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LIBRARY OF 
 
 ISS5_IQ56 
 
Printed ly R. and A, Taylor, Shoe-laiie, 
 
TO 
 
 Dr. W. E. leach, F.R.S. &c. &c. 
 
 SlJty 
 
 I may justly dedicate the follotcing pages to you, being 
 indebted for the most valuable part of their contents to your kindness and 
 liberality. I am happy in thus having it in my power to acknowledge my 
 sense of the many obligations uhich I lie under to you : and at the same 
 time I trust the present work will be the means of aiding you in the very 
 praiseworthy cause in which you are engaged. It is also to be hoped that in 
 England, ere long, Entomology will stand on the same ground with Botany, 
 Chemistry, or Minei'alogy ; and that your labours will eventually be as 
 duly appreciated in this country as they are nofw on the Continent. 
 
 I remain, Sir, with the greatest respect, 
 
 Yoitr most obliged and obedient seitant, 
 
 GEORGE SAMOUELLE. 
 
 Blackfriars Road, 
 March 1819. 
 
 2 a 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 It must be acknowledged that the veiy rapid progress Which 
 every science for some years past has made in this country, 
 is greatly to be attributed to Elementary works, and at the 
 same time it is to be regretted that as yet none has appeared 
 on the practical part of Entomology, by which I mean the 
 method of collecting and preserving insects, the elements of 
 the science, &c. It is true such a work is announced, and it 
 is hoped will shortly appear ; I allude to the completion of 
 Messrs. Kirby and Spence's Introduction to Entomology. — 
 From the profound knowledge of the subject which these ex- 
 cellent authors possess, we certainly may expect a most com- 
 plete work ; yet its extent, and the necessary expense of at least 
 four octavo volumes, must exclude many from purchasing it, 
 and especially young persons to whom the study of Entomo- 
 logy is paiticularly adapted. 
 
 From this consideration I was induced more than twelve 
 months ago to begin a work, the mere outline of the present, 
 and which was intended to comprise little more than the 
 Linnean Genera, wath a slight notice of the more natural 
 Genera Avhich had been separated from tliem, with references 
 to the best essays or papers that had been published on the 
 subject, and directions for collecting, &c. This was to ha\e 
 been published in duodecimo, and would have made but a thin 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 voluine. On the return of Dr. Leach from the continent in 
 May I consuhed him on the subject, when he most hberally 
 promised me every assistance, with the free use of his books 
 and manuscripts, if I would extend the work. This was a 
 kindness which I certainly did not expect, although I knew 
 his zeal and ardour in the promotion of science : it was also 
 an offer I could not withstand, and which no lover of science 
 will regret. It has been my wish in no instance to omit ac- 
 knowledging what has been derived from his valuable assist- 
 ance : should this however have been in any case neglected, I 
 trust that Dr. L. will pardon the oversight. 
 
 To experienced scientific Entomologists this Avork cannot 
 be expected to afford much additional information: their 
 good sense will however admit its necessity and utility, since 
 a publication on such a plan has long been a great deside- 
 ratum ; yet even to these it is presumed it will not be altoge- 
 ther useless, since it contains the characters of many genera 
 lately established by the most celebrated Entomologists on 
 the continent, and never before printed in this country. 
 
 The Genera of Linne T have been obliged to give according 
 to my former plan, as the plates were engraved previous to the 
 alteration. The Modem System is nearly the same as that 
 given in the Supplement to Encyclopaedia Britannica, article 
 Crustaceology, and Dr. Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopasdia, 
 article Entomology, with the exception of the foreign Genera 
 and the alteration of Tribes to Families terminating in idee. 
 
 The introduction of Objects for the Microscope may ^^y 
 some be considered as rather foreign to the subject of Ento- 
 mology ; but this I cannot altogether accede to, since the as- 
 sistance of this instrument is so often required, and many who 
 possess a microscope might be induced to extend their views 
 
PREFACE- 7. 
 
 to Entomology if they were acquainted with the method of 
 collecting insects, and were furnished with some work to give 
 them an insight into their distribution and arrangement. 
 
 The utility of the Calendar must be obvious to every one, 
 as containing extensive and substantial information such as 
 the Tyro will require. Those who reside at a distance from 
 the metropolis have a great advantage, as by carefully examin- 
 ing such places as are referred to in the Calendar they m^^ 
 not only meet with the species enumerated, but are likely to 
 capture new insects, at least undescribed, for as yet very little 
 is known of the Entomology of Britain. 
 
 I cannot omit returning my thanks to that acute and ex- 
 cellent Entomologist J. F. Stephens, Esq. F.L.S. whose ex- 
 tensive knowledge of the subject and the readiness with which 
 he has always assisted me deserve my wamnest acknowledge- 
 ment. To Mr. Sowerby also I am indebted for many per- 
 sonal favours. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Introduction - - - - - - -17 
 
 Elements of Entomology - - - - - 11> 
 
 Definition of Insects - - - - - -21 
 
 Parts of Insects - - - - - - ib 
 
 Catut, the Head - - - - - " - ib. 
 
 Eves - - - - - - - ib. " 
 
 Antenna - - - - - - - ib. 
 
 Os, the Mouth — Labrum, Mandibulae, Maxilke, Galece, Li- 
 gula, Lingua, llostrum, Proboscis, Haustellum, Palpi, 
 
 Frons, Clypeus, Vertex, Gula - - 27 — 30 
 
 Truncus, the Trunk — Thorax, Pectus, Sternum, Scutellum 30, 31 
 
 Abdomen — Cauda, Aculeus - - - - S3 
 
 Aktus — Pedes, Coxa, Femur, Tibia, Tarsus, Unguis, Alco, 
 
 Elytra, Ilalteres . _ , - 33—87 
 
 CECONOMY OF INSECTS - - - . - - 38 
 
 Of the Larva state - - - - - - 40 
 
 Of the Pupa state - - - - - ~41 
 
 Of the Imago or Perfect state - - - - 42 
 
 Observations on the different Systems of Entomology - - 43 
 
 Orders and Genera of Linne - - - - - 47 
 
 Order I. Coleoptera - - - - - - ib. 
 
 II. Hemiptera - - - - - - 60 
 
 III. Lepidoptera - - - - - 63 
 
 IV. INeuroptera - - - - - 65 
 
 V. Hymenoptera - - - - -66 
 
 VI. Diptera - - ■ - - - - 70 
 
 VII. Aptera - - - - - - 72 
 
 On the Division of Animals from their Organization - - 74 
 
 Division of the Animal Kingdom - - - - 75 
 
 Characters of the Annulata - - - - -76 
 
 Class I. CUt/Sr^ICE^L— History - - - - ib. 
 
 Subclass I. Entomostraca - - - - 82 
 
 Subclass II. Malacostraca - - - - ib. 
 
 Legion I. Podophthalma - - - - ib. 
 
 Order I. BRACHYURA - - - ib. 
 
 Order II. MACROURA - - - 91 
 
 Legion II. Edkiophthalma - - - lOO 
 
CONTENTS, ;9 
 
 Pago 
 
 Class IT. MYRIAPODA - - - - - 112 
 
 Order I. CIllLOGNATIIA - - - - 113 
 
 Order II. SYNGNATHA - - - - 115 
 
 Class III. ARACHNOIDA 117 
 
 Order I. POLYMEROSOMATA - - - - 118 
 
 Order II. DIMEROSOMATA - - - - 119 
 
 Class IV. ACARI 130 
 
 Glass V. INSECTA 134 
 
 Subclass I. Ametabolia _ _ _ _ mo 
 
 Order I. THYSANURA . . _ . ib. 
 
 Order II. ANOPLURA - - - - - 141 
 
 Subclass II. Metabolia . . - » 143 
 
 Order III. COLEOPTERA - - - - ib. 
 
 IV. DERMAPTERA - - - - 216 
 
 V. ORTIIOPTERA 217 
 
 VI. DICTYOPTERA - - - - 219 
 
 VII. HEMIPTERA . - - - 220 
 YIIl. OMOPTERA - - - - 229 
 
 IX. APTERA 233 
 
 X. LEPIDOPTERA - - - - 23-1 
 
 XI. TRICHOPTERA - - - ' - 2o6 
 
 XII. NEUROPTERA ... - 257 
 
 XIII. HYMENOPTERA - - - - 262 
 
 XIV. RHIPIPTERA - - - - 288 
 
 XV. DIPTERA 289 
 
 XVI. OMALOPTERA - - - - 302 
 
 A RTictTLATED Animals of doubtful situation - - -305 
 
 Apparatus used by Entomologists . _ _ - 307 
 
 Cabinet, and Method of Corking Drawers - - 310-11 
 
 Method of Collecting Insects - - - - -312 
 
 Seasons for Collecting ------ 314 
 
 Setting and Preserving Crustacea and Myriapoda - - 316 
 
 _ Arachnoida and Acari - i - 317 
 
 Insects - - . - - 318 
 
 Method of Relaxing Insects, &c. to reset - _ - 321 
 
 Method of arranging Insects in a Cabinet _ _ - 322 
 
 Directions for the Microscope _ - > - 323 
 A Tabular View of the magnifymg Powers of Convex Glasses - 325 
 
 Method of Using the Microscope _ _ _ - 326 
 
 Method of Dissecting Insects _ _ - - 331 
 
 Parts of Insects for the Microscope _ _ - - 332 
 
 Parts of Animals fur the Microscope . _ - - 333 
 
10 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 Vegetables. — Seeds of Plants — Moss — Pollen of Plants — Mr. 
 
 Howard's Observations on the Pollen of Plants - - 335 
 
 Minerals -..__.. 335 
 
 Explanation of the Terms used in Entomology - - 338 
 
 Entomologist's Calendar for January - _ . - 358 
 
 for February - _ _ 350 
 
 — for March - - - - ib. 
 
 for April - _ _ _ 364 
 
 for May - - - - 372 
 
 for June _ _ _ _ 387 
 
 ■ for July _ - - - 415 
 
 for August _ - _ _ 428 
 
 — — • for September _ _ - 433 
 
 • for October _ _ _ - 44^- 
 
 for November _ _ . 443 
 
 . . for December - - - ib. 
 
 Explanation of the Plates . _ . . . 445 
 
 Index -_..---- 453 
 
AUTHORS QUOTED. 
 
 Adams. — Essa5'S on the Microscope, by John Adams. 4to. London 17S7. 
 Aldrov. — De Animalibus Insectis Libri septem, Autore Ulysse AJdrovando. foJ, 
 
 Bonon. 160'2. 
 S/oiViuJZ/e.— Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Distribution Systematique. (Bulletin 
 
 des Sciences, &c. 1816.) 
 Bonelli, — Observations Entomologiques. 4to. Turin 1809. 
 Bonnet. — Traite d'Insectologie, par Ch. Bonnet. 8vo. Paris IT^S. 
 Bonsdorf. — Historia Naturalis Ciirculionum Suecise, Autore Gabriel Bons- 
 
 dorf, &c. 4to. Upsalia; 1785. 
 Bosc. — Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces, faisant Suite a I'Editicmtle BufFon, 
 
 par Castel. ISOl. 
 Christius. Johann Ludivig — Naturgeschiohte, Kiassification und Noroenclatur 
 
 der Insekten vom Bienen, Wespen und Ameisengeschiect. 4to. Frank- 
 furt am Main 1791. 
 Clairv. — Entomologie Helvetique, on Catalogue des Insectes de la Suisse, 
 
 ranges d'aprcs une nouvelle Methode, avec Descriptions et Figures. 4to. 
 
 Zurich 179S. 
 Clark. — An Essay on the Bots of Horses and other Animals, by Bracy Clark, 
 
 Veterinary Surgeon. 4to. London I8I5. 
 Coqiielerl. Anton. Joann. — Illustratio Iconographica Insectorum qua; in Mc,- 
 
 SEeis Parisinis observavit et in lucem edidit Joh. Christ, Fabricius. Tabu- 
 
 larum decas prima, fol. Parisiis An. 7. 
 Cut' ter. — Le Tableau Elementaire de I'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux, par 
 
 G. Cuvier. 1797. 
 Cnvier. — Lectures on Comparative Anatomy. Translated from the French of 
 
 G. Cuvier by William Ross under the inspection of James Macartney., 
 
 2 vols. 8vo. London 1802. 
 Cuvier. — Le Regne Animal distribue d'apres son Organisation, par M. Le 
 
 Chev. Cuvier, avec figures. Svo. Par. 1817. 
 De Geer. — IMemoires pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes, par Charles De 
 
 Geer. 7 torn. 4to. Stockholme 1752. 
 Donovan. — The Natural History of British Insects, explaining them in their 
 
 several States, illustrated with coloured Figures, &c. By E. Donovan. 
 
 16 vols. Svo. London 1792—1818. 
 Donov. Inst. — Instructions for Collecting and Preserving various Subject* of 
 
 Natural History, &.<■. by 1".. Donovan, iJd edition, Svo. London iSOa. 
 
12 AUTHORS QUOTED. 
 
 Dumeril. — Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, par plusieurs Professcursdu 
 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle et desautres principaies Ecolesde 
 Palis (I'Histoiie des Insectes, par ie Piofesseur C. Dumeril). Svo. Paris. 
 
 Fabr, Syst. E/it. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Systema Entomologix, sistens Insec- 
 torum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, &c. Svo. Flensburgi et Lipsise 
 1775. 
 
 I^abr. Gen. Ins, — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Genera Insectorutn, &c. Svo. Kilonii 
 177G. 
 
 Fabr. Sp. Ins. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Species Insectorum, &c. 2 torn. Svo. Ham- 
 burg! et Kilonii l78l. 
 
 Fair. Mant. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Mantissa Insectorum, &c. 2 torn. Svo. Haf- 
 nia; 1787. 
 
 Fair. Enl. Syst. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Entomologia Systematica emendata et 
 ancla. 4 torn. Svo. Hafnia; 1792. 
 
 Fabr. Supp. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Supplementum Entomologiae Systematica. 
 Svo. Hafnise 1798. 
 
 Fabr. Fauna. — Oth. Fabricii Fauna Grcenlandica. Svo. Hafniae etLipsiaj 17S0. 
 
 Forst. Cent. — Novse Species Insectorum. Centuria 1. Autore Joanne Jleinoldo 
 Forstero. 8vo. Londiiii 1771. 
 
 Fourc. Enl. Par. — Entomologia Parisiensis, sive Catalogiis Insectorum quae in 
 Agro Parisiensi reperiuntur, &c. Edente A. F. Fourcroy, M.D. 2 torn. 
 12mo. Parisiis 1785. 
 
 Geoff. — Histoire abregee des Insectes, dans laquelle ces Animaux sont ranges 
 suivant un Ordre Methodique, par M. Geoflroy, M.D. 2 torn. 4to. Paris 
 1764. 
 
 Oermar. — Germar'sand Zincker Sommer's Magazin der Entomologie. vol. 3. 
 for 1817. 
 
 Gruel. — Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturse per Regna Tria Naturae. Editio de- 
 cima tertia, aucta, reformata, cura Jo. Frid, Gmelin. 3 tom. Svo. Lip- 
 sia 1788. 
 
 Graven. — Coleoptra microptera Brunsvicensia nee non exotigerum quotquot 
 exstant in Collectionibus Entomologorum Brunsvicensium, in Genera, Fa- 
 milias el Species distribuit D. I. L. C. Gravenhorst. Svo. Brunsvigjc 
 1S02. 
 
 Gyll. — Insecta Suecica descripta a Leonardo Gyllenhall. 3tom. Svo. 1808 &e. 
 
 Harris. — Exposition of English Insects, arranged according to the Linnean Sy- 
 stem on 51 coloured plates, exhibiting nearly 500 figures. 4to. London 
 1782. 
 
 Kaw. Prod. — Frodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum. A concise Catalogue 
 of British Lepidopterous Insects, with the Times and Places of Appear- 
 ance in the winged State, by a Fellow of the Linnean Societ3'. 4to. Holt 
 1802. 
 
 Jlaw. — Lepidoptera Britannica, sistens Digestionem novam Insectorum Lcpi- 
 dopterorum quae in Magna Britannia reperiuntur, Larvarum Pabula,Tem- 
 porequo pascendi ; Expansione Alarum ; Mensibi:sque volandi; Synony- 
 mis atque Locis Observationibusque variis. Autore A. II. Haworth. Svo. 
 Londir.i 1803 &c. 
 
 Hellwig. — Fauna Etrusca, sistens Insecta quae in Provinciis Florentina et Pi- 
 sana pia;?crtim coUegit Pctrus Rossius, iterum edita et Annotatis perpe- 
 ■ tuis aucta a D. Job. Christ. Lud. Hellwig. 8vo. Helinstadii 1795. 
 
 Ilerbst. — NatursvNteni all* r bf kannten in und ausliindischen Insecten, &c. 
 Von Carl. Guslav. Jablonsky, und fortgesetzt von Johann Friedrich Wil- 
 helmHerbst. Svo. Berlin 1789. 
 
AUTHORS QUOTED. 13 
 
 Hermann. — Memoire Apterologique, par Jean •Frederick Hermann, M.D. ful. 
 Strasburgh 1804. 
 
 H'tlhner. — Der Satiilunc: F.uropaischer Sebmetterlinge von Jacob Hiibner. 4to. 
 Ausburg nort &<■. 
 
 Illig. — Jilagazin tnr Insectenkunde hcrausgcgcben von Karl Illiger. 8vo. 
 Braunschweig i;-(M. 
 
 Jurine. — Nouvelle Methode de Classes les Hymenopt^res et les Dipteres, avcc 
 ■ Figures, par L. Jurine. Tom. 1. Hyirenopteves. 4to. Geneve 1807. 
 
 Kirby. — Monographia Apum Anglix; or An Attimpt to divide into tlieir Na- 
 tural Genera and Families such Species of the Linnean (5enus Apis as 
 have been discovered in England: with Descriptions. &c 2 vols. 8vo. 
 Ipswich 1802. 
 
 Kirl-y andSpence. — An Introduction to Eniomology ; or Elements of the Na- 
 tural History ol iu.-^ects, with Plates. By William Kirbv, M.A. and Wil- 
 liam Spence, Esq. 2nd Edition. Vol. 1 and 2. London 1816 &c. 
 
 Klvg. — Die Ulattwespen. Berlin jNIagazin 4to. for 1812. 
 
 Knock. — Beitrage zur Insektengescliichte von August Wilhelm Knoch. Svo. 
 Leipzig 1781. 
 
 Laich. — Johann Nepomuk Verzeichniss von Eaicharting der Tyroler Insecten. 
 Svo. Zurich 178 1-4. 
 
 Laspeyres, — Sesiae Europseae, Iconibus depict. etDescriptionibus illustrate. 4to. 
 Berol. 1801. 
 
 Lamarck Hist. NaL — IlistoireNaturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presen- 
 tant les Caracicres generaux et particuliers, &c. &c. Par M. le Cheva- 
 lier de Lamarck. 5 torn. Svo. Paris. V. Y. 
 
 Lamarck Extrait. — Extrait du Cours de Zoologie du Museum d'FIistoire Na- 
 turelle sur les Animaux sans Vertebres, par M. de Lamarck. Par. 1812. 
 Svo. 
 
 Lamarck Syst. Anim. — Lamarck Syst&me des Animaux sansVertehres, precede 
 du Discours du Cours de Zoologie. Svo. Par. 1801. 
 
 Latr. Hist. Nat. des Cr. el des Im. — Histoire natnrelle, generale et paiiiculiere 
 des Crustaces et des Insectes. Par P. A. Latreille. tom. 8vo. Paris. 
 
 Latr. Prcc. des Caract. gen. des I'S. — Preci.s des Coraclt'res generiques des In- 
 sectes. Par P. A. Latreille. Paris 179Li. 
 
 l,alr. — Histoire Naturelle des Fnuimies, el Recueil des JMenioires et des Ob- 
 servations sur les Ab;-iiles, les .Araignes, les Francheurs et autres Insectes. 
 Par P. A. Latreille. Svo, Paris 1802. 
 
 Lair. Gen. Crust, et Ins. — P. A. Latreille Genera Cru>taceor;m et Insectornm 
 sccundumOrdinem Naturalern in Famili;is<!i>posita,Ic(inibus Exemplisque 
 plurimisexplicata. 4 tom. Svo. Parisiis ft Arget.torati. 180()&c. 
 
 Lfaih. — Article Entomology in Brewster's Edinljurgh Encyclo; sedia, vol. 9. 
 
 Insects Vol. 12. 
 
 Leach Malac. — Malacostraca Podophthalma Britannia?; or De^criptions of 
 British Crabs, Lobsters, See. by Wni. I'lford Leach, M.D. Illustrated with 
 highly finished Figures of all the Species bv James Sowerhy. 4to. London 
 1818. ■ ■ 
 
 Leach. — The Zoologii al Miscellany; or Descriptions of New, Rare, or high}}' 
 Interesting Animals; by William Elford Leach, M.D. &c. Illustrated 
 with coloured Figures, accurately drawn from Nature, by R. P. Nodder. 
 Svo. Vol. 1, 2, 3. London 1814 '&c. 
 
 Leach. — Article AnnuIo;ain Supplement to Encyclopaedia Britaimica, Vol. 1. 
 
 Leeuwerihoek. — Anatomia sen interiora Rerum cum animafarum tum inani- 
 matarum, ope el beneilcio exquisiUssimorum Microscopioruiu detecta. 
 1GS7. 
 
14 AUTHORS Qt'OTED. 
 
 Lekmann. — De Sensibus externis Animalium exsanguium Comaientatio, Pre- 
 
 mio Regis ornata. Goetting. 1798. 
 Lehmarm. — De Antennis Insectovum. 8vo. 1799. 
 Linne. — Systema Natuix, sive Regna tria Naturje systematic^ proposita per 
 
 Classes, Ordines, Genera et Species. 4 torn. 8 vo. 1767. 
 Marsh. — Eiitomo'ogia Bvitannica, sistens Insecta Britannia iiidigena secun- 
 dum Methodum Linnaeanam disposita. AuctoreThoma Marsham. Vol. 1. 
 
 8ro. Coleoptera. Londini 1802. 
 Meigan. — Klassificazion und Beschreibung derEuropiiischenZweiflugligen In- 
 
 sekten (Diptera Linn.)Von Johann Willielm Meigan. 4to, Braunschweig 
 
 1S04. 
 Mem, TVern. Society. — Memoirs of the Weruerian Natural History Society, 
 
 vol. 2 8vo. Edinburgh 1817. 
 Mull. — Zoologiae Danicje Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae in- 
 
 digenarum, &c, Auctore Othone Frederico Miiller. 8vo. Hafniae 1786. 
 OcJisenhdmer. — Die Sclimetterling vonEuropa. Von Ferdinand Ochsenheimer. 
 
 8vo. Leipzig 1816. 
 Oliv. — Entouiologie, ou Ilistoire Naturelie des Tnsectes, avec les Caracteres 
 
 generiques et specifiques, &c. Par M. Olivier, M.D. 4 torn. 4to. Paris 
 
 1789. 
 Ol/ers. — De vegetativis et animatis Corporibus in Corporibus animatis reperi- 
 
 undis Commentarius. Autore I. F. M. de Olfers. 8vo. Berolinf 1816. 
 Pall. Spec. ZooL — Spicilegia Zoologica, quibus novx imprimis et obscurx Ani- 
 malium Species Iconibus, Descriptionibus atque Commentariis illustran- 
 
 tur, a Petr. Sim. Pallas. 4to. Berlin 1767 — 17S0. 
 Pallas. — Icones Insectorum prassertim Rossia; Sibiriasque peculiarum, qua col- 
 legit et Descriptionibus illustravit Petrus Simon Pallas, M.D. 4to. Er- 
 
 lang. 1781. 
 Panz. Ent. Germ. — Georg. Wolfg. Franz. Panzeri Entomologia Germanica, 
 
 exhibens Insecta perGermaniam indigena, &c. 12mo. Norimberga; 1795. 
 Panz. Faun. Germ. — Fauna; Insectorum Gesmanicse Initia. D. Georg. Wolf- 
 gang. Franz. Panzer. Nurnberg 1798 &c. 
 Penn. Brit. Zool. — British Zoology, by Thomas Pennant. 4 vols. 8vo. War* 
 
 rington 1776. 
 Penn. Arc. Zool. — Arctic Zoology, by Thomas Pennant. 3 vols. 4to. London 
 
 1784. 
 Payk. — Monographia Slaphylinorum Sueciae a Gustavo de Paykull. 8vo, Up- 
 
 salix 1789. 
 Payk. — Monographia Caraborum Suecise. 1790. 
 Payk. — Monographia Curculionum Sueciae. 1792. 
 
 Payk. Faun. Suec. — Gustavi Paykull Fauna Suecica. Insecta, 3tom. Svo. 1798. 
 Rees's Cyclopaedia. — Articles Entomology and Insects. 
 i?fA'.— Experimenta circa Generationem Insectorum. 1671. 
 Earner. — Genera Insectorum Linnsei et Fabricii Iconibus illustrata, a Joanne 
 
 Jacobo Roemer. 4to. Vitoduri Helvetorum 1789. 
 Fossi Fn. Etr. — Fauna Etrusca, sistens Insecta quae in Provinciis Florentina 
 
 et Pisana prjEsertim coUegit Petrus Rossius, &c. 4to. Liburni 1790. 
 Savigny. — ^Memoires sur les Aniraaux sans Vertfebres, par Savigny. Svo. Paris 
 
 1816. 
 Schellenl-e'-g. — Genres des Mouches Dipt^res representees en 42 Planches par 
 
 Schelleuberg, et decrites par deux Amateurs d'Entomologie. In French 
 
 and German. Svo. Zuric 1803. 
 S.hceff. — I). Jacobi Christiani Schsefterl Icones Insectorum circa Ratisbonam 
 
 indigenorum, &c, 3 torn. 4to. Regensburg 1769. 
 
ATTTHORS QUOTED. 15 
 
 Scho?ilierr.^-Synonym\a Insectorum, &c. vonC, J. Schonherr, Sac. 8vo. Stock- 
 holm 1806 & 1 SOS. 
 5f^ranA:.^Francisci de Pavla Schrank Enumeratio Insectorum Austrias indi- 
 
 genorum. 8vo. 178U 
 Scopnli.—Joannlsi Antonii Scopnli Entomologia Carniolica, exhibens Insecta 
 
 Carniolise indigena, &c. Svo. Vindobonae 1763. 
 Skaiv Nat. Misc. — Vivarium Naturjc, or 'I'he Naturalist's Miscellany, by G. 
 
 Shaw. The Figures by E. P. Nodder. Svo. London 1790 &c. 
 Suwerly. — The British Miscellany, or Coloured Figures of new, rare, or little 
 
 known Animal Subjects; many not before ascertained to be Inhabitants of 
 
 the British Isles. Svo. vol. 1. London 1S06. 
 Spinola. — Insectorum Ligurise Species novx aut rariores, qnas in Agro Ligu- 
 
 stico nuper detexit, descripsit et Iconibus illustravit Maximil. Spinola. 
 
 2 vols, in 4. Genus 1S06— iSOS. 
 SUwart. — Elements of Natural History, being an Introduction to the Systema 
 
 Nature of Linnseus. vol. 2. Svo. London and Edinburgh 1802. 
 Swammerdam. — The Book of Nature, or History of Insects. Translated by 
 
 Thomas Flloyd, with Notes by J. Hill, folio". London 1758, 
 T/junierg-.— Dissertatio Entomologica sistens Insecta Suecica. Partes 1,2, 3, 
 
 4. 4to. Upsalise 1784. 
 Trans. Linn. Soc, — Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 12 vols. 
 
 4to. 1791—1818. 
 Trans. Ent. Soc. — Transactions of the Entomological Societyof London, vol.1. 
 
 8vo. 
 Turton. — A General System of Nature, through the Three Grand Kingdoms 
 
 of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, systematically divided into their 
 
 several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, &c. By Sir Charles Linne : 
 
 Translated from Gmeiin, Fabricius, &c. by William Turton, M.D. Vol. 2 
 
 and 3. Svo. London 1806. 
 Villers. — Car. Linnsei Entomologia, &c. curante et augente Carolo de Villers. 
 
 4 torn. Svo. Lugduni 1789. 
 JFalck. — Faune Parisienne (Insectes), ou Histoire abregeedes Insectes des En- 
 virons de Paris, classes d'apr&s le Systeaie de Fabricius, &c. ParC. A. 
 
 Walckaer. Paris 1S02. 
 I'Veler — Observationes Entomologies, continentes novorum quaj condidit Ge- 
 
 nerum Characteres, et nuper detectarum Specierum Descriptiones. Svo. 
 
 Kiel 1801. 
 JVvlff. — Icones Cimicum, Descriptionibus illustratae, Fascic. 1,2,3. 4to. Er- 
 
 Jang 1800—2. 
 
THE 
 
 ENTOMOLOGIST'S 
 
 dseful Compentiium^ 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 lLNTOMOLOGY is a study which may be considered as in its infancy. 
 So prone is man to look with contempt on those parts of the creation 
 which are diminutive, that insects have been almost overlooked in his 
 researches after knowledge. His ignorance, the consequence of this 
 contemptuous neglect, has led him to consider the whole class as of 
 small importance, and to arraign the Creator for forming an useless, 
 and in many cases offensive and injurious tribe of beings. Such can be 
 the language only of " haughty ignorance : " the modest observer of 
 Nature, although he may have learned little of the habits, ceconomy, 
 and uses of insects, will acknowledge that they have been created with 
 design, and will not doubt but the design was benevolent. 
 
 The insect race constitute by far the most considerable portion of 
 animated beings; — in this view the science of Entomology becomes one 
 of the most important and interesting that can engage the mind of the 
 natural philosopher. He who neglects the study of insects, or thinks 
 it beneath his notice, cannot deserve respect as a general observer of 
 nature, nor be considered a scientific naturalist. The views of such a 
 man will be partial, and his inquiries circumscribed : he regards only 
 an inconsiderable portion of animated nature ; and he confines his re- 
 marks to such as from their size and distinctness of character present 
 the least obstacle to investigation. In the study of Entomology, the 
 man of science will find abundant scope for the exercise of his zeal. 
 The amazing number of species; their curious forms, so infinitely va- 
 ried, and yet so nearly and gradually approximating through an endles? 
 series of transitions from one species to another; the diversity of struc- 
 ture obscrv'able in those parts which afford generic characters, added 
 to the wonderful changes in form which they undergo, with their sur- 
 prising ceconomy, — are circumstances which contribute to render them 
 objects of most curious speculation to the philosopher. The study of 
 
18 lUTRODUCTION. 
 
 every class of animals is most indisputably attended with jieculiar ad^ 
 vantages : yet I will venture to affirm, that it is from a knowledge of 
 the characters and metamorphoses of these little animals, and the va-^ 
 rious modes of life which they are destined to pursue, that he will o\)- 
 tain a more intimate acquaintance with the great laws of nature, and 
 veneration for the Great Creator of all, than can be derived from the 
 contemplation of any other class in nature. The beauty of insects 
 in general, renders ihem engaging to many who hfive neither time nor 
 inclination for studying their more complicated structure; and the 
 gaiety of their colours, often combined with the most graceful forms, 
 displays a beauty, splendour and vivacity, greater than that bestowed 
 by the hand of Natiu'e on any of her other works. One defect in ap-r 
 jfcarance must indeed be conceded; and this may be regarded, iij 
 point of beauty, a material deficiency indeed, — they are not always so 
 considerable in magnitude as to become, even with these embellish^ 
 ments, strikingly attractive. Were they equal in size to the smallest 
 birds, their elegance would render them more inviting to the eyes of 
 mankind in general ; but, even amongst the minor species, when ex- 
 amined with a microscope, we find their beauty and elegance far supe^ 
 rior to that of any other class of anirnals in the creation, " After a mi^ 
 nute and attentive examination," says Swammerdam, " of the nature 
 and structure of the smaller as well as the larger animals, I cannot but 
 allow an equal, if not superior, degree of dignity to the former. If, 
 whilst we dissect with care the larger animals, we are filled with wonder 
 at the elegant disposition of parts, to what a height is our astonishment 
 raised when we discover their parts arranged in the least in the same 
 regular manner ! " 
 
 Insects may be divided into two kinds; those which are immediately 
 or remotely beneficial or injurious to mankind. Many insects in^r 
 deed seem not to affect us in any manner; others, and by far the 
 greater number, most assuredly fall under one or the other denomi- 
 nation, and on this account demand our jnost serious attention. But, 
 lest the alleged utility of some insects should seem hypothetical 
 to the superficial observer, whilst the noxious effects of others are 
 too obvious to admit of doubt, I shall be more explicit upon this 
 subject. The depredations of insects upon vegetable bodies are often 
 detrimental ; but it must be remembered, that in these ravages they 
 often repay the injury they commit. Locusts, the most destructive 
 of all insects, whose numbers spread desolation through the vegetable 
 world, are not (except on some occasions when their multiplication ex- 
 ceeds all bounds) unproductive of advantage. Although they deprive 
 mankind of a certain portion of vegetable food, yet, in return, their 
 bodies afford nutriment of a wholesome and palatable kind, and in 
 much greater abundance. The varioijs species of locusts are the com- 
 mon food on which the inhabitants of' several parts of the world sub's 
 
INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 sist at particular seasons. The honey of bees, in many warm climates,' 
 constitutes another primary article ot" food. The caterpillars of several 
 moths furnish materials for the silken raiment so imiversally worn by 
 all ranks in the eastern parts of the world ; and hence in these coun- 
 tries the silky produce of these industrious little animals is of as much 
 use as the fleecy coat of the sheep is to us. As an object of traffic, 
 silk is one of the utmost importance in China and Tartary; and iu 
 those parts paper is manufactured from the refuse of the same mate- 
 rial. The extensive use of wax in all ages is well known. Some in- 
 sects are used with success in medicine ; and many others (the cochi- 
 neal for instance) are rendered useilil in the arts : and greater num- 
 bers might perhaps be employed for the same purpose. These few, 
 out of a vast many instances, are suflicient to prove the absurdity of an 
 opinion very prevalent, " that insects are too insignificant to deserve 
 the attention of the philosopher." But allowing these benefits to be 
 unknown, and that the study of Entomology is not productive of any 
 substantial advantages, how absurd would it still be to treat such an 
 extensive portion of the creation with neglect ! The objection, that they 
 are in nowise conducive to our interests (even if founded in truth), 
 would be no evidence of the frivolity of the^ science; unless we are to 
 conclude, that the only inquiries which merit our rational attention 
 are those v.'hich tend to the gratification of selfishness, If this be ad- 
 mitted as an objection, how many objects of philosophical investiga- 
 tion must be rejected as frivolous ! From the earliest period in which 
 the light of natural knowledge dawned, this class of animals has ob- 
 tained a certain portion of attention : and although the study has not 
 at all times been cultivated with equal ardour, yet it has not been ut- 
 terly neglected, but has engaged the study of men endowed with ta- 
 lents as splendid, and judgement as refined, as the most exalted of those 
 who aflcct to treat it with contempt. 
 
 II 2 
 
ELEMENTS 
 
 ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 oO great is the number of natural bodies on the face of our earth, 
 that on a general view the mind recoils at the attempt to investigate 
 them as impossible. But the invention of systems has facilitated the 
 task; and every natural object can be traced by certain characters to 
 its place in the system, whether natural or artificial. 
 
 Those who with a philosophical eye have contemplated the produc- 
 tions of Nature, have all by common consent divided them into three 
 great groups; namely, the Animal, the Vegetable, and the Mineral 
 kingdoms. 
 
 Animals are distinguished by l>eing organized bodies, which have 
 life, sensation, and are capable of voluntary motion. 
 
 Vegetables are organized bodies, which are endowed with a living 
 principle but want sensation. 
 
 Minerals are unorganized, without life or sensation. 
 
 Zoology, or the study of Animals, is not only the amplest and most 
 difficult, but the most pleasant and profitable part of Natural History. 
 The following is the system of the celebrated Linne. 
 
 Division 1. A heart with tzvo auricles and two ventricles; warm and red 
 blood. 
 
 Class I. MAMMALfA. Viviparous animals, orsuch as suckle their young. 
 Class II. AvES. Oviparous animals. Birds. 
 
 Division 2. Heart with one auricle and one ventricle; cold and red Mood. 
 
 Class III. Amphibia. Animals breathing arbitrarily through lungs. 
 Class IV. Pisces. Animals with gills. Fishes. 
 
 Division 3. Heart with one ventricle, no auricle; white and cold Hood. 
 
 Class V. Insecta. With antennae, and undergoing transformations. 
 
 Insects. 
 Class VI. Vermes. With tentacula, and undergoing no change. Worms, 
 
PARTS OF INSECTS. 21 
 
 DEFINITION OF INSECTS. 
 
 Insects are so called because they are divided into numerous seg- 
 ments; and not from their being almost separated into two parts, which 
 are merely attached to each other by a slender thread, as is generally 
 supposed. 
 
 All genuine insects have six legs; a head distinct from their body, 
 and furnished with two antennae or horns; and have pores conducting 
 to trachecE arranged along their sides for respiration : they are all pro- 
 duced from eggs. Some imdergo no metamorphosis, others but a par- 
 tial change, whilst the remainder pass through three stages of exist- 
 ence, after being hatched from the egg. 
 
 PARTS OF INSECTS. 
 
 An insect may be divided into four parts. ^ 
 
 1. Caput. 2. Truncus. 3. Abdomen. 4. Artus. 
 
 CAPUT, the Head, which is distinguished in most insects, is fiifr 
 nished with Fa/cs, Antenna, and a Mouth, 
 
 Eyes. Many insects have two crescents or immoveable caps, com- 
 posing the greatest part of their head, and containing a .prodigious 
 number of little hexagonal protuberances, placed with the utmost re- 
 gularity and exactness in lines crossing each other and resembling lat- 
 tice-work : these are termed compoinid eyes. 
 
 Leeuwenhoek reckons in each e\e of the Libellula, or Dragon-fly, 
 12,54i lenses, or in both 25,088; the pictures of objects painted 
 thereon must be millions of times less than the images of them pic- 
 tured on the human eye. There is no doubt that insects still smaller 
 have eyes adapted to discern objects some thousands of times less than 
 themselves; for so the minute particles they feed on must certainly 
 be. Besides these larger eyes, many insects have three small spheri- 
 cal bodies placed triangularly on the crown of the head, called ocelli or 
 stemmata {Fl. 10. Jig. 11. b). They are simple, and made for viewing 
 large and distinct objects; the other eyes for small and near ones. 
 
 Axtenn.e. The antennjE are two articulated moveable processes 
 placed on the head : they are subject to great variety, and were the parts 
 from whence Linne formed his genera : they are called 
 
 Setaceoux, when they gradually taper towards their extremity; 
 
 Clavated, when they grow gradually thicker from their base ; 
 
 Filiform, of an equal thickness throughout the whole of their length ; 
 
 MonUifoi-in, formed of a series of knots, resembling a string of 
 beads; 
 
 Capitate J when they terminate in a knob; 
 
5^ 
 
 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Fissile, with the loiob divided longitudinally into lamina or plates ; 
 Perfoliate, having the knob divided horizontally; 
 Pectinate, having a longitudinal series of hairs or processes project- 
 ing from them in form of a comb ; 
 
 Furcate, or forked, having the last joint divided into parts. 
 Nothing has been the source of greater speculation than the iise of 
 the antennte : nor is this surprising, considering the variety constantly 
 exhibited in their structure, occupation, and appearance. Some insects 
 seem to keep them in continual employment ; in others they are pre- 
 served in a quiescent state. Those of the ichneumon show an inces- 
 sant tremulous vibratory motion, anxiously searching into every cre- 
 vice; while those of the carrion-fly scarcely appear endoAved with flexi- 
 bility. They have successively been considered as the organs of hear- 
 ing, feeling, smell, and taste, or of an unknown and indefinite sense. 
 
 Bonnet seems to think the antennas the organ of smell. "Difterent 
 insects," he observes, " have an exquisite sense of smelling, the organ 
 of which is yet undiscovered. May it not reside in the antenna; ? '' 
 Lehmann, from the result of experiments on this subject, denies that 
 the antennae are the olfactory organ. He made an opening an inch wide 
 in the side of a glass vessel, and surrounded the edge with wax, so 
 that a close covering could l)e applied. An aperture was made in this 
 covering, through which either the whole head, or the antenn83 only 
 of an insect could be introduced. By means of a tube the glass was 
 filled with penetrating odours, vapours, or heated air; but neither the 
 fumes of sulphur nor burnt feathers produced the smallest effect on 
 butterflies, bees, or beetles, whose antennte were exposed to them. IIo 
 judges that the olfactory organ must be sought in the spiracula; " for 
 what else," says he, " is the sense of the particles inspired than smell- 
 ing?" 
 
 Bonsdorf, in discussing whether the antennre may be the seat of 
 hearing, mentions an experiment where a species of beetle, whose pe- 
 culiar property it is to fold in the antennas when alarmed, did so on a 
 loud noise being suddenly made, and fell to the ground, according to 
 the nature of the species. But, notwithstanding that the animal pre- 
 viously reposed in a tranquil state, his experiment cannot be consi- 
 dered altogether conclusive. Butterflies are seen to erect their an- 
 tennas on any sudden noise, and many Coleoptera to depress them ; 
 which may equally arise from the sudden shock or vibration of the air. 
 Spiders also, which want antennae, are extremely sensible of sound. 
 Lehmann relates that, on observing one descend from the roof by its 
 thread in quest of a female, while he was reading, he began to read 
 aloud: the animal, alarmed at the noise, retreated upwards; he was 
 silent, and it returned ; on again reading aloud, it testified alarm and 
 ascended its thread; nor was its aj)prehension of danger dispelled, 
 until familiarized with the Sound or conquered by the pbject of its 
 
TARTS OF INSECTS. 23 
 
 jtursult. The same author deprived crickets, which are animals iiotfed 
 tor aciiteness of hearing, of the antennae; yet they were equally sen- 
 .•^iblc of sound as before. Lehmann concludes on the Avhole, that as 
 the antennae are not the organs of either smell or hearing, their prin- 
 cipal though not sole office is feeling. But they are also endowed 
 with an unknown sense, which he denominates aeroscepshi, and con- 
 jectures that in certain species they may continhute to the defence of 
 the head. 
 
 Iluber, well known for his ingenious and acute observations on 
 bees, has made several most interesting experiments on the sul>- 
 ject. Amputating one of the antennae of a queen he found was 
 not attended with any perceptible eflect. Privation of both anten- 
 na, however, produced very singular consequences. M. Iluber cut 
 them from a queen w4iose fecundation had been retarded, so that 
 she laid none but the eggs of males. From that moment a marked 
 alteration in her conduct was seen; she traversed the combs with 
 extraordinary rapidity-, scarcely had the workers time to recede be- 
 fore her; and, instead of the care which a perfect queen displays in 
 depositing her eggs in those places alone suitable for their exclu- 
 sion, she dropped them at random without selecting proper cells : she 
 retired to the most solitary parts of the hive, seeming to a\'oid the 
 bees, and long remained motionless. Several workers, however, fol- 
 lowed her there, and treated her with the most evident respect. She 
 seldom required honey from them ; but when that was the case, she 
 directed her trunk with a kind of uncertain feeling, sometimes on the 
 head and sometimes on tlie limbs of the workers; and if she did reach 
 their mouths it was by chance. Queens leave their hive but once in 
 their whole lives, which is for the purpose of obtaining impregnation ; 
 they remain voluntary prisoners ever afterwards, unless in leading out 
 a swarm. This queen, however, seemed eager to escape; she rushed 
 towards the opening of the hive, but finding it too small for her exit she 
 returned after fruitless exertion. Notwithstanding the symptoms of 
 delirium by which she was agitated, the workers never ceased to pay 
 her the same attention as they invariably do their queens, though she 
 received it with iudift'erence. 
 
 Apprehensive that the queen's instinct might be impaired, from her 
 organization suffering by retarded fecimdation, M. Iluber deprived 
 another female of the antennae, and introduced her into the hive. She 
 was quite in the natural state, and had already proved of great fertility : 
 but now she exhibited exactly the same symptoms of agitation and de- 
 lirium that the other had done. Perfect queens, possessing all their 
 organs, testify the most violent animosity against each other; they 
 fight repeatedly ; the workers seem to incite them to combat, until 
 one at length falls, while the other survives to preserve and perpetuate 
 the colony. Mutilated of the autennffi, however^ they testify no reci-r 
 
24 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 procal aversion ; in traversing the hive they meet without showing the 
 smallest indications of resentment. If a perfect stranger queen is 
 introduced, either when one already exists in a hi\e or within a 
 few hours after she is lost, that stranger is immediately surrounded, 
 and so closely hemmed in by the bees that she sometimes dies. But 
 here the mutilated stranger was quite well received; her arrival cre- 
 ated no discontents in the hive, and the workers paid the same ho- 
 mage to her as to their own. " Was it," asks M. Iluber, " because 
 after losing the antennje these queens no longer retained any cha- 
 racteristic which distinguished the one from the other ? I am the more 
 inclined to adopt this conjecture, from the bad reception experienced 
 by a third perfect queen introduced into the same hive: it is probably 
 because they observe the same sensations from those two females, and 
 want the means of distinguishing them from each other." Bees ne- 
 ver abandon their queen; her presence seems almost indispensable to 
 their existence ; and, as before observed, the queen never forsakes her 
 hive. If she does so to found a new colony, the bees accompany her in 
 her flight. Here, as both the mutilated queens constantly endeavoured 
 to escape, the first and third wore removed, and the entrance of the hive 
 enlarged; the fertile mutilated one therelbre left it, but none of the 
 workers followed her; she was allowed to depart alone. The wise pro- 
 visions of nature are amply illustrated by these facts. It is fortimate 
 that a queen deprived of the antennfe is thus impelled to leave the 
 hive : while she remains, the bees incessantly attend her, and never 
 think of procuring another. The secret which the workers possess, 
 of converting a common worm into one, which will become a queen, 
 must be exercised within the first three days of its existence; therefore 
 if the queen remained, this limited term would elapse. Neither can 
 her presence contribute to preserve the hive; for mutilation of the an- 
 tenna; deprives her of the power of discriminating the different kind of 
 cells adapted to receive the various species of eggs which she lays. 
 M. Huber considers the antenucE as the organs of touch or smell, 
 though he declines affirming which of these senses resides in them; 
 and thinks it possible that they may be so organized as to fulfil both 
 functions at once. 
 
 Mr. Kirby, in speaking of the Eucera (or long-horned bee), says : 
 " A singular circumstance distinguishes their antenna^, which, to 
 the best of my knowledge, has never before been noticed, and which 
 may possibly lead to the discovery of the use of these organs. Placed 
 under a powerful magnifier, the last ten joints appear to be composed 
 of innumerable hexagons, similar to those of which tlie eyes of these 
 insects consist. If we reason from analogy, this remarkable cir- 
 cumstance will lead us to conjecture, that the sense of which this 
 part so essential to insects is the organ, may bear some relation to that 
 conveyed by the eyes. As they are furnished with no instrument for 
 
PAnTS Of TNSECTS. 25 
 
 receiving and communicating tlie impressions of sound, similar to the 
 oar, that deficiency may be supplied by extraordinary means of vision. 
 That the stcmmuta are of this description seems very probable; and 
 the antennce may, in some degree, answer a similar purpose: the cir- 
 cumstance just mentioned, furnishes a strong presumption that they 
 i\o this, at least in the case of these males; else why do they exhil)it 
 tliat pecidiar structure which distinguishes the real eyes?" 
 
 JMr. Marsham observed the Ichneiinum JManifeslator, in Jime 1787, 
 on the top of a post in Kensington Gardens. It moved rapidly along, 
 having its antenna' bent in the form of an arch; and, with a strong 
 vibratory motion in them, felt about until it came to a hole made by 
 some insect, into which it thrust them quite to the head. It remained 
 about a minute in this situation apparently very busy, and then, draw- 
 ing its antenna; out, came round to the opposite side of the hole, and 
 again thrust them in, and remained nearly the same time. It next 
 proceeded to one side of the hole, and repeated the same operation 
 there. Having now again withdrawn its antennfe it t\irned about, and, 
 dexterously measuring a proper distance, threw back its abdomen over 
 its head and thorax, and projected the long and delicate tube at its tail 
 into the hole. After remaining near two minutes in this position, it 
 drew cut the tube, turned round, and again applied its antenna to the 
 hole for nearly the same time as before, and then again inserted its 
 tube. This operation was repeated three times; but Mr. Marsham af)- 
 pruaching too near, in order if possible to observe with a glass what 
 was passing in the tube, he frightened the insect entirely away. 
 
