 16.00 60 16.00 16.50 IH.662'3 17.00 17..50 18.00 18.50 18.75 19.00 19.50 20.00 60 19.2(1 19.80 20.00 20.40 21.00 21.60 22.20 22.50 22.80 23.40 24.00 70 22.40 2.J.10 2.{.:«V, 26.66% 23.80 24.50 26.20 25.90 26.25 26.60 27.30 28.00 80 25.6(1 26.40 27.20 28.00 28.80 29.60 30.00 30.40 31.20 32.00 90 28.80 2!J.70 30.00 80.60 31.50, 32.40 33..30 38.75 34.20 35.10 36.0a uo 32.00 33.00 3».33ii 34.00 35.00 3(i.00 37.00 37.50 38.00 39.00 40.0t tiOl READY RECKO^rtlR. Ih* flnt oolmftn bn the left contains the NUMBER of the Article, an4 the column on the tops of the Tables the PBICE. Vot 41 ct. 42 ct. 43 ct. 44 ct. 45 ct 46 ct. 47 ct. |48ct 49 ct 50 ct 51 et 2 .82 .84 .86 .88 .90 .92 .94 .96 .98 1.00 1.02 3 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.35 1.38 1.41 1.44 1.47 1.50 1.53 4 1.64 1.68 1.72 1.76 1.80 1.84 1.88 ■ 1.92 1.96 2.00 2.04 6 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.a5 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55 6 2.46 2.52 2.58 2.64 2.70 2.76 2.80 2.88 2M 3.00 3.06 7 2.87 2.94 3.01 3.08 3.15 3.22 3.20 3.36 3.43 3.50 3.57 8 3.28 3.36 3.44 3.52 3.G0 3.C8 3.7G 3.84 3.92 4.00 4.08 9 3.69 3.78 3.87 3.96 4.05 4.14 4.1-3 4.32 4.41 4.50 4.59 10 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.00 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 6.10 11 4.51 4.62 4.73 4.84 4.95 5.06 6.17 5.28 5.39 6.50 5.61 12 4.92 6.04 5.16 6.28 5.40 5.72 5.04 6.76 5.88 6.00 6.12 13 5.33 5.46 5.59 5.72 6.85 5.il8 6.11 6.24 6.37 6.50 6.63 14 5.74 6.88 6.02 6.16 6.30 6.44 6.58 6.72 6.86 7.00 7.14 15 6.15 6.30 6.45 6.60 6.75 6.90 7.05 7.20 7.35 7.50 7.65 16 6.56 6.72 6.88 7.04 7.20 7.36 7.52 7.68 7.84 8.00 8.16 17 6.97 7.14 7.31 7.48 7.65 7.82 7.99 8.16 8.33 8.50 8.67 18 7.38 7.56 7.74 7.92 8.10 8,28 8.46 8.64 8.82 9.00 9.18 19 7.79 7.98 8.17 8.30 8.55 8.74 8.93 9.12 9.31 9.50 9.69 20 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 25 10.25 10.50 10,75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 30 12.30 12.60 12.90 13.20 13.50 13.80 14.10 14.40 14.70 15.00 15.30 40 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 60 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 60 24.60 25.20 25.80 26.40 27.00 27.60 28.20 28.80 29.40 30.00 30.60 70 28:70 29.40 30.10 30.80 31.50 32.20 32.!»0 .33.00 34.30 35.00 35.70 80 32.80 33.60 34.40i 35.20 36.00i 36.80 37. oO 38.40 39.20 40.00 40.80 90 36.90 37.80 38.70! 311.G0 40.50 ' 41.40 -i2..W 43.20 44.10 45.00 46.92 100 41.00 42.00 43.00 44.00 4.5.00 46.00 47.(iO 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 Kos 52 ct. 53 ct. M ct. : 55 ct. 56 ct. 1 57 ct. 5Sct. 59 ct. 60 ct. ! 61 ct. 62 ct. 2 1.04 1.06 1.081 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 S 1.56 1.59 1.62 1.65 1.68 1.71 1.74 1.77 1.80 1.83 1.86 4 2.08 2.12 2.16 2.20 2.24 2.28 2..'52 2.36 2.40 2.44 2.48 6 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.M 2.95 3.00 3.05 3.10 6 3.12 3.18 3.24 3.30 3.36 3.42 3.48 3.54 3.60 3.66 3.72 7 3.64 3.71 3.78 3.85 3.92 3.99 4.06 4.13 4.20 4.27 4.31 8 4.16 '4.24 4.32 4.40 4.48; 4..56 4.64 4.72 4.80 4.88 4.96 9 4.68 4.77 4.86 4.95 5.04 5.13 5.22 5.31 5.40 5.49 5.58 10 5.20 5.30^ 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6 20 11 5.72 5.83 5.94 6.05 6.16 6.27 6.38 6.49 6.60 6.71 6.82 12 6.24 6.36 6.48 6.60 6.72 6.84 6.96 7.08 7.20 7.32 7.44 13 6.76 6.89 7.02 7.15 7.28 7.41 7.54 7.67 7.80 7.93 8.06 14 7.28 7.42 7.56 7.70 7.84 7.98 8.12 8.26 8.40 8.54 8.68 15 7.80 7.95 8.10 8.25 8.40 8.55 8.70 8.85 9.00 9.15 9.30 16 8.32 8.48 8.64 8.80 8.% 9.12 9.28 9.44 9.60 9.76 9.92 17 8.84 9.01 9.18 9.35 9.52 9.69 9.^ 10.03 10.20 10.37 10. M 18 9.36 9.54 9.72 9.90 10.08 10.26 10.44 10.i'.2 10.80 10.98 11.16 19 9.88 10.07 10.26 10.45 10.64 10.83 11.02 , 11.21 11.40 11.59 11.78 20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 H.(V3 I 11.80 12.00 12.20 12.40 25 13.00 13.25 13..50 13.75 14.001 14.25 14..50i 17.10 17.40 ; 17.70 18.00 18.30 18.60 40 20.80 21.10 21. «t 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 : 23.60 24.00 24.42 24.80 60 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.1'0 2'<..50 29.00 ; 2Vt.50 30.00 ■MM 31.00 60 31.20 31.80 32.40; 33.00 33.60 34.20 34.80 35.40 36.00 36.60 37.20 70 36.40 37.10 37.80 38.50 39.20 39.90 40.60 41.30 42.00 42.70 43.40 80 41.60 42.40 43.20 44.00 44.80t 45.60 46.40 47.20 48.00 48.80 49.60 90 46.80 47.70 48.60 49.50 50.40; 51.30 52.20 53.10 54.00 54.90 55.80 }00 52.00 63.00] M.001 66.00 66.00] 57.00 68.00 1 69.00 60.00 1 61.00 1 62.09 _ &a — ^ READY RECKONER. If the Number required is not found in the Tables, add two Numbers to. gether ; for instance, if 35 bushels are required, add the prices opposite 30 and 5 together ; and so for 365 bushsls— treble the value of 100, and add 60 and 5 together. ^ ^__^ »oe 62i4ct. 03 ct. 64ct. 65 ct. 06 ct. 66%ct. 67 ct. 68 ct. 69 ct. 70 ct. 71ct< 2 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.331,3 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 3 1.871/2 1.89 1.92 1.95 1.98 2.00 2.01 2.04 2.07 2.10 2.13 4 2.50 2.52 2.56 2.60 2.64 2.662/, 3.331,3 2.C8 2.72 2.76 2.80 2.84 6 3.121/2 3.15 3.20 3.25 3.30 3.35 3.40 3.45 3.80 3.55 6 3.75 3.78 3.81 3.90 3.96 4.00 4.02 4.08 4.14 4.20 4.26 7 4.371/2 4.41 4.48 4.55 4.62 4.66% 5.33(3 4.69 4.76 4.83 4.90 4.97 8 5.00 5.04 5.12 6.20 5.28 5.36 5.44 5.52 6.60 668 9 5.621/2 6.67 5.76 5.85 6.94 6.00 6.03 6.12 6.21 6.30 6.39 10 6.26 6.3» 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.06% 7.33i| 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 11 6.8714 6.93 7.W 7.15 7.26 7.37 7.48 7.59 7.70 7.81 12 7.50^ 7.56 7.6^ 7.80 7.92 8.00 8.04 8.16 8.28 8.40 8.52 13 8.121/2 8.19 8.32 8.45 8.58 8.662/. 9.331^ 8.71 8.84 8.97 9.10 9.23 14 8.75 8.80 8.96 9.10 9.24 9.38 9.52 9. 66 9.80 9.9* 15 9.37% 9.45 9.60 9.75 9.90 10.00 10.05 10.20 10.35 10.60 10.65 16 10.00 10.08 10.24 10.40 10.56 10.66% 11.33 V3 10.72 10.88 11.04 11.20 11.36 17 10.621/2 10.71 110.88 11.05 11.22 11.39 11.56 11.73 11.90 12.07 12.7d 18 11.25 11.34 '11.52 11.70 11.88 12.00 12.06 12.24 12.42 12.60 19 11.871', 11.97 !12.16 12..-55 12.54 12.66% 12.73 12.92 13.11 13.30 13.49 20 12.50 12.60 ; 12.80 13.00 13.20 13.33% 16.662^ 13.40 13.60 13.80 14.00 14.20 25 15.621/2 15.7S ; 16.00 16.25 16.50 1G.75 17.00 17.25 17.50 17.75 30 18.75 18.9(1 19.20 19.50 19.80 20.00 20.10 20.40 20.70 21.00 21.30 40 26.00 25.20 25.60 26.0(» 26.40 26.662/, 33.33% 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 28.40 50 31.25 31.50 32.00 32.50 33.00 33.50 34.00 34.50 35.00 35.50 CO 37.50 37.80 38.40 39.(Hi 39.60 40.00 40.20 40.80 41.40 42.00 42.60 70 43.75 44.10 44.80 45.50 40.20 46.6634 46.90 47.60 48.30 49.00 49.70 80 50.00 50.40 i51.20 52.00 52.80 53.33I3 53.00 .54.40 55.20 56.00 56.80 90 51.25 56.7C '57.60 58.50 59.40 60.00 60.30 61.20 62.10 1 63.00 63.90 100 62.50 63.01 '64.00 65.00 6(;.00 G6.66I/2 67.00 68.00 69.00 1 70.00 71.00 No9 72 ct. 73 ct. 74 ct. 1.48 75 ct. 1.50 76 ct. 77 ct. 78 ct. 79 ct. 80 ct. 81 ct. ' 82 ct 2 1.44 1.46 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.62 1.64 3 2.16 2.19 2.22 2.25 2.2s 2.31 2.34 2.37 2.40 2.43 2.46 4 2.88 2.92 2!96 3.00 3.04 3.08 3.12 3.16 3.20 3.24 3.28 6 3.60 3.65 3.70 3.75 3.80 3.85 3.90 3.95 4.00 4.05 4.10 6 4.32 4.38 4.44 4.50 4.56 4.62 4.68 4.74 4.80 4.86 i 4.92 7 5.04 5.11 5.18 6.25 5.32 5.39 6.46 6.53 6.60 5.67 6.74 8 5.76 5.84 5.92 6.00 6.08 6.16 6.24 6.32 6.40 6.48 6.66 9 6.48 6.57 6.66 6.75 6.84 6.93 7.02 7.11 7.20 7.29 7.38 10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 11 7.92 8.03 8.14 8.25 8.30 8.47 8.68 8.69 8.80 8.91 9.02 12 8.W 8.76 8.88 9.00 9.12 9.24 9.36 9.48 9.60 9.72 9.84 13 9.36 9.49 9.62 9.75 9.88 10.01 10.14 10.27 10.40 10.53 10.66 14 10.08 10.22 10.36 10.50 10.64 10.78 10.92 11.06 11.20 11.34 11.4S 15 10.80 10.95 11.10 11.25 11.40 11.55 11.70 11.85 12.00 12.15 12.30 16 11.52 11.68 11.84 12.00 12.16 12.32 12.48 12.&4 12.80 12.96 13.12 17 12.24 12.41 12.58 12.75 12.92 13.09 13.26 1 13.43 13.60 13.77 13.94 18 12.96 13.14 13.32 13.50 13.68 13.86 14.04 14.22 14.40 14.68 14.76 19 13.68 13.87 14.06 14.25 14.44 14.03 14.82 15.01 15.20 15.39 15.68 20 14.40 14.60 14.80 15.00 15.20 15.40 15.60 ! 15.80 16.00 16.20 16 40 25 18.00 1825 18.50 18.75 19.00 19.25 19.50 j 19.70 20.00 1 20.25 20.50 30 21.60 21.90 22.20 1 22.50 22.80 23.10 23.40 1 23.70 24.00 1 24.30 24.60 40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00 30.40 30.80 31.20 1 31.60 32.00 \ 32.40 32.80 60 36.00 36 50 37.00 37.50 38.00 38.50 39.00 i 39.50 40.00 40.50 i 41.00 «0 43.20 43.80 44.40 45.00 45.60 46.20 46.80 ! 47.40 48.00 48.60 49.20 70 50.40 51.10 51.80 52.50 63.20 53.90 W.60 1 ."io.SO 56.00 56.70 57.40 80 57.60 58.40 59.20 60.00 60.80 61.60 62.40 1 63.20 64.00 64.80 65.60 90 64.80 65.70 66.60 67.60 68.40 60.30 70.20 1 71.10 72.0f/ 72.90 73.80 UO 72.00 73.0» 174.00 75.00 76.00 77.00 78.(K/ 1 -9.00 iw.w SLW 8&09 g0i> BEADT RECKONER. Zf tlj? Number required is r.ot found in the Tables, add two Xumbaw tO> gether; for instance, if 35 bushels are requirtd, add the prices oppositw l"^. and 5 together : and so for 365 bushels — treble the TaJue of 100, and add oO and 5 together. Voe S3ct Met, S5 ct, 86 ct., 87 ct 87i4Ct. 8S cL 89 ct, 90 ct. 91 ct 92 ct 2 1.66 1.6S 1.70j 1.72 1.74; 1.75 1 1.76 1.78i 1.80, 1.82 1.84 3 2.49 2.52 2..551 2.28 2. 01 2.621 i' 2.e4; 2.67 2.70' 2.73 2.76 4 3.32 3.36! 3.401 3.44 3.48! 3.50 1 3.52 3.5& 3.60; ,' 4.40, 4.45! 4.50, 3.64 3.68 6 4.15 420' 4.25, 4.30 4.35, L371 4.55 4.60 C 4.98 5.041 5.10 5.16 5.22 5.25 1 ^■- - 5.341 5.40 5.46 6.52 7 O.bi, 5.8.-. 5.95 6.02 6.09' 6.121 o e.16 6.23 6.30 6.37 6.44 ^ 6.64; 6.72i 6.M) 6.s8 6.96 7.00 7.04 7.12 7.20 7.28 7.36 & 7.471 756! 7.65 7.74 7.83| 7.871 j! 7.&2 8.01 8.10 8.19 8.28 10 8.30' 8.40! 8.50 8.60 8.70. 8.75 8.80, 8.90 9.00 9JA " ^0 11 9.13 9.241 9.35 9.46{ 9.57 9.1: -Ji J 0.081 9.79i 9.90* 10.01 10.12 12 9.96, 10.08, 10.20 10.32 10.44;i0.50 : 10.5G' 10.68: 10.80; 10.92 11.04 13 10.79 1C.92' 11.05! 11.13; 11.31:11.371 ', 11.44' 11.57; 11.70, 11.83 11.96 14 ll.t?2i 11.76] 11.90; 12.04 12.1S 12.25 ■| 12.32 12.461 12.00, 12.74 12.88 15 12.45 12.60, 12.75- 12.90| 13.05,13.12' „ 13.20; 13.35, 13.50, 13.65 13.80 16 13.28 13.44 13.60' 13.76. 13.92 14.t)0 " 14.l>8 14.24 14.40 14.56 14.72 17 14.11 14.2-' 14.45' 14.62; 14.79 14.-7' , 14.'.hJ 15.13 1.5..30 1.5.47 1564 l?" 14.94 15.12' 15.30! 15. 4> 15.66,15.75 " 15.84' 15.02 16.20 16.38 16.56 19 15.77; 15.96, 16.15 15.34 16.53 16.621 ,' 10.72 16.91 17.10 17.29 17.48 20 l-;.t^i I6.JO 17.0(.i 17.201 17.40 K.o-t 17.60! 17.80 18.«i 1*.20 1 18.40 25 2 ii 2v»; 35.60, 36.00 3^.40 36.80 M CO 41 .-.^1 4.';ni 42.50 43. Otl 4.-. .Vi 4:' T'. 44.00 44..^)ti 4"..i>' 4.-...-^) 46.00 ol.OOi 51.Cr ■ .^2.--0- 53.J .11 56.20 70 53.50' 60.2" 61.60' 62 : ';i 64.40 fe 70.50 77.45 4.90 4.95 5. 10. U. 6 558 5.64 6.70 5.76 5.82 5.88 5.f4 6. 12. 14. 7 6.51 5.58 6.a5 6.72 6.73 6.86 6.i« 7. 14. 2L e 7.44 7.52 7.60 7.68 7.76 7.84 7.93 • 8. 16. 24. 9 8.37 8.46 8.55 8.64 8.73 8.52 8.91 ». 18. 2T. 10 9.30 9.46 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10. S- 30l 11 10.23 in.3* 1045 lOi^e 10.67 10.78 10.89 11. 22. 33. 12 11.16 11.2? 1140 11.52 , 11 64 I 11.76 i 11.88 12. ai. 36. 13 12.09 12.22 12.a5 12.48 12.61 i 12.74 i 12.87 13. 26. 39. 14 l.r02 13.16 13.:« 13.44 1 13.58 ! 13 72 ia86 14. 28. 42. 15 13.9.> ?-4.10 14.35 14.40 1 14.55 14.70 14.85 16. 30. 4& 1<^ 14.1^8 l.S.M 1.5 20 15 36 ! 1552 . 15.88 15.84 18. 32. 48. 17 15.81 15.98 16.15 16.32 ; lf;.49 le.ee 16.83 17. 34. 51. 18 l.';74 16.92 17.10 17 28 ' 17.46 i 17.64 17.82 18. 3& 5t 19 17.67 17.86 l-^Oo lv24 18.43 ; 18.f?2 18.81 19. 3& SI. •0 18.60 18.80 19 00 19.20 '. 10.40 1 19.R0 19.80 20. 40. 60. 25 2.3.25 23.50 2."'. 75 1 2-S.OO 24 25 ' 24.50 at.75 25. 50. -75. 30 27.90 29.20 28.50 28 80 20.10 i 29.40 29.70 30. eo. 90. 40 .37.20 37.60 ?S(Vl 3=40 38 80 1 39 20 39.00 40. 80. 130. SO 46.50 47.00 47 50 48 00 48.50 ! 49.00 49.50 50. 100. 150. 60 .55.80 56 40 57 in 1 57 60 i 68 30 ' 58.-^0 59.40 60. 120. 180. 70 65.10 6.5 80 66 .VI J 67 20 67.90 • fJJ.F-0 69.30 70. 142. 2ia go 74.40 7.5.20 7fi.00 76.80 77.60 I 7*40 79.20 80. 160. 24a 90 83.70 84.60 85.50 1 PF.40 ; 87.30 | 88.20 89.10 90. 180. 27a 100 93L00 »iOO 95.00 » >.00 mio i d&M 8S.0O 1 UN. aaa. tta» Weioht. Statfre, &P., OV Max.— Tbc mean Tre'ght, andstatnre of tha human body a: birth, and at every snbse ",' 53 '7\ 30 S-49 132.4^ 20 5.14 115.30 3> S-tVj S5 »7,, 16V* 30 5-5^ 140. 3S 30 S..S II9.J2 31 33-4 57 40 S-52 140.42 40 S-.S 121. Si 3J ^Ju 5^ "S'i SO 5-49 139-9^ 50 s-04 123. S5 33 S3 ''3 5? >5,, 60 5-3S 136.07 60 4-97 ii>-76 34 3«;i 60 Mi 70 5-32 131-27 70 4-97 113-60 ^1 3« 61 14 80 5.29 "7-54 80 4-94 loS.So 36 30;? 62 •3^2 90 S.29 127-54 90 4-94 loS.Si 37 38 29.^ 27^ 63 64 65 66 13 39 40 Mean.. .103.66 i lean... • 93-73 41 42 27 25^4 67 6S loj., 10' 1 43 fr? 9.^4 44 25> 70 9'.* 45 24».l The wpieht. of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. avoirJ'.iTiois : that of tho female is not quite ei'jlbs. The maxiiuuni weight (140i;ibs.) of tha male is attaine.i at the a«e of 40 ; that of tb.a female (nearly 124 lbs.) is not attaineii until oO ; from which iigea tliey decline afters ards ; tha male to 127i; lbs., the female to luOlbs.. nearly a stone. Th? full grro^:i adult la 20 tiinea as heavy aa a new born infant. In the llrst year ha In the second weic. . ^,.,. . . •, 1 the term remaining verv constant up to the ages of 11-12 \n females ;£i!'.l 12-13 in males ; where it must be nearly doubled ; afterwards it majr be continued, and will be found very nearly corrdct up to the ajre 0/ 18 or 19, when the growth pro<'eed3 very glowly. At an eqxiality of aco the male i» generally heavier th.in the female. Towards the ape .of 13 yearsonly. an iu'lividualof each sjt, has the same weight. The ma'o attains the maximum weight about the ace of 40, and he begins to lo,^3 it verv sensiblv towards 6 1. At $1he loses about 13.2.'52f- lbs. : and Ihi etature is diminished 2-15G inches. Females attain their maximum weir', .i about 50- The mean weight of a mat-ire min i.s 104 lbs., and of an aver- age woman 94lbs. In old a^e thev lose about 12 or lills. Mpn we;c.» most at 40, women at 50 and b^-gin to lose weight at 60. The mcaa •weight of both sex.>s in old age is that which they had at 19. When the male and female have assumed their completo aeveloDmCTit, they weigh almost exactly 20 times aa much as at biiih, while tho Pta^ ure" is ab<>ut ."14 times greater. ... it. Children lose weight during the firs' three days axter birth ; at the pga of » week thev sensibly increas tt inches in Diameter. 1 foot in Length. Diaiii,Thickn, Weight. .Diam. Thickn Weight. Diam. Thickn Weight, Ids. Lbs. ; Ins, ! 39.22 49.92 60.-W TL76 It 83.28 41. M 52.6? : 64.27 76.12 i 1*.% g.«.2 44.11 56.16 68. 60.3 15. S3.C8 46.5 59.92 71.7 S4.T 13.% 97.98 i 48.98 62.Cr> 75.32 $8.91? 16. 102-9 1 51.46 ' 65.08 1 T8.P9 98.24 16lH 108.84 1 53.88 e*.i4 82.68 i 97.44 1 IT. 112.6* [ 56.34 . 71.19 i 86.4 ! 101.83 JT.% 117.6 58.82 1 74.28 1 90.06 1 106.14 18. 11:2.62 ' 6L26 77..>6 ! 93.7 i 13. 110. '3 127.42 63.7 80.4 ao. 97.4 114.72 132.e5 i 65.14 n. 83.46 1 101.08 118.97 137.28 22. 68.64 £6.55 I M I If .1 •• "st *»S ^ '^°?^ ^vf« ^«N^ ^Vrt s^ * a X -hi = 1^ *♦• « o »« M f^O C^-o r^ u^ >ri f*» O",© O i < 9 ^ l^vC in'-ir* - 050 »»sO w^^? -* 1 ^?^;?^;;£;5.^s>^3r?-".^ 1 XS^RiKiit^ » v^^^? „ 2 K M H :5 •> z o K inq>no':;T-:3?2:;-f:^rs5«-S7 J • • •U-ri.i.^^^^t^.^O.o ^:i.^^«o;j j CL. B. s 1 = 3. i " T> r v" ?^^ . ^^ T f? ?" ^- r " ? ^•I - 3 ;3 " " " ""*"^ «^ 2 S S^i"- S'S «^ S'wS i ?-!r?^s^c^^^?-^-" *??=?»»?- ^ ""'""'^"•■'"•«'^<^22-^^-g5;JS' < e i f:s,2;°?-o^--2:^?5^!^n-?,:;?^rs.t; J -«„„^^c«<>-:.:.o.c = .j.;^^. •pTg p'm 1 :sc^ifu^>i«i :<^-xs^:^!i?;x^ ij;::^:R;5!^sw; «r RELATIVE STRENGTH OF BODIES TO RESIST TORSIOW, LEAD BEING i. Tin 1.4 ' Gun Metal 5.0 Copper 4.3 I Cast. Iron. 9.0 Yellow Brass.. 461 Swedish Iron g.5 English Iron to.t Biistered Steel 16.6 Shear Steel 17.0 CAPACITIES. SIZE AND WEIGHT OF COPPERS. Depth Weight ! Depth Weight jl Depth in || in Weight in Gallons in 1 in Gallons Gallons in Inches. pounds.- inches. pour.ds. i inches. pounds. '^i I ^% ^*,. >5 22'-i 29', 3 29 4iH «K 3 3,, »4^ 16 24 30 30 45 »4 3 aV> *S '7.- 2554 32 36 5* , \^ 4 6 23H 18' 27 J4 43 64^i 5 7% x6 19 2RH 35 48 72,, '77$ 6 9, , 26M 20 30 36 53 7'jVa i8J? 7 10I4 26^ 31 3.^^ 37 S3 ^K. •^i 8 12 27 12 3.^ 33 6£ 74^ 100*4 io6»5 9 >3H »7j^ 23 34^i 39 67 21 10 '5,, 24 36 40 71 2I»^ II •^'4 «5 37V2 45 104 .56 22 13 iS 26 39 y> 146 213 l^ »3 i-.^i 2?'A 27 4ol's »4 2X 29 38 42 WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND RCUNDCAST IRON. Square per Foot. Size. I Weight Si;e. Inches square. H H 2ji 3 ih I Pounds. .78 1.23 1-75 3.39 3.13 3-95 4-83 5.90 703 82s 9-57 10.9S 12.50 14.11 15.81 17.63 19-53 31-53 33-63 25-83 38.13 30.51 ' 33. 35-59 38.28 41.06 43.94 46.93 Weight. laches Square. Pounds. 4 50. 4H 53-'4 4K 56.44 4}i 59,81 4?! 63.28 66.84 4% 70. "lO 4Ji 74.26 ^ h 78.12 82.0S sH 86.13 sn 90.23 5^ 94-53 sfl 98.87 l^ 103.32 107.86 6 112.50 6% 123.0S 132.03 142.38 7 ,' 133- 13 7K 164.25 n '73-73 V* 1S7.68 8 203.I3 i% 3:256 i;j 225-78 239-25 9 253.12 Romd per Foot. Size. I Weight. Inches Diarn. iH '% iH iji 3 2K. 2^ 2H 2?i 2;i 2ji 3 sH 3% zn 3^i 3?i 3% zn 4 Pounds. .61 -95 1.38 1.87 2.45 3- 10 3.33 4.64 5-52 6.48 7-5' S.62 9.81 II .08 12.43 13-84 15-33 16.91 1S.55 20. 2 S 22. iS 13.96 25.92 27-95 30,16 32.25 34-51 36-85 39-27 Size. Weighs. Inches Dian. 4J4 aH 4Ji k IS 6 6K 6% § 8 Pounqs. 41.76 4427 4^-97 49.70 52.50 55-37 58-33 6i.3S 64.46 67-64 70.09 74-24 77-65 91.14 84-71 83.3S 95-87 103.69 111.83 120.26 125. 135.05 147-4' 157-0S 167.0S 177.19 187.9' 198.79 21a. 608 ■WETGHT OF IRO?r PER TOOT. Kottnd* S^tiare, /■'/ai. FlAU Flat r*** g M Wg-t. CO Wg't. Sir.e. Wg'f. Size. Wg't. Size. Wgl. K 1 -'63 .*oS 1 x^ .S3J I/'-tX'i 2.91 4Mx?i 11.25 4S .36S M .468 .937 2 X'i 3-33 5 »^* II. s* J4 .654 » .833 1.04 2KxM 3-74 SJ^x% 6 x>i I xJ4 •3.73 7^ 1.03 ri 1.30 1. 14 2jix'4 4.16 15.00 K 1.47 s 1.87 1.25 2f*x;4 4-53 2.91 Yi J. 00 «-5S 1. 45 3 xM 5.00 iHx« J.»S t S.61 I 3-3S 1.66 3j^x«', 4 xJI 5 xj5 5.85 iKxJi 5.64 i,'-i S 3t IH 4.21 ^}ixH 1.87 6.66 i^xji 4.01 »!4 4.09 %^ 5.20 2.0S 8.33 ij^xji 4-37 1;'S 4-95 1?« 6.30 2.29 6 xl's 10.00 iJix^S 5-Jo 1% S-«9 1^4 7.50 8.80 3Kx§ 2.50 I xH J.oS * xn 5-83 tVi 6.9X 1^ 2.70 i^'sxJi *-34 tHxVi l.sS ili 8.01 10.20 3'A^y* 2.91 i'4xjs 2.60 i'Am 7.29 iji 9.20 II. 71 3MxK 3-12 i^lx?i 2.86 2^X^ 8.02 a 10.47 2 13-33 ^.^^'^ 3-33 l'-'X;=4 3-12 J xH 8.75 zVt 11.S2 2'-i 15.05 4ysx^ 3-75 i^;x.f3 3-64 sH^'A 10. JO 2% I3-2S iH »6.8; 5 x^ 4-17 2 r% 4-16 4 xji H.64 2% 14.76 2V2 2o.8o 6 xJi 500 2T3 16 04 S,^ 23-56 3J^ 32.5s iV^X;^ 1.56 3 x?i 6.2s 6 xyi 17.5© 3?'S 25-56 3'* 3 5- 20 i^xK- 1.71 sVgxji 7.29 ijixi 3-75 37i 27.65 J.f 37-96 i5^xH 1.87 4 x5s 8.3J jKxi 4.i» sg.Sa 3 i 40.80 I>ix?8 2.1S 5 x?i 10.41 ij*xi 4-55 354 32-07 3^-t- 46 87 2 x?4 2.50 6 xH IX. 50 iJ^XI 5.00 3K 36.81 4 , 53-33 «5ix?4 2.81 I x?^ 2.50 iJix. 5-^3 4 41.88 4-{ 60.20 2Mx^ 3.12 i/^xJi 2.81 S XI 6.66 -♦Vs 44-54 4'i 67.50 2jix|4 3.43 'I-i'=ti 3.12 2KXI ITs 4K 47-23 4^i 75.20 s xn 3-75 i/sxji 3-43 2j^Xl 4^ SO. II 5 , 83-33 3'Ax}i 4-37 i'-:.xK 3-75 2^4X1 9.16 45^ 53 -oi 5< 93.20 4 x?i 5.00 «J4xK 4-37 3 XI to. 00 4?i 59.05 5^2 102.20 S xJ4 6.25 2 xH 5-00 lYiXi 11.66 5„ 65.45 6 112.30 6 xH 7.50 2 %X Ji |.62 6.25 4 XI 13-33 5-| 73.02 I x% 1.66 2V,XK 4Kxi 15.00 5,^ 80.03 iHx^ 1.87 2?4XK 6.87 5 XI 16.66 f" 87.08 iKx'X I'jx'-i 2.08 3 xK 8.50 sJ4^-« IS.3J 6 9S-05 1 2.29 alixji 8.75 6 XI 20.00 6^ 112.02 1 1 i;ix>3 2.50 J 4 x>i xo.oo 6ii« 21.64 WEIGHT CF FLAT STEEL PER FOOT. I IH iK I?* iH 1% 2 2^ 2y, 2% 3 3U .852 .95S 1.06 J. 17 1.27 1.49 1.70 I.QI 2.13 a.34 a-53 2-77 1.27 1.43 «-59 1-75 1.91 2.23 2-5S 2.87 3.20 3-5' 3-83 4- '5 I 70 J. 91 2.13 *-34 2-s=; 2.q8 3-40 3-i53 4-26 4.68 5-1' 5-53 2.13 2.39 2.66 2.92 3.19 3.72 4.26 4-79 5-32 S-^^5 6-39 6.9a 2% •-99 4-47 5.9$ 7-45 MOULDKRS ANT5 PATTERN MAKERS' TABLE. Cos/ Tr»K being i, Bar Iron eoual Steel " Brass " Copp Bar Iron, being i, Tiliiie Pine, beitig 1, 1.07 Cast Iron equal .91; Cast Iron equal »3. i.oS'Steel " 1.03) Brass " n.f 1. 16 Copper " i.i6'Copper " »3-4 1.21 Brass •* >.o9 Lead 18.1 1.55 Lead " i.48'2:inc ** 11. 1 «w TABLES FOR EXGHTEERS A^nj MACHTlflSTS. ^e and strength of Cast Una Columns* Iron i in. thick. ^t Height in feet- fc 4 1 6 1 8 ic 1 12 «4 S.S Load in Cwts. a 7* 60 40 40 3* 36 *M 119! 105 91 77 65 55 '„ '781 143 MS 118 III 97 3^ U7\ 232 214 191 »?» 156 4 326] 318 288 266 »42 220 4ii 418 400 379 354 327 301 5 52J 501 479 452 4*7 394 6 607 S<)s S73 55° 525 *?7 I 1032 1013 989 959! 924 *57 133.1 131S 1289 1259 1224 1 185 9 1716 1697 1672 1640 1603 1561 mo 2119 2100 2077 2045 2007 1964 ai 2570 2550 2520 2430 2450 2410 » 3050 3040,3020 2970 2930 2900 5s H eight in f e et. fc^ ,6 !<* JO 22 24 E.s Loav.' in Cwts. a «« .?; 13 »3 II »% 47 40 34 29 25 I 84 73 64 S6 49 3H »3S »i9 106 94 Hi 4 .98 .78 160 J44 130 4H a7S »S' 229 308 i»9 s S6s 337 310 *8S 363 6 469 440 413 386 360 1 848 808 76s 725 686 1142 1097 1052 1005 9,S9 <» iS'S 1467 1416 1364 1311 30 I9I6 i86s 1811 175s 1697 SJ *3S» 230s 3248 31S9 S127 S3 1S30 27S0 2730 2670 2600 Ca[»cities of Cisterns, in gallc< Defth, 10 Inchei. 3 Let I9-S 8 feet 3 13-33 2^il '• 30.6 84 ** 353-72 3 44.06 9 ** 396.56 34 59-97 94 461.40 4 78-33 10 489.20 4^ " 99-M 592.40 S " 122.40 705.00 s'. 148.10 837.4 6 " 176.25 ** 959-6 b^\ " 206.85 1101.6 7, " 239-S8 20 195S.4 7's 27S-JO 25 3059.9 ■Weights of Cordwood. lbs. caitw^ I Cord of Hickonr 4468 100 " Hard Jitaple... 2864 58 " Beech 3234 64 " Ash 3449 79 " Birch 336S 49 " Pitch Pine 1903 4 j " Canada Pine... 1870 43 " Yellow Oak.... 3920 61 « White Oak.... 1870 81 ** Lombardy Pop- _lar.... 1775 41 " RedOak jiij ;« ARITHMETICAL SIGN'S KST> THEIR SIGITIFICATIOH. Sign of Equality, and signifies as 4+12=16. 8-|-S=i6 the sum. Addition — " Subtraction X " Multiplication ~ " Division ^ " Square Root Square Root. 6* Sign of to be Squared 7« " to be Cubed Povrers. The following table shows weight in tons required to tear asunder bars I inch square of the following materials. Oak- 5I ^ tons. Wrought Copper ..15 tona Fir i^]i " English Bar Iron. .25 " Cast Iron 7^4 " American Iron 37'^** "Wrought lion ■ -lo " Blistered Steel, . . .59>i •* as as 12 — 4=8 the remainder as 12X3=36 the product as 24-^3=8 or V =8. Evolution or Extraction thus 8^=64 Involution, or thus 3^=^27 the Raising READY RECKONER TABLK' Voveompntin; Wages, Rent, Board, etc. The sum win be found headui^ flia •olurans^ jiid the days *nd weeks on the extreme left hand column. H the desired sura is not in the Table, double or treble two or three suitabla numbers. TIME. $2. 50. #2.75. f3.oo. ?3-2S- ?3-So- I3-75- $4.00. 54.25. 54.50. 54.75' ?' •J6 •39 .43 .40 .50 •53 •57 .61 .64 .68 rt2 «3 •72 .78 .86 •93 T.OO 1.07 1.14 1.2 1 1.28 1.36 1.08 . I-I7 t.2ij 1-39 1.50 1.61 1.71 1.82 1.93 203 4 1.44 1.56 1.71 1.86 3.00 3.14 3.28 ».43 2-57 2.71 S 1.80 1.95 S.M a.32 a.so 3.68 3.86 3-03 3.21 3-39 6 a.iS a-34 3-5: 2.78 3.00 3.21 3.43 3.64 3.86 4.07 I a. 50 »-75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3-75 4.00 1^5 4.50 4.7s ii 5.00 5-50 6.0C 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 7.50 6.25 9.00 9-75 10.50 11.25 12.00 12.75 13.50 14.25 «=s 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 12.50 I3-75 15.00 16.25 17.50 18.75 20.00 21.25 22.50 »3'75 'time. fS.oo. $5.25. JS-So- ^S-7S- 56.00. 56.25. 56.50. 56.75- 57.00. 53.00^ ti •71 •75 •79 .82 .86 .89 .93 .96 l-OO 1. 14 1-43 1.50 1.58 1.64 1.72 1.78 1.86 1.92 2.00 2.2S »-l3 a. 14 3.25 2-37 2.46 2.2S 2.67 2.79 2.8S 3,00 3.5» 4 2.86 3.00 3.15 3.28 3-44 3.56 3.72 3-«4 4.00 4.26 S 3-57 3-75 3-94 4.10 4.30 4-45 4.65 4.80 5.00 5.7a 6 4.28 4.50 4-73 4.92 S.16 5-34 5.58 S.76 6.00 6.86 t 5.00 5-25 5.50 5-75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 8.00 i^* 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 i6.oa V 15.00 15-75 16.50 17.25 18.00 13.75 19.50 30.25 21.00 24.00 H 20.00 21.00 g2.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 32.00 25.00 26.25 27.50 28.75 30.00 31.25 32.50 33.50 35.00 4000 "WEIGHT OF LEAB PIPE— DIFFERENT SIZES. Calib'e laches lb. oz AA A B C Weight Weight Weight Weight per foot perfoot perfoot perfoot lb. ow lb. or. lb. ct. tb. oz. » 5 I 2 1 13 2 I 12 I 4 I 2 12 2 8 3 I 12 3 8 3 *> 2 4 2 © 4 >2 4 3 4 2 8 5 12 4 12 3 12 3 8 6 4 S 4 4 9 7 6 s ' E lELight Weight Weight perfoot perfoot SIZE AXD CAPACITIES OF CRIBS AND BOXES. Crib 6'4 ft. long, jK ft. broad, 3^^ deep, 63!^ bush. ^^ peck. Box 4 ft. long, 3 ft. 5 in. wide, 2 ft. 8 in. deep, 361/3 c. ft., i ton of coaL rBox 4!^ ft. long, 2% ft. wide, 2 feet deep, 22'^ cubic feet. Box 2 ft. long, 1 foot 4_ in. wide, 2 ft. 8 in. deep, 10. 722 cu. in. i barrel. Box 3 ft. long, I foot 3 in. wide, i f oot 2 in. deep, 5.376 cu. in. 1/4 barrs]* Box I foot 2 in. long bjr 16 8-10 in. wide and 8 in. deep, i bushel. Box 12 x II 2-10 in., 8 in. deep, 1.075 2-10 in. or % bushel. Box 8x8 4-ic in. and 8 in. deep. 537 6-10 cu. in. or i peck. Box 8x8 in. and 4 2-10 jn. deep, 26S 8-10 cu. in. or l^ peclc Box 7x4 in, and 4 8-10 in. deep, 134 4-10 cu. in. y^ gallon, VOX 4 X 4 ia« tad 4 2-10 in. deep, 67 2-10 cu. io. i qusoW KAMETE^, CTRO l ' M VE H EyCES AKD ASEAS OP CIRCLED. ^riwpfe.— R«juiTed the elrcumf eronc« of a drclo, hoop, or ring, tbt iismeter b^ing 3 ft. 4 in. In the column of oinruinferences, oppo6it« iha lu'lic^ted diameter, stand? TO ft. 5'»s In.. thecircuniferenc« requlrfd. The ^i-t ft'.li^waiice for contniotion of thf mf^tal i? it*; fx.art thickness, or ird Lnnlthyit it is bent tfigtctrnys, whioh mu.st Iv- .-ulded to the diameter. The millwright o.in at "once jv^cenain the dianiPt^r of any wheel hen: ay TO'-inire, the pitch and number of t«etli beijin gi\ cii. JCxampli'. — If a wheel is ordtred t6 be maue to contain 60 teeth, tta pitch of the teeth to bo 3'4 inches, the diiniii^^ious of the wheel may be known simply ae follows : — 3Iul;iply the pitch of the tooth by the num- ber of tet-th the -wheel is to contain^ and the product will be the circont* l«rence of wheel thtis^ 3*g inches pitch of the tooth. 10 X 6 = CO the numi>*.-r of teeth. Feet 19 414 inches the circumference of the wheeT, The diameter answering to thiscircnmferenoe i.s C ft. 2 in., consequently Trith one half of this number as a radius, the circumference 0/ the wheel Trill be described. Dte. io Cireum. Area in Side of Diain Cir. m Area in Area in icch. in inch. sq. inch. 1 =.,. inch. It. la. iq. inch. sq. ft. 1-1« -196 -«030 -05o4 4 in. 1 o»i 1 «I4 12-506 -0879 1-8 -392 -0122 -1107 '4 ]3-3fH -0935 8-16 -589 -0275 -1661 1 14- r 13^ 1 2'j 1 2H 14-186 -0993 1-4 -783 -0490 -2113 15-033 -lOoi &-16 -981 -07G7 -2609 IS-t^M -1113 »-« 1-178 -1101 -3223 lO-iiOO -1176 7-16 1-374 -1303 -3771 1 2'4 1 Si.i 17-720 -1240 18-«66 -1306 1-2 1-570 -1963 -4331 15 in. 1 3'k 19-635 -^r4 9-16 1-767 -24i5 -1003 S^ 1 4'^ 20-^:29 -1444 6-9 1-963 -30C8 -5438 1 4:5 21-C47 -1515 11-16 2-159 -3713 -6093 !'j 1 4-4 22-C90 -15S8 S-* 2-356 -4417 -6<>i6 1 6^4 1 «kI 23-7:^8 -lecs 13-16 2-552 -51S5 -7200 5*3 24-860 -1739 T-« 2-748 -€013 -7751 53? 1 6 i&-^71 -1811 15-16 2-9« -69C3 -8308 5'.i 1 6% 27-108 -18S? 1 in. 314 31 J -7854 % 6 hu 1 6% 1 ni 2S-274 -19T» 1% -KM) •4 & 3-32 •^'5 29-4'>4 -206» 33. 1-227 1 in. C'l 1 '^i 30-679 -214f 5^i 1-484 1 3-16 62^ 1 8 31-919 -2231 i-7cr 1 5-16 |6'3 1 8*4 1 8»i 1 9« 1 s^i 33-183 -"WH 1^ 2-074 1 7-16 O'i St-471 -2412 2-406 1 9-16 1^"* 35-784 -2501 li. £i. 2-7ei 1 11-16 61k S7-122 -2598 i In. CU 3-141 2 in. 7 in. 1 10 S8-4.« -2693 ii: CO* 3-543 B-? 1 ins' 110^ 1 ii^S 1 11' S 111;^ 2 08; 2 0*4 S-.^:-! -2791 7 3-976 7^4 41-2;-3 -2889 1^ 4-430 2 Ml i-ii 42-718 -2990 4-908 2 3-16 44-178 -3092 2« 5^12 2 9-lft !-^ 45-»X3 -3196 «-'* 5-:J39 2 7-18 47-173 -3299 9 fr-i91 2 9-l« iht 48-707 -3109 > b. 10^ 7-058 1 '8 in. 2 11 '. 2 115 50-265 -3518 1 T-«G9 8»l 61-848 -3629 S-205 2 ^4 53-456 -3741 s% 8-946 3 in. 2 21'. 2 25$ 55-0S8 -3856 s^ 11 9-f21 3Va 6K-745 -3973 *Ti 12ig 10-:; 20 2 3 S^-{26 -4089 a% 11-044 3% 2 3«i 60-132 -4209 8^ 11-793 3 7-16 2 rl 61-SS2 ^1330 612 DIAMETERS, ClKCrMl'KHEJrCES ASTD ASSAB OF CUtCLBS, *C Dia. hi Cir. in At*« ia «. in. { ft. in. n- i""^- Area'ia Di». ia Cir. ft in. ft 1 in in. Area in cq. inch. -^,r& d 1 2 •J'*! 63-817 61 1 2 4fg 85-396 -4458 -4o7T 14 4 I 4H 4 2'* 201-062 204-216 l-«74 1-4295 Si; 2 6 67-200 ^704 1 41.4 4 3 207-394 1-4517 fiSi 2 r.\, «JM>29 •i* 2 f---*; 70-8S2 6^ 2 CI4 72-T59 9S4' 2 6-fe 74-«52 S'i 2 ? 76-538 -4 32 1 ik 4 33, 210-597 1-4741 -4961 -5093 1 tkt ^i'.. i;13-S25 4^4 117^177 1^195 -5-*2« 1 4?i 4 4!.,, ;:20-3ii3 1-5424 , -5361 1 4% * 6. "i 223-654 j 1-5655 10 Is 7% 78-540 101; 2 7»4' 80-515 101 4 2 ti.,. «»-5:6 lO^i, 2 *■', J4-3W lO^fe 2 S-Ti, 86-505 -6497 1 -5 |4 6»i| 226-980 j 1-58S8 -6sr4 1 6%' 4 53.' idO-S^ ' 6II 2:5;UT05 • 1-6123 -6775 1 5V4! 4 1-6354 -5: IT 1 5% 4 6Vi. r37-li4 1-659T -OVl 1 C% 4 6"i, 2W-o2S 1-6836 10^^ 2 J.*^! 8S-eiU -026 1 5% 4 7»i' 2;;V-977 1-7078 10*4 2 t^:.: 9C»-762 loi^i 2 loi^j ai-»^ -«1* llVl 2:9-8U l-35{!6 1 1 3 1% 11^-097 -7016 17 4 ll^i 283-529 1-8347 1 ia! 3 2 115-466 --S0?2 1 V^ B 2ST-272 1-9941 1 4 3 21^1 117-*^9 i %' 3 2lt 12')-2T6 -f25» 1 tS's ©i; 2^1-039 S-0371 -«H» 1 7g 6 O'g! £94-831 2-0t>37 3 Si'*; 122-718 -6o9» 1 7g 5 1141 aj«-«48 IJj. 302-4^'9 2-6904 1 % 3 55^1 125-1R5 -6702 1 7}^ 5 2-1172 1 5 3 4 1 127-676 -f.?,'?r 1 7*! 5 2 306-r.55 2-1443 1 % 3 -i**. 130-192 -«113 1 Tk 5 2% 310-245 £-1716 1 1 3 4«4' 132-7n2 -9291 1 8 5 S SI 4-16) 2-1990 1 I'A 3 61^: 13>-2;^7 -G470 1 8U 5 318-039 2-2265 1 1-'^ 3 £^; 137-8-6 -9043 1 S<4' 5 322-0C3 2-2543 1 1% 3 6 1 140-500 1 114 3 0%; 113-1S9 -9835 1 &%' 5 4 326-051 2-2922 1-0019 i sU 5 4% 330-064 2-3103 1 1% 3 6»il 145^-02 1 1\ 3 75i 14S-489 1 !•& 3 7^i 151-201 l-<>206 1 85^ 5 4?i 334-101 2-S38« 1-0294 1 8^^1-5 fi"* 338^163 2-3670 1-05S4 1 8vt 5 6*i 342-250 2-39S6 1 £ 3 7%! 153-933 3 8*8 156-609 1-0775 1 9 5 6%! 346-?61 6%^ 330-497 2-4244 1 2% 1 i-V4 1-09G8 1 91/3 5 2-45S3 3 fc44, 159-4-5 1-1193 1 9*4 5 €%! 354-657 7%: 358-^1 2-4834 1 i=^ 3 &Va 162-295 1-1360 1 9I; 5 2-51 IT 1 ii^i 3 o^M i65-i::;o 1-15;59 7U 363-051 2-5412 1 2^1 3 9;5 167-9Sd 1-1749 !i 1 S^A 5 1 1 S?4! 5 ''^j? 367-2S4 2-5708 1 iiil a liiV4i 170-S73 l-lfi51 8% 371-543 2-600T 2-630« 1 'J/» 3 li^BJ 173-782 1-2164 1 1 9!i 5 375-b28 13 3 ll'^' 176-715 1-2370 t 1 10 5 9% 3S0-133 2-6608 1 31, 3 U-i 179-C73 1-2577 1 101 '3 5 91AI 384-465 2-6691 1 31 4 3 11".« lS2-6'4 1-2785 1 101 4I 5 .SI5 38?-.«22 2-7015 1 3*g 4 CI4 185-661 1-2.096 1 lOSJl 5 393-203 2-7221 1 3i,' 4 (i^s, 18.H-692 l-32'>8 1 1 101,1 5 10% 397-«08 2-76;a 1 35, 4 1 191-7 4« 1-3122 1 10^,' 5 11 402-0S8 2-7y60 1 2\ i 1\.\ 191-^28 1-3637 ' 1 1024! 5 'it 406-493 2-8054 1 S'^ [ 4 l-rt! 137-U3 1-3S55 1 lOji'6 410-372 2->^65t 612 DtAMBTEBS, CtRCOCFERE3fCES A2n> AKEAS OF ClBCIiES, tO. Sk. tn CSt. ia y Are* in Am in lA. In Cir. in Area in Aicaia B. ft. R. in. *<). inch. •q. ft. ft I in. ft. in. i^iach. •«.ft. 1 U 6 OI4! 415-476 2-8903 3 9 5 1017-87 7-0688 1 UH 6 0^8 4i'MX4 2-9100 3 o^i 9 ^» 1032-06 7-1671 1 111. 6 1 j 424-557 2-9513 3 01,' 9 6% 1046-35 7-2664 1 U». 6 IK i»-135 2-9937 3 0*4. 9 '?7 1060-73 7-3662 1 111, 6 l*. 433-73T 3-0129 3 1 19 f^l 1075-21 7-4661 2 11*5 6 2^4 43S-363 3-0261 3 lii 9 9 1089-79 7-6681 1 11*4 6 2^3 443-i}U 3-0722 3 11* 9 9'« 1104-46 7-6691 1 11-, 6 3 1 447-690 3-1081 j 3 i*i9 101^ lll*-24 7-7791 S 1 « 3\ 452-390 S-1413 3 2 1 9 11*, t>4 1134-'^ 7-8681 S 01;' 6 *4 461-4« 3-2('75 i 3 21 i 1) 1149-09 7-9791 2 04 6 4% 471-436 3-2731 1 3 t'lj IJ 0-, 1164-16 8-0818 S 0»4 6 5»4 481-106 3-3410 ! 3 ^=■4 I'J 1*! 1179-32 8-1891 2 1 1 6 e^ 4»-g75 3-+.V!l 3 3 1) 2S 11^4-59 8-2961 2 II4 6 7I4 500-741 2 14 6 iK 5H>-7';»6 3-4775 3 SI4 1) S^4 120.J-95 8-4028 a-5463 3 oS 10 4* 1225-42 8-5091 2 I&4 6 6;, 520-763 &-6101 3 S»4H) 4^^ 1240-98 8-6171 2 2 1 6 9S.' 530-93) 3-68T0 3 4 '10 53., 1256-64 8-7269 2 21; 6 10--5 5U-1S9 2 21, 6 111 4 5ol-,M7 3-75a3 3 41; 10 €*8 1272-39 8-8361 3-8302 3 41, 10 71 4.' 12S^25 8 1 1304-20 83.! 1320-25 8-9462 2 2*4 T ' Sei-OM 3-9^42 3 41410 9-0561 2 3,7 C\ r2-"o 3-9761 3 5 10 9-1686 2 aiv 7 ^ 2 31, 7 - 2 3»4 7 . . 4-0500 3 51 4 1) 91.,' 1336-40 9-2112 4-1241 3 51* 1) Icvs^' 1352-65 UiJ' 1369-00 9-3961 4-2000 3 5*410 9-5061 3 4 7 3% 615-753 4-2760 3 6 '10 U-3I 138.S-44 9-6213 8 4«.ii 7 4», 626-793 a 414! 7 64 63r7-»U 4-3521 3 61411 6411 0»4 14-J1-98 9-7364 4-4302 3 I4I 1418-62 9-8518 2 4»it 7 ei* 649-1S2 4-5fl«3 3 6*411 24' 1435-36 9-9671 S 6 7 7 , 660-521 4-5861 3 7 11 3 1 1452-20 10-»4 2 5>4 7 T^i 671-958 2 B^j 7 94, 695-128 4-66^ 3 71; 11 7411 3'.l 1469-14 10-20S 4-7467 3 4^.' 1486-lT 10-320 4-8274 3 7*4,11 6»a' 1503-30 10-439 3 6 7 lO^i 706-860 4-9081 3 8 ill 6* 4' 1530-53 10-559 2 61V 7 11 1 718-690 4-9901 3 8iiU 7 1 1537-86 10-679 2 61, 7 U*; T30-613 B-0731 3 8411 7*4 1555-28 10-800 2 6*4 8 O^i 742-644 6-1573 3 S»4ll 84 1572-81 10-922 2 7 18 l*i 754-769 1 TH 8 2H 766-992 5-2278 3 9 U 9I4! 1590-43 104 160&-15 U-044 6-3264 3 &i;ii 11-167 2 71, 8 2-4 779-313 5-4112 3 94 u lO'g 1625-76 11-291 a T»4. 8 3»4 T91-732 5-4962 3 9*^11 11*4 1643-89 11-415 2 8 8 44' 804-249 5-5830 3 10 tl2 01^' 1661-90 11-534 2 8i.i 8 5*4, 816-?«5 2 81? 8 64,1 829^75 2 8*4; 8 6*, 842-390 5-6729 1 3 i.:>iii2 104 12 11 4 1608-02 11-666 5-7601 3 2 1 1698-23 11-793 6-&491 3 10»4l2 3^,1 1716-M 11-920 2 9 18 7S 855-300 5-9398 3 11 12 3S 1734-94 42-043 2 9IV 8 84 868-308 2 &i, 8 91 4 881-415 e-0291 3 U»il2 418 1753-45 12-176 6-1201 3 11412 ».* 17T2-06 12-305 2 9&4 8 10' 1 e<4-€19 6-2129 3 11*412 6 1790-76 12-435 2 10 1 S lf^4 9(r:-922 6-3.1B1 1 4 '12 6»; 1809-56 12-568 2 1011' 8 IIH 921-323 6-39« 1 4 01; 12 '^? 1*28-46 12-697 2 101, 9 (,4 934-822 6^911 1 4 0412 84 1847-45 12-829 2 10»4 9 lig 948-419 6-5>63 1 03-4 12 9H 1J66-55 13-962 a 11 1 9 I'i 962-115 6-6815 ' 1 12 »% 1885-74 13-096 a 111 4 9 OS grrs-so? 6-7772 iHi^ l^'l 1^05-03 13-229 2 US 9 34 ^9-800 e-«738 1412 ll4: 1924-43 13-364 « il%- 9 4V4.iaB-« ft-9701 4 1^ 13 o»; l>i3-91 U4S9 DTAimrrZSS, CTRCUMFEKfiS'CES AJO) AKEAS OF CTRCLHI, I>ia. in Cli . in Are* in ATM in Dim. in Cii . in Am in Aieais ft to. ft in. •q. inch. •q. ft. ' ft in. ft. in. ■q. mch. «i. a. 4 2 13 1 1963-50 13-635 15 4'.U 9 3216-99 22-33S 4 214 13 I'-s 1983-18 13-772 t 5 41415 94.! 3242-17 22-515 4 21., 13 2Sgi 2002-96 13-909 1 5 41*16 lOS^I 3267-46 22-621 4 2»; 13 3»« 2022-*4 14-047 ' 5 4»:i6 11*.., 3292-83 014 i 3318-31 22-8C-6 4 3 113 4141 2012-82 14-186 5 6 17 23-043 4 314' 13 6 206-2-9(> 14-325 5 51. 17 0\\ 3^43-88 23-221 -i 3i»'13 Wi 2083-07 14-4<55 5 51.: 17 1< 3369-56 23-330 4 3»^13 e^ 2103-o5 14r^06 5 5*;i7 21J SStfi-SS 23^78 4 4 '13 n'. 2123-72 14-748 5 6 17 3»« 3421-20 23-7S8 4 41.13 SVs 2144-19 14-890 5 &'Jl- 3447-16 23-938 4 41, 13 f's 2164-75 15-033 5 61., 17 4';' 3473-13 24-119 4 4*: 13 9«! 2185-43 15-176 5 6»;i7 6*4 S499-39 6i,v 3525-26 24-301 4 5 13 101- 2206-18 15-320 5 7^(17 24-483 4 514 13 m,! 2227-05 15-465 5 7ii'l7 71;. 3552-01 24-66$ « 51, 14 2248-01 15-611 5 71*17 8' 1 357f^7 24-850 4 6»; 14 0;i 2269-06 15-757 5 7»i,17 g«i' 3605-^13 25-034 4 6 'U 1^8 2290-22 15-904 5 8 17 ps; 9C31-CS 25-220 4 6I4U 23g 2311-48 16-051 5 81117 ICs; 3658-44 25-405 4 61, 14 SI.; 2332-H3 16-200 5 fi*17 llii 3f.85-29 25-502 4 6*i U 4 2354-28 16-349 5 fs;i7 n-g 3712-24 t-s' 37S9-28 2&-7:9 4 7 114 4«4 2357-83 51; 239T-48 6*1! 2419-22 7% 2441-07 19-498 5 9 18 25-664 4 71414 16-649 5 91^13 11« 3766-43 26-155 4 7i^l4 16-800 5 91, 13 21. 3793-67 26-544 * 7?b14 16-951 6 s-'Jlis 314] 3821-02 26-534 4 8 I14 Tf/g 2463-01 SC 2*^5-05 9i| 2507-19 17-104 5 10 18 St.] 3848-46 26-725 4 8V4 li 17-227 5 1014 18 4^.; 3875-99 26-916 4 81-8 14 17-411 5 101, 18 BS, 3903-63 27-108 4 8*4 14 101! 2529-42 17-565 5 10*il3 61! 3931-36 27-301 4 9 114 11 2551-76 17-720 ,'5 11 :i8 7' S959-20 27-494 4 9i;i4 ll's 2574-19 17-^6 5 1114 18 7&: 3987-13 85* 4015-16 27-688 4 91, 15 OS. 2596-72 18-033 5 IIH 18 27-88S 4 9»4^15 1% 2619-35 18-189 5 US4I8 9% 4043-28 28-078 4 10 15 P 2e42-0S 18-347 6 'I8 lpi;i 4071-51 2S-274 4 101415 4 10^415 4 10«il5 2864-01 18-506 6 01^18 10-4 • 4099-83 28-471 2687-«3 18-665 6 0413 n*!: 4128-25 28-663 ^ 2710-85 18-«25 6 1»^19 OHi 4156-77 28-866 4 11 115 52 2733-97 18-995 6 1 |19 11 il 4185-39 2i^i 4214-11 29-065 4 IIV4I5 6^ 2757-19 19-147 6 11419 29-264 4 11415 4 U^'15 2780-51 19-30^} 6 ivjl9 2'v 4242-f2 29-466 7% 2803-92 19-471 6 l?;i9 SSgl 4271-83 29-665 6 115 §t 2e?7-44 19-635 6 2 |19 414I 4300-«5 29-«T 6 0i/il5 2851-05 19-798 6 21419 {51; 4329-95 30-069 6 0^15 10 K74-76 19-963 6 2419 6 4359-16 30-271 B 0**15 io»4 11% 2898-56 20-128 6 2**19 6»J 4388-47 30-475 5 1 115 2922-47 20-294 6 3 jl9 75,! 4417-87 30-679 B li; 16 0*^ 1*4 2946-47 20-161 6 31419 83j,l 4447-37 Jiic 4476-97 30-884 B II2I6 2970-57 20-«» 6 3I-, 19 30-090 B 1»^ 16 1',* 2994-77 20-797 6 3*1; 19 9;g- 4506-67 31-299 6 2 16 31; 3019-07 20-965 6 4 19 los; Hi; 4536-47 31-B03 6 2I4I6 3043-47 20-135 6 41449 4'i66-36 31-710 B 2i-> 16 31^-96 20-305 6 41 :. -^ 01; 4596-35 31-919 E 2»; 16 3092-56 21-476 6 4»; ja 11^ 4<^.:6^ 32-144 E 3 16 5'« 3117-25 21-647 6 6 ,;o i^. 4<:w'^-63 32-33T 6 314 16 6^4 3142-04 21-819 6 61-20 4686-92 32-n548 B 3h IS 7H 3166-92 21-992 6 3S 4717-30 32-759 J »»/* 19 e3 3191-91 22-166 '. ^1 6 6?; 20 4l4 4747-79 32-871 61^. DlAiL, &0. OF CIRCLES, CO^TTEKTS IN GALS., ABEA IN FEET l)um. . Ciic. Area in ft. GaUoni. Di»m. 1 Cire. ; Area in ft. G«lIor.f. Ft. in.;rt. In. lft.indpth ■Ft. In. Fl. In. lft.indpa 1 3 1% 3 4^ .7854 .5 8 17 fK^i 26.2195) 18S.U45 1 ,1 MIX 6.892« |5 9 13 0».4 25.9672 194.1W0 1 2 3 8 1.0690 7.9044 s 10 i3 S'g! 26.7251 li;i8 7I/I' 27.4943 199.8010 1 3 3 11 1.227i 9.1765 5 2«5.6133 1 1 i 1 1 4 S 4 214 4 5Sk 4 t>| 4 ll^i 5 2»,4 1.39t;2 1.5761 1.7671 1.96^ 2.1816 10.4413 11.7SC6 13.2150 14.7241 1G.3143 6 6 219 ^h\ 29.0867 8 l) 71V 30.C.7t« e:;0 4'gl 33.1831 6 21 2%: 35.7^47 223.9473 229.4342 24 .15t4 2G7.6122 1 5 fi'/s 2.40ir.2 17.9S70 V. I2I nvj 38.4846 S22 &i,I 41.2S-.25 €23 63. 44.1787 9 24 4V8 47.1730 257.8033 1 I'l 5 9'* 2.63f« 19.7414 ,7 388.7270 1 11 6 2Vi 2.8852 21.4»30 !7 330.3859 'J 352.T665 3 C 384 S.1415 »w4940 '3 I25 lij 50.2656 375.9063 S 1 6 C»4 za:^7 25.4D16 3 8-::5 a 53.4at:2 399.7868 i 2| 6 9V 3 7 0% fi 7 7 6 7 lO'i 3.6*.9 27.5720 3 €26 S.% 56.7451 424.3825 2 S.97C^ 29.7310 ,3 eiT 5=4 60.1321 449.2U8 2 S 2 4.2700 4.5**"9 4.9087 5.2413 32.6976 34..302T 39;i964 41.766* 9 19 28 P'i' 63.6174 S -H fA,i 67.2(Vir € L'9 lOi-gl m8S23 e 30 7^1 74.0620 1 "1 4.0.V563 530.0861 2 2 7 8 1% 8 8 4^ 9 8 t€ 10 8 10«4 f 558..3522 2 6.9;J?5 44.4179 ho j.-n r. 7 - ' 687.3384 2 6.3t49 47.1505 110 S:'2 ' 617.0876 2 11 9 I'A 6.G613 49.9654 10 1^" C :2 1 1 647.5608 9 03 &-,i t.J.7.-7 678.2797 » 9 5 7.«e86 62.861$ 'u !34 CSgl 95.0334 710.6977 S 1 9 ^U T.4C?C 55.83S2 11 S 35 4^1 83.4021 743.3C86 3 2 9 11^ T.S7;7 68.S976 11 6 36 li:,103.8<^61 1 776.7746 i 8.23.57 62.0386 u S|36 10^8 W8.4342 | 810.9143 i 8 3 3 S 410 6*4 6.10 s*! C 10 11% 7 11 3' 6 11 eu 8.72^5 9.1653 9.6211 10.0S46 10.55yl €5.2603 68.5193 73.1504 75.41CS 78.9652 13 '13 12 ,12 ,37 S»^'ll3.0976 848.1890 5 08 £St'll7.8590 851.3066 €39 514122.71^7 I 917.7395 9 40 0^^127.0705 954.S159 3 9 11 SSg 11.0416 82.5959 13 \J0 10 Il32.7326 ' 992.6274 3 J 0112 5H 11.5409 K.S074 13 S4l IV^lm.m-J 10-31.1719 S 1112 3% 12.fri81 SOJOOt 13 13 € 42 4Js 143.13-Jl ,1070.4514 9 43 2^ i 148.4896 1108.0645 13 6^ 1 12 St-g 12.5'>54 93.9754 14 j-ia lI»;'i53.93R4 'll51.2129 13.0C32 97.('310 14 544 91, l.'>9.i>,-2 ;il92.G940 2 13 1 13.6K^ 101.9701 14 6 45 6^8]K5.i3'>3 .!234.9104 3 13 4V, 14.1S63 1O3.0309 1^* S-iS 4 ;i70.*735 1277.8615 4 13 71-4 5 13 101; c:i4 154 7U 4b| ?14 7% 14.7479 15.S206 15.9013 16.42.'6 17.1fr41 110.290T 114.5735 liS.9386 123..3S3d 127.9112 15 Il5 115 If" 147 I'iiTG.TISO '1321.5454 3 ■!7 10% 1S2.0515 il3fi5.9C34 6;4 8i4;i88.fi923 14P7.5ir5 Sj49 584; 194.8282 1457.0032 9U11 17.7205 132.52:-»9 16 jSO 3' ','201.0^24 1503.€2o0 10 13 214 18.Si76 137.210S 18 3 51 0>i,207.3946 il550.97W 1115 5^ ia9658 142.flfifi» il6 C ol 10 213.82.'>1 1599.0696 S52 7SJ;220.3537 Il647.893« 6 , ^! ,f^ 19.6350 11(?L8384 IT 17 '53 4-;'226.9S06 ?54 2'-^ 233.7055 6 54 115, 240.5287 1697.4516 1747.7431 5 1 :5 n^'l 20.20J7 151.7718 17 1798.7698 5 2 15 2*i £ 16 5^4 2rt.P:ri3 21.r!75 15'5.7891 l''1.8886 1" 9 55 91,8,247.4500 1S50.5301 5 4 13 9 22 .-J-) 1^7.0574 't8 '.v; €i;2.V1.4Rn6 1903.0254 5 C17 OVb 23.0i.S7 172.3309 18 3.57 4 ■•_'C].5-72 1856.25.-7 6 7ir 64k 23.75.S3 177.f^740 18 6 53 1*4 2(^.1-0.31 2010.2171 6 24.4So5 153.0973 18 9.53 1024,2760171 taausaia . .— — ^6 16 SCANTLING KKDUCED TO OXE INCH BOAED MEASTJIiE. SC.VNTLING AND TIMBER MEASURE BEDUCED TO OXB INCH BOAED MEASURE. KXPIjANATION.— To ascertain the number of Feet of Scantling or Tim. ber, sav 18 Feet Long and 2 bv 3 luchcs. Find 2 by 3 in the top columns, and 18 in the left band coltinin, and under 2 by 3 and against 18 is 9 feet. tt the Scantling is longer than contained in the Table, add two lengtha together. If shorter, take pait ojf some length. « THICK>ES3 AXD WIDTH IN INCHES. t. 2.2i2 3 24 4. 26 26 6. 2.7 2.8i2.9|8.3 34 8.5|8.6 3.7 38 3.9 4.4 e 2. 8. 5. 7. 1 8. 1 9. 4.6 6. 7.61 9. 10.6 12. 1.3.6 8. 7 2.4 8.G 4.8 6.10 7. 8. 2 9.4il0.0 6.3 7. 8.Ull0.6il2.3|l4. 1.5.9 9.4 8 2.8 4. 6.4 6. 8 8. 9. 4 10.8112. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 10. 9 a 4.G 6. 7. 6 9. 10. 612. 13.6 6.9 8. 11.3 13.6 15.9'l8. 20.3 v^-. 10 3.4 6. 6.8 8. 4 10. 11. 8 13.5 15. 7.6,10. 12.6',15. 17.620. 22.6 13.4 11 8.8 6.6 7.4 9. 2 11. 12.10il4.g;i6.6 8.3 11. 18.9 16.6;19.3,22. 24.9 14.3 32 4. 6. 8. |10. iJ3. 14. lie. 18. 9. 13. 15. |l8. 2l. 24. 27. 16. 13 4.4 6.6 a 8, 10. 10 13. 15. 2il7.4|l0.6 9.9;i.8. 16.3 19.6 22.9 26. 29.3 17.4 14 4.8 7. 9.4 U. 8 14. 11. 4tl8.821. 10. 6 1 14. 17.6'21. l24.6'28. 31.6 18.8 J5 6. 7.6 10. |12. 6: 15. 17. 620. 122.6 11.315. lS.9i22.6 26.3,30. 3.3.9 20.0 16 5.4 8. lO.R'ia 4 16. 18. 821.4124. 12. 116. 20. 124. 128. 32. 36. 21.4 17 5.8 8.6 11.4,14. 2,17. 19.10 22.8 25.6 12.9' 17. 21.3|25.6 29.9,34. 38.3 2*' 8 18 6. 9. 12. ISi 18. 21. 24. 27. 13.618. 22.627. 131.636. 40.6 24! 1!) 6.4 9.6;i2.8 15.1019. 22. 2 25.4 28.6!]4.319. 23.9.28.6 33.3 38. 42.9 24.4 20 6.8 10. 13.4 la 8 20. 23. 4 26.8:30. 13. 20. 25. |30. !35. 40. 45. 26.8 21 7. 10.614. 17. 6 21.- 24. 6'28. 31.6 13.921. 26.3 31.6 36.9i42. 47.3 28. 22 7.411. 14.8 18. 4'22. 25. 8,29.4'3.3. 16.6,22. 27.6 33. 38.6 44. 49.6 29.4 23 7.8 11.6!l5.4ll9. 2!23. 26.10 30.8:34.6 17.3:23. 28.9!;M.6 40.3 46. 51.9 30.8 24 8." 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36. 18. 24. 30. |36. 42. 48. 64. 32. 25 8.4 12.6 16.8 20.10 25. 29r 2 S3.4 37.6 18.0'25. 31.337.6 43.9 50. 56.3 33.4 30 10. 15. 20. 2.5. 30. 35. 40. 45. 22.6:30. 37.^!45. 52.6 60. 67.6 40. 3t 11.4 17. 22.8 28. 4'34. 39. S45.4'31. 25.6:34. '12.6:51. 59.6:68. 70. l80. 76.6 45.4 4fl 13.4120. 26.8 .-«. 440. l4fi. 853.4 60. |30.0'40. 150. 160. 90. 63. ^■ THICKNESS AND AVIDTH IN INCHES. ^ 6.4 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 8.5 5.6 5.7 1 5.8 5.9 6.6 6.7 6^ 24. 6.9 27. 6.1a 6 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 12. 6 15. 17. 6 20. 22.6 18. 21. 30- 7?11.8 14. 16.4 IS. 8 21. 14. 7 17.C20. 6 23.4 26.3 21. 24.6 28. 31.6 35. ai3.4 16. 8 15. 18. 18.8 21.4 24. 16. 8 20. 23. 4 26.8 30. 24. 28. 32. 36. 40. 31. 24. 27. 18. 9 22.6 26. 3 30. 33.9 27. 31.6 36. 40.6 45. 10 16.8 20. 23.4 26.8 31). 20.10 25. 129. 2 33.4 37.6 30. 35. 40. 45. 50. H 18.4122. 25.8 29.4 S3. 22.11 27.6:32. 1 36.8 41.3 33. 38.6 44. 49.6 55. 12 20. 124. 28. 32. 36. 2.5. 30. 35. 40. 45. 36. 42. 48. 54. 60. 13 21.8 26. 130.4 14 23.4128. 132.8 34.8 37.4 89. 27. 1 42.|29. 2 32.637.11 35. 40.10 43.4 46.8 48.9 62.6 39. 42. 45.6 49. 52. 56. 58.6 63. 65. 70. 15 25. !30. a5. 40. 45.131. 3; 37.6;43. 9 50. 56.3 45. 52.6 60. 67.6 76. IC 26.8J32. 37.4 42.8 48. 3.3. 4! 40. 146. 8 53.4 60. 48. 66. 64. 72 80. 17 28.4 »4. 39.8 45.4 61. 33 6 42.6,49. 7 66.8 63.9 51. 59.6 68. 76.6 85. li'iSO. |36. 42. 48. 54. 37. 6 45. 52. 6 60. 67.6 54. 63. 72. 81. 90. 10 31.8 38. 44.4 60.8 67. 39. ' 47. 6 '55. 6 6.3.4 71.3 57. 66.6 76. 85.6 95. 20 3;i4 40. 46.8 53.4 60. 41. (* 50. 58. 4 66.8 75. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. 21 35. 42. 49. 56. 6;i.|43. 9 52.6 61. 3 70. 78.9 63. 73.6 84. 94.6 105. 22 36 8 44. 61.4 68.8 66.145.10 65. 64. 2i 73.4 82.6 66. 77. ^,- 99. 110. ?! 38.4 46. 63.8 61.4 69. 47.11 57.6 67. 1 76.8 86.3 69. 80.6 92. 103.6 115. 24 40. 48. 6<>. &i. 72. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90.0 72. 84. 96. 108. 120. 20 41.8|50. 68.4 66.8 75. 62. 1 62.6 72.11 83.4 93.9 75. 87.6 100. 112.6 125. 80 60. 160. 70. 80. 90. 62. 6 75. 87. 6'100. [112.6 90. 105. 120. 135. 150. 94 66.8'68. 79.4 90.8 102. 70.10 85. 99. 2 113.4|127.6 102. 119. 136. 153. 170. 40lM.8;80. 83.4 106.8 ,120. 83. 4 100. 116.8 133.4 150. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200. 617 c THICK^^!S9 ATD VTDTH rjT JWCBEg. h 6.11 6.12 1 7.7 1 7.8 7.9 i 7.10 7.1117.12 8.8 1 8.9 8.10 8.11 6.1^ fi 33. 36. I24. 6J 28. 31.6 35. 38. 6 42. 32. 36. 40. 44. 48. 7 38.6 42. 128. 7! 32.8 36.9 40.10 41.11 49. 37.4 42. 46.8 51.4 66. f «. 48. 32. 8 37.4 42. 46. 8 61. 4 56. 42.8 48. 63.4 58.8 64. f 49.6 5t m. 9 42. 47.3 62. 6 67. 9 63. 48. 54. 60. 66. 72. IC 55. 60. 40.10 46.8 62.6 58. 4 64. 2 70. 53.4 60. 66.8 73.4 80. \l 60.0 66. 40.11 61.4 67.9 64. 2 70. 7 77. 58.8 66. 73.4 80.8 88. 66. 72. 49. 56. 63. 70. 77. 84. 64. 72. 80. 88. 9<5. 1." 71.6 78. |53. 1 60.8 68.3 75.10 83. 5 91. 69.4 78. 86.8 95.4 104. 14 77. 84. 57. 2i 65.4 73.6 81. 8 89.10 98. 74.8 84. 93.4 102.8 112. 1? 82.6 90. 61. 31 70. 78.9 87. 6 96. 3 105. 80. 90. 100. 110. 120. 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Apple, boiled 3 Eg^'s, boiled h.".rd 3 30i boiled soft 3 I fried 330 uncooked 2 u. M. Heart, Animal, fried 4 I Lami', boiled 2 30 I Liver, Beef's, boiled 2 I Jleatand Vegetabks, Lashed.. 2 30 j Milk, boiled or fresh { 2 15 I iluttou, roa- ted 3 15 broiled or boiled 3 Oysters, raw 2 55 roasted 3 13 I et.nved 3 30 1 rarsnips. boiled 2 30 ' rigs. Sucking, roasted 2 30 Feot, soured, boiled 1 00 Pork, fat and lenn, roasted 5 15 recentlv salted, boiled — 4 30 I i. • " fried,.... 4 15 « " broiled.. 3 15 t^h. Cod or Flounder, f.ied.. 3 30j Cod. cured, boilee, soured 1 ey,roasted{™sd;::.. 2 30 boiled 2 23 Turnips, boiled 3 30 Veal, roast-ed 4 fried 4 50 Brai^!9, boiled 1 4S Venison Steak, broiled 1 35 COMPASATrV'E V.^LfE OF VARIOUS FOODS .4^3 PlJODUCTIVE OF DVXA- Mic Force, whex Oxidized rs rnr. Bodv. Cabbage 1. IVeal, lean 2.f!|Pca meal 9. Carrots 1.2 Mackerel 3.S \Vheat Hour 9.1 Egg, white of 1.4 Ham. lean 4. [Arrowroot 9.S Milk 1.5 Bread, crumbs 5.1 Oat meal 9.3 Apples 1.5 Egg, hard boiled 5.4 Cheese 10.4 Ale l.S Egs. yolk 7.9 Cocoa 16.5 Fish 19 Su^ar , .8- IBiitter 17.3 Potatoes 2.4(Isingla?8 $.7 F.it of beef 21-6 Porter 2.6 Rice P.!> Cod liver oi l 21.7 " Safe Lo.vd in STRrcxuRES, rycLUDTNa^'EionT ov STKrcrrRE. In cast-iron cohinins = 't breaking weighti "Wrought-iron structures = ^4 '' '* III cast-iron girders for tanks = ' j ' ' In cast-iron for bridges and floors - '6 " " Intimber = 1-10 " « Stone end briclu m. TTeight of "^ateb at its Common Tesperatcrb. 1 cubic inch _ •113611 lb. 12 " inches •431 1 «* foot ^ 62-5 lbs. 1 1 « w - 6^25 7^50 Imperial gallon*. U. S. Gallons. 1-8 « feet 1= 11:2-00 lbs. 35^ •< «> = 22^0-00 •« 1 Cylindrical inch = •03842 (( 12 " inches •3U u 1 " foot — 49-1 u 1 U >( = 5 Imperial galloni. 1 " " = 6 r. S. gallons. 2-2ffi> " feet = 112 lb«. 45-(>4 « .1 = 22-W «• 11-2 Imperial gallons = 112 it 224 Imperial gallons = 2240 « 13« I uitctl States gallons = 11:2 « 26S-8 L"mied States gallons = 2240 i< Kot^.—S Imperial gallons equal 6 United States gallons. Hence t* •onTert Imperial gallon* into United Slates gallons add one-fiflh to the Imperial ; and to c<.'nTert United States gallons into Imperial gallons de- duct onr-sLrth from the United .States. A cubic foot of rain water, which weighs 621^ lbs., presses at 30 feet deep 13 lbs. per square inch, and at 300 feet is 1.300 Ibe. At 36 feet the pressure per square foot is a ton. and at 103 feet nearly 3 tons. The FOLXowi^''! Tables show the diffebext vali-es of thb BEITISH iMPEEIAX AXD THE UxiTED STATES MEASCRES. tJ. S. nie»iure ior Britssh (Im.) measure. C S, measare for BhOi-b ^ im. ) measare^ vine. *pirito, ic galU. qts. pt». gills ale and beer. gilla- erial multi- ply the U. States \\ me gallons by -833. 51 U. S. Ale Gallons equal 60 Im- pe'rial Gallons, therefore to convert one into the other add or deduct l-60th. Specific GRA^•mEs axd Weights of Metals, Woods, Liqcids, &c- Engineers' and Confraclors' Poc\-vt Bool: STOXES, EABTHS, ETC. Kames. Names. Platina K^y> Pure gold- 1 1;>2W Mercury ; l-SofiO Ijead U3"2 Ptire silver '1M74 Bismath ! J^23 Copper, cast ] ^7W sheet . . f S :<10 Brass, cast — sheet Iron, cast. — bar gteel. soft — hard. , Tin, cast. 7>24 72C4 7TiiO 7>-l'5 7291 Zinc, cast ! 7190 .7053 Marble, average .&>y5 Grani-e. uino.. . •4*4 PiircHi.-k s'one. . _iU''. T.- •■ i ,ii;to.. ->T- :rtO .al" .3'" ne.... ^^:- . tiitto. ,c^ 9 .3i>o7 ij^.ji , .Hrish .26» Bri.k *79 Coal. Scotch JiS33, — Xewcastle .2S27I; — Staffordsh'e .2636 1 — Caunel .26 il i 27:;o 26')l 2570 2o.>4 2484 2415 2362 2143 2781 2000 1300 1270 1240 1238 ! :i"i.;)0 165.6'' 1S2J6 160.6-21 159.621 155.25 150-931 147.62 133.33 173.* I 125.00 81.15 79.37 77-50 77 J7 13 ISVi 13^ 14 14 14>^ 14^ 15 I6»4 12^ 17 27% 28'i 29 2tf f PECiFic Gravities, fee. of Mateeials CoxTrsrr.p. g "So ?^ . *£ S Iff Kamss. Trg -t '» r.:: = 3«3 ?= J53 ^ 0.5 ^53 i>ii?nuin vitre . . . 1331 83.31 26% Uox, French 1:J28 83.00 27 — Dutch 912 58.00 29<'8 Ebony, Indian.. 1209 75.56 — American 1331 83.18 27 Oak, just felled. 1113 69.56 321/^ 48V; — seasoned.. T43 46.43 Bogoakof Irel'd Mahogany, Sp'sl: — bay wood 1046 65.37 66% 1063 6643 39.81 Medlar tree 9M 59.00 38 Logwood 913 57.06 .391', Olive tree 927 57.93 38^2 Beech 852 53.25 42 Ash 845 62.81 42 Vi Alder 800 60.00 44^4 Apple-tree Plum-tree 793 49.56 S 755 47.18 752 47.00 47% 48 Teak 750 46.87 Cherry-tree 715 44.68 50 Elm 673 42.06 531/4 ■Walnut- 671 41.93 53% 54% Eed pine 6o7 47.06 Yellow do 6.52 40.76 55 Pear tree 650 40.62 65 Sycamore, chest- nut, and lime tree, each — 604 37.75 591^4 IVillow 585 36.50 611'4 Poplar, white Sp. 529 33.06 67% — common.. 383 23.93 93 Cedar.. 561 3.06 64 White pine 651 34.43 65 530 240 3.-i.02 15.00 68 Cork 149 Names. Acid, sulphuric... - nitric - muriatic - fluoric - citric - acetic Water from Baltic — from the Dead Sea — from the Jled- iterranean . . . — from the Irish Channel — ice — distilled Oils, expressed linseed Bweet almond. whale hempseed Olive ^. Oils, essential cinnamon.. . . lavender turpentine. . . . amber Alcohol of com- merce, at 60= Fahrenheit Alcohol, absolute... Ether, nitric — muriati'^. Proof spirit Tar Vinegar, distilled.. 1850 1271 1200 1060 1034 1062 1016 1240 1029 1028 1001 1000 940 932 923 926 915 1043 894 870 868 825 797 908 729 922 1015 1009 18.5 12 7 12.0 10.6 10.3 10.8 10.2 12.4 10.3 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.2 10.4 8.9 8.T 8.7 8.a 7.9 9.1 7.3 9.2 10.1 10.1 JExPAKSioif OF Liquids r>f Volume fkom 32^ to 212° Fahkenhkit. 1000 parts of water become 1046 " oil " 1080 " mercury " 1018 " spirits of wine «' 1110 " air " 1373 The heat that would raise 1 lb. of water 1' would raise a pound of air *°.7 ; 1 lb. air = about 11 cubic feet. One pound of steam will raise .3657 cubic feet of air 10°, and cause it to cxnand from 32° to 42^, about 3733 cubic feet. Perm.vnext Loads o>- Bridges, &c. For rough calculations the weight of the bridge itself may be asaamod to be (in wrought iron bridges) : For 30 feet spans, single Hue 560 lbs. per foot run. " 60 " « 672 " •'100 " " 1,008 " " "150 " " 1,344 "200 " •' 1,680 " " Dense crowds average 120 lbs. per square foot. For flooring. IfiS to 224 lbs. per square foot, exclusive of the weight of (Be floorin;:; is geuenvlly allowed. Ib Btoreh«u0e8, from 2^ to 460 Ibf. per gquare foot. 40 tti& Strength of the Teeth of Cast Inoy TVheels ai A GIVE:y Velocitt. Pitch Thickness of teeth Breadth of teeth Strength of teeth in horse power at of teeth 3 feet per 4 feet per 6 feet per|8 feet per in inches. in inches. in inches. second. second. second. second. 3.99 1-9 7.6 20.57 27.43 41.14 54.85 3.78 1.8 7.2 17.49 23.32 34.98 46.64 3.57 1.7 6.8 14.73 19.65 29.46 39.28 3.36 1.6 6.4 12.28 16.38 24.56 32.74 3-15 1.5 6. 10.12 13.50 20.24 26.98 2.94 1.4 5.6 8.22 10.07 16.44 21.93 2.73 1.3 5.2 6.58 8.78 13.16 17.54 2.52 1.2 4.8 6.18 6.91 10.36 13.81 2.31 1.1 4.4 3.99 6.32 7.98 10.64 2.1 1.0 4. 3.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 1.89 .9 3.6 2.18 2.91 4.36 5.81 1.6S .8 3.2 1.53 2.04 3.06 3.08 1.47 .7 2-8 1.027 1.37 2.04 2.72 1.26 .6 2.4 .61 .86 l.o8 1.84 1.05 .5 2. .375 .50 .75 1.00 Teeth of "Wheels.— Multiply one-fourth of the square of the pitcli in inches by the breadth of the teeth in inches ; the product is the hors '.a' power that the teeth will transmit when the pitch line pasoes thiotij,'!* 4 ft. per second. In quick speeds or fractional pitches, it may be more con,venient to take the follo'.ving rule : — Multiply the square root of the pitch in inches by the breadth of the teeth in inches ; the product is the horses' power at 16 ft. per second. A general rule to ascertain the length of the teeth is, to take % of th® pitch for the distance from the root to the pitch line, and V* of the pitch lor the distance from the pitch line to the top. When wheels diive pinions, let no pinion have less than 8 teeth ; rath» er 11 or 12 if convenient. When pinion drive wheels, let no pinion have less than 6 teeth ; rather 8 or 9. The number of teeth in a wheel should be prime to the uumber^f teeth in its pinion. To increase or diminish velocity in a given proportion, and with tha least quantity of wheel-work, let the niiiuber of teeth on each pinion bo to the number of teeth on its wheel as 1 : 3 59. Even to save space and expense, never let the ratio exceed 1 : 6 — Bcch.4.nan. HicKS's Rule for Calcclatikg the Strexgth of Shafts.— Multiply the horses' power by the assumed immber (300>, and divide the product by the revolutions per minute ; the cube root of the quotient will oe the diameter required. Heatixg Power of Peat as Compared tvith Wood. WO lbs. turfy peat, air dry, average 95 lbs. pine wood. " fibrous " " « 108 '* " *' earthy " " «< lOj « «« « pitchy " " " Ill M » Comparison of Heat by Bilk. 100 cubic feet of turfv peat = 33 cubic feet pine wood in logo. " " fibrous " = 90 " « " « •< earthy " = 145 " " " " •' pitchy " = 1?4 " " •• Peat, coal, or coke = 25 to a5 of the peat by weight. " "_ " = 30 to 40 per cent- by volume. Turf is 30 feet deep in upper marshes" and it grows 30 inches In a cen- tury. In Hanover it grows 8 feet in 60 years. Th^re are in many bogs 3 separated strata or layers of large trees separated by 10 or 12 feet of turf in.l h?5ta. A carbonizing process gives them the "appearance of being burnt. The hogs of Ireland cover 2,1^30, OoO ai'res to the depth of 5, 12 and even 30 feet : the hogs are as<;ribed to the prevalence of shallow Jak«», which promote the growth pf mosses aijd ^uatic plant*. «I>aeit7 of air vessels =» 20 times the capacity of the blowing cylinder 11 the cylinder is siug'le-aciiiig. '♦ " = 10 tiiues of double-acting. Velocitr of air in the passages should not exceed 35 feet per second. k* "BaitT of blast for iron fumaces. from i^, to 3 lbs, per square inch- £ach smith's forge requires 150 cube f«et of air per minute. Density of smith's forge blast ^4 Ih. per square inch. Each ton per hour melted in cupola requires 3,500 cube feet per miuute. Each finery forge requires 100,000 cube feet per minute for each ton refined. Each blast turn ace 'jO cube feet per minute for each cube yard capacity of furnace. MoUstcorth, Afanu/o'-ture of Pig Iron — Coke or Anthracite Vtxii — 16 to 20 tons of air are required for each ton- Charciy.jl — IT to IS tons air are reqtiired for each ton. 1 ton of air at Zi° = 29,751, and at CO- = 2l,S6i> cubic feet. Prrssure. — The pressure ordinarily required for smelting ptuposes is equal to a column of mercury from 3 "to 7 iucbes. i*ip«;.*.— Their area, leading to the reservoir, should be -2 that of the blast cylinder, and the velocity of the air should not exceed 35 feet per second. A ton of pig iron requires for its reduction from the ore 510,000 cubic feet of air, or o^S cubic feet of air for each lb. of carbon consumed- Pre»» sure, •" lb. per square inch. An ordinary eccentric fan, 4 ft. diameter, with 5 blades 10 ins. wide and 14 ins. length, set 1 9-16 ins. ecoennic, with an inlet opieuing of 17-5 ins. diameter, and an outlet of 12 ins. square, making ^70 revolutions ]^t minute, will supply air to 40 tuyeres, each of 1^^ ins. diamtter, and at a pressure per square inch of '5 inch of luerctirv. An ortUnary eccentric fan blower, 50 ius. diam., r.inning at I'XIO revo- lutions per minute, wUl give a pressure of 15 ins. of water, and reiuira for its operation a power of 12 horses. Area tuyere discharge 500 square ins.—EasKell. ^ PROPERTrF.S OF FrEi,. Kindof FaeL Bituminous Coal Anthracite Coke Coke, Mat'l "Virginia. . . Coke, Cumberland Charcoal Dry Wood "Wood, 20 per ct. water. Turf, dry (peat) Turf, 2ij "per ct- water.. Illuminating gas Pil, war, tallow AJcohol — ~-3 * =^ S 7 to 9 8 to 10 8 to 10 8 to 9 8 to 10 5 to 6 4 to 5 4 6 5 13.8 14 9.56 5--^ 80 265 P2 282 86 245 80 260 81 2.^ 96 265 44 147 34 115 51 165 40 132 194 77 2^ 5S 154 50 54 31 48 32 24 20 25 28 30 0.37 59 52 44 40 7-> 48 70 104 100 100 80 75 2980« 37 42 Memor.vxd.^ Co>cf-k>"ixg Coal, axd Iko>*. First notice of stone coal is B. 0. 371. The coal fields of England were the first practicallr developed. First record of stone coal u«ed in England w.is A. D. 820. Records of regular mininc: in England llrst made in llsO, Coal first used In I^ndon m 1240. First tax laid on coal in Enjland in 1379. Tax was repealed in 18.S1, having been taxed 400 years. First patent for making iron with pit, coal was grant«d to Slmeo« Sturtevant, in 1612. but was not successful. Iron f.t?t made in a blast funia- :e with pit coal with euccees by a iis. Dsrtoy, of C«let>rook Dale* Esglazid, in 1713^ 63 0^- Coal, Stea^i Heathtg, Etc In 1747 iron was made in England with pit coal, sultalMe tor the masb Hf&cture of cannon. lu 1788 the production of iron with t>it cftai in England was 48.300 tonij With charcoal. 13."*"^ *" ^ In 1S61 the prodnction of iron in Great Britain thus 5,000,000 tOWh Wooden rails in minee were used in 1777. Cas:-iron rails in mines were used in 1790. AVrought-iron rail* in mines were used in 1815. Coal gas lirst made use of practically in 1798. America^- Coal Fields.— First coal fields worked in America wer# the bituminous fields at Richmond. Va., discovered in 1750. This coal was used at Westham, on the James Kiver, to make shot and ihell dur- ing the "War of Independence. The first use of Anthracite coal was in 1768-69. First used for smithing purposes in 1790. First used to bum in a common grate in 1808. First successful use of Anthracite coal for the gmelting of iron was In 1839. at the Pioneer Furnace, at PottsviUe, Pa. It had been tried on the Xelugb m 18i'6, but was unsuccessful. The great shaft of the Philadelphia and Keadtng Iron Companv has average thickness together of 61 feet. Even then there are a number of coal seams underlying these. VEyTILATIOX. Each person requires at least from 3 to 4 cnhic feet of air per minntfl. Ordinary windows allow about 8 cubic feet a miuute to pafs. Sleepmg apartments require 1000 cubic feet of space to each occupant. An orti- nary gas flame requires as much air aa 9 persons. "Warmln'o bt Steam. "When the external temperature is 10^ below freezing point. In order to maintain a temperature of 60^ : or. One superficial foot of steam pipe for each 6 superficial feet of glass ia the windows ; or. One superficial foot of steam pipe for every 6 cube of air escaping for ventilation per minute ; or. One superficial fool of steam pipe for every 120 feet of wall, roof, or ceiUnc ; or. One square foot of steam pipe to 80 cubic feet of space ; One cube foot of boiler is required for every 2,000 cube feet of space to be heated ; One horse-power boiler is sufBcient for 50,000 cube feet of space. Steam should be about i!12-. — Moltsworih. As usually estimated, 1 square foot- of pipe is amply sufficient to heat 75 to 80 cubic feet of air in exterior rooms, and 100 feet in interior rooms. THic«2rES3 OF Boiler Ieox, axd Pre^sube Allowed by Uxited States Laws. Pressure equivalent to the Standard fnra Boiler'^ inches Diameter and I4 inch' Thick. "Wire Thick- Dtajieter i>- Ixchxs. Quag* 16ths. 34 ins. 36 ins. 38 ins. 40 ins. 42 ins. 44 ins. 46 ins. No. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 1 6 169.9 160.4 152. 144.4 137.5 131.2 125.5 S 4^j 15.5.5 149.7 141.8 134.7 128.3 122.5 117.2 3 ^l 147.2 139.1 131.8 125.1 119.2 113.7 108.8 4 4 ia5.9 128.3 121.6 115.5 110. 105. 100.4 5 3% 124.5 117.6 111.4 105.9 100.8 96.2 Sl-'.l 6 113.2 106.9 101.3 69.2 91.7 87.5 83.T T 3 101.9 96.2 91.2 86.6 82-5 78.7 7^ NOTHS OX STSF.XaTH CiV BoiI.rRS- Soiler Plates ana liolt.i.— The tensile strength of iron platca an4 t)OIts ranges from 42,600 to 62,000 lbs. Mean tensile streiipth of copp«r plates 33,000 lbs. up to 120^ ; temperature at22u<^ =. 32,000 lbs. ; at 560"' — 25,000 lbs. Bursting or Collnpsina Pressurfs. — Iron plates should be based upon • strength 2^ that of ultimate strength oi Uie metal ; for use in salt water, at 14 that of its ultimate stroiigih. Resistance to oollaiwe much less than to bursting. Strem/tli o/6tay Bolts. — Of iron, for use in salt wa.ter, should be taken at 1-7 ; fresh "water, 1-6; copper, 1-.') of ultimate tcnt^ile strength. Stay-bolts, when screwed and riveted, arc Vs sti ongor than when Bcrow ed alone. Relative Strexotr of Riveted Joints per ScjtrARE ixch of Sik- GLE Pl.ate Single-lapped, macMiie rinetcd, rivets 3 diameterj^, centre to centre, 2-').000 lbs. ; hand rireled, 24,000 lbs. ; s/af/;/cn:d rirvtiiuj, and equi- distant from centres, 30,600 lbs. ; abut jain.'s, hand riveted— riveta not "4bB. ; riveta set •• square,'' single cover or strip, 4l',tj00lb3. ; double covers or strips, 5.'i,0t)0 lbs. To Fr\-D Reqi-isite Qua>'tity of Water for a Boiler. Add 15 to the pressure of steam per square inoh, divide sum by 18, multiply the Burface turned " " 167.08 " <' Form of Iron-Cuttino Tools. To form and place any tool to cut any surface, let the end be so form- ed and placoil as to make the least possible angle with the surface to b« cut, and whatever dagree oi acuteness may be considered requisite ; let the keenness be given by hollowing out the surface on which Uie shavlnfa •Ud«. Tabu Pot FoBET:;LLI^-G the ■Wkather thkough the LryATioen OF THE MOOX. , (Db. Hebschell A2XV Adam Clasxs.) It Ibe New Moon, the First Quarter, the Full Moon or, the Last Quarter, enters — In Summer. In Wmter. Between midnight ajid 2 1 \-e„:, i A.M JJJair. J Bet. 2 and 4 A. M Cold, fr't showers. " 4 and 6 A.M Rain. •' 6 and 8 A. M jWind and rain. •• 8 and 10 A.M | Changeable. | " 10 and 12 A.M iFrequent showers. At 12 M. and 2 P. M | Very rain v. pet. 2 and 4 P. M iChangeable. " 4 and 6 P. M |Fair. ( ;Fair if wind N. «♦ 6 and 8 P. M {j "W., rainy if S. (I or S. E. «* Sand lOP.M Do. *' 10 and midnight Fair. ; Hard f roet, onlesi wtn4 I is S. or E. Snowy and etormy. Kaiu. tStormy. Cold rain if wind is W^ I snow if E. Cold and high wind. i Snow and rain. > Fair and mild. I Fair. [Fair and frosty if wind is K. or W., rain or snowif S. or S. E. !Do. iFair and frostr. Obseevatioks.— 1. The nearer the time of the moon's chanee, first quarter, full, and last quarter, is to mUI-niaht, the fairer the weather dur- ing 7 following davs. Range for this is from 10 at night till 2 neit morn- ing. 2. The nearer to mui-day the phases of the moon happen, the mor» ioul or wet weather during the T days following. 3. The moon'a change entering from 4 to 10 of the aft emoon, may expect fair weather. Force of the ■Wi>-d. Miles Feet Feet Force in Hour. per per pounds per Description. Minute. Second. square foot. 1 88 1.47 .005 Hardly perceptible 2 Z 176 264 2.93 4.4 .020) .044 1 Just perceptibl*. 4 6 352 440 5.R7 7.33 .079) 0.123 ( Gentle breeze. 10 15 880 1,320 14.67 22. 0.492) 1.107 ( Pleasant breez*. 90 15 1,760 2.200 29.3 36.6 1.970 1 3.067 ( Brisk gale. SO S5 2.640 3,080 44.0 51.3 4.429) 6.027 1 High wind- 40 43 3,520 3.960 58.6 66.0 7.870 ) 9.900/ Very high"wiiuL CO 4,400 73.3 12.304 Storm. 60 70 5,280 6,160 88.0 102.7 17.733) 24.153 f Great storm. SO 100 7.040 8.800 117.3 1466 31.490) 49.200) Hurricane. Loss or Light bt Use of Shades.— i^. H. Storer. Glass, etc. Th'k- ue^s. Loss. Glass, etc ITh'k- I ness. 1-8 Araerican Enamelled Crown CTTStal plate I 1-8 English 1-8 Porcelain Transpar'cy. ' 1-3 Ins. iPxCt.; 1-16 51.23 Window, d'ble, Eng... 13.08; " •' Ger.... 8.61 , " single, Ger... 6.15 I " " ground 97-68 ! " green Ins. 1-8 1-8 1-16 1-16 1-16 Lost. PrCt. 9.38 13. 4.27 65.75 81.9S 690 #HiTisH ATiscstLAKEors ^rT^As-iTrTE ifitE, AS Meascrhd by ta- URES FOB VARIOUS PURPOSES. RIOU3 NATIONS. A load of unhewn tam- The Ensrlish mileia l/r60 yda ber 40 cuWc ft.! The Scotch " 19&i " A load of squared tim- ber 60 " A load of inch boards 600 sq. ft. A load of two-inch planks 300 The Iiish " 2240 The German " 8106 The L)utch and Prussian mile is 6480 ITie Italian mile is 1766 Ahundredof deals 120 in num.iThj \ ieinia post mile is. . 8296 The Swiss mile is _. 9153 ' The Swedi.?h and Danish mile is 7341.5' The Arabian mile is 2143 ' The Komau mile is. . 1628 or 2025 ' TheAVerst " 1167 or 1337 ' The Tuscan " igOS ' The Turliish " ..... 1826 ' ThelTcmiih " 6869 ' A hundred of uails 120 A thousand of bricks. . . 1200 '• A load of bricks 500 " A load of lime 32 bushels. A load of sand 36 " A sack of potatoes, or coals 224 lbs. A bushel of salt or flour 66 '' A bushel of wheat 60 " A bushel of barley 50 " A bushel of oats 40 " The British league, or three times our peojrraphlcal mile of 60 to » degree, or 20l.'5 yards, is 607o yards. The Tiabant league is 6096 yard*. The Danish and Hamburg leairue ?244 yards, the Gennan league 8101 the long German ditto, I((12G yards, the short do. 6^59, the Portuguese league is CT60 yards, the Spanish 711.5 yards, the Swedish i::pO yards. All of them parts of a degree, but made before the length of a degree was ac- cmately determined. To Test Qcality of Steel. Good tool ste'^l. with a white heat, will fall to pl^— » ; with bright redheat will crumble under the hammer; viih middling heat may ba drawn to a needle-point. To test hardening qualities, draw tinder a lowheat to a gradually taper- ed square point ai-.d plunge into cold water ; if broken poiait will "sciateh glass, the quality is good. To test tenacity, a hardened piece will be driven into cast-iron by a hardened hammer— if poor, will be crumbled. Excellence will be in proportion to tenacity in hard state. Soft steel of good quality gives a curved line fracture and viniform gray texture. Tool steel should be dull Bilver color, uniform, entirely free from sparkling qualities. Aquafortis, applied to the "surface of steel, produces a black spot; on Iron the metal remains clean. The slightest vein of iron or steel can b« readily detected by this method. Steel Sprtngs. Rule laf—To find elasticity of a given eteel-plate spring : Breadth ot plate in inches multiplied "by cube of th*^ thickness in l-lt> inch, and by number of plates ; divide cube of span in inches bv product so found, and multiply by 1.C6. Result, equal elasticity in 116th of an inch per ton of load. Bui" 2d— To find span due to a given elasticity, and number and BiK* of plate : Multiply elasticity in sixteenths per ton, by breadth of plate in Inches, and divide by cube of the thi'knes.s in inches, and by the number of plates ; divide by 1.6C, and find cube root of the quotient. Eesult, equal span in inches. P. I oil :;3 parts, Utii;irg»i 0-5 p.irts, Japiui varnish 0-5 partd, •niritsmr|>eiitine;i-5 t»tr;8. Lamp black and litharge ai-e ground sepa* i-iieiy w iih oil, uiieii Biirred iuio the whit« lead aud oU. iiLACK I'aixt.— i^mp black 2« parts, litharge 1 part, Japan yamisli 1 piirl, btUed laiseed oil 7j parts, siirits turpeutiua 1 part. Gi:ay or: S/oxe Color fok Bl'il[>ixo.s. — Wiute lead in oil 7S parts, boiled oil 9-0 partes, raw oil 'Jo parts, spiri.a ttirpeiitine 3 parts, Turkey- umber 0.5 pan.*, lump black 0.25 parts. Ov.e square yard of new brick* work requires for 1! coats 1.1 lb., for 3 coats 1.5 lb. Paixt Fur Tarvailixs. — 1st. Olive. Liquid olive color 100 parts, beeswax 6 parts, spts. turpentine 6 parts. Diss-jlve the beeswax in s-^U. turpentine, with a gentle heat, and mix the paint warm. 2d. Add 13 ozs. beeswax to 1 gal, linseed oil, boil it two hours ; prime the cloth with tha mixture, and use it in the place of boiled oil for mixing the paint. C'BEAJii Color. {For BuiUIing^s.) 1st coat. 2d coat. White lead, in oil C6-C6 70. French yellow 3.33 3.33 Japan varnish 1.33 1.33 Ravroi! 28.00 2L5 Spirits turpentine 2.25 2,25 One square yard of new brick- work requires for first coat, O-. 5 lbs.; for second, 0.3 lbs. Cheap Paixt fou Stteds axd Fexces.— ilelted pitch 6 lbs., hnseed oil 1 pt., brick dust, or yeUow ochre, 1 lb. To the above we add the f olio winar valuable items : — To Waterproof Awxixgs.— Iinmer.-e tirsD in solution containing 20 per cent, of soap, and repeat the process in a copper solution of equal strength, then wash and dry. AxiLixE IxKS.— 1. Violet. Dissolve 1 part of aniline violet blue In 300 parts of water. A beautiful ink. 2. Bhie Ink, Dissolve 1 part of solubla Paris blue in l'.50 parts of water. 3. Bed Jiik. Dissolve 1 part soluble fuchsin in 20<1 parts boUing water. IxpiA OR CnrxE.SE Ink.— Calcined Lamp bUck mo parts. Boirhead sh-ile black, in impalpable powder. 50 pans ; Indicro carmine in c.ikes. 1>> pans : Carmine lake, r, parts ; Gum arable (best qu.alitvl 10 parts ; Puri- fied ox-gall 20 parts; Alcoholic est. of mnsk, 5 parts; Dissolve the gum in 50 to 60 parts of pure water, and filter through a cloth. The indigo. c.".r- mine. lake, lamp black, and shale black are mixed with the liquid arid the whole ground on a slab with a muller like ordinary colors, but murh longer. Now add the ox-gall and ext. of mnsk slowlv, grinding well in. Next dn- in the air away from dust, mould into cakes and drv again. When quite tirm. compress into bronze moulds with anv desired design, wrap up in tin foil and aeain in gilt paper. A pplen<1id article. To 1)YK, Stiffen- and Bleach Felt Hats.— Felt hats are dved by repeated immersion, drawiTig and dipping in a hot watery solution of logwood 38 parts, green vitriol 3 parts, verdigris 2 j'arts ; repeat the im- mersions and drawing with exposure to the air 13 or 14 times, or until tha colorsuits, each st-pp in the process lasting from 10 to 15 minutes. Ani- line colors may be advantageously used instead of the above. For a stiffening, di-^-oolve borax 10 parts ."carl>onate of potash 3 parts, in hot vater, then add shellac 50 parts, and boil until all is dissolved ; anply with a sponge or a brush, or by immersing the hat when it is ccld. and dip at once in very dilute sulphuric or acetic acid to neutralize the alkali *]id fix the shellac. Felt hata can be bleached by tha use, of •ulphuri* acid gas. m SrSGESTlO^TS TO ATtTISAXS, &C. LAtnfDKT Secrets.— A spoonful of ox-gall to a gallon of crater wW •et the colors of almost any goods soaked iu it previous to washing. A tea-cup of lye in a pail of waier will improve the color of black goods. Xaukin should lie in lye before being v.ashed ; it sets the color. A strong tea of common hay will preserve the cok>r of French linens. Vinegar in the rinsing -water for pink or green calicces will brighten them. Soogitors that the contraiT is the truth. In making depo.?its then.b« cure that your savincrs are put in a safe place and that the integrity of Uie men t« whom you iiitru^t them is beyond question. 634 .,..— - Miscellaneooa Roles, &c., for engineers, Mill-owners, Mechanics, &c. Geahisg a Compound Lathe. — The term Compowid or double gear* td, as applied to the screw-cutting gear of a latlie means that there esista, between the sear wheel which is fastened to and revolves with the lathe •pindle and the feed screw, two gear wheels of different diameters and revolving »ide by side, at the s;iuie number of revolutions, by reason of being fixed upon the same sleeve or axis. The object of this arrangeoient is to make, between the speed at which the lathe mandril or spindle will ran, and the speed or revolution at which the feed screw will run. a great- er amount of difference than is possible in a single geared lathe, and thus to be able to cut threads of a coarser pitch than could be cut in the latter. This is usually accomplished by providing two intermediate wheels of different diameters, both being held by a feather in a sleeve revolving upon an adjustable pin for the puqiose. It is obvious that the smallest of these compounded or coupled wheels ■will gear into and with the wheel or gear on the feed screw ; and tnat the changes of gear may be made ujwn the gear running on the lathe mandril and that runnuig on the feed screw, without disturbing the pair of intermediate (and compounded) gears referred to. In many cases, however, only the wheel upon the feed screw need be changed, sinc-o a wide range of pitch may be obtained by changing that wheel only. To find the number of teeth in the wheel required to be placed on the feed screw, we have the following rule : Divide the pitch to be cut by the pitch of the feed screw, and the pro- duct will be the proportional number. Then multiply the number of teeth on the lathe mandril gear by the number of teeth on the smallest gear of the compounded pair, and the product by the proportional num- ber, and divide the last product by the number of teeth in the largest wheel of the compounded pair, and" the product is the number of teeth for the wheel on the feed screw. Suppose, for example, the gear on the lathe mandril contains 40 teeth running into the largest of the compounded gears which contains 50 teeth, and that the small gear of the compounded pair contains 15 teeth ; what wheel will be required for the feed screw— ita pitch being 2, and the thread requiring to be cut being 20 ? Piteh Pitch of Proportional required. feed screw. number. 20 -^ 2 = 10 Then- Mandril Small com> Proportional lArgt eem* fu teeth. pound gear. number. pound gear. 40 X 15 X 10-1- 50 = 120= the number ol teeth required upon the wheel for the feed screw. In the above example, however, all the necessary wheels except one are given : and since it is often required to find the'necessary sizes of two of the wheels, the follow- ing rule may be used : Divide the number of threads you wish to cut by the pitch of the feed (crew, and multiply the quotient by the number of teeth on one of the driving wheels, and the product by the number of teeth on the other of the driving wheels ; then any divisor that laaves no remainder to the last product is the number of teeth for one of the wheels driven, and the quotient is the number of teeth for the other wheel driven. [In this rule the tenn " wheel driven " means a wheel which has mo- tion imparted to it, while its teeth do not drive or revolve any other irtM«I ; hence the large wheel of the compoouded paii is one el tbt wo f\3Q HDLES FOR MACHINISTS, MILLERS, AC. •wheels driven, while the wheel on the feed screw is the other of th« wheels driven.] Example. — It is requii-ed to cut 20 threads to the inch, the pitch of th» feed screw being 2, ona of the driving wheels contains 40 teeth and the other 15 : Ktch reqnired Pitch of Teeth ja on« Teeth in other to be cut. feed eorew. dhring wheel. driving wheel. 20 -f 2 X 40 X 15 =; 6000. Then, 6000 4- 50 = ''20 ; and hence one of the gears will require to coa- ttin 50 and the other 120 teetli ; if we ha\ e not two of such wheels, wo may divide by some other number instead of 50. Thus : 6000 -f 60 = 100 ; and the wheels will require to have, re- epectively, GO and 100 teeth. If there are no wheels on the lathe we proceed as follows : DiNide the pitch required by the pitch of the feed screw ; the quotient is the proixjition between the revolutions of the first driving gear and the feed screw gear. Example. Required the gears to cut a pitch of 20, the feed screw pitch beujg 4 ; here 20 -f- 4 = 5 ; that is to say, the feed screw must revolve five times as slowly as the first driving gear ; we now find two numbers which, multiplied together, make five ; as 2^ X 2 =: 5 ; hence one pair of wheels must be geared 2^ to 1 and the otlier pair 2 to 1, the small wheel of each pair being used as drivers, because the ihread required is finer than the feed screw. Rose's Complete Practical Machinist, H. Carey Baird & Co. , Philadelphia. HIPPED ROOFS, MILL HOPPERS, &C. To find the various Angles and proper Dimensions of Materials where- by to c>inst7-^ict anyfirpire tvhoseform is the Frusirum of a proper or inoerted Pyramid, as Jlipped Hoofs, Mill Hoppers, en3 in turning collars that through the lightness or springing of the tool, irregularities in the grain of the iron, &c., the work may not be perfectly true, and in this case the utmost care should be taken to ascert in and correct the deficiency, if any exists, by applying, before tlie mandril is taken from the lathe, a'fine file of just the proper spring, against the face of the collars in order to remove any une\ en surfacesthat may have been left upcn them. If they are not perfectly true, apply a pair that are so, independent of the man- dril collars, and so rigid that screwing up the collars cannot act upon or impair the saw. T!ie saw being tested and found correct, place it on the mandril and dghten up the collars by hand, slowly revolving the saw at tlie same time, and if it proves to be truthfully hung, screw it home with a wrench tight, and test again with straight edge to see if all is right, revolving the saw and observe closely whether itruus true or not. for large saws a high authority recommends collars that have a perfect bearing of about ^ im on the outer rim, the other part clear, as they hold tighter than a solid, flat-faced collar, because they are more apt to come fair against the saw. To correct saws out of round, hold a piece of grindstone or cobblestone against the points of the teeth while the saw revolves, this "rill grind down the most prominent teeth ; or the longest teeth may be marked with red chalk while the saw is in motion, and afterwards filed down. The following figures will afford valuable aid to the operator. In fig. 1 the teeth represented by the dotted lines show tlie teeth as the saw leaves the factors- ; the lines at B.C. and D show the condition to which they are frequently reduced by bad filing. Thee^e defective teeth contain no chamber for the circulation of saw dust, and teeth filed with sharp, square comers at the bottom frequently break, as shown at A, tooth C. This kind of filing is most destructive to both saw and files, and requires at least double the power necessary to operate a saw witli teeth of the proer shape. For good work it is absolutely essential to file back to the periphery line, and the best work will be done, the least labor expended, and less power wUl be required to operate, wlien the shape of the teeth is made to conform fcj tl'.e patterns illustrated bv Figs. 2 and 3, which also represent the forms best adapted for sawing soft and hard wood re- spectively. In filing circular saws, r.n immense saving wUl be effected by filing from the face or nnder side, instead of from the top, or upper part of the tooth, as in the former case the full diameter of the saw ia retained to a much greater extent Fig. 4, at A, represents a ti->oth that requires gumming, or chambering oiit in proper shape, as shown at D, This leaves free scope for the dust, without too much crowding, and the useless consumption of power. A good gummer is an aiticle that no sawyer can afford to dispense with, it eares much yaluable tiw* rrA heavv- outlay for files, besides doing mora rapid and much better work. A good swage or upset is equally import- ant for the purpose of bringing the teeth of the saw to a sharp, keen edg^ 640 DIAGRAMS FOn SA^V tlXING. Sia V Oli md Hew Slyfe ToctI!, DIAGRAMS TO ILLUSTRATE SA-nT-FILIXG. DIRECTIONS TO MILL-MEN, AC. 641 brin2;ln£j up corners and vacancies rccasioncd by -wear, and spreading the point-;, so as t(j ease the body of the saw in passing through the log. Fig. 5, at A, r>, C, U, and E, exhibits the diiferent set required for saw teeth as effected bv the swage ; tlie dotted lines show the undercut, and Fig. G sliows the old and new style toott. Fig. 'I, at C, represents the con- FiG. 7. dition the tooth should be in for •work. Point B shows a tooth that i« dull, and a great many teeth are broken, as phovai at D, from this Tery cai\=e. The tooth of a 24: inch circular saw passes through the log 2000 times per minute, 120,000 times per hour, or 1,200,000 times per day, im- pelled by a tremendous force through knots, &c., and if not kept sharp '^££Jf7/ na. 8. BIGHT-HAND SAW. 64a DIBECTIONS TO MILL-MEN, AC. the severe strain is bound to break the teeth. If the teeth were kepi properly set and well filed the work would be performed in better shape with half the power. Eigs. 8 and 9 represent right and left hand saws, and a very slight inspection of the cuts wiH enable any person to observe a most impoitant distinction in ordering circular saws. In oi>erating the mill, avoid the use of short bearings for the mandril, and short, tight belts, these, together with the mandril crowding against the collar, ar» ■ apt to cause lieatiug . A long, free belt, with long bearings, and a saw sutting freely, will give the best results in every case. >^NXC^^^^^J^5^<^ The improved pattern of saw teeth, &c., outlined above, is the form originated and commended liy the celebrated saw manufacturing firm of Henry Disston & Sous, of Philadelphia, an^Ls the result of the anxious study, exi)erience, and careful labor of many years. The high standing^ of the firm, to„'ether with the excellent reputation of their goods, fur- nLsh a sufficient guarantee tliat every improvement introduced by them will be foimd based on correct principles. Saw Mill.— T^/'O Vfrikal Smcs o/'S4 in. Stroke, Lathes, &c. Cylinder 10 ins. diam. by 4 ft. Stroke. Fiessure 90 to 100 lbs. per square in., full Btroke. Revolutioiu, 2-5 per minute. Boilers, three plain cylindrical, 30 ins. in duim. by 20 ft in len.gtli. Note. This engine has cut of yellow pine, 30 ft. by 18 ins. in cue iniiiut«» Mnqineers & Confractors Pocket-Booh. i*or further information on Saw mills, see page 87. Weight of Lumber per Thousand ( M. ) Feet Board Measure. Dry. Partly Seasoned. Grekjj. Pine and hemlock Norway and yellow pine Oak and Walnut 2,500 Iba 3,000 " 4,000 " 3,500 " 2,700 lbs. 4.000 " 5,000 " 4,000 " '- ■ ■ •-■ 3,C00 lbs. 5,000 " Ash and Majile '- ■ la efiC'IIONA.L VIEW OF ▲ FLOUB KILL. 64a SECTIONAL VIEW OF A COMPLETE FLOUR MILL. The above cut. from the Mill Stone, published by the well kuown mill furnishing firm of Nordyke & Harmon Co.. of Indianapolis, Ind., afford* a sectional view of a complete flour mill with a three run outfit, two runa lor wheat, and one run for com. The Nfw Process of Milling, Hioh-ground and Patent Fr-ouK, BTC— In considering this important subject, John W. Hopkins writes to the Mill Stone as'follows :— The new process means a first-class steam •ngine, sjrinding the flour and heating the mill on a cent's worth of coal Id the bushel of wheat, taking the wheat from the car on the eide line md uevei touchiog it \>j manual labor until the floux barreltj are takei^ 6-H NEW PROCESS OP jnLL/NG, &C. from the packer, instCiid of the shoveUing aud sTveating which was and Btill is ia vogcie ia sons pLaces. Where water power is used instead of steam, the new process means t!i5 use of tiubiue wheels, giving over 80 per cent, of the full grower of the water, instead of the old breast wheel giving only 50; the bose going into a nice warm mill on a frosty winter morning and finding every thing going riglit, instead of going into an ice-bound mill of the old breast- wheel style, with a couple of half sfcirved youths tryhig to cut lier loos9 and knock her to pieces at the .same time. Tne ne.v process means nicely tamed iron shafting and pulleys, with belt gearing, ia place of wooden shafts and cog gearing, witli two or three old millwrights slashing around with sledge hammers to keej) them wedged, and assisted occasionally by t>vo or three millers making frantic efforts to start the break downs. It also means closely jointed old stock burrs, and plenty of them — 36 inches iu diameter for middlings, aud from -12 to 4S inches for wheat, according to the hardne.ss or softness of the wiieat — all in perfect balance and true emooth face, and the lands thereof to be from one-third to one-fourth of the whole surface of the burrs, instead of one-half as in by-gone tunes. It does not, however, mean any particular patent dre.ss. the common equali.-:ing dress is good enough ; but it does mean that the furrows shall be smooth and straight in all directions, not less than two inches bro;id aud deep enough at the eye to bury the largest grain of wheat, and alwut the fojrth of that at the sldrt. the draft of the feather edge to be one inch to tire foot in diam- eter of the burr, and all furrows ox the same khid to bear the saive rela- tion to the centre and circumference, and al-o that t]ie miller shall have the power and means to alter the speed of any run without aflecting the remainder, i. c. speed to be altered instead of draft. To mill under the new process means t'.-.at tl:e chop shall roll instead of slide between the burrs, or, in other words, the substitution of a system of granulation in place of grindmg. We know a millwright who was lately calle 1 io recoHstruct the bolting machmery of a considerable merchant nillL U;- n mer.tloning the word purifier, the head miller in charge of t'.ie mill g .vea jnmp as if 'he Lad received a mild stroke from a galvanic b.-.ttcry. "I want," s^rrs he. "not'iiug but fine cloths, and jolenty of them, Xoa. 12, li and K,," to \rhich I would only say that it must follow, as a matter of course, ti^it if yoa grind so close as to grind a fourth of tie brnn iirto powder, it will require fine clotiis to take it out, aud even tl:cy will fail to clo it perfectly, whereas if the grinding ia pro-jerly done, XX, 10, and 12, will be tL« thing. ' ' ; ) We come now to the middlings — the large particles wliich have witji- stood the action of the burrs most, and whi.h have at the same time the highe.'it specific gra\-ity and the greatest br.lic The^'-must be separated from the very light, dead fine brown dust (which u princijjally pulverized bran, insoluble in tlie acids of the stomac'.i), tlie finrt would not go through the superfiue cloths, on account of their bulk, neither would tha Latter, on account of their lig>.tness. They must, however, not only be separated, but also graded, and while this is almost impossible of accom- plishment with cloths alone, it is rendered comparatively easy by the use of cloths aud blast combined, and therefore V.:e necessity of the purifier. I do not refer to any particular make or patent in the way of purifiers, as there are several good ones in the marict, and any number of poor ones, bnt whatever kind is used should have capacity enough, and do tlieir work well. The old process or system that required a man to jump ou the bum •rery twenty-foux or tweuty-six hours and slash them all over with • VALUABLE ADVICE TO MILLBBS. $43 nick 60 as to make them cut up 15 biisliels of vrheat au Lour, and ma^ Sbiishef. of flour to tlie 100 bushels of wheat, is fast becoiiuug obsolete. The idea of makiug such flour either for home coiisuniptiou. or to ship toforeimei^ iTplavedout; tlie forciguers, in particiflar have stopped Wu"s?ich flour, and want the wheat instead to {n-md for themseh;e^ Ss^ad of this old-time system it is now required of the mider tiiat the Sr2f the bur^ shall be smooth and true, and if any high places develop £selvesthevnuistb« gently touched by the hand of a master eithei with pick diamond, or emery wheel, and not niore tl.an si^ busliels an Sr should be -round on a pair of burrs, and this should be ground SS or no at auf Moreover, it diould be ground high enough to Uka Sff abroad dean bran, and to make one half middlmgs, and finally Last ttou4 not S, the substitution of the new process, as herein dehneated £°out?ine m^ns to realize 20 cents peT bushel more out of the whe^^^ than bv the old sU-le, and a showmg of a good and satisfactory balance on "he right s?di of 'the ledger at the end of the year At least such is the new nrocc'^s or hi'-h-CTinding system, as I understand it. T^sT i^D Slow Giiixt^iNo: Valuable Advice to MiLLrKS. On th&alli'Sorta^itTubi^ct: J. M. Truax, a practical miller writes to the S»s7o\Tas follows :-•■ The quantity to be ground must depend upon ttetoSre or density of the stone, the draft, the number and depth of fu^o^ and the grinding without heating. No more gnndmg should b« doneThau cTonbe done without heating. The heatmg is the stoppm| 8not The muantity that every mUl ought to grind is that quantity that c^ be ground and not heat, whether it is 5, 10, or 20 bushels per hoim it^verTmUler will observe this as his guide, he wfll do the best work *^?i^ilSl'o?hLting,Ime.ntosay that the grain should not be so heate^byTressure or rubbing, as wiU start the nice or essential oils of S^erain Ifthegrainoilis stiirted by friction, that fnctiou produces heaf^nd that h^it dries and evaporates the grain juice, and the virtue of the flour ilimpaired. Anv amount of cooling will not repairthe dam- ^e done by hSg. The st^am that rises from the hot running mid is telvawr from out of the essential oils of the gi-ain, and is lo.?t in tae brlad^ToTe^or^mend the grindmg of 10, 15 or 25 busheb of wheat per hoTr is bad advk™ imprudint Millers diHer in the selection of stones 5nd differ'about their dress, and the motion of their mill ^ One wdl have «ne kind and way, and another another kind and way ; bi.t whatever way they sdecrwhen they go to grinding, their quantity per hour should be tli-t which they can grind and not heat, whether it is 3 5, 10 or 20 bu^ielsSrhour.- Donotimmirthe substance for the bulk per hour Flood hlat is as hi-h as can he warranted without impairmg the product ftmaybfanalbli^grm^ f:u.t, but an old adage is " haste makes wa^te" If millers are ambitious, let that ambition be apphed to the makin- of a perfect runnmg milL Select the very be.t buns, and pi t m a horou^hlv common sensi dres.s ; a dress that wiU granulate thej hole kernel L^iearly as passible. Keep the stones as far apart as poa-nWe.a^^^ keepthete.xtureor grain of the stones clean. Let «\'^?^,t^^,^'[^" * ambition But stop adding to quantity when the mill is at blood hea^ Ind as mnch less heat as thiy are able to, and let the bread ^^^f^ Alters have in the flour aU the yirtue that mother f ^h has p^uced. One of the great evils in milling is low grinding, and its e% il e«e"-, are oiiy\econd tSthose produced bv^fast grinding. Wheat is '"omposed of ?wo^'aits-an inner 'and an outer part. The inner P^rt is meaty^and the outer is a shuck, or skin, or hull : the meaty is pulvei izable, while Se huU or c^yeiin.' is a leather-li^e substance, and has ^'^l^^^^g^h^i Sickness equals the meshes of No. 14 or 13 boltin? doth. Naw, th« 646 BALAKCING OF MILLSTONES. qtteetion arises, how shall the mUler grind this compound kernel aiWI clean this leather-like covering, and granulate the inner meat to a prop- er fineness for bread purposes, and not over rub or grind to dust a part of the hull ? This is the question. And how is wheat being ground all over the world to-day ? I need not answer, for aU know that heavy grinding has been the order. The lands or face of one burr rubs the other, or nearly so. So much so that that portion of the bran that is caught between the face of the miU near the skirt is more than twice overground, aud this overgrinding or rubbing the bran makes a brown dust, and blackens the flour. It is like brown paint, and bolts with the flour and goes into the bread. This is a mistake, and should be avoided. Bran may make bread, but not the bread millers feel proud of. And to avoid this, millers must run a lighter mill. Heavy grinding is an evil. It not only powders a portion of the brau and blackens the flour ; but grinds at the same time a portion of the kernel to dust ; also destroying its juicy substance ; and at the same time the fine ground dust is rubbed into the texture of the stone, and the face of the stone becomes glazed and smooth, and of course dull. Millers, so dress your mill as will enable you to giiud the inuer part of the kernel to flour, and avoid making brown paint dust from the bran. A nuller that runs a heavy mill is likely to look for a medicine to doctor his flour. Medicine for flour is a iioor substitute for a good dress and clean stones. Bread eaters much prefer the full life of the cereals, not a doctored article. Grain once killed by overgrinding and heating will not be brought to life by the best medicines. All the flour-doctors in the "world can not repair the life that is first produced in natural growth. They may help a deadened flour, but a whole reparation is impossible. Throw away the drugs ! Let us have a pure flour." Balancing Millstones. — To examine the conditions relative to balancing, and to trace the effects produced by an unbalanced runner, to' their cause, we refer to the adjoining figure in which R, R. represents a. section of the runner-stone ; B, B, a section of the nether stationary or bed-stone, S, the miU-spindle provided at the upper end with a steel pivot P, upon which the runner-stone is susi>ended, so as to admit of free oscillation. The distance from the face F, F, of the rumier-stone to the pivot P, is foimd in practice to be from 5 to 8 inches, according to the size of the stone. Since the tliickness of the runner-stone varies from 12 to 20 inches, this would bring the centre of gravity of the runner-stone below the point of suspension P, a condition favorable to stability, or, in other words, the millstone, when disturbed, will oscillate until equilibri- um is restored. It will not be so easily upset. In order tliat the runner- stone may be in " balance," or the distance between tlie face F, F, of the runner-stone and the face of F', F", of the bed-stone, be equal, when the latter is perfectly horizontal, aud former freely suspended ; the weight of the portion of tlie runner on one side of the line, A, A, drawn through the point of suspension P, and perpendicular to the faces F', F,' must be equal to the corresponding half on the other side of the same line. Shoiild this not be the case, the deficiency is easily made up by cutting a cavity at the light side, near the circumference, and filling it with an amount of lead sufficient to estabUsh a proper equilibrium. Mill stones when balanced while at re.?t are usually fonnd, when run- ning, not to retain an equal distance between the face ; one side will drag ^bear harder on the meal subjected to its action, consequently a mill- stone in this condition will grind unevenly. It is said to be out of " run- ning balance." From the very nature of the construction of the French miUstone (thf kiod u&td at present most excluuvely), being an assemblage of block^ BJLLAKCDfG OP MILL STONES. 647 called " burr blocks," of various sizes, and on r.u average about 5 inches thick, the remainder of tlie body of the mill stone being made up of epawls, all cemented toirether M-ith pki^ter of Paris ; it is evident that the material can not easily be distributed symmetrically as to weight. To illustrate— conceive a lijae E, E, drawn through the pivot P, and par- allel to the face F, F. TTe will also suppose a section 6 inches thick cut cut of the center of the mill stone. Such section from a mill stone 4 feet in diameter would weigh about 260 pounds, taking tlie weight of tha plaeter at iX) pounds per cubic foot, and that of the burr block at IGO pounds. Now it may happen that in the construction of the mill Ftone, 45 pounds may be placed to the right of the center line A, A, and below tlie hori- lontal line E, E ; 35 pounds may come above tills line on the same side of A, A ; 55 pounds and 25 pormds may chance to be on the opiX)site, below and above E, E, respectively. Tlie sum of the weights on the right of A, .\, is eqiuil to the sum of the weights on the left, viz. : 80 pounds. The standing balance still obtains. The center of gravity ct, and aiaij i the bed -stone, ana t; ' ;sly. Yi':- il.iu liiiie the stone, place two ^: «, start the runner and turn off the back t:... ... el, having firstarmnged a firm rest We then remove the strips, run the stone at its proper sj^ed, and mark the l!i.rh ^ide by brinein^ n T^Ti'Ml ??^>ir>=^ it. T!?e r> eh side requires, as we h ' ' ■ • . . . . , , ^,^^ drcumference, i r the circumference f.: v-e tie several bars 01 le. -i . : i"..e;:e pla»:es, lei-eatiug :..e OiKrrati.,u unt.l the proper amount of w •?:,'] t is fotmd, which is then secnrely fixed to the stone, making a pn>- per allowance for any plaster removed from the stone, or any waste in- curred in mating tii3 lead. Se-p:a' : r.tcr.t hr.Iances which facilltite the oi>eration have been intro- duced. -V more coiumon one consists of a ca:^t iron box, which is insert- •ed in the stone r.t tho rircnaiference. and in which a weiirht can be raise/' (- ' ' ' - - ^ - . •■-'--■ '--''*'■- case is "t f: '.-tat thife } . - : from t]:o r. ;. .. '-. l; ■ r ;...".: i.ii.i 1. 18 reverse. i: i» :: : I • . ^ .::t in good running lul- ance, thi.t it v. ill : ... ..: .j i .> v. .ii>a-.- .. .• _ aay length of time. But, on the contrary, its iinlance will change from the effects of the weather ; ttiat is, by an unequal absorption of moisture, due to an tmeqnal distribo- PORTABLE GRIST MILL. 649 tion of the plaster forming the back, and from an nnequal wear of t!ie face as well. It is, therefore, expedient to fretjuently examine the balance and adjust the same. V. Bachman in ^fiU Stone. Tlie art of kvhmcmg mill stones is Rreatiy simpUfied by an ingeniona arrangement used by the Xordyke & ilarmon Co., of IndianapoUs. lud., who imbed 5 cast iron boxes, like the one represented in the right han^. cut, in the body of the runner stone. They are placed in the numcr with the lid of tlie box a little below the plaster back with the rounding part in contact with the band. Tlie left hand figure illustrates the inner adjustable box, and screw for adjusting the same when in the stone. It. will be noticed it lias two parts, divided by a iwirtition. The cover to this Iimer bo.x, shown in the ceutral figure, is secured with a screw, and fits down upon tlie box jiud close over the division, so that either side may be used when the weight is wanted at a point between any two of the bal- ance boxes. These balance boxes gives the miller full control of the run- ner ; a wrench is the only tool required, and the requisite weights, when once placed in the box, are not liable to derangement like those ordinar- ily used. THE NORDYKE & MARMON PORTABLE GRIST MILL. The above illustration represents a Portable Grist Mill made by the ex- 'icnsive mill furnishing firm of Xordyke, Marmoii & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. It is construetod of the best French burr, is self-oiling, self-feeding, adjxistable-balanced, and is well calculated to render efficient service to farmers, saw-mill owners, &c.. as it dispenses with skilled attendance, la wen adapted to aaj kind ol gaitable power, and is capable of grinding ^ 650 MILL STONE DRESS, AC. bushels of com per hour. The great variety and immense number of first class water and steam mills erected by this firm all over the fertile regions of the West and South, form a suiBcient attet^tation of their abilities and resources as floiuiiig mill contractors, eiigiueers, and mechanical experts. In addition to their regular mill furnisluDg business, which has expanded to vast proportions since its establishmc jt in 1S51, this firm publish the Mill Stone (terms $1 per annum), a monthly joarnalof paramount utility to everj' miller, farmer, and mechanic. Of this periodical, suffice it to gay, that one of the articles transferred to these pages and credited to the Mill Stone, has been pronounced by a practical man belonging to the craft, to be worth of itself 610 to any n^'Uer. The articles are pregnant with interest to every miller and will aoubtless be read and studied -nith the attention which ther deserve. Number of JIeshes ik Boltixg Clotu. — The following Table exhibits the number of meshes contained in each number of cloth from No. 0000 to No. 16, of Dufour & Co.'s Anchor Brand of Bolting cloth : 7 contains 7,744 " 8,464 " 10,000 " 12,100 " 14,400 " 1G,900 " :. 19,600 '< 22,500 " 25,600 «' 28,900 Ho. 0000 contams 4001No. 000 00 1 2 3 4 R 6 blC, " 8 1,024 " 9 1,704 " 10 2,704 " 11 3,600 " 12 4,096 " 13 4,624 " 14 5,184 " 15 6,400 " 16 Mill Stone Dress. — On this subject a practical miller writes to the Mill Stone as follows: " In the first ])lace the burr must be brought to a perfectly true face, and then lay off tiie furrows with a straight edge, IJ inches wide at the eye, and l| inches wide at the skirt. Let the flare be on the feather edge, and just a.i many quarters as may be thought best, and which will depend soniewluit on'the speed. I generally give a four foot burr from 13 to 16 leading furrows, stepping them off with a pair of compasses on the outs'de edge of burr, from 9 to 12 inches apart, and then dividing the spaces between them into quarters. The accompanying draft of the dress that I use will give a very good idea of my plan. I hay« been using this dress for years, and find it" gives better satisfaction ta quality of flour than any other dress I ever used. It grinds cooler and longer than the old style of dress, and it will grind wet or damp wheat better, because there is less friction about it and there is more room for tf-i meal to get out troiK. undsr the burrs, aud therefore the meal must b« rD iJfatss "bir Milii-" •rOXES AS PRACTICED IX GrEAT BRITAIX FOR GRINDING WhIAT WHERB ii'O Exhaust or Combined Blast and Exhaust are used. The Miller, Arcrajie capa- city j)cr lioiii- Draught from IKaraeter ot Revolutioui Hone power. of princling i;i bxish. through Usual dress. fore e d e c ol Milletone. per Minute. furrow. the journey. Feet. Inches. Inches. 2 6 200 2% 2;i 7.3 214 2 10 180 2^4 2% 8.3 2V2 2>l 3 170 3 3 9.3 3 2 ICO 314 3^ 31/4 9.3 2% 3 4 150 354 10.3 3 3 6 140 3% 3'^ 3% ^ Nearly 4 10.3 3 3 8 130 10.3 3 3 10 125 11.3 3 4 120 4 4 1'>.4 3 4 2 115 41/8 4V* 1).4 3 4 4 110 4V4 4y2 11.4 3% 4 6 105 tS 5 12.4 3% 4 8 100 6 12.4 3%. 4 10 95 5 6^2 12.4 4* 5 90 6 7 12.4 ^'A In reference to the foregoing Table, The Miller quotes the opinion of a Scotch engineer and millwright whose experience entitles hiin to rank as an authority, to the effect that there should be only four standard diame- ters of millstones, viz. : 3 ft. 3 ft. 6 ins. 4 ft. 4 ft. 6 ins. for ■which the speed should be 170 revolutions for the 3 ft. , 155, 135, and 115 for the other sizes respectively, and he estimates that all their sizes would each absorb 6 indicated horse power to grind 4 bushels of wheat per hour ; in other words, the smallest stone at its liigh rate of speed, with equal duty, would require as much power to propel it as would be taken ty the largest stone with its low rate of speed. The same authority ex- presses a conviction, based on a mature experience of 30 years, that a vast improvement could be eCTected on the system presented in the above Table by taking the 4 foot stone, rimniug at i:Jo, as the standard for universal use in grinding wheat. It is recommended further that all mills should be so constructed that the velocity of the stones could be varied at pleasure, tchen in operation, either by running each pair by conical pul- Iey.s or drums, or by a separate engine, as the state of the weather, or tha diilerent varieties oi wheat, may demand. Concerning the blast and exhaust the Miller remarks : •' It is stiited by some parties favorable to the combined Blast and Ex- haust that, by the adoption of that system, a saving of power is effected, and tliat eight bushels of wheat can be ground by s/j:-horse power. The pov.ei', however, being imlimited, the quantity ground can be increased almost indefinitely, in tlie above proportion, according to the weight of tlie millstone, sixteen bushels per hour often being ground on this sys- tem. The application of the Exhaust, drawing the air tlirough the eye of the ruuning millstone, does not produce a greater current than that of at- mospheric pressure, the millstones grind somewhat faster, and there is ft cor responding amount of economic power, the millstones working more freely. Many advantages in this respect result from th' adoption of tlie simple Exhaust, having for its object the removal on\y of tne stiyd from tlie millstone case." 652 SPEED Al^D PITCH OF BOLT, AC. To Re3I0%T! GLA2i^ FROM MnxsTONES. — Take the burrs, clean all tha flour off with a bixjorn and \rash them with lii>t rate vinegar. This will leave the stoues free froiii glaze. The better way i< to wash the stones at night aud leave them to dry until morning. A miliei- who has used the method for 25 years, recommends to take up the atones while warn\ and wash them with a mixture of one half pail of soft water and one qaart sharp vinegar, applieuring wheat, grinding com. grain, feed, plaster, salt, coffee, spices. £c. The makers claim that the capacity of tlseir mills, of wliich they bull 1 f\ great variety, can be increased to almost any extent, by an increase ot power or speed, or they can be worked with light power by dimiui.«hing the speed and quantity of work. Their aoills, now nombeiing man j huu' CALCULATIONS FOR BELTS, 40. 655 dreds of every size and class, are highly spoken of by the purchasers, Rud the writer can l>ear witness to the utility of one which rendered ex- • client service to a lai-ge comiunnity on his own premises in New Bruns- wi^'k, Canada, until its oaieer of usefulness was terminated by a tire wliich destroyed the mill building with all its contents. The foilowin.;T;;b'eexl\il'its the pro; erspeed. power required, perform- ance, &c., of the Holmes & Blanchard Portable Mills. 15£.sr SPEED I BUSHELS COKS' , SIZE OF DIAM- rcu MixuTF. GROU>rD PER HOUB. i PULLEYS. ETER : H. P. OF STONES Steam j i ,or wa'r'Animal power. 1 Power.) Fine. Coarse. Crack- ed. re- quired. Dia. Inches- ' Face. 'Inches 43 inches. 275 1 1 20 30 200 15 2S 1 10 36 " 1 300 1 ; 15 22 , i.-o 10 i 24 1 10 30 325 5 I 16 I 24 i ^^ ! 203 1 6 i 12 IX) ^ i 16 6 20 " j 3:0 275 1 •1 1 8 ; -!0 3 I 14 5 18 1 coO ■ 275 ! 3 ! 6 1 30 2 1 14 5 16 : ::) L75 1 2 1 -t i 0.) nil 14 5 To FDTD THE LeXGTH OF A DrIVIXG BeLT BEFORE THE PctLETS AKE IX PosiTiox.— Add the circuiuiereuce of the two pulleys, divide the product by two, and add tLe quotient thus obtained to doubre the distance between the centres of tlie two shafts wliich will give the lenstli of belt required. For a cross belt, add the circumference of the two piillevs. mul- tiply the product by three, and divide by two ; the quotient added to double the dL~tance between centres of both sliaft^ will give ttie length, required. Horse-power of a belt eqiuils velocity in-feet per minute multiplied by tiie width, the sum divided by 1000. One inch single belt, moving at 1000 ft. per minute = 1 horse power. Double belts about TOO ft. per minute, per one in. in width = 1 horse power. For double belts of great length, over large pulleys, allow about 500 ft. X>er minute per inch of width per horse-power. Power should be communicated through the lower mnning side of a belt the upper side to carry the slack. { Average breaking -weights of a belt, 3-16 x 1 inch wide. Leatlier, 850 lbs ; 3 ply rubber, 600 lbs. The strenirth of a belt increases as its •width. The co-efficient of safety for a laced belt is leather = 1-16 break- ing weisht, rubber — 1-3 do. To Determine where to ctt Bell holes ix Floors. — Measure the dL-tance in inches from centre of dri\-ing shaft to under side of tloor, on the upper side make a ipark over the centre of shaft. Now measure the distmce from centre of shaft on machine to be driven to floor, making a marlc on the floor immeduitelj- bcne;ith tiie centre, tlien measure tlie distance between tlie two marks. Transfer these figures to a board or paper, draw off the driving and the driven pulleys^ after finding their diameters at the distance from each other and the floor Une previously 654 CALCULATIOXS FOR BELTS, AC. obtained, and draw the lines representing the belt cutting the floor lines ■which -vrill show where the belt passes through the flocr. The drawing, can be made to a scale to reduce it to convenient dimensions, maintoiniug the proportions. The holes may now be marked off on the floor and cut with a ceitaiuty of being correct In making the drawing it is best to da it full size on the floor if room can be had, and allowance must be mada for the thickness of flooring. Working value of Ptlleys. — PuUevs covered with leather, iron puUeys polished, and mahogany puUeys' jxiUshed, rank for working value as 36. 24, and 25 per cent, resijectively, wood and iron uncovered be- ing almost identical. The smoother a pulley i.s turaed the greater will be the power imparted by it, and the better will be tlie hold of the belt. A puUey which is slightly higher in the middle of its width exerts the greatest power in reteming the belt from slipping off as well as making it lasr longer by imparting the greatest tension to the middle, or strong- est part of the belt, to the manifest relief of tlie edges or weakest part. To obtain the best results from belts it i.s necessary, in lacing or cementing the ends, that the latter should be cut exactly square across, and the junction should be equally true, otherwise the "belt will be strained and torn on the tightest side, besides being rendered liable to run off the pul- ley at any time. Belts connecting pulleys perpendicular to each other should be kept tight, and should me made of firm, well stretched leather, in order to work to the best advantage. To cojOTTE THE Hors«:-powt:r of a belt, its velocity and thb NUMBER OF SQU.\RE INCHES IX CONTACT WITH THE SMALLEST PULLEY BEING KNOWN. — Divide the number of square inches of belt in contact ■with the pulley by 2, multiply this quotient by the velocity of the belt in feet per minute, and this amount divided by 36,0C0 and the quotient wiU be the number of horse-power. To COMPUTE THE -WrDTH OF BeLTS REQUIRED FOR TEANSMITTIXQ TARious NU"MBERs OF HORSE-POWER. — Multiply 36,000 ty the number of torse-power, divide the product by the number of feet the belt is to run per minute, di-vide the quotient by the number of fiet or parts of a foot in length of belt contact with the smaller pulley ; divide the last quotient ty 6, and tiie result will be the desired width of the belt in inches.* To Prevent AccrDENTS from Shafting. — These may be rendered Impossible by loose sleeves formed of tin or zinc fitted to the shafting, and lined -with cloth or leather to prevent noise. To Grind Burrs into Face with Water. — Make the face of the stone absolutely true, then bosom each stone slightly and grind them in water at a low speed. Let tlie speed be high enough, however, to bring the water to the lands. To grind in face the spindle should be slightly loose in the bush and the numtug stone made to oscillate 1-lG of an inch or more. This will prevent the burrs from creasing each other, and will leave a perfect face. The bosom of the mill should be two brans at tha eye and one bran at the skirt ; jiLst enough to prevent centre riding. A ■wedge face from eye to skirt, is faulty for the manufacture of pare flour. The bran should lie horizontally throughout its passage through the niilL The furrows serve as squashing surfaces. "Where tliere are furrows, no Iweoming is demanded. LeffeVs Xeics. To Prevent Burks He.^ting. — Dress from centre to circumference, leaving no bosom. Draw a line across the centre, each way, dividing a four foot burr into 16 squares or divisions, and other sizes, more or less, •XoTE The above estimate is based on the rule of allowing each squara tech of belting in contact with tiie pulley to raise half a pound 1 ft. high in 1 minute and the raising of 36,000 lbs. same height ia same time as a aorse* fower* INSTRUCTIONS TO MILLERS, AC. 655 in the same proportion, with all straight furrows. Let the draft be i the diameter of the rock. Lay oft' the lands and farrows i inch each observ- ing to dress smooth. Sink the furrow at the eye ^ inch deep for com, and run out to I'g at the periphery ; for wheat fa at the eye, and ^ at the periphery. When thus furnished, crack the lands in straight lines, squara ■with the draft of cross lines, so as to make the lauds face in the rimner and bed direct. SiJiPLE Alarm for Mill Hoppers.— Take a piece of spring steel about A u\. wide, and bend one end of it so as to form a foot by which to screw it to the bottom of the shoe, the balance of the spring passing up through and mto the hopper, and bent over at its upper end so as to form a pendant to which rivet a small bell. As soon as the grain in the hopper gets below the bell, it will commence to ring and thus notify the attend- ant. Lefd's N'eu's. Temperature OF Oat Meal Kiln. Grindino of Oatmeal. — In response to a request from a correspondent, Mr. Graj-, an experienced miUer, £;n,ys, " There is no given temperature in drying oats ; it is the plate you bring to the necessary heat, not the house. Oats are not all the same grade, some kinds are thinner in the hull than others. I always preferred a cast iron plate in place of tile, as you get more heat. I do not think a perforated cylinder will make sweet meal, that is still the great want in the country, the meal is stewed in the drying, and has not a fine taste. The good old plan to find out when your kiln floor is ready to re- ceive the oats is just to spit on the plate and if it raises the bead you can at once load your kiln six inches deep with the oats. The cold oats will cool it down a little when the miller must look to his furnace and keep up the same heat he started with — not any hotter. It wiU soon begin to steam, and in about half an hour skim off the oats with the hand down to the plate, and he will see whether it is hot or cold; when the oats are dry, say two inches on the bottom, that will be perhaps over an hour, take the wooden shovel and clean off its breadth around three squares of the kiln by throwing them over on the oats. Then turn the oats over to the one end (not the sides) neatly turning them on top from the bottom. This takes some practice. When done your kiln head will be same as at beginning. It will steam again after about an hour ; when the steam ia off, turn it over again but reverse the end (turn back). Don't let the fur- nace get too hot now, keep its temperature down rather. In about an hour more the miller wiH find his oats dry. He must now 0]ien his fur- nace doors and cool down, let the oats lay on the kiln 20 minutes even after they are dry. He will find that this will give them a sweet taste , Never dry with seeds as it imparts to the meal a tar taste. I has e tried a good many kinds of millstones for oat meal, and I find in my long ex- perience that four foot porous burrs driven 120 revolutions, with a three toed rynd loose on the spindle and resting in 3 dents in the runner, are the best. I think the 20 inch vertical burrs will make the oat meal too floury, as oat meal don't fcike so much friction, the stones being kept so high — more so than in making flour." Leffel's News. Nofe.—"Leffel's Milling and Mechanical Ketcs," from which the above items are transcribed, is a monthly journal (terms 50 cents per aninmi'), pub- lished by James Leffel& Co., manufacturer.s of the cMebrated LefCel Turbine Wlieel, Springfield, Ohio. The paper is edited withoonsumraato ability, and it is safe to say that very many of the items contained in it are singly well ■worth the whole year's subscription tenfold. The Indianapolis Mechanical Journal (monthly, 50 cents per annum), J. H. Kerriok, publisher, Indianapolis. Ind., is a most useful periodical to every one who either operates or ■wishes to procure machinery, and the Western Manufacturer (monthly, S2 per annum), Coyne & Co., publishers (and Pate^^t Agents) Chicago, Ills., is unexcelled on theeubiect o£ etatietics and general Mormattoa of interest to mauufacturerQj^ ( 65C HAHRieON'S GUI^■DI^■G MILL. HARRISON' S IMPROVED STANDARD GRINDING MILL. The above iHustration represents a new improved light stundard 20 inch grinding mill as constructed by Edward Harrison, of New Ha\ en. Conn. It weighs 600 Ihs. and tlie manufacturer claims for it a grinding capacity (with from 6 to 20 horse-power) of from fi to 40bnshels per hour, and that with 1200 revolutions per minute, it has a griudin^c surface equal to J more than a common 48 inch run with 175 turns j/cr minute. He claims that the high speed adds a large grinding surface to the burrs, tliat the grain is exploded into meal, bran, &:c., as soon as it touches ths bnrrs, that the vertical iJosition of the stones jierniits easy delivery of the meal and cool giinding, and that there is not only no possibility of the ruimer fdkiwing np the bed face and giindiu':: itself out of true, but that, on the contrary, the runners are self-facing (the bed being sbitiouery. the runner rii;id, no jnvot, br.le and driver being used) and grind themselves so true tl)at with but little additional labor they will run to within the thousandth i)art of an inch without touching. The mill in its com jlete form, combiuiug grinder, scourer, and bolter, (the last two are shown in the next cx^.t) is a decided novelty, and when contra.stt'd with other mills, presents many startling pouits of difference. Brietly described, the bolter, or mill-case is a cylinder about 10 ft. long Ly 3 ft. in diara., m.Tde of staves and held together by a baud and iron Lead.s. into one of which the grinder is fitfed. whicli is merely a 20 inch pair of burrs, set vertically, with the nuiner turning on the" inside, its spindle passing horizontally through the bed stone ui a journal abov.t 10 ins. in length. The scourer and bolter is connected to the grinder by in- genious machinery. On the top of the case a ventilator runs the entire length, having au opeoiug of about 20 superficial square feet, which i§ HORSE P0"V7ER OF STREAMS. 657 ionstrnctcd for cooling the bolter qaickly, the openinj: heinjr covered with R fibrous rlotli material which permits the air to escape freely, causing a low ana even te!ui)eratui-e, wliile detaining the fine flour dust. A dis- charge sjunit runs the whole length of t!ie case. Tlie silk Iwlter occupies nearly the entire space in the cylinder, and is lully protected from not efihstances passing into it irom the grinder by a wire screen. The mid- dlings cloth is attached to tlie finer silk, onthe reel, continuously, ajid around it the middlings chamber is formed the full circunifereuee of the reel-head, through which passages coimect to tlie de:iverv sj^out, in the middle of the cylinder head at the tail of the mi!!, while sweeps are at- tached to the reel of the bolter for scraping the floor up to the discharge opening. HoKSE Power of Stre^ois. — Taking Watt's estimate tl;.it the average power of a hor^c is sufficient to raise ;i3,000 lbs. 1 foot in vertical height per miimte (by means of compound pulleys) a waterfall has one horse j>ower for every 33.000 lbs. of water flowing in the stream per minute, for ,flAch foot of fall. To compute the pt'^rer of a stream, tlierefore, multi* C5S HORSE PO"VrEB OF STREAMS. ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flowing along the stream per min- ute. Multiply this by 6'2h. the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per minute of the fail : dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse-power. For example : a stream flows througli a flume 10 feet wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the cross section will be 40 feet The velocity i^ 150 feet per minute — 40 x 150 = 60(30 = the cubic feet of water flowing per minute. 6000 x 62^ = 375.000 = the pounds of water flowing per minute- The fall is 10 "feet ; 10 x 375,000 = 3.750,000 = the foot jxjunds of the waterfaU. Divide 3,750,000 by 33,000 and we have ll-3iwer of the fall. Rile. — Divide the continued product of the width, the depth, the Telocity of the water per minute, t!.e height of the fall, and the weight of a cubic foot of water (624 lbs.) by 33.000. Ex.\MPi.E. — ^The flume of a inill is 10 feet wide, the water is 3 feet deep, tlie velocity is 100 feet per minute, and the faU 11 feet What is the horse-power "of the fall ? OPER.A.TIOX.— (10 X 3 X 100 X 11 X 62^)4- 33.000 = 62i horse-power. " .Almost every man has about him in Els daily walk siUflcient appara- tus for a tolerably accurate estimate of the quantity of water flowing in any stream. A "walldng stick, a jack-knife, and a watch, provided the walking-stick is just three feet long, are ail the tools necessary for the purpose. " Take a section of the stream as uniform La breadth and depth as pos- sible, and measure off nix)n its bank some deflnite length, say from one to four hundred feet, according to the rapidity of the water ; set a stake close to the water at each end of this section, then throw into the water, opposite the upper stake, a green t~ig or limb of a tree or other object of such specific gravity as to nearly but not quite sink, and of such size that one portion shall remain at the surface while another p<3rtion nearly touches bottom, the object being to get the average speed of the water. The re- siBtance caused by the bed and banks of the stream necessitate some care in this part of the experiment. " Note nccnrately the time the object is passing from stake to stake, and repeat the operation several times and at as many points towards the opposite shore ; the s«m of the several times dlNided by the number of points at which the speed was taken, gives the average speed of the water. " Now measure the de^jth at several equidistant points across the gtream. as a. b, c. d. e. f, (the diagram showing a cross section of the stream V The sum of these deptlis divided by the number of points at which the dejth was measured gives the avertiiie depth ; this average depth multiplied by the breadth of the stream sin es the area of the cross section ; this area.'multiplied by t!ie leu^t'i oL the section, gives the cubic contents of the body of water embraced in the section. Thus we have the quantity and its Velocity, which are elements necessarj- to show the value of a stream for manufacturing purposes, provided it has sufflci^it iaU anywhere to render it available. ' tl MLowing 62 pounds for each cubic foot of waiter, a 8Bp|>ly <^ l^OOO reRFORMANCE AC. OF A HORSE, 659 mUc feet per minute, and a fall of 10 feet, we have 1,000 X 62 = 62,000 pounds ; (L'.OOOx 10 = G:20,C00 pounds momentum, which last divided by 33,000=18. 7-horse power, one-filth of which heing deducted for friction and loss, would leave iu this case about 15-horse power." The Millstone. Water-wheels lose from 10 to 50 per ceut. of the power, and the actual power of the steam engine is less than tiiat indicated by the horse-power, owing to a loss by friction, the amoimt of which depends on tlie perfec- tion of tlie machinery, arrangement, &;c For horse-power of steam-en- gines, consult page 370. PEJtFOioiANCE, &c., OF A non,-;E — A horse will travel 400 yds. in 4J minutes at a v-alk, 400 yds. in 2 minutes at a trot, and 400 yds. in 1 minute, at a gallop. Tlie usual work of a horse is taken at 22,500 lbs. niised 1 foot per minute, for 8 hours per day. A horse will carry 250 lbs. 25 milei per day of 8 hours. .An average draught-liorse will draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles per day on a level road, weight of wagon included. TJie average weight of a horse is 1,000 lbs. ; his strengtli is equal to that of 5 men. lu a horfe mill moving at 3 feet per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exerts ■with the machine the power of 4^ horses. The greatest amount a horse can pull in a horizontal line ij 900" lbs. ; but he can only do this momen- tarily, in continued exertion, probably half of this is the limit. He attains his growth in 5 years, will live 25, average, 16 years. A horse will live 25 days on water, without solid food, 17 days without eating or drinking, but only 5 days on solid food, without drinlcing. Table exhibiting the PekfurmancE of a Horse at different KATE3 OF SPEED OX R.ULROADS, CaNALS, TURNPIKES, &C, DRAWINQ Force 83^ lbs. Useful effect for 1 day iu tons, drawn 1 mile- Duration of day's work Speed per hour. On caual — On a railroad — On a turn- Miles. — hours. tons. tons. pike — tons. SVa 11 J^ 520 115 14 3 8 243 92 12 314 6 ■Lo\ 82 10 4 4K 102 72 9 6 2ft 52 57 7.3t 6 2 30 48 6 7 iy» 19 41 5 8 1% 12.8 36 4.5 9 ^ 9. 32 4. 10 6.5 28.8 3.6 Gain in Fuel and Initial Pressure of Steam Reqitired whei« Acting Expansi\'Ely, Cosipared with Non-Expawsion ok Full Stroke. Point of Cnttine Off. Stroke. Per cent 11.7 22.4 32. 4L IniTIAI. FRESSTMtB Bequikep. Cutting Full Off. Stroke. Stroke. 1.01 1.03 1.09 1.18 Stroke. 1. 1. 1. I. Point of Cutting Off. Stroke. Per ceut. 49.6 88.2 67.S lUITIAL PeISSDKB Requibed. Stroke. 1.32 1.67 2.6 FuU StToka. Strokik 1. t a. 6C0 CO^rPOtTTD ilARIXK ENGnfE. ntPBOTED COMPOr:N-D SOIFACE CO^TDEXSIXG MAKIXE HS'GrSE. ExTa-ioKDrs-AT-T Dtty op Stt:am Machtstet.— Two Locomotives belonging to the Pennsylvania B. R. Co., are credited- with the following performances : — Encdne No. 55 nn two years, ten men:!:'. a:vJ twenty-five days, and «ade 101.47G miles, without once lein^ c'"r herwhee'.*, or r^eiving ctaer repairs thnn sach s.s are common to round-housework. The cost of roa- ring her during this period was St.^S per mile. Tl-e other engine.^>o. ta, ran three vears, six months and niieteen davs. and made 153,2SO miles, at a cost of f2A4 pM mile without undergoing the riight^rt COMPOUND UABINE EKGIXK. 661 To FTNI) TSB QUAliTITY OP "WaTEK KECESSAKT TOR A StEAM BOn>' BR. — Ascertain the number of lbs. of coal consumed per hour, divide it by 7'5, and the quotient will be tlie desired quantity of -water in cubic iL pe- hoar. A cubic ft of water weighs 62 5 lbs. See page 629. The above sketch represents an outline of the least-complicated and lowest-priced form of componnd-enpine, as at present cr'nstructed on the Clyde, in Scotland, and on the Delaware, in tlie United States, ''"h* cranks Y, Z, are coupled at an an^le of 90° ; only two cvlinders, A and B, are used ; a uniform distribution of steam pressure Is secured by a Jarge allowance of steam pipe, and by the steam reservoir, 0, P, between the two cylinders. Tlie valve.i. v. v,''are adjiistcd like those of an ordi- nary engine, the essential difference being that the steam exhausted by the first cylinder. A, is used over asrain in the second and largest one, B, the combination effecting a steam expansion of about six times, the pres» sure in the boiler usually ranging between 60 and 75 lbs. per square inch. In the City of Peking, a 5,000 ton vessel, built on the Dehiware for th« iWific liail Company, there are two pairs of compouud ^vg<^^ witk 662 CONSUMPTION OF COAL, AC cylinders of 51 and 88 ins. diam. The crank shafts are 18 ins. diaa- Boiler pressure is 60 lbs. Steam is expanded 9 times. The boilers ar« 10 (cylindrical in form, with cylindrical flues), "VOi ft long, 13 ft. diam.; shells, 13-16 in. thick, with 520 ft. of grate surface, 16,500 sq. ft. of heat- ing surface, and 1,600 sq. ft. of superheating surface, with smoke stacks, 8i^ft. diam., and 70 ft. high. "Tlie simplest form of superheater used on board steamers consists of » wrought-iron drum filled with tubes. They are placed usually in th» np-takes, or at the base of the funnel of a marine boiler, so disposed , that the waste heat and flame from the furnaces will pass through the tubes and around the shell of the drum, the steam being inside. Connection is made with the boiler and steam pipes of the engine, and fitted with stop valves to govern the admission of steam according to requirements. A safety valve and gauge glass is also fitted, to show •whether the superheater is clear of water, as priming is liable to fill it up. It has been shown that this contrivance often effects ^ saving of 20 to 25 per cent, in the fuel consumed. Table for finding the Consttmption of Coal per Hour in Steamers, cither Paddle or Screto {the same Screw beinr/ used throughout), at any Rate of Speed, the Consumption for a partictilar Hate being known. (At a given Amormt of Coal, the Engineer may determine the inostpru^ dent Rate of Engine for reaching next coaling Port.) Speed. Consumption of Coal. Speed. Consnmption. of Coal. Explanation. 3 4 f 6i 7 8i .216 .343 .512 .729 1 000 1 331 1.728 2.197 2.744 3 375 4.096 4.910 9 9i 10 11 Hi 12 12i5 13 13i 14 5.83 6.86 8.00 9.26 10 65 12.15 13.82 15 61 17.58 19.68 21.95 The speed for the consump- tion of an unit of coal is sup- posed hereto be 5, which may ba 5 miles er knots, or 5 times any number of miles or knots ; then if 5 of such number of miles re- quire 1 unit of coal per hour, 9 of such units will, by the table, require 5.83 units of coal, and 3 of them .216 units of coal It will be evident that this table is calculated on the principle that th« fiorse power varies very nearly as the cube of the speed ; the enormous increase of consumption at increased velocities is in fact a little greater than that shown by the Table. The advantages indicated above to be obtained^ at low velocities ar« evidently independent of those obtained at those velocities by using th« Bteam expansively. Engineer's and Contractor's Pocket Book To Preserve Boiler Tubes. — A coating of red-lead and boiled linseed oil, applied to iron boiler tubes acts as a powerful presen'ative. A lacquer of linseed oil and caoutchouc applied to the walls of a steam ■boiler prevents the adhesion of sediment so that the fccale admits of easy removal. To Protect Polished Steel ob Ikon from Rust.— Go over the sur- face with paraffine, or steep the iron for a few minutes in a solution of sulphate of copper and then transfer it into a solution of hyposulphite of eoda acidulated with hydrochloric acid. The result is a blue-black coaW ing not affected "by air or water. CONSUMPTION OF FUEL, AC. 66f Breakino and crushing strains of Iron and Steel. Averaqv calculations. Breaking strain of wrought iron = 23 tons per sq. inch of section. Crushing do, do. =17 " do. do. Breaking strain of cast iron = 7J " do. do. Crushing do. do. =50 " do. do. Breaking strain of steel bars = 50 •' do. do. Crushing do. do. =166 " do. do. Memoranda of TEatPERATUREs for Engineers, &c.-^Melting ice Is 32° ; boiUng water at atmospheric pressure or exposed to air 212° ; €team at GO lbs. pressure by steam guage 307° ; usual heat of superheated fiteam 380° to 400° ; smoke in the funnel 600° ; water in hot well from. 100" to 120°. For raising steam, the horizontal surfaces over the fire, have double the value of vertical surfaces for economy of heat. Boiler plates increase in strength up to 570° of heat, and get weaker with th» increase of temperature. Temperatures at sundry subterranean depths, in deg. Fahr. At 68 ft. 47,9 At 621 ft. 50.7 At 1290 ft. 58.3 At 1C62 ft. 61.2 " 299 " 48.8 " 939 " 57.8 " 1414 " 69.4 " 1900 " 61.4 Fresh water begins to freeze at 32°, called the freezing point, but salt ■water not till 284°. The atoms lose the motion called heat, and becoma fixed in crystals. Consumption of Fuel in Marine Boilers. — This will average about 15^ lbs. of coal per square foot per hour. In 4 furnaces 3 ft. wide by 6 ft. long with 72 sq. ft. of surface, about 12 tons of coal will be burnt per day. feet lbs. 72 X 15i Thus, =9.9 cwts. per hour, say 10 cwts. per hour or 12 tons per 112 day. A much simpler and equally correct rule is, that one foot in width of fire bar equals 1 ton of coal per day ; so that in the example above the total width of four furnaces is 3ft. x "= 12 ft. wide, or 12 tons per day as before. A ship having 40 ft. beam and ordinary condensing engines, will re- quire 40 tons of coal per day to drive her at 10 knots. The reason for stating this is, that it is well "known from ordinary experience of average steamers that the beam squared equals the consumption of fuel for 40, 50, or 60 days, according to whether the engines are ordmary jet, surfac* condensing, or compound. Thus, in present example : — davs 4/0)160/0 5/0)160^0 6/0)160/0 40 tons for one day 32 tons for 26 tons 8 cwt. for ordinary con- surface for compound densiug. condensing; engines. A pair of surface condensing engines (not compound) having 40 inch cylinders, doing average work, wil? require 16 tons of coal per day ; it be- ing a well known practical fact that tlie diameter of one cylinder, squared and divided by lOO, gives the average consumption of fuel in this class of engine per day. Thus, in present example : — 42* = 40 X 40 = 1000 ; then, = 16 tons per day. Compound engines bum I less, and ordinary jet i more thah th^ ilboT% Jfe«T:ERS, AC. Ratio ot CoMBrsxios peb boxtr ttn-deb vaeiocs BorLEBS.— Coiw nish, = 3i lbs. per square foot ; land boilers = 10 to 20 lbs. (Enelish) 1$ to 14 Iba. ; marine boilers (natural draught), 10 to IS lbs. ; (blast), SO to €0 lbs. ; locomotive boilers, SO to 120 lbs. To FEKD Horse Power of E>gi>'e to raise W.vteb to a oirar Height. — Weight of column of ■water X by its velocity, in feet, per min- ute, product -r SS.Oai = H. P. To TINT) THE Velocity required to Discharge a givex toltjmb OF Water in a>'v Givex Time. — Number of cubic feet X 144 ; pro- duct -r by area of pipe, or opening in inches = Telocity. To Ascertain the Breadth of the Ports. — Ha'lf the throw of the Talve should be at least equal to the lap on the_ steam side added to the breadth of the port. If tliis breadth does not give the required area of port, increase the throw of valve until the area is attained. Proper Left of Poppet Valves. — The best results from poppet or conical valves are obtained by giving them a lift equivalent to one half the semi-dLameter of a circle, "or J the diameter of tne valve. This will afford an opening equivalent to the area of the port and the eccentrics and the lifting toes should be adju.oiler per hour by 12 ; divide the product by square root of the height of chimney in feet Quotient is area of chimney at smallest point in square inches. Yable Showing Diameter ant) Height of Chtsin-et for ant Boiler. Hoise-power Alt. of ChinmeT Interior Diimeter H. P. of Alt, of Chinmev lEter.cr Diameter at Boiler. in Fee:. at Top Boi'.er. 1 ia Feet. at Top. 10 60 14 inches. 70 120 30 inches. li 75 14 " 90 120 34 " 16 90 16 " 120 135 38 " 20 99 17 " 1 160 150 43 » 30 106 21 " ! 200 165 47 " 60 120 26 " : 250 180 52 " 60 120 27 « , 3S0 195 57 « To Clean Gre.\st Cotton Waste. — Boil it in a strong solution of common soda in water, and save the resultant soapy liquid to keep yonr drills and reamers lubricated when drilling iron. To Clean Grease from Bolts. — Moisten with benzine, roll in saw- dust, and brush afterward. Calculations regarding Distensions, Power, &c., of Stxax SoiLERs. — Good authorities consider it quite a safe practice to allow 9 square ft heating surface for Cvlinder boilers per H. P. 12 " " " " " flue 15 " " " " " tubular One half the circumference of the boiler multiplied into the length and reduced to square feet will give the heating surface in cylinder boilers ; or, the heating surface in the shell of flue and tubular boilers. To find the heating surface in the tubes or flues, multiply their external circum- Jerence by their length and reduce to square feet. The heating surface of the tubes or flues added together and then adding the heating surface in the shell, will give the total heating surface. This divided by 12 or 15 as the case may be will give the horse power of any particular boiler in terms of heating surface as given above. This is to be understood as being purely conventional and arbitrary, and not the actual horse power, which can only be determined by aa experimental test, made by a com* petent expert. BEATING SUKFACE, «kC., OF BOILEBS. 665 The following Tables will serve as a guide in the selection of boiler% ad may be quite serviceable to millwrights and others. Table I.— H. P. of Ctljndeb Boiler at 9 feet. H. P. Dlam. Length. Heating Sorfao* 10 36 in. 19 ft 90 sq. ft 12 38 22 108 15 40 26 135 18 44 28 162 20 46 30 180 Table II.— H. P. or 2 Fltte Boilebs at 12 feet. H. P. Diam. Boiler. Diam. Flues. Length. Heat Sort 15 34 in. 10 in. 18 ft. 176 sq. ft 18 36 12 20 222 20 40 14 20 254 22 44 16 18 260 25 46 17 20 302 Table IIL — H. P. of 5 Flite Boilers at 12 feet. H. P. Diam. Boiler. Diam. Flues. Length. Heat Surf. 20 44 in. { fZ^g "^* 1* * *• 245 8q. ft 1—13 25 46 -{2—9 19 It 8 1—14 30 50 -J 2— 10 18 356 Table IV. — H. P. of Boilers with G-ench lap welded Tubes At 12 feet. H. P. Diam. Length. No of Flues. Heat Surf. 15 42 in. 12 ft. 6 179 ft 20 42 16 6 239 25 44 18 7 302 30 46 18 9 363 36 46 20 10 434 42 48 20 12 503 Table V. — H. P. of Boilees with S-inch tubes at 15 feet. H. P. Diam. Length. No of Tubes. Heat Surf. 15 36 in. 8 ft. 30 227 ft 19 36 10 30 283 22 36 12 30 339 27 40 13 36 402 31 44 12 42 465 36 44 14 42 643 42 48 14 60 638 xn regard to the diameter and length of a boiler, it might be observed D THE Length of Beltixg whe- v closely Rolled. — The sunt of the diameters of the roll and the eye in inches, multiplied by the num- ber of turns made by the belt, and this product multiplied by the decimal .1309, will be the length of the belt in feet. Aiichinckloss. To Measure Sc^xtlin-gs, Joists, Pl.a>,-k, Sills, &c. — i?!/?e.— Multi- ply the width, the thickness and the lencrth tojrether (the width and thick- ness in inches and the length in feet\ and divide the product by 12 : the result will be the square feet. To Measure .Boa rrf.?— Multiply the lengtli. (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by'l2 ; the re- sult will be the number of square feet it contains. Explosive force of variofs sitbstaxces tsed for fire arms,, artillert, elastlkg, &c. Volame oi Ga& Estimated Eip]o«iTe lo.-ce. Blasting Powder Artillery " Sporting " Powder, Nitrate of Soda for its base Powder, Chlorate of Potash for its base . Gun Cotton Picric Acid Picrate Potash Oun Cotton mixed with ChL Potaah Picric Acid " " " Picrate " " « liltro-GlTcerin. 509 608 641 764 972 590 68T 678 1420 1424 1422 1320 0.173 0.225 0.216 0.248 0.318 0.801 0.780 0.585 0.4»4 0.408 0.337 0.710 73 liter. 88 13T 139 190 309 472 536 680 680 582 478 939 The above instructive table is by the celebrated M. Berthelot, wh« further describes nitro-glycerin as " really the ideal of portable force. It bums completely without residue ; in fact gives an excess of oxygen ; it developes twice as much heat as powder, three and a half times mora £28, and has seven times the explosive force, weight for weight, and, taken volume for volume, it possesses twelve timesmore energy." From, the extreme danger of the woxk, aond but a compet^t cheoiist «houM •ttampt to ouuMilacture itU GOLD MIWmG, SPEED OP BODIES, 667 Vsny othfir exploeives derive their energy from nitro-glycerin. 2)jf» ^tamite is nitro-glycerine compounded with rotten-stone, or silicioos, or Infusorial earth, tripoli, &c. ; a compound of nitro-glycerin and saw-dust nas been sold under tlie name of dualin : a mixture of plaster of Paris and nitro-glycerin has been sold under the name of " selenitic powder;" and fine powder, blended with nitro-glycerin, has been vended under th» tuimeof " lithofracteur," or "rendrock." The practical miner will bo Interested in the above, as well as in the following : — Table showing the quantity of gold to the ton op ore, cor- responding TO THE weights LN GRAINS OBTAINED FROM 4(X> GRAINS OF MINERAL. If 400 praineo Ore five Fine Gold, One ton of Ore .will yield. U 400 Grains of Ore give Fine Gold, One ton of Ore iriU yield. Gnunt. .001 Oz*. 1 2 3 4 4 6 6 7 8 DwU. 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 13 14 16 12 9 5 1 18 14 10 7 3 Grs. 15 6 21 12 4 19 10 1 16 8 16 8 16 8 16 8 Graina. ^00 Ozs. 16 24 32 40 49 67 65 73 81 163 245 326 408 490 570 653 735 816 1633 Dwts. 6 10 13 16 3 6 10 13 16 13 6 13 6 13 6 Gn. IS .002 .300 ,003 .400 g jOOi .500 16 .005 .600 4)06 .700 s J007 ,800 16 J0O8 .900 J009 1.000 s .010 2.000 3,000 ■1.000 16 .020 J030 8 .040 5.000 1& .,050 6.000 0«?0 7.000 g .070 8.000 IS .080 9.000 Q J090 10.000 » JOO. 20.000 16 Mr. Black, of Sau Francisco, estimates that in mining operations tbo average cost of handling a cubic yard of auriferous gravel with the pau is $20 ; with the rocker, $5 ; with the long torn, Si ; and with the hy- draulic process, 20c. See other items for miners on page 451. An ex- cellent compilation on this subject is " The Miner's Hand-Book," by Julius Silvermith, for sale by D. Van Nostrand, New York. Table showujg thb A\'Ebage Velocities of Various Bodies ., Per hour. Per leok Ainanwalks Smiles, or 4 feeU Ahoreetrotfi 7 «' or 10 " A horse runs 20 " or 29 ' Steamboat runs 18 " or 26 ' Sailing vessel runs 10 " or 14 || Slow nvere flow S " or 4 iUpid rivere flow 7 " or 10 |^ A moderate wind blows ^ " or 10 ^^ A storm moves '. 36 " or 52 ^^ A hurricane moves 80 " or 117 Arifleball " 1000 " or 1466 - Sound " 743 " or 1142 « Light '* 192000 miles per sec. Beetrkrtr " ' 288000 '• '' '• Father'* FMotopkih MS OK SUGAR KILLS, AC. ExoBMors Resttlts of Steam Power. — The aggregate steam-power In use in the world is at present three and one-half mlDions horse-power employed in stationary engines, and ten millions horse-power in locomo- tire engines. This force is maintained without the consumption of animal food, except by the miners who dig the coals, and the force main- tained in their muscl^ is to the force generated by the product of their labor about 1 to l.OSO. This steam-power is equal to the working force of 25 millions of horses, and one horse consumes three times as much food as one man. The &teara-^x)wer, therefore, is equivalent to the sav- ing of food for 75 millions of human beings. Further, three power-loom» attended hy one man, produce 78 pieces of cotton fabric, against 4 pieces produced by one hand-loom, worked by one man in the year 1800. JL carpenter' splaaing machine does the work of twenty men. SUGAR MILL. ScGAB MrLL. — The sugar canes are crushed in a press consisting of Ihree hollow cast iron rollers, represented in the cut by ab c, plac-ed horizontally in a cast iron frame. By means of the screws, i, i, the ai>- proximate distiuce of the rollers is adjusted. One roller is half as large am the others, and is moved by three cogged wheels fitted on to the axis of the rollers. The sugar canes are transferred from the slate gutter, d, d, to the toilers, a, c, which press them a little, and from thence they are carried to the arched plate, n, to the rollers c, b. The pressed sugar canes fall over the gutter/, the expressed juice collecting in g, g, and running off through h. The middle roller is termed the king roller ; the side cylin- ders are individually the side roller and macasse. SuG.^B Mill. — For Expres^sing 20,0(X) /6s of Cane Juice per day. Ifon-conden.9ing Engine. Cylinder 15 ins. in diameter by 4 ft. stroke. Pressure, 50 lbs. per sq . in., cut off at i the stroke of the piston. Bevolu- tions. 36 per minute. Boiler. One of 62 ins. diam. by SO ft. in length, with 2 18-in. return flues. Grates. 3G Square ft. BoUs. ' Two sets of threa each, of 24 ins. diam. by 5 ft. in length ; geared 2^ to .36 of engine, giving a speed of periphery of 15^ ft per minute. Fly- Wheel. IS ft (fiam. : weiglit 5 tons. This arrangement of a second set of rolls is a late improvement ; its object, that of expressing the cane a second time. Am increaae of SO ptt: •eut is effected by it BULES FOR MACHINISTS, AC. 669 Fob a Crop of 3000 Boxes of Sugar of 500 lbs. tacb.— Cylinder, 10 ins. in diam. bv 4 ft stroke. Pressure, 60 lbs. per square in. Revo- lutions 48, driving 1 set of rolls. 24 ins by 4 ft., at a speed of i>eriphery of 36 ft per minute. Boiler. 52 ins. by 24 ft. with 2 16-in return flueai Grate Surface. 25 square ft Fly IVTieel. 16 ft diam. ; weight 4 tons. Engineers' and Contractors' Pocket Book. Cotton Press. Xon-condensing Engine. For 1000 Bales in 12 houn. Cylinder 14 in. in diam. by 4 ft stroke. Pressure- 40 lbs. per sq.. at full rtroke. Revolutinns. 60 per minute. Boilers- Three, plain cylindical, without flues, 30 in. in diam. by 26 ft. iu length. Grates. 32 square ft Presses. Four, geared 6 to one," with 2 screws each of 7^ in. diam., by If in. pitch. Shaft ( Wrought Iron). Journal, 8^ in. Fly-xcheel. 16 ft diameter, weight 4 tons. Rri.ES TO Ascertain- the Pressitre ov Slide Valves. — Multiply the unbalauced area of the valve in inches by tlie pressure of steam in lbs. per square inch, and the weight of the valve in lbs., and multiply the sum by 15 To GET AJf ExonrE into Li>t: a>t> Square the Sh.vft. — Set up two lines, one mrallel to the axis of the cylinder, or through the cylmder, if possible, ana tlie other perjiendicular to the first, in the same plane. These are reference lines to measure from, to bring the shaft and guide into line. ELdtt to Machtsists. — ^In turning steel or other hard metal, use a drip composed of petroleum 2 parts, audturpeutine 1 part. This will ensure easy cutting and perfect tools when otherwise the work would stop owing to the breakage of tools from the severe strain. To Melt Brass Turnings and Filings -mxH Little Waste. — Compress firmly in a crucible imtil it is full ; then cover, and lute the top with pipe or fire-clay. Brass scraps may be melted with new brass, putting it in with the zinc after the copper is melted. To Temper An"vils. — Heat the anvil and immerse it fn a tank of cold water to a depth of two or three inches, or play a stream of cold water from a hose on its face. PROPER size, speed. &:C.. of EMERT WHEELS. Diam. of Wheel in inches. Rer. per niiuuie. Nnmherof Emery. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 30 36 ,■5600 '.... 8 to |3iKXt .' 16 to 2000 .... 24 to 1500 '.... 36 to 12iX» 46 to 1100 900. 750. 700. 600. 650. 500. 450. 400. 325. 70 to 10... 20 .. 30... 40... 60... SO... Grafie of CuU 90 to 100. ■Wood Rasp, KaspFile. Rough File. Bastard File. Second Cut Fil«. Smooth Pile. Superfine File. .120 iDead Smooth File. Emery wheels may be trued by means of a diamond tool, a red hot Iron, or by a file applied to the wet periphery of the wheel. For emery cemMit, see pa^ 424. In using emery paper or cloth for finishing, the gper, although the easie.st to destroy, imj:>arts the smoothest polish to i metal, and the longer it is used the better it polishes. 670 -VTEIGHT, DIMEXSIONS, &C., OF TIN PLATES. NcMBEK, Weight, Size, Len-qth, axd Breath of Tix Platml Bbaitp Maxx. She«t inBox Length and Breadth. Weight per Box. ilnches.Inchej. Cwt. qr. lbs 1 c 225 14 bv 10 1 X 225 14 by 10 1 1 n 225 14 bv 10 1 21 1 X\T 225 14 bV 10 2 14 1 xxxr 225 14 bv 10 3 7 1 xxxn 225 14 bV 10 2 1 tinm 225 ; 14 by 10 2 21 D C 100 1 17 bv 12i ' 17 bV I2I 3 14 P I 100 1 14 P IX 100 17 bv 12.; 1 1 7 D XIX 100 IDO 17 by 12| 1 2 D nn 17 by 12J 1 2 21 D mix 100 17 bv 12$ 1 3 14 D min 100 17 by 125 2 7 S D C 200 15 bv 11 1 1 27 S D X 200 15 bv 11 1 2 20 S D XI 200 15 by 11 1 3 13 S D XXX 200 15 bv 11 2 6 S D xxxx 200 15 bv 11 2 27 6 D xxxxx 200 15 by 11 2 1 20 S D XXXTTT-r 200 15 by 11 2 2 13 about TTT Taggers, 225 14 by 10 1 1 C 225 12 bv 12 1 x 225 12 by 12 1 XX 225 1 12 bv 12 1 XTT 225 12 bv 12 1 XXXI 225 ' 12 by 12 1 C 112 14 bv 20 1 X 112 14 bv 20 1 IX 112 14 bV 20 1 xx.\ 112 14 bv 20 1 xxxx 112 H by 20 Learhd or | 1 C 112 14 bv 20 1 Tn.^.* fix 112 14 by 20 1 1 1 Each 1 X advances $1.75 to S2.00 ® ? P 5 N «g 5: © *2 To 2 x"; :?i U — 2 2 5 Abont the same weight l per Boi, a.s the platea I above of similar brand, j 14 to 10. For Hoofing. OIL CANISTERS, ifrom 2i to 125 (laUs.^ V^ITB. THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF TIN REQUIRED FOR CUSTOM WORK. G«U3. Quantity and Qoality. Gall*. 33 Qnantity and QnaUtjr. -h 2 Plates, I X ifl body, i 13^ Plates. IX iii body, S sS 2 '• SDX " ! breadths high. 65 DX 45 13i Plates, S D X in body 8 4 " IX " j 60 la " DX " 10 i^ " DX •• 90 15: " DX " • 13 4 " DX " 1 125 20 " DX « « The bettMn tier oi plates to be placed leagthwlM. DIAGKA.1I FOR BEVEL COVERS, AC. 671 Varktshes for Pipks axd Iron-Work. — Coal tar, 30 gals. ; tallow, 6 lbs. ; rosiu, 1^ lbs. ; lamp-black, 3 lbs. ; fresh slaked lime, finely gifted, soil's. Stir all thoroughly together, and apply hot ^wo^Aer.— Tar oil, 20 lbs. ; asphaltum, 5 lbs. ; powdered rosin. 5 lbs. Heat all together jm an iron kettle, very carefully, to prevent ignition. To Strike orr cxs tops a>t> Bevti, Covers For Tessewi.— Describe the angle M A C, and from the point F, the altitude height you desire the breast, erect a perpendicular Ime H ; then on the line C, mark the point E one-half the diameter of the can, and on the line H mark the point G one-half of the opening in the top of breast ; draw the line B to cross through the points E and G to intersect the line M ; place one foot of the compasses at the point I and the other on the point E. and delineate the circle E X L : next, span the compasses from point I to point G and outline the circle G D K : then span from A to E, and step the comijas-ses six times ou the circle E N L, which gives the dimensions of the breast The allowance for the locks is represented by the dotted lines. BEAUTCTTfL Bronze, Applicable to all Metals.— Take 10 part* aniline red (fuchsine), and 5 of aniline puiple, and dissolve in 100 parts of 95 per cent, alcohol, toking care to help the solution by placing the vessel in a sand or water bath. As soon as the solution is "effected, 5 part* of l)enzoic acid are added, and the whole is boiled from five to ten minntea until the greeni.ih color of the mixture is transformed into a fine light- colored, brilliant bronze. Apply with a brush. Imitatiox Nickel Plating. — Coarse rasped granulated zinc is boiled for some time in a mixture of 3 parts by weight of gal ammoniac, sua4 €72 FEUSTKUMS, ELLIPSES, NAILS, AC 10 of water, the objects immerBed and stirred up vrith a zinc rod. Th« deposit is silvery bright, and resists mechanical action as well as a coat- ing of nickeL The process can be recommended for goods -wliich are meant for a second coating of some other metal, since any other is easilj" deposited on zinc. A How TO Steike orT the Frustkcm of a Co>-e.— In the figure E G H D represent the desired frustrum ; continue the lines D E and G H until thev meet at the aiiex C ; then from C as a centre, with ti.e radius C H, lay off the arc H B ; also from C, with the radius C G, describe the arc G A ; mxike G A twice the length of E F G, drawing the line C A, and G H A B, is the desired outline of the plate you require. TO FIND THE AREA OF AX ELLIPSE. Jlule. — Multiply the longer diameter by the shorter diameter, and by •7S54, and the product will be the area. Example. — Required the area of an ellipse whose longer diameter is 6 inches and shorter diameter 4 inches ? 6-1-44- -7854 = 1S&496. the area. To yrsD the sceface of a sphere or globe. — Multiply the diameter by the circumference ; or multiply the square of the diameter by 3-1416 ; or multiply four times the square of the radius by 3'1416. No. OF Amekicax Machixe made CtT Kails in a Pou>-d as VERIFIED BY ACTUAL COr>"r. Size. | Xr?xEEP„ Size. [ XUJIBER. Size. | Xcmbek.- 3 penny. . 4 " 403 G peunv. . 8 •• '... 10 " ... 138 100 66 12 penny. 20 " ■ . 30 " .. 52 32 6 " ... 227 25 bPIKES. Boat. Ko. 4 1-4 in 13 to lib. Ko. 5 5-16 in 8 " Na6 3-8 in 5 " Jfo.7 5-8 in 4 " No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Ship. .5-16 in 8 to lib. in. 5 3-8 6 3-8 in. 7 3-8 in. 8 3-8 in.' 9 9-16 in. 10 9-16 in. .6 .5 .3i .3 2 '.li Note o>' Forglkcs.— Iron, while heating, if exposed to air, will' fmydize ; when at white heat, if in contact with coal, it will carbonize, or become steeiv. Iron should be heated as rapidly as possible. To Restore Bitect Irox.— Give a smart heat, protected from th« air ; if injured by cold hammerinp, anneal slowly and moderately ; if tord or eteely, give one or more smart beats, to extract the carbon. COST OF CAS.S, CAB BUILDING, 4C. 67S Cost op a Pks>"stlva>"va Raiuroad Passzkgkr Cae. — The Lon- don Engineering gives in deUil the cost of constructing one first-class Btandani Passenger. Car, at the Altoona shops of the Pennsylvania R.R., the total cost being $4,-123.75. The principal items are as follows : — Labor S1263 9i Proportion of Fuel and Stores 28 61 2480 feet Poplar ?6 Ki S434fe«tAsh 127 08 llOOfeetPiue 20 90 2350 feet Yellow Pine 70 50 SOOfeetOak 10 00 i50 feet Hickorv 13 50 700 feet Mickigan Pine 49 00 400 feet Cherrj- 16 00 57 Sash Balancea 44 61 61 Lights Glasses 65 83 2 Stoves 77 5» 25 Seta Seat Fixtures 50 5o 3 Bronze Lamps 13 50 2 Bronze Door Locks 15 2ft Butts and Hinges 15 58 13 Basket Ra<.ks 77 35 12Sash Levers 42 00 61 Bronze Window Lifts 24 40 439 feet Maple vineer 24 14 61 Window Fasteners 16 4T 4 pairs Wheels and Axles. . . 332 K. 23S Sheets Tin 41 44 2 pairs Passenger Car Trucks 533 82 273 lbs. Galvanized Iron 25 31 13 gallons Varnish 52 34 96 vards Scarlet Plush 228 8T 45 lbs. Glue 14 33 44 vards Green Plush 109 99 -5925 lbs. Iron 87 75 61 vards Sheeting 10 30 792 lbs. Castings 16 99 243 lbs. Hair 72 95 Screws 5188 Gas Regulator and Gauge 25 25 2 Two-Light Chandeliers.. 50 72 2Gas Tanks 84 00 1 ALr-Brake, complete .... 131 79 12Sprines.... 22 9S 12 Spiral Elliptic Springs. . . 20 2» IHe&dLining 80 63 2 packets Gold Leaf 14 68 Various small items 261 44 $4,423 75 CoMP.4.iiATrvE Cost of Freight et "Water a>-d Rah.. — The Mis- »issi;>i Transportatioa Co. have proved by actual test that a single Tow- boat can transport at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans. 29,000 tons of coal loaded in barges. Tliey estimate that in this way the boat and its tow. worked by a few men, carries as much freight to its destina- tion .13 3.000 cars and 100 locomotives, manned by 600 men, could trans- I)ort, and they propose to undertake the sliipment of wheat, pork, and other produce on the same plan. A standard locomotive of the Xew York Central Railroad, 32i toiw ■weight, with cylinders 16 inches diameter, '24-inch stroke. 60-inch drivers ■with four drivers and four truck wheels, wUl haul over the Central Rail- raid, with its level grades and straight line, 1,000 tons, or say SOloade*^ cars. The same locomotive would work as follows : 20-foot grade 460 tons or say 23 loaded car* 40-foot gra«le 290 tons or say 14;^ loaded car*. 60-foot grade 205 tons or say 10 loaded cars. 80-foot grade 150 tons orsay 8 loaded cars. 100-foot grade 120 tons orsay 6 loaded cars. P.vssENOER Cars — i feet S^ tn-ches Gattge. — For 60 persons ; Body 4S ft . ; length over platform, 54 ft ; width, 9 ft. 6 ins. ; height at side* 7 ft 10 ins. : at dome, 10 ft 3 ins. ; saloon, 6 ft x 2 ft 9 ins : passage bt- tween seats. 1 ft. 10 ins. ; seats 1 ft 4 ins. wide, 3 ft 2 ins. long inside, 1 It. 4 ins. from floor ; sash light*. 2 ft x 2 ft 7 ins. : doors, 2 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft 4 ins.; framing— 2 side sills, ohx 9 ; 4 inside do., 4x9 ; end do.. 6x9 ; transom beams. 9x14 : pillars.' 2X3 : end do., 5 ms. rad. ; flooring IJ ins., double, laid diagonal, crossed at angle of 45° : 2 truss rods, IJ Ins., iron ; dome braced by iron knees. 2x| ins. ; platforms. 2 ft 6 ins. wide ; "bumper beam, 7x8 at centre. 4>r."^ at ends ; weight, empty, 39,000 lbs. ; dead weight per pass>en?er. 650 lbs. ; weiuht. loaded, 46,980 lbs, ; load oa ■«ach wheel, lieht, 3.250 lbs. : if loaded, 3,915 lbs. Sleeping Co.\ch.— For 64 passengers : Body 61 ft long, 8 ft 10 ins, ■wide inside, 7 ft 10 ins. high at sides, 9 ft 7 ins. at dome ; carried om $,74, DIMENSIONS OP CARS, l)eam, each lbs. ; if loaded to capacity, 4.725 lbs. B.4^GGAGE Cars. — 15 ft. long, y ft. 4 ins. wide, 7 ft 4 ins. at sides, 9 ft. jit crown of roof : end doors. 2 ft. 2 ins-xG ft 4 in. ; end side doors, 3 ft X6 ft 2 iu.-5. : centre doors, 3 ft. 10 ins. x 6 ft. 2 ins. : timbers — 6 longitu- dinal sills, 5i<9i ; 4 truss rods, 1| ins., iron ; weight of car. 27,000 lbs.; capacity. 12 tons"; total weight, if loaded, 51,000 lbs. ; earned on 8 wheels =6,375 lbs. on each wheel. Coal Cae*— S Wheels.— 10-ton, 8-wheel cars : Body, 20 ft. long, 21 ft 10 in. over all ; 7 ft. wide, 7 ft 8 in. over allx4 ft. high ; from top of rail to body. 2 ft. 6^ ins. ; rail to centre of buffer, 2 ft. 7i ins.; buffers, 10^ 12 ins. ; 2 "ft. 1 in. centre to centre ; total weight, empty, 13,440 lbs. ; loaded. 35,840 lbs. ; per wheel =4. 480 lbs. Coal, C.\-R5 — 4 Wheels. — 6 tons, 4 wheels ; Body, 11 ft. long : over all, 13 ftx6 ft. 7 ins. wide ; 7 ft. 5 ins. over allx4 ft 3 ins. high ; frame of oak, 4^X8^ ; end sills, 8i<9^ ; body carried on 4 oak springs, each 3 X6f ; at ends, 2ix6|x9 ft long, bolted together • wheels, 5 ft centre tft centre ; journal "boxes bolted to the springs ; weight, empty, 6.720 lbs., loaded. 20.1(50 lbs. ; on each wheel=5,OiO lbs. English R.a.ilw.a.y Carriages — 4 feet 8.\ rxcHEs Gal'ge. — Extreme length over buffers, 22 ft. ; frame, 17 ft. if ins. longx6 it 8 ins. wide ; body, 18 ft long X 7 ft 4 ins.xG ft. 2 iu^. high ; comiiartments, each 6 ft long : sides and ends of under framing, 11x4 : transoms, 9x3x11x3 j framing of body, 3x2ix2ix2i : flooring. 2 thicknes.ees of | boarding, laid diagonally ;" roof, | thick o'n ribs, 2ixlf, 2 feet apart ; doors, 1 ft 11 ius. x5 ft 5 ins. high ; seats, 1 ft. 6 ins. "from floor ; wheels, 36 ins. diam 9 ft. centre ; journals, G ft. 4 ins. apart. Freight \Vack)>"s. — Bodies, 7 ft. 6 ins. widexlG ft. long. 20 ft. over buf- fers ; open wagous, sides, 2 ft to 4 ft 6 ins. high ; covered goods wag- ons, sides, 6 ft 9 ins. high. MECHA>T[CAL movemests. Ix the construction of models, or machinery, the skilful mechanic and inventor will study to avoid clumsiness in the arrangement of parts, and ■will naturally take pride in selecting, as far as possible, the simplest and best forms of mechanical movements. As suggestive for this purpose we have brought together and condensed an extensive series of mechiiiiical movements. Here the mechanic may find at a glance the movement suited for his purpose, and may see the separate parts best adapted to any special combination of mechanism. The following is a brief description of the various movements as numbered : 1. Shaft coupling. 2. Gaw coupling. 3. 4. Lever couplings. On the driving shaft, a disk with spurs is mounted, and to the shaft to be driven f^ leva: is hinged. By causing this lever to catch in the spurs of the disk MECHTANICAL MOVEMENTS. 675 fl»e conpling is effected. 6. Knee or rose coupling, of whicli 26 is a side ▼lew. 6. Universal joint. 7. 8. Disk and spur coupling. 9. Prong and spot laver coupling. 10. Fast and loose pulley. 11. S!idin,n the ends of tne arms are enabled to keep the apparatus in motion. 21. 22. Bow-string arrangements to connect reciprocating into rotary motion. 23. Same purpose by differential screw. 24. The same bv double rack and wheels. 25. Coupling for square shafts. 26. Side view of Fig. 5. 27. Slidiug-spur pullev coupling. 28. Lever with bearing roller t* tighten pulley bands. 29. Chain wheeL MECTEANICAL MOVEMENTS. 677 30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotarr motion by two facks and cog-wheel. 31. Oblique-toothed wheels, 32. Worm and worm- wheel. 33. S't. Chiw coupling with hinged lever. 35. C6. Dick couplings, •with lugs and cavities. 37. Disk coupling with screw bolts. 38. ^ 40. Shaft couplings. 41. Face -new of Fig. 12. 42. Friction cones. 43. Friction pnlioTB. 44. Self-releasuig coupUng. DL^ks with oblique teeih. If the resist&jca to the driven shaft increases bevond a certain point, the disks separate. 45. Hoi.stmg blocks. 46. F.lbow crauk, for changing motion. 47. Re- aprocating into rotary motion bv zigzag groove on cvlinder. 48. An- other form of Fig. 29. 49. Reciprocating into a rotary motion. 50. Same purpoise. 51. Same purpo!. Same motion to a bar with slot, by means of an eccentric pin, projecting from a r»- Toh-ing disk, and catching in the slot 57. Walking-beam and fly-wheeL 68. Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod bv means of eccentric disk «ad friction rollers. See 81 and 104. 5'J. Hoisting crane. MECHANICAL MOVE.MENTS. 679 60. Friction gears. See 43. Gl. Rotary into reciprocatinsx by rising •nd falling pinion acting on endless rack. C2. By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a reciprocating rectilinear motion is imjoarted to a dmm. G3. Reciprocatbig motion to a frame bv means of endless rack •nd pixiion. ^. Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a tootlied rack by a '=^vfeUkj toothed segment on a lever-arm, which is snbjected to the action of a ■weight, and of an eccentric wrist-nin, projecting from a revolving disk. G5. Eeciprocating motion to a rod. The wheels are of different diameters, and consequently the rod has to rije and fall as the wheels revolve. (See 110.) 66. Cam and elbow-lever. 67. Rod reciprocates by means of cam. C6~ Bevolvin^ into reciprocating motion, by au endless segmental rack and €80 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. pinion, the Jixle of -which rerolves and slides in a slot toward and froH the rack. This rack is secured to a disk, and a rope round said disk ex- tends to the body to vrhich a reciprocating motion is to be imparted. 69. Elliptic gears. 70. Bevel gear. 71. "Worm and -worm-wheel. 72. Transmitting motion from one axle to another, with three different velocities, by means of toothed secjuents of unequal diameters. 73. Continuous revolving into reciprocatiug, by a cam-disk acting on an oscillating U -ver. 74. In- ■termittent revolving motion to a shaft with two pinions, and segment gear- Trheel on end of shaft 75. Oscillating lever, carrying pawls which engage teeth in the edges of a bar to which rectilinear motion is imparted. 76. Oscillating lever, connects by a link with a rod to which a recti- linear motion is imparted. 77. OscUlatiug lever and pawls, which gear in the ratchet-wheel. 78. Common treadle. 79. Describing on a re- volvuig cylinder a spiral line of a certain given pitch which depends opon the comparative sizes of the pinion and bevel-wheels. 80. Marking a siiral line, the graver moved by a screw. 81. (Se« Fig. 53. ) 82. Plunger and rods. 8^3. Crosshead and rods. 84 . Recip- rocating rod guided'by friction rollers. 85. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of roUer-arms, extending from a revolving shaft, and acting on lugs projectiug from a reciprocating frame. 86. Crank motion. 87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheel and spring bar. 88. Tha ehaft carries a taper, wliich catches against a hook hinged to the drum, so as to carry said dram along and raise the weight on the rope. Wliea the tappet has reached its highest position, the hook strikes a pin, th© hook disengages from tha tappet, and the weight drops. 89. Reciprocat- ing motion to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique ring secured tc» a revolving shaft. 90. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to produce recipro- cating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. Pulleys, belts, and internal gear. 94. As the rod moves up and down, the teeth of the cog-wheel come in contact with a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is im- parted to said wheel. 95. By turning the horizontal axles -with different velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with the mean velocity. 96. Oscillating lever and cam groove tu a disk. 97. Lazy tongs. 98. Oscillating segment and belt over pulleys. 99. Converting oscillating into a reciprocating motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever which catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of a parallelo- gram which is connected to the rod to which reciprocating motion is im- parted. 100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion. 101. Motion of a treadle into rotarv motion. 102. Double-acting beam. 103. Single- acting beam. 104. (See Figures 58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady a piston by a slotted guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the driving- shaft. 106. Rod operated by two toothed segments. 107. Two cog- wheels of equal diameter, pro-s'ided with a crank of the same length, and connected by liuks with a cross-bar to which tlie piston-rod is secured. 108. Device'for a rectilinear motion of a piston-rod based on the hypocy- cloid:il motion of a pinion in a stationary wheel -with internal gear. If the diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one half the diameter of the in- ternal gear, the h-vpocvcloid bftcomes a sight line. 109. Same purpos* as56. " " 110. Action similar to 65. 111. Revolving motion by a circular sud- ing pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel . 112. Similar to 96. 113. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws turn on their pivot-screws, and clamp th« l)oard. 114. An irregular -vibratory motion is given to the arm carrying the wheel A, by the rotation of the pinion B. 115. Intennittent rotary MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 681 notion of the pinion-shaft, by the continuons rotary motion of the large wheel. The part of the pinion shown next the wheel is cut on the same curve as the pl;iin portion of the circumference, and, therefore, serves as I lock whilst the wheel makes a part of a revolution, and until the pis iipon the wheel strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, when the piuion- snaft comuieuces another revolution. IIG. Stop-motion used in watches to limit the niunber of revolutions in winding up. The convex curved part, a, b, of the wheel B, serving as the stop. 117. Several wheels, by oounecting-rods, driven from one pulley. 118. Intermittent circular mo« tion is imparted to the toothed wheel by vibrating the arm B. When the arm B is lifted, the pawl is raised from between the teeth of the wheel, and travelling backward over the circumference again, drops between two teeth on lowering the arm, and draws with it the wheel. 119. Re- ciprocating rectilinear motion is given to the bar by the continuous motion of the cam. The cam is of equal diameter in every direction measured across its centre. 120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's fire-arms. 'When the hammer is drawn back the dog, a, attached to the tumbler, acts on. the ratchet,6, on the back of the cylinder, and is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. 121. Alternate increasing and diminishing motion, by mean* of eccentric toothed wheel and toothed cylinder. 122. Oscillating or pendulum engine. The cylinder swings between trunnions like a pendu- lum. The piston-rod connects directly Avith crank. ILo. Intermittent rotary motion. The small wheel is driven, and the friction rollers on its studs move the larger wheel by working against the faces of oblique grooves or projections across the face thereof. 124. Longitudinal and rotary motion of the rod is produced by its arrangement between two- rotating rjllers, the axles of which are oblique to e.ich other. 125. Fric- tion indicator of Roberts. Upon the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded carriage is placed, its tongue connected with an ijidicator. TVith a given load the indicating pointer remains in a given position, no matter* what velocity is imparted to the pulley. When the load is changed the indi- cator changes, thus proving that the friction of wheels is in proportion to load, not velocity. 12(5. Circular intermittent rectilinear reciprocating motion. Used on sewin,g-machines for driving the shuttle ; also on three- revolution cylinder printing-presses. 127. Continuons circular into in- termittent circular motion. The cam is the driver. 128. Sewing- machme, four-motion feed. The bar B carries tlie feeding-points or spurs, and is pivoted to slide A. B is lifted by a radial projection on cam C, which at the same time also carries A and B forward. A spring produces the return stroke, and the bar, B, drops by gravity. 129. patent crank motion, to obviate dead centres. Pressure on the treadle moves the slotted slide A forward uTitil the wrist passes the centre, when the spring B forces the shde against the stops imtil next forward move- ment. 130. Four-way cock. 131. One stroke of the piston gives a complete revolution to the crank. 132. Rectilinear motion of variable velocity i» fiven to the vertical bar by rotation of the shaft of the curved arm. 133. antagraph for copying, enlarging, and reducing plans, etc C, fixed point. B, ivory tracing point A, pencil trace, tlie lines to be copied with, and B, the pencil, will reproduce it double size. Shift the slide to which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and size of the copy will be varieci. 134 Ball-and-socket joint for tubing. 135. Numerical register- ing device. The teeth of the worm shaft-gear with a pair of woro?- wheels of equal diameter, one having one tooth more than the othet. M ilie first wheel has 100 teeth and the second 101, the pointers wil) ir«dicate respectively 101 and 10,100 revolutions. 136. Montgolfier'f '682 MECHANICAL MOTEMENTS. hydraulic ram. The right haud valve being; kept open by a weigh! or sprinf:, the current flowing through the pipe in the direction of th« arrow, escapes thereby. ^Mien the pressure of the water curreot •rercomes the weight of the right valve, the momentum of the wa»«» opens th« other valve, and the water passes into the air-chamber. On «quilibriura taking place, the left valve shuts and the right valve opens. By this alternate action of the valves, water is raised into the air-cham- ter at every stroke. 137. Rotary engine. Shaft B and hub C ar« mf KNOTS, AND HOW TO TIE THEM. es\ tangod eccentric to the case. Sliding radial pistons, a, a, move in and out of hill), C. The pistons slide through rolling packings in the hub C. 138. Quadrant engine. Two single-acting pistons, B, B, connect with crank D. Steam is admitted to act on the outer sides of the pistons alternately- through valve a, and the exhaust Is between the pistons. 131). Circular into rectilinear motion. The scolloped wheel communicates motion to th« horizontal oscillating rod, and imparts rectilinear movement to the up- right bar. 140. Rotary motion transmitted by rolling contact between two obliquely arranged shafts. Scientllic Ameincan Reference Book. Special note to inventors. — For full and complete information relating to the obtaining of Patents, Inventors, and others interested, are referred to the ScientMc American Hand-Book, forwarded free by mail on Application to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York. Information can also be obtained by addressing Coyne & Co., office Western Manufacturers Chicago, Ills. The knots represented on the preceeding page of engravings are aa follows : KNOTS, AND HOW TO TIE THEM. 1. Simple overhand knot. 2. Slip-knot seized. 3. Single bow-lmot. 4. Square or ruf-knot. 1-5. Square bow-knot. €. Weaver's knot. 7. German or figure-of-8 knot. ; 8. Two half-hitches, or artificer's knot. 9. Doable artificer's knot. 10. Simple galley knot. 11 . ( Japstan or prolonged knot. 12. Bowline-knot. 13. Rolling-hitch. 14. (ylove-hitch. 15. Blackwall-hitch. 16. Timber hitch. 17. Bowline on a bight. 18 Running bowline. 19. (Jatspaw. 20. Doubled running-knot 21. Double knot. 22. Six-fold knot. 23. Boat-knot. 24. Lark's head. (25. Lark's head. ^26. Simple boat-knot. 27. Loop- knot 28. Double Flemish knot 29. Running-knot checked 30. Crossed running-knot. 31. Lashing knot The principle of a knot is, that no two parts which would move in th« •ame direction if the rope were to slip , should lie alongside of and touclw tag each other. 32. Rosette. 33. Chain-knot 34. Double chain-knot. 35. Double running-knot, with check-knot. 36. Double twist-knot. 37. Builders' knot 38. Double Flemish knot 39. English knot 40. Shortening-knot 41. Shortening-knot 42. Sheep-shank. 43. Dog-shank. 44. Mooring-knot 45. Mooring-knot. 46. Mooring-knot 47. Pigtail worked on the end of a rojie. 48. Shroud-knot 49. A bend or knot used by sailoni in making fast to a spar or a bucket-handle before casting overboard ; it will not run. Also used by horsemen for a loop around the jaw of a colt in breaking : the running end, af- ter passing over the head of the animal and through the loop, will not jam therein. 50. A granny's knot. 51. A weaver's knot C84 CAPACITIES OF VABIOrS IROX TTORKS Cost of Ibox PEODrcnos. — In Startordshire, the making of bar* marked '"best, best, best," corresponds to a consamption of 5 tons of Coal per ton of Iron naade from the forge pigs, which themselyes requir» Irom '2 to 2^ tons of Coal for their production. Calculating waste of iron. in puddling, &c, one ton of the best brands of StaflfordsMre bars repre- sent 8 to y tons of good coal consomed. ' Gabtshekrie 5tox Works, Scotland. — Furnaces, 16. Proportion of charges, about 32 cwts. of calcined ore are used to the ton of iron, 6 cwts. of pure limestone, or 10 cwts. of limestone containing a high per- centage of alumina, which is sometimes preierred, forming a surplus of quickly melted slag. The charges are made up with the coal in quan- tities of about 30 cwts. each, and are hoisted to the top of the furnace by a very simple contrivance. Temperature of blast 800°. Weekly production of each furnace about 160 tons. CoLTSEsa Ieox Works : — ^Fomaces, 12. The calcined ironston* contains from 60 to 65 p>er cent, of iron, and the fnmaces are charged ■with an addition of 12 cwts. of unbnmt limestone, and 4S cwts. of coal for every ton of iron made. Tlie make f^er furnace varies from 12 to 15 tons St a cast, the furnace being tapped once in every 12 hours. From S to 12 tayere? are in each furnace arranged in groups of 3 in each arch formed by the square foundation. The tuyeres are nsuaUy IJ in. diam. at th» nozzle, temperature of blast is between 600° and 700°. Power is furnish- ed by a pair of condensing beam engines, worked with 32 lbs. steam pres" sure and a vacuum of 26 ins. The steam cylinders are 48 ins. diam. and the blowing cylinder 100 ins., pressure of blast in the blast main is 3^ ins. The blowing cylinder in the lower row of furnaces is 120| ins. Gov.\>' Iro>" Works. Glasgow. — Furnaces, 6 : height 50 ft. The charges are made up in loads of 15 cwts. of ore and limestone for every load of 10 cwts. of coal. Consnmjtion of coal for every ton of iron made is about 50 cwts. Blowing Cylinders 2 ; pressure of blast 2? lbs. The make of each furnace is about 12 to 15 toe s i>er cast, tapped every 12 horns. The blowing engine is supplied \^iih steam by 7 double-flued Cornish boilers nred with coal slack,* wid placed below the ground level close to the engine house. The charge of gray iron for each refinery is 24 cwts., and 6 or 7 chanres are made per day with ordinary coke for fuel. BARROw-rN-FcRNTss Irox Wofiks : — Furnaces, 11. The charge per ton of iron is 34 cwts. of ore. 6h cwts. of limestone, and from 10 to 21 cwts. of coke. Ore yields 57 per cent, of iron, weekly production 4009 tons. Tlie dimensions of the larcer furnaces which form the second group, are, height 56 ft., diam. at the In^shes, 7 ft. greatest inner diara, 16 ft. 6 ins., dia'm. at top, 11 ft 6 ins., they are tapped every 6 hours and pve about 20 tons at each cast. The blast pressure varies from 3 to SJ lbs., each furnace has 6 tuyeres, di:im. of tuyeres is from 2.^ to 3^ ins., temr»erature of blast C00° to 650°. Forty-two boilers, all fired with gas, supply tne steam to the different engines; of these. 22 work up to 25 lbs., and 12 to 35 lbs. oressure. The first set of engines comprise 3 vertical beam engines : diam. of one steam cylinder is 52 inst, of the other two 48 ins., each blowing cylinder placed at one end of the corresponding beam, is 100 ins. in diam. with 9 ft. stroke. Irox For>rDixG. — In dimensions, the McKenzie cupola, so extensively used in America, is ftom the drop bottom to the bottom of the chiirgin^ door, 9 ft high. The longer diameter outside is 5 ft. 4 ins., and the short- er diameter 4 ft 4 ins." The blast is admitted through an annular tuyere or opening which extends completely round the bottom part The blast is led into a chamber surrounding the boshes of the cupola, and from this chamber it escapes through the annular tuyere. The cupola is fitted with a drop bottom. A cupola of that kind is charged with 1408 Uw. of coal, then 4000 lbs. of iron, 400 lbs. of coal. 4000 lbs. of iron again. CAPACITIES OF VARIOUS IBON WORKS. 685 end the alternate charges of 400 lbs. of coal and 4000 lbs. of iron are re- peated for tlie necessary height. The blast is supplied, when the furnace IS at work, at the extremely high pressure of 2^ Jb«. per sq. inch ; but when the furnace is lirst started the slight resistance met with by th« blast does not permit a press\ire of more than ^ lb. to be obtained. The blast is applied in about 40 minutes alter tlie tire is lighted, and the iron begins to run in about 20 minutes after the blast is turned on. When the furnace is fairly at work the melting p:oceed3 at the rate of almost* tons per liour. One of the McKenzie cupolas at Morris, Tasker & Co. 'a tube works, at Philadelphia, measures 7 by 4 ft. , and is blown with a pUlar of blast of about 24 ins. of water. The regular day's work is 23 tons of metal run down in 2^ h'^urs, tlie iron beginning to melt in 15 minutes from the time the blasi is turned on, and running at the rate of 10 tons per hour. It is charged about 4^ ft. deep with iron and anthra- «ite coal, and abont 1 ton of the letter is burned for every 9 tons of metal melted. In melting small quantities, in say, a No. 3 McKenzie cupola, a good proportion is to put in a bed about SOOlbs. coal, and charge from 4000 to 5000 lbs. of iron, then 150 *o 200 lbs. coal, and charge lOOC to 2000 lbs. on the top of it. In Ireland's "ujwla, the furnace should be filled with coke to the top of the boshes, and four separate cwts. of ircn, alternated with three cwts. of coke, should then be introdnced to fill it up to the charging door. lu the«e furnaces a ton of freely running iron has been run do\vn by IJ cwt. of coke, but more usually from 2 to 21 cwts. are re- quired. The furnace should be kept in careful repair and" each charge well levelled off. In the Woodward cupola a steam jet is used instead of a fan, and the steam required for the jet to create the draught is only equal in quantity to the requirements of an engine for driving a fan of eufBcient power to work the same size of ordinary cupola ; and the con- sumption of coke in melting is IJ cwt. per ton of iron. BLOwtNG OR Blast Engines, — Iron works at Mt. Savage, Md. Fo]^ blowing 4 furnaces, 14 feet diam., each making 100 tons of pig iron per week. Engine {Condensin'j) . Diameter of cylinder, 56 in. ; length of stroke, 10 ft Bevohitions. 15 per minute. Pressure. 60 lbs. per square in., cut off at J of the stroke. Boilers. Six of 60 in. in diameter, and 24 ft. in length, with one 22-in. flue ill each, double returned. Grates. 198 square ft. Blast Cylinder . 126 in. in diixmeter by 10 f t. stroke. Revolutions. 15 per minute. Pressure of Blast. 4 to 5 lbs . per square in Area of Pipes. 2300 square in., or 5 that of the cyUnder. For Blowing Two Furnaces ant> Two Fineries, marking 240 Tons OF Forge Pig per Week. Engine (Xon-condensing). Diameter of cylinder, 20 in. ; length of stroke, 8 ft. Revolutions, 28 per minute. Pressure. 50 to 60 lbs. per square in. (full stroke). Boilers. Six of 36 in. in diameter, and 28 ft. in length (without flues). Grates. 100 square ft. Blast Cylinders. Two of 62 in . in diameter, by 8 ft. stroke. Revolutions. 22 per minute. Pressure 0/ Blast. 2h lbs. per square in. Area of Pipes. 3 ft or | that of the'cylinders. One blast furnace has two 3-in., and one 3J in. tuyeres, the other ham three of 3 in One finery has six tuyeres of IJ in., and the other, four of IJ in. The ore vields from 40 to 45 per cent of iron. The temperature of the blast is 600°. 686 BULES FOB MECHANICS, &C. DowLAis Ibon Wobks. — Furnaces 17. Weekly production about 188 tons per furnace, total annual production of pig iron about 150,000 tons, total annual consumption of coal about 1,000,000 tons . The furnaces ar» blown by 6 beam engines. The largest has a 65 in. steam cylinder and 13 ft. stroke of steam piston, while the blowing cylinder is 12 ft diam., and the blast piston has a stroke of 12 ft., the great beam being dividnl unequally ; -weight of working beam 44 tons, of tiy wheel 35 tons. Blast is discharged into a main 5 ft diam. and about 140 yards long. No fur- nace is more than 18 ft. in duim. at tbe boshes, and few are as much as CO ft. high, square at the base and assuming the circular form about half way up. They are tapped 3 times in 24 hours, are fed with raw coal, and consume 30 cwts. of coal per ton of iron made. Temperature of blast 6120,, pressure of blast 3 to 3^ lbs. The furnaces, mines, forges, Bessemer steel works, &c., employ in all nearly 100 steam engines, 90(30 work people (of which about 5500 ar» under ground and 3500 above), and 700 horses. Cohesive Strength of Tie-Bars, Suspension Rods, &c. — Breaking weight in Urns, equal area of section of rod in square inches, multiplied by cohesive force per square iuch in tons. Cohesive strength of steel = 50 tons " " Wrought iron 23 " " " Cast-iron 7^ " " " Wr'ght copper 15 " " " Cast-brass 8 " " " Lead 0.75 " " " Boxwood 10 " tons Cohesive Str. of ash = 8 " " Beech 5.5 Oak 5.5 " " seasoned 6 " " pitch pine 6 " " Chestnut 5 " " Fir 5.5 In use, take J of the above as breaking weight. A mixture of 30 per cent, of wrought iron with cast-iron, carerully fused in a crucible, increases strength of ca.«t-iron one third. Chilling the under side of cast iron materially increases its strength. Chilled bars of cast iron deflect more readily than unchilled. Girders cast with face np are stronger than when cast on side, as 1 to .96 ; also strongest when cast with bottom flange up. Cast-iron and wrought iron beams, having eimilar resistances, have weights, as 2.44 to L To Test the Quality of Iron. — If fracture gives long silky fibre* of leaden-gray hue, fibres cohering and twisting together before breaking, may be considered a toxirjh soft iron. A medium, even grain, mixed wiui fibres, a good sign. A short blackish fibre indicates badly refined iron. A very fine grain denotes a hard steely iron, apt to be cold-short, hard to work with a file. Coarse grain, with brilliant crystallized fracture, yel- low or brown spots, denote a brittle iro7i, cold-short, working easily when heated ; welds easily. Cracks on the edge of bars, sign of hot- ehort iron. Good iron is easily heated, soft under the hammer, throw* out but few sparks. To find the Weight of Timber Beajis, Posts, and Joists. — Mul- tiply length in feet by the breadth in inches and the depth in inches, and the product by one of the following factore : For elm, 2.92 ; yellow pine, 2.85 ; white pine, 2.47 ; dry oak, 4.04. Weight of Timber Work, Timber Flooring. — Multiply breadth in feet by length in feet by the thickness in inches and byonobf the following factors, according to the material : For elm use, 3.50 lbs. ; for yellow pine, 3.42 ; for white pine, 2.97 ; for dry oak, 4.85. KiCKEL Plating without ▲ Battery. — To a solution of from 5 to 10 per cent chloride of sine, as pure as possible, add enough sulphate of STTNDRT USEFUL ITEMS. 687 aickel to prodac« a strong green color, and bring to a boil in a porce- iaiu vessel. The piece to be plated, which must be perfectly bright and free from grease, is introduced so that it touclies the vessel as little as possible. Boiling is continued from thirty to sixty minutes, water being added from time to time to replace that evaporated. During ebullition uickel is precipitated iix the form of a white and brilliant coating. The boiling may be continued for hours without increasing the thickness of this coating. As soon as the object appears to be plated it is washed in water containing a little ehalk in suspension, and then carefully dried. The cliloride of zinc and sulphate of uickel must be free from metals precipitable by iron. If, during the jjrecipitation, the liquid becomes colorless, sulphate of nickel should be added. The spent liquid may be used again bv e.xposing it to the air until the iron is precipitated, filtering and adding the zinc and uickel salts as above. Cobalt also may be de- posited the same way. To Remove Ikox Modld from M.\rbl,e. — Take butter of antimony 1 oz., oxalic acid 1 oz. ; dissolve them in Ipt. water, add Hour, and bring the composition to a proper consistence. Then lay it evenly on tho stained part with a brush, and, after it has remained for a few days, wash it off, and repeat the process if the stam is not quite removed. Greex Tka.vsp.\ren't Varnish for Metals. — Grind a small quan- tity of Chinese blue with double the quantity of finely-powdered cbro- mate of potassa (it requires the most elaborate grinding) ; add a suflS- cient quantity of copal varnish thinned with turpentine. The tone may be altered by more or less of one or the other ingredients. Green bronzft liquid : One quart of strong vinegar, ^ oz. of mineral green, ^ oz. raw umber, J oz. sal-ammoniac, ^ oz. gum arable, 2 oz. French berries, ^ oz. copperas ; dissolve over a gentle fire, allow to cool, and then filter. Profits of Manuf.^cturers. — Li the State Census of Massachusetts, of 1875, Col. Wright, of Boston, separates the value of the raw material from the value added by work doue. Thus we have under the head of lt)oots and shoes, not the value of the boots and shoes, but the value addedto the leather by the work done to convert it into boots and shoes. This is stated to amount to $89,375,792, for which the employes received $18,727,124, or $455.05 each on an average, and the employers appro- priated $70,648,6G8. Cotton and other industries show similar results. Proceeds of One Tox of Cotton Seed. — A correspondent of Lef- /el's News reports cotton seed as worth now, delivered at the mills in New Orleans, Sll per ton, the mills furnishing the bags it is put up in. From that ton of seed will be gotten : 250 lbs. lint worth 5ct.^. per lb., or ... ?12.5© About 500 lbs. hull worth , . . , 2.50 About from 40 to 45 g.iUs. oil. say 40 galls, at 50 cents 40.00 Say 800 lbs. oilcake, worth IVj cent per lb 12.00 Or, $11 worth of seed works to value pf $47.00 Arrangement, Proportion, Capacity, &c., of GaAiN Elevators. -—On this subject Pallett rules tliatthe pulleys should bfcat least 24 inches diameter, and about one inch thicker than the widtli of the belt, and nearly half an inch higher in the middle than at the sides, to make the strap keep on. These pulleys should have a motion of twenty- five revolutions per minute. The buckets should be about fifteen inches apart. One hundred and twenty-five buckets will pass per minute, carrying 162 quarts and hoisting 300 bushels per hour. If this is not fast enough, make the strap wider and the buckets larger, increas* the velocity of the pulley (not above 35 revolutions), nor place mM% buckets than one for every twelve inches, or they will not empty. CSS OK FABU BMLDINGB. ON FARM BUILDINGS. The folloTrins; plan for a barn appeared in the colnmns of the Coxintry iScntleman, and is of a size suitable for about 75 acres of land under cul- tivation on the system of mixed husbandry; but the size may be either expanded or diminished to answer all possible requirements in any given case. The size is 42X60 ft. Fig. 1 shows the common or principal floor, and is so constructed that a loaded wagon can be driven in at one end, unloaded, and then pass out at the other. The contrivance for this purjxjse, so as not to interfere with the cellar or basement, is shown in the perspective view at the head of this article, an embankment being made at each end, ■which would be facilitated if the building were placed between two slight knolls or ia a moderate hollow, iu which case ample drains should b« Fig.l. provided round the whole. In the plan fig. 1, V V represent ventila- tors or hay shutes ; A tiap door for throwing down chaff or straw, G granary, and S stairs. The bay contaius 950 square feet, and will hold about 40 tons of compact hay of about 500 cubic ft. to the ton when ■well settled. In addition, there is room on the platforms over the floor and horse stables to hold about 20 tons more. By marking off a scale ol feet on one of the ventilators, the owner may ataiy time gain an approx- imate idea of the quantity of hay on band. OK FARM BtriLDINGS^ 68» yig, 2 repreacnta the basements. The roots are drawn in on the bai« floor and dumped down the trap A, shown in fig. L In fig. 2, AAAA r»* present eall pens, or boxes for cows in calf. I I c; I I PASSAGE:£X60 r 14'lM'l'lM' t c a w STABLE . itxsa BHea & MAHuse ._J Fig. 2. RiTLES FOB Fak^ters. — Tlie prime auxiliaries to good farming are r 1. Sufflcient capitr.l to buy the farm and stock it well. 2. The proper selection of a farm commensurate with these requisites. 3. The selection of good land and the rejection of barren, no matter how cheap. 4. To lay- it out in good style, and provide it with good buildings, fences, and gates. 5. Stock it with the best animals and implements at a reasonable price, and provide good shelter for both. G. Bring the soil into good heart by draining, killing of weeds, manuring, deep jiloughing, and a proper rota- tion of crops covering every part of it. 7. Diligence and carefiU oversight of all operations, correct accounts in the matter of wages, buying, selling, weighing, measuring, cost of crops, animals, net returns of each, ac- cumulation and preservation of manure, &:c. 8. Early rising, remembering that " He that would thrive must rise at five. He that has tliriven may lie till seven." 9. Regular and careful feeding of stock with considerate and merciful treatment of horses, cattle, &c., at all times. Touching the rotation of crops the following courses have proved well adapted to most of the Eastern and Middle States : I. 1st year, corn and roots, well manured. 2nd year, wheat, sown with clover seed, 15 lbs. per acre. 3rd year, clover, 1 or more years, according to fertility, and amount of manure on hand. II. 1st year, corn and roots with all the manure. 2nd year, barley and peas. 3rd year, wheat, sown with clover. 4th year, clover ono or more years. The next illustration represents the frame of an improved stable and iJam which appeared notlong ago in the columns of the Globe and Canada Farmer, concerning which theownerfumished thefollowing particulars to that journal: " Bam 56x80 feet, outside posts 20feethigh, the purliue posts 33 feet ; has five bents, 20 feet spans, framed according to cut. The size of timber used is from 6 to 8 inches ; the sills are 3x12 in. plank bedded on the stone walL The bam proper is 56 x 60, leaving 20 x 56 feet for a straw- house. The driving floor is 16 feet wide, the bays on each side, loft, all floored over with double inch boards. The double doors work on rollers. There is a ventilating door in each gable end, working with a small pulley from the floor : also one on the roof, all very useful in the time of thresh- ing to allow dust to escape. On each side of the driving floor is a ladder reaching to the top of the bam. The granary is 20 feet square. The bins are six feet deep on each side, leaving 8 x 20 feet to keep the mill in for clearing up. The bam is well lighted. If stone is scarce, the wall need be no higher than to clear the ground, as shown in the cut. No. 1 cat fjiw shingles are best ior roof. This stable is in three parts. 1st 26 f ee| 690 OK FABU BUILDINGS. is taken from one end and divided in three parts ; tlie centre is a feed room 20 X 25 feet ; stables 18 feet deep, -with five stalls in each part. 2d. There is a yard 30 x 56 for yotmg stock. There is a trap door at the side of the drive floor to drop down straw. If water can be had a well is pre- ferable in this yard. There is a lai^e door on each side to drive in and take out the manure. 3d. The cow stable is directly under the straw ' Louse. 25X56 feet, divided into three parts : the centre is the feed room, 25 z 26 feet, with trap door tbove to let down the chaff. The stables are 15 leet deep, with six stalls on each side. There will be sufRcient light to all t'ae stables, feed room and yard ; outer doors for stables and inner doors leading into the centre yards. Height of stables, 8h and 9 feet The advantages over old stjle of building are as follows :— Lighter and shorter timber. There are two rows of central posts run to Sie top of building, forming the pnrline work, and the whole building being framed into these posts makes a much stronger frame : is handier for storing ; for forks working ; for threshing ; is better ventilated ; all straw inside ; aU stock inside ; manure all under cover, and when a farmer has one of these bams he has all the outbuildings he requires." WziGHT OF Hat. — Hay, well settled in mows or stacks, fifteen cubic ^rards make a ton. Rule for long or square stacks : Multiply the length in vards by the width in yards, and then by half the height iii yards, and divide by fifteen. Rule "for circular stacks : Multiply the square of the circumference in yards by four times the height in yards, and divide by 100 ; the quotient by fifteen- AGRICULTITRAL FACTS. 681 SUNDRT ITEMS OF INTEREST TO FARMERS. A -BUSHEL OF WHEAT, CO Ibs. , shoiild yield, of flour, about 48 lbs., ehoi-ts, 8 lbs., bran 4 lbs. Wheat flour is of the best quality from grain that has beeu cut before it comes to full maturity, beiug whiter and softer, and such flour ciirries a better figure in tiie market. Coarse or thick-husked grain will yield more bran and less flour than the kind noted above. Proceeds of Grists. — On this subject a correspondent of the Countrp Gentleman remarks : "The product and waste in grinding depend much upou the quality and cleanness of the wheat. I have had winter ■wheat turn out 40 pounds of flour and 12^ pounds of bran, middlings, etc., to the bushel. The ' waste ' in grinding clean wheat should be not mor« than a pound to a pound and a quarter. Spring wheat will not make as much flour. The following from a ' grist ' of the last crop of spring wheat is a good average of a dozen more that I have noted, i Weight of wheat, 1,486 lbs. ■*' " flour, 952 lbs. " " bran, 240 " " " screenings, ------ 32 " " " middlings (canaille) - - - - - 88 " " " toll, 148 " " " waste, 26 "-l,4861b8. Here is 24| bushels, and the yield of flour is 38.45 pounds per bushel, and the offal amounts to 14.54 pounds per bushel, whUe the waste is only 1.05 pounds per bushel. It is proper here to state tliat I senta ' grist ' out of the same bin, tfj a new mill a few weeks before, and the return was only 36 pomids in flour and the ' waste' or wheat stuck to tlie mill, besides the toll, 5^ pounds to the bushel. I did not repeat my experiment at that mill. A miller, writing to the Mill Stone, claims that he can, on custom work, make f rcjm 38 to 42 lbs. of flour to the bushel of wheat, besides his seventh lor toll, and on merchant work he can make 1 barrel of fancj' flour out of 4^ bushels of wlie.at. This he cites as good work, and right here it may be remarked that many farmers raise an outcry against the miller, becausehe fails to give first class flour and ample returns from badly damaged or imjjroperly cleaned grain. In a canticle descanting on tlie hard times, composed by a rural poet of the writer's ac(]aaiutance, the versifier sought to immortalize his name by a burlesque on the fair fame of every tradesman in the town. The stanza reflecting on the honest miller was as follows : And there's the miller, he grinds for his toll, And he ought to do right for the sake of his soul. But still, there, he goes, with the dish in his fist, He gives you the toll and he keeps the grist. Millers, as a general rule, are fair-dealing men. From time iramemoria) Hiey have been called "honest," and it is no more than fair that they should be honestly dealt with. If you wish first class returns bring first class grain to the mill. Estimating the produce of an acre in oats at 50 bushels, they will contain 450 j)ounds of flesh-forming food, and ^72 pounds of fat-forming food ; while three tons of hay off the same acre will c^rry 480 pounds of flesh-formers and 2790 pounds of fat-formers. Hay is a standard food for cattle. Measurino Hay m Bulk.— To find the number of cnbic feet in a tnow, multiply the length, width and depth together. Five hundred cubic feet of ordinary clover and timothy hay, packed nnder ordinary circumstances, will make a ton. Generally, so many things have to be taken iuto considezatiou. in calculating ths weight of hay in balk, it €93 AGRICXTLTURAJ* FACTS. makes It difficult to aBcertain it precisely. For instance, fine new-mow hay, like red-top or herds grass, -would probably not require quite 509 cubic feet lor the ton ; timothy alone, requires about 550 ; clover 650 ; coarse meadow hay 700 or more. After being stacked thirty days, the bulk would be decreased from five to ten per cent Again, hay -wih vary somewhat in measurement according to the time it is cut The government standard for a ton is 7^ feet ; this gives 422 cnbic feet. To find the number of cubic feet in a stack, multiply the area of the base by one third the perpendicular height It is estimated that 25 cubic yds. of common meadow hay in the wind- tow compose a ton, and 10 cubic yds. of baled, or pi-essed hay, the sam& weight A truss of ?jew hay is 60 lbs. , of old, 56 lbs. , a load of hay, 36 trusses ; * bale, oOO lbs. A truss of straw is 40 lbs. TaBL£ ZXHIBltlXG CAPACITLES OF GRArs" BIXS, &C., 10 IT. HIGH. Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Lin Lin Liu Lin 1 Lin ; Bin 1 Bin c 6 ft. 7 tt. 8 It. 9 ft. 10 ft. lift. 12 ;t. ];:t. Hit. Ijit. 1 10 It. 1 20 ft. ! 22 ft. 1'" Long. Long. Long. Long. Long. I»ng. Long. Long. Long. Long. Long. Long.'Lonj. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. 1 Bu. j Bu. Bu. Bu. 1 Bu. Bu. ' Bn. 3 145 1^ 192 217 241 265 2S9 313 33? 3C2 386 482 530 4 193 225 257 2S9 321 354 2*6, 418 450 482 514; 643 708 6 241 282 321 362 402 442 482, 522 663 603 643 804 884 6 290 338 3sG 434 4S2 530 579, 627 C7t 723 771 964 1060 1 338 394 450 506 563 619 6T5I 731 788 844 900 1125 123S 8 386 450 514 579 643 707 771 836 900 964 1029 1286 1414 9 434 507 579 651 723 796 868 940 1013 1085 1157 1446 1592 10 482 563 643 723 804 884 964 1045 1125 1205 1286 1607 1 1768 11 531 619 707 796 8M 972 1061 1149 1238 1326 1414 1768 1944 12 579 675 771 gc>: 904 10t:i 11.-7 1254 13-n 1446 1.^3' 1929 2122 Me.vsuking Corx ly the Crib. — Many rules are given by which the number of bushels of com iu a crib may be ascertained, butall of them must be more or less unreliable, from the fact that they assume that two bush«ls of ears are equal to one of shelled com — some com will not make it, while some will more than do it. W'e give several such rules, any on© of which wUl be, probably, sufliciently accurate. 1. Measure the length, breadth and height of the crib, inside the rail ; multiply them together and divide by two, the result is the number of bushels of shelled com. 2. Level the com so it is of equal depth throughout, multiply the length, breadth aud depth together, and this product by four, aud cut off one figure to the right of the product. The others will represent the number of bushels of shelled com. 3. Multiply length by height and then by width, add two ciphers to the result and divide by 124. This gives the number of bushels of ears. Another rule is to proceed as above to obtain the cubic feet, and then assume that 1 1-5 cubic feet make one bushel of ears. 4. Multiply length bv breadth and the product by the height, all in inches, divide this bv 2.748. and the quotient will be the number of bushels of ears. From two-thirds to one-half of this wiU be the number of bushels of shelled com, depending upon the kind and quahtj-. The first of these rules is the one generally used as an approximate estimate. To Measttre Grain- ix the Grakakt.— Divide the cnbic feet by 56 and multiply by 45, and the result will be struck measure. Loss FROM Shrintcage. — It is said that com loses one-fifth and wheat one-fonrteenth by drying. From this estimate it seems that it would be more profitable to the farmer to sell tmshelled com in the fall at 75 cents per boslielj th&a to keep it ontiljtphng and sell it at (1, and AGRICULTURAL FACTS. 693 that wheat nt SI. 25 hi December, ia equal to $1.50 the eucceeding June. In cases of potatoes, takiug those tiiat rot and are otherwise lost, together with the shrmkage, there is little doubt that between October and June the loss to the owner tliat holds theiu is uot le,s.s than 33 per cent. The English Quarter, at which wheat Is quoteil iu the Eug i.-h rcpoifc?, Is 560 nouuds or one-fourth ol the ton gross weigiit of 2240 pounds. The English legal bushel is 70 pounds, and consequently 8 of those bushels is a quarter— equal to 9J of our statute bushel of tJO pounds. TABLE EXHIBITtNO OONTEXTR OP CORN'-CRIBS, CONTAINING CORN DT TRE EAR, OOMPrTED OX A BASIS OK 3,840 CCBIC 1X3. PER BUSH. HEIGHT OF CUIB, 10 FT. Jt rjth 10 1.15 11 149 12 lfi2 13 14 15 202 10 18' 243 20 22 24 26 28 80 P3 175 189 216 270 297 324 351 378 405 af I5< 173 189 2Do 221 236 25b' 2^4 315 347 378 410 441 473 !«') lUH uir, 2.34 252 270 288 324 36U 396 432 468 504 &10 ;;tv, 20.T 223 213 20,-i 283 301 324 365 405 446 486 527 567 608 Jio 22 "> 24« 27U 292 315 337 360 405 450 495 540 585 630 675 K >K» 2!- 272 297 322 317 371 396 446 49. 515 694 644 693 743 G "' 1 29T 324 351 378 405 4;'2 486 54'./ 5M 648 70? 756 810 UJ4 21); 322 35! ."^0 410 439 468 527 585 641 702 761 819 878 7 31.5' 317 378 409 441 472 501 567 6^0 e'J3 756 819 882 945 Vi4 33.si 371 405 4.'!9 473 506 5i0 608 67,'-. 743 810 878 945 101,1 8 .%0 :)90 432 468 504 510 576 618 7'Jt' 792 -?64 936 1008 1080 *'A 383 421 4.5: 1 497 5.36 674 612 689 705 812 918 995 1071 1148 9 405 4 to 4sG 52(i 5(;7 607 6i8 729 810 891 972 10.53 1134 1215 1(J 450 495 510 585 539 675 7211 610 900 OCO 1080 1170 1260 1350 It 495 515 5?e gallons. It may be necessary to add that to find the mmn diameter, we aM together tlie greatest and least diameters aud divide by 2. W4 AGElCrLTXTEAL FACTS. To Fnro the NrMSEK of Bcshels of Apples, Potatoes, &c., ni A Box or Bi>'. — 3Iultiply the length, breadth and depth together (all in feet), and this product by 8, pointing off one figure i> the product for decimal. Stosage of Roots ix Cellabs, &c. — It will require about 15 cubic feet of space to hold 10 bushels of roots. At this rate the following tabl« win serve to estimate the dimensions of a root house or cellar required for the storage of various quantities of roots. 1,000 Bushels of roots will require 1,500 cub. ft., or | ^ ^o^* g | ^fhW 1 Kiv\ «• " " o 95a^ (< ( 20 X L..6 x 9 high, , -^'^^ -'-^ {or, 20x14.0 1 8 high. oiYvi «i i« «« qf¥¥i '< ( 20 X 16.8x9 high, 2'"^ -^'"^ { or, 20 1 18.9 X 8 high. or^^tt It t' d.Km " J -0 X 25.0 X 9 high, ^''"^ • *'^^ j or, 20 X 28.0 x 8 high. 20x3o.4x9high, 4,000 " " " 6,000 or, 20x37.6x8 high. Tom ti i( « incnn " (20x58.4x9 high. ^'""" ^"'^^ I or, 20 X 65. 7 X S high. «n '-Beds. — Bide 1. — If the opposite sides are parallel, multiply the length inside in inches by the breadth inside in ^ches, and taai again by the depth inside in" inches, and divide the product by 2,150.42 (the number of cubic inches in a bushel), and the quotient will be the capacity in bushels. Example. — What is the capacity of a wagon-bed 10 ft. long, 4 ft wide, and 15 inches deep. Work. — 120 inches, length, x 48 inches, width, x 15 inches, depth, = 86,400 -^ 2.150.42 = 40 bushels. Am. Bule 2. — Should the head and tail boards, or either of them, be set in bevelling, add the top and bottom lengths together and divide by 2 for the mean length, and proceed by the fdregoing rule. Should the sides be sloping add the top and bottom widths, and divide by 2 for the mean vldth, and proceed by the foregoing rule. Should the contents be required in cubic feet, divide the product by 1,728 (the number of cubic inches in a cubic foot), instead of 2,154.42, and the quotient wiU be the contents in cubic feet Gross ant) Net Weight a>t) Price of Hogs. — A short and simple method for finding the net weight or price of hogs, when the grosi ■weight or price is given, and ric-G SCBSTAJSCES AS FOOD FOB SHEEP. Increased weight of liTing animal in Lbs. 464 44 155 146 136 134 133 90 129 L» Tlie following Tablt, from Delissef? Horseman's Guide, e.Thibits the percentage of different nutritive elements in the various kinds of food Bupplied to horses iu this and other countries : I.bs. Desi^ation. lOOO potatoes raw with salt. . " " '• without salt " mangel-wurtzel, raw.... " wheat " oats " barley " peas •• rye, with Fait " •• without salt " com meal, wet *' buckwheat. Produced Produced Wool Tallow Lb«. Uw. 64 124 6% 11^ 5>A 64 14 r.94 10 42^5 114 60 H4 41 14 So 12 43 13Xi 374 10 33 Fibre. I Starch. | Albiiinen tcrs. Black Batter Com. 'none Oat*. Iniiian Ccm. iJTiseed. Beans. Peas. Barl«y. Old Hajr. Clover. Barley Straw. C>at Straw. ■Wheat Straw. Bran. Carrota. none. 5.0.5 30.0 43.0 8.0 53.0 19.0 35.0 14 5 40.0 9.0 48.0 14.0 52.0 30.0 40.0 25.8 40.0 46.0 340 50.0 31.0 55.0 27-0 54.0 2.0 3.0 10.0 15.5 11.4 14.0 20.0 26.0 24.0 13.5 70 9.0 1.5 1.0 0-5 20.0 1.6 10.5 9.2 0.6 2.5 6.0 5.» 8.0 6.» 2.5 3.0 2.0 3.0 a.5 3.0 2.0 7.0 3.0 9.0 none. 6.5 a trace. 5.5 none. 5.5 4.0 7.0 none. Ij lliJ 12.3 14.0 12.0 14.3 14.0 15.0 14.0 11.0 12.0 125 12.0 13.0 84.0 1 pt. of Black Bntter-Com as imi>orted from the Indies, and sold in many of the feed store*, is considered equivalent to 12 qts. of oats foi Bouiiching quahties when fed to a horse. Hard working hc^rseij c;.n b« AGRICULTURAL TABLES. 697 kept in prime order by feeding tbem, 1st, At Night c^ter work, i peck oats, aud i pt. black butter corn, with 8 to 10 lbs. good hay. 2d, In the Morning, \ peck oats. 1 pt. Indiiin meal, -with say, 2 lbs. hay. 3d, During the flay, i peck of oats with a little hay. 4th, On Saturday Night a £0c d warm bran mash. 5th, On Snndaii, an extra allowance of hay. lliese rides followed out, will ensure to a horse a weekly allowance of, ribriue and Albumen, 22 lbs. ; Fat, 6i lbs. ; starch and sugar, 85 lbs, so that the relati\e proportion of nitrogenoas to carbonaceous food is as 1 to 4 ; while for a fattening animal it is as 1 to 5. Horses should be water- ed Iwiure feeding. Table, showijiU the results of experiments in the feeding of good hay and other substances, as food for stock. lOlba of hav are equal to 10 lbs. of hay are equal to 8 to 10 lbs. clover hay. 30 to S5 lbs. mangold wurtzel 45 to 50 ' greeu clover. 45 to 50 " turnips. 40 to 50 ' wheat s*Taw. 20 to 30 " cabbage. 20to40 ' ' barley straw. 3 to 5 " peas aud beans. 20 to 40 ' oat straw. 5 to 6 " wheat. 10 to 15 ' pea straw. 5 to 6 " barley. 20 to 25 ' ' potatoes. 4 to 7 " oats. 25 to 30 ' carrots (red). 6 to 7 " Indian com. 40 to 45 ' " (white). 2 to 4 " oil cake. Note. — In calculations of this kind, due allowance must be made for variations caused by the condition, age, digestion, breed, &c., of th« animal, and the variety or mixture of the food dispensed. The same re- marks are eminently true of tlie following. Table, showing the difference between good hay and the substances noted below, as food for stock, being the uean cf experiment and theory. 100 lbs of hay are equal to 100 lbs of hay are equal to 275 lbs green Indian com. 64 lbs rye. 442 •' rye straw. 46 " wheat. 360 '« wheat " 59 " oats. 164 " oat " 45 " peas and beans mixed. 180 " barley " 64 " buckwheat. 153 " pea *' 57 «' Indian com. 200 « buckwheat straw. C8 " acorns. 201 " raw potatoes. 105 " wheat bran. 175 " boiled potatoes. 109 " rye " 339 " mangold wurtzel. 107 " wheat, pea, and oat cb*ff. 501 " turnips. 179 " rye and bailey, mixed. 300 " carrots. Tlie following Table shows the amount of hay or its equivalent per day, required by each 100 Ib.s. of Use weight of various animals : Working Horses 3.08 Iba. Oxen 2.40 " Fatting Oxen . . 5.00 " '< " when fat 4.i;0 " Milch CowB from 2.25 to 2.40 " Dry " 2.42 « Young growing cattle 3.08 " 2.64 " Steers. 3.00 3.00 Pigs Sheep. Winter Treatment of Hens. — Hens will produce au abundance of eggs during winter if tliey are provided with a warm comfortable roost during the night, and a sheltered sunny exposure during the day. Give them plenty of dry ashes, gravel, and sand to roll in ; a box of slacked or old lime to nibble at, with an allowance of finely chopped meat every other day, and plenty of corn and oats, boiled soft, and spiced wita cayenne pepper. Add the table crumbs, potato jjarings, &c., with plenty of lukewarm water, and tliey will render ample returns. No living tUing kept on a farm pays better than heua if tliey are only well used. 698 AGBICULTTTBAL TABLES. NUTBITITE VALCE OF VAJEUOUS CEOPS, AS TO STAECH, GCM, GLTTTn^ ALBrUEK, CASEIX, OIL, PALiyE MATTER, &C. »BlI(>!rATIOS. Wheat 25 loOO Barley ' 35 1800 Oate.. 50^ 2100 Peas 25 1600 Beans 25 1600 IndianCom 30 1800 Potatoes 12 tonsi 2VO0O Turnips 30 "Wheat Straw l^ Meadow Hay 1^^ Clover Hay ' 2 Cabbage 20 67000 3000 3100 4500 45000 *2 270 420 130 ICO 100 ItteO 1310 1500 1020 llliO 430 bis liO 1080 230 1050 300 900 380 610 420 1260 220 4S0O &i0 6000 1000 900 40 1360 240 1800 420 2300 1300 45 50 IGO 34 40 130 45 2(^0 80 120 200 130 30 50 75 48 60 30 240 450 150 220 400 600 Joh?tston. In the following table, by Spreugel. the grain, leaves, peas, straw, and hay, are estimated alter tliey have been dried in the air. the roots after they have been taken from the field. The potato loses in drying 69 i->er cent, of water ; the turnip, 91 ; the carrot, 87 ; the turnip leaf, 86 : tli« carrot leaf, parsnip, and parsnip leaf, each 87, and the cabbage 93. Table sHOwrsG the QrA^rriTT axd kinds op ixoegaxic matter BEHOVED FBOM THE SOIL IS lOOO LBS. EACH OF THE FOLLOWI>"(l CEOPS. i s c c d 2 < 3 a 2 .a a, S c 8 111 > 53 (S •o o UD E i i CD g M !J c> Wheat — Grain . 2.25 2.40 0.960.900.26 4.00 0.50 0.40 0.10 tikce ii.n " Straw. 20 0.29' 2.40 0.32 0.90 2.S, 700. 37 1.70 0.30 35.18 Barley — Grain, '■ Straw. ? 78 2.901 1.06 1.83 .922 .657 .384 .039i .1.37 .27f .514'. 070 .033 .060 ;6.619 Parsnips 2.079 .702 .461- .270 .C-24 .162.19- .100 .178 .005 ?,4.180 Eve Grass 8.81 3.91 7.310.90 0.31 27.72 3. K 0.250.06 52.«) Ked Clover 19.93 5.29 27.80 3.33 0.14 3.614.47 6.573.62 74.78 White Clover.. ,31.05 5.79 33.48 3.05 1.90 14.73 3.53 5.052 11 1 0.631 91.32 "Lucerne 13 40 6.15 48.313.48 0.30 3.30 4.01 13.073.18 ' 0.30i io.&2 Jainfoin 20.57 4. 37 121.96 2.88,0.66 5.00*3.41 9.1t",l.o7 69.K AGRICULTURAL TABLES, AC. 699 Ab a means of enabling the farmer to form an approximate estimate o< llie amount removed from the soil by his crops, we append the following valuable tables by Prof. Johnston : — Table showing the xmopst of orgaxic stTBSTA:?CKs removed from THE SOIL IX 1000 LBS. EACH OF THE FOLLOWING CROPS WHEN PER- FECTLY DRY. C*rboa. Hrdrogen. Ox}-gen. Nitrogen. A>h. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lb«. Lb*. Hay, about ^ 458 50 3S7 15 90 Red Clover Hay. . 474 50 378 21 77 Potatoes 440 58 447 16 4» Wheat 461 58 434 23 23 , Wheat Straw 484 63 38914 331^ 70 Oats 607 U 367 22 40 Oat Straw 601 64 390 4 51 Table showthq inorganic matter removed from the soil in 1000 lbs. each of the following crops in theib ordinary statb of dryness. Beans about 30 lbs. Peas " 30 " Pea straw. " 56 " Aleadow Hay " 50 to 10» Clover Hay " 90 lbs. Rye Grass Hay " 95 " Potatoes " 8tol5 Turnips " 5 to 8 Carrots " 15 to 20 Wheat about 20 lbs Wheat straw " 60 " Barley " 30 " Barley straw " 60 " Oats " 40 " Oatstraw " 60 " Bye " 20 " Rye straw " 40 « Indian Com " 15 " Indian Com Stalk . . . . " 60 " Grand Idea for Farmers \ Best 'Fodder at Si. 00 per Ton— Mr. Francis Morris of Howard Co. , Ind. , thus recounts a very unusual ex- perience in preparing and using com fodder. The system, if carried out to its ultimate results, would render almost any farm a fair equivalent to a gold mine, so far as profit is concerned. " About the 1st of last August, I planted five acres of ordinary wheat land in Indian com, and I allowed it to grow until the 1st of October, when it was in tasseL I then had it cut down with a reaper and passed through the ordmary process of chopping, using for that purpose an or- dinary feed-cutter. ' The fodder thus produced was mixed with straw in proportion of four-fifths com fodder to one fifth straw. It was then put m trenches, trampled down, and covered with earth. The fodder re- mained in this state until last Christmas day, when the trenches were opened and the fodder taken out and fed to the cattle. The fodder was found to be in as perfect a state of preservation as when it was first put in, and the cattle seemed to relish it from the first, and now prefer it to any other kind of food. The cost of producmg this fodder was only Si a ton, which is only one-twentieth as much as the cost of timothy hay, which is not equal to it in any respect. If the land is planted early in the spring, 20 or 30 tons can be raised to the acre, but in France the land is highly manured and the com is sowed only two feet apart, which often makes the jield as high as 80 tons to the acre. The same land can afterwards be planted in barley, and loses none of its strength by the planting of the com, as it is a principle in agriculture that the strength of the land is only lost in the formation of the grain. By the use of this fodder every farm of 100 acres, planted with 10 acres of this fodder, would be able to fatten 100 head of cattle during the winter, which would yield a profit of 50 per cent., besides the immense advantage of having such an amount of stable manure, which in itself, if utilized, would pay for the fodder thus used." The advaQtages of this method, Mr. Morris state*, are best shown )sf^ 700 AGKIctrLTTTEAL FACTS, 4C. comparison between the cost of production of this fodder and the cost of timothy hay , Phosphate, 10 acres, at $16 yiSt Team and plow for 30 days '.'.*.'..'. 60 Man t» tend the team . '.'....'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.' 16 Cutting 15 Hauling and preserving 250 Total cost ^500 " A fair estimate of the crop of these ten acres would be 500 tons. Five himdred tons of timothy hay would cost $10,900, and as this 500 tons of chopped fodder wiU answer the same purpose as the timothv liay. it is easily seen that every community can thus raise its own meat at about half the cost to import it." Of all the vesetable products used as food, it is to be noted that in their dry state, cai-bon forms almost i the weight, oxijgen a little over \, hydrogen a little more than 5 per cent, nitrogen from 1^ to 4 per cent, and earthy matter from 1 to 20 per cent. A SIMPLE STTilP PULLER. The above cut represents a simple stump machine illustrated in the columns of the American Agriculturist. It is worked by a lever, moved preferably by a stout yoke of oxen. The end of the lever is supplied with a strong clevis, sufficiently long to pass around so as to be used on either side. The fulcrum of the' lever consists of a chain which is to be fastened to the largest stump near (a) : on each side of this is a clevis, with a short chain and hook attached. To work the machine, fix a chain to the stump to be pulled, hook on to one of the short chains of the machine (b), draw up the oxen until that chain is tight ; hook on the other chain (r), turn the team, and draw up as far as they can go ; hook the chain (b), turn and draw again, and so repeat until the stump is drawn out. Then fasten on to another, and repeat the process imtil all the stumps are out within reach of the one the machine is anchored to. The machine will theu have to be moved to another anchoring place, and 80 on until the field is cleared. The last stump left must be grubbed oot It will be necessary to remember that the power of thi« lever is ©TNAMITE VS. STUMPS, *C. 701 terjr great; and stamp pulling requires stout implements'and chaina. A breakage may uot only cause delay, but a blow from a snapping chain may very easily be fatai ; it is therefore absohitely necessary for safety that the chains be made of tliebcist iron, with the best •workmanship, and strong enough to hold against all the resistance they may meet. The lever sliould be strengthened with iron plates in those parts where the holes are bored for the clevis bolts. DTK AMITE vs. STUMPS AKD RocKS. — Late exTierimcuts by John O'Don- neD, of Jamacia, L. I., before an invited p.irty of farmers, prove con- clusively that stumps and rocks can be sent flyiiig by means of dynamita at a very low cost. The stronger and fresher the stump is the further it flies. Five stumps were attacked. The first was of or.k, partly decayed. The men employed punched a hole with a crowbar between two i roject- ing roots, but uot being experts, did uot insert tlie instrument fully under the stump. Consequently, only two-thirds of it was blown out. The partial decay of the wood was another hindrance. It did not offer the necessary resLstanee. A partially rotted chestnut stump was blown to fragments. The crowbar was badly i-aserted under an apple-tree stump, and thnt, like the oak, was shattered to the extent of two-thirds. With a sound and sturdy oak stump, however, the dynamite was fully triumphaut. The stump was blown out utterly. A charge was place under a rock weighing about two tons. It was thrown from its bed and shattered to pieces. A rock half its size was thrown twenty feet, but not broken. A hole about a foot deep was then drilled into a well-embedded rock, and charged with four ounces of dynamite. It was much broken, and t!ie pieces not dislodged were easily pried out with the crowbar. About two inches of a cartridge an inch in diameter had hitherto been used upon the stumps, but the closing experiment was made vrith an entire cartridge eighteen inches long upon a fresh oak stump twenty inches in diameter. Many of the fragments were thrown 125 feet. The dynamite is put up in packages of oiled muslin, shaped like a candle, and impervious to water. One end is opened, and a hole is made in the powder with a stick for the insertion of the percussion cap, which is an inch long, and loaded for half its length with fulminate of mercury. A fuse is inserted in the cap, which is squeezed with nippers that it may fit tightly. The little interstices must be filled with soap, to render the cap waterproof. After the cap is in position in the powder, the top of the cartridge must be tied tight around the fuse, so that no water may enter. On the cartridge being placed against the stump, water must be poured into the hole and the ground around thoroughly soaked and pressed that it may offer a strong resistance. A little semi-circular dam should then be heajjed around, within which more water should be poured, by way of addiug to the resistance. The fuse, which should project outside'of the dam, is then lighted. It reachee the cap in less than two minutes, which affords ample time for tlie operators to reach a safe distance. Tlie explosion makes Uttle noL^e, and after viewing a dance in the air of a myriad of fragment's, spectators find a large hole, with a few loose roots around and tlie ground ready for the plough. CocKRO.-vcH Destroyer.— To destroy cockroaches, mix finely powdered borax and fine siigar, half-and-half, and .spread around where the roaches are most troublesome. For a few days it may seem that the remedy is doing no good, but sr>on the roaches will begin to die. and in a short time yon will be rid of them. This is said to be an infallible rem- «Hy. Cayenne pepper will keep the pantry and storeroom free Iron •ockroaches and ants. ro2 AGRICTTLTTmAL TABLES. QrA>rrrnES op seed required to the acre. &c. Table SHOwrsG the qcastity of gardex seed fob a gitex spaob. Designation. Asparagus " Roots. Eng.Dwarf Beans French •' " Beans, Pole,large " " email Beets Broccoli and Kale Cabbage Cauliflower Carrot Celery Cuoumtwr Cress Egg Plant. Endive I/eek. Lettuce Melon Nasturtium Onion Okra Parsley Parsnip Peppers Peas Pumpkin Badish Salsify Spinage Squash. Tomato . . Turnip Water Melon . . Space and quantity of seeds. 1 oz. produces 1000 plants and requires a bed 12 ft. sq. 1000, plant a bed 4 feet wide, 225 long. 1 quart plants, from 100 to 225 of row. " •' " from 100 to 150 feet of row. " " " lOOhiUs. " " " 300 Mils, or 250 feet of row. 10 lbs. to the acre ; 1 oz. plants 150 feet of row, 1 oz. plants 2500 plants, and requires 40 sq. ft. of ground. Early sorts same as broccoli, and require 60 sq. ft. ground. The same as cabbage. 1 oz. to 150 of row. 1 oz. gives 7000 plants, and requires 8 sq. feet of ground. 1 oz. for 150 hills. 1 oz. sows a bed 16 feet square. 1 oz. gives 2000 plants. 1 oz. gives 3000 plants, and requires 80 feet of ground. 1 oz. gives 2000 plants and reqiiires 60 feet of ground. 1 oz. " 7000 " and requires seed bed of 120 fe«t, 1 oz. for 120 hills. 1 oz. sows 25 feet of row, loz. " 200 " " loz. " 200 " " loz. " 200 " " 1 oz. "250 " " 1 oz. gives 2500 plants. 1 qtiart sows 120 feet of row. 1 oz. to 50 hills. 1 oz. to 100 feet. 1 oz. to 150 feet of row. 1 oz. to 200 feet of row. 1 oz. to 75 hills 1 oz. gives 2600 plants, requiring seed bed of 80 feet. 1 oz. t« 20u0 feet. 1 oz. to 50 hills. Table showinq the qua^'tity of seed reqciked to the acre. Designation. Quantity of seed Wheat li'4to2 bush. Barley l>i to 2^^ " Oats J2 to4 " Bye... 1 to2 " Buckwheat % to 1% " MiUet 1 tol^ " Com y^tol " Beans 1 to 2 " Peas 2J4to3M " Hemp 1 tolji " Flax M to2 " Bice .2 to2H Designation . Quantity of teed. Broom Com v. 1 to 1)4 busb. Potatoes 5 to 10 " Timothy 12 to 24 quarts. Mustard 8 to 20 •' Herd Grass 12 to 16 " Flat Turnip 2 to 3 Ibe. Red Clover lOtolS « White Clover 3to 4 « Blue Grass 10 to 15 '* Orchard Grass 20 to 30 " Carrots 4 to 5 " Pamsnips 6 to 8 " Table showtng the qcantity per acre whe>- PLA>"rED Df rows oa DRILLS. Broom Com 1 to 1^ bush. Beans IVj to 2 " Peas 11,^ to2 Onions 4 to 6 lb* Carrots 2 to 2^ " Pamsnips 4 to 5 " Beets 4 to 6 " To EsTQiATB THE QuA>TiTT OF Peat. — Peat, OS Ordinarily in the bed, will weigh 2,100 to 2,400 lbs. per cubic yard, if drained in the bed^ 1,340 to 1,490 ; when air-dried, 320 to 380 lbs., when it will shrink to i or 1-G its original bulk. Vrr.VLiTY OF Seeds. — Beans will retain vitality for 2 years, beet 7, cabbage 4, carrot 2, sweet com 2, encumber 10, lettuce 3, melon 10, onioa 1, pea« 2, par&nip 1, radish 3, eqoaah 10, tomato 7, tomip 4. AGRICULTURAL TABLES. 70S TABUI gHOWIKG GERMINATION OF WHEAT SOWED AT VARIOCS DEPTHS. Appeared »boT« No. of plinU ground in that came up. Seeds sown to the depth of % inch. 11 daya % " " " 1 " 12 " alL " " " 2 " 18 " % « >< w ■ 3 " " 1 " " " ■.*.'.*.■.■.'.".".'.'.' 4 " «' >Z « 5 " " »t " " » 6 " 23 " % In sowing wheat the rule is to give it a tliinner covering in a cloe« heavy soil, than in one that is light, gravelly, and sandy. Table, showing the period of REPRODrcrioN and gestation o# DOIESTIC animals. designation Mare Stallion, Cow, Ball, Ewe Kam, Sow, Boar, She Goat. He Goat, She Ass, He Ass She Buffalo,.. Bitch Dog She Cat, He Cat Doe Rabbit, . . . Buck Rabbit, . Cock, Hen Turkey Duck, Goose, Pigeon, Pea Hen, Guinea Hen, . . Swan P. So 4 years. 5 " 3 " 3 " 2 " 2 " 1 " 1 " 2 '• 2 " 4 " 5 " 2 " 2 " 1 " 1 " 6 months 6 " 6 " * '■a »4«< O 10 to 12 12 to 13 10 to 14 8 to 10 6 7 6 6 6 5 10 to 12 12 to 15 8 8 to 9 8 to 9 6 to 6 9 to 10 5 to 6 5 to 6 6 to 6 3 to 6 Shortest pe- riod, days. 20 to 30 30 to 45 40 to 50 6 to 10 20 to 40 5 to 6 30 12 to 15 322 240 146 109 150 365 281 55 19 24 28 27 16 25 20 40 Mean peri- LongMt od.dajs. period, 471a 347 283 154 115 156 380 308 60 50 28 21 26 30 30 18 28 33 42 419 321 161 143 163 391 335 63 06 35 24 30 32 33 20 30 25 4» Man The Camel The Horse The Ox The Lion The Dog The Cat The Hare The Guinea p Growth and life of animals. grows for 20 years, and lives 90 or 100 years. '« " 40 " " 25 « • ■• •• " 7 mouths, and lives To Rid a House of R.\ts. — Wet a few pounds of unslacked lime wltk atrong lye made from potash ; let it be quite soft ; spread it around the holes so that tlie rats cannot avoid treading in it ; let it remain a week or 60, and if it gets dry scrape it off and moisten again. The mixture boms their feet, and they will not be likely to make a second visit. Do not let it come in contact with oil cloth or paint. 6 or 704 LAX0 MEASUREMENT. OJT LAND MEASUREMENT. To aid farmers in arriving at accurate results in the measurement ol an acre, ■we append the foliowLng table. A field of any of these dimeii« «ion9 contains one acre : 5 vard3 wide by 968 long. 20" " " """ ' 80 30 " 50 16 " 10 yards wide by 4f3 long. 242 " 40 60i-<«' 70 " ' 161 " 65 « . ' 97 " 47 " 303 '• 59 '« • THE eiDE OF A SQCARE TO CO>-TAEf 208.71 feet ; 12.65 rods; 147.58 feet ; 8.94 rods ; 120.50 feet ; 7.30 rods ; 104.36 feet ; 6.32 rods ; 73.79 feet ; 4-47 rods ; Ti-SLi FOR FAE3IEB3, STTHVEYOKS, &C., Gn-I>"G EXACT PKOPORTIOXS OF AX ACRE 1>' SQCAKE 1 EET !>' A LOT LESS THAS A>' ACEI One acre, 3^ acre, H acre, y. acre, >i acre, 121 " 69 " ?8 " 103 " 82 « 64 45 37 paces, paces, laces. 32 »2 paces. '4 paces. 9 • E S o . „• 1 m 6 1 - 1 I « - '^ 1 f. -> S u .1 Z « 1 b -^ ^ *« *o * ~ ..- .. ' 3 s S c ^ 2 B,? . p 3 c S 1 Hr® - o 1 g * er^ 1 c-it c«-i '. O-Sti ^*-* 1 ^'^ ' £«-• «Q O V2 ^ aj " s 1 «n 1 4S6 .01 ii3-:6 .26 22215 .51 ssic-e .76 871 .02 11761 2T 22661 .52 33541 •TT 1307 .03 12197 'is 23087 .53 S3S77 .78 1742 .04 12632 .29 '^ai^T .54 34112 .79 2178 .05 13068 .30 1 ?.?958 .55 348A8 .80 2614 .06 13504 .31 24394 ! ,24829 .56 35364 .81 3049 .07 13039 ..32 .57 3 S19 .83 3485 .08 : 14373 .33 K265 .58 2C255 .83 3920 .09 , iisia .31 25700 .59 SGOSO .84 4356 .10 : 15246 .35 26135 .60 37026 .85 47^2 .11 j 15C82 .36 26572 .61 374C2 .86 5227 .12 : 16117 .37 27007 .62 37£97 .87 56o3 .13 , I6008 .38 27443 .63 38333 .88 60S8 .14 ; 163S8 .30 27878 .64 387C8 .89 6534 .15 17-124 .40 28314 .C5 39204 .90 6970 .16 17860 .41 28750 .C6 s:;6:o .91 7405 .17 19295 .42 20ie5 .07 4C075 .92 78-11 .18 18731 .43 29621 .68 40511 .93 8276 .19 191Cfi .44 30056 .69 ! 4C946 .94 6712 .20 19602 .45 3-3492 .70 413? 1 .96 9148 .21 20038 .46 30928 .71 41618 .98 9&:3 22 i 2M73 .47 31303 .72 42253 jsn 10019 :23 j 20909 .48 31799 .73 42Ct9 .98 10454 .24 21241 .49 32234 .74 43124 .99 108SO .25 ' 21780 ..ro I 32670 .75 43560 1.00 SmaJA Lots. — In laying off small lota the follo-vring admeasurement! •ill b« lomid to be both accurate and usef iil : — o2! feet square, or 2.722'^ square £eet,=: ,^ of an acre. 735', •' '' 5,445 " =% lOiii " " K^-SPO " =»/♦ " 14,520 " =% " 21.780 " = }i " 43.-500 " =1 acre. TO^TST) tht; Number of Acres ix A Body of Land. — I2ulc. — Mul- tiply the length by tlie vridth (in rods), and divide tlie product by 160 : the'rcsult will be the anrJwer in acre^i .-ind hundredths. Whentheoupo.-ite side? of a piece of Und are of unequal len.ijth. add them tocether and take one-half for the mean length or width. Sluitiply this by the depth, and divide by 31^. This wiU give the result required. 120j^ 147/ 20b2 i? 6 feet I fathom. , ,, , . U>ad in mearunng depth* kt ■ SDRVfitdft'a LOKQ STCABWlS MS MKASt'SlSO OtOTAiJCWi JWCrSTJi^BIM, AREAS, RAILWAYS, &C. IjVo lucUes 1 link, j 4 rods .,..,...! ehiia. 251iiik8 1 rod.. | 80 chains 1 mile. EQUIVALENTS. Mils. Chains. Rods- LlBks. tiiches. i =. 80 = 320 = 8,000 « •3,360 1 =^ 4 = 100 = 782 = 25 - 198 1 =- 7.98 Surveyor's long measure, scale of unite, 7-92, 25, 4, 80. , TABLE OF MISCELLAXEOrS LINTIAR MEASt'RK. 3 inches 1 palm. 4 inches 1 hand.^^'-'^L^rsT.ni'S^fho'^de^'*" ^ 9 inches 1 span. 3 feet 1 pace or step. 3.28 feet 1 metre. 880 fathoms 1 mile. j 3 geographical miles 1 league. GO " ") , (IpCTrPP J Of latitude: 69-^ statute " k "Cg^cc. Jof longitude on the ei yds. ), on each of the four sides, or, if of a different shape, as much land as is embraced lu that compass. A Rood is a quarter of an acre, or 40 perches, and contains 25,000 square liuks ; if square, it should measure 1 chain and 58 links, or about 6^i yds. on each side. A Perch (sometimes called a pole or rod) is the 160th of an acre, and contains 30J square yds., or 625 square links, and embraces 5J yds., or 25 running links of the chain, on each of the four sides. GrxTERs Chain, the unit of measure used by surveyors, is a metallic chaiu 22 yds. iu length, and is divided into 100 iink.« of 7 iVo inches each. Measurements are calculated in chains and hundredths. As a substi- tute for the cliain. some engineers use a steel measuring fcipe 100 feet long, with each foot divided iuto tenths. It takes 10,000 links to make 1 square chain, as 100 times 100 is 10,000. An acre embraces 10 iquai* ro6 LAND MfcAStJREMENT, ch^s, or 100,000 square links. The outside measurements of tand iA estimated by mnning chains and links, the contents by square chains and links (being a regular system of decimals), the latter being a multi- ple of the former. In land measurement, the chtiin is drawn straight over Lills and hollows. Correctness in the measurement is ensured by the use of a compass (sustained by a tripod) resembling a quadrant. Farmers and others not possessed of a Gunter's c^hain or metallic measuring tape, may effect correct measurements by the use of a notched pole 16^ feet long, containing 25 divisions, formed by 24 notches, each of them a trifle over 7g Laches apart. The 25 spaces will represent 25 links, and the pole i of a chain ; be careful to get the spaces correctly laid off and accurately numbered on the pole ^\ith pen and ink. In the United States Govekkment Land measurement a town- ship consists of 36 sections, each 1 mile square, a section contains 640 acres, a quarter section, i mile square — 160 acres, an eighth section, ^ a mile long, north and south, and | mile wide — 80 acres, and a sixteenth eection, J mile square — 40 acres. In the surveys of the Public Lands of the United States they are laid out in ranges of townships which run longi- tudinally, and are numbered on the maps in Roman characters, or cajpitivl letters, according to their proximitj' to the northern border of a State. The ranges of townships run from west to east, the extreme northern line of townships in any St;ite would be aU number 1, the next number 11 and so on down. In a township the sections are all numbered 1 to 36, beginning at the north-east corner, as shown in the diagram. In drawing out (Jeeds the area or contents of the land is described iu acres, roods, and perches, the extent of each boundarv is expressed by chains and links ; if the land is of extra value, the odd yards and links are uoted in describing the contents. In laving off arms, less than half a perch is not reckoned, while a half perch or more is counted a full perch. The description of landed property as detailed iu deeds should be definite and expUcit as to contents and boundaries. Illustration— The dia- gram exliibits a piece of land, embracing, say 20 acres fronting on the west of Stanley road, Land of John Reid. Land of Daniel Wilson, Laud of A. Rodger s. the land of John Reid is on the south side ; that of Alex. Rodgers on the north side ; that of Daniel Wilson on the west side ; and the Stanley road on the east side. In the Deed the lot should be described as follows : " Beginning at a post, stake, or tree, on the west side of the Stanley road at the north-east corner of land owned by John Reid, ruiming westerly, parallel with the land of said Reid, twenty-five chains, to land belonging to Daniel Wilson, thence northerly, parallel with the land of said Wilson, sixteen chains and sixty links, to land of Alex. Rodgers, then easterly, parallel with the land of said Rodgers, twenty-five chains to the Stanley road, then southerly, along said road, sixteen chains and eixty links to the place of beginniig, — containing twenty acres of land| 1^ the same more or less." 6 7 5 8 4 9 3 2 NW 1 NE SW 1 SE 10 11 12 18 17 16* 15 14 13 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33_ 34 35 36 S8 ^ A S • Length, &§• 25 chahis. » 2. (a S LEGAL WEIGHT OF A BUSHEL. 707 An English acre is a square of about 70 yds. each way ; a Scotch of 77i yds. ; and ;in Irish of S8i yds. Every mile of mere hedge and ditch ia about an acre. Koads and fences, 1 rod wide, occupy 1 acre for every mile of length. Note.— An English acre comprises 4.840 square yds. ; the Scotch, 6,150 ; the Irish, 7,840 ; tlie French (hectare), 11,950 ; the Dutch, 9,722 ; the Prussian (morgen). 3,053 ; the Dantzic, U,G50 ; that of Amsterdam, 9,722 ; that of the United States is English measure. FOB TABLE OF 8CBFACB JIEASL'RESIENTS, SEE PAGE 128. EQUIVALENTS. Sq. ML A. Sq. Rod. Sq. Yd. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ina. 1 = &10 = 102,400 = 3,097,600 = 27^78,400 = 4,014.489,600 1 = 160 = 4,840 = 43,560 = 6,272,640 1 = 30Vi= 2721/4= 39,204 1 = 9 — 1,296 1 => 144 Table of avoirdupois pounds ix a bushel, as prescbibsd bt statute in the several states named. 7^e letter m signifies sold by measure. COMMODITIES. Barley Beana Blue Grass Seed Buckwheat Castor Beaiis Clover Seed Dried Apples Dried Peaches Flaxseed Hemp Seed Indian Corn Indian Com in ear... Indian Com meal Oats Onions Potatoes Kye Bye Meal Salt Timothy Seed Wheat WheatBran 40 S< 4& 60 14 50;52 52 46:46 60160 25 24 33133 33 56 56156 44 44 56 56 68 68 .. ,.,.„50 . ; ..„ ,.. 32'28 32 32*35 33%I32 ....;57 48157 57 160 60 60 60!60 M 56 54 56;56|56 60 50 50'50 5O ..45 45 56!60,60 ..I20I.. 45 45 60 60 20'20 60 42 48 48 ..60 ..14 42 52 46 50 30 30 52 50 56 56 50 60 60 24 33 56 14 52;56i58 5555 35 30 32 60i60 60 56 56 56 ..150 ..45 60 60 ..20 ..56 ..44 60 60 48 60 56 46 47 58 66<56 32:34 32 601.. 56 56'56 46 42 60 60 66 32 32 60,60 56 9S ..46 60 60 In Pennsylvania 80 lbs. coarse, 70 lbs. ground, or 62 lbs. fine salt make 1 bushel, and in Illinois, 50 lbs. common, or 55 lbs. fine salt make 1 bu.shel. In Tennessee 100 ears of com are a bushel. A heaping bushel contains 2815 cubic inches. lu Maine 64 lbs. of rata baga turnips or beets make 1 bushel. A cask of lime is 240 lbs. Lime in slacking absorbs 2^ times its volume, and 2\ times its weight in water. The United States Standard bushel contains 2150.42 cubic inches. A cubic foot contains 1728 cubic inches, so that a bushel is to a cubic foot, as, say 2150 to 1728, or about the proportion of 4 to 6 ; hence to convert cubic "feet to bushels, multiply by {. To FIND THE CONTEXTS Of' A BiN IN CUBIC FEET. — Abate tj 6 COnteQtl i>n&-lilth, and the result will be the contents in bushels. 708 ▲dKieeiTeSAL JASLBI* OK FENCES. As th e hiaintenance of fences is a most ifliportanl WbsidiiratioS o< every farm, ve ^jreseut the following t-vblz showixg thk number of e.4j1,s. riders, akd stakes requires For every tex rods of zig-zag fexce. I en-nh l^eflec- .Length , Kum- ; ofTIii ^-^" ''■*'™' *^'^ 1 ^«r o* ^'o- of rails lor ♦'a^'hlO rods *"'• right line.| panel, j pauels.l b> a k f e Teet. Feet. Feet. 5 raili 6 raiJs : 7 rrula Feet. 1 high. high. | high. il,i-^i ?; z 12 6 U 7 165^ jc 8 10 12 20H 1 103 16'i »3 IS'i 1 69 123 84 144 116 95 42 1 21 34 ! 17 28 1 14 For lousjer distances tlian 10 rod^. the proper number of rails. &c , may be comigited by multiplying. For inst-mce : If for 50 rods o£ fence, multiply the above number by 5 ; if for 100, multiply by 10, &c. The like rule will apply to the next Table, shotving the >-r?rBER of rails and posts required for EACH TEX RODS OF POST AXD R.VIL STRAIGHT FF.XCE. o & o| ^ >r Xumber of rails for each 10 rods- f"? t~£ fe5 •SS w 1= ri ^4 IP. 5 rails firails Trails 8 rails w5 ^t S5 a high. high- high. hi^h. 10 8 2*H 21 103 123 lii 1 Itij u 10 16K 17 g3 yd 116 KiS 14 12 13H 14 69 84 95 l'D STRAIGHT BAH FENCES. Zig-zag rail fence — Twelve rails, at f 25 per thousand SOccuta. Ground covered by fence, with total worm from stake tu&take, i:i alternate panela of six feet, at §^ per acre T8 " Two iiake^ at two cents apiece 4 " $1.12 per 12 ft. Straight rail fence — Eight rails, at f 25 per thousand 20 cents. Ground covered by fence, two feet wide 26 " Two stakes 4 " "Wire 2 '• »0 52 Iter 12 it. A board fence, 4 ft 6 ins. liigh, with cedar posts 6 ft apart, 4 boards, respectively. 6 inches. 6 inches, 9 inche*. aud 12 inches br«j;id. with a coping board and vertical board covering the joints agaiu.st the posts, may be conrtructed. when lumber costs not over 6l(i per lOXi. at a cost of not more than Si for every 12 ft. in length, without co»mting labor. The cheapest. and everything considered. the most efficient fence a farm- er can construct, is one made of wire; such fences vary in Cf*t according to the Dumber of wires used, the number of posts, size* of wire, &«. Th« IQHtOtLtnUL TABtta* 90^ fftU<)vmg t«,bl6 eihibiti ibe lOK^tli of wire of each number that a given weight will make, from which may bft computed the cost of a wire feuca 63 Itw. 01 No. 6 runs 223 yards, and costs $3 45 or Sh centa per rod. 7 " 2a9 " " 3 55 or 7i «' 8 " 322 " " 3 05 or G| *' Cost of materials of a lo ire fence, posts eight feet apart, with a bottom board twelve inches wide, and a scantling three by four on top: li poets, at 5 cents 7^ centa. 12 feet of inch board, at $16.00 per thousand feet. 19 " Scantling, 12 feet, at $16.00 per thousand feet 19 " 6 wires=60 ft. of No. 6, at 8^ cents per rod ^ " 75^ cents per 12 ft In riew of the increasing scarcity of timber in many parts of the country, it would be well for farmers to exercise greater care for tlie preservation of their afciuding trees, and as occasion offers, plant out more. Nature never fails to respond generously to all such investments. For interesting facts regarding the growtli of forest trees, consult pp. 84 and 118. This subject reminds the writer of the advice given by a Scotch laird to his son and heir on his death bed. The laird's ruling passion during a long life had been to set out trees, and when the closing scene arrived, the son was called to his father's bed-side, and while standing there anticipating salutary coimsel befitting tlie solemnities of the oc- casion, the dying laird exclaimed ; " Now Jocli, mind what I'm gaun to tell ye, when I'm gane be aye stickin' in a tree, for it'll grow when you'r sleepin'!" The chemical INfiREDIENXS OF PLANT FOOD, IK POFXD.? AVOIRDUPOIS, COXTAINEU IN OXE TON OF THE FOLLOWING MANURES. Manures. Chlorine . Sulphr.. ric Acid. Phospho- ric Acid. Soda. nesia. Totash Am. monia. Farm Yard Manure. . . Kight Soil lb. oz. 1 9 3 lbs. oz. 1 4 2 3 lbs. 02. 5 1 120 580 lbs. oz 1 10 4 10 lb«. oz. 18 3 2 7 Ibs.oz. 2 4 6 7 Ibe. oz. 13 6/ 47 15 145 5 Fresh Bones Dry Blood HI 3 Guano 62 22 9'A 1344 93 8 194 31/4 283 9 5 12% 36 15 2 11% 833 s'iiy* 66 8 7 1% 221 91 50 2 Soot Salt, Common Gypsum 1317 38 Mxd. Urine p. 100 gals. Kitrate of Soda 1 6 2 6 5 9 8 3 2 18 314 364 470 Sulp. of Arnica 1 13.57 A dragoon-horse kept in a box-stall with 1 hour's exercise each day for a week, was fed as follows : — Oats each day 10 lbs. = 70 lbs. per week Hav " ''^ 12 " = 84 " ^' " Straw " " 8 " = 56 " " " He drank within the week 27 gals, of water ; during the time of his exercise the loss of mailure is supposed to be 4 lbs. daily, or 28 lbs. pel week, yet althogh the Total forage consumed amounted to 210 lbs., The manure and litter produced was 327^ lbs. Thus if lost manure be added, yielding with the addition of the moisture impsirted to the litter by urine, aii increase of two-thirds beyond the weight of tl)e food consumed. Experiments Drove that a cow of average size voida about 60 lbs. of manure, or about IJ cubic feet per dav, or more than 3 cords, weighing on er 10 tons, per year. Composted wi£h peat or svamy ri6 AGftlCtJLTimAL TABLES. mack, three parts to one of manure, It would fonn 12 cords of excellent compost. It is further estimated that the liquid manure is equally valuable with the solid, and if this also is utilized by the peat absorbents, either under the stable or in it, 24 cords of an excellent fertilizer is secured. This, applied to 2 acres of worn-out meadow, producing say, 1 ton of hay or less per acre, would increase the crop to 3 tons to the acre the first year, besides greatly increasing the crops for 5 years longer. In every case never fail to save your liquid manure, for it is well wortli every effort that can be made. Table bhowing the compabative ikckease of corn by various fertilizers. QtlASTITT OF FERTILIZER. «« « •s^^ 1 No Manure 2 500 lbs. Superphosphate of Lime 3 690 " Guano 4 300 " Superphosphate Lime & 640 lbs. Guano 6 320 " Guano and 640 lbs. dissolved Bones . 28 46 50 J4 58 51 18 22% 30 23 12 50 19 00 25 10 18 40 38 60 16 00 32 00 12 00» 17 80* bus 1 1 1 1 1 16 80* 16 20 qrta U%. 6 6% 8 6% 15 14% 22% 28 1040" Guano and 400 lbs. Superphosphate Lime 74% 46% 16 loads Stable Manure j35!^ I 7 J4 32 " " 42341434 16 " " & 200 bus. leached Ashes '44 8 16 " " & 640 lbs. Super P Lime ,49J^ 14% 32 " " & 320 lbs. Guano & 1320 lbs. ) Superphosphate Lime ) 60 n^i Hog manure from 108 bus. corn |43 |l5 * Only the increase over the experiments 7 and 8 with stable manure alone. Table exhibiting the number of loads of jianure and the number of heaps in each load required to an acre, thb hbaps at given distances apart. % •■c . 11^ NUMBER OF HEAPS IN A LOAD. t^^- 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 9 10 3 538 269 179 134 108 891^ 77 67 60 &4 3M 395 168 132 99 79 66 56% 49V-. 44 Si 4 203 151 101 751/2 60% 50'^ 4314 37% 33% 4% 239 120 79% 60 4734 39»4 341/4 30 26% 24 6 IM 97 64y, 5314 48% 38% 32V4 2-;% 241/4 21% 191/4 6% 160 80 40 32 263/4 2234 20 17% 16 6 131 67 44% 33% 27 22% a 16% 141/i 15 iP' 6% 115 57% 38I4 28% 24% 23 19 12% T 99 49% 33 19% 1-1^ 16% 14 121/4 11 10 7K 86 43 28% 2214 21% r». 10% 914 81A 8 75% 37% 19 1534 121/a 1114 9% 6% 'i? 8% 67 33% 16% 131/a 9% 8% 6% 9 60 30 20 15 12 10 «% 7% 6% 6 9% 53% 2634 18 1314 IO84 ' 93^ 9 7% 6 ^* 10 48 14 241/4 1614 12 8 V 6 514 4% EXPLANATION.- iMtweeu the heapa -The left hand column eadi way iu each row ; gives the at the top distance in yard* ol the colnronp aro AGRICUtTtmAt PACtS, AC 711 Indicated the number of heapa in each lo.id, and the number of loads n* quired per acre will be found at the poiut where the two liues meet. Memorajjda. — 1 cubic ft. of liaif rotten stable mauure will weigh 56 lbs. ; if coarse or dry, 48 lbs. A load of manure is about 36 cubic ft!, and if of the first quality will weigh 2,016 lbs. ; if of the second, 1728 lbs. 8 loads of the first kind spread over an acre will give 108 lbs. to each square rod, and about 3^ lbs. to each square yard. To apply guano, luLx it thoroughly for a few day.s with 5 times its bulk of vegetable mould or loam, aud some charcoal or gj7jsum, after break- ing the lumps aud sifting in alternate layers. Avoid'the use of ashes or lime, as they tend to expel tlie ammonia, and keep under cover, dry, until used. It may then be scattered broadcast upon meadows or grain, or placed near the seeds of young plants in the hill. Use from 200 to 500 lbs. guano to the acre, the latter quantity to the more barren soils. The followiug Table shows the composition of Bone dust. In 100 parts, there are of Lime 55.5 Phosphate of Magnesia 2. Soda, and Common salt 2.5 Carbonate of lime 3.75 Fluoride of calcium 3. Gelatine (the substance of horn) 33.25 Analysis of a manure heap in the condition usually applied to a field Fresh. Dried at 212°. Water 64.96 Organic matter 24.71 Inorganic salts .10.33 Carbon 37.40 Hydrogen 5.27 Oxygen 25.52 Nitrogen 1.76 Ashes (inorganic matter) 30.05 The urine voided from a cow during one year contains 900 lbs. solid matter, and compared with Peruvian guano at §50 per ton is worth S20. It will manure l| acres of land, and is more valuable tlian its dung, in the ratio, by bulk, of 7 to 6, and iu intrinsic value as 2 to 1. — Dana. The Urine of the Cow contains of water 92.6 per cent. " '• Horsa " " 94. " " " Sheep " " 96. " " " Hog " " 92.6 " " " Human" " 63.3 " The remainder is composed cf salts and rich food for vegetables. — SpreTigel. AXALVSIS OF BOLIVIAK GUANO BY PROF. JOHNSTON. Water 6.91 Organic Matter, containing Ammonia 55.52 Common Salt and Sulphate of Soda 6.31 Carbonate of Lime 3.87 Phosphate of Lime and ISIagnesia 25.68 Sillcious Matter or Sand 1.71 Analysis of Peruvian guano by prof, johnston. Water 13.09 Organic Matter,- containing Ammonia 53.17 Common Salt and Sulphate of Soda 4.63 Carbonate of Lime 4.18 Phosphate of Lime and Magnesia 23.54 Silicioufl Matter or Sand 1.39 Prof. Johnston's Thsts for C,oot> Guano. — Tlie drier the better, there is less water to i^av for and transport. The lighter the color the better, it is tlie less completely dissolved. If It hns not a strong am- moniacal smell it ouijht to aive off such a smell when a spoonful of it ia mixed with a spoonful of lime in a wine-class. When put into a tumbler of crater and stirred well, and the water and fine matter poured off, it ough| T13 A«RT0«ttBR4t. *ABtltl. to Iftnv© but Ijttie snhd or stoives. When heated to vedaesu ovei* a in% (A a livighti flrai-e, until the animal matter )!« burnt away, the ash sliould nearly all dissolve in dilute muriatic acid, ANALYSIS OF FISH GUANO. Water expelled by 212» heat 8.0G|Sulphate of Magnesia 0.71 Sand 0.33 " Potash 2.05 Oil 2.40 " Soda 2.42 Organic Matter 50.72 Chloride of Sodium 1.12 Suoer-Phosphate of Lime 9.85 Sulphate of Ammonia 2.72 Sulphate of Lime, Hydrated 19.621 ■^''" -^pjohn. Table, showing the effect produced upon the quantity of thk crop by equal quantitie.s of differext manures applied to the same soil, sown with ax eyual quantity of seed. Eeturn in Bushels for each Bushel of Seed. Manure applied. TTheat. | Barley. Kve. Oats, Blood Night Soil Sheep Manure . . . Horse " Pigeon " Cow " ... Vegetable" "Without Manure . 14 12% 141^ 131/2 13 14 11 14 9 12 9 16 -6 13 4 5 Analysis of fresh farm-yard manure, conipo.«ed of borse, cow, and pig excreta', about 14 days old, by Dr. Augustus Voelcker, Professor of Chem- istry in the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, England. Accord- ing to this analysis one ton (2,000 lbs.) farm-yard manure contains — Soluble Filica (silicic acid) 24 lbs. Ammonia (actual or potential) 15% " Phosphate of lime 13,'5 " Lime 23?3 " !Magnesia '. Z^^ " Potash ISi/i •' Soda 1| « Common salt j*5 " Sulphuric acid 21-^ " Water ; 13231 " Woody fibre, &c 579 " Of course no two samples of farm-yard manure are exactly of the game composition. That analyzed by Dr. Voelcker was selected with much care, as representing a fair average. Note. — In estimating the value of barn-yard manure the value of the differ- ent excreta will always range in value 'aceordinj< to the kind of food pro- vided lor the stock. See last column of Table ou page 716. Table showing the comparatia'e value of animal manures, wits fak.m-yard manure .4.s the sta2*dard. ino lbs farm-yar li manure are equal to ■ 125 lbs solid excrement of the Cow 3 lbs Dry Flesh. 73 " « " Horse S " Pigeon Dung. Liquid Blood. 91 " liquid «' Cow. 15 « 16 " " " Horse. 4 " Dry Blood. 98 " Mixed " Cow, 3 " Feathers. M " " " Horse. 3 '< Co'v Hair. 86 " « " Sheep. 3 " Hair Shavings. M " « " Ptg. «^/4" Dry Woollen raga. Johnston, 150 '• Oat « 380 " Barley " 85 " B'kwh't " 45 " Pea " 80 " Wheat Chaff 80 " Green Grass 75 " Potato Tops AGRICULTURAL TABLES. 713 TaBLB SnOWIXG THE RELATIVE VALUE OF DECOMPOSED VEGBTABLB BlANl/HKS, FROM THE tNORGANIC MATTER THEY CONTAIX. Inorganic Matter. „ , . lbs. lbs. ton wheat Straw made into manore retami to the soil 70 to 360 " Oat " " " " " 100 to 180 " Hay " " " " " 100 to 200 " Barley " " " " " If>0tol20 " Pea " " " " " 100 to 110 " Bean " " " " " 100 to 130 " Kye " " •' " " WtolOO " Dry Potato-tops " " " " 400 " Dry Turnip-tops " " " " 370 " Rape Cake " " " " 120 " Malt Dust •« " " «' 180 " Dried Seaweed " " •' " 560 Johnston. Table bhottinq the relatix-e values of decomposed vegetabum AS ma>'ures, from the nitrogen they coxtain. 100 lbs. of fami-yard manure is equal to 130 lbs. Wheat Straw Manure. 80 lbs. Fresh Seaweed ■ Manure. 20 ■' Dried " 26 " Bran of "Wheat or Com ' 13 " Malt Dust 8 " Rape Cake 250 " Pine Sawdust 180 " Oak 25 " Coal Soot Boussingault. ftlOISTURE absorbed BY VARIOUa MAKTTRES. 1000 parts horse-manure, dried at a temperature of lOOTahr., ab- sorbed by exposure to the air at a temperature of 62« Fahr.: Moisture H5 part*. 1000 parts cow-manure, under same circumstances 130 " " pig-dung, " " " 120 " " sheep-dung, " " " 81 " " pigeon-dung, " " " 50 " " rieli alluvial soil, " " 14 " " fresh tanners' bark, " " 115 " " putrified, " " '< 145 " " refuse marine salt, " " 49^" *' [Boot, " " 36 " " bumt clay, " " 29 " " coal ashes, " " 14 " " lime, " " 11 ' " sediment from ealt-pana, " 10 " *< crushed rock-salt, " " 10 " " gypsum, " " 9 " " ciialk, " " 4 " Everj-thing on a farm should be utilized, even the outflow of the kitchen slops should be discharged ou a bed of swamp muck. Good wood aahes weigh about GO lbs. to the bushel ; of this G| 11)8. are soluble in warm water. They are worth to the farmer from GO to 70c. jier bushel as a fertilizer, if leached, they are worth perhaps a quarter of that sum . They are excellent for all crops, altogether unequalled for fruit trees, and in a most unfavorable season 250 bushels of ^wtatoes have been raised from 1 acre dres.«od with them. The products of the water closet, both liquid and solid, should be deo- dorized and composted by mixture with dried peat, ashes, or dry earth cf a loamy nature. The privy vault or bo.x should be easily accessible ftt all times, and ought to be kept well supplied with a mixture of thest 714 AGBICULTURAL TABLEg. absorbents. Ko l>etter fertilizer than this eiiste under the gnn ; about 10 bushels of the compost will be a good dressing for an acre. In China no other fertilizer is used, and about 400.000.000 of y>eople exist on the crops nourl-hed by it. The dry earth closet introduced into England by the Rev. Mr. Moule, and tiie Wakefield closet in the United States, are most powerful auxiliaries of the agriculturist, and deserve the highest commend- ation. Table showing .VMorxT of seed pot.\toes eequired, whe>" cxn ob U>'CTT, AXD WHEN SET AT DIFFEKEXT DISTANCES APAKT, C<' DRIIJ^ TWE>~rY-EIGHT INCHES FKOM CBOW>' TO CROW>-. Whole, and planted 6 inches apart 77 bushels i>er acre. 9 " •' 50 " " 12 " " 38 " " " 18 " " 26 " " " " 24 " '• 19 " " Cut into two sets " 6 " " 38 " " 9 " " 25 " " " 12 " " 19 " " " 18 " " 13 " " Cut into four sets " 6 " '* 19 " " " 9 " " 13 " '• " " 12 " " 10 " " Cnt into five sets " 6 " " 15 " " " " 9 " " . 10 " " Cut into six sets " 6 " " 13 " " Table showdtg thb quantity of l.\>'d, in acres and te>-ths, plough cd by a team axr> plocgh movixg at the rate of two miles pes hoitr. per day of 10 hours. Width of Width of Width of Width of Acrecand ftuTOW in inches. t*ath». furrcir ic inches. tenths. fe«t. tenths. feet. tenthi. 5 1.0 12 2.i 2 4.8 5H 13.2 6 1.2 14 2.* 2H 6.0 6 14.4 7 1.4 16 3.2 3 7.2 6»i 16.6 8 1.6 IS 1 3.6 3H 8.4 7 16.8 9 1.8 20 4.0 4 9.6 7ii 18.0 19 2.0 22 4.4 •I'i 10. S 8 19.2 11 2.2 5 12.0 Argusien-ts IX Favor of Soillng Cattle. — By soiling is understood the feeding of cattle in yards or in stables, with grass or other green fod- der cut in the fields, and hauled to t.iem. The Hon. Josiah Quincy, a high authority, states the following as the main advantages of 'the system: 1st. The saving of laud, 2ud. Tne saving of fencing. 3rd. The economizing of food. 4th. The better condition and greater comfort of the cattle. 5th. The greater product of milk. Gth. The attainment of manure. See page 47. In reference Ui the 3rd item, the economy of food, he says : " There are six ways by which beasts destroy the article destined for their food — - 1. By eating ; 2. By walking ; 3. By dunging ; 4. By staling ; 5. By lying down ; 6. By breathing on it. Of these six, the first only is useful. All the others are wasteful." He asserts that a milch cow may be kept br this method during the ordinary pasturing season on the product of \ acre of land, while at least 2 acres of the same land would be necessary on the pasturage system, and some pLiee the proportion in favor of soil- ing as high as 1 to 7. By this system interior fences may be abolished in every case, weedy head-lauds" p t rid of, and the plough performs ita heaJthy work from one side of the farm to the ottier, without let or biH4nLQce. ox SOILING CATTLK. 715 The Bystem recommended by Mr. Qaincy is as follows : — "1. As early in April as the state of the land will permit, which is usually between the 5th and the 10th, ou properly prepared land, sow oats at the rate of 4 bushels to the acre. " 2. About the 20tli of the same month, sow oats or barley, at the sams rate per acre, in like quantity and proportions. " 3. Early in May, sow, in like manner, either of the above grains. "4. Between the 10th and 15th of May, sow Indian corn (the flat Southern being the best) in drills, 3 bushels to the acre, in like quan- tity and proportions. " 5. About the 5th of Jane repeat the sowing of com. " 7. After the last mentioned sowing barley should be sown in tha above-mentioned quantity and proportions, in succession, on the 15th and 25th of June, and on tlie 1st of, or early in July ; barley being the be^t qualified to resist the frosts." Mr. Quincy relied on the mowing of his best grass land to carry his stock through the month of Jime, or from the earliest pasturing season to the 1st of July, wlien he anticipated fodder from his first sowing of oats, and after the first severe frost he relied on the tops of 12 acres of root crops for tJi© Bupply of 15 cows. The plan adopted by Geo. E. Waring, Jr., another eminent agricultur- iat, for 12 Cows, is as "follows : — " 1. Earlv in the autumn sow 3 acres of winter rye to be cut from May 15th to June 15th. " 2. Early in April, 3 acres oats, to be cut from June 15th to July 1st. " 3. Late in April, 2 acres oats or barlev, to be cut from July 1st to July 15th. " 4. Early in Slay, 2 acres oats or barlev, to be cut from July 15th to August 10th. " 5. Middle of 5Iay, 2 acres com, to be cut from August 10th to September 1st. ' 6. Middle of June, the 3 acres from which rye has been cut to b« sown with corn, to be cut from September 1st to September 20th. " 7. Early in July, the first three acres sown with oats to be re-sown with barley, to be cut from September 20th until the harvest of roots and cabbages furnish a stock of green refuse, which will suffice until winter feeding commences. "8. In September, 3 acres of the 4 comprising Nos. 4 and 5, should be sown with rye for the following spring's use, and tlie roUitiou should follow in regular order. The latter end of the reason should be helped out with root crops . The reason alleged by Mr. Waring for this ap- portioning 12 acres for 12 cows, is the bad condition of the land, but he is Batisfied. that ii all the manure made in the soiling season were to b© applied to the ground year after year, that they might be made in time to snpport, dLiring the whole of the usual pasturing season. 30 milch cows, or 5 COW.S to each acre. He urges tliat in the Xorthem States the earliest abundant food will be secured by tlie use of winter rye, and that the be$t and most abundant food for the late summer and earlier autumn will b« secured by the use of Indian com. To Construct an Ice-House. — This indispensable appendage to the farm-hou.se and dairy may be constructed at a small cost. One writer remarks : " Last Januar>- 1 drew 1 large load of sawdu.«t and spread it on the cronnd on the north side of my horse-barn, then drew the ice (sawed in square cakes) and built up a square pile some 8x10 ft. and 7 or 8 ft. lii^h. fiUing up the spaces betiiveen the cakes with pounded ice. I then sot ui) scantling and built a board house around it 2 feet larger each way £!;:in tlie ice; then filled in sawdust around and 2 to 3 ft. on top, and covered with boards and 8labfl, We have used freely through the aeasoo* 716 COMPONENTS OF FABM PRODDCE. Bold to pic-nic parties, given away to sick neighbors, and have plenty ol ice yet." Another writer reports his method as follows : "I set posts in the ground, so as to make a house 12 ft. squaie (three posts on each side), then board or plank it up 8 ft. high, on the inside. The surface earth is now dug out 6 ins. deep, and sawdust filled in 1 ft deep, making it 6 ins. above the level of the earth. The ice is carefully packed, 9 ft. square and 6 ft high, leaving a space of 18 ins. between ice and boards, closely packed with sawdust, and the same thickness of sawdust placed on top. 1 have an old fashioned board roof over thi* ice-house. The space above , the sawdust is left oj>en, so that the air can circulate through and the ; sun shine in. The result is that we have used ice daily and have aplenty yet As to the cost, four men with one team, cut, hauled and packed the ice. and filled in the sawdust in less than 2 days, not^vithstanding we had to haul the ice over i mile." AVEBAGE COMPO^mOy. PER CE?rT. AXD FEB TON, OF VABIOUS KI^DS OF AGRICCXTrRAL. PUODUCE, &C. , BV JOHX B. LAVES, OF ROTHAMP- STEAD, E>"GLA>"I). Linseed cake Cotton peed cake.. Rape calce , . , Linseed Beans Peas Tares Lentils Malt dust Locust beans , Indian meal "WTieat Barley Malt Oats Fine pollard* Coarse poUardt ... Wteat bran Clover bar Meadow hay Bean straw Pea straw Wheat straw B.irley straw Oat straw Mangel wurtiel S'sredish turnips .. Coromon turnips. . . Potatoes Carrots Parsnins * Middlisgi, C«BieD«. tSur*t«2. KQUIVALEXTS OF VARIOUS FOODS- 717 TaBEI. SnOWLNO NUTRITIVE EQUIVALENTS OF VARIOUS FOODS Nutritive Food. Irish potatoes Carrots Parsnips Jerubalem artichoke Sugar beet Tuniiis (.Swede) Common whit ; turuip.. . , Mangel wurtzel Green pea sti'aw Spurrey (green Green buckwheat stalks. . Comuiou Tetch (.green>. .. French vetch (green) Green stalks white lupin. Green stalks white bean. Green oats (fodder) Timothy gniss (green) . . Bed top " " .. Superior English hay . . Eed clover (green) "White clover (green)... Lucerne (green) Hed clover (hay) ■»Vlut« clover (hay) Lucerne (hay) "Wheat flour Indian corn Eye meal Barl ay meal Oatmeal Buckwheat meal Peae Kidney beans , White field beans 'Lentils English linseed cake American linseed cake. in 100 lbs. Amount of- ^.^^.^^,„ fat - forming Total nutn-jequivalenta matter jiive matter of 100 Iba I best 100 lbs. I 100 lbs. English hay. 18.9 6.6 7.0 18.8 13.6 5^ 3.3 12.6 7.9 2.3 4.7 2.6 4.7 2.? 2.7 8.5 9.7 8.7 36.3 3.6 2.7 3.6 18.7 40.0 38.0 66.4 66.7 5.5.8 Sl'.O 51.1 52.1 41.9 39.3 39.7 38.9 51.0 48.G 20.3 7.2 8.2 19.8 14.5 6.2 4.2 1316 8.8 5.0 4.9 4.5 5.4 4.1 3.7 9.5 13.7 12.0 49.8 5.6 4.2 5.5 41.2 58.7 50.7 81.1 T(U 65.0 69.1 61.1 65.0 63.2 63.7 64.6 7^.1 70.8 245.3 691.6 607.3 251.5 336.5 803.2 1186.7 367.6 565.9 ■ 960.0 1016.6 1106.6 922.2 1212.1 1545.9 524.2 363.4 415.0 100.0 907.1 '185.7 905.4 120.8 84.8 98.2 61.4 64.2 71.0 76.0 72.0 81.5 76.0 78.7 78.3 77-0 68.0 70.3 ■ Bee Flowers. — The following select list of bee-flowers, plants, trees, &c., is commended to the attention of bee keepers on the high authority of Mr. King, Editor of the Bee Keeyxtrs' Maf/aztne, New York, as one of the most accurate and reliable ever published. Those plants marked with an asterisk are prime favorites of the bees, and yield large quantities of liouey. Bee keepers would almost double tlie prodiKt of their hives by taking advantage of the grand modem discovery of artificial comb fuundatious. These foundations are made of wax, or other suitable materials, by- means of a ntachme, are sold at a very reasonable price by the pound, and, when placed in liives, are the means of saving the bees a vast amount of time and work in the construction of comb, every pound ol which, estimated in honest bee labor represents at lea.