 About a week afterwards Mr. Marsham was in Kensington Gardens, 
 and saw several of these ichneumons at work. They appeared to 
 pierce the solid wood with their tubes, which they forced in even to 
 half their length, constantly passing them between the hinder thighs, 
 which they closed in order to keep the tubes straight, when over re- 
 sistance would otherv,-ise have forced them to bend. It appeared tridy 
 surprising to see an instrimient, apparently weak and slender, able, 
 with the strength of so small an animal, to pierce solid wood half or 
 three-quarters of an inch deep; but, on particular attention, it was dis- 
 covered, that all those that appeared to pierce the solid wood, did it 
 through the centre of a small white spot resembling mold or mildew, 
 which on minute examination was found to be fine white sand, deli- 
 cately closing up a hole made by the Apis maxillosa, and where, no 
 doubt, there were yoimg bees deposited. 
 
 In deep holes that were not closed, the insect not only thrust in the 
 •whole tube, but in some cases the w-hole of the abdomen and posterior 
 legs, leaving out only the two fore feet and wings, which it placed in 
 contrary directions, like arms. The two cases of the tid^e were also 
 .projected up the back, with the ends appearing above the head out of 
 the hole. 
 
26 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
 
 From Mr. Marsham's account it appears that those insects do not 
 adopt any hole indiscriminately as a situation for their eggs; for in 
 many instances he saw them thrust their antennae into holes and cre- 
 vices from which they almost immediately withdrew them, and pro- 
 ceeded in search of others. As the whole of the ichneumons deposit 
 their eggs in the body of some other creature as a nidus, it appears 
 probable that in these instances they found the holes empty, and that 
 tliey went on in search of those hi which the young of the Apis inaxU- 
 losa were deposited. 
 
 From these remarks may wc not infer that the antennae may be the 
 organs of smelling? for the antennas of the Ic/mcia/ion Manij'cstutor 
 {PL S.Jig. 4.) are not so long as the tube from which the eggs are ex- 
 cluded, and consequently could not have touched the animal in which 
 it afterwards deposited its eggs. In many species of Lcpidopiera the 
 females arc destitute of wings : the males in general have pectinated 
 antennae, and are so extremely eager after the female, that they have 
 been known to enter the pocket of an entomologist who had one se- 
 cured in a box. 
 
 These experiments are in some measure corroborated by the ob- 
 servations of Latreille, who supposes the antennte to be the olfactory 
 organs. In the tAvelfth number of the Edinburgh Review is a critique 
 (on the Nouveau T)ictionnaire d'Histohc Naturelle, 24 tom. 8vo. Paris, 
 1803-4.) : the following extract 1 here insert, hoping it will produce a 
 further inquiry. 
 
 " That insects possess the faculty of smelling is clearly demonstrated. 
 It is the most perfect of all their senses. Beetles, of various sorts, A7- 
 tidulcc, the different species of Dermestes, Si/lphff, Flies, ^c ., perceive, at a 
 very considerable distance, the smell of ordure and dead bodies, and 
 resort in swarms to the situations in which they occur, either ibr the 
 purpose of procuring food or depositing their eggs. The blue flesh- 
 fly, deceived by the cadaverous odour of a species of Arum, alights on 
 its flower. But though we can thus easily prove the presence of the 
 sense of smell among insects, it is much more difficult to discover the 
 seat of that particular sense. Several naturalists have supposed that 
 it resides in the antenna.. Dumcril, in a dissertation published in 
 1799, attempts to prove that it must be situated about the entrance of 
 the stigmata or respiratory organs, as Baster had previously supposed. 
 His arguments, however, did not induce Latreille to relinquish the for- 
 mer opinion, which places it in the antenuEe. The following are the 
 reasons which he assigns for his belief 
 
 " 1. The exercise of smell consists only in the action of air, impreg- 
 nated with odoriferous particles, on the nervous or olfactory mem- 
 brane, which transmits the sensation. 
 
 " If insects be endowed with an organ furnished with similar nen-es, 
 and with which air, charged with odoriferous particles, comes in con- 
 
PARTS or INSECTS, 27 
 
 tact, such an organ may V>c regarded as that of smell. Should the an 
 tenna present a tissue of many nerves, what inconvenience can result 
 from supposhig that this tissue is capable of transmitting odour? 
 Would not this hypothesis, on the contrary, be more simple and more 
 consonant to anatomical principles, than that which fixes the seat of 
 smell at the entrance of the stigmata? Besides, this last mode of ex- 
 planation will not, I presume, suit the crustaceous animals, which so 
 nearly approach to insects. 
 
 " 2. JNIany male insects have their antennas more developed than the 
 females ; a fact easily explained, if we admit that these organs are the 
 seat of smell. 
 
 " 3. It is certain that most of those insects which live or deposit 
 their eggs on putrid animal or vegetable matters, stagnant waters, or 
 any substance, in short, which, for a time, affects peculiar localities, 
 are almost uniformly distinguished by a greater development of the an- 
 tennae. Such, for example, are the Scarubaus, Dermestes, Silpha, Clerus, 
 Tenebrio, T'lpida, Bibio, 4c. These require a more perfect sense of 
 smell, and are organized accordingly. 
 
 " 4. A great many insects which are entirely predaceous have simple 
 antennae ; and those which are characterized by similar manners, and 
 which are sedentary, have none at all ; as, for instance, the Acuri, and 
 a considerable portion of Lamarck's Arachnidce. 
 
 " 5. Insects discover their habitation and food by the sense of smell. 
 I have deprived several insects of their antenna^, when they instantly 
 fell into a state of stupor or derangement, and seemed to be incapable 
 of recognising their haunts or their food, though just beside them. 
 Such experiments deserve to be prosecuted. I would recommend, for 
 example, the varnishing or covering the antenna; of dung beetles, and 
 placing them near animal excrements, of which they are particularly 
 fond, to observe if they would repair to them as usual. 
 
 " 0. The nerves terminate at the antennae; and their articulations, 
 though externally covered with a pretty thick membrane, are hollow, 
 lined within by a soft substance, which is often of a watery consist- 
 ency, and whose extremity', v.hen opposed to the air, may receive its 
 impressions." 
 
 Os, the Mouth. In order to afford some idea of the amazing dif- 
 ference that prevails in the structure of the several parts or organs 
 which constitute the mouth, it will be only requisite to observe, that 
 the classification of all insects in the Fabrician system is founded on 
 this character. There are ten principal parts of which the mouth con- 
 sists ; and it is from tlie relative proportion of each, from the dissimi- 
 larity in the form, position, variation in number, or occasional pecu- 
 liarities, that the most permanent characters are deduced. These parts 
 have one disadvantage; they are generally small, and from this cir- 
 cumstance have not been so universally adopted in the arrangement 
 
28 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 of insects as they would otherwise have been. Without, however, be- 
 stowing some little attention on these organs, it is impossible to distri- 
 bute insects into their natural order with any great degree of certainty. 
 In the works of Latreille, Leach, and most other modern writers on 
 Entomology, the essential characters are established chietly on the pe- 
 culiarities of these organs. 
 
 The ten principal parts of which the Mouth consists are the follow- 
 ing. 
 
 Labrum, or Labium, superics, the VpperLip: a transverse, soft, 
 moveable piece, of a coriaceous or membranaceous nature, known from 
 its situation at the anterior or upper part of the mouch. This part is 
 very distinct in many of the Coleoptera, and in Gri/llus, J pis, and some 
 other genera. Linne sometimes confounds the upper lip with the c/y- 
 peus or shield of the head; and similar instances occur in the works 
 of Fabricius. These two parts may be distinguished by one invariable 
 character; the clj/peus is fixed, and foi-ms a portion of the head; tlie 
 upper lip is moveable, and is placed more forward. 
 
 Labrlm, or Labium, ixverius, the piece which terminates the 
 mouth beneath, and which is sometimes lengthened so as to form the 
 instrument called ligula. It is often bifid, and has the posterior pair 
 of feelers placed at the base. 
 
 ]\Iandibul.e, 'Mandibles: {PL 10. fig. l.d.) two hard pieces, in sub- 
 stance resembling horn, which are placed one at each side of the mouth, 
 below the upper lip. These have a lateral motion, while the upper 
 and lower lip move up and down, as in other animals. These differ 
 from the marilhe, with which they are sometimes confounded, by not 
 having any of the palpi or feelers attached to them. In rapacious in- 
 sects these are longer than in those which perforate wood; and the lat- 
 ter again have stronger mandibles than insects which feed only on her- 
 bage or leaves. 
 
 Maxill.e (P/. 10. Jig. 1. e. — -fig. 2. a. the same magnified): two small 
 pieces generally of a somewhat membranaceous consistency, and in 
 figure different fi-om the mandibles. These are commonly indented at 
 the extremity, and nearly all ciliated at the inner edge. They are 
 placed under the mandibles, and above the lower lip ; their motion is la- 
 teral. In those insects which have more than two pair of feelers, the pos- 
 terior ones take their origin from the sides of the maxill?e. {fg. 2. b. c.) 
 
 Gale.e, Shields of the Mouth: two membranaceous appendages, 
 usually of a large size and cylindrical form, placed one on each side, 
 at the exterior part of the jaw, and which cover and protect the organs 
 of the mouth conjointly with the lips. The galete are inserted at the 
 back of the jaws, as is well exemplified in the Gryllus trilie. 
 
 Ligula. This is the part considered by many authors as the lower 
 lip : its situation is immediately under the jaws ; and it consists of a 
 single piece, which is generally of a soft texture, often bifid, and, if at- 
 
PARTS or INSECTS. 29 
 
 tentively examined at the base, will be frequently found of a horny sid)- 
 stance. 
 
 In the Coleoptcra, and in some of the Jlcmiptera (as in B/ufta, Cr)/lli<s, 
 S,r.), this appendage terminates at the point in a membranaceous sub- 
 stance: — its form is extremely various in the different genera. The 
 Hymenoptera and some Neuroptera have the ligula situated in the 
 same manner; but it is in these concave, and is frequently prolong- 
 ed into a sort o^ proboscis, which sometimes exceeds the length of the 
 whole body. It is membranaceous, but of a soft and spongy texture, 
 and well suited for receiving the impressions of taste. This kind of 
 process is extremely well exeniplilied in the bee. 
 
 Lingua, the Tongue: an involuted tubular organ, which constitutes 
 the whole mouth in lepidopterous insects. This is of a setaceous form, 
 and either very long, as in the Papilio and Sphinx genera; or short, as 
 in most of the Bowhi/ces and other mollis. It consists of two filamen- 
 tous pieces, which are externally convex, concave within, and connected 
 longittidinaily by a suture along the middle above and beneath. These, 
 in uniting, form a cylinder, through which the nectareous juices of the 
 flowers on which these insects subsist are drawn up with facility. 
 Tliese two pieces are not ver^' closely united, and may be separated by 
 means of a needle point. When the insect takes its focd, this tube is 
 exserted; at other times it is rolled up spirally between the palpi. 
 
 Rostrum, or Beak : the part which forms the mouth in many of the 
 hemipterous order of insects. This instrument is moveable, articu- 
 lated, and bent under the breast. AVithin, this beak is hollow, and 
 contains, as in a sheath, three or more very fine and delicate bristles, 
 the points of which these insects introduce into the body of the ani- 
 mal, or substance of the plants, from which they draw nourishmenL 
 The rostrum is conspicuous in the genera Cicada, Ncpa, and Ciine.v. 
 
 Proboscis, the Trunk: inserted in the place of the mouth in most 
 dipterous insects. It is rather tieshy, retractile, of a single piece, and 
 often cylindrical ; the end forming two lips, which are of a soft sub- 
 stance, and from the delicacy of their teguments must possess the fa- 
 culty of taste in a. very high degree. Example in the House-fly. 
 
 Lingua, rostrum, and proboscis, are Linnean terms ; and are adopted 
 according to the definition of that autlior. Ligulu is a Fabrician ex- 
 pression, indicating a process of the lower lip. 
 
 Haustellum : formed of two or more very small and delicate fila- 
 ments, inclosed in a sheath of two valves. 
 
 Palpi, Feelers. These are the small, moveable, filiform organs or 
 appendages, placed at eacii side of the mouth in the generality of m- 
 sects. In some respects they resemble the antenna, but are more 
 distinctly articulated. They vary in number in different insects, being 
 either two, four, or six, (P/. W.Jig. l.f.f. and g.) and are conunonly in- 
 serted at each side the exterior part of the jaw. In those which have 
 
30 ELEMENTS OP EMOMuLOOY, 
 
 only one pair, they are usually situated on the upper lip; when two 
 or more, the posterior ones are generally on the lower lip; and in 
 some insects furnished with a sucking trunk, they are oftentimes 
 found inserted at each side of that organ. These feelers are com- 
 posed of several joints, the number of which vary. Like the antenna., 
 to which they bear analogy, they are endowed with powers of motion, 
 but still more extensively. They also serve, like the antennte, as an 
 essential character in the construction of genera ; and from their situ- 
 ation, the number of joints, termination, and relative proportion and 
 size, are exceedingly useful for that purpose. 
 
 FiiONS, the Front : the anterior or fore part of the head, the space 
 between the eyes and the mouth. 
 
 Clypeiis, Shield of the head in coleopterous insects : the part cor- 
 responding with the front of the head in the other orders. In the 
 beetle kind it is advanced more or less uppii or over the mouth, and 
 in some forms a sort of cap, the rim of which extends so far over the 
 head as to conceal the mouth beneath. The anterior edge of the cly- 
 peus is sometimes mistaken for the upper lip. 
 
 Vertex, the Crown or summit of the Head. 
 
 GuLA, that part which is opposed to the front of the head, usually 
 called the Throat. 
 
 TR UNCUS, the Trunk : the second principal division of which an 
 insect consists, comprehending that portion which is situated between 
 the head and the abdomen. The trunk includes the Thorax, Collar^ 
 Sternum, and Scutel. 
 
 Thorax : a term indefinitely applied sometimes to the whole trunk, 
 tlie scutel excepted : in a stricter sense it implies only the dorsal part 
 of the trunk, and may be considered as expressive of that portion of 
 the superior surface which lies between the head and the base of the 
 wings. The appropriation of suitable terms, by which a thorax con- 
 sisting of one or of several pieces may be discriminated from each 
 other, is desirable. In some the thorax is of a single piece, as in the 
 orders Coleoptera and Hemiptera; in that of Lepidoptera it comprehends 
 several segments, and a similar structure is still more conspicuous to 
 view in the order Hi/menoptcra. The first or anterior segment of the 
 thorax, in those consisting of several pieces, has been sometimes 
 called the collar; but in admitting this, the coleopterous and hemipterous 
 orders of insects can have no thorax. This will be rendered plain, 
 when we consider that in the latter kinds of insects the first pair of 
 legs arises from what is usually understood by the lower surface of 
 the thorax ; the interior segment, in hymenopterous insects, corre- 
 sponds with the whole thorax in the former, for the first pair of legs 
 arises from it in exactly the same manner. In the former, the thorax 
 of a single piece is immediately succeeded behind by a scutel, while m 
 
PARTS OF INSECTS, 31 
 
 the Hymenoptera and Lep'uloptcra a large plane of one or more joints in- 
 tervenes beUvccn the true thorax and the scutel; and it is to this last- 
 mentioned dorsal space that the term Hiona- is assigned. Hence it is 
 evident that the language of Entomology in this point is not altogether 
 consistent; because what we denominate the collar in Hymenoptcra, 
 is the thorax in Coleoptcra ; and in Colcoptera we find nothing analo- 
 gous to the thorax of the other order, except the collar. 
 
 The thorax in those insects which have that part consisting of a 
 single piece, or the first segment in such as are of a compound nature, 
 has the first pair of legs arising froua the lower surface, and it is in 
 tills part that the muscles which move the head as well as this pair of 
 legs are said to be contained. The thorax in dift'erent kinds of insects 
 varies considerably in form, and affords very excellent generic and spe- 
 cific distinctions. Some are armed with spines, others denticulated, 
 luarginated, &c. 
 
 Pectus, the Brcmt, is the third segment of the body, or that to which 
 the four posterior feet are attached, and which is longitudinally di- 
 vided at the anterior part of the sternum. The wings in lepidopterous 
 and most other insects have their origin or base in the superior part 
 of the breast. The wings and elytra in the Colcoptera and Hemiptera 
 deviate a little from this, as they are placed more immediately on the 
 back than in a lateral position; the breast contains the muscles that 
 move the wings and give action to the four posterior legs. This part 
 is capable of being compressed and dilated, the alternate motion of 
 which is very evident in some insects of the butterfly or moth kind 
 when held bet^veen the fingers. The power of compression and dila- 
 tation is supposed to arise from the action of some very strong mus- 
 cles, being reddish yellow, and extremely loose. It has been con- 
 jectured that these muscles may assist tlie motions of tlie organs of 
 flight. 
 
 Sternum, or Breast-bone. By this term entomologists define that por- 
 tion of the middle part of the breast which is situated between the 
 base of the four posterior legs. This piece terminates in some insects 
 anteriorly in a somewhat acute point; in others it appears rather bi- 
 lobate; and in the fur greater immber ends obtusely or in an obtuse 
 lobe. There are few insects in which the sternwn is remarkable, either 
 from its magnitude or figure. In some of the coleopterous tribes, as 
 in the Hydropln/i and Dyfici, this part is most conspicuous. 
 
 ScuTELLUM (Linne),tlie Scutelor Escytc/ieon : the lobe-like process si- 
 tuated immediately at tlie posterior part of the thorax in the scutellate 
 insects. The scutel is not of tlie same form in all insects, yet its general 
 tendency is towards a sub-triangular figure. In the coleopterous tribes 
 it approaches nearest to this form ; its deviations incline more or less to 
 heart-shaped, with the tip pointing backwards, The same figure pre- 
 vails in some of the Hemiptera. In the Nmroptcru, Hymenoptera, and 
 
32 ELEMENTS OF EKTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Diptera, the triangular contour is still more obser\'able under various 
 modifications, and most commonly with the posterior tip rounded off. 
 Sometimes, as in several of the hyinenopterous insects, the posterior 
 end is armed with spines or denticulations; this is, however, not usual. 
 The srufel in the far greater number of insects, whether terminating 
 in a point or rounded, is commonly unarmed. In point of size the 
 scutel is more variable than in figure : in some it is so small as almost 
 to escape notice, merely forming a point at the extremity of the tho- 
 rax, as we observe in certain kinds of the beetle tribe; in others it is 
 very conspicuous, being sometimes so large as to cover the middle of 
 the back; and in others, as the scutellate kinds of Cimices and a few 
 of the genus Acridiuin, it expands over the back, entirely concealing 
 the wings and wing-cases, and covering the margin of the abdomen. 
 
 ABDOMEN. The third principal division, or posterior part of the 
 body, is connected with the breast, either closely or at a distance, by 
 means of a fillet. The abdomen is composed of annular joints or 
 segments, the number of which vary in different insects. The upper 
 part of the abdomen is called by entomologists, tergian ; the inferior 
 or belly, venter. The opening at the posterior part of the abdomen is 
 the vent; and the extremity in most insects contains the organs of ge- 
 neration : there are exceptions to the latter. 
 
 The total movement of the abdomen is not very obvious, except in 
 insects which have that portion of the body pcdiculated, as in many of 
 the hymenopterous genera. It has then a real joint, in which the first 
 annulation is indented above, and receives a projecting process from the 
 breast, on wh'ch it moves. This joint is rendered secure by elastic liga- 
 ments, which have a considerable degree of force. Some muscles 
 which arise within the breast are inserted into the first ring, and de- 
 termine the extent of its motions. The partial motion of the ring is 
 produced by very simple muscles, consisting of fibres which extend 
 from the anterior edge of one ring to the posterior edge of that v.'hich 
 immediately precedes it. >Vhen the dorsal fibres contract, the superior 
 part of the abdomen being shortened, it turns up towards the back ; 
 but when the contraction takes place in the ventral or lateral fibres, the 
 abdomen is inflected iowards the belly, or directed towards one of the 
 sides. The extent of the motion, however, depends .on the number of 
 the rings and their mode of junction. In the Cokopiera, for example, 
 the rings only touch each other by their edges, and the motion is very 
 limited; but in the Hymenoptera they are so many small hoops, which 
 are incased one into another like the tubes of a telescope, so that scarcely 
 half, and sometimes not above one-third, of their extent appears visible 
 externally. 
 
 The form, connexion, proportion, and appearance, of the stnf.ice 
 of the annulations of the abdomen, afford numberless specific distinc- 
 
PARTS OF INSECTS. 33 
 
 tibfts; and so likewise do the appendices at the extremity of the ab- 
 domen. 
 
 The abdomen contains the intestines, the ovary, and part of the or- 
 gans of respiration : it is affixed to the tliorax, and in most insects di- 
 stinct from it, forming the posterior part of the body. 
 
 Cauda, the Tail. An appendage of any kind terminating the abdomen 
 is usnally denominated the tail. These appendages vary in fignre con- 
 siderably in different insects, and many tribes are totally destitute of them. 
 They are supposed to be destined to direct the motion of the insect in 
 flight, to ser\^e for its defence, and for the deposition of its eggs. In some 
 insects this tail is simple, and yet capable of being extended and with- 
 drawn at pleasure ; in others elongated. Some are setaceous or bris- 
 tle-shaped, as in the Haphidia. Those termed triseta have three bristle- 
 shaped appendices, as in the Ephemera. In some it is forked, as in 
 Podtoa. When it terminates in a pair of forceps it is called fordpata. 
 In the Blatta and others it is folioaa, or resembling a leaf. In the 
 Panorpa it is furnished with a sting, and is called tel[t'cra : this last may 
 be more properly referred to the next. 
 
 AcuLEus, the Sting : an instrument with which insects wound and in- 
 stil a poison. The sting generally proceeds from tlie under part of the 
 last ring of the belly : in some it is sharp and pointed, in others ser- 
 rated or barbed. It is used by many insects both as an offensive and 
 defensive weapon : by others it is used only to pierce wood, or the 
 bodies of animals, in order to deposit their eggs. In wasps and bees 
 tlie sting is known to be retractile. In some insects it exists in the male 
 only, and in others nature has provided the female alone with 
 this instrument: it is not frequently met with in both sexes of the 
 same species, and the far greater number of insects have no such 
 organ. 
 
 ARTUS, the Members. 
 
 Pedes, the Legs. In all insects the legs amount to six, and never 
 exceed that number; and the same is observable of the true feet in the 
 lar\'a; of those insects ; the latter have spurious feet to a greater amount, 
 but the true feet do not exceed six. 
 
 The leg of an insect may be divided into four, or more correctly in- 
 to five, parts : Coxa, the first joint or haunch, at the base ; Femur, the 
 tliigh; Tibia, the shank; Tat^sus, the foot; and Unguis, the claw. Each 
 of these parts is enveloped in a hard case of a horny substance, and 
 varies in shape in different insects, the form of the feet in all the kinds 
 being admirably adapted to their jnode of life and convenience of their^ 
 motion. From the difterent conformations of these limbs it is easy to 
 recognise, even in the dead insect, the mode of life which the species is 
 destined by nature to pursue. Those which have the legs adapted for 
 running or walking have them long and cylindrical : the thighs of the 
 
34 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 leapers are remarkably large and thick^ with the shank long and com- 
 monly arched, by which means they possess great strength and power 
 for leaping: the legs are broad, serrated, and sharp at the edges, in 
 those accustomed to dig in the earth ; and such as are of the aquatic 
 kind have the legs, especially the posterior pair, long, flat, and ciliated, 
 or fringed at the edge with hair. The leapers are well exemplified in 
 the saltatorial kinds of Cuirtdio and Chrysomela ; and the swimmers, in 
 the genera Hydrophilus and Dyticus. 
 
 The Coxa, a small joint at the base, connects the thigh to the body, 
 and moves in a corresponding cavity of the collar or thorax in the first 
 pair, or breast in the two posterior ones. This part varies in form : in 
 the Ceranibices, Coccinella, and other insects in which the feet serve for 
 walking only, its shape is globular : such as require that the feet should 
 have a lateral motion, and which is necessary to those that dig into the 
 earth, have the coxa broad and flat; this is also observable in some of 
 the aquatic beetles : in the Di/tici the coxa of the posterior legs is 
 imbedded in the trunk, and in the Blatfa, Lephma, and others which 
 walk very rapidly, it is compressed into a lamellate form. 
 
 Femue, the Thigh. There is more diversity in the form of the thigh 
 than the coxa to which it is united. The articidation of these two parts, 
 is internal, and is produced in such a manner that when the animal is 
 in a state of repose it is parallel to the inferior surface of the body. It is 
 limited to a forward and backward motion with respect to the first piece. 
 The nature and extent of the motions of the thigh appear to. determine 
 its form. In those insects which walk much and fly little, as in the Ca- 
 rabm, &;c. the thigh has two little prominences at the base called tro- 
 chanters, which appear to be intended for removing the muscles from 
 the axis of the articulation. Those which require strong muscles 
 adapted for leaping, have the thigh not only thick but generally elon- 
 gated ; as in the Gi-yllus and Lociista tribes, the Pulices or fleas, &c. 
 And in the Aphodius, Geotrupes, SjC. {Sca7-ahcei Linn.), and also the 
 mole cricket, (all which burrow in the earth,) the thigh is moved with 
 much force, and has an articulated surface corresponding to the flat 
 part of the coxa on which it rests. This part is sometimes spinous.. 
 
 Tibia, or Shank, is the third joint of the legs, and moves in an an- 
 gle according to the direction of the thighs. The figur,e of this part 
 depends essentially on the uses to which the habits of the insect re- 
 quire it to be applied : in the natatorial kinds it is usually flat and cili- 
 ateil — at least the tibia of the posterior pair ; and in many others, as in a 
 variety of the burrowing kinds of beetles, it is serrated. The shank is 
 more frequently serrated or spinous than the thighs. 
 
 The Tarsus, or Foot, is the fourth joint or last portion of the leg 
 except the claw. This part consists in general of five joints : this is 
 usually the number in the Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. lo 
 spuic of these, however, and also in the Hemiptera, there are only four 
 
PARTS OF INSECTS. 35 
 
 articulations in this part of the leg, as we observe in Ceramhyx, Gryl- 
 lits, and others : in Lihellula, Forficula, 4c. three : in the anterior feet 
 of Nepa only one. The figure of the tarsus is more variable than any- 
 other portion of the leg, and is in a most singular manner adapted 
 to the insect's mode of life. The articulations in such as walk on the 
 surface of the earth are slender; those which burrow have them more 
 robust. Many of those which inhabit waters have them flat and cili- 
 ated at the edges, as in the Hydrous. Others are furnished with 
 bristly tufts or vascular fleshy tubercles, which enable them to move 
 with security on smooth and slippery bodies in any direction : an ad- 
 mirable example presents itself in the common house-fly, which "treads 
 the ceiling, an inverted floor," with the same facility that other insects 
 walk on the surface of the ground. An occasional difference in the 
 number and form of the joints of the tarsus is sometimes observed in 
 the two sexes of the same species. The motion of each joint of the 
 tarsus is performed in a single plane, and is directed by two muscles in 
 each joint, one of which is small and placed on the dorsal surface, the 
 other larger and situated beneath. 
 
 Unguis, or Claw, the termination of the tarsus. In the greater 
 number of insects there are two claws attached to each tarsus : some 
 have only one ; and in others furnished with two there is an interme- 
 diate process, forming by this means three. An appearance similar to 
 this is seen in the legs of the Lucatnis; but this on minute examina- 
 tion is found to be a distinct joint also, armed with a pair of claws pre- 
 cisely resembling those which more obviously, from their size, appear 
 to terminate the tarsi. It is considerably smaller, but is perfectly well 
 defined. 
 
 Al^, or Wings : the organs appropriated to flight. These are 
 either two or four, and are attached to the lateral part of the breast 
 close to the lower margin of the thorax. They are placed to an equal 
 amount and in a corresponding situation on both sides of the insect, 
 whether the number be two or four. Those insects which are fur- 
 nished with only one pair of wings have in these organs both an vmi- 
 form appearance and size. Such as have two pair most fre(piently 
 difter, the first being larger than those behind : there is also a difference 
 in shape, and very connnonly a considerable variation in the spots, 
 markings, and other particulars, notwithstanding the prevailing hues 
 in all the wings may be the same. In general the posterior pair is 
 paler, and the marks obscure. 
 
 A skeleton of nervures, (which are considered in the light of bones 
 by Dr. Leach, who has named them Pterigosiia or Wing-bones, 
 and are parts more or less numerous and differing exceedingly 
 in disposition,) placed between two thin and closely united mem- 
 branes, constitules the true wing in insects. This conformation is very 
 
 c 2 
 
36 ELEMENTS OF EKTOMOLOGY. 
 
 clearly exemplilied in that description of wings which is usually term- 
 ed transparent, as in the common house-fly and the bee. The true 
 wing, by means of which the insect is enabled to fly, is always con- 
 structed in this manner, whatever may be its appearance externally, 
 arising from a superficial covering of down, feathers, hair, or any other 
 cause. The variety in the form and structure of the wings, in the 
 number, figure, and disposition of the nervures, or the colours with which 
 they are adorned, is infinite. The diversity in the disposition of the 
 nervure is evident from a comparison of the simply constructed wing of 
 the common house-fly with the complex wing of the Panarpa or the 
 Ephemera, or the wings of an earwig, which consists of a series of sin- 
 gle nervure, with the elaborately ^^'rought lattice-work of the wing of the 
 LihcUula. The wliole of the lepidopterous order exhibit the superficial 
 coating of feathers, down, or hairs ; and upon the removal of these the 
 wings are found constructed in the same manner as the transparent 
 wings of the other orders. A variation in the form of the wing as well 
 as its texture is manifest throughout all insects of the winged kind. 
 Those of the Cokopteiyi have two membranaceous wings, which fold 
 upon each other, forming a plait or double at their external margin, 
 which fold is accommodated by a peculiar joint in the main rib of 
 the wing, and the disposition of the nervures in the middle of the wing 
 contiguous. In the Hemipfera the wings generally fold longitudinally, 
 without any transverse double ; so that in expansion these parts open 
 somewhat like a fan. The anterior wings of the Lepkloptera are neither 
 doubled across nor folded longitudinally; they are entirely flat, and 
 are but little cai)able of contraction and dilatation. In the genus Pa* 
 pilio they are endowed with the power of erection, which is rarely the 
 case in the Phalcencv, though occasionally observed among the Sphin- 
 ges; the Phnlame have the lower wings concealed under the anterior 
 pair, the latter being laid in a flat position over tiiem. The wings of 
 the Lepidoptcra are downy, and often decorated with very beautiful 
 colours disposed in the most pleasing and varied manner. The Nciir 
 roptera in general have the wings flat; this is not invariable; they are 
 constantly membranaceous, and reticulated with nei-vures. In the 
 Hymenoptera the wings are membranaceous, generally flat, but some- 
 times folded when the insect settles, as in the wasp genus. The Dipte- 
 foui order cannot be confounded with the preceding, as they have only 
 two wings : they are membranaceous as in the former. 
 
 In all insects of the winged kind these organs present the greatest 
 diversit)^, and afford characters both for genera and species less liable 
 to fluctuation than common observers v/ould conceive. The number, 
 figure, construction, proportion, consistence, and texture of the wings 
 "have enabled naturalists to distribute insects into principal groups 
 with considerable precision. Linne derived much assistance from an 
 
PARTS OF INSECTS. 37 
 
 attention to these parts; later writers have in many instances regarded 
 them more closely; and in the further progress of the science these 
 parts will be consulted with still greater advantage. 
 
 Elytka, or ir<«g-cflsf5, appertain to the coleopterous order. These 
 are t^vo in number, of a substance resenilding leather; for the most 
 part moveable, and opening by a longitudinal suture along the middle 
 of the back. These wing-cases or sheaths arc often confounded 
 with the wings; but they are really not wings from llunr structure or 
 substance, nor do they answer the purpose of ilight; they merely open 
 to afford the true wing, concealed beneath, the power of e.x])ansion and 
 motion, and close down upon the wing when the insect is at rest, to 
 preserve it from injury. Some Colcoptci-a have the elytra united. 
 
 The superior surface of the elytra is more or less convex, and the 
 lower surface correspondently concave: the texture in some, as in 
 many of the Ciircu/iones and Ceramhijces, is so hard that it is pierced 
 \\ ith difficult;\- by means of a strong pin ; in others so flexible that they 
 spring into their proper form immedi;itcly after being bent double. 
 The proportions of the elytra compared with the body are various; 
 their form dissimilar; and the diversity of their surface — arising from 
 dots raised or depressed, protuberances, flutings, colours, and other cir-^ 
 cumstances — endless. These differences in the elytra furnish some ex- 
 cellent generic distinctions, and are still more extensively useful in 
 constituting the characters of species. 
 
 Halteres, Poiscrs, or balancers :appendagespeculiar to insects of the 
 dipterous order, and which, with suff.cient reason, are deemed an essen- 
 tial character of that group. These poisers are two short, moveable, 
 clavated filaments, placed one contiguous to the origin of each wing. 
 They seldom exceed one-tenth the length of tlie wing, though in cer- 
 tain genera they are rather longer. The capital, or head, in which the 
 filament terminates, is either roundish, oval, truncated at the end, or 
 compressed at the sides : in some insects its situation is directly under 
 a small, arched, filmy scale, which also varies in size and form; and in 
 several families is apparently wanting. 
 
 The exact purpose to which nature has destined these organs has 
 not been hitherto ascertained in a very satisfactory manner. The 
 most prevalent, and perhaps in some measure the most consistent, 
 oj)inion seems to be, that they balance or counterpoise with the action 
 of the wings, when the insect is in flight, in the same manner as rope- 
 dancers exercise a pole to preserve their equilibrium. The diminutive- 
 ness of their size is a plausible objection to this idea. Others consider 
 these as the organs of that vibratory sound which dipterous insects emit 
 in flight: they compare the filmy scale to a kind of tambour, and liken 
 the balancer to a drum-stick, which striking repeatedly upon it, they 
 conceive, must occasion this noise. It is apprehended the sound they 
 emit inflight cannot be traced to this cause; for the best of all possible 
 
38 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 reasons, that this buzzing sound is obsenable in a vast number of in-? 
 sects which have no poisers or balancers, such as wasps and bees. The 
 two genera Asilus and Bomhijlius have no scale, and yet the noise per- 
 ceptible in their flight is louder than in must of those which have both 
 scale and poisers, as in the Muscte. Nor does this noise issue from the 
 poiser, either by striking on the scale or by any other means, since it 
 is known that if the poisers, or both poisers and scales, be cut off, the 
 same sound continues to be heard from the mutilated insects as before. 
 There are many terms at present in use, to discriminate with greater 
 precision the parts I have here described, and which should be underr 
 stood by the sti.Klent in entomology. I have thought it therefore best 
 to insert them in alphabetical order at the end of the work. 
 
 THE CECONOMY OF INSECTS, 
 
 Most animals retain during life the form which they receive attheiF 
 birth. Insects are distinguished from these by the wonderful changes 
 they undergo. The existence of an insect partakes of two, three, or 
 four distinct states; and in each of these differs most essentially in ap-r 
 pearance, organization, and manners of living. 
 
 The changes through which the greater number of insects pass are 
 from the Egg to the Larva, from the Larva to the Pupa, and from the 
 Pupa to the Imago or perfect state. Exceptions occur to this : for 
 some insects are viviparous; but the number of these is not consi- 
 deralle. 
 
 Of the EGG state. The egg, containing the insect in its smallest size, 
 is expelled from the ovary as in other oviparous animals. They are con- 
 tained and arranged in the body of the insect, in vessels which vary in 
 number and figure in different species. The same variety is found in 
 the eggs: some are round, others oval, and some cylindrical. The 
 shells of some are hard and smooth, while others are soft and flexible. 
 
 The eggs of insects are of various colours : some are found of al- 
 most every shade of yellow, green, and brown, a few are red, and 
 others black. Green and greenish are not unusual, and they are some- 
 times speckled with darker colours, like those of birds. Some are 
 smooth, and others beset in a pleasing manner with raised dots. 
 
 Insects are instructed by nature to deposit their eggs in situations 
 where their young ones will find the nourishment most convenient for 
 them. Some deposit their eggs in the oak-leaf, producing there the 
 red gall ; others choose the leaf of the poplar, which swells into a red 
 bladder : and to a similar cause may be assigned the knob whicli is often 
 seen on the leaf of the willow. The Lasiocampa neustria glues its egga^ 
 
(ECONOMY OF INSECTS. 39 
 
 ■with great symmetry in rings round the smaller tsvigs of trees ; others 
 affix them to the surface of leaves; and again, others lodge them"inth« 
 crevices of trees. 
 
 The Epkemcra, Fhryganea, Lihellulu, and Gnat, hover over tlie water 
 all the day to drop their eggs : these hatch in the water, and continue 
 there while in the larva and pupa form, quitting the water only when 
 they attain the winged state. The mass tbrmed by the eggs of the gnat 
 resembles a little vessel, and floats on the surface. This insect is said to 
 deposit only one egg at a time ; the first is retained by means of the legs, 
 when dropped, till a second is deposited next to it, then a third, fotirth, and 
 •further number, till the mass becomes capable, from its symmetry, to 
 support itself upright. Many moths cover their eggs with a thick bed 
 of hairor down, collected from their own body ; others cover them with 
 a glutinous substance, which when hard protects them from the ill •ef- 
 fects of moisture, rain, and cold. The solitary bees and wasps pre- 
 pare nests in the earth, hollow trees, or cavities in old walls, wherein 
 tliey place a quantity of food for the support of the young brood when 
 they break from the egg. The ants are known to construct nests in 
 the earth, in which their eggs are placed with the utmost care. Some 
 deposit their eggs in the larva of other insects, chiefly those of the 
 moth and butterfly kind; and having passed through all their changes 
 in their bodies, become what is termed the ichneumon-fly. The 
 Gasteropldlus Equi{hot-Ay) deposits its eggs on the Iwdies of horses in the 
 following remarkable manner. When the female has been impregnated, 
 and the eggs sufficiently matured, she seeks among the horses a sub- 
 ject for her purpose; and approaching him on the wing, she carries her 
 body nearly upright in the air, and her tail, which is lengthened for 
 the purpose, curved inwards and upwards : in this way she approaches 
 the part where she designs to deposit the egg; and suspending herself 
 for a few seconds before it, suddenly darts upon it, and leaves the egg 
 adhering to the hair; she hardly appears to settle, but merely touches 
 the hair with the egg held out on the projected point of the abdomen. 
 The egg is made to adhere by means of a glutinous liquor secreted 
 with it. She then leaves the horse at a small distance and prepares a 
 second egg, and, poising herself before the part, deposits it in the same 
 way. The liquor dries, and the egg becomes firmly glued to the hair : 
 this is repeated by these flies till four or five hundred eggs are sometimes 
 placed on one horse. 
 
 The inside of the knee is the part on which these flies are most fond 
 of depositing tlieir eggs, and next to this on the side and back part of 
 the shoulder, and less frequently on the extreme ends of the mane. 
 But it is a fact worthy of attention, that the fly does not place them 
 promiscuously about the body, but constantly on those parts which are 
 most likely to be licked with the tongue ; and the ova, therefore, are 
 ?^lways scrupulously placed within its reach. 
 
40 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Of the LARVA, or Caterpillar state. All caterpillars are hatched 
 from the egg, and when they first proceed from it are generally small 
 and feeble, but grow in strength as they increase in size. The body of 
 the caterpillar consists of twelve rings; the head is connected with the 
 first, and is hard and crustaceous. No caterpillar of the moth or butterfly 
 has less than eight, or more than sixteen, feet; those which have more 
 than sixteen belong to some oilier order of insects. The six anterior 
 feet, or those next the head, are hard and scaly, pointed and fixed to 
 the first three rings of the body, and are in number and texture the 
 same in all Lepidopterous larvae. The posterior feet are soft, flexible, or 
 membranaceous ; they vary both in figure and number, and are observa- 
 ble only in the caterpillar state, the perfect insect having only six feet, 
 the rudiments of which are the six anterior scaly feet before mentioned. 
 These spurious feet are either smooth or hairy, soft to the touch, or 
 hard like shagreen. On each side of the body are nine small oval 
 apertures, which are the spiracles or organs of respiration. 
 
 The caterpillar, whose life is one continued succession of changes, 
 often moults its skin before it attains its full growth. These changes are 
 the more singular, because when it moults it is not simply the skin that 
 is changed ; for we find in the exuvias the jaws, and all the exterior parts, 
 both scaly and membranaceous. 
 
 The change in the caterpillar is effected by the creature's withdrawing 
 itself from the outer skin as from a sheath, when it finds itself incom- 
 moded from being confined within a narrow compass. But to accomplish 
 this change is the work of some labour and time. Those caterpillars 
 which live in society, and have a nest or habitation, retire there to change 
 their skin, fixing the hooks of the feet, during the operation, firmly in 
 the web of their nest. Some of the solitary species spin at this time a 
 slender web, to which they affix themselves. A day or two before the 
 critical moment approaches, the insect ceases to eat, and loses its usual 
 activity; in proportion as the time of its change approaches, the colour 
 of the caterpillar delines in vigour, the skin hardens and becomes 
 withered, and is soon incapable of receiving those circulating juices by 
 which it was heretofore nourished and supported. The insect is now 
 seen at intervals with its back elevated, or with the body stretched to 
 the utmost extent : sometimes raising its head, moving it from one side 
 to another, and then letting it fall again. Near the change the second 
 and third rings are seen considerably sv/oUen. By these internal efr 
 forts the old parts are stretched and distended as much as possible, an 
 operation attended with difficulty, as the new parts are all weak and 
 tender. Hov/ever, by repeated exertions, all the vessels which con- 
 veyed nourishment to the exterior skin are disengaged, and cease to 
 act, and a slit is made on the back, generally beginning at the second 
 or third ring. The new skin may now be just perceived, being distin- 
 guished by its freshness and brightness of colour. The caterpillar then 
 
ffiCONOMY OF INSECTS. 41 
 
 presses the body like a wedge into this opening, by which means it is 
 soon torn down from the tirst to the fourth ring : this renders it large 
 enough for the caterpillar to pass through. 
 
 The caterpillar generally fasts a whole day after each moulting ; for 
 it is necessary that the parts should acquire a certain degree of con- 
 sistency before its organs can perform their ordinary functions. Many 
 perish under this operation. The caterpillar always appears much 
 larger after it has quitted the exuvis than before ; for the body had 
 grown under the old skin till it had become too large for it, and the 
 parts being soft they were much compressed; but as soon as this skin is 
 cast oft', the parts distend, and with them the new skin, which is yet of 
 a flexible and tender texture, so that their increase in size at each 
 moulting is considerable. Some caterpillars in changing their skin alter 
 very much in colour and appearance ; sometimes the skin from being 
 smooth becomes covered with hair, spines, or tubercles; and others that 
 are in one stage hairy, have the skin smooth in the next. No sex is de- 
 veloped in the caterpillar state. 
 
 Of the PUPA state. By this term, as understood in the very exten- 
 sive sense Linne proposes, is signified that state of an insect which suc- 
 ceeds the larva, without any regard to the particular appearance it as- 
 sumes in this stage of transformation. From this latitude of meaning it 
 includes therefore, with equal precision and no less propriety, states of 
 the most discordant character. It alike implies the uncouth grub in- 
 cased in its shelly repository and immured in the earth, sluggish, al- 
 most destitute of motion or the appearance of any animal function, 
 with the lively half-winged locust, or the Cicfula, animals sporting in 
 the full enjoyment of life. The bot imprisoned in its oval covering, 
 without the least external sign of animation, is termed a pupa. The 
 moth, quiescent and absent for months, concealed in its shelly cover- 
 ing in the earth, or suspended aloft in its silky envelope to the branch 
 of a tree, is, a. pupa; and we denominate those 7;!</)(F also which have 
 the wings only half expanded ; though, like the nimble-footed Cimex, 
 thej^ are perpetually roving, and deriving sustenance from the blood of 
 other animals ; and so also the restless Lihellula, which is continually 
 traversing the watery element with the facility of fishes in search of 
 prey. Modern writers have therefore considered this state as essential 
 in the formation of Orders, and have even laid down certain rules, 
 which taken in conjunction with the characters of the perfect insect, 
 are often of great use in ascertaining the order to which any genus be- 
 longs. In my account of the Larva I have given that of the lepido- 
 pterous order, and shall therefore describe the Pupa of the same. 
 
 The length of time an insect remains in this form varies much in dif- 
 ferent species. As soon as the inclosed animal acquires sufficient strength 
 to l.>reak the bonds of its confinement; it makes a powerful effort to escape. 
 
4^ ELEMENTS OF EKTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Tlie opening through which they pass is ahvays at the same part of the 
 skin, a httle above the trunk, between the wings and a small piece 
 ■which covers the head : different fissures are generally made in the 
 same direction. When the operation begins, tliere seems to be a vio- 
 lent agitation in the humours contained in the little animal; the fluids 
 being driven with rapidity through all the vessels, the limbs and various 
 parts of the body are put in niolion, and by repeated efforts it breaks 
 through the brittle skin that envelopes it. Those inclosed in cones or 
 cases, after bursting through the pupa covering, have another difficulty 
 to overcome, that of piercing through the inclosure, which in many 
 instances is of a stronger texture than the case of the pupa. For the 
 accomplishment of this, most insects are provided with a liquor, which 
 they discharge from the mouth upon that part of the cone through 
 which they intend to escape; and this so moistens and weakens it, that 
 after a short time they force their passage through with some facility. 
 Some insects not provided with this fluid leave one end of their cone 
 weaker than the rest, and close it only with a few threads, so that a 
 slight effort of the head enables the insect to burst from its prison. 
 
 The butterfly or moth on emerging from the pupa is moist, the ab- 
 domen swollen, the antemije bent down, and the wings crumpled, 
 small, and shapeless. These parts are gradually imfolded, and assume 
 their destined form. The wings, which at one instant are small and 
 like four little buds at the sides of the thorax, in a few miimtes after 
 acquire their full size; and the fibres, which were at first flexible, be- 
 come hard and rigid like bone. In proportion as the fibres lose their 
 flexibility', the fluids which circulate within them extend, and the wings 
 cease to act; so that, if any extraneous circumstance arrests the progress 
 of this fluid through the fibres at the first instant of the moth's escape, 
 the wings immediately become crippled, and never afterwards assume 
 any other form. Most insects, soon after they have attained their per- 
 fect state, void an excrementitious substance, which in some places, 
 where the insects were abundant, has produced reports of showers of 
 blood. 
 
 Of the IMAGO or Perfect State. As the present work is not inr- 
 tended to enter into all the particulars relative to the habitations, food, 
 modes of life, Sfc. I must refer the student to Messrs. Kirbi/ and Spence'i 
 popular Introduction, in which much information on these points wilj 
 be found collected together. 
 
OBSERVATIONS 
 
 ON THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF 
 
 ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 1 HE simplicity of the arrangement adopted bj' Linne, the celebrity 
 ot' his name, and the princely patronage under which he wrote, con- 
 spired with other favourable circumstances to render this science more 
 universally cidtivated, admired, and respected about his time, than it 
 had probably been at any former period. The credit due to this natu- 
 ralist for his labours in entomology is great. This must be allowed. 
 But let us also remember, that he is not alone entitled to our commen- 
 dation for the arrangement proposed in his work. We must in candour 
 acknowledge the merits of many among his predecessors, who wrote 
 under circumstances of less encouragement, and have nevertheless ex- 
 celled in this science; men to whom the writings of Linne stand in a 
 very high degree indebted, and without the aid of which it is impossible 
 to imagine tbe system, which now commands our admiration, could 
 have been produced, at least in its present state of purity. 
 