«t 20 lbs. of honey. Anotlier notable discover}- is the use of salicylic acid for curing foul brood and other useful pnrjxj.ses. Tlie mixture is compounded as fol- lows : Mix t«i2ether 1:JS grs. salicylic acid, ll-'S grs. of soda borax, and 16 02S. of distilled water. To uss, uncap the brood in all the frames that 718 LIST OF BEE FLOWERS, AC. ■how any diseased cells, and thoroughly spray the beee, brood, coml^ and all, with an atomizer filled with the solution. Spring. Erica Camea* Almond Turnip* Winter aconite* Wallflower* (single) Cabbage, &c.* Rosemary* Borage* Strawberry Laurustinus Onion Tnlip* Hazel* Gooseberry Hawthorn. Snow-drop. Apricot Gorse or furze Crocus* Peach Columbine Willow* Apple* Laburnum Osier* Gooseberry* Barberry* Primrose Currant* Ribes Sanguinenns Hepatica Laurel* Dutch clover* Violet Linden or ba.'sawood Sycamore maple* Suynmer. Alsike clover* WTiite clover* Eilverleaf buckwheat* Catnip Syringa Helianthemum Annual poppy* Sea-kale French vrillow* Sweet-briar Bean Yellow lupin Mignionette* Blackberry Chesnut Mallow Lime* Hvssop Teazle* Nasturtium Autumn. French buckwheat* sowed at midsum- mer Spanish broom* HoUvhock* Lucerne clover* Spanish needle Yellow vetch Sainboia Eroora Wheat Viper's buglose* Raspberry* Symphora Racemosa Heath* Sunflower Lemon thyme* St John's wort Melilotus leucantha* Michaelmas daisy Winter savory Pxorple houseleek Ivy Honeysuckle CrccMBEB Pickles. — Select nice, firm cucumbers ; pour on them, fot three successive mornings, boiling water enough to cover ; add a hand- ful of coarse salt. The night before pickling throw on cold water and drain ; put into jars with ground spices in a bag, sugar and salt enough to taste, alum size of an English walnut to each jar ; pour vinegar hot in each jar, and cover tight while hot. To FIXD THE SIZE OF A BrS" TO HOLD A CERTAIN X175IBER OF BrSHELS. Augment the number of bushels J, and the result wiU exliibit the number of cubic feet the bin will comprise. Then, when two dimen.«ions of the bin are known, divide the last result by their product, and the quotient will be the other size. Per Cextage of Oil lk Seeds, Gbath, &c. Oil per cent, i Oil per cent. Linseed U to 22 say 17 | Oats 5 to 8 say 6i Hempseed 14 Kapeseed 40 White Mustard 36 Sweet Almond 40 Bitter Almond 28 Turnip Seed 40 Wheat Flour 2 BKley 2 2.'; ' • 19 70 ' ' 15 38 ' ' 37 54 ' ' 47 46 ' ' 37 50 ' ' 45 4 ' ' 3 a ' ' 2J Indian Com 5"9 " 7 ■ "VTheat Bran 3" 6 " 4 ! Potatoes, turnlpe and cab- I t-age 1} Wheat Straw 2 " 3i " 3 i Oat Straw 4 I Meadow Hay 2 "6 " SJ Clover Hay 3 « 6 » 6 FACTS FOR DArSTMBW. 719 TABLB SHOWniQ THE AMOVST OF BITTER AXD CHE£S£ OBTAJNABLS FBOM lULK. 100 Iba. milk contains about 3 lbs. pure butter. 100 " " " " 7.8 lbs. cheese. 100 " " aver^ea " 3.5 lbs. common butter. 100 " " '* '' 11.7 lbs. common cheese. 100 " skim milk yielda " 13.5 lbs. skim milk cheese. TXBLE SHOWING THE INGREDIENTS CONTAINED IS TABIOCa KINDS 0» MILK. IN 100 PARTS THERE ARE OF— "Woman. Cow. Ass. Goat. 87.9 870 91.7 86.7 6.5 4.8 6.1 5.3 3.6 3.1 0.1 3.3 1.5 4.5 1.8 4.1 Ew« 85.6 5.0 4.2 4.5 Chloride of potassium , 9 parts. Phosphate of magnesia, 4 " E^ee soda, 3 " Common salt, 3 " Water, Milk Sugar, Butter, Casein, The quantity and quality of cows' milk Taries according to the food sup- plied, breeds, &c. In every 1000 PARTS OF MPLK THERE ARE OF— "Water, 840 parts. Milk-Sugar, 45 " Butter, or oil, 40 " Casein, 40 " Phosphate of lime, 17 " The time required for the full amount of cream to rise to the surface of new milk at different temperatures may be seen from the following table :— 10 to 12 hours if the temperature of the air is 77^ Fahr. 18 to 20 " '• " " 68=' 24 " " '« " 55° 36 •« " " " 50^ " 1 gal, of milk weighs 10 lbs. 4 ozs ; heiug heavier than water in the pro- portion of 103 to 100. The best temperature at which to chum cream it from 55° to 60** Fahr. ; for milk G5° Fahr. MUk will produce scarcely any cream even in the sj^iace of a mouth if it is kept at 33° to 38° Fahr. Milk turns sour by the fermentatiou of the susar, and its transformation into lactic acid, thus causing the milk ti r urdle : vinegar or rennet will produce the same effect. Good cream will produce about J of its weight of butter ; cheese made from good milk contains nearly 33 pet cent ot water; that from skim-milk about 60 per cwt. 720 DIRECTIONS FOR CHURNING, ETC. The perfection of milk keeping is attained \rhen a stream of pure Birring w;iter flows through the room wuere it is Icept, where fresh air circuiatt-s freely through slatted windows or doors uncontaminated by the odor of decaying vegetables or animal matter, and when the tempera- ture ranges from 55° to 05° Fahr. During wijiter great profit would re- sult irom bringing tlie temperature of the milk to about 120° Fahr. pre- vious to setting, and during all seasons the greatest amount of cream will be coUeoted when the milk in the pans is not over 2 inches in depth. During warm weather the milk, after being drawn from the cow, should, as soon as possible, be cooled down to 62°. This may be done by setting the pail in cold water, or by putting a little pulverized ice in the paU pre- vious to straining. A small piece of cry.stallized soda about the size of a marble, dissolved in a little water and added to a pail of freshly drawn Uiilk, will increase the amount of cream, improve ttse butter, and correct acidity. Milk vessels, stramers, cliurns, &c., should be kept scrupulously clean and free from taint of every kind by frequent scaklings witli boil- in"' watci'. During very hot weather the milk room maj' be cooled by hanging wet linen sheets near the doors and windows, with the lower parts of the sheets immersed in cold water, and during cold weather the temperature may be raised by means of a tire in a stove, on which a vessel of water may be placed to prevent too nuicli dryness of air. In skimming the milk, deposit the cream in clean stone crocks, or tin pails, and after sprinkling a liandful of fine salt over the surface, set away in a cool place, to remain uuf il chiiniecL In filHug the chum leave out whatever milk niay be found at t'.ie bottom of the cream crock as itn sour taste will be sure to promote acidity in the butter. Churning should occupy from h to g of au hour ; rapid churning should be avoided, as it alTects the quality and lessens the quantity of the br.tter ; if it should be hard and granular, refusing to come together well, throw in a little warm Avnter, churning all the while, and the butter will be gathered and ready to take up. As the question of coiTCct temperature is all important in tlie manu- facture of butter and cheese, frequent use should be made of a good thermometer. Great loss is certain to result if this useful insti-nment is disjiensed with. In churning, use care to keep the cream •well washed down, so that the wliole will granulate with regularity: and when the butter has formed in small lumjis, pour off the buttermilk, lejiving the butter in the churn ; pour in a pailful of pure cold water and well wash the butter in it, gather- ing it into a solid compact massand v/orking it to squeeze out the butter- milk. Next, remove it to the butter dish and again well wash, at a temperature not higher than .55° or 58°, imtil the milk is utterly removed from the butter and the water quite clear, then salt, with the bestAshton salt, at the rate of i \b. to 10 lbs. butter : work the salt well in and use every effort to rid the butter of water and millcy brine, for depend upon it, the product will not be first class unless this is done. In packing butter use neat firkins, tubs, or pails made of white oak ; pnrifv each by filling with a strong solution of bicarbonate of soda boil- ing hot, alio win. "J the water to stand for2J:honrs. Avoid ])acking butter in vessels containing undissolved salt at the bottom ; unless covered with a cloth the butter will be damaged by coming in contact with it Take great precautions to remove all rancid or suspicious butter from firkins that are to be refilled. All butter made during the early pai-t of the summer should be shipped and sold without loss of time, as it will only keep sweet for a short period. Butter made during warm weather should be packed in firkins and ke)it in a dry cool place. To preserve it from the air, cover the butter to the depth of half an inch (or deep enough to ex- clude the sdx\ with strong brine containiug in solution 2 tablespoonfals of ON CHEESE MANUFACTURE. 7?1 •vbitP sugar and a piece of saltpetre doable the size of a pea. In the fall the bitter may be repacked in pails and tubs, to market as fresh butter. Ii butter is too soft while being worked and salted, allow it to stiffen lor 3 or 1 hours in a cool place, then begin again and finish the work. In packing never mix even the smallest amount of poor butter with good : it IS certain to taint and miu tlie whole package. The rancidity of buttei may be prevented by thoroughly washing and salting before the rbeesy particles and milky matter is acidilied by e:ciK»>ure to the air, and by nsing due caution, to exclude air from tlie jxickage by a covering of water veil saturated with salt. The oU of butter is a substance of jicculiar richness, unlike any other known oil, and tho/<(^ of batter, when comi>acted by expressiug tlie oil, is identical with the solid fat of the human body. Chemical analysis and numerous experiments prove that the butter in cow's milk comes direct from the fat of the aninuU. The fatty globules are carried into the eircu- Lition, dc;irived of stearijie by respiratory combustion, and the oil is dien pent to the udders, where, under the influence of mammary pepsin it ig changed into tlie components of butter. It is on tiiis principle that the oleomargarine, now being vended in such immense quantities in the United States and Euroi)e, is manufactured fi"om cow's fat or beef suet. First class butter is free from everj- tKue of a rancid taste or smelL TThen cut witli a knife it should neither soil tlie blade, exude any dew or milky brine, should be neitlier sticky nor greasy, but should, in summer, iwssess a rich yellow color, with a granular, waxy composition; in winter the color should be of whitish cast or of a pale yellow tint, A plentiful clover pasture surpiisses all other food for producing the best quality of milk and butter. Ox Cheese M.\xiTF.\CTrRE, — ^The following practical directions are by an experienced mannfacturer: " When two iiiilkings are united, strain the evening's milk and cool by- means of pieces of i e dropped into the pails before straining. In the morning tike n'f all t'le cream, nix it with twice tlie quantitj- of new inUk. Add warui w.iter enough to raise it to the temperature of <<8". Rub annatto thrmgh a eilk dotli sufficient t> make the curd the ct lor of rich cie«m. Iut,> t!ils put rennet sufficient to curd in 35 minute.-;. Stir the whole into the milk previously riised to tlie tenii)erature of 85°. The milk should be waruieii by means of a p;i;l of hot water set into it, but never by putting it o\erthe fire, for the least burning of the ini'k will spoil the cheese. While the card is sotting, co\'er with a cloth to pre- vent the surface from C(X>liiig. Tlie mctliod of cutting, scalding, and pressing depends »i[>on the Tarietics of cheese to be" nuinufattured. About J of a ]X)and of the bcrt Ashton salt is, sufficient for 20 lbs, of cnrd. Care should l>e taken that flie whey l>e entirely expressed." Calves may be raised in first chi.^s order at a cost of not more than one- tenth of the value of the butter made from tl;e milk saved, by the u.«e of oil menl, the cheapest mokis.'ies, and skim miik. The right qunntity fora young calf, i^ a tablesjr'Onful of oil meal (oil cake) and the ssime of moLiEses, divided into 3 parts, for 12 d:<.v.s' feed, added to the skim milk. At the end of the first week each may be increased, and at 10 days a gp<30!ifTil of iiiol.isses :ind the same of oil meal may be given at each feed. At the i.-'iTunii-nri-Tiipnt of the third week a swonful of oat or barley meal may re .-idd' d t^^ each feed, but this should be cooked. Tie cU meal shouhi be scalded and allowed to form a thick mucilage before being mixed with the skim milk, the molasses m.Tv be added direct and the whole siven Tiil'k w.ann. Cilves nii«ed on this food have weighed 125 lbs. at 4 ue^^hs old. Hav tea is sometimes used to bring up a calf; this la the golubie cou^tituenta of the bar, obti»iiied by cookiag. li 732 FATTENING P0"9rEK OF FOODS. At the noted agricultural college of nohenheim, Germany, probably the best conducted institution of the kind in the world, they raise calves entirely by hand, and the daily allowance of food is as follows : MILK. OATMBAl. FL5EHAT. lbs. lbs. llK. 1st we«k 12 2nd " 16 3rd " 20 4tli " 22 ; 6th, eth, and 7th weeks 22 K % 8th week 21 % ^ 9th " 20 1 1 10th " 16 2 3 nth " 12 2 6 12th " 8 — 2 10 13th " 4 3 10 In the ninth week the milk is fii>t mixed with water, and a little fine oatmeal is stirred in. The meal is afterwards mixed with the dry fodder After three montlis the milk is withheld, and then the young animals receive daily, till two and one-half years old, from twenty to twenty-two potmds of hay or its equivalent. But the calves never after receive, even in summer, any dry food till they are nine months old. The average feed- ing is so divided that the yoimger portion receives less, the older more, till two and one-half years' when they begin to receive the regular rations of the older cattle, including the grain fodder as indicated above. The growth with this treatment is such that these animals (not Shorthorns) attain the following weights at various ages : — HEIFERS. BVLLI. Average weight of calves at three months 233 lbs 353 lbs. " " " " six months 351 " 472 " " " " " twelvemonths 610" 750" " " " " two years 1181" 1300 '« Daily increase of calves 1.5" 1.8" " " in second year 1.4" 1.5" Fattening Powek of Foops, PRODrcriox of Pork, Beef, &c.— * Carefully conducted experiments prove that 1 bushel of corn, weighing 56 lbs., will produce 10| lbs. of pork. Throwing off J to come at the net weight, gives 8 2-5 lbs. of pork as the proceeds of 1 bush, corn, or 1 lb. of pork as the product of 6| lbs. of com. 1 lb. of iwrk is made by 3 4-5 lbs. of cooked corn meal. Experiments made by C. 51. Clay, of Kentucky, showed that one bushel of diy com made 5 lbs. 10 ozs. of pork ; of boiled com, 14 lbs. 7 ozs., and boiled meal, 16 to 18 lbs. The following Table shows the relation which the price of com bears to that of pork on the assumption that it requires 63 lbs. of com to produce 1 lb. of pork. TABLE showing THE PRICE OF PORK PER POtTND AT DIFFERENT PRICES PER BUSHEL FOR CORN. Com per busk. Cents. Pork per pound. 1 1 Com per bush. Cents. 1 ' Cents. Pork per pooad. Cent*. 12Vj ' 1.50 ! 38 , 4.52 15 1.78 I 40..-. 4.7S 17 9 nrt 49 .! .1.00 20 2.38 45 5.35 5.95 ....6.54 7.14 7.74 00 2.63 ;, 50 25 2.96 H 55 30 3.5T , 60 33 3-92 65 36 4.00 1 70 8.5T FATTENING POWER OP FOODS. 723 By Terersing the preceding Table we obtain the price of com at different prices per lb. for pork. The utility of the Table is apparent. For in- Bfcince, if corn is selling at 50c. per bushel and pork for only 6c. per lb., it would be most profitable to sell the corn ; but should corn be selling at 40c. per bushel and i)ork for 6e. per lb. , it would be the most profitable to sell the latter. The Table must be regarded as an approximation merely, as the results wiU vary according to the sample of grain, breed, constitution, age, digestion, condition, habits, health, &c., of the animal. In fattening pigs, peas to begin with are the most valuable food to fill up the fiesliou the bones; this well accomplished, corn is the most efficient in the formation of fat. A mixtui^ of peas and com, or peas and barley, will give better results than either of these grains fed separately. Peas contain in 1,000 part« — 2C4: parts gluten, and 496 of starch, gum and sugar. Com 123 " " " 71G " " " Barley 64 " " " 684 " " Gluten and albumen are^esA-forming, starch, gum, and sugar, are/a<- forming elements. From numerous experiments, Mr. Harris, in his wor^ on the pig, deduces the following : that A moderately fat heifer or steer will dress 59i percent, meat. " " mutton sheep " " 59| " " " pig " " 82i " Tlie preponderance in favor of the pig is immense. It is remarked by an eminent cattle feeder, Mr. Clyde, "that an ox requires two per cent of his live weight per day : if he works, 2i uer cent ; a milch cow 3 per cent; a fattening ox, 5 per cent at first, and 4^ per cent when half fat, and 4 per cent when fat ; grown sheep, 3^ per cent to keep them in their store condition." An ox, to replace the daily loss of muscular fibre, re- quires from 20 to 24 ozs. of di7 gluten or vegetable albumen daily. Thia would be supplied by — 120 lbs. of turnips or 17 lbs. clover hay. 115 " wheat straw or 12 lbs. peas. 75 " carrots or 12 lbs. barley. 67 " potatoes or 10 lbs. oats. 20 " meadow hay or 5 lbs. beans. The Society of Shakers, at Lebanon, N. Y., noted for pork raising, say : " For fattening animals, sveine particularly, we consider three of cooked, equal to four of raw meal." " Unless food be thoroughly deprived of its vegetative powers before it enters the stomach, the whole nourishment which it is capable of aflford- ing cannot be derived from it. The most effectual mode of destroying the living principle is by the application of heat, by steaming or boiling. — Louden' s Encyclopedia of Ac/i-icidtrire. " As to the steaming of food for cattle, there is abundant experience to recommend it. The process of cooking renders sohible that which woul(? otherwise be imperfectly digested. It removes, in some cases, what would otherwise be unwholesome, and it renders savory what would otherwise be dista.«. respectively. " I should say that the cattle on long hay had all they would eat at the three regular feeds, and the quantity consumed was foimd to be at the close of the trial equal to 28 lbs. per day, as above stated. You will very froperly ask, what is the mixture made of ? " My" steam box (in three divisions) holds enough to fill 200 feed boxes of about one bushel each, and requires to pack it well 900 lbs. of dry fodder. This is made up of 300 lbs. good hay and 600 lbs. of com stover, dried fodder, corn or oat or barley straw. This is cut tolerably fine and ■well mixed, and when packed in layers for steaming is thoroughly wet and seasoned with ISO quarts wheat shorts, 60 quarts cotton seed ineal, and GO quarts com meal. 'The rale for feeding now observed, and that has been used for the past winter, is somewhat changed from previous years, and is a boxful of steamed feed morning and noon, and 5 lbs. dry hay at night. The two boxes of feed contain 3 lbs. good hay, 6 lbs. straw (or its equivalent), 1 lb. shorts, and If lbs. meal (hidf each cotton seed and com), and upoa ihis good gain is made, as the monthly record shows." A cheap and servioe;ible steamer may be improvised by making a box of well jointed 2 in. pine, about 7 or 8 feet long by 2^ ft wide, with a bottom of No. 16 sheet iron, nailed securely on to the lower edge of the .sides and ends, and turned up a little outside of them, say, ^ an in( h. Pl.ice a ial&e bottom perforated with numerous holes, about 3 ins. above the fast b<.ittom, and arrange a tight fitting cover for the top. Set the )xix on brick work over a suitable fireplace, so that the wooden edges of the box will be safe from the fire, and give a proper draught by a suitable chimney erected at the opposite end fr^^m fireplace. The space between the lower and false bot om being partly fiUed with water, the cut hay or other provender is packed tightly in above the false bottom, the cover is shut tight, the fire is lighted, and the ste.nm enters the perforations in the false bottom and cooks the contents of tlie box. Don. G. Gepdes, of Syracuse, N.T., says : — " Tb.it there Ls no branch of farming that was less tind^rstood and promised more advantages, than the preparation of food. He had thoroughly proved years ago that coc'l-ny. indejiendent of grinding. :.t lea.^t T-omzlTD the vai.i:"e of food." Geo. a. M'X>ee. of Erie Co.. sai 1 l:e had fed 200 sheep on eookedf'y>d, and be had f idly satisfied himself tiiat the value of food was tkipled by COOKi:>fG. I^fessor Mapes says ( Transartiojhs American Instif.tite. 1864, p. 373) : " The experiment, often tried, has proved tb.at eighteen or nineteen pounda of cooked corn is equal to fifty fiounds of raw com for hog feed. Mr. Masox. of New .Jersey, foimd that iw^rk fed with raw grain cost 12^centa per pound, and that from cooked 4| cents. Cooked com stalks are as soft and almost as nutritious as grreen stalks. Cattle can l>e fattened at about half the expense upon cooked fotid as upon uncooked." Experiments made by Mr. Owen Mercha>"t. of Wars.iw, N.T.. prcved tkat a jToke of poor oxen, yalued at about $40, were iatted on cooked RESULTS OF COOKED FOOD. 725 potatoes and bran in five weeks and three days, and made estra beef, which was sold in the market for first quality. James BrcKixGn-oi gave in the Prairie Farmer an experiment with raw and cooked meal, and found that a hog fed on IJ bushels raw meal gained 19 pounds, and another fed on one bushel cooked meal gained ii2 pounds. S. H. Clat, of Kentucky, found by experiment that a bushel of r?.w com makes 5^ pounds of pork, whilst a bushel of cooked meal makes 17^ pounds. Mr. A. Avery, of Syracuse. N.Y., says, after two years' trial : — "I think I have saved SlO per head on keeping (say §G00 on the stock feed), besides having the milcn cows in better condition than ever before." He says again, in April, 1869, " This you see gives me a clear profit of $537.25 on 4i months' feed. Messrs. Dewey and Stewart, ot Owosso, Mich., says:— Wehave fed 64 head of cattle. 7 horses.and 340 sheep, fattened 22 head of cattle and 70 sheep. We think we have saved one-third the exi^euse in wintering this stiick. By Professor ToBLricEB's analysis, 1 ton of wheat straw contains:— 35 lbs. of oil, ' 26 lbs. albumen, 390 " digestible, 85 " mucilage. Experiments by E. W. Stewart, of New York, proved a bushel of wlieat straw with two quarts middlings or meal was equal to the same weiglit of cut hay. and was worth '25 per ceut. more than uncut hay. It was also found that the animals would eat 25 per cent more hay uncut than cut The same experiment was then made with corn meal, and IJ pint* was fomid to make a bushel of straw equal to liay. Mr. Skin->-er, of New York, says he '■ fed 44 head of milch cows on steamed straw and shippings, and 26 head on hay not steamed. Tlie straw was cut and steamed with the shippings. Each cow received 10 lbs. of straw and 8 lbs. of shippings, and the exjiense, including lal)or and fuel, was 2vi «eut^ per heaer head, daily, showing a balance of 6 cents per day each in favor of the Ptnvw and shippings. Those fed on the .^traw were full and plump, were gaining fle^h, and doing better than those fed en hay." In Alcsath, Hungary, .similar trials were made about the year 1839 on a verj- larse scale, resulting in a decided success. The trials were made 2as draught oxen, 108 daTS— daily profit of steaming 613 00 2,0(X) old wethers, 120 " " " 12 50 34 stud hci-ses 180 " " " 1 42 The profit on 180 days' winter feeding on the above animals being S4,S50, an amount quite worth saving. Cooking lanrely incre.ases the bulk of th« grain, a great advantage in preparmg it for feeding cattle. 4 measures of com liave been increased to 13 4 " barley " " 10 4 " bran " " 14 Thomas J. Edge writes to the Practical Farmer:—"! found that 3 bushels of whole corn made 47| 11)S. of pork. Five bushels (?t.<.« milt' r's toll) of com ground aud made into thick 8loi> with cold icatn, made 54^ lbs of pork. The same amount of meal well boiled and fed cold, made 83^ lbs. of pork. The com cost 81. .30 per l;u.«hel : the pork made from t!:e tchole com hardv j-nid for the corn, while the same amount of ground corn cooked, paid the whole cost of the cooking and a little more tlian Bl I»er bushel over." In this in.«tanoe tlie ]xirk sold at 814 per cwt. In a eecond experiment 10 bnshel.s of corn on the cob, fed in the usu.al way. on the groimd, made 29^ lbs. of i>ork. while the same amomit of shelled, gn)aud by horse-power and well boiled, made 64 Ihs. of pork. 726 RESULTS OF COOKED FOOD. J. D. IsETT reports in the Practical Farmer that " he formerly f«d his team horses 70 lbs. of chop for each horse per week, besides the hay they would eat, and that by cooking his chop he found that his horses did better, and looked better, kept in better spirits, and in every way were better, fed on 50 lbs. per week than on the large amount uncooked, making a saving, as he claims, on 8 weeks, of S57.60. Kote.—ln steaming hay, chaff, straw, &c., the fodder should first be cut and then moistened by a large sprinkling pot or hose, adding water at the rata of at least 3 gals, to 5 bushels of feed while it is being stirred up with a fork; then, if bran, meal, or other more concentrated food is lo be fed with it, it should be sifted on evenly, and mixed. Sift in a little salt at the same time. Food thus prepared and fed to horses affected with the heaves will often effect a thorough cure. The steaming process lias also a wonderful transforming power in rendering mildewed^musty, smutty, and rusted straw, hay, com, fodder, &c., into first-class, nourishing fodder. Ev^ery pulsive taint is completely dissipated by the steaming process In the Practicitl Farmer for Dec, 1868, " Agricola" writes, demonstrated to my own satisfaction, with the use of the Prindle Steamer * and careful weighing, that while 5 bushels of boiled mush will make 84 lbs. of pork, 3 bushels of meal and 5 bushels of potatoes wiil make 72 lbs. of pork." Ev^ery offensive odor and re- I have prikdle's agkicultural boilkr. In doing business on a large scale, it is much the best way to nse an Agricultural Boiler, like that of Priudle's, represented in the cut, which illustrates the metliod by which tb.e steam is transmitted to the barrel or box confciining the iodder to be cooked. The uses of such a contrivanca are manifold. It may be used to great advantiige as a small still for dis* » A'o^eS-Fanners will be pleased to learn that this unequalled Agricultural Steamer and F.irmer's Boiler, is the invenlioa of Daxii;l K. Peindle, him- self a practical farmer, of East Bethany, ?>.i"- It was victorious at the World's Exhibition at Philadelphia in ISTG. Full information, circulars, &c-, obtained free, bv addressing the inventor as above, 0? the ajanutaCtUTCrSj BARSOTfs, Saveby & Gy., PUiiadaiphifc, Pa. TIMBER MEASUREMENT. 727 tilling essential oils, refining coal oil, boiling clothes, wanning bath tnbs, heating small rooms, scalding hogs, &c. These boUers, made by Savery & Co.. Philadelphia, are provided with safety valves, flexible pipes. &c., and may l>e procured in tlie United States from Robert C. Reeves, dealer in Agricultunxl implements, &c.. 185 and 1^7 Water Street, New York. Another Boiler, somewhat similar, is sold by William Reunie, Toronto, Ont KrMBER AF FkKT IK LENGTH OF THE FOLLOWIXG DIMENSIONS OF TiMBEB KEQriRED TO MAKE 1000 FEET OF BOARD AND CCBIC MEASURE RE- SPECTIVELV. iNo.of ft in • length to i Siz«. { make VWO Ift cubic m. 6x3 ! 5,760 6x6 : 4,*oo 5x7 i 4,114.3 5x8 I 3.6^ 6x9 : 3,200 R X 10 ; 2,880 6 xll 2,61S-2 6 xl2 2,400 6x6 4,o.:to 6x7 3,42S.7 6x8 3,0011 6x9 ' 2.66C-.8 6 xlO , 2,400 6 xll 2,1*1.8 6 X 12 2.000 7x7 ; 2.9-58.9 7x8 2,-571. t 7x9 , 2,285.8 7 X 10 2,057.3 7 xll ' 1,870.1 7 xl2 1.714.3 8x8 2..T50 8x9 2,000 8 xlO 1.S00 8 xll 1,636.4 8 112 1.5i» 9x9 1.777.3 10 XlO l,tWO 9 xi: 1,455.5 9 X 12 l,'«--i.4 10 xin 1.440 10 xl2 1.200 11 X 11 1400 11 X 12 1.091 12 xl2 IvOOO It X 16 642.10 16 xl3 500 1(< x20 400 SO x22 327.3 22 X2^ 272.8 To MEASCKE Lumber BY THE Board Rule.— Place the rule acrost the board to be meas- ured. \vith the far end flush with the off side of the board, and note tha widtb in inches: tlien measure the length of board and turn the rule to same length, exaniin- ingthe section or col- umn of that length, and the contents will be found indented on the rule just Over the liigh edge of the board. Rule to measurb Loos OR Round Tim- ber.— M u 1 1 i p 1 V the length, taken in ft., by the square of one quar- ter of the mean girth, measured in inches, and this product divid^l by 144 will give the requir- ed contents in cubic ft. In me.nsuring tap>ering timber take the girth abont one- third the dis- tance from the Lirge to the small end. Rt LK FOB ANT .Size. — ^lultiply the number of ft. in the face of the timber to be measured, by the thickness in inches, and the result will be the content* in ft. of board measure. The fores^imr table will be found extremely useful to every timber merchant, mill owner, lumberman, and farmer. For otlier tables relat- ing to Timber measurement, the re?vcl«r ia relerr^d to th9 peries ooq;* nieocing with page 617, 728 GEOLOGICAL FACTt. GEOLOGICAL FACTS; AGE, ORIGIN AND ULTIMATE DURATION OF THE EARTH. s.-!-;^ Geology is a noble science of but recent origin; it ti-eats of the structure and mineral construc- tion of the eiuth's crust, the varied strata which compose it, the fossils they coutaui, and the tremendous forces employed in their formation. The diagram disj^lays the order in vrhich the differ- ent strata are super-imposed on eacli other ; they extend to an estimated depth of 82,riOO feet or up- wards of 15 miles, from the surface down to the granite. The gi-anite, styled by geologists, the jn-imitive, crystalline, or ignemts rocks, owing to their evident origin from the action of fire, forms the foundation of the stratified rocks, and at one period tlie surface of the globe was entirely com- posed of these rocks in an incandescent condition, like molten iron. Gradually cooling during tha lapse of ages, a crust was formed, water was con- densed f i-om tlie atmosphere, and the formation of the stratified or o^iffOHS rocks began. As an instriuueutality in creation, water seems to have been endowed with absolute power, for its irre- sistible latency appears to be onmipresent in the formation of everything terrestrial. Each strati- fied Uiyer bears manifest proof of havhig at one time composed the surface of the earth on which we dwell, and a duration of time, estiuiated by Piof. Agassiz to be not less than 15.000,000 of years h;ive been required to produce the different strata that have been formed since first the dry land ai)i.carcd. The substances of which the stratified rocks consist have all been deposited by the action of water ; eacli imbeds in its rocky prison eunnnous quantities of the fossil remains of organized forms of animal and vegetable life, which at one time, although at periods iudmceiv- bly remote, flourished in the sun.shine, on the blooming surface of the earth. The following tiible shows the relative position in which these various strata exist with respect to each otlicr, computing from the granite upwards together with the estimated thiclniess of each, but it must nut be imagined that they can all lie found in any one particular part of the earth. Some will always be found missing, the existence and absence of such deposits being caused by the alternate submersionsanddessicatious which have existed at different times on evei-y part of tlie earth's surface. All land and stratified rocks have been formed bv tidal and sub-mariiie action, and whatever the strata may be in auy given place, fhe orrh'T of their surccssixtn is (da-ays the same. The Prlmakt comprk^os tlie. Azoic and Cambruiu or bottom rocks, the Siliirian. the Devonian or Old Red Sandstone, the rarbouiferous or Coal Sygtem, and the Permian. The 6eco»daby, which eucceeds, comprises ss^^m^^^^^^ S!iirXE®S G10L06ICAL FACTS. 7n til* Trias and Oolite, and the cretaceous or Chalk foraiation. Tl»« TEKTiABr consists of the Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene and the Plektocene, or superficial deposits. Proiaky CBCeNDARY Tertiary ■ Azoic (lifeless) and Cambrian rocks Silurian, Lower and Upper • Devonian, or Old Red Sandstone Carboniferous, or Coal Permian Trias and Oolite Cretaceous, or Chalk ' Eocene, or lower tertiary Miocene, or middle tertiary Pliocene, or upper tertiary Diluvium, or superficial deposits Feet. 26,000 30,000 9,000 10,000 2,000 2,500 1,100 2,000 86,600 1st. The primitive or iffneous rocks ■ (granite) contain no organic re- Bains, they bear evidence of having existed at one time in a molten stat» by reason of intense heat. These rocks protrude through the earth ia manv places, forming mountains, «&c., in numerous localities, the upheaval, *s many supix)se, being caused by volcanic forces operating from be- neath. 2d. The Cambrian, Azoic, metamoiiMc or transition rocks are partly crystalline, but manifestly stratified, and composed in great i^rt of tho disintegrated material of the underlying granite, with slight deposits of sea shells. The " Azoic " rocks denote those devoid of all traces of or- ganic life. 3d. The Silurian formation resting on the Cambrian, contains remain* of Zoophytes, MoUusks, and Crustaceans, aU of them submarine uue J7e- ftraic animals of a very low order. The Zoophile is a sort of starfish fixed on the top of a 'slender stalk, rising from, and adhering to tho bottom of the water, supplied with long tentacles or fingers, armed with suckers stretching forth on all sides to seize their prey and convey it to a stomach of a simple organism with one orifice. The muiliisks aro pulpy, boneless cre;itures with or without shells, like the modem oyster, muscle, snail or slug. Of the Crustaceans tlie most highly developed wera the trilobitci, now cjiiite extinct, but at this time existing in great profu- sion and variety ; tlie nearest existing resemblance to the trilobites ia to be found in tlie lobster, crab, shrimp, or crayfish families. Of th» vegetable creatii)n no traces are to be found iu this formation beyond the casts of some specimens of Fncoids or sea-weeds. In the Siluria» formation no vertebrated animals hare been anyichere discovered. To this class belong all those anihials furnished with a vertical spine or backbone, ■with connecting skeleton, as Fishes, Reptiles, Birds. Mammals and tha Human race. No dry land, or land vegefcition existed during this epoch. 4th. The Devonian or Old Red Sandstone formation, resting on the Silurian, contains the fossil remains of nearly 200 varieties of vertebrate fishes. All these fishes were cartilaginous, clad in strong integuments of bone composed of enamelled plates, instead of the scales which cover thft existing races of the deep. Owing to the intense internal heat of the globe, the water composing the se;vs during this period were in a tepid or warn* condition, hente the need of this defensive exterior on the finny tribes. As the globe cooled down and the alternations of summer heat and winter cold set in (as evidenced by the appearance of annual sea.=on rings in the fos.sil trecs)thpse fishes disai)peared and others came into existence. The dava of the Old Red Sandstone epoch was heralded by tremeodocui ti* GEOLOGICAL FACTS. and wide spread volcanic explosions causing the upheaval of the uiideriy- ing granite, lifttng vrith it the super-imposed Cambrian aud Silurian strata, thereby forming mountains and dry land above the surface of the water?. Land vegetation soon followed. Vertebrate fishes were created, their artaored condition attesting a very high teraperatui-e on the eaitli during the wiiole period. This formation contains 67 species of Zoophytes, 4K of Crustacea, 88 of conchifera, 82 of moUusca, &c., but no quadrupeds. 5th. The carboniferous syste7n, resting on that of the Old l^ed Saud.>;toue, contains deposits of Shale, Sandstone aud Limestone, iuterspersed with Ironstone and coal. The mternal heat of the eaitli was still of a high tem- perature during this epoch, vast volumes of carbonic acid gas were emitted from the ground, hot, hazy, damp vapors filled the atmosphere, the conditions of shade, heat aud humidity, extending even into the frigid zones, generated a growth of Ferns, Calamites, Lepidodeudra, Sigillaria and Stigmaria of prodigious extent aud the most astonishing dimensions. These different growths, compared with which the mostluxuriant tropical vegetation of modem times are but as a howling wilderness or a barren desert, existed at widely different periods ; each nnderwent a complete Bubmersiou under water, sand and gravel, and it is to the gi-eat masses of vegetable matter which composed these primeval forests that the coal measures owe their origin. The transmutation of the vegetable into the mineral substance of coal ha.s occupied incalculable ages, but on close in- spection the vegeUible structui-e is plainly visible, and no doubt can exist of its organic origin. The fossil remains imbedded in the limestone sections which alternate with coal seams mainly resemble those of the preceding ages. ' Rep- tDes of the Batrachijin or frog species, and terrestrial animals in the iorms of insects of a low order, chiefly of tlie Scorpion, Cockroach, Cricket and Beetle tribes, now first ai^pear' The festering heat was unsuit- able to higher organisms, no sunbeam could penetrate the dense mists, eilence held universal sway, while a profuse, flowerless and almost fruit- less vegetation, unparalleled in immensity by anything ever known in tiie history of this planet, tenanted the sombre and death-like solitudes. These forests grew with amazing rapidity until the soft and pulpy masses fell beneath their o-wn weight and succeeding forests sprang from their jjros- trate trunks. A temble revulsion of nature takes place; thc.ee precious materials are destined for the future use of man. Water, the main-spring of all terrestrial activity, the irresistible agent of creative power, conies upon the scene with overwhelming force, these forests are submerged, and covered with strati of sand aud gravel, long since tmnsmuted into sections of rock. Thus the bosom of the earth w.ns made the store-houte of those vast treasures of coal and iron which daily minister t<-) the wauta of man. 6th. The Permian system is suiierim]iosed on the Carlwniferous forma- tion. Violent subterranean convulsions appear t) have dislocated the coal teds about the commencement of this epoch, aud on the broken masses the Permian svstem of sedimentarv rocks were deposited. The ancient order of fishes occur in this formation for the 1.-) ?ttime, the Trilobite di.^app.ears 1 rum existence, aud undoubted traces of rai air-breathing oviparous reptile of the Saurian (hzard) f ami! v appear. Po^sil footsteps of four-footed ani- mals, apparently tliose of 'tortoises, exist, and for the first time we dis- cover the annual season rings m the fossil woods, thus atte.-ting that the unclouded .sunbeam had free access to vegetation. This i.-rmatiou com- prises, 1st. The red conglomerate. 2d. the magnesian limestone. 3d. The variegated sandstone. -Ith. Muschclkalk ; and 5th. Uppermost, Tariegated marl. The petrifactions of the vegetables, zoophytes, Crus- tacea, fishes and fresh water-shells are numerous. With the Permiao GEOLOGICAL FACTS. 731 system closes the Primary or Palaeozoic class of rocks which form the •arth's crust, and the primeval forms of organised animal life disappear. 7th. The Secokdaby Period. — The Trias and Oolite system rests ou the Permian forraation. The Trias is a deposit of shelly limestone and vaiie- gated sandstones. The Oolite, which rests on it is also a series of calca» ' reouB or limestone beds principally composed of conglomerate, or collec- tions of small round grains or spheroids resembling a cluster of minute eggs, or the roe of a fish. This epoch has been styled " TJie Age of Rep- tiles," from the enormous number of fossil remams visible in this form- ation. One species of frog seems to have equalled a large hog in size. The icthyosaurus, an amphibious animal, often exceeded 30 feet in length, with a head and teeth resembling those of a crocodile, and eyes as larga as a man's head, with a huge voracious stomach, and four fins like the paddles of a whale. The half digested remains of fishes and other rep- tiles found in its stomach attest its carnivorous habits, terrible ferocity, and tremendous streugtlj. The Plesiosaurus " united to the head of a lizard the teeth of a crocodile, a neck of vast length resembling the body of a serpent, a trunk and tail having the proportions of an ordinary quad- ruped, the ribs of a chameleon, and the paddles of a whale." The struc- ture would permit it to plunge downwards at the fishes below it or seize birds on the wing above it. The Meciilosaurus was an enormous reptile, measuring from 40 to 50 feet in length, resembling the crocodDe of the present day. The Iguanodon was still larger, attaining a length of from 60 to 70 feet The Saurian monsters, the Pterodactyles, resembled a gigantic bat or vampire, with strange dragon-like wings, extending in Bome cases, 27 feet, by means of which it could soar aloft, but per Cuvier, it must be classed in the Saurian or Lizard tribe, inasmuch as the beaka are armed with teeth." Most of them had the nose elongated like the snout of a crocodile, and armed with conical teeth. From their wings projected fingers terminated by long hooks, forming a powerful paw, and their eyes were of vast size, enabling tliem to fl.y by night. In the lower Oolite, fossil remains of small animals of the Marsupial family have been found. Of this class are tlie Kangaroo and Opossum species, forming the connecting link between the reptile and mammal tribes. The footprints of birds of vast size have been found in quarries of laminated flagstones, the foot of the largest measured 18 inches in length, distance between the footsteps was from 4 to 6 feet, indicating legs about 7 feet long. Remains of reptiles in immense numbers are everywhere abundant ; butterflies, dragon-flies, ants, &c., existed in swarms, trees of Cypress, Palm and Pine species flourished with tlie ferns, conifers and calamites of the coal ^riod, and flowering shrubs and fruit-bearmg plants grew in profusion.^ The extensive coal beds existing throughout the Oolite system afford evidence of a rank yegctition. 8th. The Chalk- or Cretaoeovs system, formed by deposits in deep seas, constitutes the last bed of tlie Second.vry period. It is largely composed of organic remains, calcareous shells of animals so minute that a cubic inch would embrace ten millions of them. Tlie fossils embrace Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, M' )l!nsks, Zoophytes, Crustaceans and marine substances from the sponge to the alligator. "The existing classes of fishes are found for the first time in this formation, and the itncient races disappear. 9th. The Terti.vry System, resting on the chalk formation, has been divided into three eras, viz : The Eocene or Lower Tertiary, The Mio- cene, or Middle Tertiary, and the Pliocene, or Upper Tertiary. Some- times a fourth era is added named the Pleistocene, embracing the super- ficial deposits. The Eocene, or lowest layer marks the origin of tha recent or now existmg races of quadruped Mammals. The Pahetherium, now extinct, is described as mitaking of the various character of tho BluuoeeroSj the Horse, and tne T ^^ir : the^/uzji^o^emm,- eTideutly % 732 GEOLOGICAL FACTS. marine animal, resembled an Ass in form, and embraced sereral speciM, The Adapi.s l•e^;elllbled sin 3uorn»ous Hc-'seliog. and the Cheiropotamus a Peccary. The Miocnr or middle dei>o tons can be excavated from a single acre. Over 300,000 tons -were shipped from that locality in 187tj. According to Lyell, there are now 50.000 species of fossils recognized, but they are believed to be of very di.^bint epochs. The fossil species dixlinci irnm living species, are mammalia, 120, birds, 25, amphibia, 50, fislies, 400, and mollusca o.lOO, in all 4795, besides vegetables : the number is constimtly being increased by new discoveries, ininei-s are conversant with an immense number of fossilized vegetables, notie of them resembling tlie plants of present growth. If coals are cut into tliiu slices their vegetable structure can be detected witli the microscope, and numerous ceUs per- ceived that are filled witli a yelknv bituminous liquid that causes the flame seen in common fires, and whose gaseous i>r< (ducts form UUiminating gas. The trunk of a tree, measuring 60 feet, was lately fovmd in a quarry in Lothian. It penetrated tlirough 10 or 12 strata of white sandstone, but its back had become pure coal, and forest* of standing trees have been discovered in Yorkshire and in Ireland, in stone. In the English coal measures, 300 species have been detected, compris- ing ferns, palms, calamites, reeds, cactf , lepidodendrons, &c.. at least 50000 years old : the last named, which now grow no higher than 3 ft., were in the lowest coal measures, great trees, whose fra^pneuts are 45 feet. In the inagnesian limestone, over the coal, only 8 species of fnci, or marine jilants, have lieen found. -A fossil forest has been discovered under the banks of the Tiber, j^etrified with calcsmter, mixed with vol- eanic dust. IJelow the coal beds a large tree has been found 3 ft. in diam., and 36 ft, long, and in many cases the entire trunks of fossilized trees form roofs over the coal strata. As submersions destroyed the primeval forests, so we have the resulting strata ; but mj riads of ages have failed to render ail of them petfect coal, hence the different varietieB of that l^rodnct. Tlie coral reefs furnish evidence of an antiquity of the globe far exceed- ing .'Uiy received estimate. The funuatious are of very slow growth, nofc exceeding 6 inches in a century, and are composed of the remains of dead polypes united with gluten, fonniug rocks of great density and cohesion. The great coral reef of New Holland is .'.50 miles, continuously, and theit in parts 1,000 niOes, and from 20 t>j 50 in depth. East of New South. Wales is a reef 500 miles long, and more than 200 fathoms perpendicular, yet these mountxiu masses of limestone in the ocean are formed by pol- j"])es, insignificant ui sizi>. but infinite in numbers, comix)sed of simple gelatinous bodies, or small stomachs in shells of carbonate of lime, which cohere together vrith gre<»t tenacity after death. Within half a mile of viauy coral reels there axe no soundings to the depth of seveisJ hundred GEOLOGICAL FACTS. 738 fathoTOB. The Amn "■ "irtn. cnrved like a ram's horn, existed .arvaiid traiu-ition period?, but became . ■. the nummulite, a fo5j?il Cephslapod, reft-uibliiig a coiu, vivrv w,« numerons as to form iui- mense mountains of limest<.ine, .and yet so::iiiient that they are abundant in the «tones of the pyramids and sphinx. } it even then a? embedded fos- sils. 12.S4 si-e^ irs "I fossil shell.-? have beeii i.c-jcribed in Fiance and Ens- land, mostly extinct sjiecies : other thousands h.ave been found in oth.er toantrie?. mostly extinct. The Geolojic-jil Society of London has a slab 2 ft sqnare in \rhich is embedded 250 fishes. Fossil sea turtles have shells 8 ft. long. There aie beds of sea shells 2,000 ft. high on Mount Etna, and strata of grey clay, filled with shells, mnoh higher. Shells and organic remains abound in Chili, from 9 to l.-KX) ft. above the sea level. Workmen near Eureka, Nevada, while blasting in the solid rock. 40 ft. below the surface. f«und imbedded in a piece of it a petrified wasp's nestt, the texture of which, though turned to stone, "was plainly visible. On breaking; it open, some cells, larva, and two perfectly formed wasps were found, also pet- rified. T' ' ' ^ - ' ;ie of sedimentary formation. The At' •: fnm C'lorado.'is per Prof. Marsh, t: , - vered. It was some 50 or 60 ft. in length, and, v.lien erect, at kac-t iiu ft high. It doubtless browsed npon the foUage of the mountain forests, poitious of which are preserved ■with its remains. The islands of the l(ry Sea, per Pallas, are full of elephants and rhinoc- eros' bones, .and the islands opposite the Lena are ?Jmost coujposed of tl\em and fossil wood. A mammoth, a carnivorous animal, much larger than an elephant, was found in Siberia iu the ice, i)erfe(t in it* eyes^ flesh, hair, skm, &c., with long mane and tail of stout black bristles |^many otliers, together with elephants, have hec-n found in Siberia, and JHudsou's Bay, a positive proof that the temperature of the Tropics existed at one time in these regions. The iKmc-s of the .VastoJon of hoith America, :i5 arranged in Peale's Museum, fonn a skeleton 18 ft long, 11 ft 6 ins. high, with t'lsks, 10 ft 7 ins. The I;;umnadr^rt, an enormous herbivorous leptile. dis- covered by Mantel!, is 70 ft long, tlie body is 4 ft 9 ins. in diam.. with a horn of bone, and a tail 52i ft. The bones of the Muimncth are quite numerons in the fnited States ', tl;e molar tooth weighs S lbs- , and the joint of tlie bone of the leg is a foot in diam. The Era of SrrKRFici.u. Deposits. — This may te called the modem age of geology, but whrit human being will presume to si'.t when it be^'an? The formations if 'jnivcl, sand, clay, peat, marl, coraJ reefe, &c.,haTe been formed since tl.is e-)Och commenced, and vast changes caused by submersions and convulsions have taken place nil over the globe. Thes« silent but irresistible forces, the tools of cie^itive {v1^ve^. sre irres^frtiy at work rendering the world a fit li.ibitation for ; " li this momentous jeriod of the woimI's hi>trrT ' o first time, evidences of the existeme of those j .i fumLsh his daily bre.ad. Agas,' A DAEK SUBJECT. Age. Origin, axd Ultimate Dcratiox of the Earth.— More than 140 years have elapsed since Emanuel Swedenborg penned the startling annomicement, the first of the kind ever made, that our earth, together with her sisterhood of planets, derived their origin from matters and sub- stances evolved from the atmospheres aud solar energy of the sun of our ^•stem. In his Principia, written in 1734. and again in hisH'ors/iip and Love of God, in 1745. he remarks that the sun is ^lie centre of a vortex ; that it rotates upon its axis ; thatthe solar matter concentrated itself intoa belt, zone, or ring, at the equator, or rather ecliptic; that by the attcuua- tion of the ring it became disrupted : that upon thedisriiptibn, part of tli9 matter collected into globes, and part of the matter subsided into the sun foraiing solar spots : that the globes of solar matter were projected into space ; that consequently they described a spiral orbit: that in proportion as the igneous matter thus projected receded from the sun it gradually experienced refrigeration and consequent condensation ; that hence fol- lowed the formation of the elements of ether, air, aqueous vapor, &c., until the planets finally reached their present orbit ; that during this period the earth experienced a succession of geological changes which originated all the varieties in tlie mineral kingdom, and laid as it were the basis of the vegetable, and afterwards of the animal, kingdom. These were alarming propositions to propound at a time when it was almost universally accepted as a literal trutli that the world was created out of nothing in the space of six natural days about 6000 years ago, ret since Swedenborg's time scientists liave abundantly demonstnited th» truth of what he taught, and this so clearly tliat at this day no enlighten- ed mind will dispute the factfs. Swedenborg asserted that the whole .starry heavens was one vast sphere, and its suns or .«tar5, including their sv.=tems, to be parts of a sphere con- nected with each other. He writes, " Possibly there may be innumer- able other sphere.5, and innumerable other heavens, similar to those w« behold, so many indeed and so mighty, that our own may be respect- ively oulv a point " Tlie E.ssay in his immortal Principia, expressly called •The Theory of the Siderial Heavens," giving full details oftha system, was published in 17.'S;5. long before the advent of monster tele- scopes, twenty-two years before Kant, twenty-four vears before Lambert^ twenty-six years before l>oscovit''h, thirty-four years before Mitchell, and forty-four years before Herschel gave tlie result of their confirmatory discoveries to tlie world. The grandest nnd latest discovery of modem astronomy is the motion oi the so-Ksdled fixed stare, yet long before this discovery was auiioanced ^36 ORIGIN, ETC., OP THE EARTH. Swedenborg asserted that the whole universe fras in motion, and that th« paths which the countless sons with their systems were traversing was th» Milky- Way. and that the jxiint at which they entered was at the south, and that at wliich they emerged was at the north. The truth of this theory has been demonstrated and accepted within the last thirty years by Humboldt, Herschel, and other eminent observers. The knowledge of these movements enable astronomers to predict, with absolute certainty, the different changes the various constellations will undergo during the lapse of ages to come, and define the reasons and causes of such changes. The factis well attested that onr sun is only one of a million which trav- erse the ililky Way. In the crowded p^-rt of the Milky Way. Sir W. Her- EChel, the prince of astronomer.5, had fields of view in which, during a quarter of an hour, he saw 116,000 stars pass through the field of view of a telescope of only 15' aperture; and at another time, in 41 minutes, he saw 258,000 stars pass through the field. It consists mostly of stars of the 10th or 12th magnitude, but too numerous to be seen by the naked eye, ■which can only discriminate stai-s of the tth or 7th magnitude : jiower- ftil telescopes reach even to a iLith magnitude. He calculated the length of the ii"#«a^ ray ot the telescope he used. It reached stars 4;>7 time* the distance of Siriiis ; now Sirius cannot be nearer than 100,000 X liX),- 000,000 miles, therefore Dr. Herchels tele.«cope, at least, reached to 100,- 000 -I- 190,000,000 + 4v»7 miles = Km billions miles. He saw ftars 42,000 times more distant that Sirius ; and a cluster 11 trillions of miles di-^tant He says there are nebuJje from which light is 4S.000 years travelling ! Light travels 192,000 miles in a second, or l>^ trillions cf miles per annum, then in 48,000 years this would be ^(4.000.000.000 of millions of millions of miles distant ; if tlie cluster ceased to exL-^t we should not know it for 48,000 years ! Such di.stances can indeed be written, but can never b« conceived by the mind of man. It is a triding matter to reduce these figures to writing, but quite an- ©ther thing to realize their full significance. To a-=sist our conception of wliat constitutes a "billion," we will take as a unit a second of time, of which GO flit away in a minute, or 86.000 in a day. Xot the one-sixteenth part of that number have come and gone since the commencement of the Chri^■tian era to the beginning of ]b78, for it takes exactly 31MS7 y?ars, 17 da vs. 22 hours, 43 minutes, and 5 second* to constitute a billion ot seconds of time. The immensity and grandeur of the Heavens penetrates every enlight- ened mind with' indescribable emotions of awe and reverence for the Almighty energies of that Adorable Intelligence who created and sus- tains the whoie. Touching the stability of the srilar system, it was feared by many, eminent for their attainments and acquirements in every branch of human learning, that owing to the mighty changes and apparent derange- ments which were occurring in the planetary orbits, that impending ruin and destruction would ultimately render the earth uninhabitable for man. At a time when the beUef was prevalent that certain destruction awaited the whole universe, Swedenborg announced to the world hi? theory that: " As the solar system is carried aloui: through the Milky-Way. and after- wards compelled to diverge therefrom, the planetan- orbits will change their form and eccentricity to a ceitain amount, and then return to their original condition, when they will again chance and again return, and so on to eternity." This beautifid and harmonious theoiy. so well calculated to terminate every groundless fear, has since been proved and demonstrated bv La Grange, and this doctrine of a cyclar return of the solar Eastern is now kiuiwn among the learned aa J^ Giauge's theory ORIGW, ITC, OF THB BARTH. 787. «l the stability of the solar system; nevertheless this doctrine ■vras ex" pounded in Swedenborg's Frincipla forty-four ye.irs before La Grang* put iiis forth, seventy-one years before Mayer, and uiuety-one yeara before Bessel. Irrej^^ilarities in planetary motions correct themselves, because every motion, included in the motion of the Sun, is itself subordinate, and therefore must ultimately conform. The planets being acted upon by the common force of the sun, they often interfere on the same side with the sun's f(n'ce on that side, and this begets irregularity or disturbance, oddly called their owu attractions. < La Grange proved that the mass of each planet into the square-root of the line of apsides, and into the square of the eccentricity, give sums that are invariable. It will be seen from the preceding article that the work of creation has been progressing during incalculable myriads of age:^,and we may rest sati.*tied that it forms no part of the Divine economy to destroy what it has been millions of years in building up. The agencies employed in the creation of the universe are identical with those which now exisit for its preservation. Harmony and perfection are everywhere real entities; derangement and disorder are apparent only. That the sun's apparent path through the ecliptic is really caused by the motion of the earth in its (jrbit around the sun, may be seen from the globes in the figure, representing the earth in twelve different positions, corresponding ■to the twelve months. In the various globes, N is the north pole, DCL 'the equator, S tlie place of the Sun, and C S and all lines from C furallel pun to tliis the direction of the plane of the ecliytic. The inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit is 23° 2S', and tliis, with its annual revolution around the Sun, causes the change of seasons known as Spring, Summer, Autumn and "Winter. Besides the diurnal and annual movements of the earth, there is also an onward movement of the whole solar system through space, in an orbit of its own, at the rate of 15J- ith it, making as it does the Saviour and Redeemer its grand central figure. '• Finally, it i? able to concede ti the Ixildest of materialists, the most acute of historical critics, the most ardent evolutionist, the most dogmatic of palneontolo^sts. the most abstruse of metaiihyeicians, everj-thing \rhich they can possibly claim to have proved, every truth, however con- trary to current theological opinion, which they can estabUsh, while at the same time it holds to the absolute truth of every word of Holy Scrip- ture. " Nothing seems to shake its faith in the slightest ; it shims no in- quiry and needs no explanation of any fact, everything being plain, th« Bible its only .standard. " In the Cyclopsedia of Biography, by Parke Godwin, we read : '' Swe- denborg was no impostor, but a learned and pious man, and hia books richly re;«y the most carefid study." The Jfu)ico7}jbrmif!t {English) iissuies m that: "He (Swedenborg) ia received by all thinkera courteously, and by \ ery many cordially. Tlie Ftorm of violent denunciation or angry ridicule which wa^ laimched agaiu.st him by theologians a generation ago, is scarcely remembered now, and ia not likely to be revived. All are agreed that he was a genuine and sin- cere man, who believed his own words, and did not wilfully deceive or invent" Hon. Theophilus Parsons, late Professor in the Cambridge Law School, gays : " I regard him (Swedeuborg) as a man of remarkable abiUty, and great and varied culture : fciuglit, as no other man ever was taught, truths wiiich no other man ever learned ; and thus instructed that he might introduce among men a new ^^em of truth or doctrine, excelling in character and exceeding in value any system of truth before known." Speaking of Swedenborg and his writings, Henry James, the author of " Substance and Shadow," says : '• Such sincere books, it seems to me, were never before writteit" BL«hop Hai-d (author of Lectures on Pi-ophecies) says : " It has beem said by some, and received imphcitly without further examination by others, that Swedenborg, after receiving his exti-aordiuary commission, ■wa« mad, and became totally deprived of his natural senses ; but this in- sinuation is such a palpable contradiction of truth, and such an insult to common sense — ^being overruled by every page of Itis writings as well aa by every act of his life after tliat period — that we should have tliought it altogether unworthy of notice were we not aware that it operates power- fully with many, even at this day. to prejudice them against a character which otherwise they would revere, and against writing.s from which they would otherwise receive the most welcome in.«truction." The venerable Thomas Carlyle, having looked upon the great seer all his hfe as a visionary lunatic, now says that he stands rebuked. He looks npon Swedenborg as one of the loftiest minds in the realm of mind, one of the spiritual suns that will .shine brighter as the years goon ; and that more truths are compassed in his writings than that of any other man. His gre;\t prescience with regard to modem scientific discoveries, sinco made known, is astonishing. George Dawson, M. A. writes : "Kmnnuel Swedenborg had the privi- lege which belongs to all men who devote their lives to thought, that a» the world grows older, they get nn're reverenced. l>etter known, and better loved. If I were going to be shut up in prison three rears, Swe- deuborg's books would be iiiy choice, and at the end of three years it -would be six more before I ghotild ^d tbem oniutereating, strange, ot iij." ORWm, RTC, OP THE EAJBTH. 741; Dr Portcous writes .• '* The incomparable depth, splendor, and T«Mit« oess of Swedeiiborg's pcniiis are shown m this, that lie alone has ever dnred to tiv ad the threefold rcuilm of nattnul, mental, and spiritual phi- losophy. Few men luivo approached the heni of his garment in respect to moral purity, his teaching and example are calculated to make men meek, gentle, and charitable, and his followers catholic, intelligent and pioas. Examine all the philosophical systems extant and take all the re- ligious litoratuie of the Itust century, and place tliem in one scale, and take the volmiiinous works of Swedenborg, and place tliem in the other scale, and the philosophy and libraries of the world will kick the beam." R. M. Patterson, late Professor in the university of Pennsyhania, says iesnecliiig Swedenborg's Principia : " It is an extraoiTlinary prnductiou of one of the most extraordinary men that has ever lived, many of the exper- iments and observations presented in this work are btlievcd to be of much tnoie modern dale, and are UDjtixtly ascribed to much more recent authors.'' " There is in Swedenhorg's writings a marvellous insight, a vision of the higher truths of philosophy and religion, to which few men have at- tained." — 2V. Y. Independent. " The majority think and speak of Emanuel Swedenborg as a mystic and dreamer, when in fact, ho was a j^ractical man, an inventor, and pub- lic benefactor. The metrical system, now under discussion, was first sviggestcd by him, and tjie Dutch aro indebted to hiuj for important im- provements in their docks and dykes." — Literctry World. " Swedenhorg's wiitings teem with the grandest and profoundest truths. ' ' — Norlh American. Count Von Ilopken, for foity years an intimate friend of Swedenhorg's, and for maziy years Prime Minister of Sweden, advised tlie king " that no religion could be better, as the prevailing and established one, than that deduced by Swedenborg from the Sacred Scriptures, and this on the two following accounts : 1st. This religion in preference to, and in a high- er degree than any other, must produce the most honest and industrious subjects ; for tliis religion places properly the icor.Khip of God in nscs. 2d. It causes the least fear of death, as this religion regards death merely as a transition from one st^ite into another, from a worse to a better situation ; nay, upon his principles, I look upon death as being of hardly any greater moment than driuldng a glass of water." T. S. Arthur, the world renowned author, writes : " Only in the reve- lation,* made for the New Church, in which the plenary insj^iration and imier and Divine Sense of the Word, and the true cloctrine of tlie Lord and . his Providence, are fully ex))lained and made known for the salvation of Biankind, can be seen in rational light, the trutlis on which Christian unity and harmony ciin be established, and by which tlie gi'owth of natu- ralism, skepticism, and irreverent infidelity can be arrested and de- ftroyed." The Rev. Prof. Von Gcerres (Roman Catholic) writes : — "Swedenborg was not a man to be carried away by an unbridled imagination, still less did he ever mauifest, during his whole life, the slightest symptoms of mcntiil aberration. Throughout tlie entire course of his learned re- pcarches and activity-, we evorywheie discover the pious and religious man, who, in all his sayings and doings, was intent upon g(M)d." Kdwin Pa.xton Hood, in the jireface to his Life of Smrdcnborg. writes: " That he couceives he has derived much benefit from the study of the ■works of Swedenborg, and has much reason to be grateful to that illus- trious, venerable and much misunderstood, and comparatively unknowu mrji." fjptign and Work (English) says of the Apoccdijpse Revealed: "A oareful perusal of many of its l-OO and odd pages has led us to ceaso woa« 742 OfilGIN, ETC., OF THE EARTH, dering at the favor with which this modem edition has been recaived, and to recoTTimeud others to follow onr example. Many a sermon have we listened to on the Revelations. Several works, dealing with the gor- geous panorama unfolded before the internal vision of the Seer of Pat- mos, how we travelled through, wondering at the inventive faculty aa displayed by commentator and preacher, Tjut too often feeling that a Btone had been given us instead of bread. "SMioever takes e^imestly to the consideration of the images of the ' Swedish Seer,' will find that there is more in his text-book tlian he has given it credit for ; that it contains truths illimitable ; that in their expoimding no meretricious aids are re- quired ; that it appeals, not to tlie eye or the ear, but to the deepest aepths of the human heart and mind. Whosoever will read it patiently and carefully must rise up from its perusal a wiser, a more charitable, al- together a better man." The Chicago Advance writes : " We confess to having read for years Bome portion of his works with intellectual and spiritual profit, and we imagine at least that we can trace his influence in the conceptions and reasoning of many modem authors of distinction, who do not aJways give Swedenborgthecredithedeser.es." The writer of this book has no pecuniary interest whatever in the Bale of Swedenborg's writings, but conceives it to be his dutj- to present these testimonials in vindication of a most deserving and worthy man, whose writiugs have been greatly misrepresented and misunderstood. A hundred years hence such a vindication will be imnecessary. It is a veritable truth that Swedenborg has rendered greater services to man- kind than any other man ever did or ever can render, and this factia becoming better known every day. When he began to vrrite and pro- mulgate his system of doctrines, a noted Luthei-an bishop and doctor got np a complaint against him . The doctor, whose name was Ekebom, had the honesty to say of himself, that he was very careful not to examine Swedenborg's works. Swedenborg, however, was a man of good character and connections, and led such a blameless, quiet, calm, and peaceful life, that it was found impossible to arouse popular sentiment against him. Since Swedenborg's day. two men, who have aU the animosity, but lack the honesty, of Dr. Ekebom. viz : Dr. Pike, of Derby, Eng., and Enoch Pond, of Bangor, Me., Theological Seminary, have rendered them- selves notorious by the publication of pamphlets containing the most horrible libels on Swedenborg and his writings. These detestable publi- cations, which have been answered and refuted time and again, present a combination of reckless assertion, downright lies, mahguity, and igno- rance, which is perfectly amazing. Each publication may be described in the expressive language of Edwin Paxton Hood, as "a foimtain of mad," and both combined are highly flavored with the peculiar sanctity ~hich pervades the devotional exercises of Holy Willie. We have still another notable detractor in Mr. William White, who many years ago wrote a Life of Swedenborg, in which he rendered full justice' to the subject of the memoir. Of late years he resumed his task by dipping his pen in ink (or rather in venom), ajid dashing off a vast amoimt of trash in the shape of baseless absurdities regarding Swedenborg and his followers, which he styled a '• Life of Swedenborg." In order to understand the animus which pervades this work, it is necessary to know that Mr. White was at one tim« agent for the London Swedenborg Society, and while thus occupied he engaged in the sale of the so-called spiritist pub- lications- The sale of these bcwks is held by the Swedenborg Society to be utterly incomjiatible with the objects which it has in view, but Mr. Wlute resisted the e^orts of the Society's Ck>mmittee to remote hixa ORIGIN, ETC., OF THE EAETH. 745 /rom oflSce, and compelled them to bring a suit in Qiancery to effect their purpose. The mnil judgment "vras decisive against him, and it was ■while smarting under this reverse thit his two-volume Life of Sweden- bore was written. The work in queftiou is composed througliout in a vindictive spirit, and the malevolent production owes its origin to a malicious feeling of the worst kind, nevertheless it is most true that Blander has gre:iter swiftness tlian truth, and the groundless assertions of a defamer are frequently accorded greater credence than the veritabla assertions of a tratliful man. In an ehiborate article which appeared some time ago in the columns of the Enf/li-^h M.chanic, the editor of that journal presented a lL?t of Swedenborg's inventions, which, including a notice of liis mechanical and philosophical works, occupied nearly two quarto pages. The following is a partial list of the latter: — 1. An Introduction to Algebra. 2. Attempts to find the Longitudes of places by Lunar Observations. 3. A proposal for a Decimal System of Money and Measures. 4. A Treatise on the Motion of the Earth and the Planets. 5. Proofs, derived from Api>earances in Sweden, of the Depths of the Sea, and the Greater force of tlie Tides in the Ancient World- 6. On Docks, Sluices, and Sidt Works. 7. Some Specimens of Work on the Principles of Natural Philosophy, comprising Kew Attempts to explain the Phenomena of Chemistry and Physics by Geometry. 8. New Observations and Discoveries resjiectrng Iron and Fire, and particularly respecting tlie Elemental Nature of Fire ; together with a New Construction of Stoves. 9. A New Method of Fiudiug the Longitude of Places on Land or Sea by Lmiar Observations. 10. A New Mechanical Plan of Constructing Docks and Dykes. 11. A Mode of Dis- covering the Powers of Vessels by the Application of Mechanical Piin- ciples. 12. Miscellaneous Observations connected with the Physical Sciences — Parts 1-3. 13. Part 4. Principally on Minerals, Iron, and Stalactites in Baman's Cavern. 14. On the " Depreciation and Rise of the Swedish Currency. These were some of his works published be- tween 1722 — 1733. These were succeeded by, 1. The PrincipLa : or, the First Principles of Natural Things, in 3 folio Vols, with Plates. 2. The Economy of the Animal Kingdom considered Anatomically, Physically, and Phiiosophi- cally, 2 Vols., with Plates. ^. The Animal Kingdom. 'Parts i., ii.. iii., 2 Vols. 4. The Anim;tl Kingdom. Parts v., vi. 5. Outlines of a Philosoph- ical Argument on the Infinite and tlie Final Cause of Creation. 6. Some Specimens of a Work on the Principles of Chemistry, with other Trea- tises, 8vo. 21 Plates, comprL;ing 159 figures. 7. Miscellaneous Observa- tions Connected with the Physical Sciences. 8vo, 9 Phites, comprising 86 Figures. 8. Posthumous tracts on various subjects. In 1785, the Commissioners appointed by the King of France, for the examination of the subject of animal magnetism, affirmed that there did not exist any theory of the magnet : and the Count de Buii'nn, in hia •work on Natural History, affirmed that nothing had been written on the formation of the planets. Both these errors were refuted in a most scholarly and elegant letter addressed to the Commissioners by the Mar- quis de Thom^, in which he directed public notice to Swedenborg's elab» orate and profoimd works on these subjects, concluding his letter as fol- lows, '• This, gentlemen, L^ what I thought it my duty to make public foi t\e benefit of society, from a regard for truth, and in gratitude to him, to whom I am indebted for the major part of the little I know ; though before I met with his writings, I had sought for knowledge amonsrst almost all the writers, ancient and modem, who enjoyed any repctation fpr possessing it I have the honor to be, && , "FUifl, lag. 4. 1786. MABqtTis dk TapiCB.'* 744 ORICHK, ETC., OF THE EA.8TH. Raiph Waldo Emerson writes:--" Swedenborg's writings wotild be s suiBcient library for a lonely and athletic student. Not every masi can read them, but they will rit-hiy reward him who can. The grandeur of the topics makes the grandeur of the style. One of the missourians and mastodons of literature, he is not to be measured by whole colleges of ordinary scholars. He anticipated in astronomy the discovery of the BCventJi" planet ; anticipated the views of modern'astronomy in regard to the generation of earths by the sun ; in magnetism some importimt ex- periments and conclusions of later students; in chemistry, tlie at\ements in the construction of docks, blast furnaces, stoves, tlie smelting of metals, and a host of inven- tions which are usually credited to others. The reader may inifer, from a perusal of the foregoing list of books, that the labor involved in their production might well entitle the writer to rank as a first class literary giant in any age or nation, but wonderful to say, the most extraordinary performances of this most remarkable man are still to be recounted. In the year 1743, Swedenborg was 54 years of age, and here we find him relinquishing his philosophical pursufls. and devoting himself ex- clusively to theology and to the unfolding of the new doctiines which he now declares were first revealed to him. His Worship and Love of God, published in 1745. seems to mark the commencement of this new era in his Life. The followmg is a list of his theological works arranged ac- cording to tlie order in which the original books were written and pub- lished by the Author. 1. 1749-5(3. Arcana Ccelestia, The Htavenh/ Arcana which are contained in the Hubj Scriptures, or Word of the Lord; unfolded: ber/iniiinf/ with the Book of Genesis; toqether with the Wonderful things seen in the World of Spirits and in the Htaven of Angels. English Ed. 12 vols. 8 vo. £2 8«., any vol. separate, 45. American Ed. 10 vols. 81-50 per voL 2. 1758. Concerning Heaven and its Wonders ; and concerning Hell, being a Relation of things heard and seen. English Ed. 35. American do. Si .25. 3. 1758. Anaccount of the Last Judgment and the Destruction of Babylon^ showing that all the Predictions intfie Afjocahrpse are at this day fulfilled, being a relation of things heard and seen, 8 vo. Eng. Ed. Sd. American do. Too. 4. 1758. On the White Horse mentioned in the Apocalypse, chap, xi/:, with References to the Arcana Ccelestia on the sub- ject of the Word, and its Spiritual or Internal Sense- With an Appendix. English Ed. 4(i. American do. 10c. 5. 1758. On the Earths in owr Solar System, and on the Earths in the Starn/ Heavens : with an account of t/ieir inJiabitants. aixd also of t/ie Spirits and Angels there, from what has been seen and heard. Eng. Ed. 8 vo., S<7. American Ed. 60c. 6. 1758. On the Nrw Jerusalem and its Heaxenly Doctrine, as revealed from Heaven, to which are prefixed .«ome Obsei'valiohs concerning the Nnr Heaven ond tJie 27'ni: Earth. Eng. Ed. 8 vo. l.*. American do. {laper. 10f AMEIUCAN UPPER :AflE • t t § II T -«• lb ^ 1 @ « f Vi V2 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % § 1 £ 3 1 ^ - Vs 1 % 1 !^ m CE SB ce. _ _ j J_|& JE (E a|b|c|d|e f|g ABC D 1 E F a H I 1 K 1 L M 1 N 1 H 1 I 1 K L SI K P Q R 1 S j T 1 V W P Q R S 1 T V ■w X Y z 1 J u 1 ] 1 ) X 1 Y 1 Z J { U ffi ffl ARRANOEME NT OF TYPE IN AJIFJ JICAN L IWER CASE. & fl Sem 1 4eni Bp. 1 «p. .|. e ■ |. ^rT 5 6 r 8 j b , c d i B £ g fl 9 ? ! 1 m n h y p w ' en qds. em qda. z X q V u i 3 em •paces. a r ■^ ^- 2*3 em qaadrata. Weight of leads required for any work. Tliese calculations apply to any measure, and are based on the use of six-to-pica leads. The first Table is for solid jiatter which requires to be leaded. 1,000 ema Pearl reqmre 71^ ozs. leads. 1,000 ems Bourgeois, I314 ozs. leads. 1,000 1,000 1,000 L. Pnmer, 151,4 S. Pica, 161^ Pica, 19 • '72 1,000 " Agate " 814 1,600 " Noupareil 9% 1,000 " Mimon " lli^ 1,000 " Brevier " 13 Example. — It is estimated that the matter to be set will make 20,000 ems Small Pica solid. Required, the weight of leads necessary to lead this matter. 1,000 eras of solid Small Pica require 16^ ounces of leads. 16.i X 20 = 330 ozs. = 20 lbs, 10 ozs. The second Table gives the weight of the leads contained in 1,000 ems of leaded matter. 1,000 ems Pearl contains SVj ozs. leads. Agate Nonjiareil " 7% Jlinion " 9 1,000 emsBonrgeois contains 11 ozs. Id* 1.000 " L. Primer " 12Vi " J 1,000 " S. Pica " 14 " 1,000 " Pica " 16"4 " 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 " Brevier " lOi/j Example. — A page of leaded Long Primer contains 2,000 eras. Re- quired, the weight of leads necessary to lead thirty -two pages. 1,000 ems of leaded Long Primer confciin 12^ ounces of leads. 12^ X 2 = 25 ozs. per i)age. 25 X 32 = 800 ozs. =- 50 lbs. Or, a column of Nonpareil contains 8.000 ems. Required the weight of leads necessary to lead six columns. 1,000 ems of leaded Nonpareil con- tain 7^1. ounces of leads. 7i >'• 8 = CO ozs. per column. 60 X 6 = 360 oz3. = 22 lbs. 8 ozs. An allowance must of course be made for additional leads uaed fat Wanking out and in stap^ng matter, ^48 TABLES, ETCs ^OK PBINTEKS. The following table gives the weight of leads in 1000 ems of l«ad»(J ^aatter :— LEADBD MATTEE— 1000 eniB Pearl contains B*/^ ozs leads. 1000 " Agate " 6 " " 1000 " Nonpareil " 7% " " 1000 " Minion " 9 " " 1000 " Brevier " lOi/i " " 1000 " Bourgeois " 11 " " 1000 " Long Primer " ii'Va " " 1000 " Small Pica " 14 " " 1000 " Pica " ICi/i " " Tablb showekg the Quantity of Paper Reqtjired fob ant Job fbom 50 to 10,000 Copies. — No allowance for waste or surplus copies. For any number not noted in Table, say 36 to the sheet, use double the quantity given in column headed 18. .3 2 1 3 1 4 1 6 8 9 12 15 10 18 1 20 1 24 1 32 Jcdg" to tht^tosht^to shtto aht to Eht to sUt to «ht to sht to i,ht to sht to «ht,to sht, to 6llt. & .cE .0:— .ci J= o* ibC ibC «.a' K • S e S :c 2 « S . r. jr -Sic •3io< "S » s « D" ■S c" •« fe- a & is 5- -S S. -3 50 1— 1 0-ir 0-1-3 ft- 9 0- 7 0— 6 0—5 0- 4 0- 4 0— 3; 0— 3i 0— 3 0- 8 100 2— 2 1-10 1- 1 0-17 0-13 0-13 0- 9 0- 7 0- 7 0- G' 0- 5! 0- 5| 0-4 KO 4— 4! 2—19; 2- 2 1-10 1- 1 0-33 1 0-17 0-14 0-13 0—12] 0— lb, 0— 91 0-14 0-18! 0-11 ' 0- 7 tso 5- 5! 3-12' 2-15 1-18 1— 8 1-4! 0-21 0-17 0-16 0- 8 100 6- 6i 4- 4 S- 3 2- a 1-14 1-10 1- 1 0—20 0-19 0-17 0—15 0— ISl 0—10 400 8- 8l 5-14 4- 4 2-19 2— 2 1-211 l-IO 1-3 1— 1 0-23 0-20 0-171 0-lS <00 10-10 1 B-23 5- 5, 3-12 2-15 2- 81 1-18 1-10 1-8 1-4 1- 1 0-21 1 0-16 fiOO 12—12 8— 8 6-6: 4-4 3 — 3 2-19 2-2 1-lfi 1-14 1-10 1- 6, 1- 11 0-19 TOO 14-141 9-18 7- 71 4—21 .3-lG .•-V- B 2-11 l-'fl 1-20 1—151 1-11 1- 61 0-22 750 15— ISllO— 10 7-30 ^ 6 S— 22 v~-^t\ 2-15 «-8 1-2.3 1-18 1-14 1-8' 1— too 16-1611- 3 8- 8 5-14 4— 4 3-17! 2-19 2-6 2- 2 1-21 1-15 1-101 I- 1 •00 lft-18;i2-12 9-9 6-6 4-17 4-4l 3- S 2-12 2- 9 2- 2 1-21 1-14 I— 5 1000 30-30 lS-22 10-101 S-23 5- 5 4-16 3-12 2—19 2-15 2- a 2- 2 1-18 1—8 U50 26- 1 17- 9 13- li 8-17 ft-13 .>-]9 4— U S— 12 ,3- 7 2-22 2-15| 2— 5: 1-16 IWO 31- 6 20-20 15-15 10-lG 7-20 &-23 5-5 4-5 ?r-n 3-121 3- 3; 2-15, 1-23 1750 ^S-U24— 8 IS- 6,12- 4 9-3 8- 3 6- 2 4-22 4-14 4- 2 3-16 3- 1 2-8 9000 41-16 27— 10 20-20 13-22 10—10 9- 7 6-23 5-H 5- 5 4-inl 4- <1 3-1?; 2—15 S500 5B— 2, .34— 1826— 1 17— in 13- 1 11-151 8-17 7- C 6-13 .5-201 5- 51 4— 9i S- 7 9000 62-12 41-16^1- 6 20-20 lo-l.i 1.3-22 10-10 6- i 7-W G-2S 6- 6; 6- 5 8-22 4000 83- 8 55-14 41-16 27-19 2.1 -2<) 1.8-13 13-22 11- S 10-10 ft- rl 8- 8, 6-231 5-5 MOO 104- 4,b'9-li;53- 2,34—18 26- 1 23-4 17-9 13-22 13— 1 10-14 10-10' 8-17: 6-13 10000 308- 8^38-22110*- 4 b-9-11 52- 2 46- 8 ".4— 18 27-19 2ft- 1 23- 4 20-10 17- 9 13- 1 Names and Sizes of Books as Classifed by Publishers.— The number of folds and pages in a single sheet when manufactured. Name of book. fSlTimflfaUs. ^ontaiB. Folio 2 leaves 4 Quarto or 4 to 4 Octavo or 8vo 8 Duodecimo or 12 mo 12 16mo * 16 18 " 18 24 " 24 32 " 32 .. 8 .16 ..24 ..32 .36 -.48 .64 zea. Best Printers' Ink. — Boil 3 gallons best clear old linseed oil down to a thick ^■amish : add while hot 12 lbs. of powdered rosin, 3^ lbs. dry brown soap shavings, 5 ozs. indigo ; 5 oz?. Prussian blue, and 10 lbs. best Jampblack ; stir all well together, let it stand a week and grind. For other inks, roller compositions, &c., see pages 545-6 and 579. Foi paper table s see page 577. * Xote.— This book is a 16 mo., there being 32 pages to the sheet. The terms folio, qicarto, octavo, etc.. denote the number of leaves in whicha eheet ©f paper is folded . The marks A. B. C ; 1. 2, 3 ; lA, 2A : 1*, 2*, etc., occasionally found at thebottom of page.s, are what printers term signature marks, thu», 3*, being tnnted forthe direction of binders in folding the sheets. TABLES, ETC., FOR PRINTEKSu 749 One pound of lead? ot sll^ covers four square inches. Hence, wkea the space to be filled by leads or slugs is known, it is only necessary to divide the immber of square inches by four, and the result will ;;ive tha re(|uired weight in pounds. — Proof Sheet. How TO Estimate. — To ascertliin the quantity of ]5lain tyi)e required for a newspaper or niagazine, or any otiier work, faud thb number ot square inclies and divide the same by four, the quotient will be the ap* proximate weight of matter; but as it is impossible to set the cases clear, it is necessary to add 25 per cent, to large fonts, to allow for dead letter. Bill of Type.— English type founders call 3,000 lower case m's a bill, and proportion all other sorts by them ; bo that a bill of pica, including accents and italic, weighs 800 lbs. For every 2b. of italio there are 10 IbS. of lioman. From the annexed table an idea can be obtained of the number of let- ters coiitained in 800 lbs. pica. SciiEMc r o K Eno Wood Tri'E.— The following table will be useful in nrderiue wood type. Wood type should always be ordered by the"*,' for large Poster letters. A 3 \," font is generally «uf Jicient, while for smaller 'letters it is always advisable toorderat least ft " a A " font. Of con- densed letters especially there should alwavs be a large font. i .1 ^ u ^ ^ ' ^ ■< i\ <: « ^ .1 3, 4 4 B 2 2 i.'i 2u:! 3 n 2 ; ' ■■? 3 K 4,1.1 .■> y 2.3 3 o 2 3 3 K 2 3 3 I 3! 4 4 ,T 1. 3 2 K 1 1 2 '2 1, 4 i .■i M 2 2 3 3 N :< 3 4 4 (t ;< 3 4 4 P 2 2 3 i\ R 1 3 1 3 2 4 2 4 S 4 4 A .'i T .'t 4 4 4 n 2 2: 3 3 V •2 2 3 3 w *; 2 |3 3 X i 1 2 2 Y « 2 .i 3 /, I I 2 2 ft 1 I n I » 2 2 4 2 2 4 1 •i ,1 H IT fl IH m Figures arc usually put up with Foiits of 4 A and upwards, and always with' Lower Case, so that when a Font of 4 A is ordered the Lower Case, and Kif^uresl will always be sent unlesa otn«r*ise oiH 4««d. 1 S.-iJOO 1,600 3,000 d 4,400 e 12,000 2,501) 1,700 6,400 8,000 400 800 4,500| A 600' A 800 B 400} B eoo C 500] O 2,000 D 500' t) 1,000| E 6001 E 400' F . 400! b 8001 ,300, 300 500 2001 t" ! \m G ' 700 H ) 300 I 1 150; J * 100 K; 1 4.0001 t lOOJ L m 3,OOOU 100, M 400 8,000; S 100 N 400 o 8,000 II 100 O 400 p 1,7001 H 60 P 400 q ..... 500| Q 180] Q r 6,260 I 1,30011 400 K 3 8,000 2 1,200| S cools t 9,000 u 3,400 1,200 300 200 250 250 300 200 400' G 200 2,000 400 2,000 200 20b 400 500 1,50 loo 100 60 16< 91 3 i.too! T O.^O, 4 i.oooj u .snoj u 5 1,00<>| V 3001 V 6 .... 1,000' W 400 W, 7 l.OOOJ X 180 8 . ... l.OOOl Y 300 9 1.000 Z SO 1,.300 m 40 (E 30 \ :: Accents average 150 each. 200 400 150 150 250 200 300 200 201) 90 200 2.^0 326 150 160 209 90 150 40 3 em spaces 18,000 4 " '• ..12,000 5 " " 8.000 H&lr ", 3,00D em Quads 2,500 en Qiiade.. 5,00* Large Quadrats 80 lbs. 750 MA.MES AND SIZES OF TYPE. NAMES AND SIZES OF TYPE, Great Primer. — In conversa. tion, study purity of language : avoid vulgar dialects like the fol- lowing samples : English. — English Rustic. Measter Goddin used to zay as how children costed a sight o' money to breng urn oop, and 'twas all very well whilst um was leetle, and zucked the mother, but when um begind to zuck the vather, 'twas nation akkerd ! Pica. — Rector. " These pigs of yours are in excellent condition." Jarvis. " E'as, sur, they he. Ah ! sur, if we was all on us only as fit to die as them are sur, it would be good for we." Small Pica. — Scotch Elder. " O ! Sandy, if ye wad only tak' soond advice, an' drink waiter instead o' whiskey, it wad be better for your puir wife an' bonnie bairns : dye no ken whaur a' the drunkards gang tae ? " Confirmed Sot. " Yes, Maister Tamson, richt weel I ken that, they aye gang whaur they get the best whiskey." Long Primer. — Cockney Hair-Dresser. "They say, sir, that the cholera is in the Hair, sir ! " Gent, (very uneasy) ** Ladeed ! ahem ! then I hope you are very careful about the brushes you use." Hair-Dresser : " Oh, I see you don't ^understand me, sir ; I don't mean the 'air of the 'ed, but the //air hoi the ^atmosphere ! " — Punch. Cockney Servant Ctirl. '' Well mam — Heverythink con- sidered, I'm afraid you "won't suit me. I've always been brought up genteel ; and I couldn't go nowheres where there aint no footman kep'. " Servant Man, Thompson (who is very refined), " Ho yes, mum, I don't find no fault with NAMES AND SIZES OP TYPE. 751 you, mum, nor yet with mastet — but the truth his mum, the hother servants is so orrid vulgar and hignorant, and speaks so hitngrammatical, that I reely cannot live in the same 'ouse with 'eai, and I should like to go this day month, if so be has it wont illconweuieuce you I " — Punch. Bourgeois. — Mrs. Brown (an Aberdeen widow on the north «ide of forty). " Hoo's a' wi' ye this mornin', ilester Miller ; come in an' sit doon, I was just thinkin' o' ye ; some lang-tongued Lizzies were savin' that it was a perfec' shame that a man like you, wi' grey hair, an' a long fite beard should niak' a feel o' yersel' getting mitrried fan ye should be thinkin' o' deein'. Its a peer world to live in if a man canna tak' a wife fanever he likes. Na, na, I ken plenty, some o' them no far aff, that wad be prood to get ye. Eh, sirs, the life o' a peer, lone woman, or a lone man is a weai-y, sair dree o' dool an' sorrow ; dinna ye think sae, Mester Miller ? " Miller ; (a widower on the look out for another wife.) ** In my long pilgrimage through this vale o' tears, my experience has been, that a man is muckle the better o' a woman, and a woman is muckle the better o' a man ! " Brevier. — Wilkins. "Well Tumnias, did Aou'ear as liow Measter Smith hurted hisself on the leg just above the hancle." Ttnnmas, •' did um, that be very bad for lie, and I be very zarry to 'ear it. Xias' week my son Jan war a drivin' a nail, an' the 'amnier, lie flew out'n 'is 'and an' struck I very 'ard on the nose, the blood corned, an' if it 'ad struck much 'arder it would 'ave killed I on the spot sure." Blarney. Yankee (just arrived). " Guess your legral fare is just Sixpence." Dublin Carman : " Shure, me Lord, we take some chape- Jacks at that — but its meself wouldn't disligrace a gintleman a* your Lordship's quality by dhrivin' 'm at a mane pace through the public shtreets, so I tuk it upon myself to give your lordship a s/iillin':, worth both of shtyle and wiiip cord." Minion. — Vermont Tombstone Afjent to Smith, in the hacliwoods :■ — " Good mornins', Mi.>Jter; I was told over tew that you had lost your wife, and 1 have jest cmn ten miles over lueowntains, wood.s, an' Bwamps to get an order for a tewmstun' for her. Was awful sorrj- to hear of your grejit loss, but I can sell you the cheapest an' best tewmstun' in the hull creation." Smith. "Waal, stranger, I reckon I can stand my loss if she can stand her'n; but you see as how the critter isn't ready for a tombstone yet, she's only scooted with another man." Nonpareil— ^?jp/t,9A Rustics. Sam: I zay. Jack, be yon a politicianer? Jac/.-.--" E'aa I be." Sam.—"^a\l I zav. Jack, what be a politicianer? J^acA-.--" Zounds, Sam ! doant'ee knaw iiothink about un ? " Sam.— iiSiw I doan't." JncL-.—WaW, I doan't knaw as I <^aii tell'ee, Sam, fur I doau't «xackerly knaw mysel' ! " " Fe.ML.— English .'^o'tcman. Wnik into the show niT hearties, walk in and «ee the preat Unfrican lions, rh'noc?ro» and holephsnts as was caujrfit in the deeert ahout li miles from either tea or land. «td the great 'ippopotamns and catterAvallamis as livea in the hocean. Them as don't (fo in cii't win. and them as Ftavs out there hnm'tin here, and ean't fee the preat Hindian tijer. leopard, the hanacondas from Brazil, the jriz/lr bear, the buffalo that swing* his vast preposterous orer the Rocky Mountings and Western' prarers, and the great dena of performing hauimals from hull hover the world I Do yee^' rally think. Squire, that there is annv chancce of wn- vid this country an' Rooshaf Sqnire. Well things did look a little queer lately : but wlir do vou atk ? Wetl, me raison tot «xln' is, d'ye moind now, wan o" these days I'U have to he'afther sellin' me pig. and if thei«'a fots' (0 b« Mill/ w«r, bacon 'ill.roiac to a foine price as ttirue'i me name's Xiv O'FarraU t 75J TTPOGRAJ»HICAL MARKS 'jtliB individiijdlby WcamtliB.art of jumfing was' '^ ^isl .cUBcaTETB^; yeS bD authDciiles ccmcur 5a pdinltling Peter ,gGlioeffer-. -to Tae tTie pBTSoaS ^^^ ^ 57tci lirv^iilBd cfls< umial ti/pesj^haLving learned ^f^ if ilie arfc-«& cf caZiiTi^'thB lettera fnnn tliQ Gii5- *> / tembergsy hfi is also fiupposed to iiave fceeil ^1^ the first -wliqengraTed vox cDp;^er;«plates. TbB^/-/ following testimony ia preseved ia the family/ 8^ 1>^ l)y^o.^red.^anHtiis,^^f;^Asclieffenburg ' ^ o^ 9 *T71>*Peter Schoeffer, of Gemslieim, perceiving ^ ^^ l^\f Jus master Faust;g de^i^fl, and idng Limself *^' ^-"^^ V^ (^deairoua\ ardentl^ to improve ihe art, found OTili (by tlifi '^ood providence of God) ilia ta&iliod Df catting (tH^ybw^] tlie cliaracters tf^a^ In a' mahiti tliat the letters might eaaly he ^// singly cffsr/ jnsleaa of Heng cut. He pvi-^^/r ■•i valdy cK^ ;iKa?ftegzfl for tke vvbole alp1iabet:yvis ^aust \Ta9 Sd IpIeasEd irlili tfie conirivanj /tiiafc lie prnmised Fetet to giys Bin) Ms^nly f«^ ^ y^jgugMer Christina in jnarfiage ^/promise S^^^ /^lildi he soDDiafter pefformedyY la ^ g^/C^VLt. there TVEre". many dijaaucullies afc Srst ^^ ^ yilih. ^ese ^e?^ a^ tt^ra had teeii before ^0laVb a I Tvitk yooden ones/ ^j^metal being too Boft^^^^^ to Bupport tKe'fbj?osite. A turned letter is noted by drawing a line through it, and writing th« jiiark N'>. 2 in the margin. If letter-' or words retiuire to be -iltered from one character to another, a ^ralle'. line or Hues must be made underneath the word or letter, — vir. for uipit-nls, three lines; (unall caiitiil?, two hnes ; and It.ilic, obm — ilt — -^ 75 4 0\ CORRECTING PROOFS. line ; and, in the margin opposite the line where the alteration occurs. Caps, Small Caps, or Ital. must be written. (See No. 3.) ^Tien letters or words are set double, or are required to be taken out, & line is drawn through the superfluous word or letter, and the mark No. 4 placed opposite in the margin. Where the pimctuatiou requires to be altered, the correct point, mark- ed in the margin, shouJd be encircled. (.See Ko. 5.) When a space is omitted between two words or letters which should b« separated, a caret must be made where the separation ought to be, and the sign Xo. 6 placed opposite iu the margin. Xo. 7 describes the manner in which ^e hyphen and ellipsis line are marked. When a letter has been omitted, a caret is put at the place of omis- sion, and the letter marked as No. 8. 'Where letters that should be joined are seivirated, or where a line is too widely spaced, the mark Xo . 'J must be placed under them, and th» correction denoted by the marks in the margin. AVTiere a new paragraph is required, a quadrangle is drawn in the margin, and a caret placed at the beginning of the sentence. (See Xo. 10.) Xo. 11 shows the way in which the apostrophe, inverted comnaas, the etar and other references, and sujierior letters and figures, are marked. Where two words are transjwsed, a line is drawn over one word and below the other, and the mark Xo. 12 placed in the margin; but where several words require to be transposed, their right order is signified by a figure placed over each word, and the mark Xo. 12 in the margin. Where words have been struck out that have afterward been approved of, dots should be marked under them, and Stet written in the margin. (See Xo. 13.) Where a sytace sticks up between two words, a horizontal line is drawn under it, and the mark Xo. 14 placed opposite, in the margin. Where several words have been left out, they are transcribed at the bottom of the page, and a line drawn from the pb.ce of omission to the written words (see Xo. 15> ; but if the omitted matter be too extensive to be copied at the foot of the page. Out, see copv, is written in the margin, and the missing lines are enclosed between brackets, and the word Out is inserted in the margin of the copy. Where letters stand crooked, they are noted hyaline (see No. 16); but, where a page hangs, lines are drawn across the entire part affected. When a smaller or larger letter, of a different foimt. is improperly in- troduced into the page, it is noted by the mark Xo. 17, which signifies wrong foimt. If a paragraph be improperly made, a line is drawn from the broken- off matter to the next paragraph', and No ^ written in the margin. (Sea Xo. 18.) Where a word has been left out or is to be added, a caret must be made in the place where it should come in, and the word written in the mar:iin. (SeeXo. 19.) Where a faulty letter appears, it is marked by making a cross tmder it, and placing a similar one in the margin (see Xo. 20); though some prefer to draw a i>erpendicular line through it, as in the case of a wrong letter. Paper Yarkish. — All varnished gams composing the same, and dis- solved in turpentine, have a greasy nature. Pa|M?r must be first sized, or if dis.*olved by any other spirit, 8 oz. of gum saudarach, 2 oz. of Yenico turpentine, 32 oz. of alcohol. Dissolve by gentle heat Or a harder var- nish, reddish cast. 5 oz. of shellac, and 1 0». of tiurpentioe, ^ W. Qf ftloo* ml, Qx CiUiada balsaiu dissolve in turps. perTfor>l\.nce of presses, etc. 755 A^-ERAGB Dailt Performance of Presses. — Tfee estimates of the following Tables are for miscellaneous work, done in the usual man- ner, with little raakiug ready and under the favorable conditions of a busy seiuson. It is supposed that the presses are at work full 10 hours ; that feeders and pressmen are expert and diligent : that paper, rollers, steam power, ink, etc., are in perfect order, and that there are no detentions or accidents. Make Ready Time. Style of Press.— Kg. of Forms Time of Press Work. Rate per Hour. 1 Daily Perform- ance. Hours. Card Press- Hours. Impr. 1 4 6 1 form of 7,500 impressions. 4 '• l,n00 8 « 250 " Small Machine Press- 9 6 4 833 666 500 7,500 4,000 2,000 1 5 8 1 form of 6,000 impressions. 5 '• 500 " 8 " 100 " Hand Press. 9 5 2 666 500 400 6,000 2,500 800 1 4 1 form of l.-'SOO impressions. 250 Medium Cylinder. 9 6 156 166 1,500 1,000 1 5 i 1 form of 7,500 impressions. 5 " 750 8 " 250 " Double Medium Cylinder. 9 5 3 833 750 666 7,500 3,750 2,000 1 2 1 6 1 form of 5,000 impressions. 3 " 1,000 6 " 250 " Mammoth Cylinder. 8 5 3 666 600 500 5,000 3,000 1,500 3 5 7 1 form of 4,000 impressions. 2 " l,2o0 " 4 " 250 " 7 6 3 570 500 333 4,000 2,500 1,000 —Be Vinne's Price List. THE BULLOCK SELF-FEEDI>T, FERFECXrS'G PRESS. The press represented by the cut is one of the most wonderful Inven- tions of modem times in the department of printing machinery. The space occupied by the Bullock Perfectiu'; Press is about 12 feet "long 5^ ft. high. As indicated by the name, it is a self-feeder, drawing its sup- plies fr(»m a large cylindrical roll, or web of paper, placed either on the pres* it-;elf, or near it, drawn in In- tension, p.issing in, first, between an impreijsiou and ft type cylinder, wliere it is printed on its firtit side ; and, then, secoiMily, i>aeBUJ4{ immediately tf jv.uuih, pnlverize^^l, and mixed wu! Zb part* of aoetio ackl, 5U pait« of liquid txtiact of logwocMi, 4 p^ft of pi'.ii>] ESTIMATES, ETC., FOR PRINTERS. 757 add, 10 mrt<: of pulverized sal wrrel, 10 part* of mucilage, and I pnrt of titrate of iron, and mix well. The liquid extract ol lo^ood is i)rej>ared bj- mixing 3 part? of an extract of coiiir.mu comnierciaT qzality w ith two parts of water. 2. Rd Ink. Take 1 jait ol red aniline mixed with 10 parts of aoetic acid, 5 i«irt^ of citric acid, and 25 parts of mucilage, all well mixed. For ilso, mix 1 part of the pasta Arith 16 parts of water. 3. Blue Ink. Take 2 i>art.s pf aniline blue mixed with 10 jiarts of acetic acid, 5 parts of citric acid, and 40 parts of mucilage, all well mixed. For n!«e, mix 1 part of tlie pa.?/(n..re. MLx well. For use, 1 tart of this paste is mixed with 4 part* of hot water. These inks arc described as leaving no sedimejit, as drying quicker on paper than the ordinary inks, and as l>eing non-corrotive. CoLOKF.n Inks for Rubher and other STA>rps. — TT'd. Dissolve I ox. of carmine in 2 oks. strong water of ammonia, and add 1 dr. of glycerine and | oz. dextrin. Dhic. Rub 1 oz. Prussian blue with r;iou,:^h water to make a perfectly smooth iv»ste ; then add lo*. dextrin, iui-orporate it well and nually add sufficient water to bring it to the proper consistence. Vinkt. Alcohol 15 ozs.. glyceriuB 15 ozs., aniline violet 2 to 4 drs. ; mix, dissolve, pour the solution "on the cusliionand dab on with a brush. Tlie following estimates relating to the consumption of ink, &c., are se- let'tetl from De Vinn?'.^ Price Li.^t. a work of incomparable utility to printeis, pnbli.shed by Francis Hait & Co., New York. Bi-AOiv IxKs. — On common news and rough book work, the value of b'lrk ink at 40 cent*, used and wasted in printing a wet-down sheet of size 24 X ;{8 inches, or thereabouts, is a little less than 1? cents per 1000 impressions, or about 4 cents * a token of 250 impressions. If tlie pheet is over-colored, it will cost 6 cents; if it is under-colored, or if printed on damp calendered paper (an unusmU quality of this class of work), it will not cost 3 cents per token. For ordinary book work, nsing ink at 60 cents, on smooth paper of sire 24 x 38 inches, the average cost of inli used and wasted will be alxiut 6 cents i)er token ; on di-y and rough paper, it will reach 10 or 13 cents. Fine book or pamphlet Pre.<5Sworkon damp sheets of calendered prper, of size 24 X 38, using ink at SI. 00, should have its average value rated at 10 cents per token for an ordinary edition. Upon a short edition, frr which ink is spcciallv put in the founfciin, and of which much is w.-i.'^ted, the cost will be froin 15 to 25 cents per token. If the paper is a soft and epongy Book, cost for either quantity will be still higher. Illustrated CATALOorrrs, printed on medium sheets, 19 x 24 inches, on dry calendered paper, with cuts of large size and blackness, will vuse • It is a popular belief that tbe ink used for this cluss of work, on this eize does not exceed 3 ceiiis j«r token. This is ilie ordinary reckoning, which is for use only. But the w.iste of this quality of ink is rarely ever less than one-fifth, and it often aj^roiimatee more closely to one-third of tl»« amouiU purchased. 758 ISSTIMATES, ETC., FOE PRINTERS. W wood-cut ink at S2.50 per pound, «n an edition of 1000, at thVrate of oO cents to Si. 00 per token. If the edition is of 5000 impressions, tlio value of ink used will range from 40 cents to 70 cents per token. If cuts «re verj' large or black, they may consume ink, on an edition of 1000' copies, at the rate of $1.50 per token. If ink at $3.00 or $5.00 is used, in place of ink at $2.50, the price will increase, but not in true proportion — the more expensive color is finer, and has more extending capacity. These are prices for cuts of machinery. The amount of color on this •work is largely under the control of the pressman. He can use it freely or sparingly, at will, but with a corresponding effect of strength or weakJ ness in the work. Book Illtjstrations. — The ordmaiy illustrations of books and news- papers, when not too frequent, or too black, do not sensibly increase the; consumption of ink. It is not usual to make account of the value of ordinary ink on this class of work. But when the cuts are numerous ■and are black, and fine inks are used, the value of color used cannot be ^overlooked. On a large edition of work of this class, the average value of ink at $2.00, on a sheet 2i x 38 inches, will be 50 cents per token. Upon an edition of 1000, the cost of the same ink would be more than $1.00 per token. A Double Royal sheet 29 X 43 inches, on an edition of ;20,000, with ink at $3.00, with many cuts, has been worked at a cost of 63 cents per token for ink ; but this is a rare result, the economy being !due as much to the skill of tlie pressman as to the length of the edition. If the edition had been 1000, the value of the black ink used and wasted would have been at the rate of $1.50 per token. Posters. — An ordinary poster, 12 x 19 inches, will consume of black ink at 25 cents per pouudj'at the rate of 30 and 40 cents per 1000 impres- aions, the quantity used depending upon the size of the type and the quality of the paper. Under the same condition.-?, a poster 19 X 24 inches, will consume black ink of same quality at the rate of 75 cents and $1.00 per 1000 impressions ; a poster 24 X 38 inches, from $1.25 to $2,00 per 1000 impressions. The value of the color used increases with the size of the sheet, and for this work, in greater proportion. The larger form has larger type, and the larger press wastes more color. TiXT Blocks.— A solid tint Block cut on pine, for a sheet 24 X 38 inches, with a few white lines, will use of 25 cent ink, at the rate of $3.00 per 1000 impressions. If finer inks are used, the advance in price will be nearly in strict proportion. For a sheet 24 x 38, of smooth, thick paper, dry, printed on a metal tint-plate, with ink at $1.00 per pound, the cost of ink will be $10.00 per 1000 impressions. For this class of work, a pound of fine ink will do more work than a pound of cheap ink. On common flat work, a good black ink will jjermit a liberal reduction of body with varnish. Blue Inks. — Many qualities of this color are used. The leading varieties are best known to printers as light, dark, ultramarine and bronze blues. The light has a limited use for fiat surfaces and tints ; the ultramarine, for flat surfaces, tints, posters, and to some extent, in its finer qualities, on fine type; the dark and bronze blues are most used for fine and light work, for which they are well adapted, having strong body, and in extending property beiug nearly equal to fine black ink. Ultramarine is the favoring color for bright showy work. It is very bulky for its weight, and works well upon all flat surfaces. It is not a finely-ground color. The best colors only are used for type, but they do not work -^vith the freedom and smoothness of dark or bronze blues. The prices range from 50 to $3.00 per pound. Flat Surfaces. — A flat-faced label, 9 x 14 inches, will consume of pare ultramariue blue at $1.00 per pound ^ti ^e late ti:ks. — For a jioster, 12 x 10 inches, on ordinary News, the value used of ultramarine ink at Sl.OO will be at the rate of S2.00 per 1000 im- preti.*ious;forapoi:ier, 19 X l.'4iuclies, on ultramarine blue at 75 cents, S3,05 per 1000 impre50 impressions. The valuo of the red color, extending capacity considered, is about ten times as great as that of fine black. Lake red, a deep crimson, is inferior to black in extension, but will give treble the service of ordinary vermilion. It is too expensive for most bold work, or for flat surfaces, nor does it produce as good an effect as pure vermillion. It is largely used for fine work, for which it is well fitted. Carmine, an intense and glowing crimson, is but little inferior to the finest black in extending properties. It is one of the most expensive colors, and can be used to profit and with effect only on light and open work. F(ur flat and solid work, the etlect produced is out bttle superior to that of the finer lakes, and is seldom worth the extra cost. FosTF.its. — The value of red ink at .?1.00 per pound, that will be used and wasted in printing 1000 posters, 12 X 19 inches, may be rated at $i3.00 ; on HhX) posters, 19 x 24 inches, the value of color may bo esti- mated at .$5.00 and S«5.00 per 1000 ; on a po.ster. 24 X 38 inches, at SO.OO and 812.00 per 1000. The color is weak, and the use of light or bold- faced type will make serious differences in the consumption of color. On double-medium posters, the value of the color may be averaged at S'l.OO per 100 impressions. Flat ScRF.\rEs.— A flat label 9 x 14 inches, with ordinary amount and sine of lettering cut for white, such as is used for soap boxes, etc.. will consume of pure red ink at Si. 00 ;)Cr pound, at the rate of S4.50 and $5.00 per 10 :0 impressions. If the plate is flat, without lettering, at the rate of §6.00 per 1000 impressions. A flat tint poster for paper 19 x 24 VQches, with letters cut in whits as above, will use of red ink at $1.00 pet 760 PATENT OFFICE RULES, ETC. pound, that has been somewhat thhined with varnish, at the rate of $9.09 and SlO.OO per 1000 impressious. If ])ure color is used, it will rousume color to the amount of ;i514.0O or $15.00. A flat tint poster for pajier 24 x 38 inches, cut on pine, with lettering as above, will consume of red ink at $1.00 per pound, thinned with varnish, at the r;ite of ;!i;i8,00 and S::iy.O0 per 1000 impressious. If dry paper is used, as is necessary for registered work it could not be rated at less than §20.00 ; for damp paper, careiully managed, it may be less than ;>1S.00, but this is unusual. Coloring of P.\per. — Gmi/ is usually obtained by mixing mineral or vegetable black with the bleached piJp, but the tones produced by these primitive means are generally dull. Vegetable black made fro;u the chestjiut tree gives the best result. Chestnut black can be nunie from the bark of the young sprouts of this tree, generally cultivated to make hoops for casks ; alter taking off the bark it is dried, ground, and made into a decoction for coloring paper, and which can be made either gray or black. Logwood also may be used. Ii'on Gray is made with chestnut or logwood. For two cwt. of paper, 4 lbs. of ext. of chestnut, 4 lbs. sulphate of iron, dissolved in 9 gals, of boihng water, then stirred and mixed with the pulp, adding a small quantity of red lake and ultra- marine. The size is mixed with 8 per cent, of 'sulphate of aluminum, this may be much varied. With small quanities of ext. of logwood and sulphate of iron a light gray is obtained; by adding yellow and Prussian blue, a greenish slate color ; by adding white, suppressing the blue, and keeping the lake, a chamois tone ; by adding to this last "formula a little umber, bistre. Logwood is used with all colors when it is wi.«hed to darken the shades. With fine jnilp il is best to replace the ext. of log- wood by the product obtained from the tree noted at the beginning of this notice. Solvents for RrBBER. — These are bisulphide of carbon, coal nap- tha, rectified oil of turpentme, chloroform, and ether, which must be free from alcohol. INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. United States Patents anp Fees. — No patent will be granted if the whole or any part of wh;it is claimed has been patented or described in any printed publication in this or a foreign country, or been invented or discovered in this country. Prior Invention abroad will not prevent issue of a patent, unless the in- vention has been there patented or described in some printed publication. To prevent a subsequent inventor from obtiining a patent, an inven- tion must have been reduced to a practical form, either by construction of a model or machine, or drawing, by which a mechanic could make the same. Merely coruxiving an idea of an invention is not a discovery, and patent- able. Foreign Patents. — The taking out of a patent in le of same, and minute statement of exact proportions and ingredients. Cave.\t3. — Tlie filing of a caveat prevents, during its existence, the issue of a patent, williout the knowledge of the caveator, to any person for a similar device. The caveator is entitled to receive official notice during one year, for any petition for similar or interfering invention filed during that time. Tiie caveator, when so notified, must complete his own application witliui three months from date of notice. A caveat runs one year : can be extended by paying $10 a year. Caveats can only bo filed by citizens of the United Sfcites, or aliens who have resided here one year and declared their intention of becoming cit)iz6ii3 UNITED STATES PATENT FEES. On fllina each caveat $10 00 On tiling each original application for a patent, except for a design. 1.5 09 On issuing each original patent 20 00 On every iippeal from EIxamLners-in-Chief 20 00 On application for a reissue 30 00 On applioiition for extension 50 00 Granting an extension 50 00 Filing each ilisclaiiner .- 10 00 Certified copies of jiatents and other papers, 10 cents per 100 words. Keconling every assignment, agreement, power of attorney, and other papers, of 300 words or under 1 00 If 0%-er .300 and under 1,000 words 2 00 If over 1.000 words. 3 00 Drawinijs, cost of making same P»tenM for designs— for three and one-half years 10 OO " " for seven years 15 00 ¥ ** for fourteen years 30 OQ 762 FACTS ABOUT HUMAN LIFE. In addition to the above, Messrs. Mrxx & Co., Patent Solicitors, N.Y., charge for written report of special examination at Patent ofRce.if inven- •Bon has been patented in this country, S5 ; ior general information of infringements, reissues, claims, assignment*, joint ownership, contracts, licences, name in which patent is recorded, abstracts of deeds of transfer, sketch of a drawing of patent, license made out. transfer of do., recordmg do. , S5 for each case ; for procuring a fiatent, $25 to S35, or more : for procuring a caveat, SiO to ?15 ; for copies of patents or assignments, or drawings of any existing patents, So to SlO : copy of any claim, 31. FoKEir.N Patexts. — Great Britain. — Duration" fourteen years, to first inventor or importer, cost, S3,')0, of which §100 due at time of making application, balance in four months ; three years from date of patent, a further sum of £50 must be paid : end of seven years, £100 additionaL For designs to protect shape of article, three years, $100. France. — Term of patent, fifteen years, annual fee, S20. Belgium. — Term of patent, twenty years ; small annual fees. EXPENSE OF FOREIGN PATENTS, INCLUSrVE OF ALL FEES. Austria $250 i Netherlands $150 Bavaria 150 ' Portugal 250 Belgium 150 I Prussia 200 Cuba 450 Russia 550 Prance 150 Great Britain 350 India 400 Italy 250 Saxony 250 Spain 400 Sweden and Norway 600 FACTS RELATING TO HUMAN LIFE. The following table exhibits the recent mortality statistics, showing the average duration of life among persons of various classes in the State of Massachusetts : Tears. I Tears. | Tears. Men unemployed 68 Blacksmiths 51 Bakers 43 Judges '. (5 Merchants 51 Painters 43 Farmers ,..64 Calico Printers 51 Shoemakers 43 Bank Ofificers 64 Phvsicians 51 Mechanics 43 Coopers 58 Butchers 50 Editors 40 Public Officers 57 Carpenters 49 Musicians 39 Clergymen 56 Masons 48 Printers 38 Shipwrights 55|Traders 46 Machinists 36 Hatters 5l|T.ailors 44 Teachers 34 Lawyers 54' Jewellers 44 Clerks 04 Rope Makers 54 Manufacturers 43 Operatives Ji The average death rate in Europe is 1-ont of every 42 inliabitants, or 2.38 per cent. The principal European countries exhibit the following annual bUls of mortality : — England 1 death to every 46 Austria .1 death to every 40 Denmark 1 " '" 45 Prussia ) " "' 33 Belgium 1 " " 43iFrance 1 " " 3i 2forway and Sweden 1 " " 41| The death rate in the United States varies much from the above, from the highest, Arkai:--as. where the annual mortahty is one death to every 49 inhabitants, a trifle over 2 per cent of the population, to the lowest, Oregon, where the death rate U less than half of one per cent., or one PACTS ABOUT HOIA^ LtFB. 768 to ever) 209 inhabitants. The average yearly mortality in proportiou to population is exhibited in the following table : — New England States 1 inCSPacific States 1 in 115 Middle States 1 " 88 1 Atlantic States 1 " 80 Southern States 1 " TOGulf States 1 " 63 f Western States 1 '• 81 Mississippi Valley State« 1 " 80 North- Western States 1 "1201 Accordini? to the Carlisle table of moi-tality, largely used as an author- ity iu life insurance calculations in America and Europe, of 10,000 chil- dren born — 5,C03 die in 50 vears.|9,848 die In 90 yearfc 6,357 - • . 50 vears. 9,848 die In 90 60 " 9,991 " 100 70 " 9,999 lt, Koa, Hawaii - -. . - Ht. Brown, highest Rocky Mt. pk. tlont Blanc, highest in Europe - Howna Roas, Owhyhcc - . . - Mount Rosa, Alps, Sardinia - - Pinchincs, Ecuador - - - - Mount Whitney. Cal . - - Sfouut Fairweather Russ. Poss. . Mount Shasta, California . . - - Pikes Peak. California - . - . - Mount Ophir, Summatra- - • - Fremont's Peak, R. M. Wyoming I.enp's Peak, R. M. Califofnin- - Mount Kanifr. Washington Ter. • Mount Ararat. Armenia - Teak of Teneriifc, Ciuiarics Feet Jlile3.! ai,7S0 'JI,«4 20,000 iy,4ns ]9,1.T0 Ls.ooe ir.na 16,(100 l.i.COO Jj,776 15 7a) I5,,i.V) 1530 l.i,000 14,706 14,450 14 -ao ir!,.'-.ro IS.Ji'lO -m 25^ 25, 2?i' Feet Mil«>. I The mountains subtract than the roujrhness on the no more coat i>f an Miltsin, SfoTocco - ]2,S XJi, Mount Etna, Sicily J0.050 IJ$ Olvmpus, Greece . . . - . (1,7.54 IV St" Gothard, Alps • 9,(iS0 \% Pilate, Alps 9,050 1^ Mount Sinai. Arabia ...-■• 8,0(10 \% Pindus Greece - ■ 7,077 \\ Black Mountain, New Caledonia 6,470 Im MountWashington,N.Han)p;hir« 6,2J4 1>» Mount Marcy, New York - . - 5.4^7 1 Mount Hecla, Iceland S,0(« 1 Ben Xevis, Scotland - - - - 4,400 %_ Mansfield, Vt. 4,280 % Peaks of Otter, Va. 4.260 % 3en Lawers, Scotland - - - - 4,OS0 -A Parnassus, Greece - .3,950 V Vcsimus, Naples ------ 3,9;>2 ?* Sno-rcdon, England -^.Wl ?i Stromboh --------- .'{,850 M Ben Lomond •".S'n H Mount Carmel 2,000 Gibraltar 1,470 from the globular forni of ti'.e earth oraUjie. The highest elevatione are f KOTED MOOfTAIXS, TOTVERS, ETC 769 within the tropics, the next in the temperate zones, the next in the frigid, and the limit of perpetual snow varies Tith the beat of the surface; see page 119. The Andes chain extends 46li0 miles from the Gulf of Darien to the Straits of Magellan. The same cham is continued northward, through Mexico, the United States, and the British Possessions by the Kocky Mountains and other immense elevations which form the hack- bone of the continent These enormous mountain masses exert a genial action on the climate, form the source of rivers, and determine the water shed of streams. The mountains of America afford incontestable proof that the Xew World, geologically considered, is really tlie oldest formation of the present distribution of land on the globe. Irresistiblo aubterraneau forces are still active on the Andes ; from Cotopaxi south- ward, over 40 volcanoes are continually at work, causing havoc, and belching out la%-a, sulphur, &c. In n'.any cases volcanic action impels mountainous wares from the sea, can-ying Vessels several leagues inland over cities, towns, &c. lu 1746 an olficial accomit reported all the in- hahitints of Callao, 4000, dentroyed, 19 vessels sunk, and 4, including a frigate, were carried far inland over the city. Wafer saw 3 ve.ssels ■which had been carried 5 or 6 leagues overland. A similar irruption took place on this coast only a few months ago. attended by fearful suft'ering and awful loss of life and property. The Andes contain no granite at a higher elevation than 8 to 10,000 ft., the tojis behig crowned with whmstone, and the crevices and fissures, many of them descending below the sea level, are even more a-stonishing tl'.nn their heights. In Asia, the Himalayian ranges extend about 1400 mile.«!, the mountain ridges being from 50 to 60 miles wide, extending from N. W. to S. K They form the source of all the rivers of the Eastern seas, and have furnished the m.-iterials which compose the soil. There are 5 passes over them, some as high as 15,000 ft.-, at 15.500 ft., beds of fossil shells exist. The Euroi^ean and Asiatic mountains are topped with granite. Regard- ing the Alps, and the various snow levels over the globe, see pp. 118-19. In Scotland, the Grampian range includes Caimsorm, 4095 ft. ; Macdui, 4.327 : Shehallion, 3,550; Beumore, 3.870 : Ben Lawers, 4,030: Caimtoiil, 4,2*25: Ben Avon, 3,1167; Ben Nevis, the highe.-TS, TOWERS, &C. Feet. Pyramid of Cheops, Egvpt 5i3 Antwerp Cathedral, Be'lgium 476 Feef Notre Dame Cathedral , Munich 348 Dome of the Invalides, Paris 347 Strasbiirg Cathedral, France 474Magdehurg Cathedral 33T Tov,-Lr of Utrecht, Holland 4&i St. Mark's Church. Venice 328 Steeple of St. Stephen's, Vienna... 400 Assiiielli Tower, Bologna 314 Pyra.nid of Cephenes. Egypt 45C,TrinitT Church, Kew York 283 St. :\Iartin'8 Church, Bavsina 456 Coluimi at Delhi, India 2tj2 St. Peter's, Rome 448 Porcelain Tower, Chiaa 242 Salisbury Spire, England 410;Canterburj- Tower, England 235 St. Paul's, London, England 404'Xotre Dame Cathedral, Paria 232 St. Peter's, at Hambro' 395 Bunker Hill, Monument 220 CatheT,000 Sett led 1638 Sett led 1627 1845 »i,4T7 Sett led 1682 1815 34,620 1816 63,807 1846 81,929 1859 107,206 1792 73,077 1812 76,556 1820 20^,335 Sett led 1633 'Sett led 1620 1837 '200,000 1859 150,M2 181 1821 1866 1861 75,512 60,686 60,000 40,000 Sett led 1623 Sett led 1624 Sett led 1614 Sett led 1650 1802 41.915 1859 52.465 Sett led 1685 Sett led 1637 Sett led 1670 1796 77,262 1848 2.50,000 1791 1 85,539 Sett led 1607 1862 376,688 1848:210,596 Alabama, Axkansaa, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, ; Illinois, j Indiana, Iowa, 'Kansas, JKentucky, ! Louisiana, iMaine, iMaryland, ^Iasachus'8 Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, "N. H:unps'e, New Jersey, New York, N. Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, PennsvWna, R. Island, S. Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, W. Virginia, Wisconsin, Total SUtes, TEXKITOKIES. Arizona, Ck)lorado-, Dakota, District of Columbia, Idabo, iMoBtana, Uew Mexico, Utah, Washington, ■Wyoming, Total Territories, Total U.S. wad Ter., POPULATION, AC, OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES. 771 POPULATION, AREA, &c., OF THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES 0» THE WORLD. Countries. Cklna British Empire Russia United States and Alaska. France Austria and Hungary Japan Great Britain and Ireland. German Empire lUly Spain Brazil Afghanistan Turltey Arabia Mexico Turkestan Sweden and Norway Aram |. Persia '. Belgium Birmah Bavaria Siam Portugal Holland 2{ew Grenada Chili Laos Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurtemburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay. Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayti BeloochiBtan Nicaragua Malaya, etc . Uragnay Honduras San Domingo Costa Rico Hawaii Populati'n, 446,500,000 226,817,108 81,925,400 38,92." ,600 36,469,800 35,904,400 34,785,300 31,817,100 29,906,092 27,430,921 16,642,000 10,000.000 6,000,000 16,463,000 8,500,000 9,173,000 4,800,000 6,921,300 6,000,000 5,000,000 6,021,300 7,000,000 4,861,400 6,500,000 3,995,200 3,688,300 3,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,629,100 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,812,000 1,818,000 1,784,000 1,500,000 1,461,300 1,457,900 1,180,300 1,300,000 1,000,000 823,138 718,000 600,000 672,000 600,000 360,000 600,000 300,000 360,000 136,000 165,000 62,950 Area in sq. miles. 3,711,846 4,677,432 8,003,788 2,603,884 204,091 240,3^18 149,399 121,315 160,207 118,847 195,755 3,263,029 226,000 872,624 1,200,000 761,526 414,000 292,871 150,000 635,964 11,373 205,000 29,292 189,000 34,434 12,680 357,157 132,616 130,000 15,992 471,838 497,321 871,848 7,533 14,753 368,238 6,912 19,353 40,879 218,928 63,787 2,969 9,576 7,335 10,205 162,000 68,171 60,000 66,722 47,092 17,827 21,505 7,633 Capitals. Pekin London St. Petersburg. Washington... Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Rio Janeiro. .. Cabool Constantinople Mecca Mexico Bokhara Stockholm Hue Teheran Brussels Monchovo Munich Bankok Li.sbon Hague Bogota Santiago Ch.angmai Berne Lima Chuquisaca. . . . Buenos Ayres. Stuttgart Copenhagen.. . Caraccas Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito Asuncion Darmstadt .... Monrovia San Salvador.. Port au Prince. Kelat Managua Singapore Monte Video.. Camaj'agua San Domingo. . San Jose Honolulu Popula- tion. l,W8,80O 3,251,800 667,000 109,199 1,825,300 833,900 1,664,900 3,261,809 826,400 244,484 332,000 420,000 60,000 1,076,000 60,000 210,300 160,000 136,900 60,000 120,000 314,100 6,000 169,600 150,000 224,063 90,100 45,100 116,400 25,000 36,000 160,100 25,000 177,800 91,600 162,042 47,000 36,600 43,000 40,000 70,000 48,000 80,000 3,000 15,000 20,000 16,000 10,000 67,000 44,600 12.000 20,000 2,000 7,633 lu the foregoing table the figures relating to population, give, in the loaiority of cases, the census of 1870-71. In Europe the five Great Powers are the Empire and Monarchy of Great 772 AREA, AC, OF BRITISH AMERICA. Britain and Ireland, the Empire of Germany, the Empire of Russia, the Enb pire of Austria, and the Republic of France. The secoud-raie Powers are the Kingtloms of Italy, Spain, Norway and Swe. den. ;uid the Empire of Turkey in Europe. Regarding the latter it may be said th,"».t great cha-iges are impeuain^, ovruii; to the adverse issue of the war wiih Riisslit, and tiie present threatening attitude of the Russian armies and the British O.eet near Constantinople. The third-rate Powers are the Kingdoms of Belgium, Portugal, Bavaria, Denmark, Saxony, Greece, Holland, or Netherlands, the Repubhc of Switzer- land and the Duchies or lesser States. AREA, POPULATION, &C., OF BRITISH AMERICA. Name. Area i:i Eng. eq. miles. ^- . capital. Popula- tion. Hudson Bay Ter. 1 Bed River. ( 1,800,000 1 175,0tH' York Factory, ( lO.iru.'Furc Garrv. Brit. Columbia. &c. •Jri^Dl'v 50.i)00'New Westminsfr 4.000 Vancouver Island, 13,250 18,000 \ ictoria. 3,000 Newfoundland. 57,000 124.2K' .•^t. Johv.s. 25.000 Prince Edw. Island, '.^.173 80,-57 Ch.irlottetown, 6,70G NovaScotia&CapeB., 19,050 330,,>^7 1 Halifax) 25J,'47 Fredn ] 26,000 New Brunswick, 27,710 7.000 Quebec, 210,0(10 l,Ul,5tV.lQuel>ec ) Ottawa 1,396,001 Toronto J 15,000 1 1 f.2.110 Ontario, 125,000 •11,821 2,599,283 CAPACITY OF XOTED CHtrRCHZ3. "Will Contain] "Will Contain No. persons. No. Persons. St. Peter's, Rome 5},000|St. John's, Latcran 2i:,900 Milan Oathedriil 37,W0 Notre Da-iie, Paris 21.000 St. Paul's, Home 32,000 Cathedral. PL'^ 13.000 St. Pauls. London 25,600 .St. Stephen's, Vienna 12.400 St. Petronio. Bologna 24,400 St. Dominic's. Bologr^ 12.000 Florence Cathedral 24.3 i05r. Peters, Bologna ll.lftO Antwerp Cathedral 24,000 Cathedral. Vienna 11. WO St. Sophia's, Constantinople 23,000 St. Mark's, Venice 7,.500 » CAPAClTf OF THEATRES, OPERA HOUSES, HALI.S, &C. "Will Contain) "Will Contain No. Persons,! ^''- Persons. fiilmore's Garden, New York.... 8,443 St. Charles, Th., N. Orleans 2,178 Stadt Theatre, " 3.ooo Grand Opera House, New Fork 1.883 Acudemy of Music, " 2.52G Booth's Theatre, " 1.807 Academy of Maeic. Philadelphia. 2.865 Opera House. Detroit 1,790 Carlo Felice, Genoa 2,560 Mc Vicar Theatre. Chicago 1.786 Opera House. Munich 2,307 Grand Opera House. '' 1,788 Alexander, St. Petersburg 2,3.32 Ford's Opera House, Baltimore. . 1,720 San Ca-.los. Naples 2.240 Nat. Tliea-re. "Wa.'hington 1.709 Adelphi Theatre, Chicago 2.238 De Bar's Opera House. St. Louis 1,696 llusic Hall. Boston 2.585 Cal. Theatre. San Fran 1.651 Academy of Paris 2,092 Euclid Av.. Op. H.. Cleveland. . . .~1,650 Imperial, St. Petersburg 2,160 Opera House. Berlin 1,636 LaScala, Milan 2,113 Opera House. Albany 1,404 Covent Garden. London . 2,684 Hoolev's Theatre, Chicago 1,.373 Boston Theatre. Boston 2,972 Coulter Op. H., Aurora. Ill 1,0«>1 Giand Qpaia Hall, New OrlMus, 2,022 Opeia House. Montreal. 98t MEASUREMENT OP TIME. 778 N > fe5 J Measurement of ttjie, table. 66 seconds 1 minuta. to minutes 1 hour. 24 hours j 1 day. 7 days I week. 38 days 1 lunar month. 28, 29, 30, or 31 days 1 calendar month. 12 calendar months I year. 365 days 1 com. year. 266 days 1 leap year. 365V4 days ; 1 Julian year. 365 a., ."ih., 48m., 49s 1 solar or tropical year. 365 d-, 6h., 9 m., 12 s 1 siderial year. 365 d.. 6.13 m., 49.3 s 1 anomalistic year. 10 years 1 decade. 10 decades, or 100 years 1 century. EQUIVALENTS. Tr. D». Hr. MIn. Sec. 1 = 3681/4 «= 8766 = C25960 » 31557600 1 = 24 = 1440 =. 86400 1 = 60 -= 3600 1 = 60 Scale of units :--60, 60, 24, 365V4' The tropical (or solar year) and the sidereal years are the same, and the tro])ic is only an anticipated solar mark before the sidereal year is completed. The anomalistic year is an advance of the orbit as part of he solar system in space, and its excess over the sidereal year is the stellar measure of the annual advance of the whole system ; the mean velocities are uniform, and the times as the siiaces. The diurnal revolution of the earth causes the difference in time, etc., illustrated in the following LONGITUDE AND TIME TABLE. For every hour of time there is a difference of 15° in longitude. " minute " " " IS^ " " second " " " l&'z " " degree of longitude " " 4m. in time. " minute •' " " 4 sec. " " second " " " i\ sec. " 360° = 1 revolution of the earth, or 1 day. 1440"' =1 " " " " 1440 -f- 360 = 4 minutes, or 1 degree. Add difference of time for places east, and subtract it for places DTEST of any given locality. The greatest circumference of the earth's surface is 24,930 miles. 1° of that circumference is l-360th of that num- ber, or C>9\ miles. Hence a geogriphical or nautical mile is equal to 1' of tixe eaith's greatest circumference, or a trifle more, the 1st mile au4 m pinSIONS OF TfiE CmCLE, 40. 49 rod?. The following table exhibita the divisions ©p the CTexjL% as used by geographers, astronomers, surveyors, navigators, &c. : — 60 seconds (") make 1 minute, marked 60 minutes " 80 degrees " 90 degrees " 4 quadrant* or ISaigns " a a. u I 1 minute, 1 degree, Islgn, f 1 quadrant, t 1 right angle, 1 ., 1 circumferenc* J ( or circle EQUIVAT.FNTS. o t 360 •= 21600 60 c= 1800 1 - 60 1 Slg. quad r. a. «ir. 1296000 108000 3600 60 Note.— A full circle is 360°, h circle is 180°, J circle is 90, J circle it eO*>. The distance around a circle is called its circumference. The dis- tance across its diameter; and any section of its circumference is called aaarc YJDRTH PoLg cvurm ^ItlTfi POiK^- The above figure displays the various imaginary lines, consisting of file great and less circles, axis, and poles of the earth. The next figure exhibits the geographical division iuto zones, tropics, and circles. Leap year, called Bissextile, comes every 4th year and contains 366 days, by the addition of one day to February. Three leap years are omitted in 400 years, but 109 leap years in 450 years would be exact. In common business affairs, 30 davs compose a month, and 52 weeks a year. The Lunar Cycle, or Golden I^cmber, is a term of 19 years, after which the changes of the moon return on the same days of the month. The Solar Cycle is a period of 28 years, when the "days of the week again return to the same day.-^ of the month. Owing to an error in the Julian calendar it was decreed by the British Government that the day follow- ing the 2nd of September, 1752, should be called the 14th day of Septem- ber, or that 11 days should be stricken from the calendar .'hence, time, previoas to this decree, is called Old Style (0. S.), and since, New Style (N. S). In Russia, time is still reckoned by the Old Style, hence theix 4ate* aie 12 days behind ours. The legal or civil day be^^ins and ends &( VARIOUS EPOCHS. 