 In the works of Aristotle and Pliny, in those of Agricola, Aldro- 
 vandus, P'ranzius, Mouftet, Swammerdam, Ray, Willughby, Lister, 
 Vallisnieri, and various others, we distinctly perceive, with some oc- 
 casional variation, the outline of the superstructure raised in the 
 " Systema Nature." 
 
 These valuable sources pf information furnished him with abundant 
 materials, which he selected with profound judgement, and inter- 
 wove with ability, industry, and success. Linne was in this respect 
 commendable : he did not suffer his mind to swerve on this oc- 
 casion, from any ambitious or innovating motives; and so far as he 
 deemed it consistent with his plan, he appears to have adhered to 
 the examples of his predecessors. The characters of his Ordines are 
 to be found in several publications earlier than his own, and so like- 
 wise are most of his Genera, and the far greater number of his 
 Species. But these he remoulded throughout with so much skill, that 
 this " Systema" constitutes the central point in which the scattered 
 rays of natural science are concentrated with more precision than 
 they really appear in the original authors to whose industry he stands 
 indebted. It was in the concise and very expressive style which Linne 
 
44 OBSEUVATIOXS ON THE DIFFEKEXT 
 
 adopts in all his works, and which was ahnost peculiar to himself, 
 that he excelled. 
 The foil owing are the definitions of the several Orders established 
 
 by this eminent natairalist. 
 
 Order I. Coleoptera (derived from the Greek words for a sheath and 
 a uing) comprise those insects which have crustaceous elytra or 
 shells, which shut together and form a longitudinal suture down the 
 back, as in beetles. 
 
 Order II. Hemiptera (from Aw/^and awing). Insects having their upper 
 wings half crustaceous and half membranaceous, not divided bj'- a 
 longitudinal suture, but incumbent on each other, as in grasshop- 
 pers, S,c. 
 
 Order III. Lepidoptera (from a scale and a wing). Insects with four 
 wings covered with fine scales in the form of powder or meal, as in 
 the butterfly and moth. 
 
 Order IV. Neuroptera (from a nerve and a wing). In this order the 
 wings are four; membranaceous, transparent, and naked, reticulated 
 with veins or nen'es; the tail is Avithout a sting, as in the Libellula 
 or Dragon-fly. 
 
 Order V. Hymenoptera (from a ?«em&r«?ie and a wing). The insects of 
 this order have also four wings, and the tail furnished with a sting 
 for various purposes, as in wasps, bees, S^c. 
 
 Order VI. Diptera (from tzoo and a wing). Those insects with two 
 wings only, and poisers or balancers, as in the common Uouse-flt/. 
 
 Order VI. Aptera (from icithout and a wing). In this order Linne 
 placed the spider, crab, scorpions, &c. As these are now universally 
 rejected from insects, and referred to a class named Crustacea, I shall 
 hereafter speak of them when mentioning the system proposed by 
 Dr. Leach. 
 
 Fabricius distributes all insects into thirteen Classes, the characters 
 of which are as follow : 
 
 Class I. Eleutiierata. Jwa's bare, free, and bearing feelers. 
 C'lass II. Ulonata. Jaws covered by an obtuse mouth-piece. 
 Class III. Synistata. Jaws elbowed near the base, and connected to 
 
 the lower lip. 
 Class IV. Piezata. Jaws horny, compressed, and usually elongated. 
 Class V. Odonata. Jaa'S horny, dentated; palpi two. 
 Class VI. Mitosata. Jaws horny, vaulted ; no palpi. 
 Class VII. Unogata. J«r<;.s horny, unguiculated. 
 Class VIII. Polygnata. Jaws several (usually two), within the lip. 
 Class IX. Kleistagnatha. Jazcs several outside the lip. 
 Class X. Exochnata. Jaws several, outside the lip, and covered by the 
 
 palpi. 
 Class XI. Gloss ATA. Mouth composed of a spiral tongue, situated be- 
 tween two palpi. 
 
SYSTEMS or ENTOMOtOGY. 45 
 
 Class XIT. RiiYNGOTA. ilfowi/icomposedof a beak or articulated sheath. 
 Class XIII. A>TLiAT.\. Mouth composed of a sucker, not articulated. 
 
 In the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, edited by Dr. Brewster, several 
 valuable papers have appeared from the pen of that excellent and dis- 
 tinguished naturalist. Dr. W. E. Leach, the present Zoologist to the 
 British Museum. The well-knov^'n abilities of this gentleman, his 
 sound judgement, his great caution, and extensive correspondence vi'ith 
 the most distinguished naturalists of Europe, will, I trust, fully justify 
 mc in adopting his system in the present work, as there is no doubt 
 that wlicn it is duly studied it will be universally followed : yet I must 
 confess much still remains incomplete, and many errors no doubt 
 will require future correction. An observation of Mr. Kirby I shall 
 here quote, as it is valuable, and should be strongly impressed upon 
 the mind of every naturalist, and must full^' convince every liberal- 
 minded entomologist how far the system proposed by Dr. Leach is 
 consonant to the views of one of the first of entomologists. 
 
 " An account of any genus, perfect and elaborate in all its part?, 
 must be the work of him who is versed in the history and oeconomy of 
 every individual that belongs to it; he, and he only can go upon sure 
 grounds, for no other person can in all cases with certaint}^ distinguish 
 tlie species from the variety, and unite each sex to its legitimate part- 
 ner. But 30 much knowledge, even with respect to a single genus 
 v.'here the species are numerous, is not to be expected from one man: 
 nor should the naturalist attempt, like the spider, to weave his web 
 from materials derived solely from within himself; but rather let him 
 copy the industTious bee, and draw genuine treasures from those flowers 
 of science which have been reared by other hands, and combining these 
 with his own discoveries let him endeavour to concentrate all in one 
 harmonious system, with parts curiously formed, arranged, and adapt- 
 ed to each other, and to the whole; and calculated to preserve the 
 sweets of true wisdom pure and unsophisticated." 
 
 It would appear that the system of Dr. Leach, or at least the numerous 
 genera into which it is divided, has not met with the approbation of 
 every entomologist; since the Doctor in his .Zoological Miscellany, \o\. 3, 
 in an account of two species of the Fabrician genus Gcotrupcs, has 
 made the following obser\'ation : " I am a warm advocate for generic 
 divisions (founded on the consideration of every character), being fully 
 satislied that such exist in nature, and, when distinguished with judge- 
 ment, tend materially to tlie advancement of science. Those entomo- 
 logists of the Linnaean school, who, by dilating the characters either of 
 their genera or species so as to admit of almost any thing, bend na- 
 tiu-e to the artificial system of their master, would do well to consider 
 whether they do not show greater veneration for it tlian for nature, 
 and not upbraid those who hold a difi^erent opinion from tlieraselves." 
 
 In the present work, the genera of Linne are given, not witli a wbh 
 
46 SYSTEMS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 that tlie student should confine himself to that system, but merely to 
 introduce him to a knowledge of the Families, for in this term the 
 genera of Linne may certainly be applied in most cases, and which 
 every entomologist will readily admit. Mr. Spence has observed, in 
 his excellent Monograph of the Genus Choleva in the XTth vol. of the 
 Transactions of the Linncean Society : " It is contrary both to analogy 
 and experience to suppose the Creator has formed fewer of those 
 groupes into which we divide the vast tribes of nature by the name of 
 genera in one department than in another. Now in Botany, in which 
 not more than about 20,000 species have been described,we have upwards 
 of 2000 genera, In Entomology at least as many species are already de- 
 scribed; and when we combine the circumstances, that in Britain not 
 fewer than 8000 species of insects are to be foimd, while we have about 
 3000 plants ; and these are probably not one half of the European insects, 
 while we know that every other quarter of the globe is still more pro- 
 lific in species wholly different; and lastly, that every kind of plant 
 probably affords nutriment on the average to three or four species of 
 insects, there can be little doubt that the insect is vastly more popu- 
 lous than the vegetable world. Is it likely then that the number of 
 genera should be much fewer than in botany ; or at any rate that it 
 should not very greatly exceed its present amount.'' We need not 
 fear that the science will be rendered more difficult by an augmen- 
 tation of its genera. This cannot happen, if a proper system be adopt- 
 ed. If two or three insects, or even a single one, be strikingly charac- 
 terized by peculiarity of habit, they certainly ought in any system to 
 be distinguished at least as sections of the genera under which they are 
 placed. And will it increase the difficulty of investigation if they be 
 established as genera upon the same characters, and distinguished by a 
 name? Clearly not. On the contrary, the science can be effectually 
 promoted in no other way; for names have an important influence 
 upon the clearness of our ideas, and it will be impossible for us ever 
 to gain correct views of the philosophy of our science while genera es- 
 sentially distinct are jumbled together under one title. 
 
 " Entomology, therefore, is under the greatest obligations to lUiger 
 in Germany, Latreille in France," (Kirby, Leach, and Spence in En- 
 gland) ; " who having had the good sense to reject the useless while they 
 retain the valuable parts of the Fabrician system, are labouring, by the 
 institution of new genera built upon firm and intelligible characters, to 
 extricate the science from the chaos into which that author has un- 
 wittingly reduced it. Fabricius's system has now had a fair trial of 
 upwards of thirty years, and it was at one time universally followed on 
 the continent; yet so far is experience from having confirmed the as- 
 sertion of its author, that the Linnsan system is only calculated to 
 introduce confusion into the science, that the very system professing 
 to dissipate thg,t confusion is even now fast sinldng into oblivion, while 
 
LINNJEAN SYSTEM. 47 
 
 the Linncean orders and generic characters, with such improvements 
 as reason and analogy suggest, and as Linne himself would have ap- 
 proved, are reverted to by the most acute and learned entomologists of 
 the age." 
 
 ORDERS AND GENERA OF LINNE- 
 
 Order I. COLEOPTERA. 
 
 The insects of this Order form a very natural division. They have 
 hard cases to their wings, with a longitudinal suture; these in some 
 are united, and therefore such insects can have no wings; but the 
 wings in most are two. The mouth in general is furnished with 
 two, four, and sometimes six palpi, hco mandibles, and tzco maxilla ; the 
 mouth is covered above with the clypeus, and closed below with the- 
 lips: they have all six feet in their perfect state; in the antenna; there- 
 is the greatest diversity of shape and fonn, in this system the princi- 
 pal character of the genera : they have a hard horny skin ; on eaclx 
 side they have nine spiracula, one on the thorax, and eight on the ab- 
 domeru The females lay their eggs in the earth, dung, plants, M'ood, 
 &:c. and from these proceed the larva;. 
 
 The lars'oj have six feet near the head, which differs in form and size 
 in the different genera; jaws at the mouth; two eyes; often short an- 
 tennae; and on each side nine spiracula. Those that feed on plants, 
 and their roots move but slowly; those which live on dead animals are 
 more active; others, as the Caruhidct, Di/ticidce, and Stap/ii/linida; which 
 feed on living animals, are very rapid in their motions. The larva 
 state, during which insects change their skins, endures in most spe- 
 cies for a year; in the larger species longer, sometimes three or four 
 years. When the larva arrives at its appointed tune, it draws itself 
 together, and changes for the most part into a pupa incompleta, which, 
 sometimes below the earth or in rotten wood, reposes for several weeks- 
 or months. Afterwards the skin of the pupa bursts, and the perfect 
 insect appears. It is now fit for the propagation of its species. 
 
 Genus 1. Scarab^us. 
 
 Antenna clavated; the club lamellated {PL 1. fg. 1. a.): palpi four: 
 
 mandibles horny, in general without teeth : the tibice or second joint of 
 
 the foremost pair of feet generally dentated. 
 Species 1. Sc. Tj/phceus. Three horns on the thorax, the middle one the 
 
 smallest; the other two extending forwards and of the same length 
 
 with the head, which has no horns. {PI. 1. fg. 1.) 
 Inhabits Europe. 
 
48 SYSTEMS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 This species burrows in cow-dung and under the earth, digging deep 
 holes ; and is found plentiful on heaths and commons during April 
 and May. Mr. Marsham in his Entomologla Bi-itannka has described 
 80 species of ScarabcEi found in this country. 
 
 Genus 2. Lucanus. 
 
 Ajitenna clavated; cluh perfoliate: maxUlcs prominent and dcntated: 
 
 bod^ oblong : anterior tibia dentated. 
 Sp. 1. L. Cervus, the Stag-beetle. With a sculelliun ; the maxillje 
 
 projecting, bifurcated at the apex, with many teeth on the internal 
 
 edge. {PL i.fg. 3.) 
 
 This is the largest of the British Coleoptera ; the larva is white, and 
 lives on putrid wood, particularly oak; its head and feet are of a rust 
 colour. The perfect insect varies in size and colour; in general it is 
 dark brown or blackish ; the jaws are very large, about one third of 
 the length of the whole insect, and have a distant resemblance to the 
 horns of a stag; Mr. Marsham's inermis is only the female of this 
 species. 
 Sp. 2. L. parallel ipipedus is considerably smaller, and may be obtained 
 
 in June and July in the neighbourhood of willows. 
 Obs. L. carahoides has not yet occurred in Britain, at least no British 
 
 specimen is known. 
 
 Genus 3. Deumestes. 
 
 Antenna clsxaXed; the dub perfoliated {PI. l.Jig.4. a.); the three ter- 
 minating articulations larger than the rest: thorax convex, with 
 scarcely any margin: head inflected, and partly hid under the thorax. 
 The larv'as of the insects of this genus feed on decayed animal sub- 
 stances, and are exceedingly injurious to the meat in larders, skins, 
 furs, and books. 
 Sp. 1. D.murinus. Oblong; downy clouded with black and white ; abdo- 
 men covered with fine white down or hair. 
 Inhabits Europe ; and may frequently be found in the dead moles hung 
 
 up on the hedges by countrymen. {PL '^--fig- 4.) 
 Sp. 2. D.Scoli/tus. Elytra truncate, blackish and striate : abdomen re- 
 tuse: front downy and of an ash colour. {PL l.fig. 5.) 
 The insects of this genus are very prolific ; both the larvje and per- 
 fect insect eat the roots and wood of trees, and are sometimes very de- 
 structive to woods. The following account, from Mr. Kirby's Introduction 
 to Entomology, of Bostrichus Ti/pographus Fabr., will further illustrate 
 the habits and manners of this genus : " This insect in its preparatory 
 state feeds upon the soft inner bark only : but it attacks this important 
 f&et in such vast numbers, 80,000 being sometimes found in a single 
 
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 
 
 49 
 
 tree, that it is infinitely more noxious than any of those that hero into 
 tlie wood : and such is its vitahty, that though the bark be battered 
 and tlie trees plunged into water or laid upon the ice or snow, it re- 
 mains alive and unhurt. The leaves of the trees infested by these in- 
 sects first become yellow; the trees themselves then die at the top, 
 and soon entirely perish. Their ravages have long been known in Ger- 
 many under the name of Warm trvkniss (decay caused by worms); and 
 in the old liturgies of that country the animal itself is formally men- 
 tioned under its vulgar appellation of ' The Turk.' This pest was par- 
 ticularly prevalent and caused incalculable mischief about the year 
 1665. In the beginning of the last century it again showed itself in the 
 Hartz forests ; — it reappeared in 1757, redoubled its injuries in 1709, 
 and arrived at its height in 1783, when the number of trees destroyed 
 by it in the above forests alone was calculated at a million and a half, 
 and the inhabitants were threatened with a total suspension of the 
 working of their mines, and consequent ruin. At this period these 
 Bostrichi were arrived at their perfect state, and migrated in swarms like 
 bees in Suabia and Franconia. At length, bet^veen the years 1784 
 and 1789, in consequence of a succession of cold and moist seasons, 
 the numl;iers of this scourge were sensibly diminished. It appeared 
 again however in 1790, and so late as 1796 there was great reason to 
 fear for the few fir-trees that were left.''^ 
 
 Genus 4. Ptinus. 
 
 Antenme filiform {Pl.l.Jig. 6.a.); the last articulations the largest: 
 thorax nearly round, not margined, receiving the head under it. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ft. imperialis. Brown: thorax subcarinate : elytra elegantly va- 
 ried with white hair. {PL l.Jjg. 6.) 
 
 Inhabits Europe, in decayed trees. 
 
 Genus 5. Hister. 
 Ahtcmia davated {PL 2. Jig- 1. a.); the club solid; thclowest articula- 
 tion compressed and bent : head retractile within the body : eli/tra 
 shorter than the body : the fore-tibia: dentated. 
 
 The insects of this genus are generally found in dung, in spring, 
 summer, and a great part of the year. Like the Dermestides and 
 Bi/rrhi, they contract their antennas and legs when touched, and coun- 
 terfeit death. 
 
 Sp. 1. Hist, semiptmctatus. Brassy-black, polished: shells obliqudy 
 
 striate at the base. {PL 2. Jig. 1.) 
 Inhabits dung, and is very common in this country. 
 
 Genus G. Gyrinus. 
 Antenna cylindrical, and very short {PL 2. fig. Q. a.): niavillu horny and 
 very acute: ryes divide, so as to appear as four : the four hinder feit 
 compressed, and formed for swimming. {PL 2.. fig. Q. h.) 
 
 i) 
 
50 LINNEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. Gj/r. Natator. Oval: elytra with punctured strke: the inflected 
 
 margin testaceous, (P/. ^-fig. 2.) 
 
 Inhabits stagnant waters, running swiftly in circles on the surface, 
 and when it dives carrying along with it a bubble of air which appears 
 like quicksilver. These insects live in society, and often in their brisk 
 motions strike against one another. In the evenings they betake them- 
 selves to still places vuider bridges, or under the roots of trees which 
 grow at the water's edge. 
 
 Genus 7. Byrrhus. 
 Antenna a little shorter than the thorax, with the four or five terminal 
 joints gradually thicker, compressed (PI. 2. Jig. 3. a.): ^)«//;/ short, 
 the last joint longest; thick, somewhat ovate : bodj^ somewhat ovate, 
 very convex above; scutdlum minute. 
 
 When touched, they apply their antennre and feet so close to the 
 body, remaining at the same time motionless, that they resemble a seed 
 more than an animated being. They are found in sand-pits and road- 
 ways in the spring months, and are very common. 
 Sp. 1. Byr. Pilula. Brown; the elytra with black interruptetl striae. 
 {PL 2.fg. 3.) 
 
 Genus 8. Anthrenus, Fahricius. 
 Antenna shorter than the thorax, with the club solid (PI. 2. fig. 4. a.): 
 jjfl/_/ji filiform, short: toc/j/ orb iculate, ovate: sc'^feZ/tf?« very minute : 
 viaxillcE and Up bifid. 
 
 These insects are found on flowers; they are small, but in general 
 prettily coloured. They contract on the appearance of danger, and ap- 
 pear as if dead. Their lai-\'ce are found in carcases, skins, and dried 
 animal substances. They pass nearly a year in that state before chang- 
 ing into a pupa; the perfect insects are found chiefly in spring. 
 Sp. 1. Anth. Scrophularia. Black; sides of the thorax and three trans- 
 verse bands on the elytra, grey; suture and external margin of the 
 elytra and hinder margin of the thorax, red-lutescent. {PI. 2. Jig. 4.) 
 
 Genus 9. Silpha. 
 ^?i<en?t« gradually thickening towards their extremities {PI. 2. fig. 7. a,), 
 or terminated by a solid or perfoliated club (Jig. 6. a.): elytra cover- 
 ing the greater portion of the abdomen and marginated : head pro- 
 jecting: thorax flattish and margined: body oval or parallelopiped. 
 The Silpha feed on dead carcases and the excrements of animals; 
 they have generally a fetid smell, and when taken they discharge by 
 the mouth or the anus a drop of black liquor of a very disgusting 
 odour; this liquor serves to accelerate the putrefaction of the matters 
 on which they feed. The larvrelive in the earth in dung-hills and 
 dead carcases; they have six short feet; the head is small, armed with 
 btrong jaws; they undergo their transformations underground 
 
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 51 
 
 Sp. 1. Silpha Vespillo. {PL Q.Jig. 6.) Oblong and black : the clypens or- 
 bicular and unequal : the elytra marked with two ferruginous lasciae. 
 This species is subject to great variet}- in size. It is infested with 
 uicari; it Hies very swiftly with its elytra erect. The elytra are shorter 
 than the abdomen. It feeds on carrion, and a small dead animal is 
 soon visited by a number of this species, which join in burying it after 
 they have deposited their eggs in its body. Thus a mole or a mouse is 
 often buried by the industry of four or five of them in the space of 
 four-and-twenty hours. They scoop out the earth all round and be- 
 low the animal, which gradually sinks down; and while the agents are 
 invisible, we see the effect by the disappearance of the carcase. 
 
 Sp. Q. Si/p/ia quadripunctata. {PL '2. fig. 7 .) Black: elytra and thorax 
 vellow, with two black spots on each elytron : head, antennae and legs 
 black. 
 Found at the roots of oak trees in the winter, and in the foliage in 
 
 the months of JNIay, June, and July. 
 
 Geiuis 10. NiTiDULA, Fabr. 
 Anteniuc claxated: the club solid: c/y^ra marginated: Aeaf/ prominent : 
 
 thorax dattish anil marginated. 
 ■ In the former editions of the Systema Nuturie the insects of this ge- 
 mis were included in the genus Silpha, the habits of which they greatly 
 resemble, being found in decayed animal substances, under the bark 
 of trees, bones, Sec. 
 
 Sp. 1. Kit. diacoidca. Black: the thorax marginated: the disk of the 
 
 elytra ferruginous: length 1^ lin. {PL 2. jig. 5.). 
 
 The species of this genus are numerous, subject to great variety, and 
 require a minute examination. 
 
 Genus 11. Opatrum, Fabr. 
 Antcnntr moniliform, growing thicker at the end : tli/fra marginated : 
 
 head prominent: ^/iora.r flattish and marginated. 
 
 The insects of this genus are fbimd in sandy situations in May, June, 
 and Jidy. — They were arranged with the Silphfc l)y Linne. 
 •Sp. 1. Opat. sabulosum. Brown: thorax emarginatc: elytra dentated, 
 . with three elevated lines. {PL "i.fig- 8. a. antcniuc tnagnijied.) 
 
 Genus 12. Tkitoma, Fabr. 
 Aidenmc clavated: club perfoliated {PL 'I. fig. 9. a.): Up emarginate: 
 
 anterior palpi siicymioiiw: hod i/ iwnch elevated: thonuv^iiX. 
 
 Of this genus we have but one species at present known in this 
 country, which inhabits fungi : I once took them in profusion atCoombc 
 Wood in the month of March. 
 •Sp. 1. Trit. hipustulatuin. Black: the elytra wilh a scarlet spot on ihe 
 
 shoulder, in which is a uiiall black dot. {PL 2. fig. 9.) 
 
52 LINNEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 13. Cassida. 
 AntcnrKz tnoniliform: thorax and elytra marginated : head concealed 
 
 under the thorax: body above gibbous, beneath flat and margined. 
 
 Of this genus we have several species, some of whicli are very bril- 
 liant in colours, which disappear when the insect dies, but are said to 
 revive when put in warm water. 
 
 The larvffi of these insects are found under the leaves of the plants 
 on which they feed: by means of the lateral spines and bristle at the 
 end of the tail they form a kind of parasol with their own excrements 
 to shelter themselves from the sun and rain, and probably to screen 
 themselves from their enemies. 
 Sp. 1. Cass, macidata. The elytra vary in colour, the young state of the 
 
 insect being green, and as it advances in age gradually approaching 
 
 to red spotted with black : black on the under side. C. murraa ot 
 
 Marsham is only a variety of this. {PL l.fig- 10.) 
 
 Genus 14. Coccineli.a. 
 Ard.cnna clavated : the chib solid : maviUary palpi terminated by a large 
 
 securiform joint : tcf/y hemispherical : thu-rax and elytra margined i 
 
 aidonien flat. 
 
 The insects of this genus are commonly called in England Lady- 
 cows, or Lady-birds. The larvae feed chiefly on the Aphides or plant- 
 lice, and are very serviceable in clearing vegetables of the myriads with 
 which they are often infested. Mr. Marsham in his Entomologia Bri- 
 tannica has described 50 species, two-thirds of which only are genuine. 
 .So great is the variety in the species of this genus, that by a close ex- 
 amination scarcely t\vo specimens will be foimd alike : this shows the 
 necessity of collecting varieties, for by this means species may be de- 
 cided upon; I shoiild therefore strongly recommend the young ento- 
 mologist never to disregard them, as they tend greatly to the advance- 
 ment of the science, and ccrtamly enrich a collection. Mr. Stepher.s 
 (the author of the continuation to the ornithological part of Shaw's 
 Zoology, and a most excellent entomologist,) for some years past has 
 ])aid great attention to this genus of insects; and it his intention to lay 
 his observations before the Linnean Society. 
 Sp. 1. Cocc. 14-g?/f/a/fl. Elytra red : with fourteen white dots : antennae 
 
 and eyes black : the spots on the elytra form ibur lines; the iirstline 
 
 c<jutains two spots, the second six, the third four, and the last two. 
 Lihabits willows. {PL 2.fg. 11.) 
 
 Genus 15. CHRVsoMfiLA. 
 
 xintenna: moniliibrm : palpi six, thickest at their extremity: thorax mar- 
 gined, but not the elytra: body for the most part ovate. 
 The insects of this genus are in general adorned with shining and 
 
 splendid colours. They live on leaves, but do not eat the nen-urcs. 
 
ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 53 
 
 Their larva? are in general of an oval shape, somewhat elongated and 
 soft, with six feet near the head. The last joint of their feet or tarsi 
 consists of four articulations, which in most cases serve for sexual di- 
 stinctions, the tarsi of the fore feet heing considerably broader in the 
 males tlian in the females. This numerous and beautiful tribe is found 
 in almost every situation : their motion is slow; and some of them 
 when caught emit an oily liquor of a disagreeable smell. 
 
 In this genus of 1 Jnne we tind many insects that difter widely from 
 the generic character given above, which form many natural families 
 consisting of numerous genera, the characters of which will be given 
 in the system proposed by Dr. Leach. 
 
 Sp. 1. Chrijs. coriaria. Apterous, oval ; varies in colour from a dark 
 blue to a black. It is a very common species, and may be lound on 
 heaths from April to June in abundance. {PL 2. Jig. 12.) 
 
 Sp. 2. Clirt/s. Tanaceti. Black and panctmed: the antenna; and feet 
 black. {PL 2. fig. 13.) Galeruca Tanaceti, Geoffrey, Lat /■elite, Fahri- 
 ciiis, Otiviei; and Leach. 
 
 Sp. 3. C/iri/s. jnerdigera. {PL 2. Jig. 11.) Auchenia merdigera, Mamluini. 
 
 Inhabits the white lily. 
 
 Genus 10. Cryptoceph.vlus, Tabr. 
 
 Antenna filiform : palpi four : thorax margined, but not the elytra: hody 
 
 nearly cylindrical. 
 
 The insects of this genus in some of the sections into which it has 
 been divided by Gmelin resemble the preceding in form and manners, 
 and were accordingly in the former editions of the St/stema Natura ar- 
 ranged with Ctiri/so)iiet(£. Mr. Marsham's Auclienia, Crioceris, and TilluSy 
 are separated from this genus. 
 
 Sp. 1. Crypt. Lincola. Body black : elytra red, with a black line on 
 each. {PL 2. Jig. 15.) 
 
 Genus 17. Hispa. 
 
 Antcnn^B cylindrical, approximate at the base and seated bet\veen the 
 eyes: palpi fusiform: thora.v and elytra often spinous or toothed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Hispa mutica. {PL 2. Jig. 10.) Orthocerus muticus, Latr. 
 Inhabits sajidy situations. 
 
 Genus 18. BRCciirs. 
 Antenne filiform : palpi equal and filiform : lip acuminated. 
 Sp. 1. Bruchus Pisi. Elytra black, with white spots; the extremity 
 
 white, with two black dots, {PL 2. Jig. 17.) 
 Ii^habits Europe, and is very destructive to fields of peas, 
 
54 LINNEAX SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 19. Curculio. 
 
 AnIeiiiKp clavated, situated on the rostrum: palpi four, tiliromi. 
 
 The insects of this genus are very numerous, and subject to great 
 diversity in form and colours. Mr. Marsham has described 234 spe- 
 cies in his Entomologia Britannica, some of which are but varieties. 
 Many species have been discovered since his work was written, and 
 the number is probably doubled. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cuix.nitens. Oblong, dark-violet : thorax and elytra of a blueish 
 
 green. {PL 2.fg. 18.) 
 Inhabits Europe ; is found in England on the white-thorn in woods in 
 
 the month of May. 
 Sp. 2. Ciox. Fyri. Bronzed with a changeable colour of yellow, red, and 
 
 green: legs rufous. {Fl. 2. fig. 19.) 
 Inhabits the nut-tree, but is very local. 
 
 Sp. 3. Cure. Nucu)?7. Grey-brown ; rostrum as long as the body. 
 Inhabits the nut-tree; the larva is frequently found in the hazel nut. 
 
 {PL '2. fg. 20.) 
 Sp. 4. Cure. Scrophularia. The coleoptra with two black spots on the 
 
 back. {PL 2. fig. 21.) 
 Inhabits the Scrophularia in marshes. 
 
 Genus 20. Attelabus. 
 
 Antenna monWi^onw; thickest towards the apex: head inclined, and 
 
 acuminated behind. 
 Sp. 1. Att. CoryU. Black; elytra red and reticulated. {PL 2. fg. 22.) 
 Inhabits Europe : is found on the hazel ; the leaves of which the lar%'a 
 rolls up into a cylinder, close at both ends. The form of the head 
 in this insect is remarkable : it is shaped like a long triangle ; the 
 acute angle attached to the thorax, the eyes in the other two angles, 
 and from the liase the rostrum arises. 
 
 Genus 21. Notoxus, Fubr. Meloe, Linn. Lytta, Marsh. 
 
 Antenna filiform ; palpi four, secinuform : maxilla with one dent or 
 
 tooth. 
 Sp. 1. JVb^. monoceros. The thorax projecting like a horn over the head. 
 
 {PL 2. fig. 23. a. head, thorax, and antennae magnified.) 
 Inhabits sand-pits, is rare near London. This species has been taken in 
 
 profusion on the sandy sea shores of South Wales. 
 
 Genus 22. CeraJmbvx. 
 
 Antenna setaceous : palpi four : thorax spinous or gibbous : clj/li a 
 
 linear. 
 This is a numerous genus: it has therefore been divided into several 
 
ORDER 1. COLEOl'TERA. 56 
 
 genera by later writers. Few of them are natives of Britain. Their 
 hirvK live in wood, which, they perforate and consume. They are the 
 favourite food of the woodpecker. They have shorter feet than the 
 lar\'<E of most other Coleoptera. 1'he antennae are often longer than 
 the whole body, being in some species four times its length. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ce/: moschatttx. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. In England it frequently occurs on willov-'-trees in 
 June. 
 
 Sp. 2. Ce?'. Text or. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. This is esteemed a very rare British insect; it occurs 
 on willows at the Eftbrd Mills, near Lymington in Hampshire, and 
 near Bristol. (P/. 1. fg. 24.) 
 
 Sp. 3. Cer. urcuatus. The elytra with four yellow fasciffi ; the first inter- 
 rupted, the others arched backwards, {PL 'i.fig- 25.) 
 
 Inhabits Europe. Is foiuid on the trunks of trees, but is rare in 
 Britain. 
 
 Genus 23. Lkptura. 
 
 Antenna setaceous : palpi four, filiform : elijtra attenuated towards the 
 
 ape.x: thorax somewhat cylindrical. 
 Sp. 1. Lept. guadrifasciatu. Black ; elyti'a testaceous with four black 
 
 fasciffi. {PL 2. fig. 26.) 
 Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is found in the woods of Kent on 
 
 umbelliferous plants. 
 Sp. 2. Lept. Ni/mphtece. Hind thighs toothed : thorax and elytra coppery : 
 
 body cinereous, downy. 
 Inhabits Europe. j\lay frequently be found in ditches on the leaves 
 
 of l^ijmphau alba in the month of May. {PL 2. fg. 27.) 
 
 Genus 24. Necyd.\lis. 
 
 Antenna setaceous or filiform : palpi four, filiform : eli/fra smaller than 
 
 the wings. 
 Sp. 1. Neci/d. carulea. Elytra subulate : abdomen blue : hind thighs of the 
 
 maleclavate, arcuate; those of the female simple. {PL 2. Jig. 28.) 
 Inhabits flowers in woods and chalk-pits. 
 
 Genus 25. Lampyris. 
 
 J?j/e««fi; filiform: {PL 3. Jig. 1. a.) palpi four: eli/tra flexible: thorax 
 flat, semiorbicular, concealing and surrounding the head: the sides 
 of the abdomen with papillary t'olCo: the females for the most part 
 are destitute of wings and elytra, and resemble herbivorous larvse. 
 
 Sp. 1. La/np. noctiluca, Glow-worm. Oblong and brown; the thorax 
 ash-coloured. {PL 3.fg. 1. male, fg. 2. female.) 
 
 Inhabits woods, heaths, and grassy banks in the months of June 
 and July; the female alone is luminous. The light, which is phos- 
 
56 LINNEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 phoric, proceeds from the last segment but one of the abdomen, and 
 seems intended to attract the male. Lunipyria splendidula is said to in-t 
 habit this country, but I have not yet seen any British specimen : I 
 should therefore advise those entomologists residing at a distance trom 
 London to collect all the specimens they can obtain, and carefully exn- 
 amine them : the males may be taken in profusion in the evenings of 
 the above months, if a few females be put in the entomologist's foldr 
 ing-net as he Avalks in the above places of an evening. 
 
 Genus 20. Pyrochuoa, Tahr. Gmel. 
 
 AideniKB pectinate : thoi^ax orbicular : hocli/ elongate, depressed. The 
 
 prevailing colour in this genus is red and black. 
 Sp. 1. Pi/roch. coccinea. Black : thorax and elytra of a bright scarlet red ; 
 
 the antennsfc strongly pectinate. 
 Inhabits the woods of Kent in the months of June and July. {PL 3. 
 
 M 3.) 
 Sp. 2. Pi/roch. ruhens. Black: thorax and elytra of a duller red than 
 
 the preceding species. 
 
 A very common insect in the months of May and June, and may be 
 found in most hedges where white-thorn gTows. 
 
 Genus 27. Caxtharis. 
 
 Anieantr filiform ; thorax (in most species) marginated ; eh/tra flexible ; 
 the sides of the abdomen with papillary folds. 
 
 This is an extremely rapacious genus, preying upon other insects, 
 and even its own tribe. 
 
 Sp. 1. Canth. fusca. Thorax red, with a black spot; elytra brown. 
 (P/. 3. fg. 4.) 
 
 This is a numerous tribe, and forms several natural genera of mo- 
 dern authors. 
 
 Sp. 2. Canth. biguttata. Thorax black in the middle : elytra greenish- 
 bronze; red at the apex. {PI. 3. fig. 5.) 
 This insect is furnished with two red obtuse vesicles at the base cf 
 
 the abdomen, and two at the apex of the thorax, which are raised and 
 
 depressed alternately. Common on various plants in woods in the 
 
 months of May and June. 
 
 Genus 28. Elater. 
 AntenntE filiform : palpi four, securiform : mandihles notched, or bifid at 
 
 their extremities. 
 
 Many of the coleopterous insects have a great difficulty in restoring 
 themselves when laid on their back; the apparatus with which the in- 
 sects of this genus are provided for that purpose is singular and curi- 
 ous. An elastic spring or spine projects from the hinder extremity of 
 the breast, and there is a groove or cavity in the anterior part of the ab« 
 
ORDHR I COLEOPTKRA. S7 
 
 dnmcn. When laid on its back, the insect raises and sustains itself on 
 the anterior part of the head and the extremity of the body, by which 
 means the spine is removed iVoni the groove where it is lodged when in 
 its natural position ; then suddenly bending its body, the spine is struck 
 with force across a small ridge or elevation, into the cavity from whence 
 it was withdrawn, by which shock, the parts of the body before sus- 
 tained in the air are so forcibly beat against whatever the insect is 
 laid on, as to cause it to spring or reboimd to a considerable distance. 
 The antenna' are lodged in a cavity scooped out of the under side of 
 the head and thorax, probably to preserve them from injury when 
 the insect falls, after its singular leap. The larvaj reside in decayed 
 ^vood. 
 6p. 1. TJat. sanguineus. Black; thorax sniooth and shining: elytra of 
 
 a blood red colour. {PI. 3. fig. 6.) 
 Inhabits decayed oaks, and lias been found in abundance imder the 
 
 bark of trees in June, in the New Forest of Hampshire, which is 
 
 a most excellent and fertile county for insects. 
 Sp. 2. FJat. ci/aneus. Blue, varying from a purple to a greenish hue : 
 
 elytra striated and finely punctured. (P/. 2>.jig. 7.) 
 Inhabits gravel-pits in tlie months of May and June, under stones, 
 
 clods of earth and conglomerated masses, by turning up of which 
 
 the entomologist will frequently find other insects equally rare. 
 
 Genus 29. Cicindela. 
 Antenna setaceous: palpi six, filiform; the posterior ones hairy: 7nan- 
 
 fW'/fs projecting with many dents: eyes prominent : tliorux rounded 
 
 and marginated. 
 
 This is in general a very beautiful tribe of insects; they are found 
 in dry sandy places, and prey with the most ravenous ferocity upon 
 all weaker insects which come in their way. The larva is soft and 
 white, with six feet, and two tubercles on its back which assist it in 
 retreating with its prey; the head is brown and scaly, and armed with 
 a pair of large jaws. It lurks in a round perpendicular hole in the 
 ground, with its head at the entrance, to draw in and de\our \\ hatcver 
 insects may come near or fall into it. 
 
 .Sp. 1. Cicind. cximpestris. Green; the elytra with five white dots. 
 Inhabits sand-pits and other hot and dry places from April to July. 
 Sp. 2. Cicind. si/lvatica. {PL 3. Jig. 8.) 
 
 Genus 30. Buprestis. 
 
 Antenna filiform, serrated; the length of the thorax: palpi four, fili- 
 form ; the last articulation obtuse and tnmcated : head partly re- 
 tracted within the thorax. {PI. 3. fig. 9.) 
 Pew of this numerous genus are natives of Britain. Many of the ex- 
 
 ^otic species are remarkable for their rich metallic colours, having fre- 
 
58 LINKEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 quently the appearance of the most highly poUshed gold or copper: 
 
 the larvfe live in wood. 
 
 Sp. 1. Bupr. biguttafa. Green above, blue-green heneath; scutellum 
 transversely impressed ; apex of the elytra serrated ; a white villose 
 spot on each side of the suture, and three on the sides of the ab- 
 domen. 
 
 In England it is rather rare, but was once observed in very great 
 abundance, by Dr. Latham, in Darent-wood, Kent. 
 
 Genus 31. Hydrophilus, Fabr. Dytiscus, Linn. 
 Antennae clavated, dub perfoliate : palpi four, tiliform : hinder feet cili- 
 ated and formed for swimming, with minute claws. 
 The insects of this genus live in water and moist places. They 
 may be seen in ponds during the summer and calm mild days in 
 winter, frequently rising to the surface for fresh air; they swim well, 
 and when laid on their backs restore themselves by whirling roimd; 
 they rest in the shade, keep in the water during the day, come abroad 
 in the evening, and are sometimes found sitting on the plants by the 
 edge; they fly by night; after having been long out of tlie water they 
 cannot dive but with difficulty : the foremost feet of the males have a 
 hemispherical appendage. The larvae always live in the water, and are 
 the crocodiles of their class, killing not only aquatic insects but even 
 fishes. 
 Sp. \. llydroph. piceiis. Black; the' sternum channelled and spiny 
 
 behind. 
 Hydrous piceus. Leach, from the LiiDtean MSS. 
 
 This is the largest British species of the genus. The larva lives in 
 still waters and ponds; is about an inch and a half in length; black; its 
 head smooth and chesnut-coloured; with six short slender feet, which 
 are actually placed on the back, and a tapering tail through which it 
 respires. — In the month of July it is said to attain its utmost size, and 
 leaving tlie water, creeps upon the dry ground to a heap of dung, (cow- 
 dung if it be near,) and makes a hole under it pretty deep, and so wide 
 that it can lie in it rolled up in a circle, and there it changes into its 
 pupa state. About the middle of August the perfect insect appears. 
 Like most of the aquatic insects it lives through the winter, diving deep 
 into the mud in the most inclement weather. 
 Sp. 2. Hfjdroph. curaboides. {PL 3. Jig. 16.) 
 
 Genus 32. Dytiscus. 
 
 Antenna setaceous ; palpi six, filiform : hind feet villous, formed for 
 
 swimming, with the claws very minute. {PL S.fig. 13, 14 4" 15.) 
 
 The insects of this genus are very numerous, and are well deserving 
 
 the attention of the entomologist. In Dr. Leach's system they are di- 
 
 \ided into several very natural genera : they are ibund in almost every 
 
OUDER I. COLtOPTEHA. 59 
 
 pond, dllch, and rivulet, but many of the species are very local : they 
 may be obtained in the above-mentioned situations at all seasons of 
 the year. 
 
 Genus 33. C.4rabus. 
 
 Antenna: filiform ; palpi six, the last articulation obtuse and truncated : 
 
 thorax obcordate, trimcated at the apex, and marginated : eli/tru 
 
 margined. 
 
 Mr. ^larsham has described 109 British species of this genus : the 
 generality of them arc found on the ground, under stones, in sand-pit>- 
 &:c. a few are foiuid in trees, feeding on the larva; oi Lepidoptera. The 
 whole of this tribe are very voracious, preying on all insects which they 
 can overcome; they discharge, when taken, a brown caustic and fetid 
 liquor : many of them want wings ; though their elytra in general arc 
 separate and moveable : their larvte live in putrid wood, among mosses, 
 in the earth, &:c. 
 
 Fl. '^.fg. 17, 18, If), &; 20, belong to this genus of Linne. They are 
 types of so many genera, the characters of which are given in the 
 system of Dr. Leach. 
 
 Genus 34. Tenebrio. 
 
 Antcnme moniliform ; the last articidation nearly round : thorax with a 
 small degree of convexity, and marginated : head standing out: elytra 
 somewhat rigid. 
 Sp. 1. Tench. MolUor. Brownish-black; the anterior thighs the thickest. 
 (P/.4..//5. 1.) ' 
 
 The larvae of this insect are called Meal-zcorms, and are found in 
 meal, bakers' ovens, dry bread, &c. They are of a pale colour, smooth, 
 with thirteen segments, soft ; and are the favourite food of nightin- 
 gales, and other MotacilU. 
 
 Genus 3.5. Blaps, Fabr., Marsh. Tenebrio, Linn. 
 
 Antenna' filiform; palpi four: thorax with a small degree ot convexity, 
 
 and marginated : head standing out : eli/tra somewhat rigid : zoiiigs 
 
 (in most species) wanting. 
 Sp. 1. Bl. mortinaga. Black ; coleoptra ending in a point, and smooth ; 
 
 the antennae moniliform at the apex. 
 
 This species wants the wings : it walks slowly, and is therefore called 
 the slow-legged beetle : when taken it emits a certain colourless but 
 very fetid liquor. 
 
 Genus 36. Lytta, Fabr. Meloe, Liim. 
 
 Antenna; fiWform: /Jf///)* four, unequal, the hind ones clavated: thora.v 
 somewhat round : head inflected and gibbous : eli/tra soft and flexible. 
 Sp. 1. Lytta vesicatoria. Green; the antenn2e,black. {PL 4. fg- 5.) 
 Inhabits the south of Europe, and is occasionally found in Britain. 
 
CO LINNEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 This is the common Spanish fly: it is found on the privet, the ash, 
 the elder, the jtoplar, &cc. It is so hght when dried that fifty of them 
 sccDxely weigh a dram. 
 
 Genus 37. Meloe. 
 
 Antenna moniHform : thorax nearly round : eliftra soft, flexible, and 
 shorter than the abdomen: hcnd inflected, gibbous. {PI. 4. Jig. 7.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Mel. Froscarahmis. Of a violet colour. 
 
 Found in spring, particularly in open sandy fields, feeding on the 
 
 different species of Ranuncuhis, &c.; its ova have an agreeable smell; 
 
 when touched, there issues from it a very limpid yellowish oil, which 
 
 is exceedingly diuretic, and when mixed with honey or oil has been 
 
 recommended in cases of hydrophobia. 
 
 Genus 38. Mordella. 
 
 Antcnntt moniliform or pectinated : palpi four, the anterior ones cla- 
 vated, the hinder filiform : when frightened, it hides its head be- 
 neath the thorax : elytra narrower towards the apex, and slightly 
 cun-ed : before the thighs a broad plate at the base of the abdomen. 
 The insects of this genus inhabit flowers. 
 
 Sp. 1. Mord.fasciata. {PL 4. Jig. 8.) 
 
 Genus 39. Staphylinls. 
 
 I shall omit the generic character of Linne, and refer the student to 
 those genera given in Dr. Leach's system. Mr. Marsham has de- 
 scribed only 87 species of this very extensive family : 500 species at least 
 are found to be natives of this coimtry, many of which are exceed- 
 ingly minute, but very interesting. {PI. 4. fg. 10, 11, 12, 13 4' 14.) 
 
 Genus 40. Forficula. 
 
 Antenna, setaceous : palpi unequal and filiform : clijtra truncated and 
 shorter than the abdomen, the extremity of which is armed with 
 forceps. 
 
 Sp. 1. Forf. auricularia, Earwig. 
 
 Order II. HEMIPTERA. 
 
 Many of the insects of this Order are furnished with a rostrum 
 which is inflected and bent inwards towards the breast. Their wing- 
 cases are hemehjirata:, or of a substance less hard than those of the 
 preceding order; they do not meet together and form a longitudinal 
 suture, but have some part of their anterior margins crossed or laid 
 one over the other. 
 
OUDEU II. IIEMIPTERA. 61 
 
 Genus 41. Blatta. 
 
 Head inflected : antenna setaceous : palpi unequal, filiform : c.I)jtra and 
 zn»gs flat, and nearly coriaceous : t/iorav nearly flat, orbicular, and 
 marginated : feet formed for running : tmo horns above the tail ia 
 most species. {PI. 4. fig. 17.) 
 Sp. 1. lit. orientalis, Black-beetle or Cock-roach. 
 
 This insect was originally a native of South America, but is now very 
 generally spread throughout Europe. It cannot be considered a British 
 insect, though it frequents kitchens, ovens, and warm places, and de- 
 vours meal, bread, and other provisions, shoes, &c. It conceals itself 
 during the day, and comes abroad in the night; it runs quickly, and is 
 very tenacious of life. They are killed by red wafers. 
 
 Genus 42. Gryllus. 
 
 Head inflected, furnished with maxilla? and filiform palpi : antenna: se- 
 taceous or filiform: wings four, deflected and convoluted ; the imder 
 ones folded: hind legs formed for leaping: t<vo chncs on all the feet. 
 
 Sp. 1. Gr.flavipes. {Fl. 4. fg. 19.) 
 
 Inhabits marshes, but is very local in Britain. 
 
 Genus 43. Cicada. 
 
 Rostrum inflected : antenna setaceous ; zcings four, membranaceous and 
 
 deflected : /t^e^ formed for leaping. {PL Ij.jig. 1 4' 2.) 
 Sp. 1. Cic. viridis. Elytra green: head yellow, with black dots. 
 Inhabits aquatic plants in ditches. 
 
 Genus 44. Notonecta. 
 Rostrum inflected : antenna shorter than the thorax : wings four, folded 
 
 together crosswise; coriaceous at the base: hinder feet ciliated, 
 
 formed for swimming. 
 
 The insects of this and the following genus live in water, feeding 
 on aquatic animalcula; the larva and pupa have each six- feet; they 
 are active, and swim like the perfect insect; the former wants wings, 
 the latter has the rudiments of them. {PL 5. Jig. 3.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Kut. minutissima. Grey; the head brown: the elytra truncated. 
 Inhabits ponds. 
 
 Genus 45. Nepa. 
 
 Rostrum inflected : antenna short : roings four, folded crosswise, the an- 
 terior part of them coriaceous: the two fore feet cheliform; the 
 others formed for walking. 
 