770 12 p.m. The astronomical day begins and ends at 12 m. As to Epochs, the Christian Era was first invented and introduced at Rome by Dionysius, 3i monk, in 527, adopted iu France, in 750; in Spain, in 1340; and in Portu- gal, in 1410. It was first used in books iu 748. The birth of Christ, was, however, four years earlier, that is in 1878, really 1882 since his birth ; the chronology wais not inquired into until the reign of Justinian. The 46 vears of the Julian calendar wad the first of our era. The Hegira, or J"li<^ht, took place July lti.(522, aud is the Mohammedan era. Their year is 12 funar months, or o54 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes ; and eleven days being lost a year must be allowed! every 3.'?, to reconcile their dates with ours. Greek Olympiads of 4 vears began 776 B. C, and were continued until the 5th century. The era of the Selucidse 311 B. C, of Alexander 323 B. C, of the siege of Trov 1200 B. C, of the founding of Rome 754 B. C, of the battle of Actium'31 B. C , of the Ctesars 38 B. C. of Tyre 125 B. C, of Abraham 2016, of Moses 1582, of Antioch 49. were also used by various early writers. The early Christians dated from the accession of Diocletian iii A, D. 284. The Vulgate fixes the Epoch of Adam at 4004 B. C, which is adopted by the Romish Church. The Samaritan Pentateuch makes it 4700; the Talmud, 5344: Hales, 5411; the Greek Church, 5503: tlie Septuagint, 5872; Pezron, 5872: Alphonso. King of Castile, 6934; the earlv Fathers, 6502 and 5592; 2S4 to o2(>S B. C. The controversy is a hopeless one. owinir to the prevalent i j-aorance regard- ing the true meaning of the first 12 chanters of Genesis, which are grossly misunderstood, owing to the prevalent opinion that they form a mere literal historical narrative concerning natural events, when the truth is really far otherwise. Rollin. the historian, traces up the history of eeveral ancient peoples to within 100 years of the alleged time of tho flood, and is much perplexed to account for the exi.=tence of luighty nations possessing well organized armies, embracing thousands of fight- ing men, at that early period. In India, the priests claim a duration of about 2.CO0 millions of yean eince the beginning, and allege that Brahma was 17 millions of years creating. They mention also those deluges and periodical submersions required by the clauus of geologv. Sir Wm. Jones computes the first book of Vedas to be written about 2.800 B .C. In the year 1,000 A. C. the Arabs used the pendulum as a me.asure of time. A second calculated by the movement of a 39-inch pendulum is one with that motion, and tht movement itself is a simple defection of the combined motions of (he earth in its orbit from east to west, and on its axis from west to east, 776 OH TELEGKAPHT. DESCKIPTION OF THE TELEGRAPH AND HINTS TO LEARNERS. The cut represents a series of Grove's Battery, such as are generally nsed in telegraphs. When a plate of platina and one of ziuc are placed in an acid solution a current tends to flow from the platiua to the zinc, through any conductor which may be so diH{X>sed as to connect the two. In the figure the galvanic series is represented, consisting of twelve jiairs ; the zinc of each of which is coiuiected with the platma of the next. It may be considered that a current is produced by e;ich of these pairs, whicli has, however, to flow in the same direction, and fr.ll in with all the others. Hence their intensity is multiplied twelve times. It is by this means that the resistance to the passage of the current through very long conductors is overcome. Each pair of the battery consists of a pint glass tumbler, a cylinder of zinc, a small porous cylindrical earthernware cell within the zinc, and a platinum strip suspended within the cell from an arm belonging to tlie zinc of the next pair. A solutiou of diluted sulphuric acid is used with the zinc outside the porous cell, and the cell itself is filled with nitric acid. The two acids are used on account of an increase of power dependmg on a chemical reaction. The zmc cylinder is amal- gamated with mercury to prevent its being acted upon by the acid wheu the battery is not in use. A solution of snlphnte of soda is sometimes added to the sulphuric acid to assist in acco::iplishing th.e same object Two screw cujxs rise from the battery, one c^f which is the positive pole, or extremity of the series, the other the negative ; to these the wires are att:uhcd which convey tJie current The signal key is showed in the cut. 'Vrhen the hand depresses the hey it come-! in wmtact with the knob and mct-iUic strip below, making Connection between the screw cnp?, and completing the battery circuit. While the key is depressed a continuous current passes, but il it be depressed, and allowed to spring immediately up. only an instantaneoua wave or inii.'Ulse is communicated. Mess^ 'fizcnsT The annexed cut shows the registering apparatus of Morse's Telegraph. Two swew c;ips are seen en the Ixjard f.ir t'.ie in.sertiou of the wires from the distmt Ixittery. Next the screw cup is seen a U shaped electro- magnet, with coi!!s of vrire upon it, the ends of vhich, ->5issing down through the board, are coimected -with the screw cupa * over the poles ON TELEGRAPHY. d t t of the magnet L* a little armature, or bar of soft iron, attached to the short arm of a lever, whose long arm carries a point or style nearly ia contact with the grooved roller above. The action which takes place on depressing the signal key at the distant st;ition is, a wave of electricity is trausmSrted throush the wire of the telegraph, arrives at the electro- magnet, and circulates throngh the coils of wire surrounding it. The U shaped piece of soft iron immediately becomes a magnet, and attracts the little armature down to it, the luug arm of the lever is thrown np, and marks the strip of paper, passing between it and the roller. W]:en the distant operator lets the signal key fly hack end the current cense?, the iron of the electro-magnet loses all its m3gueti^m, and the armatnre, with the lever, is carried back by the action of a little spring, being a dot impressed on a piece of paper. Should the distant operator hold down the key a continuous current will pass, and a line be marked in place of a dot {-> on the paper which moves under the roller. When a lonj circuit is used, the resistance to conduction, meastired by the amouut'of electricitv which passes, is great and would not give sufficient force to work the Morse instruments. To overcome this. Pro- fessor Morse uses one instrument called a It^luy, which is similar m most respects to the main instrument, but of a more delicate electrical organiz- ation ; it has no work to do— simply to act as a c-ontact maker, enabhng a weak or exhausted current to bring into action and substitute for itself a fresh and powerful one from the local battery which is phiced m tte office with the printing instrument, and which supphes the electncity which moves the instrnment. The greatest recorded velocitv of a si£mal throngh a suspended copper wire is 1,752.800 miles per s^ond. by Mr. Hipp. Tiie lowest velocity through a buried copper wire, 750 miles per second, by Faraday. M0B3E'3 AiPHABBT, NXTSIEBALS A>-D PAUSES. A 0- - 1 Period B C P Q o 3 4 s Comma D E- F R - - - S T Semicolon %J "Interrogation G - U 6 H I -- J Y W -X _7 Exclamation 8 Parenthesis K T-- -- L M Z 9 Italics • >' &. ... 0— Paragraph ■ Hnrrs to le.vrners. C FHOTOGRAPHT MADE EAST. 779 tice The lever of the Morse instrument makes a sound at each movement, the downward motion producing the heavier one, or that representing dota and dashes ; L e., the heavy stroke indicates the commencement of a dot or dash and the lighter one its cessation. A dot makes as much noiseas a dash, the only difference being in the length of time between the tw« sounds. Technical Terms Used in the Telegraph Service. Xme —The wire or wires connecting one station with another. Circuit.— 'l\\B wires, instruments, etc., through which the circuit passe* from one pole of the battery to the other. ... , Metallic Circuit.— A circuit in which a return wire is used in place of til G 6ft rth lA)cal Circuit.— One which includes only the apparatus in an office, and is closed by a relay. /voca/.— The battery of a local circuit. Loop.— A. wire going out and returning to the same point, as to a brancn oflRce, and forming part of a m.ain circuit. ^ v, u- Binding Screws or rerminais.— Screws attached to instruments holding the connecting wires. To Cross Connect Wires.— To interchange them at an mtermediate station. , ^ . • j To Put Wires S^raight.-To restore the usual arrangement of wires and instruments. , x. i. i. To Ground a Wire, or Put on Ground.— To make a connection between the line ^vire and the earth. To Open a Wire.— To disconnect it so that no current can pass. Reversed Batteries.— Two batteries in the same circuit, with like poles towards each other. ., ,. To Reverse a Battery.— To place its opposite pole to the line ; or, m other words, interchange the ground and line wires at the poles of the IwittGrv Escape.— The leakage of current from the line to the ground, caused by defective insulation and contact with partial conductors. Cross.-A metallic connection between two wires, ansmg from tUeu coming in contact with each other, or from other causes. PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITURE MADE EASY By C. J. P. Handev. Author of " Puzzle Writing," &c., &c. Instructions. Pictures produced by the agency of light are called photographs, whether taken on glass or paper These are divided into two classes— negatives and positives ; negatives being pictures with the lights and shades of the object reversed, while positives represent the lights and shades as m Pictures taken on glass are called positives, which are complete in thenv se' ves The negative process is that pursued when the intention is to pro-, duce a paper proof. Paper portraits are not obtained like positives by ope onfti-ation in the camera, but a negative is taken from which the copies an> procured bv photographic printing. To take a portrait on glass— eitlier a negative or positive— requires five operations. First, givmg the glass plate a collodion coating ; second, exciting the glass plate ; third, exposure in the camera- fourth, developing the latent image; fifth, flnog tiie picture. 780 PHOTOGRAPHY MADE EAST, APP.VEAXrS. A camera is the first requisite. The most convenieBt form consists of two ftortioiis of boxes, one sliding within the other. The double-combination lens is used for portraiture. It consists of a set of three glacises, mounted in a brass tube, with a rack and pinion ad- justment A camera etand is requisite, Trhich should be from four to five feet high. A tripod stand, with a screw to fb: the camera with, is the best A porcelain bath is required to hold the silver solution for exciting the coUodionized plate. One or two graduated glass measures, to measure the solutions, esti- mated by fluid measure. A set of scales and weights for weighing the chemicals. Two or three porcelain dishes, for holding solutions of silver, toning bath, &c. : &c. A printing frame will be required, after taking a negative picture, to ptoduce the paper coi.ies. A few packets of dtSfereut-sized glass, a piece of wash-leather, and a linen cloth, will complete tlie requisites. DABK ROOM. It will be necessary for the succc.-ns of the second, third, and fourth operations in producing a collodion picture, that they should be per- formed in a dark room. The best av.d easiest way will be to obtain a trmall room or closet with a window, and to cover the window with several sheets of yellow paper, which will exclude the chemical rays. A table or shelf should be fixed under the window, and a pail kept at tiie side, con- taining water for washiug the pictures. If a glass room cannot be had. the ihotncrrapher must arrange an ai)art- ment according to his raeau.s. lu selectin^r a room, he must bear in mind that it shoidd not only have a pood side light, but a slcy-light, if possible. In taking a )>ortrait, tl.e sitter should not be opvK)site the window, but a little behind it — a more even focus is thus secureKi. A proper background is of some imwrtance. A white wall will do very well, but something a shade darker will be better. In focussingthe lens have the stand and camera placed seven or eight ft. from the sitter. The better to obser\e tl.e image, a dark cloth is thrown over the camera and head of tlie operat^T. The proper attitude of the person sitting for the portrait must be left to the taste of the operator Allow the sitter time to get seated, aud accustomed tl of collodion. Slant the glass so that the collodioa may cover all portions, taking care that it does PHOTOGRArHY MADE EASY. 781 fiot touch the handj. Pour the superfluous quantity back iuto the bottle. The ghiss is dow ready for iuijiiersiou ia the silver'bath, wlacli is called E.f'(V,)('/ tliK Plaie.-'-Ti\& mampul;i:ioii may be conducted in daylight up to this point ; but as the iiumer.sion oi tlie collodionized plate renders it Fcusitive to light, recourse uiasit be had to a dark room. Having the bilver solution i-eady, place tiie prepared glass on the dipper, and im- merse in the solution. When the plate has remaine-d in tlie bath about a minute it should be withdrawn, tlieu immersed for half a minute longer, then drain the glass plate, place it in the dark slide of the camera, and proceed with tlie third operation — Exposure in (Iw Camera. — Assinning that the camera has been prepared, and the image properly focussed, remove the grouud gla.s.s screen, and insert the slide couUiiuiug the plate. Desire the sitter to keep perfectly Btill. and look at some dark object ; then take the cap off the lens aua allow the plate to be exi)0sed for twenty or thiity seconds, then close the abutters of the dark-slide, and return to the dark room to Bacelop the Picture. — Hiiving e.xcluded all white light from the dark room, remove the glass plate from the slide. Holding it by tlie left-hand comer, proceed to yyonr on the developing solution. Bejin by pouring on at one edge, inclining the plate so as to euable the liquid toflow luii- formly over the surface. The first effect will be the appearance of white lights, then the half tones, and. finally, the darker shades. When this is obtiiined, the plate must be thoroughly washed. It can then be passed on to the next and last operation — Fixing the Picture.— Uaxing well washed the picture, th.e door of the dark room may be opened to observe the action of tlie fixing agent. Pour tills mLxture over the plate until the creamy appearance is dissolved. Wlifiu this is the case, it must be again washed and set on edge to dry. As the picture is now finished, it should be varnished with jet varnish, which should be poured on the plain side of the glass. In mounting the picture, put it into a gilt mat and preserver ; and when finished, the lights and shades will be shown to perfection. NEGATIVE PROCESS. Chemicalf. — Negative collodion differs slightly from positive in Hip preoaration of the iodized solution. Ejtcittnfj Bath. — Nitrate of silver, 2 drachms; distilled water, 3^ ounces; iodized collodion, 3 minims. U'vlopinn Solution. — No. 1. Protosulphate of iron, 1 drachm ; acetic acid. 2 drachms ; methylated alcohol, 2 drachms ; water. 4 ounces. 2^o. 2. Pyrogallic acid, 13 grains ; citric acid, 15 grains ; distilled water, i. oances. Fixing Solution. — Cyanide of potassium, 2 drachms ; water, 3 ounces. MANIPULATION. The Collodion Coating is applied in the sam^ manner as for positives, and then Sensitized, which is accomplished by immersion in the nitrate bath. The plate should remain in the bath from two to three minutes. Wlien the collodion surface presents a nice even film, drain off the excess of silver, and lay the glass i)late carefully in the dark slide, talciug care not to allow any specks of du.st or dirt to get near it. It is then ready for Expo.<)ure. — After exposing the i^late for the necessary time, which will be doable that required for a positive, proceed to Develop. — Having removed the dark slides in the dark room, pour the developer, No. 1, evenly over th.e plate. As the picture will appear sud- denly, it must be w.atched. Continue the action of the iron developer vntil there i^ lear of the dark shadows becoming veiled. Wbeu the glass 7^ PHOTOeBAPST Ki.DE BAST. plate has been washed, pour into a measure — which must be petfectlj clean — sufiScient of the developer No. 2 to cover the surface of tne plate, to this add ten minims of the silver bath. This mixture must be used immediately by pouring it over the plate. "Wlien sufficiently intense, the surface must be again washed. It is now ready to be Fixed, using the cyanide solution. This i.< to be poured over the plate in the same manner as the developer, and the surplus rebottled. It should now be thoroughly washed to remove all traces of chemicals, which, if allowed to remain, would eventually spoil the picture. The nega- tive will now require to be Varnished. — The most convenient varnish for a tyro to use is amber or crystal varnish ; it is simply poured on the plate, and tlien drained off at the lower end. PRINTING PROCESS. Chemicals. — Exciting bath ; nitrate of silver, 120 grains ; distilled water, 2 ounces. Toiling Bath. — Acetate of soda, 30 grains ; carbonate of soda, 10 grains; chloride of gold, 1 grain ; distilled water, -i ounces. This solution will keep ior a considerable length of time, and may be used over and over again until the gold is thoroughly exhausted, when more must be added, if again required. Fixing Bath. — Hj-posulphate of soda, 1 ounce ; distilled water, 10 ounces. This solution may be made up for a fortnight before using, aa it is much better for keeping. It must not, however, be used a second time, but a fresh one made for every batch of prints. MA^^Pt^LATIo^^ Sensitizing. — ^Filter the silver solution into a shallow dish, then take a piece of albumenized paper cut to the size, and>.holding the two ends, let the centre drop until the albumeniied face touches the solution ; then lower the ends, and leave the paper floating. When it lies flat, and ceases to curl up, it should be removed, and, when perfectiy dry, it may be passed on to the next operation. Printing the Positive. — Take a printing frame and remove the back board ; then lay the negative in the rabbits of the frame with the collodion side upwards, and cover the face with a sheet of sensitized paper, re- place the back board, turn up to the frame, and exjxise to the light. When the desired strength of picture is obtained, remove the paper, and proceed with the Toning Process. — Having removed the prints into a dark comer of the room, wash them in several changes of water to remove the nitrate of silver. They are now ready for the toning bath, therefore immerse them in a porcelain dish, filled with the solution. When the color of the prints change 'from a brown to a purple black, remove them to the last operation, the Fixing Process. — The pictures are immersed in the hyposnlphate solu- tion for about five minutes, then washed in running water for at least ten minutes. As the fixing solution will greatly reduce the depth of tiie print, it should be over-printed, to allow of the reduction, else the detail of the picture will be entirely lost. Mounting Prints. — Starch is the most suitable adhesive substance. It is prepared by mixing a small quantity with sufficient boiliug water to work into a stiff paste. Apply the starch to the back of the picture by means of a brush, then carefully lower the prints on to the card, lay a piece of blotting papsr over it, and rnb to expel the air bubbles. When nearly dry, plaoB yuder preseuie for a few hoozs. Th« pictuie is now finished. PHOTOGKAPMT MADE EIST. ?8J CONCLUDING BEHASK8. In purchasing appamtn«!, it is advisable that the tyro should be ac-com- yanied by one who is experienced in such matters ; any mistakes as to the quantity and quality of the articles required is thus prevented. The «imera may be made either square, oblong, or bellows body, ac- cording to taste. The former is considered the most serviceable and the cheapest. The lens may be had \n you wish him to stand, aud he will pose himself much better than yoii can. PHOTOGR.VPHIC KEQnsmS. The foUowini: is a correct list of all articles required in photographic portraiture : Square mahogany camera, double conibination lens, tripod stand, screw stand, screw top,' porcelain bath and dipper, two gradoated glass measures, set of scales and weiglits, a glass or jKircelain funnel, one deep and two shallow dishes, a tent, i^rinting frame, a packet of quarter-size glass, some filtei-ing paper, a wash-leather, and a linen cloth, negative and positive collodion, crystallzed nitrate of silver, pn tcs,uiihateof ircn glacial acetic acid, methylated alcoh.ol, chloride cf gold, hy]X)8nlphate carbonate, and acetate of soda, cyanide of potassium, distille-d water, &c. See also page 552. CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURII. For an intelligent apprehension of the meaning of chemical terms we will define several relating to sulphur, which, combined with oxygen, produces an acid. This acid exists in two states of s;ituration, possessing different properties- It is necessary to f*esignate all the safine compo- nents of these two acids aud to trace sulphur in its vaiions combinations ■with alkalies, eart?is, and metals. The five following terminations de- scribe these five states of the same principle. 1. Sulphuric acid .-iignifies snlpluir in the greatest degree of .satui-atiou with oxygen. 2. Sulphtiro7« acid signiifies sulphur combined with a smaller proportion of oxygen. 3. Sulph«?e is the generic name of the s^iUs compo.'sed by the sulphtiriV acid. 4. Sulphj7? is the name of the .=^ilts formed by tlie sulphurot^s acid. 5. Sulphuret s the name of the various combinations of sulphur not acidu- lous. In union vrith oxygen, carbon is carbonic acid »^ids ending in oiis, have the termluation ite instead of ate. See the following cxam« pies in sulphur. Tri7-oxide the third degre*. Per' -oxide many degrees. Snlpha^-e is the salt of s"^^urte acid. Sulphi?^ the salt of sulpherot«» *'d. Bi sulphate the salt of a douMe dose. JI?/po-sulphurous acid. — less oxygen than sulphut0U8acid(l to 2i, Hyfxt sulphuric ftcid— less than sulphurie. Sulphur/c acid, a strong acid. Siillipur/c acid, a weakacid. Sulphured of iron. Sulphur and iron. Proi-oxide of sulphur is the fii-st degree. Dei/t-oxide, the second degree. ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING. 783 ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING. To Trap the Common Black Beak— Select a suitable spot for the trap between logs, trees, or hills, close to their suspected haunts, and eecure it veil with a short, stout cluiin. Bait the trap with a piece of pork, mutton, or beef, and if tlie bait is scented with honey it will prove a ix)werful attraction ; the bear will push himself f orwaidVhere there is any thine teat the eiamination at inter- vals of nearly 20 yards as he approaches. TJie hunter will do well U) reserve his fire until the bear comes -within a few yards' distance, when, if he suddenly extends his arms the animal will come to a full stop and erect himself again. Tliis is the time to take unerring aim atclo.se quar- ters and make sure work, for if he fails he will never hunt another bear. In the Sierras, the Rocky Mountains, and in Califoi-nia. no animal roam- ing his native wilds surpasses the grizzly in savageness and strength. Hia weight is ufjou the average from 1(Xk1 to 1200 lbs., and one bite of luB jaws or one etrok* of his paw u certaiu death. On the Pacific eoast 786 ON HUNTIKG ANi) TRAPPING. he is often hunted by mounted Vaqueros, -who usually go five in a com-' pany ; four use the lasso, which they tlirow over the bear at opposite angles from each other, and while he is thus held tight from four oppo- site directions, it is possible for the fifth man to approach and finish him witli a knife. It is extremely dangerous work, for if one or more of the ropes should slip, unless it is immediately secured by another successful throw, there is danger of instant death to the nearest man if his horse is not smart enough to c:irry him off in safety. The grizzly makes jumps of 10 feet, and when he has a chance to charge it requires immense agil- ity to dodge or escape him. All of the vaqueros have a number of lassos, and in case of a slip make prompt action with another throw. In nearly every case the griz.-^ly in\-ites attack, he will run from men at an extreme distance, but never fails to make a savage charge if he comes within hail- ing distance. Baits for Tkappees' use. — 1. Fish Oil, is made by mincing eels, bass, trout, or other small fish, and allowing the pieces to remain in a loosely corked bottle exposed to the ravs of the sun for 2 or 3 weeks during the heat of summer, until a sort of cQ is generated, which owing to its very intense odor, is perceived by wild animals at an immense distance and forms a most attractive scent. 2. Oil of Anise. 3. Oil of Rhodium. 4. Assafoetida. 5. Oil of Amber. 6. Oil of siccct fennel. The last noted articles (five in number) are procured in drug-stores. 7. ifuskrat-tnusk, a most powerful scent, is an oil obtained from that animal, and is con- tained in glandular sacs situated near the anus. 8. Castoreum, called Bark-stone by the fur traders, is a fotty substance of an intensely strong odor contained in similar sacs in tl;e back parts of the Beaver. It forms a more attractive scent for that animal than any other. 9. Otter mvsk, de- rived in a similar way from the otter, is very successful in attracting that animal. JO. A mixture composed of equal parts of fish-oil , assafoetida, musk- rat-musk, and oil of anise, is said by old trappers to be the most attractive scent obtainable for almost any animal. The odor reaches far and wide, forming what a Frenchman would call "one grand stink" of the first magnitude. It is used on baits for trap?, and for scenting trails leading to the traps by sprinkling it in successive drops on the ground. 11. A rank codfish drawn along on the earth by means of a string, in a direction leading to the traps will also answer this last named purpose very well. 12 Musk-rat musk and skunk musk mixed. This receipt has been sold for $75. 13. Unslaked lime h lb., salammoniac 3ozs., or muriate of ammo- nia, 3 ozs. Mix and pulverize, keep in a corked bottle a few days until a thorough admixture takes place. ¥ot mink, sirinkle on the bait around the trap. Keep in a closely stoppered bottle. Ihis receipt has been sold for §50. lu using these compounds on baits for traj ])ing foxes and other Ely game, it is often advisable to smear a little en the trap in order to overiwwer the human scent arising from handling them ; it would be a better way to wear gloves when handling traps, and employ a Blight smearing of beeswax or blood to overcome the odor of the iron. To protect the hen roost from these depredators, saw out an aperture large enough to admit the fox on a level with the ground. Inside the roost place a box without a. lid and open at one end. This open end must be placed agaiB.st the aperture in the wall, on the ground, so that the fox •will pass into it on his entrance into the roost and the side without tbeUd will be uppermost. Set your trap in the box jus-t opyio^ite the entianco to the roost, secure it with a chain and lightly cover with dried leaves, grass, or other material adapted to conceal it. Neit, place a chicken in- side a smaller box and nail slats on one side instead of a cover, and plac« this box with the slatted side downward^;, on the top of the first box, im- mediately over the trap and exposed to the view of the fos. The temp- ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING. 787 tation will prove too macli even for a fox to resist, and he will enter only to be caught in tlie trap. Mink, raccoons, weasels, skunks, &c., may bo caught in the same manner. Close up every entrance to the roost except the one just described. In trappin;! Mhik in the water, the trap should be set in a shallow part, not more th;in one or two inches deep, with the bait suspended about 18 inches above it ; this compels the animal to erect itself on its hind legs, or leap upwards to get the bait, and thus to tread on the trap and get caught. Traps may also be set sunk in their beaten tracks, or at the mouths of their holes, and concealed by dried grass, leaves, &c., with excellent effect. In trapping Wolves or Foxes, use a trap well cleaned with weak lye; after drying, oil or grease it well, and smoke it over burning hair or feath- ers. In handling it use clean buclcskin gloves to avoid imparting the least human odor Make the bed for the trap about 3^ ft. in diam. so that the jaws when set will be on a level with the ground. Cover with fine dried grass, wheat, oat, or buckwheat chaff, secure it well with a chain, level all neatly to a natural appearance, and bait with fresh meat or roasted cheese. In going and coming, your chances will be increased by rubbing fish oil, or some other pow6rf ul odor on the soles of your boots, to scent the way leading to the trap. Wolves and foxes are easily destroyed by mixing a little strychnine with grease and concealing it in pieces of meat BCiittered around in places where they haunt. It destroys animal life in a very few mmutes after it is t;iken, but it is injurious to the fur. In trapping the Ottek, take a large sized steel trap, set it, hang it over a fire 2 or 3 hours, then take a stick or board, and get into your boat or canoe, go to the place most frequented by them, and place the trap about 3 inches under water and carefully cover it with leaves, light trash or grass gathered from the bottom of the stream, aud chain it securely. Be very careful not to touch the bank above water, if you do, your labor is gone for nothing. The otter will leave at once for a quieter home many miles distant from the scene. In visiting your trap never go nearer than the opposite side of the stream, or go by means of a boat. When caught, the otter will point directly for his den ; if the trap is not heavy enough to drown him, a weight can be attached to the chain. Raccooxs maj'- be caught in a steel trap set on the edge of a swamp, IJ ins. below the surface of the water, and secured by a chain to a stake. Suspend the bait — a piece of a chicken, fish, or frog — 2 ft. above the pan of the trap. The raccoon will leap for it, and when he comes down, up goes the trap and holds him a prisoner. Another plan is to set the trap on an old log in or near the swamp, then get two long poles or old limbs, set one on each side of the log over the trap, cro.ssing it like the letter x, so that the coon will have to go under them and over tlie trap. Bait the trap if you wish, but the coon is certain to run the old log if he comes in the neighborhood. One of the surest ways to catch raccoons is with a good cur dog, one that will not give tongue on track, but will bark at the tree. MusKKATS may bo taken in large numbers by sulking an old barrel with its top on a level with the ground on the edge of a stream near their haunts. Half fill it with water, put in a couple of shingles or light strips of board to float on the water, on these plact^ small bits of sliced apples, potatoes, or carrots, and place some more in the rims of the muskrats, so as to lead them towards the barrel. The rats will leap into the barrel after their food and cannot get out. A cheaper and more effective con- trivance could not be imagined. In using a trap, note a tree or old log with recent droppings on it leading from the bank into the stream. On Ikis eet your trap, say, 2 ins. oudei: water, place a bait on a proj«ctiag 788 ON HrXtING AND TRAPPING. rtick abont G or 8 ins. above the juin of the trap, gecnring the latter •wiii a chain sufficiently long to pennit access to deep water, but not to go ashore. By this means the fur is preserved in good order and the animal is .safely secured. In winter it is quite common for trappers to tiike the muskrats by approaching quietly on the ice and driving a spear ijito their house. They mus^t be approached with the greiitest caution, as they take to the water'at the shghtest noise. Another way is to make an oi>ening in the side of their house, set the trap hi their bed, lightly cijvering it with moss, &c. ; allow a sufficient length of chain to permit the animal to leap into the water, secure the chain by a fastening outside the house, plaster up the aperture with mud, retire, and await results. Squirrels may be taken by setting a steel trap on the upper rail of a fence where they' frequent ; set a ix>le with an ear of com iastened to it 8o that the bait may be susiiended G or bios, over the pan of the trap, and in reaching for the bait the squuTcl will get caught. Badgers may be caught by setting the traps, carefully covered, at the mouth of their holes, or in their tracks or resorts about cultivated fields. They may also be taken in deadfaUs. iising a piece of meat for a bait, and'if the ground is hard frozen during early spring, they may be ex- pelled by fiSing their holes with water. In summer the water would soak away through the earth, during hard frost it cannot do so, and the animal is compelled to come out of its hole or drown. In trapping Beavers, the best place to set the trap is right at th« entrance to their holes in the banks, a few inches under water. Get % small stick, and batter or bruise the thic'vCst end soft, smear it with bait No. 8, and stick the small end in tlie liank so that the baited end willpro- je.ct a few inches above the water right over the jian of the trap ; the beaver, in raising himself to get the bait, will get caught. Another way is to break an aperture in the dam a few inches below the surface of tlie ■water, set the trap on the upper side of the break, and the beaver will pet caught when he comes to investigate and rei^air the damage. The trapper" will usually secure his prize by jilacing his trap a few inches below the surface of tlie water at those places where they make their landings by springing from the stream onto the bank. The Pine-Marten or American Sable lives in the trees and preys on partridges, mice, squirrels, hares, &c. A piece of either of these may be used as" bait, or the head of a fish, pheasant, or a piece of meat, and the trap may be placed in a hollow tree, in any natural or artificial en- . closure, or in the track of a deer : in each case let it be well covered with light grass, decayed moss, or rotten wood, so as to present a natural ai>- pearance. The Fisher -Marten is attached to low. swampy ground, is partially web-footed, and subsists on fish, mice, rabbits. &cC It may be caught in the same manner as the last-named animal. Be careful to scent the trap and conceal it properly, also attach it to a spring pole or twitcb-np con- trivance, so that when caught it be elevated out of the way of becoming a prey to larger animals, and prevented from dismembering itself to get clear of the trap. The Pine-Marten and the FL«her both hve and breed in hollow trees: they are by no means very cunning or difficult to trap, but are absolutriy furious when caught. The WooDCHUCK, or Ground Hoc;, as it is styled in Canada, constmrts burrows in the ground, extending 20 or 30 feet usually entering the sloi>e of a hill, at the root of a tree or stump, under a fence, or in crevic^ be- tween rocks. They are very destructive to croi>9 in cultivatpd fields. Sometimes they are drowned or flooded out of their holes by means of water, at other times they are shot, but in the great majority of cases they are caught by traps set without bait, (although they will take roots, ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING. 789 iom, or breaa), and carefully covered with paper, sand, &c., at the mouths of their holes- GoPHKRs may be caught by making a slight excavation at the mouth of their hole and placing a trap po that the pan and jaw? will be on a level with the surface of the ground and covered as above described. HUNTERS' AND TRAPPERS' TABLE, BHOWISO THE VAKIOl'S SIZES OF NEWHOTSE TKAPS ADAPTED TO THK CAPTURE OF DIFFERENT KIXDS OF GA3IE. Kind of Animal. No. of Trap. Bait required. SqxiArie\, Grain, nuts, or ear of corn. Gopher, 1 do. do. do. Muskrat, 1 Carrots, potatoes, apples, &c. "Woodcbuck, 1 or l\t Hoots, fruit, corn, or bread. Mink, ly. Fowl, flesh, or roasted lish. Fifiber-Marten, l^or2 Meat, muskrat or deer flesh, fish. Skvink, Mice, meat, piece of a fowl. Fox, 2 Fowl, flesh, fish, toasted cheese. Oposeum, 2 or 3 Nuts, corn, mice, piece of fowl. Raccoon, 2 or 3 Chicken, fish, or frog. Badger, 3 Mice, or flesh of any kind. Otter, 3 Fish piece of a bird, or otter musk. Head of a fli^b, piece of meat, or fowl. Marten, 3 Beaver, 4 Fresh roots, castoreum on the end of a stick. Wolf, 4 "Waste parts of tame or wild fow!. Common Black Bear, 5 Pork, beef, ear of com, honey. Grizzly Bear, 6 do. do. do. do. Note.— The numbers 0, 1, and ]ii, respectively, are siuele spring traps ; No. is the smallest size ; all the others are double spring traps, No. 6 being the largest trap made. The above baits should be scented, where necessary, by a proper selection from the preparations p^eviou^-ly describecl. 'Wildcatfl, foxes, wolves, and all the weasel triUe will take flesh aiul fish of all kinds, with this exception, that foxes, wolves and dogs will not eat their own kind j weasels of every kind will. All furs are best in winter, but trapping may be done with profit from the first of October to the beginning of April. All fur-beariug animals lose the best part of their fur as the warm weather ai>proaeliPs, and regain it as the cold weather sets in during the fall, so tliat from the first of May to near the eud of September trapping is but labor lo.'-t. This process is indicated in the case of the muskrat and some otlicr animal.'*, by the color of the inside part of the skin. Towards summer it becomes brown and dark, a sign that the best fur is gone. Afterward it grows li'^ht-colored, and in winter, when the fur is iu the best order, it is alto- gether white. When the pelt is v/hite it is called prime by the fur dealers. The fur is then glos.sv, thick, and of the richest color and tlio fcnls ot such animals as the minlc," marten, and fisher, are full and heavy Beavers juul muski-ats are not thorouglilv prime till about the middle of wijitcr ; otI)cr animals are prime alxiut the first of November. The sknis of annuals trap]>od are always valued hisher than those shot, as shot not only mnkcs holes, but frequently i)low along the skin, making f nrrows as well as Bhaving off the fur. Newhouse gives the foUowiug rules to trappers ts the result of much exnerience : , i • -n * 1. Be careful to visit vour traps often enongh, so that the skui will not fiave time to get tainted'. 2. As soon as possible after an animal is dead Kod dry, atteud to the ekiiming and curing. 3. Scrape off all superfluooa 790 ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING. flesh and fat, and be careful not to go so deep as to cut the fibre of the skip 4. Never dry a skin by the fire, or in the sim, but in a cool, shady place, ..b'^ltered from rata. If you use a bam door for a stretcher, a« boys sometimes do, nail the skin on the inside of the door. 5. Never use " prepairttions " of any kind in curiug skins, nor even wash them im ■water, but simply stretch and dry them as taken from the animal. To Deodorize Skuxk Skixs, or Scented Clothixg. — Hold them over a fire of red cedar boughs, and sprinkle with chloride of lime ; or wrap them m green hemlock bouglis when they are to be had, and in 24 hours they will be cleaned. For arsenical soap for preserving slrins, see page 124. Skulls of animals may be rapidly prepared by boiling in water for a few hours ; a little potiish or lye will facilitate the removal of the flesh. A mixture of erjual parts of good glycerine and water, to every gallon of which is added loz. of the crystals of carbolic acid, constitutes a good preserving liquid for all animal substances. The use of pure glycerine, with about h pt alcohol, and \ oz. carbolic acid, added to each gal., makes an excellent mixture for preserving the tissues of soft animals, where it is desired to preserve the color as well as the tissues. According to M. Devergie, of the Paris School of Practical Anatomy, a mixture of 3 pts of glycerine, and one of carbolic acid, injected into dead bodies, will prevent any unpleasant odors emanating from them for sev- eral months. Another high authority. Dr. Lowell, of Brooklyn, recom- mends as a preservative tkiid, the use of zinc chloride. The quantity used for a human subject is 5 gals. Tlie apparatus rea.uired consists of a porcelain lined vessel, which is elevated to such a height that the solu- tion is injected into the artery by the simple graAity of tlie liquid, as it descends through glass and rubber tubing. Dr. Lowell \vrites : " TV.e injection may be made by either artery or vein I prefer the brachial artery above the elbow as the point for iutroduction of the glass tube, for the primary incision is sUghter, and consequently divides smaller and fewer veins than when I expose the femoral artery. I use the gravity method, and introduce about five gallons of tiie antiseptic fluid. Tha effects are eminently satisfactory. The color of the iut«gument is im- proved." To Preserve Ixsects. — After killing the insect with chloroform, paint it with a solution of carbolic acid in alcohol — t gi-ains to the ounce — then dry in the sun. This will keep it fresh and beautiful. To Trap H.^wkh or Owls. — Take a pole 20 feet long. Set it a short distance from the house or bam, or on the poultry house. Split the top go as to admit the base of a common steel trap, which should be secured. When the trap is set the depredators \vill be jiretty certain to alight on it and get caught, as tliey usually select a lofty perch from which to pounce VL^on their prey. The SHi'OTixG of Bihds. — Tlie wanton shooting of harmless birds, merely for sport, is a nio.-t hearties* and cruel recreation. The plea of commercial necessity and self-preserv.ition may be urged in behalf of the ehooting and trapping of ■nild animals, but no such excuse can be alleged 'fi>r the extermiTiation of harmless birds. Let them sing in the broad vault of lieaven to their heart's content, and tenant the fields and their fore.*t home? without molestation. A himtor narnites that he once tired at a bird which lie followed up as it fluttered away. He said, " I saw a piaht I never will forget. Tnere it was, with its vsings broken, and all bespattered with blood, i-.t the nest with its young, 1 felt so bad that I vowed never to shoot another bird ! " Again we say, spare the innocents. To Sr.LY.CT YvRS. — A sure test of what dealers call prime far is the teugtli wi density ol the down next the &kiu. Tliis can be d^teruuxie4 ON BOOK-KEEPINO. 79 Tby blowing a brisk current of air from the mouth against the set of the fur. If the fibres open readilj-, exposiug the skin to the view, reject the article; but if the down is so dense that the breath cannot penetrate it, or at most shows but a small iwrtion of the skin, it is all right. To Clkan Fuks.— Strip the fuvg of their staffing and binding, place them, if jwssible, in a flat position, and brush them briskly with a stiff clothes-brushil Cut out all moth-eaten [)ortions, and replace by new bita of fur to match. Sable, chinchilla, squirrel, fitch, &c., should be treated by nn apulicjxtion of hot bran (warmed in a pan), weJl rubbed into the fur with the hand. Repfattliis two or three times, shake the fur, and give it A good brushing,to free it from dust. White furs may be cleaned by lay- ini the furs on a table, and rubbing them with bran made moist by warm water. Rub until quite dry, then apply dry bran. The wet bran should be put on with flaimel, the dry with book muslin. In addition to the above, light furs should be well rubbed with magnesia, or a piece of book muslin, after the bran process. 0:?r BOOK-KEEPING. In Book-Keeping, lie wlio buys what he does not pay for at the time, is Raid to go in debt fur it, and is called a debtor, and he who sells the goods and gives credit for them is called a creditor. In entering accounts it ia usual to abridge the terms and write Dr. for Debtor, and Cr. for Creditor. In every case the reciver is always tlie Debtor, and the sellei- is always the Creditor. In Book-Keeping, the thing received is Dr.. the thing de- livered is Cr. ;what yoii owe isCr., what owes you is Dr. The whole system of Book-Keeping rests upon charr/es and crediU; when you sell to your neighbor, it is a charge against him, and you must charge him •with it on the del)it side of the account ; when you'receive anythint^ from him, it is a credit, and you miist credit him with it on the credit side of the account. The word To, in keeping accounts, denotes that the debtor owes for what lias been Fold t^ him, and tlie word By, is an indication that the debtor has made a payment by which he has paid a part or the whole of the debt charged to him. There are two methods of book-keeping. Single and Double Entry ; the last is employed in extensive and complicated mercantile business, where a check is required upon each entry, to prove that it has been properly recorded. Tlie first is generally nsed by persons engaged in ordinary business, as it is more simple and sufficiently correct for such purposes. It requires br.t three boolc:-— the Day-Book, Ledger, and Cash-Book ; to these may be added, a Bill-Book, in which all notes, received or given, are recorded, showing when drawn, by whom, in whose favor, length of time, when due, amount of note, and any explanatory remarks required ; f.l.-^o, a Sales-Boolj, in which orders for goods or the details of sales are entered, and a Receipt-Book, where receipts can be permanently kept DAY-BOOK. The Day-book should contain statements of every business transac- tion, which gives rise to pcr;ions owing ua or to our omng them, prop- erly arranged under the head of debtor or creditor. The accoimts should be entered iji this book at the time they were created, or in the order in which thev occurred in business. The book should bo commenced by stating the name of the owner and his residence. The day, mouth, and year, should then be written, and repeated ;it the liead of "earli page corresponding with the date of the first transaction on the pace, the subsequent dates on the page may stand above the transaction to which tl;ey beUuig. In making an entrj' the name of the person with wliom wo deal is v.ritten, with Dr. or Cr. at th© right of tlja nftme, to Bhow whether be bewn^ debtor or creditor Py wt 792 ox BOOK-KKEPma. transaction. Then a statement should follow of the business dona.' specifying the articles bought or sold, and the price of each. The total amount snould be added up and entered in the dollar and cent columns. The person with whom you deal is debtor for whatever he receives of you, and creditor for whatever you receive of him, is the rule for determining how an entry must be made. The entries in the Day-book are trana^ ferred to the Ledger, where all the transactions relating to an individual are recorded on a page devoted to his account. The figure at the left of an entry indicates the page of the Ledger to which it has been carried. If a mistake is made in an accoimt, it should not be corrected b? altering the original entry, but a new entry made debiting or crediting the amount of the error, thus, " Jolm Smith, Cr. by [or Dr. to] error in account of Oct 6, Si- 50." This will enable a person to swear before a court that his book contains his original entries without an alteration. LEDGER. The Ledger is employed for collecting the scattered accoimts of th« Day-book. The accounts' which relate to the same individual are brought together on one page, showing all the debits and credits, thus enabling the owner to teU at a glance the state of his account with any person. Tlie Dr. accounts are placed on the left hand of the page, and the Cr. on the right. The Ledger may be ruled according to the example on page 794, Every Ledger shoiud have an index, in which all the names it contains are alphabetically arranged, with the page of the Ledger on which the ac- count can be found. Posting Accocjtts. — Transferring accoimts from the Day-book to the Ledger is called posting. Commence with the first name in the Day-lxwk, which in our example is M. Marshall ; begin by writing his name in a fair hand at the top of the page, with his residence, if different ^rom your own, placing Dr. on tlie left, and Cr. on the right of the name. As he ia debtor to us we commence at the left hand, wr'ting in the first column the year, month, and day, in the second the page of the Day-book on which the original entry can be foiuid, in the third the name of the article, or if several articles are record d under one date, they may be entered with the general designation of sundries or n.ereh.nndise, and hi tlie fourth colunm the total amount of tlie transaction. Against the account in the Day-book mark the page of the LotJger to which it has been ; osted ; a mark «in also be made to show that it has been tmnsferrt-d to the Ledger. Now take the second transaction in the Day-book, and if it \si another name take a new page in the Ledger, and proceed in the same manner as the first. In this way all the entries in tlie Day-book are posted to each person's account,' every week or month as o'ppoi tunity may occur. By subtracting one side horn tlie other the balance which is due Avill be found. The specunen page represent:* three pages of A Ledger, to correspond with three persons who have transactions in the Day-book Balance Sheet. — This may be made to accomplish a double purpose, as it will exhibit the state of "the owner's accounts, by determmiug the amounts owing him and that he may owe, and also prove that t!.e ac- counts have been correctly posted and added. The method is as follows : rule a sheet of paper simiifar to ledger page, for debtor and creditor ; add np all the items of crediton a page of the" Day-book, and enter the amount on the sheet, then add the debits m the same manner, and proceed in this ■way for whatever time it is wished the proof should cover, add up the two columns and subtract one total from tlie other, and the difference •will be the balance of tlie Day-book. Turn to the Ledger and obtain the l)alance of each person's account, and place it under its proper head ; add ^ese up, and the difference will be the Ledger balance. If tha two bftW ■Dces Agree, it proves tbe eatriea Lave beea correctly posted. FOSU OF I>Ar-BOOK. m BOOK-K E EPrSO . DAT-BOOK. SOBEBT BAJUERj St. Johx, N. B., Octobeb 2, 1877. M. MarehaU Dr. To 8 yds. of muslin, at 9 cts. a yd i 0.72 To 4 yds. of cloth, at §3 a yd 12.00 To 1 scythe 1-10 James Browu Dr. To 1 pr. of shoes fl.40 To 1 lb. of tea 75 David ^loore By 1 yoke of oxen . Cr. James Brown Di. To 14 lbs. nails, at 6 cts ' *0.8» To 5 galls, molasses, at 32 cts .v. . . > . . 1.60 To 12 lbs. cheese, at 10 cts 1.20 Cr. By 8 lbs. wool, at 36 ct« Cr. M. Marshall Bylloadof hav ?6.00 By 12 lbs. butter, at 9cta 1-OS $13 2 115 David Moora To Cash Dr. X 2 X 1 M. Marshall Dr. Tolstove $14.00 ToSyds. cloth, at§3 24.00 To 1 horse 42.00 David Moore Dr. Tolset ofhamess $20.00 To 1 wagon 64.00 5 — James Brown Dr. To 28 lbs. sugar, at 8 cts $2.24 To 1 barrel of flour 7.00 To 3 brooms at 14 cts .42 David Moore Cr, By20 bushels com, at 62 cts $12.40 By Cash ' 30.00 By order on Peter Wilkins 21.00 7 David Moore To check to balance account. Dr. James Brown By Cash to balance account. Cr, 12 M. Marshall By tus uotd at 3 mouths from date' 34 Cr. 364 288 60 oa 80( 84 00 1U rOBM OF LEDGE*. Dr. BOOK-KEEPiyG. LEDGER. M. Marshai-L Cb. Oct. 2 " 4 To Snndries >• Sandii«i To Balance. 1877. : Oct. 3 1 " 12 1 By hay and butter. 5 7 (» '■noteatSmos — i To'OO " Bcilance 11,74 Da. Jajies Bbow>-. Ch. isrr. Oct. 2 " 3 " 6 To Stmdries '• Sondries <• Sundriee 1 \^1. «2 15 Oct. 3 1 3 &4 " 10 1 9 66 15 5 1 ,By wool. S8 44 Db. Datid Moore. Ca. 1877. Oct, 3 " 4 " 7 To Cash $50 00 harness & wagon 84 00, checlk to balAQce Oct 2 By oxen " suudrics. $115 178 40 Db. Cash-Book. Cash- Cr. 1877. Oct. 2 " 5 " 9 " 5 To cash on hand '. . . . Received of M. Marehall Order on I. Rose Receipts of store $15f 21 lOi^ 3yT X) )0 r5 15 57 1877. Oct. 2 " S " 7 " 9 " 9 Paid rent of store 6 mos. '• David Moore " David Moore " expenses in store. 3 75^ CO'OO 44 40 8 20 130 15 •307,75 Oct. 9 '• 10 To cash on hand Received of J. Brown.. «130 12 INTEREST TABLES, 795 A complete balance-sheet should be made out once or twice a year, when an inventory of stock on baud is taken and added to the debtor bal- mnces of accounts, and the original capital is added to the credit balances, (or balances we owe, ) these compared will give the amount of profit or loss. It will be remembered tliutthis sheet is an account between our selves and our books. All the accounts in the Ledger ought to be balanced twice a year. To do this add up each coliunu and find the difference, and make an entry of this balance on the side that is smallest (this should be made with red ink to distinguish it from other entries) ; both sides now being equal, draw a line under them to show the fact. Kow place tlie balance on the opposite side, so that it will exhibit the true state of the account. (See M. Marshall's account of the Ledger page. ) CASH-BOOK. The Cash-book records the payment and receipt of cash. Cash is mads debtor to the cash on hand and cash received, and credited with whatia paid out. At the close of each day or week, the cash on hand is counted, and the amount entered on the credit side. This should make the debits and credits equal ; the amoimt of cash on hand is then entered on the debtor side. If money is jiaid to or received from a person who has an account with us it is also entered in the Day-book ; the total receipts and expenditures are carried to the Day-book as often as the Cash-book ia balanced. (See form of Cash-book.) As a help to compute interest we append the following Table to show the time required for a given number of dollars to draw an equal number of cents at various rates of interet^t. The rule is to strike off the odd cents from the principal and you have the interest at the following rates : Interest Interest Interest per cent No. Days. per cent. No. Days. per cent No. Days. 4 90 7 52 10 35 4i 80 'i 48 10-40 35 5 72 7-30 50 5-20 70 8 45 6 GO 9 40 Per cent. Amount. 4 552 4i 50 5 48 5-20 45 6 40 Per cent. Amount. Per cent. 7 S36 10 7-30 35 10-40 7i 30 12 8 24 15 9 The next Table shows the various sums of money which draw 1 cent interest per day, calculated at different per cents, so that the number of cents will always be found equivalent to the number of days the money has been drawing interest Amount. $90 80 72 70 60 Valuable Interest Rules, B.^sis 30 days per month or 360 PATS TO THE COMMERCIAL YEAR. Multiply the principal by the re- ? aired number of days, and for 4 per cent, divide by 9, and point off ; or 5 per cent divide by 72 ; for 6 per cent, divide by 6, and point off three figures from the right: for eight per cent, divide by 45; for 9 percent divide by four, and pomt off tliree figures from the right ; for 10 per cent divide by 36 ; for 12 per cent, divide by 3, and point off three figure* from the right ; for 15 per cent divide by 24 ; for eigliteen per cent divide by 2, and point off three figures from the right, for 20 per cent, divide by 18. A new way, called " a rule for reckoning interest on odd days, at any nte per cent, which iuvAlves uo subdivMoa whatever," ia as lollowKl 736 IXTEEEST TABLE3, AC. Multiply the pnncipal by the number of days, and for 6 per cent diride by GO ; for 7 per cent by 51 ; for 8 percent, by 45 ; for 9 per cent bj 40 ■ for 10 per cent, by 36, for 6 taice over f for 12 per cent by 30. F'>r further information refer to interest Tahlea. IXTEBEST TABLE. TE: »- PFK CEXT. 4i>> «lo! $40| 950 TIMK. 51 »2 *3 H 551 ?S ?/ 91 3100 ' fiooo > D.vVS. 1 1 M 1 1 1 4 5 U 1 1 11 s •• 1 1 1 1 21 2 2 2 8 n 22 1 3::3 i2 '■ 1 1 1 2 2 2 ; 3 3 3 12 IS 23 ! 3 33 .5 " 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 16 22 44 1 4 44 J9 H 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 fi 24 2S 56 5 56 24 " 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 2S 33 67 ! 6 67 2^ » 1 2 2 3 4 S 5 6 7 8 32 1 39 78 ; 7 78 1 Mox. 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 S 8 32 42 83 8 33 2 '* 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 17 68 1 83 1 67 16 67 3 " 3 5 « 10 12 15 1«. a") 23 25 100 125 2 50 25 00 4 « 3 7 10 13 17 20 23, 27 3.) 33 132 ,165 3 33 ! 33 33 5 " 4 8 13 17 21 25 25 [ 33 3.^ 42 |lG3 2 OS 4 17 41 67 6 " 5 10 15 20 25 30 1 35 ! 40 4") 5«) 2 00 i2 50 5 00 50 00 1 Yk\r. 10 20 30 40 50 '"I 70 1 60 1 9J *'l 400 " «10 9100 TABLE, SHOWING THE >"T-5IEER OF DAVS FEOit A>"V DAT IX 0>'E MONTH TO THi; SAILE CAY tS" A2>"OTHEK. From To ;»ofaif«;j-4, reoresenting the required number of days, and so on" with the other months. Daring leap year, if Februaxy enters into the calculation, add one day to tho result HOW TO coxDrcT A sTTccEssFCL Brsns"Esa. That short credit and small profits forms the golden rule for gncce«3 in trade may he seen from the following table, exhibiting the amounts re- alized for 8IOO at various percentages during various i>eriods Am't at Am't at Am't at 3_pr. ct 5 per ct 8 pr. ct If turned over every 3 months, §326.20 " " " 5 '• lanr.i ti K ft a " « '« 12 " •• " 2vears 180.61 155.79 l:y.39 115.92 106.03 S703.99 2C5.:32 207.89 162.88 127.62 110.28 $2172.45 46*3.09 317.21 215.89 146.93 Am't at 10 pr. ct S4525.93 672.75 417.72 259.37 161.05 12L00 MERCANTILE ITEMS. 797 Tases ALLOTTEr* nv the Jobbers ep Nkw Yoiik City. — It is under- atood thiit if a retail merchant orders les3 tl;an an ori'imal ]Kickage on which the jobber gets tare that no tare is allowed bj- the jobber to the retailer. Arools — Actual tares. Bakt-Ey, &c.— Come 100 lbs. lu keg —all Tiet. Bird Seed— 2 perct. Butter— 1 lb. on tubs as sookage ; 2 lbs. on firkins ; pails not weiglit. C-VLiFoK.M.v lloNEY — cased — (.\Teit;li- ingVO to 75 Ibs.l, 14 lbs. Caraw.vy Seed— 2 per ct. Cheese- Always net or nirkd tares. Chicory — Caiks, marked tares, ID per ct. additional. CiTROX, and all Peels — 2Vj lbs. per box. Coffees— 1 per ct. on everything ex- cept as below. Jamaica and St. Domingo, 2 per ct. ; Savanilla, in double bags, and Laguayra, in heavy bags, 2 per ct. Costa Rica, in heavy bags, 2 per ct. Old Qoverument Java, iu mats, 1 per ct. Mexican coffee- In bales, 15 lbs. Mocha Coffee— ».; bales, 6 lb. ; V*, 4 lb. ; Vg, 21/2 a. 3 lbs. CuBRANTS- Bbls, 27 to 29 lbs. aver- age ; in box, 41b9. Dates— In frails, 9 per ct. Figs— Drums, 10 per ct. ; in kegs, 10. Layer figs. Boxes, 12. HoMixv— 200 lbs net. Lektils — 2 perct. MoLAftSEs AND SYR0PS — Always al- low 14 cfal. out. Nutmegs- Cases and casks marked tares. PRrN'E.s — Oerman, 4 lbs. per box. Fre;icU — Marked tares. Turkish, in c.Tsks, marked tares. Raisins — Sultana, iu boxes 10 per ct. IlK'E— 1 lbs. per baj; tierces 10 i)Cr ct. Rook Candy— In bxs marked tares. S.a.lSod.v — Casks,? per ct. Soda — English, mrkd English tires. Spices — 2"i>er ct., except Clunaui«u and Clovei. Cassia — 9 per ct. on bales and mats ; and I'/i lbs. e>:tra lor bale ; cases 17 lbs. Cloves— 9 lbs. per bale. SroAR— Hhds., 12 per ct. ; Refined Sugars always ji€< or marked tares. Boxes — 15 f'ev ct. ]\Iats and Bagti — 1 pcT ct. Barrek — Deinar.ira, ex- cept whore marked net, 12 per ct. The per cent for b.ags and mat3 with thi3 tradj applies only to East India sugars. On bags and mats im- ported from other countries tho tar« is aroording to agreemeut between buyer and seller. Tapioca— 1 per ct. Sago — 2 per ct. TiiA — Invoice weight aseeitaincd as follows: three to four pkgs are ta- ken out of each 60 or 6t) (usually those numbered th-3 same), the tea tirned out, and the pkgs weighed ; the average of the three or four is taken as the tare of the whole- Valencia Raisins — 5 lbs. per box, usually. K0TS— 2 lbs. per bag. Ite-ms Reg.vrding Fisn. — ^lackerel comes in barrels, half anrl quar- ter barrels, and kits, containing full weight, respectively, 200, 10<), 50, and 20 lbs. No 1 mackerel should not be less tlian lo inches iu leugth, from the extremity of the liead to the fork of the tr.il, fat, free from rust, taiut, or damage. No. 2 mackerel should not be less thnn 11 ins. in length, fat, and free from rust, &c. No. 3 mackerel sliould not be less than 10 ins. in length. No. 3, large, should not be le.ss than 13 ins., and iu quality are those that reinaiu after the selection of No. 1. No. 4. mackerel comprise all not in the above, and should be free from taiut or damage. The above is the standard established by law in Mas.sachusetts, and is generally accepted by the trade elsewhere. Mackerel should be kept covered with brine and not exposed to the air as they become nxncil or " rusty," after a few days. Mess mackerel — the finest fish, with heiul and tail removed. Extra No. I's are selected fish. Large No. 2's — Fish over 13 ins. in lenj^h, and not good enough iu quality for No. I's. Scaled herrings should be fat fish, free from scalers, and when smoked be of a bright golden color. No. 1 herring are generally small and i>oot fish. The complaints of short weight packages of fish are very m.-uiy, some of which exceed tlie entire profit. Hints to Grocers. — To kecj) ants out of sugar, fcike, say, 3 ozs. cam camphor, wrap it in one thickness of tea-paijer, lay it ou the sugat m the barrel and they ■\Tili leave at once. Keep your tea in a cloee chest 798 MERCANTILE ITEMS. or canister, and keep coffee by itself, as its odor affects other article* Look after the number of oranges and lemons in a box and see if they hold out. If not, claim. Oranges and lemons keep best wrapped bj soft paper, and if possible laid in a drawer. Keep bread or cake in a tin box or stone jar. Cranberries will keep all winter in a firkin of watei in a cellar. September and October butter is the best for winter use. Flavohikg Extkacts, 27 Ki>-D3.— The formulae given below repra- sent the average standard strength, but they may be reduced if required. 1. Extract of Lemon, oil of lemon, 2 ozs., freshly "grated lemon peel, 1 oz., alcohol, 2 pts. 2. Ezt. of Orange, oil of orange, 12 drs. , fresnly grated lemon peel, 4 ozs., alcohol 2 pts. 3. Another, Valencia oranges, 1 doz., alcohol, 2 pts. Carefully detach the yellow portion of the rind, and macerate it for ten days in tlie alcohol. Owing to the difficulty of pro- curing fresh oil of orange, this formula ia generally preferred. 4. Ext of Rose. Red rose leaves, 2 ozs., oil of rose, 1 dr., alcohol, 2 pts. 5. Ext. of Celery, celery seed, bruised, 2 ozs., alcohol, 1 pt 6. Ext. of Ginger, tincture of ginger, 1 pt, alcohol, from i to 1 pt. Some use the tincture without dilution. 7. Ext. of Bitter Almonds, oil of bitter al- monds, 1 oz. alcohol, 13 ozs., water, 6 ozs. Some color it with ^oz. tincture of turmeric. 8. Ext. of Cinnamon. Oilof cinnamon, 2 drs., Ceylon cinna- mon, bruised, 4 ozs., diluted alcohol, 2 pts. 9. Ext. of Peppermint. Es- sence of peppermint,, U. S. P., 1 pt, alcohol, from \\q 1 pt. Some pre- fer the essence without dilution. 10. Ext. of Coriander. Powdered co- riander, 4 ozs., oU of coriander, 1 dr., alcohol, 21 ozs., water, 8 ozs. 11. Ext. of Nutmeg. Oil of nutmeg, 2 drs., powdered mace, 1 oz. , alcohol, 2 pts: 12. Ext. of Vanilla. Vanilla be.in, 1 oz., loaf sugar, 1 oz., alco- hol, 70 i)er cent., sufficient. Triturate the vanilla with the sugar until a No 20 powder is obtiined. Introduce iuto a 2 pt. stone jug with two ozs, of the menstruum, cork tightly, and digest several hours at a tempera- ture of about 150". Allow the mixture to cool, transfer it to a percolator, pack it firmly, and pour enough alcohol on it to make the percolate measure 1 pt 13. Ext. of Spearmint. Essence of spearmint, U. S. P., 1 pt., alcohol, from J to 1 pt Some use the essence without dilution. 14. Ext. of Anise, .^ise seed, 2 ozs., oil of star anise, 1 oz., alcohol, 2 pts. 15. Ext. of Pine Appjle, ArtijiciaL Chloroform, 1 fl. oz., aldehyde, 1 do., butyric ether, 5 fi. ozs., butj-rate of amyl, 10 do., glycerine, 3 fl. ozs., alcohol, 100 do. 16. Ext of Sassafras. Oil of sassafras, 1 oz., sas- safras in coarse powder, 2 ozs., alcohol, 2 pts. 17. Ext. of Peach, Arti' fieial. Oil of bitter almonds, 2 ozs., acetic ether, 1 oz., alcohol 3 pts, 18. Ext. of Nectarine. Extract of vanilla, 1 pt., extract of lemon, 1 pt., extract of pine apple, 8 ozs. 19. Ext. of Wintergrecn. Oilof wintergreen, 1 oz. , alcohol, 1 pt. , cudbear, or cocluueal, 10 ozs. 20. Ext of Clove. Powdered clove, 4 ozs., diluted alcohol, 1 pt. 21. Ext. of Blackberry, Artificial. Tinct of orris root, (l-S) 1 pt., acetic ether, 30 drops, buty- ric ether, GO drops. 22. Ext. of Tonka Bean, Tonka bean, coarsely groimd, 4 ozs., dUuted alcohol, 1 pt. 23. Ext. of Allspice. Allspice, corsely ground, 4 ozs., diluted alchohol, 1 jt. 24. Ext of Pear, ArtijiciaL Acetic ether, 5 fl. ozs., acetate of amy!, 10 do., glycerine, 10 fl. ozs., alco- hol, 100 do. 25. Ext. of Apple, Artificial. Chloroform, 1 fl. oz., nitric ether 1 do., aldehyde, 2 fl. ozs., aceticether, 1 do., valerianate of amyl, 10 fl. ozs., oxalic acid, 2 drs., glycerine 2 fl. ozs., alcohol, 100 do. 26. Ext. of Strawberry, Artificial. Nitric ether, 1 fl. oz., acetic ether, 5 do., for- mic ether, 1 fl. oz., butyric ether, 5 do., salicylate of methyl, 1 fl. oz., acetate of amvl, 3 do. ,butvrateof amyl, 2 fl.ozs., glycerine, 2 do., alcohol, 100 do. 27, 'Ext. of Ra^bernj, Artificial Nitric ether 1 fl. oz., alde- hyde, 1 do., acetic ether, 5 fl. ozs., formic ether, 1 do., butyric ether, 1 fl. oz., benzoic ether, 1 do., cenanthylic ether, 1 fl. oz., sebasic ether, 1 do., salicylate of methyl, 1 fl. oz. acetate of amyl, 1 do, butyrate of ainji, Ifl. oz., tartaric acid, 2 ozs., glycerine, 4 fl. ozs., alcohol, 105 do. Fpy ©ther receipts, consult pp. 30, 159, iind 207, >^l 'V '■'-''*' ^- 8UCCESS IN BUSINESS. 790 •Rie credit system has bankrupted more people than perhaps all othe* causes put together. The most rigid scrutiny should therefore take place in every insfcmce where credit is solicited. A good way is to make the party sign a stiitement of his assets, debts, means of f)ayment, &c., and grant a limited credit on that basis. If tlie result proves iuteutiCual fraud then you have your remedy at law. Cash down is the only abso- lutely safe rule. Curtail every possible expense. Let the profits accumu- late, hold on to them, and avoid uucert;iin outside speculations. Sea table of daily savings on page 587, and profit by its suggestions. Attend to the detaili of your business, see tiuit the store is opened in good time, goods dusted, lloor swe;)t, paper, twine, nails, &c, picked up and everything ke^t in trim order. In establishing a business it is not alwaya the best pT:m to open out in a new locality wliere rents are low and ex- penses liglit. The result will be in many cases, that before the new local- ity acquires the ability to render adequate support to a respectable busi- ness (after an unavuit'ng struggle) the funds of the merchant will gradu- ally give out, and he will be obliged to close his doors at the very time when he should have opened them. If, however, he succeeds, the dealer will do well to confine his attention more to the supply of the necessaries than the luxuries of life, until a more general demand arises for the lat- ter as the neighborhood grows older. Taking everything into account, the best locality for business purposes is in a city orto\vu in a prominent throughfare where tliose whose trade you desire can most easily find you. A suitable place being secured, mount a proper si^n board in a prominent manner, and make sure to pre- sent an imposing display of your choicest goods in your store windows. This, of itself, is a powerful attraction to passers by, who will frequently Bee just the article they require and ca,ll for it at once. This accommoda- tion, conpled with civil treatment on your part, will often secure you a permanent customer, for people are boiuul to go where they are welfused. A notable and most successful metliod of attracting customers lud build- ing up a lucrative business, is to sell a few of the leading staples at low figures, and obtiin a fair profit ou the rest. Th.e moi-t sagacious and far-seeing merchants do this, with the most astonishing financial results. In fact, thousands who are indepen;:lently rich would now be bankrupt but for this system of transn -t iig busiue.ss. The following directions desen e a wide circulation : — " Enter into a business of which you have a perfect knowledge. In your own right, or by the aid of friends on long time, have a cash capital suffl- eient to do at least a cash busin?ss. Never venture on a credit busmess it the commencement. Buy all your goods or materials for cash; you £an thus take every advantage of the market, and pick and chose where ind when you will. Be careful not to overstock yourself. Rise and fall >vith tiie market on short stocks. Always stick to those whom you prove to be strictly just in their transactions, and shun all others even at a temporary disadvantage. Never take advantage of a customer's ignor- ance, nor equivocate nor misrepresent. Have but one price and a small profit, and you will fhid all the most profitable customei-s — the cash ones — or they will find you. " If ever deceived in business transactions, never attempt to save your- self by puttinq; the deception upon others ; but submit to the loss, and be more cautious in future. According to the character or success of your business, set aside a liberal percentage for printing and advertising, and do not hesitate. Never let an article, jiarcel. or package, go out from you without a n:uiusomely-printed wrapper, card, or circular, and dispense them continually. Keeii youi-self unceasingly before the public by judi- ciously advertising ; and it matters not what business of utility you make dOO BAfE BUSINESS BDLE3. chdce of, for if intelligentiy and industriously porsned, a fortune will b« the result. "Learn to say 'No' with decision; 'yes' with caution— 'No' with decision whenever it resists temptation ; * yes ' tvith caution when it implies a promise, A promise once given is a bond inviolable. A man is already of consequence in the world when it is kuown that we can im- plicitly rely upon him. Such a one is often preferred to a long list of ap- pUoauts, for some imix)rtaut change w hich l£fts him at once into station and fortmie merely because he has tliis refiufcition. that when he says he will know a thing he knows it, aud when he says he wiU do a tiling he will do it Reflect over these maxims ; you will lind it eaey do imt pot on themdelv**, iio\^^ cau they do good to mt ? 4. Be cautious Riid b(>ld. It requires a s>^at deal of caution and a great deal of boldness to luake & groat lortiine, uud when you have got it, it requires ten times Rs much wit to keep it." Rules of Juhu McDonouph tlie nvillionsiire of New Orleans. "1. Be- ineml)er always tliat labor is one of the conditions of our existence. 2. Time is gold ; throw not one miuute away but i)lace each one to account.' 3. Do unto all men as you would be done by. 4. Never put off till to- morrow what you can do to-day. 5. Never bid another do what you can do yourself. 6 . Never covet what is not your own. 7. Never tlunk any matter HO trivial as not to deserve notice. 8. Never give out that whicu does not first come in. 9. Never spend but to produce. 10. Let the greatest order regulate all the actions of your life. 11. Study in your course of life to do the greatest amount of good. 12. Deprive yourself of nothing necessiiry to vour comfort, but live in an honorable simplicity and frugidity. Labor then, to the last moment of your exi.'a. No. 5. JVbte not ISegotiahU. $800 Syracuse, N.T., July, 15, 18—. Three months after date, for value received, I promise to pay Thomaa Bonner, Five Hundred Dollars. William T. Bell. No. 6. Note on Demand, S300 Hamilton, March 14. 18—. On demand I promise to paj- John Rose, or order, Three Hundred Dollars, value received, with uiterest. William Wallack. No. 7. Note payable in Merchandise. $700 Fredericton, N.B., June 1, 18—. For valne received, on or before the first day of November next, I promise to pay to A. Gibson, or Order, Seven Hundred Dollars in gx>od merchantable Spruce Logs, at his Sawmill near this city, at the market Talue on tlie maturity of this note. JOHIT StREAMDRIVBR, No. 8. Due Bill for money. London. Ont, June 20, 18—. $140 ^ Due to John Baxter, or order, on demand, One Hundred and forty ,% Dollars, value received. J. B. Pekki>-8. No. 9. Due Bill payable in Goods. $200 Chicago. 111., July 14, 18—. Due on demand, to R. Wyllie, Two Hundred Dollars, in merchandise from our store. T. M. HrirrER & Co. No. 10. Check on a Bank. No. IG. New York, July 20. 18- Ninth Natiokal Bank. Pay to Bradford & Parker or order, Three Thousand fSs DoUara. $3,000 G. BCKKHAM. No. 11. Form of a Bank Draft. $6,300 Bank of the Metropolis No. 197, New York. Aug. 5, 18 — . Pay to the order T. M. Banker Six Thousand and Three Himdred Dollars. Duplicate unpaid G. A. COPELAND, Caahier. T* Eliot Nat. Bank. Boston. Mo. Vt Siffht ;}>y^. $eeO }?ew Yctk. Aug. 10, IS-. At Sight, pay to the otder ol R. Pitm&tt & Co.. Six fituidtsd dcilat^ value receiTed,* and charge the same to our account. George Root & Co. To Jam£s ALLisoy, Chicago. Xo. 13 Time Draft. 5:200 R,xhester, N.T., At^. 11. IS—. Thirty days after date, i>ay to the Order of John Hall, Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars, value received, and charge to our account. T Ba>-xi>g & Co. No 14 Set of Fm'eign Bills of Exchange Exchan-e for £5,000 New York, Aug. 10. 18— % Ten days after sight of this First of Exchausre (our Secoud and ThinJ nnpaid ). pay to tlie Order of David P^rry, Five Thousand Pounds Sterling, value received, and charge the same without f urtlier advice, to, JOSETH SeLIGMAX & CO, To Bakisg Brothebs. No. 220 London, Eng. Exchange for £5.0CO New York, Aug. 10, 18—. Ten days after Sight of this Second of Exchange (First and Third un» paid;, pay to the order of David Perry. Five Thousand Pounds Sterliugi value received, and charge the same without further advice, to Joseph Seuoua^ & Co. To B-ABtfrG Brothers. l' No. 220, London, Eng. Exchange for £5.000 New York. Aug. 10. 18—. Ten days after Sight of this Thini of Exchange i First ancl Second un- paid), pay to the order of David Perry. Five Taousiind Pounds Sterling-, value recei\Ted, aod duurge the same without further advice, to Joseph Seuqman h Co. To Baiukg Brothers No 220. London, Eng. Na 15. Fonn of a Protest. S2.000 NewYorit. Aag. 15. 1877. Plesse to take notice, that a Promissory Note for Two Thousand Dollars, raude by Robert Brown, May 12, lt<7T, and endorsed by you, having been duly presented and jviyment thereof demanded, which was refu&ed, iji taerefore protested for non-payment, and that the holders look to you for Mvment, interest, costs, and damages. To U. Look oit. I. L. Ketchxtm. Jiotary Public. No. 16. Receipt for Money on Accotmi. Received, New York, March 23, 1878, of Thomas Parwell, Seventy-fir* dolkus on acGoouL 175 K.TaA21,000 Woodstock, Ont , May 1, 18-. Received of A. Campbell, One Thousand Dollars in advance, on a con* tiact to build for him a Frame house on Dundaa street. R. TCKKBCUfc No. 19. Receipt /or Rent- §200 Gait. Ont, June 1, 18.— Received of A. Thomson, Two Hundred Dollars la full for one year'* rent for dwelling on Water Street. Charles Wilsok. No. 20. Receipt /or a Kote. §400 New York, June 2, 18—. Received of Hiram Edsoo, his note for Tour Hundred Dollars at three %ionth8, in foil of account Thomas Habrison. Na 21. Order /or Money. Baltimore, June 5, 18 — . Air. RoBEBT Hnx, Please pay Thomas Jamison, or Bearer, Fifty dollars on my account DaYID HrLT.MAN. No. 22. Order /or Merchandise. Ifs. R. T. Bo>-XEK. Please deliver to the bearer, Joseph Fallett, snch goods as he may de- sire from your store to the amoont of Sixty-five dollars, and charge the game to my account ; John Gabdikeb No. 23. Letter o/ Credit. Toronto, October 5, 18—. Gentlemen .-—Allow me to introduce to your firm the Bearer, Mr. J. 8. Harper ; should he make a selection from your stock to the amount of One Thousand Dollars, I will be answerable for that sum in case of his non-payment. Yours, truly, RUFUS BABIiOir To LoBD & Taylob, New York, No. 24. Landlord's Agreement. This certifies, that I have let and rented, this first day of June, 1878, •onto Robert Walker, my house and lot No. 150, Dundas street, London, Ont., and its appurtenances ; he to have the free and uninterrupted oc copation thereof for one year from this date, at the yearly rental of Oa^ Brsnnss forms. 807 Thomand Dollars, to be paid monthly in advance ; rent to ceaM if do* ■troyed by fire, or otherwise made untenantable. J AS. KiKOUAK. No. 25. Tejiant's agreement. This certifies that I have hired and taken from Joseph Kingman, his house and lot No. 150, Duudas street, London, Ont. , with appurtenances thereto belonging, for one year, to commence this day at a yearly rental of One Thousand Dollars, ' to be paid monthly in advance, unless said house becomes iiuteuautable from fire or other causes, in which case rent ceases ; and I further agree to give and yield said premises one year from this first day of June, 1878, in as good condition as now, ordinary wear and damage by the elements excepted. Given under my hand this day. ROBEBI Walsbk. No 26. Notice to Quit. To A. B. Palmeb. Sir : — Please observe that the term of one year, for which the hooM and land, situated at 47 Pearl street, and now occupied by you, were rented to you, expired -on the first day of June, 1878. and as I desire to repossess said preniises, you are hereby requested and required to vacate the same. Yours truly, T. H. Cabtkb. No. 27. Tenant's Notice of leaving. Dear Sir: The premises I now occupy as your tenant, at No. 56, Main street, I shall vacate on the first day of May, 1878. You will please take Dotice accordingly. Dated this 26th day of March, 1878. WiLXIAM Gl-LBEKT To John Lawrsxcb, Esq. No. 28. Common Form of Bond. Know all Men by these presents, that I, David Wilson, of Fredericton, York County, Province of New Brunswick, am held and firmly bound unto John Scott of the place aforesaid, in the sum of six hundred dollars, to be paid to the said John Scott, his heirs or assigns ; for which payment to be well and truly made, I bind myself, my heirs and assigns, by these pres- ents. Sealed with my seal, and dated this first day of August, one thousand eight hundred and sevent\--eight. The condition of this obligation is such, that if I, David Wilson, my heirs, assigns, or executors, shall promptly pay to the said John Scott, hij heirs or assigns, tlie sum of six hundred dollars in three equal annual in- stalments from the date hereof, with annual interest, then the aboT* obligation to be void ; otherwise to be in full force and virtue. DAVID WILSON, /I*S), Sealed and delivered in \ Presence of > AdaxCuouc \ No, 30. Form qf Bill qfSali, wiovr all men vy these Presents, that I, Peter Dearaafl, of the city of Boitciu, iu the County of Middlesex, and State of ilassachusetts, of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of six hundred dollars, lawful money of the United States, to me in hand paid, at or before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, by Robert Eusifm of the same place, of tiie second part, the receipt whereof is heitby acknowledged, nave bargained and sold, and by these presents do grautand convey, unto the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators, and assigns, one six year old dark-bay horse Ji/tecn hands high, one black horse, one double harjiess, one carriucie, tico coics undjloe pk/s, to have AND TO HOLD the 6ame unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, administrators and assigns for ever. And I do for myself, my heirs, executors, and administrators, covenant and agree, to andwith the said party of the second part, to warrant and defend the sale of the said (/oods aiid chottels hereby sold unto the said party of the second part^ his executors, administrators, and assigns, against all and every person and persons whatsoever. ly WITNESS •WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, thia Biith day of April one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight. PETER DE^^IAN, (LS). Sealed and delivered in presence of 1 Peter Wilson, > J. GODDAKD. j No. 30. Chattel Mortgage. This indenture, made this fifteenth day of April, one thonsand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between David Allan of the town of Guelph, County of Wellington, Province of Ontario, p<'u-ty of tlie first part, and Alfred Baker :>f die same town, county and Province, party of the second part. WixNBSSEi'H, that the said party of the first part, for, and in consid- eration of the sum of six hundred dollars iu hand iiaid, tlie receipt of ■which is hereby acknowledged, does hereby grant, sell, convey and con- firm unto the said party of tlie second part, his heirs and assigns forever, all and singular, the following described goods and chattels, to wit : 1 Weber piano, 4 black walnut bedsteads, 1 stove, 2 mahogany bureaus, 2 sofas, 1 dozen chairs, etc. , now in i)Ofsessiou of said Allan, in his dwelling at No. street, Guelph. To have a>-d to hold ail and singular the goods and chattels above bargained and sold, or in- teuileil so to be, unto the said jiarty of the second part, his executors, admiuistraturs and assigns forever. AxD the said party of the first part, f jr himself, his heirs, assigiu, and administrators, all and singular the g )aJs and chattels above bargained au.i sold unto the said party of the first p-'irt. and ag;unst all and every person whomsoever siiall, and will, •warrant and forever defend Upoy coNDmox, that if the said party of the first part shall and do well and truly pay unto the said party of the second part, his executors, administrutof?. of assigns, the sum of six hundred dollars lawful money of this Province, with interest thereon, one year from this date, thence tliese presents shall be void. Akd tho said party of the first part, for himself, his executors, and assigns, doth covenant and agree to and with tlie eaic partv of the second nart, his executors, administi-ators and assigns, that la case default shall be made in the payment'of th« said »uia abov« BUSES'ESS FOKMS. 809 mentioned, then it stall and inar be lawful for, and I, the said party of the fir<:t part, do her .\ze and empower, the said party of "tie second part, his ext uistrators, and assigns, with the' aid and assibtauce of any pei;. - - ^ -.;^as, to enter my dvrelling-house. or such other place or places as tue aaid goods and chatiels are or may be placed, and take and convey away tLe gaid gd3 and chattel*, and to sell or dispose of the same for the" bc-t ; .in obtain, and, out of the pro* oeeds thereof, tj retain and jvi . : :ri above mtmirned, and all charges teaching the game, ren/. erfJa3(if any) unto me, orto my ekeoutors, administrators or ai«-^-ns. A>-D. r>TrL DZFArtT be made in tfee payment of the said sum of money, I am to remain and continue in the qrJc-t possession of the said goods and chattels, and in the full and free enjoyment of the same. Ix wrrxEss vheheof. I. the said party of tlie first part, have here* tmto set my hand and seal the day and year first abore written. Signed, sealed and deliv- ] ered in presence of ! ' rnvrn iTTiV rr ,, (L.S.) Thomas Xetlsok. J Note. — The law, both in Canada and the United State?, reqnires that ail chattel mortgacre? shonld be filed in the Clerk's, Register's, or R*. corder s office of the town, city, or county where the mortiragor resides, and the property is, when mortgaged. Unless the same is renewed at or before the clo.«e of the year, its virtue ei^ire?. and every creditor will have the same right to the property as the mortgagee No. 31. Claim to be filed by Lien Creditor's in Clerfs Office. Henry Wilson, of Buffalo, in the County of Erie, and State of New York, lumber merchant, files his claim for five hundred ?.nd sixty dollars against a certain house and lot of ground, belonging to John Eodgers, situated on the south side of Clinton street. Xo. 27, in the plan of said city, containing in front on Clinton street, forty feet, and in depth one h'.indred feet, boimded on the north by the said Clinton street, on the 'vest by ground of John Smith, on the "ea?t ground of Thom.-is Nelson, and on the soutli by ground of Tliomas Carter, for that sum due him for lumber and other materials furnished by bim. in erecting the aforesaid house in October, 1S77. HENRY \nLS02T. November 4, iSTT. KoTE. — ^Tli© above form is applicable for any claim whatever that mar be due to lumber merchants, brick-makers, cai^nters. painters, mason*, plumbers, or others engaged in famishing materials or labor in erecting imildings. No. 32. Form of Jud'jment-Xote. For valne received I promise to pay to Henry Jordan of Lockport, or Order, four hundred dollars, with interest, on the first day of June next ; and 1 hereby nominate, constitute, and appoint, any attomey-at-law of this State, my true and lawf ol attorney, irrevocable, for me and in my name to appear in any court of record of tliis State, at any time after the above promisso^ note becomes dxie, and to waive all process and service thereof, and to confess judgment in favor of the holder hereof for fte •um that may be due and owing hereon, with interest and costs, waiving 8lU BUSINESS FORMS all errors, etc, with stay of execution until the first day of April next Witness my hand and seal at Lockport, N. Y. , this first day of Decern* ber, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven. Signed, sealed, and deliv- ) eredinp-esence^of^^^ [ THOMAS WEBSTER, (L.S.) RoBEBT Kerr. J Note. — The above note enables the holder, in several States, to enter up judgment thereon without suit, if not paid when due. No." 33. Form of Note for Indiana. $200. Richmond, Ijo)., April 1, 18 — . On demand, for value received, I promise to pay Charles Marsh, o* Order, two hundred dollars, with interest, payable without any relief whatever from valuation or appraisement. ROBERT MILLER, No. 34. Form of Note of Pennsylvania. $600. PHiLADBLPraA, Pa. , April 8, 18—. Three months after date, I promise to pay to the order of Thomaa Maxwell, five hundred dollars, without defalcation, for value received. ALEXANDER REID. No. 35. Form of a Bill of Lading for Timber, l all and everv or persona lawfully chiiming or to claim the whole or auv part tiiereof, the said party of the first part shall and will warrant and foi-ever defend. In testimony whereof, the said parties of the fiitt jiart have hereunto eet their hands and seal^ the day and year first above written. JOHN' WILSOX. (L.S.) CHARLOTTE WU.SON, (L.S.) Signed, sealed and deliT- ' ered in presence of Henky Nelson. Robert Reid. Ko. 41. Acknowhdgmetit of Deed. Sussex Cocnty, N. J. On the eighteenth day of Jnne, one thousand eight hundred and eeventy -eight, personally appeared before me .lohn Wilson, and Chariotte, his wife, whom I know to be the persons deserilied in. and who executed the within instriunent, and who severally acknowledged that they execu- ted the same: the said Charlotte being by me examined separate and apart from her husband, acknowledged that she executed the same freely, and without fear or compulsion from him. PHILIP HUNTER, J. P. ATmute qf Record. Becorded in the Clerk's oflSce of the County of Sussex, in Liber 45, p. 81,'of Mortgages, 18th June, 1878, at 30 minutes past 2 p.m. RoBEBT Watts, Register. No. 42. Mortgage qf Land to secure Payment of Monty. This Isdentube, made the tenth day of April, one thonsand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between John Himtcr. of Dorset, county of Bennington. State of Vermont, merchant, and Margaret, his wife, of "tb.a first part, and William West, of the .=ame place, agent, of the second part: Whbbe.^s, the said John Hunter is ju,«tly indebted tothesaid party nf the second part, in the sum of five thousand dollars, lawful money of t'le United State."?, secured to be paid by his certain bond or obligation, l»::iriu2 even date with tliese presents" in the ieinglliereunto had, may more full v appear. Now this IxDEvrrKE Witnessetii, that the «aj4 parties of the first pnrt. for the bett'-r securing of the said sum of money mentioned in the condition of the said Iwnd or obligation, with interest thereon, accordimrtothetrue intent ,Tnd meaning there9 premises. ) To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular the tenements, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereuuto belonging, or in any wise appertaining, and the re\ersion and reversions, remamder and remainders, rents, issues and profits thereof; And also, all the estate, right, title, interest, dower, property, possession, claim, and demand "whatsoever, as well in law as in equity, of the said parties of the firt-t part, of, in, and to the sjime, and every part and parcel thereof, with the appurtenances. To have and to hold the above granted and described premises, with the appurtenances, uuto the said parly of the second j^art, his heirs and assigns, to his and their proper use, benefit, and behoof for' ever. Provided always, and these presents are upon this express con- dition, that if the said party of the first part, his heirs, executors and assigns, shall well and truly pay or cause to be paid unto the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators or assigns, the said sum of money mentioned in the condition of the said bond or obligation, and the interest thereon, at the time, and in the manner mentioned in the eaid condition, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, that these presents and the estate hereby granted shall cease, determine, and become null and void. And the saiH John Hunter, for himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, doth covenant and agree to pay unto the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators, or assigns, the said sum of money and interest, as mentioned above and express^ in the said condition of the said bond. And if default shall be made in the payment of the said sum of money above mentioned, or the interest that may grow due thereon, or of any part thereof, that then, and from thenceforth, it shall be lawful for the said party of the second part, his executors, admmistrators and assigns, to enter into and upon all and singular the premises hereby granted, or intended so to be, and to sell and dispose of the same, and all benefit and equity of redemption of the said party of the first part, his heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns, therein, at public auction, according to the act in such case made and provided : And as the attorney of the said party of the first i^art, for that purpose by these presents diily authorized, constituted, and appointed, to make and deliver to the purchaser or purchasers thereof, a good and BuflScient deed or deeds of conveyance, in the law for the same in fee simple, and, out of the money arising from such sale, to retain the principal and interest which shall then be due on the said bond or obhga- tion, together with the costs and charges of advertisement and sale of the premises, rendering the overplus of the purchase money (if any there shall be) unto the said John Hunter, party of the first part, his heirs, ex- ecutors, administrators, or assigns, which sale so to be made shall for- ever be a perpetual bar, both in law and in equity, against the said party of the first part, his heirs and assigns, and all other persons claiming or to claim the premises, or any part thereof, by, from, or under, him, them, or either of them. In witness whereof, the parties of the first part have liereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. JOHX HUNTER. (L.S.) MARGARET HUNTER, (L.S.I Signed, sealed, and delivered ") in presence of Thomas Bates, William Bhll, BUSINESS FORMS. No. 4S. Form of Saiiafaciion Piece. 815 I William "West, of Dorset, Bemiington County, Vermont, do herebr certify that a certain mortgage, bei»riug date the tenth day of April one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eiglit, made and executed by John Hunter, and Margaret, his wife, of the same place, and recorded m the office of the Clerk of the countv of Bennington, in Liber 45, p. 7o, of Mortgaees, on 10th day of April, 1S78, is paid. Dated 1st May, 1878. * ^ ' WILLIAM WEST, (L.S.) Bexningtok Cou>Ty, Vermont, SS. : Ou the first day of Mav, 1878, before me came William West, to me personally known'to be tfie individual described in, and who executed the above certificate, and acknowledged that he executed the same. JOHN HAMPDEN, J. P. No. 44. Assignment of Mortgage. Know all irEN by these Presevts, that I, William West, of Dor- set, county of Bennington, State of Vermont, agent, of tlie first part, for and in consideration of the sum of five thousand dollars, lawful money of the United States, to me in hand paid by John Howard, of the same place, farmer, of the second part, at or before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, assigned, transferred, and set over, and by these presents do grant, bargain, seU, assign, transfer, and set over, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, a certain inden- ture of mortgage, bearmg date the 10th day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy -eight, made by John Hunter, and Margaret, his wiie, and recorded in the office of the Register of the county of Benning- ton, State of Vermont, in Liber 3(5, of Mortgages, p. 50, together with the bond or obligation thereto belonging, and the money due, and to be- come due thereon, with the interest. To have axd to hold the same unto the said partv of the second part, his heirs, administrators and assigns for ever, subject onlv to the proviso m the said Indenture of Mortgage mentioned. And I do hereby make, constitute, and appoint the said party of the second ijart, my true and lawful attorney irrevocable, in m V name or otherwise, but at liis own proper costs and charges, to have, use and take, all lawful ways and means for the recovery of the said money, and interest, and, in case of payment, to discharge the same as luUv as I might or could do if these presents were not made. in WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and Beal, the first day of Mav, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight. WILLIAM WEST, (L.S.) In presence of Duncan Forbes, John Reid, Note. — Deeds, mortgages, and assignments of mortgages should be put on record in the Register's office without delay after being executed. The foregoing forms (as well as the followmg) are suitable for either the United States or Canada. No. 45. Form of JFUl for Real and Personal Property. I, Joseph Knight, of the city of Toronto, county of York, and Province Ot Oiitario, grocer, realizing the uncertainty of life, and being of feeble '•I 816 BUSINESS FOBXg. health, but of sound mind, memory, and judgment, do make and declare this to be my last will and testament in manner and form following, to wit: First, I give, riemise, and bequeath unto my eldest son, Robert Knight, the sum of four thousand dollars, now on deposit in the Bank of Mon- treal, together with my grocery store at No. street, with all the tenements and improvements thereto belonging: to have and to hold imto my said son, his heirs and assigns forever. Second, I give and bequeath unto my beloved wife, Charlotte, abso- lutely, the house in which I now reside, at No. street, together with all the furniture therein, including piano, organ, linen, china, the plate, wearing apparel, etc. , together with ten thousand dollars in Bank stock and Railway bonds, now lodged in ray safe; the same to be in lieu of her dower at common law. Third, I give and bequeath to my invalid mother, Ellen Knight, the income and rents from my farm in Scarboro during the term of her natu- ral life. Said farm to revert to uiy sous and daughters iu equal propor- tion upon the demise of my said mother. Fourth, I give and bequeath unto my youngest sou, Joseph Knight, three thousand dollars, also my tenement house on street, with all the improvements thereto belonging; to have and to hold imto my said son, his heirs and assigns forever. Fifth, I give and bequeath the sum of one thousand dollars to my executors, to be equally divided between them, in full, for all services in the matter of tlie execution of this my last will and testament. Sixth, I direct that my debts and funeral e.xpenses be paid from moneys now on deposit to my credit in Savings Bank of Toronto, the bal- ance of such money, together with all the re.«t and residue of my estate, to my three daughters, Mary, Ellen, and Isabella, to be equally divided between them for their use forever. I hereby nominate and appoint David TTaterson, Robert Ford, and James Thomson, the executors of this mv last will and testament, and re- voke all other and former wills made and executed by me. In wrrNESs whkreof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this tenth day of April, one thousand eight himdred and seventy-eight. JOSEPH KNIGHT, (L.S.) Signed, sealed, published, ) declared and acknowl- edged, by the aboTe- uamed testator, to be his last will and testament, iu our presence, and we each, at his request, and iu his presence, and in the presence of each other, subscribe our names as witnesses. Alexaxder Adam, 75 King St. , Toronto. Thomas Roeson, 214 Yonge St. , Toronto. Adam Clabk,95 Adelaide St., ToroQto, BUSINESS FORMS. Sl7 Note. —The provisiong of a will should, in every cai,e, be so clearly defined that there cau be no mistake about the meaning. Any person of proper age, and sound judgment may convey property by will. All Ie"-;i- tees are debarred by law from witnes.sing wills in which they are inter- ested ; their signature would nullify the wliole mstrument, and no person can serve as executor if he be under 21 years of age, a lunatic convict imbecile, or au alien at the time of proving tlie will. The father may ap- point his wife, sou, brotlier, or any other relative as executor, and each in their turn may do likewise, as confidence m.ay exist. An addition to ilie will, called a codicil, designed to modify, add" to, or change previous bequests, may be executed at anytime, but in every case it must be ren- dered as definite and precise as the will itself, witnessing included. No. 46. Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of Land. Thls aoreement, made and executed the first day of May, ono thousand eight hundred and seventy-ekht, between Charles Giles, of Kingston, UZstex county. State of New York, farmer, of the first part, and Thomas Kingman, of the city of New York, milkman, of the second part WiTjTESSETH, that the said party of the first part, for and in consider- ation of tlie sum of three thousavid dollars (to him promised to be paid), of which the sura of five huhdred dollars is now paid, the receipt of tt'hich is hereby acknowledged, and the remaining twenty-five hundred doUars is hereljy agreed to be paid at the time tlie deed hereinafter men- tioned is given, hath contracted and agreed to sell to the said party of the second part, all that certain jjiece, parcel, or tract of land situate in the town of Kingston, county of Ulster, and State of New York, aforesaid, known and described on the map made by Thomas Adams, surveyor, and filed in tlie Clerk's office of the said county. October 5, 1830, [by the number (47) forty-seven,] and bounded and described as follows : (Here desmbe property). And the said party of the first part agrees to execute and deliver to the s;iid party of the second jjart, a warranty deed, witli full covenants, for the .said described lands : Pkovided, and upon condi- tion nevertheless, that the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, pay to the said party of the first part, his heirs or assigns, for the eaid land, the sum of three thousand dollars, lawful money of the United States, in the way and manner following, to wit: (//ere specify the amount and dates of payments.) And the said party of the second part, for himself, his heirs, execu- tors, and administrators, doth covenant and agree, to and with the said party of the first part, his heirs and assigns, that the said party of the second part will pay the said several sums as they become due, without any deduction for taxes or assessments whatever : And it is further agicud between the parties to these presents, that, if default be made in fulfilling this agreement, or any part thereof, on the part of the said party of the eecond part, then, and in such case, the said ])arty of the first pnrt, his Leirs and assigns, shall be at liberty to consider this cancelled, and the money already pftid forfeited, and to dispose of the said land to any other IJerson in the same manner as if this contract had never been made. In witness whereof, we have hereimto set our hands and seals tlia day and vear first above written. CHARLES GILES, (L.S.) eigned, .seiiled. iind doliv- ) THOMAS KINGMAN, (LS. ercd in presence of V Stepue:^ UamiltoMi } 818 lUSIWESS FORMS. N- BT TFTESE pRESE^TTs, that I. Kobert Gmnt, of Brook* lyn. in the county of Ejngs, and State of New York, merchant, have made, constituted and apjwinted, and by these presents do make, consti- tute and appoint, Thomas Baunerman. of the city of Hamilton, in tho county of Wentworth, and province of Ontario, a true and lawful attor- ney for me, and in my name, place and stead, and in my behalf, to (here insert the duties to be performed), hereby giving and granting nnto my said attorney full power and authority in the premises to use all lawful means in my name and for my sole benefit, for the purposes aforesaid. And generally to do and i)erform all and every act and thing whatsoever, requisite and necessary to be done in aud about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as I might or could do if personally present, with full power of substitution and revocation, hereby ratifying' and confirm- ing all that my said attorney, or his substitute, shall lawfully do, or cause to be done, by virtue hereof. Ix "wrr>'Ess whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight ROBERT GR-iXT, (L.S.) Signed and sealed in presence of ) David Scott. ( XoTE. — In cases where the attorney is empowered to sell land and grant deeds, the power of attorney must be placed on record m tho County Register's oflBce. Xo. 48. Agreement for Building a Souse. Articles of Agreejlent, made the first day of June, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between John Hall, of Lockport, in the county of Niagara, and State "of New York, of the first part, and George Hunter of the said town, county and State, of the second part. WiTXESSETH, that the said John Hall, party of the first part, for con- siderations hereinafter noted, contracts, bargains, and agrees with the said George Hunter, party of the second part, his heirs, assigns, and r.d- ministrators, that he the said Hall, will within four months, nest follow- ing this date, in a good and workinanUke manner, and according to his best skill, well and .'uihstantially erect and finish a three-stor>- brick dwelling house on lot No. street, which said house is to be of the following dimensions, with brick, stone, lumber, and other materials, as described in the plans and specifications hereunto annexed- (Here describe buildings, material, plan. Ac, in full. In consideration of which, the said George Hunter doe.«, for himself and legal representatives, promise to pay to the said .John Hall, his heirs, executors, and assigns, the sum of six thousand dollars, in the way and manner following, to wit: One thousand dollars at the beginning of said work, one thousand dollars on the first day of August next, one thou- sand dollars on the first day of September next, and the remaining three thousand dollars on the completion of the building. It is also agreed that the s.".id John Hall, or his legal representativeff, shall furnish, at his or their expense, all brick, stone, lime, lumber, doors, blinds, glazed sash, window frames, nails, paint, and other materials re- quired for the building and finishing of s-^id house. It is further stipulated that in order to be entitled to said payments, the said John Hall, or his legal representatives, shall, according to the architect's appraisement, have expended, in labor and material, thf mine of said pavmeuts, ga ti^ bQa3e> at time oi pajiaeat BUSINESS FORMS. 819 And for thfe true and faithful performance of all and every of the eovenants and agreements above mentioned, the parties to the^e presents covenant and agree, each with the other, that the sum of one thousand dollars, as fixed, settled, and liquidated damages, shall be paid to the other by the failing party within one month from the time of so failing. Ix wiTXEss WHEREOJF we have hereunto set our hands the year and dav first above written. JOHN HALL, GEORGE HUXTER. Note. — Agreements should he executed in duplicate so that each party may hold a copy. If era.*T made this first day of January, 1878, between Thomas Murray of Toronto, York county, Province oi'Ontario, Domin- ion of Canada, of the first part, and Joim Campbell, of tlie same place, of tlie second part : witnej»seth : That the said parties agree to associat ^ themselves as co-partners, for a period of seven years from tliis date, in the business of buying and selling groceries and such other goods ai^ commodities as belong in that line of business ; tlie name and style c the firm to be "'Murray & Campbell" For the purpose of conduct;:;, the business of tlie above named partnership, tie said Murray has ;. the date of this agreement, invested four thousand dollars as capit;-. stock, and the said Campbell has paid in tlie like sum of four thousriud dollars, both of which amounts are to be expended and used in common, for the mutual advantage of the parties hereto, in the management of their bu.*iness. It is further agreed by both parties hereto, that they Tvill not, while associated as co-partners, follow any avocation or trade to their own private advantage ; but will throughout the entire period of copartnersliip. put forth their utmost and best efforts for their mutual advantage, and the increase of tlie capital stock. That the details of the business may be thoroughly nnderstood by each other, it is agreed that during the aforesaid period, accurate and lull book accounts shall be kept, in which each partner shall record, or cause to be entered and recorded, full mention of all monies received and expended, as well as every article purchased and sold belonging to, or in any wise appertaining to said partnership ; tha gains, profits, expen- ditures and losses being equally divided between them. It is further agreed that once every year, or ofteuer, should either party desire, a full, just, and accurate exhibit shall be made to each other, or to their executors, administrators, or assigns, of the losses, re- ceipts, profits, and increase made by reason of, or arising from, such co- partnership. And after such exhibit is made, tlie surplus profit, if such there be, resulting from the business, shall be divided betw een said part- ners, share and share alike. Either of said parties shall be allowed to draw a sum, first year, not exceeding nine hundred dollars per annum, from the capital stock of the firm, in mouthly instabnents of seventy-five dollars each, which amount may be varied, more or less, by subsequent agreement. And further, should either partner desire, or should death of either of the parties, or other reasons, make itnecessai^, they, the said copartners, will each to the other, or. in case of deatli of either, the sur- viving partner to the executors or administrators of the party deceased, make a full, accurate, and final accoimt of the condition of the partner- ship as aforesaid, and will fairly and accurately adjust the same. And, also, upon taking an inventory of the said capital stock, with in- crease and profit thereon, which shall appear or is found to be remaining all such remainder shall be equally apportioned and divided between them, the said copartners, their executors, or administrators, share and share alike. It is also agreed that in case of a misunderstanding arising with the |3art- ners aforesaid, which c;mnot be settled between themselves, such differ- ence of opinion shall be settled by arbitrators upon the following condi- tions, viz. : Each party to choose" one arbitrator, which two thus elect«d shall choose a third ; "the three thus chosen to determine the merits of the case, and adjust the basis of a settlement. In witness wnereof the parties aforesaid hereunto set their bands and ■eals the day and year first above written. Signed in the presence of JoHy Stewabt, Thomas Mitbray, [L. 8.1 Geo. Sxjtb. Joan Cautbeu.. [L. S.J BtrsnrESS forms, 821 No. 52. Asfignmcnt for the Benefit of Creditors. Know all men by these jireseat's. that I. John Currie, of the To^n ol Bntland, County of RiitUud, p.ud State of Vermont, for value received, have sold, and by these present*! do cmiit, sell, a-s^ign, and convey unto John Davidfion, of the same pliu-e, all the accounts, debtp, due.*, notes, bills, and demands enumerated and s^iecified in tlie schedule hereunto annexed, and marked " Scliedule A. ; " (Ih? sdicdule should slat': (heas- signment to tohich Uicy beiony, andbc duUd and supicd by the parties for Vic purpose of identification), to have and to hold the same, unto the said John Davidson, his iieirs and ;i.«;sign.s : In tru.st to collect, sue for, de- raand, receive, and lecover i;ll .<-ch sums of money as may be due, owing, and payable thereon ; and after paying all reasonable and proper costs, chari^es aud espen.ses, to pay to each and all of ray credi- tors the full su'Ti that may be due and owijig to them from me, of whom the said John D.ivid.son is one, aud a full and complete list of whom with tlie true amount due tt> each, is contained in the schedule hereto annexed, marked " Scfuhlule D. ; '' and if the proceeds of the said note^, accounts, bonds, and so forth, be not sufficient fully aud entirely to pay off and satisfy each and all of my creditors, then to pay tliem pf rata in pro- portion to the amount due aud owing to' eacu. And if ine proceeds as aforesaid shall be more than sufficient to pay every one of my creditors, then to pay and return to me the balance tliat may be left, if any, after payiujr ali my creditors as aforesaid. And I do hereby nominate, constitute, and appoint, the said John Davidson my true and lawful attorney, irrevocable, in my name or other- wise, for the purpose aforesaid, to ask, demand, sue for, collect, receive, and recover, all aud singular, such sum or suras of money as now or hereafter may become due, upon, for, or on account of any of the prop- erty, effects, things in action, or demands above assigned ; giving and g^mntiug unto my said attorney full power and authority to do and per- ^.jrm every act, deed, and thing, requisite and necessary in the premises; as fully, to all intents and purj>oses, as 1 might or could do if this assign- ment had not been made ; with full power of substitution aud revoca- tion, liereby ratify iug and confirming all that my said attorney or his snbstitute may lawfully do, pr cause to be done', in the premises, by virtue hereof. In witness whereof I have bereonto set my band aud seal this fifth day of October, 1878. Signed, sealed, and delivered, JOHK CcRRis, [L. S.] In the pre^seuce oi Robert P.vlmeb, Peter Sheldon. No. 53. Form of Composition tpith Creditors. Note. — The following shows the form of a contract between a debtor T-ho is only able to pay a portion of his debts, with his creditors, where- liy they agree to accept a certaiji sum less than the original claim ; aud, upon receipt thereof, not to prosecute or trouble the debtor on account of his debt. Know All Men by these Presents, that w hereas John Smashweil, ^o justly indebted to us. Robert Rogers, Andrew J. Reid, and Henry Mid- dleton, creditors of the said John Smashwell, in divers sums of money, which he has become unable fully to pay and discharge: therefore we, the said creditors, do consent and agree with the said John Smashwell, to de- mand less than the full amount of our respective claims, and to accept 9t tea ceuts for every dollar owing to each of us tlie said croditon of 822 BUSINESS FORMS ihe said Jolin Smashwell, in full satisfaction and discharge of onr sev- eral claims and demands ; the said Bum of ten cents on a dollar, to be paid to each of us, our heirs, executors, and administrators, within the space of thirteen months from the date hereof. And we, the creditors aforesaid, do further severally and respectively covenant and agree with the said John Smashwell, that he may, within the said term of thirteen months from the date hereof, sell and dispose of his goods and chattels, •wares and merchandise, at his own free wiU and pleasure, for the pay- ment of the ten cents on the dollar of each of our respective debts, and that neither of us will at any time hereafter sue, arrest or attach the eaid John Smashwell, or his goods and chattels, for any debt now due and owing to us or any of us, provided the said John Smashwell does well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, the said ten cents for every dol- lar of each of our several and respective claims against him. And all and each of the covenants and agreements herein contained shall extend to and bind our several executors, administrators, and assigns. In witness whereof, we hereunto set our hands and seals this fifteenth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and eeventy- •ight. Signed, sealed, and delivered, Robekt Rogers, [L.S.] In the presence of Anbrew J. Reid, [L.S.] Thomas Barclat, Henry Mlddleton. [L.S.] . John Thompson. No. 54. Agreement for ihe Hiring of a Clerk or Workman. This agreement made the first day of October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy -eight, between Andrew Service of Niagara Falls, in the county of Niagara and State of New York, of the first part, and I'homas Merchant, of the city of Buffalo, in the county of Erie and State jrforesaid, of the second part— WITNESSETH, that the said Andrew Service has agreed to enter the service of the said Thomas Merchant as clerk (jo^irneyman, mechanic or 'jaborer, as the case may be) in the store, (or factory, &c.) of the said Thomas Merchant, and faithfully, honestly, carefully, and truly obey, ^d to the utmost of his power serve tlie best interests of the said Thomas Merchant, for and during the space of one year from the date of this agreement, for the compensation of six hundred dollars per annum, •payable quarterly. And the said Thomas Merchant covenants with the said Andrew Ser- Tice, that he will receive him as his clerk (or journeyman, <6c.) for the ♦erm of one year as aforesaid, and will ]iay him for his services as such clerk (or journeyman, <, by and with the consent of hi.s fathiT. Thomas Hill, hath volun- tarily, and by his own free will and accord, put and bound himself ap- preuiice unto Moses (ioldsniith, of Nt). — Maiden Lane, Irentice, tf husband and wife, and solemnly promise and engage in the presence of these witne.sses, to love, honor, comfort, aud cherish eacli otlier ;is such, so long as you both shall live ; therefore in accordance with thf> laws of the State of , I do hereby pronounce you husband and ■wife." No. 58. Short Forin of Marriage. {On the contracting parties rising and joining hands the justice tcill toy •■) , , . " By this act of joining hands yon do take upon yourselves the relatiou of husband and wife, and solemnly promise aud engage, in the jjreseni e o( these witn«siM, to love, honor, comfort, aud cherish ettch othor aa FORM OP MABRIAGE CERTIFICATB, ETC, 82S Fiidi, as Ions fis yon both shall live ; therefore in accordance with tho i.iws of tli^ State of , I do heteby i)rououuce you husband and wife." The form used by clergymen varies but very slightly from the fore- pr-ing ; to all intents and purposes it is the same, although the woi-ding ni;i • lie iii'idified according to the mode i)rescribed by the deuomiuation to wliicli tlu> clergyinan may belong. The marriage license must be re- t.irned by the clergvman or magistrate to the issuing clerk for record, v.liDsliould also:it the time of issue, furnish a blank marriage certificate to be filiod by the. ni:igislvate or clergyman at the conclusion of the ceremo- ny. Tho cerlilii'ute, wliich should, for obvious reasons, be always most carefully preserved by both husband and wife, may be in the following form No. 59. Marriar/c Certificate. MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE. Statk of Michigan, Wayne Cottkptt. This certifies That John Oood fellow, of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and Sarah Loveioy of Detroit, Wayne county, State of Michigan, were at the house of John Splicewell, in the said city and county bj' me joined together in HOLY MATRIMONY, On the tenth day of January, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven. IX THE rRESKNOE OF GAMALIEL BANGTEXT, Timothy CotTiTWRLL, Pastor of the First Cliurch, Thomas Hopegood. Detroit. Ox Legal AnvtrE. — Lord Mansfield considered a clear nnderstand- ing of the duties of men in sotnety as the true basis of legal science. Ho says : " I may cite one of the .ablest lawyers of this century, who, to strong natural sense, united to largest experience, for .a similar opinion — my honored master, the I:'te Mr. Tidd. I well remember the advice he p.ave to i Doubloon, Silver, ^Dollar, Igypt, Gold, ItX) Piasters, • ' Silver , 20 Piasters , France , Gold , 20 F rancs , Silver, 5 Franca, " '• Franc, Frankfort, Silver. Florin, Greece, Gold, 20 Drachma, Silver. Draehm. Guiana, Br., Silver. Guilder, H:ino\er, Gold, 10 Thaler. •' Silver, Thaler (flna silver), •' Thaler (7aifinet. Havti, Silver, Dollar (100 centimes), Hesse Cassel, Silver Thaler, •• J Thaler, .CM. ■ 12 27 5 . 75 'J7 4S J 16 16 04 07 39 5 27 06 5 ;» 5 O-i 83 2 72 (I » 46 5 37 18 5 58 00 6 37 5 18 7 72 VJ (» 33 .35 G H4 5 54 21 7 89 6S 96 67 (1 67 62 05 8 57 66 01 11 22 4 11 88 52 3 04 7 17 (» 18 7 97 96 85 93 18 5 39 5 45 16 5 26 2 89 69 2 63 25 7 67 5 U l>. C. M. Hts-se Darmslttdt, Silver, Florin, C 39 i Hiudoostan, Gold, Mohur(£. I. Co.), 7 10 •• Silver, Rupee, 6 44 4 Mecklenberg. Gold. 10 Thaler, 7 S:i lleiico. Gold, Doubloon, av. 15 5;; i) Silver. Dollar, »v. 1 00 7 Naples, Silver, .'cndo. 94 Netherlaud, Gold, Ducat, 2 26 5 •• 10 Guilders, 4 00 7 Silver, 3 Guilders, 1 20 Guilder, 40 " " Twenty-tivc cents, 09 ', " 2Ji Guilders, 98 2 NewGianada, Gold, Doubloon, 21 car. 15 61 •' " including the silver, 15 66 " " 9-I0th3 the stand., 15 310 -" " including the silver, 15 36 " Silver, Dollar. U.S. weight, 1 02 Dollar, or 10 Reals, 98 Norway Silver, Rigsdaler, 1 05 Persia,' Gold, Somann, 2 2? Silver, Sahib Koran, 21 Peru, Gold, Doubloon, Lima, to 1833, 15 55 Cuzco. tolS33, 15 62 " " Cuzco to 1*37, 15 53 6 " Silver, Dollar, Lima mint, 10 5 " " " Cuzco, 10 8 " " KDoI., Cuzco. debased, 3 " *• Jj Dot.. Ai-equipa " 36 " "V Dollar Pasco, 49 5 Poland, Silver, 2;lotv, 11 J 1-ortugal, Gold, Half Joe (full weight), 8 65 " Crown. 5 81 (J " SUver, Cruzado, 55 2 " " Crown of 1000 Reis, 1 12 " " Half Crown, 56 Prussia, Gold, Double Frederick, 8 " Silver, Thaler, average, 68 " " ^ Thaler, average, U " •' D'ble Thai. 3X Gulden, 1 39 Rome, Gold, Ten Scudi, 10 37 " Silver. Scudo, 1 5 •• Seston (S-10 Scudi), 30 Rus.=ia. Gold, 5 Roubles, 3 96 7 •• Silver, Rouble, 75 Ten Zloty, 1 13 I " SOCopecs, 22 Sardinia, Gold, 20 Lire, 3 84 5 Silver. 5 Lira, 93 2 Saxony, Gold, 10 ITialer, 7 94 " Ducat, 2 2« " Silver Speciei Thaler, 96 " " Thaler (XIV E. M.) 6* > Siam. Silver. Tical, 5S » Spain . Gold (Qr. Doubloonl, 3 90 5 ■• Silver. Pistareen (4 Reals Valla), 19 5 Sweden, Silver, Species Thaler, 1 (M X Daler. 52 i| Turkey, Gold. 100 Piasters, 4 37 4 " "30 Piasters (new), 82 " Silver, 20 Piasters, " 82 Tuscany, Gold, Sequin, 2 .30 •' Silver, Lepoldone, 1 (B " " Florin, 26 2 ■Wurtemburg. Silver. Onldpn. 1gV4. 38 The quarter of wheat is equal to the quarter of a ton of 2-'4it lbs. or 560 lbs. ; TO lbs. in weight are an English bushel of wheat, while 60 lbs. of wheat make our bushel ; so that the V. S- wheat bushel is jost 6-7th3 of the English or imperial, and a quarter of whe.it in Entrlaiid is equal to 9^3 bushels in the United States, though in caraoitv to only 8»i bushels. The barrel of flour contains ,=5 tVinche.-ter bushels, and weishs. net V€ m^. The barrel of Indian com wntains 3 1-8 bushel?'. The weight of a gallon oj BioUdses is usually 11 lbs. but sometiiues 10 or 12. STATE AND PROVINCIAL LATfS. 827 toXATE Ayn PROrnfCIAL LATVS KEGARDLXQ legal and SPECIAIi IKTIREST, TOB LIMIT OF TIME IN ACTIONS FOR DEBT, &C., TOGETHER WITH THE LARGEST SUMS OBTAINABLE BT LEGAL PRO- CESS BEFORE A JUSTICE OF THE PEACE IN VARIOUS STATES, TEB- BITOBIES AND PROVINCES. f VtatM ind TMTitori«9 Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Dakota Ter., Delaware, Ditt. of Columbia Florida, Georgia, Idaho Ter., lllinoia, Indiana, Iowa, Kausaa, Kentuckj, Louisiana, Uaine, Maryland, MassachusettB, Michigan, Minnesota. MissiBsippi, Missouri, Montana Ter., Nebraska, Kerada, New Brunswick New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina. Ohio, Ontario, Can., Oregon, Penngylrania, Quebec, Can., Khode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Te«a«, Uuh Ter. Vermont, Virginia, Wash. Ter.. West Virginia, Wisconsin Wyoming Ter., 19100 500 300 .300 100 100 100 50 100 100 200 200 300 300 60 100 20 100 300 300 100 150 300 100 300 20 13.33 100 100 200 200 300 260 100 100 100 600 100 800 200 60 100 100 300 100 10 10 5 3 17 20 20 12 20 20 5 20 10 15 15 20 20 12 20 10 6 7 10 10 10 4 20 16 10 20 10 15 20 20 20 30 20 20 6 6 7 8 20 6 10 20 16 20 10 5 3 20 20 20 12 20 7 5 20 20 20 5 15 10 20 12 ^20 6 10 7 20 10 6 6 3 20 20 10 20 10 15 20 10 20 30 20 20 10 10 6 8 10 6 lO 20 15 1 I 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 ^ 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1.2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3- ■^ ;e, • r do:;ebyti. --.nis '.o all thfl fp i vriy, I = u..a credits Cf t.' ... ^ ■ -^ ■'-''"'-•-• 'Vil-:. A ; van to all ccutracior?, ; ;sterer«. ; erprv otliPr person wlir ork S'.id :*on or pe»flOT:S for •5^':. .'.3 i". - i>erty npon vhicli 6u^ : a f. . iiioladin" the land nr-vi. . ... .. ..-b J .'1 th« lior.i g Ten under this act yhaD i. _s are conimer.i'ei ^thin six mcth* t . vi = . .1-. roe san.e. Stich. liens are enforced by i --.t. (Ai.t,f .1 Mar. h, 1?:5.. ." Debt^ — -'.. ^-layL-sTie for the collection of ade^t, ■a1. .. ■ i I. . >.r ..■ : fora: ymo;.^ ■ •.. .. "„ the amount of which cnn be cer:.-ui:ly ascertaintvi. to reocvcr dr.rnagea for the breach Oi a CDrtrsct where the dainrigea are Tll^t C' rain orl; v.::d.u<.d ; orr-i ■where the ar-tfcnsc'tinds in damages naerely, ^,, .- ,-, „ „„.•.„,. e bylhecrodiior, cr 1 - -> - ■ 'or attomey, that the debtor ", or rf >■;<.'<. i ouff' that ■orocess cannot b« r "?or!t to remove "L ' -:t of this State, whereby : - debt or ba compnou8 : .- docs' tot f- 5 of exchanse, or irii^tru- ? -o i.^Lc.^^r „t a designate a i-.v^ vi payment, and commercial . civil action or Imprisonment for debt is prohibited in this State, 1 - ^ ^ - i persons axe Buljecstothe pajTuent of all debts exeepi ce-r- vai'.i c . lavor of the wido-.r anl children of the deceased. Di vGEs. Eights of Markied VToiiix. ^^1LLS, etc.— Acknowl- ^ ; . ^ , •- , . T-..,-^-..-,-^ ^- '-betaken byjud^es of t^'^ cr,-. , >.,(j ~ ar.d registers m chsu ot - public. If t.^ien in c ' f . .....I .. ■ 1^ . i.>... . . . the judges and clerks «.^ i^. ^ -;al y court of record in a;'. y Sta: ^, ik tary pnllie or con-.rair"! r-.r •vemorcf Alaban-.a. tey.- r.d the liiits of the L'lated .•<:.".' s. i. .... ... ^■■^r.-.i vroot may be "taken by the ju'lje of «>.'i--. ■-• rf recor'l, niii;. - r.te of ary city, town", b<'rouch or • y P'jb"-- ■. t'ra ■ -.lar cr commercial STert of :!;■? 1 A".l converances of land mnrt be written or printed on par<4»ment or pr.per. ■ ■ ' ^" '' • ' • •' ' ■ r by his ajt-' ■ • "•• ■ ':thor::tt»d 5;i writivr-. a-sa < name ni for him. -vvith a ■"r-fs xr.d »rk : " and uted must be attested by V, f-i..^v^ ^.* v,>- ■...-., who mu6t ■-i..^i .^-^a uamss witararB theT«t» 880 SPECIAL LAWS OF ALABAMA. The wife may relinquish her rirfit to dower by joining with her huaband in a cea. reyance of land, and acknowledging same as above provided. Hosbandl moat join in conveyance of wife's separate property. If the grantor is unknown, his identity may be established by witneeees 8Tif&> cient to satisfy the officer before whom the acknowledgment is inade. [Acknowledgment of Husband and Wife.] [Form.] The State of Alabama, ) butleb coo'tt, ) I (name and style of officer) hereby certify that Thomas Clark and SaraK Clark, his wife, whose names are signed to the foregoing conveyance, and who »re known to me, acknowledged before me on this day, that being informed of the contents cf the conveyance, they executed the "same voluntarily, on th« day tlie same bears date. 6iven under my hand this the day of , A.D. 187 . (Signature and title.) The real and personal property of any female in this State, acquired before marriage, and all property to which she may be entitled by gift, grant, inher- itance or devise, shall not be liable for any debts, obligations and engagements of her husband, and may be devised or bequeathed by her as she were a /emm« tole. (Const, of 1SC3). A conveyance of the wife's separate estate may be made by the husband and wife jointly, signed in the presence of two witnesses, or ac- knowledged before any officer authorized to take acknowledgments of deeds. The husband is not liable for the wife's debts contracted before marriage ; but ehe may be sued alone and her separate property is liable for the satisfaction thereof. When no officer is convenient for taking acknowledgments, a deed may b« Attested by two witnesses, and afterward proved in the following form : [Form.] T^ State of Alabaka, ) Bentox Coc>Tr. J I (name and style of officer) hereby certify that , a subscribing witneM to the foregoing conveyance, known to me, appeared before me this day, and being eworn, stated that , the grantor in the conveyance, voluntarily ex- «cuted the same in his presence, and in the presence of "the other subscribing •witness, on the day the same bears date ; that he attested the same in the presence ef the grantor and of the other witness, and that such other witness subscribed his name as a witness in his presence. Given under my hand this the day of , A.D. 187 (Signature and title.) The examination of the wife separate and apart from her husband is neces- sary to convey the title to any homestead exempt by the laws of this Stat«. (See Exemptions). This examination may be had before a circuit or supreme judge, chancellor, or judge of probate or justice of the peace, who most endorse thereon a certificate in writing in the folloTving form : [Form.] State or Alabama, ) CocxTY OF Morgan*, j I, , judge, (chancellor, notary public or justice of the peace, as the case may be), hereby certify that on the day of , A.D. 18 , came before me the within named , known (or made known) to me to be the wife of the within named , who, being by me examined separate and apart from her husband, touching the signature of the within , acknowl- edged that she signed the same of her own free will and accord, and without fear, constraint or persuasion of her husband. In witness whereof, I hereunto set mv hand this the day of , 187 . A. B. (judge, chancellor, etc., as the case may be). The widow, (if no provision is made for her by will), is entitled to one-third part of the real estate of which her husband died seized, and to which she haa not relinquished the right of dower, and one-half of the personal property if there be no children or if there be but one child ; if there be more than one child, and less than five, she is entitled to a child's part ; if there be five children or more, she is entiiled to one-fifth part in absnlute right. She shall be endowed ©f O'le-half of her husband's absolute estate when he dies l^avinz no lineal des* cendants, unless the estate is insolvent. The widow may dissent from or waive provisiou in a will, and claim her dower, at viy time within, ope y^ar ftft«T tbt SPECIAL LAWS OF AIUiA>'SAS. 8S1 BtDbate of the wiil. The widow may retain the dwelling-place, bonse, plaatalion, ic., free fr<^m rent, until her dower is assigned her. Cy " ' ■ ~' " ■ are legal in this State but are null and Tcid as to creditor* and .". iiotjoe tuitil recorded, unless the property is brought Into . .0 buch incumbrance, in which ca*e they must be regis- tencii ' 1 ii;n i .ir i..'':iiii5, aud if such propertj- be removed to a different county fro M that in which the grantor resides, the conveyance must be recorded within six mAnths from the remoTal, or it ceases to have "effect as to creditors and pur- chasers from the grantee without notice. All such mortgages must be recorded in the county where the grant^^r reside.', and also where the property is. Wu.LS.— Everv person 21 years of age, and of sound mind, may dispose of la'iiis by will. Wills must be signed by the testator, or bv some one in his pres- ence a:id at his request, and attested by three or more witnesses. Koncupativa wills nia% l>e established when the testator in his last illness callB on persons t* take notice that such is his will. SPECIAL LAWS OF ARKANSAS. EiEMPTioxs.— flbme teorih ?5,000, and personal proptrtv f 2,000, 160 acref of land, or 1 town or city lot being the residence of a householder or the head of a family, the appurtenances and improvements thereto belonging, to the value of $5,000*, aiid personal property to the value of ?i!,000. Mecka>'ic8' Lien. — Me<'hanic6. material men and laborers have a lien on land and improvements to the extent of their labor. The oriirinr.l contractor must file his iien within three months after all thefnings shall have been done or fur- nished. Sub-contractors must give notice to owner, proprietor, aeent or trustee, oefore or at the time he furnishes any of the things or performs services. Tbeso have precedence over all other subsequent incumbrances. Collection of Debts. — Attachments may issue against a defendant's prop- erty upon the following grounds ; In actions for recovery of money where tho acjjon is against a non-resident ; one absent four montli ; has left the county or his residence to avoid the service of summons ; about to remove, or baa remov.-d his property, not leaving enough to satisfy plaintiiTs claim : con- ceals himself ; has sold his property with fraudulent intent to cheat, binder or delay his creditors, or is about to do s-o. Bond in double the amount claimed, with good securities, residents of county. Boats running on the navigable water of the state may be attached for debtt contracted by the owner, &c., on account of work or supplies furnished the boat. Ko arrest is allowable for debt in any civil action or mtsne, or final proceat, nnless in cases of fraud. In suits on open claims, the affidavit of plaintiff, legally taken and certified, will be deemed stiScient proof unless the defendant sh.'Ul, undtr oath, deny the correctness of the accotint, either in \Th<-'le or in part, in wl.icli event tho plai:'.t: ~ :nu.^t prove the disput-d portion of his account by other evidence. A -15 Kivitj miy be made out of the state before a commission appointed by the Goveni'-T of Arkansas for tliat purpose, or before a mayor of a city, a judge of a •o.irt, notary public, or justice of the peace, whose certificate shall be deemed proof of its execution. Tlie af3davit must be signed by the affiant, the certi- ficate of the officer shall be written separately, following the sigrtiature of tba affivit, and all veritications must be attached to the instrument verilied. Garnishment can be issued npermi?sal le here. Assignments for tha benotit of creditors are held good. Every a.ssignmeut of every instrument of writing must bear date of the true dav on which it, was executed. Ever>- protested draft or bill of exchange draws 10 per cent, interest from date of pr-^test. If drawn noon any person in the st.ite, it is in addition subject to 2 per cent, damages, if on ajiy person and pavable in Alabama. Louisiana, Mi».~issippi, Tennessee. Kentucky, C-hSn, Indiana. Illinoi'?, and Missouri, or any point on the Ohio river. 4 per cent, damages, if upon anv person and pavable at any o-her place in the T'nited S:atos. I'1 por cent, damages on amount specified Ip the bill. If owned bv anv persf^n wiThin this state. 2 per centum ; If without lUa state, but iu tli« U. S., C per ceutuut, if wiUicut tbe limits of tlie U. S., M 832 SPECLVL LAWS. OF AEKAXSAS. per ecntnin. The lioliler shall have his action against the owner, endorser, of acceptor, or either of them, and the protest is held to be evidence of demand and refusal of rayment. Judgments in circuit courts are a lien np^n real estate ia county f"5r 3 year?, and may be reviveil so as to continue lien to ]:>, after which no execution can i* sue. Judgments in justice courts cau form a lieu by CUiig transcript in circuit •lerk's oSice. Executions cannot issne for 10 days after judgment unless ordered by the court and when issued to the proper oiSoer are liens upon property liable to seizure. If no goods be found the debtor and any one sapi.>osed to owe him, or hare his property in possession can be made amenable to answer under oath what prcpf- •rty or interest hi has subject to execution. Jurisdiction of justice of the j^jaoe in matter of contract is $100 exclusive fa interest, for damages ?10O ; in replevin JSOO; and iu suits concurrent with the circuit court when amount does not excee"t> CHAiTrL Mortgages, Kiguts of Maeried ■NVoJrEX, Wills, &c. — r>ecil3 must be under seal — a svran 1 is a seal. Acknow- of any. Siate, Kinjrd.im or Empire having a seal, or any mayor or chief oSicer of ai»y city or town having au oScial seal, or before any officer of any foreign ooitntrv, who. by the laws of such country, i-5 authorized to take probate of the conveyance of real estate of Lis own country, if such oncer has. by law, an olH-. cial seal. When taken out of this State, but within the United States or their tcrriiories, before any court «l the United States, or any State or territory having a seal, or the ele-k of any such court, or before the mayor of any city or town, or chief of auv citv or town having a .^eal of offloe, or before any commissioner feppointed by the Governor of this State. The seal must be artaclled, wheu theia is o:ie, and the deedrecorded in the countv where the land lies. The following is the form wheu husband and wife joui in the deed, the latter releasing dower. It is necessary for husband and wife to join in, whether hia own or her property : . [Form I.] State of » K- CorxTY OF , i "' Beit remembered that on this day of , one thousand eight hundred and j-eventy , Lefora me. the undersigned, , came , who are personally known to uie to be the same persons whose names are sub- scribed to the foregoiUjj instrumeut of writing, as parries thereto, and severally l»c"knowle«.l§:cd the same to bs act and deed for the purposes and consider- ation therein mentioned. And at the same time the said wife of the snUX having been by me first made acquainted with the contents of said instrument, on an exam- ination separate and apart from her siid husband, acknowledged that she e.ve- cuted the same and relinquished dower in all the property therein meutioued, freely and -.vithout compulsion, or undue inliueuce of her said husband. In ter-timony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal of onice. the day and year first above written. (Sipi:ature.) Slarried women cau hold proi)err>-, both real and personal, free from The debts of her husband, but a schedule, under oath, ar.d verified by the oath of son.j Other reputable person mnst be made by the husband and wife, and filed in iha recorder's office of the County where the property is, and of the Connr' where they reside. A widow shall IJ6 enilowed of the third part of the proi)€rtj whero- of her husband was sei^^ed of an estate of inheritance at any time during the marriage, u?ile?s the same was relinqtushed in legal form. A Chattel m<^irt2age is of no avail as a lien unless recorded in the County where the pro-.erty is. Wills should be executed a.s shown in Business Form No. 45, f^n pp. 815-81f fcnd established by the disinterested evidence of at least three imimi>eachab) frituesses to the liandwriting and eiguature of the testator. BPKCIAL LAWS OF CALIPOBNLA.. 833 SPECIAL LAWS OF CALIFORNIA. ExEMPTTONs From Forced Salk — ITryuse worth 95,000 and personal propervf. VocBsary household and kitchen furniture, one sewing machine and one piai'4 in a. ii.al use; wearing apparel and one month's inovipions for the family. Fanning utensils ; also 2 oxen, or 2 horsps, or 2 mulos, and their harnoss, •n« cart or wagon, and fooil for suoh oxen, horses or mules for one inonlh; also setd to ?200 in v»lue. Tools or implements of an artisan necessary to carry on his traile; '^ seal of a notary ; the instruments of a physician, denlistand purveyor n^ci'Psa.^cO the exercise of their profession, ■willi their professional lihraries.i «!id the professional libraries and furniture of lawyers, judges and mini, ters of the gospel. The cabin of a miner, not e.xceediiig in value tho sum of J!."fX), also his appliances for mining, not to exceed in the aggregate the sum of 5300, and 2 horses, mulesoroxen, with their harness, and food for siuhosen, horses ormulea for one month. Four cows with their sacking calves, and 4 hogs with their Buck- ing pigs ; poultry not exceeding in value k'^n. The earnings of the judgment debtor for his personal services renn, not ex- ceeding in vnlue 51,onn, if the person holding the shares is net the owner of a homestead under the laws of this State. All moneys, bcnelits or annuities grow- ing out of any life insurance on the life of the debtor, in any company corporated under the laws of the State, if the annual premiums paid do uot exceed $500. Homestead for the head of a f;\niily, not to exceed 4;r>,000 in value. MEPHANifs' Lien". — Meohanicsand materialmen have a lien for labor and materials on the land and improvements to the extent of their claims. The orig- inal contractor must tile his claim within CO days, and the laborera viiliin 30 days, after the debt accrued. This lien attaches from the commencement of tho work, and has preceduro over any subsequent or previous unrecorded encum- brance. Collection of Debts. — Attachment may issue on affidavit and undertaking with two sureties, in a sum not. less than "^."OO, or greater than the amount claimed, in action upon a contract, express or implieil, for tho direct payment of money, where the co)itract is made or U jiuy.ible in this State and is not secured, or the security becomes valueless ; and in an action upon a ci'ntract, express or implied, against a defendant net residing in this State. Every species of property not exempt is sul iect to attachment. Arrests in civil actitins are not allowable in this State except as follows: — 1. In an action for the recovery of money or damages on a cause of action arising U[>o;i a contract, express or implied, when the defendant is about to depart from the Slate with intent to defraud his creditors. 2. In an action for a tine or pen- alty, or for money or property embezzled, or fraudulently misappllt^d, or con- vort''d to his own use by a public oiKcer, or an officer of a corporation, or an at- tor:iey, or factor, broker, agent or clerk, in tho course of his employment as such, or by any other person in a liduciary capacity, or for misconduct or neglect in ofTlc'/orin a professional employment, orfora wOlful violation of duty. 3. In a'l r.ction to recover possession of personal property unjustly detained, when tha 1 -(.n,.riy or any part thereof has been ooncealcil, removed of disposed of, to pre- v ■:.! is being found Or taken by the sherilT. 4. When defendant has been guilty ■ ■' tr.ind In contracting the debt or incumng the obligation for which the action i- tir. ■light, 01- in concealing or disposing of tho property, for the taking, conceal- ii ,'■ r conversion of which the action is brought. 5. Wien the defendant hasre- in"v '.l or disposed of his property, or is aboutto do so, with intent to rontrnrtors within 20daysa{ier last work done or material furnished. Action thereof must be comraeuoed v\-itliin 6 month-t from date of tiling lien. CoLLEc riON f K Debts. — Plaintiff must liie a bond, with BecoxitT, payable to (Icfe'i'iant, in double the amount swore to be due, with the castomarv. condi- tions, and then Hie an afSdavit, alleging pMjsitively one or more of the following car.scs before a;tachaie::t can be iss^ued: 1. That'th'? debtor has departed, or i» a; out to depart from the State with intent to conceal his effects. 2. That he ig a n'^>n-rosident, or is a foreini co;-poration, or conce.ils himself. 3. That he i» about to remove or dispose or his vroperty to the injury of his creditors, or that he fraud'ilenily contracted the d bi, or has removed away any of his property with intent to "hinder cr defraud !:ia creditors. In attachment, replevin ormeri"0rious defence maybe made, when necessary, by tl»e affidavit of the attorney or agent for the jdaintjif. In assi^unents a debtor has tho ri^ht to prefer one or more creditors to the exciusion of others, except when the assignment is fraudulent, or where bank- ruptcy interposes. Bills, nojes, bonds, or other written instruments acknowledging indebtednes*, and maJe payaMe to any person or person.s, are aasijrnable by endorsement, and the assignee may sue in his otrn name. Assignmeutda e ruled by the common law. Jurisdictirin of justices courts extends to $::0) for recovery of money or per- sonal property, probate courts to 5C 00, over all cases, both at "law and in equity, district couria are without limit ns to amount or character of claim. Summons to justice court nivst bo issued 5 days, aiid served at least 3 day« befcre trial; in probate and district courts they must be issued and served at least 10 days before the return t^ay. A judgmer.t ol a courtof lecord is a lien on an estate, real or personal, of the jmlrmeut dcoior, owned f raucrwards acquired by him, within the jurisdiction of such court, for a period of seven yeara after the las: day of the term of court at which such judnaentwas rendered; prodded, execution be isstied thereon within one year from the time such judgment lien accrued; judgment before jasti'-es of tlie peace may become a lien on real estate by Cling a transcript of such judgment in the of3ce of the clerk of the district cotirt of the county in ■whiih such jud% real and personal, and every intere.-t in real estate, If 2a'i"or cquit/iblc, is t-rubjeet to e:;ecution. I-a;nhj sold on execution may, within six months after sttch sale, be redeemed by the execution debtor. Execittion creditor shi'.l receive from sheriff a cer iScate of purchase, which should be re- corac'd. After expiration of six, and at any time before the expiration of rune rioiitlis, rt.:t/ juf^gment creditor may redeem sr.ch land by sneing out execution PI ?.i3 judgment a^d paying to the oiiicer the amount (with ten percent, per oi.r\-:m thereto, from date" of sale) for which the lands were sold. The process of garnishment may be exercised either on execution or attack- El'-.t, .'.rre-t and imprisonment on civil process is prohibited in this State. l:i 6r.lt3 en bills, b u.ls, notes, and similar instruments, the defendant, before h3 v.iil be rermitted to p;_'ad, demur, &c., must tie an affidavit of merit that he has ;»3 he believes, a g'xd and sufficient defence to said suit or some part thor.:-of. A oi davits of persons without the State may be inade before any notary public or clerk of any court of record under their respective seals. Bills of exchange expresshig " Value received," duly presented and protested for non-acceptance or non-payment, entitle holder to recover from drawer or endorser thereof , upon due notice of such protest, the amount of stich bill, witfe legal interest from time when same should have been paid, and ten per centtfln damag-^s in addition thereto, and costs and charges of protest. Parties to Buch Inst r'f'n.:'nts a< endorser--, n.akers, acceptors, may be sued separately or jointly. P.ecord required to be kept by notaries public, com|)etent evidence to j.rove'im« and mani^er of service i>f notice of protest, uamaaof parties, and descnptio'^ iod amouiit of instruiaeut. SPECIAL LAWS or COLOEADO. 837 Sherlffa (ire amenable in treble damnces to aggrieved party, »nd fine not less ttian $2S nor more than .?250 for any malfeasance in otlice. Deeds, i'\l(>KT<;A<;ES, ("HATTEri'AlouroAOK.s, Kights of Markied "Womkn^, Wills, &i'.— Conveyances must bo under seal ; a scrawl is sufhcient. A con- Teyance made in coiiipliance witli all lequisites carries with it right to immediate possfff.ioi). All covenants in the dec(l nin with the land conveyed. A power of attorney to convey should be under seal and recorded with the deed made thereunder. Acknowledgments of deeds written in the State may be made before any jus- tice or judge of the supreme or district courts, or before any clerk or deputy cierk of snch courts under the peal thereof, or before any probate judge under the seal of his court, or before the clerk and recorder of any county or his de- puty uniler the county seal, or before any notary public under his notarial seal, or before any justice of the peace. "Vi'ithoiit the State and within the United States, before the secretary of any Stat'.^ or territ-ory, the clerk of any court of record, or comuiissioner of deeda for this State, or before any officer authorized by the laws of the State wero taken to take acknowledgments. The seal of any of the above ofhcersmust accompany the certificate, and when not taken before the secretary of s State or territory, or clerk of a court of record, the certifieate of the clerk of some court of Record where the officer taking tlie acknowledgement resides must acconi'iiany such acknowledgement that such officer is the person the assumes to be. "Without the United States before any United States consul, mayor of any city under his official seal, any court of record of any foreign state, under the certificate of the judge thereof and the seal of such court. [Form of Acknowledgment by Unmarried Grantor.] State of Colorado, ) County op Boulder. ( ' ' I, (name and style of office) in and for said county, in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that A. B., who is personally known to me to be the same person whose name is subscribed to the annexed deed, appeared before me this day in person, and acknowledged that he signed, sealed and delivered the said instru- ment of writing as his free dnd voluntary act for the uses and purposes thereia set forth. Given under my hand and (style of seal) this day of A. D. 18 . (Signature.) [OfQcial seal.] (Style of office.) Form of certificate where the husband and wife join in a conveyance is the eame as the foregoing form, except that after the name of the husband or wife, A. B,, is inserted, " and C. D., his wife " (or her husband, as the case may be), " who are personally known, etc.," down to the teste, before which is inserted the following : " And the said C. D., wife of the said A. R., having been first examined by me separate an lowed on sight or demand notes, or on bank checks. Protests of inland bills of exchange and promissory notes, protested without this State, Are prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated. When a bill of exchanjje, drawn or nego- tiated in this State upon any person in any other. State, territory or district of the United States, shall be returned unpaid and duly protested, the person to ■whom the same is payable is entitled to recover the damages, according to the place where payable," over and above the principal sum, together with the law- ful interest on the aggregate ajnount of such principal sum and damages from the time at which notice of such protest shall have been given, and pajment of Bald principal sum and damages demanded. SherilTs refusing to pay over money collected, when demanded, are liable to pav two per cent, a month on the amount received from time of demand ; fail- ing to execute process or making false or illegal returns, are liable t« pay all damages. Any otheer, ii\dorsing, demanding or receiving more than legal fees on any civil process, is liable to pay to the person against whom the charge was made "threefold the amonr.t charged. No person is disqualitied as a witness in a civil action by reason of any inter- est in the case or conviction of any crime, but the fact may be shown todiscredit iis testimony. Deeds, MoRTG.^OES, Chattki. Mortgages, Rights of married women, &c. Conveyances of real estate must be in writing, sealed by the grantor and sub- scribed by him or his attorney duly authorized, attested by two witnesses, with their own hand.-;, and acknowledged by the grantor as liis free act and deed. A scrawl enclosing the letters L. S. (L. S.) is equivalent to a seal. The acknowl- edgment, if in this State, is m.ade before a judge of a court of record of this Stnte or of the United States, justice of the peace, commissioner of the school fund, commissioner of the superior court, notaiy public, town clerk or assistant town clerk ; If in any other State or territory of the Uniitd States, before a commis- sioner appointed by the Governor of this State and residing therein, or any offi- cer authorized to take the acknowlc-.rr . tut the leed muse be execuied -sviili nil -he foriD- ;i :• oase of real esta;e Pror>erty exempt 7 a cliaiivl mortgage. Convevauces of . . ■.-ompaii' .-d by possession, are void a:i ajaii.ct '.r-uitors V\ i.:i ruui; b-i iu •.■.ri.iiit, subs^-riUed by the testatori »>i*i *•• tested by the wiiiie£8«s, all ci them subscriDlng in his presenec SPECIAL LAWS OF DISTRICT OF COLUM- BIA. ■£y- - FROX FoKCED Sale.— -Vo .H^ • ' Perscnal ProperiTf vft'u . ut is exempt from distraint -.r sale on execntion, exc^: ■- ._T !fJ-r--r> v.u^.^? Jir : V." --', }..:u!v:..::i funii- tare : ■ 'Am orii. .t ; the :; - -0; a fam:c>-':^ i-nprem« cour- !..i with- in t";. ::cr L.::.- -- .. ■«!- lioi. ■ upon tLe • .- to hin.. -:;i:;s fL.r. _ lild- ing situat'co, lor iUii^ laiM^i uoiic or ma: j>. Any so b-i on tractor, jonrney- ma:. _ __ . _ - -.air of any bi:- :, ir ,' i r -i fimish ing . ?<.uj^. nj^iv give, at ar- -■eof not!' -la forth amc-nnt of } ■ ;-■«• ren 1 lulebted tohim. and 'J _ .. — . ner respor^iMc, ui^^^ . -ilding shall be liable ior liic cuuiiic but not to exceed the an- . to e mptover at time of nodce, or 8abee,■',.,- ^nnported by testimony he bases 'action, and defendant ; and also t ■ ..r .-v'.A. K serrioe c£ or 11 -mp'Oraily, orL_ : to defeat iu^t , „.j! , ^.. .._, .,.;„ .-_„^..;.: surety, to be r. . ■: { -re. -^ : ■.ii'les of poinmon law. J :;; all civil cases where amotmt claimed ^l ■ rf ■■. • -— >/-i rsprew or implied, or dai; rTnotexeeedSiai.es- cet- . -rdamage«for assanl", or t^- — . -ns against justices or peace yji uiiicr IIS for slander, verbal cr vritttn. Sui: --sses same nowers and exer'i- - <'■.•- ^-'.-^^ \'- ■■ . • ,> of ;us. ; -'on pos- ;.l a cri: : , ■....;.__.... Sn- pre.i.c e\. I>i3iri»-l La* ja;i*«ti'-tii>ii ot cajyr* arising uiiiici c\^py-rij:hi and pAt^nt laws ; and of all appUefttioai for dirorce ; and also has iaiuidictioa M a froba;« court. SPECIAL LATVS OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 841 Judgments axe lien on real estate from date of rendition and on personal property when execution is issued and in niarslial's bands. Execution may issue ttie day jud^Mneirt is rendered. There is no redemption after execution sale. Dkeds, Moktg.vges, Kights of Markiki) Women, etc. — Acknowledsmenta of deeds may be m:uie before any of the followinif named ofticers of State, district, county or territory within United States, in which person making deed may be living, namely : Before any judge of court of record and of law ; any chan- cellor of State ; any judge of supreme, circuit, district or territorial courts of th« IJiuted States ; any justice of the peace ; any notary public ; any commissioner of circuit court of district appointed for that purpose. The officer takins; ac- knowledgment must annex to the deed a certiiicate under his hand and sea!, tc following effect : CorXTY ^ ! ) ^^^ "'y- ®''=-^' *°-'^* '■ I, Joseph Mercer, a notary public, (or other prescribed officer, giving hia title) in and for the county (or city, or parish, or district) aforesaid, in tlie State (or territory, or district) of , do hereby certify that A. B., a party (or A. B. and C. D., parties) to a certain deed bearing date oh the day of , and hereto annexed, personally appeared before me in the county (or city, etc.), aforesaid, the said A. B. (or A. B. and C. D., etc..) being personally well known, to me as (or proved by the oaths of credible witnesses before me to be) the person (or persons) who executed the said deed, and acknowledged the same to be hi* (her or their) act and deed. Given under my hand and seal this day of , A.D, 18 . [Seal.] JOSEPH MERCER. The following is the form where husband and wife join in the deed, the lattet relinquishing dower, or when she is a party with her husband t^ any deed : COUNTY^*" : 1 (O"^ *>i^' «*<=-^' t«-^t = I, Joseph Mercer, a notary public in and for the county aforesaid, do hereby certify that A. B. and C. D.. his wife, parties to a certain deed bearing date on the day of , A, D- 18 , and hereto annexed, personally appeared before me, in the county aforesaid; the said A. B. and C. D-, his vrife, being personally well known to ms as (or proved by the oaths of credible witnesses b&- lore me to be) the persons who executed the said deed, and acknowleged the sama to be their act and deed ; and the said C. D., wife of said A. B.. being by ma ex- amined privily and apart from her said husband, and having the deed aforesaid freely explained to her, acknowledged the same to be her act and deed, ar.d de- clared that she had willingly signed, scaled and delivered the same, and that she wished not to retract it. Given under my hand and seal this day of , A.D. 18 . JOSEPH MERCER. "When acknowledgments are made beyond limits of District, within United States, the certiticate of the same must be accompanied by a certilicate of the t-egister clerk or otlier public otlicer having cognizance of the fact under his offi- cial seal, that, at the date of the acknowledgment, the officer taking the same was, in fact, the officer he purported to be. Deeds made in a foreign country may be executed and acknowledged before any judge or chancellor of any court, mast^sr or master extraordinary in chancery, or notary public, or before any tecretary of legation or consular" officer of the United States. CHATTEL Mortgages — Must be recorded within twenty days after execution. No bill of sale, deed of trust or mortgage for property exempt by law from execution is binding, tinless signed by wif« of debtor. The right of any married woman to property, personal or real, "belonging to her at time of marriage or ac- quired during marriage in any other way t-han by gift or conveyance from her husband, are as absolute as if "she were unmarried and are not subject to disposal of her husband nor liable for his debts. Any married woman may convey, deviso and bequeath her property or any interest therein in the same manner and with like effect as if she were unmarried. Any married woman may contract and sue and be sued in her own name, in all matters having relation to her sole and separate property, in the same manner as if she were unmarried. Neither tha husband nor his property is bound by any such contract made by a married woman, nor liable for any recovery against her in any such suit, but judgment may be enforced by execution against her gole fiud separate estate ia same maa- B«r as i£ eh« were unmarhod- 842 SPECIAL LAWS OF DELAWAEE. DAKOTA, HOMESTEAD LAW. Exemption from Forced Sale. — Home of SO Acres with buildings, or Hovetf and one-lialf acre in a Vdtaji; or City, and Personal Property. The nouseholdef la entitled to a homestead consisting of not more than 80 acres of land with build- ings and appurtenances thereon, and personal property aggregating in value not to exceed 51o00, which personal property is defined by statute. SPECIAL LAWS OF DELAWARE. Exemptions from Forced Sale.— JVo Home Exempted, Personal PropertVt ?275. — Family library, school bo i!:?, family Bible, family pictures, seat or pew In church, lot in burial Krour.d, all wearing apparel of debtor and family ; and in addition to above, tools, implements and lixtures necessary to carry on trade or basiness, not exceeding SV5. Head of family, in addition to above, or other personal property not excee .inr; $;200. And in Newcastle county, wages for labor and service are exempt from execution attachment. 5[echa:v":;s Iaks — MecL-iiiics, builders, artizans, laborers or other persons, having perxormed or furnished work and labor or materials or both, to an amount exceeding Cc,), in or f'jr the erection, alteration or repair of any house, building or structure, in persuance of any contract, express or implied, witli the owner or agent of sueh building or structure, may at any time within six months from the completion of .roperty. A foreign atiachment niav be issued against a person not an inhabitant of this State, after a return to a summons or capias, issued and delivered to the sheriff or coroner 10 days before the return thereof, showing that the defendant cannot be found, and proof, -satisfactory to the court, of the cause of action ; or •upon aftidavit made bv the plaintiff or some other credible person, and filed with the prothonotary, '• tliat the defendant retiilos out of the State, and is justly in- debted to the said plaintiff in a sum exceeding $'jO." Ko capias shall be issued on anv judgment in a civil Jiction (against any free white person) until the return of "execution determines that the defendant has not sufficient real or personal property within the county to satisfy the debtor damage therein expressed : or until tlie plaintiff in such judgment, or soma credible person for liiui, sh 11 mak 2 a v.ritten a.'Kdavit , to be filed in prothonotarj-'a office before the issuing of the writ, to the same effect ; nor th ^n unless the plain- tiff in said judgment (or decreed, or some credible person f < r liim. Fh:;ll, in addi- tion to the above requirement, make n written atiidavit, to be filed in the protho- notary's otfice ( r register in cha:i<'ery) before the issuing of the process statine " that the defendant in sn? h jr.dgmont (or decree) is justly indebted to the said plai rtiff in a sum exceeding S50, .'ind that he verily believes the said defendant BM secreted, conveyed away, designed, settled or disposed of either mOB«7t SPECIAL LAWS OF DELA-WAEs" 843 Mods, cliattels, stocks, securities for money, or other real or personal estate of the value of more th;in $50, with intent to defraud his creditors, and shall, more* over, in such affidavit, specify and set forth the supposed fraudulent transac- tions." As to remedy, the party arrested may have a hearing before any judge, upon the specilicatioii of fraud, upon petition and reasonable notice to the other side. As to assignments, all bonds, specialties, and notes in writing, payable to any person, or order, or afsigns, may be assigned, and the assignees, or indorsees, or their executors or administrator.-*, may in their own name sue for and recover the money due thereon ; provided, that all such assignments of bonds and special* ties t^hall be under hand and seal, and betore at least two credible witnesses. In assicrnmeiitsfor the benetit of creditors, the assignee, within 30 days after the execution of said assicrnmeut, shall lile i;i office of the register of chancery o£ the co:inty in which tlio real anunty, two of which shall be in the hundred of 1 ferida.'ifa residence. Goods and chattels of a tenant are liable to one year's re;it in tirrear or growingdue, in preference to execution. After exhausting personalty, inquisition is held on lands, upon 10 days' no- ti<'.'. If the rents and i>rofits for seven years are sufficient to satisfy the debt and C'>sf.i, a writ of eleffit may issue, under which the lands are delivered to theplain- titf, to i>e held until the debt is satisfied. If not sufficient, a writ of vtuditioni e^jj':' !•■ issues and the land is sold, upon 10 days' notice by advertisements and pnMica'ion. Wlien the sale is confirmed by the court the officer makes a deed t9 pu.xha» :r, capUin ad satitfucUndum, R44 SPECIAL LAWS OT DELAWAKR. Property of the debtor in the hand? of third persons can be reached either hth fore or after final judgment, and under attaoliment by process of garnishment, upon an atiidJivit being made by the plaintiff, his agent or attorney, that ho doei not believe the debtor will have in hia pobseesicn visible property in this St*t9 of sufficient value to satisfy his (iemantf. Damagt-a for non-payment or non-acceptance of foreign bills, bills of exchanga are at the rate of 5 per cent, on tJie bundled of the principal sum. Xotes and bills in this State are assignable as at common law. Jurisdiction of justice courts extends to §50, county courts to S300, besides probate powers, and final jurisdiction where amount in "controversy does not ex' ceed $100. Circuit courts have general jurisdiction in both law and equity ca.sc», with appellate jurisdiction from cases arising in the county courts, and final jurisdiction in such cases. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction ia all eases in equity, and all cases at law where the amount in controversy exceeds .$300. Judgments obtained in courts of record are liens on all the estate of ihe defend- ant in the county where the judgment was obtained, from its date. If obtained in any other county in the State thau where the land lies, becomes a lien on the jand of the defendant from the time it is recorded in said county- Judgments cbtained before a justice cf ths peace can be made a lien on the real estate of the flefendant, if it is recorded v. ithin ten days after it is obtained, in the county clerk's office. Judgments from other States can be used only as evidence in a Euit brought on them i;i tlud State. All the lands, gcous and chaltois of the defendant may be levied on and sold under execution, and is a lion on the personal property of the defendant from the time it comes to the hands of the sheriff. There is no stay of execution and no redemption of ptoperty sold ui-.der execution. Deeds, Mr-RTGAGrs, Kights ojf Makried Wo3IE>-, &c. — Deeds must be in vrriting, sealed and delivered in the presence of not less than two witnes.se8 — a scr.awl, with the word soal written in it, issuilicier.t sal. If a deed is executed in this State it must be befo:e t.vo witnesses, a::d tiie grantor may acknowledge the execution of the same before any judge, clerk of the circuit court, notary public or justire of the peace within the State. If executed out of the State and in any other State or territory, the deed maybe executed according to the ]p ws of the State or territory whcio eseculed and the execution thereof acknowl- edged before any judge or clerk of a court (if record, notary public, justice of the peace or otlier olfi'-er authorized by the lav.s of such Statebr territory to take the acknowledgment of deeds, or before any commissioner of the State of Florida. If executed in any foreign country, it may be executed according to the laws of euch country, and acknowledged before a"ny notary public, or any minister pleni- potentiary, extraordinary, minister resident, charrje d'affaires, commissioner or consul of "the United States — should the deed be acknowledged in any other State or cou:itiy, before any otiicer not having a seal of office, he should have attached thereto a certificate <"f the clerk of a court of record, a certificate of the ."secretary of state, minister v'ienipotentiary, extraoY6 written. J. Hill, 2,'otary PuMie, SPECIAL LAWS OF FLOEIDA. 845 They tal;e pTiority acordiiig to data of recording in proper office, and are liens ovljfiom s.icli d;itc. 'iliirc:ice loany judgment asaidst the mortgagor, or cihtr lien vf a d.ito i>rior lo ilie i:iorigag*j cli:mel, unknown. Tlie real .••.:id ii.,raou;il pioj-erty ct auy married woman, acquired prior to jr.irrli ;;, isr.j, or wliivh slietLen held, or wlii<;h the may ai-quire after that date, i. I ai'.rniani:cr whatever, from any pt;. sou other iLan Ler husband, shall be her Sole iind ^e!laralo pj-ooerty ; a;:d the rents, issuer and profits thereof shall not b« sv.bjojt to the disposal of herhuBbaiid nor liable fi.r hia debts. Married woniRn, p. .releasers of real iBWte, n ay secure pi-rtLase money, or part of it, by recocniz- b;ioe. bond, mortgage or otherwise, as siny;le women ii'ay ; her husband neeti not be .1 party or eousent to such act of giviifg security, and' is not liable unless he ia a r.'irty thereto. ^Lay give bond witli or wiibout warrant of attorney. Married Women may receive WRtres for her jiersonallubfT and maintain an action thereforj, zii'iy dejx).~iteai!io or otlior moneys belonging to her in brink, etc., free from her h'.ib.uid"3 control. May prosecute and defeTul siiiis at law, or in equity, for pre** ervatioti and protection of her property ; make c»>ntracts in respect to her prop- erty, upon which suits maybe brougl't as thor.eh she was/cmmi; soV, whether the contracts were mada before or after niariiage, and her property shall be diaried therewith. Wills must be in writinp. and sicmcd by the testator, or by some other person BTibfcriMTr^ the testator's i:.ime, i:i his prese:!ce ar.d by his express direction, and attested and subscribed by two competent witjiesses, ia the presence of the tee- tator. SPECIAL LAWS OF FLORIDA. Exemptions From FoncKD SKiSE.—Hnnw, Farm, or Hcmsf and Lot, and Per-' $onal Proper!)/. — A homestead to the extent of 160 acres of land, or the hall of on« acre within tlie limits of any incorporated city or town, owned by the head of » family residing in this S,aie, together with Sl.iiOO worth of personal property, and ; he improvements on the real estate, shall be exempted from forced sale under any process of law, and the real est.-iie, shall not be alienable -without the joint consent of hu>band and wife, when thr.i relation exists. *' But no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or for the i a\ nient uf obligations contracted for the purchase of said iiremises, or for the erection of improvements thereon, or for house, tield or other labor performed on the same. The exemption herein provided for, in a ci;y or town, shall not extend to more improvements or build- ings than the residence or business liouse of tlie owner." Mi^cnANirs' Lu!N. — Mech.anics and oJior persons performinglabororfnmish- ing materials for the constrnction or ix>pairof any building, or who may have f urn:^•hod .-uiy engine or other machinery f'.ir any niill. distillery or manuf,ictory, may have a lien on such builduig, tnill or distillerj-, etc., for tiio same to the ex- tent of the intort'St of the tenant or contractor. Sub-contractors, journeymen and laborers have also lien, upon th>-ir giving notice in writingto the ownierthat they hold him responsible for whatever may be due them. (.iiLLKCTKiN OF DEBTS. — There is no imprisonment for debt in this State. /. "ai-hnient may be had of the debtor's property upon athdavit made by the ■ , iiiitiff, or his agent, or attorney, that the defendant is removing his property ■ .t of the Stale, or about to remove it, or is a non-resident of the State, or is re- moving or about to remove beyond the limits of the State, or absconds or secretea hi-nself, or is fraudulently disposinc; of his property, or is concealing the same, or is removing same out of the judicial district w here defendant resides. Before the aiiachment can issue the plaintiff must enter into a bond with sufficient S'H'uritics in an amount doi;l>le the sum claimed by him. An attachment will also be issued .against the property of the defendant on a deht that is not due ; vro iiIk!, it falls due in nine months from the time it is asked for— upon an af- ndi, it by the plaintiff or his agent, setting forth the facts of the case ; and, also, thai the defendant is actually removintr his property from out the State, or is fraudulently concealing or disposing of the same for the purpose cf evading hia justdebta. A bond shall aiso be given, as in the case where the debt is actually due. Assiu'iuncn'.s. unlc-s fraudtdent, are good in this State, though preference b« giv.'ii ; . T ■•.!;;ii^ ; v.'A even assipiufnts made in another .Slate, conveying prO|^ •rty siiuttt-ed iu this bUkie, are held good agaiust an aitacMug creditor,' 84« SPECIAL LAWS OF PLOKIDA. Stay of exeoutian on judgment, for want of ftffldav^it of defsnae ; S tSMithfl, If •ecurity be given 20 davi aiter judgment. On judgments before justice of tbo peace 6 months' stay ondefeudant pleading his f reeliold, and ^months' stay on hi» giving security. All checks, notes, drafts or bills, inland or foreign payable -without time or at Bight, are due and payable on prcj^nimeut, without grace ; days of grace shall be allowed on all checks, drafts or bills, f'^reign or inland, payable at a future or different time from that in which th„/ are dated, or which are mad© payable on a particular day after date. The damage's on bills of exchange drawn upon any person beyond the seas, and returned with legal protest, shall as to the drawer, indorser and all con- cerned, be at the rate of 20 per centum on the contents of such bills in addition thereto- Notes, cheeks and other negotiable instruments, becoming payable on Christmas day, fourth day of July, Thanksgiving day. first day of tJannary. and twenty-second day of February, shall be deemed to become due "on the secular daj next preceding the aforementioned days respectively. Summons may be served on defendant by stating the substance of it to him personally, or by leaving a copy at his usual place of abode, in the presence of a •white adult person, 6 days before the return thereof And whenever suit is brought against persons not residing in this State but doing business here, either by branch establislunentoragency.itshall be sutiicientservice of writ of summons to leave a copy thereof with any agent, or at the usual place of business of such person or persons, or his, her or their agent. 10 daj^s before the return thereof. Deeds, Rights of Makeied Women, "Wills, &c. — Acknowledgments may be taken oat of the State before any consul-general, consul or commercial agent of the United Staies, duly appointed in any foreign country, at the places of their respective official residences, or before any judge of the district or circuit court of the United States, or the chancellor or any judge of a court of record, or the mayor or chief officer of any city or borough, "and certified under the hand of such chancellor, judge, mayor of officer and the seal of his office, court, cit\' or borough; or in open court, certi'tied under the hand of the clerk, and the seal of the court: or before a commissioner of deeds, appointed by the Governor (whose seal shall be so engraved as to make an impression that will show distinctly the name, official title, date of appointment and term of office of such commissioner). Only one witness is necessary to a deed. A scrawl is regarded as a seal. The certificate of acknowledtrment must show the wife relinquishes her dower, and the private examination should be certified in the words stated in thai following form : [Form by Man and. 'Wife.] State of Delaware, ) COtTNTT OF . ( Be it remembered, that on the day of , in the year of our Lord one thousand eight htindred and , personally came "before th» subscriber (name and title), John Wilson and Mary Wilson, his wife, parties to this indenture, known to me personally ^or proved on oath of Richard Roe) to be cuch, and severally acknowledged said indenture to be their act ar.d deed re- spectively, and the said Mary Wilson being at tlie same time privately examined by me, apart from her husband, acknowledged that she executed the"spid inden- ture ■nillingly, without compulsion, or tlireata or fear of her husband's di^ pleasure. Given under my hand and official seal the day and year aforesaid. (Signature and title.) [Form of Certificate where Grantor is Unmarried.] ■tatk of Del aw ABE, ) COUXTY OP . ( Be it remembered, that on the day of , in the voar of or.r Lord one thousand eight hundred and , person.illy came 'before th» subscriber (name and titlei, John Wilson, party to this indenture, known to me. personally (or proved on oath of Peter Smith), to be such, and acknowledged said indenture to be his act and deed. Given under my band and official seal the day and year aforesaid. (Signattire and title.) There is no statutory provision for proof of deed by subscribing witness and, the said A. B.. to which acknowledgmeut the said C. D. has in my presence And this day set her handand seal." (Signature and title.) All |)€i-8onal and real property owned by the wife before tier marriage, or to which she shall become entitled by inheritance, gift, purchase or devise during marriage, shall be and remain her sole and separate property, and free from the debts of the husband. But, In order that it shall be free from his debts, an in ven- toryof the same must be made out in six months after marriage, or after the same ■ha'll be acquired by her, and recorded in the circuit court clerk's otlice in the county in which it is situated. A married woman can sell and convey all real estate inherited by her in the same way as she could if she were sole ; but in all conveyances of any of her real estate her husband must ioin in the execution and acknowledgment. She is also entitled to dower in one-third of all the real estate seizejraTioii8 engaged ia such business, w^o ciay furnish or put up iu aay counr>".f Tiiis State any steam mills or other niaehintrry, or who may repair tte i-iin .':i!i.i :.il contrnctors to build railroads shall each have a special lieu oa such Tea! estate, factories and railroads. (■■>Lr.ECTioX OF AccocNTS. — Attachment may issue where the debtor reeides c't of the State ; v.-hen he is actually removing or about to remove without thaynient of hia ! L, i.ijse of avoiii...^ .-^ . -.. ;.;c-nt of the same, orwhen"eif%r a debtor n or prcptire so to uo- Attachment bonds must be in double the .L-i d'l.t. and conditioned to pay the defendant all damages sustained ii. . ;ice of the artachment. in The event the plaintiff shall fsSl to recover. Arres: and imprisonment for debt is unknov-n i:i this State. Au assignment or transfer by a debtor, insolvent at the time, of real or person- al pr<:'V^'"ty, or chos^'s in action'of any description, to aay person, either in trust or f r :!ie benefit of or in behalf of creditors, when any trust or beneiit is reserved to rite :is>: ."'CT. or any j>erson for him. i- frattdnlcnt in law asainsi creditors, and as t • tiicu null and void. A debtor may prefer one creditor to another, and to that end he may hr-nande give a li^rn by mortgage, or other lesral means, or h» may sell in payment of the debt, or he m.ay transfer negotiable papers as col- lat^rial security, the surplus in f;uch cases not being reserved for his own benefit, or tfiit of any other favored creditor, to the excltision of other crrditcrs. All choses in action arisiTig upon contract may be assigned so as to vest the title in the 3-~- '•'-- ■ ^ -• ' - -^'-.-s i{, except nPTOtiable securities, subject to the eqtiities exis:: = mor and'debtor at the time of the assignment and until notic- : is given to the person liable. In..^,-..~ ..ij.ic r -it is pending, or where jnc'gment his been obtained, th« plaintiu shall be entitled to the process of garnishment under the follcwiiig rec- nlations- The plaintiJP, his agent or attorn ey-at-law, shall make an ailldavit ■before some officer ainhorized to jssr.e an attachment by this code, stating the •mount claimed to be dne in such action, or on such judgment, and that he haa reas<.^:i to a nprchend the loss of the same, or seme part thereof, unless the process of gamishiaent do issue, and shall give bond, with good security, in a stun at least equal to double the amount sworn to be due, payable to the defendant in the suit or judgment, as the case may be, conditioned 'to pay said defendant all costs and dr.'"- ^ "- " ' he may sustain ia consoquei.ce of suing out ssid aarniih- mor.i, in th- - the plaintiff fails to recover m the stdt p^ndii^-. or it ahonl 1 app mo'iiit sworn to be due on such judcnieiit was not due. If anybi:. . • ■• i. , :je, draft ororder, is made payable at any piaceout ot" this State and within the United St.ates, and the same is retamed "under protest for non-3erior. inferior, justices' or other courts of thi^ ■••a-e shall be of equal digtdty and shall bind all the property of the de- ltNadik&;, bcUi real and personal, from the date of sach judgment, «xcept m 8Pi;ClAL LAWS OF GEORGIA AXD IDAHO. 849 Otherwise provided in this code. ■VThen any person has bona fide and for a val- uable coiisiileratioii purchased real or personal propei-ty, and has been in pos- session of such real property for four ycai-s, or of such personal proporty tv.o years, tlie sa::ie shall be dischargeti from Uio lien of any judgment apaiiist the person £r'ni whom he h.as parcha*. il. When a judgment lieu has attached ou personal I roperiy which is removed to :r.u>:her State and Sjjd.ii bro>;ghL back aeain to this State it will be subjc't to ;l;o jui'i^iment lien. Ko judgment here- luter obtained in the court-; of this State 8h:>il be enforced af tor the expiration ©£ seven years from the time of its reudiiiois v.>en no execution has be^^n issrcil upon it ; "or when execi'.tion has been issuo^l. and seven jears i»hall have expired from the tin;e of the entr>- upon the e.xocuiion. made byen oficerantbori:'-ed to execute aiid return the satne ; such jadynonts may be revived by scire ficUt', rv be su-'d on. wiUiin three years frtini tiiiiimo they become domiaut. £xecuiion mav issue immediately upon the rendition tf judfnient. 1)EEDS, .MoRTG.vGKS. KioiiTs OF Mauiuei) AVc3:en, \^'ii.tj?, &r., A deed to lands in this Stat-e must be in writing. under!y of the wife, and all oioperty given to, inherited or acquired by the wife during coverture, shall ehaii vest in and belong to the wife, and sh.oll'jiot bo liable for the payment of any debt, default or contract of the husband. The wife is a/t/nme sole as to her separate estate, luilei^s controlled ly the settli ment. Every restriction upon Ler power in it mu>t be complied with; bun wliile the wife" may contract, fh'j cannot bind her sepa ate estate by atiy contract of suretyship, nor by any as- sumption of the debts of her htisbaud. and any sale of her sejiarate estate, m:ie in writing, signed by the testator or some person in his presenca and by his express direction, and attested and subscribed, in the presence of the te'stator, by three competent wicuesses if to paas real estate, and two if pec- aonal property. SPECIAL LAWS OF IDAHO. EXKVPTIONS FROM FoRcED SAr.F.— //.me tPfirth ?i?. The head of a familv, b^-ing a householder. eiUier husband or wife, may ■eleit a hi.in.-t. :i.i ! .t exceeding in v:ilue Jfjrxm ; while furniture, team?, tools, litoik, ain.1 ,. 1 property cuuineraled by statute, to the value of $3(J0 or wore, ace uation. shall be exempt from execution, except upou a jadgui«Di I- . r ltd pric«, or ui>ou a uortgago tl)er«ou. 5-4. 850 SPECIAL LAWS OF ILLLXOIS. SPECIAL LAWS OF ILLINOIS. ExEMPTioxs FROM FoECED SALE.— ^(Wif troT^ft $1000, and Personal Property. Exemptions are as follows, except for wages of any laborer or serrsmt : An estate of homestead to the extent iii value^of S 1,000, and proceeds of the sale thereof to that amuiuit fiT one year after such sale. Insurance on homestead is exempt where a lo-s occurs thereon to the extent property insured would have been if not destroyed. Ferroual property is exempt as follows : 1. The necessary wsarii'.sr apyiarel of eTe>-T person. 2. One sewing machine. 3, The furniture, tools aild implements of any person necessary to cany on his or her trad» or bcsincps, not exceeding iu value £100. 4. Materials "and stock desierned ar.d procured oy him or her and necessary for carrying on his or her trade and business, jmd tntinded to be used or wrought "therein, not exceeding $1(XI iu value. 5. The impleraents or library of aay professional person, not exceeding SlOO in value. And in adtliticn to the above property, when the debtor is the head of a fam- ily and resides with the same, thefol!ov,4nar : 1. Necessary beds, bedsteads and bedding, ti.NO stoves and jipe. 2. Jseces.-^ary household furiiiture, not exceeding in value, §JC9. 3.- One cow and calf, ar.d "two swine. 4. One yoke of oxen, or two horses in lieu thereof, used by the d;^btor in obtaining the support of his family, r.ot exceeding in value S2'i0, and the harness thereof, not exceeding in TalueSlO. 5. Kecessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for three months, and necessary food for the stock hereinbefore exempted for the same tim3. 6. The bibles, school books and f.imily pictures. 7. The family library. S. Cemetery lots or righ's of burinl, and tombs for rei)ositories, for the (lead. "9. $100 worth of other property suited to his or her condition in life, gelected by the debtor. AVhen the head of a family dies, deserts, or does not reside with same, such family is entitled to the benefit of e.^emptions just mentioned. The wages and Benices of a defendant, being the head of a family and residing with the same, to an amount not exceeding izo, are exempt from garnishment. Mecha^cics' Liex. — Any person, by con:raot, express or implied, or both, with the o^mer of any lot "or piece of "ground, furnishing labor or materials in building, altering, rep.airing or oniamentin" any house or building on such lot has a r:>?n upon such lot or buikling for the amount due him for such labor or materir.l. To the extent that the furnishing ?uch labor or materials has increased the value of such propeity.such lien ta'^es precedence over prior incum- brances. Proceedings to eriorce a raechauics' lien must be commenced by the original contractor within blx months from the time when the last pay~ ment for Ir.bor, or materials becomes due, in order to enforce such lien against ottier creditors or incumbrances Collection of Debts. — Arrests in civil actions, maybe made under a Statute which provides that when any person rhall be about to' commence a suit iu any court OT record in this State founded upon contract, if he shall file an affidavit eet'ing fonh the cause of action, the amount due the plaintiff, and facts showing that aefeni'.ant fraudulently contracted the debt, or that he has concealed, assigned, rer.ioved or disposed of his property with intent to defraud such plain- tiif ; and thr.il present such af3davit to a judge of a court of record, or if there be no such judc:9 in the coiaity at the time, then to a master in chancery : and if eu3icicr.tc.iv.se be shown, bail may be given. The judge or officer ordering the issuingcf such crt/Jios must require bond from the plaintiff, with security to be approved by the clerk issuing the writ, in double the amount sued for, con- diiionedforthe effectual pros-^cutinn of the capiashy plaintiff and payment of all dsm.'iges defendant by him sustained, on account "of the wrongful suing out of writ. Writs of attachment mav issue for the following causes : 1. Where the credi- tor is a non-resident. 2. When the debtor conceals himself or stands in de- fiance cf an officer so that process cannot be served on him. 3 WTiere the debtor has departed from the Stato with the intention of having his effects re- moved therefrom. 4. Where tie debtor is about to remove his property from this State to th8 injury of creditor seeking to lattaeh. 5. Where the debtor has within two yea:-s preceding the tiling of the aftuLavit required in this proceeding to be file 1 by attaching creditor, fraudulently conveyed or assigned his effects, or a part thereof, so as to hinder or delay his creditors. 6. ■\^'h ere the debtor Las, within two years prior to the iUing of such affidavit, fraudulently concealed OT disponed of his property so as to l-.inder or delay his creditors. 7." When th« debtor is about fraudulentlv to conceal, assign or otherwise dispose of his prop- 9it7' or eS«ct3 so »9 XQ luuder or delay his crfedliOTe. S. Wheu Uie debt suatf SPECIAL LAWS OP ILLriTOIS; 85t for WM fraudulently contracted on the part of the debtor ; provided, th« statements of the debtor, his agent or attorney, which constitute the fraud, shall have been reduced to writing and bis signature attached thereto by himself, hit *gent or attorney. To entitle a creditor to sue out an attachment, the claim which he seeks to anake the b;isis of this proceeding must exceed $J0 in a court of record. Plain- tiff, in attachment before issuance of writ, is required to file with the clerk issuing sfime a bond to the defendant villi sufTicient surety in double the sum •worn to be d\io to him, conditioned for tlio payment of all d;lmage8 and costs re- covered against him for wrongfully Euing out such attachment. Att.achment8 may be issued by justices of the p-jace where tlio amount cl.Tinied is within their jurisdiction for the same causes whch authorize their issue from courts of record and under substantially the same restrictions. Assignments for thebenelit of creditors may be made so as to prefer one or more, or a certain class of cr< ditors. If no preference is matlo by the debtor the creditors have an equitable lien for their pro rata proportions. If the a-^sijrnment is made with tb.o intent of delay- ing or defrauding creditors, it is void — not necessarily so, if its effect is to delay creditors. One partner can assign all the partnership assets for the payment of firm debts. Choses in ac'Mu, except negotiable i!;st:"u:nents, can not be assigned here so as to give assignee a right of action on them in hid own name. Garnishee process may issue both from justices courts and courts of record, •ither on attachment or" after judgment ar.d execution returned nulla bona against any person owing debtor or having money, property or effects belonging to the debtor in his possession. The acceptance of a bill need not be in writing. ■VTherc foreign bills, drawn ■within this State and payable out of the United States, are duly protested for non-payment or non-acceptance, the holder is entitled to ten per cent, damages, in addition to the costs of protest, from the d.-awer or indorser. On bills drawn In this State and payable out of the State, but within the United States, duly protested as aforesaid, to five per cent, dumages. Any note, bond, bill or in- strument iu writing, made payable in money or articlea of personal property t<» any person named as payee "therein, is assimable by Indorsement under the hand of such person, in the same nianneras all biilsof exchange. Every assignor or indorser of such instrument is liable to the action of any sub.sequent assigned thereof, if such assi-rnee Las used due diligence by the institution and prosecu- tion of a suit against the maker thereof for the recovery of the money or proper- ty due thereon, or damages in lieu thereof, ai'.d has obtained judgment, but by the use of due diligence has been unable to obtain satisfaction thereof. A note, bond, bill or other i:istri;ment in writing, payable to bearer, is transferable by delivery, and every indorser thereof is a guarantor, unless otherwise expressed in his indorsement. Justices of the pence have jurisdiction in their respective counties, where th» amount claimed, including interest, does not exceed $2M. 1. In all action* arising on contract for the recovery of money only. 2. In actions for damage* for injurjr to real property, or for taking, detaining or iujuringpcrsonal property. S. In actions for rent and distress for rent. 4. In actions against railway com- panies and those operating railways for killing or injuring horses or other stock : for loss or injury to bagjrage or freight ; and for injury or damage to real or personal property, caused by setting fire to the same by their engines or otherwise. 5. In replevin when the val'io of the property claimed does not exceed ?200. 6. In .•xc I ions for damages for fraud in tho sale, purchase or exchange of personal I.iop';rt-.-, and in all cases wliero the action of debt or assumpsit \nll lie. Circuit courts have, by the Constitution, original jurisdiction of all causes at J.Tiv and in equity, and such appellate jurL^diction as may be provided for by law. Appeals lio from justices' courts directly to these courts, defendant to plciil at sa.Sa term. Before justices, summons must be served three days befor* returned. J-.idgments from courts of record are a lien on the real estate of tho judgment debtor, Fituated in the county wherein judgment is obtained from the time same are obtained, are revived for the periosue immediately. Executions from justices' courts are also a Uen upon the perst>nal property of the defendant from the tinie of their delivery to the constable. There is no way of tta)"ing executions in this State ex- cept by appeal. Deeps, Mortgages, Rights of ALvrried Wostex, Wills, &c. Deeds and other conveyances of real estate, must be under seal ; any scrawl intended for a seal is, however, suiKcient. Iso subscribing vsntness is necessary, either to the validity of the instrument or to entitle the same to record. Such instrunienta may be acknowledged wiihin this State before a master in chan<^ry. a notary public, a United Stat«s commissioner, circuit or county clerk, justice of the peace, or any court of record having a seal, or any judge, justice or clerk cf such court. Such "acknowledgment must be attested when taken before a notary public or United States commiseioner by his official seal. When taken before a court or clerk thereof, by the seal of such court ; and when taken before a justice of th« peace residing out of the county where the land conveyed is situated, acertificata of the county clerk of the county wherein such justice n sides, must be abided, under his seal of otHce, to the effect that the person taking such acknowledg- ment or proof was a justice of the peace in said county at the date thereof. "VThen acknowledged without the Slate, but within the Unicd States, such acknowledgment may be taken before a justice cf the peace, a notary public. United States commissioner, commissioner to talie acknowledgments "of deeds, mayor of a citj', clerk of a county, or before any judge, justice or clerk of th» supreme court", or any circuit or district court of'the United States, or any judge, justice or clerk of the supreme, circuit, superior, district, county or common pleas court of any of the United States or their territories' 'When "such aeknowl- •dgment is made before any notary public, Uniteil States commissioner, com- missioner of deeds or clerk, it shall be certitied by such officer tinder his official seal : if before the mayor of a city, under the seal of the city ; if before a justice of the peace, a certificate must be added as in ca=e of pr< of "or acknowledgment within the State before a justice of the peace residing without the county where the land conveyed is situated. Acknowkd^-ments may be made in accordance with the laws of the State, territory or district where made, and the certificate of a clerk of a court of record in sitch jurisdiction to that effect, under his hand and the Sc-al of R.aid court, is evidence that such acknowledgment was so made. When acknowledged without the L'nited States, such acknowledgment may betaken before any court of any rcp:blic. State, Kingdom or empire having a seal, or any mayor or chief ofiicerof any city or town having a seal, or before any minister or secretary of legation, or consul of the Ui.itcil States in any forei^ country, attested by his olnci.il seal, or beff>ro any officer authorized by the laws of such foreign countrv' to take acknowledgments of conveyanc s »u real estate, if he have a seal ; such aiknowledgment, in all cases, must be at- tttsted by the ofiicial seal of such court or officer ; and in ca^e such acki:ov. ':• •\j-. inent or proof is taken other than before a court of record, or mayor, or < '.-[■ f ' cffloer of a town having a seal, proof that the officer taking th? same wr.s ■'.liY authorized by the laws of his country so to do must accompany the certihca.e of such acknowledgment. The following in the statutory form of certificate. It is the same, substau* tially, whether grantor is iinmarried or deed executed by husband and wife : State of Illinois, J CorxTV OF Saxgamox. ) '• I, (name of officer and titlel, do hereby certify that (grantor and if -nife join lier name "his wife "), pei-sonally known to me to be the same person ^hos« name is sul>8cribed to the foregoing instruiii*nt, appeared before me this Oay io person and acknowledged that he signed, sealed aiid delivered the said ins'tnt neat m kie tree Red voluntiU'y ixx, for the uses uid purpoers therein eet fortb. SPECIAL LAWS OP rNT>LA.S-A. 85S Glren tinder my hand and (private or official as the case may bo) seal, thia (daj of mouth) day of (moutli), A . 1). (year). [Skal.] (Sifpiaturo of officer.) No deed or other instrument can he construed as releasing or \raiving the right of homi'Stead, unless the same shall contain a clause expressly releasing or waiving such right ; and in such case, the certificate of acknowledgmi^'it must contain a clause substantially as follows : " including the release and waiver of the right of homestead." Nochattfl mortgage or trust deed is valid as against the righb? of thirl pe-.^on is, unless pos.^essioii thereof shall be delivered to and remain with t!io grantee, or tlio instrument shall provide for the possession of the jiroperty wiih the grantor, and be properly ac-knowledged and recorded. Such instruments may he ackowlod^td as deeds. They are valid for any period not exceeding two years. After the ex- piration of thi! time provided m the mortgage for the possesbion of the mort- gaged property by the mortgagor, such possession, if continued, renders the mortgage fraudulent and void as to thml parties with or without notice, actual or constructive, of such mort;;age. Married women may own in "their own right real and personal property, and manage, sell and convey the same to the same extent, and in the same manner that a married man can, properly belonging to him. They may sue and be sued •without joining their husbands, to the i^ame extent as if unmarried. A married woman may make contracts and incur liabilities which may be enforced against her to the same extent as if she were aofe, but she cannot enter into or carry on any partnership business without her husband's consent, unlesshe has abandoned or deserted her, is idioiie or insane, or is confined in the penitentiary. The es- tate of courtesv is abolished, and the surviving husband or -nife is endowed of one-'.hird part of all lands whereof the deeeasea husband or wife was seized of an estate of inheritance at any time during the marriage, unless the same has been relinquished in legal form. Dower may be barred by release thereof in due form of law, and by jointure or devise, accept in lieu thereof. Wills must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by someoneinhispresenc« •nd by his direction, and attested by two credible witnassea. SPECIAL LAWS OF INDIANA. Exemptions from Forced Sale.— flbmc and Persrmal Property of the fol- loxcing value. — Any resident householder has an exemption from levy and sale Under execution, of real and personal proi>ert)-, or both, as ho may select, to the value of S30<). The law further provides that no property shall be sold by virtue of an execution for less than two thirds of its appraised cash value, The pro- visions of this law can be waived in contracts. To do this, the note or contract should read : " Payable without any relief whatever from valuation or apprais- mentl.aws." Mi'.cnANnrs' Lie:\. — Material men and mechanics have lien for labor and material on the land and improvements to the extent of their cl:iims. The ori- ginal contractor must file his claim within tvro months, laborers within 60 days, and all other persons claiming a lien within two months after the debt accrued. This lien has precedence over all other liens or encumbrances placet! on the property subsequent to the commencement of the building or ii'iprovo- ments. Must be foreclosed in 12 months. CoLT,ECTio>f OF Debts.— Xo persons can be aiTCSted here except in cases of fraud, actual. Writs of attai hment. which may be obtained hy any creditor, can only be issued on the following grounds:—!. Non-residence of any of defendants. 2. Where any of defendants i> secretly leaving the State, or has left the State with intent to defraud his creditors. 3. Or conceals himself that summons cannot be served upon him. 4. Or is removing, or about to remove, his property subject to execu- tion, or part thereof, out of tlie State, not leaving enough to satLsf yplaintiff's claim. 6; Or has sold, conveyed or otherwise disposed of his property subject to execu- tion, or has suffered or permitted it to be sold with the fraudulent intent to cheat, hinder or delay his creilitors. fi. ()r is abf>nt to gi'll, convey or dispose of same witli such intent. A statutory undertaking m all '.-wses in attachment niunt te executed, tii.j meaeurc of damages in au uctlgn op ■MrUicli h io tli« tiiscretio* of tli9 jury. 864 specull latvs of i>t)ia>-a. In attachments leried on real estate, the levy and dis pendens are notloe fof all purposes. In attachmenta, except on ground' of non-residence, caution £koul4 be used. An assi^ment in trust, for the benefit of creditor?, inure for the benefit of all creditors oi the grantor, whether named in the deed of assignaent or not ; th» rteed of assignment must be acknowledged ar.d recorded like other deeds. Ona partner cannot assign all the partnership assets for the payment of partner- ship debts, but only his own share of them. Assignments made to seour* sureties or endorsers prior to any payment by them, are Talid. >.ctes, bills, ac- counts and every species of contract or claim arc; assignable, and the assignee can sue on it in his own name. In n'jtes and bills, acceptors are charfreable only when their acceptance is in writing on the Mil : or, if ou asef .rr.io piooe of paper, when the party who gave the credit saw the seperate paper ; or if a promiseis made in writing to accept a dmft bef^ra it is drawn, and the draft is in the hands of ar.y person who gava credit on the strength of of this writii'j. All parties to notes or bills, whctherlndovsers, makers or acceptors, or parties In any manner, can be sued jcintly or Bcparatoly in tlie same or in several ac- fions. Drafts, orders or bills of exchanrre, payable at sight or en demand, are deemed due the day they are presented for pa"-ment, ar.d'if u-rpaid, may be pro- tested. Notarial protest' is evidence of demand and refusal cf 'payment, at the time and in the raamxPT stated in f' protrs*. A bill 171 the S'atc, payable out of the State, prot>"sted, if payable in the United States, is entitled to eight per cent, damages ; if payable or.t cf the United States, ten per cent, damacesr Shcn3~3 are li-i.bl'j to pay ten per cent, damages on failure to pay over any money collected by them. Justice Coarts have exclusive j-^risdictioa cf r.ll snma under ?50, and toncurrent jurisdiction with the cirr.it courts to K-'^. Service of s,immo7;8 must be made in circuit courts 10 days bcforo the llrst day of term, and in jusdoe courts C days before tri.".l. Judgments in courts of record are liens on real estate for a x>eriod of ten rears ; the judgment may then be revived for ten years longer ; judgments are no liens on personal propetiv. Transcripts of judgment before justice, if filed in the circr.it court, are liens on rcr.l estate. Executior.s issti^, on plaintiff's order, the day a'ier judgment, and are a lien on personal property, \rhen issuing out of a jr.stice'3 court, ftoui the time they are delivered to thoofRcer ; when is"j;;gfro;a courts of record, from the time they are issued- Executior-jfrom a justice cannot ba levied on real estate. Every epe'cies of property, real or pcrsonr.!, boots of account, debts and judgmenrs, whether the interest i:i real estate be a legal or dinitable title, is subject to execution and sale at law. Eedercption after e.xpcntion sale is permitted. If an execution from a cotirt of record is returned ujisatisfied, the debtors can be eummoncd and req-:ired to state under oath what property or interests they have or own which may be reached by execution. Deeds, FaGirfs of ilARiiiEO ^omex, "\VrLT,5, &:r. — ^Decds, must be under 8eal. a scrawl, however, is regarded as a seal- Tba rcknowletlgmor.t. if made in this State, may be made before a justice of the pea'"© cf the county where tba land lies, before a judge or before a nr-tary publii; ; if out cf the State, before a commissioner of this State, notary prihlic,"or before the chi-^f otilcer or mayor of a t<^wn or ci*y who has a seal, or b'?fore a consul or minister of the United States who has a seal. The seal must be attached, and the deed recorded in the conuty when; the land lies. The following is the form of certificate where the grantor is unmarried : [Form-] State of Ixdiaxa, \ CorxT\- OF Stakk. j ^■'' _Ecfcre me, , a in and for said county, this day of , \^~ , personally apr>eared the withiii-r.amed. ami acknowledged the execution of the ^rithin and foregoing deed of conveyance. AVitness rcy hand and ciiicial s^aL ' (Sipl.•l^are and title.) Married wom^'n can hoM re.-a or personal pro!>erty to ilieir seperate use. A note or endorsement by a marries is void, except between the parties ; so is alio a recorded mortgage, if the goods are left unreasonably long with the grantor after default is made in pay- me-it. AVills mu.": be in writing, and signed by the testator, or by some peT»on in hi» presence and by his express direction, aiid attested and mbscribea in the pre- eeuce of the testator by two or more couii>etejit wtnesses. SPECIAL LAWS OF IOWA. ExESTPTiovs FROM FORCED SALE. — rarm ly' 40 Acres or Iljuse and Lot in nTipes thus used by him, at differ- ent times and i '" ■ " ' •" • "'■■ select which he will retain as a homestead. If with- in a town plat i; -eed ^2 acre in o:i:teui, if not i5i a town plat it mat not embnue in ■ • more'tlian 40 acres. Bui if when thus limited, in ciUier case its vai..>. .j.^oc liiaa $50u, it may be enlarged until its value reacbea that .imount. Wearing apparelk.'ptforactTial use; tnmks to contain same: 1 gun ;private li- ■bra-.icsa:!"! faii:ily jK^Ttraiis ; musical iiisrrunienis not kept for sale; 2 cows ; 1 horse ; 5^ sin- -p :'5 l.ot'S ; 6 hives of bees ; I bed and bedding for every two in tho faiuily ; };o;;fi !.. Id and kitchen furniture n>.>i exceeding 5-'X> : spinning-wheel, loom and sewing inaoliiiie ; iinnWons and fuel for 6 moiitLs ; the tools, instruments or books of dobtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, lawyer, cierpyman, physician, teacheror professor. Jf a printer, pri.iting-press, and tyiies, etc., for the use of each newspaper cfi-ce, not exceeding £1200. The person:! e.trnings of the debtor and his fauvily for the £0 days prcniHtiti the execution. To an unmanied person, a per-on not (he hc."d of a family, ordinary wearing apparel £nd trunks to con- tain the same are exempt. Jf a debtor absconds and leaves his family, such pro- pertv allowed to the heed of a f.imily shall be exempt in bands of his wife and children, or either. A sincle man, not the head of a family, non-residents, and those who have st.".rted to leave the State are excluded from the above exemp- tions ; their pr-^perty is li.ible to execr.tion, with the e.xception of ordinary wear- ing apparel, ami trunks to contain the s.^me; value not to exceed S75. ^o exemption shall protect property against execution for the purchase money thereof. Mech.\>"ics' Lrrx. — Every mechanic or other person doing any labor, or fur- mishing any material, nischiiiery or fixtures for the erection or improvement of any biulding, by virtue of any contract with the owner, agent, trustee, contrac- tor or sub-con tra<" tor. shall have a mechanics' lien on the buiblings, fixtures and real estate, llailways are liable in the same way as otlier prt^perty for construc- tion and impro\ enent?. Ko person who t.ikes collateral security C'n the same contract is entitled to a lien. The lien must l>e filed in ninety days after the la- bor to afTe** purchasers or incumbrances without notice ; ai between the ori- ginal parties, it can be filed any time in live years. Collection of Debts.— Arrest in civil action is unauthorized by law in this State. Writs of attachment may issue, by sworn petition, on one or more of the following proi.nds : 1. That Jiefendant is a foreigtt corporation or acting as such. S. Th.'.t he" is a non-resident of theState. 3. That he is about to reniovehis prop- erty out of the State, ^vithout leaving sufficient remaining for the payment of d.'brs. 4. That he has, or ii about to dispose if hi.s property, in whole or ir parr, with intent to defraud creditors. 5. Tliat he has absconded, so that onlin- »ry process cannot be ser»-ed upon him. 6. That he Ls al-out to remove penn*- ne'.itlT from tlie State and refuses to secure the debt. 7. That he is about to convert property into money for purpose of placing it beyond the reach erty and rlehts which he conceais! 9. Tluit the debt is f -r property obtain*^ under false pretenses. In Ko. 4. 6. .ind 9, attachment may be Commenced l«/i.Te the fftlt ix r'ue. Bond must be three times the amoan; claimed, and 'sheriff may attach fifty i-er cent, in vali-.e more than amount claimetent witnesses, when the value of tbo estate docs not exceed 830(^ are valid. SPECIAL LAWS OF KANSAS. ICxTM^TiONS FROM FORCED SAiF..—/fom« Of Ifio Acrfs of Farm Land, or Houmi •nrf One Ar^re ina ViU-age or City, ami J'crsonal Provtriy. A homestead to th«l extent of 1G<) acres of fanning land, or of one acre within the limits of an incor- porated town or city, occupied as a r'>sidence by the family of the owner, to- gether with all improvements on the same, of whatever vahio is exempt. Exemp» tions of personal property allowed a resident, being the head of a family, are : the f.amily librarj-, bible and school books ; family pictures and niusicariustni- ments in use : a pew ,a a church and lot in a biirinl crouiul; all the wearing ap- parel and all beds, bedsteads and b 'ddin? used by tiie family ; cooking-stove, appendages and cookinjj utensils, and other stoves and appendages necessary for the iise of the family j a sewing machine ; all spinning wheels and looms, and other implements of industry and other household furniture not abre enu- merated, not to exceed f riOO in value ; 2 oows, 10 hogs, 1 yoke of oxen, and 1 horse or mule, or. in lieu of the yoke of oxen and horse or mule, a span of liorsoa or mules ; 20 sheep and vroo} from same, either raw or manufactured ; the nece*- eary food for the stock nunlioncd above for one year ; 1 w.itron, carter dray; 2 plows, one drag and other fanning utensils nof exceeding ^300 in value ; pro- visions and fuel on hand sufficient for a year ; the necessary tools and Imple- ments of any mechanic, miner or other pe'rson. used and kept for tlie purpose of carrying on Ilia traile and business, together with stock in trade not exceeding 8iO0 in value ; tbo library, implements and ofiice furniture of any professional man. Exemptions of personal property allowed a resident of this Stat«, not tha head of the family, are : wearing apparel ; pew in a church and lot in a burial ground ; necessary tools and instruments of any mechanic, miner or other per- Bon, used and kept for the purpo.sa of carrying on Ids trade or business, together with stock in trade as above. Tha earniTi'cs <)f a debtor also, for personal ser- vices rendered within 3 months next preceding the issuing of an execution, are exempt, if it api>ear they are neccstary. in whole or in part for the support of hia family. No personal property is cxcnijit from attaclimeut or execution for tha wages of any clerk, mechai.ic, laborer or servant. MECirAMas' Lity. — llateri.il men and mechanics have lien for labor and material on the land and improvemeiita to the extent of iheir claims. The original contractor must file his claim within four uionlhs ; all other persona claiming a lien, within two months after the debt accrued. Tliis lieu has preoe- denea over all other liens or encumbrances placed on the property subsequent t* the conuumoncement of the building or improvements. Collection of Debts. — Arrest aud bail, iu civil actions, are provided for by the laws of this State. The order of arrest is issued by the clerk, or by the justice, only upon positive aOldavit showing one or more of the statutory grounds tlierefor jSimilar to those on which wrrits of attachment issue. (See Attachments.') Before the order Issues, the plaintiff must also file an undertaking, with sufficient surety, con- ditioned for the p.iyment of damages occasioned by the arrest, if wrongful. Im practice, this remedy is schlom resorted to in Kansas. Attachment, against the .property of defendant may issue in civil cases, when the ilefendant, or one of several defendants, is a foreign corporation or non-resi- dent (but not in either of these instances fur any claim other than a debt or de- mand arising on contract, judgment or decree, unless the cause of action arose wholly «-itlun the limits of this .State. It m.".y also issue when the defendant or one of several defendants has absconded with" fraudulent intent, or has left the county of his residence to avoid summons, or concealed himself to avoid sum- mons, or is about to remove his property, or a part thereof, out of the jurisdiction of the court with fraudulent intent ; or" is about to convert It into money to put it beyond re.ich of creditors ; or has property which he conceals, or has assigned, removed or disposed of his preperty ; or is about to do so, with intentto defraud, binder or delay creditors ; or fraudulently contracted or incurred the debt, liatulity or obligatiou ; or where the acUou'ia brouglit for dAmagos Ariaiog tun^ • 868 SPECIAL LAWS OF KANSAS. the commlssios. of any crime, or for Fedu.-tion, or -srhere tlie debtor fails to pay «n delivery where, by the contract, be vxas to pay ou delirerj-. The order ii Issued (as in case of arrest and bail^ svpra\ only upon affidavit and undertaking. But, where the defendant is a foreign corporation, or where thedefemiart < : ila- fendants are all non-residents of the State, the undertaUing is not required. Garnishee process, in afachment proceedings, is also provided for apr^irri .•'ny person or corporation having possession of prcpertj- orbeijig indebted to tl;;^ ca- fendant. Assignments in trust, for the benefit of creditors, inure for the benefit rf all «reditors of the grantor, whether naiaed in the deed of assignment or not ; tha deed of assignment must be ackiio\vledj.'ed and recorded like otlier dceila. Assignments made to secure sureties or indotsers, prior to any ijayment by them, are valid here. Assigmnent of every species of contractor claim may be made iu this State, and the assignee may sue' thereon in his own name. Acceptors of notes and bills are chargeable oi'.ly when their acceptance is in •writing on the bill ; or, if on separate piece of paper, when the party who gava the credit saw the separate paper ; or if a promise is made in writing to accept a draft before it is drawn, and the draft is in the hands of any peison who gava credit on the strength of this writing. (Bills of exchange and notes duly pro- tested for non-payment or non-acceptance, entitle the holder to recover damages Be follows : if drawn on or made by a person ouislde the State, six per cent. ; if outside any of the United States or territories, ten per cent, damages on the principal sum). All parties to notes or bills, whether endorsers, makers or ac- ceptors, or parties in any manner, can be sued jointly or separately in the same or in several actions. Justices of the peace have jurisdiction in actions on contract on account, bill, 3iote or bond where the amount claimed or balances due does not exceed S300, in actions on undertakings given in civil proceeding's before them where the sum due or demanded does not exceed S5(X) ; in replevin where the value of the jjroperty does not exceed $100. District courts have general original jnristliction an all cases, and appellate jurisdiction from inferior courts. I'pon default, judg- 3nents may be obtained before justices after three days' servif-e of summons, but In contested cases, a delay of thirty days may be readily obtained before judg- onent, and afterward by a stay of execution as above stated. (See Executions.) Jn the district court, if in session, judgment maybe taken upon default after lorty days' service of summons, but in contested case?, is."nes must be made up ior trial ten days prior to the term. Terms of the several district courts of the State are held as often as every six mouths. Judgments are a lien upon the real estate of the debtor in the county where Tendered, for the period of five years, and maybe made a lien niK>n real estate in other counties by filing in the clerk's office therein au attested copy of the jour- nal entry of the judgment. Justices' judgments mny be made a lion upon real estate in same manner. But if execution be not taken out and levied within one Tear after rendition of judgmant, the lien becomes inopc-ntive as ar;ainst other judgment creditors. Judgments which have become dormant may be revived by the court upon motion of the judgment creditor and notice to the parties in- terested. Executions may issue the day judgment is rendered. — Kxcept'wnn.—Jt the ■word " appraisement waived," or words of timilar import, be inserted in ai;y mortgage, bond, note, bill or written contract, judgment shall ba rendered ac- cordingly, and execution shall not is-ue thereon for days. It upon th.e docket, in cases of judgment rendered by justices of the peace," any person, resii'.ojit of the county, being good and sufficient security, shall, within 10 daya, t-ndevtaVa that the "judgment shall be duly paid, execution shall be stayed for periods ranging from 30 to 120 days, accofiiing to the amount of the judcmcrt. Executions are a lien 'on personal property only from the time they f.i« actually levied. Executions from a justice cannot be levied on real estate. Kedemption, after execution sale, is unknown. If an execution ^from a court of record) is returned uns.atisfied, the debtors can be summoned and reov.'red to state under oath what property or interest they have or own, which may be reached by execution. Deeds', Rights of MAEErED Women, &c.— Deeds in this State need not be under seal. 'When acknowledged within this State, it must bo before some > ourt Jiaving a seal, or some judge, justice or clerk thi^reof, or some jr.L-tiie of tha peace, notary public, county clerk or register cf dacds, or mayor or clerk of an incorporated city. When acknowledged without this State, it must be before come court of record, or clerk or officer holding the seal thereof, or before some sotary public or justice of tlie peace, or comoil^sicuer to take acknowledgment^ SPECIAL LAWS OF KENTUCKY. 859 •ppoint«d bv the Governor of this State, or before any oonsul of the United States, resident in a foreign port or country. If taken "before a jusiK e of tii« peace, the acknowledgment must be accompained by a ceniiioate of his oftieial character, under the band of some court of record', to which the seal of said «ourt shall be affi.xed. The following is the form of acknowledgment required : State of , ) CotrsTY OF . ) "' On thia day of , A. D. 157 , before me, a in and iot •aid , personally came . to nie personally known to be the same per- son whose name affi.xed to the foregoing conveyance as grantor and duly acknowledged the execution of the same. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed mf seal, the day and ye-ir last above written. (Htisband and w'ife sliould always join in conveyances.) No separate ao» knowledgment is required on the part oi the w ife. Married women can hold real or personi-.l property, to their separate use, the same as unmarrried. A note or endorsement made by a married woman will bind her property the same as if she were unmarried. Chattel niortgagesof perishable articles, which are left in the hands of the mortgagor, with the right to use the same ; or of a stock of merchajidise which is left in the hands of the mortjagor with privilege to sell in due course of his business, or in any manner for his own benefit ; or of any chattels wliich are left in the possession of the mortgagor, the mortgage not being duly registered, ar« ,void as to the creditors of the mortgagor, unless they have notice of the eame. SPECIAL LAWS OF KENTUCKY. EiF.vPTioxs FROM FoRCFD S.Ki.r..—ff-ime worth Sl.OOO, aTid PTsonal Prop- erty. To tx>ua jidf housekeeper with a family, resident in the State : 2 work beasts, or 1 work beast and 1 > oke of oxen ; 2 plows and ^ear ; 1 wagon and a set ©f gear, or 1 cart or dray ; 2 cows ar.d calves ; 10 head oi sheep ; provisions suf- ficient to sustain the family one year, and provender sufficient to support the Bfock one year; 1 sewing riiai hine ; the nsual household and kitchen furniture of limited value, etc.; the tools of a mechanic not exceeding $1(>0 in value; the libraries of ministers of the gAs;>el. physicians and attomeys-ai-law notto ex- ceed in value $.'>00, but the l;i.-;t is not in addition to the two work beasts, ■w.agon, cart or dray. In adilition to the personal property exempt from execu- tion on all debts or li.^biliries created after the 1st of eTune, ]^'.6, somuch land. Including the dwoll)ii'--h"-)V...e and appurtenances owned by the debtor as shall not exceed §1,000, shall also be exempt to the bona fide housekeeper with a fam- ily. *^ MECHANIC!' Liens. — Tliere is a general law for the State (not applyin?j to Jefferson county, which has a special act in eoiue respects dilTerent) giving mechanics and material men liens upon the improvements and interest of the employer in tb.e land for work done and material fun.ished. Sub-eontraotors and laborers may acquire a lien, by living the employer written notice of their claim, and that they look to the laiia and improvements for compensation. Liens ninst be filed in sixty days and suit brought in six mouths, to enforce claims, or thev are lost. C<^>i.LFrTinN OF Debts. — A defendant in a civil action mav be arrested when' i«n affidavit is tiled and bond given, for causes for which an attachment will !lie. The defendant may give bail, or in lien of bail, deposit In the hands of tho ■heriff, or rn court, the amount of money meniioned ia tii3 order of arrest. In default of both, he will be committed to jail, there to remain until ho pays the debt, gives bail or take the insolvent debtor" .-^ oath. Attachment, in a civil action for the recovery of monev, mav issue against the property of the defendant, or a garnishee where the action is'agauist: 1. A do- lendant, or several defendants, who, or some one of whom, is a foreign corp<5ra- tion or a non-resident of the State. 2. "Who has be<-n absent therefrom four months. 3. Has departed from the State with intent to defraud his creditors. 4. VTho haa lelt the coiiuty «f his residence to avoid the service ol a summoBs. flL, 860 SPECIAL LAWS OF KEN'TUCKT. So conceal? himself hall operate as an assignment and transfer of all the prop- erty and eHects of the grantor, and shall enure to the benefit of all hia credit- ors. Garnishee may be Bammoned on attachment. He ghall not be subject to costs beyond those caused by his res-.stance of the claim against him. After re- turn of execution, endorsed "no property found," an equitable action may ba brought for the discovery by the defendant of money, choses in action, equitable and legal interests, etc. Iii such an ae'don, any one Indebted to the defendant or holding money or property belonging to him may be made defendant. Attach- ments may iss'nd without affidavit or'bond. TLecnirt shall enforce the surren- der of money, property, etc., and may commit to jail any defendant or gamiehee refusing to mate such surrender. All bills, bonds or notis, for money or property shall be assignable so as to vest in the assignee the right of action. Three days of grace are allowed on bills of exchange. The endorser on a note, ur.less pnc on the footing of a foreign bill, is disch.irged, unless the holder brin-.'s suit acainst the maker, if note remair3 unpaid, at the first court held after its maturity, and prosecutes the maker to in- solvency. Promissory notes, payable and negotiable at a bank in this State, which shall be endoreed and discotuited V'V said bank, or by any other bank, shall and are placed on the same footing as foreign bills of exchange. Justice courtahavejarisdiciion exclusive of the Circuit Court, but conctirrenfc ■with the quarterly court, of all actions and procee- of money or personal property, whci-e the matter i:i controversy, exclusive of interest and costs, does !;at exceed §ro in value, and in other cases sjvecially provided by stat lite. Justices of the peace in Jeiferron county and a few other countiea have jurisdiction to the t xtcut of §lfM), exilu.«ive of interest and costs. Tne Court oX^-lpp>C''s has general appellate jurisdiction over all conrta. except ■V7hcre the judgment grants a divorce, or ii rendered by a quarterly, county. poU.e, city, mayor's or jitsti -o's cc>urt. C'.rruit ('o'r!s have general ori^nal jurisdic- t. u of all ai tion.s a :c v.l'.tn exclusive jurisdiction is given to other courts. {f."i . :1 Ccvls, § IS.) Tbey Lave appellate jttrisdiction of the jutlgments of quarterly ccif s when t'-;e amount in controversy exceeds ?i.'0. Quarterly Crmrix havo j ::;s^liction of sctio::3 to recover mmtey or prr-'onol projjerty not exceeding in V.il-.ie ^*i .0. 1"h> y have appellate jurisdiction from judgments of justices of "tha pi.a>~e for .55 and over. Summons mi:st bo issued and served 10 days before return day thereof. In equitable prc>ceediugs the summons is returnable in twentj- days. In justices' courts, on sums less than 55v», it is returnable in five days, and on sums greater than § jit, in ten days. Executions issue, from raagistrates courts for sums less than $.50, in 5 days, for sums over §50, in 10 days ; from the Jefferfon court of common pleas, quar- terly courts andcircuit courts, in ten days ; from the Louisville Chancery court in 15 days after judgment rendered ; is returnable to some rule day of the court, not under 3') nor ov'er 70 days from the test, and binds the real estate but not the personal estate (until levied^ of the defendant only from the time the same is de- livere::i'.--- r. i-.<",:-:;;ent or exocuiion _Rgai::!>t Lin, at anv time before a sale of prov ' P'vii:;: to t'.ie ol.iior :iq ©blieation, payable f<> the plaimi the auiour.t tliereoi, la- eluding iiiten'-st, costs a:ialinif< ,.:.. ^ ,, , If land sold under e-Tecuti'ii uo.--«r...- i n- > i .■.--■ .i;-,.^ t f itsral-ie, Ihode.flTid. aut or Ills represeutatirca eliall Lave tbo li^^htto reCcem iLo tamo wiiLiu « ^ ar. Deeds, Rights of Makhikd Womeij, Wim.s, &r.—Dee»ls need rot b^ un- der seal. Deedg executed in this Stato by per.oua other than ri:..;j<..l v. n-.en, may be admitted to record: lir.-t, on the a. knowledpnev.c beioro tl o clev'i of a county court bv the partv makin-: the d>fd ; or si'A.-ud, bv th" proof of t.Mi gub. Bcribing witnesses, or by'the proof of t'.i ir Fi "laniros. Doeils excci;t>d out of theState, and within the Uniteil States, by piioiis other than narri lv.o:.:en, mav be admitted to record when the eanio eh U bo certlHcd under li:.* B^::;! of office bv the clerk of a court or his deputy, or by a not.-iry public, ma-or of a city orsecretarv of state, orc<>nimi!«sioncr to taV.othe ac'.riiowledrmonfc cf d.-Cf's, or by a jud je "under the eeal of his court to Lavo b' en a>knowlcdjTcd or rrovd be- fore him in the manner hereby required. Peec^s executed ottt of the Ui-Uod States by persons other than married womcti, niny bo admitted to rocoid ■when the same shall bo certified by anv foreiTU E.hn tor or cons'tl, secretary- c f lopa- tion of the Unit<;d States, or by the s^-'cret-iry of foreicn aH'airs, certitled u::aer hi§ seal of office or the jud'Te of a eupenor court of tha nation T-h.cre the cl.ed Bhall be executed, to havolbecn ackr.owledgcd cr proved beioro Llni in the man- ner prescribed by law. A deed of a married woman, to be efTecttir.l, shall b9 ackr.owleilrcn before iome of the officeiTS named in the prci.ed:i;u »■ clloi s, and l.>.l,''ed in t;.e p:uj>or Oilice for record. rrevi<>t:a to such ackno\vlf ''.(Ti:iei:t, it fb.all Isthoduty of the officer to explain to htjr the contents and efu'ct of the deed sepa:at''ly and eiart from her husband, and thereupon, if el'.e freely and voluntarily acknowlcdj:e the eame, and ia willing for It to be recorle.d. the oi^cor shall certify the er.me. (Privy examination need not be stated in certificate.) >\"hen the acknowh dr- ment'shall be taken by an officer out of this State, the eame shall be acknowl- edged and certified to the eHect following : State of Kexticky, 1 CorNTY OF Mekckr. ( (or town, cltv, department or parish of .) I, A. B. (here give his tille\ d.> certify that this Instniment of writing from C. 1). and wife (E. F.. or from E. F., wife of C. D.\ was this day produced to mo bv the parties, and whi< h was ack;iowledc-?d by the said «'. I), to bo his act and deed, and the contents and the eiro be her act and deed, and cou'^ented that thosanie might bo recorded- Given under my band aud seal of oSco. [seal.] a. B. (signature and title.) Proof by subscribing witness. State oFKENTcrKV, \ C"TY OF Mekcer. ( '*' I, A. B. (here Rive the title), do certify that this day came before roe O. IT. and 'i. J. the subscribing witnes.seB to the fnregoinij deed (orotherinstrunu-.uhy ;'. i>. toL. M., which v.-itnesses are personally known tome to be the sajiio w;i.>:.o i'ar.\PE are so written as witnesses, and bein^ Rolemnly sworn by me in d.^e n.iui> r, di i eeverally declare, on their oatlis, Ujat the saidC. I), did "acknowledge th'^ irstru- ment to be hisact and deed, aud that the si.;nature thereto was i.uuhs by Yirn ; that they know liim to be the same pci'son who is named as iho grantor tiiJ?ri'jn, and that thev did sabscrlbe said deed ua witnesses by Ids request. Given under my hand and seal this d.ay of ,1*? (seal.] (Si-nn'nre and till" ' Deeils ni.ade by reeiileutB of the Sta' " lodi,'ed for '.- In sixty days from thu dale thereof. ! -id in tha I within' four months; if out Of tlie I'ni: .. i-Ivemonfl- > not legnllv r.'oorded until the elerk'3 t;ix i-< lai.l. I lie coiuity clerk i- ii.i»- corder of deeds. i>eetla must bfi reeorded in the county where the land Uo», au4 l»k« «ffc«t in Uie order lu whicb tbe? ma lecoaleU. 862 SPECIAL LAWS OP LOriSL^iTA. Chattel mortgagca muit l)e duly acknowledged and roccrded- The poa tm Bion of the property mortgaged may remain In the mortgagor. Five years' po«- eeseion operates as a bar to the mortgagee. A mortage on a stock 'of gooos if only valid as to the goods in store at the time it is given, and is not good aa to luter-acquired stock. The real estate of a married woman owned before, or acquired after marriage, shall not be liable for the debts of her husband, but are liable for debts of her and her husband jointly created, in ■writing, for necessaries furnished her or any member of her family. The property of the husband shrill not be subject to the payment of any of the mie's debts incurred previous to marriage. "AVills must be in writing, signed by the testator or bv some other person in hiJ presence and by his direction ; and if not written wholly by himself, must be at* tested by two or more competent witnesses, subscribiug their names in hi« presence. SPECIAL LAWS OF LOUISIANA. EXE5ri'Tio>"s FROM FoKCED SALE. — Home of lf<0 Arr^s of Land, and Personal Property, in all tcorth 32,000.-160 acres of land, with bnildiriss and improvements thereon*, occupied as a residence, and bona nde owned by the debtor, having a family, a person or pf rsoas dependant upon him for support ; together with personal property, making in aU. a value not exceeding $2,000. 'Tools of trade, salaries, wages, and personal services, all ^^ earing apparel, all agricultural im- plements, working cattle, and provisions and su- plies necessary for carrying on the plantation for the coming year. I^o home exempted in the city or -nllagea, and in any case only for benefit of persons having a family. ;Mechaxics' Lii:>". — The contractor has a lien for the payment of his labor on the building or other work which he may have constructed. "Workmen em- ployed immediately by the owner in the construction or repair of any building have the same privilege. If the contractor be paid bv the employer, actions for work and supplies famished the former will not lie against the latter, but moneys due the contractor by the employer may be seized and applied towards payment. Xo aarroement for work exceeding S5''^0. unless reduced to writing and registered with the recorder of mortgages, shallbe privileged as above. For amounts less than S.'jX>, this formality is dispensed ■with, but the privilege is limited to 6 months from the time of completed work. Workmen employed on Tessels or b<:>ats have a lien on the same, and are not, in any case, bound' to re- duce their contracts to w:-itlng, but their privileges closes if' they allow the ves- sels to depart without esercismg their right. CoLLZcTiox OF Debts. — Arrest, in civil action, may be made of a debtor ■who is about to leave the State wi:hout leaving sufficlent'property x.o satisfy the judgment sought to be obtained by the creditor, and held until security is given that he will not dej^rt from the State ■without leave of court : provided, that no citizen of another State sh.ill be arrested at snitcf resident or non-resident creditor, except upon oath that the debtor has absconded from his residence. Ar- rest or attachment may be made whether the debt is due or not, and agent or attorney may swear to the be t of Lis knowledjrsjpjid be'ief. TTrit of attachment may issr.a against a defendant for the following causes : 1. "UTicre the defendant is "a roji-residor.t. ?. Where he is about to leave th« Stats permanent] V. 3- Where he conceals himself to avoid bebig cited. 4. Whera he Las mortgaged, assigned or disposed of Lis property, or is about to do so, with, intent to give aa uniair preference to some of his crediiors, or place his property or evidence of debt beyond the reach of his creditors. In every case where an , attachment is sought, the petitioning cretUtor must give a bond, payable to the clerk of the court ior an amount < ue-hali over the claim demanded, with surety te.-i ling within the jurisdiction of the court. Writs of sequestration may issue in this otate upon an a^davit made by party, or agent, or attorney in his absence, ahowiag one of the following crounds. after executing a bond with one good resi- dent Eurety in an amount to~be determined by the judge ; 1, Where the plaintiff, who has had possession of the property fcT one year, has been ejected by force. 2. Where the plaintiff geeks the possession cf movable property, and fears tha par;y having possession of the same may impair its value, may remove it beyond the jurisdiction of th^ court, or may conce-al o.- dispose of it during the continu- ance of tlje suit. .". Where a wife sues for separr>.*ion ffom bed ana board, or for separation froni property alone, and has re.iscn that her husband may injure her dotal property or waste the fruits and revenues produced by the samo during th« peDdencT of iho vaiu 4. Where the defendant h«s asked for a stajr of proceeei^ SPECIAL LA\rS OF LOUISIANA. 868 Ib^ apunst him, .ind at a meeting of his cretlitors (hey PhouUl fear ho will avnil hiin»elf of such stay of pi oceeding» to dispose of the whole or part of his property. 6. A\Tiere (he plain'dff has a lien or privilege c:i pri-)j>er;y. "Writs <.'f f-einiostratiou may a'.!«) issue, wi;ho>:t the plaj^fifl giving bond, in cased whiTO ho seeks to enforce a landlorils, eeamau'e, nieciianic's or laborer'i lien. The nssignmcnt of «<■•(«,'«, bills, accounts, or claima of any kind is valid, and thp assignee may f'.io in his owu i.;ime, but (ho as.-;g:inic«t of a debt must be no- tified to tho debtor. Gamisliinent can issue on an execution or attachment agriinst any person owinc the debtor, or having l-ia property in possession. Justioeoi the iicace has jurisdiction v\t to t0 to f .V-O. District courts on ail amounts over f 500. Ap.loals from jugti'-cs, •when ovor ?10. rctnrnfMe to the parish courts, except In the parish of «;>rloaiia, where returnable to third distrii-t court when over f 10. A ppeals lie f-om parish court on sums over 5100. From district court to supreme court over S5U0. Service of citation mtist be made for ten days before any action can be taken. Jud^eiits, to operate as a lien, must bs recorded in the mortgage book of the parish rf<. order. It then becomes a judicial mortgage on a'.i the real estate of the debtor where recorded. There is >io stay of execution, and it can issue at any time after judgment. Ko redemption of "property sold under execution or mortgage. Deeds, laonTS of Markikd Womln, \Vii.ls.— Deeds are valid without ecrawl or seal. They must be acknowU J^;ed in the State before a notary public or recorder, or in presence of two witne-4es, who may prove tlie signature. If acknowledged out of the State, before a couimisf ioner of Louisiana, or in confor- mity to the laws of tha State where acknowledged, and in the latter case th« official character of t!;e ofu er berore whom thoacknowj^dgmont is tak^n must be properly verified. The hfsband must j. in in the execution of a deed made by the wife conveying her rc:il est.v.e, and autliorize her. When tlie bus jand sell.-« his own real estate, the wife must join him and re- nounce all her rights, and she must be examined ap.iri from her husband and duly informed of the nature of the act. Is o p.".rticular form of words is necessary, except the above must be shown. This form is used : State of , 1 ,, COINTY OF . i "• Be it remembered that on this day came before me, John Hampden, a notary public within and for the county aforesiud, duly commissioned and acting as such, A. B. and his wife, C- D., tome known i>ersonally (or proved such by two credible witnesses) to be the persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing deed ; and the said A. B. acknowledged thit he had exe.'ut^d the said con\ eyanee, for the consideration atid purposes the;ein mentioned ajid set f ortli ; and the said C. D., being by me first madj ace.-n them. A married woman h.as no dower in her husband's estate, but it is best for her to join in any conveyance made by him, in order to renounce anf claims she may liave on his estate. (She lias no clnim unless her lien or moi*- gago is lecorded.) The husband must join his wife in any conveyance of her »ej"'arale estate. There is uo chattel mortgage in tliis State, but the law creates certain privi- leges upor. movables, which a:e as follows : 1. The vendor's privilege on the n.ovaUles not paid for ; i;. For debts duo for neeessaiy supplies furnished to any farm or plantation ai^d fomoney actually advanced for the supplies and riecessary cpenses for any fana or plantation on the crops of the year or tho proceeds thf r"of ; 3. 'The lessor's privilege on tl-.e crops and movable* on the property leased ; 4. Architects, undertakers, furnishers of material, etc., on the cdiiices or other works built or repaired. ThjS"? jiriTile;'>-s are. however, pre5er\ eJ, andean be acquired only by having recorded in the paric'.i where the prc.i>erty is the account containing" the Stat** BMQl of iudcbtcdneiw in detail, and tuo b*i^ce due. under the oath of the DaiW 864 SPECIAL LAWS OF MAINE. doing or liaring the work done, and this to be recorded the day the contract •wai entered into, to have effect against third parties. The estate of a married woman, whether acquired before or after marriage, . remains her separate estate, and cannot be sold by the husband- All property acquired during marriage from the joint or separate earnings of husband and "wife, and the revenues of the separate property of each, is equally divided be- tween them. A married woman has no dower in her liusband's estate, but it is best for her to join in any conveyance made by him, in order to renounce any claims she may have on his estate. (She has no claim unless her lien or mort- gage is recorded.') The husband, must join his wife in any conveyance of her •eparat« estate. The wife may make her last will vrithout the authority of ber husband. SPECIAL LAWS OF MAINE. EXEMPTlOirs FKOM FORCED SALE. — Home worth §500 and Personal Property. Homestead to the value of f 500, or lot purchased from the State, for a homestead. After the death of the debtor, his widow and minor children are entitled to the eame exemption. A lot in a burying-ground ; wearing apparel ; necesiEEI)S, KiGHTS OF MARRIED "WOMEN, TViLLS, &c.— Deeds must be under seal ; & scrawl is not sufllcient. It is not necessary to have witnesses, but it must be ac- knowledged in the State before a justice of the peace. Out of tlie State, before any justice of the peace, magistrate, notary public, commissioner for the State, or by any United States minister, consul, or any notary public in any foreign country. The wife must join in the deed to relinquish dower, or she may do it by a separata 'ics' Liex. — Every building erected, and every building repaired,' lebuilt or improved to the extent of one-fourth of its value, shall be subject to a lien for the payment of all debts contracted for work done or material fur- nished for or about the same; also vessels, boats or machines constructed or lepaired within this State are subject to mechanics' lien. The lien must be filed' in the record o23ce within six months after the work has been finished or mate- rials furnished. If the contract shall have been made with an architect or builder, or any person other than the owner of the ground on which the building is erected, or his agent, notice of intention to claim a lien must be given to the owner within sixty days. The mechanics' lien has priority over all other liens or incumbrances placed on the property after the commencement of the building, and over mortgages to secure futirre advances, where the loan or advance is not actually made until after the commencement of the building. H Collection of Dnnrs — Xo person can be arrested in civil action here.' "Writs of attachment may be obtained on the following grounds : Non-residenca ©f the defendant, absconding or secretly removing from his place of abode, with intention to evade payment of his debts. When two summons have been re- iturned non est in any action. No bond is required before issuing in the foregoing jCases. Attachment may be had on any debt due by a married woman trading as . Th.a ho believes, ami has iv^asi'U to believe, that tlio defendant Intends to leave the Slate, bo that oxccutlon, II' obtained, cannot be served upon hini ; or (i.istead of tho eecond or third), that tlio U«fo.;daut is an attomey-at-laiv ; tha. tlio d; 'it sought to bo recovered is for money collected by tlio d-fendant for the i.luiiiiiir, and that the defendant u:ireasonablv jioglect". to pav \,he rame to tin itlaiuiiif. And such affidavit, aiid tl'.o certilieato of tlij ma '.'i.tr i -j u^i^i- lie iC 6;t.is:iod tho same istrue, Ehall bo annexed to llie viit. i.i actions of tort, tho arrest of the defenuaat may ijo procina W«n thf plaintiif , or some ono in his behalf, makes oalli, to the satiHlacliou o" xny one of said ma-'istratos, that ho believes, and has reason to believe, tha- a a 8 a good ca-.is>j dl action agalr.st the defendant; that ho has icasonablo expectation of rc::o-.erin!T a 6nra e'ii,;al, at least, to one-third tho damajfes claimed in tho writ ; and Ihat ho believes, and hasrearon to believe, that tho defendant intends to leave tho Stat ^ 8o that if cxecniioii bo ohtainodit cannot bo served on him. An ©ril-.T for arrest on an execution issued on a jiul'jine'.it for debt or damages in a civil action, except in ac, ions of tort, may bo obtahiedwhen tho plaintift, or somo one in his behali, makcsaiadaviland luovesto tlio.«alisfactioii of any one of said, magistrates : 1. That ha bolievcs, and has pf>od reason to believe, that the debt. (If tho action was fonnded on contraet.) That tho debtor contracted tho debt with an intention not to pny tho sanio ; or, 6. 'j'hat the debtor is an attorncy- at-huv ; that tho dehtnpon which tho judgment on whieli the execution issued ■was for money collected by tho debtor for tho creditor, aiu'. that said attorney viueasonably nc^Tlocts to pay th.o same. And pneh aflidavit and the certilicate of tho magistra', that ho is ratislied thoro is reasonable cause to helicvo the charges therein contained, or somo ono of them, are true, shall bo annexed to the execu- tion. No woman shall bo arrested on any civil process except for tort. But when- ever any person shall obtain a judgment aMinst any woman, whether married or unmarried, for tho sum of ?20 anil upwards, exclusive of all costs, which make a pr.-.t of se.id judgment, and while so much ns tliat amount remains uncollected, an l shall ta!:o any execution upon tho same, he may demand payment of tho same, and upon failure to satisfy said execution, the judgment creditor may cita tlnv.KV;incnt debtor to appear before the court and submit to an examination] tounin'g her estalo and tlie disposition of the same. i Y»'hen a person is arrested on »??t'.':»(!;)rofrss in actions of contract, as above tje-clbed, ho may obtain his relea.'-o I y prosing, to the satisfaction of any one o£ said magistrates, that ho does not iuteiia to leave tho State, so that execution, if obtained, cannot ho p.-rved on him, or by taking tho oath for the relief of poor dciiorH, or by giving bail either to pay tho judgraent or to answer to the exocu- ti :i. When a per.-,ou is arrested omufsiie procss in an action of tort, ho may obtain hli release by giving bail. When arrested on c::eeution, the defendant may obtain li's discharge by t.aking tho oath for tho relief of poor debtors, bcfora any ono of paid magistrates, andsatlsfying said magistrates of itsti-uth. The oath is as f<)lLe.vs : ." I," A. 15., " do solemnly swear that I liavo not any estate, real or person.".!, to the av.iount of thi'ty dollars, except tho estate, goods juid chattels wiiicli aro by law exempt from being taken on execution, and that I havo notany other estate now conveyed, concealed, or iu any way disposed of with the design to secura tho same to my own use or to defraud my creditors. When any of the charges of fraud iiforesaid are proved, the debtor sh.-vll have no henelit from the provisions for tho relief of poor debtors, and maybe sentenced to conlinemcnt at hard labor in the house of correction. If the debtor Is di«- char:ed on execution by taking the poor debtors' oath, the judgment remains In fuJl force against his good* aud estate, but he is not liable to a second arrett oCl Am body. 870 SPECIAL LAWS OT MASSACHtJSKTTS. An attacliinent of the property of defendant is permitted in all cases In wtesn* process ; either by direct attachment or by trustee or garnishee process. And •when the property of the defendant cannot be reached, so a ; t.j be attached in a euit at law, it may be reached hi equity. In cases of doubt as to the ownership of the property to be attached, the officer requires a bond of indemnity. Besides the courts of minor jurisdiction, as of a justice of the peace outside of Suifolk county having a jurisdiction not exceeding $100, and of police, dis- trict, and municipal courts having jurisdiction not exceeding 5300, and establish- ed in the larger towns and cities of the State, there are two courts establi-shed having jurisdiction throughout the State. First— The superior court holds terms in most of the counties every three months. It has concurrent jurisdiction with the first-named courts from $20 to their limit, and exclusive jurisdiction of claims exceeding S300 and not exceeding §1000 in all counties except Suffolk county. In the latter county, the jurisdiction extends to §4000, and concurrent jurisdiction with the supreme jucficial court of all claims exceeding said sums of §1000 and §4000. Service of proeeSB must be made in the superior court 14 days before return day. Second — The supreme judicial court has jurisdiction in equity, concurrent jurisdiction with the superior court as above described, ex- clusive jurisdiction of libels for divorce, and jurisdiction of questions of law brought up from the superior court. Judgments are not a lien upon property, but when an attachment has beea made on mesne process, fiiQ lien holds for 30 days after judgment, in which to make a levy on the execution. Xo execution will be issued within 24 hours after judgment has been entered, and all original executions must be issued •within one year after the party is entitled to sue it out, and no successive execu« tion will be issued unless within five years after the return day of the one preced- ing it. All executions are returnable in sixty days from their date. Deeds, Rights of Married Womex, "Wills, &c. — Conveyances of lands, or of any estate or interest therein, may be made by deed exectited by any person having authority to convey the same, or by his attorney, and acknowledged and xecorded in the registry of deeds for the county or district wTiere the lands lie, Kithout any other act or ceremony. A wafer, or other ten'cious substance upon which an impression may be made, is a valid seal in this State. The acknowledgment of deeds shall be by the grantors, or one of them, or by the attorney executing the same, aujj may be made before any justice of the peace, magistrate or notary public, or tommis- cioner appointed for that purpose by the Governor of this State within tha United States, or iu any foreign country, or before a minister or consul of the United States in any forign country. No subscribing witness is required when the deed is acknowledged by one of the grantors. In case the grantor refuses to acknowledge the same, it may be proved before a justice of the peace in the county where the land lies, or where the grantor or any subscribing wit- ness to the deed resides, by the testimony of the subscribing witness, anl of every person or family, libr-iry and school books of every individual and family not exceeding $150 in value, and all family pictures. To each householder 10 sheep with their fleeces, and the yarn or cloth manufactured from the same, 2 cov/s, t> sw ine, and provision and fuel for six months' use, all household gooils, furnitr.-.-e and utensils not ex- ceeding in value §250 ; tools, implements, material;;, stock, apparatus, team, Tehicle, horses, harness or other things to enable any person to carry on the profession or trade, occupation or business in which lie is wholly or principally engaged, not exceeding in value §250 ; and a sufiicient quantity of hay, grain, feed and roots for i)roporly keeping for six months the animals hercmbeforo specified ; 1 sewing machine for family use is also exempt. No portion of tha property above specifled, however, is exempt from execution upon a judgment; lor the purchase money. Mechaxics' Liex.— Any person who shall, by contract with the owner, parti owner or leasee of any piece of land, furnish labor or materials for constructing; or repairing any building, wharf or appurtenances on such laud, has a lienj therefor upon said building, wharf, machinery, appurtenances, the entire in- terest of .<:aid owner, part owner or lessee in and to said land not exceeding onal quarter-section ; or if in the limits of an incorporated village or city, in the lot! or lota on which s.aid building, wharf, machinery or appurtenances are situated,' to the extent of his claim. He must file a verilied certilieate with the register of deeds, containing a copy of the contract, if in writing, or if not a statement of its terms, with a descnption of the Land, and a statement of the amount duai and to become due, with all credits to which the owner may be entitled. The owner, part owner or lessee must be notilicd of the filing of the certifl-' cate. In order to have the benellt of the lien, proceedings to foreclose must be taken within six months after the last installment shall become due. A tfub-| contractor has a lien to the extent of the interest of the original contractor, upon complying with substantially the same i)rovisions as in case of an original contractor. Mechanics, workmen", and other persons, also have a lien in certain cases, for performmg labor or furnishing materials in buikling, altering, repair- ing, beautifying or ornamenting any house or other building, machinery o^ appurtenances to any house or building. CoLLEcriON OF Debts. — Persons may be arrested hy capias ad respondendum^ in actions arising on contract, to receiver damages "for breach of promise to marry, for moneys collected by a public oflicer, for any misconduct or neglect inJ office, or in any professional employment, and in other actions than those aris-' ing upon contract, where an order for bail shall be indorsed ou the writ by Si judge of the court, or by a circuit court <'oniinii;sioner. Arrests may also be made in other actions upon contract than those abova epeciiied, if it be made to appear that the defendant fraudulently contracted tha debt or incurred the obligation, or that he has jiropertj- which ho has removed, or is about to remove, out of the jurisdicti<.>n of the court, with intent to defrauaj his creditors, or which he fraudulently conceals, or which he unjustly r<;f uses tOj apply to the payment Qi any Judgmeut which shall havo been leadered against 872 SPECX4.L LA ""9 OP MICHIGAN. At'.achments may issue in favor of any creditor against any debtor ha-ring proiicrtT i:i the county in Tvhlch the creditor or debtor may reside, subject to the attachment, in the circuit court of said county; or in case the debtor ha- no prorarty in the county, or is a non-resident of the State, then nu attachment may iEs;:e in" the circuit court of any county where the property of the debtor may be found. The following are the principal causes of attachment : 1. Thit tho defend- ant has absconded or is about to abscond from this State, or that he is concealed thertin, to the injury of his creditors. 2. That the d-jfendant has assigned, dis- posed of, or concealed, or is about to assign, dispose of, or conceal any of his property, •v\ ith intent to defraud his creditors. 3. That tl;e defendant hr'.s re- moved or is aV)out to remove any of his property ont of the State, with inter.t to defran I his creditors. 4. That'he has fraudulently contracted the debt or iu' currad the oMicratiou respecting v.hiih the suit i-j brought. 6. That he is a i;on- xesideni of tiie State end has not resided therein for three months immediately preceding tlie tlma of commencing the suit; or, 6. That the defendant in a ior;?i»n corixiration. Ko bond is required on commencement of suit, but the defendant may re- cover tha possession of the p^operty taken by virtue of the ■writ by delivering to the caicer a bond conditioned f .t the payment of any judgment or the return of the property. Unless this is done, the property must remain in the hanils of tho officer. Attachments maybe dissolved by a judiie of the court, or by a circuit court commissioner, upon application of the defendant, if he ehall be Batislled that the plaintiff had not a good and legal cause for sain.:? out the vrrit. Assignments of bonds, notes, and other choses in r.ction i:ot negotiable under existing laws, are valid, and the assignee may sue for and recover the same iu Lis ov\-n name. A writ of garnishment may iss'.ie in a personal r.ction arising upon contract. As to notes and bUls, no person in this State can 1 e charged as an acceptor on a bill of exchange, imless his a-'eeptaiiee is in viritiTip, signed by himself or lis lawful agent. BiUi of eichanue. duly protested for non-acoeptance or non- payment, if drawn or endorsed within this State, parable aS any place without the State but in the United States, entitle the holdcr'to recovor damages in ad- dition to the contents of 8ui h bill, with interest and costs, as follows : "^Tiea payable wi ihin either of the States of Wisconsin. Iliiuois, Indiana, Pemisylvania, Ohio and New York, three per cent, on the contents of the bill; when "payable within cither of the States of Missouri. Kentucky, Mr.ine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Massachusetts, P.hcxie Island, Connecticut, Kew Jersey, Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia or the District of Columbia, nve per cent., and if payable else- where wi.hin any of tha United States or territories thereof, ten p.r cent. Ko damages are allowed, if payable within t'lis Stats. If payable outside of tho United States, live per cent, is allowed, besides the current rate of exchange at time of demand- All parties to notes or bills, v.hether drawers, makers, guaran- tors of payment, endorsei-a or aeceptorfl, may be sued iu oi'.e action, and judg- ment may be rendered and execution issuedin the same manner as though^ were joiilt contractors. Any bill of exchange, note, or draft payable on demand, and aiiy chcj-k, bill of exchange, or draft drawn upon any bank'or banking insti- tution,"is deemed to be due on the day mentioned for the payment of the same, witl-.out any dive of grace being allowed. Giiarautees of payment or of the col- le.tion are "negotiable, and pass to the holder of the note. Kotarial protest is e-.i.l r.ie of non-acceptance or non-payment, at the time and in the manner jraifl in the protest, unless the defendant shall annex to his plea an affidavit dci)y;;ig the fact of having received such notice. justices of the peac? h.-vve jurisdiction in all civU actions wherein the debt or darnaies do not exceed Sli^O, aid concurrent jurisdiction with the courts of record in all actions upon contract wherein the debt or damages do not exceed $:m.', except actions for a disturbance of a ricrht of vay or other easement ; ac- tio; .» fiir lib 1, slamder, or for malicious prosecutions, and actions against execu- tc;rs or aAlministrators as such, except ia cases 6:?ecially provided by law. Cir.. cuit courts, in their respective counties, have and exercise ori.Tinal and exclusive jurisiiiction of all civil actioi s and remedies of whatever name and description. and i:sa$res of law. Said court has such appellate jurisdiction and p^jwcrs r.s are p^c>^■ided by law. Service of summons may be made at ajiy time before return day. A judgment has no eSect upon the property of a judgment debtor, either re«l SPECIAL LAWS OF MICHIGAN. 873 •r pereonal, until the issue and levy of an execution. A certified transcript of the judgment of a justice of tlie peace for twenty dollars and over, exclusive of costs, on certain conditionsi, may bo filed in the office of the clerk of the cirouib court of the county ill vhich tlie judirnient shall have been rciulered. in whicb «a8e tlie judgment sliall be of the Biiiiie eltoct as a judgment rendered in said cir- cuit court. Judgnieulrt may bo eulcrod In any court upon confession. Executions in courts of record may is-;ue upon the rendition of judgment to the proper ofiloer of any county in the Stale, and successive or alias executions may issue one after another upon the return of any execution unsatisfied in whole or in part. They are not a lien upon property tintil a levy is made. Exe- cutions in justices' court, except in certain ppr-oilicd oases, may issue at the ex- piration of five days from the rendition of j'ulcrmcnt, unless tlie execution be Stayed. The defendant in the execution in justices' court may stay the sai-.ie, except in certain epecified cases, by filing proper soeurity for the payment of the money, witli interest and costs for four months from the commencement of suit, if the iud,'mont shall not exceed fifty dollars, and for six months if the jiulgment exceeds fifty dollars. I^and sold under execution may be redeemed within one year from the time of sale. Every species of property, real or pergonal, and the interest of the de- fendant in any property, except such as is exempt from execution by statute, is subject to execution ami sale. Dei'ds, KioiiTS OK" BIAKRIED WoMEX, WiLL-s, &C — Deeds must be under seal, with two witncfisos ; a scrawl is rc/arded as a seal. Tho execution of deeds must be acknowledged before anjr judco or comuiis.«iouer of a court of record, or before any notary puldio or justice of tlio peace within the State. Tho deed must be reconlod in tho county where tlie land lies. Doeds executed in any other State must be executed according to tho laws of such State, and tho execu- tion thereof may bo acknowledjjed before any o:}iccr authorized by th.o law* of such State to tal^o ack:iowlcd!iment8 ; or they mav be acknowledc;oton£ils, and furriiti:re not enumerated not exceeding §500 in value ; 3 cows, 10 »'s-in.?. 1 yoke of o.