 Sp. 1. Nepa cinerea. Of an ash colour : the thorax unequal: the body 
 oblong, ovate. {PL 5. fig. 4.) 
 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches; is very common in Britain throughout the 
 . vear. 
 
62 LINNEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 46. CiMEX. 
 Rvatrum iilfiected: unicnntE longer than the thorax: u'uii^s four, folded 
 crosswise; the upper ones coriaceous in the anterior pari: buck tlat: 
 thorax marginated: feet formed for running. {PL 5. Jig. 6, 7, 8.) 
 The insects of this genus, whether as larvae or in the perfect state, 
 feed for the most part on the juices of plants; some on the larvjg of 
 other animals: they have in general a very disagreeable smell. The 
 larvce and pupa^ have six feet ; they are active, and walk about like the 
 perfect insect : the former has no wings, the latter has the rudiments 
 of them. A great number of species are found in Britain. 
 
 Sp. 1. Clmcx IccLidarias. Without wings. 
 Inhabits Europe. 
 
 This insect (the bed-bug) is unhappily but too well known, and was 
 an inhabitant of Europe j)rior to the Christian tera; at least it is men- 
 tioned by Aristophanes and other Greek writers. Southall says it was 
 hardly known in London before 1670; but there is good authority for 
 asserting that it was common enough there before the great tire in 
 1666. It is a nocturnal animal, very fetid; seldom, though sometimes, 
 found with wings ; easily killed when taken alive. Bugs are said to be 
 expelled in a variety of ways, viz. by charcoal and oil of turpentine, soft 
 soap, or hai'd pomatum. 
 
 Genus 47. Aphis. 
 
 Hostrum inflected ; the vagina with five articulations and a single seta : 
 a)itenu(e setaceous, longer than the thorax : wingii four, erect, or none : 
 feet formed for walking : the abdomen generally armed with two horns. 
 \Pl.5.fg.9.) 
 
 The insects of this genus are small and defenceless ; but very nox- 
 ious animals, and most remarkable for the singularities in tlieir history 
 and manners. They seldom appear before autumn, when the males im- 
 pregnate their females, which soon thereafter lay eggs or rather a sort of 
 capsule in which the yoimg Aphides lie already perfectly formed, but 
 do not break their shell till the following spring. When they appear, 
 it is very remarkable that they are almost wholly females, with hardly 
 a male to be seen during the whole spring and summer. Notwith- 
 standing this, all these female Aphidea without any communication 
 with a male are able to propagate their species, and seem to have re- 
 ceived the genial influence not merely for themselves alone but for 
 their posterity to the ninth generation. During the whole summer they 
 are viviparous ; and if a young Apltis be taken immediately upon ex- 
 clusion from the mother, and kept apart, it will produce yoimg ; which 
 young, if also kept apart, will likewise produce, and so on, without the 
 presence of a male. Towards autumn, however, this singular fructifi- 
 cation begins to lose its wonderful effects; the J/'/i«/fs cease to bring 
 
ORDEK III. I.F.PIDOPTCRA. 63 
 
 Ibrtl) fonialos only ; males likewise are produced, which immediately 
 celebrate their nuptial rite, that is to communicate fertility to the whole 
 female posterity of the following summer. 
 
 Genus 48. Chermes. 
 
 The rost7-um rising from the breast with a vagina and three inflected 
 seta>: antenna: cylindrical, longer than the thorax: rt/^gs four, de- 
 Hexed; thorax gibbous: feet formed for leaping. {PI. 5. Jig. 10.) 
 The larvoe of the insects of this genus are furnished with feet and 
 generally covered with down. In the perfect state they greatly resem- 
 ble the Ap/iidcs. 
 
 Genus 49. Coccus, 
 
 Antenna filiform : ubdomen furnished with two setse : rostrumxi^m^ from 
 the breast with a vagina and sctfe : tico erect nings in the males ; 
 none in the females. (P/. 5. Jig. 11.) 
 Sp. 1. Coccus Cacti. 
 
 This insect, so useful when properly prepared to painters and dyers, 
 is a native of South America, where it is found on several species of 
 Cactus, particidarly the Cactus Opuntia or Prickly-pear. The insects are 
 collected in a wooden bowl, thickly spread from thence upon a flat 
 dish of earthenware, and placed alive over a charcoal fire, where they are 
 slowly roasted imtil the downy covering disappears and the aqueous 
 juices of the animal are totally evaporated. During this operation the 
 insects are continually stirred aViout with a tin ladle, and sometimes 
 water is sprinkled upon them to prevent absolute torrefaction, which 
 would destroy the colour and reduce the insect to a coal ; but a little 
 habit teaches when to remove them from the fire. They then appear 
 like so many dark, round, reddish grains, and take the name of Cochi- 
 neal, preserving so little the original form of the insect that this pre- 
 cious dye was long known and sought in Europe before naturalists had 
 dcLermiued whether it was animal, vegetable, or a mineral substance. 
 
 Genus 50. Thrips. 
 
 Hustnan indistinct : antenna filiibrm, of the length of the thorax : hotlij 
 linear: aWowe?? curved upwards : -wings four, straight, lying upca 
 tlieback; longitudiual,narrow, and somewhat crossed. (P/. 5. Jig. 12.) 
 The insects of this genus are small, and arc found on the flow^ers of 
 
 various plants. 
 
 Orderlll. LEPIDOPTERA. (Glos?xt.k, Fabr.) 
 
 The insects of this order contain the butterflies, moths, and hawk- 
 moths; have all four wings covered with scales or a sort of farina: 
 they have a mouth (the jaws of which havclatcl) been di-scovered, de- 
 
64 LliS'NEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 scribed and figured by Savigny in his Manoircs sitr ks Anunaux sum 
 Verttbres, Paris, 1816.), with palpi, a spiral tongue; the body covered 
 with hair. The scales resemble feathers : they lie over one another in 
 an imbricated manner, the shaft towards the body of the insect and die 
 expansion towards the end of the w-ing, reflecting the most brilliant co- 
 lours. 
 
 Genus 51, Papilio. 
 
 Antenna; clavate, gradually thickening towards their extremity: uings 
 when at rest erect and meeting upwards. All the insects of this ge- 
 nus fly in the day-time. 
 
 Linne in a peculiar and instructive manner divided this l)eautiful 
 and numerous tribe into sections, instituted from the habit or general 
 appearance, and in some degree from the distribution of the colour of 
 the wings. 
 Sp. 1. Pap. Mgchaon. 
 
 This is an insect of great beauty, and maj- be considered as the only 
 British species of Papilio. It is well known to collectors by the title of 
 tlie Swallow-tailed butterfly, and is of a beautiful yellow, with black 
 S]>ots or patches along the upper edge of the superior wings; all the 
 wings are bordered with a deep edging of black, decorated by a double 
 rov/ of crescent-shaped spots, of which the upper row is blue and the 
 lower yellow. The under wings are tailed, and are marked at the in- 
 ner angle or tip with a round red spot bordered with blue and black. 
 The larva of this species feeds on fennel and other umbelliferous 
 plants. It is of a green colour encircled vi'ith numerous black bands 
 spotted with red, and is furnished on the top of tlie head with a pair of 
 short tentacula of a red colour. In the month of July it changes into 
 the chrysalis or pupa state, fixed to some part of the plant on which it 
 feeds, and in the month of August the perfect insect appears. It fre- 
 quently happens that two broods of this butterfly are produced in the 
 same summer; one in May, having been in the pupa state all the winter, 
 the other in August from the pupa of July. {PL Q.Jiii- 1.) 
 
 Genus 52. Sphixx. 
 
 ^?i/fw«(£ attenuated at each end: tongue m most species stretched out: 
 
 palpi two : wings deflected. 
 
 Some of the species of this genus are tlie largest of Icpidopterous in- 
 sects. They fly very swift, for tlic most part early in llie morning and 
 late in the evening, some of the smaller species during the day. 
 Sp. 1. Sphinx Eipcnor, ElephantHawk. {PL 6. Jig. 2.) 
 
 Genus 53. FHAL.iiNA. 
 
 Antenna setaceous, and gradually tapering from the base to the tip: 
 tongue spiral : the wings when at rest arc generally deflected. 
 
ORDER IV. WtUROPTERA, 65 
 
 Moths fly abroad only in the evening and during the night, and ob- 
 tain their food from the nectar of flowers. The larva is active and quick 
 in motion, and preys voraciously on the leaves of plants. 
 Sp. 1. P. Quercus. Bombyx Quercus, Fabr. (P/. 6.fg. 3.) 
 
 Order IV. NEUROPTERA. 
 
 The insects of this Order have four membranaceous wings, generally 
 transparent with strong nervures. At the tail they have often an ap- 
 pendage like pincers, but no sting. 
 
 Genus 54. Libellula, Dragon-fly. 
 ilfoM^/t armed with jaws, more than t\vo: lip trifid: antenn<z shorter 
 
 than the thorax ; very slender and filiform : wings extended : the tail 
 
 of the male is furnished with a hooked forceps. 
 
 The insects of this genus are well known ; they are remarkable for a 
 long slender body and wings standing out at right angles. The larva? 
 have six feet, and move with great activity in the water : at the mouth 
 they are furnished with an articulated forceps : they are very voracious, 
 and are the crocodiles of aquatic insects. The larvie and pupaj are not 
 very different ; the latter have the rudiments of wings : in a fine day in 
 June, a person standing by a pond may observe them approach the 
 bank for the purpose of changing their element. Having crawled up 
 a blade of grass or bit of dry wood, the skin of the pupa grows 
 parched and splits at the upper part of the thorax. The insect issues 
 forth gradually, throws oft" its slough, in a few minutes expands its 
 wings, flutters, and then flies off". The sexual parts in the male are 
 placed under the thorax ; in the female at the extremity of the body. 
 Sp. 1. L. quadrimacidata. (PI. 7.flg. 1.) 
 Inhabits the banks of ponds, but is not common. 
 
 Genus 55. Ephemera. 
 Mouth v^ithout mandibles : palpi four, very short, and filiform : miutiUa 
 
 short, membranaceous, cylindrical, connected with the lip: antenna 
 
 short, and subulated : two large stemmata above the eyes : wings erect, 
 
 the hind ones very small : set£ at the tail. 
 Sp. 1. E. vulgafa. {PL T.flg. 2.) 
 
 This is the largest of the British species. In the evenings in the 
 month of June it assembles in vast numbers under trees near waters, 
 and seems to divert itself for hours together, ascending and descending 
 in the air as if dancing. In the neighbourhood of Luz, in Carniola, 
 these insects are produced in such quantities, that when they die they 
 are gathered to manure the land by the country-people, who think they 
 have been unsuccessful if each does not procure twenty cart-loads of 
 them for that purpose. Their larvae are the favourite food of fres'i- 
 
 £ 
 
66 LIXXEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 water fisTies, as are also the flies : they are more numerous in running 
 than in standing waters. 
 
 Genus 56. Phrygaxea. 
 Mouth with a horny, short, arched, acute mandible, without teeth ; and 
 a membranaceous maxilla: pa!pi four: sfanmof a three : anlenna ^e- 
 taceous, lonaier than the thorax : u-ings incumbent ; the hinder ones 
 folded. (FU.fg.S.) 
 
 Genus 57. Hemerobius. 
 
 Mouth with a straight horny mandible : a cylindrical, straight, cleft 
 ?tiuxilla: ///) stretched forward and entire : four projecting, unequal, 
 filiform j5«/jDJ : no uteinmata : wings deflected, not folded: antenna se- 
 taceous, projecting, and longer than the thorax, which is convex. 
 The species of this genus in all their stages feed upon small insects, 
 especially the Aphicks; their larvge have six feet; in most species they 
 are oval and hairy ; the pupse are inactive, and inclosed in a case. The 
 eggs are deposited on leaves in the midst of Aphides; they are sup- 
 ported on small pedicles and set in the form of bunches. The larvie at- 
 tain their growth in fifteen or sixteen days, and the pupa incompkta re- 
 mains for three weeks before the fly comes forth. 
 Sp. 1. H. Ch?ysops. {PI. 7. Jig. 4.) Chrysops maculata, icacA. 
 
 Genus 58. Panorpa. 
 Mouth stretched out into a cylindrical horny rostrum : the mnndihk is 
 without teeth : maxilLe bifid at the apex : lip elongated, and covering 
 the whole mouth : pulpi four, nearly equal : stemmata three : antenme 
 filiform : the tail of the male armed with a chela, that of the femo,le 
 , unarmed. 
 Sp. 1. P. communis. {Fl. 7. Jig- 5. a. chela magnified^ 
 
 Genus 59. Raphidia. 
 Mouth with an arched, dentated, horny mandible : a cylindrical, obtuse 
 horny maxilla: a rounded, entire, and horny Up: palpi four, very 
 short, nearly equal, and filiform : stcmmata three : zcings deflected : an- 
 tenn(£ filiform, of the length of the thorax; elongated before, and 
 cylindrical ; tail of the female with a lax recurved seta. {PI. 7. Jig. 6.) 
 
 Order V. HYMENOPTERA. 
 
 Wings four, membranaceous : mouth with maxillfe, and some of tliem 
 likewise a tongue. Between the large eyes they have generally three 
 stemmata. At the extremity of the abdomen the females of several of 
 the genera have an aculeus or sting, that lies concealed within the ab- 
 domen, which is used as a weapon, and instils into the wound an acid 
 j)oibon : those which want the sting, are furnished with an oviduct, that 
 
ORDER V. HVMENOPTERA, 67 
 
 is often exserted, and with which the eggs are deposited either in the 
 bodies of tlie caterpillars ol" other insects, or in wood. From these eggs 
 the larv;e are produced, • which in some have no feet ; in others more 
 than sixteen. They change to pupa incompletcc, which are inclosed in 
 cases. Some of the insects of this Order live in societies, others are 
 solitary. 
 
 Genus CO. Cynips. 
 Mouth with a short membranaceous maxilla with one dent : an arched 
 
 horny mandible cleft at the apex : a short, cylindrical, entire, horny 
 
 Up : four short unequal palpi : antenna moniliform, aculeus spiral, and 
 
 in general hidden within the body. 
 
 The Cj/nipcs pierce the leaves, &:c. of plants with their sting, and de- 
 posit their eggs in the wound; the extravasated juices rise round it and 
 form a gall, which becomes hard, and in this the larva lives and feeds, 
 and changes to a pupa. 
 
 Sp. 1. C. Qucrcusfolii. {PI. B.fg. 1.) 
 
 The larva is found in galls, adhering to the under side of oak leave?, 
 of the size of hazel-nuts. 
 
 Genus 61. Tenthredo. 
 Mouth with a horny arched mandible, dentated within : jnaxillce obtuse at 
 the apex: lip cylindrical and trifiid: palpi four, unequal, and filiform. 
 The larvaj of the insects of this genus have from sixteen to twenty- 
 eight feet ; a round head : when touched they roll themselves together. 
 They feed on the leaves of plants. When full-grown, they make, some- 
 times in the earth and sometimes between the leaves of the plant on 
 •n-hich they feed, a net-work case, and within it change to a pupa in- 
 compkta, which for the most part remains during the ranter in the 
 earth. The species are very numerous, and consist of many natural 
 genera. 
 
 Sp. 1. T. Scropkularics. (PL 8.fg. 2.) 
 Inhabits the Water Betony. 
 
 Genus 62; Sirex. 
 Mouth with a thick, horny mandible, truncated at the apex, and denti- 
 culated : an incurved, acuminated, cylindrical, ciliated maxilla, and a 
 lip, both of them membranaceous and entire ; the whole short: palpi 
 four, the hind ones the longest, increasing towards their apex : an- 
 tenna filiform, with more than twenty-four equal articulations : ovi- 
 duct exserted, stiff, and serrated : abdomen sessile, terminating in a 
 point or spine : wings lanceolated, and not folded. 
 Sp. 1. S. Gi^as. (PL 8. Jig 3.) 
 
 Genus 63. Ichneumon. 
 Mouth with a straight membranaceous, bifid maxilla, rounded at the 
 apex, dilated, ciliated, and horny : an arched, acute, horny mandible, 
 
 e2 
 
68 LINNEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 without teeth : lip cylindrical, emarginated, horny, and membrana- 
 ceous at the apex : palpi four, unequal, filiform : antenntE setaceous. 
 The insects of this genus lay their eggs in the bodies of caterpillars 
 or pupae, which are there hatched : the larvae have no feet ; they are 
 soft and cylindrical, and feed on the substance' of the caterpillar; this 
 last continues to feed, and even to undergo its change into a chrysalis, 
 but never turns to a perfect insect : when the larvse of the ichneumon 
 are full grown they issue forth, spin themselves a silky web, and change 
 into a. pupa incompleta, and in a few days the fly appears. The genus 
 is very numerous, upwards of 800 species are found in this country. 
 Sp. 1. I. Manife&tator. {PL 8.fg. 4.) 
 
 Genus 64. Sphex. 
 
 Mouth with an entire maxilla : a horny, incurved, dentated mandible : 
 a horny lip, membranaceous at the apex : palpi four : anteniia; fili- 
 form : the aculeus or sting concealed within the abdomen. 
 The insects of this genus form their cells in sand-banks, and they 
 
 are occasionally found on umbelliferous plants; the larva is soft, witlv 
 
 out feet, and lives in the bodies of dead insects in which the mother had 
 
 previously deposited her eggs. 
 
 Sp. 1. S. sahulosa. {PI. Q.fg. 5.) 
 
 Inhabits sand-banks : is common in Norfolk, Suffolk, and the Hamp- 
 shire coast, in June and July. 
 
 Genus 65. Chrysis. 
 
 Mouth homy and porrected : the maxille linear, much longer than the 
 Up which is emarginated : palpi four, imequal and filiform ; antenna: 
 filiform, the first articulation the longest, the remainder short: hody 
 shining and finely punctured, the abdomen arched underneath ; the 
 extremity, in most species, dentated : the sting somewhat exserted : 
 wings not folded. 
 The species of this genus inhabit sand-banks, old walls, or decayed 
 
 wood. They rarely appear but in the middle of the day, and then only 
 
 when the sun shines. 
 
 Sp. 1. C. bidentata. {PI. S.fg. 7.) 
 
 Genus 66. Vespa, Wasp. 
 
 Mouth horny ; maxillce compressed ; palpi four, unequal and filiform ; 
 
 antennre filiform, the first articulation the longest, and cylindrical ; 
 
 ei/es shaped like a crescent; body smooth; the sting hid within the 
 
 abdomen ; the upper wings folded in both sexes. 
 
 The insects of this genus live in society; they prey on insects that 
 have naked wings, particularly bees and flies; the larva is soft and with- 
 out feet; the pupa is motionless. Wasps make a hive of a substance 
 like paper formed of wood reduced to a paste; the combs are horizontal. 
 
ORDER V. HYMENOPTERA. 69 
 
 and have only one row of hexagonal cells, flat at bottom, the month 
 turned downwards, which serve only lor holding the young. Every hive 
 is begun by a mother, who at first deposits a few eggs, from which neu- 
 ters are produced, or working wasps, who assist her in increasing her 
 work and in feeding tlie young afterwards produced. Neither males 
 nor females are produced till towards the month of September. Be- 
 fore that time there are none in the nest but the iemaleandthe neuters 
 she has engendered. The females remain in the nest. The males do 
 no work. Wasps feed their larva; with insects, meat, and the frag- 
 ments of fruits. Towards autumn they are said to kill such of the larva; 
 and pupK as cannot come to perfection before the month of November. 
 The males and neuters perish themselves during winter, and none re- 
 main but a few impregnated females to perpetuate the species. 
 .Sp. 1. V. Crabro, the Hornet Wasp. {PL 8. fg. 8.) 
 Inhabits Europe, generally forming its nes:t in the trunks of trees. 
 
 Some little caution is necessary in taking the insects of this species, as 
 without care the entomt<!ogist is subject to be stung by them. I have 
 found that the bag net(P/. 11..%. 4.) is the best means of taking them. 
 The insects when secured in the net should be gently trodden upon, 
 TiOt sufficiently to injure, but merely to numb them ; a pin shoidd then 
 be passed through the thorax, and the insect placed in the pocket box. 
 
 Genus 67. Apis, Bee. 
 
 Mimth horny : maxilla and lah'mm membranaceous at the apex : tongxie 
 inflected : pa/pii'our, unequal and filiform : antenna: filiform : zihigsnot 
 folded: aculcits in the females and neuters concealed in the abdomen. 
 
 Sp. 1. A. retiisa, Lirm. {kiwaXn) pennipes, (male) {PL Q- Jig. 9. male.) 
 Mr. Kirby has described upwards of 200 indigenous species of this 
 
 genus in his admirable work entitled Monograp/iia Apum Anglite, 2 vols. 
 
 iJvo. This work is indispensable in the library of every entomologist. 
 
 Genus 68. Formica, Ant. 
 Palpi four, unequal, with cylindrical articulations, seated on a sub- 
 membranaceous cylindrical lip : antenna filiform ; between the thorax 
 and the abdomen a small erect scale : the stivg concealed in the ab- 
 domen, and possessed only by the females and neuters. The males 
 and females only have wings. 
 
 All the species of this genus are of three sorts, males, females, and 
 neuters. The neuters alone labour; they form the ant-hill, bring in 
 the provisions, feed the young, bring them to the air during the day, 
 carry them back at night, defend them against attacks, &c. The fe- 
 males are said to be retained merely for laying eg_gs, and as soon as 
 that is accomplished they are unmercifully discarded. The males f.,i:d 
 females perish with the first cold; the neuters lie torpid in their nest. 
 Sp. 1. F. herculanea. {PI 8. fg. 10.) 
 
70 LINNEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 69. Mutilla. 
 
 Mouth horny, without a tongue : maxilla membranaceous at the apex, 
 the hp projecting, o])conical, bearing on its apex four unequal palpi 
 with obconical articulations : antenna filiform . In general the males 
 are winged, and the females are apterous : body pubescent ; sting 
 concealed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Mutilla europcEU. (PL 8. fg. 11. male.) 
 
 Order VI. DIPTERA. 
 
 This Order includes all those insects that have but two wings, and 
 behind, or below them, two globular bodies, supported on slender pe- 
 dicles called Halteres orpoisers. At the mouth they have a proboscis, 
 sometimes contained in a vagina, and sometimes furnished at its sides 
 with two palpi but no maxilla. Their eyes are reticulated and large. 
 The females, in general, lay eggs, but some are viviparous; the larva 
 of the insects of this order are as various in their appearance as the 
 places in which they are bred. In general they do not cast their skins, 
 but change into a pupa state. 
 
 Genus 70. Oestrus, Gad-JJy. 
 Hausfcllum retracted within the lips, which are tumid and grown to- 
 gether with a small pore and no palpi ; the vagina is membranaceous, 
 cylindrical, obtuse, including three membranaceous seta; which are 
 flexible, short, and reflected; antenna: short and setaceous. 
 The insects of this genus lay their eggs in the nostrils or in the skins 
 of horses, oxen, rein-deer, goats, and sbeep; their larva is bred, and 
 feeds on the fat of these animals, or on the matter which is generated 
 in the wound. It is soft and without feet : in some species it has at the 
 extremity two hooks, which it vises to assist it in walking. These hooks 
 are wanting in the larvag which reside in the skins of oxen and rein- 
 deer. When full grown the larvae let themselves fall on the ground, 
 they enter the earth and change into an oval hard pupa. The perfect 
 insect takes no food. [Mr. Bracy Clark has written an excellent paper 
 on the insects of this genus, published in the third voliune of the 
 Transactions of the Linnean Society ; which has been re-published with 
 additional remarks, and entitled an Essay on the Bots of Horses, &c. 
 4to, 1815.] 
 Sp. 1. 0. Bovis. (PI. 9. Jig. 1.) 
 
 Genus 71. Tipula. 
 Mouth furnished with a very short proboscis, membranaceous, grooved 
 on the back, and receiving a bristle; a short haustellum without a 
 vagina; two incurved palpi, equal, filiform, and longer than the head j 
 antenna in most species fililbrm. 
 
ORDER Vr. DIPTF.RA. 71 
 
 The insects of this genus hve on garbage; the lan'a? ha\'e no feet, 
 they are cylindrical and soft ; they feed on the roots of plants under 
 which they live; the piipns are motionless and cylindrical, with two 
 horns before, dentatcd behind. Some species live in the water, and 
 either swim or roll themselves up in a case. 
 Sp. 1. T. okracea. {PL 9. fig. 2.) 
 
 Genus 72. Musca. 
 Mouth with a fleshj' iexserted proboscis ; two equal lips and a hauslcUum 
 
 furnished with setae, and two short jaa/yj/ ; anteiuut in most species 
 
 short. 
 Sp. 1. M. inaiiis. {PL 9. fg. 3.) 
 
 Genus 73. TAEA^us. 
 
 Mouth with a straight exserted membranaceous proboscis, ending in an 
 ovate cajtitulum or knob; with two equal tips ; huustcUum projecting, 
 exserted, and received into a groove in the back of the proboscis ; 
 tagina imivalve, with five setcc and two equal palpi, the last articula- 
 tion of which is thicker than the rest ; anteniKC short, approximate, 
 cylindrical, with seven articulations ; the third generally largest, and 
 armed with a lateral dent. 
 The insects of this genus suck the blood of animals. They are of a 
 
 dull plain appearance, but their large eyes are in general beautifidly 
 
 coloured — these colours fade after they *are dead. 
 
 Sp. 1. r. tropicus. {PL 9. Jig. 4.) 
 
 Genus 74. CtaEX, the Gnat. 
 With an exserted, univalve, flexible zagina; five seta; palpi t^vo, con- 
 sisting of three articulations; uafennce filiform. 
 Sp. 1. C. pipiens. {PL 9. Jig. 5.) 
 Inhabits Europe and the northern parts of Asia and America. 
 
 This insect is frequent in the neighbourhood of waters and marshy 
 places. In southern regions there is a larger species which is knowa 
 by the name of Musquetoe. Its bite is painful, raising a considerable 
 degree of inflammation, and its continual p'ping note is exceedingly 
 irksome where it abounds, especially dvuing the night. When it settles 
 to inflict the wound and draw the blood, it raises its hind pair of feet. 
 In Lapland, the injuries the inhabitants sustain from it are amply re- 
 paid by tlie vast numbers of water-fowl and wild-fowl which it attracts, 
 as it forms the favoarite food of their young. 
 
 Genus 75. Empis. 
 Hausfdlum inflected ; vagina univalve, with three setae and a proboscis ; 
 palpi short and filiform; antenn<£ setaceous. 
 The changes of these insects are unknown; they are common on 
 
7*2 LINNEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 flowers and in gardens ; their head is small and round, the thorax gib- 
 bous, the feet long, the proboscis small and inflected. 
 
 Sp. 1. E.pennipes. (PL 9. fig. 6.) 
 
 Genus 76. Conops. 
 MoM^A with a porrected, geniculated rostrum; antenna clavated; thp 
 
 clava acuminated. 
 Sp. 1. C maa-ocephala. {PI. 9. fig. 8.) 
 
 Genus 77. Asilus. 
 Mouth with a straight, horny, bivalve haustelluin, which is gibbous at 
 
 the base; antenna fiUform. 
 
 The insects of this genus live by preying on those of the Dipterous 
 and Lepidopterous orders. When they are at rest, their wings in 
 general are incumbent on the abdomen, which is long and small, often 
 hairy, particularly the feet, and these end in small claws. Their larvje 
 feed in the earth, on the roots of plants : they change into a pvpa 
 coarctata, beset with setfe. 
 Sp. 1. A. crahronifoi-mis. {PI, 9. fig. 9.) 
 
 Genus 78. Bombylius. 
 il/ouM with a very long setaceous, straight, bivalve haustellum ; the 
 
 valves unequal, with three setae; tuo short hairy palpi; antennae subu- 
 
 lated, united at the base. 
 
 The insects of this genus, while they fly, suck the nectareous juices 
 of flowers. 
 Sp. 1. B. tnajor. (P/. 9. fig. 10.) 
 
 Genus 79. Hippobosca. 
 Mouth with a short, cylindrical, bivalve haustellum ; the valves equal ; 
 
 antenncc filiform ; feet with several claws. 
 
 The insects of this genus live by sucking the blood of animals; and 
 stick so fast to their skins, that they must be torn before they can be 
 taken off". 
 
 Sp. 1. H. equina. {PL 9. fig. 11.) 
 
 Order VII. APTERA. 
 
 In this Order Linne arranged (if we except tlie Flea, Louse, and Le- 
 pisma,) animals widely different from genuine insects : I shall only 
 enumerate the names of Lmne, and the Classes they constitute. The 
 characters of the numerous tribes and genera into which they are dis- 
 tributed, are fully detailed in the article "Annulosa " in the Supplement 
 to Encyc. Brit. vol. 1. part 2. 
 
 The following genera belong to the Class Insecta, the characters of 
 
ORDER Vir. APTERA. 73 
 
 which will be found in Dr. Leach's System, viz. Lepisma, Podura, Pe- 
 DicuLus, PuLEX, and Termes. Genera Acarus, Phalangium, Ara- 
 NEA, and Scorpio, belong to the Class Arachiividea. Genera Cancer, 
 MoNocuLus, and Oniscus, to the Class Crustacea: Scolopendra and 
 JuLus, to the Mi/7'iapoda. The characters of the above enumerated 
 Classes will be given hereafter. 
 
 fc3" It should be observed that those of the above genera, to which 
 are affixed the names of other authors, are not to be found in the writ- 
 ings of Linne, but have been adopted in the various translations and 
 editions since the twelfth of the Si/steina Nutwa ; and are generally re- 
 ceived by those who adhere to that system. The following sj^noptical 
 view from the 12th edition of the Systeina Natura, will show the extent 
 of Entomology as left by Linne himself. 
 
 Order I. COLEOPTERA. 
 
 * Antennae clavatedor gradualltj increasing. 
 ScARABa;us, LucANUs, Dermestes, Hister, Byrkhus, Gyrinvs, 
 AttelabuSj Curculio, Siepiia, Coccixella. 
 ** Antennec filiform. 
 
 BrUCHUS, CaSSIDA, PtINUS, ChRYSOMELA, HiSPA, MeLOE, TEXEr 
 
 EKio, Lampyris, Mordella, Staphylinus. 
 *** Antenna setaceous. 
 
 CeRAMBYX, LePTURA, CaNTHARIS, ElaTER, CiCIJiDELA, BUPRES- 
 
 TEs, Dytiscus, Carabus, Necydai.is, Forficula. 
 Order IL HEMIPTERA. 
 Bi.atta, Gryllus, Cicada, Notonecta, Nepa, Cimex, Aphis, 
 Chermes, Coccus, Thrips. 
 
 Order III. LEPIDOPTERA. 
 Papilio, Sphinx, Phal^ena. 
 
 Order IV. NEUROPTERA. 
 
 LiBELLULA, Ephemera, Phryganea, Hemerobius, Panorpa 
 Raphidia. 
 
 Order V. HYMENOPTERA. 
 
 Cyxips, Tenthredo, Sirex, Ichneumon, Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, 
 Apis, Formica, Mutilla. 
 
 Order VT. DIPTERA. 
 CEsTRUs, Tipula, Musca, Taeanus, Culex, Empis, Conops, 
 AsiLus, Bombylius, Hippobosca. 
 
 Order ^TI. APTERA. 
 The genera of the animals of this Order are already enimierated ; 
 any furtlier observation Avill therefore be unnecessarv. 
 
74 MOD£RN SYSTEM. 
 
 ON THE 
 
 DIVISION OF ANIMALS from their ORGANIZATION, 
 
 It is the object of comparative anatomy to point out the dift'erence 
 which each organ presents when considered in every animal : Vjut this 
 exposition would prove very tedious and intricate, were we obliged at 
 every step to enumerate all the animals in which particular organs have 
 a uniform structure. It is certainly much more convenient to indicate 
 them all at once under the name of a class or genus which may com- 
 prehend the whole : but to enable us to form this arrangement, it is ne- 
 cessary that all the animals which compose a genus or a class, should 
 possess some resemblance not only in one, but in all their organs. 
 
 Nature never oversteps the bounds v/hich the necessary conditions 
 of existence prescribe to her : but whenever she is uncontined by these 
 conditions, she displays all her lertility and variety. Never departing 
 from the small number of combinations that are possible between the 
 essential modifications of important organs, she seems to sport with in- 
 finite caprice in all the accessary parts. In these there appears no ne- 
 cessity for a particular form or disposition. It even frequently happens 
 that particular forms and dispositions are created without any apparent 
 view to utility. It seems sufficient that they should be possible; that 
 is to say, that they do not destroy the harmony of the whole. 
 
 Among these numerous combinations there are necessarily many 
 which have common parts, and there are always a certain number 
 which exhibit very few differences. By the comparison therefore of 
 those which resemble each other, we may establish a kind of series 
 which will appear to descend gradually from a primitive type. These 
 considerations are the foundations of the ideas from which certain na- 
 turalists have formed a scale of beings, the object of which is to exhibit 
 the most perfect, and terminating with the most simple kind of organ- 
 ization — v.'ith that which possesses the least numerous and most com- 
 mon properties ; so that the mind passes from one link of the chain to 
 the other, almost without perceiving any intei-val, and, as it were, by 
 insensible shades. 
 
 The object of system is to reduce a science to its simplest terms ; by 
 reducing the propositions it comprehends to the greatest degree of ge- 
 nerality of which they are susceptible. A good method in comparative 
 anatomy must, therefore, be such as will enable us to assign to each 
 class and to each of its subdivisions, some qualities common to the . 
 greater part of the organs. This object is to be attained by two dif- 
 ferent means, which may serve to prove or verify one another. The 
 first, and that to which all men will naturally have recourse, is to pro- 
 ceed from the observations of species to uniting them in genera, and 
 
DIVISION OF ANIMALS. 75 
 
 to collecting thorn into a superior order, according as we find ourselves 
 conducted to that classification hy a view of the whole of their attri- 
 butes. The second, and that which the greater part of modern natu- 
 ralists have employed, is to fix beforehand ui)on certain bases of divi- 
 sions, agreea1)ly to which, beings, when observed, are arranged in their 
 proper places. 
 
 The first mode cannot mislead us; but it is applicable only to those 
 beings of which we have a perfect knowledge : the second is more ge- 
 ncrall}- practised, but it is subject to error. When the bases that have 
 been adopted remain consistent with the combinations which observa- 
 tion discovers, and when the same foundations are again pointed out 
 bv the results deduced from observation, the two means are then in 
 unison, and we may be certain that the method is good. On the ana- 
 tomy of animals, science is most deeply indebted to the learned, acute, 
 and indefatigable Cuvier, who has contributed more than all others, 
 (save Hunter,) to our accurate knowledge of the characters on which 
 the classes are founded. The whole animal kingdom is by Cuvier 
 divided into four great types : — 
 
 1st. That of the animals which have their brain and the principal 
 part of their nervous system inclosed within vertebra-, and their mus- 
 cles attached to a bony skeleton. - - _ _ ^'ERTEBRosA. 
 2dly. Those that have no skeleton; whose niuscles are attached 
 ■ to their skin, and whose nervous system is irregvdar in its form and 
 distribution. ________ Molhsca. 
 
 odly. Those that have no skeleton ; whose muscles are attached to 
 their skin, which is hard, or to processes proceeding from it; and whose 
 nervous system consists of a series of knots or ganglia, brought into 
 communication by two longitudinal nervous cords. - Annulata. 
 4thly. Those whose bodies are radiated, and in whom no nervous sy- 
 stem has been discovered, and who have but one opening for the recep- 
 tion and rejection of their food. - - Radiata or Zoophytes. 
 
 The animals which come under my observations in this work, be- 
 long to the type Aumilata, and the classes to which they belong may 
 readily be distinguished by the following characters. 
 
 * Gills for respiration. Classes. 
 
 Legs sixteen: antenuce two or four. - - 1. Crvstacea. 
 
 ** Sacs for respiration. 
 Legs twelve: antennje none : - - - 3. Arachn(3idea, 
 
 *** Trachea: for respiration, 
 
 a. No antenna:. 
 
 ---4. ACARI. 
 
 b. Two antemue. 
 
 Six thoraciclegs : abdomen also bearing legs : - 2. Myriapoda. 
 Six thoracic and no abdominal legs - - 5. Insecta. 
 
76 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Class I. CRUSTACEA. 
 
 History. — "All the Crustacea, as their name imports, are covered by 
 integuments composed of crustaceoiis materials, more earthy than 
 those which envelope the Myriapoda, the Arachmidea, and Insecta. The 
 greater portion of these animals live on puti'id or decomposing animal 
 substances, and in all the sexes are distinct." 
 
 To the kindness and liberality of my much respected friend Dr. 
 Leach, I am indebted for the above passage and following review (which 
 he has since published in the eleventh volume of the Blctionnaire des Sci- 
 ences Naturelles) of the rise and progress of Crustacea; which is selected 
 from his valuable manuscripts. 
 
 " The ancients were well acffliainted with the Malacostraca (MaAa- 
 y.dcrrpa.'KOi), M-hich they placed between the JVIollusca and Fishes. Ari- 
 stotle has dedicated a chapter to the species known to him; Athena;us 
 has eniunerated those used as food; and Hippocrates has made mention 
 of such species as were considered to be useful in medicine. To the 
 observations of Aristotle very little was added by Pliny; and from his 
 time until that of Rondcletius, Belon, Gesner, Aldrovandus and John- 
 son, (who likewise placed them between the Mollusca and Fishes,) lit- 
 tle or nothing was done that tends in any way to illustrate their natural 
 history or structure. Linne, in the first (1735) and subsequent editions 
 of his Systema Natura^ placed all the Crustacea amongst the apterous 
 insects, in the genera Monoculus, Cancer, and Onisciis. 
 
 " The Crustacea were arranged by Brisson (Jiegnum Animate) along 
 with the Myriapoda and Arachn'uidca, being placed between the Fishes 
 and Insects, under the Class Crustacea. 
 
 " Fabricius in his Systemn Entomologicc (1775) distributed these ani- 
 mals into two Classes: 1. Synonatita, comprehending Monoculus and 
 Oniscus, which he associated with Ephemera, Phryganea, Podura, Ten- 
 th-cdo, and other genuine Insects: 2. Agonata, containing Cancer, Pa- 
 gurus, Scylturus, Astacus, and Gammarus, to which he also added Scorpio. 
 The same author in his Specks (1781) and Mantissa Insectorum (1787) 
 maintained the same general distribution; adding in the former of those 
 works the genus Scjuilla, and in the latter Hippa, removing in each 
 work the genus Scorpio from the Agonata. In the second volume of 
 his Entomologia Systematica (1793) his class Syngnatha contained only 
 genuine Insects, the Onisci being rem.oved to a new division named Mi- 
 tosata, where they were associated with the Myriapoda ; the rest he still 
 placed with the Agonata, to which he added the genus Limulus, Cymo- 
 thoa and Galathea. 
 
 *' Latreille in his Precis des Caract'eres des Jnsectes (1796) (a work 
 which commences a new fera in the science of Entomology, and in 
 which, for the first lime, the distribution of Insects into families is in- 
 dicated), considered the Crustacea as forming three Classes or Orders 
 
CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 77 
 
 of Insects: LLcs Eutomostracis (pfMuller): Q. Le's Crustads: 3. Les 
 ]\Ii/)-i(ipodcs. 
 
 " In that excellent little work Le Tableau Elementau-e de VUhtoire 
 Nutureilc des Animaui-,par G. Cuvier (1797), the Crustacea are arranged 
 with the Insccfa, Arachmidea, and ^luriupoda, under a division entitled 
 ' Imectes pourvus de Mdchoires, et sans Ailes,' where they are placed at 
 the head of the Insects, in a limited and well defined section (A.), 
 which he afterwards, in his Lemons d'Anatomie Comparee, established 
 on anatomical principles, as a distinct class, named Crustaccs. 
 
 " In 1798 Fabricius published a Supplement to his last work, in 
 which, by the aid of the Baron de Daldorff, he established several new 
 genera, and amended the arrangement of the whole. 
 
 "Lamarck in his Systcme des Animaux sans V€7'tebres (ISOl) adopted 
 the Crustacea as a peculiar class. This system was adopted by 
 
 " BosC; who in the same year publish-ed his Histoire Naiurelle des 
 Crustaccs faisant Suite a Sedition de Buffon par Castel, in a\ hich for the 
 tirst time we are made acquainted with his interesting genus Zo'ea. 
 
 "' Latreille in his Histohe Naturelle des Crustaccs et des Insectes, torn. S. 
 (1802,) adopted the class Crustacea, and distributed the genera compos- 
 ing it into two subclasses; 1. Erdomostracis : 2. Malacostraccs: exclud- 
 ing however the Tetraceres, {Asellidcr, and Oniscida,) which he referred 
 to a sub-class of Insects. 
 
 " Dumeril {Zoologie Analytique, 1806) arranged these animals into 
 1. Eutomostracls, and 2. Asfacoides, excluding Oniscus, A.rmndillo, &c. 
 which he placed with the apterous insects. 
 
 " Latreille in the same year produced his celebrated Genera Crm- 
 taceorum et Insectorum, where they are divided into Entomostraca and 
 Malai:ostraca, the Tetracera being referred to the Insects. 
 
 "The same author in his Considerations Gtwera/es, &c. (1810) fol- 
 lowed the same divisions, referring however the Tetracera to the Arach- 
 noidea. 
 
 " In the seventh volume of the Edinhurgh EncT/dopcedia, article 'Crus- 
 taccoiOgy,''Dr. Leach distributed the Crustacea into three Orders : 1. En- 
 tomostraca: 2. Malacosfraca: 3. Myriapoda: in which the Tetracera 
 v.-ere included. In the Appendix, however, he divided the Tetracera 
 from the Myriapoda (which he established as a distinct Class), and 
 placed them with the Malacosfracain an Order named Gasteruri, w^here 
 they were associated with the Gammeridtz, and considered the Mala- 
 costraca and Entomostraca as sub-classes. This opinion he has since 
 maintained in a paper published in the eleventh volume of the Tram- 
 actions of the Linnean Society of London, in the first volume of the Sup- 
 plement to the Encyclopedia Britannica, and in the Bulletin des Siiiencei 
 for 1816. 
 
 " Blainville in his Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Distribution Si/steynnfiqur. 
 (Bull, des Sciences, Sj-c. 1816) has arranged the Crustacea into tine? 
 Classes: 1, Dkapodes: 2. Heteropodes: 3, Tefrcide<npode$.'' 
 
MODERN S\3TJt>VI. 
 
 Class I. CRUSTACEA. 
 
 Classification. — The Crustacea form tvvo large groups or sub- 
 classes. The first of these, the Malacostraca, have a pair of mandibles 
 and two pair of maxilla; bearing palpi, and eight pair of legs furnished 
 with branchiffi at their bases : all the genera that do not present the 
 above characters are referred to the artificial assemblage denominated 
 Entoniostraca. 
 
 Subclass 1. Entomostraca — Legs branchial, or furnished with ap- 
 pendages : mandibles wanting or generally simple : ei/es sessile or pe^ 
 duncuiated. 
 
 Subclass 2. Malacostraca. — Legs simple, without appendages : 
 mandibles palpigerous : fi/es pedunculated or sessile. 
 
 Subclass 1. ENTOMOSTRACA." 
 
 The animals of this subclass are but little known, and consequently 
 their arrangement is extremely imperfect. Some of the genera are pa- 
 rasitic, being found on the bodies of other animals, and some even un- 
 dergo transformation during their growth. 
 
 The following arrangement is artificial, but is well calculated to 
 enable the student to discover the Genera. 
 
 Division I. — Bodi/ covered by a horizontal shieU : eyes sessile. 
 
 Subdivision 1. — Shell composed of but one part. 
 * With jaws. 
 
 Genus 1. APUS, Cuvier, Latr., Leach. Apos, Scopoli. 
 
 SM/crustaceous-membranaceous,orbiculate-ovate, behind deeply emar- 
 ginate: the back (with the exception of the anterior part) carinated: 
 eyes two, inserted at the anterior and middle part of the back ; some- 
 what prominent, slightly lunate, approaching each other, especially 
 anteriorly, where they touch each otlier : antenna two, short, some- 
 what filiform, biarticulated, scarcely exserted, inserted behind the 
 mandibles : mandibults two, corneous, somewhat cylindric, short, hol- 
 low within, points arcuated and compressed, the extreme apex straight 
 and very much denticulated : legs branchial and very numerous. 
 
 The Api inhabit stagnant waters and ponds. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ap. Montagui. Carina of the shell produced into a point behind : 
 anterior legs with articulated setee : no lamella between the caudal 
 setcE. Encycl. Brit. Sup. i. P/. '20. 
 
 Inhabits England near Christchurch in Hampshire, where it was dis- 
 covered by Montagu, and was named after him by Leach. 
 
 Apus productus of Latreille is s}'nonyraous with the Linnean Mono- 
 ciilus Apus. 
 
CLASS r. CUUSTACEA. 79 
 
 *f With a rostrum, but no jaws : antcnncs tzio. 
 Genus 2. CALIGUS, MiilL, Lafr., Bosc, Leach. 
 
 Shell coriaceous-membranaceoiis, bipartite ; the anterior segment in- 
 versely corditbrm, very deeply notched behind (the notch receiving 
 the hinder segment, which is round), the anterior part subproduced, 
 notched; the laciniae at their base externally bearing antenna?: an- 
 tenna biarticulatc, the first joint thickest, the second with a simple 
 seta at its extremity : abdomen narrower than the thorax, with its base 
 contracted and bearing the hinder legs, its extremity on each side 
 with a rounded process of the-length of the body : rostrum rounded, 
 rather more slender towards its apex, which is obtuse : legs fourteen, 
 anterior; second and fourth pairs with a strong claw; the second 
 pair short; the tliird slender, elongate, the last joint double, with 
 unequal lacinia? ; the fifth, with the last joint on one side setose, the 
 setcE ciliated on each side; the sixth with a double triarticulated tar- 
 sas, the last joints on each side setose, the seta? ciliated on each side; 
 the seventh pair with its last joint trifid : the hinder segment of the 
 thorax iien'^ath, terminated by a large broad lamella, ciliated behind. 
 
 Sp. -i. C'v/'. Malkri. Leach, Encycl. Brit Supp.,vol. 1. Fl. 20. 
 
 Inhabits the common cod-fish. 
 
 Genus 3. PANDARUS, Leach. Caligus, Mull, Latr., Bosc. 
 
 Shell coriaceous-membranaceous, composed of but one part, deeply 
 notched behind; the angles acute; the middle of the notch toothed ; 
 anteriorly narrower, rounded, with a process on each side externally 
 bearing the antennae : antenna; composed of two joints, the second 
 joint terminated by several setse : abdomen somewhat narrower than 
 the shell, the base above with two transverse lamellae, the first of 
 which is Ibur-lobed, the second bilobate : the apex notched, with two 
 filaments longer than the body, wdth a lamella at their base above : 
 rostrum elongate, attenuated, inserted behind the anterior legs : legs 
 fourteen; anterior pair short, terminated by a short claw, and arising 
 ■from beneath an ovate process ; second pair with a double, unequal 
 tarsus; third pair without any determinate form, without any claw; 
 fourth pair bitid ; fifth and six pairs bifid, their coxoe connected by & 
 lamella; seventh pair bifid, the exterior lacinia longest, with a notch 
 extei-nally towards its apex. 
 
 Sp. 1. Fund, bicolor. Shell and the middle of the abdominal laraelbe 
 black; tail with filaments double the length of the body. 
 
 Pandarus bicolor. Leach, Encycl. Brit. Sv.pp. vol. 1. PI. 20. 
 
 Inhabits the Squalus galeus of Linne. 
 