\en, and a horse (or a span of horses or mules\ 20 sheep •. neces- sary food for stock for one year ; 1 wagon, cart or dray, 1 sleifrh, 2 ploughs, 1 drag, and other farming utensila not exceeding SooO "in xalue ; one sewing machine ; seed grain for one year ; one year's provisions for debtor and family ; one year's f;;-:!; toils or instruments used for carrying on trade, and stock in trade not exeeeiling $400 ; library and implements of any professional man; 80 acres of land and dwelling house "thereon, or instead thereof, one town or city lot, and the dwelling houses thereon, regardless of value. Also the wages of any laboring man or woman or their minor children, not exceeding §50, due for services rendered during the ninety days preceding the issue of the process. MucnA^ncs' Lmx. — Mechanics and material men have a lien for labor done or material famished on land and improvements. Such lien is subject to the rights of prior lonajide lieu holders. The claim must be filed within one year, and this gives a lien for two years. Sub-contractors, laborers and persons furnishing materials to the contractors, may acquire a lien on the payments due to the orig- inal contractor by serving an attested account on the owner. Collection of Debts. — Arrest in civil action is unknown here- "Writs of attachment may issue on the following groiuids : Defendant being a non-resident or a foreign corporation, or has departed from the State with intent to delay or defraud his creditors, or keeps himself concealed with like intent ; that the ' debt was fraudulently contracted ; or that defendant has assigned, secreted or disposed of his property with intent to delay or defraud his creditors ; or that he is about to do so. Attachments are levied on bulky articles of persc'ual property without removal, by filing a copy of the ■writ with the town or city clerk, and on real estate by recording the writ in the office of the register of deeds. I Assignments for the benefit of creditors are not governed by statute and fol- low common law rules. Ko tiling or record is necessary. Garnishment may issue at the time of filing the complaint, or issuing' svanmons, or at any time thereafter. The indebtedness of the garnishee, or the value of prooertyin his hands, as well as the indebtedness of the defendant, mi!-.t not be less lian S-5, besides costs, to entitle the plaintiff to judgment in tha district court, and not less than §10 in the justice's court. On notes and bills grace is allowed, unless the contrary is expressed, on all time paper, and on that payable at sight, but not on that payable on demand. Liability of indorsers is fixed" by protest and notice, same as "at common law.' Demand paper must be presented within sixty days from its date to charge the Indorser. Acceptances must be in writing, and' signed by the acceptor or Lis duly anthoriied agent. District Courts and Courts of Common Plsas have original jurisdiction in a''! cqt:i:able actions where a justice of the x>eace has not jurisdiction, regardless of amount ; and iu all civil actions where the amount exceeds $100, and below that sum, vrith certain provisions a.^ to costs. Justices of the peace have juris- diitlonof ail amounts under SlOO in ci\-il actions, except cases involving title to real ^tate, false imprisonment, lib*>l, slander, malicious prosecution, crim. f-iJi., seduction, or promise to marry ; or for an action against an administrator, or fx-jontor. •Jud^'ments upon being docketed in the office of the court of record, become a lien oa all real property of the jiidj^ment debtor in the countj' where docketed, £i>r ten years. Ko lien oa personal j>rop«rty is created by a judgment. Justice^ jnd7r::ent8 become liens when a transcript is liled in the "district court lixooiitions issue from, district courts when d'. manded. or any time within ten years after judgment is rendered. They are returnable in district courts within sixty diyg ; fiersonal proi)erty i~ first levied np<>n, and is sold at ten days' notice ; real' estate is sold on a notice of six weeks, published in a newspaper of tha CO mtr, anifnoriccs ])osted in three public place." for the same time. Be&l estaw Bold on execution mav bv redeciaijU vitiiia one year SFECIAL LAWS OP MISSISSIPPI. ftJ Deepb, Riohts of Marrikd "Womkn, &c.— Deeds must be 9ijni«rt, sealed (^ ■crawl answering for a seal) and acknowledged by the grantor, attested by two witnesses, and recorded in the county where the lands are situated. Acknowl- edgments in this State may be made "before a judge of the supreme, district ot probate court, or a clerk of said courts, notary public, justice of the peaco, or court commissi >npr. Out of this State, ivcknowledgments of deeds to lands in this State may be iiade before a judge of a United States court, judges or justices of any Stale or territorial court of record, clerks of any of said courts, justices of the peaoe, notaries public, or commisHioncrs appointeil by the Governor of thia State for that purpose. Justicosof the peace or other oiUcers not using a seal, must have their oflie uotice after two years from the date of liliug. SPECIAL LAWS OF MISSISSIPPI. ExF.MPTiON.s FKOM FORCED SALE.— //omfi Worth 32,000 and Pergonal Properiv' On debts contracted after Sept. 1, 1870, only 80 acres of land to the head of each family, being a housekeeper, to a resident of any incorporated town, being the head of a family, and a housekeeper, S2,nO0 worth of real property, comprising the proper homestead. The exempt personality is, 1. The tools of a mechanic necessary for carrying; on histra head of stock hogs and .'5 sheep, CO ijushels of corn, 10 bushels of wheat or rice, 200 lbs. of meat, 1 cart or wagon, not to exceed in value SlOO, household and kitchen furniture not to exceed $100 in value ; and SIOO of the wages of laborers is exempt from garnishment, iu the hands of their employers. Liens — Judgments, when enrolled, arc lions on all property in the county ■whore rendered ; may bo made liens in any county ky having abstract enrolled there. Mortgages and deeds in trust are also liens." They must be acknowl- edged and recorded in the same nuvnner as ordhiary deeds of conveyance. Mechani'.-s have a lien for labor done and materials furnished in the erection and repair of buildings, but suits to enforce a mechanic's lie!i must be commenced in eix months. CoLLfTTioN OP Debts.— No person can be arrested for debt in this State. "Writs of attachment may bo issued on one or more of the following grounds: 1. That the defendant is a foreign «-orporation, or is .a nou-rcsideutof this State ; or, 2. That no has removed or is about to remove himself or property out of this State; or, 3. That he so absconds or loucnals himself that he cannot be served with .1 summons ; or, •!. That he has properly or rights in actious which he con- C«»m luui unjus'vlj- refuses to upply l^o t^<^ payment of his debts ; or, 5. That h9 B76 SPECIAL LAWS OF iOSSISSIPPI. bai assigned or disposed of, or ia about to assign or dieposc of his property or rights in actloB. or some jiart thereof, with iiiteut to defraud hi« creditors, or jive an unfair preference to some of them : or, 6. That he has conyened or 18 about to convert his property into raonev, or evidences of dobr. with intei'.i; to place it beyond the reach of "hia creditors : or. 7. That he has frandulonily contracted the debt, or incurred the obligation for which the suit has been, or is about to be brought. Before any writ of attachment shrdl i3?Tie, the creditor, his agent or attorney. must make an arndavit as to the amount and character of his debt or claim, rvnd the existence of one or more of said ground? of attachment, and give bond iu doable the amount of the principal of the claim, conditioned to pay all damage* which the defendant n\ay sustain ty reason of the wrongful suiiig out of iha attachment. Writs of garnishment may issue on suggestion that any party is indebted to or bas property of t'ae defendant in Lis hands- The assignment of notes, bills, ac-counts. and other legal or equitable demands is valid, and when the assignment is in writing, the assi;rnee mav sue in his own name. Ko particular form of words is necessary to constitute a vaUd assign m ent. The maker of any bill, note, etc., mav plead any payment, off-set or other equity In defease of the s.-ime a-rainst the essi'.niee, had or possessed by him against the assignor previous to notice of th> assigiiment. Justices' courts have jurisdiction up to §1.50 ; Circuit courts over that amount. Chancery courts hare jurisdiction in the administration of estates, all probata matters over miTiors and lunati' s. in matters of dower and divorte, and the fore- closure of mortgages, and they have nearly all the jurisdiciiou of English chan- cery courts. Executions are required to be Li^sued, unless otherwise ordered by the plaintiiF, vrithin 20 days after tie adjournment of the tenn of court at which the judgment is rendereii. ' Ko stay law for staying executions except iu jusUce-.' courts, and only then upon giving bond. Parts^ may, by consent-, howeyer, have Judgment entered up. with stay of execution for any specified time. d.-ums againit deceased persons must be probated in the of&ce of the clerk of the chancery court having charge of the estate, witlii:i one ye;ir from the date of the first notice to credito'.^ to present their claims, otherwise they aie barred. If the evidence of debt is a bond, note or bill, it must be filed, with the affidavit of the credit-:>r attached that no portion of the money intended to be secured by ic has been received, ar.d no security or satisfaction given for the same except the amount credited, if anr . If it is an open account, the ajfidavit must set out that the amount stated is "just and true, and that no part of the money stated to be due, nor any 6? ^urity or satisfaction for the same has been received except what is cre-lited, if a-iy. If it is a judgment, a certified transcript must be filed, mccompanied with a eimilar oath. The above affidavits may be ma:i> "WorEX, "Will.'!, &o.— Deeds to land' mustbs recorded m the oSce of the chancery clerk, i:i the county where the lanila lie. Before being recorded they must be acknowledged. The ackaowleoguicuii must be substantially as follows': State of Mississippi, ) Coryrr of Map.ion". j Personally appeared before the undersigned (here follows the nanie and titla of the oflScen, John Leslie, who acknowledged that he signed, seal*! and deliv-« ered the foresoing deed of conveyance as his own act and deed, on the day aai year and for the purposes therein mentioned. Given under my hand this day of , A. D., 1*7 . (Signature and title ot ordC«r.> If a married woman is a p.-vrtv to the deed, the following should be added to iha loregoinsr loiiu of ackuowletrict oourt of tho United States, or justice of the su- pri'mo court or superior court of any Stat o or tarri i cry of tlie V uion, or any jusl i<:o of the peace whns-e ollirial character shall l>e certilicd to under the seal of soma court of record in his county, or before any commissioner residing in such Stalo ortciTitory who may he appointed by the Governor of this .State toT,ake ack^owl- cdgme-its and pr»">tof deeds and other conveyam-.ts. Every deed nuist be sealed, bat a mere scrawl answers for a seal. I'roper:y ar(iuired by married wt>mQn either before or after marriage, anurcs with the iiiconie fiolely to tho wife's bcnolit. She uiiiy soil llio suuk!, j)ro\ideil bar husband joins in tho deed of conveyance ; and she may dispose of it by last will and testament. She cannot bind her property for her uusbaud's dobt« beyond its income. All contracts n\ade by tho husband and wife or cither of them, for supplies for the plantation of the wife, may bo enforced and (>atisiactiiin had out of her eepirate estate. All contracts ina<\e by the wife, or by tho husband wi(h her con- sent, for family Pup\iUe8 or necessaries, wearing apparel of herself and children, or for their education, or for materials used or work done for tho benefit of her separate estate, or for household furniture, arc binding ou her, and satisfactiou may be hadout of her separate estate. A married woman may engarre in trade as a, femme sole. WTien she does, shs is bound A8 thoujcli unmarried for all contracts made in the course of her trade. She is liable for n'csrs ; where debt is coutracted out of the State, and dublor abaooud# 878 SPECIAL. LAWS OF SnSSOUBL from there and eecretly removes his property into this State ; for debt contracted fraudulently or from commission of felony ; or ■where goods were bought and payment is to be made in cash and the same is not done ; bond must be in double the debt claimed, -with one or more sureties, who must be resident householders in the county where suit is brought. Attachments should be resorted to in this State with great caution, and only where the proof is strong and clear. Every epecies of property, whether it be legal or equitable, is subject to attachment »nd execution at law. When attachment is levied on real estate, notice is to bo filed at the recorder's office, and this fixes legal notice of the encumbrance. Assignments, in trust for the bonetit of creditors, inure for the benefit of r.ll (Creditors of the grantor, whether named in the deed of assignment or not ; the deed of assignment must be acknowledced and recorded like other deeds. One partner cannot assign all the jiartuership assets fcr the payment of partnership debts, but only his own share of them. A creditor, if he attacks an assignment ai fraudulent, and is defeated, cannot afterwards claim the benefit of the a-j- Bignment and be allowed to prove his debt before the assignee. Assignments, made to secure sureties or endorsers, prior to any payment by them, are valid here. Notes, bills, accounts and eveiy species of contract or claim is assignable, and the assignee can sue on it in his own name. Garnishment can be issued, either on execution or attachment, against any person owing the debtor or having his property in possession. The garnishee is entitled to compensation for his trouble and ejf^iense, including attorney's fees ; this is payable out of the fund, if any is foimd in his hands, or if nothing is due from the "garnishee, then the plaintiff is bound to pay this sum. Acceptors of notes and bills are chargeable op.ly when their acceptance is in ■writing on the bill ; or, if on separate piece of paper, when the party who gav© the credit saw the sepai-ate paper ; or if a promise is made in writing to accept a draft before it is dra\«i, and the draft i'^ in the hands of any person who gave credit on the strength of this ■writing. Bills of exchange and notes dra'svn and negotiated in this State or on any person vrithin the State, expressing on their face for " value received," and duly protested for non-payment or non-acceptance, entitle the holder to recover dam- ages as follows . If "dravra on a pei-sou residing iu this State, four per cent. ; if outside the State, ten per cent. ; if outside an-y of the United States or territo- ries, twenty per cent, damages on the principal sum. These damages are not recoverable if the bill is drawn by and on a person residing in this State, and payment of the principal is made 'within twenty days after dishonor. All parties to notes or bills, whether endorsers, makers, or acceptors, or parties in any man- ner, can be sued jointly or separately in the same or in several actions. Drafts, orders or bills of exchange, payable at eight or on demand, are deemed due the day they are presented for payment, and if tmpaid, may be protested. Notarial protest is e^vidence of demand and refusal of payraent, at the time and in tha manner stated in the protest. Sheriffs are Uable, for failure to p.iy over money, to pay five per cent, dam- ages per month from the time demand is made of them, in addition to legal in- terest. They are also liable for the full value of propertj- in replevin or attach- ment suits, when they have taken insufficient bond. The jurisdiction of justices' courts, in counties having over 50,000 inhabitants, on bonds and notes for the payment of money up to $300, on other contracts up to §200, on actions for torts up to §100. In cotuities having under 50,000 inhal>- itants, on notes and bonds for payment of money up to $150, on other contracts up to $90, and in torta up to $50. In actions for recovery of specific personal property, up to 5200, in the former, and up to $100 in the latter class of counties. All these amounts are exclusive of interest. Circuit courts have concurrent jurisdiction ■with justices' courts as follows, in counties irrespective of popula- tion : On ■written or verbal contracts, in sums over $50, and in the former class of counties for torts, in sums over ^25, and for recovery of specific personal prop- erty up to $200 ; in the latter class of counties for torts, in sums over $25, and for recovery of personal property in sums not exceeding $100. Service of summons must be made iu circuit courts 15 days before return day, and all actions are triable, in counties having over 40,000 inhabitants, at the re- turn term"; in other counties, actions on notes and bonds are triable at the re- turn term, and other actions at the next term. Before justices, service must be made 15 days before trial, in cases where they have concurrent jurisdiction with circuit courts ; iu other cases 6 days is suffi- cient ; but in St. Louis county 15 days is required iu all cases. Judgments, in courts of record are a lien from their rendition, and for thre« snmia thereafter, ou ail res^ estate owned by the defendant, or snbseqneutly ao> SPECIAL LAWS OF MISSOUKL 879 tulT«d by him, and Bltuated in the county where the judgment la rendered. Th» judgment can be revived so that the lieu c.nn bo kept up for ten years after iii rendition. Iso execution can issue o:i a jiulgiuoit in a couri, of record older Ihiiii ten years, new euitlias to be brought on tlic same. Judgments in courts of rec- ord create no lien on personal property. 2<(u execution can i6sn,e on a jusiive'n judgment thrao years after its ronuitioti, T.itliout revivor. Judgments brfiVQ justice can be made to create lien on rv-al estate by liling a feanscriijt ot the judgment in the circuit court. Execution issues the day jud{;ment is rendered, and aro a lien on persorjs.! property, ^\hcn issuing out of a justice's court from the time they are dc;livort;d to tho otliccr ; when issuing from courts of record, only from the time they aro actually lovied. Executioi-.s from a justice car.not be levied on real estate. Every species of property, real or personal, books of account, debts and jujg- menta, Nvhether the interest in real cFtate be a loy;al or equitable title, is subjcci to execution and sale at law. Itcdt mption, after execution sale, is unknown here. If an execution from a court of record is returned unsatisfied, the debtoiB ©an be Bummonod and required to state under oath vhat property or interests thev have or own, which may be reached by execution. i)EKi)3, RidUTS OF Makhikd WiOiijx, "WILIS, &c.— I>ecds must he under Beal, a scrawl is resjarded as a seal. 'Iho aeknowledgment, if made in this State, may be made before a justice of the peace of the cor.nty where the land lies, be- fore a court or judge, the court having a seal, or before a notary public ; if out of this State, before a commissioner of this State, notary public, or before a court or judge or clerk of a court having a seal, or before tlie chief otlicer or mayor of a town or city who has a seal, or before a consul or minister of the United States tiho has a seal. The seal must bo attached, and the deed recorded in the county where tlio land lies. The following is the form of certiiicate where the grantor is unmarried : [Form of Acknowledgment. ] State of Missouei, 1 Cou>TV OF Pike, j Be it remembered, that on tliis day of , A. D. 18 , before tho undersigned, a , within and for the county of , and State of Missouri, personally came , who are personally known to me to be the same persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing and annexed instru- ment of writing as parties thereto, and acknowledged the same to be their act and deed for the pisrposes therein mentioned- In testimony whereof, I have hereunto sat my h,^nd, and affixed my ofQcial •eal, at my office in , the day and year first above written. [L. S.] (Signature and title.') The following is the form where husband and wife join in the deeds, the latter releasing dower. Husband and wife always must join in deeds, whether her or his real estate are to b^ conveyed : (State of Mi^ssouri, ) [Form of Acknowledgment.] ;C"ou}JTY OF Pike. Be it remembered, that on this dav of , A. D. 18 , before the xindersi^ed, a , within and for the county of , and State ot Missouri, personally came , who are personally kno^vn to me to be 13io same persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing ami annexed instru- 'nient of writing as' parties thereto, and acknowledged tlie same to be their act and deed for the purposes therein mentioned. And the said , being by me first made acquainted with the contents of said instrument, upon an examin- ation seimrate and apart from husband , acknowledged that ex- ecuted the same, and relinquishes dower in the real estate therein men- tioned, freely and without fear^ compulsion or undue iuliuence of said husband. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and affixed my official seal, at my office in the day and year first al>ovo written. [SEAL.] (Signature and title.) Married women can hold real or personal property to their separate u»«, tlirough a trustee. A note or endorsement made by .i niarried woman will bind Iter separate estate ; it will not, however, bind her ; •T'.eral estate, and will be a 'UuUity unless she has a separate estate to be bound uy the paper, if, however, iier note is for puxuiiase money of property, then it ^^ 111 biiid even her geuaiM 880 SPECIAL LAWS OF MOXTAN'A AND NEBRASKA. The wife's separate property, whether acquired before or previous to inaj^ riage, is not liable for her husband's debts. The wife is endowed of one-third of all the lauds of whioh her husband, or any one to his use, was seizf-d of an estat« of inheritance, at any time during the marriage ; also, of leasehold estate for the term of 20 yeai3 or more. A chattel mortgage of perishable articles, which are left in the hands of th« grantor, with right to use the same, is void ; so is mortgage of stock of goods, the grantor having right to Bell ; so is any mortgage, if uure^tered and th« chattel left with the grantor ; so is also a registered mortgage, if the goods ara left unreason.ibly long with grantor, after default is maile in payment. Wills must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some person in hia presence, and at his request, and attested by two competent -wntnesses, who ehall subscribtt their names as witnesses in the" presence of the testator. Wills must be recorded oci days after probate : if lands in different counties are devised a copy of the will will be recorded in the recorder's office in each county, withia 6is months after probate. SPECIAL LAWS OF MONTANA. ElEMPTIOXS FROM FORCED S.VXE.— Some irorth $2500. anff Perxmal Prnp. erty. A homestead not exceeding in value $2.5iiO ; in a city or village not to exceed one ouarter acre, or farm land not exceeding gO acres, the debtor taiin^ hia choice selecting either, with all improvements thereon included in the valuation. The lien of a mechanic, laborer, or mortgage lawfully obtained upon die same i3 not affected by such exemption. In addition to the homestead, personal pronerty to the value of #1400, and mo-e, according to value of articles enumerated by fctatat«, is allowed to the hoviseholder occupying the same. SPECIAL LAWS OF NEBRASKA. EirirPTioxs rROM Forced Sale.— flbm# ^rorih fSOO, and Personal Prop- erty- A homestead containing any quantity of land not exceeding 160 acres, and the dwelling house thereon, and its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not included in any incorporated city or village ; or instead thereof, St the option of the owner, a quantity of contiguous land, not exceeding two lots in any incorporated town, city, or village, and^according to the recorded plat of eaid incorporated town, city, "or village ; or. in lieu of the above, a lot or parcel of contiguous land, not exceeding 20 acres, being within the limits of an incor- porated town, city, or village, the said parcel or lot of land not being laid off into Btre 'ts, blocks, and lots, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, being the head of a f.imily, sli.all not be subject to attachment, levy or sale upon ex- ecution, or other process issuing out of any court in this State, so long as tha eame .shall be occupied by the debior as a homestead. All heads of families, vho have neither lar.tls, town lots, nor houses entitled to exemption as a homa- Bieiid, under the ]aw.s of this State, shall have exemption from forced sale on execution th3 sum of f 5<>1 personal property. MErnAxifS' LiEx.— Any person who shall have performed any labor, or furnished any material or machinery for the erection, reparation or removal of *.;iy house or other buiiriing or purtenances. by virtue of a eontruct, expressed or implied, with the OTvner there- >f. or his agent,"6liallhave a lien thereon to secure the payment for such lab<3r performed or materials furnished. Said lien shall be obtained by filing, in the ofSce of the county clerk for record, an account, in writing, of the items, and making oath thereto, within four months after furnish- ing such materials, or work and labor. Tlie lien shall operate from the date of the fir? t item till two years from the date of the last item. CoiiECTiox OF Debts. — An order for the arrest of the defendant mav be ob- tained on affidavit by the plainti:i, his agent, or attorney, that the claim" is just, and that one or more of the following p.-.rticulars are true : that the defendant has begun to remove any part of his property out of the jurisdiction of the court with intent to defraud : that he has begun to convert the same into mc>ney to place it beyond tlie reach of his creditors ; that hehasproperty of rights of action which he fraudulently conceals ; that he has assicrned, remrived or disposed of his property or .any part thereof witli intent to defraud ; that he has fraudulently «eBtract«d the debt or inavBred the obligation on which the action is based. Tbi9 SPECIAL LA\^■S OF >-EBKA6KA. 881 a^Pflnrit TV?* f irtTier contain K statement of tho {.ictfl claimed to juff Iiv ft belief ■ 1 ' ^ abovu parUcuIare. A bond muet be execut^xl lil-ic tLat ia ■ iril jv^n'i mnT nhfoin n writ "f attao^m<>T1t «?nh'8t. all The 1. f •when he r.l*' ' o lias left t!ie county to avoitl aerrice, or 6>> . ot be S'-rved npou liim. "VMien the ground o£ a:: ic-iuiu :u 1- i.i:-.v i..:nil, in not int>ro than double the anioimt claimed, with one or more furetiea to be apprnvcd by tlio clerk, is reijuired, except when the defendant is a . non-resident or fonMgn coriHiration. In cases of att.-vohnient, " when the plainilff, his agent or attomer, shall make oath in writing that he has pftod rea^^on to, and does belieTe, that any person or corporation, to be named and within tho county where tlio actioii is brought, has property of the di-fendant <^ileei'ribing tlie same) in his foi?segsion," the said prop- ertv, whether debts, choses in action, cliattclsor other prr^pertj-, may be garnished and held tlie saiuo as property otherwise attached. In all ca*' s where an execu- tion shall be returned unfaiisiicd, and the judgment creditor, his ngx-nt or at- torney, shall file an aiJidavit, that any person or corporation (naming'the same) has pixjpertT of, and a.-o indebted to the judgment debtor, such person or corpo- ration may be summoned as garnishee. All bonds, promissory notes, bills of exchange, foreign and inland, drawn for any sum or sums of money, cei tain and made payable to any person or order, or assigns, shall be negotiable by endorsement ; made payable to bearer, shall be transferable by doliVery ■without endorsement. AH such negotiable paper shall be entitled to throe days' grace. January 1st, February 22d, July 4th. December 25th, and any day appointed or recommended by the goVemorof this St.it e, or the President of the L'nited States, as a day of faster thanksgiving, are legal holi- days for commercial purposes ; when such day comes on Monday, then the day after is when the act is to be performed. WlJen any bill of exchange shall be drawn for the payment of any such sum of money, and such bill shall be legally protested for non'-acceptance'or non-paj-ment, the drawer or drawers, endorser or endorsers, shall be subject to payment'of twelve per cent, damages thereon, if drawn on anv person or i>ersonp, or body-corporate, without the jurisdiction of tho United States, and six per cent, damages thereon if dravrn \1p3n persons or body- corporate within the jurisdiction of the United States, and without the jurisdic- tion of this Slate. Tho supreme court has appellate jurisdiction only except in cases relating to rrr-enuf, mandamun. quo vnrranto. habeas cnrpu-f, and such cases of impeachment as may bo required to be tried before it ; and both the supreme and district courta shall have b(.>th chancery and common law jurisdiction. The district court haa original ajid exclusive "jurisdiction over all matters and suits at law and in chancery arising in each county in their respective districts, except whi»n justices of the peace have jurisdictJon, "and concurrent jurl'^diction with suid justices of the pe.\ce, in cas^s whf^rothe cause of action exceeds fifty dollars, and not exceed- ing one hundred dollars, and has jurisdiction in all cases of appeals frora_ a justice of the peace or judgf of j>robate. Justices of the peace have jurisdic- tion co-extensive with their counties, and extends to all cases wherein the sum involved does not exceed 6100. 'When action is rightly brought in anv county, a 8umm'^ns may issue to any other county, and, unless otherwise preivided for, ■hall be returnable on second Monday from its «late, but when issued to ancther county, it may be made returnable, at the option of the party having it issued, on the third or fourth Montiay after its date. Personal service before justices of the peace, three days before trial ; constructive service may also be made in certain cases bv publication. Judgrnents In district court, are liens upon the lands of the judgment debtor, situated in the s.ime county, from the first day of the term at which judgtuent is rcTiJer. -l ; but judgments ty confession, and those rendered at the same term in whirh th«; a. -ion i* commenced, are liens onlv from the day on which such judg- ments are rendered. To create a judgment lieu in other counties, a transcript must be .iieil 3T levy made. Judgments in pr'oliate and justices' courts, operate as a Hen upon the realty of the debtor when at rauscript thereof is file< e. The jurisdii'titm of justices' courts extends to 5300, except when suits concern land or mining claltns. District courts have general jurisdiction' of all matter*. 884 SPECIAL LAWS OF XEW HAMPSHERB. either of a legal or equitable Jiatare, wher the amount exceeds $300, and appellat* jurisdiction in all caees which originates before a justice of the peace. The •upreme has appellate jurisdiction from district courts. Judgments from courie of record, are liens on the debtor's lands in th« county "where obtained, and upon his land in any other county where taanscript of same is tiled : and judgments before jnstica of the peace become liens on tho debtor's land, where a traihscript of the Bame is filed with the clerk of the di:^trict court of the county. Execution may "be stayed by the court in which the judgment was obtained a reasonable time : and, tuilcss same is thus stayed, it can issue at any time within the limitation, five years, and may be levied "on any of the prorverty of the de- fendant not exempt by lav,-. It is not a lien on po"rsonalty until an actual lev. Am the judgment is a lien on the debtor"j land, it can be enforced by the execu- tion. Deeds, Bights of Married Womt:??, &c.— Deeds must be in writing, a scrawl will answer for a seal. Witnesses are not neces&iry to its valiciity. If proTen or acknowledged in thi.< State, it must bo before a judjre, or clerk of a court having a seal, a notary ptiblic, or a j-a.>tice of the pv ace. If without, the State, before any judje. clerk of a court haviiig a seal, notary public or justice of th« peace, or a commissioner of this State. If before a jitstice of the peace, it must be accompanied by a certificate of the clerk of a court of record, ccrtifyinz to the official capacity and signature of the justice. If taken without the Uiiited itates, before some jiidffe or clerk of a court of a State, Kingdom or Em jure hav- ing a seal, a notary public, or by a minister, commissioner of consul of the United States. If the grantor does not acknowledee the execution of thi deed, the wit- ness may prove his signature ; but if the witnesses are dead, or cannot be had, proof by competent parties, under oath, of the signature of the grantor and at least one witness. The wife must join the husband in the execution of a deed, and this form can be used for the certiScate of acknowledgment by husband and wife, or without » wife, and can be changed to suit the circtunstances : State of New Tokk, 1 Cou>-TY OF Orange. ) ** Be it remembered, that on this day of , A. D. IS7 , pierson- ally appeared before me, J. Gordon, a notary public in and for said coiuity and State, duly appointed and qualified to rake a'cknowledgrnents of deeds, etc., A. B. *nd (.'. D., his wife, whose names are subscribed to the conveyed instrument a» parties thereto, personally known to me to be the individuals" described in and ■who executed the said annexed instrument as parties thereto, who each acknowl- edged to me that they each of them respectively executed the same, freely, vol- untarily and for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. And the said "c. D., wife of the said A.B.. having been by me fir^t made acquainted with the contents of said instrument, aeknowledgeil to" me, on examination apart from and without the hearing of her said htisband, that she executed the same freely and voluntarily, without fear or compulsion or undue influence of her said husband, and that slia d»es not wish to retract the execution of the same. In witness whereof. I have hereunto set my hand and alnxed my official seal, the day and year first above written. J. GoRDOK, Notary Public- All the property owned by the wife at the time of her marriage, or to which Bhe acquires after marriage by inheritance, devise, gift or bequest, belougs to and remains her separate estate which she can sell and convey without the con- i«nt of her husband. And all property acquired liy purchase by husband and wife during the coverture belongs to them in comroon ; and upon the death of the husliaud, one-half goes to the wife : btit during coverttire, is tuider the abso- lute control of the husband. He can convey the same without the joining of his wife in the execution of the deed. A married woman has no dower in the raal estate of her husband, neither has he any courtesy in hers. SPECIAL LAWS OF NE^V HAMPSHIRE. BjtEMPTioxs From Forced S.\LE.— f/bme irortA $50<), anrf Personal Prnprrtf. Homestead to the value of Sotm, for the benefit of wifs, widow or ohiUlren. Koue^hold furnitar* to value of #l(,fi ; books and librarv in use by the debtor and SPECTAL LAWS OF NEW nAMPSIIIRE. 88§ MceM&ry bed, bedsteads and bfed-olothin? ; 1 cookJnj; store and Its fumlttire ; tools of his occupation, 4=100 ; ])rovi8ionsaiid fucl,?uO ;"beast3 of the plovr, not ex- ceeding 1 yoke of oxen or C horso ; scwinf; machine, 1 cow, (! eheep, 1 pijjor hog. Mechanics' I.iln. — Laliorcis and jiorsons f ;iriiisliing materials have a lien on the bulldijiK and the land on v.-hich Iti^ ptit, to the amonnt of fl."!, and for tha fpaco of sixty days after tlie labor was p'>rfrirniO(l or materials furnished. CoLLEriioN OF L>i;rTS — A'.rcptfor debt can bo made upon afildavit of the plaintiff, or hia a,:;ent, that defendant owes more than fsl.T.fS, and conceals his property so that rio attaclimcr.t or levy can be made, or is about to leave the Stat» lo avoid the payment of his debts. Writs of attachment may issue for the following causes: Non-residence; baing about to remove from the State ; coiicealmont with view to avoid service ; removal of property from Stale, orconeealmen*,of the same, with a view to hinder and delay crcililoi-s; whore debt is .ontraclcd o itof the Stale and debtor ab- sconds from there and secretly Tcmoveslusi)roi>erty into this State ; for debt con- tracted fraudulently or from commission of felony ; or where goods were bought and payment is to bo made in cash niid the pamo is not done ; bond must be in double the debt claimed, ■« ith one or more sureties, who must bo resident Louse- holders of the county where suit is brouglit. Every species of property, whether It be lejTal or equi.able, i.s i. .bject to attachment, and constitutes a valid lien on the property for thirty days afier judgment, within which period the execution must bo levied to preserve aiuljirotect the lien. Assijrnmenta in trust, for the benefit of creditors, inure for the benefit of all creflitorsof the grantor, whether named in the deer trial. Executions may issue the d.'iy judizmcnt is rendered, and are a lien on personal properly, when issuing out of a justice's court from the time they are clelivered to tlie oilicer ; when issuing from courts of record, only f nim tlie time they are actually IcTled. Executions from a justice cannot bo levied on real est.ate. Every species of rroperty, real or personal, books of account, debts and judg- ments, v.hether the interest Li real estate be a legal or equitable title, is 8.ubject .^ execution and sale at law. IJedemption after execution sale can be liad for one year. Slay of execution is only had when jilaintiff is Insolvent and defeaidant lumi.shes bond to pay the amount of judgment in review. ( Dei:i>3, Rights of M.\Riui:D Womtn, Wills, &c-.— Deeds must be under seal ' and atti;sted by two witnesses. The acknowledgment, if made in this State, may be made h-fore a justice of the peace of the county where the land lies, before a court or judge, the court having a seal, or before a notary public ; if out of th« State, before a commissioner of this State, notary public, or before a court or Judi,'u or clerk of a court h.iving a seal, or before the chief officer or mayor of a town or city who h.as a seal, or before a consul or minister of th» United Stales who has a seal, or a justice of the peace, his otlicial character duly certified by the clerk. The seal must be attached. w.A the deed recorded In the county where the kind lies. Ko separate acknowledgment is required to bemada Dy the wife, nor need she be examined separate and apart from Uet bu»band, bati ■Ee uiubt join iu the deed i' Gardner, Commissioner. No necessity for the certificate to state the wife releases her dower. Th« aboTe is sufficient- Proof of subscribing witnesses must be made by depositions, and upon due notice to the parties interested. And if the identity of the grantor is denied, it must be proven by deposition- Married women hold all property owned by them before marriage, or acquired after in any way, except through property of the husband, to their sole and sepa- rate use as" if sole. All their acts in reference to such property are valid and binding apon them and their property. All other contracts void. The wife is entitled to homestead and dower in all the property of her husband, unless she release the same by joining her husband in its conveyance. In most respects tho wife is equal to the husband before the law. The husband cannot convey real estate to the wife. A chattel mortgage of perishable articles which are left in the hands of the grantor, with right to use the same, is void ; so is mortgage of stock of goods, the grantor having right to sell ; so is any mortgage if unregistered and the chattels Jeft with the grantor, save as between the parties thereto, unless the above pro- visions are complied with and an oath taken by both parties made on the mort- gage, to the effect that the debt accrued therein is just, honestly due and owing. Wills should be in writing, signed and sealed by the testator, or bv some per- «on in his presence, and by his express direction, and attested and subscribed in Ilia presence by three or more credible witnesses. SPECIAL LAWS OF NEW JERSEY. Exemptions from Forced Sale.— Z^mc vorih 81,500 and Personal Prop- erty. Lot and buildings thereon, occupied as a residence and owned by the debtor, being a householder and having a family, to the value of $1,500. Per- Bonal property to the amount of $200. owned by a resident head of a family, appraised by three persons •• ppointed by the sheriff ; and the widow or adminis- trator of a deceased person may claim" the same exemption of §200 as against creditors. Mechanics' Liens. — Persons who perform labor or furnish materials for the erection and construction of buildings, have a Uen on the same for such labor and materials, including the lot on which such buildinep are erected ; provided, the lien is filed in one year after the labor is performed or materials furnished, and the summons issued in the year. Collection of Debts. — A defendant may be arrested for debt, on affidavit being made that he is either, 1. About to remove his property oat of the jurisdic- tion of the court, for the purpose of defraudinghis creditors ; or, 2. Fr.iudulently conceals his property or rights of action ; or, 3. He has assigned, removed or concealed, oris about to assign, remove or conceal his property, with intent to defraud his creditors ; or, 4. That he has fr.iudulently contracted the debt or incurred the obligation about which the suit is to be commenced. Writ of attachment by the creditor or his agent making affidavit, to be filed with the clerk of the court out of which the writ is to issue, stating that th« debtor, according to his knowledge and belief, is not a resident of this State ; that he owes the plaintiff (.specifying the amount), or that the debtor abscond* from his creditors. All property of the defendant may be seized under attach- ment, and his debtors ganiisheeit, but the real estate seized under attachment cannot be sold for twelve months after seizure. Every assigiunent for the benefit of the creditors of the assignor, whither of real, personal, or miiced property, must inure to their mutual benefit without any preference or priority, and all preferences by which one or more creditors are to be first paid, or any other preferences, are fraudulent and void, excepting only creditors holding mortgages and judgment creditors. The debtor making the assignment must attach to the deed of assignment an inventory of all his estate, •ad a Wl list of cretiiton, tJiesQ tc l>t T^rifieA \>j tit« af&dAYit q( tiM ^\itm>. BPECLAX LA-rS OF XEW JERSEY. 887 The said inventory is not conclnsire upon creditors or their assignee ; tho latter can recover any other property belonging to the assignor and not embraced in the schedule. Notes for the payment of money, pavablo to the order of any person or corpo- ration, are negotiable and assignable by endorsement, like inland bills of ex- change ; bills of exchange, for the sum or ei^jht dollars and upwards, drawn upon ai;y person in this State, can be protested fcir non-acceptance or non-payment, and 1)6 poverned in every respect bv tho law governing foreign bflls of exchange. All checks, drafts or bills of exchange (other tlian those drawn upon banKs or bnn'.in.^ houses) whether drawn on demand or otherwise, are entitled to threo dn.y.V grace. Bills of exchange, taken for a pro-exi.-»ting debt, will extingui.sli tlie dobt, if s'Kh jterson aocopting sr.ch bill for I'.Lj d^'btdoth not take due course to obtain payment thereof, by endeavoring to get the same acceptod and paid, and make his protest thereof in case of non-aci-cptance and non-payment Koaries pnWic are anthori^od to make protest of negotiable paper: but for want or in default of a notary, a justice of the peace may inako lawful protest. The following are lejal holidays, for purposes of protest ; Christmas day, first day of .lanuary, fourth of July, and any day specially appointed by the Gov- ernor for a day of fasting or thanks^xiving, a:id paper falling due on such legal holiday shall become due and may be protested on the day preceding the holi- dav ; noti -e of protest need not be sent till following such holiday. Jurisdiction of justices' courts in civil actions, on amounts, or debt claimed or matters in disp_iite, which does n'^t exceed $100, exce^.t in actions of replevin. Blander, trespass, for assault, battery or imprisonment, and actions wherein the title to lands cpnio into question. .Instices' courts are courts of record. Court qf Common Pleas. — Concurrent vri.h circuit. Appellate from justice of tlia peace. Circuit Couf's. — Have concurrent, civil, original jurisdiction with su- preme court, and appellate from t';3 common picas court. Court of Chanccrv . — Exclusive juri.-dictibn in all equity and divorce cases. Supi-eme Court.— ^as oripiiml and appellate junsv.ictir.;i of all civil suits at law. Court of Errors and Appca'.'^. — IIa3 only appellate jurisdiction, and is the court of last resort. Judj-ments coi'stif.ites liens on all tl.e lands of the defemlant in the county ■where obtained, if obtained in tho circuit or chancery courts ; but, if obtained in tlie supremo court, or docketed there from tho circuit or chancery courts, a lien on all the lands of the defendant everywhere in the State. The liens con- tinue during the period of limitation. Executions may i^suo immediately after judgment, and at any time within the period of liuiitations, airainst the body of the defendant, or against his property, any kind of which can bo levied upon. There is no stay of execution, except for a short period on judrments obtauicd before a justice of the peace, where good security is given, unless an appeal or writ of error is taken. There is no redemp- tion after salo under execution. Deeds, Kights of JLuiUiro 'Womex, 'Wills, &c.— All deeds must be written in the common law form, under seal ; an impression on wafer or wax is sufficient, attested by at least ono witness, and have the word heirs incorporated to con- vey a fee. Both husband and wife muot join in a deed conveying the estate of either, the wife to relinquish her dower in her husband's estate, and the husband to give his assent to the wife's convcvance. If the deed is acknowledged in this Stat?, it must be done before the cliancellor or justice of the supreme court, a maser in chancery, a judge of the court of common picas, or a commissioner of dceils. If out of the State, before a judge of the supreme, superior, circuit or district court of tho State or United Slates witbout any seal of such court or judge ; before a mnyor or other chief ma;.:istrate of a city, under the seal of such city ; before a maiUcr in chancery of Now Jersey, or a commissioner of deeds for New Jersey, ur.der his seal ; before a judgo of the court of common pleas, or any o.nccf authorized bv the laws of tha State where taken, to take the acknowledg- ments of deeds, and in the latter cases there shall be annexed a certificate under the great seal of such State or territory, or under the seal of the county court where the same is taken that such ofiicer is such as he claims to be, and as Buclt or.lcer aut'.iori^cd to take the acknowledgments of deeds in such State or terrlp, toi-y. and that his signature is gennine. The following is tlie form of certilicate'to be used : St.\tk of Ni:w York, ) CorNTT CF Okange. ) * ■ Be it remembered, that on this day of , 187 , before me, th« pubscriber, John Curria, a notary public, personally appeared A. B. and C. D., liil vU^ wbo, 1 WD laUaQ^ orQ the ^autors niiiQ«<\ In. tnd wbo «x«cut«4 th« 888 SPECIAL LAWS OP NEW TO»K. ■within instrument of conveyance, and I having first made known to them the contents thereof, thev did therefore severallj; acknowledge before me that they signed, sealed and delivered the same as their voluntary act and deed, for the uses and purposes therein expressed. And iho said C. B., wife of the said A. B., heing hy me privately examined •eparate and a^^art from her said husband, did farther ackuowledi;e thnt sho Bigned, sealed and delivered the eame as h-r voluntury act and deed, freely, ■without anv fear, threat or compulsion of or from her said husband. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and aiiixed my official seal the day and vear aforesaid. Joiiyr Cuehie, Notary J'aiUc- A niarrieil woman cp.n hold, to her sole and scparn.te use, all property-, both real and personal, whit h phc owned .at t!>e time of hcr_marr)a.;e, or which she ^acquired diiriug marriaj;© by gilt, grant, descent, devise or bequest, ai;d the rents, profits and issues thereof shall not be subject to the disposal of her nus- band, nor lialde for hia debts. She can be sued wi'Ji her husband for debts con- tracted for her own boneUt, and which cannot be enforced a^^aiust her in equity. "Widow is entitled to dower in one-third of all the rial estate of vrhich the hus- band (lied seized, and to the mansion house until dower is assigned licr. All chattel mortgafres to be valid as to creditors and subsequent bona fide purchasei-s, nmst be tiled with the clerk or register v.here th.e mortgaror resides, and if a non-resident, where the property is "situated, or the possession of the property mortgaged must be immediately delivered to tho mortgagee, and this possession be continued. And thirty days before the expiration of one vear from the first filing of sitch mortgage, a true copy of same niiist be again filea with the clerk or register, accompanied with a st.itement showing the interest of the mortgagee in the property. The same becom 2S void as to creditors. All wills shall be in writing, and shall be sicned, or acknowledged to hav« been signed, by the testator, and declared to be his or her last •will, in the pres- ence of at least two credible witnesses present at the eame time, who shall sub^ scribe their names as witnesses in the presence of the testator. SPECIAL LAWS OF NEW YORK. Ex^EMPTiONS FROM FoROED Salf,. — Home iverth $1000, and Personal Prop- erii/. llomestead to the value of 3101!!) ; but not as against an execution upon a judgment recovered for fraud. Burial plat not to exceed one-fourth of an acre. Personal property, when owned by a householder, is exempt as follows : Spin- ning wheels, looms and stoves in us(! in dwelling house, pictures and bool;s in use to the value of §50 ; a pew in a church, 10 sheep, 1 cow, 2 swines and their neces- sary food, necessaiy household furniture and libr.ary to value of $250 ; working tools, professional instruments, a team and necessary food therefor for ninety days, and a se'wing machine, except on execution for purchase money for such things. Mechanics' Liex. — The laws on this subject are not uniform throughout the State. IMaterial men and mechanics have lien for labor and materials on land Improvements to the extent of their claims. The claim must be lib d wi'ihin thirty days after completion of labor and furnishing of materials ; and in the county of New York, and some other counties, within three months. The lieu continues for one year. Collection OF Pebts. — Tlie defendant is liable to be arrested and held to bail, at any time before judgment, in an action for injury to person or charact;^r, or wrongfully taking, detaining or converting personal property ; in an action for money received or projierty embezzled or fraudulently misapplied by a publig officer or attorney, or by an o.fiicer or agent of a corporation or banking associa- tion in the course of "his employment as such, or by anv other person in a fiduciary capacity ; in an action to recover the possession of personal property unjustly qetained, where the property lias been concealed or disposed of so that it cannot be found by the sheriif ; when the defendant has been guilty of a fraud in contracting the debt or incurring tho obligation for which the action is brought, or ia'concealing or disposing of the property for the fairing of ■VThi:h tho action is brought ; or when the action is brought to recover d.amages for fraud or deceit, and when the defendant has remove;! or disposed of his property, or is about to do so with intent to deframl his crerlitors. Tlie plaintiif is required to give n, bond in at lenst SJOO, wi^h on" or mors ire«ldeut eurotlos, householdeis. The alfidavlt to obtain ai-rebt umy bo umJ4, SPECIAL LA-W-S OP NEW TOKK. 889 by any one with kuowlodge of the facts. ^Vrrest may be marty withtutent to dotraud creditors. The plaintiff gives a bond in at le;ist S-'xi, with one or more resident sureties, householders. Everj- Bpeeiei of property is bubioct to attachment and execution at law. Attachment on real estatj beooiueja ueu on filijagof notice. Attachments maybe made by non- residents. Assii;nir.en*3 f«)r the benefit of creditors must be acknowledged and recorded. One pa?*.!!er car.i'ot aisi,:n tbo tirra assots for the partnership. A debtor may prefer bi3 surety or endorse on an e.xitftuis;; indebtedness, although not vet mature;!. AH claims on contract are assignable, and the assignee can sue in liia own name. No fuaicular form of assignment neoessarv. Garnishment can be had either on execution or attachment against any person owing the debtor or havi .y j>roperty in his iK'saession. Acceptors of notes and bills are charcreable only when tlieir acceptance is ia writing on the bill ; or if on separate T'i oca of paTTcr, when the party who gava the credit saw the paper ; or if a promise is made in writing to accept a draft be- fore it is drav:n, .'■ndtho draft is in the hands of any person who gave credit oa th« strength of the writing. Justices' Courts have jurisdiction in actions on contract and for damages for fraud in sale of property up to §200, and for recovery of personal property to value of $200. Pr< cess rvturnable in frim 6 to 12 days. The supreme court is a court of general jurisdiction in every county having eogiuzance of all actions. Process returnable in 20 days. There are various local courts in the cities with general concurrent jurisdic- tion with the supreme court. The marine court of the city of KewYork haa jurisdiction inactions on contract where the recovery sought is not more than $1000. Process returnable in six days, and in case of non-resident, plaintiff or defejidant, may bo in 2 days. Judgments are liens for 10 years on all real estate owned by the judgment ereditor, or suK-^equcntly acquiixd by lum, in the county where the judgment ia docketed. At the expiration of the ten years, the judgment can be revived by action. Judgments of inferior courts are made liens on real estate, by filing a transcript in county clerli'soCice. Execution i. ried : State of Txdtax.v. ) County of Jackson. ) • On this day of , in the year , before me personally c«m« A. P>., to me known to be the individual described in and who executed th« within lor annexed, or above) conveyance, and acknowledged that he execute^ ttM Mma for the purx>oees therein nventioncd. Pkteb Wll30ir, Notary Public. 890 LAWS OF NEW MEXICO AND NORTH CAEOI-INjt. The following is the form where husband and wife join in the deed. State of I>diaxa, ) CouuTY OF Jackson, J On this day of , in the year , before me personally cam« A. B. and C- B., his wife, to me known" to be the individuals described in and who executed the within (or above, or a;inexed) conveyance, and severally acknowledged that they executed the same for the purposes therein mthtioned. And the said C. B,, on a private examination by me made, apart from her hus- band, acknowledged that she executed the same freely, and without any fear or «ompulsion of her said husl.and. Petkk Wilson, Notarij Fublic. Married women can hold real and personal property to their sole and separate TiBe. A wife's obligatioii maybe recovered out of her separate property when given with intent to charge it. Property acquired before or subsequent to mar- riage is in no cases liable for her husband's debts, but for her own debts only. A widow shall be endowed with oue-thiid of all the lands owned by her husband during his lifetime. To render a chattel mortgage valid as against creditors and purchasers, there must be actual possession by iha mortgagee, or the mortgage or copy must be filed in the town or city where the mortgagor resides. The mortgage must bo refiled every year. Every will must be subscribed by the testator, and shall be acknowledged by him to be his will to each of at least two attesting witnesses, each of whom shall eign his name at the end of the will, at the request of the testator. The witnesses to any will shall write opposite to their names their respective places of residence ; if residing in a city the street and number of the house should also be given. SPECIAL LAWS OF NEW MEXICO. Exemptions from Torced Sale.— ^one vorth ?1000 ; Provisions, $25 ; Furniture, $10 ; Tools, $20. Real estate to the value of §1,000 is exempt in farm, if the heads of the families reside on the same ; also the clothing, beds and bed- clothing required for the use of the family, and firewood requisite for 30 days, when actually provided and intended for use. All Bibles, Testaments, hymn books, and school boolis useil by the family, and family and religious pictures ; provisions on hand to the amount of S25, and kitchen furniture to the value of ?10, both to be selected by the debtor ; also tools and implements belonging to the debtor that may be necessary to enable him to carry on his trade or business, whether agricultural or mechanical, to be selected by him, and not to exceed §20 in value. Keal estate when sold must bo first appraised by two freeholders of the vicioity and must bring two-thirds of the appraised value. SPECIAL LAWS OF NORTH CAROLINA. EXEMPTIOKS FROM FORCED SALE.— -Hbr/Ji? worlh Sl000.a?)rf Personal Property 9/forth 5500. Every homestead, and dwellings and buildings connected there- with, not exceeding in value §1000, to be selected by the owner thereof, or in lieti thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in a city, town, or village, with the dwellings used thereon, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, and not exceeding $1000 in vale.e. Personal property to the extent of §500 in value. Mechanics' Lien. — All laborers, material men and mechanics have liens on the houses built, improved or repaired by them, and on the lots on which they are built, to the extent of the interest of the party who had the improvements or repairs done. But they must take the necessaiV steps to enforce this lien, by filing same and bringing suit within ninety days after the work is finished. Collection of Debts. — The defendafit may be arrested and held to bail, on the following grounds : "Where, as an attorney, solicitor or asent of any kind, he has collected money and failed to account for it, or professional misconduct or neglect in office ; where he has unjustly detained personal property, or whera he conceals or disposes of his property wiih intent to deprive the plaintiff of tha benefit of the same ; whare he has been guilty of fraud in contracting the debt for which the action ia brought ; where he has removed or disposed of his pr<^ BPECIAL LAWS OV NOBTH CjLfiOLIKA 891 •rtr. or is ftbout to do bo, with intent to defraud bis creditors ; where he is a ami*, Tesideut of the Stale, or is nboat to remove therefroiri. or where the action is for breach of promise to marry. The court, or judge of the court iu which the artloirf is brought, must order the arrest of the defendant. No female can be •rjested in any action, except for a wilful injury to person, character or property. Writs of attachment may issue on making athdavit to one or more of the taU lowing reasoiw : 1. Where the defendant or corporation is anon-resident- 2. Where the defend.int haa absconded, or conceals himself. 3. Where any person or corporation is about to remove any of his or its property from the State. 4. Where any person or corporation h.as assigned, disposed of or concealed, or is about to dispose of or conceal, any of his or its property, with intent to defraud Lis or its creditors. 5. Where the defendant haa wrongfully converted property to his own ose. Garnishment in this Stato is not regulated by statute, but is governed by tho rules of conuuou law. Bills and notes for the parment of money are negotiable, like inland bills o£ exchange, whether expressed to be payable to the order of a person or not. Billfl of exchange payable at sight are entitled to grace ; but bills and notes payabla on demand are not entitled to grace. Damages on protested bills are as follows : When drawn or endorsed in this State, and on a per8o:i outside the State but within the United States, three per cent. : where it is drawn on pe.sons in any other place in North America, or in the West India or Bahama Islands, ten per cent. ; when drawn on persons in the Madeira, Canaries, Azores or Cape de Verde Islands, or in Europe or South America, fif- teen per cent. ; and any other place, twenty per cent. In default of a notary, s justice of the peace or a clerk of a court of record may protest paper. When any check, negotiable or promis.^ory note, is endorsed, the endorser, unless he in tha endorsement stipulates to the contrary, becomes surety on the paper, and liabla to the holder without any demand on the maker ; this rule, however, does not apply to bills of exchange, either inland or foreign. Aseignmenls for the benefit of creditors, are governed by the rules of common law. The debtor has the ripht, therefore, to prefer one or more of his creditors, firwided it is a bona fide transaction. The jurisdiction of the justices' courts extends to $200, the probate court baa authority over probate of deeds and general probato business, the superior court has exclusive jurisdiction of all demands over $200, and the supreme court has only appellate jurisdiction. Jud>rments are liens on the land of the debtor, from the time they are docketed In the clerk's office when the same are obtained in the superior court, and from the time a transcript from the justices of the peace is filed with the clerk of tha superior court. Transcripts of judgment thus docketed may be filed in any county where the defendant has land ; and from the time the same is so tiled with the clerk of the court, it operates as a lien on defendants lands. Eicculiona may be levied on real as well as personal property, whether the realty is simply an eiuity of redemption, or whether it is in the name of afraud- uleirt vendee ; leaseholds of three years, or more duration are treated as real property. Executions from a justice of the peace are a lien on personal property from the time of the actual levy. Executions from courts of record issue in six weeks from the rendition of the judgment. Deeds, Kights ok Married Women, Wills, &c.— Deeds must be acknowl- edged by the grantor, or proved by the subscribing witness, before clerks of the superior courts, or judges of the supreme court, or notaries public, within the State where the grantor or ^vitnesses reside ; beyond the State, their handwriting may be proven in this State before either of llie above oflB.cer8, or, where they reside beyond the State, the acknowledgement of the grantor can bo taken, or proof by subscribing witnesses can bo made, before a 8peei.il commissioner ap- pointed under the seal of the probate Judge having jurisdiction, authorizing such commissioner to take the acknowledgment of the grantor, or examination on oath of the witnes.-ies to the deed, and the proceedings of such commissioner shall be returned to the probate judge issuing Uie commission, who may adjudi^ethe deed duly acknowledged or proven, and order it registered. Or, the deed may b« acknowledged or proven by witnesses before any regular commissioner of thlfl State reside:it in the State or territory where the grantor or witnesses reside. Where the grantor and witnesses reside beyond the limits of the United States, the acknowledgment or proof may be taken or made before the chief magistrata of any city where they reside, or any minister, ambassador or consul of th« United .States, under the official seal of such magistrate or other officer, and the* ttw certificate so made must be exiubitcd to the probate judge haring juri«aDd and wif« : State or ,) Cor^TT OF . ( Before ms (here insert n."una and title of o3cer). this day. pe.sonally appeared A. B. aiii C. D.. his ■B'ife. printor' named in the fopegoijig deed of conTeyance, and the said deed bsiui.' 8 1 a:id exhibited before me, the 8Md A. B. and C. D. acknowledged . - :; thereof by them as their a>:t and deed for the p.irp.>ses therein ex; . . :'.j sa! 1 r.'p. 1 .el;; j 1 y n.e p: Ivi: . eiamined 86pfira:e and apart from hcrs'.. -the ex- ei:uti.->n of the saidde-d cf cov • ::ie that she oiecntedthesanieireely.v-' . .;:anpon the part of her faid husband, or ar.y j.' rson wha'-joever, dr.. I d:rl sti'.l T..'1'.'.ntarilT assent thereto ; and this she does in relinquishment of her dower in tho land mentioned in said deed. Ill witness whereof, I have set mv hand and affixed my o£cial seal this day of ,187 . (Signatiire and tille.) There i3 no necessity of a seal to a deed, a scrawl j? saliicient. The property aequLrl'd by the wife either before or afttr luarriace, either by Inheritance, derise, gift or btherwi^-^, BLall be and re:;'!ain her sole rJcid Ksparate property, free from t»e debts or control of her husbanii, and she can convey the same wii the -fatten consent of her husbai:.L Shi has di^er in all the real estate c f her husbar.d. o.vned or acquired duxi:ig iho covortuTii, and join in cou- Teyances made I y him to release tl.e fame. Ko chattel m Vrtaafire of personal property is valid tmlesa the e.ajno is duly re- cordeil i:i the coinry where the grant-^r resides, or tlie pi>S5os.iicn of tliepropeny i3 remo^ ed from the '^Tantor, and is oalv authorized oii property to iha value of ♦300. The wfll maet be signed by the testator, or by some other person in bis presenca and by his expre-s diree:io:i,"and subsorlbed ia hnj presence bytv.-o v.-iun.8ses. no one of whom shall be interested in the devise. Or. if found among his paper* must be in his own handwriting, and his name subecribed thereto, inscribed in come part thereof, and the handwriting generally known to his acquaintances, and proved by three witnessea to be every part ia the testator's o^9ra. hand* writing. SPECIAL LAWS OF. OHIO. ExEMPTio>"S FK'>M Fonrr.D Sale. — H/nm TTorth Sl.i>v>. on/f Prrs:onnlJ*r»- ptT'y. — ^Every head of a f.amily, resident in Ohio, shall hold exempt from exe- cation, his Ixon-estoad, r.r>t to'oxceed -^^ ■>■•' ''■ f" • ii •'TT'?t''ad exceed $1,000, the property will be partitioned and r. '■ • rf to the debtor. If he l^ve no homestead, he shall hoM property not to ex- ceed $->A exclusive of general exen., . .... . . „ ^ cJs and bedstead; 1 stove; 1 coo*dnt: s:ove Tf-el for 60 day.-, ; ti'-v of weariiig apparel: 1 cow, or instead §3.5 of household furniture : "ho.:^. or instead §15 of household furni- ture; 6 she^p. or inste;vi €i5 of honsehojd f umitnre ; ail BiW'--< ^•■'- 'ivrnn books ; family pictures ; provisions not exceef household or kitchen fnmirare as may be neede<^n not exceeding > g machine; ak-—'- i' ■"^•^■^hine : tools of his trade, not exceeding - -r- eonaleamir.- '.jor children's, for not more than three : "• judgment : - of natural history, if not kept for pec- :- tion : a doct » ^ .. .. .J his horse, saddle." instruments and books. ;.. : .er T.c t to exceed «1 0. exempt : a d'^vman, his horse and dray : a farmer, his horse, vae n. and yoke of oxen. 'Widowers having unmarried minor children, widows and married people having no cliildren, may have the benefit of this act. S2ie wife may cUum exemptiOB ^hen the huaband will or cannot, but the two SPECTAL LATTS OF OHIO. S93 mmy not clAini exemrtlon at Oie same time. Unmarried women may hold $100 of wearing apparel, $25 c( books, a sowing and a knitting macliine, exempt. MEcnANics' l.iEN. — ilatcrial men anil meihai-.ics, whether they bo r(i:.tra©- t/>rs. sub-i^onlrsctors or 1 ''^■"'■•- « mny have a lieu upon the buildings erected, and the laud on which the t ■• erex-ied, if wiihin four months of the com- pletion of the labor or ; I'f the materials they tilo an account, under oath, of their claim, ;. ; ^ -;ity recorder's office. This account must b« Itemized. If the work bo di-ue or mat rinla furnished under a written contract, inch contract, or.a copy thoreof, niuri I'o tiled with tho account. The lien thus obtained dates hick to the commencement of the labor or the furnishing of materials, and exietids to two years after the completion of tie labor or the furnishing of matt rials. CoLLSoTios Or" UirnTs. — Arrest in civil actions can only be made in cases ot i'raud. The plaintiH mr.y sot forth, by ai/idaTit, fraud in the removal or conceal- iBLUt of property, in the contracting; of the debt, or of the conversion of the pro- perty i'.ni ■•.■>•. Tscape of the prisoner, without the consent of the creditor, Is 1'' '. 1 cf the debt, but non-pnyment of jail fees, which jailer may dc- ina: i . advance, r.t the rate of fnrty cents a day, is constructive consent. Thib ; .„ ...c rarely, if ever, resorted to. ■\V.j.d vt i-.iiachnicut may bo obiaiucd on one or more of the follo^ving groanils : 1. VThen tho defendant, or otiO of several defendants, is a non-resident or & foreipi corporation ; or, i'. lias absconded with intent to defraud creditoi s; or, 3. has left the cotu-.ty of Lis refidenta to avoid serrice ; or, 4. So conceaJa li:m.«elt that service caunc't bo made ; or, 5. Isabort to remove his property out of the ill' i«iii, liiin With Intent to dofratid his creditors ; or. 6. Is about to con- vert ' V into money witli like i.iteut : or, 7. Fraudulently or criminally COM' Vt or incurred the oMi^zation. A: . ion the lirstigroundis only prajited on claims founded on Judg- ment, eoii;:.i. w it decree. Qhe ai.ld.ivk i-.iattr.ihmentmny be made ct or after commencement of any sttit by plairitiii, his agent or attorney. Bond in attach- ment is iu double the aincuntof the debt (except when obtained on the first gro'.md, when i-.o bo"d is reqtiired\ executed by one or more stiroties — it is th» practice to fcava two euretics— need not be "hoi'.seholdors. There is no duty imposed npon the creditor to publish any notice of att.ichment on real estate; that is the sberi;i's dv.ty. Attachment may be had before the debt L« due, when' the defendant has disj^osed, or is ab.>ut to"di~pose, of hJB property with intent to defraud or delay his crediiois. Same law as above. Assi^rnmenLs i:\trust, for the benefit of creditors, innre to the benefit of all creditois; tho deed of a.=signment, or a copy thereof, mu^t be filed wiihin ten days of its execution, it) the probate court cf the assignor's countr of re- sidence, by Ihe af sipnee. After all liens and mortgsttes, the waerali.-JS, performed wi'Jiin six month?, a^^.d rot exceeding one hundred dollars, are to be first paid. Assignment made to secure sureties or endorsers are valid in any case, if for value. Krery species of contract or claim is assignable; the hold r of it must sue in his own name. Garnishme!'. t can be issued on attachment, av.d a process analogous to it on execution, ajrair.st any person or corporation ov.ir.g the debtor any moneys, or having his ti-f .;ierty in possession. In no case is the garnishee allowed anything but his cnst* in the c;ise. All bills, notes, or other instruments payable to order, bearer, or a-ssignor are ne- coti.ible. Tliey mn?t be put i:i tttit i;i tho name of the real party in interest. Xo damages or attorney's fees can I'e recovered in an action, save when there is an express and written clause in the note or bill, allowing the recovery of such d.imageaor fees, in oas<3 itsball have to be sued upon. Notarial protest is evi- dence of demand and non-payment, in the manner and at the time stated in the protest. Justice* of the peace have exclusire jurisdiction up to $100, and concurrent i'l-:- li :.. .11 \\ :ii common jdeas and superior courts up to f;>00. They have jur- is for trespass on real estate where the dam.oges do not exceed "S for forcible entry and detention of real estate. Summons — .„ - - A ot tho peace must be returned within twelve days of their l»ae, aiid iiiiij-i, be servi^l on the defendant at bast three days before trial. Courts of common pleas have original juristlietion in all civil st.its where tl.a Bn'.i:iiit eT.i-i-.!s i!ie iiiri-.H ;i,,ii n£ justices, ill EUits affecting real estate, iu • , and api>ellate jurisdiction of cases before ;ud;.'es. The y:ixri..r curts of Cincinnati, ^. -. . - — -aiue jurisdiction as courts of common pleas, eX« o*Vt iauivsfce, criifiiaiii law, aud justicee' appeals. The diatrict courts luky% "104 SPBCUX LAWS OF OHIO." appellate jurisdiction of common pleas courts. The superior courts in gen» TM. term review the superior courts' decisions in special term. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction of district court and general term of superior court decisions, and original jurisdiction in mandamus, quowarramfo, habeas cor-\ fus and procedendo. Service of summons must be made and returned, in common pleas courts, on or before the second Monday after their date. Actions are triable the term after the issues are made up, or if they be made up during a term, at that term. Judgments of courts of record, execution having issued on them within one year of their rendition, are a lien upon all real estate of the judgment debtor's, situate in the county where the the judgment is rendered, and owned by him at that time, from the first day of the term at which such judgment is obtained, and for five years thereafter. Every issue of execution extends the lien for five years, and a judgment lien may be extended indefinitely. Judgments by confession, end judgments obtained" during the same term at which the action is commenced, date from their rendition only. If execution be not issued in one year, the judg- ment, though still a lien, dates only from actual levy of execution. JudgmenMi are no lien on personal property and on real estate acquired subsequent to the date of judgment. Dormant judgments may be revived by new actions founded, ,on them. Judgments obtained before justices of the peace may be made- iliens, by filing a transcript of same in the court of common pleas. ' In order to prevent the priority of a judgment lien on lauds, execution must ;be issued within one year after the rendering of judgment. Actual levy must be imade on personal property to create a lien. Executions from justices of the Ipeace cannot be levied on real estate. All property, legal and equitable, is subject to execution, except as qualified by the exemption laws. Proceedings in aid of execution may be instituted at any time after judcrment and execution by which the debtor, and any one hav- 'ing property of the debtor's, may be compelled to disclose its nature and [amount. I Before the return of an execution issued, an order may be granted by the court upon proper affidavit, which will have the force of an attachment, and a copy served on any third party is analagous to the proceedings in garnishment. Deeds, Eights of Married Women, Wills, &c.— Deeds must be under Beal, a scrawl is a seal, and must be signed and sealed in presence of two wit- nesses, who sign also as attesting the execution of the instrument, and acknow- ledged in presence of any officer empowered to take depositions. If the grantor* be non-residents, their deed, etc., maybe executed according to the laws of this State, or according to the laws of the State where it is executed and acknow- ledged. Mortgages in this State date and become liens only from the time of .their entry for record. All other deeds are to be recorded within six months of their execution, in order to become notice as to subsequent purchasers without notice. This is the form where the grantor is unmarried : State of Indiana, ) County of Staek. ) Be it remembered that on (the date) before me. the subsa^iber (title of oflacet) personally came (the name of grantor) the grantor named m the foregoing in- strument, and acknowledged the signing and sealing thereof tobe his voluntary act and deed for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. Witness my hand and (if tie ofdcer have a seal of oflice he will here state : official) seal, on the day and year first above written. [seal.] John Harper, Notary Public. The wife must join her husband in a deed or power of attorney, whether the land be in her own right, or she have but a dower interest therein. This is the form when the gmntor is married : State of Indiana, I County of Stark. ) B3 it remembered that on , before me, the subscriber (John Harper, ^notary public) personally came and his wife, the grantors mentioned In the forogoinn; instrument, and acknowledged the signing and sealing thereof to bo their voluntary act and deed for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. And the said ', wife of the said , being by me examined separate and apart from her said husband, and the contents of said instrum«nt by me ex- plained and made known to her, as the statute directs, declared that she did Tol- imtanly sign, seal and acknowledgo the eame, and tbat she is stlU satisfied thes^' SPECIAL LA-^S OF OREGON. 895 with as her act and deed for tlie use and purposes therein mentioned. AtteetH' tlon same as in unmarried fomi. A married woman miy own proiiorly, real or peifional, in her own right, with- out tlie intervciilion of a trustee. Siie may manage it herself, but cannot dispose of it for any term longer tlian three ycirs. witJiout her husband joining her. She may 1)0 sued or sue alone, in at-Uons enneernin}; her seporatc property, or upon a written obligation, contrai-t'or agreement signed by her, or if she be er^,uso of action grows out of sucli business, and in all such eases a i>erson.il judgment ran bo had against her, and her separ- ate property will bo liaVdo. In no cases!iall she bo required to prosecute or do- fend by her next friend. If her hu: band has abandoned her, she will be con- jiidered as/.-mme xole- The widow sliall be endowed with ono-lhird part of all the lands owned by her husband during coverture. Chatttd mortg.ages of every kind are valid, if the instrument itself, or a tru« copy thereof, be deposited with the elerk ot township where the mortgager re- sides ; or if ho be a non-resident, where the property is situate at the time of th* execution of the mortgage. On every mortgage so filed the mortgagee shall make the following state-' ment : [Form.] State of , ) County ok . ) , niorlgagee, named in this mortgage, being duly sworn, makes oath an 1 says that his claim against , mortgager, of which a true statement is hereto annexed, amounts to the sum of , and that said claim is just and unpaid. Sworn to before me and subscribed in my pressnce this day of , A.D. Every mortgage so filed shall be valid one year, and may be renewed within thirty days of tlio expiration of the year, by reiiling the original mortgage, or a, copy of it, with the statement as above. Each renewal is valid one year, and the mortgage may bo so renewed indefinitely. Wills mu*;t be in writing and f-igncd by the testator, or by some person in his presence and by his express direction, and attested and subscribed in th" pres- ence of the testator by two or more competent witnesses. See form No- 46 on, page 815. SPECIAL LAWS OF OREGON. ExEMPTIOXS FROM FoRCKD fixt.K.— Personal Proptrfy. The following ar«: exempted : Books, pictures, and music.il instruments to the value of ?75 ; neces- •ary wearing apparel owned by any person tc> the vah:o of $100, and if such! person be a householder, for each member of his family to the vaPue of S.W ; tho tools, implements, appaiatus, team, vehicle, harni'f.s or library necessary to en- able any person to carry on the trade, occupation rati"rize. Mechankj.s'IjIEX. — Cfin tractors for material or labor on any building have, from the time work is eonimcnced thereon, a lien on the building anenses. On bUls of exchange drawn within thia State, pay-ble without this Slate, but within the United States, and protested for non-accept.ance or non-paymert, the drawer or endorser thereof, iv.p notice Ijciug given of such non-acceptance or non-payment, shall X'^y ^^i ^ hill with legal interest, accoriling to its tenor, and live per centum damages, together with cos'.s and charges of protest". The jarisdiciion of justices of the peace, in actions for the recovery of money or damagesionly, extends to?2."0 ; for the i-ecovery of specific personal property, ■when the value thereof and the damages for the deten.tion do not exceed S2."0 ; for the recovery of any penalty or forfeiture, whether given by statute or arising out of contract, not exceedhig ?2 50. The count V court has exclusive jurisdiction in the first instance of probate matters, and has jurisdiction, but not e.x< lusive, of actions at law, and all pro- ceedings therein and connected therewith, when the claim or subject of con- troversy does not exceed the value of ^'X>0, and exclusive jurisdiction of actions of forcible entry and detainer, vithnut reference to the value of the jiroperty. The circuit "court is clothed v. ilh all the judicial power, jurisdiction and authority not vested exclusively in some other court. Service of the summons in county ai.d circuit courts, if made within the county where action is brought, must be made ten day.s before judgment can be obtained ; or, if served witlun av.v ether comity in the State, twerity days. Ee- for-e justices, service most be made not less than live, nor more than twenty days before day set for trial. Judgments in courts of record are a lien from their rendition, and for ten years thereafter, on all real estate owned by the defendant, or subsequently acquired by him, and sittiated in the courtv ■where the judTiaent is rendered. Ko execution can issue on a judgment older titan, teu yeaie- uiiless ou cause ebovn. SPECIiX LAWS OF OREGON'. 897 Judgments create no lien on personal projiorly. .Judgments before juatlco can be niacle to create lion on real estate by liling a transcript of tlie judgpieut in tlia circuit court. Kxccutioiis may issnn tlio day judgment i3 rendered. They are a Hen oulv from the time actually levied. Kxeculions froui justit'cs' courti cannot bo levied on ri;al estate. Kvery siieeios of property, or right or interest therein, is sulijeet to execution, except the exemption. Redemption of real estate sold under ex- ecution may be made at any time within sixty days after the confirmation of tlia sale, but the redemptioner, in addition to the X)rice paid by the purch.iaer, must pay interest thereon, at tho rate of two per cent, per month, from tho date of Bale to tlio date of redemption. Deeds, Kigixts ok I\Iaukied "Women, &c. — Deeds must be tmder seal, but a •crawl with tho pen, a wafer, or other adhesive substance, is regarded as a seal. They must have two witnesses ; and, to be entitled to record, must be duly aeknowledjjed. Acknowledgment, if made in this State, may be made before any iudgo of tho supreme court, county court, justice of tho peace or notary public ; if out of tlia State, before any judge of a court of record, notary piildic, justice of the peace, or any other oilicer authorized by the laws of such State or territory, or country, to take acknowledgment of deeds therein, or before a commissioiicr of thisSlate. Unless the acknowledgment be before a commissioner, when taken out of thii State, there must be a certillcato of the clerk or other proper certifying officer of a coiirt of record, under the seal of his ofuce, th?t the person whose name is sub- scribed to tlie certilicate of acknowledgment was, at the date thereof, such othcer as he is therein represented to be ; that he believes tho signature of such persoit subscribed thereunto to be genuine, and that the deed is executed and acknowl- edged according to tlie laws of such Slate, territory or district. The followiiig is the form of certiticate of acknowledgment when th» grantor is unmarried : State op . I ,, COtTNTY OP , J **• Be it remembered that on this day of > 18 , before me, th^ njidersigned, a within and for , personally appeared A. B, to me personally known to be the identical person described in and who executed tho foregoing deed, and to me acknowledged that he executed the same for the \\»e* and purposes therein expressed. The following is the form where husband and wife join, the wife releasing dower or conveying her own lands : State of Ohio, 1 County of»Butler, ) Be it remembered that on this day of , 18 , before me, the under- Bigiied, a notary public within and for said county and State, personally appeared A. B. and his wile, C. D., to me personally known to be the identical persons de- scribed in and who executed the foregoing deed, and to me acknowledged that thev executed the same for the uses and ptu-poses therein expressed, and tlie said C. 1).. wife of the said A. B., on a separate examination by me made, separato ojid apart from and without tho hearing of her said husband, tome acknowledged that she executed the same freely and voluntarily and without fear or compul- eion from any one. [Seal.] John Mobgan, Notary Puhhc. la this State mrflried women can hold real or personal property in their own names, a:id free from control or or liability for the debts of theirhusbands, butm the 'ics' Lien. — These bind houses and lands from the date of the com- mencement of work on the building (usually the cellar digging) ; for all work done and materials furnished toward the erection and construction of the build- ing ; provided, a lien for the same be filed within sLs months after the wg^ has been done or the materials fm-nished. Liens may also bj filed for alterations or repairs ; they bind the property from the date of" filing. The debts of a deceased person are a lien on his real estate for 5 years after his death ; the lien may be continued by suit brought within that time. The lien of judgments operates for 5 years from date of entry, when they must be revived by scire facias. The lien of a mortgage for purchaje money is gocnl from date of mortgage if rendered within 60 days ; other mortgages from date of record. Collection of Debts — Arrest and imprisonment for debt is abolished in all actions founded on contract, except where such actions arise from breach ©f a fiduciary relation, and in cases of fraud. In cases where imprisonment still exists, the debtor may be committed to prison until he pays the debt, or givea bond to take the benefit of the insolvent laws. The property of a non-resident debtor, who is not within the county at the time the writ is issued, may be attached in ci\'il actions. The property of a resi- dent debtor may be attached upon affidavit, that the defendant is justly indebted to him in a sum" exceeding SlOO, and setting forth the nature of indebtedness, and that the defendant is about to remove his property out of the jurisdiction of the court with intent to defraud his creditors, or that the defendant has trans- ferred, assigned or removed, or is about to transfer, assign or remove his proper- ty with intent to defraud his creditors, or that he has property, rights in action, interest in any public or coi-porate stock, or evidences of debt "which he fraudu- lently conceals and refuses to apply to the payment of his debts. Plaintiff must giv« bond of indemnity in double the amount claimed, with sufficient sureties, to ite approved by the court before the attachment issues. Attachments may be ia- Bued in the nature of an execution, after final judgment, which is a mesms of reaching the property of the defendant in the hands or custody of another. Assignments for the b juellt of creditors, must be recorded within 30 days after date, or they become void as to creditors. Preferejice in assignments are void, and fall into the general fund, except as to wages due laborers, miners and operatives, who are preferred to the extent of $100. One partner may make gen- eral assignment of partnership property for benefit of creditors. A judgment is a lien on all the realestate of the defendant within the county In which it is obtained. Its lien continues 5 years, after which itmustbe revived ,or continued by scire facias. Does not bind after-acquired property unless levied thereon or revived. An execution binds personal property of the defend- ant from the time it is placed in the hands of the sheriff, but executions issued by a justice of the peace only bind from time of actual levy. When personal property or any leased premises is t:iken in execution, the landlord is entitled to one year's rent out of the proceeds of sale. • To stay execution defendant may plead his freehold, that is, allege his owner- ehip of unincumbered real estate, or put in special bail, and thereupon shall be entitled to stay of execution as follows : If under §200, six months : if over S20O and less than §500, nine montlis ; if over $.->oo, twelve months. Tliis does not apply to actions on judgments, mortgages or bail for stay of execution on former judgments. In tax sales, unseated lands may be sold after one year's taxes are due, but may beredeemed by owner •>viTliin"2 years on payment of amount of sale, costs, Interest, and 25 per "cent, penalty. Improved lands may be sold for non-payment of 2 years' taxes, but must be redeemed within one year after notice of sale. In Philadelphia. 2 years are allowed to redeem debts, not of record on a lien on tha estate of the deceased person for five years, and may be continued for five year* longer by suit commenced within that time. In case the persoi^al estate of a de- cedent is not sufficient for the payment of his debts, the orphans' court will direct the sale of the realty. The widow and children of a deceased person »r« c»tUl9d to $990 oat of his real or persona^ estate. 8PECIAL LAWS OP PEIfWSYLVjjrtA. 899 DbedS, Rights of Married Women, Wills, &r.— Deeds mast be under •aal, » scrawl is not sufliiient, auil should be attested bv two witnesses. Acknowl- ©dgnaent of deeds may bo taken in lh< State, by juslices of the Supreme court of Peunsylvauia, judges oi the courts of common pleas, mayor, recorder, and alder- man of Phihulolphia, I'itlsbuig, Allogliany and Carbondalo, the recorders of deeds, the noUirits puL>lic, and all justices of the peace. Out of the State acknowledgment may be taken by the mayor or -chief magis- trate of the city, town, or place where the deed is executed (under th'.- publio •eal) ; any justice or judge of the supreme or superior court, or court of common pleas, or of any court of probate, or court of record, or any State or territoy in fho United States (certuied under the hand of the judge and the seal of the court) ; by any judge of the United States supreme court, or of any United Stat«3 district court ; by an olHcer or magistrate of any State or territory in the United States who is authorized by the laws of his own Stale or territory to take m- Jcnowledgmenta therein. The proof of such autliority is the certiticate of the clerk or protlionotary of any court of record in such State, under seal of the court, that tlie officer taking such acknowledgment is duly qualified to take the ■ame ; by ambais.ndors and oiher public ministers of the United Slates (under official seal) ; consuls and vice-consuls of the United States (under con.^ular eeal) ; by any notary public in any State or territory in the United States, or io any foreign country ; by tomniis.-ioners appointed by tlie Governor in any State, territory or foreign country, whose commissions last five years unless sooner re- voked. And, where the person making the acknowledgrhent is in the military •ervice of the United States, before any person holding the rank of major, or any higher rank, in saiil military service. "Proof of the e.xecution of a deed may be made by the athdavit of a subscribing witness. Powers of attorney relating to real estate must be acknowledged the same as deeds. Acknowledgments tuea by notaries public or commissioners i>f deeds need not be certified. No deed or contract relating to the real estate by a wife is binding upou ker, ■unless acknowledged substantially aa below : [Certificate of Acknowledgment by Husband and Wife.] State of Pexksylva>-ia, ) Couxxy OF Lehigh. ] Beitremembered that, on the day of ,A.D. 187 , before me (here insert name and title of ofTiciali, duly commissioned in and for said county, came and , his wife, and acknowledged indenture to be their act and deed, and desired the same to be recorded as such. She, the said , teing of lawful age, and by me examined separate and apart from her said hus- l>ana, and the contents of said deed being first fully made known to her, did thereupon decl.are that she did, voluntarily and of her ov/n free will and accord, sign and seal, and as her act and deed deliver the same, without any coercion or compulsion of her said husband- Witness my hand and seal, the day and year aforesaid. [SEAL.] (Signature and title.) [Proof by Subscribing Witness.] BtATE op PENNS\'LVAIfIA, ) CODNTY OF LeAIGH. f Be it remembered that, on the day of , A. D. 187 , be- fore me (here insert name and title of official), duly commissioned in and for toid county, personally appeared , one of the subscribing witnesses to the execution of the above indenture, who being duly sworn (or atftrmed> accord- ing to law, doth depose and say that he did see , the grantor above named, ■ignand seal, and as liis act and deed deliver the above indenture (deed or «on- Teyance) for the use and purposes therein mentioned, and that he did also see subscribe his name thereto as the other witness of such sealing aniJ delivery, and that the name of this deponent, thereunto set and subscribed as a witness, is of this deponent's own proper hand-writing. Sworn (or affirmed) to and subscribed before me the day and year aforesaid- Witness my hand and official seal. [seal.] (Signature and title.) A married woman may hold and enjoy as her own separate property all sucli as she owned at the time of her marria^'e, and all such a.s may descend to or vest in her during her coverture, and such is not liable for any debts or eugauemonts of her husband. A married woman may petition the court for leave to enjoy her pwn earnings, which will be allowed ; lier separate estate is, however, liable for Xieceesaries purchased by herself for the use of her family. She cannot make a valid contract except for tho improvement of her separate estate and for Be 900 SPECIAL LAWS OF BHODB ISLAND. earies. She may make a will of her e^arate estate, subject to her husband's rights as tenant by the courtesy. Wills must ia writing : and, uiileps the person making the same shall be pre- vented by the extremity of his last sickness, shall be signed by him at the end thereof, or by some person in his presence and by his express direction, and in all cases shall be proved by the oaths or affirmation of two or more competent witnesses. SPECIAL LAWS OF RHODE ISLAND. Exemptions From Fokcf.d Salt:.— -A'n irome Exempted, but Personal Projt' trty. — Householders are entitled to hold the following exempt from execution; The necei^sary wearing apparel of the debtor and Ms family ; his necessary work- ing tools, to value of §200 ; his household furniture and family stores, to the valu« of $301) ; one cow ; one hog and one .pig, and the pork of the same ; debts secured by bills of exchange on negotiable piomissory notes. Meohaxics' Lien. — Mechanics have a lien for labor, or labor combined with matci'ials furnished, v.hich, iu the ease of an original contractor, must be prose- cuted within six months, and in case of a sub-contractor or day laborer, within thirty days after commencing the work; but no landlord is bound for the im- provements made by the tenant, nor a married woman, under any circumstances, unless the contract Li in writiug, assented to by them, and is clearly intended to bind them. Collection of Debts.— The defendant may be arrested in all cases of torts, where the form of the actions, as trover or trespass, or the necessai-y allegations of the writ, make Aprimi facie case of tort ; in actions of debt, convena'nt and assumpsit, which cover almost all collections. Ko arrest of females can be had, on original writs, but males maybe arrested on original writ in the following cases: 1. Incaseof claims originating before July 1, IsTO. 2- 'Where the plaiutilr, his agent or attornev, makes affidavit, on the back of tlie writ, " that the plaiutifiE has a just claim against the defendant, upon which the plaintiff expects tore- cover, iu the action commenced by eurh writ, a sum sutricient to give jurisdiction to the court to which such writ is returnable ; and also," eitheV " that the de- fendant, or some one of the defendants, is about to leave the State, without leav- ing therein personal or real estate upon which an execution, that may be obtained in sucn action, can ba served ;" or, " that the defendant, or some one of the de- fendants, has committed f . aud in contracting the debt uxion which the action is founded, or in the conceahuent of his property, or iu the disposition of the same." To obtain a writ of attachment, the plaintiff must m.-ike affidavit that the de- fendant owes him j -.stly the claim set forth, aud which must be a sum sufficient to give the court jurisdiction ; that defendant resides out of the State, or has left the State, and is not expected to return in season to be served with procei3<)f thankKgiviiif;or lu>lidays, raverniatiiring on any ol' those days mi'.st bo protested tlie ilay pre<<'din>; iliosq liolidays, sovorally, athia election. I'liroi;:!! bills drawn orendor>re the return d;iy (the first day of the next term"), or the attachiuents are rclea-sed. But whero the properly is replevied, and, by the final jud ,'meut in replevin, is restored to tha officer, it must be levied on v. ithin 20 days aucr ic is roturneil and becomes sub» lect to levy. Execiitiou.s bind nothing except what they are levied upon. They may bo levied upon anything that may be attached ou original ■writ, and executions of justices' courts may belevivd ou real estate, but no exe- cution can be served by garnishment or trustee process. In such cases, where there has been no previous attachment, the only available mode of procedure is by a new suit on the judgment. Executions niay also be served by arrest of tha body of a defendant, not exempt from arrest, in actions for tort, or for the recov- ery of debts incurred before March 31, bSTi), or where the defendant was arrested on the original writ or on a writcf mesne process, or whero proof is made show- ing, to the satisfaction of tlio court or some justice thereof, facts which would have authorized an arrest in the fir t instance, but no female can be imprisoned on a debt less tiiati $50, not under seal. There is no rederaptioa loi exocutioa eales. Dkeds, Eights of Marrikd ■VComex, Wills, &c,— Every deed of real estata requires a seal (not a scrawl) but not witnesses are essentially necessary to their yalidity. Svithin the Stale, tliev may bo aeknowledscd before a senator, judge, justice of the peace, notary public ortown clerk. Without the state, and within the United States, acknowledgments may be taken by any judr;e, justice of tha peaee, mayor or notary public, or any coumiissioner appointed by the Governor of the State and duly qtialified. As it has never been determined how long such an api)ointment as commissioner, and as some presume to actbv virtue of old or uncertain appointment, it is better to resort to someo'ieof tho local ofiidala named above — of course, selecting one whose official character could bo easily prov3d. Without the United States, deeds may be acknowiedsed before any minister or consul of the United States, or any commissioner appointed by tha Governor and duly qualified. Tba following form is used in taking the ackuo-vledcrment of a deed where It la nacef.sary for husband and wife to aeknowled'To 1 lie same, and cau easily ba iue4 whore a single man or woman makes the acknowledgment; State op Ehodk Island, ) COUXTY ofProyidexce. J * Be it remembered that, on this day of , A. P. 1R7 , befor* me, Joseph Perkins, a notary public duly qualified, etc., personally appeared \. B. .and C. D., liis wife, and the s.aid A. B. acknowledged the foregoing instru- ment, by him signed, lo be his free and volunt-ary act an.l deed ; and the said 0. P.. being by me examined privily and ai>art from her said husband, and having •aid instrument shown and explained to her by me, declareil to mo that it ia her Toluntary act, and that she does not^v^sh to retract tho same. In witness whereof, I have set my hand and seal at Providence, R. I., the day and year above written. Joseph Perkins, Xoiaty Public. The wife must join in the execution of a deed ntade by the husband, to i»ita> f^ush dower ; yet the husoaud alone ia required to acknowled^ H, 902 SPECIAL LAWS OF SOUTH CAEOLDTA. Married women hold real and personal estate, not coming from the IiU£lMnd« free from all interference of the husband's creditors, and free from thehusband'B interference by means of trustees appointed in the ordinary manner, or by the supreme counon petition. They are not authorized to do business as traders. They may sell their personal estate in the same manner as their real estate, and certain unimportant kind<. such as clothing, books and similar personal articles, except jewels, they may sell as if single. Their other contracts, except their warranties in conveyances of real estate, are utterly void and do not bLud their separate estate. Wills must be in writing, signed bv the testator, or by some one in hia pres- «Dce, and by his express direction, and attested and subscribed in the presence of tbe testator, by two or three competent witnesses. SPECIAL LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Exemptions from Forceb Sale.— fibme rrorth SlOOO. Personal Property $500. A homestead to the head of each family, his widow or the orphan mmors, not to exceed SlOW. Also, personal property, as follows : " Household furni- ture, beds and bedding, family library, arms, carts, wagons, fa rmin g implements, tools, neat cattle, work animals, swi'ne, goats and sheep, not to exceed in value ju the aggregate $.5<)0. — except the homestead cannot be held exempt from exe- cution issued on a judgment obtained for the purchase money of the game, or for Improvements made thereon, or taxes due thereon." One-third of yearly pro- ceeds of persons not the head of family is exempt, except as against takes. JlECHAXics' LiEX. — All persons who furnish materials or perform labor in the erection, improvement or repairing of buildings, have a statutory lien on the same, to the extent of the interest of the party who had the bnildings erected or improvements done ; provided, that within ninety days after he ceases to labor a proper accotint be filed with the clerk of the cotirt and suit thereon be begun in six months. Collection of Debts. — A debtor may be arrested upon an order from the court where the action is pending, upon an affidavit that he has removed or di»- Ced of his property, or is about to do so with intent to defraud his creditors, or been guilty of a fraud in contracting the debt sued for, or is concealing or disposing of the property, for the taking, detention or conversion of which the action is brought ; or where the action is brought for damages for fraud or de- ceit, or for money received and embezzled or fraudulently misapplied by a public officer, agent or officer ot a corporation, factor, agent, broker, attomey- at-law, or one acting in any fiduciary capacity, or for misconduct or neglect in office or professional employment, or where heis anon-resident of this State, or is about to remove therefrom'; or when the action is for injury to person or char- acter ; or for injuring or for wrongful taking, detaining or converting property. Ko female can be arrested, except for wilf ul'injury to property, person or char- acter. A writ of attachment may issue for the following causes : 1. When the de- fendant is a non-resident, of a foreign corporation. 2. Or where he has abscond- ed or concealed himself to avoid service of summons. 3- Or is about to remove his property from the State with intent to defraud creditors. 4. Or has assigned, or disposed" of, or secreted, or is about to assign, dispose of or secrete his property, for the purpose of defrauding his creditors. Debtors, in making assignments, can prefer any, or any class of creditors, and make any provisions for the administration cf the property, only cannot retain any advantage or benefit to himself. The assignee must, within ten days, call a meeting of creditors, to appoint an agent of creditors to act with him, who has joint control of the property. If no agent is elected, the assignee is both assignee and agent. Assignments to secure sureties or endorsers, prior to any pa>-ment by them, are valid. In fact, assignments, free from fraud, for any purpose, are valid, and can be set aside onlv in bankruptcy, according to the rules of the bankrupt act. Notes, bills, acco'mits and all choses in action are assignable. The assignee should sue in his own name. As to notes and bills, the principles of the common law apply to notes and bills of exchange, and negotiable papers of all kinds, as to endorsement, presen- tation and protest. 2e Cou;t has appellate juris- diction of all cases in equity from court of common pleas ; corrects erroi-s of lavr in cases at law from such courts, ami has oiigin.al power to Issue writs of injunc- tion, mandnrmis, q^uo warranto, habeas rorpug, and such other remedial writs as are necessary to give it a general supervisory control overall the courts in the ,SUte. Judgment, as soon as entered, binds all real estate in that county, and can b« entered at same time in several counties, but binds personal proj)crty only on levy, constructive or actual. Execution may issue at once after judgment, unless the court open a special day for the entry of judgments, or unless a notice of an appeal is given, and then it can issue, if plaintitf will execute to the defendant a bon'A, ) County of Charleston. ) Personally appeared before me A. B., and made <^'«th that he saw C. D. sign, seal and deliver the within conveyance, for the uses and purposes therein men- tioned. and that he, vrith E. F., in the presence of each other, witnessed the dua execution thereof. A. B. Sworn to before me this day of , A. D. 187 . (Signature and title of officer.) If the grantor has a wife, she should renounce her dower before a notary pnb* Uc or trial justice, if within the State, or before a commissioner of deeds for th« ■tate if outside of it, and the officer will use this form : State of South Carolina, ) County of Charleston. ( • I (here insert name and title of officer), do hereby certify unto all whom it may concern, that G. H., the wife of the within-named C. D., diil this day appear before me, and upon being privately an. 1^7 . [Seal.] (Signature and title of officer.) All tfce property, both re.al and personal, belonging to a woman at the time of hef marriage, and all which she acquires during coverture by gift, grant, iidioritancs or devise, shall remain her sole and separate property free from the deles of her husband, and may be j»al ti.le only can be subjected toan exc<'ution at law. An oiiuitablc iu- terftst m lands can only bo reached by bill in chancery. t>EEDS, Rkjuts of IM.vuKirD WoMT-N, WiLLS, &c.— Deeds are valid without being under seal. Not good as to strangers, unless duly acknowledged by tho grantor, proved by two v.itne^ses under oath and recorded. Deeds must be ac- knowledged, if the giantor is in the State, before the clerk or legally appointed deputy clerk of the county court, or before a notary pu'jiic. If before a notary public, the clerk of the county court where ho received his appoLutment shall certify as to his oflicial capacity. If the grantor is ^Yilhout the State, but in the United States or territories— 1. Before any court of record, or before the clerk of any court of record in any of the States of the Union ; or, 2. Before a commissioner for Tennessee. appointi-'ces8arv for her to join in tho deed, but if a trust deed is given, then the wifa must relinquish dower by joining in the deed. When the land conveyed is tho separate estate of the wife, the husband must always join her in the deed, lii any deed where the wife has to acknowledge thesann-, the certillcate of theolilcer or court before whom it is taken nuist contain this a ment or not ; t>nt a failing debtor may prefer his creditors. Assignments can l)« made in this State to secure sureties or endorsers prior to any payment by tlu'm. Notes, bills, accounts and every species of contract or claim are ass'ignablo here, and the assignee can sue in his own name. An assignment proves itself in Texas, and can only be put in issue by a plea of non est /actum. A parol assign- ment 18 good here, hut must bo proven. Garnishment may be issued upon attachment, judgment, or upon original Buit, upon filin^proi)er bond and atlidavit. Maybe issued either by district or justice court. I)efen» levied on and sold as his goods and chattels. No redemiition haws here. Deei>9, Rights of MAnuiEn Wi^mex, Wills, &»•.— Deeds, mortgages and de«ds of trust are not required to be under seal. Proof or acknowledgment ot 9JVTJ iaetrunieat of writing for rpcord may be taken before some one of tb« foV 908 SPECIAL LAWS OP UTAH. lowing officers : TVhen acknowledged or proven within this State, hefore B0m4 notary public, district clerk or daputy clerk, or judge of the supreme or distrirt e-iurt in this State ; when acknowledged or proven without tliis State, and within the United States or their territories, before some notary public, commissione* of deeds for this State, or before some judge or clerk of a court of record having a seal ; when acknowledged or proven withotit the United States, before Bome public minister, charge d'affaires, consul or consular agent of the United States, or notary public : in "ail cases the certificate of such acknowledgment or proof •hall be attested under the official seal of the otticer taking the same, and th* deed recorded in the county where the laud lies. The following is the form of the certilicate where the husband and \nlQ joi» in the deed : State of Texas, 1 CorxTY OF Tratts. 1 "• Before me personally appeared and , his wife, parties to tha foregoing attached " , bearing date the day of , A. D. 187 j both of whom are known to me, who acknowledged severally that they had signed, sealed and delivered the same for the purposes and considerations therein stated. And the said haviu_' been examined by me privily an* apart from her husband, and having hail the same fully explained to hei , she, the said , acknowledged the same x<^ tie her act .ind deed, and declared t* ine that she had willingly signed, sealed and delivered the s.ime of her own fret will and accord, \\-ithout fear or compulsioa on the part of her said husband, an( that .«he wished not to retract it. Witness my oflicial seal and signature at my office, this day of A. D. 1S7 . (Signature aLd title.) [Certificate when the Grantor is Unmarried.] State of Texas, I County of Teavis. J **" Before me, Joh>" Smith, clerk of the district court in and for said connti personally appeared , who is to me known, and acknowledgec that signed, executed aud delivered the foregoing deed for the purpose* therein specitfed. ^ "Witness my official seal and signatTire, at mv office, in the city of Austin, thii day of , A. D. 187 . (Signature of ofiicer.) Deeds may be authenticated for record by affidavit of one or two attesting witnesses. Two witnesses required to every deed unless acknowledged. Jl.irried women can hold real est:^te or personal property to their separate use. A married woman can bind herself on a note, draft or endorsement, whe* for necessaries for herself or children, or for the benefit of her separate prop' erty . " All property acquired by husband and wife during marriacre is their ccnv' inon proprr'i/, except that acquired by gift, devise or descent, which is his or he* separate property. The husband's consent i.s neeessaiy to the alienation of th« wife s separate property. The husband cannot alienate the homestead withoul the consent of the Vl'e. The Avidow is entitled to tl.e use of one-third of th4 real estate for her life. A chattel mnrtgage is valid here between the parties thereto, but void at against creditors and^fojia rfrfe purchasers without notice, unless recorded in ths «ounty where the mortgagor resides. Wills must be in writing, signed by the testator or by some other person in iis presence and by his directio^n ; and, moreover, if not "wholly written by him- •elf. be attes-.ed by t-vo or more credible witnesses above the age of foiirt^ea years, subscribing their names in his presence. SPECIAL LAWS OF UTAH. SXEMPTIOXS FROM FORCED SALE.— Home vorth SlOOO, and Perannal rroperty, T» each mem^r if thefami'y^'JiSO. To the head of the family i.j allowed a home- stead not exceeding in value .? 1000. to be selected by the debtor, and personal Eropettv to the value of ?700 or more, according to the value of articles exempt V statuts : aside from the homestead each member of the family is allowed ^250. J»o property shall be exempt from sale on a judgment receivedfor its pric», oa a mechanic's lien, or a mortgage thereon. SPECIAL LA-nS OF VERMONT. 909 SPECIAL LAWS OF VERMONT. KxrjrPTiONS rnoM FoTtrrn SA\.v..—Homf tccr.'!i S'iifi, «).-/ Pfrsnncl Proprri^ Horirstoail tn the value ff SOtlO, and products,.' ■ af'par<.'l, boliliujTt looie, ar!!is find artii'.os of furuiluro a^ maybe i v iiiihfildiujif lilo ; I eewiiiu machine kept for use, 1 -n^}n and attornej-8-r.t-Iu\.-, \ . i- .1 a.-u 1 yoke of oxen or strersas thed btorniay P-^leet, w'.. f 'rtlio keeping of the sains tliro'itch tha wi'.it.?r ; oriu 15^n t' i and used fcrte;im work not to exceed in val;n ?l ' ' t. ■;;:'•> Lr keeplTi^r ?ame ; also pistolr.. s-dv'-anns and equipm. 1 by any soldier of tho United States a id kept by liir.i or his 1^ JiLi ii a:\Ii -s' LlEX. — Material i. ' :i ;. .a n: 1 ;udcs have alien for lal>or ami material in building, repairing, tilting or furnishing any v<'ss'il until eight months Jifter such vetsel is completed. It niav be Be^iired by jiiiacliuient, and has precedence of all otiier claims. They a]?o liavo a lien UfK-n a building, and tb.« lot on which it staiids, for ercctiv.g or repairing such building. The li mi con- tinues three niOTiths after payment conies due, bat docs not ntt.ieh until tho i>er- son claiming it has filed and caused to be recorded, in tl.o towu clerk's otUce, a written memorandum, by him signed, asserting such claim. Coi.LECTio^f OP Debts. — ^Xo female can be arrested on any prooei^s in an ac- tion founded on contract. Ko resident citizen of this State, or any of tho ITnited .States, can be arrested on any process issued on any contract, unless ths plaintilT, his agent or attorney fde, with the authority signing tho writ, an aiiida- vit, stating that b.e has good reason to believe, and does believe, that the defend- ant is almut to abscond or remove from the Slate, and has propiTty secreted about his person <;t elsewhere to the amouTit of $:;0, or sullicient to sati?f^■ the demand in suit ; or file an affidavit stating that the defendant neglects or refuses to pay over on demand money which ho holds for the plaintiff in a fiduciary ca- pacity. In actions of contr.-ict. writs of attachment may issue against the goods, chat- tels or estate of the defendant ; and in actions founded on tort, for want thereof, against tlie defendant s botly. Assignments, for the benefit of creditors, arc regulated by statute. To pro- tect the property in the hand?; of t!se. Jud^rment is rcndercil against him in favor of the plaintiff for the amount of his indebtedness p.- liability to the defendant, to the extent of the judgment agains-t the defendant. Tliis jirocess cannot bo sustained unle«9 the debt due the plaintiff from the defemkint, as well aa that from the trustee to the defendant, exceed SM. It does ni't re.'icli debts due on a contingency, or duo on a judgment where the judgment debtor is liable to an execution on tlio judj;- ment. As to notes and hills, &c., a promisseiry note payalde on demand is considered overdue at the exi'liation of sixiy days from dat'." ' itment and demand ol pavment must be made within that time t")
  • orty attached on metne process, and T»it"hin iiTe inonilis to hold real estate so attached. Keal estate set off on execution (there is no power to sell real estate on execution^ may be re- deemed within six months, otherwise it passes to the creditor. Personal prop- erty taken on execution is sold to the highest bidder. A justice of the p<.'ace has jurisdiction in all actions of a civil nature where the matter in demand does not exceed $200, except actions for slander, false im- prisonment, and replevin for goods and chattels where the value thereof exceeds ♦20, and where the title to land is concerned. A justice also has jurisdiction in actions of trespass on the freehold where the sum demanded does not exced §20. The county courts have jurisdiction of cases appealed from the justices' courts, and of all" actions where the justices have not jurisdiction. The municipal •onrts of Burliiisrton, Rutland and St. Albans have concurrent jurisdiction with the county court^, to the extent of $500. Suit may be brought in the town where either partv resides, and if neither parrv resides in the State, iu any town in tho atate. Process, returnable before supreme or county court, must be served at least twelve days before the session of court to which "it is returnable. ■Writs, returnable before a justice, must be served at least six days before, «md not over sixty days from, the retiLni day ; if against a party in another county, twelve days must intervene between day of service and retnni day ; and in any case, if the defendant is a corporation, thirty days must intervene. Deeds. Rights of Mahkeed W"omex."^ili.s, &r.— De»;ds must be under Beal (not a scrawl), signed in the presence of two subscrlbins; witnesses, acknowl- edged before a proper oiiicer, ajMl recorded in tlie clerk's otiiceof the town whero the land lies. In this State, deeils may be acknowledged before a justice of the peace, a notary public, or a master in chancery. Acknowledgments out of this State, may be taken before a justice of the peace, notary public, commissioner from Vermont, or such officer as is authorized to take acknowledgment of deeda in that place. [Form of Certificate of AcknowledgmentJ State of , ) , CotrjfTY OF . ) **■ At this day of , A- D. 187 , personally appeared (and his wife), the signer and sealer of the above-writte"n instnunent, and ac- [knowledged the same to be his (or their) free act and deed. Before me. (Signature and title.) Married women cannot make contracts. Thev may in some instances change their separate property so th.it it may be reached in e'quiry. Her real estate, and the rents and profits thereof, are exernpt from attachment for the husband's debts ; and also the husband's interest in the same during coverture, except for debts for necessaries for wife and family, or for labor or materials furnished upon such real estate. Amarried woman may disp<'Se of her property by -will. The widow is en- titled to dower, during her natural life, of oue-tliird of "the r.?al estate of which her husband died seized, during his natural life unless she shall be barred. Chattel mortga^s do not protect the mortgagee against bona fide purchasers or attach- ing creditors if the property is allowed to remain in th'e possession of the mort- .rUls must be in writing, andsimied by the testator or br some other person in his presence and by his express direction, and attested and subscribed by thre« »r more credible witnesses in the presence of the testator, and of each o*ier. SPECIAL LAWS OF VIRGINIA. ExiMPTioxs FBOM Forced Sale. — Bbmestead and Personal Property to ih* Valae of $2000. In case of a husband, parent, or other person who is a hous«- holder and head of a family, the law exempts from distress or levy divers enumerated articles of household and personal use, furniture, bedding, etc., ranging in value from fifty to five hunc&ed dollars, according to the condition and size of the family. Besides the foregoing, everv householder or head of a family is entitled to fi homestead exemption of two thousand dollars, to be set apart out of any property which be may select. MscfiA^ca' LiEK.— All artisans, bollden, mechanics, lumber daalen aoi SPECTAL LATTS OF TTRGnnA. $11 •ttew p«rforming labor or furnishing materials for the constrnctior, repair of ImproTement of any buildin" or other )>roperty, are allowed a lien upon piu-h prop4 «rty for the work done ana material* furnished. It must be asserted by lult within six months from the time the lien is secured. CoLLECTiO' fiF Debts.— Arrest, in civil actions, is permitted, when the plain- tiff, by affidavit, shows to the court in which the suit is pending, or to any judg9 or justice of the peace, that he has cause of action or suit against the defendant, and that th*e is probable cause for believing that the defendant is about to quit the State, unless forthwith apprehended. The defendant may be discharged from arrest by giving good bail, the condi- tion of the bail bond being, in substance, that in case judgment is rendered for the plalntiflf, the defendant will, if thereto required, within four ii)oiith.i after tho Judgment, discover and surrender whatever estate he may then have, for the satisfaction thereof. Writs of attachment may be issued : 1. Against the estate of a non-resident defendant. 2. Against the "estate of any defendant who is removing or intends to remove the specific property sued for". " or his own estate or the proceeds of the sale of his property, or a niaterial part of such estate or proceeds, out of the State, so that process of execution on a judgment," when obtained, will be unavailing. 3. Against the estate of a debtor, whether the clai;n be payable or Dot, when the debtor intends to remove or is removini;, or has removed hia effects out of the State so that there will probably not be therein BufScient effecta of the debtor to satisfy the claim, should only tho ordinary prtx-ess of law be used to obtain such judgment. 4. Against the estate of a tenant liable for rent, who intends to remove or is removing, or has, within thirty days, removed his effects from the lea-sed premises, so that there will not be left oii such premisea property liable to distress, suUieient to Baa.sfy the rent to become payable — not exceeding one year's rmt in all. 5- Against steamboats and other vessela, for materials, supplies, work, etc., furnished and done, and damages for certain tort* %nd breaches of contract. The foundation of the attachment in each case is the affidavit of tlie plaintiff or of his agent, setting forth not only tlie iiarticular ground of the attachment, aa above given, but also divers particulars as to the amount of the claim, whether 4ue or not, etc. If the plaintift" desires that the property to bo attached t-hall bo >ken into the possession of the officer, tho pl.iiutLlf, or somo one for him, must give bond, with good security, in a penalty e'lual trijRa/acMX evidence of what is stated therein, or at the foot or on tho back thereof, in relation to presentment, dishonor and notice thereof. I)amage8 ar* recoverable on bills of exchange — three per cent, if the bill be payable out of Virginia and within the United States, and tea per cent, if payable without tho United States. The juriadietion of justice courts extends to ?50. Civil jurisdiction of the county courts is confined chiefly to matters of pro"..ate and gnaroiansliip ; with perhaps a few unimportant exceptions they have no jurisdiction of suits for the collection of debts. Circuit and corporation courts have general juri-diction iu all civil actions. Fh-ocess in these courts is commonly made returnable to rulea —held on the first Monday in each mouth— and two rule days, at leaat, muat iutat* reoe between eervioe and trial. 912 SPECIAL LAWS OF VIRGINIA. Jtidj^iDents are a lien on all the real estate o£, or to, whicli the dofendwt ia ojf ■hftll be possessed or entitle*! at or after tbe >laie of the judijtneut, or the coin- menceineut of the term at which it is rendered. They create no lien on perpoual festat*. Lxecutioiis may issue within a year, and a si ■■■'jncias or action may be brought Trithin te:i yeais afer the date of the judgment. Jtlxecutioiis create a lien \; pen thi persin'.al prop^jrty of the debtor from'tlio date of the delivery of tlie writ to the o:iieer, whether the property consists of chatcelsorof choscs inaction- As ,to the latter, however, the lien does not take effect against au assignee for valu- ahla consideration without notice, nor against a person niatting payment to thiS j.i:1^Tment debtor without nodce. Keal estate cannot be sold or levied on under e'.ecution. An execution debtor may be required to disi-ovcr, under oath, hia whole estate, real and personal, aiiJ to convey and tranffer, for the sati5=facti3n of the execution, Ids personalty and any realty which he may have out of th« State. If execution be issued within the year, other executions may be is.-ued, or a scire /'icias or aetiou may be brought within tea years from the return day of *n execution on which thne is no return by an oliicer, or within twenty years from the return day of an execution on which'there ia such return. iJEEDs, KiGHTS OF Mareied Womex, Wills, &c.—Deeils may be admitted to record as to any party thereto, -when proved, as to s-.eli party, by two •witnesses, or aclinowledgea by him, before the court of the cotinly or corporation in whiL-h it io to be recorded, or b<;fore thaclvrkof sttch court, in ids oHice. Also, upon a certificate of lu.^ acknoivledgraeut v, ithiu the United States, befora a justice of the peace, a comniistioncr i;i chancery of a court of record, a notary public or any commis. doner appointed by the Governor; or, upoii the certiiicate of the ciert of any county or corporation court in this State, or of the clerk of any court out of this Siate a;;d' within the Tnited States, th::t the deed was ackiiowled^od bv such person or proved as to hira by two witnesses, before such clerk or I'ef.ire tlie court cf which he is clerk, or upon certilicaLe, under the ofil- eial seal of any miidstcr plenipotentiary, cAar^e d'a^ahs, consul general, consul, vice-coc.sul, or commercial agent, nnpoiined by the Government of the Uiated States to any foreij;n country, or of the proper officer of any court of such coun- try, or of the mayor or otheV chief magistrate of any city, town or c< 'rporr.tion ther.^in, that the s.ud writing was acknowledged by such person or proved as to Liiu by two witnesses, before any person having such appointment, or before Bucli «ourt, mayor or chief ma^'istrate. [Form of Certificate of Acknowledgment in case of 3 party other than a Married Woman.] State of , ) COUXTY (OR COErOKATIOX) OF . / ^*- If , a justice of the peace (or commissioner in chancery of the court, or notary public), for the county (or corporation) aforesaid. In the State (or territf>ry, or district) of , do certify, tljat; K. F. (or E. F. and G. H., etc.), whose name (or names') is (or are) signed "to the writing' abova (or hereto annexed), bearing date on the day of .has (or have) ai'knowledgod the sanie before me, in mv county (or corporation) aforesaiL Given under my hand, this day of , A. D. It7 . (Sign&tirre and title.) The acknowledgment of a married woman must be certified by two justices of the i>eace, o (or U9\ privilj- and apart from ber hiiBbaiul, ami liiiviiig tbe writiu!; aforesaid fully explained tobcr, Bhc, tbo said E. F., acknowlpd-jed (no said writing to bo lior act, and dpclarod tbat Blie hiid williii'^lv oxofuf (>(1 tho i^anii' nml does not wish to retract it. Given under ".my liand (or our liaiids) this day of , Anno PoTnini. ' (SiKn.•^tur^^) Married women can bold real or personal property to tboir BeimMlc uso through a trustee. To bind tho Beparalo c;;tatc of a married woman by her con- tract, the Intention po to bind it should bo expressed on tho fare of th(" contni'-t. The widow is entitled t.'> one-tbivd purt of all tho real estato o'vned by her hu> band during coverture,, unlos-? rlio liar- baiTod or relintinlshed t'lo eamo. Chattel niort';;af;os arc unknowu in this State, though tli"ir equivalent is found in deeds ci trust of po:sonal propcr.y, by whieh perfional properly of iwy description maybe conveyed for tho bouoii'., and thus mmlo available [or tl.o Becurlty of creditors. Sneli deeds aro not olTectlve, a-i to other croditord and sub- sequent puroujipers for valp.c without notice, except from the time of thoil admis- 6ion to record in the v>roiier clerk's oflice. A\illR should bo in wiilinj;, and si'^ncd by the testator, or by some one in Lis presence and by his express direction, iii suirTIO?fS FTIOM FORCED SALE.— //'mf icorfh SIOOO and Personal Properfi/. To each householder lieing the head o£ -i family, a homestead worth SlOdO, whilo occupied by such faraiiv. All wearing apparel, private librari>!S, family i>i<'t,ure9 and keepsakes ; to eacli houi^cholder, 1 beil and bedding, and 1 additi(,'nal bed nnd bedding for every two additional members ; provioady to contracting the debt or liability ha.s, placed a declaration < f his inten.ilinito keep the property as a homoRtead on tbe land records of ihi?. iimntv in which tho real estate is situate. Personjd property to the value of §3U0 io also e.xompted, provided debtor ia a resident and A parent. , , , „ M i:r II ANics' Lien.— A mechanic or workman, or any person who shall per- form any labor upon or furnish material to erect, repair, alter or imi)rov« any building, has a lion on the same, which can be enforced by suit in chancery in six months ; provided, ho tiled his account under oath with the clerk of the county court in thirty days after the work wr.s done or material f unnsheil. _ Coi.LF.rTiON OP DKirrs.— The d<:btor mav be arrested lu an at tion pending against lilm, until ho give security that lie shall answer sueU interrogatori.,, ail eliall be propounded V<)him,or filed within four months after judgment and perform the leijuiremcnts of the judgment or decree. Hut before tlie opU.t for nrrost will be made, the plaintlil' must nniko alidavit— 1. Tbat thecbi.ni is Just and that (he ,lefen reside perinaiintly !u another Sta;', wiilmnt tiaving Ih- debt for wliieli th ■ aciiou v,-a» brouidit. V. Or that he fraudulentlv coutraet*d the debt for wliicb theactioTi was bioui.ht A. OttbSt he frauduUnily conceals hla proporty or righu of avtiou. 4. Or tu«t 6d 614 gPECTAL LATTS OF VrTST TIRGDnA. te has removed or is about to remore his property beyond the State with leMl to defraud his creditors. 5. Or that he has converted' or is about to conve/t his property into money or securities, or that he has assigned or removed his prop- ertv with like intent. And the plaintiff will also be required to give bond and good security, to indemnify the defendant in case the order of arrest was mar ficiously made. ■Writ of attachment may issue upon the pLointiff eiving bond, for the samo causes that rn order of arrest will be made, and the f oTlowing additional causes : 1. That the defendant is a non-resident, or a f'^reizn corporation. 2. Or that tho defendant br.a left or is r.bout to leave the State with intent to defraud his creditors, o. Or that he conceals himself, s-o that a Bummons cannot be served. Assignments, for the benefit of creditors, are not regTilated by statute j the debtor can prefer one or more of his creditors, if the transaction be not tainted with fraud. As to notes and bills, every note or check made payable at a particular bank of discount and deposit, or at any savings bank, and every i;!laiid bill cf eiohange, is negotiable, and may b? protested, and t lis protest is evidence of the same f icta as in case of foreign bills of exchange. EUIs of exchanie, drawn or negotiated In this State, duly protested, entitle the holder, ia addition to the tisual protest fees, to the following damag-'S : Three per cent, if payable ov.t cf tliis State and within the United States, and ten per cent, if payable out of the ITEited States. Paper payable on Sunday, Chris-mas day, 1st ci "January or 4th of July must b« protested on the day prefious and noti. e of dishonor given on the day following such holiday. Anv paper not negotiable as above stated, is subject, in the handS ©f the holder, to aQ equities existing a■:ainstt^ j assignor ; the equities, however, must have existed before the defendant liad notic"e of the assignment of the papers. I'he jurisdiction of justice courts extends in civil actions to $100, exclusive of interest. The circtdt courts, is appellats fn.ni inferior courts, and has original and general jurisdiction of all matters at law where the amotmt exceeds §."0. The supreme court cf appeals has appellate jurisdiction from inferior court* where the amottnt exceeds §li 0. Judgments are a lien on th3 real estate of the defendant from the fjst daj- of the term, if rendered in a cour^ of record ; but 'o make this lic-n available against s purchaser for value, ard without actual notice, an abstract of the judgment must be filed in the recorders oa,ce of tho county where the land lies ninety days after the rendition cf the judgmea' iT before the deed to the real estate is delivered to the pttrchaser. Judgments ^f justice's courts also give a lien on real estate if an abstract of the same is recorded in the proper county. Executions are a lien on personal pro'^ert-r fro:n the date the same is placed in the hands of the officer, and may be l-jvic-d on a:'.y property of the defendant not exempt by law. Executions C3r.:i'^' be stayctl, except'when obtained before a justice, and only th n for a limited 'ime. not more than four months, upon de» f endant giving s<:-"onrity. No redemption of property sold un'ler execution. Deeds, Kigets of JIakried "VToslex, WrLL.s, &c. — Deeds m';st be in writing and under seal ; a scrawl will answer tor a seal if deed be mads by an indi- vidual, but not if by a corporation. TLiey must be acknowledged before a re corder, prothonotary, clerk of any court, a jtistice of the peace, notary public, commissioner of deeds, or proved by tw o witnesses before the recordercf the court m the county where the same is to be recorded. If acknowledged out cf the United States, before a minister plenipotentiary, charr-i'd affaires, consul-general, consul, vice-consul or commerrial agent, or before the proper officer cf any court, or before the mayor of any city or town, under the official seal of suohotiicer. The wife mnst join with the hv.sband in the deed to relinquish her dower. The following is the prescribed form of certificate of acknowledgment : State of "West Vikgixia, 1 CocsTY OF Wood. j *^* I; (giving the name and official character of the officer^, do certify that A. B. and C. D.,his wife, whose nau'.cs are signed to the writing above, bearing date on the day of , A. D. 1-7 , have thi.-! day a^-knowledged the same before me : Mid C. t>., the wife of the said A. B., personally appeared before me, in the county aforesaid, and being examined by me. privately and apart from her husband, and having the said Vvritlng fully explained to Ler. she, the said C. D., acknowledged the said writing to be her act, and declared tUat 8b« had willingly executed the tame a:;d does not wish to retract it. Oiren under mf band, thia daj o£ , A. D. \?r; . SPECIAL LAWS OP WlSCOXSra". 015 A BifUTied woman has dower ii\ all the real estate her hiuband id seized of daring eoverrnre. ai'd she must join her husbnnd in the execution of all deeds to the same. She may hold her separate property free from the lontrol and debt* of her husband, and may convey the ?anie as if she were unmarritd ; provided, her husband j?in8 in the deed with her. Her peparato prof>orty is Ixmnd for her debts contiaeted befon? marria;*e. and her husband is not lial>le for such ing out of contract, where the defendant is not a resident of the Stat«, or is about to remove therefrom, or where the a- lion is for injury to person or character, or for Injuring, or for wrongfully taking or converting property, and in actions to recover damages for tlie value of property obtained by the «hf.'nd- ant under false pretences. 2. Iji an action for a fine or penalty, or for money or property embezzled or f randulantlv mis-appliod bv a public ofiiccr or an attorney, or by an agent of any ccirporaiion in the course of his emplo}-mentas such, or by a factor or'ag-'it, or any other person in a fiduciary capacity, or for any miscon- duct in oiHce or professional omnloymcnt. 3. In an action to recover fKjssesgion of personal proper^.' unjui'tlv dptai:ie03ci cf, or co:«cc3lod, or is about to as.si?n. dispose of, or con- ceal hii prono"rt-.-,with intent to defraud his crediixirs. .1. That he ha« removed or is aboui to re:n6ve his properlv from the State with the same intent. •l;That ho frau lulontlr contracted tlio d "bt upon which the action is brought. 5. That he !• A non-r9?-;dcnt. e.. That the (h-fendaiit is a foreign corporation ; or, 7. That he has frftuuale:iilv.ii>;p'.s.d ot his property with intent to defraud lu* creditom. Attachment caiinoi i^ue unless debt exceed** $50. ^ awtgiuuduu lot Ui4 t)«a«&t; al creditors ai« void, m aguast creoltoni wr 916 SPECIAL LAWS OF WISCONSIN-, less the assignee is a resident of the Stato and gives bond, to the value of Hbm jirouerty assigned, for the faithful porformance of his trust. All notes or certilioates of deposit, pay?,ble to riny person or his order, are nego- tiable. Bills of exchange, payable at sight, are entitled to grace ; but vrhcn pay- able on demand they are not entitled to grace. Protested bills of e.xchaiige. drawn or negotiated in this State, entitle the holder to the followir.g damages: It ut the written consent of her husband. She is liable tor all debts contracted by her before marriage. And after on aceoitnt of her separate property, and can be sued for the same. She can sue without joining her husband, but if sued he must also be sued. She has dower in all the real estate of her husband, owned by him during coverture, unless she relinquishes the same. A chattel mortgage is not vaUd as to third parties, unless the property beda- livered to the mortgagee aiid remain in his possession, or the mortgage be filed with the clerk of the town where the mortgagor resides,' or where the proi^erty is Bituated, if the mortgagor is ft non-resident. No will made within this State, except such non-cupative wills as are men- tioned in section number six, of chapl er sixty-six of the Revised Statutes, shall ■fee effectual to pass any estate, whether real or personal, nor tu change or in any Tray affect the same, unless it be in writing, and signed by the testator, or by Bome pj^rson in bis presence, and by his express direction, and attested and sub- •ctlbed la the presence of the testator by two qx more competent wdtues80», an* ■PECIAL LAWS OT ONTARIO, ETC. ^7 ft tfco witneeses are competent at the time of attesting the execution of the wfU, tlwir subsequent incompetency, from whatever cause It may arise, shall not pre- ■veiitthe probate and allowance of the will, if it be othenrlso BtttlafaotnrilT pioved. SPECIAL LAWS OF WYOMING. EXEMfTIOXS FROM FORCED Salk. -Nome trorfh SlfiOO, aniJ r^rsonnl Pron. erit/. A homestoad consisting of a house and lot in a villftRe or ri(.y, or land not #xceeding U'.0 ■■u•^e^», the value not in eitlier case excocdiriR S1'>(KI, i!. allowed to a househoKler occupyinj:; the panic. Also tl\c followjnj; proix-rtv of a householder, bwing the head of .1 family, is exempt. Wtariny apparel, family Uililcti, ril, school books, cenu'tcry lots, beddin;,', furniture, provision?, nn.l such otlicr ai ti- des .»s the debtor nuiy select, not ex<-eedin(j in value .?.".no. TikiIs, tf.-am, or slock in tra.le of a mechanic, miner, or other person, kepi and used for the purpose of carrying o.-) bis business or trade, not. oxceeding ?.',fK), are exempt. Library, in- strninenfs, jnd implements of any professionar man, worth not mi>ro th.an $300. The person t'^aiiuing exemption must be a bona fide resident of the tenitorj-. SPECIAL LAWS OF ONTARIO, CANADA. ExF.MrTiONS FROM FoROED SALE.— Tlie bed, bedding and bedsteads in ordi- nary use by the debtor and his family. The nceussary and ordinary weariiii ftpparol. One stove and pipes, 1 crainj and its appeutlages, 1 pair of andirons, 1 Bet of cooking ulinsils, 1 pair tongs, 1 shovel, 1 table, G chairs, ti knives, 6 forks, 6 plate.<. 6 teacupj, C saucers, x sugar basin, 1 milk jug, 1 lea pot, G spoons, 16 hives of bees, all i pinning wheels and weaving looms in donicslic use, 10 volumes of books, 1 saw, 1 ,jUn, G traps, and such lishing nets and seines as arc in ronimon wse. All necessaiy fuel, meat, lish. Hour an;.— lytechanii-s, laborers and material men have a lien on buildings and on the land on wldn of DO ilays. The (JoLLECTioN OF Deuts.— T>cfenilant is liable to arre.'^t on allKbivit by the plaintilT that he is a coneealed ilebtor, oris about to abscond from the pro- vince with the design and inteiit to defraud l.iin outof his just debt. Writ of attachnient may issue for any debt or damages arising upon any con- tract, express orimplied, or upon any judgment wheii>! allitUivit or aUirmation is made before the judge of the county court, a juslieo of the peace, or the rh-.vk of a division court, where the debtor abseonds, or i.s .'dK)ut to absooud fr^'iu the pro- viucji, leaving property liable to seizure unditr ixccutioii for dcM in any county of Ontario, or sh.dl atienipt 10 remove his, Inr, or lluir property, either outof the iirovince, or froni one county to aiuitln^r th; rein, or from C)ntaiio to Quebec, or shall keep coneealed in any county of Ont-.irio to avoid servi. e of proc<.'Sii. Such judge, clerk or justice of the p( ace, siiail, on yu« h ofiidavil bring iimdo. forthwith issue a warrant under his hand and seal, directed to a);y <-or-ir.b!e ot the county, or tlirceted to l.b.ebaiiilT of . I Division Court, within .' " aiuf vas issued, empowering taid constable or bajlifl' to att.-wdi, siL'' aeiy keep all such effects aiul estate of paiil ub.-icondiug or conci^aled . ;\ er found within said eountv, and shall vithin tiveniy-lonr hours." ur«, tall to his aid two freeholdeis, who sh.*li, after being tworn. \ 1 okq thp s^ideffectsBo Fcizi-d, when the B.aid hr.Uitf orconstable fhall . ■ urn •aid iareutory with tbe proportj', to thii ckrk of the LiTisiou Lgiut. wiiJbM 918 SPECIAL LAWS OF OSTTAKIO. ■which such warrant was issued. Proceedings may be conducted to judgmenft and execution in any case commenced by attachment. Defendants, ngainet •whose effects, &c., a warrant is issued, may tender a bond to their creditors, with sureties (in double the amount of the sum'claimed) prior to judgment and obtain a release of the goods. No real estate is liable to seizure under Division Court writs of attachment. The jurisdiction of Division Courts (of which it is provided that there shall at no time be less than three, nor more than twelve, in a county, each to be held once everv two months, or oftener at the discretion of the judge) extends to claims of ntario. tmt of tho Prov- 'ucc, pr-jol Qf. ueeUe, iouvs'-aacM, or will*, may be made bj- afiid»Tit (or U«cl«r $20 KULBS FOE coMPTrrnr* peecteittages, etc. ktloQ when BMd declaration is by law pennissable) eWorn before the inaycr oK chief miigi^trate of any city, borough, or town corporate in Great Britain or ti»> laud, under the common seal of such citv. borough or town corporate, or before the chief justice or judge of any court of Queen's Bench in Quebec, or of the supreme coui-t of any British colony, or before tlie mayor of any city, borough, or town corporate in any foreign country, or any consul or vice-consul of Her Majesty resident therein. Deeds, conveyances, judgments, &c., must be recorded in the county where property is situate, and bii^d lands according to priority of registration. A wife must join in a deed with the,husband, in selling his real es- tate, to relinquish dower, and he must join with her in selling her separate real estate, acquin^d jirevious to, g Prick ARE Knowx — Rule. Find the difi'erence between the cost and selling .price, the difference will be the gain or loss ; then annex two cipl.ers to tlie gain or loss 60 found and divide bj' the cost, the result will be the late per, cent.- Example. — Sold a drove of cattle for $10,000, which cost I me .?8,50a What per cent, did I gain? ^ n.s.— 510,000— 8,500 equals ^!fl,500 : 150,000 divided by 8,500 equals 17 ll-17 per cent. To Determine the 'Cost -vthex the Selling Price and the Rath TEE Cent, of the Cain or Loss are Given.— iiu/r. Aniie.\ two ci- i|)hers to ihe selling price and divide by $1.00 increased by the rate pet cent, of gain or loss. , Example. — A cargo of coifce was sold for $25,000, realizing a gam of 25 per cent. . AMuit was the cost? Ans. — 1 plus 23 equals 1.25. 2500.00 divided by ?~\.2a cqiial.s 20.0i 0. To Find the Cost when the Loss or Gain and the Rate per Cent, are Given. — Rule. Aniieitwo cii>heis to the jjain or loss and divide by tlie rat^ per cent. Example. — A_J(>t of ice was sold at a p-rofit of S3,0O0, the percentage of the profit being iS. Wh.at was the cost? _lns.— 3000 divided by 15, equals |82,0O0. ' . . To Find the Rate a^ien the Cost and Gai,n,or Loss are Giyen. -r-Riile. Annex, two ciphers to the gain or lo.-s and divide by the cost Example. — A wine merchaiit sold a lot pf wine which cost him S650, and ««ined sSl-IO. AVliat was the gain per cent. 7 Ana,— 12(M).09 divided b| «50 equals 20 per cent SPECIAL LAWS OF NEW BEUNSWICKJ 9,21i SPECIAL LAWS OF N^W BRUNSWICK. lixEJrPTiONS FROM FORCED Sai,e.— There is no homestead law in this pror- ince. The wearing appaPel, beddinj;, kitchen utonsilB, and tools of his trade or calling, to the value ot ?100, of any debtor, are exeniptfrom levy or sal« under *xecutton. " i Mechanics' Lien. — No house or other property in the province can bo held liable for drbts due parties for furnishing materials for coDstmctlng or repairing same. Collection of Debts.— A person not having priviloffo may be arrested and held to bail or committed to prison on nVesne process, in any cauBo of »>i*tlon within the iurisdiotion of the Supreme or .-xny County Court, if nn aflirtuvit be first made by the plaintirt' or his agent of t ho plaintilT'arausodf action, and that the amount j thereof not being loss than $20 is ^lustly duiv to the plrilntilf, and that such arresw is not made for the ptirpose of vexing or har:i,s.-meiit of County, City, Town, Parish or District rates- 4. Default by an attorney orsolieitor in payment of a sum of innuey, whfeii, ordered to pay the same in his character of an 6lMcei!k)f the Court making thi>' order. 5. Defauh by a trustee or person acting in tho fiduciary character, aiiIairi- titT or some one on his behalf must make aiiiilavitof his cause of action, and of^ the amount due, and (except in ca.':e of negotiatdo instrument, or when tho causa of action arose prior to April 8th, IbTi) that no agreement whs made that an at- tachment should not issue, and also that thedeniand is not seen red by mortgage' or othern ise, and that the nttachment is not sued out to vex, or to harass, or to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor, and either: 1. Thatttie defendant is fc non-resident of the province, an. 1 the contract was made or is payable in the prov- ince, or that tho plaintiff is a resident of tho province, or, 2. That the defeiidant is a resident of theprovince^ and that plaintilt isai)prehen.sive that unless attach- ment is issued' that he may lose his demand. In cases of a contract other than nl contract for the payment of money, no attachment shall issue unless upon aa order of the Court or a juilge thereof . Garnishment may issue to arrest money due the debtor from third parties- Thc sheritf having an execution may s-ei/o and take any money, or bank <»r r>o« ■linion notes, bonds, specialties or other securities for money belonging to tbo [^•Tson against whom the execution is issued. > A justice of the peace has jurisdiction in actions of debt when the sum d»\ ^22 "SPECIAL LAWS OP JTEW BfiUXSWICK. imanded does not exceed the sum of "520, and in actions of tort to real or p«r60iiat property where damages claimed do not exceed ?8, but they have not jurisdiction over civil actions where the Queen is a party, or where the title to land comes in question. " I There is a Court in each parish (except when there is a resident Police or Sti- pendiary Magistrate) called " The parish of (name of parish') Civil Court." whsre the jurisdiction goes as high as §40 in actions of debt, and S16 in actions of tort, tut has no juris(£etion over civil actions when the Queen is a party, or where th« title to land comes in question. ' There is also " The City Court of St. John," and " The Town of Portland Civil Court," having jurisdiction in actions of debt to the amount of §&0, and S-0 im actions of tort. There is also the City of Frederictou Ci\"il Court, having juri.s- . diction in actions of debt to the amount of S^O, and in actions of tort to the ^ amount of S32, but no jurisdiction over civil actions where the Queen is a party, • or the title to land comes in question. The names of the several Courts are : Supreme Court, Circuit Court, Equity Court, Divorce aud Matrimonial Court, County Courts, Probate Courts, St. Jotm City Court, City of Fredericton Civil Court, Small Debt Court of Fredericton, ' Town of Portland Civil Courts, Parish Cotirts, Justices' Civil Courts. , Judgments obtained in the Supreme and County Courts bind the lands of tb« debtor, on the party obtaining it lilinc: a memorial of the judgment in the office of ,the Registrar of Deeds for the County in v.hieh the lands lie. Memorial must be renewed every five years. Executioii placed in the sheriff's hands for the pur- pose of bemg executed will also bind the lands. A debtor may obtain a full discharge from his debts by making an assignment, of his property aud complying with the other siipulations required by the Do- minion Insolvent Act which is in force in this Province. Ox Deeds, Kicnxs of Married "W;>me2», Wills, &c.— Deeds must be under seal ; a scrawl is not snSicient, and one witness only is required by law. Before "the registry of any conveyance the execution of the'same shall either be acknowl- jedged by the person executing the same, or be proved by the oath of a subscrib- ing \vitnes3 in the manner following, that is to say :— If the execution of such jconveyance be acknowledged in the province, then surh acknowledgment may be taken before a jud^e of the Supreme or any County Court, or a member of the Executive or Legislative Council, or before "any P.egistrar or Deputy Eegistrar of I>eeds, or any Notary Public appointed, and resident in the province", and certified "under his hand and oSicial seal, or before any justice of the peace of the County In which the convey.ance is to be registered. If the execution of such convey- ance be proved in the province, such proof may be taken by and before any of the officials hereinbefore in this section mentioned, except a justice of the peace : provided always, that in cases where the subscribing witness or witnesses to any such conveyance is dead or without the province, then the execution thereof may be proved before the Supreme Court, or some Circuit or County Court, by the or- dinary legal proof. If such acknowled;rDient or proof be ta'-cen out of the province, the same shall be taken by or before some one of the off.eials foUowing, that is to say : — Any commissioner" for taking af.idavits and administering oaths under Chapter 36 ; or before any commissioner authorized by the Lord Chancellor to ad- minister oaths in Chancery in England ; or before any Notary Public certified under his hand and official seal ; or before the Mayor or Chi?f Magistrate of any city, borough, or municipality or town corporate, or the seal of such Mayor or Chief Magistrate, or before any Judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, or Com- mon Pleas, or Baron of the Exchequer in Great Britain or Ireland, or Master in Chancery in England or Ireland, or any judge or Lord of Session in Scotland, the handwriting of any such judge, baroii, or Lord of Session being authenticated under the seal of a Notary Public, or before a judge of any Court of Supreme jurisdiction in any colony'belonging to the Crown of Great Britain and Ireland, or any Dependaucy thereof ; or before any British Minister, Ambassador, Consul, Viee-"Consul, Acting Consul, pro-Consul, 'or Consular Agent of Her Majesty, ex- ercising his functions in any foreign place ; or before the Governor of a State, and certified under the hand and Seal of office of such Minister, Ambassador, X^onsul, Yice-Consul, Acting Consul, pro-Consul, Consular Agent or Governor. If the conveyance be by a corporation, proof of the Corporate Seal shall in all cases be sufficient. A conveyance, or power of attomev for the same, bv a married woman, of all her light and interest in land jointly \i1th h.-rhi:sbr.nd, shall be valid if executed without compulsion from him. and the pei-^on authorized by law to take acknowl- edgments of convevances in other cases ccrtifyiiTr thereon that he has examined her apart from h^;r husband, and that she 2ci:i:ov,lcdge4 tiat £he executed th* eouveyance freely. SPECIAL LAWS OP NOVA SCOtlA AND tfUEBEO. 923 A "Wife's property acquired boforo marriage is in no case liable forberhur band's debts. 'J'bo Inisband's properly is liable for the wifo's anto-nuplial debt* on judgment, being obtained ayuinst bini. Mortgages on vbattcl properly are valid, and require to be registered, but not •very year. Bills of sale require to be registered in the lietord Olllco. For Wills, consult Form No. 45, page 815. SPECIAL LA^VS OF QUEBEC. Exemptions from Poeckd Sale.— Personal property exempt from forced •ale being used and owned by the debtor : Bed, bedding and bedstead ; necessary apparel for himself and family ; set of table and stove furniture; all spinning wheels and weaver's looms in use in the family ; 1 axe, 1 gun, 1 saw, C traps, ilsh nets in common use, and 10 volumes of books ; fuel and food for 30 days, worth $20 ; 1 cow, 4 sheep, 'J, hogs, with necessary food for 30 days ; tools and ijistru- uients used in his trade to the value of §'.'() ; 15 hives of bees, and wages and iJ^* aries not yet due ; besides certain otlier properties granted by tho courts. SPECIAL LAWS OF NOVA SCOTIA, Exemptions from Forced Sale.— There is no homestead exemption lawio this Province. Nothing is exempt from forced sale except personal property t» the amount of $40, Meciiakics' Lien. — No law exists to enforce a mechanics' Hen in the Prov- ince. Creditor to secure himself on properly must get a bill of sale on chattels, &c., and have it recorded in County Kegistrar'a ollice. The Collection OF Debts. — Defendant is li.ible to arrest under execution if the amount is S^l oi upwards ; and on affidavit by plaintiff that defendant is a concealed debtor, or is about to abscond from the Province with the intent and design to defraud him out of his just debt, capias may issue and arrest ensue tor Bums of §4 and ujnvard. Writ and attachment may issue under the Absconding Debtor's Act against defendant's property for sums of $20 and upwards. A book account is outlawed in 6 years ; a bond in 6 yeais ; a note in C years, and a judgment in 4 years. .luris- diclion of a justice of the peace is limitcil to $J0 ; two justices may rende.- judg- ment for $80. The largest judgment obtainable in the County Court is 8500 ; tho amount of judgment obtainable in the Superior Court is unliinited. Money can- not be seized under execution. Judgments bind defendant's real and personal estate as soon as obtained. The husband's properly is liable for debts contracted by his wife previous to marriage, and as to his wife's estate acquired previous to marfUkge, thg liusbtuid V»* full control exc«pt over eutailed property. 924 TABLES, &C., FOB MINERS. Miscellaneous Facts and Processes relating to Mef - allurgy, Gold and Silver Mining, Treatment of Ores, &c. In raining operations a knowledge of the following facts, calculations, *c., is of great utility. Ix Measuees of Earth, Rock, &c. !J5 cub. ft. of sand = 1 ton. 13 cub. ft. of quartz, unbroken in lode = 1 to*. 17 cub. ft. of clay = 1 ton. 20 cub. ft., broken from lode = 1 ton cont. meaa. 18 cubic ft. solid earth = 1 ton. 27 cubic ft of loose earth = 1 ton. Table for the Co>rrER.siON or EjfC.iJSH and Metric Units. 1 Meter =^ 32807 feet. 1 Foot = 0-3018 m. 1 Liter (vol. of 1 kilog. water) = 0-2202 gal. 1 Gallon (vol. of 10 lbs. water) = 4-5tl liters. 1 Kilog. persq. meter = 0-20:18 lbs. jjer sq. ft. 1 Kilog. per sq n:-". = 1422 28 lbs. l>er sq. in. 1 Lb. per sq. in. = 703-0958 kilogs. per sq. m. , 1 Gram = 15-4323 grs. 1 Grain = OfySgram. 1 Kilogrameter = 7-2331 ft. -lbs. 1 Foot-pound 1 01383 kgm. Atmosphere = 147 lbs. j>er sq. in. = 10-333 kilogs. per sq. meter = 29-922 in. or 760 mm. of mercury = 33-9 ft. or 101 uieters water. 1 Kilogram = 2 2046 lbs. av. 1 Pound av. — 0-4.'jot> kilog. 1 DRg. Centigrade = 5-9 de^ F.— 32* 1 Deg. F.ibrentieit =^"9-5 'deg. C. -f 32'* 1 Calorie (kilog. -water raised 1° C.) -= 4-24 kitogrameters = 89683 heat-units. 1 Heat-unit (lb. water raised J" f) = 772 ft.-lbs = 0-252 cai; For additional items consult pp. 126 and 57G. Chapman's Tests foe the Hardn-ess of Gold or Silver Ores. H.4RDNE6S = 1.5 yields witli difficulty to the naiL H.'^RDNESS = 2.5 does not yield to the nail, does not scratch a coin, but js erif^ily scratched by it. H'niJNKSs = 0.5 Bcratcbes a copper coin easily, but is scratched by it with diihciilty. " For Table showing quantity of Gold to the ton of Ore, &a, see page 667. There arc' in minei-als ny/i? shades of v.hite, nine of grey, six of black, /.:•:■ of biue, tir.i'h:e of green and yellow, ^/iffoi of re(}, anii' eight of brown, bosidos clear, dark, light, or pale In these .shades. Metiiis have five degrees of lustre, splendent, shining, glistening, glimmer* ing, duU. H.4.RDNESS of MINERALS, BEGINNING -WITH THE SOFTEST. laminated, 1. Talc ; common laminated, light green variety 2. G.\-[)sura, a crystalhzed variety. S. Calcareous spar ; a transparent variety. 4. Fluor- Spar ; crystalline variety. 5. Apatite : transparent variety. P, 5. Scapolite : crystalline variety. 6. Feldspar ; white cleaveable vari* ety. 7. Quartz : transparent. 8. Topaz ; transparent. 9. Sapphire ; cleaveable varietieB. 10. Corundum. 11. Diamond. TAfeti:i5, AC, i-bii MiifiRg 925 «— :■ '• > ' .■''>■■■ _^.U ■ ill V tl :■. 1 ■' ' I •.,,!• ..f; . . .. , . , ., . TmS BABDNESS OF FREOIOnS STOTfES IS IN Tni? y;OLLOWrN(» ORDEk, BE« lilNNING WITH THE UAUDE8T, 1. Diamoud. 5. Hvadntli. ft Ji^ie, |. Ruby. . fi. Ememld. 10. Torquoiso. i. Sapphire. 7. Garnet. 11. OpaL 4. Topaz. a Anietliyst. In THK Scomi ok watkr-course Beds. 1 ft per second will scour fine clar- I" " " , " saa. i " " " coarse sano. 1 " . . '^ ., " ^fijio gravel. 2 f|:. per second will scour vouiul .'jhingle i in. diam. 3 ft. " " angular stone, size of an egjj. 3ft- " ,.;.." conglo^i^ratp. ,■,,, , VAmB OF Gold AccoRw^ifr,; to t^ix^ciifEss.— rPiirQ^gold, lopQ-fiuo-, is worth §20.67 per oz. ; gold .niiO fine, is wortli HO.o] ; (iOO f^ne, $13.^0 • 700 fine, $1'4.4:9 ; 800 ijue, $10.53 ; iK)0 line. SiafiO.. Attiiq .mini; ii^ San Fran- cisco, thecharjje for melting, assaying and reCiiiing is .1-1 t^-nts pqr qz.. ■ , I'lie charge lor coining is \ per cent. No deposits are received at the mint lii less Birms than $100. , , > • , , I The value of a ton of pure gold is $002,799.21. The vaJuq of a ton o/ sil- ver is §37,704.84, The weight of Sl.OOU.OOO in gold coin is 3,(;.So.8 Ihs. avoir- diipoifl- The, weight of $1,000,000 iu silver coin js, 58,920,9 lbs, ayoirdui-ois. For other facts relating to the weight of the precious metals consult pp. ' 127- Amount of Metallic Silver obt.mnable frojx the followixo rim- ri.E srnsTAxcEs : Chlonde of silyer, three-quarters, or nearly seventy-five per cwit. Siil- phide of silver, tlu-ee-quarters, or seventy-five per cent, liioiiiide of sil- ver, one-half, or fifty per cent., generally a little mf an cqu;;l amount of water. To find the weight of an equal amount of water, dPMiut the weight of the lump in writer from the woiu'lit of the lumt> in air. ^Vll(>a tlie lumjAis to be weighed in water, it should \\h suspendf-d by a horso-h-dr BO as to hang into the water ; keeying, of coursOj all other parts of the scales clear of the water. 926 ■VTHEEE TO VIST) GOLD BEAEEfG QUAETZ. Phillips gives the following rule for ascertaining the amount of gol4 in % lump of auriferous quartz : " The specific gravity of the gold— 19,000. " The specific gravity of the quartz — 2,600. " These numbers are given here merely for convenience in explaining the rule ; they do not accurately represent the specific gravities of all quart* and quartz gold. (The quartz gold of California has not, on an average, & specific gravity of more than 18,600.) " 1. Ascertain the specific gravity of the lump. Suppose it to be 8,C67. " 2. Deduct the specific gravity of the lump from the specific gravity of the gold ; the difference is the ratio of the quartz by volume : 19,000 — 8,067 = 10,933. " 3. Deduct the specific gravity of the quartz from the specific gravity of the lump ; the difference is the ratio of the gold by volume : 8,067 — 2,600 = 5,467. "4. Add these ratios together, and proceed bv the rule of proportion. The product is the percentage of gold by bulk : 10,933+5,467=16,400. Then as 16,400 is to 5,467, so is 100 to 3:3,35. "5. Multiply the percentage of gold by bulk by its specific gravity. The product is the ratio of the gold in the 'lump by weight : 33,35X19,00== 643,65. "6. Multiply the percentage of quartz by bulk (which must be 66,65 since that of the gold is 33,35) by its specific gravity. The product is the ratio of the quartz in the lump by weight : 66,65X2.60=173,29. "7. To find the percentage, add these two ratios together, and proceed by the rule of proportion : 633,65-4-173,29=806,94 Then, as 806,94 is to 633,65, so is 100 to 78.53. Hence, a lump of auriferous quartz, having a specific gravity of 8,067, contains 78,73 per cent of gold, by weight. Gold-bearing quartz is always found near grauite and slate, so that it ig labor lost to search for gold where the primary granite is covered, thousands of feet deep, witli stratified rocks, as in the coal beds of Pennsylvania, or the blue limestone of south-western Ohio. The probabilities are that gold will be found where granite, slate, and quartz are found together. It is well es- tablished that aU native gold either is or was at one time embedded in quartz, hence the common saying, " quartz is the mother of gold." Placer gold appears to have been liberated by the cnimbling of quartz ; and •wherever gold is foimd in granite, or other rocks, the theory is that it has been communicated from neighboring quartz while all were in a condition of fusion. The poorest quartz that is worked yields $10 per ton, some yields S4000 per ton, but the richest vein, on an average, will possibly not be over SlOO. Gold is usually foimd in metallic condition, but never free from silver. The proportion of silver iu the gold of the Comstock lode is from 30 to 45 per cent., in that of the Gold Hill lode, X. T., 47 to 50 per cent. Gila River and Australian gold contains from 3 to 5 per cent. Up to July 2. 1878, the entire product of the two mines known as the California and Consolidated Virginia may be divided as 845,000,000 gold, and ^55.000, 000 silver. The color of gold varies according to tlie proportion of silver it contains, 60 per cent, of silver imparts a white color to the aUoy. In gold mining, the precious metal not being found in ore, is eliminated from the containing quartz or alluvium by very simple mechanical or chemical processes ; in silver mining, the raetal is found in many varieties of ore, each of which must be reduced by intricate chemical processes Varied by the character of the mineral nnder treatment. The business of mining re.-:embles a lottery ; in Mexico, the Count Regla obtained for nianv vears S5.0OO,C0O per annum from them ; Count Valenciana $1,250,000, and the'Marquis del Apardado got 84,000,000 in six months from a mine . In the United States, among those who have been lifted into nota- ble prominence by successful mining operations may be mentioned Joha KNOBMOUS WEALTH OF PERV. 927 Mackey, chief o\mer of the Consolidated Virginia mine, whoHO wealth is eeti- mated at about $80,000,000 ; Hon. ■\Villiam Sharon, of Nevada, supixjsed to be worth about S'.iO,000,000 ; James C!. Fair, pujit. of tlie Ciuipoliilatcd Vir- ginia and California iniues, estimated wealth about $50,000,000 ; Hon. J. V. Jones of Nevada, worth about $70,000,000, and many otliers. All arc hif;lily gifted with practical sagacity in mining matters, and as a general rule work- ed their way upwards through many reverses. Tlio miner who would at-" tain success mu.'it qualify himself by toilins; to obtain the knowledge neces- sary for his guidance in emergencies. Let" him not dispense with it after tha fashion of the miner who once brought a si>ccimcn of a sui>i)osed very rich gold ore to a San irancisco assayer for examination. On being informed that it was nothing but iron pyrites, and not worth a cent a ton, tlie a.-*- tounded miner exclaimed in the direst dismav : " Great Creation ! there is an old woman up our way who owns a liill of'it, and 1 married her I " The silver mines of Potosi are so notably rich that $17,000,000 have been coined there since 1845. On the opposite side of the chain are the celebrated silver mines of Guautajaya, once famous for t!io largo lumps of silver form- erly found there, one of which weighed 800 lbs. A Peruvian legend of questionable veracity narrates the finding of a large lump or nugget of native gold weighing 400 lbs. at the mine of San Juan do Oro, on the headwaters of the Amazon river, during the reign of Charles the Fifth. From time immemorial the mines of Peru have been fabulously rich in silver products. This was the inciting cause of the barbarous enonnities and rapacity of the Spaniards at the time of their conquest of the country, iu murdering the inhabitants and jilundcrinc; the tombs of the Inca kings," tho royal repositories, and ancient temples. From one temple, that of Cusco, tlio robbers obtained $11,000,000. By a parity of what wc mufst regard as retributive justice, much of the Tast wealth obtained by these enormities from the helpless natives iu Spanish South America and the West Indies, was in turn pillaged from the freebooters by armed vessels under the English flag. These mutual ])lnn- derings extended over a long succession of years, and during the reign ot various monarchs. In Peru, the immense silver-bearing deposits'of the Cerro de Pa.sco mines have been worlced since 16G0. They are situated on the eastern side of tho we-^tern Cordillera of tho Andes, at an elevation of 14,000 ft. above tide level, and in consequence have hitherto been dilficult of acce.'S, but under the new conditions created by the construction of tho Trans-Andean railway (one of the wonders of South America), an output of 20,000 tons of ore per day is spok- en of as a possible amount. At ])resent there arc 8(1 stamps at work, each with an estimated capacity of crusliing 5 tons of ore per day, but 200 or 300 head are looked forward to as a small number at an early d.T.y. The ore will average about SSO per ton, and theanticii)atcd annual production of tho mines is $100,000,000. From $2r)0,000,000 to SoOO.OOO.OaO of free milling ores wiD be left above drainage level by tho new ttmnel lately constructed : the.se ores it is proposed to excavate by means of .steam shovels, and load directlj' into railway trucks, which deliver them at the top of the mill. Tho water power is supplied from a stream issuing from a lake near the mines, and is utilized by six double turbine water wheels, manufaetur'^d by James LeiTel & Co. , Springfield, Ohio. Four of these turbines are of ;-!0 ins. diam., each developing 200 horse-power, and two of 23 ins. diam., developing 100 horse-power each. The mineral railway, undoubtedly the highest in tho world, is 7 miles long, and cost $1,200,000, the object of the road being to transjiort ores from the mines to water-power for milling ])urposes. Tho rolling stock, bridges, rails, &c., of the road, were transjKjrted from tho coast, nearly 200 miles distant, on the backs of mules, over almost impassi- ble roads. Nothing weighing over .'100 lbs. could ho carried ; even tli#. •yliuders of the locomotives were brought iu sections. HjiB VAST -VTEALTH OF rST>IA. The silver niiue of Potosi is sugar-loaf . in form, 9 miles round, 16,000 ft above the level of the sea, and 2700 above the jjlain. The upper part hag 5000 adits for mines. South America, per Humboldt, yields per annum $13,500,000 •wortli of silver ; at the present time the yield is much greater. One mine is a third of a mile deep, and 8 miles in length, employin;? SOOO iniserables. In Pern over 40 districts are famous for their vast mineral "wealth in gold and silver. In Russia, the immense mines of Siberia are government property, and are "worked by miserable unfortimates who have been banished by a cruel des- potism for crimes which are in many cases merely imaginary ; tlie Tr*tched exiles, when once consigned to the^ gloomy deptlis, are never permit^d t> emerge into the light of day, but death, more ineriifnlthan the tyract. soon ends the strife, for few siunive the ordeal more than 9 years. The " wealth of the Indies" is no poet's dream ; there the mines are inui- genons, and the accumulation of the precious metals has been such that it is TisuaUv estimated that Nadir Shah, in 17-0, carried away not less than IROO or $2.(300,000,000. In Jahomqueirs nr.t'>-bicgniphy, he reLites that a golden platform around, his throne weighed 40 tops. His throne and crown were \yorth 820,000,000. On his marriage te presented his queen wit!> as many lacs of rupees as amounted to S-19,0CO.C00, jiud with a necklace of 40 toads which cost him $10,COO per bead. He spent besides SIO.OOO.COO on the tomb of his father Akbar, one of the wonders of India. The province of Berar, on one occasion, furnished above S20.000,000 in gold . The ceiling of the pavilion of t!ie Peacock HaU in Delhi was orginally cov- ered with silver filigree work, but in 1799 the Mahrattas, after the capture of the city, took the silver down and melted it, the value of the same being estimated at $1,000,000. Here was the famous peacock throne, so called from its having the figures of two peacocks standing behind it, their tails being expanded, and the whole so inlaid with sapphires, rabies, emeralds, and other precious stones of appropriate colors, as to represent life. The throne itself is 6 ft. long by 4 ft. broad ; it stood on siis massive f oet, wluch, with the lx)dy, were of .solid' gold, inlaid with rubies, emeralds and diamonds. It was surrounded with a canopy of gold supported by 12 pillars, e:nblazoned with costly gems, and a fringe of pearls around the borders of the canopy. Be- tween the peacocks stood tlie figure of a parrot, life size, carved from a sin- gle emerald. On either side of the throne stood a chatta, or umbrella (on« of tlie Oriental emblems of royalty) made of crimson velvet, embroidered and fringed with pearls. The" handles were 8 ft. long, of solid gold, and studded with diamonds. The cost of this superb work of art was estimated at $25,000,000. The Melbourne Herald thus describes the " Welcome nngget," weighing 184 lbs. Troy, and worth $42,000, found at Ballarat, Australia, on the 9th June, 1858, at'a depth of 190 ft. below the surface of the earth: "A large, mis- shapen, irregular lump of gold, water-worn and rounded upon each of the numerous edges presented by a surface completely and more or less honey- combed. Its total length is about 20 inches, its greatest breadth about i2 ' inches, and •■ 3 greate.-t depth about 8 inches." Other nuggets varyiug in weight from 10 to 45 ozs. had previously been talcen from the same claim. Another nugget weighing 145 lbs. was found at Korong, Australia, during the summer of 1857, in the form of a solid mass of virgin gold, 2 ft. 4 ins. long., 10 ins broad, and from 1 to 2 ins. thick, estimated value $35,000. Tictoria, in Australia, is world renowned from the discovery of its im- mense gold fields in 1851, which La 1852 produced the enormous amotmt of $70,000,000. A nu^et weighing 161 lbs. avolrdapois (including about 20 lbs. of quartz), of an estimated value of $29,000, was found in Calaveras Co., California, in November, 1854. Perhaps not less than from 1800 to 2000 nuggets, weighing lib. or mora Mcb, have been found from tim* to time in Califorma. ~0 f the se probably lE[NrS"G IX COLORADO 929 less than 140 weigh over 20 lbs. each. Nuggets weighing from 1 to T ozn. have been found in imnionsD niuubers. i Color.idu i>reseiit-» a contlueiice of wonders in the form of mineral de)x>Bit!i, whicli it would require a volume to d(stTil)e. In the Silver Cliffp, near Rositn, in what is known as tlio HardsrraliMe district, the newly discovered mine, worlied by Powiell, Kdward^i and HaU ford (named the " H;icii\e Boy"), yields a return of 875 02s. of wlrrr to tl ton. The low grade pans out 100 o/s. and upward. Tlie niino in at jiresMil (Nov. 1S7S) not over 10 ft. deep and alnioj^t 25 ft. wide, but yitlds, with A very small force of men, between {I'JOOO and S:XXX) per dav". So far tli» mine has yielded nothing but horn silver, a chloride carried )n decompoird porphyry "full of scams ; the ore is found in deposits without any cri-vica veins or di.-;tiuct walls. Volcanic upheavals s^ecni to have b'.;."st the priisiary" granite, and to have forced tlirough chimneyed i\as«a,::;c.« Masses of eruptiini bearing molten precious iiietals. The silver h:is been pooled amid a mix- ture of porphyry, manganite, feldsjxir, pT]isum, and other minenil substiinc^i more or less decomposed and unstratiiied. Font miles jiontli-east oi the Silver Cliffs is the great " Maine mine," which made a very poor man a miU liomiaire in one year. ; ' In Lead\ille, a notable mining region, high up in the Colorado mountains, the mineral is found in layers, one above anotlier, with a regulr.r and con- tinuous dip into tiie ground. Some of the mines have disclorscd the existeneo of two or three deposits underlying the first mineral vein gtrnck by a phaft, and many singular variations from the usual fonn of mineral dcivisits havo been observed here, presenting a notable contrast to the jirevailing tyj-e in Californiaand the other parts of Colorado. The mineral carries KO ozs. of silver i>er ton and upwards, in high grade ores, and from 2.5 to fiO ot.f. in low grade ores, wliile the percentige of lead varies from 30 to 70. The ores lie in a sand or soft rock and are easily dug out with pick add drill, th6 quality improving with the increase of depth. On September 3, 187S, a miner, wliile prospecting about half a mile in the gulch on Bald Mouutiiu, discovered a mine of marvellous richness. The ore is of similar character, but of a much higher grade, than tlie orf:il"vo noted, much of it rvinning as high as 3000 ozs. per ton. A mining eri »':1 f - timated the value of the mine at §1,000,000 : the cwner asserted tluu ho refused SL;r>0,000 for it, yet six weeks previously be had not taofaey enough to buy a pair of boots ! Mention is made of a prospector who, while recently exploring on the west side Oi Bodie Bluff, laid liarc with few strokes of his pick an 8 inch vein of white quartz, almost filled witli solid gold, and tliat the samples as- sayed $40,000 per ton in gold and §1500 in silver ! * Recent e:Jaminations of the Arizonui. mining region by Prof. Cox of ][nd., has demonstrated that the mining property of South Arizonia, once devel- oped, would supply the world with precious metals, llirce shafts in the Touij'h Nut Mine, in tlie Tombstone district, averaging 10 ft. deep, show a solid body of ore, which, at the low average of $700 to the ttm, will . ; ..1 §2,400.000. lie was present when assays were made of ore from thi^ : ■ gouig from Si ,000 to §27,000 per ton. the conditions as regards timlx : ;.Md water are vastly superior to similar surroundings in tlie mining regions ot "Colorado and Nevada. ' For several years, mining under the most unfavorable conditions lia* "been progressing on Silver Islet, a st■ -n'l of Cape Kovale, and 7 miles east of Thunder Cape. Tlie ore, when fir.-i .!i>- covered, appeared as .^treaks of sl'.iuiug white, from H to 10 ft. under v.i.ti-, and proved to be woith from .«14eK) to §7000 i.er ton, the genend avenite keiiig §1500, of the kind known as " packing ore," being suffideutlj n«lt &S0 MTN-EBAL WEALTH OF KOBTH AMERICA. to be shipped fn barrels and smelted without further treatment The Trork* ings, which penetrate 1000 ft. under water, are protected by means of a system of breakwatei-s, cribs, co:;Ier dams, ic. baHastedw-A rocks and clay, erected at immense cost and with much difficulty. On manv occasionf furious storms have utterly wrecked tlie works, sweeping away cribs, rocks, buildings, &c., leaving nothing but min and desolation beliind, causing in- credible expeniie to reclaim and maintain t':.e mine. The richest deposit wag found March 20, 1S7S. For the week endinsr September 28, 1878. the v:eld ■was 843,000 ; Oct. 5, §73,000 ; Oct 12, §69,000; Oct '.J, §103,000: Oct. 28, $80,000. The richness of ore increases with the depth: 50 head of stamp* crush 60 tons daily. The Homestake Mine, Black Hills, has an 80 stamp mill, cmshing 175 tons of ore per day. >-ieldiag §[>00 i>er ton; another SO stamp mill is to be finished by spring. The cost of mining and milling varies from §2.50 to $3.50 per ton ; daily profit §1000. It is estimated thiit 10 years' supply of ere is in sight, and that 500 stamps could be supplied. The mines on the Comstock lode yielded, during the 23 years following their discoverv, §500.000,000 in gold and silver bullion, and have wast^ «250,000,000 more. In North America, the mineral wealth of the United States, Mexico, and the British posses-sions, is absolutely incalcuLible. Xotwidistandiug the enormous yield of the mines during late years, the discovery of new fields of astonishing richness is at the present time (1878) a matter of almost daily occurrence. It is asserted, on good authority, tliat during 30 years prior to Jan., 1878, there have been created in the countries west of" the Missouri River, and mostlv on United States territorv, bnllicm values to the amount of §1,94^3,000,000.' Of this turn about §l,5i<5,000.000 ha.* been composed of gold, very little silver having been produced prior to 18G1. when the Com- Btock deposits, discovered 3 years before, began first to turn out this metaj in notable quantity. Of the '§33, 000.000 turned ont by the Comstock lode in 1S77, 43 per cent has been gold. Of tlie base bullion made in Eureka dis- trict last year ( 1S77 ), valued at §12,OCO,000, over 16 per cent was gold. The bnUion from Nevada is nearly 40 per cent gold. Since the beginniuij of 1861, tlie production of gold for the entire Pacific const has been §876.000,- COO; of silver, §.372.000,000. During 1877, the bullion values consijsted of about §51,000,000 gold, and §49,000.000 silver. The following tabtdated statement is interesting, as showing the gradu- ally increasing product of the mines on the Pacific coa^ daring tie 4 years Doted in the table : 1S73. 1874. 1875. 1876. California §18.025.722 §20,000.531 §17,753.151 §19,000.000 iH^evada 35,ivV4.507 o5,452,233 40,478.309 49.300! 000 Oregon 1,376.389 609.070 l,165.0i6 1.200.000 Washington 209.395 155.535 81.932 100.000 Idaho 2.343.654 1.SS0.004 1,554.1'02 1.700.000 Montana, 3,892.810 3.439.498 3,573.t3O0 2.800.000 Utah 4,906.337 5.911.278 5.687,494 5,600,000 Arizona 47.778 26.066 109.093 1.400^000 Colorado 4,083,268 4.191.405 6,299,817 7;000,000 Mexico 868,798 798.878 2,408.671 2,200.000 British Columbia 1,250,035 1,636,557 1,776,953 1.500,000 Total §72,258.693 §74,401,055 §80,889,037 §91,800,000 The product of 1876 will be swelled to §93,000.000 by adding the sum of $1. "200. 000 to represent the yield of Wyoming, Dakota and New Mexico. As illustrative of the fluctuating value of mining property, it may be VMatioued that during the early part of September, 1878, the stock of Ui# TEMPERATURE OF MINES, &C. . 981 Sierra Nevada and Union Consolidated Mineg, vhich had been selling at (4 per share, took a sudden leap to f llHt, btiiij; et|uiv.ileut to tlio faliulous amount of $30,000,000 additional capital, each niino having 108,(KX) sliarofv. No ore had previously been found behnv the 1.800 foot level, but an incalcu- lable quantitj- of rich ore had been found by still deeper penetration. Some, specimens are reported to have assayed tliousands of dollars to a ton, and one notable specimen not Ic^s than SlO.OOO. The Gwin Mine in Calavera.sCo.,Cal., i.*? 1400 ft. deep, runs 80 stamps,' and yields $60,000 to $70,000 per mouth, of whicli amount one-half is clear profit. Of the qnartz mines in Soulimine Co., one, the Confidence, from a gross product of S611,853, paid to the owners ^195,000 in dividends, besides pay- ing in full for equipment. The yield of tlie Gilpin Co. (Colorado) mines, for the year 1876, wa» $2,105,037, and the product of the Boston and Colorado Smelting Works at Black Hawlc, Col., derived from Gilpin Co. ores, was S2,0lil.l.'44, coin value. As evidence of the ab.sorbiug iutcrest pervading the public mind regard- ing the vast mining industries of the country, it may be noted that during the last two weeks of 1878 no less than 20 niining companies were incorpo- rated in San Francisco, witli an aggregate cai.ifcd of over 6200,000,000. On the Pacific coast the productive capacity of the mines is greatly cur- tailed by dry sea.sons and a short water sujijily, as a full allowance of this element is indispensable in hydraulic miniug, and for tho operation of tha ore-crushing mills wherever steam power is not available. Among the serious obstacles in mining at profound depths may be men- tioned the influx of water and the high teuiperature of tlio mine. Incases where the workings are kept above the adit level the water will pass away through this channel by its own gravity, and no pumps will be reqHired; but when the excavations penetrate deeper than thistlie water must bo ele- vated by pumps or other macliineiy nj) to tliat point. In causing the water to make its exit through the adit level an enormous saving is effected, for other\vi8e the water would have to be pumped to the summit of the shaft, frequently at a vast expense. It sometimes happens that a single adit ia made to drain a chain of mines, as in the west of Cornwall the "great adit," as it is called, which extends, including its brandies to various mines, over 30 miles, and conveys away a torrent of water resembling a small river. In addition to draining off the water, the adit subserves the important use of ventilating the mine by cau.sing a circulation of air, and tho |iassage may be still further utilized as a tram-way for the conveyance of ore and rubbish from the interior excavations, the outflow of the water being eCfected through a channel beneath the tram-way. The water is raised by the pump- ing machinery from tlie "Sump," or bVttom of the engine shaft, wliich is generally sunk below the deepest level of the mine, so as to form a pit into which the water may flow before being pumped up In reference to the temperature of mines, tho solar heat, as a general rule, exerts no influence at a greater depth than from 50 to 100 ft At Paris, us determined by Poisson, a thermometer placed at a dcptli ot 70 ft. remains stationary all the year round. By jtenetrating into the earth beneath the point affected by the solar heat," we find a regular and rapid increase of temperature. In Cornwall, with a surface temperature of 50°, the tempera- ture of tlie rock in the Dalcoath mine, at a depth of 1381 ft., Ia 75. G° ; the temperature of springs at a depth of 1440 ft is 82° ; in tlie United Cop- per Mines, Cornwall, tlte temperature of the rock at 1201 ft is 88° ; in the Guanaxato Silver Mine, Mexico, with a surface temperature of 0)8.8°, the temperature of simnsrs at a depth of 1713 ft. was ".»8.2o. The last noted in- etanco indicates 1° of heat for every 45.8 ft. ; observations recorded in Eng- land give 44 ft. for a change of 1 degree ; in Saxony it is considerably gre.at- •r, being nearly 65 ft. to a degree ; and a few observations in the UultMt 932 cosiPOsmoN of vaeious bocks. States indicate 54 ft. to a degree. According to Kupffer, the average lor tlM various countries Avlierc observations liaVe licen maile, is 'M.Sl it. to a de- gree, liuttliis rr.te of increase is inanifestly tro rapid: for assnniing it to b« true, a heat sufficient to boil ^Yater livonld be found r.t a depth of 5t)C*2 ft., or Fligiitly more than a mile, at 48 miles a temperature of 7000°, sufficient to melt ail l:nov. n roclis, and at the centre of' tie earth it would amount to 677.000O. The deepest ai-tesiau well in the world is at Pestli. Hungary, being 3254 ft deep, or about twice the depth of that in Paris. It sends up a jet of boil- ing water 42 ft. high. Of the rock.s encountered by miners, it may be noted tliat the crystalline rocks are the granitic series of qiiiartz, feldspar, mica, gneiss, syenite, pbr» phyry, green-stone, basalt, and compact lavas, all in ■XT.rieties. Qrta'rtz is the base of all the siiicioiTs comi)Ounds in nature, and is dis- tinguished by the liardness of the bodies, as' crystals, gritty sand, &c. "It cannot be cut with a knife, and strikes tire with'steeL It is 96 or iJT parts eilica in 100, and 2 or 3 of clay and lime. Syenite is a midole rock between granite and porphyry, composed of feld^ar and liornblende, or qhartz and mica. ' Feldspar is composed of lamina or plates. Its constituents arc silica and alumina, with some pot:ish. ' Abounds in granite, syenite, gneiss, and por- phyry. "Wlien large crjstals of feldspar apjx'arin granites they are called porpiiyritic. Feldsjiar, next to quarte, is ti)e most abundant stone, being a constituent of granite and other rocks ; it scratches glass, gives out sparks with steel, is of a vitrified nature, and wlicn ci-umbkd forrr^s the basis' of clay. Feldspar is white, red, or gray, and consists Ci CI in 100 parts of eilex, 19 of clay, 2 of lime, 13 of |>otash, and 1 of oxide of iron. Mica, tiie other equal j art of granite, is 47 silica, 22 clay, 14.5 potash. 15 oxide of iron, and 1.75 oxule of manganese. Mica is ocraVionaily found in large plates, is tough. flc3diosed by tl.e atm.osphere or •worn down, it mixes with tlie clay of the feldspar or the sand of the quartz. Porphyry is st'^ne, with a comjMict base, intermixed with crystals. The base is trap, and the crystals fcMsjiar or quartz. Serpentinf \s so called fromits^?.rieg^tcd colors, usually green : composed of 32 silica, 37^ magnesia, half alumina, lOi lime, with iron and caiiJonic acid 15. Cuned gneiss proves that n -was once fluid: it is in slaty layers or plates, formed of feldspar, quartz ar.d mica, seiuircted by thin lawyers of mica, it contains in its veins all themeuds, and follows the sinuosities of the granite. Hornhlende is 42 silica, 30 oxide of iron, 12 clay, and 11 lime. Augite is 54 silica. 22 lime, 12 magnesia, and 10 oxide of iron. The Schistose strata are inclined from 52 to 70 degrees in mountains. ifegiicsian Limestone confciins about 20 magnesia, ."0 lime. 48 carbonic acid, clay and oxide of ironi It renders dilute nitric acid millvv, and effer- vesces little in acids. Mica slate is mingled with quartz in masses ; clay slate lias quartz la layers. " Carbonate of lirie, forming one-eighth of the crust of the globe, contains 5G parts in 100 of oxygen. Poi'tland stone is coarse grit, cemented with earthy spar. Emery is a mineral containing tli alumina, 3 silica, and 4 iron. Corundum is a stone, which in crystals is a six-sided prism, called ada- mantine spar. The hardness of rocks is a surimse to ma«y, but all wonder will ceas» when we consider the effects of licat, combined with the pressure of super- incumbent rocks during millions of years, in forming rf)Cks cf ] limary graywacke from sand, and primary slates from clay. In ex]iloring or pros- pecting for mineral veins, it is well to remember that gold is not confined BOW TO FIIfD MINEBAIi pEPOSITS. J>3$ to one class of rocks. In Mariposa, Cal., some gold-bearing quartz veins are in granite; but tlie largestiiiul richest are in slate :^We noted'Oncida, Keystone, Kiireka and Springhill veins arc also in slate, to;;etlicr with the most valuable veins in Amador. The vein oC the Eureka had a thirkne^s of G ft. at its " outcrop " on the surface of the ground ; and dotvn to a depth 6t loOO 'ft., to which it has been worked, the thickness and value has con- stantly increased with the sinking. In the Calaveras district, rich gold-bear- intr quartz veins are found both in liniCftono and granite; in Tuolumne tha richest veins occur in granite I'm tlie Alt;i district the " wall-rock " is serixso" tine, with white talc iii the richest deposits. Fig: 1. Ground plan of the intersection of lodes in the Ipmmelfalirt min«. Tlie engraving, sketched by Weis^^enbach, shows the appearance'presented by the intersection of two veins in the Ilimmelfalirt mine, near Freiburg, Germany. Jletallic ores exist in four ways : 1. In irregular masses. 2. In fissurog or veins crossing the strati and filled witii tiic ore, combined ^vith some matrix. 3. In regular interstratified layers Or beds, and 4. Intermixed ia suirill fragments among tl'.o rocks. A knowledge of geology and geometry is of the utmost value to the practical miner to aid him in ascertaining the location of mineral deposit.'', and to operate to the best advantage in obt:iiiiing possession of them. The instruments used are : 1. The m.agnctic compass; it is used to determine the direction of a mctillic deposit in places where the influence of iron i9 absent. 2. The graduated Fcmi-clrcle or clinometer, which is used to measure tlie dip or angle of the lode. 3. This chain or cord, to mcasufS distances between two" pohitA. 4. A plane table or plate whenever tho proximity of iron nullifies the action of the compass. In cx|iloring for mineral veins, a!)r.ndaht experience has shown tho pri- mary importance of the following Fuggestions : 1. That they are uioro uundeious in mountainous and hilly districts than in tho level territory. 2. 9S4 THE VAJMOUS MINIEBAL TERfS DESCBIBED. Tkat the richest lodes occur about the junction of the crystalline and strati* fied rocks, and are more abundant in the former than iu the latter. 3. That their situation is frequently determined by the color of the land, •which is often influenced by the decomposition of part of the mineral coraponeuta, and scattered fragments of the vein intermingled -with the soil. 4. In cases ■where the location of the bearing is partially ascertauied, the lode may fre- quently be found by sinking a shaft through strata into the imderlying rock, and thence driving "a drift or tunnel at right angles to the bearing of the lode. 5. The best proof of the existence of a lode is the discovery of its outcrops ; this sets eveiy doubt at rest For further information, see Pros- pecting/or Quartz, page 452. Gold-bearing quartz veins, in California, generally run from north Borth-Tvest to south south-east, with a steep dip to the eastward. The dif- fusion of gold through tlie quartz is very unequal, and the lodes varj' from a line to ^ ft. Two ounces of gold to 1 lb. of rock is a rarity greatly ad- mired by quartz miners, for that proportion is held to be exceedingly rich in the precious metal. Mineral veins are usually graded into species, of ■which the prevailing forms are : 1. The Bake vein, -which extends downwards to unknown depths, is frequently many miles in length, and is the prevailing tj-pe of the mineral veins most highly valued by miners. Beginning at the " out- crop " it perforates the strata downwards almost to their plane of stratifica- tion. It also intersects or penetrates the granite rocks. The inclination or " dip" of these veins varies from a few degrees to a vertical direction. 2. The Interlaced vein, which is composed of many small veins grouped to- gether like irregular net work, is frequently surrounded by granite rocks, and more usually bear tlie ores of tin than any others. 3. The Pipe vein, which appears like an irregular shaft filled with ore, is usually found be- tveen the strata. This class of veins present a great variety of si^es, and the angle of inclination is generally less than the dip of the rake vein. 4- The Dilated or Flat vein, which inits extension is subject to varying con- tractions and expansions, is foimd in flattened masses iu horizontal posi- tions like seams of coal^but differs from a coal bed by great variation in thickness within the distance of a few feet wherever breaks or interrup- tions occur. The best mineral deix)sits are often found at these faults. 5. The Accumidated vein, usually found filling large vacancies in the earth, is a great irregular mass of ore, apparently isolated from all other mineral deposits- Veins of this class occur interposed between the stratified rocks and also in the granite. As to the nature and origin of the spaces occupied by metallic veins, they are : 1. The cracks and fi.-^sures made in roclcs. 2. Openings be- tween their layers, especially in Schistose or slaty kinds. These crevices or fissures are produced in great numbers where a region of rock is under- going upUft or where a folding of the strata is in progress, o-wing to earth- quakes or other movements of the earth's depths. The mineral contents of toese crevices may have been charged : 1. AVheu the fissures or crevices yrere filled from either side or below, and did not descend to regions of liquid rock, being not connected -with igneous ejections. Tliese include all tanded mineral veins, and nearly all those filled with quartz or granite. The intense heat, acting on the moisture present, would inevita.bly decom- pose the rocks ; then their mineral matter sooner or later would be swept Into the crevices, and, in combination with emanations from the deeper |>art9, form metallic lodes. Also, 2. Where the rents or fissures descended to regions of liquid rook and were filled from belo^w. In this case the min- eral contents of the vein have been brought up in some state of combina- " tion as solutions or vayiors. The veins of silver ores in Nevada and many ethers thus originated in connection with suLterrnnonn disturbances. Werner's theory is that opeu fissures in the earth's crn.';t were filled ^th crystalliue and metallic soaUer by aqueous infiltrdtious from above|. THEORIES OF NOTED tTRITKRS. §^ and tbftt the substances of mineral veins have been precipitated from a chaotic menstruum into fissures in tlie earth wliile it was in some nascent condition. Dr. Huttou contends that the contents of mineral veins, like those of dikes, were formerly molten, luid Avhile in this condition were injected from below by mechanical force. Dr. Bucklaud and M. Neckar propound the theory that the contents of some metallic lodes were deposited in crevices and fissures in the earth's crust by the condensation of mineral exhalations from immense subter- ranean fountains of intensely heated matter. Sir E. Phillips contends that metals are penerated by long continued galvanic action between mixed rocks, and are the Auru of rocks, combined with oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen, whose actions and reactions are elec- tricity. The results are a matrix, a compound of sonic of tho peculiar aura with oxygen and hydrogen ; exhalations from tho lower parts of the vein are also to be considered. Ores and cryst-illizations are therefore direct products of tho oxygen and liydrogcn rendered active in electricity, and of the exudations and aura of the rocks and strat^i. rroximity is not essential to electrical iulluences ; the walls of fissures may be affected by excite- ments from a distance. It is asserted that a hole drilled into auriferous quartz in the Urals, and intended to bo used for blasting, but never so used, was examined 40 years after it was made, and found to be full of fine crystals of gold. From the present known existence of electro-currents in many Cornish Teius, and the analogy between voltaic combinations and the arrangement of matter in mineral veins, Mr. Fox and M. Becqnerel reason that the for- mation of many metallic lodes are due to electro-chemical agencies. When icide fissures or fractures of strata are filled with stones or earth, they are called faults or dikes, but when charged with mineral contents they are called veins. The tests of a probable mine are metallic ores or sand at the outcrop, mineral waters, trees or grass discolored, and the pro- ducts of boring. The best systems of minerals are those of Berzilius, and the chemical arrangemeutof Mobs ; Naumaiui unites them. As a writer on the min- eral kingdom, mines, furnaces, the treatment of ores, &c., Emanuel Swe- denborg occupies a high rank. Cf late years among works of notable utiUty to miners may bo men- tioned, Phillips' Elements of Metallurgy; Dana's Manual of Mineralogy ; Randall's Quartz Operator's Uand-Dook; Silversmith's Practical Hand- Book for Miners; Kustd's Processes of Silver and Gold Extraction. Most of the engravings of furnaces and some of the amalgamating pans de- scribed in this book are taken from the last noted work, which may be re- garded as absolutely indispensable to every progressive miner. Due ac- knowledgments are also rendered to other standard authors, succe.s.sful miners and exiierienced mill-men, for much of tlio valuable information presented in these pages. The superficial appearance of the outcrop of veins often indicate the metals they contiun. The presence of fluorsjiar indicates metallic associa- tions wherever found. A brown jiowder at the surface indicates iron, and often tm ; a pale yellow powder, load, and green, copper. (!old and silver are found in primary and transition rocks, porphyry, auartz, syenite, and the lowest sandstone, occasionally in coals, and abundantly in the 8audii» of rivers. PlatLna, iialladium, rhodium, osmium, and iridium are found almost wholly in the sands of rivers. Mercury is found in slate, limestone, and coal strata. Copper in primarv and transition rocks, syenite (sometimes aandstone), coal strata, and alluvi;il ground. Iron is found in every kind of rock, tin in granite, gneiss, mica-slate, and slate, lead and zinc in primary taxi transition rocks /except trap and serpentine), porphyry, syenite, U4 936 StEfEfG SOiCEXCLATCE^. Fi'-' lovre-t sandstooe, and occasionally in coal stmti. (Jold is yeljov, copp^ red. iron, i^y, lead, felne, col«It and manganese, grey; ill the'VSthers Sx9 ■white; ...... i-=c.,-; the transverse section of a mineral vein, in-wliich. in ^ A A represents the '• co!/?»if>-^," br^chcom'poping the :- tliemn. 1>. kaiigrfnci-icaU. V,f(Xft-icaU: pD, sh u;je,(^ •> . >»,i;te rock or rubbish is termed deoni^ or aSCi^; -workings in a mfne by person?; of "wliom no record remains are termed o 'if nu^y; an opening left for lettlpg dt)vm ore is cnDett a pnsx ; the place at which a lode divides in ttvb is named point of horse ; the lowest workings in a mine or level are called b-'ttoms ; the appearance of a mineral lode at the surfkce ia called an ovtrrop : the amount of slope of a minernl vein measured from a hori-rontal line is termed a 'fip ,- a Irorizont;''. or nenrly horizoirtal working in a caine is caOed a d,rij't, yailery, level, or gunny ; the subatance iu which or« mm ride Vll'J Ilg. 2.— Traxsa'ersb' Sectiox of a Tetk, fc fonnd f - ' ' ' ■■ ! ■" - " " ''. - ' ■ fr ; a cavern or fissure in which water fells and ■■' : the ascending air-cnrrent from a mine i- t' ■. vai J current is called a rfoir/ica^f, &c., &r^. Mort of t'.iv.-.;- tci;i.s, tj^cthcr with a vocabulary of similar technicali- ties, derive their origin from the Cornish miners. ■ Metals are ;?:" = '' :^ ' -- -''vs. sulphurets, oxides, or salts. GcZd. platinum, and ..nlv as aHovs. Silver, mercurv, cop^ per. iron, r.nti: r.It' in the four states. Lead and zinc in the three l.''-.i- p<^-?-7c ; o^teh tt«r» or p^ore rewriting metals, with ■Of" ■ ' " " " "-:i V'dies beins tailtil fi^ f lead, called galena. i _ : i u in g rocks ; the ag© cf tl~.e Litter ii is uoi ^osyaiblft to tlc-beruilue eveu approximately. Iu treatiog GEOLOGlCAt fePOC&S, AC. 9:^7 of geological epochs, Dana remarks ; "If time, from tlie cpmincnciBmeut of the Silurian forinations (those restiug oii the granite) included 48 millioiia of years, which wuie .^eolugists would pionoimce much too low au e.^liiiiatc, tho Paleozoic part, accordiny; to tlio above ratio, would cuiuiirj.'^u 'M miilioua, the Mesozic, 1) millious, and Ceuzoic, ^ millions. , It should lie noted, how- ever, that as rochs are foriued of earth, and as luctaly are foimtl mainly iu veins and crevices of rocks, tliat they must he of more recent origin tliaii the latter. The above noted estimate of geological tuno will doubtless astonish many who have been led, by a mistaken aMireheusioii of tlie true meaning vt Genesis, to suppose tliat only about (iOUO years have elapsed t;incp tlie crea-' iion. For further evidence. on this eabjctt, sco Oroloijiail i\:vLs; Ai/e, Orir/hi, and Ultimate Duration of theluirih, cu ]iage 7JS. The atlaujantiue facts of geology render very sligh.t homage to t!:Q chcrisljcd cma-f; ul tl.o TvorUl, and have struck fearful blows at Iho old ex^ilaiiali );;.s of (Icnosis, tut time is u iVjworf ul reuioilcllcr. Already nearly o6o cc:iLiu tcs attoit tio eternal verity of the giaud tiutlis for t'lo pro;)ag;'"tion of which Bruno suf- fered death and Calileo endured imprisoumcut, for their alleged incuusLst- ency with the Jewish cosmogony, which, iu describing au apparent truth, speaks of " the rising of the pan and t"ao going down of tlio eamo " accord- ing to appearances as presented to the senses. The world has witnessed with afitoni.;lnuciit the disgraceful treatment ac- corded to Sir James Y. Sinipson, by iu famous bigots, who insisted that his humane use of auiesthetics to mitigate the jjains of Avorpen iu labor waa neither more nor less than a direct .contravention of tlie uriuieval curse, which affirmed that " iu sorrow she sliould bring fortli children." It is safe to say that the bigots did not belong to the female se.\. At this day such ab- surdity would not be tolerated a single hour. The popular outcry which at onetime denounced the use of the lightning conductor as a flagrant defiance of heaven is also silenced forever. li;;ilroads and telegraphs have been similarly deuouuced. These insanities are now numbered with the things of tlie past. It is notoriously true tliat in Scotland the fanning mill was fiercely as- sailed as au ungodly machine, and the inventor was subjected to persecution by arrogant lunatics who asserted thatuotliing cou'd I'C cither good or useful which contravened the passage which reads :— " The wind bloweth where it listcth." Now millious use f;inuiug mills during their lifetime without ever thinking of such an objection. The science of geology is as yet in its infancy, but its teachings have met with very general a(ce]it:ince among iutelLigcut observer.-^. It is sophi.stry to afhrm'that what is new, must, for that reason, necessarily be false, for of the disclosures unfolded by the stony facts of geolo-y v,o are compelled to affirm that they must be true, though at variauce.with the beliefs of a thou- sand generations. A high authority has classified the placers of California as follows : — 1. A co.'irse, boulder-like drift, the result of abrasion and powerful cur- rents iu a great body of water. 2. A river drift or coarse alluvium, ancient and modem. 3. Alluvial deposits on flats aud broad surfaces, not confined to river channels. 4. Lacustrine deposits made at tlie bottoms of former lakes and iwudB. They are found in extensive, basin-shaped depression.^ in the surface of inetiimorphic rocks, these depressions have es idently been filled with deep quiet water, from which thick stratii of clay, fine sand, ami volcanic ashes have been deposited ujion the auriferous layer at the bottom. In the gullies and ravines the auriferous dirt is generally a very stiff clay, abouiiding in coarse gravel aud stoues, and is usually as wide as tlio stream of water during the wet season. In a ravine where the extremo width of the stream does not exceed 5 ft., as a general rule the pay-dirt will 988 PLmcE srrsrrjfG, &c. not be more than a foot deep, with a bed of barren dirt on top. Wliere fh« channel of a stream in a smaJl ravine has slightly changed, the pay-dirt may be buried under G or 8 ft. of alluvial soil. The gold will not lodge ou the smooth or steep bed rock of a guUy ; the richests spots will be found whera the bed is level, and where the strata of the rock are almost vertical and pre- sent mraiy jagged points to detain the gold, the largest pieces being usually found ne£r the bed rock in the deepest part of the stream. In rJluvir.l workings, near rivers and streams, the various companies who work neighloring claims often club together and construct a Lirge flume, into which the stream is conducted by means of a strong barricade or wiu^ dam of rocks, timber, mud, &c., which causes a diversion of the current, leaving the bed of the river nearly dry, thus affording access for working i( to good advantage. The stream affords plenty of water for mining pur- poses, together with ample power for operating under shot wheels for work- ing pumps to rid the claims of the surplus water which accumulates in th» workings. See Fig. 3, representing flume mining. For Placer Mini})!-!, Board Sluice Process, see page 453; tor Hydraulic Miniiifj, Long Tom Process, &c., fee page 43 i; for Gold Assay by Smelting Process; Gold Assay icUh a JlcrjiSpccyti: Assay cf Pock containing Pyrites ; Silver Assay by Smcltinq ; Assay of 2rgent:j'erous Galena; Silver Assaij icith Testing' Tubs ; Test for Iron or Copper Py rites, pee page 451 ; for Pros- pcctinff far Quartz; Prospecting a River Bar; Prospecting in a Gully; Prosp'^cting in Flats; Prospecting iriih a Knife. and down to and from the various levels, after the manner of an elev;!tor through the varioiis stories of a high building. The fourth compartment is occupied by the tanks and pump column ; an iron pipe from 12 to l(j ins. diam., throiigli which the water is forced from the lower levels of the mine to the surface by means of the massive pumping machinery. The cages in the difTcrent divisions work independent of each other ; one may bo going down while the other is going up, or one may be at rest while the others are in motion. The motive power for hoisting is supiilicd by powerf i:l engines at the opposite end of the building, about 50 or CO ft. dist:iut from tlio shaft, and the hoisting is effected by means of a flat cable, some 6 or 6 ins. wide, J ins. thick, and braided of the be.st qu.ility of steel wire. This cable is wound and unwound on an enormous reel situated near the engine, and tlie great iron wheels and pulleys which sustain the cables are supported on •what is termed the gallows frame, a huge structure compot^ed of m.iFsive upright and cross timbers constructed directly over the mouth of the shaft. The positions of the cages in the shafts are indicated to tlio engineer by means of a hand moving over a dial in the engine room, and the signals for elevating and lowering the cages are struck on bells near the engineer by parties in the cages or levels below. The entire machinery of the works is driven by a compound condensinjf engine of 600 horse-power ; the engine has two cylinders, the first 24 x 48 ins., and the second 48 x 48 ins. in size. The main shaft of engine is J4 ins. diam., and weighs 15,000 lbs. On this shaft is a fly wheel (which is also a band wheel, carrying a belt by which the batteries arc driven) 18 ft. in diam. , and weighing IG^ tons. On the extreme end of tlie main driving shaft is coupled a shaft 11 ins. diam. , extending into tlie amalgamathig room, and driving the pans, agitators, &c. Engiue weighs about SO tons ; there are 8 boilers, each 54 ins. diam. and 16 ft. iu length. The smoke stacks are 4 in number, 42 ins. diam. and CO ft. high. In tlie new stamp mill of this company (100 ft. long and 58 ft wide) there are GO stiiups, each weighing 800 lbs., the whole requiring one car load (1800 lbs. ) of ore to be sent out from the shaft every 6 minutes during the day and night. The sta!n])3 are driven by a belt from the main band and fly wheel ; the belt is 24 ins. in width, and IGO ft. iu length ; speed 3600 ft. per minute. This runs the counter-shaft in front of the latteries, and from the pulliea on this countcr-aliaft there .?re belts 14 ins. wide aud 60 ft long, which run each battery of 10 stamps. The batteries are fed by the Tulloch self-feeders, one feeder being required for every 5 .'^tanips, and two men only are required to oversee the whole, without any handling of the ore. There are o2 amalgamating pans, each pan holding about 2000 lbs. of pulp from the batteries, and there are 8 settlers to each pair of pans. The monthly loss of quicksilver alone in the mills of the comjjany is estimated at from S60,000 to $80,000. The owners have to-day 11 mills,' ranging from 15 to 80 stamps, making altogetlier a b.ittery force of 375 stamps, the largest stamp capable of pulverizing 5 tons of ore every 24 hours. The whole liunian force employed iu the;^e mills numbers 622 men, when the mills are running to their ful\ capacity. From 500 to 700 men are employed and divided into thrf^c f hif ts, eacb aio HEidHT oy MiNis. siiifi ATorking 8 hours. One. shift goes, on at 7a.in.,one at 3 jD.m.,.aHd anotiier at 11 p.m. Order is respected lii every thing ; there are superintend- ents, foremen, engineers, miners, timbermen, watchmen, pumpmen, pick- "boys, &c. Each employee in tlie mine lias his duties assigned him. yhich muBt be performed, and each is confined to his own level, and there only. tBBK UK ill i iilli iilll i (!Mih'iBk'5a mil ^^ iLiHi 'iiiiii "S MASMINCrOfil Fig. 4.— DiAGEAH Illustrating Height of SIines. , To describe the mine, -vee will in imagination compare it to a, house of enorin,ou8 altitude and vast dimensions on the eartli ; tliis house Tvould require to be 2000 ft. high, with 20 stories or lloors, each 100 ft. nn.-i.it. It is safe to say that such a building was never constructed, and never will ba in this world. To an observer in Wall street, or on Broadway, New York, MTN-EES FATNTTITG FROM HEAT. 941 THnity Church presents an imposing spectacle, but our imiiginarj building, representing the Consolidated Virginia mine, would be nearly 7 times liit;he»f In the mines on the Comstock lude there arc 10> miles of drifts, galleries, cross-cuts, shafts, winzes, tc, and as one mine -EKS Fainting FR^^t iifat i>- thi; COMSTOCK. .OWEK jLEVELS Ol THB engines could not be tolerated a single hour. Wlicn at work the miners are naked to the waist, and some from the middle of the thighs to their feet. The only garments worn are a pair of thin pantaloons or overalls, rtout ehoes, and a light hat or small felt cap to jirotect the bead from the falling eand. Notwithstanding all this many faint outright from tlie effects of the beat. One giant-ix)wde"r" 100 gals' f^^ ' ' '^'^ ^^- "^ '^""d oil, 800 lbs. of tallow 20,000 ft. of fuse, 37 tons ■ .-h. charcoal, 1\ tons of steel, 5 tons oj round and square irr.ii. 4 i ' ■' ■ ', 60 kegs of nails. &-c. W'^nthly vages, ?90,000. Miners i . engineers, carpenters, machtn- iats. blacksmiths, kc, fp •• , , , v The Savage and Hal* ..^■a .... ■ mcs on the Comstock lode hav« month's supplies for .this mine may be estimated as follows, vii. : ft. of timber. 550 cords of wood, 350 boxes of candles, 2 tons of 942 THE StrXRO trXXEL. Fhaite 6x20 ft., and 2500 ft. deep. The Savage Company intend to sink tueir present i=haft to a depth of 4000 ft. Their grer^t lioir-ting cable of pteel Avire is 4000 ft. long, weighs i;5,190 lbs., ami is v.oaud J.ud iinwouml on a cone-shaped reel 15 ft. long, with a diam. of 22 ft. ut the large end r.uJ 13 ft. at the small one. The reel is siisx^ended on a cast-iron shaft IG ias. iu diam., the ends of which revolve iu ponderous bearings sustained by loun- dations of cut stone resting ou the solid rock. Tiic engines fur driving the liuge reel are two iu number, of 200 horse-power eacli, ai:d are capable of lioisting from 4S0 to 500 tons of ore every 24 hours. The h^ istiag car used c ii the lower incline is made wliolly of iron and steel, rmis on an iron track, and 'Lolds about 5 tons of rock. The incline begins at the foot of tlie vertical shaft, 1.300 ft. below t'.ie surface, and runs to tho lov.r r levels of Ir.e rcine. The hoL-Jtuig cages on the Eiincs of the Comstock are all supplied with safety i-ppliances, which o.)erate instantaneously iu arresting the descent of the cage in the event of the cable breaking. Fig. 6.— StTTRo TcmrKi- As showing the vast sums of money disbursed by capitalists when full confidence exists of obtaining remunerative returns from mining operations, it may be interesting to note the following items regarding the outfit of a mine which has not as yet produced a cent's worth of ore. The works will be, when finished, a boiler house 102 ft. long. 50 ft. wide, containing 10 lx)ilers, 54 ins. diam., 16 ft. long ; one main lioisting room, 151 ft. long, 40 ft. wide, 43 ft. high ; a carpenter shop, 50 ft. wide by 100 it. loner, for fram- ing the timbers for the shaft, a machine shop, 50 x 100 ft., and a blaek- pmith's shop, 40 x GO ft. At the shaft is a double cylinder, high pressure, direct-acting eugme, both cylinders being connected with one shaft "carrying two reels for winding tha Topes. It is of 1200 horse-power, and capable of hoisting 10 tons of ore from a depth of nearly, if not quite, one mile. The crank shaft weighs nearly 40 tons, and ia one piece of wrought iron. The intended piston spied THE STJTRO TUNXKL. {b 960 ft. per minute, which will tiko n " cage " thronph the shaft at mii- wjiy speed. Tlie cables used iii the shait .ire mndc of nuiienled sUcI wire, 7 inches wide and ^ ius. thick, and :uo wmmd on tin- rods like a. ribl)on on' a spool. The reels are 15 ft. diiim., will hold 40U0 ft. of cable, ai.d each is fitted with powerful luakcs and safety appliances to regulate tlic move- ments of the cages. The engine foundations are 6o;id masonrv, 5ti ft. long, 38 ft. wide, and 22 ft deep, to which tlie engines are bolted with 80 "-in. and 3^in. bolts, reaching the bottom of t'.ie stone work. The piston rods and all the valve rods are of steel, and the valves of iiard brass. The pumping engine is a horizont;d compound condensing engine, direct acting. The cylinders are of the following dimensions : The initial cylinder is 33 ins. diam. and 12 ft. stroke. The exY.ansion cylinder is tJG in.s. di;.ni. and 12 ft. stroke ; engine shaft 20 ins, in diam., about 18 ft. long, and h::s a fly-wheel on each end SO ft in diam., and each wheel weiglis 30 t<.n!». The engine and line of pumps for 1200 ft. weigh 749 tonss. The cost price of engine and pumps before erection was $COO,000. It is to drive two lines of 14 inch pumps of 10 ft. stroke. Its web of cams, rods, cut-off gear, air- coshions, drop-weights, &c., display the highest skill in workmanship. Fig. 7.— LoxGiTrnrsAL Section of the Comstock Lonj., showixo Tnn niffekent mixind claims located thereon, the ore bodies t.x- tkactep, .\.nd the intersection of the sl'teo tcnxel with tub Lode at B., etc. The Sutro tunnel, a work without a compeer in mining enterprises on this continent, was begun October 10, 18()9 ; the object being to penetrate the mines on the Comstock lode at a point nearly 2000 ft. below tlie surface of the earth, and thus form an outlet for the drainage and rapid transit for the miners and their supplies, together with quick transportation for t!:e ora and mineral matter taken from the mines. It enters the mountains in tlio valley of the Carson river, at the town of Sutro, 3i miles below Dayton. 1^. miles from the river, 150 ft above the river bed, and strikes the'ltWO ft. level of the Savage mine at a point C0,018 ft from the moutii of the tunnel. The work was prosecuted day and niglit with a result of from 1?> it. to IsJJ. ft per'day, imtil on Julv 8, 1878, a connection was made with the above ncted shaft A wire-tramway, running from the Carson river to the mines, will soon be in operation through tlie whole length of the tunnel, with an outfit of rolling stock capable of transj^orting 1000 miners from the village of Sutro to the mines in 15 minutes. During the past years, nearly 3000 mine™ \i&\e been employed in these mines, and hours have been consumed at each shift in sending down the men In cages, a dozen or so at a time. Tlie mines on the Comstock lode, and all other mines in the district, ara eomi)elled for all time, to pay the Tunnel Company $2 jier ton fore\ery ton of ore extracted and sent "to the mills for reduction. Tlie rates estab- lisfaed for transportation is 26 centa per ton per mile over the 4 miles q£ BEVOXD THE COMSTOCK |jOr>E ; ALS6 THE Foi.'R Shafts on the Tunxel Line- ... The notable sanitary u.sos subserved by the tunnel has already dissipated the poisdnous gases in the lower drifts of the Savage mines, and jfowered the temperature of the 2000 ft. level from 120° to i)0o Falir. A covered .<-.tfiain- tight drain is to be constructed the entire length of the tunue^ (under the railT0.^d track) to form an outlet for the drainage of the mine. Much of the water in tlie workings stands at a temperature of 1G0° Fahr., and if this was passed through the tuiincl in An open channel, no liviug thing conld exist, owing to the hot, confined Vapor. It id further intended to utilize this water as a source of power for movhig the long ti-aius of cars used in transporting the miners, together with their necessary stores; tim- ber, ore, &c. The discharge of this water has heretofore been elTected at an aimual cost of $-3,000,000. The drainage must pass through 10 puinps and tanks, tlirough 2000 ft. of iron pipe, from 12 to 16 ins. diam., before reaching the surface. The great iron pump rod, 2000 ft in length, and hung at several points with immense balance bobs to prevent it from being torn asunder by its own weight, is kept continually sw.'iying' up and down r,t its round of duty. HcnceforwarAtln:: drainage will only require to be elevated to the tunnel level in : rder to find an outlet. The Tnniiel Company liave so far expended on the tuimcl, with the immense shafts, buildings, machine shops, eugiues, &c., coniiectcd' therewith, the vast sum of $3,200,000, and the projected branches and extensions towards the various mines will still absorb a large additioiiril sum. In carrying out this wonderful enterprise the obstacles presented by nature were of the most formidable discription and well nigh insurmomitable, but they were finally overcome by the un- tiring energy and indomitable perseverance of Mr.'Sutro, who brought to the execution of this hercoleau task, an iron will, and a rare' Qombination of executive abilities. ' ' ■ - - Many rich deposits of marvellous extent have been found on the Comstock lode, but on the 1500 foot level has been discovered what appears to be the central mass, a body of ore unparalleled in extent and value by any thing hitherto known. This has enjoyed world-wide fame under the name of the " Big Bonanza" (a Mexican term denoting a large and rich body of ore— pros- perity. Borrasca is the very (Opposite of bonanza, and signifies bajrren-rock —bad luck— vdversitv), and' measures UOO ft. iu length,"550 in depth, and fcom 30 to 200 ft fiick. DTNAillCS OF YOLCANIC FOKCE. SlS The immense chasm, rent, or iSssure in tlie rocts, whicli is filled by tho " vcin-miitter," or gaugue (pronouuced r/any the vacancies and to support the mine. When this material is de- ficient it must be supnlied from the surface, especiallv when the ore deposits ureof grent extent and the vacancies large. Tie filling should be tamped ?oUd. In the \icinity of the working elialt and other suitable places, pillara of veift IIOISTIXG 1IACU1^'EET. 949 rtone may be allowed to remain with good results. lu Mexico, very exten- sive mines are w holly sustained by pilhirs of ore, the number, size, distance apart, &c., of whicli are dearly defined by law. The first process in opcuuig a mine i.s to find the lode, then a hole ia usually driven straight down into tlic earth go as to etriho the lude, a.s rep- resented in Fig. P. This id termed ''sinking the sBaft," which is thou carried down upon it as shown in the ci'.t, nlthoui^h it frcqucnllv hapiicns that the sliaft is carried down on the lode from the sarfaLO. Astlio sliaft descends the adit level is driven ; this is merely a tunnel dug from the nearest valley or water-(onr.>^e ri;;lit into the niouutain or hill iii whicli t!ie 5ode is located, so th.it all the water above the level will How away of itself. In going deeper «;tlier levels are d.ivcu to the right and left, extending to' great distances from the shaft, but always following the direction of the lode, and these levels are intoriicnetrated at suitable distances by smaller shafts, called lainzcs, which are of great use in promoting proper ventilation in the mine. As the workings are extended other shafts arc dug from tho surface as necessity may require, but they should be at least SOO ft. apart ; aiid where a mine has more than one lode, a gallery or level, called a " cross- cut," is driven to it as shown at/, in Fig. l). The size of shafts vary accord- ing to the duty required. To accommodate pumping and winding m'achincry for elevating the "" kibbles," or buckets of ore, by steam ])ower, it should bo from G to 8 it. in width and from 14 to I'O ft. in lengtli. Square shafts are usually lined ui whole or in part with timber, and circular shafts are gen- erally built up with stone. For a depth of from 50 to 100 ft. tho elevation Fig. 12.— WlKDLASfl. of the ore may be effected by me.ans of a windlass, as shown in Fig. 12 ; in jinkii.g a " wiiize " from level to level, but not penetrating to the surface, the same means are used, hut in deeper excavations it is usual to raise tho ore by what is styled a " whim," worked by horsc-oower, as shown in Fig. 13, in which the cable which elevates the ore is wound around a vertical drum. =3 Fig. 13 — iroKSE Whim. The next illustration, Fig. 14. represent.s an ingenious miner's hoisting tt)wer constructed by Reynolds, Ris & Co., of San Francisco, who claim th*5 950 hoistin-'g' MACHnraUT. it will do the work of a steam engine at one-tenth the expense, as one hont can easily hoist by it 1000 Iba. at a depth of 500 ft. Fig. 14.— MnraiR's Hoisting potver; For deep mines the horse whim is generally superseded by reversible winding engines, Fig. 15, in which the chain or wire-rope passes around a horizontal drum, which is driven witli great rapidity by steam-power, but this costly machinery is seldom applied to mines unless it is settled beyond • doubt that they will become of permanent value. Fig. 15.— The Gkiffith & "Wedge Winding Enginb. Water-power, if available, can also be used to good advantage for lower- ing into the mine timbers, tools, supplies, &c. , and for elevating ore, pump- ing, &c. HOISTIIfG MACiiTKERT. 951 ^f; IG represents a "kibble," or large iron bucket used in raising the ore : it will hold a ton, more or less. Fig. 17, at a, represents a contrivance running on wheels (on rails or guides nf wood or nietil) called a " skip ■* bb, represents the guide, cc, timbers of the shaft, dd, rock through which Fig. 16.— A Kibble, Fig. 17.— A Skip. the shaft is sunk. The skip has the lower end of one side hinged like a dooT, and will hold 2 tons or more if required. Formerly these contrivances were elevated by means of hemp ropes or iron chaiiir, which in manv cases caused dreadful accidents through frequent breakages. Of late years wire ropes have displaced the ropes and chains of former times, "the tensile etreugth of wire rope being much greater, and its tendency to rai)tnre being much less than tliat of ropes or iron chains, which are liable to part quita Widdenly without the slightest warning, often causing fearful loss of lif«. fVire ropes never break without giving previous warning. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 18 represents the manner of timbering tunnels when the rock ia of A Boti, cruiQbllog uature^ with a liability to care iaward, tb« cross pieces oa 952 TIMBERIIJTG OP MINES. tlie tiinnel bed being placed against the vertical posts to enable ttiem to ■v\-itbstand the inward pressure. Fig. 19 represents the method of timber- ing where tl>e tunnel is composed of solid rock on the one side and lo«s9 material on the other. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. Tigs. 20, 21 and 22 represent the underground timbers of a mine ; thff first two show the position of timbers to sustain a vertical pressure from above, the third figure represents an inclined timber to sustain both vertical and side pressure. In the lofty excavations on the Comstock lode such supports as the above noted would be utterly inadequate, hence the plan of timbering in square fcts was contrived and adopted. This consists of square 14-inch timbers framed and put together in the form of cribs, as shown in Fig. 23, four by five or six feet in size ; tlie?e cribs are piled one upon another to any desired height, and firmly framed together so as to fill up and support the roof and pidcs of any sized' cavity or excavation, wliile the interior vacancies may be packed solid with waste rock. They also serve to sustain the stulls or "tim- bers (frequently in very lofty positions) which are occupied by the miuers while at work extracting the ore. A tunnel is to be regarded as a shaft when it forms with the horizon an angle exceeding forty five degrees (45°). A common size for tunnels is 3 ft. wide at th.e top, 3| to 4 ft. wide at the bottom, and 6 ft. high, but the size is quite often determined by the size of the vein in which it is driven, the size of tlie one being generally made to conform to that of the other. As a Tule, shafts and tunnels should be wrought in the lode. The item of timbering the various shafts, tunnels, excavations, &c., of mines is one of immense cost, but it is of paramount importance that the ■work be efBciently performed by competent workmen, otliervvise loss of life and serious damage to the works will certainly result. The timber should be left as roimd as possible, be stripped of its bark, and to ensure safety against rot, be kept well saturated with water by means of little spouts or pipes in connection with the cisterns. In some mines the pillars of rock, ore, &c., left standing at suitable dis- tances for the ]irotection of the mine, preclude the necessity for proi>s of timber. In addition to the above, ^'le refuse rubbish which accumulates in the mine after the extraction of the ore, is piled, up against the supports to £11 up the excavations so as to sustain the immense masses overhead. In mining operations, penetration is effected by means of rock drills, manual tools, gunpowder, fire, nitro-glycerine, &c.; the hand tools for drill- ing and blasting are, a sledge, borer, claying-bar, scraper, needle or 7iail, and a tamping-bar. The borer is of iron, titipcd with steel, shaped lilvC a Btout chisel, and well tempered. The hole being drilled, a cartridge is in- serted iu it^ or a quautity ot gunpowder ia rammed in aud fir^d. To in- now PENETRATION IS EFFECTED 953 crease tlie force of tho [lowder, tlip npppr part of the ixpcrturo ahovo the powder is (aiter the (use is propiuly inserted) lillfd with sand or clay, wliich is rammed down hard by iikmiis of a tampin;/ bar, formod of hard ■wood, or of iron with a copper tip, wliicli is ptriick witli .1 heavy hammer. In many instances lamentable accidents have occurred by the use of iron or steel tamping bars causing premature explosions by stril/ing fire against the sides of the hole ; hence tho necessity for the use of wooden, or copper- tipped tamping bars, which never, under any circumstances, strike fire by concussion against the rocks. Tho hole being tamped, tho projecting end of the safety-ftrsoi;? ignited, and ■while tho combustiblo matter which fills tho interior of t^.e fu?o is slowly burning towards tho end inserted in tha powder, the men ■wit.hdraw to a sheltered place to avoid danger from tho (ly- ing rocks projected by the explosion. As nearly as CJiu bo computed tha amount of powder employed iu blasting sliould be just enough to split tho rock ; in some cases this is effected by the action of fire without blasting. Fig. 23.— Timbering of Mikks on the Comstook i.nni'. In using nitro-glyceriue for blasting in mines, tho advantages are, that it requires a smaller hole than gunpowder; it disi)euses witli tamjiing, aa water only is used (to fill the holes), in which it is easily ignited ; it is much cheaper than gunpowder, and has, taken volume for volume, twelve tiniea greater explosive force. See page iMVi Lastly, it can, with j^ropor ])re-. cautions, be easily manufactured on or near the s^wit where it is required lor use, the main conditions being, that syrup of glycerine shall be slwwlj 954 QUARTZ MACHINEET. dropped in a compound formed of equal quantities of nitric and sulp^.iaricj acids contained iu a strong vessel surrounded by ice, witii a thorough agita- tion of the mixture alter each addition of the syrup. The nitro-glyceriue, of an oily composition, is removed from tlie surface and repeatedly wa^lied with clean water. It is liable to explosion during the process of manufac- ture, if not kept cold. The disadvantages of nitro-glycerine are, that it is poisonous, and exhales poisonous vapors after being exploded, thus rendering its use impossible ia confined workings under ground ; it explodes at a temperature of 300*^ Fahr. ; when pure it explodes by concussion alone, and when impure it is liable to spontaneous explosion. In quartz mining the grand primary step in beginning should be to deter- mine, beyond doubt, the value of the vein or mine. In "prospecting" a vein of the Rake species, a shaft should.be sunk on it to a depth of at least 100 ft. and a tunnel driven to correspond. If the ore on being worked yields favorable results, tlie inference is that it is safe to invest money on a large jscale in the erection of suitable machinery for extensive mining operations. QUARTZ MACHINERY. Among the appliances for this purpose may be mentioned ore-breakers, stamp batteries, grinders, amalgamators, concentrators, separators, cruci- ties, retorts, &c. The ore-breaker is used for crushing mineral substances into fragments small enough to be passed into the stamp batteries. The following cuts represent the Blake Ore Breaker, a machine widely known as having earned for itself the highest character for efficiency where- ever it has been brought into use. Fig. 24.— Breaker at 'Work. Fig. 25.— Sectional view of Breakkb, Its principal features are a heavy frame, in which are set two upright jaws, one of which is usually fixed, while the other has a slight vibratory movement imprtTted by a rotating shaft. These jaws are wide enough ajiart at the top to receive the ore to be broken, but converge towards each other below, so that at the bottom the opening is only wide enough to permit the fragments to pass when broken to the required size. The working parts are made enormouslx strong and massive to with.stand the strain and wear to which they are subjectjid in crushing rocks and minerals, some of which will yield only to a pressure of l',ih tons (27,000 lbs.) to the square inch. One of these machines, weighing 11,600 lbs., and requiring 6 horse-power, with a feed opening of 15 x i) ins. area, will reduce 100 to 1.50 tons of rock per day to a size suitable for the batteries. Tliese machines are made of various sizes ; some of them will take in a stone weighing hulf a ton and reduce it to fragments in 5 seconds. The crank should lu.nke about 180 revolutions per minute. For macadamizing purposes, a 15 x !) macliine will Eroduce 100 cubic yds. of road metal per day, the fragments being 1| ina. 1 diam. and less. The distance between the jaws at the bottom, wbkb THE STAMP BATTEEY. 056 Bmits the size of the fragments, may be regulated at pleasure, and tb« wearing parts, when worn oat, may be replacoU by new platrs at >li^'iit aost. There are other ore breakers iu the market, as Alden's, liulKxk's, &c., which give very good results, and are iu every respect reliable iuachiu«». THE STAMP BATTERY. , Fig. 26- presents a view of the method of wet-craghlng by stamp batteries, with a row of Hepburn and Peterson's amalgamating pans iu front. Iu the rear is the engine which supplies the motive power to operate the stami)s, which are raised by cams secured to the horizoutil sliaftiug showu in front of the vertical stamp stems. The liquefied ma.-;s of ore paivses from the b.at- teries through the perforated sheet-iron, or wire screens, int(j the sluice boxes disi)layed in front of the batteries. The battery couijirises tlie frame (usually formed of strong timbers), stiiups, mortars, stamp-stems, cams, cam-shaft, tappets, shoes, dies, guides, and screens. In operating on a large scale, mortars are usu.illy arranged to accomo- date three, four, five, or six stamps each, but mill men of long exi)erienc« prefer the five-stamp mortar, and round instead of square stamps. The cam-shaft is a round bar of iron, usually about 4\ ins. diam., turned, finish- ed, and with the cams secured on it by means of "keys, is frequently used to operate from 5 to GO or more stamps stinding in "line. The lift of the stamps is effected by the cams operating on tappets which project from the stamp stems. The latter are of wrought iron, turned, finished, and fitted into the stamp head, which is formed of the toughest cast-iron, and armed ■with a "shoe" formed of the best cast-steel or white iron, on the lower part, next the mortar die. The shoes may be removed and rei)laced by new ones when they are worn out. The mortiir dies should be formed of the same material as the shoes, and well secured on solid timber foundations ■with one die under each stamp. The stimp guides are usuallv formed of the hardest wood procurable, and are fastened by iron bolts to the cross ties of the battery timber frame. The screen in general use for working ores by the wet process, is formed of the best Russia i«heet-iron, perforated by punches ranging in size from the number nine to the number one sewing needle. In working ores by the dry process, the screen is generally made of wire, ranging iu fineness from 900 to 10,000 meshes to the inch. Tlie capacity of a stamp weighing 650 lbs., with 90 12-in. drops in a min- ute, is equivalent to the reduction of L'J tons of hard, tough ore in 24 hours, and the power used is nearly ^ horse-jwwcr per ton of ore. To obtain the best results m feeding the rock into the battery, the rule among practical mill men is to grade the supply of rock so that the blows of iron to iron will be heard every 10th or 15th stroke of the stamp, and the weight of water to rock required for the reduction of gold or silver ore is as 4?! to 1. j In constructing a sfcimivmill, the primary object should be to secure a flite of at least 21 or 22 ft. elevation, in order to so arrange the different! floors that the material under manipulation shall pass by its own gravity! from one stage of the process to another, and the location should, if ix)ssible,[ be in close proximity to the mine from which the mineral pnxlucts are ob- tained. The foundations under all the machines must possess absolute stability : if the bed-rock, owing to it* depth, is not available for founda- tion purposes, brick or stone work, or timber mud-sills mu.airs, the removal of defeitive timbers, :c., together with less con'-'issiou fr-mi the blows of the stamps than wb«^ the futudatiou timbera occupy a horizontal position. AKRi.N'GEirE'S'T OF GOLD AJJt) STLVEB MILLS. 957 The entire appliances of the mill, consisting of the batteries, rock- l)re;iker, grinders, amalgamators, concentrators, &c., arc oiieratod by mcana of shafting, wiiich transmits the power to tlic various machines by nicans of pulleys, belts, or gearing, tlic prime mover being either water or Kteam power. In the arrangement of a silver mill, the rock breaker, or ore crvuher is the first in order, and the stanip bulteries follow at a distance of 12 or more feet, tht. iced floor of the latter being 10 ft. , more or leas, below tho floor of the ore crusher. Tlie rock icd into the batteries being trltarateJ sufficiently fine to pas ^ thiciigh Ni 4 or No. 5 perforated Russia iroij screens, the fluid mass passes from tiio stamps into the settling tanlcs, which are generally placed so that their tops are level witli the upper side of the battery frame sills. The liinks should be arranged in successive series in order to accord ample space for the water to deposit tho suspended ore before passing off. A good size for tanks is 5 X 7 ft., with a depth of 3 ft, which will afford capacity for between 4 and 5 tons of crushed ore. Ne.Kt in order, near the tanks, follow the grinders and amalgamators, with their upper rims level with the tops of the tanks. After pa.«sing tho tanks the ore is worked in charges, and reduced in these machines to a slimy mass, and one of these ccmtrivances, with muller 4 ft. diam., requir- ing about 5 ft. fall and 7 ft. run, the muller making 75 revolutions per min- ute, will reduce 5 tons of ore in 24 hours with 5 horee-power. Tlie separator follows in close proximity to the grinder and amalgama.- tor, its sides being frequently under the iilatform of the latter, and some- times removed from under it and slightly elevated above it. Wheeler and Randall's Conoidal Separator, 7 ft. diam., with a capacity for working 10 tons of ore per day with 1 horse-power, requires of itself 4 to 5 ft. fall and y ft. run, including platform. The concentrator is the next in order, receiving tho ore as it passes from the separator, the denser and richer portions flowing off at tlie aulphuret l)ipe into the tank, and the less valuable part passing away at tie discharge end. Tho Tabular Concentrator requires about .'• ft. fall and 10 ft. run, and is capable of working from 5 to 10 tons of ore per day with one-half of a horse-power. The applia,nces of a gold mij-l include the rock breaker, stamps, grinder and amalgamator, sejiaratov, &c., as noted above in the descnj)- tion of a silver mill, with tlio .sole exception that they are subject to greater modification of arrangement, which is determined in every case by tho character of the gold and the rock to be operated upon. The various machines, as arranged in the silver mill just described, may be rendered available for operations on gold where the latter is fine and equally diffused through the rock, only a larger number of concentr.itors and amalgamators should be used, the latter ju^t after the stamp batteries, and as amalgamators only. Amalgamators, grinders and separators should not be employed where tho »)ld is quite coarse and clean in the rock. What is known as the " continuous process " is the one best adapted for ■working rock where the gold is coarse and coated. Where the gold in the rock is largely combined with sulphurcts, the T)est method is to use the concentrators and amalgamators imuiediatoly after the batteries, the approved way being to reduce the concentrated por- tions of the rock in the grinders and amalgamators, work in separators, and lastly, tre;it by means of another scries of concentrators. The be.st authorities prefer amalgamating in the batteries, but tliis must be done with the iitmast care, for if too little quicksilver be added tlio amalgam will become dry and gi».nular, and flow away with the current nf crushed ore ; if too much be added the resultiut amalgam will liquify and l>e carried off by the stream. The practiail rido is to feed the quicksilvet 1^58 JifiXlCAS' ARASTSl. kito the batteries In small quantities, and feed frequently, spnnkhng ot expressing it through buckskin or other porous material, go that the amal- gam after emergiug from the screens, maj- be mdented by a slight pres- sure between the fingers ; if the consistency is such tliat ifwill retain the fint^er marks it is just right. The quantity of quicksilver required varies Tvith tlie amount of gold in the ore ; 1 oz. of quicksilver to 1 oz. of gold is a common ailo-a-ance ; -when the gold is very fine, 1^ to 1^, and even 2 ozs. to 1 of gold may be added. , . , , ^^ , ^ ■ ■ ^.v In amal<^amating in the battery, the sides of the enclosure contammg the stamps ia fitted the entire length of the battery vrith amalgamated copper plat«s from 3 to 5 ins. wide, arranged with a pitch of 35° or 40° toward the dies One of the plates is placed at the feed side and the other at the dis- charge side of the stamps, and the amalgamation is effected by rubbing quicksUver"^on the pl.ites. as described on page 454. With ore containing heaw gold from 60 to 70 per cent, may be saved in the battery by tha amal'^'am plate's, but with lisht gold, from 300 to 400 fine, not so much, aa it is liable to become entangled with the light scum of foreign matters and pass away with the current. Fig. 27.— Mexica>' Abastba. Amaixjamation of Gold in the Ak.\str.v. — The arastra is composed of a circular granite-paved bottom, from 6 to 20 ft. in diam., surrounded by a wooden enclosure over 2 ft. high, with a vertical wooden shaft in the cen- tre, provided with two or more projecting arms to which muUers (composed of large blocks of granite) are attached by means of chains, as shown in rig. 27. This primitive, but effective machine is oiwrated by mules wheu ■water-iiower is not available ; the mullers making from G to 10 revolutions per minute, with a cajiacity of grinding from' 1^ to 2 tons of rock (the frag- ments being broken as small as a hen's egg. or less) in 24 hours. Of tha araptra. Mr. Kustel. a high authoritv, writes as follows : " When in motion, the arastra is'charged with 200 lbs. of ore, with soma water. One-quarter of an hour afterward the balance of the whole charge, irom 400 to 600 lbs,, is introduced. As gooa as the ore is turned TREATMENT OF GOLD ORES. 959 Into mud 1 or 2 ozs. of cjuicksilver are pressed through a dry cloth over the thick pulp. , A sample is taken from time to time with the horn spoon, waslicil, and cx;iinincil. 'Wlien free {:oki is perceived, after the amalgama- tion lias tjone on for some time, some more (luicksilver may be aihlcd. Tho first charges re(]uire a litllc more iiuicksilver. After 4 or 5 liours the pulp is diluted with water and dischari;('d. The next charge is treated in the same way. and so on tiil ]IX) t)r l.'-O ton.s are worked through. The quick- silver must be used always in proportion with the g,old— 1 or 1^ ozs. to 1 or.. of gold. The amalgam imbeds in the crevices of the bottom, and must bo always dry. Tb.e use of too much quicksilver makes the amalgam thin, causes an imperfect amalgamation, and a loss in quicksilver, which is often found beneath the liottom rock." When the reducing and amalgamating proce.-^s is Uuished the slime is washed off, and the amalgam cleaned up, Bqueezed, and retorted. A.'M.\L«AJi.\TioN OF GoLD BY THE Pan PROCESS. — In tliis proccs.s the ore, as it comes from the stamps, is still further reduced by being thor- onglily ground (with sufficient water to form a thin paste) in iron pans, in combination with quicksilver. Some maintiiin that the i)rocess is acceler- ated by means of heat, applied by passing steam into cluimbers underneath the pulp, or into tlie charge in the pan, but extended experiments do not confirm this view. The quicksilver is generally added as the pans com- inouce running, and, to avoid excessive trituration of the quicksilver, tho addition is often made with the mnller slightly elevated, after the grindiufe^ of the ores. After the process is finislied the charge is withdrawn and Avashcd, leaving the amalgam in the separators. With the Wheeler & Kiuidall grinders and amalgamators (4 It. mnller), the proportions of thf charge is, ore 'JOOO lbs., quicksilver, 30 to 70 lbs., revolutions of nmller, GO to t)5, time of reducing, generally about 3 hours. The pan process, if well conducted, will secure as much as 95 per cent, of the gold detected by a fire assay, but it is not well adapted for treating raw ores containing the compounds of suli>hur, iron, bismuth, tellurium, antimony, arsenic, lead, or zinc, until such ores have been roasted or emclted, and the pernicious substances tluu'oughly expelled. Treatment of Gold Ores hytiik Ciilc)rination Process. — In this process the effective agent is chlorine gas, evolved bj heating sulphuric acid, per-oxido of manganese, and salt in a leaden generator. The aurif- erous ore. after being well pulverized, roat^tcd, cooled, aiul wet with water, is placed in wooden tubs about 7 ft. diam. and 25 or 30 ins. deep, provided with false bottoms. The cldoriue gas is conveyed from the generator under the false bottom by lead pijies, and permeates the whole mass in a few hours, transforming the gold into a terchlorido of gold. When the greenish tinge of the gas becomes visible on the surface of the mass, the tub is cov- ered close by a wooden cover for the space of 10 or 15 hours, after which it is removed and clean water is poured on the ore, which leaches through it and carries off tho dissolved gold through a discharge pipe lielow into glass vessels. The addition of sulphate of inm, in solution, is u.sed to precipitate the gold, which falls in the form of a black-brown jiowder, and may be col- lected, melted, and run into bars. Ores containing lime and talc should be roasted with salt before being treated by this process, and in every case the j^as should be purified from muriatic acid by being forced through clean water before being used. Any silver in the metallic state jircsent in tho ore treated by this ju-ocess, is transformed into chloride of silver, which i« eoluble only in a hot .solution of .^alt, but the chloride of gold is soluble in water, as described above. Retorting of Gold Amaloam. — The retorts in common nse are cone- •shaped cast-iron vessels with circular bottoms. Tiie cone is attached to the upper i)art bv a clamj) and wedu;c (the joint between being hited with clay> aud is provided with au exhaust iii^ie iu syphou ehapc, the ghorter arm of 960 MBTALLUEGY OF SILTEE. •which is screwed into the cover, while the longer one passes throngh a ves" eel filled with cold water (or a wrapping of wet cloths may be used instead! during the time of ojjeration. The interior of the retort should be dusted with whiting, meal, or any other suitable substance, to preveut the amalgiim from adhering, and then filled not over two-thirds full, this precaution being necessary to prevent the apparatus from rupture by the choking of the ex- haust pipe, or from any other cause. Apply the heat first of all to tlie upper part of the retort and the short arm of^he i>ipe, then to the lower part, in- creasing the heat gradually to all parts, but never going much higher than a brii^ht cherry red. The quicksilver, volatilized by the heat, passes over and down the long arm of the pipe, through the condenser, and into the receiver, which is usually a vessel filled with water. Ckccibles. — Crucibles are used for melting metals, compounding alloys, reducing ores, assaying, &c. Forfuil directions for making crucibleg, con- Bult pp. 491 and 502. Ingot Moulds. — These are formed of cast-iron with a trough-shaped cavity, slightly wider and longer at the upper part t'.jan nt the lower, so as to permit the easy dislodgemeut of tJie ingot This is further promoted by oil- ing tlie interior of tlie mould previous to use. In estimating the capacity of an ingot mould, it is usual to rate each cubic inch for gold at $125, and for silver at $4.25. T'.vx. — Tn metallurgy or chemistry a flius is a substance or mixture used to promote tlie fashion of metals or minerals. Black jflux is used by in- troducing slowly in small portions, into a crucible heated to a very dull red heat, a compound of either ec|ual parts of cream of tartar and nitre, or two jjarts of cream of tarter and one of nitre, muie flux is compounded of one part of cream of tartar and two parts of nitre. METALLURGY OF SILVER. The methods in common use for the extraction o£ silver from the ore may be classified as follows : 1. Amalgamation of unroasted ores in iron iians- 2. Amalgamation of roasted ores in btirrels, iron pans, steam tul>s. &c. .% Patio process of amalgamation in l)e:.:,s. 4. Smelting with lead ores, or iead, and final separation of the silver by cu]>ellation. Ajialgamatiox of Uneoasted Oke.-; ix Iron Paxs. — This method, known among miners as the " wet process," is in quite extensive n?c for grinding the unroa.es ; m is a false bottom of iron, formed in one piece, and 2 inches thicli. In the.-je jwius the uiuller revolves with a srrinding action, like a millstone, reducing t'.;e previously pulverized ore to the finest slime, and intermixing the quicksilver ^vith the mass. The Wheeler & Randall Excelsior Grinding and Amalgamatins Pan. rei>- resented by Fia:. 28. takes high rank as an efficient mrchine. It is of ^-.st- Iron, has the conoidal form, the centre rising as high as the rim, and moulded METALLUBGT OP SILVB*. Ml GO that its veilical section forms the tractory curve, or cnrve of equal w««r, eecuriug perfect unil'onuity in tlie ^yoariug of the shoes on tlio mullex and the dies. Tlie mullor is propelled by a centre shaft, the nnpor part of which is a screw to which the mailer la attached, and is propelled by gear i'lg. i:^).— COUUON AHAIiOAHATtNO PAS. Fig. 29i wheelg on the unjier side of the pan. The rauller Is attached by a large nut and secured to its place bv a kev which euttrs a slot cut n])on one side of the screw. The bottom is provided with a steam chamber or false bottom : the distince between the miillcr and the dieH is rei;ulated In- a screw on the out- side of the pan. which, bv means of n bent lever nt the bottom, raises the vortical shaft, liftintr the muller from the surface when required. In chardnc, the muller is raised a little, aoas to revolve freely, water i« admitted tijrongh the liose or pipe, the ore. as it come? from the 8tamp<» an* 962 METALLtJBGT OJ* SILVEB. BCttling tanks (ores containing mucli antimony should be roasted) is shovelled in, and steam is introduced througli tlie steam chamber in the bottom, or directly into the pulp, the latter method giving the higher temperature. Keep the heat at or near 200° Fahr., turn off the steam if the pulp becomes too thin, and allow it to thicken by the evaporation of the water while the temperature is maintained by means of the steam chamber. Do not pass the exhaust steam, charged with oil from the engine, direct into the pulp, aa Fig. 30.— WHEELEa AXD RA2a)ALL'S A M A T. fl ^ IT a TPTft PaX. It prevents amalgamation ; use live steam from the boiler for this purpose, but the former may be used in tlie steam cliamber if desired. The pulp, if too thick, causes a" waste of power, if too thin it will not amalgamate well. After commencing to grind, the muUer should be gradually lowered ; in 2 hours the ore should be reduced to a fine pulp ;. at this period quicksilver ie enprplled by pressing it through canvas, so as to scatter it throagn the pulp ITETALLTTRGT OF SILTHB. S)65 In A finely divided Ptete ; the muller is then slightly raised from the bottom, to aToid grinding the quicksilver, which would flour it, and the jiction ih continued for '2 hoars longer. Th9 proportions used to clitirgc one of these mns with 4 ft. muller are • ore t*ttie charge, liOOO lbs., quicksilver, 30 to 70 lbs., rarying witli the quality Fig. 31.— Agitator. Fig S2.— Wheeler's Agitatok. •f the ore ; revolutions of muller per minute, 60 to G5. Many cliemical i pounds have been used in treatins: raw ores containinp sulphide of silver, in order to promote the decomno.^ition of the ores, but their use was more prev- alent of late years than at tne present time. A number of practical receipti lor making them will be found below. 964 METALLUBGT OP SILVER. The grinding: and amalgamating being completed, the palp is diluted ■with water and diALharged into the separator, when it is tiioitsughly waahed in plenty of clean wr.ter. Duiing the first twenty minutes but little water phould be ad led tj tlie slime in the separator : after that time it may La tilled IK arly to the trim by a small stream of pure water kept running' for .0 Liiuutes or more if necessary ; then one aiter another, beginning with the highest, draw the plugs from the holes and allow the pulp to run off slowly, clean water being allowed to flow into the machine at the same time. In the conoidalse^virat-T (capacity. 10 tons of ore in 24 hours) the amalgam is depo>itcd wit'.i i ' • lkjwI and- ' ve at the cir- cumierenoc. Tt.: -r is with>V ^h a hole in the bottom of ta'- : ly being vr: ^ . ezed. and re- torted. In silver aiiiali;aui couUiiniug le;;d, squeezevl ai a temperature of 144'' — 1>0^ Fahr., the lead passes off with the mercury, but if squeezed at a lovrer tc.npcrr.t-.re, it will remain in the bag. The pulp is conveyed from the >e r.r.it r ):itj a .:it;itors, or other inventions used for the purpose of col- l:-ct;nz ..Vie .«^.ay a:r 'rrni or quicksilver which maybe discharged along with the coarser s " ■ o se:«rator. The- •.:xi::\toT U t lb, 2 or 3 ft. in diam. and aboat 12 ins. high, ficted with an ni i.,..., v.;. ..liich are arranged 4 projecting arms eirryiBg stirrers. See fig. ol. Wheeler's aTit~it:)r, rvrn at it.-, and the lower pipe, /, 1 in. in diam., is the discharge pipe when the agitator reqtures to be cleaned; another discharge hole is represented at o. CHZiucALS rszD IX TAEiors Mills ix Tkeatixg Silteb Ores by THE Pax PnocESS. — i he following practicr.l receipts are transcribed from Guido Kustel's valuable work, entitled, "Proccfsca of Gold and Siher Ex- traction." The allowance in each case is for 1 t in of ore. a. Chloride of conper, 13 lbs. ; common salt, 60 lbs. 6. Chloride of iron, 13 lbs. c. Sul- ]']i{:i ' ' iron, 1 lb.; sulphate of copper, 8 Ih.-:. ; common salt, 60 lbs. d. J^ ;! h'.::: acid, 3 lbs.; sulphate of copper, 2 lbs.; salt, 15 lbs. e. Sulphuric acid, 2 1^5.; alum, 2 lbs.; sulphate of copper, 1^ lbs. /. Sidphate of cop- per, IS ozs. ; snlphate of iron, 16 ozs. ; sal ammoniac, 8 ozs. ; common salt, 2H^s. ff. Alum, 1} lbs.; sulphate of copi>er, l^lbs.; salt. 40 lbs. A. Mnri- r.tie acid, CO ozs. ; peroxide of niantjanese, 8 ozs. ; blue vitriol, 10 ozs. ; green vitriol, 10 ozs. I. Common salt, 15 lbs. ; nitric acid, 1 to 2 lbs. ; sulphate of iion, 1 1.> 2 lbs k. Common salt, 25 lbs. : blue vitriol. 2 lbs. : catechu. 2 lbs. X. rz. — a. b, c, are calculated for ore contair.ing 2C0 tooOOois. of silver in sul- pliTiriis. All chemicals, except salt, are used in solution. The salt is charged La^f a'.ihonr before the chemicals are p'Jt in. These chemical.-? are not well adapted for treating oreo containing sulphur, arsenic, or autimonv ; they should be roast od- DzscaiPTiox OF THE ilACHTXE. — A, Driving shaft : B, Cylinder ; CC, Levers to stufling boxes ; D, Lever for pressing upper shoes upon the cylin- ders ; E E, Lj)per ehoes or dies ; F, Inside of cylinder ; G, Concave bottom of casing ; 1 1, Outside of casing. IxsTr.ucTOxs FOR usixG Beath's Ajlvlg-Vmator axt> Szp.^rator. — Two of the amalgamators being in operation with one separator, each amal- gamator is to be charged with 800 or 1000 lbs. of ore as it is collected from the batteries : at the same time add sufficient water to keep it at a thick, pulpy consistency : you then add fom 10 to 50 las. of quicksilver, according t/-> the diameter and richne.*s of the ore. The machines are kept in oi)eia- tion until the reduction and amalgamation are complete, which time will vary from 2 to 4 hoars, according to the character of the ore being reduced. ■R0A8TIKG OP SILVEE 0KE8. S66 After the oro is siifnciently reduced and amalgamated, tlie pulp us dis- charged into the separator, and the machine is immediately rc-char-tl without ptoppjug. " After t!ie pulp is received by tlio separator, it is to be thinned witli vnUr ta a consistency that will allow the quicksilver and amaljjam to i)rfcipilat« :iud still retiiiu sufficient body to keep the coarser particles of the pulp sus- pended in the wa,ter witli the slum. Roasting of Silver Ores.— Argentiferous ores are more productive when roasted tlian when worked raw. The volatile components of the ores must be expelled by heat, and thia is effected in two ways, viz. : in heaps or in furnaces. By the former method the ore, generally as it comes from the niine, is piled in alternate layers with fuel, the bottom layer being of wood piled iii angular form in order to permit free circulation of air. For the upper layers coal or wood may be used, the j)roportion of o^e U^ fuel varying from 1 to G, to 1 to IS ; fine ores, or ores abounding in .'