 Genus 4. ANTHOSOMA, Leach. 
 SAeK coriaceous-membranaceous, unipartite, rounded before and behind; 
 the anterior part as if uni-lobate, the lobe higher than the shell, be- 
 hiiid on each side, bearing the antennae : antennce six-jointed: ubdu- 
 
80 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 men much narrower than the shell, on every side imbricated with 
 membranaceous, foliaceous lameilfe, which surround or embrace 
 it: two of the lamella; are dorsal, the one being placed over the 
 other; the other lamellce are placed on the sides of the belly, three 
 on each side ; apex of the abdomen terminated by two very long fila- 
 ments, and with two shorter filaments below them : rostrum elongato- 
 cylindric, inserted behind the anterior legs, furnished at its extremity 
 with two straight ^^orneous mandibles: /fgssix; anterior pair three- 
 jointed, the second joint near the apex above unidentate, the last ter- 
 minated by a claw; second pair triarticulated, the last joint ovate, 
 compressed; third pair biarticulate, the second joint very thick, in- 
 ternally dentated, armed at its extremity by a strong claw. 
 Sp. 1. Anth. Smithii. Leach, Encycl. Brit. Supp. vol. 1. Fl. 20. 
 
 This species was discovered sticking to a shark which was thrown 
 ashore on the coast of Exmouth, in Devon, by T.-Smith, esq. 
 
 Division II. — Body covered hi/ a bivalve shell: ei/es sessile. 
 Subdivision 1. — Head porrected. 
 Genus 5. DAPHNIA, Midi, Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 Et/e one only : antcmuc two, branching. 
 Sp. 1. Daph. Pulex. Tail infle.xed: shell mucronate behind. 
 Monoculus Pulex. Linne, Fabr. 
 Inhabits ponds and marshes. 
 
 Subdivision 2. — Head concealed. 
 Genus 6. CYPRIS, MvlL, Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 Antenna terminated by a brush. 
 
 The animals of this genus inhabit pools and ditches containing 
 pure water ; they swim with very great rapidity, and whilst in mo- 
 tion conceal their whole body within their shell, which is truly bi- 
 valve. 
 Sp. 1. Cyp.conchacea. Shell ovate, tomentose. 
 Monoculus conchaceus. Linn., Fabr. Cypris pubera, Midi. Cypris 
 
 conchacea, Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits France, Germany, and England. 
 
 Genus T. CYTHERE, Mull., Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 Antenna simply pilose. 
 
 This genus v/as first discovered and established by Miiller, whp 
 first observed all the species described in his Entomostraca. It is di- 
 stinguished fi-om Cijpris by the antennae, which are not terminated by 
 a pencil of hairs. The legs are eight in number, and are rarely drawn 
 within the shell, which is really bivalve. 
 
 The Cytheres have no tail, and their antennae, like thos' -^^ ^^'^e Cy- 
 prides, have their articulations pilose. They have but one cj- .. All 
 the species inhabit the sen. and m?.y be found among the conferva 
 
CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 81 
 
 and corallines, which fill the pools left by the tide in most of the 
 
 rocky coasts of Europe. 
 Sp. 1. Ci^th. viridis. Shell reniform, velvety, and green. 
 Inhabits the European ocean. Is occasionally lound on the shores of 
 
 Scotland amongstywc/ and conferva. 
 
 Division III. — Body covered neither h/ a bivalve shell nor shield. Ei/c one, 
 
 sessile. 
 
 Genus 8. CYCLOPS. Mull., Lam., Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 
 Body ovate-conic, elongate : eye one, situate on the thora.x : antcnnce 
 four, simple : legs eight. 
 
 All the animals of this genus inhabit fresh waters. The females 
 carry their eggs in a pouch resembling a bunch of grapes on each 
 side of the tail. The organs of generation of the male are placed in 
 the antennae; those of the female, beneath the belly, at the base of 
 the tail, which is abruptly narrov.cr than the abdomen. The antenme 
 are hairy at the base of their joints. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cyc. Geofft-oyii. Tail straight and bifid ; colour 4)rownish. 
 
 Monoculus quadricornis. Linni, Fuhr. Cyclops quadricornis. Mull,, 
 Latr., Bosc. Cyclops Geoffroyii. Leach. 
 
 Genus 9. POLYPHEMUS, Mull., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Ceph.\lo- 
 cuLus. Lamarck. 
 Eye ons, forming the head: legs ten; two bifid, elongate, and extended 
 
 horizontally. 
 Sp. 1. Pol. Oculus. Body luteous, with a few blue spots. 
 
 The only species known of this genus. It inhabits lakes and 
 marshes; and is subject to very considerable variation in size and 
 colour. 
 
 Division IV. — Body covered by neither a bivalve shell nor shield. Eyes 
 pedunculated. 
 
 Genus 10. BRANCHIOPODA. Lam., Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 
 Body filiform and very soft : head divided from the thorax by a very 
 narrow but distinct neck : eyes two, lateral : antenna two, short, two- 
 jointed, capillary, inserted behind and above the eyes -.front v>'ith two 
 moveable processes (which are broader towards the apex in the male 
 sex), that are notched, those of the female furnished with a papilla at 
 their point. The organs of generation are situate at the base of the 
 tail. 
 
 Sp. 1. Br. stagnalis. Body transparent, of a light brown colour, slightly 
 tinged with green or blue, particularly on the head and legs. 
 
 Cancer s^-^j'-alis. LAnni,. — An interesting account of this species is 
 given by (he late Dr. Shaw in the Transactions of the Linncun Socir/y 
 Pt London, vol. i. 
 
82 
 
 MODEHN SYSTEM. 
 
 Subclass II. MALACOSTRACA. 
 
 A very valuable work is now publishing by Dr. Leach, in quarto, and 
 illustrated with highly finished engravings, entitled, Mal.\costraca 
 PoDOPHTiiALMA Britanm/e, in which the whole of the indigenous spe- 
 cies hitherto discovered of this subclass are figured. It is necessary to 
 state that this gentleman has spared neither pains nor expense to ren- 
 der the work comjiletc, having with unexampled zeal and perseverance 
 amassed together one of the finest collections ever formed, which is, 
 with the remainder of his cabinet, consisting of insects, shells, &c. de- 
 posited in the British ]\IuseiuTi, and, under certain restrictions, may 
 always be consulted by students of Zoology. 
 
 Legion I. PODOPHTHALM A. 
 
 " The Malacosfi-aca Fodophthahna include those animals which, in 
 common language, are denominated Crabs, Lobsters, Cray-fish, Prawns, 
 Paudals, and Shrimps, all of which have the power of reproducing their 
 daws when they are lost." 
 
 Order I. BRACHYURA. 
 
 A. Abdomen of the male Jive-jointed, the middle joint longest ; of the 
 female seven-jointed. Anterior pair of legs didactyle. {Shell trvn~ 
 cate behind. Two anterior legs of' the fiiale elongate, of the female 
 moderate.) 
 
 Fam. I. CoiiYSTiD^E. Leach. 
 
 Antenna long, ciliated on each side. 
 
 Genus 1. COllYSTES. Latr., Leach. 
 External antenna: longer than the body ; the third segment composed of 
 elongate, cylindric joints : external double palpi with the external foot- 
 stalk narrow; the second joint largest, having its internal side dee))ly 
 emarginate : anterior pair of legs, of the male twice the length of the 
 body, subcylindric, the hand gradually somewhat thicker and some- 
 what compressed; of the female, of the length of the body, with a 
 compressed hand : other legs with tibias and tarsi of equal length : 
 ckws elongate, straight, acute, and longitudinally sulcated : abdomen, 
 of the male, with the first joint linear-transverse; the second longer, 
 and produced on each side; third, nearly equally quadrate; the fourth 
 transverse, and narrower than the third ; the fifth narrower, nearly 
 triangular, with the tip rounded ; of the female, with six joints trans- 
 verse, arcuated- in front; seventh triangular, witli the apex rounded: 
 iliell oblong-ovate, anteriorly slightly rostrated, behind margined ; 
 
CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 83 
 
 et/cs not thicker than their bonding-backward peduncles: orhlts above 
 
 with one fissure. 
 -Sp. 1. Cor. casshrlauntis. Shell granulated, crenulated behind; front 
 
 bifid; the sides tridentate. 
 Cancer cassivelaunus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 6. t. 7. male and female. 
 
 Herbsf, i. 195. t. 12. /. 72. male. Cancer personatus. Herhst, 193. 
 
 t. 12. f. 71. iemale. Alburnea dentata. Fair. Snpp. Ent. Syst. 398. 
 
 Bosc, Hist. Nat. dcs Crust, ii. 4. Corystes dentatus. Lntr. Corystes 
 
 cassivelaunus. Leach, ]\lulac. Podop/i. Brit. t. 1. 
 Inhabits most of the sandy shores of the European ocean, and is often 
 
 thrown up after heavy gales of wind. 
 
 Genus 2. ATELECYCLUS. Leach, LatreiUe. 
 
 JLrtenuil antentue half the length of the body; the third segment com- 
 posed of elongate and cyhndric joints: cvfernal double palpi w'lih the 
 second joint of the internal footstalk shortest, with the internal apex 
 produced, and the internal side nutched towards the joint; anterior 
 legs of the male longer than the body, with a compressed hand : 
 other legs with tibiie and tarsi of equal lengths, furnished with elon- 
 gate, quadrate nails that are longitudinally sulcated, having their tips 
 naked, rounded and sharp, the hinder ones obscurely subcompressed ; 
 abdomen of the male with the first joint transverse, linear, twice the 
 length of the second ; the third much elongated, narrower towards 
 its extremity, the apex nearly straight; the fourth subquadrate, with 
 the anterior angles produced; fifth liask-shaped, with a very sharp 
 extremity; of the female, with the first five joints transverse qua- 
 drate, anteriorly notched ; the last elongate, subtriangular behind, 
 subproduced : shell subcircular, the sides gradually converging into 
 an angle behind ; hinder part truncate and granulate-margined : eyes 
 jiarrower than their footstalks; orbits behind with two fissures, be- 
 low, with one. 
 
 ^^. \. At.heterodo)i. Shell granulated, the sides with seven serrulated 
 teeth, and other smaller teeth between some of the other teeth : 
 front with three serrulated teeth, the middle of which is the largest. 
 Leach, ]\[alac. Podoph. Brit. tab. 2. 
 
 This elegant crab was discovered by Montagu on the southern 
 coast of Devon, where it is not an unconnnon species in deep water. 
 •To the fishermen it is well known by the name of Old Alans Face 
 Crab. 
 
 Fam. II. Portunid.t:. Leach. 
 
 Antenna moderaXe, simple: hinder pair of legs with compressed claws. 
 
 Genus 3. PORTUMNUS. Leach. 
 F^i/es not thicker than their peduncles : orbits entire ; anterior pair of 
 tigs equal ; other legs with compressed claws, internally towards their 
 base dilated ',frfili pair with a compressed, foliaceous, lanceolate daw ; 
 
 F 2 
 
84 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 abdomen ofilit male ivith the fourth joint elongate : shell with the 
 transverse and Iciigitndinal diameters the same. 
 ^p. 1. For. varkgatus. Shell obscurely granulated on each side, with 
 five teeth, the second and third somewhat obsolete; front with three 
 teeth; wrists internally with one tooth. Leach, Maine. Fodoph. Brit. 
 I. 4. male and female. Cancer latipes. Fcnn. Brit. Zool. iv.3. t. \.j\ 4. 
 female. 
 
 Plane first discovered this species on the shores of the Adriatic 
 sea. It burrows beneath the sand, where it may be found by dig- 
 ging?; at low water, on most of our sandy shores. 
 
 When living it is most beautifully mottled, and the legs are 6f a 
 luteous-orange colour. 
 
 Genus 4. CARCINUS. Leach. 
 £»/es narrower than their peduncles: ori/7s behind and beneath with 
 one fissure : anterior pair of legs unequal, th.e hands externally 
 smooth ; hinder pair compressed, and slightly fcJrmed for swimming : 
 fibdonien of the male with the fourth joint transverse, and scarcely 
 narrower than the third: shell with the transverse diameter greatest. 
 Sp. 1. Car. Manas. Shell with five teeth on each side; front with three 
 
 rounded teeth or lobes : hands with one tooth, wrist with a spine. 
 Cancer Manas of authors. Car. Ma;nas. Leach, Malac. Fodoph. Brit, 
 tab. .5. 
 
 This most common species inhabits all the shores and estuaries of 
 Britain; It burrows under the sand, or conceals itself beneath fuci 
 and .atones. It is sent to London in iimnense quantities, and is eaten 
 by the poor. 
 
 Genus 5. PORTUNUS. Fabr., Latr., Base, LatJi., Leach. 
 F.ifes much thicker than their peduncles ; orbits behind, with tvvo fis- 
 sures, below with one fissure : abdomen of the male with the fourth 
 joint transverse : anterior piizV- o/* /egs somewhat unequal, the hands 
 externally with elevated lines, arms generally unarmed; hinder pair 
 compressed, foliaceous, and formed for swimming : shell with the 
 transverse diameter greatest; the sides with five, rarely with six, 
 teeth. 
 
 * Hinder clazos With an elevated longitudinal line ; external double 
 palpi zvith the second joint of their internal footstalk truncate at their 
 internal apex. 
 
 a. Orbits at the insertion of the antenna imperfect. Wrists bi- 
 dentate. 
 
 Sp. 1. For. puber. Antennas half the length of the body: shell pu- 
 bescent ; front with many teeth. 
 
 Cancer puber. Linne. Cancer velutinus. Fenn. Bnt. Zool.iv.Q. pi A. 
 fig. 8. Po/timus puber. JUach^ Mai, Fodoph. Brit, tab, (i. 
 
CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 85 
 
 Iulial)its the southern coasts of Devon, In France it is used as an ar- 
 ticle of food. 
 
 b. Orbit intcrnuUi/ sU^htli/ imperfect. Wrists unidentute. 
 
 S'^. 2. Par. corrugatus. bheU convex, with transverse serrate-granulate 
 ciliated lines, the side with five teeth on eacii side, the three hinder 
 of which gre more acute; front tiiiobate, tiie lobes subgranulate-ser- 
 rate^ the middle one largest; hands above, unidentate; hinder claws 
 with sharji points. 
 
 Cancer corrugatus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. p/. 5. fig. 9. Portvmus corru- 
 gatus. Ixacb, Trans. Linn. Soc. \[. 31J. — Mid. Podoph. Brit. tub. 7. 
 fg.lA'9.. 
 
 inhabits the British seas. 
 
 ** Hinder claus icithoiU the elevated line. Exter?iul double palpi 
 with the intcrnalape.x of the second joint oflUe internal footstalk emur- 
 ginate. Orbits inlernulh; beneath the inscr-tion of the antenncc imperfect. 
 
 Sf. 3. Por. marmoreus. Shell convex, cbsoletely and slightly granu- 
 lated, with live nearh equal teeth op. each side; front with three 
 equal teeth, with rounded points; hands smooth, with one tooth 
 Jibove; hinder tarsi with acute points. 
 
 Cancer {pinnatus) marmoreus. Montagu's MSS. Portimus marmoreus. 
 Leach, Mulacost. Podoph. Brit. tab. 8. 
 
 This elegant species, which dei-ives its name from its colour, was 
 discovered 1)3' G. Montagu, esq. It is very common on the sandy 
 shores of southern Devon, froiu Torcross to the mouth of the river 
 Ex, and is frequently found entangled in the shore-nets of the tisher- 
 inen, or thrown on the shore after storms. 
 
 Fam. III. Cance?.ii/.i;. Leaches MSS. 
 Antenna simple, short: four hinder pair of legs simple. 
 
 Genus 6. CANCER of authors. 
 
 External antcjuus short, inserted bet^veen the internal canthus of the 
 eye and the front; internal antenna placed in foveolae in the middle 
 of the clypeus, with their peduncle nearly lunate : external double 
 palpi with the second joint of the internal footstalk notched at the 
 internal apex: shell emarginate behind; or^jY^ behind with one fis- 
 sure, and externally with onefold: beneath with one fissure, and 
 externally with one fold : anterior p^ir cflegs unequal. 
 
 Sp. 1. Can. Pagurus. Shell granulated with nine iblds on each side; 
 Iront with three lobes. 
 
 This species is the com.mon crab oi Britain. It is considered to 
 be in season between Christmas and Easter, and about harvest, being 
 much esteemed as an article of food. Its natural history is but little 
 know n. During the summer months it is very abundant on all our 
 rocky coasts, especially where the water is deep. At low tide they 
 are often found in holes of rocks in pair:?, male and female ; and if 
 
86 Modern system- 
 
 the male be taken away, another will be found in the hole at the next 
 recess of the tide. By knowing this fact, an experienced fisherman 
 may twice uday take, with little trouble, a vast number of specimens, 
 after having once discovered their haunts. In the winter they are 
 supposed to burrow in the sand, or to retire to the deeper parts of 
 the ocean. They are taken in wicker baskets, resembling mouse- 
 traps, or in large nets ^vith open meshes, which are placed at the 
 bottom of the ocean and baited with garbage. 
 
 Genus 7. XAIMTHO. Leach. 
 Exierruil antenna very short, inserted in the internal corner of the eye ; 
 
 internal untenme received in a foveola imder the prominent margin 
 
 of the clypeus, the peduncle sublincar : external douhle palpi, with the 
 
 second joint of the internal footstalk, notched at the internal apex! 
 
 shell submargined behind: orbits entire above, below externally with 
 
 one fissure: anterior pair of legs unequal. 
 Sp. 1. Xan.Jlorida. Wrists above, with two tubercles : shell on each side 
 
 with four obtuse teeth, the interstices cut out: fingers black. 
 Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 85. t. 2. f. 1. Cancer incisus. Leach, 
 
 Edin. Encijcl.Vn. 391. Xantho incisa. Ixach, Edin. Enei/cl. vii. 430. 
 
 Xantho florida. Leach,Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 320. — Suppl. to Enci/cl. Brit, 
 
 —Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 11. 
 
 B. Abdomen in both sexes seven-jointed. Txco anterior legs didactyle. 
 Division I. Eight hinder legs simple, and alike infonn. 
 Fam. IV. PiLUMNiD.E. Leach's MSS. 
 
 Shell anteriorly arcuated, the sides converging to an angle : tico anterior 
 legs unequal. 
 
 Genus 8. PILUMNUS. Leach. 
 External double palpi with the second joint of the internal footstalk 
 
 with the internal apex truncate emarginatc : dazes simple, with naked 
 
 tips. 
 Sp. 1. Fil. hirtellus. Body and legs bristly: shell with five teeth on 
 
 each side : claw somewhat muricated on the outside. 
 Cancer hirtellus. Linn., Venn., Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. Pilumnus hirtellus. 
 
 Leach, Suppl. to Encycl. Brit. Leach, Mai. Fodoph. Brit, tab, 12. 
 Inhabits the south coast of Devonshire. 
 
 Fam. V. OcYPODAiDJE. Leaches MSS. 
 Shell quadrate or subquadrate : e;t/es inserted in the front, 
 * Shell (juachate. Eyes with a long peduncle. 
 Genus 9. PINNOTERES.Xf/;;'., jBo«f,ifrtc/(. Alph^us. Baldorff. 
 Antennae very short (the first three joints largest), inserted in the inte- 
 rior corner ol" the eyes: external double palpi, with the internal foot- 
 
CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 87 
 
 Stalk, one-jointed : anterior "pair of Ici'x unequal : eyes thick ; s,hcH 
 ovate-orbicular, orbiculate-quailratc, or transverse subquadrate. 
 
 All the species of this most interesting genus inhabit the bivalve 
 shells of the acephalous Motluxca, and were svqiposed liv the ancients 
 to be consentaneous inmate,, with the animal, bound by mutual in- 
 terest. 
 
 Aristotle supposed them to act as sentinels, and believed that they 
 guarded the Pinna (the animal in whose shell they were tirst observ- 
 ed) from the attacks of its enemies, llondeletius and some other 
 naturalists held the same opinion. 
 Sp. 1. Pin. Cranc/iii. .Shell orbiculate-subquadrate, soft, very smooth,with 
 the sides dilated behind : front straiglit, obscurely subemarginate : 
 hands oblong below, and the thighs a!)ove with a ciliated line: 
 thumb subarcuate: abdomen very ))road; the sides of the segment 
 arcuate; the second and following ones distinctly notched; the fifth 
 segment somewhat broader; the last narrower than the preceding 
 segment. Fanak. 
 Pinnoteres Cranchii. Leach, Malacost.PodopIi. Brit. tab. 14. fig. 4. .5. 
 
 The male of this species, which was discoveredby Mr. J. Cranch, 
 whose name it bears, is unknown. It is distinguished from P. Pisiim 
 (the common species) by the form of the front of the shell, which is 
 straight, and slightly notched ; by the dilated hinder part of the shell, 
 and by the abdomen, all the joints of which, excepting the first, are 
 distinctly notched behind. 
 
 ** Shell quadrate. Eyes with a long peduncle. 
 
 Genus 10. GONOPLAX. Leach. Ocypoda. Bosc. 
 Eyes terminating their jieduncle : anterior pair of legs equal ; of the 
 
 male very long; of the tcmale twice the length of the l)ody : antenntz 
 
 half the length of the body, inserted at the internal canthus of the 
 
 eyes. 
 
 The animals of this genus inhabit the ocean, preferring such parts 
 
 as have a slimy bottom. They burrow laterally in the clay or slime, 
 
 making two entrances to their hole; entering by one and going out 
 
 by the other. 
 Sp. 1. Gun. hispinosa. Shell on each side with two spines : arms above, 
 
 and wrists internally, with one spine. 
 Cancer angulatus. Penn. Brit.Zool. iv.t.5.f. 10. Fair. Siippl. Entom. 
 
 Syst. 311. Ocypoda angulata. Eo.sc, Hist. Nat. des Crust 1. 19R. 
 
 Gonoplax hispinosa. Leach, Trans. IJnn. 6'oc. xi. 323. — Edin. Encycl. 
 
 — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. — Mul. Podoph. Brit. tub. 13. 
 Inhabits the British sea. It is not uncommon at Salcombe and in 
 
 Plymouth sound; and likewise occurs at Weymouth, and at Red 
 
 Wharf in Anelesea. 
 
88 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Division II. — Shell rostrated in front. Eight hinder legs alike, and simple, 
 Fam. VI. — Maiad^. Leach. 
 Subdivision 1. — Fingers dejlexed. 
 Genus 11. EURYNOME. Leach. 
 
 External antenna rather long, with the first joint shorter than the se- 
 cond: s/fc// verrucated, anteriorly terminated by a bifid rostrum with 
 divaricating lacinias : eyes distant, thicker than their peduncle which 
 is of moderate length : external double pa/pi with the interior point of 
 the second joint of their internal footstalks truncate-emarginate : an- 
 terior legs equal ; of the male, three times the length of the body ; of 
 the female, longer than the body. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ei(r. aspera. Anterior legs and thighs tuberculated : shellwith 
 eight tubercles on the back that are more elevated than the others, 
 which are irregular and margined with hairs ; the sides with four la- 
 mella? • rostrum with simple acuminate lacinifE. 
 
 Cancer aspera. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 8. Eurynome aspera. Leach, Edin. 
 Encycl, vii. 431. — Malac. Vodoph. Brit. tab. 17. — Tt'ans. Linn. Soc. xi, 
 3'26. 
 
 Inhabits the British seas, 
 
 Suljdivision 2. — Fingers not dejlexed. External antenntz tcith the first 
 joint simple. Anterior pair of legs distinctly thicker than the rest. 
 Genus 12. PISA. l£nch. Blastus. Leach, Edin. Encycl, 
 External antenna with clubbed hairs, the first joint longer than the se- 
 cond : external double palpi with the second joint of the internal foot- 
 stalk with its internal apex truncate or emarginate : claws internally 
 denticulated: sj^eZ/ villose; the lacinia; of the rostrum divaricating: 
 orbits behind with two, below with one fissure. 
 
 * Shell densely villose, the sides on each side behind terminated with 
 a spine. 
 Sp. 1. Pisa Gibbsii. Eostrum descending: shell with a spine behind 
 
 llie eyes on each side; arms and thighs simple. 
 Cancer biaculeatus. Montagu, Trails. Linn. Soc. xi. 2. t. 1. f. 1. Pisa 
 biaculeata. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 431. Pisa Gibbsii. Leach, 
 Linn. Trails, xi. 327. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 19. 
 Inhabits deep waters on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall. 
 
 ** Shell villose, with spiny sides. 
 Sp. 2. Pisa tetraodon. Shell on each side with six spines; two small, 
 
 the rest larger. 
 Cancer tetraodon. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 7. t. 8. f. 1.5. Maja tetraodon. 
 
 Pose, Hist. Nat. des Crust. 1. 254. Blastus tetraodon. Leach, Edin. 
 
 Encycl. vii. 431. Pisa tetraodon. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. — Supp. tQ 
 
 Encycl. Brit. i. 415. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 20. 
 inhabits the south-west coast of England. 
 
CLASS I. rnrsTACEA. 89 
 
 .Siil){Hvision 3. — Fhigcrs not deflcxed. F^rtcrnal nntcnntF nifh ihch- first, 
 joint simple. Anterior pair q/' legs scarcely thicker t/ian lite others, zi-lnck 
 are moderateh/ long. 
 
 Genus 13. JMA.TA. Lam., iMtr., Base, Leach. 
 
 H, eternal antenna with tlie two first joints thickest, and of nearly equal 
 length : shell convex ovate-suLtriangular, veiv spiny : ci/es not thicker 
 than their elongate peduncle : external double palpi with the second 
 joint of their internal footstalk deeply notched at its internal apex: 
 elates with naked sharp points. 
 
 Sp. 1. Maj. Squinado. Shell fasciculate-pilose; orbit above, with one 
 spine; the sides with five strong spines: clypeus beneath the front 
 with a short spine excavated above. 
 
 Cancer Squinado. lierbst, iii. t. 5G. (lidl grown.) Ll.'i. t. 14./. 85. 81. 
 junior. Cancer iNIaja. Seopoli Entom. Cam. \\Q.Q. Sozvcrbi/'s Brit. Mis- 
 cell, t. 39. Maja Squinado. Lutr. Gen. Crust, ct Insect, i. 37. Base, 
 Hist. Kat. des Crust, i. 237. Leach, Edin. Enei/cl. vii. 394. 431. 
 -T-Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 310. — Siipp. to Enet/cl. Brit. i. 415. — Maine. 
 Podoph. Brit. tab. 18. 
 
 Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon and Cornwall. By the fishermen 
 it is named Thornback or King-crab. 
 
 Subdivision 4. — Fingers not deflcxed. Erternal antennas tcilh the fint 
 joint externally dilated. 
 
 Genus 14. IIYAS. Leach, Siipp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 415. 
 fiheU elongate-subtriangular, subtubcrculated; the sides behind the 
 
 eyes produced into a lanceolate projection : rostrum fissured, the la- 
 
 ciniaj approximating: extcr/ial anlennte with the first joint dilated, 
 
 larger than the second : external double palpi with the second joint 
 
 emarginate at the internal apex. 
 Sp. 1. Hj/as araneus. The lastitbrm process behind the eyes tuberculated 
 
 behind. 
 Cancer araneus. Linn. Si/st. Nat. 1044. Cancer Bufo. Hcrbsf, i. 142, 
 
 t. 17. _/". 39. Hyas araneus. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 437. — Trans. 
 
 Linn. Soc. xi. 329. — Mul. Podoph. Brit. tab. 21. a. 
 Inhabits the Scottish sea in great plenty; on the English coast it is 
 
 mure rare. 
 
 Subdivision 5. — Second, third, fourth, and Jifth pair of legs alike and slender. 
 
 Genus \i. INACHUS. Fabr., Leach. 
 Shell slightly spined, with a spine on each side protecting the eye when 
 retracted : eyes distant, scarcely thicker than their peduncles : exter- 
 nal double palpi with the second joint of the internal footstalk trun- 
 cate at its internal point: external anlennce with the three first joints 
 
90 MODERN SYST£M. 
 
 thickest: second pair of legs thicker than the following ones: claws 
 curved. 
 
 Sp. 1. In. Dorsetlensis. Beak short, emarginate ; the clypeus beneath 
 produced into a spine : slicll anteriorly, with four, little tubercles 
 placed transversely ; then with three spines, the anterior one strong- 
 est; behind with three strong sharp spines, the middle one gene- 
 rally longest and strongest, forming a slightly recurved line; hinder 
 margin witli two distinct obsolete tubercles. 
 
 Cancer Dorsettensis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 8. pi. 9. Jig. 18. Cancer 
 Scorpio. Fabr. Sp. List. i. 504. G/nel. Si/st. Nat. i. 2078. Herbst, i. 
 237. 130. Inachus Scorpio. Fabr. Ent. Si/st. Sitpp. 353. Rlacropus 
 Scorpio. Lutr. Hist. Nat. dcs Crust, et des Insect, vi. 109. Maja Scor- 
 pio. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 252. Tnachus Dorsettensis. Leach, 
 Edin. Enci/cl.vn .431. — Malac. Podoph. Brit. tab. 22. fg. 1 — 6.— Trans. 
 Linn. Soc. xi. 330. 
 
 Inliabits the British seas. 
 
 C. Abdomen in both se.vcs six-jointed. Two anterior legs didact^/le. 
 
 Fam. VII. Lituodiad.t:. Leach's MSS. 
 Fifth pair of legs minute, spurious. 
 
 Genus 16. LITHODES. Latreilk, Leach. 
 
 External double palpi with narrow cylindric footstalks : ei/es approximat- 
 ing at their base : s/(t'// very spiny, anteriorly rostrated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lith. Maja. Legs and shell with sharp spines: beak spiny, with 
 the tip bifurcate : fingers with tufts of hair. 
 
 Cancer Maja. Linn. Si/^t. Nat. 1016. Cancer horridus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 
 7. pi. 7. Jig. 14. Inachus Maja. Fabr. Ent. S^st. Supp. 358. Maja 
 vulgaris. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 251. Lithodes arctica. Latr. 
 Gen. Crust, et Bisect, i. 40. Lithodes Maja. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl.vW. 
 395. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 332. — Supp. to Encj/cl. Brit. i. 416. — Mai. 
 Podoph. Brit. tab.2\. 
 
 Inhabits the Northern sea, and in our seas is very rare, or at least very 
 local ; occurring only on the rocky shores of Yorkshire and of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 . Fam. VIII. Macropodiad^. 
 
 Second, third, fourth, and fifth pair of legs alike and slender. Eijes not 
 rctniclilc. 
 
 Genus 17. MACROPODIA. Leach. Macropus. Latr. 
 
 Shell slightly spined ; beak long and fissured : eyes distant, subreniform, 
 
 much thicker than their peduncles : external antenna half the length 
 
 of the body ; the second joint three times the length of the third : 
 
 external double palpi slender ; the internal footstalk with the two equal 
 
CLASS I. CRtTSTACKA. 91 
 
 joints : palpi very hairy, the middle joint shortest, the third a little 
 longer than the tirst: /«>«?■ anterior clmvs with their tips bent:/ow 
 hinder ones abruptly curved at their base. 
 
 Si>. 1. Mac. P/i(i/(inffiiim. Beak acuminate, much shorter than the an- 
 tenna; : shell behind the rostrum, with three tubercles placed in a tri- 
 angle, the hinder tubercle largest : arms internally subscabrous and 
 hirsute. 
 
 Cancer Phalangimn. Penn. Brit. Zool.iv.Q.pl.O.fg. 17. Macropus 
 longirostris. Lcitr. Gen. Crust, et Insect. Macropodia longiroslris. 
 Lcae/i, Edin. Enci/el.vn. — Zuol. Misc. ii. 18. — Trans. Linn. Sac. xi. 331. 
 —Mai. Podop/i. Brit. tab. 23. 
 
 Inhabits the moutlisof rivers, and is very common in Great Britain. 
 
 D. Abdomen of both ."exes four-Jointed. Y'rco anterior legs diductylc. 
 
 Fam.IX. Leucosiad.i;. 
 Genus IR. EBALIA. Leach. 
 
 Shell rhomboidal, produced in front; the sides entire: anterior pair of 
 /fir-s' depressed, much larger than the rest ; arms subangulated; fin- 
 gers subdeflexed : external pedipalpes with their external footstalk li- 
 near: abdomen of the male with its last joint at its base furnished 
 with a dentiform process. 
 
 Sp. 1 . Eb. Pennantii. Shell granulated, with an irregular elevated cross : 
 abdomen with 3 — G joints confluent. 
 
 Cancer tuberosus. Penn. Orn. ZooL iv. 8. t. 9. A.f. 19. Ebalia Pennan- 
 tii. Leach, Muluc. Podoph. Brit. t. 25. f. 1—6. cJ & Q . 
 
 Order II. MACROURA. 
 
 This Order contains the Families Pagurii, Palinurini, Astacini, and 
 Sijuillares of Latreille. 
 
 Division I. — Tail on each side with simple appendices, 
 
 Fam. I. Pagurid.e. Leach. 
 Legs ten ; anterior pair largest and dactyle. 
 
 Genus 19. PAGURUS. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 External antennte with the second joint of their peduncle with a move- 
 able spine affixed to the apex above : abdomen membranaceous : tail 
 three-jointed, crustaceous; the second joint on each side appendicu- 
 lated : four hinder legs spurious, short, didactyle. 
 
 The curious economy of the genus Pagurus attracted the attention 
 of the ancients. One species is well described by Aristotle. 
 
 All the species are parasitical, and inhabit the cavities of turbi- 
 nated univalves. They all change their habitation during their 
 growth, first occupying the smallest shells, and latterly those of very 
 
€<♦ 
 
 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 tonsidcralile dimensions. The abdomen is naked and slender, being 
 covered merely with a skin of a delicate texture ; but its extremity is 
 furnished with appendages, by means of which it secures itself within 
 the shell of which it makes choice. It is really astonishing with 
 what facility these animals move, bearing at the same time the shell, 
 which is destined to preserve the body from injury and to guard them 
 from tiie attacks of fishes, which would otherwise devour them. All 
 the species are tenned indiscriminately Soldier-crabs and Hermit- 
 crabs, from the idea of their living in a tent, or retiring to a cell. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pag. Strchlonyx (common Soldier-crab). Arms hairy, muricated, 
 the left largest; hands subcordate, fingers broad. 
 
 Cancer Bernhardus of Pennant and other English authors. Pagurus Stre- 
 Llonyx. Maf. Pcdoph. Brit. tab. 'iQ.fg.llyA. 
 
 Inhabits the European ocean, and is very abundant in the British seas, 
 inhabiting various kinds of univalve shells, changing its habitation 
 as it grows. Pagurus araneiformis, Edinb. Encycl.xn. 396, is merely 
 the young of this species. 
 
 Division II. — Tail on each side zvith foUac€OUS appendages, forming uith 
 the middle tail-process n fan-like Jin. 
 a. Interior antenna: rcith verif long footstalks. 
 
 T^xn. II. PALij:t7BiD.i:. Leach. 
 External antcnn<£ setaceous, and very long: legs ten, alike and simple. 
 Genus 20. PALINURUS. Dald., Eabr., Lam., Latr., Base, Leach. 
 The animals of this genus have the power of producing a sound 
 by rubbing their exterior antenna; against the sides of the projecting 
 clypeus. 
 Sp. 1. Pal. vulgaris. 
 Astacus liomarus. Pciin. Brit. Zool.iv. 'i6.pl. 11. Leach, Mai. Podoph. 
 
 Brit. tab. SO. 
 Inhabits the European ocean. It is commonly eaten in London, and is 
 sometimes denominated Spiny-lobster or Sea Cray-fish. 
 
 Fam. III. Galate.^d;e. 
 
 External cntcnncp very long and setaceous : legs ten, anterior pair didac- 
 tyle, fifth pair spurious. 
 
 Genus 21. PORCELLANA. Lam., Latr.,Bosc, Leach. 
 
 External double palpi with the first joint of the internal footstalk di- 
 lated internally : shell orbiculate subquadrate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Par. platychclcs. Anterior margin of the shell with three entire 
 teeth : claws very large and much depressed : wrists internally den- 
 ticulated; hands externally deeply ciliated. 
 
 Cancer platycheles. Penn. Brit. Zool.iv. 6. pi. 6. & 12. Porcellana pla- 
 tycheles. Latr. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 
 
CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 93 
 
 Iiiliubits the rocky shores of the southern and western coasts of Bri- 
 tain, concealing itself beneath stones, to the underside of which it 
 adheres closely. 
 
 Genus 22. GALATEA. Leach. Galath£.\. Fair., Lutr., Law., 
 Base, Leach. 
 E.cfernal double palpi with the internal edge of the first joint not dilated : 
 shell ovate. 
 
 * Roslriim acumhiate, acute, uith four spines on each side. Anterior 
 kgscompi-cssed. Abdomen with the sides of the segments obtuse. 'Lull 
 with the intermediate lamella triangular, the tip emarginate, the apex 
 of the lacniia: rounded. Interior antenna with the first joint of the 
 peduncle trispinose> 
 
 a. Second joint of the internal J'oot stalk of the external double palpi 
 longer than the first. 
 
 Sp. 1. Gul.squamifera. Anterior legs granulate-spinose : hands exter- 
 nally subserrated : wrists and arms internally spinose. 
 
 Galatea Fabricii. Leach, Supp. to Encj/cl. B/it.i. 419. pi. '21. Gala- 
 tiiea squaniifera. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 340. — Mai. Podoph. Brit, 
 tab. 28. A. 
 
 b. Second joint of the internal footstalk of the external double palpi 
 shorter than the first. 
 
 Sp. 2. Gal.spinigera. Anterior legs subgramilate squamose; above and 
 on each side spinose : arms externally without spines. 
 
 Astacus strigosus. Penn. Brit. Zool. i\. IS. pi. 14. Cancer {Astacus) str'y- 
 gosus. Herbst, tab. 26. /". 2. Galathea strigosa. Fabr., Lair., Leach. 
 Galathea spinigera. Leach, Malac. Podoph. Brit. tub. 28. B. 
 
 ** Rostrum elongate, spiniform ; the base on each side bispincse. 
 Anterior pair of legs subcijUndric. Abdomen with the sides of the seg~ 
 inents acute. Tail uith the intermediate lamella transverse-quadrate ; 
 the apex subemarghiate. Interior antenna with the frst joint of the pe- 
 duncle four-spined. [External double palpi zcith the first joint oj the in^ 
 temal footstalk longer than the second.) 
 Sp. S. Gal. rugosa. Anterior legs spinose, especially internally-: abdo- 
 men with the second segment anteriorly with six; the third with 
 four spines. 
 Astacus Bamffius. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 17. pi. 27, Galathea rugosa. 
 Fabr., Bosr, Latr. Cancer rugosus. G7nel. St/st. Nat. i. 2985. Ga- 
 lathea longipeda. Lam. Si/st. dcs Anim. sans Vert. 158. Galathea Banif- 
 £a. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 398. Galathea rugosa. Leech, Alalac, 
 Podoph. Brit. tab. 29. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 341. 
 Inhabits the European ocean and Mediterranean sea. It is very Ti'^fi 
 in Britain, but has been found en ihc Bamffshire coa-it and in Ply. 
 ijlouth sound. 
 
fl4 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 I). Interior antenna with moderate footstalks. 
 
 Farm. IV. Astacid.^. loach's AISS. 
 Antennts inserted in the same horizontal line, interior ones with two 
 setae, the exterior ones simple : legs for walking ten, anterior pair of 
 these largest. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Exterior lamella of the tail composed of one part. 
 
 Genus 23. GEBIA. Txuch. 
 
 Two anterior legs equal, subdidactyle, with the thumb short: interior ait- 
 tenna with an elongate petluncle; the secondjoint shortest, the third 
 largest and cylindric : external double palpi with the third joint of the 
 internal footstalk shortest: tail with hroad lamelke; the exterior 
 ones costated, the middle one quadrate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Gieb. Delt'dura. Alxlomcn with the back membranaceous : tail with 
 the apex of the exterior lamella dilated and somewhat rounded; in- 
 terior one truncate, and formed like the Greek delta. 
 
 Gebia deltaura. Lcacli, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3-lQ. — Mul. Fodoplu Brit, 
 tab. 31. fig. 9, 10. 
 
 Inhabits beneath the sand on the southern coast of Devonshire, and is 
 found by digging to the depth of two or three feet. 
 
 Genus 24. CALLIANASSA. Leaeh. 
 
 Four anterior legs didactyle ; anterior pair largest, very unequal ; second 
 pair less; third pair monodactyle ; fourth and fifth pairs spurious: 
 internal antennae witli an elongate biarticulatc peduncle, the second 
 joint longest: exfcnuil double palpi with the secondjoint of the inter- 
 nal footstalk largest and compressed: tail with broad lamella^; the 
 middle process elongate-triangular, with the apex rounded. 
 
 The thorax anteriorly abruptly subacuminate; the rostriform pro- 
 cess divided from the shell by a suture : anterior pair of legs very 
 much compressed, the hand articulated : the larger leg with the base 
 of its wrist furnished with a curved process. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cal. subterranea. Shell with the rostriform process with one lon- 
 gitudinal ridge, the point rounded. 
 
 Cancer Astacus subterraneus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. Callianassa 
 subterranea. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 400. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 343. 
 '-Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit.'i. 420. — Malac. Podoph. Brit. tab. 32. 
 
 This animal lives beneath the sand on the sea-shore. It was first 
 described by Montagu, who found it by digging in a sand-bank in 
 the estuary of Kingsbridge, on the southern coast of Devon. 
 Genus 25. AXIUS. Leach. 
 
 Four anterior legs didactyle ; anterior pair largest, and somewhat im- 
 equal; third, fourth, and fifth pairs furnished with a compressed 
 claw: interior antenna with a three-jointed peduncle, the first joint 
 longest : external double palpi with the two first joints somewhat large 
 
CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 95 
 
 and unequal: tail broad; the intermediate lamella elongate-trian- 
 gular. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ax. Stiri/itchtis. Rostrum margined, the middle carinated : thorax be^ 
 hind the rostrum, with two elevated abbreviated lines notched behind- 
 
 Axius Stirynchus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 343. — Siipp. to Encycl, 
 Brit. i. 4'20.—Mal. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 3S. 
 
 Inhabits the British sea. 
 
 Stirps 2. Exterior luiuella of the tail bipartite : external antenme with a 
 spine-shaped squameatthe first joint of tlie peduncle: anterior pair 
 of legs didactyle. 
 
 * Et/es subglobosc, not thicker than their peduncles. 
 The coxfE of the third pair oi" legs of the female, of the fifth pair 
 of the male, perforated. These perforations are lor the passage of 
 the semen and of the eggs ; and although placed differently in other 
 genera, yet they serve the same functions. 
 
 Genus 26. ASTACUS. Uach's MSS. 
 
 Abdomen with the sides of its segments obtuse : middle tail lamella com- 
 posed of one piece. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ast, Gummarus. Rosti'um on each side with four teeth, and with 
 one on each side of its base. 
 
 Cancer Gammarus. Linn. Si/st. Nat. \. 1050. AstacusGammaRis. Penn. 
 Brit. Zool. iv. 9. pi. 10. Astacusmarinus. Fubr. Snpp. Eat. Si/st.406. 
 Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lisect. i. 5 1. Astacus Gammarus. Leach, Edin. En- 
 cycl. vii. 398. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 344. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 420, 
 This species, which is the common lobster of our markets, inhabits 
 deep clear water at the foot of rocks which hang over the sea. They 
 breed during the early summer months, and are very prolific, Baxter 
 having coimted no less than 12,444 eggs under the abdomen. In 
 warm weather they are very active ; they have the power of spring- 
 ing backward in the water to a most astonishing distance into their 
 holes in the rocks, as has been frequently observed by naturalists of 
 credit. Their food consists of dead animal matter, and, it is said, also 
 of sea-weed. The female is stated to deposit her eggs in the sand, hvii 
 tlie young state is not known. 
 
 The common lobster inhabits the European ocean. It is found in 
 very great abundance in the North of Scotland; but is much more 
 common on the coast of Norway, from whence the London markets 
 are for the most part supplied. 
 
 Genus 27. POTAMOBIUS. Leach's MSS. 
 
 Abdomen with the sides of its segments sharp : middle Jail lamella bi- 
 partite. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pot.Jiuviatilis. Rostrum laterally dentated, the base with one 
 tooth on each side. 
 
 Cancer Astacus. Linn. Si/sl. Nut. 1.1051. Astacus astucus. Penn. 
 
§6 
 
 MODEKN SYbTrM. 
 
 Brit. Zool. i •, 14. pi. 15. fig. 27. Astacus fiuviauli;:;. Fabr., Latr.^ 
 Leach. 
 
 ** Eyei rcnlfoi^n, abruptlj/ shorter than tlicir peduncles. 
 ITie coca of the third pair of legs of the female, of the fifth pair 
 of the male, perforated. 
 
 Genus 28. NEPIIROPS. Leach. 
 External antenna: with the first joint of their peduncle furnished at its 
 
 apex with a squama, which is produced beyond the apex of the 
 
 peduncle. 
 Sp. 1. Neph. Noz-vegkus. Abdomen with hairy areola; ; shell somewhat 
 
 spiny in front. 
 Cancer Norwegicus. Linn. S^st. IN^r/. i. 1053. Astacus Norwegicu.';. 
 
 Fenn. Brit. Zool. iv. IT. pi. 12. fig. 21. Nephrops Norwegicus. 
 
 Leach, Mai. Podoph. Brit. tub. 36. 
 Inhabits the northern parts of Europe. It is found in the Frith of 
 
 Forth during the summer months, often attaching itself to the line;? 
 
 of the fishermen : colour, when living, flesh red. Fabricius, Bosc, 
 
 and Latreille, cannot have seen this animal, since they all describe 
 
 it as having four instead of six didactjde legs, 
 
 Fam. V. Pal.'emoxid.e. 
 
 External antennit with a large squama at their base. 
 
 Stirps 1. — External antennce inserted in the same horizontal line with 
 the interior ones, which have two setas : tail with the external la- 
 mella composed of but one part. 
 
 Genus 29. CRANGON. Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 Second pair of legs didactyle, of the same length with the third pair : 
 
 pedipalpes with their last joint obtuse at its point. 
 Sp. 1. Cran. vulgaris. Thorax behind the rostrum, and on each side, aj 
 
 well as the arms beneath with a spire. 
 Cancer Crangon. IJnnc. Crangon vulgaris. Fabr., Leach, Mai. Pod. Br. 
 
 t. 37. B. Common Shrimp. 
 
 Genus 30. PONTOPHILUS. Leach. 
 
 Second pair of kgs didactyle, much shorter than the third pair : pedi- 
 palpes with the last joint acuminated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pont, spinosus. Thorax with five ranges of spines, disposed 
 longitudinally ; three ranges dorsal and one on each side. 
 
 Pontophilus spinosus. Leach, Mai. Pod. Brit. t. 37. A. 
 
 Discovered by C. Prideaux, esq., amongst some rubbish from Ply-. 
 mouth Sound ; a second specimen was afterwards taken ofif Falmouth 
 by the late John Cranch, Zoologist to the Congo Expedition. 
 
 •Stirps 2. — External anteniue inserted below tlie internal ones ; interior 
 ones with two setie inserted in the same horizontal line : exterior la- 
 Tfiella of the tail bipartite. 
 
CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 97 
 
 Genus 31. PROCESSA. Leach. Nika. JJ/sso. 
 Anterior pair of legs, with one side didactyle, the other armed with a 
 simple claw : second pair unequal, didactyle, slender ; one very long, 
 with the wrists and fore arm many-jointed ; the other shorter, with 
 the wrists many-jointed ; other legs terminated hj' simple claws. 
 Sp. 1. Pro. canalicidata. Base of the I'ostrum with one tooth; inter- 
 mediate lamella of the tail longitudinally canaliculated. 
 Processa canaliculata. Leach, Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 41. 
 
 The thighs of the third and fourth pairs of legs are spinulose be- 
 neath; at the base of the rostrum there is an elevation dividing it 
 from the thorax. 
 
 The above species, which forms the type of the genus, was dis- 
 covered at Torcross, on the southern coast of Devon, by Montagu. 
 
 Stirps 3. — External antenna: inserted below the internal ones; interior 
 ones with two setje, one placed abo\e the other. {External lamella 
 of the tail composed but of one part.) 
 
 a. Internal anicnncs with the supej'ior seta excavated helozc. Claws 
 
 spinulose. 
 Genus 32. PAXDALUS. Leach. 
 
 Anterior pair of legs adactyle; second pair didactjle, unequal. External 
 double palpi with the last joint of the internal footstalk longer than 
 the preceding joint. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pan. annuUcornis. Rostrum ascending, many-toothed, apex 
 notched ; inferior antenns annulated with red, and internally spinu- 
 lose. 
 