^ulpliur re- quiring less fuel than coarse ores, or ores poor in suljiluir. Antinionial or or arsenical ores, with little or no sulphurets, should contain an addition o( S66 EOASTmd OS- SILVEB OSES. 2 or 3 per cent, of calcined green vitriol before being roasted. The fire i* ig«it«d through vertical openings extending downwards through the heap to the ground layer ; these apertures are closed when the fire ia thoroughly kindled, and the smouldering process is continued for weeks and months, the sulphur in the ore supplying fuel to the fire, while the intensity of the heat may be coutroUed to any extent by closing or opening the draft holes or chimneys. It sometimes occurs that ores similarly inter- stratified with fuel are roasted iu inclosures resembling kilns, provided with aide openings. The roasting process transforms the silver into a chloride, easily decomposed by the quicksilver, and therefore rapidly amalgamated. The leading reactions which take place in roasting silver ores with salt, are mainly as follows : In submitting iron pyrites and other sulphurets to a red heat in contact with air, they become, in a great measure, transmuted Into sulphates, part of the sulphur becomes sulphuric acid, which combines •with the metallic oxides, while another portion disappears as sulphurous acid. As this part of the process requires a low degree of heat, no decom- position of the salt will take place, but on the formation of the sulphates and the disappearance of all odor of sulphurous acid, the temperature must be increased and the decomposition of the salt will begin. This takes place iu two ways: — First. — In roasting, the sulphates of iron and other sulphates give off vap- ors of sulphuric acid, which, iu union with salt forms sulphate of soda, while the chlorine escapes in a gaseous form and combines with any native metals in the mass under treatment, decomposing the sulphurets in such a manner that one part of the chlorine gas combines with the sulphur as chloride of Bulphur, which exhales, while the other part forma a coloride with the liber- ated metal. Second. — By tlie other method of decomposition the salt and sulphate mutually decompose each other. The sulphate of sUver, being compounded of sulphuric acid, oxygen, and silver, being heated in contact with common Bait (which is composed of chlorine and sodium), the silver combines with the chlorine, the result being chloride of silver, while the oxygen and sodium forming soda, is, with the sulphuric acid, converted into sulphate of soda. When the vapor of water is present, during these various reactions, muriatic acid is formed iu addition. The quantity of sulphurets and earthy mat- ters present Lu ores should be determined by inspection previous to roast- ing them. A surplus of lime in the ore, will, by combining with sulphuric acid, form sulphate of lime, which will remain imchanged throughout the process. To ellect decomposition in such ores, sulphates or ^uartzose ores must be added in qu.antity sufUcient to change all the lime into sulphate. Talcose ores must be treated in a similar way, the primary nse of the sul- phurets in the ore being to decompose the quantity of ealt required for chlo- rination. Gnido Kiistel, in his admirable work on the ^' Frecesses of Silver and Gold Extraction," writes ; " In Freiberg (Germanj') it was the rule to sub- ject only that ore to roasting which contained enough sulphurets to give 25 to 30 per cent, of m.itt (sulphide of iron) when assayed for that purpose. If less matt was obtained, tlie ore had to be mixed with other ore, or so much iron pyrites was added that the required quantity of sulphurets was obtained. The second class ore of the OphLr and Mexican claims in the Comstock lode, consisting of pure decomposed quartz, contains silver sul- phurets, with, a small proportion of iron pyrites, yielding from 6 to 8 pet cent, of matt. Tlie roasting with salt, however, gives a satisfactory result, which must be attributed chiefly to the pure quartzose condition of the ore. " If the ore contains an abundance of sulphurets, the roasting must be peKormed without salt, for about two hours, till the greatest part of the sulphur is driven off, otherwise it would bake, and cause an imperlec* roestii^. TREATMEK"r OT STLVSR ORES. 96? ♦'The quantity of sulphiirets h.is a great influence on the result of roast* ing. Ore like that of the Ophiror Mexican mines, containing Rilvcrglance, polybasite, brittle silver ore, native silver and gold, some iron, and but littlo copper pyrites, will give a good result by roasting, even when less attention is paid to the time and diligent stirring, than, for instance, with tlie so- called 'base-metal ore,' which abounds in copper pvritcs, zinc-blond, sul- phuret of lead, etc. The presence of base metals causes a hiirher loss in eilver. The chloride of silver is not volatile, except at a high temperature. But it has been observed that, in the presence of base-metal chlorides, tho chloride of silver volatilizes also. The increased beat increases the Tolatil- ization, but decomposes the base-metal chlorides. By keeping a low heat, the loss of silver is less if the zinc-bleud is not argentiferous, the latter requiring a higher heat to effect decomposition. But in roasting at a low- heat, the base-metal chlorides remain in the ore, and cause more loss of quicksilver in the subsequent amalgamation, and require more metallic iron tin the barrels ; besides, tlie bullion contains a great deal of base metals. In treating such ore in the roasting-fumace, the application of steam ia advantageous, creating hydrochloric acid by the decomiiosition of chlorides, at the same time becoming a decomposing agent for the sulphurcts. Tho hydrogen of the steam decomposes also the chloride of silver, which, upon being reduced to a metallic condition, by its affinity for chlorine, in turn decomposes the hydrochloric acid. The silver may thus change repeatedly from metallic condition to the chloride, while the base-metal chlorides are re- duced to oxides, and in that state do not interfere with the amalgamation." Roasting, Calcixing, and Crloridizing Silver Oiies i.v FrKN.\cE.«i. — Of the many furnaces, and for this purpose, the revcrbatitry kind is bv far the best The interior surfaces should be constructed of the best fire bVick, placed edgeways, the exterior walls may be of stone or connnon brick, and the whole structure should be throughly braced with iron rods and well- eeasoned previous to being used. The reverberatory furnace is constructed either with one, or two hearths, as may be desired ; the calcining and chloridizing being effected on the lower hearth, while the roasting and sulphatization is done on the upper one. On the upper hearth the pulver- ized ore is placed to a depth of from 2 to 4 ins., the heat it maintained at a low temperature, not over a brown or dull red, witu frequent stirring of the ore, and the supply of air should be abundant. To promote oxidation and control tlie temperature, a jet of steam should be u.^cd. When the ores contain arsenic, powdered charcoal in small quantities may be used to good advantage, and if the ores are poor in sulphur, from 2 to 3 per cent, of tha sulphate of iron may be added. Tlie roasting and sulpl-.ati.-'.ing will be com- pleted in from 4 to 5 hours, when the ore is permitted to drop through an aperture in the upper hearth on to the lower one, where for some time it ia kept at a temperature but sli:;htly liigher than that previously noted, but is afterwards raised and maintained at a cherry red, and should never exceed a bright red, the ore being stirred meanwhile, during the calcining and chloridizing processes. "Wlien the calcination is effected, which wilfbe in from 4 to 5 hours, a melted and well pulverized mixture of co:nmon salt, and 7 part.^ of cold calcined ore, are added to tho hut ore on the hearth (calculated at 15 part.;), and the whole mass is completely intermixed by vigorous stirring. Th.ls latter, called t'.io chlorination process, will usually occupy about 15 or 20 minutes. Ajialgamatiox is Du. VEiTcn's Steam Tit.s, —The primary difference between this process and the last noted consists in the employment of tubs instead of barrels and tlie use of steam directly in tho jnilp. Thc tubs are alwut 4 ft. deep and 4 ft diam. The bottom is made of cast-iron with t'lree circular apertures for the rocejitinn of cast-iron iiorforated p'.ate^ : below are tlie steam-chambers. The lioic.'i are about 2 ins. apart, and very small. la the ventre of tha tub is a vertical shaft, sus^ieuded iu a box outiide of tht 9«8 AHALGAMATIOJ? BY PATIO PK0CBS8. tab. Tliero are three anas attached to it, each having three arms of coppftf or iron ^ l.itcs ibcjiging perpendicularly in concentric lines. The movabis cover hrj? an orilice in connection with a flue by which the steam and soma r •;ic*siiver are conveyed into cooling tanks. In o^ieratincr, the steam is projected throngh the perforated plates ir: > ;e pulv- and impels tiie quicksilver in Fpray, or globules of every size, in ;i itre'.m through the entire mass, causing" an intimate blending between tho ore and the mercury. The nine iron pkitcs (or if theie is much copper in the ore, copper plates should be used)pa?3 through the ore edgeways, with a circular motion, and agitate the pulp, tlie decomposition of the chlorides nienntiiTif pr<^''rr~<^!!!t v ry rapidiy by mc;ui3 of the he.it and impact agr.in.c.t t'. ■ " ■ - . of nearly 36C0 sq. ins. of suriace to COO < ; jcn properly roasted amalgamation will 1 : _ ; IS ores, intended to Lc treated either bj tiiis, or t.ie kuiel auialguuiauun process, should be free from metallic gold, or it KiUot be extracted previous to roastlug the ore, f r sr.bseqnent to roatt- in^. the goI:l is not, like silver, in a soluli.e state, but in a mctaiiic condition, j-.jaally coated with an oxido (es-ieciaily if in contact with sulnhurct of lead), "which renders the amalgamation of tue gold extremely difficult. Fij. 34.— Amalgamation bt Patio Peocess. A?iAi.r:A:.iATiox by the ilnxic.v;^- or Patio PiiocEss.— Tlie Spanish, word Paiio denotes a yard. Tlie ores Left adapted to this treatment are, ruby silver, brittle silver ore, iwlybii.'^ite, 6trome\Tite, iodyrite, silverglance, auG chloride of silver. Silver ores containing gold are tuif;t for treatment unless th.at ract il I'.as been previou.sly extracted by go.uie otlier protess. Argentiferous ziuj-Lkni, pyrites, and a few other combinations cannot bo treated unless j-.errci-t!y roa.«ted. Silver ore combined with antimony and ''^p-er sho:ild be slier!. tly roasted previous to treatment Argentiferous .Id ores and gold ores are utterly unsnitaLle for treatn.cnt. The amalgamatiiig ya:d is levelled off, paved v.ith granite blocks cr i ricks, enconr.^is.^cd hy l:igh walls, and is generally left exposed to tho Rtn;c?T.hc!e. Over tlil.s' yavement, tlie silver ore (previously dissolved to aa impaVable sli: .e, 1 y rue: iis of arattra-, stamps, or other machinen.) is dovhosited and s- road t'> a depth of from C to 12 ins., and surrounded by* low, cl'^se curbs. Ne:;t, salt, in quantity to conform with its quality and tl.o richness of the ore, is added to the mass and thoroughly intermixed by beir ^ t imed with shovels and trodden by liorses, mules, or oxen. See fig. 34. Tiie chemical action of the salt produces chloride of silver and desnlphnr- izesthe sulphides. The mass is then allowed to rest one whole day. Magl.stral, j. c, copper pyrites, ro.a.<:ted and pr.lvorized, are added to the ma.«s one hour after the treading, t:!nnng. &•"., begins, the quantity varying with it? quality, the temperature of the Eca.~on, and the ricHuess of theore, the primary efTect of the magistral b^ing to revive the silver by depriving it 01 chlcriue. SICSLTEN-G OF SILVEK ORES. 969 The ncTt addition is qaicksilver, -which is usnnlly nAAM in thr*« charjjes to tlie ore by heiussi'rinklcd thiol— h cloth, bii''"' ■ ..fior tho iir.ts upon its surface ; with too little it retains its natural aiii>e,nrance and fluidity-. With tlie p»opf;r tem- perature the amalgam -will present a prayish white tint and yield easilv to fientle pressure. An excess of qnickjilver, maijistral, or lime* is ininiic.-il to the proce.-s ; an overplus of salt will cause a loss of qaicksilver but no further injury-. For ore valued at $50 per ton, a proper projwrtion of the above noted ingredients would be, to each ton : sJdt, of prime quality, 80 lbs. ; magistral (coutaininjr 10 per cent of the sulphate of copper>, in" p-imirior. TO !! ?.. in winter, 10 lbs. ; quicksilver, first char::e, 14 lbs., .■ ' ' •'lird charge, 7 lbs. ; lime, more or less, 15 ll'S., as ma . o of treatment varies from IJ to 00 days, according to i . etc. The separ-i.tion is ellected by washiug the mast, v^.iii plenty of water in a capacious, deep, circular vessel, essentially the same in principle as the common seiiarator or settler, whereby the lighter ix)rtions are caused to flow slowly away, leaving tlie amaliram to be gathered last of all by itself, to be removed and retorted at the icfining works. Smeltixq of Ohes. — Tliis is elTectcd by varioug • • a. !!i:e, wliile the T. i is more of an elUptical form. The fuel and ore are intenuLicd in prcj.tT i)roiu>rtious in the cuixjla, being introduced through the charging door, several feet a1x)ve the bottom of tlie cupola. The furnace is vertical in position, about 15 ft. in height, with au interior area through its largest horizontal sn tion of about 12 sq. ft., varying more or less according to size. See page 064 for de- tails of furnaces, modes of operating, blast, &c. : The fire, urged by the bla.st, consumes the fuel, and imparts its heat to •the ore, which is arranged in alternate layers with the fuel. The fluxes, which have an alfinity for some part of the" mineral under treatment, either induce its dis^ijiation" or form with it a fnsib!" c<->m]v^!ind or ^!ag, which' being lighter than the raetal, is frequently <■ ' ' ' : by being drawn off from the surface, or peniiitted ! is with- drawn from below. The kind oflluxtol' , . iii»on the variety at hand and the character of the ores and gunj^'ue? to le treated. If the gauigne of the ore is comixised of different earths, with the oxidea of base nut ' " ' i-tz and carbonate of soda may be used as fluxes. If quart;: c of the ore, lime, tho oxides of the 1:.",se metals, »iia carbi • \ be used, while such fluxes as metallic imn and litharge, liiiio, iiiid earbuhatc of soda are well adapted for the treatmeut of or*a uoutaioiug much sulphide. / &70 TEEATiEENT OF SILVER, ETC. A primary condition in almost every form of smelting silver ores is th« nse of lead in oue or more of its various forms ; if lead is not combined ■with t.ie ore mider treatment it must be added thereto. In smeltuig silvei ores the r-'-tAble uses subserved by leud and its compounds, are these, viz. : On tliC fusion of lead with tlie sulphate, oxide, or sulphide of silver, the latter ia reduced to the metallic sU-.te, and forms an alloy with excess of lead ; in f a:i:ig sulphate of lead with sulpliate of silver argentiferous lead is formed ; a blast of air directed nwn a fused compound of silver and lead has an oxiulzing elTcct ou the lead, but eitects no change on the silver ; lead has a greater affinity for siiver than for auy of the inferior metals ; imder treatment in tlie furnace, the sulphide or snb-suli>hate of lead and the sul- §hate of lead react upon ench other, and absorb the silver, if any be present, urtlier ; three yiarts of suly.hate of lead and oue part sulphide of lead react on each other and producs lit'.iarge. Again ; sulphide of lead and copper, antimony, zinc, or metallic iron in a fused state, react upon each other and produce, on the one bR.sis, sulphide of in>n, and on the other, metal- lic lead, &C. Sirailn.r results will take pLace if the sulphide of lead at the same time contain the salph.ide of silver, and the lead and silver combine together in an alloy, while the iron or other metals noted is formed into a sulphide. In smelting ores contaming gold and silver it is not necessary to chang* or vary the process by reason of the presence of the former metal. Treatmext of Silver Ores Br Silesiax Process i>r a CtT>OLA FrEXACE. — The raw argentiferous galena and the necessary iron-flux are first broken Lito small pieces and thoroughly mixed, when they are passed into the cupola so that tliey will occupy the rear of the chamber, while the fuel ia placed in the front ]virt. The blast is applied so that a gradual fu- sion results and the cuixila hearth becomes ovei-spread with molten lead and floating slags, owing to the reactions of tiie sulphur and iron combined with oxygen. At proper intervals, the lead, all ready for cupeUation. is with- drawn through an orifice in the bottom of the furnace and the floating slags through a higher aperture ; the more valuable portion of the slags, or matt, being composed of the sul2>hide of iron and lead with silver in min- ute quantity, are put tlirough an additional treatment of roasting and fusion. The proper twoportions of a charge are : argentiferous galena, well broken, 100 j.arts ; broken slag froiuiion forge, 14 parts ; cast-iron, 12 parts; coal, 126 pails. Ix THE Ramtjelsberi PROCESS of Cupola treatment the ores of argen- tiferous galena loaded with a Lirge suri>Ius of impurities and foreign matter, are first treated either in Heaps in the open air or in REVERBERATORr FcRXACES. In Haps, ores rich in sulphides of zinc, copper, and iron are thoroughly intermixed with galena, and graded according to the dimensions of the blocks, tlie largest below and the smallest at top, iu a fabric erected to a height of several feet upon a thick substratum of wood. The whol« is covered with a Layer of granulated roasted ore, to exclude an excess of air. The wood being liindled, ignites the sulphides throughout tiie ore, which in a heap containing about 150 tons, wUl keep .^mouldering away for from 4 to 6 mouths. This constitutes the first roasting, which is to be followed by a series of roastings, to continue until the volatile components of the ore aro expelled. In the Rererhcrntorrj Fvnxnne the ore is first roasted in the usual manner to tlie proper degree of oxidation. The furnace door is then closed, the hejit raised, and the charge fused. The sUicates of lead, lime, &c, are generated, and with the sulphate, oxide, and sulphide of lead are spread upon the floor of the f^niace. cooled off. and broken into Inmps about the size of oranges, th.e dimensions Le^t adapted for treatment in a cupola fimiace. Is charging the cupola the right proportions are : roasted ore, IM parti | BARREL AMALGAMATION, ETC- 971 highly Bilicious sla^s, 40 parts ; litharge, 1 to 2 parts. The ore, intermiied ■with the slags, and pieces of old cupels, should be reduced to the size of ordinary potiitoes, and well mixed. Apply a vigorous blast, fuse and treat the slags, matt, and lead as noted under the preceding process. Ctn-OLA Treatment of Silver Ukes.— 3/cxKau Procexs. The ore, oncontaniinated with lead, and largely compotsed of sulphide of iron and quartz, sulphide of silver, &c., is well iiixed with half its weight of charcoal and roasted in kiln-like enclosures exposed to the atmosi)here. Sometimes dry wood is substituted for charcoal, and the roasting is accomplished in circular structures with an interior diam. of 4^ ft. ; height the same, built of adobe, or sun-dried brick, with a capacity (inchiding fuel) of 1 ton of ore each. The roasted ore (from these kilns), with the proper fluxes, being thoroughly miied, the cupola is charged in the following ratio ; charcoal, > 60 to 75 parts ; roasted ore, as above described, 75 jijirts ; litharge, 100 {larts ; matt of former operations, 25 parts ; lead sbgs, Ki parts ; cupel jottoms, 16 parts ; native carbonate of soda, IR ])nrts. The blast being ap- plied, fusion faikes place, and the metal drawn off at stjited periods is cast into ingots ready for cupellation, while the matt secured is finally returned to the furnace to aid in the fusion of future ch.nrgcs of ore. Amalgamation by the Foster-Fikmin Trocess.— In this process th« quicksilver is atomized by steam, compressed air, water, or other efjuivalent medium, and forced, after the manner of the well-known sand blast, through a stream of falling ore which may be either wet or dry. While in the act pf entering the amalgamator tb.o ore is impinged upon by a stream of mer- cnrjr which escapes from a small receptacle at the rear of tlio hopper (con- taining the ore) through an inner pipe. The flow of ore and mercurj- is broken up and carried forward by steam or air pressure. Tlie ore which flows into the amalgamator is discharged intot'je washer, where it is heated by steam and worked for a short time until it is mulched sufTlciently to flow evenly. Water is then injected into the chamber at the bottom of the washer, when the bulk of the mercury is withdrawn and the waste flows into the first settler of the series, and the water passes on until it finally escapes from the lower settler. The mercury is deposited iu the central eonical space in the vessels, from which it is removed occasionally through the discharge coclis. One of the settlers is provided with amalgamated copper plates, which are vibrated by the action of tiic water, thus elTecting the arrest of tl;e fine particles of gold or mercury carried in the water as it passes between them, while any gold leaf which may float on the surface is retained by partition. The iiiventors claim that with their apparatus they have obtained tha •ntire quantity of metal contained in the ore and have recovered from i'8 to 100 per cent, of the mercury used, the whole operation from the commence- ment to the production of the amalgam being completed within one liour, at a very low cost, thus rendering the working of poor ores profiUible. During a recent public trial of this apparatus, silver ore was pa.ased through a single amalgamator at tlio rate of 3000 lbs. per hour ; 1)9 per cent, of ssilver and (i7i percent, of the mercury were recovered within an hour. During another similar trial ore was passed through at the rate of 3,()00 lbs. per hour, 97.>'8 per cent, of mercury and silver togetlier were recovered iu 45 miinites, and within half an hour (1\ hour from tlie start) 07 per cent, of the silver was cruciblcd ; subsequently an additional quantity of amalgam was collected and treated, bringing up the result to fully 99 per cent of silver and yoj i>er cent, of mercury recovered. Barrel Amalgamation of Silver Ore.— The following account of th» treatment of silver ores by barrel amalgamation, at Walsbruccke, near Frei- berg, is from Phillip's M<'talhir;nj, and closely resembles similar methods now used in Nevada : — The usual comjwnents of the ores there (reated ar» sulphur, antimony, arsenic, silver, copper, lead, iron, and zinc, which ara nore or let>o mixed vritli v«.i:oaietiiucii cob* 9'r2 BASEEL A3IALGAMATI02f. t-.ining small quantities of bismnth, gold, nickel, and cobalt In the scleev tion of these ores, they are so assorted as not to contKin alxjve 7 per cent; ot lead, or 1 per cent, of copper, as from combining with the mercury added these metals give the am;ilgam a pasty consistency, and thereby render the treatment extremely difficult and exiiiensive. The mixture of the different ores obtained from the mines i.s so arran!;ed that the charges of the fnmai-es shall contain 75 to SO ounces of silver to the ton of mineral ; it is also e^ential th;U thev should contain a certain proportion of sulphur. This usually ex- ists in the form of iron pyrites, which, on being roasted, gives rise to the for- mation of the sulphate and oxide of iron necessary to the success of the sub- sequent opc-m,t! 'US. If, as is sometimes the case, the amount Qf jiyrites n.-iturally occuring in the ores is not sufficient for these purposes, addition is made either of this mineral, or, in some instances, of ready-formed sul- phate of iron. The ore, •■' "' red, is laid on a large floor, 40feet in length and tbo.:: 12 ia ■ top of it is thrown about 10 per cent of com- r/ion ?alt. V. . ;.m an upper room through a sx>out placed in the r. -or for that puri>c.-e. TI.e heap, when it has been thus made up of alter- :- .te strata of ore and common salt, is well mixed by being carefully turned — -' ' ■ - ' -'•quently divided into small parcels called roast-posts, each to 4^ cwts. The salt annually employed for this pumose .e works amounts to JOO tons, and is supplied by the Pras- : re of ore and salt is now roasted in reverberatory furnaces pro- 1:.. fumc-ij-.ics f:)rthe recotion of any pnlvernlent matters which ■ mcchani rally taken over by the draught. The preparc-d charge is ' -Ml th.e bott<^m nf t!;c l><»nrth. where it is at first very gently heated, — " ■ ^ "T a greater or less extent _:. which usually occupies t : by a log iron rake, and V, ..ea this .» ,er.iii.>u L-. ,. Jvr.aced, the heat is so far in- creased as to cause t!-. . r.nd to render the ore red-hot The far:r- ^ =■ ' ' . . l ■ .3 i . ........e for about fonr hours, during whici time Decome oxidlre^, and. sulphurous acid gas is rajjidly p-Tcn -ff. - :eis by constant stirring prevented from becoming -. The teniporr.turo is now still further raised, and 1 given off, to icthcr with vapors of ch'oride oi iron ., T!:e hydrochloric acid generated at this stage of tae operation is due to decomposition of the chloride of iron, by the action cf "--zen r"id wntervm^^r. Th!<> l-x.^t firintr, whi<'h occuriies about three- c ' ' ' ' ■ ' ' ' -'' ' : : *;■ r ■ --/- letakcn i has for : ;tes pro- cI.i.Ai. D.uliig tL.J3 piixc^ th:io:e iacicAses c^.n^iclcrcbly in volume, and a=:; lies a deen brown color. When theroa.?.cef!. sr.d ?? r'rnv raiT . togetVer, rre cap^l'.e ' ' " :ig ■ '^k. Tlie ore, after ] 1, ;.^ L > 120 revolutions ],er : ^h a uix-^siiii: auparatii.-=, whu-h renders it as impalpable a,-; the iiue.--t iluur. Tne amalgamation of this prepared ore is performed in 20 wooden ca^ks, arranged in four rows, and, each turning on cast-iron axles, sectired to tht BAaaEL AMALGAMATIOX. 073 c- Js hj m.-^ans of l)'>lt3. Tbese Iwrrels, \clach are 2 ft. 10 ins. in ; I.! 2 it. H ill.-;, in lat.-i ;i.;i di.i iictcr, ;i;e iu;ule of oaii sUufes M iua. ii 1 S.J. ;.:i'inrof;c.t.ior strciiullieuejl by iron lioo|)s nnd biudc.-v, Ououc-of t . lis of c'lcli t ;ii i.-< iil;ice;i a t lotiicd whofi, wlucli woi-k.s iiiU* ftuother t > .: i.'l wiie-M, m i.int.'d <);i ;vu :i>;lo, wliich ret-civcd ii.s uiotiMU diitoUy frma Ti -.T-.tor-vvIicol. Ab-ive c;ich of tuo tiiii.s bo arranged is placed a wramcB : .r one chnrge. Below t'.ie tuns," aud a little above t!ie Burf:ioe of the gjowi ' ' ..l trinnsiil.ar tioaglis. destined to receive the various elalwrated ;he iiTiniua- ti >n of the ojjeration. At the com:uencement of t ii, :; cwts. of v.-.itcr are rim into each barrel from the reservoir, wiui which 10 cwts. of tie linely-around and lifted ore are intn>duced through the hose. To ibis .".re added from 78 to 100 lbs. of wroui:ht-iron, cut into f-v * ■ f about an inch square, and threo-ei;:!iths of an inch in thicici .ich, in pro;x)rtion as they bei-ome di>si>Ived by tlie action of ; f s by v/hi_h they are associated, are rejilaccd by fre.-sh jiieces. Ti:c w ti^'htly closed by s row-.st'aTipers. and as soon jw tluy liave all 1 i, the appanitus is thrown into ;:ear by the means of a screw, ai. . ig bloc'.c, wliich cause the t;in< to rotate with a r.i]>idity of from 18 to -o uims per minute. At tise exoimtion of two hours the machinery is a^iu Ktoipid, and the tans are oiiencd for the jiurpose of cxaminiuii the state of the nietnllifemu.'? f^ste which they ccnUiin. If the chartre i^ trto lirni, a littl» Vater i£ added ; but if. on the c^'atz^^rr. it is foiuid to be too liquid, a small 974 BABB£L AMALGAUATIOK. quantity of powdered ore is thrown in. When this has been attended to. 5 cwts. of mercury are poured iuto each cask, and the tuus, after being se* ciirelj closed, are again thrown into gear, and kept constantly re%-olving for 16 or 18 hours, at the rate of from 20 to 25 turns per minute. During this time they are, liowcver, twice examined, for the purpose of seeing whether the paste which they contain be of the proper consistence ; for if it be too thick, the particles of mercury are not sufficiently brought into contact witli the silver contained in the ore, and if too much water has been added, they remain at the bottom of the caslv, and are not sufficiently mixed with the different constituents of the charge. In tlie first case it is necessary to add a small quantity of water, and, iu the second, a little powdered ore. After the introduction of the mercury, the temperatr.ro of the casks becomes cou- eiderahly raised by the chemie.'il changes constantly going on within, so that, even in winter, it sometimes stands as high as lOi"^ Fiihr. At the expiration of 20 hours the amalgamation of the silver is ordinarily complete, and the tuns are now entirely filled with water, and again made to turn 2 hours, with a velocity of only 8 revolutions per minute. The amal- gam is by this means separated from the sliniy matters withwhich it was mixed, and collects in one mass at the bottom of the tuns. When this ag- gregation of the amalgam has been accomplished, the different casks ara successively thrown out of gear, and are stopped with their apertures im- mediately over the spouts. A small peg in the bung is now removed, and the liquid amalgam flows out and is received in the triangular spout ; the workman closely watclics this period of tlie operation, and the moment any of the earthy matters begin to ilow from the orifice, it is again tightly closed. The mercury is now run off through the iron tube, into the gutter, by whicli it ia conducted iuto a receiver prepared for that purpose. Fig. 36.— Barkel Amalgamation. The casks are now turned with their apertures upward, and as soon as the bimgs have been removed, they are again brought back to their former jjosition, and the muddy residuum' is discharged into a spout from which it flows into large reservoirs situated at a lower level. This residuary ore is found to be stripped of its silver to within about 5^ ozs. to the ton, and is therefore often subjected to another amalgamation. The emptying and dis- charging of tlie casks occupies about two hours, and the whole process is therefore finished in less than 24 hours. In 14 days 160 tons of mineral are treated in this establishment, every 5 tons of which require an expenditure of 15 lbs. of metallic iron, and 2 lbs. 12| ozs. of mercury: so that every poimd of metallic silver produced is obtained at an expense of- 0.95 of aa ounce of mercury. During the first 2 hours that the casks are set iu action, and before the in- tzoductiou of the mercury the sesquichloride oi iron contained iu the oro ig BABB£L AMALGIlMATION, ETC. 974 decomposed by the metallic iron present, and converted into protochloride. If, iustead of operating in the way described, the mercury were immediately introduced into the casks, it would, by reacting on the prochloride of iron, become partially converted into calomel, which, not becoming again reduced during the sub! a common liine-'.viin, or 1200 tons iu a brick-kiln composed of tiie caLce-d o:-3 in tlie form of bvicks, inay be calcined at one operation, in tl)3 chc;^aie.-t an I hct manner, without foiv furnace at all, by the pasnagc of a current of bet air tlirougli the interstices of tlie briclc so formed. " Alter tha chninical decomposition of the ore is thus effected, it becomes so Koft that it may be gro'md w'th common Ijurr-mills, at the rate of 40 bu.shels per hour, for sm.algamation in barrels, or it may be ground and ara:tIsr:miatod at the same time, bv tlie upe of Uie W,a.«hoo i>ans. When tv.o different kinds of ore are mixed together, in suitable proportions. befi ,.,. present, is abided t > f ' ■ silver wlicuever ;i t Lastly, thP ;nr.:;Lv.r.i : is squeezed, n t.uttl r.ii.l rciiiitd, uhjjo Uit t,-aiiguc*, i» dc-^aeU, uii>- be ai. - mitted to the I'.ti.) ).n:.ce*s. In the Par/.'' Prirtss, lend oo^it- •'■•••' -■' — ■■ '•• - ' = -;.— - • ;- ^ pots, and melted zinc is added r: drawn from under the pit. and i ; period, while t'le silver and .".inc r- lace of th.e nioUen niotr.l. and : ii- tinues to ri?e. Next, the scum;;!- ... .in a liouation retoit ; the pilver and lead iuse. and are liicn in larjri; priiiK>riion oonaacted into pi-enaretl raonlds. The alloy thus oLtriued is afterwards cupelled, aiid the alloy of zinc and ,«ilver r"' ' ■ " .1>- mitted to distillation in ordei* to eL"ect a par cr thu3 obtained is deprived of iti inipnriti' < 1 :;8 used iu charging the pot nro: ar^euli of silver to the i^n of lead. 10 to 15 ozs. ; i z. of silver, i.5to21bs. The alloy should . . ......v.. ,. .., . . . • ... ,. - ...ur the addition of t'.. ; r.lnc, and the proportion oi silver (to tao toiroi alloy) when ready fr«r <■ ■ :-.t;oi phor^'d he lO^c??. Tlie Lir '. ■' ■•-.■:■• ' " " nd coT»per, m:.' to union if qui . ; ... •' *i to near the nJO;tin;< jAjiut, will also !»eiiaiu,te, and ■ - eut, will g.Twitii tlie ler.d. In p-.-actife. an alloy ■ r copper matt (a.s it comes fn»m t'.ic smc!ti:rr " • • is melted vfitn abv.t four times its vrcipito: a annular I'lates. which are rapidly cooled 'i' -d liquation calces, r.nd are arr.mgcd in a lui s, with alternate layers of charcoaL The 1 t is raised to a de;r:oo siigl.tly less than the m ...., , ' o silver and lead l:i:v::j^aEO conducted to a receiver, whiic t ;i Loney-comhod 0; :; Ti '^n. reninir.s in th.e ^ri-jhial form. If t a proves deiectiv.- I ^ ' " • to the further t:>::t!: mi .i a higher de^ee < : The seiiaration cf t. e silver from the lead is il; ThefoUowiiigmistartsoi'-.K.- ' s excel- lent work, as i>o.«sessin:j reliable ; No. 1. MlXTV-KE FOnOKF-SWi., ■ i . I. 1 :.■:.■. ^M' ... ...... l.iTn.\BGK IS Obtaixed from tuk M.\xiri"L.VT:oN.— Silver ore. lOO Ihs -. tiranulated lead (or 200 Ihs. lead on.-), 85 lbs. ; Swlaash, liilljs. ; In.n, 25 lbs. ; Liuio (and 25 lbs. sla;;, when ol)t;u;ie.— Silver ore, 100 ll)s. : Granulated leal. 25 lbs. : Litharge, 7.'> ll*. , Hearth. 10 lbs. ; Soda ash, 15 lbs. ; Chan-oal, 5 lbs. ; Iron, « lbs. ; Lime, 8 lbs : Slag, 25 lbs. When the melting U executed with rn ,<(l.!iti..ii ..f h-^.d ..r.'. N..-;. " and 3 do not require pmnnlat<-d lead, but ''*- tient litharge. The quantity of Hux p v oftbeore. If the eUii,- is loo thin it i« l^^ ..^.w. . ;*■ 978 TREATMENT OF SILVER ORES, ETC. ash. The mixture is introduced with a shovel when the furnace is at a white heat, aud spread about 5 or 6 iu8. deep, to about half the length of the flux, between the door and the crucible. The door is closed, and the firing continued so that the flame reaches the end of the flux. The ore will soon begin to melt aud ruu into the crucible, when a new" charge must be intro- duced as soon as the melting ore makes room for it. Stir the charge thoroughly with a long iron bar, and continue the process until the crucible is filled. Use the furnace illustrated on page 983. Treatment of Silver Ores by Solution. — Auf/ustin's Process. The priucpile on which this process is based is the solubility of chloride of silver iu a hot concentrated solution of common salt. The ores, which should ho free from zinc, antimony and arsenic, are first submitted to dry crushing by stamps, and further pulverized by grinding in suitable mills, after which they are roasted in a reverberatory furnace at a low temperature, with a free admission of air. A thorough, uniform roasting, at a dull red heat, promotes the formation of various sulphates of the dilierent metals present. This object being attained the heat i.s increased to a cherry red, by which the aforesaid sulphates (with the .sole exception of the sulphate of silver) are decomposed. Tlie sulphate of silver is next converted into chloride of silver by adding common sr.It, previously melted, ground^ and intermixed with cold ore, to tlie hot ore in the furnace, with which it is thoroughly incor- porated by vigorous stirring The apparatus for the hurried portion of the process consists of the fol- lowing, arranged in the order of mention, viz. : 1 spacious heating reser-^ voir, a set of dissolvmg tubs, 2 large settling cisterns, 4 precipitating tubs to ' each dissolving tub, and 2 roomy receptacles, all arranged on descending steps. The aforesaid tubs are nearly'circular iu form, aud are arranged with filters composed of straw and brolcen sticks, cove-red with cloth. Each tub is divided into two unequal divisions by means of a vertical partition placed on the filter. The chloridizcd ore being placed into the largest divisions of the dissolv- ing tubs, a hot salt solution, suflicicnt in quantity to completely saturate the ore, is conducted into the tubs from tlio heating reservoir aforesaid, and allowed to remain one hour. The outlet cocks of the heating re.«ervoIr and tabs are now opened, and the lict salt solution is permitted to filter through the ore in the tubs, and pass off through tlie smaller comjiartments through apertures at first above the level of tho ore, aud afterwards through orifices near the base of the tubs, into the large settling cisterns above noted. The current is shut off when it is ascartained by a piece of clear eopper that no trace of silver cxii-ts iu the filtrate. The next step is to place copper (cop])cr cement) in |',ach of the upper two precipititing tubs in tlie difEorent classes of four, and wrought scrap iron in each of the corresponding lower two, and conduct tho chloride solution slowly from the settling cisterns by filtering ittb.rough the various precipi- tating tubs int-> tlie large receptacles bclovr. The chemical effect is to pre- cipitate the sih'cr by means cf the copper in the upjicr tubs, and th.e copper iu' solution, if it bo present iu t;io ore *at firyt, is jirecipitatcd by the iron iu the lower tubs. TIio silver is removed every tiiree rhiys from the precipitat- ing tubs and refined, while the filtrate in the large receptacles is pumped into the heating reservoir for ftituro operations. The ore, previous to roasting, should contain at least 20 per cent, of Bulphur, and tho ]iroportious of the charge to the furnace, should be, of ore for roasting aud calciuing, 500 lbs. ; melted salt, pulverized, 35 lbs. ; roasted ore, cold, and mixed with the salt, 220 lbs. ; time of roasting on upper hearth of furnace, 4 to 4| hours ; calcimug on lower hearth, 4 to 4^ hours ; time occupied in chloridizing, from 15 to 20 minutes ; heat of salt solution, 131° Fahr. Tho depth of copper in the precipitating tubs should be about (i ius., , ol iron iu do. (provided the ore contains' copper in quantity worth saving), 6 ins. Tho time for dissolving and precipitating will occupy 20 to 24 hours ; Bolutioa of sftit run tiicou^h «ach tab to 1000 lbs. of oie, 200 to 250 cubic feet TREATMENT OF SII VEPw OEES, ETC. 973 TREATJrENT OF SiLVEK ORES BY ScLPntTRio AcJV.—FreibeTf} Proetss. Tlio argentiferous copjter matt, a.s it comes from the furnace, is thoroughly pulverized, roasted and chloridizcd as ia tlie last described prorecs, in tubs, and submitted to tl'.o action of hot Fulpburic add. l!y this means the cop- per and iron (if anj' is pre.-;cnt) aro dissolved, while the silver remains intact. Tiio copper solatK^n is coiv.lucted into vats, and crystallized into sulphato of copper, while the intact rcmaiudcr, containing the silver, is smelted with lead and cupelled. TjJEATMrNT OF SriAT.K 0:;e?< r.v Soltttion. — ZicrvogcVs ProresK. The ore, of the c\?s-:i descril)c.l under Augustin's process, is efTcctually pul- verized, roasted and calcined to decompose the sulphates of iron and other inferior metals, the sulj^hrto of silver only remaining unafTectcd. The test of comploto calcination being a slifjht blue col:. r given out by asmallciuantity of the roasted ore when thrown into water. The process is jiredicatea on tho solubility of sulphato of silver in hot water, the suliih.i.tized ore being treated i'u every way as tho chloridized ore in Anjjustiu's ])rocess, with tho sole exccptionVnat pure water, at a temp, of 14'J* Fahr., is used instead of the hot salt solution. TuE.\TMEXT OF SiLATtR Ores BY THE Rammei^berg PROCESS.— Argen- tiferous grannl;;tcd copper ore is placed in tubs e:^poscd to the atmositherc, and submitted to tlio action of hot sulphuric acid, which is slowly flowed over it in a small stream, convertins: it i:ito sulphato of copper. The solu- tion of dissolved copper is conducted through an r.rranficmcnt of troughs, in which it is deposited in the .<;hapo of rough crystils, whil3 tho liquid por- tion is returned and reheated, to be again poured over tho oro in the tubs. The next step is to wash the rough crystallized salt deposited in the tronglu^, conduct it into rats, and allow it to recrystallize. The silver present in tho ore will-be found in tlie dissolving tubs, and is finally smelted with lead and cupelled for its silver. Pattixson's rKOCESS.— 1st. Tliis process is founded on these facts : If a melted alloy of silver and lead is stirred while cooling slowly, crystals of lead form and sink, which may be rcuioved by a drainer. A large jior- tion of the lead mav thus bo separated from tlio silver. 2nd. Cast-iron jtans, cap:iblo of holding abor.t 5 tons each, provided with fire-places, are arranged in a series, as A, B, C. D, E, F, O, in a straight line. 3rd. The metal of ores containing silver and lend as it comes from ordinary smelting works, is melted, for inf.tance, in pan D, and then r.llowed to cool very slowly. Tho met::l, while cooling, is stirred, especially near the edges of the pan with an iron bar. As soon as crystals form and sink to the bot- tom they aro t-keu out with rn iron drainer, raised to a temperature some- what higher than that of the metal bath. From one-half to two-thirds of the charcrc is thus removed to pnn E, and th.o balance taken to pan C Other cliarfos of Dr.ro similarly t-catcd, and disposed of m like manner, al'ov should not exceed f'JCO tt the h'n.—Qunrtz Operator's Hand-lio-'k. To Pcu-ry JlcKCvrv.— Quicksilver, to be in i»rimo condition foramalgani- ntin'T ininio'^es, should bo free f r^m impurites and forciirn sub-stances, as zinc, bismuth, lead, £:c., wl-.idi i-.n-.r.ir its power for combining with the preciouH metals. To c Tect this th c iuviure quicksilver should be distilled lu a common covered retort, rr if this is net available a retort may be readily improvised by u.sin" a common quicksilver fl.nsk and an iron pipe bent in tlie shape oi a ^T'aon,~thc .«hovt leg of the pine being inserted in tho tlask in the orificej* the below top, while tho long leg, a" vard or more in length, extends downwi w the bend, and must, while iu operation, be kept cold by meana of wet 980 CtTPKLLATIOJf PTTKNACK. cloths and cold irr.tcr. Fill the retort two-thirds full with the impnr* qniclc- silver, apjily the lieat first of all to the short leg of the syphon and tlie upper part of the retort, tlien to all parts of the flask alike, keeping the discharga end of the pyphou in cold water, within the receiver. Keep the bext regular and do not hurry tlie distillation. Lastly, treat t!ie distilled quicksilver, in tliin sheets, by frequent agitation with "2 parts of jiure water and 1 part uitiic acid, maintaiuiui^ meanwliile a temperature of 120" Fahr. for se\eral hours. The operations may be re- peated until the impurities are removed, when the quicksilver may be poured off for use. ToKESTOREQncKsrLVEKWHEN "Floubed," or "Sickexed."— When quicksilver becomes inoperative through being " floured," or "sickened," or in a state of minute division, or in the scum form, the trouble may l>e rec- tified by the addition of 1 part of sodium to 2000 or 2500 parts of quicksilver l)y weight. With a very slight degi-ee of heat sodium and quicksilver cora- liine with a powerful afflnity for each other, forming sodium amalgam, which possesses an energetic chemical attraction for the precious metals lynd tome other substances. Its use is of imquestiouable value ui extracting gold or silver from sweepings, in the treatment of gold-beariog quartz in batteries, >)arrels, pans, arastras. &c., or in amalgamating silver ores in which the siW ^er has been reduced to a metallic condition. CrPELLATION FCEXAC**- J?"ig. o». CuPELLATioN OF oOLD .VN"!) SILVER. — This process is bp-sed on the re- fractory nature of these precious metals and their affinity for lead in a stats of fusion, conjoined with the well known tcudency of the latter metal to es- idize while being subjected to the ac-tion of heat. The alloy, com)X)sed ol lejid. gold, and tilver, or lead and gold or silver, is fused in a furnace con- stmcted with apertures for the admission of a blast of air, and the exit of She litharge. -vai>ors, fcj- dissipated by the heat. Figs. SS and 39 represents » Jamac© of tbii» kiiid. •fhe-iioa pan is 4 It. in diam. with » tluroat, /, 19 EEFCTTN^G OF GOLD AXD SILTER. 981 lBc^«fl long and 12 wide for the escape of the litliarge, which falls apon th« cast-iron plate, y. The pan is filled with \mod-aalic8, raarl, bonc-a.-hes, or a combination of pulverized limestone and clay, well beaten tvqetlier. Tho bars of lead are passed in at i. wlc^ro f\ fiio-ti'o i< ^lic^d in •liiiiii',' "lirl^tlv inward, and the blast, intr ' - • • • 1 ^alloj- on the henrth. This litharge, whioh is partiriliy and partially dissipated by t'.e V.y.d. 1. >■>;•;■' r, <>i .,i;ni' ii, S resent in the alloy, they will also l»o oxiliml. Tlio b:is« iv issipated, fcbsorbed, .ind oxidized, tho gold (and silver, ii i will rem",*!! R brilliant mass on the henrth of tho furnace m conditio*. It auy lend remain it can be removed by tho hii I ut assay. Refivixg of Gold axd Silver.— If . after cnjiellation as above describod, the meial obtained bo an all'vof gold and silver, it i; -^^i. .iti, ,i t . 1st. Qiiartation : This coiisist.s in the alloyinjr of one pait c-o i..-c . , 14i> parts nitrtc acid of specific gr. 1.32 to 10:) parts of silvi tho eilver and »uv base metals that may be present out of \ *lio gold pure. Brdu'-'i.in : In tliis pniVe.-s thepi)'.,! is rc!;; Iv- ing vessel and fuit'aer treated by b' •;!:::■: i:i r'tric r."" ' iod. and melted in a crucible with a 1' ivor in the parting solution may be i : liy a solution of salt. In the former ... _ . , , , ... .;-':ini; in water, then pressed, melted with sa"a:>etre and pulverized bunix, and cn^t into ingots ; in the latter case the chloride of silver is melted witli a flux of carbonate of soda or other suitablo fiux, then run into bars. FLrxKS FOR RKPrciNQ Photooraphic Wastks.— 1. Jj/tu-k Flur—Crenm of tartar 8 o/.s., saltpetre 4 07.3. Place tlio niixitirc ti"'vi n'l in m P'l" nnil i-rnito it with a red-liot coal. ■\Vlien the conibus;inii i- , , . .. ■ ^^^^^ be powderetl and sifted whilii still hot, and i itlo to prevent tho absorption of moisture f;-"!'i '. . -ing and reducing a^ent. 2. Fiur>.< /'.•r ('!■' - n, uii.ly pulverized and intimately nii.x'd with tux. J'ul- verized castilo soap, niola5.--.«. ct s;-. • 'iI'Ti'"'■ ■ ■ i' potash T'i ozs., carbonate of soda 5 oza. l'>' ' ^. and treat as before de--eribed. 7. Fine /or . - - cipitats (dry) 8 ozs.. saltpetre 6 to7'>7s. Fill t! ■ -li^ to a b.-ight red heat, and :' . ' ' ' ruined \v : : /'jt Cfiloridt: of Silrer—Curhnu:: : S c>z8., jx.' Ui9 chloride (Well drieil) with 1 '. of the i! arly tbree-ii^arters full, with a tiiu ; i- ■ : "t ealt on ton. a: i ^v;.i i . . ui.- i n.-. 'J, Fltixfor Old Collodim /"i/ms— Saltpetre S ozs., carln^r.-Uo of p^.'.ajh 4 ozs. I'M bair as much flux as ashes, lo Mb!.aiu thi best rosults from thos« flaxos, they mi'jat bH kept in wcU-stopperod botUiis, 982 r)EScniPTioK"S op pukxaces, ets. DESCRIPTIONS OF FURNACES USED IN ROASTING ORES. Figs. 40 and 41 represents the ground plan of a fnmace nsed for roasting eilver-ores in which a is tie liearth-bottoni, comT>osed of the liardest bricks, placed compactly edgewise. The ore to be roasted is introduced at the aper- ature, e. Fig. 41. and after being treated is discharged tlirough the oriSce, b. Fig. 40, in the hearth of the furnace. The space between the arch aud bot^ torn near the bridge, g, is 21 ins., converging to 8 ins. near the flue, c. The flue is conducted, either directly or through dust-chambers, into a chimney, the capacity of which for a single furnace should be from 16 to 18 iue. so! and from 25 to 30 ft. high, and the bridge, g, should be formed of material Bufficiently refractory to withstand the action of the fire and the friction of the hoes used in turning the mass of ore. Fig. 41.— FtTBXArs roit Boasttkg OnH*. Figs. 42, 43 and 44 is a plan of a furnace suitable for the smelting of sil* Tcr ores, for refiuing silver, or meituig retorted amalgam : the cast-iron pan. a a, 15 ins. deep and 37 ins. dixim., is lined with fire-proof material to form the hearth, and is snpixjrted by fire-bricks to permit access of air under and around the bottom and sides in order to temi^r the heat. The fire- proof matei Ld is formed of old fire-brick pulverized and mixed with one- third its bulk of good day, or of 3 pts. piUverized white quarts (pure) with 1 pt clay ; is beaten with rararaer.^ so as to project 6 ins. above the verge of tD» p»o, aud is fiaallj aioalded iaw ^jropc&bspe wiU» a cur>-e, i 5 removed at intervals tliroitgh tho aperture, 6. The firo-placo. H, 13 adapted for coal : the capacity of the chimney should bo from 18 to 20 km. squai-o inside, 40 to 50 it high, and lined -with fire-brick. 984 DEscKipnoy op pttrn^acbs. high, composed of fire-tiles ; the bottom, 4 ins. thick, is formed of fire- bnckB ; the ore is introduced through the funnel, jj, and discharged through the opening, d. 39 ins. Ion,:: and i wide, vrith a hinged iron door, into t-e fun- nel, e. which carries it outside tlie famace. The cog- wheels bv which the hearth is rotated, and the balls and rollers cu which it rests, are shown at y and h. Rg. 4o.— IVBSACK fob ROA5TEte Obe. :BU' *6' PcxsAcs Fos 0{>£aATQ.a Cbuciblb. ]Kg. 4r. rESCRIPTION OF FURNACES. 066 Fig. 46 represent"? a fnruace adapted for operations with a crucible. Tb» crucible is supported on a piece of tire-hrick on tlie grate, compoaed of mov- able iron rods ; a, is a sUdiug door at the top ; the f uniace is 15 ins, nqnara and is lined with lirP-i>iick. Fig. 48.— Fcrxact: Fon Di.-.iii.Li^(.; Mi.uclijy. Figs. 47 and 48 shows the pL-in of n fnma6e n.sed for the distillation or re- torting of the quicksilver from the various gold and silvcraiualgaiusobtained in the treatment of ores. Fio:. 47 represents a front view ; the cover, a,_Fi.o whole sarfaco of the retort both alx>ve and below ; the fire-place is fitted with grates 2 ft Ion?, and may be made longer if required, to conform to the kind of facl used. The coiulcnsinjr Pipe, «, la terminated bv a funnel, I, while a constr.nt stream of cold water is kept flow- ing around the pipe. The funnel is wrapped aronnd witli cloth, p, which reaches into the water. The water in the vessel, a, should be kept at a levtl about half an inch below thofinmel. j r> u Fic;8 49, 50, and 51, represent furnaces employed by the Colorado Uold. and Silver Sei^aratin::; Co. 'in treating ores by the Hasan process. DE.SCRIPTIOX OF Tiir.FrKN.\CES.— A, Furnaces ; li. 151a.st-holcs ; C, Deli?- erv-oponiu-^.^; T), Perforated steam pities ; E, Superheated chamber ; G, Flue, (ix8 ; J, Dami^eis ; L. Bridgewall of Furnaces ; M, Flue, 18x18 ; N, oi)omne, 24x24; Ash-;-.its ; P, Stone walls to s.ave brick ; Q, Drick walls ; R, \Vood furnaces; S, Coalfurnaces ; T, Pipes for for superheated .steam over fnrnacee; M, Grate-bars ; V, Steam pipes for controUing. the action in the redncingj chamber. , , - » o • i «- WoRKiNo DiKECTiOKs.— Fill the furnace with ore broken 6 to 8 lacnea square, put fire under, and work very moder.ately for 24 hours ; then make the fire stron-, and let tho ore rem:;!!i in 43 hours longer. At the expiration of that time, commence t. draw out, taking out 2 tons per hour, at t'l'; «inio time putting in a like quantity ; thus keening the furnace al way.-. I»". ana bringing the ore gnidusllv from a temperature of alxmt .50«)^ at the top » * temperature of about 900''' as it faUs to the bottom «f the furnace. '>586 DESCRIPTION; OF FURNACES. Let iu steam at the bottom of the furnace, for 10 minutes, each time be- fore taking out ore, -whicli cools it. After taking the ore out of the furnace, it should be run through some grinding process to bring it down to find sand. It should then be run through the second process, which should lia\ e a etrong wood fire and good supply of hydrogen gas, as tlie time running through would be very short ; after which it should be piit iu some amal- gamating process, such as.Beath's, which grinds to fine ix)wder as it aniaU fumates, and clears off the oxides at the same time. i 1' \» )^ ^ "~~ L 1 J. ^ Fig. 49. Fig. 50. Fig. 51. " The following is an explanation of the rationale of the Hagan process for disintegrating and desulphurizing gold, and silver ores. Superheated steam is introduced into the fire in such a manner that, in a gaseous form, the steam impinges upon the ignited coals or wood without admixture of atmospheric air, and thus effects the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gases. The oxygen miites iumiediateiy with the carbon of the burning coals or wood, while the liberated hydrogen passes from the fire and burns in the presence of the oxygen of the air. The hydrogen flnmc and the resulting gases being brought into contact with the heated gold and silver ores, the sulphur, arsenic, antimony, etc., are dissolved, and are car- ried off with the products of combustion. The povrerful effect of the flame of hydrogen, in dissolving pyritous sulphur, arsenic, antimony, etc., and in attacking oxygen, is well known, but the expense of producing it has hither- to prevented its application to the disintregratiou and desulihurizaticn of gold and silver ores. Xot until the invention of Dr. Hagan's cheap and simple method of decomposing water and thus fuvuishing hydrogen gas and flame abundantly, has itbeen at all possible to apply it to lliis pui-pose ; but now so economically can tliis i^owcrlul agent be produced that t!;e cost of treating ores by it is only one dollar per ton. "The treatment of gold and silver ores by the Hagan process requires a fur- nace of very simple and inexpensive construction, which may be built of ma- terials at hand iu every miner's locality, costing not over §2000, for working DESCRIPTION OF FURNACES. 987 80 tons per day. The ores are fed in at tlio top of the furnace aq they com« from the miue, and are drawn out at tlio bottom as soou as tl\cy become dis- integrated and desulphurized, and thus tlio operation is kejit up, day aud uight, uninterrupedly, the ore requiring 4S hours to jkiss through. " The ores thus treated become soft and friable, and their chanictor will be destroyed, so that tliey will crumble into iwwder under slijjlit pressure. Tlie sulphurets of iron, copper, aud nther base mineral coinixMindfi, will bo converted into oxides. The finest i)articlcs of meUiUicgold will bu liberated from their inclosing niatrLx, and the silver ore will bo j>ut in a chemical con- dition suitable for perfect nmalpamation, so that both the silver and gold may be easily separated without the great waste and losses attending the old nietli- oda of working the ores. " When properly manipulated, the ores can be made to render all tho precious metals they coutjiin, or, say, within five per cent of the assay— whereas by the ordinary method, the miners of Colondo have only obti'iuud $25 per too from orea actually containing from SlOO to S500 or more per •on,'^ Fig. 52.— FrRXACE for ExxKACTCfO Q^^CKSIL^^:B. Fig. 52 represents furnace used for tho extraction of quicksilver from tl4 cinnabar at the New Almadcn mines. It is constructed of bricks witii a ca- pacity for holding from Gr>,000 to 110,000 lbs. of ore, according to iU grade. The fuel used is wood, fed into a lateral furnace which supplies heat to the chambers containing tb.e qic, but separated from thera by a wall pierced •with numerous apertures formed bv tho omi.ssion of bricks at proper inter- vals The heat is conducted among the ore and through all the chambers exhibited in the diagram, until the mercury is thoroughly condensed, while tho draft is conducted tlirou<:h inclined stjiclvs to tl;e t<:)p of a distant emi- nence where the deadly emanations of tho furnace arc discharged. The fur- naces rest upon double arches of brick-work and the whole is arranged with efifective appliances for securing the condense!c : no flux is employed, tlie lime associated ■with the ore beimr all-sufficient for tlie decom|>osition of tho sulpluirets The metal be"-ins to run in from 4 toG hours after the heat is applied, and the process is complete in about CO hours. The mercury is o«nducted by Oxsa aiOJiNlEE S DESULPnUEIZING PKOCESS. irou pipcfl through various coudensiiig chambers, and finally discharged, in a pure condition, into large kettles. Fig. 52 represents Bruckner's f iiruace for roasting ores. The contrivance is formed of iiii iron cylinder suspended by chains, which by means of a ro- tary motion mixes and stirs the ore wliHe under treatment. The.se furnacei* are made of two sizes, one (5 ft. lona; to contam 800 lbs., and the other i) ft lonj; to hold 1400 lbs., the first noted requires three-fourths of a hoi-se-power to drive it and the other one horse-power. They are eminently suitable for localities dilSciilt of access as they can be transported en the backs of mules. rig. 53.— BnrrKXEn's Fikx.vce. MoN'XiEr.'g D^'5T?LPnuRiziKO Procksp. — This process is adaptable to cupriferous or nickeliferon.9 ore.s, as also ^vhoro gold and silver occur with the sulphides of copper and iron, one of the primary features being the utih.-'.iitinu of tlie e'.hnin Ued sulphur for the manufacture of oil of vitriol by the convcr.^iqn of the sulphurous fumes into sulphuric acid. The extraction of tlie silver, copper, nickel, or cobalt, as either of these niebils may bq pres- cut in the ora uiiiler treatment, is cllccted by means of sulphate of soda, the jjnld remaining in the residue £md desulphurized oxide of iron in a stite 2;3rm:s.~ivc of ersy amalgamation. The ore, mixed with sulphate of soda, is nr. mnnirf- ineut of the temperature, yiuce, by too 1o\t n '^ ' ' ,,, not all 1)0 couvcrted into iiisohiWe oxido, ci ,■ temperature, some of t!ic other metals mav I lirivation of their sulplii:ric acid. If it bd the u! mamifacturG oil of \itriol as well as to extract t placed at the end and above t];o lire-box, nii><^ ' '^ the quantity of aUnosphcric air rniir.i.-llo to t , its passasje through the len.sth of tlio i:ini:ii'—; ousacidgas leading from the rear e.idol'thonir.;;ic, clnjo totlian, so aa to compel the heat to travel ns clothe as possible to tho surface of the liquid to bo evaporated, but r.t a diftTnce of ten feet from tho fire box commences gradually to raise, in order that the firo may be adnnt- ted at r.liout 3 ft. above the solution. Tiie furnace is kejit constantly full of ■n-ater, in order tliat the leaden sides may not be melted. When nearly full of sulphate of soda, the firo id extinguished, tho mother liquid removed, and the three working doors nt tho bottom opened. The solid and semi-fluid sulphate is discharged upon a wooden floor, and as soon as consolidated is placed upon the top of the furnace to dry. The dry sub-hate, as alwvo stated, is mixed -with the fresh ore, ground," and used repeatedly in the de- 6ulphurizati(3n. The iirccipitntiug and evaporating f'urnaces might ba constructed of brick, but tho difRculty in prevcntmg leakage tlirough tho brick, and cost of material, will nearly counterbalance the expense of tlio lead, which preserve."! .it all times its value. In the old method of manufac- turing .sulphuric acid from pyrites cor t.iining a small qn.intity, the residue has been submitted to a smelting process. In this metliod w.iter does tho work, and an ore containing not more than 3 or 4 per cent, of copper (which has hitherto been refused by smelting works in this country) can be .suc- cessfully and profitibly treated. A residue, with no greater content of cop- |)er th.an above given, .ind perfectly free from suliihnr, is worthless to smelt- ing esfciblishments in this country ; ln;t by the ap])lic.it:on of the process we have described, the wliole is extracted by w.ater at but small cost, saving concentration and wa, by urging it with t'.io breath upon a sniaU particle of any substance. Hy this means the identity and vabie of most mineral subsfcmces m.iy bea.scertained and e.stalilished by an operation rcniiiring less than .TO minutes to perform it. A blow-j-.ipe should be of brass, with an ivory or horn mouth-piece to secure ease of operation ; a chamber to retain the condensed moisture from the Od2 BX.6w-PiPi6 "ASSAT, AC. breath, and a platinum tip, or point, to ■withstand immersioa in tne acida required to ensure cleanliness. Besides the blow-pipe, the assayer requires the following apparatus : 1. An assay or blow-j^pe balance. 2." A small hammer with slightly rounded face and'a transverse sharp edge atthe other extremity. 3. A square, smooth piece of steel to use a.s an auril. 4. A small porcelain or agate mortar, in ■wliich to pulverize the assay. 5. A mixing scoop, in which to mix ore with fluxes. 6. A small magnet to te.=t ores for iron, &c. 7. A small magnifying glass. 8. A small drill to perforate cavities in the charcoal iu which the paper tubes containing the ore is to be placed. 9. A small cylinder to make paper tubes in Avhich to pack and melt the assay. 10. Cupels made of bone ' ash. 11. A cupel holder made of copper or brass. 12. A variety of flu?:cs, cliarcoal, &c. lo. A steel forceps, or cutting pliers, for separatingsmall frag- ments of minerals. 14. A small file, and gla.'is tubes iu lengths fro.m 24 to 36 ins. , with apertures about three-sixteenths of an in. in the clear. They are cut with the file into lengths of 4 and 8 ins. , of which the shorter are open at both ends, and ready for use. By heating the 8 in. pieces over an alcohol lamp, with the fingers over each end, until they become red-hot, and tlien drawing tJieni, they will part in two pieces, each with one end closed, s most convenient formfor many operations. 57.— Reducisg Flame. Fig. 58.— OxiDizixa Flame. To obtain the best results from the b!ow-pii>e in treating refriictory minerals, &c., it is necessary that the blast should be continuous. To effect this, breathing and blowing should go together. This may be difficult to a beginner, but is soon perfected by practice iu breathing through the nostrils and blowhig through the instrunient with the mouth at the same time. The mode of operating with the blow-jiipe is exhibited bj- Figs. 57 and 58. The blow-pipe flame is formed of two cones ; an inner, of a blue tint, ¥rodncing a most vehement heat, just beyond the verge of the blue flame, his is called the reduction flame, and should entirely envelope the assay, as shown in Fig. 57. The outer, called the oxidation flame, is represented by Fig. 58, and in this case the assay should be placed just beyond the verge of the outer flame, expo^J•d to the action of the atmosjjhere. To produce the former, the point of the blow -pipe must just touch the flame as shown at a. Fig. 57; to produce the last noted, the ])omt of the blow-pipe must be inserted a little into the flame, as shown at a. Fig. 58. The exact adjustment of the blow-pipe, to produce the desired effect in each case, is well exhibited in the engravings. Tlie flame may l>e supplied by a spirit lamp ; a caudle with a large wick, or by a lamp with a large wick fed with olive oil. To sustain the mineral under treatment in tlie flauie, a ])l.'itinum wire or forceps may be used, or a piece of sound charcoal made from pine wood, with a slight cavity for the assay (to iirevcnt it froni blowing away by the blast), will answer every purpose. For many minerals charcoal is the best iupport obtainable, as the carboa of the coal renders great assistance to the WOW.plM ASSAY, hC, 9MI Md«M|J«ff rw**^*?. WTi*re n?* bettfr nan bi« had, mica, and th» mUt«t«l r trpnttnriit \n the Mow« pin , . .;iii tlinse rp{iresfnte(i 111 tb* cuti!. With many kinds of a leliiictorv olinnu-tf r verv thhi spefimeii.'« 5hoTil4 be FClected. as thereby fusion is Rieatly proniotetl. where otherwise it wonld be imp<\ssible. The sue of the whole assny ehould be less than tlie bnlk of a small pe;i. Many minerals are absolutely infusible without a flux to aid rcdartlnn. Hie substajices in common use as fluxes, are : carb<>na(e of soda, borux, bi- sulph'i'e o/iMtassa, and salt ofpho.'!]^horus or microrosmic litlt. The carbon- ate of soda should be free fn^n suiiiluiric at-id, as rir • 'iiMtion will induce a reddish tint in the glass obtjuned by the fusi' To obtain the full energy of borax it should be vitrified by tnolt et cf iron or in a cnicible, common borax into a clear. sub- sequently pulverized and set awuy in j.! m- as required. This muM &€ A';<< where' it will nii ; : , hich ruins it for use. To prepare hi-ivlphate o/pvUisna, mix in a jiorctilaiii cup 2 ozs. pulv. sulphate of potassa and 1 oz. saliinuric acid ; licat f>ver an iilcohol lamp until the mixture assumes a quiet, clear, transjiarcit r r. It is then removed from the fire and iwured on apiece nf - It is used for testiivgore for bromine aaid iodine. To prejiare .«/ /»(.«, dissolve 16 y>aits of sal-ammoniac in a small quantity of boilinj: \v;a« i. then add 100 parts of crystallized phosphate of soda, buiUiiij (/euthj the \s hole, then set off to cool. The salt of phosphorus is deposited in euiall cry.'-t;il». Too much heat while boilin;^ will cause decomiwsition. The flaxes should be carefully pulverized and mixei ciation ; also, p'a'inunifoil, for euvelojiing minerals that decrepitate. Tin: fnlluwing cheraicr.ls, etc., will also i)rove useful in manv cases as reliable tots ; 1. Tin-foH, for using with various per-oxidcs of metiils to reduce them to i protoxides. Dy touching the assay, previously heated in the reducing-flame, with the extreif.ity of the tin-foil.'a very small quantity of a metiilhc oxide may at once be detected. 2. Anhydrovs bisulpnatr of potaxh, used for de- tftctiug lithia. It should be kept (well pulverized) in a bottle where it \\ ill not absorb moisture. 3. Saltpetre i^ used in detecting I'.iang.TUC-e. It di \ il- opes the peculLir amethystine color when the amount of this mineral i.~t''> small to color glass without this re-agent. The heated globule i»; touci.(.d with the point of a crystal, just at the instant of suspending the bla^t The fused mass swells, foams, and either turns immediately colored, or bectmiea so soon, uix>n cooling. 4. Boron'r rind and ii-on trire is used fortestiiu ' r phosphoric acid. 5. Xitrate of Cobalt (imre) in iolution. is n.swi fonl ':- gnishing alumina and magnesia; Use a platinum wire inserted ii; • k stopper to appl^v adron when required for use. fi. Gvyfiim and /»«•>■. nt ttsts of each other. Two part* of uilcinod gypsum and one of fluor. wbea intermixed and heated, fuse into a clear glass, presenting a mDk-whitc ea. 994 TEST TUBES, CITPELLATIOX, &C. amel on cooling. 7. Oxalate of Nickel, or Nitrate of Nickel, is used to deted potash. It should be free from cobalt, for which it may bo tested by treat- ing it with bor.ix ; the result sliould give a browu, not a blue bead. The behavior of diiTerent minerals before the blow-pipe is various. Some are so refractory as to be wholly infusible ; some specimens melt only at the edges ; others arc easily fused, while some are dissipated wholly or in part Kobell's scale for representing the various degrees of fusibility by figures, is as follows : 1. Gray Antimony. 2. XatroUle. 3. Cinnumcix ,Si»ne (Var. of garnet). 4. Black Hornblende. 5. Feldspar. G. Chrondro- dite. The fusibility, when equal to that of natroline. ia represented by 2 ; or if like hornblende, by 4, etc. Fig. 59. Fig. ca The test tube's above noted are used to determine the presence of watel and other volatile components of various ores. The mode of operation H erxhibitod by Fig. 59, in which A represents the tube, B the mineral under treatment in the flame of a spirit lamp, and C the aqueous or volritile pro- ducts a.s usually condensed on the upuor part of the tube. Acid furaea may be detected by inserting a strip of litmus or other te.st pajier in the up- per part of the tube ; the fumes, if acid, will turn the paper red. Cri'KLLATioy. The object of t'.iis process is to separate gold and silver from lead, by absorbing and oxidizing the base metal while the other is left pure. Fig. GO represents the manner in which this process is nerformed ty the blow-pij)e. A is the assay under treatment, C is tlie cupel, and B is the cupel holder. A circular perforation, about J in. each way, is made iu a firm piece of charcoal ; in this cavity place some moi.'^tened bone-ashes, pressed downsraootli; dry, and on this place the assay, and submit to the ac- tion of the outer flame. Under this treatment fusion takes place ; the lead is eliminated as an o.xideand is absorbed by the bone ashes, while the sil- TCr is left as a small brilliant globule in the cavity. As usually y)erformed, the assay is treated in a cupel made of bone-ashes (or in a .«mall hollow on charcoal, containing bone-ashes, as alK)ve noted), ■where the air has free admission. The assay being melted, the action ot the atmosphere effects the oxidation of the lead, whioh disappears ia tli% porous cupel, beiag absorbed by the bone-ashes. SYDEOSTATIC BA^AjfCE, 4a 9&i The speoiflc gravity of a mineral is determined by the blow-pine bal- ance, which IS adapted for hydrostatic weighings, as represented by Fig 61 T^It ^ rl? *¥, V-'^l'ince whose scales are suspended by threads of unequal length. To obtain a density by the balance, the mineral a must be placed masUng suspended by a hair or a filament of silk from the siiuill hook below ttie scale b. The ore, thus suspended on the thread, is weighed aod Fig. 61.— Htdrostatio Balance, &c. the contents noted. The mineral, still suspended, is next immersed about i in. below the surface of the water, in the glass vessel c. All adherent bubbles of air are carefully wiped away from the ore ; it is now weighed a second time, and the loss by immersion calculated. By the specific grav- ity, or density of a mineral, is understood its weight as CDmpared with that of an equal bulk of distilled water, at the temp, of 60° Fahr. The preceding instructions cannot fail to prove of immense utility to the operator in proceeding with the practical tests noted in the following elab< joxate details relating to minerals, etc. IHOW TO IDENTIFY AND TEST METALLIC ORES : CONDENSED SYNOPSIS OF THE CHEMISTRY, GEOGNOSTIC SITUATION,! &C., OF METALS. Characteristics of Metals. — Metals are distinguished by the properties of| fusibility, malleability, ductility, tenacity, elasticity, crystalline texture, and trilliancy, combined with the quality of conducting heat and electricity. GOLD. — This metal is seldom found in its native purity ; it is "found only in its metallic state in combination with other metals, generally in veins pervading primary and secondary rocks, as granite, slate, hornstone, quartz, limestone, sandstone, gneiss, mica-slate, mica, and sometimes in graywacke and tertiary strata ; also in veins of silver, copper, antimony, zinc, lead, iron ore, barytes, &c. The attrition of the elements operating on the containing rocks and metallic lodes during uncounted ngps, has washed thousands of millions into the beds of streams, the margins of rivers, and* alluvium or drift deposits. In the primary rocks it is found mainly inj schistose or slaty fissures. In external appearance gold is of a golden or orange yellow color, pass^ ing Into grayish or brass yellow, and is the heaviest of metals except pla- tina. It is the most ductile, tenacious, and malleable of all the metals. On being struck with a hammer it will flatten out : iron and copper pyrites, and yellow mica, which resemble it, will crumble under this test. Inter- nally it is bright yellow, shining, gli.stening and metallic. It has equal axes like the cube, has no cleavage, has a hackly fracture, and often exista crystallized in cubes, oc.tohedrons, rhombcidal dodecahedrons, and tetiar»i tedrons. Gold ie fTi«ibl« with the Wow^pip* (um the reduciiig flama with carboft* at« of sckU for ftux). inslts at 2590°-, is soluble in mtro-murlatic acid, which is siiTiply 2 parts muriatic add tind 1 part nitric acid, and » eniains unal- tered by exposure to Bimple acids, air, or nioLstare. Nitric acid (aqiia- forti<1 \vill dissolve any saspected brass liliiiga iu gold dust. Specinc grav- ity lt).2(i to 19.5. ' I:; SoLCTioxs of Gold (peroxide), Ainmonia produces a yellow precip- itit.i (aiirate of ammonia or luimi^iatiug gold) ; Ferrocyanidc of Potassium produces an emerald crtefrx cr^hr ; CJrf'h AvM produces r precipitate of metallic gold ; Pi' - - . • - solutions an insfciut prccipitr.te ' coloring is first perceived, foil - _. . -, . •! (in heated solutions), after a time jiruduceH a triiiiuii rvdJis»U-biv>\vn pi ecipitate, con- sisting of tcroxide of gold mixed with tenhloride of gold and potassa. Protoch-ovklc of T- ""-'• ". ~ '- ■■ -■--• : ;,l has been added, im- parts a reddish pr. ; in concentrated solu- tions a red-purphi ■ is formed. ^1 Bar of iletnUic Zinc \\v(x\\\lulLi Uitt;.luc f,>.Kl i;i tl.c i&viu of a brown coating. PLATINUM. — This raetal is mr.:i:'y found in alluvium or drift, some- times iu granite, syeuite, &c., combined with gold, silver, copper, iron, lead. &c., but al■.v.^ys m the metallic state in round grains and rolled pieces about the size of jjeas, and like large iron filings. In color platinum is steel-gray, nearly resembling silver, but not quite so bri^'ht In lustre it is shining and gUt^tening ; iu stnu ture it is some- time.slareeller ; is malleable and ductile ; with hardness almost equal to that of iron. Platinum is infusible in tlie hottest furnaces, but melts readily before the reducing fJamo of the compouud blow-pine at a temp, of S060°. Dis- solves in nitro-muriatic acid, a:;d is unaHectcd by exposure to air, raoLs- turo, or simple acids. Siiecilic gravity 20.i;'S. I.v Solutions of PLAXi^ri'M (Peroxide), Potassa produces a yellow cry-- talliue prcci^iitate, consisting of the double chloride cf platinum and iiotKs- sium ; the addition of hydrocliloric acid favors its formation ; it is iui^ohi- ble in acids, but dissolves iu ].ot".K3a with the r.id of heat ; it is very .«ligiitly soluble in water, and insoluble in strong alcohol ; Chloride of Tin, in pres- ence of free hydrochloric acid, imparts to solutions of bichloride of plati- num a decp-bro'.vu color wi'J.iout producing any precipitate ; Suhnitratc of Me^'nirii produces a ycllowi.mposed by being tlirown iuto v.ater, and turns the water green. On exposure to the air r.b- Forbs so much oxygen that it falls into powder. Is infusible alone, but with borax yields a purple globule ; becomes brown by heat ; with b'jnix, iu the oxidizing flame, much oxide employed, the glass is black ; little oxido em- ployed, the glass is of an amethyst color — in the reducing flame, and on charcoal, this latter glob-ilo becomes colorless, and so remains if quickly cooled ; with soda in the oxidiziug flame, aud on platiuum foil, forms an opaque green glass. COBALT.— This metal is of no avail in its metallic Btate for use in the ni-^ ; is in use mainly by painters aud bronzers, as zaffre, smalt, &c. The ore producing t!iem is, Arsenical Cobalt, composed of cobalt, arsenic, and sulphur, Is found combined with silver, bismuth, nickel, arsenic, and copper, in veins trav- ersing primary ro<'ks. The color is silver-white, with a reddish copper tint. Has a metallic Itistre ; is brittle ; difflcultto cut ; with conchoidal fracture. Occurs massive, reticulated, dendritic, stalactical, and crystallized in cube* »nd octahedrons. Fused with borax it yields a blue glass. Tunis black, with the euiission of garlic fumes, in the blaze of a candle. Tlie oxide is unchangeable by it^^elf (before the blow-pipe), but with carlxmate of si'da, on charcoal, forms a gray magnetic powder ; with borax, both in oxidjziug and reducing flame, gives a deep blue bead. Specific gravity, G.30 to 7.30. For full directions for preparing smalt, sec page 2H3. MCKEL.— The ore from which this metal is derived is. Arsenical Xickcl {Kiipfer, or Copper Nickel), composed of nickel, arsonie, Bulnhur, lead, iron, aud cobalt, is found associated with cobalt. It oocura m.assive, reticulated, and botryoidal. In color is copj^cr red, witli hut;!!; ^ lustre; is cut with dilflculty : forms a green solution in aqua forti.-^, ; ; i emits s:arlic fumes when heated. Oxide of nickel (before tie IiIlav-. ,: • < infusible alone ; in the oxidizing flame, with borax, forms ai: i globule which becomes nearly colorless on cooling ; in the red. (Dn charcoal, tlie bead becomes gray ; in the reducing flame. \s.i,,_. ... vu charcoal, reduces to a mnmi' tic jiowder. .Specific gravity, G.fiO to 7. .U. BlSMnil.— Tliis mim-ral is often found in its j.ure state tit for iiiime- di.ate use, but more frequently .associated with cohalt. iron pyritts. -a\'n«. arsenic, silver, &c., in the primary rocks, tspecially iu gneiss, quartz, and ■uca-slate. la color is silver- white, with a reddish tint, b suftei tha» 1002 ST5TOPSIS OF METALLUEGT, *C. copper • tarnishes ; has a metallic lustre, lamellar structure, and melts at 476". Before the blow-pipe, bismuth fuses and gives off inodorous fumes. On charcoal it becomes surrounded with a dark brown oxide, which is pale< jellow on cooling ; the flame directed on the coating is not tinged ; ulti- mately tlie metal is wholly vaporized. The oxide of bismuth, with carbon- Tite of soda, on charcoal, reduces to metal. Specific gravity, 9. ANTIMONY. — The ore from which commerciai antimony is obtained is tlife Sulphnret of Antimony, composed of antimony, 74 parts ; solphur, 26 l^;irts ; and found chiefly in granite, mica-slate, and gneiss, associated with ores of iron, copner, arsenic, blende and galena. It occurs crystallized and massive, composed of delicate threads or needles. Is brittle ; yields to the knife ; has fibrous fracture and splendid lustre. Tested in a candle-flame it melts. The ores of antimony afford fumes usually white on charcoal, which are inodorous. The oxides form, with soda on the platinum wire, a clear, colorless bead, which becomes white on cooling ; on charcoal they are reduced. In an open tube, antimony gives white fumes, which coat the glass and vaporize easily on a new application of the heat, without fusion to globules. Specific gravity, 4 to 4.80. GRAPHITE (Black Lead, Plumbago), composed of carbon, 9 parts ; iron, 1 part ; is found in clay-slate, also in the coal formation. The Dixon Crucible Co., of Jersey City,' N. J., obtain their graphite from the " Black Lead Mountain," near the village of Ticonderoga, Essex Co., X. Y. Tlie ore is chiefly of the foliated variety, interspersed in gneiss and quartz ia veins. Graphite is also found in great abundance near Ottawa, Canada. ROCK SALT is found in secondary strata ; frequently associated with gvpsum, marl, clav, &c. Near Goderich, in Canada, at a depth of about 1000 ft., there is a bed of rock-salt 14 to 40 ft. thick.' The salt of Salina and Syracuse, N. Y., is obtained from wells of saltwater 150 ft. and upwards ia depth, which are borings in saliferous rocks, which here are from 700 to 1000 ft. thick. Flora £§ to 45 gals, of the water yields a bushel of salt, ■while of sea water it takes 350 gals, for the same quantity. ' PRECIOUS STONES. — Diamonds are found in association with sand or alluvium which contain grains of gold. In Brazil tlie diamond district is called Minas Geraes, 50 miles by 25, near Tejuco. The emerald, garnet, amethyst, tourmaline, chalcedony, topaz, chrysprase, chrysoberyl, sapphire, iolite. spinel, are always found in tlie primary rocks. The sardonyx, jas- per, carnelian, cacholong, are often found in secondary .strata, principally in. the trap rocks. Cairngorm is a species of quartz. The exudationg which form crystals are a very extensive mode of rock formation in all varieties. For hardness of precious stones see pa^e 925. COAL. — .\mong the varieties of coai may be noted Anthracite (Blinder Glance Coal), sometimes called stove coal, is found in imbedded masses, veins and beds in primary and secondary rocks, fre- quently in trai>-rocIcs, grayw.-icke, slate, sandstone, &c. Black or Bituminous Coal occurs chiefly in the secondary rocks, some- times in sand.stone, limestone, and clay. The various kinds are styled slate, coarse, foliated, and cannel coal. The coal beds vary in thickness from a fraction of an inch to 30 or 40 ft., but seldom exceed 8 ft., and are generally much thinner : 8 to 10 ft. is tlie thickness of the principal bed at Pittsburg, Pa. ; 29^ ft., that of tlse " Mammoth vein " at Wilkesbarre, Pa., oT-i ft. that of one of the two great veins at Pictou, in Nova Scotia. The coal beds, fciken together, make uv nast time. The best marble is found in the upper part of the primary, aud lower parts of the secondary rocks. Lime (oxide of calcium), before the blow-pipe, is infusible alone ; with borax, effervesces ; with a comparatively large quantity of borax, forms a clear glass which becomes angular on cooling ; in the flame of the oxyhy- drogen blow-pipe emits a dazzling white light, and fuses at the edges. BORAX (Bihorate of Soda), before the blow-pipe intumeses and fuses to borax-glass ; with fluor-spar and bisulphate of pota*ih, colors the flaipe green ; soluble in water ; the solution changes vegetiible blues to green. ALUMINA (.Sesqiioxide of ahiminum), before the blow-pipe, remains unaltered both alone and with soda ; fuses with borax with great diffl- cnlty, also with salt of phosphorus ; moistened with cobalt solution and brought to a high heat, becomes blue ; is not attacked by acids. SULPHUR, heated in an open glass tube, emits fumes of sulphurous acid ; heated with soda, the compound, moistened with water, blackens sil- ver. TELLURIUM (Oxide:), before the blow-pipe, colors the flame green, fuses and sublimes ; with borax, in the oxidizing flame, forms a colorless glass ; in the reducing flame the glass becomes gray ; its behavior witli car- bonate of soda is similar as with borax ; on charcoal, readily reduces to metal. QUARTZ (Silicic acid), before the blow-pipe, undergoes no change alone ; with soda, readily fuses to a transparent glass. NITRE, before the blow-pipe, deflagrates vividly : detonates witli com- bustible substances ; dissolves readily in water ; not altered by exposure. FLUOR-SPAR (J'^Kor/rfe of Ccdciinn), before the blow-pipe, decrepitates and fuses to an enamel ; the flame continued, the specimen assumes a cauli- flower ; heated with salt of phosphorus in a glass tube, it etches or rough- ens the in'!i-de of the glass. PHOSPHORUS, moistened with sulphuric acid and heated, gives a green, tinge to tlie flame. CHLORINE.— A substance containing chlorine, combined with the salt of pho.sphorusand oxide of copper, on the platinum wire, colors the flams deep blue. SOD.\ {Oxide of Soditim), colors the flame deep yellow. ARSENIC (Oxide), before tlie blow-pipe, volatilizes in white fumes of a garlic odor ; heated to redness burns with a pale bluish flamp. The following additional tests, &c., for the determination of gold and silver ores, is extracted from Mr. Kustel's incomparable work. Sec. 10. The use of the following systematic proceeding can be under- stood easily by an example : A silver mineral, for instance, approved as such by an examination oa pilver, must be observed first as to what In.stre it shows, or whether it is dull. Sui>pose, then, the mineral has a niofcillic lustre. (Seel.) The color must be observed next, and compared with tho.se under I. The ore is fur- tlier found to be " lead grav." We have then to proceed from the indicated letter, B, on the right side, to B on the left, and examine accordingly, whether the mineral gives a sublimate or not. If. for instance, nosubliinate has been obtained, we must jiroceed to r, as indicated. On the described lamination under c, the mineral appears tough ; it can be cut with e kiul«i 1004 irETAiLt7R«T OF SOLD AND SILTBK. We go orer to Section 16, and gee the numbers 2 and 20, Silverglance and Hes?ite. The description of both will lead to tlie right determination of tho Boiueral. L—Lu8lre metallic or Sub-metallic. Color, white, greyish- white, yeUowiah-white, or yellow, see I Color, lead-pray, blackish lea_-gray, or iron-black, B (^)lor. liclit steel-gray C Color, reddish lead-gray, D Color, pinclibcck-brown, ... /; II. — Lustre Ji<:sinous and Adamantine. Color, pearl-gray, yellowish-green, green, olive-green, lemon-yellow, or light yellow, see F m.-DuU. Color, red, dark red (sometimes externally lead-gray) r/ Color, blackish-blue // Color, prrpeni^h-M.T'k / .1 It ■ "•\ see ft -' ' \... b 7' 1 11 iiuate, even under the plow-pipe, c 7; It uiw- ;i 5 t. iiu^.ti-, with f)r without the blow^)lpe, d (• inn .L.-pil fil.i-, 111 sublimate, e (■ w ' • r J' \:. k-red, sublimate. See Sep. 16 (8 or 9). i' I; 1 1 \\h», no sublimate. See Sec. G (4). F I 1 I -. .1 ..r .it)e, a sliffht sublimate, h 0\u: ' ■■' '■ -■''■'■"— -tibliniate. Sec. 16 (10). It av. Sec. 16 (IC). 7/ III l';(3n'). / '!i ' ! ,u-. *; ii ii...i...nv jellow or yellowish globule. Sec. i5 (1). h It melt? on Hnrcoal to a globule of metallic lustre, coating the coal white. s. / It somewhat, giving, before fusing, a slight, very volatile u ..:iiig. Sec. 15(4), or Sec. 16 (22 or 33). r It can be cut with a knife. Sec 18 (2 or 2ti)- c It caiuiot be cut ; i«< brittle. P»»r« 10 (S or 4 t or 6), or Sec. 15 (2). rf In a r!o«r,l till' irite. Sec. Ifi (fi «'). < ( "n . li:in-..:(l it ■ oatiug. See. 15 (■'?). f III ailuseJ tub-, .: :.. _ , ., ,. .. _..;k red sublimate. Sec. 16 (11). y On charcoal it fuses, emits an acrid odor, and leaves globules of silver : in ■A ; .~' il tube, with bisulphate of potissa, emits no colored vapors. Seci !'■ !J . £,■ It -i\ 1 -. with bisul|)hate of poLissa, red-brown vajvjrs. Sec. 16 (13 or 14). ?! iu a tlnseil tube, witli bisiiliih.ite of p«ita.-'s;i. violet vapors. Sec. 16(15). DKSCKIITION OF (;OLD AND .SILA'FR nRKS. A. Gold Ores — Sr<-. 15. Gold a; ''v iu luetallii- !■ " :tt never free rn)m sil\er. It is fun; in the forni of I's. dn«t, :\1.'<> ;)i the sh.ijrt. of leaves, t! rvptals. It is ni t -d but supposed that a part of the gold iu ixun pyrites doM not exidl in uietallic state, bat cum. METALLURGY OF GOLD AND SILVKB. 1005 «ined with sulphur, or with ars&nic in the arsenical pyrites. The cold ia found in combination with the following metals : t. ■» 1. Silver— In dilicreut proportions. The gold of Gold Hill lode, N T. eontains.ortv-seven to fifty per cent, of silver ; that of the Comstock lodo. thirty to forty-live ; Gila River and Australian gold, three to five percent! According to the amount of silver, the gold appears more or less whitish. Sixty per cent, of silver renders the alloy white On charcoal, treated with the oxidation flame, it gives sometimes a bluirih- white coating of antimony. With borax, played upon with reduction tlame, a reaction of copper may be observed. I- With Tclha-ium.— It contains gold, 20; silver, 14; tellurium, 59: wiyk traces of lead, copper, and antimony ; hardness, 1.5 ; gravity 5.7 to 5.5 ; lustre, metallic ; color, li-ht gray. In an open tube it emits white funics, and gives a gray sublimate of tel- lurium. Directing the flame on the sublimate, it melts into transiparent drops. The fumes Lave a peculiar sour odor. On charcoal, it melts to a dark-gray globule. Played upon with the oxidation flame, it gives a white coating, which disappears with a bluish-green color, nnder the oxidation flame. Continued blowing yields a yellow, bria;htgold button. 8. Willi Telhirivm and Lead.— Go\<\, 9 ; tellurium, 32 ; lead, 54, with traces of copper, sulphur, and antimony; H. = 1.5; Gr. == 7.72 • color, dark lead-gray. ' In an oj)cn tube it fumes, and yields a gray sublimate, the upper part of which, formed by antimoiiious acid, can lie driven awav by the flame. Ou charcoal it fumes and gives two coatings— a white one, which is volatile, consisting of tellurous and antimonious acids and sulphate of lead ; the other coating is yellow, less volatile, and consists princinally of oxide of lead. Continued blowing leaves a small metallic button, showing gold color when cupelled. 4. With Mcrcimi and /SiZtr?-.— Gold, 36 ; silver, 5 ; mercury, 58. The gold is foundalso alloyed with molybdenum, ])latinuni, and rhodium. B. — SILVER ORES. Sec. 16. Silver is found mostly in combination witli .sulphur, also alloyed with other metals and substances. It appears often in metallic condition. 1. Native Silver ig found crystallized, in threads or filaments. It often contains a small amount of antimony, arsenic, iron, gold, or copper. The native silver, one variety of the Comstock lode, K T., contains, silver, 60-85; gold, l.'J ; lead, 8-r,0 ; copper, 1-5; H. = 2.7-3 ; Gr. = lO.G-ll.S. Heated ou charcoal, it becomes covered with lead globules, disapi>earing again when red liot. It gives a yellow coating of lead, and furtlior off, a bluish-white of antimonious acid. It colors the borax glass green witli tha oxide of copper. a. Combination icith Sulphrir. — 2. Silver qlance (Sulphuret of Silver). —Silver, 87 ; sulphur, 12.9 ; H. =2.5 ; Gr.' = 6.0-7.2 ; lustre, "metallic ; color and streak, blackish lead-gray ; streak, shining. It may be cut like load. On charcoal, it melts into a dark blue globule, generally emitting metallic siiver on tlie surface on cooling, especially if a small particle of borax glass is added, which dissolves impurities. li yields a silver globule when melted with soda. 3. Stromeycrite {Silver-Copper glance). — Silver, 50-53 ; copper, 31 ; sut phur, 15 ; 11. = 2.5 ; Gr. = 6.2 ; lustre, metallic ; color, blackish lead-gray. In a closed tube, gives sometimes a little sulphur sublimate ; in an open tube, sulphurous acid. Ou charcoal, it fuses to a steel-blue globule, emit- ting sometimes metallic silver on cooling. Melted with soda, it gives a coi> per button, which yields silver Avhcn refined. It occurs in the Heiutzelmau mine, Arizona. a' . A variety of this ore, containing 40-33 per cent, of silver, with a dull blackish-blue color ; streak, shining ; can be cut ; occurs in Arizona. 4. Stembergile [Svl^fmret of Silver arid Iron). — Silver, 30-33 ; iron, 36; 1006 MBTALLURGT OP GOtD AND SILVER. sulphur, 30 ; H. = 1 ; Gr. = 4.2 ; metallic lustre ; color, piuchbeck-brown; gtreak, black. In thin Liminre. flexible, resembliii!:; prfv[rhite. In an opeu tube it gives out sulphurous acid. It melts to, a globule on charcoal, emit- ting silver, and follows the magnet. a'. A variety of this ore is found in the Gold Hill lode, N. T. It cousist* of silver, 33.25 ; iron, 34.05 ; H. = 2.8 ; Or. = 5.2 ; color, dull bluish-sray. The fracture has a metallic lustre and dark lead-gray color. The powder ig Tslackish-brown. It is found in small f nigments of indistinct cubic shape. On charcoal, it melts, with a spongy ai>pearance, to a dull gray globule, following the magnet. A slight yellow coating indicates a trace of lead. la melting, it gives out a great deal of sulpluirous acid. Treated with soda, a silver globule is easily obtained. b. Combinations v:ith Sulphur and Antimony, or Arsenic. — 5. Brittle Silver Ore.— Silver, 70 ; antimony, 13.9 ; sulphur, 15.7 ; II. = 2.5 ; Gr. = 6.2 ; lustre, metallic ; color and streak, iron-black, or blackish lead-gray. In a close tube, it decrepitates, melts to a globule, and gives a blackish sub- limate, which turns red-brown when cold, consisting of sulphide of anti- mony. In an open tube it melts, evolving sulphurous acid, and fumes. On charcoal it fuses, and coats the coal white with antimonious acid. By continual blast, the coating assumes a pink color, derived from the oxide of silver. It occurs frequently in the Comstock lode. (i. Pohjbdsite (Eiif/cn Glance). — Silver, G-1-72 ; copper, 3-10 ; sulphur, 17 ; H. = 2.5 ; Gr. = G.2. It coutains also antimony, arsenic, iron, and sometimes zinc. Lustre, metallic ; color, iron-black ; streak, black. In a closed tube it yields nothing volatile. In an open tube it gives antimouial iumes and sulphurous acid. It occurs also in (iold Hill lode, N. T. a'. The polyba.site of the Comstock lode contains l>4 jier cent of silver. It gives, in a closed tube, with the aid of the blow-pipe, a reddish-brown Bubliniate, with a yellow edge. lu an open tube, white fumes arise, aud some white sublimate dei»osits. On charcoal, with the reduction flame, it evolves an odor of garlic. Played upon with the oxydaticn flame, it gives out sulphurous acid and a white coating of autiiuonious acid. It melts to a globule with a metallic lustre. If the hot blast is changed suddenly to a cold one, and directed on the globule, holding the blow-pipe point close to it, metallic silver is emitted. It the cold blast is stopped too soon, the silver "will disappear again. 7. Miar;i]rrite. — Silver, 36.8; antimony, 42.8: sulphur, 21; H. = 2.5 ; Gr. =5.2-5.4 ; lustre, metallic adamantine ; color, iron-black ; streak, dark cherry-red. In a closed tube it decrepitates, melts easily, and gives out a Bublimate of sul[ihide of antimony. In an open tube, sulphurous acid .and antimonial fumes are emitted, depositing a white sublimate of antimonious acid. On charcoal it melts quietly, emitting sulphurous acid aud antimonial luraes. It covers the coal with a white coating, which becomes pink-colored "by continual blast. Melted with soda, a silver button is obtained, which, treated with borax and tin, reacts on copper. 8. Dark red Silver Ore (Pyrarrjyrite, Antimonial Blend). — Silver, 58.9 ; antimony, 23.4 ; sulphur, 17.5 ; 11. =2.5 ; Gr. = 5.7. Lustre, metallic-like adman tine ; color, dark-red ; powder, cochineal-red. In a closed tube, by the aid of the blow-pipe, it yields a sublimate of sulphide of antimony, black ■while hot, but varying from red to reddish-yellow when cold. In an open tube it gives autimonial fumes and Bulj)hufous acid. On charcoal it melts easily, aud deposits a white coating of antimonious acid. With soda it gives a silver globule. It occurs also in the Gold HUl lode, N. T. 9. Light red Silvtr Ore (Provstite, Arsenical Blend). — Silver, 65.4 ; jtrsenic, 15.1 ; sulphur, 19.4; H. =2.5; Gr. =5.5-5.0; color, similar to dark red silver ore, but lighter. Behaves like the preceding, except tho Arsenical fumes. 10. Xon^Aocone.— Silver, 64 ; arsenic, 13.4 ; sulphur, 21.3 ; H.=2 ; Gr. (^"1^-6.2 ; color, dull red to clove brown ; powder, yellow. Wh«u heated in UETALLUEGT of GOtD AND SILVER. 1007 % closed tube it becomes dark red, molts, and gives some subliraato of sul- phide of arsenic. While hot, it is dark, brownish-red, and red to reddish- yellow when cold. In an open tube and on charcoal, it behaves like the preceding. , 11. Silver Fahlerz (Arr/entiferous Gran Copper Ore).— Silver, 17 71- 31.29 ; antimony, 26.63-24.63 ; sulphur, 23.52-21.17 ; copper, 25.23-14 81 • iron, 3.72-5.98 ; zinc, 3.10-0.09 ; lustre, metallic ; color, liglit steel-;,'rav. hi a closed tube it sometimes decrepitates, melts, and gives, by aid of the blow-pipe, a dark red sublimate of tersulphide of antimonv, with antimo- nious acid. In an open tube it fuses, gives antimonial fume's and sulphur- ous acid. On charcoal it fuses easily, and gives a bluish-white coating of antimonious acid and antimonial funies. There is also a yellowish coating close to the test, which appears white on cooling. This coating is created by oxide of zinc. a'. The Reese River ore, from the Comet lode, seems to be a metamor- phosed silver fahlerz. The sulphur is represented by carbonic acid, so that almost all copper and silver is a carbonate. It contains silver, 22.35, cop- per, 17, antimony, and some lead. It has a dull greenish-black or black color ; streak, shining ; powder, greenish-gray. In a closed tube it yielda nothing volatile. In an open tube some sulphurous acid can he observed. On charcoal, fuses slowly, but boils up suddenly in contact with glowing coal, leaving a button of silver and copper. This button, when played \ipon with the oxidation flame on another spot of the charcoal, gives first a bluish coating of antimonious acid, then a j-ellow one, nearer to the assay of the oxide of lead. The silver can be separated from copper by cupella- tion with lead. b'. The silver fahlerz of Sheba lode (Humboldt) contains,, silver, 8.20, gold, 0.008, some antimony and lead, but very little copper. It has a light gray metallic lustre. It is also called gray silver ore. c. Combination icUh Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. 12. Horn Sih-cr (Chloride of Silver).— Silver, 75.2 ; chlorine, 'M.6 ; H.= 1.5 ; Gr.=r5.5-5.6 ; lustre, adamantine ; color, gray, greenish or blackish ; streak, shining. It looks like horn or wax. It is translucent, and may be cut like wax. Occurs frequently in the Comstock and Gold Hill lodes, also in California. It fuses in a candle flame. On charcoal it is easily reduced, and gives an odor of chlorine. If treated under the reduction flame, with an addition of copper, it forms a chloride of copper, and colors the flame azure-blue. 13. Embolite (Chlorobroynide of Silver).— SiU-ev, 66.0 to 75 : H.=l-1.5 ; Gr. =5.3-5. 4 ; lustre, resinous ; color, yellowish-green or green. On char^ coal it fuses ea.sily, evolves vapors of bromine, and gives metallic silver. Mixed with oxide of copper, it colors the flame greenish-blue. 14. Bromi/rite (Bromie Silver). — Silver, 57.56 ; bromine, 42.44 ; n.= 1-1.5 ; Gr.=5.8-5.6. In a closed tube, treated with bisulphate of potissa, it emits brown vapors. On charcoal it fuses easily and yields a globule of silver. It is yellow or greenish, and may be cut like chloride of silver. 15. lodyrhe (Iodide of Silver).— Silver, 46 ; iodine, 54 ; H.=1.5 ; Gr.= 5.5 ; lustre, adamantine ; color, yellow, also greenish. It is translucent. In scale shape it is always lemon-yellow. When heated in a closed tube it becomes fire-red, but assumes its former color when cold. It fuses easily, and gives, by the aid of the blow-pipe, a reddish-yellow sublimate, gettdng lemon-yellow on cooling. With bisulphate of potassa, it emits beautiful violet vapors. In an open tube it gives an orange sublimate, lemon-yellovr on cooling. On charcoal it assumes a fire-red color before it fuses, and spreads on the coal and yields many minute silver globules. With an addi- tion of oxide of copper, it makes an intensely green flame with a bluish tinge. 16. Iodide of Silver and Mercury. —Silver, 40-42 ; iodine, quicksilver, jmd sulphur (cblorine ?), color, dull, dark red ; streak, shitung ; powdeij IW)8 IfETALLTTEGT OF GOLD AND SII.VEE. dark red, l>nt changes soon into lead-gray, H exposed to the light In a dosed tube it gives three sublimates', sej^arated in rings. Tlie nearest to the assay is black (pulpliide of mercury), the second, yellow (subchloride of mercuxy ?), the third is gray (metallic mercury). An addition of bisul- phate of potassa causes it to yield violet vajK)rs, which come from lh« iodine. In an open tube it gives the same sublimate, but the black is very slight : it gives also yellow fumes. A gold particle in the tube becomea amalgamated. Litmus jiaper at the upi)er end is colored red by the sul- phur. Heated on ch;ircoal it turns black, fu.*es easily, and yield* silver f lobules. Melted with soda, it draws partly into the coal. If this crust is roken out and laid on a blank piece of silver, with a droji of water, the eulphur in it will cause a black sj^iot on the silver. Heated with a small piece of uure lead, it gives a beautiful green coating, with a yellow border, nearest the assay. This coating (iodine and lead) is far off from the test. "With copper oxide, like the iodyrite. This mineral occurs, to my knowledge, only in the Heintzelman mine, JLrizoua. d. Conioination with Antimonii. — 17. Antimoniai Silver. — Silver. 77.84; antimony, 23-16 ; H.=a5 ; Gr.=9.4-9.8 ; Instre, metallic ; color and streak, silver-v I - • ' v ..1 it fuses c~' * r '' :;le. coating the coal white. A :iders the v. ::sh. e. Combiii'... :\. — 18. ^Vi / of SUrer). — Silver, 73 ; seleuiiiiii, :io ; 11. =2.5 ; Gr.=8 ; luttie, Uictiiiiic ; color, iron- black. It melis easily on charcoal, but with intumescence in the reduction flame. It emits the selenium odor of rotten radish- With soda it yields metallic silver. 11>. £ucaii iU {Seknid rf ,S'ifiv:r and Copper). — Silver, 43.1; selenium, 31.0 ; copper, 25.3 ; 1 . lie ; color, lead-gray. On charcoal it meltg to a gray nietaliic g'. -. and re-acts on borax with copper. Thia mineral is soft, and k.;4,. .^ . ... .. ith a knife. .;'. With TiUurium.—-M. Hcstitc ( TtUurid of Silver).— Silxer, 62.42 ; tellurium, 36.i)G ; iron, 0.24 ; Gr.=S.4-8.ri ; lustre, metallic ; color, lead- gmy IT steel-gray. It is soft, and can be cut like lead. According to Mr. Blake, this mineral is fonnd in Caliiomia also. He describes the re-action as follows : ■■ lu an open tube the mineral (uses quietly, coloring the glass a bright yellow under hss.^v. A wliite «->r gray s'lMimate is d'al dark orange. It in yellow whi! u cvid. The oxide of copjier in it colors the > II charcoal. g. .... ... . • -- - r Jmal;;am.—Savet, at.8-26.2 ; quicksil- ver, G5.2-7o.7 ; H.=^3.5 ; Gr.=13.7-14 ; lustre, metallic ; colpr, aiivei^white ; brittle. In a closed tube the mercury, sublimates. 23. ^9U£ri^«.— Silver, 8G.49 ; qiucksilver, ia51. It beeves like tli« amaaigsuax FIRE ASSAY OF 50LD AUTD SILVEB OKKS. lOOi DRY AND HUMID ASSAY OF MINERALS. AssAT OF Ores bt the Dry a:nt> Hrjno Processes.— In the dry, fir fire assay of gold and silver ores, the apparatus required i?, 1. A re^ liable assay balance, as previously noted. 2. A pair of less delicate balances, with the capacity of weighing 3 ozs., the weight"* to be troy onnce,s : each ounce to be divided into tSS- ". An iron mortar. 4. A lot of French clay No. 7 crucibW. glass mattresses, and small crnciblps of (dry cups) pipe clay. 5. Crucible tongs. 6. A fine wire cloth sieve (50 holes to the inch ; 2500 to a sq. in.), extended on a wooden frame. 7. Cupel tongs. 8. Two or 3 muffles, 10 ins. long, 4 ins. wide, and .".ins. iiigh". 9. Avery small, stiff brush. 10. A fme sieve with about 40 holes to the t inch. 11. A brass mould, and bone ashes for making cupels. The formation of the cupels requires bones to be burned perfectly ■white, tlien pulverized and sifted through the la.'^t-notcd sieve. These ashes are mixed with water and worked with the hands to a i)uttv-like coa- sistence, then placed in the mould and beaten with the pestle by a wooden mallet. The pestle is finally withdrawn by a twisting movement and th« cupel is forced ont of the mould by the ball of the hand . In addition to the above noted, the following materials will be required. 1. nfieat flour ; to use as a substitute for charcoal in reducing a portion of the litharge to lead. A compound of 12 parts of wheat flour with 100 parts of soda is an excellent flux for lead assays. 2. LUharr/c ; is of great ntiliiy in promoting fusion. It should be thoroughly mixed, sifted, and kept from damp. With silver ore, in a crucible, 1^ ozs., with 10 grs. of wheat flour, will produce a button, which is to be cupeled, and the weight of silver product noted. This weight is to be deducted from the assays where this amount of litharge is nsed. 3. Irori; is used to desulphurize the sulphu- I3ts. Should be supplied in small pieces of wire ^ or i'^ of an in.h thick, and from J to Mn. in length. 4. Carbonate of soda; for use expose the crystals to the air until it forms a dry white powder. Soda-a$h or Bicar- tonate of soda may be substituted for it with good results. 5. Common table salt : to use, the water of crystallization must be expelled, by melt- ing the salt on a sheet-iron ]>late until intumescence ceases. The early fusion of the salt in tlie assay mixture prevents the injurious contact of air with the latter during t'le process. 6. Glass; serves ors, and separates from any gold that mav be present, leaving the latter as a blackisli sediment, undissolved in the tube. The silver being dissolved, the acid solution is carefuUy poured off. leaving the gold behind, and the tube is then filled with distilled water. When the auriferous sediment has settled, the water is poured off carefully, and it is again filled with all the ■water it will coutain. The tube is then covered with a dry cup, or jupe-clay crucible, and suddenly turned upside down so as to depo.sit the sediment oa the bottom of the cup. The tube is very carefully withdrawn from the ■water so as to leave every particle of the gold in the fluid, and after the gold has completely subsided'the water is slowly drained off, and the sediment dried in the cup over an alcohol flame until the gold assumes a yellow color. This gold is weighed and the weight noted. The utility of this manipulation will be manifest from the important re- enlts obtained, as shown by the following calculations, transcribed (rom Kustcl : '• The gold w.as found to weigh, for instance, rllz, and the silver button "before dissolving A"«. If the gold is subtracted from the silver which con- tained this gold, i» e find thus the pure silver — 356—35 ~ 321 silver x 1 "le = 3723 ounces per ton. and 35 gold xll6 = 40fi To find the value, the ounces of gold must be multiplied with 20.67 and those of silver with 1.30. These numbers in their fractions are not perfectly correct, but will serve our purpose. Continuing the calculation we find Silver = 372-3 ounces x 130 = S483.09 Gold = 40-6 " X 20-67 = S8.39.20 Total value $1,323.19 per ton. In case the ore for the assay has been weighed out by half an ounce, equal to 240 grains, the calculation is made the same way as before, with the ex- ception that the number 1.215 must be substituted for 1.1(5. The procedure of the preceding example would be as follows : The weight of the button was 321. "Wiis multiplied with 1.215 will give theamouut of ounces per ton of ore of 2000 lbs. 32 (321) X 1215 == 390 ounces. The quantity of floxea used for 250gtaiJM < thrown down. Next, filter ai;d djy the residuuin, then melt the dry rcsiduinu with carbonate of soda iu an "earthen crucible ; when cool, extract aud weigh tlie motallio burton. Chlnride of silver (Koru tiUvci) is uot udapted lor this treatiueuW 1012 BBT JLSTD HUMID ASSAY OF OBS*. being insoluble in nitric acid, but it can be dissolved in ammonia, or ia boiling solutions of the chloride of potassium, barium, sodium, strontium and calcium. Cyanide of pot;\s»>iuni, in solution, will also dissolve cblorido of silver ; strong sulphuric acid gradually decomposes it ; iron anvl zinc ■will likewise effect its decomposition, especially in presence of free muriatic acid. The behavior of Bntnide of silver is nearly identical with the chloride. Assm/ of Gold Oresby tlw. Humid Process. — Digest the ore (well pulyerized) in 1 part of nitric and 4 parts of hydrochloric acid, then dilute, filter aud evaporate nearly to dryness to ex\)el excess of acid. Next, dilute t!ie dried filtrate in pure water, and boil the solution with a solution of sulphate of iron, which precipitates the gold as a dark p'-nple powder. Next, filter and heat the residuum with hydrochloric acid, theii filter, wa.<5h, and dry the gold powder. Oxalic acid, substituted for the su'phate of iron, precipitates the gold in large Hakes. — Quartz Oi^erator's Hand-Book. Assay of Iron. — Melt in a covered crucible a well-pulverized mixture of: Powdered and roasted ore 4 parts- Fluor-spar 2 " Charcoal 2 " Common salt strewed over the whole 8 " After fusion remove and weigh the resultant button of cast iron. A ▼ariety of fluxes, as clay, lime, &c., may be employed, according as the nature of the ore may require. Assay of Galena, or Ores of Lead containing Sidphnr^ — Place the follow- M»g in an earthen crucible in tlie order of mention : Well pulverized ore 10 parta. Iron in strips or plates 1 to 3 " Black flux 30 " Common salt, a thick layer over all, with a piece of charcoal on top. Cover the crucible, melt the assay, gradually increasing the temperature from a low heat to a bright red, "continuing the latter about 30 minutes. Next, tip the crucible to consolidate the contents, cool, and remove the metallic button. Assay of Oxidized Ores of Lead.— Place the following in an earthen cru- cible in the order of mention : Well pulverized ore 10 parts. Carbonat.^of soda 30 to 40 " Granulaed charcoal 3 " Iron, in strips or ]ilates, if sulphur be present. 1 " Common salt, a thick layer over alL Treat as in preceding manipulation. Assay of Copper Ores tchere no other Metal t are present but Iron and Clipper. — Place in a crucible the following : Well pidverized ore. . . parts. Blackflui 6 " Begin with a gradual heat, increasing to a bright red, continuing 15 minutes, then extract the button from the slag, and note the weiglit. To recover Gold and Silver Residues in Photographic Wastts. — A large list of fluxes for redncius these wastes will be found on page 981. To precipi- tate the precious metal from rejected solutions of nitrate of silver, add the following as long as it causes a precipitate ; carbonate of soda, 4 ozs. ; •water, 6 ozs. Add water, and then thoroughly wash the precipitate in plenty of v:arm ^ater; lastly, dry, and put up the precipitate in well-stoppered bottles, if not to be reduced" forthwith. Lime water is also a first-class precipitating •olutioQ for KUrer. To obtaia it plAce some pieces of Uiue in a ^ide-oiouUieQ ^ROCSSSKS, ETC., I!f TARIOUS TRADES. 1013 •ettlo at ooTcred vessel ; fill tii^-with waiWT, ehalcc ■well and allow the mLxtore to subside for several daya, then pour ofl' the clear for use. Among other precipitating solutions for photographer's use the following may be noted: 1. J^ir iJivelopfr Washimjx. Common salt, 4 ozs., water, 10 ozs. 2. For Toniiig Bath, biilohate of iron, 4 ozs., water, Ifi ozs. 3. J-\ir Jlyposulphite Fixing Iialh%. Sulphide of potash, 4 02s., water, 1(5 ozs. 4. The Xitrie Acid Plate-Solution. Hydrochloric acid, 4 ozs., water, 8 ozs. 5. For Nitrate of Silver Solution, old Baths, etc. Hydrochloric acitl, 4 ozs., water, 4 ozs. "rhe above are used for promoting tiie sep-iration of valuable ingre-t dients in a solid state from chemical solutions. The process is assisted by previously heating the solution ; then add the reagent gradually, and stir wi-ll to effect a thorough intermixture. The solution is then allowed to rest until the precipitate subsides. Then add a few drops more of the reagi^nt to the liqtiid, and if no additional precipitation is effected the process is complete. iVALUABLE PROCESSES, ETC., IN VARIOUS TRADES. The following items, selected from the Watchmaker, having been crowded font of the appropriate department, are inserted here, being deemed too valua- Ible to omit MAIN SPRINGS. — When amain spring is cleaned, most inexperienced work- men will take hold of one end and pull the spring about half it« length straight out, to save time. This practice will break springs when nothing else will ; and sprinjrs treated thus generally break after the wat-ch has been dehveicd to the customer only a few days. Breaking into many pieces is owing to the acid in the oil which is used. We will suppose the main spring is a line one, and has been evenly tempered and properly cleaned ; if, now, old oil is used, or that of an inferior quality if fresh, the acid it contains will eat into the spring, and will finally destroy it.s texture. The coil nearest the centre breaks first, and as it recoils it breaks every coil in the barrel, and sometimes each coil is broken twice. The spring has become so impregnated with acid that it haa no life left. TO PURIFY OIL.— To make the oQ pure, take a good sixed bullet or other piece of lead which has s thick coating of lead rust, cut it up fine, put it into the oil, and let it stand for two weeks. This causes the acid to aottle, and it then resembles milk at the bottom. Now pour off the top, and your oil is pure. Common clock oil can be treated in this manner and made better than some watch oil. TO RESTORE LUSTRE.— If not too much darkened it may be restored hj dipping the wheel in piue muriatic acid. Test your acid by dipping a piece of polished steel in it ; if :t destroys the polish, reduce the acid with rain water until it will not. Rinse the wheels well in water. This will also restore the polish to steel that has been blued by heat. GRINDING GLASSES. — Provide two pieces of cork, one concave and one eonvex ^which may be cut to shape after fitting to lathe). Take a copper cent, or other suitable article, and soft solder a screw to fit the lathe and then wax it to the cork ; then get a twenty-five cent emery wheel, s.ich as is used o:i sewing machines, and you have a complete outfit for -ititting your watcti glasses. Polish the edge on the zinc collar of the emery wiii-el, or use a piece of sine to do it. The other cork sho-.M be wajced to a penny and centred. The spectacle lenses may be cut on the same emery wheel, if the wheel is . attached to the lathe so as to revolve. Another method is to take a comnon piece of window glass (green ^lau ia the best) and make a grindstone of that, using the flat surface to grind on. Cement it on a large chuck, the glass being from 2 to ^'.5 inches in diametar. Any one not familiar with this method would be surprised to see how fast the glass is cut away, for either spectacles or watches. In grinding watok I pat thtm flat ob the chuck class — not on the edgtb 1014 PBOCESSESj ETC., IN VARIOUS TRADES. Some watchmakers are excusable for not keeping a fall supply of watcfc glasses on hand all the tune, wnen it is remembered that there are OTer four thousand different sizes. COMPOSITION OF BRONZE FOR MACHINERY. -Below will be found the composition of alloys approved of and used by prominent French mechanics in government and railway work. rasscH siABntE. Copper. Tin, Zinc Tough bronze for rods, valTes, cocks, etc S8 19 i Very tongh bronze for eccentric straps, etc 90 ]C 3 3ror.ze for plummer blocks 86 14 3 Hard bronie 84 1ft 2 Very hard bronre for steam brass-cocks. 82 18 S Beil bron.Te 78 22 Autifriction bronze, with 8 parts antimony 4 Qft razscH sAiLJioms. C.\T pillows ; S9 18 3 Locomotive and tender oil boxes 84 16 2 slide valves. 83 18 3 C"cks gij 13 2 The bronze composed of 86 copper, 14 iin, and 2 zinc, is least porous, and therefore is most suitable when pressure 1? to be resisted. PAHAFFINE AS A LUBRICANT.— According to a correspondent of the Railroad Gazette., the Erie Railway has reduced its oiling expenses from ^■5.0(.K) to $1,000 a j'ear, by using paraflBne on passenger car jovtrucds, and has r-^uced the number of hot journals from 535 to ^2. During tiie winter months it is used withoat the addition of any other oil, but during the srunmer it is mixed with some other lubricant to give it bod] , as owing to its limpidity it is difficult to retain in the axle boxes. A lubricant of notable power for cooling hot journal boxjs is composed of a mixture of sulphtir with oil or grease. Used on the hot bearings of steamships, etc., it is unequalled. \V0013S HEAVIER THAN WATER.— These are French box, Irish boj oak, pomegranate, vine lignumvitae, Indian cedar, ebony, mahogany, ana heart of oak. Lignumvitoe is one-third heavier than water, pomegranate rather m'>re. Cork and poplar are the lightest woodv products. A COMSTOCK LODE MINING PUiiP.— The new Chollar Potoai mining pump consists of double columns of 15 in. plungers. The rods with which these are worked are 14 x 14, each stick being of Oregon pine and 100 ft. in iength. They are locked together and held by iron plates 10 ins. wide and 1 in, thick. The motive power is a compound, condensing, direct acting engine, of 700 H. P., the initial cylinder being 10 ft. 10 ins. long, by 3~ Lbb. diam. ; the expansion cylinder being 8 ft. long and 65 ins. diam. THE DEEP MINXES OF THE WORLD. — ihe TeUow Jacket i» th» deepest mine on the Comstock Lode, being now (ilarch, ISTit) 2,500 ft. below the mouth of the main shaft, and 2,933 ft. below the Could &, Curry crop- pings, the datum line of the Comstock Mines. The highest beat known in these mines is, for air 154^, in a closed drift in the Crown Point Mine^ and for water 154=', in the Savage, Hale & Norcross Mines. The Adcdbert, a lead- sOver mine, in Austria, is probably tho deepest mine in the world, the perpen- dicular shaft being 3,280 ft. deep. The next deepest on the Continent of Europe ia the Viviers coal mine in Belgium, 2,'>47 ft. deep This mine penetrated to a depth of ZJ^") ft., but no coal being found, all below the 2,847 ft. level has been abandoned. In England the Dunkirk CoUierj', Lan- cashire, has been opened to a dppth of 2,824 ft, and the Rosebndge Colliery, samie locality, to a depth of 2,4.58 ft., these bemg the deepest minea in Great Britain. INSIDE SURFACE COATING TO PREVENT SCALE IN STEAM BOILERS — Beutt results, the common oil-cup was exchanged for a goblet-shaped tallowcup with a lid, after which the piston-follower and springs were taken out and cleaned. Before starting the engine, one-third of an ounce of finely pulveriy.cd plumbago was placed in the cup. When fairly under way the valve of the tallow-cnp was opened half way, and a little later it w.-w opened to its utmost extent. The piston-rod became caated with the plumbago Boon after Btartinrj, and by noon the whole had passed from the tallow-cup into tl;e cylinder. On starting up in the afternoon, one-third ounce more was placed in the cnp, and the engine ran till six o'clock with a like result. There was no noise in the cyl- inder, either in the starting, running, or stopping of the engine, and after eighteen months' use, with the above-named quantity applied twice a day, no noise had been heard in the cylinder, except when the steam was shut off for the purpose of stopping the engine, when it would be heard during one or two strokes of the piston just before the engine stopped. This occurred not more frequently than would have taken place if tallow or oil had been used. Soon after beginning to use it, a portion of the plumbago would be found re- maining in the cup. To obviate this, about one ounce of water was poured into the cup, after the plumbago had been put in, when a decided improve- ment was observed, in that it could be fed into the cylinder as readily as oil or tallow. After four weeks' use, the cylinder-head was taken off, and the working part of the cylinder was found coated with plumbago, which oould not be easily rubbed off with the fingera. The interior of the piston was found as clean as when it left the lathe, so far as dirt of any kind was concerned, and such was the condition at the time of writing. There was an absolute freedom from all choking in the sLeam passages. The gum joints, six in number, had been renewed a few days before the new lubri- cant was applied, and at the latest advices all were in perfect condition, show- ing no signs of leakage, whereas, if oils or tallovv had been used, they would have required two renewals during that time. SILVER POLISH STARCH ENAMEL.— Melt 2}^ Iba. of the very best A 1 paralEno wax over a slow fire. When liquiiied, remove from the fire and stir in 100 drops oil of citronella. Have a' lot of round new pie-tins, clean and nice ; place them on a level table and coat them slightly with sweet-oil, and pour about 6 tablespoonfuls of the enamel into each tin. The pan may be floated in water to cool the contents sufiSciently to permit the mixture to be cut or stamped out with a tin cutter into small cjikes about the size of a peppermint lozenge. Two of ti.ese cakes added to each pint of starch will cause the smoothing-iron to impart the finest possible finish to mualin or hnen, besides perfuming the clothes in first-class style. Thousands of dollars have been made by manufacturers and dealers out of this one article, for, when well made and attractively put up in boxes, etc., the sale is great and the profits immensci SUPERIOR BAKING POWDER.— Take 2 lbs. best tartaric acid in crys- tals, 3 lbs. bi-carbonate of soda, and o lbs. potato starch. Each article must be pulverized separately and slowly dried by a gradual beat, and afterwards thoroughly mixed by being passed through a fine sieve. In quality this arti> cle has no superior, and, when attractively packsd in tins, lead foil, or }^>apier glazed on the outside (it must be kept free fxozn damp), it comutaads a most profitablo sale. 1016 PBOCESSES, ETC., IK VARIOUS TRADW. VIOLET WRITING INK.— For 3 gals., heat 2 gills of alcohol in a -^^^t* bath ; add to the alcohol 2 ozs. of yiolet aniliue, and stir till dissolved, then add the mixture to two gals, of boiling water ; mix well, and it is ready for use Smaller quantitie* lu proportion. This is the so^ret. from the sale o£ which, together with the products of manufacture, so many fortimes are said to have Ijcen made. Some parties assert that it is worth to an active man mnre tlian $1,OOU, on account of the large profits obtainable from possible •ales. MANIFOLD PAPER, sometimes called copying-paper, is produced by mxin'' finely pnlverizeeiK>, ailve^ 93.S oemtA, ARE YOU MRRRIED? If you are at all interested in the subject of Marriage, whether you are married or ever expect to be, you should have a copy of the new and valuable book entitled The Science of a New Life. By JOHN COWAN, M.D. A Book Well TForth Posaesnlne by Every Tbongbtfnl Mail and Womau. This valuable book has received the highest testimonials and commendations from leading medical and religious critics ; has been heartily endorsed by all the leading philanthropists, and recommended to every well-wisher of the human race- TO ALL WHO ARE MARRIED Or are contemplating raarriase. it will give information worth HUNDREDS OP DOLLARS, besides conferring a lasting benefit, not only upon them, but upon their children. Every thinking man and woman should stiidy this work. Any person desiring to know more about the book before purchasing it, may send to us tor our 16-page de-criptive circular, givitig full and complete table of contents. It will be sent free by mail to any address. The following is tne table of contents : Marriage and its Advantages ; Ag'^at which to Marry ; The Law of Choice ; Love Analyzed ; Qualities th- Man Should Avoid in Choosing ; Qualities the Woman Should Avoid in Choosing ; The Anatomy and Physiology of Generation in Women : The Anatomy and Physiology of Qenerati.-n in Man ; Amativeness— its Use and Abuse; The Prevention of Conception ; The Law ot Continence ; Children— Their Desirability; The Law of Genius; The Conception of a New Life; The Physiology of Inter-Uterine Growth ; Period of Gestative Influence ; Pregnancy— Its Signs and Duration ; Disorders of Pregnancy ; Confinement ; Managemf nt of Mother and Child after Delivery ; Period of Nursing Influence ; Foeticide ; Diseases Peculiar to Women ; Diseases Peculiar to Men ; Masturbation ; Sterility and Impotence ; Subjects of which More Might be Said ; A Happy Married Life— How Secured. COMMENDATIOIVS. "In a careful examination of Dr. Cowan's S^^IEXCE OF A NEW LIFE, I am prepared to give it my very cordial approval. It deserves to bf iu every family, and read and pondered, as closely relating to the highest moral and physical well- being of aJl its members." William Li^vd Garrison. " As it is easier to generate a race of healthy men ai;d women than to regener- ate the diseasf'd and discordant humanity we now have. I heartily recommend the. study of THE SCIENCE OF A NEW LIFE to every father and mother in the land." Elizabeth Cady Stanton. " It seems to us to be one of the wisest, and purest, and most h^-lpful of those Books whii?h have bepn written iu recent years, with the intention of teaching Men a>id Women the Truths about their Bodies, which are of peculiar importance to clie morals of Society No one canbegia to iinagin ■ the misery tbat has come upon the human family solely through ignorance up'm this subj.-ct."' The Christian Unio.v. The book is a handsome 8VO, and contains ovr 400 PAGES, with more than 100 ILLUSTRA'IONS, and i^ su!d at the f.-llowin? PRICFS-ENGLISH CLOTH, BEVELED BOARDS GTLT STDE AND BACK, $5 00; LEATHER, SPRINKLED EDGKS, $3..i0 ; HALF TURKEY MOROCCO. MARBLED EDGES, GILT BACK, $4.00. Sent by mail, post-paid, to any af^dress, on receipt of price. If after rearling th*^ above, vou wish to get a copy of the book, send us the money by post office order or registered letter, and we will send it by return mail securelv Sealed and free from ob-ervation. ^j ». • Agents wanted to whom we ofifer liberal terms. Send for our confldential terms, aud state what territory vou can work to advantage. Address all orders and applications for an agency to J. S. OGILVIE PUBLISHING COMPANY, 57 Rose Street, New York. WHY NOT MAKE HONEY BY USING YOUR BRAINS Instead of laboring day after day for a mere existence ? It you are disposed to speculate and take a good chance of leaking a fortune rapidly, you ought to get a few ideas from -•ir n'^w and very instructive book giving hints and helps t^ow to (to it, entitled. The Game In Wall 5treet, AND HOW TO PLAY IT SUCCESSFULLY. By •' HO'SrivEI. ' A complete expose of pool methods, illustrated with chfirts anc^ on the martet are directed Oj pools who Inflaence the prices, making on an aver- age twx> campaigns each year, bnvicg the BioctLS seiected when they are down, then caoBlng a boom and selling out aystemaiicaUy at a profit. The author shows that 95 per ct-nt. of the trading done on the stocK exchanges is ?pecnla- dve. and to prove Instances shows tliar the wDo'.e or the common stoci of the American Sugar Com)«nv Is bought and so:d on the New York pock ex- change every six to ten da\ 6 on an aver- age throaghont the year. The aath'"'r. while despairing of l)c;ng able to dissuade his readers trom poli.g Into specolation. nndertates to show them how thev can stand a chiince of winnlLg. With this end in vicw, he re- vl'-As the movements of the leading s'ocS for several jear8,and draws de- ducnons i-^^ircr'rr^ iTsr^Doanc man- ner ia T opciutdd It by the -.em. T^.e :- „ . . . . „ .. .- if as much tn- teresl to the lay reader as the man who follows the eXieeL— Boston Tinges. Letter from W. P. Eager, author of '• Wall Street St^cta Verstia Wall Street F*Eciea.*' Mt Dbab Sir:— I beg to acknowledge re- fipt or yi ar boot and I hiive read the same over very carefuiiy and found It verr lusrmcOve. You have do doubt pnbli<:^ed one of the most exhaustive and ln'ere«.jig bxiks on Wall Strett, To a would t>e speculator, this book iLlght v* worh htmdreds of do.la-g end tx.e experien € therem out^int-d can only be reprrKiuced after many years of act- aal experience, such a^ yon have had. Ttilfl book glvfcain plain lanj^nage the mifts for specmaimg in Wall Street, Those who live up to the mies which the %uthor gives are xh» winners.— Aeu? Fork ITorld. I This boo* Is a comnlete expose of aool m-Uiods, a:;d of ho.-- •bo„j«and-5 of waenhave made sioEey. nic^iy Ul'^istrared rw.th harts and diagriDui. The ir.os: original and complete worS ever wrnitn on W all Street— i^utt&trpft FYess. This book is a revelation to the amateur, and will help him to make a fortune. 12mo, 10) pases. Handsomely oouna in cloth. Price, $1.00. Sent by mail, postpaid, to any ad- dress on receipt of price. Address all orders to J. S. OGILVIE rUBLISHIXG co:^irAXY^ TP, O. Box 767, 57 Hose Street, Hew TvHt, BLAKELEE'S INDUSTRIAL CYCLOPEDIA. A Ready Reference and Reservoir of Useful Information. In this book, by George E. Blakelee, a practical mechanic, and editor of a farmers' paper, eeven bunrlred and twenty octavo pages are devoted to explaining clearly the easiest, most practical, and best way of doing every kind of work, mechanical and otherwise, that can be of nse In or about a city or village home, or on a large or a small farm. It not only treats fully of the use and care of tools, and shows how to make and mend an endless variety of ngeful articles, but also points out how to do thousands of things not requiring tools, such as mixing paints, managing teams, caring for farm stock and poultry, storing hay, grain and vegeta- bles, harvesting a com crop, caring for furs, leather, lamps and glass articles, butter and cheese making, pork packing, canning, preserving, and the like, without end. Not only are the mechanic and householder thoroughly provided for, but matters of use and Interest to the farmer are treated at such length, that there seems to be nothing in the wide range of his multifarious duties that the author has overlooked. The housewife, too, has a department of her own, where, among hundreds of other things, she Is taught the mysteries of bleaching and dyeing, the management of all kinds of fabrics ; how to make brackets, frames, tidies, rugs, mats and all kinds of knitted and fancy articles ; how to beautify her furniture, polish and renew table-ware, make soap, etc., etc. The bojs and girls are also fully cared for. The former are shown how tbey can make their own hand-sleds, cages, traps and snares for birds and animals, rowboats, apparatus for a home gymnasium and the like ; while the latter are Instructed in making hundreds of those beantiful and useful articles which add so much to the adornment and convenience of home. The book is a substantial octavo volume of seven hundred and twenty page*, well printed on paper of fine quality, fuUy illustrated with over ttco hundred engrat'hif/.o, furnished with a detailed table of contents and copious Index, and haudioniely bound. It trill be sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price. Price in heavy paper cover, $1,00 ; handsomely bound in cloth, $2.00. Address all orders to J. S. OGILVIE PUBLISHING COMPANY, Lock Box 767. -'47 EOSE STEEET, NEW YOEK. AFOUR DOLLAR BOOK OF HOUSE PLANS FOR ONLY S2.50I PALLISER'S^COnAGE HOMES. This is the best, the largest, the finest, most practical aa4 complete work ever issued on Flans of Medium and Low Cost Houses. 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Twelve New Designs for Stables and Carriage Houses. Descriptive letter-press, giving practical suggestions, cost, etc., which would alone fill an ordinary book of 150 pagefi^ Specifications and form of Building Contract, etc., etc. One large (11x14 inches) volume, printed on heavy cream plate paper, handsomely bound in boards and leather, in a hex, price. Four Dollars. 1^ We maiia a Special Offer to send this very valiiable and exhaustive work by mail, postpaid, on receipt of only $2.50, provided you state where you saw this advertisement, Address all orders to J. S. OGILVIE PUBLISHING COMPANY, F 0. Box 767. 57 BOS£ ST&BET, NEW TOBX. 1,000.000 IfiDUSTRiAL FACTS t RECEIPTS, CALCUUTIONS.&C. IN EVERY BUSINESS 500 ENGRAVINGS HMMMMMHMMMW*MMi