 Pandalus annulicornis. Leach, Malac. Podoph. Brit. tab. iO. — Trans. 
 Linn. Soc. xi. 346. — Suppl. to Encycl. Brit. i. 421, 
 
 Genus 33. HIPPOLYTE. Leach. 
 Four anterior legs didactyle : external donhls palpi witli tlie last joint of 
 
 the internal footstalk shorter than the preceding joint. 
 Sp. 1. Hip. varians. Rostrum straight, witli two teeth above and below j 
 
 shell above and beneath the eyes with one spine. 
 Hippolyte varians. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 347. — Supp. to Encycl. 
 
 Brit".!. 4:21.— AM. Podoph. Brii. tab. 38. fg. 6—16. 
 Inhabits the rocky shores of the south of Devon. It varies much in 
 
 colour, being often found red, green, and blueish green. 
 
 b. Internal antennce zvith the superior seta not excavated. Claws simple. 
 
 Genus 34. fEN^US. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 
 Six anterior legs didactyle : external double palpi witli five exserted joint?, 
 the last of which is obtuse. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pen. trisulcatus. Thorax trisulcated behind ; rostrum descend- 
 ing, multidentate above. 
 
 G 
 
98 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Penaeus trisulcatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 347. — Supp. to Eneycl. 
 
 Brit. i. 421. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 42. 
 Inhabits the Welsh Sea. 
 Stirps 4. — External antenna: inserted below the internal; internal 
 
 ones with three setae. {External lamella of the tail composed of but 
 
 one part.) 
 
 Genus 35. PAL^MON. Fahr., Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 Four anterior legs didactyle : anterior pair smaller than the second pair ; 
 
 external double palpi with the last joint shorter than the preceding 
 
 joint. 
 Sp. 1. Pal. serratus {common Praicn). Rostrum ascending above, with 
 
 from six to eight teeth, the apex emarginate ; below with from four 
 
 to six teeth. 
 Astacus serratus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 19. {pi. 16. fig. 28.) Cancer 
 
 (Astacus) Squilla. Herbst, ii. 55. tab. 27. {fig. 1.) Palsemon Squilla. 
 
 Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lisect. i. 54. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl.vii.AOl. Pa- 
 
 Lxmon serratus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 348. — Supp. to Encycl. 
 
 Brif. i. 421.— iVfa/. Podoph. Brit. tab. 43. Jig. 1 — 10. 
 
 Variety a,. Rostrum with six teeth above. 
 
 Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth. 
 2. five teeth. 
 
 Variety /3. Rostrum above with seven teeth. 
 
 Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth. 
 
 2. five teeth. 
 
 3. six teeth. 
 
 "V^ariety y. Rostrum with eight teeth above. 
 
 Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth. 
 
 2. five teeth. 
 
 3. ■ six teeth. 
 
 " Although all the above varieties are common, yet j3 occurs most 
 frequently. In some may be seen the upper edge of the rostrum with 
 ten, the lower with five teeth ; and both edges with but three teeth. 
 The apex is generally notched above, and in two specimens, which 
 may be considered a rare occurrence, the point has been found en- 
 tire. The situation of the teeth on the upper edge is variable, but in 
 most instances the second tooth is at a greater distance from the first 
 than the rest, which are generally equidistant, and rarely extend far 
 beyond the middle, the rostrum from that part being edentate, witti 
 the exception of the emarginate apex." 
 
 Herbst, Latreille, and Leach, formerly considered this species 
 as Cancer Squilla of Linne ; but Dr. L. has, since the publication of 
 the error, met with the true C. Squilla of that author, and has d§- 
 
CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 99 
 
 scribed it in the eleventh voUiine of the Transacilons of the Llnnean 
 Society, p. 348. 
 
 "Pulamon serrutnsoi Fabrifius is distinct, and, if his description be 
 correct, it is not even referable to this genus ; he having expressly 
 given as its specific clvdrdctcr ' Antennis posticis bijidis,'' (hinder an- 
 tennae bifid ;) whereas, in his generic character, he has stated these 
 organs to be trifid (' Antenna: superiores trijida:.' ") 
 
 Genus 36. ATHANAS. Leach. 
 Four anterior legs didactyle : anterior pair larger than the second pair : 
 
 external double palpi with the last joint longer than the preceding 
 
 joint. 
 Sp. 1. Ath. nitescens. Rostrinn straight, and simple. 
 Cancer {Astacus) nitescens. Montagu's MSS. Athanas nitescens. Leach, 
 
 T?-ans. Linn. Soc. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. — Mai. Fodoph. Brit. fab. 44. 
 Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire. 
 
 Stirps 5. — External antenna inserted below the internal : interior ones 
 with a large scale at their base. Legs for movement sixteen. 
 
 Genus 37. MYSIS. Latr., Leach. Praunus. Leach. 
 
 Legs bifid, the last joint of the four anterior pairs with the interior 
 lucinia uniarticulatc, ovate, compressed ; of the other pairs of legs 
 multiarticulate : external double palpi with the middle joint of the 
 internal footstalk longest, the first very short. 
 
 At the base of the abdomen of the female is situated the external 
 uterus, composed of two valve-like membranes, in which the young 
 ones, just excluded from the egg, live and grow until they become 
 strong enough to take care of themselves. 
 
 The animals of this genus swim with their head uppennost, and with 
 their eyes spreading, wliicli gives them a singular and grotesque ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 * Literniediafe lamella of the tail emarginate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Mysis spinulosa. Tail with the intermediate lamella externally 
 spinulose; the apex acutely emarginate ; exterior lamellae acuminate, 
 and very broadly ciliated. 
 
 Praunus fiexuosus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. \ii. 401. Mysis spinulosa. 
 Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3.50. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 422. 
 
 Inhabits the Frith of Forth near Leith. 
 
 " Colour when alive, pellucid cinereous : eyes black, red at their 
 base : lamince of the external antenna; with a black longitudinal line 
 and spots. A clouded spot on each side of the hinder part of the 
 thorax, and another above the legs. Every segment of t^.e body 
 most beautifully marked with a reddish-rust coloured spot, disposed 
 in an arborescent form ; tail fin spotted with the same colour, mixed 
 with black : pouch of the female with two rows of fuscous-black 
 spots : under side of the abdomen regularly mottled with rufous black." 
 
 G 2 
 
100 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 It was 6bser\'ed with young from the middle of June to the 
 middle of July. The females are one-third more abundant than 
 the males. 
 Length an inch and a quarter. 
 
 ** Intermediate lamella of the tail entire. 
 Sp. 2. Mysis Integra. 
 Praunus integer. Leach, Edin. Enci/cL\n. 401. Mysis Integra. Ledch, 
 
 Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 350. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 422. 
 Inhabits brackish pools of water, left by the tide at Lock Ranza in the 
 
 Isle of Arran. Common in the month of August with young. 
 Length one third of an inch. 
 
 Females more abundant than the males. Colour whilst living pel- 
 lucid cinereous, spotted with black and reddish brown. 
 
 Division III. — Tail with two set(?, one on each side. 
 
 Pam. VI. Nebax.i.\d.s;, Leach. 
 Genus 38. NEBALIA. Leach. 
 Thorax anteriorly with a moveable rostrum : anterior pair of legs longest^ 
 
 simple ; other pairs equal, approximate, with the last joint bifid : 
 
 (tntennte two, inserted above the eyes, the last joint bifid and multi- 
 
 articulatei 
 Sp. 1. Neh. Herhstii. Gray or cinereous-yellowish ; eyes black. 
 Cancer bipes. 0th. Fubr. En. Grim. no. 223. fg. 2. Herbst, ii. tab. 24. 
 
 fig. 7. Mysis bipes. Latr. Hi.st. Nat. des Crust, et des Insect, vi. 285. 
 
 JNIoiioculus rostratus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 14. tab. 2. fig. 5. 
 
 Nebalia Herbstii. Leach, Zool. Miscel.'i. 100. tab. 44. — Trans. Linn. 
 
 Soc. xi. 351. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 422. 
 Inhabits the European Ocean; it is common beneath stones lying on 
 
 black mud, on the southern coast of Devon. 
 
 Genus of doubtful situation. 
 
 Genus 39. 3IEGAL0PA, Leach. 
 
 The situation of this curious genus, which is figured in Dr. Leaches 
 
 Malacostraca Brit. (tab. 25.), is still doubtful. It however decidedly 
 
 belongs to the Macp.oura, as Dr. L. has discovered to be the case, 
 
 since the publication of the first volume of the Supp. to Encycl. Brit. 
 
 LegionlL EDRI OP HTH A LM A. 
 
 The Malacostraca Edriophthalmu, or at least a greater part of them, 
 were placed amongst the Macroura by Latreille, who considered them 
 as forming a particular family of that order. 
 
 Sectwn I. 
 Body laterally compressed. 
 
CtASS I. CP.rSTACEA. 101 
 
 Fam. I. PiiROXVMAD.?:. Leach's MSS. 
 
 Legs fourteen : antema: nvo, inserted one on each side of the front of 
 the head. {Tail furnished with styles.) 
 
 Genus 1. PHRONYMA. Lutr., Leach, Lamarck. 
 
 Head large, nutant: antenna biarticulate, the first joint small : thorax 
 seven-jointed, all its segments bearing legs : legs compressed, tu-o 
 anterior pairs with the antepenultimate joint furnished at its point 
 with a foliaceous process ; the penultimate joint with the point bifid 
 and terminated with a small claw: third anOi fourth pairs simple, 
 longer, somewhat thicker, terminated by a bent claw: Jifth pair 
 large, very long, thicker, didactyle ; the first joint gradually thick- 
 ened towards its point; the second su1)trigonate; the third ovate, 
 and abruptly narrowed at its base ; the last narrowed at its base ; the 
 fijigers curved, and internally furnished each with one tooth : sixth 
 and seventh pairs simple, terminated with a nearly straight cla\\' : 
 abdomen triarticulate, each segment, on each side, with a double ap- 
 pendice, placed on a peduncle : tail biarticulate, the first joint on 
 each side furnished with a biarticulate process, terminated by t\vo 
 styles ; second joint with four processes, each terminated by two 
 styles ; the inferior processes biarticulate, the superior triarticulate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Fhron. sedcntaria. Fifth pair of legs with the apex of the thumb 
 and base of the fingers internall}' denticulated. 
 
 Cancer sedentarius. Forsk. Fn.Arab. 95. Phronyma sedentaria. Latr. 
 Gen. Crust, et Lis. i. 57. Leach, Fdia. Fncycl. vii. 403 — 433. — Trans. 
 Linn. Soc. xi. 355. Cancer (Gammarellus) sedentarius. Herlst, ii. 
 136. t. '67. jig. 8. 
 
 Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea and Zetland Sea, residing in a cell 
 composed of a gelatinous substance, open at each extremity, where 
 it sits in an incur\'ed posture. 
 
 The only specimen of this most interesting, rare, and curious 
 animal was taken by the Reverend Dr. J. Fleming, one of our most 
 zealous naturalists, who found it on the 3u of November 1809, at 
 Burray in Zetland, amongst rejectamenta of the sea, and communi- 
 cated it to Dr Leach. 
 
 Fam. II. Gammarid.e. Leach's MSS. 
 
 Body laterally compressed : legs fourteen, with lamelliform coxs : 
 antenn(£ ionr, inserted by pairs. {Tail furnished with styles.) 
 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna four-jointed, the last segment composed of many 
 little joints ; the upper ones very short. 
 
 Genus 2. TALITRUS. Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 Four anterior legs in both sexes subequal, monodactj'le : upper antenna 
 shorter than the two first joints of the undcT ones. 
 
102 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tal. Lociisla. Antennae subtestaceous-nifous, of the male longer 
 than the body, of the female shorter ; body cinereous, varied with 
 darker cinereous. 
 
 Oniscus Locusta. Pallas? Talitrus Locusta. iMtr., Bosc, Leach. As- 
 tacus Locusta. Peiin. Brit. Zool. iv. 21. Cancer (G«w»rt«r«s) Saltator. 
 Montagu, Tra«.s. Linn. Soc. xi. 94. 
 
 Inhabits the sandy shores of the European Ocean. 
 
 The specific name Locusta is probably derived from the form of 
 its protruded mouth, which has a general resemblance to the same 
 part in the Gryllides.' 
 
 It has never been observed in the water ; it burrows in the sand, 
 and leaps about on the shore. Talitrus littoralis, described in the 
 seventh volume of the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, is merely the fe- 
 male of T. Locusta. 
 
 The use of this animal (which is generally denominated Sand- 
 hopper) in the economy of nature, appears to be that of contributing 
 to the dissolution of putrid animal and vegetable matter ; servmg 
 in return as food to the shore birds, who devour it with avidity. 
 
 Genus 3. ORCHESTIA. Leach. 
 
 Four anterior legs of the male monodactyle ; second pair with a com- 
 pressed hand ; of the female, with the anterior pair monodactyle, the 
 second didactyle: upper antenna not longer than the two first joints 
 of the under ones. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ore. Uttoreu. 
 
 Cancer Gummarus littoreus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 9G. Orche- 
 stia littorea. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. \ii. 402. pi. 11. fig. 6. — Trans. 
 Linn. Soc. xi. 356. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. \. 424:. 
 
 Inhabits many of our shores, and is found at the mouths of rivers, but 
 has never been observed in the water. It resides under stones and 
 fuci, and in the evening it leaps about and is devoured by birds. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna four-jointed, the last joint composed of several 
 little joints ; upper ones rather shortest. 
 
 Genus 4. DEXAMINE. Leach. 
 
 Four anterior legs sub-equal, monodactyle, furnished with a filiform- 
 subovate hand : antenna with their first joint shortest : eyes oblong, 
 not prominent, inserted behind the superior antenna? : tail on each 
 side with three double styles, and above on each side with one move- 
 able style. 
 
 Sp. 1. I>ex. spinosa. Segments of the abdomen behind, produced into 
 spines. 
 
 Cancer (Gammarus) spinosus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3. Dex- 
 amine spinosa. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433. — Zool. Miscel. ii. 24, 
 — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425. 
 
 Inhabits the sea of the western coasts of Britain. 
 
CLASS r, CnVSTACEA, 103 
 
 Genus 5. LEUCOTHOE. Leach. 
 Anterior pair of legs didactyle; the thumb biarticulate: second pairv,'\t\i 
 
 a dilated and compressed hand, furnished with a crooked thumb. 
 Sp. 1. Leu. articulosa. 
 •Cancer articulosus. Montagu, Trans. Linn.Soc. vii. 71. t. 6.f. 6. Leu- 
 
 cothoe articulosa. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii, 403. — Trans. Linn. Hoc. 
 
 xi. 358. — Supp. to Encj/cl. Brit. i. 425. 
 Inhabits the British sea, but is very rare. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Antennae fouT-}omtcd, the last segment composed of several 
 little joints; upper ones longest. 
 
 Subdivision 1. — Four anterior legs monodactyle, second pair with a much 
 diluted compressed hand. 
 Genus 6. MELITA. Leach. 
 
 Anterior pair of legs monodactyle; second pair with the thimib inflexed 
 on the palm : tail on each side with an elongate foliaceous lamella. 
 
 Sp. 1. Mel. palmata. Body blackish : antennas and legs annulated with 
 pale colour. 
 
 Cancer palmatus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 69. Melita palma- 
 ta. Leach, Edin. Eiicycl. vii. 403. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.358. — Supp. to 
 Encj/cl. Brit. i. 425. pi. 21. 
 
 Inhabits the sea shore on the Devonshire coast under stones. 
 
 Genus 7. M;ERA. Leach. 
 Four anterior legs didactyle ; thumb of the second pair bent on the side 
 
 of the hand : tail with no foUaceous appendices. 
 Sp. 1. Ma:. g?'ossinuina. 
 
 Cancer Gamtnarus grossimanus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 97. t, 4. 
 J". 5. Mtera grossimana. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl, \n.A03. — Trans. Linn, 
 Soc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 425. 
 Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire beneath stones. 
 
 Subdivision 2. — Tzvo anterior pair of legs monodactyle and alike. 
 Genus 8. GAMMARUS. Latr., Leach. 
 Superior antenna furnished at the base of the fourth joint with a little 
 jointed seta: tail above with bundles of spines. 
 
 * Tail with the superior double styles, having the upper style process 
 very short. 
 Sp. 1. Gam. agnaticus. Process between the antennae rounded, obtuse. 
 Gammarus Pulex. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 402 — 432. Gamraarus aqua- 
 ticus. Leach, Ti-ans. Linn.Soc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit.i. 425. 
 Inhabits ponds, ditches, and springs in great plenty. 
 Sp. 2. Gam. 7nari>ius. Process between the antennae subacuminate. 
 Gammarus marinus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Encycl, 
 
 Brit. i. 425. 
 Inhabits the sea on the southern coast of Devonshire in plenty. 
 
104 
 
 MODERN 5YSTEM. 
 
 ** Tail with the superior double styles, having the style processes 
 suhequal. 
 Sp. 3. Gam. Locusta. Eyes lunate. 
 Cancer Gammarus Locusta. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 92. Ganv- 
 
 marus Locusta. Leach, Edin. Encycl.vii. 4.03.— Trans. Linn. Soc. xi, 
 
 359. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. j. 425. 
 Inhabits the British sea. 
 Sp. 4. Gam. Camptolops. Eyes flexuous. 
 Gammarus Camptolops. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 403, — Trans. Linn, 
 
 S)c. xi. 360. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425. 
 Inhabits the sea about Loch Ranza, in the Isle of Arran. 
 
 Genus 9. AMPITHOE. Leach. 
 
 Superipr antenndE with no seta at the base of their fourth joint: tail 
 simple above : hands ovate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Am. rubricata. 
 
 'Cancer Gammarus rubricatus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 99. Gam- 
 marus rubricatus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 402. Ampithbe rubri- 
 cata. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 432. — Ti-ans. Linn. Soc. xi. 360. — - 
 Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425. 
 
 Inhabits the sea of the southern coast of Devon. 
 
 Genus 10. PHERUSA. Leach. 
 
 Superior antemuz with no seta at the base of their fourth joint : tail sim- 
 ple above : hands filiform. 
 
 Sp. 1. The. Eucicola. Testaceous-cinereous or gray cinereous mottled 
 with reddish. 
 
 Pherusa Fucicola. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 432. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 
 360. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426. pi. 21. 
 
 Inhabits fuci on the southern coast of Devon. 
 
 Stirps4. Antennce fouT-jomted; under ones longest, leg-shaped. (Fo«f» 
 anterior legs monodactyle.) 
 
 Subdivision 1. — Second pair oj" legs with a large hand. 
 
 Genus 11, PODOCERUS. Leach. 
 Eyes prominent : Jour anterior legs monodactyle. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pod. variegatus. Body varied with red and vi'hite. 
 
 Podocerus variegatus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433. — Trans. Linn. 
 Soc. xi. 361. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426. 
 
 Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire, amongst confervse and co- 
 rallines. 
 
 Genus 12. JASSA. Leach. 
 Eyes not prominent: four anterior legs monodactjde, with oval hand'?; 
 second pair with its internal edge dentated. 
 
CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 105 
 
 Sp. 1. Jus. pnkhella. Thumb of the second pah- of legs with its internal 
 
 edge notched at the base; colour white painted with red. 
 "V'ar. a. Hands of the second pair with an elongate obtuse tooth. 
 Var. /3. Hands of the second pair with the internal edge tridentate. 
 
 Jassa pidchella. Leach, Edin. Enn/cl, vii. 433. — Trans, Linn. Soc. xi. 
 
 301. — Siipp. to Lnci/cl. Brit. i. 4'iti. 
 Inhabits the sea of southern Devon amongst fuci. 
 
 Subdivision 2. — Second pair of Ic-^x zcith a moderate-sized hand. 
 
 Genus 13. COROPniU:\I. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cor. longicorne. 
 
 Cancer grossipes. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. i. 105.5. Astacus grossipes. Petm. 
 Brit. Zool.'w. pi. 16. Jig. 31. Corophium longicorne. Latr. Gen. 
 Crust, et Lnsect. i. 59. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 403 — 432. — Trans. 
 JJnn. Soc. xi. 662. — Siipp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426. 
 
 Inhabits the coast of the European ocean. At low tide it may be ob- 
 served crawling amongst tlie mud. It is very common at the mouth 
 of the river Medway, where it was first observed by J. Henslow, esq. 
 
 Section IT. 
 Body depressed: antennae four: legs fourteen. 
 A . Tail zvithoitt appendices, 
 
 Fam. III. Caprellad.t. Leach, 
 Bodj with all the segments bearing legs, 
 Stirps 1. Hoo'j/ linear. 
 
 Genus 14. PROTO. Leach. 
 Second, third, and four tit pair of legs appendiculated at their bases. 
 
 To this genus belongs Squilla pedata, and probably also ventricosa 
 of Miiller, with Cancer Gammarus pedatus of Montagu, which is pro- 
 bably the same with S. pedata of Muller. See Ti-ansactions of the Lin- 
 nean Society, vol. xi. p. 6. t. 11. f. 6. 
 
 Genus 15. CAPRELLA. Lamarck, Latr., Bosc, Leach. 
 Second, third, and fourth pairs of legs not appendiculated at their bases ; 
 the third and fourth pairs spurious, subgelatinous, and globose. 
 
 The animals composing this genus inhabit the sea, living amongst 
 Sertularise and marine plants, moving geometrically like the larvaj of 
 the Fhaltenuda. 
 
 The specific character may be taken from the number and situ- 
 ation of the spines on the head and back, form of the second pair of 
 legs, &c. 
 Sp. 1. Cup. Phasma. Hands of the second pair of legs narrow, their in- 
 ternal edge acutely notched backwards : back anteriorly with three 
 spines, turning forwards. 
 
106 MODERN SYSTEM- 
 
 Cancer Phasma. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii, 66. t. 6.f. 3. Leach, 
 
 Supp. to Enct/cl. Brit. i. 426. 
 Inhabits the southern coast of Devon. 
 Astacus atomos of Pennant and Squillu lohata ofMiiller belong to the 
 
 genus Caprella, of which in the British Museum there arc several 
 
 undescribed species. 
 
 Stirps 2. Bodtf broad. 
 
 Genus 16. LARUNDA. Leach. Cyamus. Latr., Base. Panope. 
 Leach. 
 AnienntE four-jointed, upper ones longest: Zi'gs compressed, witli strong 
 claws ; the third and fourth pairs elongate, spurious, cylindric, with- 
 out claws ; the two anterior pairs monodactyle. 
 External uterus, or pouch of the female, composed of four valves. 
 
 \Sp. 1. Lar. Ceti. Bases of the third and fourth pairs of legs with pro- 
 cesses resembling the figure 6 ; the hands of the second pair of legs 
 anteriorly, with three obtuse teeth. 
 
 Oniscus Ceti. Linn. Si/sf. Nat. i. 1060. Pall. Spec. Zool. ix. 4. /. 14. 
 Squille de la Baleine. JDe Geer, Man. sitrles Insect, vn.pl. 42./. d, T. 
 Pycrogonum Ceti. Fabr. Supp. Ent. S^/st. 570. Cyamus Ceti. Latr. 
 Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 60. Panope Ceti. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 
 404. Larunda Ceti. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 364. — Supp. to En- 
 cycl. Brit.'i. 4Q6. pi. 21. 
 
 Inliabits whales, and according to Latreille it is also found on some 
 species of the genus Scomber. 
 
 By the Greenland fishermen it is termed the Whale-louse. 
 
 Fam. IV. Idotead;e. Leach. 
 
 Body with all the segments not bearing legs: (ventral appendages co- 
 vered by two longitudinal plates.) 
 
 Genus 17. IDOTEA. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Asellus, Ohv., 
 Lamarck. Entomon. Klein. 
 External antcmue half the length of the body, or less; the third and 
 
 fourtli joints equal: bud i/ ovate. 
 Sp. 1. Id.pelagica. Body linear-oval: tail rounded, the middle with a 
 very obsolete tooth : antenna? one third of the length of the body. 
 Idotea pelagica. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 365. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 
 
 426. 
 Inhabits the Scottish seas. 
 
 Colour when alive ash-gray or fuscous, speckled with darker co- 
 lour, and often variegated or mottled with white spots : legs pale. 
 
 The female seems to be very rare, as amongst 400 specimens of 
 the animal, one only of that sex was found. 
 Length one inch and a quarter. 
 
CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 107 
 
 Genus 18. STENOSOMA. Leach. 
 Hxteniaf antenna as long us the body, the third joint longer than tlfe 
 
 fourth : boilj/ linear. 
 Sp. 1. Sf. lincare. Lust segment of the tail somewhat narrowed at its 
 
 base, and dilated towards its apex, which is truncate and notched. 
 Oniscus linearis. Fcnn. B7'it. Zool. iv. pi. 18. Jig. 2. Idotea hectica. 
 
 Leach, Ellin. Enci/cl. vii. 401. Stcnosoma hecticum. Leach, Edin. 
 
 Encycl. vii. 433. Stcnosoma lineare. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 366. 
 
 — Sapp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 427. 
 Inhabits the European ocean. It sometimes occurs in the Firth of 
 
 Forth, and amongst the Hebrides. 
 
 B. Tail on each side, 2cith one or two appendices. 
 
 Fam. V. Anthuradx. Lj:uch. 
 
 Antenna inserted in nearly the same horizontal line : ventral appen- 
 dages closed by tw'O longitudinal plates. 
 
 Genus 19. ANTHURA. Ltach. 
 
 Antemut short, subequal ; inserted one after another in the same ho- 
 rizontal line, the internal ones a little longest: hodif linear: tail 
 with the last joint but one very short; the last elongate, narrower, 
 with two elongate lamella? on each side. 
 
 Sp. 1. An. gracilis. Lateral processes of the tail obliquely truncated. 
 
 Oniscus gracilis. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. tab. 5 Sf 6. Anthura 
 gracilis. Leach, Edin. Enct/cl. — Trans. Linn. Soc. — Supp. to Enci/cl. 
 Brit. 
 
 Fam. VL Cymothoad.t.. Leach. 
 
 Antenna inserted in pairs, one above the other. 
 
 Stirps 1. Tail with one lamella on each side. 
 
 Genus 20. CAINIPTECOPEA. Leach. 
 
 Tail with its last segment furnished on each side with a compressed, 
 curved appendage: bodj/ six-jointed, the last joint of the same size 
 with the others : antenna setaceous, upper ones longest, their pe- 
 duncle biarticuJate, the space between the antennae very great: an- 
 terior claws bifid. 
 
 ^p. 1. Cam. hirsida. Brown; the last joint of the body with a few 
 faint blueish spots. 
 
 Oniscus hirsutus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. t. 6.f. 8. Camptc- 
 copea hirsuta. Leach, T/-ans. Linn. Soc.xi. 367. — Edin. Encijcl.v'n.AOj. 
 — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 427. 
 
 Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire, but is rather rare. 
 
 Length one eighth of an inch. 
 
108 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Ge«us 21. NiESA. Leach. 
 Tail on each side of the last segment, with a straight subcompresserl 
 
 process attached to a peduncle : bodi/ six-jointed, the last joint largest: 
 
 antenna setaceous, subequal ; upper ones with a very large biarticu- 
 
 lated peduncle, the lirst joint largest: space between the antennae 
 
 easily to be discerned : ckacs bifid. 
 Sp. 1. JVV. bidentata. Last segment of the body armed with two spines 
 
 or teeth ; colour cinereous, faintly streaked with blue, or reddish. 
 Oniscus bideniatus. Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 8. t.l.f. 3. Jss'sabi- 
 
 denta-ta. Leach, Edin. Enc7/cl. \'n. 405. — Trans. Linn. Soc.xi. 267.-^ 
 
 Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 427. 
 Inhabits the coasts of Wales and Devonshire. 
 
 Stirps 2. Tail with two lamellae on each side. 
 
 * Superior antennae with a t)ery large peduncle. Clazrs hijid. 
 
 Genus 22. CYMODICE. Leach. 
 
 Ei/es touching the anterior margin of the first segment of the body : 
 bad)/ seven-jointed : tail at the base, on ^ach side with tvvo subcom- 
 pressed but not foliaceous appendages, the exterior ones largest; the 
 apex of the tail notched, with a lamella in the centre : claus bifid. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ci/.trmLC<ita. Apex of the tail truncate. 
 
 Oniscus truncatus. Montagu's MSS. Cymodice truncata. Leach, Edin. 
 Enct/cl. vii. 433. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 303. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. 
 i. 427. 
 
 This species is very rare, and has been found but three times on 
 the southern coast of Devonshire. 
 
 Genus 23. DYNAMENE. Leach. 
 Ei/es not reaching to the anterior margin of the first segment of the 
 body : body seven-jointed : fail with tsvo equal foliaceous appendages 
 on each side of its base; the apex notched : claws bifid. 
 Dynamene. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433. 
 
 There are several indigenous species of this genus, and their cha- 
 racters will be given under the article Cymothoade'es, in the Dic- 
 iionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, by Dr. Leach. 
 
 Genus 24. SPILIEROMA'. Lutr., Leach. 
 
 Eyes not reaching to the anterior margin of the first segment of the 
 body: body seven-jointed: tailWi\h its apex entire; the base on each 
 side with two equal foliaceous appendages: chaos bifid. 
 
 Sp. 1. Sph. serrata. Body smooth, imarmed: tail very smooth on each 
 side; obliquely truncated : lamellae elliptic, acute, the external ones 
 externally serrated. 
 
 Dniscus Globator. Tall. Spec. Zool.fasc. ix. t. 4. f. 18. Cymothea ser- 
 rata. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 510. Sphaeroma cinerea, Latr. Gen. Crust. 
 
CLASS I. ORUSTACF.A^ 109 
 
 et insect, i. C5. Spharonia scrrata. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 405. 
 — Trans. Linn. Soc.\i. 303. — Supp, to Encycl. Brit. i. 427. 
 
 ** Superior antiuna: wUh a vert/ large peduncle. Claws simple. 
 
 Genus 25. ^GA. Leach. 
 
 Et/es large, granulated, oblong, oblique, marginal : tail with its ap- 
 pendages foliaceous. 
 
 Sp. 1. j-Ega onarginala. Tail with the last joint acuminate; the inte- 
 rior lamella internally obliquely truncated, externally emarginated. 
 
 ^ga emarginata. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 370. — Supp. to Enci/cl. 
 Brit. i. 427. pi. 21. 
 
 *** Superior antenna; with a moderate peduncle. 
 
 Genus 26. EURYDICE. Leach. 
 Et/es distinct, simple, lateral : head as broad as the first segment of the 
 
 body. 
 Sp. 1. Eu.pidchra. Tail with the last joint semioval : body cinereous, 
 
 variegated with black. 
 
 Genus 27. LTMNORlA. Leach. 
 
 Head as broad as the first segment of the body : eyes granulated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lim. tei-ebrans. Body cinereous : eyes pitchy black. 
 
 Limnoria terebrans. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433 — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi, 
 370. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428. 
 
 Inhabits the British ocean, perforating buildings of wood, piles, &c. It 
 is common at the Bell-rock, and on the coasts of Suflblk and York- 
 shire. It generally produces seven young ones. 
 Genus 28. CYMOTHOA. Fabr., Dald., Leach. 
 
 Head narrow and small: eyes obsolete: body with the first segmeat 
 notched to receive the head. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cym. Oestrum. 
 
 Cyraothoa (Estruni. Fabr. Leach, Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 423. 
 
 C. Tail furnished with two setce. 
 Fam. VII. ApsEL'DiADiE. 
 
 Genus 29. APSEUDES. icflcA. 
 
 Body six-jointed: tcul with six segments; the last largest, armed at the 
 apex with appendices : feet fourteen ; the anterior pair with a finger 
 and thumb; xhc second pair compressed and dentated; the third and 
 fourth alike and simple ; the fifth with a double nail ; the sixth and se- 
 venth spurious : the superior antenrLa with a biarticulated peduncle 
 armed at the apex with a jointed seta; the inferior antenna: bifurcate. 
 
 Sp. 1. A. Talpa. Rostrum acute, with three excavated longitudinal 
 grooves. 
 
110 MODEKN SVSrCM. 
 
 Cancer Ganimariis. JMunlagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. t. L f. 6. Apseudes 
 Talpa. Leach, Edin. Eniycf. vii, 404. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 372. — 
 Supp. to Encjjcl. Brit. 428. vol. i. 
 
 Inhabits the British ocean: length four lines: colour yellowish-white: 
 is very rare. 
 
 D. Tail furnished with styles. 
 
 Fam. VIII. AsELLiD.t. 
 Interior antenna: distinct. 
 
 Stirps 1. 5(y/es of the tail exserted : anterior /egs monodactyle. 
 
 Genus 30. JANIRA. Leach. 
 Claws bitid: e?/es moderate, lateral-subvertical : internal untennd shorter 
 
 than tlie peduncle of the external ones. 
 Sp. 1. Jan. 7nacnlosa. Body cinereous, maculated with fuscous. 
 Oniscusmaculosus. Montagu^ AISS. Janira maculosa. Leach, Ldin.En' 
 
 cycl.vn. 434. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 373. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit.'i. 428. 
 Iuhal)its the southern coast of Devonshire, amongst marine plants. 
 
 Genus 31. ASELLUS. Geoff., Olivier, Latr., Bosc, Leach. E.vto- 
 MON. Klein. 
 
 Claws simple : eijes minute, lateral : interior antennce of the length of the 
 setiferous joint of the exterior ones. 
 
 Sp. 1. Asel. aquaticus. Colour cinereous, either spotted with gray or 
 whitish. 
 
 Oniscus aquaticus. Linn. Syst. Nat.!. 10Q\. Aselle d'eau douce. Geoff. 
 Hist, dcs Lisect. xi. 672.pl. 22. /. 2. Squille Aselle. Dc Geer, Mim. 
 sur Ics Lisect. vii. 496. pi. '31- Jig- 1. Aselle ordinaire. L(Ur. Hist, 
 Nat. des Crust, et des Lisect. vi. 359. Asellus vulgaris. Bosc, Hist. 
 Nat. des Crust, ii. 170. pi. 15. Jig. 7. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lis. i. 63. 
 Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 404. Idotea aquatica. Fahr. Supp. Eat. 
 Syst.oO^. Entomon hieroglyphicum. Klein,Dub. Jig.5. Asellus aqua- 
 ticus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 373. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428. 
 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches, and is generally considered a sign of the 
 purity of the water. 
 
 Stirps 2. Styles of the tail notexserted. Anterior legs simple. 
 
 Genus 32. J.^'ERA. Leach. 
 Eyes modei'ately large, situated between the sides and tlie vertex of the 
 
 head. 
 Sp. 1. Ja. albifrons. Cinereous; front whitish. 
 Oniscus albifrons. Montagus MSS. Jaera albifrons. Leach, Edin. Eih- 
 
 cycl. vii. 434. — T?'ans. Linn. Soc. xi. 373. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428. 
 Inhabits maiine plants, and beneath stones on the southern coast of 
 
 Devon. 
 
CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. Ill 
 
 Fatn. IX. LiGiAD.-E. Leach's MSS. 
 
 Interior antenna: distinct. Sl^le of the tail double, with double foot- 
 stalks. 
 
 Genus 33. LIGIA. Fubr., Lafr., Bosc, Leach. 
 Lxternal a/zfe/iWdr with the last joint composed of several other joints. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lig. occanica. Antenna? as long as the body : back subscabrose. 
 Ligia oceanica. Fair. Siipp. Ent. Sj/st. 301. Leach, Edln. F^nci/cl. vii. 406. 
 
 — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. i'iS. Ligia Scopulorum. Leach, Edin. En- 
 
 cycl. vii. 406. Oniscusoceanicus. Linn. Syd. Nat. i. lOGt. 
 Inhabits the rocky shores of the European ocean. The last joint of 
 
 the antennae varies much in the number of its segments, even in tlie 
 
 two sides of the same individual. 
 
 Fani. X. Oniscid^e. 
 
 Antenna two. Styles of the tail four, the lateral ones biarticulate. 
 
 * Body not capable of contracting into a ball, 
 a. External antenna eight-jointed. 
 
 Genus 34. PHILOSCIA. Latr., Leach. 
 
 External antenna with their bases naked : tail abruptly narrower than 
 the body. 
 
 Sp. 1. Phil. Muscoriim. Body variegated; sometimes pale brick-red. 
 
 Oniscus Muscorum. Scop. Ent. Cum. W'^b. Oniscus sylvestris. Fabr. 
 Ent. Syst. iv. 397. Philoscia Muscorum. Lair. Gen. Crust, et Insect, 
 i. 69. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 406. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428. 
 
 Inhabits France, Germany, and England, under stones and mosses. 
 
 Genus 35. ONISCUS of authors. 
 
 Antenna inserted beneath the anterior margin of the head, on a promi- 
 nent part. 
 
 Sp. 1. On.Asellus. Above, obscure-cinereous, rough; the sides and a se- 
 ries of dorsal spots yellowish. 
 
 Oniscus Asellus. Linni, Latr., Leach. Oniscus murarius. Fabr. Supp, 
 Ent. Syst. 300. 
 
 Inhabits rotten wood and old walls throughout the greater part of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 It was formerly used in medicine, and was supposed to cure agues, 
 consumptions, Sec. but has now, like many other medicines, deserv- 
 edly grown out of fashion, and is rejected from the modern Pharma- 
 copoeias. It is commonly called Pig's-lousc, Wood-louse, Millepede 
 or Carpenter. 
 
112 MOIJtllN SV-SXtM. 
 
 b, External antennae with seven joints. 
 
 Genus 36. PORCELLTO. Latr., Leach. 
 External antennce inserted on a prominence under the anterior margin 
 
 of the head : tail with its lateral styles conic^ prominulous. 
 Sp. 1. For. scaler. Bodj^ rough. 
 Oniscus Asellus. Fabr. Supp. Ent. Si/st. SOO. Porcellio scaber. Latr, 
 
 Gen. C?'ust. et Insect, i. 70 Leach, EJin. Encycl. vii. 40C. — Trans. 
 
 Linn. Soc.yX. 37. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 429. 
 Inhabits Europe. This species is found under stones, in rotten wood, 
 
 and on old walls. It varies much in colour, being at one time blue- 
 
 ish black, at another time yellow. In Scotland it is called Sclater. 
 
 ** Boclj/ contracted into a hall. 
 
 Genus 37. ARMADILLO. Latr., Leach. 
 
 External antenna seven-jointed, inserted on a prominence in a cavity 
 on each side of the head : tail with tlie lateral styles not prominent. 
 
 Sp. L Arm. vulgaris. Griseous lead-coloured; hinder margins of the 
 segments whitish. 
 
 Oniscus Armadillo. 'Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. 10C2. Armadillo vulgaris. 
 Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lisect. i. 70. — Leach, Edin. Encj/cl. vii. 40G. — ■ 
 Trails. Linn.Soc. xi. 37(3. — Supp.to Encj/cl. Brit. i. 429. 
 
 Inhabits Europe amongst moss and under stones. It is commonly 
 named the Pill-millepede, and paves the way to the Myriapoda : in ge- 
 neral external appearance and in economy it is allied to the genus 
 Glojneris, 
 
 Class n. MYRIAPODA. 
 
 This Class was proposed by Dr. Leach in the Edinburgh Encyclopae- 
 dia, vol. vii. and has since been distinctly established, with its characters 
 more decidedly shown, in a paper published in the eleventh volume of 
 the Transactions of the Linnean Society, and also in the Supplement to 
 Encyclopadia Br.fannica, vol. i. 
 
 By Linne the animals composing this group were denominated Sco- 
 XOPENDR^ and JuLi, and were arranged with apterous insects. His 
 pupil, J. C. Fabricius, in the Supplement to his Entomologia Systeino" 
 ticu, placed them in a particular Class named Mitosata, comprehend- 
 ing all the species, like Linne, under the generic appellations of Julus 
 and ScoLOPFNDRA. Cuvier, in his Tableau, Elemcntaire, arranged the 
 Myriapoda with insects, in which he was followed by Dumeril, who has, 
 however, adopted the new Genera proposed by Latrcille. 
 
 They were arranged in the older works of Latrcille along with In- 
 sect'-;; but in his last work he has placed them in a pecidiar Order of the 
 Class Arachnoidea, which he had denominated Mi'KiArouAj and has 
 divided them into two Families. 
 
CLASS ir. MVraAPODA. 
 
 113 
 
 T.am:irck -arrungeil thcni with the Arachnoidea in three Genera; 
 1. Scolopexdra; 'J-Scutigera; 3. Julus; and in his last work he has 
 adopted a fourth genus, Pollyxenus. 
 
 Having given a slight sketch of what has heen done by systematic 
 writers, I shall proceed with the arrangement proposed by Dr. Leach, 
 which dift'ers from them merely in considering them as constituting a 
 distinct Class, and in disposing the species under some additional ge- 
 neric heads, which a minute examination of their structure has most 
 fully warranted. 
 
 Classificatiox. — All the Mj/napodaha.\e their head distinct from 
 the body, furnished with two antennas. Mandibles two. MaxilU four, 
 confluent and forming a lower lip. All or most of the segments of the 
 lx)dy furnished with two or four legs. 
 
 The nervous system is composed of a series of ganglia, one in each 
 segment of the body; these ganglia are brought into communication 
 ^vitli each other by two longitudinal bundles of nerves, or, as they are 
 generally but improperly denominated, by a spinal marrow. 
 
 The Chilognatha and Syncxatha, established as Families byLa- 
 rreille, are adopted as Orders by Dr. Leach. 
 
 Order I. Chilognatha. — yl?2/e«w« seven-jointed. Legs short. Body 
 generally crustac^ous. 
 
 Order IL Syngnatha. — J7ife?in^ composed of fourteen ormore joints. 
 Lt'gs elongated. Bodif depressed, coriaceous or membranaceous. 
 
 Order I. CHILOGNATHA. 
 
 Fam. I. Glomerid.?:. Leach. 
 
 Body contraclile into a globe. Eyes distinct. 
 
 Genus I. GLOMERIS. Latr., Burner., Leach. Armadillo. Cuv. 
 
 Aiiteiini£\\i\\\t\\e two first joints shortest, the ^ixtlr largest including 
 the last, which is very small : body elongate-ovate, convex above, 
 arched beneath; first segment a little semicircular lamina; the se- 
 cond larger than the others; the last semicircular and arched: legs 
 sixteen pairs. 
 
 Sp. 1. Glo. marginata. Black; the margins of the segments lutoous 
 or orange. 
 
 Oniscus marginatus. Villers, Entom. iv. 187. t. 11./. 15. Glomeris 
 horde. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Insect, vii. Q6. Oniscus niar- 
 ginatus. OUv. Encycl. Mctli. Hist. Nat. vi. p. 24. Julus oniscoides. 
 Tumison's Tracts, y. 151. Stewaifs Elem. Nat. Hist. n. 307. Glome- 
 ris marginata. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 74. Leach, Eclin. En- 
 cycl. vii. 407. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 430. 
 pL 22. — 2ool. Misc. iii. tab. 132. 
 
 a. 
 
114 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Inhabits Britain, France, and Germany, under stones; but has gene- 
 rally been considered by British naturalists as a variety of Armadillo 
 vulgaris. 
 
 Fam. II. JuLiD.i. Leach. 
 
 Body not contractile into a globe : eyes distinct. 
 
 Genus 2. JULUS of authors. 
 
 Body serpentiform, cylindric : antennce with the second joint longer 
 than the third : legs a great many. 
 
 The British species of this obscure genus may be found described 
 in vol. xi. of the Transactions of the Linnean Society. The follow- 
 ing species, which is the most common, will best serve as an exam- 
 ple of the genus. 
 
 Sp. 1. Jul. sahulosus. Black-cinereous, with two red dorsal lines; last 
 joint mucronated : legs luteous. 
 
 Julus sabulosus of authors. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, lurking beneath stones, especially in sandy places. 
 
 Genus 3. CRASPEDOSOMA. Uach. 
 Body linear, depressed ; the sides of the segments laterally prominent : 
 antenna towards their extremities somewhat thicker, the second joint 
 .shorter than the third^. 
 
 This genus was discovered by the late R. Rawlins, esq. one of the 
 most promising naturalists of this country. 
 
 *^ Middle of the segments prominent. 
 Sp. 1. Crus. Rauliusii. Back fuscous-brown, with four lines of white 
 
 sj)ots : belly and legs reddish. 
 Craspedosoma Raulinsii. Leach, Edin. Encycl.vn. 407-434. — Trans. 
 
 Linn. Soc. xi. 380. — Stipp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 430. pi. 22. — Zool. Misc. iii. 
 
 tab. 134. fg. 1-5. 
 Inhabits the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, where it occurs in some 
 
 plenty under stones and amongst moss. It was first noticed by 
 
 Mr. Rawlins. 
 
 ** Hinder angles of the segments produced. 
 
 Sp. 2. Cras. polydcsmoidcs. Body reddish gray: belly pale: legs red- 
 dish, with their bases pale; produced angles of the body each fur- 
 nished with a seta. 
 
 Julus polydesmoides. Montagu's MSS. Craspedosoma polydesmoides. 
 Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 407-434. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 380. — Supp. 
 to Encycl. Brit. i. 430. pi. 22. — Zool. Misc. iii. tab. 134. fg. 6-9. 
 
 Inhabits Devonshire, imder stones. It is common all along the borders 
 of Dartmoor, and on the southern coast. It was once taken by 
 Dr. Leach in the garden of the British Museum. 
 
CLASS rr. myriapoda. 115 
 
 Fam. III. PoLYDESMiD.«. Leach. 
 Ei/cs obsolete. 
 
 Genus 4. POLYDESMUS. Latr., Dumtr., Leach. 
 Antenna with the second joint scarcely longer than the first, and much 
 shorter than the third: lodij linear; the segments laterally com- 
 pressed, margined : et^es obsolete, 
 Sp. 1. Pol.complanatus. Reddish cinereous; last segment of the body 
 
 mucronated. 
 Julus complanatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1065, Fair. Ent. St/st. ii. 393. 
 Polydesmus complanatus. Lati: Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 76. Leach, 
 Edin. Encycl. \'ii. 408. — Trans. Linn. Soc.\\. 381. — Suppl. to Encycl 
 Brit. i. 430. jo/. 22.— Zool. Misp. iii. tab. 135. 
 Inhabits Europe, beneath stones. 
 
 Genus 5. POLLYXENUS. Latr., Leach. 
 Body elongated, linear, and depressed; the segments on each side with 
 
 small bundles of scales, ending in pencils : feet twelve on each side : 
 
 antennae inserted beneath the head at the interior margin. 
 Sp. 1. Pol. Lagurm. Body brown: head black: the pencils of the tail 
 
 white. 
 Scolopendra Lagura. Linn., Fabr. Pollyxenus Lagurus. Latr. Gen. 
 
 Crust, et Lisect. i. 77. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. p. 38. pi. 135, B. Cuv. 
 
 Reg. An. 3. 155. 
 Length of the body from 1^ to 2^ lines. 
 Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is found in profusion beneath the bark 
 
 of trees. 
 
 Order II. SYNGNATHA. 
 
 Fam. I. ScoLOPENDRAX)^. Leach. 
 
 Body with each segment bearing two legs ; hinder legs distinctly longer 
 than the others. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Legs on each side fifteen. 
 
 Genus 6. LITHOBIUS. Leach, Lamarck. 
 
 AntenncE conic-setaceous ; joints (about forty-five) conic-setaceous, the 
 two first joints largest : under lip anteriorly broadly notched ; the 
 margin very much denticulated : eyes granulated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lith.forjicatus. Head broad : under lip entirely and deeply co- 
 vered with impressed dots : legs testaceous-yellowish, 
 
 Scolopendra forficata. Linn. Syst. Nat. \.\0Q2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. \i. 390. 
 Lithobius forficatus. Leach, FjUn. Encycl. vii. 408. — Trans. Linn. 
 Soc.y\. 381. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 431, pi. 22. — Zool. Misc. iii, 
 tab. 137. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, beneath stojics, 
 
 a 2 
 
Ii6 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 The other species are described in the eleventh volume of the 
 Transactions of the Linnean Society. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Legs on each side twenty-one. 
 
 Genus 7. CRYPTOPS. Leach. 
 
 AntcniKB conic-setaceous, composed of (seventeen) globose-subconic 
 joints: under lip not denticulated; anterior margin scarcely emar- 
 ginate: hinder legs with the first joint toothless: eyes obscure. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cri/p. ho7-tensis. Testaceous-ferruginous: back deeper in co- 
 lour : antennae and legs hairy. 
 
 Scolopendra horteusis. l)onovan''s Brit. Ins. Cryptops hortensis. Leach, 
 Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 408. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit.i. 
 431. pi. 22. — Zool. Misc. hi. tab. 139. 
 
 Inhabits gardens in and near Exeter. It has likewise been found near 
 Plymouth in Devonshire. 
 
 Fam. II. Geophilid.?:. Leach. 
 
 Body with each segment bearing two legs : hinder legs not distinctly 
 longer than the others : legs many, varying in number in the same 
 species. 
 
 Genus 8. GEOPHILUS. Leach. 
 Ei/es obscure: {lip divided by a fissure?) mandibles strong: anter.mr 
 cylindricin some, towards the apex gradually somewhat narrower iii 
 others; composed of (fourteen) subcylindric joints a little narrower 
 at their base. 
 
 * Antenna with short joints. 
 
 Sp. 1. Gcoph. carpophagus. Head, antennae, and arms fulvescent : body 
 violet, anteriorly yellowish : legs pale yellowish. \'ar. /3. Body ob- 
 scurely subviolet-testaeeous, anteriorly sub testaceous. 
 
 Geophilus carpophagus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 384. — Supp. to 
 Encycl. Brit. i. 431. — Zool. Misc. iii. p. 43. 
 
 Inhabits Devonshire, in garden fruit : it is not uncommon. 
 
 Sp. 2. Geoph. subterraneus. Body yellow: head subferruginous. 
 Scolojjendra subterranea. Shazv, Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 7. Geophilus sub- 
 terraneus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 385. — Zool. Misc. iii. p. 44. 
 Inhabits the earth. It is very common in England. 
 
 Sp. 3. Geoph. acuminatus. Body ferruginous, anteriorly gradually nar- 
 rower ; head anteriorly, and the legs paler. 
 
 Geophilus acuminatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 386. — Zool. Misc. iii. 
 p. 45. 
 
 Inhabits moss and beneath the ground. It is rare. 
 
CLASS III. ARACHNOiDA. 
 
 Il7 
 
 ** Antenna with elongate joints. 
 Sp. 4. Geoph. longicornis. Body yellow: head ferruginous : antennae long;. 
 Geophilus longicornis. Leacfi, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 386. — Supp. to En- 
 
 cycl. Brit. i. 481./;/. 22. — Zool. Misc. iii. tab. 110. /. 3-6. 
 Inhabits the earth and under stSnes. 
 Obs. — Scolopendra ekcirica of Linne belongs to this genus. 
 
 Class III. ARACH X O i DA. 
 Arachxoida. Fischer. 
 Arachnides. Lamarck, Latreillc, Leach. 
 
 From apa;>;^vij, a spider, and eiSo;, i-escmhlance. A class of anhnals 
 formerly arranged with Insects, but tirst shown to be distinct by the 
 celebrated Lamarck, and established as such by Latreille, Cuvier, and 
 Leach. 
 
 Linnc arranged all of these animals with which he was acquainted 
 with apterous insects, under the generic titles, Pualaxgium, Ara>;ea, 
 AcARus, and Scorpio; and in this disposition he was followed by Cu- 
 vier. 
 
 Lamarck, in his Si/stcme des Animaiiv sans T^-rttbres, has included 
 amongst the Arachnoida the Myriapoda, and certain animals which in 
 the system proposed by Dr. Leach form a distinct order of insects, 
 which will be mentioned hereafter. 
 
 Dumeril, in his Zoo/ogie Anali/tique, has placed the Arachnoida with 
 the apterous insects. He arranges the genus: 1. Ixodes Latr. with 
 Pkdiculus and Pulex; the other genera he has placed in a peculiar 
 family: 2. Aranea; 3. Mygale; 4. Piirykus; 5. Scorpio; 6. Che- 
 lifer; 7. Galeodes; 8. Phalangium. 
 
 Lamarck, in his Extrait dii Cours, 4c. has placed the Aruchioida with 
 some genuine insects and Mi/riapoda ; but he has formed for them a 
 separate Order, which he terms Arachnides palpatio and disposes them 
 into the following little groups of Genera. 
 
 I. PYCNOGONIDES. 
 
 Genus 1. Nymphum: 2. Phoxichiltjs: 3. Pycnogokvm. 
 II. ACARIDES. 
 
 * Parasitic. < 
 
 a. Six legs. 
 Genus 4. Astoma: .5. Leptus: 6. Caris. 
 
 b. Eight legs. 
 Genus 7. Uropoda: 8. Argas: P^ Ixodes: 10. Acarus. 
 
118 
 
 MODEllN SYSTEM- 
 
 ** Wanderers. 
 
 a. Land. 
 
 Genus 11. Okibata: 12. Smaris: 13. Ciieyletus: 14. Bdella; 
 15. ERYTHRa;us: 16. Trombidium. 
 
 b. Aqiiatk. 
 
 Genus If. Elais : 18. LiMnocharis: 19. Hydrachna. 
 
 III. PHALANGIDES. 
 
 Genus 20. SiRO: 21. Trogulus: 22. Phalanoium: 23. GaLeodes. 
 
 IV. SCORPIONIDES. 
 
 Genus 24. Chelifer: 25. Scorpio: 26. Thelephonus: 27. Piirv- 
 
 NUS. 
 
 V. ARANEIDES. 
 Genus 28. Aranea: 29. Mygale. 
 
 Classification. — The following Classification is that lately pub- 
 lished in the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany. 
 
 Order I. Polymerosomata. — BoJi/ composed of a series of seg- 
 ments : abdomen not pedunculated : mouth furnished with didactyle 
 mandibles and with maxillse ; e^/es two, four, six, or eight : legs eight. 
 
 Order II. Dimerosomata. — Bodi/ composed of two segments; the 
 abdomen pedunculated: 7)ioicth furnished with mandibles and with 
 maxillas : eyes six or eight. 
 
 Order I. POLYMEROSOMATA. Leach. 
 Fam. I. Sjromd^. Leach. 
 
 Pa/pi simple. Mandibles didactyle. 
 
 Genus 1. SIRO. Latreille, Leach. 
 
 Mandibles two; two-jointed, cylindric, compressed; their points armed 
 witji a forceps: palpi two, five-jointed; joints elongate, the second 
 longest : body oval : eyes two, placed one on each side of the thorax 
 on an erect peduncle : legs elongate, filiform; tibicB and taisi t^vo- 
 jointed, the latter parts terminated by an arcuate claw. 
 
 Sp. 1. Siro rubens. Pale red: legs paler. 
 
 Siro rubens. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lnsect. i. 143. Leach, Edin. En- 
 cycl. vii. 416. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 390. — Supp. to Encycl, Brit, i, 
 433. j)l. 23. 
 
 Inhabits moss at the roots of trees and in woods. 
 
CLASS III. AR.VCIINOIDA. 119 
 
 Fam. II. ScoRPioxiD^. Leach. 
 
 Palpi arm-shaped. Mandibles didactyle. Legs alike. 
 
 The animals composing this Family constitute a most natural 
 groupe. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Tail none. Et/es two, or four. Pecten none. 
 
 " The ocelli of the animals of this division are placed on the sides 
 of the anterior segment of the body or thorax. They want the tail 
 and the pectinated processes near the base of the abdomen, by which 
 they may very easily be distinguished from those of the second Stirps, 
 with which they were formerly arranged by Fabricius under the title 
 Scorpio. Two species only were known to Linne, who referred them 
 to his artificial genus Phalangium. The greater number of the spe- 
 cies live beneath the bark of decaying trees or under stones ; but one 
 at least is parasitical, and attaches itself to the legs of flies." Leach'i 
 Z'ool. Misc. vol. iii. Those genera of the second Stirps include the 
 Scorpion, &c. 
 
 Genus 2. OBISIUM. IlUger, Leach. 
 Bodi/ cylindric : thorax composed of one segment : mandibles porrect 
 
 eyes four. 
 Sp. 1. Obi. trombidioides. Second joint of the arms elongate : fingers 
 
 long and straight. 
 Inhabits France and England, under stones. 
 
 A valuable Monograph has been published on the British species 
 of this and the following genus in the third volume of the Zoological 
 Miscellany, and is illustrated with very accurafe figures of the whole. 
 
 Genus 3. CHELIFER. Geoff., Leach. 
 Thorax composed of three parts: mandibles short : eyes two. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ch. fasciatus. Hands oval; segments of the abdomen bordered 
 
 with whitish. 
 Chelifer fasciatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 
 Inhabits beneath the bark of willow and other trees. 
 
 Obs. — Of the second stirps there are no British genera. 
 
 Order II. DIMEROSOMATA. Leach. 
 
 Fam. I. Phalangice. Leach. 
 
 Eyes two : anus simple. 
 
 Genur, 4. PHALANGIUM of authors. 
 Eyes placed in a common peduncle : mandibles corneous, subcylindric, 
 compressed, biarticulate, inflexed or gcniculated at the second joint, 
 
120 MOLlERN SYSTEM, 
 
 the apex of which bears a forceps wiih equal fingers : pnlpi formed 
 hke legs, terminated by a hook: bodi/ more or less oval. Second 
 pah- of legs almost six times the length of the body : tarsi all capil- 
 lary, very slender, the first joints elongate, four times (or more) 
 longer tlian broad. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pi'i. Opllio. Lull-. — Male, Phalangium cornutum. Linn., Fahr. 
 Female, Phalangium Opilio. Linn., Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits Europe on walls and rocks. 
 
 Genus 5. OPILIO. Leach. 
 
 Ei/es placed on a common peduncle : viancHblcs corneous, subcylindric, 
 compressed, biarticulate, inflexed or geniculated at the second joint, 
 the apex of which has a forceps with equal fingers : palpi formed 
 like legs, terminated by a hook : body more or less oval. Second pair 
 of legs three or four times the length of the body, the fourth and fol- 
 lowing joints a little elongate, twice as long as broad. 
 
 Sp. 1. Op. Histrix. 
 
 Inhabits France and England. 
 
 Fam. II. Arakead.e. Leach. 
 
 Araneides. LatreiUe. 
 
 Eyes six or eight: anus with nipples for spinning. 
 
 The animals composing this most natural family are familiarly 
 denominated Spiders, and, as before obsened, were inchided by 
 Linne, Fabrlcius, and other authors in one genus, which they called 
 Aranea; but as the species are very numerous, they were obliged to 
 divide them into sections, which they distinguished by the situa- 
 tions of their eyes. These organs are immoveable, and consist each 
 of a single lens, v,'hich deprives them of the faculty of seeing in 
 every direction. 
 
 "The Aranead.e are by far tlic most Interesting animals of that 
 class of which they form the type ; and consequently their habits 
 and structure excited the attention of naturalists at a very early pe- 
 rio<l. Spiders frequently change their skins, and their skins are often 
 found in their webs, being dry and transparent, with their mandibles 
 attached to them. When about to cast their covering, they suspend 
 tliemselves in some corner, and creep out of a fissure which takes 
 place on their back, gradually withdrawing their legs from the skin, 
 as if from a glove. They have likewise the power of reproducing 
 their legs : the mode in which this tal^es place was first made known 
 by that accurate observer of nature, Sir Joseph Banks." 
 
 '^ As he was writing one evening in his study, one of the web- 
 spinniiig spiders, of more than the middle size, passed over some 
 papers on the table, holding a tly in its mouth. Much surprised to 
 see a spider of this description walking about with its prey, and 
 
CLASS III. AnACilNo'lPA. 121 
 
 being struck with somewhat unusual in its gait, he caught it, and 
 placed it within a glass for examination, when, instead of eight, ho 
 perceived it had but three legs, which accounted for the inability of 
 the creature to spin its web; but the curious circumstance of its 
 having changed its usual ccononiv, and having become a hunting 
 instead of a spinning spider, as well as a wish to learn whether its 
 legs would be renewed, induced him to keep the animal in the glass, 
 from whence it co'.dd not escape, and to observe its conduct. 
 
 " On the following morning the animal ate two flies given to it, 
 hy sucking out the juices, but left the carcases entire. Two or three 
 days afterwards it devoured the body and head of a fly, leaving only 
 the wings and legs. After this time it sometimes sucked and some- 
 times ate the fly given to it. At first it consumed two flies in a day, 
 but afterwards not more than one in two days. Its excrement, which 
 it voided, was at first of a milky-white colour, but afterwards the 
 white had a black spot in the centre, of a more solid appearance than 
 the surrounding fluid. 
 
 " Soon after its confinement it attempted to form a web on the 
 side of the vessel, but performed the business very slowly and clum- 
 sily, from the want of the proper number of legs. In about a fort- 
 night it had completed a small web, upon which it generally sat. 
 
 " A month after having been caught, it shed its skin, leaving the 
 slough on the web. After this change five new legs appeared, not 
 half as long as the other three legs, and of very little use to the ani- 
 mal in walking. These new members, however, extended themselves 
 a little in three days, and became half as long as the old ones. The 
 web was now increased, and the animal continued immoveably sit- 
 ting on it in the day time, unless drawn from it, or attracted by a 
 fly thrown to it as its usual provision. 
 
 " Twenty-nine days afterwards it again lost its skin, leaving the 
 slough hanging in tb.e web, opposite to a hollow cell it had woven, 
 so as to prevent it from being completely seen when lodged in it. 
 The legs were now larger than before the change of skin, and they 
 grew somev;hat longer still in three or four days, but did not attain 
 the size of the old legs. 
 
 " The animal now increased its web, and being put into a small 
 bowl as a more commodious residence, soon renewed a better web 
 than the first. In this state it was left on the first of November. 
 No further observations have yet been made on the subject.'' 
 
 " The principal use of the Araneadie, in the economy of nature, 
 seems to be that of preventing the too great increase of insects." 
 
 Stirps 1. — Legs simple, hinder eyes not placed on the anterior and su- 
 perior part of the thorax, nor forming an irregular hexagon. The 
 two ertcrlor nipples of the anus longer than the others, and project- 
 
122 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 ing. Lip not advancing between the maxillfe nor prominent, but as 
 long as broad. 
 
 * Eyes eight. Mandibles projecting. 
 
 Genus 6. ATYPUS. Latr., Leach. Oleteua. Walckcnaer. 
 
 Eyes on each side geminated : lip very small and quadrate, inserted 
 under the base of the maxillae : j)alpi inserted at the external base of 
 the maxillae, which are dilated at that part. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ati/. Salzeri. Black and shining : mandibles very long and 
 strong : thorax nearly quadrate ; plain behind, abruptly elevated be- 
 fore : the two middle eyes placed on an eminence : back of the ab- 
 domen coriaceous and more shining : joints of the legs shining. 
 
 Oletere difforme. Walck. Tab. des Aran. 7. Atypus Sulzer. Latr., 
 Leach. 
 
 Inhabits France and England. In the latter country it was discovered 
 by Dr. Leach near Exeter, and it has twice occurred near London. 
 
 ** Mandibles perpendicular. Ei/es six. 
 Genus 7. SEGESTRIA. Laircille, Walckender, Leach. 
 
 Maxilla straight, longitudinal, with the base thickened, dilated exter- 
 nally, somewhat wedge-shaped, the middle longitudinally convex : 
 Lip elongate-quadrate, longer than broad, the middle longitudinally 
 convex or subcarinated : legs, the first pair longest, rest in propor- 
 tion, the second, then the fourth, the third pair being shortest : 
 eyes placed in a transverse line, the extremities somewhat recurved. 
 
 Sp. 1. Seg. senoculata. Thorax blackish-brown : abdomen oblong, gri- 
 seous, with a longitvidinal band of blackish spots : legs pale brown 
 with obscure bands. 
 
 Aranea senoculata. Fabr. Segestria senoculata. Walck., Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits rocks and old buildings. It is common in France, near Paris, 
 and in England it is not rare. 
 
 Genus 8. DYSDERA, Latreitle, Walckender, Leach. 
 
 Maxilla straight, longitudinal, with the base thickened and externally 
 dilated at the insertion of the palpi : the apex internally obliquely 
 truncated, and thence externally acutely terminated : palpi with the 
 first joint short and nearly obsolete : lip elongate, quadrate, gradu- 
 ally narrowing towards its point : eyes forming the figure of a horse- 
 shoe, the open part in front : legs with the first, then the fourth, 
 then the second pair longest, the third shortest : chnvs with a little 
 brush beneath. 
 
 Sp. 1. Dys. erythrina. Mandibles and thorax sanguineous : legs lightly 
 coloured : abdomen soft, grayish yellow and silky. 
 
 Aranea erythrina. Fourcroy Fn. Paris, ii. 22 i. Dysdera erythrina. 
 Latr., Walck., Leach. 
 
CLASS lir. ARACHNoiDA. 123 
 
 Inhabits the south of France, and England, beneath stones. It is 
 rare in this country, but has been taken in Devonshire, near Ply- 
 mouth and Exeter, and near London. 
 
 *** Mandibles perpe)idicular. E^es eight. 
 
 Genus 9. DRASSUS. Wulck., Latr., Leach. Gnaphosa. Lutr. 
 
 Palpi inserted under the lateral and external margin of the maxills 
 towards their middle : maxilla: longitudinal, arcuated, gradually be- 
 coming broader from the base towards the middle, somewhat con- 
 cave internally, smooth externally, their middle impressed, the 
 points bent inwards above the lip, and obliquely truncated within : 
 lip elongate, ovate-quadrate, or rather oval; the base transversely 
 truncated, inclosing the maxilla : legs with the first, and afterwa-rds 
 the second pair longest. 
 
 * Lip somewhat oval ; the external side of the maxillae much lent 
 and arched. 
 
 Sp. 1. Dras.nielanogaster. Mandibles blackish : thorax and legs obscure 
 brown : thighs light reddish-brown : abdomen cinereous-brown and 
 silky. 
 
 Drassus melanogaster. Latr., Leach. Drassus lucifuge. Walck. 
 
 Inhabits France and England, under stones. 
 
 ** Lip ovate quadrate. 
 
 8p. 2. Dras. ata\ Entirely black. 
 
 Drassus ater. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits the vicinity of Paris, and near London, under stones. 
 
 Genus 10. CLUBIONA. Latr., Walck., Leach. 
 
 Maxillte straight and longitudinal : the basis a little dilated externally : 
 the apex rounded and obliquely truncated on the inside : lip elon- 
 gate, quadrate, gradually narrowing towards the point: legs, the 
 first or the fourth pair longer than the second pair. 
 
 * The two outermost eyes on cither side neither placed very close to- 
 gether, nor inserted on a distinct prominence. (The maxillte. in all 
 with an inc?'assated haSB ; the fourth pair of feet (rarely the first) 
 longest.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Clu. lapidicola. Thorax and mandibles pale reddish: feet very 
 
 light red : abdomen ash-grey coloured. 
 Inhabits France and England under stones, constructing a globular 
 
 cell of the size of a common hazel nut, in the centre of which are 
 
 deposited a vast number of pale yellowish eggs agglutinated into a 
 
 spherical mass. 
 
124 modi:riN sYsitM. 
 
 The mandibles of the male are porrecl, and rather more than 
 halt" the length of the thorax; those of the female rather vertical. 
 
 ** The two external ei/es on each side placed rathe}- close to each 
 other. (Maxi/lrB not always thickened at their base; the Jirst and 
 j^ then the second pair of' legs longest.) 
 
 A. Maxilla somewhat thickened at their base, and transversely im- 
 
 pressed before the middle. 
 
 Sp. 2. Clu. Nutrix. Ungula; black: thorax and mandibles light red: 
 legs very light red : abdomen yellowish green, with an obscure lon- 
 gitudinal band. 
 
 It has once occurred in England, near Cheltenham. 
 
 B. Maxilla not thickened at their base ; front not transvcrseJij im- 
 
 pressed. 
 
 Sp. 3. Clu. atrox. Brown : legs pale: tibi;c with dark spots: middle of 
 the back of the abdomen with a somewhat quadrate black spot, 
 margined with yellow. 
 
 Inhabits old walls and the fissures of rocks. It is very common in 
 Britain and France. 
 
 Genus 11. ARANEA of cmthors. Tf.generia. Walck. 
 
 Maxilla straight and longitudinal, with their internal angle distinctly 
 truncate, diameter equal, apex rounded : lip elongate, nearly qua- 
 drate, longer than broad, towards the superior angles a little nar- 
 rower : legs, the anterior pair about the same length with the fourth 
 pair; third pair shortest: eyes disposed in two transverse lines near 
 each other, and bent backwards. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ar. domestica. Livid-cinereous ; thorax of the male immaculate ; 
 of the J'cniale, on each side with a longitudinal blackish band : abdo- 
 men blackish, middle of its back with a longitudinal, maculose, 
 dentated band, and the lateral lineolae livid. 
 
 Aranca domestica. Linn., Fubr., Latr., Leach. Tcgencria domestica. 
 Walck. 
 
 Inhabits houses in Europe; spinning its web in a place where there is 
 a cavity, such as the corner of a room. The mode of constructing 
 the web is curious. Having chosen a convenient situation, she fixes 
 one end of the thread to the wall, and passes on to the other side, 
 dragging the thread along with her, till she arrive at the other side, 
 where she fixes the other end of it. Thus she passes and repasses 
 rnilii she has made as many parallel threads as are necessary ; she 
 then crosses these by other threads. This net is intended for the 
 capture of her prey ; and, in addition to it, the animal prepares a 
 cell for herself, where she remains concealed, and on the watch. Be- 
 tween the cell and the net the spider builds a bridge of threads, which, 
 
CLASS III. ARACIINOiOA. 125 
 
 by communicating with the threads of the hirge net, both gives her 
 intelHgcnce -when any thing touches the web, and enables her to pass 
 quickly in order to seize it. 
 
 Genus 12. AGELENA. Wakkenlier, Leach. 
 
 Ma.vtlla straight and longitudinal, their internal angle slightly trun- 
 cate ; diameters equal, apex roiuided : lip not longer than broad, to- 
 wards the superior angle a little narrower : legs moderately lung, the 
 anterior and fourth pairs of nearly equal length, the third pair 
 shortest : ej/es disposed in two transverse lines near to each other, 
 and bent backwards. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ag. labi/riiitlticu. Griscous pale-reddish: thorax on each side 
 with a blackish longitudinal line : abdomen black, above and on 
 each side with white oblique lines forming obtuse angles, running 
 together anteriorly in pairs ; the weaving appendices or nipples 
 conic, elongate. 
 
 Inhabits the fields. It is very common in most parts of Europe during 
 the summer months. In Britain it is most abundant in the au- 
 tumn. It spins a horizontal web on the ground, in which it watches 
 for its prey, consisting of tlies and other dipterous insects. The 
 spider itself lives in a funnel-shaped cavity, often extending below 
 the surface of the ground. 
 
 Genus 13. ARGYRONETA. Latreilie, Wukkenutr, Leach. 
 
 Max'Ulos short, straight, elongate quadrate, the sides of nearly equal 
 diameters ; anteriorly convex ; the apex rounded : lip short, shorter 
 than the maxillae; of a narrow elongate-triangular ibrm ; the ante- 
 rior aspect convex; the apex obtuse or truncate : legs, the first, the 
 fourth pair longest; the second pair shortest: eyes with tlie four 
 middle ones forming a quadrangle, the two on each side set obliquely 
 and subgeminated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Arg. aquatica. Blackish-brown: abdomen black velvety, with 
 some impressed dots on its back. 
 
 Aranea aquatica. Linn., Fabr. Argyroneta aquatica, Latr., Watch., 
 Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, frequenting slow running waters and ditches, span- 
 ning a web most beautifully constructed imder the water, in which 
 it lives, being surrounded with air, which shines through the water 
 with a silvery lustre. The eggs are deposited in a globose silky 
 bag. It is extremely common in most of the ditches round Lon- 
 don, and may be observed, especially in the beginning of the sum- 
 mer, building its nest beneath the water, or ruiming along the Ihies 
 by which it is suspended. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Legs sim]de: hinder eyes not placed on the anterior and 
 superior of the thorax, nor forming an irregular hexagon : nipples 
 
126 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 of the anus short and nearly equal, of a conic form : lip nearly se- 
 micircular, broader than long, and projecting between the maxilla.- : 
 {eyes eight.) 
 
 * Eyes not describing the segment of a circle. Maxilla straight- 
 ened towards their extreynilies, but not dilated. 
 
 Genus 14. SYCTODES. Latreille, Walckenner, Leach. 
 
 Maxilla oblique and longitudinal, covering the sides of the lip ; their 
 bases thickened, the apex internally obliquely truncated : lip some- 
 what quadrate, the base a little contracted : legs with the fourth, 
 then the first pair longest; the third pair shortest. 
 
 Sp. 1. Si/c. thoracica. Pale reddish-white, spotted with black : thorax 
 large and somewhat orbicular, elevated roundly behind : abdomen 
 lighter in colour, and subglobose. 
 
 Inhabits Paris, in houses. It has twice occurred near Dover, but both 
 the individuals were females. 
 
 Genus 1.5. TIIERIDIUIM. Walcliemcr, Latreille, Leach. 
 
 Maxilltc with an oblique direction covering the sides of the lip, con^ 
 verging towards their points; of equal breadth ; the internal apex 
 obtuse, or obliquely truncated : lip small, triangular, or semicircu- 
 lar; the apex truncate or subrounded : legs elongate, the first, then 
 the fourth pair longest ; eyes with four in the centre, forming a qua- 
 drangle, the under ones placed on a common elevation; two others 
 on each side geminated, and situated on a common elevation. 
 
 Sp. 1, Th. sisiphum. Rufous : abdomen globose, with three lines. 
 
 Theridium sisiphum. Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, in the corners of buildings, walls, and rocks. Lt is 
 Jigured by Lister, t. 14:. fig. 14. 
 
 Genus 16. PHOLCUS. Walckenaer, Latreille, Leach, 
 
 Maxilla oblique, covering the sides of the lip, converging from the 
 base to the apex : apex internally trimcated : lip transversely qua- 
 drate ; the lateral angles of tlie apex rounded and somewhat mar- 
 gined: Zegs very long and very slender ; the first, then the second 
 and fourth (nearly equal) the longest : eyes inserted on a tubercle ; 
 two geminated and placed transversely in the middle; three on each 
 side amassed in a triangle, one larger than the rest. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ph. plialangi'uides. Pale-livid : abdomen elongate, cylindric-oval, 
 very soft, obscure cinereous : tip of the tibiae and thighs with a pale 
 ring of a whitish colour. 
 
 Pholcus phalangiiiides. Walck., Latr., Leach. Aranea Pluchii. Scopol. 
 Aranea opilionides. Schrank. Aranea phalangioides. Foitrcroy. 
 
 Inhabits houses in Europe ; in the western parts of England it is ex- 
 tremely common. Its body vibrates like that of a tipulideous in^ 
 
 fiCCt. 
 
CLASS iir. ARACUNo'inA. 1*27 
 
 ** F^i^cs not describing the segment of a circle. Maxilla straight, 
 with their points dilated. 
 
 Genus 17. TETRAGNATIIA. Latreille, Leach. 
 
 Eyes subequal; disposed in two straight and almost parallel transverse 
 lines, the four middle ones forming nearly a regular quadrangle : 
 maxillce straight, elongate and narrow, almost equally broad ; the 
 apex externally dilated and round : lip semicircillar and somewhat 
 notched: legs very long and very slender; the first pair longest, then 
 the second, afterwards the fourth. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tct. exlcnsa. Reddish; abdomen oblong, golden green, with 
 the sides and two lines below yellowish; the middle below longitu- 
 dinally black. 
 
 Aranea extensa. Linn., Fahr. Tetragnatha extensa, Latr., Walck., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe; frequenting moist places, in which it constructs a 
 vertical web, sitting on it with its legs extended. 
 
 Genus 18. EPEIRA. Wulckenucr, Latreille, Leach. 
 
 Latreille has divided this genus into sections, most of which would 
 form good genera. 
 
 Ei/es with the four middle ones placed on an abruptly formed tubercle 
 in the form of a quadrangle, the two anterior ones largest and most 
 distant; the lateral eyes on each side subgeminated and placed ob- 
 liquely on a tubercle: maxillce subcircular, internally membrana- 
 ceous: /«/; semicircular; short, with the point membranaceous : legs 
 moderately long, hispid, the thighs rather strong; the first pair 
 largest, then the second, afterwards the fourth pair : thorax inversely 
 elongate subcordate, anteriorly broadly truncated : abdomen subglo- 
 bose, large, much broader than the thorax. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ep.Diadcma. Reddish; abdomen globose-oval, with an elevated 
 angle on each side of its base; dorsal band broad, triangular, den- 
 tated, darker, with a triple cross of luteous white dots or spots, and 
 with four impressed dots disposed in a quadrangle. 
 
 Aranea Diadenia. Lifin. Araignee a croix. De Geer. Epeira Dia- 
 dema. Walck., Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. It frequents the borders of woods, rocks, and gar- 
 dens, and is well known in Britain by the names Sceptre or Diadem 
 Spider. 
 
 *** Ej/es describing the segment of a circle. 
 
 Genus 19. THDMISUS. Walck., Latr., Leach. Heteropoda, 
 
 iMtf'. MisuMENA. Latr. 
 
 Ei/es generally subequal, placed in two transverse lines in a kind of 
 
 semicircle: maxilla oblique, covering the side of the lip and in some 
 
 tiegicc converging; the internal apex truncate : lip somewhat oval 
 
l^S IMODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 or nearly quadrate, generally longer than broad : legx, the first and 
 second pair longest: the second rather longest; the third and fourth 
 pair of legs much less, sometimes one being largest, sometimes the 
 other. 
 
 The mandibles of the animals composing this genus are cither per- 
 pendicular or somewhat iufiexed ; in many conical with many short 
 claws. 
 
 * Thorax convex, cortji form; the aide n, especially behind, ahrupllif 
 sloping, anteriorly broad/i/ truncate; the largest legs not double the 
 length of the body; the first and second pair much thicker than the 
 others, sometimes one sometimes the other being longest. The first joint 
 of the torsi, with several moveable little spines, in a single or in a double 
 series; the claws of' the tarsi naked. Lip so)newhat ova!, the apex 
 truncate or obtuse. Apex of the maxilla wedge-shaped. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tho. citreus. Thorax at the insertion of the eyes transversely 
 elevated; the sides anteriorly produced and prominent: eyes equal: 
 abdomen roundish, trigonal, broader behind, with a red line on each 
 side: body yellowish citron-coloured. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, living in flowers. It is very common in Britain. The 
 male is rare, smaller than the female; of a brown colour banded 
 with yellowish green. 
 
 ** Thorax convex, cordiform ; the sides, especially behind, abruptly 
 sloping, the anterior part broadly truncated; the lai-ger legs not twice 
 the length (f the body, all of ne(rrly an equal degree of thickness ; the 
 hinder Jour not much shorter; the. anterior with four little spines : the 
 clazos if all the tarsi scarcely visible. Lips somewhat oval : the apex 
 truncate or obtuse. MaxilUc at their points wedge-shaped. 
 
 Sp. 2. Tho. lynceus. Lateral eyes largest, placed on an eminence, the 
 tubercles of the hinder ones thickest : body pale yellowish-grey, 
 variegated with punctures and spots of a blackish colour : abdomen 
 very large, of a triangular-oval form, broader behind. 
 
 Inhabits France and .Scotland. Latreille considers it to be much allied 
 to Thomisus onustus of Walckeniier. 
 
 *** Thorax depressed, somezchat oval, very obtuse before ; the larger 
 legs not twice the length of the body ; all the legs of equal thickness : 
 the tarsi hairy beneath, the first joint with a few little spines: the apex 
 with two brushes under the dazes : abdomen oblong : the maxillce beyond 
 the insertion of the palpi, nearly of equal breadth, distinctly and abruptly 
 truncated: lip somewhat quadrate: hinder eyes distant. 
 
 Sp, 3. Tho. oblongus. Pale-yellowish, with white hairs above: abdo- 
 men somewhat cyliudrical, with obscure longitudinal lines. 
 Inhabits France, Denmark, and England, on p!anis. 
 
CLASS Iir. ARACIINOIDA. 129 
 
 Stirps 3. — Legs not formed for leaping. Hindei' eyes placed on the 
 anterior and superior part of the thorax, forming an irregular hex- 
 agon, {llinckr pair of legs longest.) 
 
 Genus 20. LYCOSA. Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach. 
 
 Mnxillte straight, anteriorly convex ; externally towards the side some- 
 what arcuated; internally slightly margined, gradually narrowing 
 towards the hase; the apex obliquely truncated, forming almost an 
 inverted triangle: Up elongate, quadrate: legs strong, the fourth 
 pair longest, then the second; the third shortest. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lye. succata. Above smoky-black clouded with cinereous vil- 
 losity ; carina of the thorax obscure, reddish, with a cinereous vil- 
 lous line ; base of the abdomen with a little bundle of griseous hairs : 
 legs livid-red, with blackish spots. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. It is very common in Britain: the female may be 
 observed in gardens carrying her bag of eggs, of a green colour : 
 palpi, mandibles, and anterior margin of the thorax livid-red in the 
 female, black in the male. 
 
 Genus 21. DOLO^MEDES. Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach. 
 
 JJfl.ivY/^e straight, oval-quadrate; the apex externally rounded, inter- 
 nally obliquely truncated: lip somewhat square, the diameters 
 nearly equal, the points of the angles rounded: legs elongate; the 
 fourth pair longest, then the second ; the third shortest : claws ex- 
 serted, without brushes below. 
 
 Sp. 1. Dol. nnrahilis. Pale reddish, covered with greyish down: tho- 
 rax heart-shaped, anteriorly abruptly sloping : the anterior angles 
 and dorsal line whitish : abdomen conical, suboval : back darker. 
 
 Aranea saccata. Linn. Dolomedes mirabilis. Wulck., Latr., Leach. 
 Aranea Listeri. Scopoli. Aranea obscura. Fair. 
 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Stirps 4. —ifjgs formed for leaping: (Eyes eight. T/^ora.r never carinatcd.) 
 
 Geims 22. SALTICUS. Latr., Leach. Attus. Wakk. 
 
 MaxillcB straight, longitudinal, subrhomboidal, or inverse-cuneate- 
 ovate : lip elongate, suboval, the apex obtuse : palpi clavate : thorax 
 truncate-ovate or parallelogrammic : eyes disposed in the form of a 
 horse-slioe, the tAvo middle ones largest : /egs thick and short ; the 
 first pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair; the second 
 and the third pairs of nearly an equal length, and shorter than the 
 t\vo other pairs. 
 
 Sp. 1. Sal. sceniciis. Black; margin of the thorax covered with white 
 down : abdomen short ovate ; above with a reddish-gray pubescence, 
 with three transverse arcuate lines, and the anus white ; the first 
 band basal and entire, the others acutely bent anteriorly, and inter- 
 rupted in their middle. 
 
130 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Aranea scenica. Linn., Fair. Atte pare. Walck. Salticus scenicus. 
 
 Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits walls and palings. It is found in most parts of" Europe, and is 
 
 called in Britain the Hunting Spider. 
 
 Genus 2.3. ATTUS. Walck., Leach's Svpp. to Encycl. Brit. Sal- 
 ticus. Latr., Leach's Edin. Enctjcl. vol. vii. 
 
 MaxilltE straight, longitudinal, sul)rhomboidal or inversely cuneate- 
 ovate: /«/; elongate, suboval, with the apex obtuse: /)«//>« filiform : 
 thora.v elongate, narrow, subconic : eyes disposed in the form of a 
 horsc-shoe; the two middle ejes largest: legs slender, elongate, the 
 first pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair; the second 
 and Uiird pairs of nearly an equal length and shorter than the other 
 pairs. 
 
 S]>. 1. Att.formicariiis. Thorax anteriorly black, behind red : abdomen 
 fuscous, with a white spot on each side: legs red. 
 
 Attus formicarius. Walck. Salticus formicarius. Lair., Leach. Arai- 
 gnce fourmi. De Geer. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, residing on pla;nts and walls. It is very rare in Scot- 
 land, and has not been observed in England. 
 
 Class IV. A CARL Leach's MSS. 
 
 In the Supplement to Encycl. Brit. vol. i. the animals of this Class 
 were arranged with the Arachnoida and formed the Order Monomero- 
 somata. Since that paper was written, Dr. Leach has, from a further 
 investigation of their characters, separated them from the Arachnoida 
 (in which they differ essentially), and considers them as a distinct 
 class ; they are for the most part parasitic, living on the bodies of 
 other animals: to the lovers of the microscope these animals will af- 
 ford an extensive field for their research and investigation; they are 
 very numerous, highly interesting, and as yet but imperfectly known. 
 
 Character. — Body formed but of one segment: month rostriform, 
 or in some furnished with maxillae and mandibles : legs six or eight : 
 trachem for respiration. 
 
 Section I. — Legs formed for tcalking. 
 A. Mouth with mandibles. 
 Fam. I. Trombidiads;. Leach. 
 
 Falpi porrect, and furnished at their extremities with a moveable ap- 
 pendage. Eyes two, placed on a pillar. Body apparently divided 
 into two parts by a transverse line; the anterior division bearing th« 
 eyes, mouth, and four anterior legs. 
 
CLASS IV. ACART. 131 
 
 Genus 1. TROMBIDIUM. Fahr., Lulr., Lcac/i. 
 Legs eight. 
 Sp. 1. Trom. holoscrkcum. Subquadrate, l)Iooil-rccl, tomentose; the 
 
 down short composed of cylindric papillae, which arc rounded at 
 
 their extremities. 
 Tronibidium holosericeum. Fahr., Latr. » 
 
 Inhabits Europe, and is abundant in the spring. 
 
 Genus 2. OCYPETE. Leach. 
 Legs six. 
 Sp. 1. Ocj/. rubra. Red; back with a few long hairs, the legs with 
 
 many short hairs of a rufous ash-colour ; eyes black brown. 
 Ocypete rubra. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 
 
 This curious little animal, which is not larger than a grain of 
 small sand, is parasitic, and is frequently to be found on the largest 
 tipuladous insects, adhering to their legs. No less than sixteen 
 specimens have been obtained from one insect. 
 
 Earn. II. Gammasid.^. Leach. 
 Palpi porrect, simple. 
 
 Genus 3. GAMMASUS. Latreilk, Leach. 
 Bodtj depressed, the skin of the back partly or entirely coriaceous. 
 
 * Anterior portion of the hack, and a triangular part behind, cori- 
 aceous. 
 Sp. 1. Gamm. Coleoptratorum. Coriaceous parts of the back fuscous ; 
 
 anterior pair of legs a little longer than the hinder ones. 
 Gammase des Coleopteres. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, ct dcs Insect. 
 vii. 399. Gammasus Coleoptratorum. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 
 147. Leach. Acarus Coleoptratorum. Linn., Fabr. 
 Inhabits the excrements of horses and oxen, often attaching itself to 
 Scai-abai, Histeres, &c. in great numbers. 
 
 "** Back entirely coriaceous. 
 Sp. 2. Gamm. marginatus. Ovate, brown ; belly coriaceous, the sides 
 alone membranaceous and whitish ; anterior legs nearly twice the 
 length of the body. 
 Inhabits dung and dead animals. 
 
 Fam. III. AcAEiDiE. Leach. 
 Moidh furnished with mandibles : palpi simple, very short, not por- 
 rected. 
 
 Genus 4. ORIBITA. Latreille, Leach. 
 Bodi/ covered by a coriaceous skin ; anterior part rostrated ; the pro- 
 duced part inclosing the organs of mastication : abdomen subglo- 
 bose : tarsi with claws. 
 Sp. 1. Or. geniculata. Fuscous-castaneous, shining, hairy : legs pale- 
 fuscous ; thighs subclavate. 
 
132 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Acarus geniculatus. Linn. 
 
 Inhabits trees and beneath stones. It is common in Sweden, Ger- 
 many, and England. 
 
 Genus 5. NOTASPIS. Hermann. 
 
 Body covered by a coriaceous skin, the anterior part rostrated, the pro- 
 duced part inclosing the organs of mastication : abdomen subglobose, 
 the sides anteriorly with a wing-like process : tarsi with claws. 
 
 Sp. 1. Not. humeralis. Abdomen blackish-chcsnut; the produced parts 
 membranaceous. 
 
 Mitte a rebord. De Gcer. Oribita humeralis. Lutr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits moss and beneath stones. It is not uncommon in the southern 
 parts of Devonshire. 
 
 Genus 6. ACARUS of authors. 
 
 Body soft : mouth naked : tarsi with a pedunculated vesicle at their ex- 
 tremities. 
 
 Sp. 1. Aca. domesticus. White, with two bro^vn spots; body ovate, the 
 middle coarctate, with very long hairs : legs equal. 
 
 Acarus Siro. Linn., Fabr., Leach Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 415. Acarus do- 
 mesticus. Latr., Leach Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 444. 
 
 Inhabits houses, living in cheese and flour that have been kept too 
 long. 
 
 B. Mouth furnished with a rostrum. 
 
 Fam. IV. IxoDiAD.£. Leach. 
 
 Eyes obscure or concealed. 
 
 Stirps. 1. — Palpi and rostrum exserted. 
 
 Genus 7. IXODES. Latreilk, Leach. Cynorh(EStes. Hermann. 
 
 Palpi equally broad, longer than broad. 
 
 Sp. 1. Xr. Ricinus. Scutum rounded, smaller; with the vagina of the 
 rostrum and the legs fuscous : abdomen varying in colour. 
 
 Acarus Ricinus. Linn., Fabr. Ixodes Ricinus. Lutr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, attaching itself to dogs. In Britain it is called the,; 
 Dog-tick. 
 
 Dr. Leach has written a paper on the British species of this ge- 
 nus, which is published in the eleventh volume of the Transactions 
 of the Linnean Society. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Palpi and rosfnan hidden. 
 
 Genus 8. UROPODA. Latreilk, Leach. 
 Body oval, orbiculate : back corneous, clypeiform, the disc being gra- 
 dually convex ; beneath flat ; anus produced into a long filiform pe- 
 duncle (by which it adheres to coleopterous insects) : legs very short, 
 pressed close to the body, the first pair shortest, the second pah 
 rather longer, the third distinctly longer, the fourth pair longest 
 
CLASS IV. ACARI. 133 
 
 Sp. 1. TJi'o. vegetans. Brown, very smooth, shining. 
 Mitte vegetative. Be Gcer., vii. 123.pl. 7. Jig. 15. 
 Uropoda vegetans. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits France and England, attaching itself to the legs, abdomen, 
 and elytra of Hhteres, Aphodii, &c. by its pedunculated anus. 
 
 Fam. V. Cheyletidx. Leach. 
 Ej/es distinct : palpi concealed. 
 Stirps 1. — Palpi distinct. 
 
 Genus 9. SARCOPTES. Latreille, Leach. 
 
 Sp. 1. Scir. Scabiei. Subrotundate ; legs short, reddish; four hinder 
 ones, with a very long seta : the plants of the four anterior ones 
 terminated by a swelling. 
 
 Mitte de la Gale. De Geer. Acarus Scabiei. Fabr. Le Ciron de la 
 Gale. Geoff. Sarcopte de la Gale. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des 
 Insect, viii. 55. et vii. pi. 66. Sarcoptes Scabiei. Latr., LeacL 
 
 Inhabits the ulcers of the itch. Acarus exulcerans of Linni, is pro- 
 bably this animal, or is at least referable to the same genus. 
 
 Section II. — Legs formed for swimming. 
 
 Fam. Hydrachnad-e. 
 Mouth with mandibles. 
 
 Genus 10. HYDRACHXA. Mull., Oliv., Latr., Leach. 
 Palpi subcylindric, porrect, arcuate inflexed, four-jointed, the last acute 
 
 unguiform : mouth produced into a conic rostrum : body globose : 
 
 legs fimbriated with hairs, and situated at equal distances from each 
 
 other. 
 Sp. 1. Hif. geegraphica. Black, with coccineous spots and dots. 
 Ilydrachna geographica. Mull. Hi/dr. 59. tab. 8. Jig. 3-5. Latr., 
 
 Leach. 
 Inhabits waters that flow gently. It is a most beautiful animal, and 
 
 is very common near London. 
 
 Genus 11. LliMNOCHARES. Latr., T^ach. 
 
 Palpi incurved, the apex acute simple : 7}iouth with a very short ro- 
 strum : bodi/ depressed : legs short, the four hinder ones remote : 
 ei/es two. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lim. holosericea. Body ovate, red, rugose, soft; eyes black. 
 
 Acarus aquaticus. Linn. La Tique rouge satinee aquatique. Geoff. 
 ISIitte satinee aquatique. De Geer. Trombidium aquaticum. Fabr. 
 Linonochares holosericea. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. It is very common in most of our ponds during the 
 summer months. It varies much in colour, but is generally found 
 of a bright red or greyish-red colour, and of all the intermedia,te 
 varieties of shape. 
 
134 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Class V. INSECT A. 
 
 History. — Insecta, so named from in (into) and seco (to cut). This 
 term was applied to these animals hy the Latins; by the Greeks they 
 were named Entoma {svtO[LoC), from Jv, into, and fsiMW, to cut. In- 
 sects were so named, because their bodies are composed of many 
 joints or segments ; on which account several of the ancient and older 
 naturalists placed them with the classes Crustacea, Mi/riupodu, Arach- 
 noida, and Vermes. 
 
 The oldest records on this subject are to be found in the sacred 
 writings, where mention is made of locusts, flies, and caterpillars ; and 
 it is probable that INIoses had acquired some knowledge of insects 
 from the Egyptian sages, as his writings abound with passages relating 
 to insects. 
 
 Hippocrates, as we are told by Pliny, Avrote on insects; and the 
 writings of the earlier Greek and Latin philosophers, quoted by Pliny, 
 afford extracts of his labours. 
 
 Aristotle, in his Historij of Animals, has devoted a very considerable 
 portion of his attention to insects, and has described their general 
 external structure with great accuracy. 
 
 Aldrovandus, in 160'2, published a very voluminous work, De Ani- 
 vialibus Insectis, in which he divides insects into Terrestrial and Aqua- 
 tic. 
 
 In 1613, Wolfgang Frantzius ^\\bYii\iGA Historia Animalium Sacra, 
 which contains some new observations, and a distribution of insects 
 into Aerial, Aquatic, and Terrestrial. 
 
 Swammerdam, who published his Historia Jnsectorum Ccneralis in 
 1669, divided genuine insects into, 1st, Those which, after leaving the 
 egg, appear under the form of the perfect insect, but have no wings, 
 which parts are afterwards produced : 2dly, Those insects which ap- 
 pear, when hatched from the eggs, under the form of a larva, and, 
 when full grown, change into a chrysalis, where it remains until its 
 parts are fit to be developed : 3dlj', Those which, having attained the 
 pupa (chrysalis or nympha) state, do not divest themselves of their 
 skin. His other divisions refer to animals of the classes Arachndida, 
 Crustacea, and ]\Tj/riapoda; and the whole of his work contains much 
 valuable observation on the structure and economy of these animals. 
 
 In 1735, Linne published the first edition of his Stjstema Naturce, 
 sive Rei^na tria Nature si/stematice proposita per Classes, Ordines, Genera, 
 et Species, in which work Insects are distributed into four Orders, ac- 
 cording to the number and form of their wings: 1. Coleopter.i; 
 2. Angioptera; 3. He.miptep.a ; 4. Apteka. 
 
 With the last Order he included Crustaqea, Arachnidcs, Myriapoda, 
 Vermes, and certain Zoophi/tes; but in subsequent editions of this work 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 135 
 
 lie separated the Vermes, as Aristotle had done before him, and esta- 
 bhshed them as a class di.stinct from Insects. 
 
 Schasflfer, in 1711, puulished a valuable work, under the title Icones 
 Inseclurum circa liafisbonam indigenorum. The classification proposed 
 by the author differs entirely from that of Linne, and approaches in 
 some respects that proposed by GeoffVoy. 
 
 In 1761, Geoftroy published his most valuable System of Insects, 
 under the title Hhtoire uhrcgee des Inscctcs, &;c. in which these ani- 
 mals are arranged into six sections. 
 
 In 1770, J. C. Fabricius, a pupil of Linnc, published a new system 
 of entomology, under the title Si/slcma Entomohgiir, in which the 
 principles of a new mode of classification, founded on the organs of 
 deglutition and mastication, is for the first time developed. This sy- 
 stem, which has undergone several modifications, is named the Ciha- 
 riuu Si/ston. 
 
 Scopoli, in 1777, published his Intruductio ad Hisforiam Nafuralem, 
 in which work he divides insects into five tribes, under the singular 
 appellations of, 1. Sioammenlami-Lucifugd ; Q. Gcoffroy-Gs/mnoptera; 
 .3. Roeselii-Lepidopfera ; 4. Reatimarii-Proboscidea ; 5. Frisc/iii-Cokoptera, 
 identifying each tribe by the name of each author, who has, in his opi- 
 nion, been most successful in the explanatioji of that to which his 
 name is attached. 
 
 The LuciJ'uga includes the lice; Gymnoptcra, his Imlteratu, aculcata, 
 and cuialnta : Lepidoptera, the moths and butterflies : Proboscidea he 
 has divided into terrestrial and aquatic; and the Coleoptera he divides 
 into those inhabiting water, and those the land. 
 
 In 1780, Linne produced the twelfth edition of his Systema Nature?, 
 which was the last systematic work of that illustrious naturalist. 
 
 In 1793, P. A. Latreille published his Precis des Caracteres Gene- 
 riques des hisecfes, in which he divided Insects into I. Aile's : 1. Cole- 
 optera, Q. Orthoptera, 3. Hemiptera, 4. Kcuroptera, 5. Lepidoptera. 
 II. Apt.e^res : 6. Suctorial, 7. T/iasynoiira. 
 
 In 1798, J. C. Fabricius produced his last general systematic work, 
 the Supplementum Entomologice Systematical, which presents an outline 
 of his system in its latest state ; and which, being the result of much 
 knowledge, demands a considerable portion of attention. 
 
 In the Enlomologie Hehetique, a work published in 1798, Clairville, 
 its author, has arranged Insects in the following manner: 
 
 * PTEROPHORA; Maxdibulata. With wings and jaws. 
 
 Section 1. Elytroptera. Wings crustaceous. 
 
 2. Deratoptera. Wings coriaceous. 
 
 3. Dictyoftera. Wings reticulated. 
 
 4. PiiLEBOPTERA. Wiusfs vcincd. 
 
136 MODERN system! 
 
 ** PTEROPHORA; Haustellata. With wings and a haustellum. 
 
 Section 5. Halteriptera. Wings with poisers. 
 
 6. Lepidoptera. Wings with powder. 
 
 7. IIemimeroptera. Wings partly obscure, partly diapha- 
 
 nous. 
 
 *** APTERA; Haustellata. Without wings ; with a sucker. 
 
 8. RoPHOPTERA. Sucker sharp. 
 
 **** APTERA; Mandibulata. Without wings, with jaws. 
 
 9. PoDODUNERA. Lcgs formed for running. 
 
 In 1800, Cuvier, with the assistance of Dumcril, published his 
 Artcttomie Comparec, in which the organization of Insects is treated of 
 at great length. 
 
 In 1801, J. B. Lamarck produced his Systhne des Animaux sans Ver- 
 tebres, i n which work he has arranged some of the genuine Insects 
 with the Aradinoida • the rest he distributes into the following Orders ; 
 
 * With mandibles and jaws. 
 
 Order I. Coleopteea. II. Orthoptera. III. NeurOptera. 
 
 ** With mandibles, and with a kind of proboscis. 
 
 Order IV. Hymenoptera. 
 
 *** No mandibles. A trunk or sucker. 
 
 Order V. Lepidoptera. VI. Hemiptera. Vll. Diptera. VIII. A- 
 ptera. 
 
 In 1806, Latreille published his Genera Crustaceorrcm et Insectorum, 
 in which he has denominated the true Insects Insecta Pterodicera ; 
 and has arranged them in the following manner : 
 
 Century I. ELYTHROPTERA. 
 
 Elytra two, covering the wings entirely. 
 
 Cohors I. Odontota. 
 Mouth with mandibles, maxillcc, and lip. Wings folded, 
 Order I. Coleoptera. II. Orthoptera. 
 
 Cohors II. Sipiionostoma, 
 Order III. Hemiptera. 
 
 Century II. GYMNOPTERA. 
 
 Winsis naked. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 137 
 
 Coliors I. Odontata. 
 Mouth with mandibles, niaxilke, and Hp. Wings four. 
 
 Order IV. — Neuroptera. V. IIymenoptera. 
 Cohors II. Sipiionostoma. 
 Mouth tubular, formed for sucking. 
 Order Xl. Lepidoptera. VII. Diptera. VIII. Suctoria. 
 
 Latreillc has retained the same general arrangement in his last work, 
 C) mule rut ions Gcmrules sur COrdrc N(iturellc,d)-c. but he has rejected the 
 divisions into Legions, Centuries, and Cohorts. 
 
 'D\nwi:n\,m\\i?, Zoologie Aiinlijtkjae, arranges insects into Eight Or- 
 ders, the last of which also comprehends the Classes Arachnoida and 
 Mi/riupoda. 
 
 In 1812 Lamarck published a little work, entitled Ext?^ait da Covrs de 
 Zoologie dii Museum d'Histoire Natm^elle, in which he has continued the 
 general arrangement published by him in 1801. 
 
 In 1815, vol. ix. of the Edinhargh Enci/dopadia was published, in 
 which Dr. Leach gave the following arrangement of Insects into Or- 
 ders, and has added to them the Farasita and T/ii/sanoura, which La- 
 treille placed with the Arachnoida. 
 
 Subclass I. AMETABOLIA. 
 
 Order I. Thysanura. II. Anoplura. 
 
 Subclass II. METABOLIA. 
 
 Century I. ELYTHROPTERA. 
 
 Insects with elytra. 
 
 Cohors I. Odontostomata. 
 
 Mouth with mandibles. 
 * Metcunorp/iosis incomplete. 
 Order III. Coleoptera. 
 
 ** Metamorphosis nearly coarctate. 
 Order IV. Strepsiptera. 
 
 *** Metamorphosis semi-complete. 
 Order V. Dermaptera. VI. Orthoptera. VII. Dictyoptera, 
 
 Cohors II. SiPHONOSTOMATA. 
 
 ■ Mouth with an articulated rostrum. 
 
138 MODERN SYSTEM- 
 
 Order VIII. Hemiptera. IX. Omoptera. 
 
 Century II. MEDAMOPTERA. 
 Insects without wings or elytra. 
 Order X. Apteka. 
 
 Century III. GYMNOPTERA. 
 
 Insects with wings but no elytra. 
 
 Cohors I. Glossostomata. 
 Mouth with a spiral tongue. 
 Order XI. Lepidoptera. 
 
 Cohors II. Gnathostomata. 
 INIouth with maxilL'c and lip. 
 Order XII. Trichoptera. 
 
 Cohors III. Odoktostomata. 
 Mouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip. 
 Order XIII. Neuroptera. XIV. IIymenoptera. 
 
 Cohors IV. SiPHONOSTOMATA. 
 
 Mouth tidjular, formed for sucking. 
 Order XV. Diptera. 
 
 As the above arrangement is subject to various objections, I shall 
 adopt that since given by the samp author in vol. iii. of his Zoological 
 Miscellany. 
 
 Class V. IN SECT A. 
 
 Subclass I. AMETABOLIA. 
 
 Insects undergoing no metamoryhosis. 
 Order I. Tiiysanura. — Tail armed with setae. 
 Order II. Anoplura. — Tail without sets. 
 
 Subclass 2. METABOLIA. 
 Insects undergoing rnetamorphosis. 
 
 Order III. Coleoptera. — Wings two, transversely folded, covered 
 by two crustaceous or hard coriaceous elytra, meeting (generally) with 
 a straight suture. Mouth with mandibles. {l^letamorphosis'm.coxa.^\etc) 
 
CLASS V. IK3ECTA. 139 
 
 Order IV. Dermaptera. — Witigs two, longitudinally and trans- 
 versely folded. Eh/tra subcrustaccous, abbreviated, with the suture 
 straight. Mouth with mandibles. {Alctunioj^phosis semi-complete.) 
 
 Order Y. Orthopteua. — JI7«i;,vtwo, longitudinally folded, covered 
 by tAvo coriaceous elytra, the margin of one elytron covering the same 
 part of the other. Mouth with mandiljles. (^Mclcunoi-phosis semi-com- 
 plete.) 
 
 Order VI. Dictyoptera. — Wings two, longitudinally folded, twice 
 or more, covered by two coriaceous elytra; one elytron decussating 
 the other obliquely. Mouth with mandibles. {Metamorphosis semi- 
 complete.) 
 
 Order VII. IIemiptera. — Tf7/?^.<; two, covered by t\vo crustaceous 
 or coriaceous elytra (the tips of which are generally membranaceous), 
 horizontal, one decussating the other obliquely. JMouth with an arti- 
 culated rostrum. {Metamorphosis semi-complete.) 
 
 Order VIII. Omoptera. — Wings t%vo, covered by tsvo elytra which 
 are entirely coriaceous or membranaceous ; meeting obliquely Avith a 
 straight suture. Mouth with an articulated rostrum. {Mctamorphosts 
 semi-complete or incomplete.) 
 
 Order IX. After a. — No uings or elytra. Mouth with a tubular 
 jointed sucking rostrum. {JMetamorphosis incomplete.) 
 
 Order X. Lepidopteka. — TT7»^s four, inembranaceous, covered with 
 meal-like scales. Mouth with a spiral tongue. {Metamorphosis incom- 
 plete.) 
 
 Order XI. Trichoptera. — Wings four, membranaceous; the pteri- 
 gostia or wing bones hairy. Mouth with maxilke and lip. {Meiamo?- 
 phosis incomplete.) 
 
 Order XII. Neuroptera. — Wings four, membranaceous, generally 
 of equal size, with numerous decussating pterigostia resembling a net- 
 work. Mouth with mandibles, maxilla', and lip. {Mttumorphosis in- 
 complete or semicomplete.) 
 
 Order XIII. Hymexoptera. — Wings four, membranaceous, the 
 hinder ones always smallest ; the pterigostia not decussating each other, 
 so as to resemble a net-work. Mouth with mandibles, maxilla; and li}'. 
 {Metamorphosis incomplete.) 
 
 Order XIY. Riiipiptera. — Wirigs tAvo, longitudinally folded. Mouth 
 with mandibles. {Metamorphosis subcoarctate.) 
 
 Order XW Diptera. — Wings tvvo, with halteres or balancers at 
 their base. 2Iouth tubular, formed for sucking. {Metamorphosis ia- 
 conqilete or subcoarctate.) 
 
 Order X\'I. Omaloptera. — Mouth furnished with mandibles and 
 
140 MODERN SYSTEM'. 
 
 elongated maxillce : lip simple. Wings two or none. (Metamorphoxis 
 coarctata.) 
 
 Subclass I. IXSECTA AMETABOLIA. 
 
 Order I. THYSAXURA. Leach. 
 
 Thysaxoit-a. Latreille. 
 
 Tail furnished witli setae or filaments : Jiiouth with mandibles, palpi, la- 
 bnim, and labium. 
 
 The body of the animals which compose this Order ts generally 
 covered with scales or hair. Their motion is extremely rapid, or per- 
 formed by leaping. 
 
 Fam. I. Lepismadje. Leach's MSS. 
 
 Palpi vor\" distinct and prominent, or exserted : antenne composed of a 
 vast number of verj- short joints : tail with tliree exserted setas. 
 
 Stirps 1 . — Bodii depressed, and moving with a running motion : tail 
 with three nearly equal filaments. 
 
 Genus 1. LEPISMA. Linn., De Gecr, Fabr., Latr., Leach. Se- 
 TOURA. Broun. Fokbicixa. Geoff'., Lamarck. 
 
 Antenna inserted betvseen the eyes: maxiUari/ palpi slender, composed 
 of five joints, the last of which is elongate and very slender: labud 
 palpi with their joints compressed, dilated, and round : er/es small and 
 remote. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lep. saccharina. Body covered with silvery scales. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. It is very common amongst books, clothes, &c. 
 and wanders about during the night. It is supposed to have been 
 originally introduced into Europe from America, where it is said to 
 live amongst sugar. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Body convex, with an arched back formed for springing. 
 Tail with three seta, the middle one longest. 
 
 Genus 2. FORBICINA. Geoff., Leach. Lepisma. Linn., Olivier. 
 Maciiilis. Latr. 
 
 Antennae inserted under the eyes, shorter than the body : masillary palpi 
 thick, with six joints, the last conic : labial palpi with the apex mem- 
 branaceous : eyes large and contiguous. 
 
 Sp. 1. For. poly poda. Smoky brown, with obscure rust-coloured spots. 
 
 Lepisma polypoda. Linn. Lepisma saccharina. Fill. Ent. 4. tab. 11. 
 fig. 1. Machilis polypoda. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins. 1. p. 165. tab. 6. 
 Jig. 4. magnified La Forbicine cylindrique. Geoff. Forbicina poly- 
 poda. Leach. 
 
 Inhabits all the temperate parts of Europe, and is found in woods and 
 under stones. 
 
CLASS V. IXSECTA. 141 
 
 Genus S. PETROBIUS. Leach's Zoological Miscellany, vol. iii. 
 
 tub. 145. Lepisma. Fabr.? 
 
 Antenna longer than the body, inserted under the eyes : maxillury palpi 
 
 six-jointed; the tifth joint inversely conic, the sixth conic: labial 
 
 palpi with the last joint obliquely truncate, with the apex acute, and 
 
 not membranaceous : ei/es large and contiguous. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pet. maiitimus. Blackish, with golden scales: feet yellowish: 
 
 sets of the tail annulated with white. 
 Inhabits all tlie rocky shores of Britain. Dr. Leach first obser\Td this 
 species on the Devonshire coast, and afterwards in Ireland, Scotland, 
 and Wales. It is verj- active, runs fast, and leaps to a great distance. 
 Dr. L. suspects that it has been confounded by Fabricius with For- 
 bicina polypoda. 
 
 Fam. II. PoDURAD^. Leach. 
 
 Palpi not exserted nor very conspicuous : nntenniE composed of four 
 joints, the last sometimes formed of several other minute articula- 
 tions : tail forked, and bent beneath the abdomen. 
 
 Genus 4. PODURA. Linn., Geoff, De Geer., Fabr., Lam., Her- 
 ynann. Leach. 
 Antenna, with the last joint solid, not articulated: abdomen elongate, li- 
 near. 
 Sp. 1. Pod. plumbea. Lead-coloured, shining, with griseous head and 
 
 feet. 
 Podura plumbea. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Podure plombee. De 
 
 Geer. La Podure grise commune. Geoff. 
 Inhabits Europe under stones. 
 
 There are a great number of species in this and the following ge- 
 nus, which are worthy of attention. Fabricius has placed these 
 two genera together without the slightest distinction, and has de- 
 scribed several species, which it is hoped some future zoologist will 
 be induced to examine. 
 
 Genus 5. SMYXTHURUS. Latr., Leach. Poduea. Linn., Fabr., 
 De Geer, Geoff. 
 Sp. 1. Smyn.fuscus. Body entirely brown. 
 La Podure brun enfumee. Geoff. Podura atra. Linn. ? Fabr. Smyn- 
 
 thurvis fuscus. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits Europe; is common on the ground and in damp hedges. 
 
 Order II. ANOPLURA. Leach. 
 Parasita. Latreille. 
 
 Tall without seta? or filaments : mouth in some fiirnished with two 
 teeth (or mandibles?) and an opening beneath; in others with a 
 tubulose very short haustellum. 
 'ihe animals of this Order are parasitical, and were by Latreille 
 
142 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 placed in an order which he named Parasita. This name Dr. Leach 
 has changed for the sake of harmony, and also to render the name 
 more easy of retention in the memory, the characters being drawn 
 from the same parts. 
 
 Their motion is slow, and their nourishment is derived from the 
 blood of mammalia, birds and insects. 
 
 " It is almost an established fact, that every species of bird (and 
 probably mammiferous animal) has its own peculiar parasite; and 
 there is no instance of the same species of louse having been ob- 
 served on two distinct species of birds, although some birds (as the 
 raven oyster-catcher, Sec.) are infested with several species of para- 
 sites." The importance of clearly ascertaining the truth is such to 
 the ornithologist, that Dr. Leach has employed a considerable por- 
 tion of time for the purpose of investigating and of describing the 
 species with accuracy, little more than a bare catalogue of names 
 and habitats having been given in the works of Linne, Fabricius, 
 and Gmelin. The result of his examinations he does not consider 
 himself as able to communicate at present; but it is his intention, 
 when the subject has arrived at maturity, to give a paper on this Or- 
 der to the Linnean Society of London. 
 
 Fam. I. Pediculid^. Leach. 
 Mouth consisting of a tubulose, very short haustellum. 
 
 Genus 6. PHTIIIRUS. Leach. Pediculus. Linn., Redi, Latr., 
 
 Fabr. 
 Anterior pair affect simple ; two hinder pair didacty le : thorax extremely 
 
 short, scarcely visible. 
 Sp. 1. Phth. ingidnalis. Body whitish. 
 Pediculus inguinalis. Kedi. Pediculus pubis. Linn., Fabr., Latr. Le 
 
 Morpion. Geoff. Phthirus inguinalis. Leach. 
 Inhabits the eyebrows, &c. of men and women, being commonly 
 known under the titles Crabs, Crab-lice, See. 
 
 Genus 7. PEDICULUS. Linn., Fabr., Be Gccr, Geoff., Redi, 
 Hermann, Lam., Leach. 
 Feet all armed with a finger and thumb: tlioraj: composed of three di- 
 stinct equal segments. 
 Sp. 1. Ped. hwnanns. Body oval, lobate, white and nearly immaculate. 
 Pediculus humanus. Fabr., Linn., Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits the bodies and garments of men, and is known by the name 
 of the body-louse. On the continent of Europe, especially in Spain 
 and Portugal, it is very abimdant. In Britain it is of rare occur- 
 rence, and may have been introduced from the neighbouring coun- 
 tries. 
 
CLASS V, TNSECTA, 143 
 
 9^1. 2. Ped. cervicalis. Body oval, lobed, cinereous, with a black inter- 
 rupted hand on either side. 
 
 Lc I'ou ordinaire. Geoff. Pcdiculus humanus. var. Linn. Pediculus 
 cer\'icalis. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits the heads of man throughout Europe. In Britain it is ex- 
 tremely common, especially in the heads and upper part of the 
 necks of children, whence they are e.xtractcd hy means of a fine- 
 toothed comb, or are destro^^ed by rubbing calomel mixed with a 
 little fat amongst the roots of the hair. This species has been by 
 many authors confounded with the precedhig species. 
 
 Genus 8. IL'EMATOPINUS. Leacli. 
 Thorax narrow and distinct from the abdomen : abdomen very broad. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ham. Suis. 
 
 Pediculus Suis. Linnt. Hfematopinus Suis. Leach's Zool. Misc. iii. 66. 
 
 pi. 146. 
 Inhabits swine. 
 
 Fam. II. NiRMiD.c. Leach. 
 
 Mouth with a cavity", and two teeth or mandibles. 
 
 Genus 9. NIRMUS. Hermann, Leach. Ricixus. De Geer, Oliv., 
 Lam., Latr. Pediculus. Linn., Geoff"., Fabr, 
 
 The character of this genus is given in that of the tribe. All the 
 species inhabit birds. The term ricinus having been used in botany 
 is rejected, and that of Dr. Hermann's is adopted. 
 
 "Sp. 1. Nir. Cornicis. Whitish: head heart-shaped; segments of the 
 thorax on each side produced into a tooth: abdomen oval, trans- 
 versely banded with brown. 
 
 Ricinus Cornicis. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits the Corvus Corni.v of Linne. 
 
 Subclass II. INSECTA METABOLIA. 
 Order III. COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Order Coleoptera. Linn., Cuv., Lam., Latr., ^-c. 
 Class Eleuterata. Fabr. 
 
 This Order is divided into five great sections, from the general nuni- 
 ber of joints in the tarsi. 
 
 Section I. — Pentamera. 
 
 The number of joints in the tarsi is generally five, but in some of 
 the aquatic genera the number is less. 
 
144 
 
 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Fam. T. Cicindeliad.e. Leach. 
 
 Maxillari/ palpi four, the interior ones two-jointed : labial two : antennm 
 filiform, never moniliforni : maxilhe furnished at their extremities 
 with a distinct articidated hook : mandibka with many teeth : feet 
 formed for running; hinder ones with trochanters. 
 All the insects of this family live on other insects. 
 
 Genus 10. CICINDELA. Linn., Dc Geer, Fubi:,,^x. Buprestis. 
 Geof. 
 
 T/ioiYiv short, almost as wide as the head : abdomen elongate quadrate : 
 eli/t?ri flat, separate, rounded : wings two : exterior maxillari/ palpi as 
 long or longer than the labial : antenme inserted into the anterior 
 margin of the eye: eli/peus shorter than the labrum. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cic. si/lva/ica. Obscure aeneous above; each elytron with an ex- 
 ternal lunule at the base, with a mark at the apex, and an interme- 
 diate transverse, narrow sinuated band of white ; with many im- 
 pressed punctures at the suture. (^Pl.S.fg. 8.) 
 
 Cicindela sylvatica. Linn., Oliv., Ledr. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. Is found on JNIartlesome Heath, Suffolk, occasion- 
 ally; near Christchurch in Hampshire; and near Cobham and Go- 
 dalming in Surry it is very common. 
 
 There are three other British species, viz. 2. C campestris,\\\nch is 
 taken in sandy places and in highways in great plenty. 3. C. fii/bri- 
 da, found on the sea-shore dear Yarmouth and Swansea. 4. C. Ger- 
 meinica, which is common at a place called Black Gang-way in the 
 Isle of Wight, and is occasionally found in chalk-pits near Dartford, 
 Kent, in the months of June and July. 
 
 Fam. II. Cababid.'e. 
 
 The mandibles of the Curabida are entirely porrecled; their 
 hinder legs are formed for rrmning, and they feed on other insects. 
 
 " Professor F. A. Bonelli, of Turin, has lately written an admirable 
 monograph on the European genera of this family. This is published 
 under the title of Obserxwtions Entomologiques, and has been sanc- 
 tioned by the Imperial Academy. From the parts studied it proves 
 that Bonelli is a man of accurate judgement, and fully entitled to 
 rank amongst the first entomologists of the present dav." Leach's 
 MSS. 
 
 Oes. — For the characters of most of the Genera in this extensive Fa- 
 mily I am indebted to Dr. Leach, who with his usual liberality al- 
 lowed me the free use of his MSS. 
 
 I. Anterior tibia not notched tcithin. Wytra entire, covering the 
 zchole abdomen. Antennce linear or setaceous. 
 
 SxiKPS 1. — Fulpi with the fourth joint thicker than the third, the apex 
 
CLASS V. I.NStCTA. 1-45 
 
 dilated ; antcnme ■with the second joint as lung or lunger than the 
 fourth : uings wanting, or two incomplete ; abdomen oval or ovate. 
 
 Genus 11. CYCIIRUS. Fah-., Paj/k., Latr., Eonelli, Leac/i, Schvn- 
 
 liar. 
 
 Pa/pi with the fourth joint spoon-shaped : lip with the tooth of the 
 
 notch simple: lahnim bilobutc: elijtra dcflexcd, embracing the sides 
 
 of the abdomen : zvbigs none, or very short. 
 
 Dr. Leach has observed that the palpi of the male arc larger than 
 
 those of the female. Anterior tarsi in both sexes simple. 
 Sp. 1. Ci/c. rostratus. Fabr., Panz., Latr., Leach, Schonherr. 
 Caralius rostratus. ]\Ia?-s/i. Ent. Brit. i. 
 Inhabits pathways in woods, roots of trees, beneath stones, and under 
 
 moss. 
 
 Genus 12. CARABUS of authors. Taciiypus. Wcbrr. 
 
 Palpi with their last joint securiform: lip with the tooth of its nctch 
 simple : lubruni bilobate : elytra not embracing the abdomen : icings 
 very short or entirely wanting. 
 
 The males have their anterior tarsi more or less dilated, and their 
 thorax is evidently narrower than that of the fem.ales. 
 
 Sp. 1. Car. violiiceiis. Black; margins of the thorax and elytra violet- 
 copper : elytra finely rugulose, somewhat smooth : abdomen elon- 
 gate-oval. 
 
 Carabus violaceus. Linn., Fair., Oliv., Marsh., Latr. 
 
 Inhabits FAU'ope. It is frequent in Britain at the roots of trees, under 
 stones, &c. 
 
 Sp. 2. Car. catenulatus. Black: margins of thorax and elytra violet: 
 thorax broader than long, deeply emarginate behind; each elytron 
 with about fourteen striae; the fourth, eighth, and twelfth from the 
 suture interrupted; the intervals with a distinct, somewhat rugose 
 line: abdomen oval. 
 
 Carabus catenulatus. Scop. ,Fabr., Latr. Carabus intricatus. Marsh.,OHv. 
 
 Inhabits the south of France, Germany, and Britain. It is sometimes 
 found quite black, at other times with a tinge of fine violet : and is 
 very plentiful in this country. 
 
 Sp. 3. Car. intricatus. Black violet above, black beneath : thorax nar- 
 row, with nearly equal diameters: elytra with irregular stria*; the 
 inter\-als punctate-rvigose; each elytron with three elevated catenu- 
 lated lines. 
 
 Carabus intricatus. Linn., Latr. Carabus cyaneus. Fabr., Panz. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. There is but one instance of its having occurred in 
 Britain. Dr. Leach took a single specimen under a stone in a wood 
 opposite the \^irtuou's Lady Mine, on the river Tavy below Tavi- 
 stock in Devonshire, in the last week in May. 
 
 Sp. 4. Car. ncmoralis. Black; margin of the elytra and-sidcs of the 
 
145 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 thorax violet : elytra obscure, copper, rugulose, with three longitu- 
 dinal rows of excavated spots. 
 
 Carabus nemoralis. IlUg., Lutr. Carabus hortensis. Oliv., Marsh., 
 Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits gardens, and is very common in this country. 
 
 Sp. 5. Car. monilis. Brassy-green or violet-black above, black beneath ; 
 
 each elytron with about fourteen elevated lines, two in the middle 
 
 more distinct than the rest ; the fourth, eighth, and twelfth from the 
 
 suture catenulated : abdomen elongate-oval. 
 Carabus monilis. Fair., Lafr. Carabus catenulatus. Marsh. 
 Inhabits France and Germany : in England it is found in gardens and 
 
 pathways in June, Jlily, and August. 
 
 Sp. 6. Car. morhillosus. Brassy or black copper above, black beneath; 
 each elytron with three ribs, one at the suture ; the interstices with 
 a catenulated line, and on each side of it with a less distinct smootli 
 punctate-rugose line : abdomen elongate-oval. (P/. S.j^'g. 17.) 
 
 Carabus morbillosus. Fabr., Latr. Carabus granulatus. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is found occasionally vmder stones and 
 moist places, and in abundance in rotten willows in the winter. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Palpi with the fourth joint not thicker than the other 
 joints : antenna with the second joint shorter than the fourth : wings 
 two, generally complete : abdomen quadrate. 
 
 Genus 13. CALOSOMA. Web., Fabr., Latr., Clairv., Bonelli, 
 Panz., Leach. 
 Palpi moderate, with equal joints : lip with the tooth of its notch sim- 
 ple: antenna setaceous, straight: abdomen quadrate: wings two. 
 \Anterior tarsi of the male with the three first joints very much di- 
 lated.) 
 Sp. 1. Cal. Sycophanta. Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits Europe; and although rare in Britain, has several times been 
 taken near Dartmouth and Norwich. 
 
 Calosoma Inquisitor of Fabricius has been taken at Norwood in 
 June by Mr. D. Bydder and Mr. W. Weatherhead, and by Dr. Leach 
 near Tavistock in Devonshire; but it must be esteemed a rare Bri- 
 tish insect. It once occurred in great plenty near Windsor, on the 
 white-thorn hedges, feeding on the larva? of lepidopterous insects. 
 
 Genus 14. NEBRIA. Latr., Clairo., Bonel., Panz., Leach, Gyll. 
 Palpi moderately long : labial with equal joints : maxillary with the 
 fourth joint longer than the preceding : lip with the tooth of its notch 
 bifid : antenna linear straight : abdomen elongate, quadrate : wings 
 two: thorax trxijicate ; the basilar angle straight. (Anterior tarsi of 
 the male with their three first joints dilated.) 
 . Sp. 1. Neb. complanata. Leach. 
 Carabus complanatus. Xt«Ri. {PL d.fg. 18.) Carabus arenarius. Fair. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 147 
 
 Inhabits the sandy shores of the sea near Swansea beneatli drifted 
 wood, where it was first discovered by Sir J. Banks, and twenty 
 years after was Ukewise taken in great profusion by Dr. Leach. 
 
 The other British species are N. livida, N. brevicolHs, and N. Gyl~ 
 lenhalli. 
 
 Genus 15. LEISTUS. FroL, Clairv., Bond., Patiz. Pogonopuo- 
 Rus. Latr., Leach, Gijll. 
 
 Palpi elongate : labial with the third joint very long : Up with the 
 tooth of its notch bifid : antennce linear, deflexed : abdomen qua- 
 drate, oblong : wings two : thorax with the base truncate, the angles 
 straight : (mouth spinose : anterior tarsi of the male with the three 
 first joints dilated.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Leistus caruleus. Latr, 
 
 Carabus spinibarbis. Marsham. 
 
 Inhabits sandy situations, and under stones in May and June. 
 
 II. Anterior tibi<s emarginate within, or mth an elevated internal 
 spur. Elytra not truncate, most frequently covering the whole 
 abdomen. 
 
 A. Falpi elongate. Anterior tarsi of the male generally with only two 
 \ dilated joints. Thorax on each side rounded. (Palpi with the 
 
 last joint deeply truncate.) 
 
 Genus 16. PANAG^US. Latr., Clairv., Bonel, Panz., Leach j 
 Gyll. 
 Mandibles acute, simple : lip with the tooth of its notch bifid : neck 
 distinct : ?nouth acute : palpi with their fourth joint triangular : zvings 
 t\vo : thorax suborbiculate, entire : {anterior tarsi of the male with, 
 the two first joints penicillate-dilated.) 
 Sp. 1. Pan. Crux-major. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is rare, but is occasionally found at the 
 roots of trees, and in sandy situations. 
 
 Stir PS 3. — Mandibles obtuse or above towards their points emargi- 
 nate-truncate or with a large and very obtuse tooth : neck none : 
 mouth very obtuse : {body depressed.) 
 
 Genus 17. BADISTER. Clairv., Latr., Bonel, Panz., Leach. 
 Amblychus. Gyll. 
 Palpi with their last joint oval : thorajc anteriorly and posteriorly 
 notched : wings two. {Anterior tarsi of the male with the three first 
 joints dilated.) 
 Sp. 1. Bad. bipustulatus. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. In England it is found under stones, and in sandy 
 situations. 
 
 K 2 
 
148 MODERN StSTEM. 
 
 B. Falpi moderately porreded. Anterior tarsi of the male with 
 three or four dilated joints. (Neck none.) 
 
 * Anterior tibia: notched on their hinder or lozcer side. 
 
 Stirps 4. — -Wings two (habit of the Cicindelada). 
 
 Genus 18. NOTHIOPHILUS. Dmiiril, Bond., Panz., Leach. 
 
 Labrum quadrate, its apex rounded : labium on each side dilated round- 
 ed : lingula rather Ion?, broad, corneous : thorax flat, subquadrate, 
 subtransverse, as broad as the head and abdomen : eyes prominent : 
 zoings two. (^Anterior tarsi of the male not distinctly dilated.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Not. aquaticus. Panz. 
 
 Cicindela aquatica. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, and is very common in Britain. 
 
 Genus 19. ELAPIIRUS. Fahr., Latr., Bond., Ij-ach, &c. 
 
 Labrum transverse, truncate : lip on each side obliquely subtruncate : 
 lingula short, narrow, membranaceous : tliorax tnmcate-obcordate, 
 convex and unequal, narrower than the head and abdomen : eyes 
 very prominent. {Anterior tarsi of the male distinctly dilated.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Elaph. riparius. Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits the edges of ponds on Epping Forest, Coombe Wood, and 
 Battersea Fields. 
 
 Genus 20. BEMBIDTUM. Leach, Gyll. Bembidion. Latr., 
 lionel., Panz. Ocydromus. Prolich, Clairv. 
 Labrum transverse : thorax narrower than the abdomen, and as broad 
 as the head : eyes more or less prominent : wings two, generally per- 
 fect. (Anterior tarsi of the male with the first joint very much di- 
 lated.) Maxillary palpi with their last joint minute, abruptly nar- 
 rower than the preceding joint.' 
 Sp. 1. Bemb.Jlavipcs. Latr. 
 Inhabits sandy places, and roots of grass. 
 
 Genus 21. CILLENUS. Leach's MSS. 
 Labrum transverse : thorax narrower than the abdomen and as bros«l 
 
 as the head : eyes rather prominent : wings two, imperfect. Anterior 
 
 tarsi with the secoiid, third, and fourth joints transverse (of the 
 
 male wider than tliose of the female : body depressed.) 
 Sp. 1. cm. lateralis. Thorax purple bronze cordate with an impressed 
 
 longitudinal line : elytra livid purple striated, with some impressed 
 - discoidal punctures, the strias running together behind, margins of 
 
 tlic elytra inflexed, base of the anlennee and legs testaceous : head 
 
 piu'plish or greenish-bronze. 
 Inhabits the sea-shore. First discovered by Dr. Leach near Porto 
 
 Bello on the Frith of FortJi, and afterwards taken at Cvomei- iu 
 
 Norfolk, in great prolusion. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 149 
 
 ** Anterior tibia: notched on their interior side. 
 
 SiTiRPS 5. — Palpi with their fourtii joint -conic acute. 
 
 Genus 22. TRECHUS. Clairv., Latr., Bond., Panz., Leach. 
 IVings complete : thorax narrower behind, the hinder margin straight, 
 the angles subroundcd {anterior and middle turxi of the male with 
 the four first joints dilated). 
 This genus is very nearly allied to the insects of the next Stirps. 
 Sp. 1. Tr. mcridiumis. Clairv., Leach. 
 Inhabits the roots of grass and gardens. 
 
 Gen. 23. EPAPHIUS. Leach's MSS. 
 Ej/es moderately large : ziing.'i none : thorax narrower behind, with the 
 
 posterior margin straight, the angles acute, {/interior tarsi of the 
 
 male with two dilated joints.) 
 Sp. 1. Epa. seailis.. 
 Carabus secalis. Pai/k. 
 Inhabits Europe : it is rare m Britain. 
 
 Genus 24. AEPUS. Leach's MSS. 
 Ei/es very minute: icings none: thorax subtriangulate, the posterior 
 
 apex deeply truncate. 
 Sp. 1. Aep.fulvescens. Colour somewhat fulvescent; head and antennae 
 
 slightly tinted with ferruginecus. 
 Inhabits the southern coast of Devon, and is found under stones at 
 
 the mouths of the rivers Tamar and Yalm. 
 
 Stirps 6. — Palpi with their fourth joint truncate, never conic. {Tarsi 
 anterior and intermediate of the male with four dilated joints.) 
 
 Genus 25. HARPALUS. Latr., Bonel., Leach, Panz. 
 Palpi with their fourth j^oint oval : thorax subquadrate transverse, with 
 
 an impression on each side of its base : zvings two. 
 Sp. 1. Har. ruficornis. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits Europe. Is common in Britain, under stones and in sandy 
 
 situations. 
 
 Stirps T, — Palpi -with their fourth joint never conic: uings two: ti- 
 bice anterior, not palmate-dentated : mandibles short and simple : lip 
 with the tooth of its notch simple : thorax as broad as the base of 
 the abdomen : Bodj/ broad convex: antennce linear : ta7'si anterior of 
 the male with three dilated joints; intermediate ones simple. 
 
 Genus 26. ZABRUS. Clairv., Bonel., Pa?iz., Leach. 
 
 Palpi with their fourth joint shorter than the third : labrum emargi- 
 nate: anterior tibia at their extremities with a triple spur: tlnrax 
 quadrate^ with its base transversely subimpressed : budi/ gibbcus 
 oblong. 
 
 Sp. 1. Zab. gibbus. 
 
150 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Carabus gibbus. Fabr. Carabus gibbosus. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. Is found at the roots of grass in Battersea Fields. 
 
 Its natural history is given in Germar's Magazin der Eiitomologia 
 
 for 1813. 
 
 Genus 27. CODES. Bonelli, Panz., Leach. 
 
 Falpi with the third and fourth joints equal in length : lahrum entire : 
 anterior tibi^E at their extremity with a double spur : thorax broadest 
 at its base, not transversely impressed: bodj/ slightly-convex o's^al. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ood. helopoides. Panz. 
 
 Inhabits Germany, and England on moist banks: it is sometimes 
 found in Battersea Fields. 
 
 Stirps 8. — Palpi with their last joint never conic : uings two : tibiie 
 anterior not palmate-dentated : mandibles simple, or towards their 
 bases denticulated : Up with the tooth of the notch simple : thorax 
 obcordate, sessile, with the lateral impression obsolete or solitary : 
 body depressed : antenmc linear : tarsi of the male with three dilated 
 joints; intermediate tarsi simple. 
 
 Genus 28. LORICERA. Latr., Clairv., Bonel., Pan%.y Leach, 
 AntenneE setaceous, pilose, with the first five joints globose clavate ; 
 
 neck distinct. 
 Sp. 1. Lor. (znea. Latr., Leach. 
 Carabus pilicornis. Marsh. 
 Inhabits moist banks at the roots of grass. 
 
 Stirps 9. — Palpi with their last joint never conic: -wings two: tibi(e 
 anterior not palmate-dentate : mandibles simple, or towards their 
 bases denticulated : Up with the tooth of its notch simple : thorax 
 obcordate, sessile, with the lateral impression obsolete or solitary ; 
 body depressed : antenna linear : tarsi anterior of the male with 
 three dilated joints ; intermediate tarsi simple. 
 
 Genus 29. CALLISTUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach. 
 
 Palpi with their last joint oval, subacuminate and of the same length 
 with the third joint; labrum much notched, its base narrowed; tho- 
 rax convex punctate, the basal angles straight: body convex. 
 
 Sp. 1 . Cal. lunatus. 
 
 Caralnis lunatus. Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. It is very rare in Britain. 
 
 Genus SO. AGONUM. Bonelli, Panz., Leach. 
 
 Palpi with the last joint oval, truncate and of the same length with 
 the third joint ; labrum transverse, quadrate, entire : thorax flat, 
 smooth, the basal angles rounded : body depressed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ag. sex-punctatum. 
 
 Carabus sex-puactatus. Fabr. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 
 
 151 
 
 Inhabits moist places. In Coombe Wood it has been found very abun- 
 dant. {PL 3. Jig. 'M.) 
 
 Genus 31. SYNUCHUS. Gylknhall, Leach. 
 
 Intermediate palpi with tlieir last joint cylindric elongate, the apex trun- 
 cate; hinder palpi with their last joint thickened at their extremity, 
 the apex obliquely acuminated : thorax, labrwn, and body as in Agonimi. 
 
 Sp. 1. Sj/n. -civalis. 
 
 Carabus vivalis. Illig. 
 
 Inhabits 
 
 Genus 32. ANCHOMENUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach. 
 
 Palpi with their fourth oval, scarcely truncate, of the length of the 
 third joint : lubt^um quadrate, transverse entire : thorax flat, smooth, 
 the basal angles straight : body rather depressed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Anc. prasinus. 
 
 Harpalus prasinus. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits 
 
 SxiRPS 10. — Pa//^i with their last joint never conic: wings t\N'0 : tihi<e 
 anterior not palmate -dentate : mandibles simple, or towards their base 
 denticulated : lip with its notch-tooth bifid : thorax obcordate or sub- 
 orbiculate-sessile : body moderately or very much elongated : tarsi 
 anterior of the male with three or four dilated joints ; intermediate 
 tarsi simple. 
 
 * Antenna compressed, narrower towards their extremities {thorax 
 obsolete). 
 Genus 33. PLATYSMA. Boyielli, Panz., Leach. 
 
 Palpi with their fourth joint cylindric, its basfe attenuated ; those of 
 the maxillae with their fourth joint shorter than the preceding : tho- 
 rax with the base on each side with two strise, the exterior stria very 
 small : basal angles straight : {body depressed.) 
 
 Sp. 1. PL nigritum. 
 
 Carabus nigritus. Fabr. Carabus aterrimus. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits damp woods. 
 
 Genus 34. CHL^,NIUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach. 
 
 Palpi with the fourth joint oval, of the length of the third joint : tho- 
 rax with its base on each side with one stria : {body punctulate, va- 
 ried with colour; elytra generally with a pale margin.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Chl.festivus. 
 
 Carabus festivus. Fabr. Car. vestitus. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits moist banks and woods. 
 
 Genus 35. EPOMIS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach. 
 Palpi with their fourth joint triangular, compressed; maxillary ones 
 
 with their fourth joint shorter than the third : thorax with one stria 
 
 on each side of its base. 
 Sp. 1. Ep. cincta. 
 
152 MODERN SI'STEM. 
 
 Carabus rinctus. Fanz. 
 
 Inhalils the fields near Bristol and Plymouth. 
 ** Antennm linear. 
 Genus 36. SPHODRUS. Clairv., Bond., Panz., Lcnc/i. 
 Talpi with their fourth joint cylindric : labial attenuated at their base, 
 sliorter than the third : mandibles elongate : antenna with their third 
 joint elongate, as long as the two first taken together : thorax obcor- 
 date, the base on each side with one stria, the angles straight : {Tiings 
 sometimes abbreviated -.front tarsi of the male with fom- dilatedjoints.) 
 Sp. 1. Sph. planus. Clairv. 
 Carabus Icucophthalmus. Limit. 
 Inhabits houses. 
 
 Genus 37. AMARA. Bonclli, Fanzer, Leach. 
 Falpi with their fourth joint oval, of the length of the third : man- 
 dibles short: anfenntc with their third joint shorter than the first: 
 thora.i hroad, its base transversely impressed ; hinder angles straight. 
 This genus contains Carabus vulgaris of Linne, and its aflinities, 
 all of which have the fore tarsi of the male with three dilated joints. 
 
 *** Antenna: compressed, thicker toaards their extremities. Falpi 
 with their fourth joint elongate, oval, or subcj/lindric. 
 Genus 38. BLETIIISA. Bonelli, Fanz. Helobitm. Leach. 
 Max illcay palpi with the fourth shorter than the third joint: labrzim 
 emarginate : mandibles with their base subdenticulated : thorax ob- 
 cordate, the base on each side with one stria {elytra with large exca- 
 vated dots) : -anterior tibire with their notch near the apex : anterior 
 tarsi of the male with four dilated joints : uings perfect. 
 Sp. 1. Bk. multipiinctata. 
 Car. multipunctatus. Fabr. 
 Inhabits moist places ; it occurs occasionally in Battersea Fields, 
 
 Genus 39. CALATHUS. Bonelli, Fanz., Leach. 
 Maxillary palpi with the fourth joint of the length of the third: la-,, 
 brum entire : mandibles with their base multidentate : thorax trapezi- 
 _/ww, rather flat, behind on each side punctulate impressed : body 
 elliptic : wings generally abbreviated : anterior tarsi of the male witi^ 
 three dilated joints. 
 Sp. 1. Cal. cisteloides. Panz. 
 Caral)us cisteloides. Lllig. 
 Inhabits under stones and the bark of trees. 
 
 Genus 40. POECILLUS. Bonelli, Fanz., Leach. 
 Maxillary palpi \\i{\\ the first joint of the length of the third : labrum 
 truncate entire, or scarcely notched : mandibles with their base sub- 
 denticulated : thorax with its base narrower, with two strife on each 
 side, the exterior stria very small, or with obliterated impressed dots : 
 wings sometimes abbreviated : (anterior tarsi of the males with three 
 dilated joints.) 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 153 
 
 Sp. 1. Poe. cuprciis. 
 
 Carabiis cupreits. Li)i>ie. 
 
 Inliabils sund-pits and path-ways. 
 
 Stir PS 11. — Pa/pi M'itli their last joint never conic: rc'ings two: tibia; 
 anterior not pahnate-deutate : wamUbks sharp within or strongly 
 unidentatc : lip with the tooth of its notch simple : thorax obcor- 
 date, its base very narrow or pedunculated : hodi) convex most often 
 elongate : head large : t((rsi anterior of the male with three or four 
 dilated joints ; intermediate tarsi simple. 
 
 Genus 41. STOIMIS. Clairville, BonclU, Panz., Leach. 
 
 Mandibles very porrect without teeth internally, that of its right side 
 with its middle incised : palpi with the fourth joint oval, niaxiltory 
 ones with the fourth joint larger than the third: labruiii bilobatc: 
 lip on each side suhrounded : antenna longer than the thorax, the 
 third joint as long sts the fourth : thorax oblong : icings none: {<ndc- 
 rior tarsi of the male with three dilated joints.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Sto. pumieatus. 
 
 Carabus pumieatus. Jllig. Car. tenuis. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits moist banks at the roots of grass. 
 
 Genus 42. BROSCUS. Panzer, Leach. Cephalotes. Bonel/i. 
 
 Mandibles moderate, their middle internally with one tooth; labial 
 palpi with their fourth joint obconic; muxilla/y ones with the same 
 joint of the length ot the third, cylindric : labriim transversely qua- 
 drate, entire : lip rounded on each side: antennce as long as the tho- 
 rax, with the third joint as long as the fourth ; thorax with equal 
 diameters : wings perfect : {anterior tarsi of the male with three di- 
 lated joints.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Bros, cephalotes. 
 
 Carabus cephalotes. Tuhr. 
 
 Inhabits the sea shores near Swansea. 
 
 Stirps 12. — Palpi with their last joint never conic : wings two or 
 none : tibia anterior palmate dentate : thorax pedunculated : lip with 
 the tooth of its notch simple. 
 
 Genus 43. CLIVINA. JMtr., Clairv., Bond., Panz., J^cach. 
 
 Mandibles denticulated from their base to their apex : thorax quadrate : 
 anteror tibia externally and at their apex digitated : wings two, some- 
 times incomplete. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cli. Fossor. 
 
 Tenebrio Fossor. Linnc. Clivina arenaria. Latr. Carabus distans. Marsh, 
 
 Inhabits sandy situations. 
 
 Genus 44. DYSCHIRIUS. Panzer, Leach. 
 
 Mandibles denticulated at their base : thorax globose : anterior tibia 
 with their extremities (rarely also externally slightly) digitated : 
 wings two perfect. 
 
 Sp. 1. Di/s. gibbus. 
 
154 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Clivina gibVja. Lati'., Latch. 
 
 Inhabits moist places ; is pretty common at Battersea. 
 
 Stirps 13. — Palpi with their last joint oval, wings none : tibue ante- 
 rior not palmate-dentated : thora r sessile ; lip with the tooth of its 
 notch bitid : tibice of the third pair of legs behind spinulose : (elytra 
 with no impressed discoidal spots : anus in both sexes very smooth.) 
 
 * Antenna setaceous. 
 Genus 45. ABAX. Bonelli, Panzer, Leach. 
 
 Bod^ broad, equal depressed : elj/fra united, their shoulders carinate 
 pUcate : antcnnee rather longer than the thorax : thorax transversely 
 quadrate, the base on each side with two striae, the basal angles 
 straight : {anterior tarsi of the male with three dilated joints.) 
 
 Sp. 1. Ahax Striola. 
 
 Carabus Striola. Fabr. Car. depressus. Oliv. 
 
 Inhabits beneath the bark of trees and under stones. 
 
 Stirps 14. — Wings incomplete or none: tibix anterior simple: thorax 
 sessile : lip with the tooth of its notch simple and obtuse : (elytra 
 obliquely emarginate-truncate, without any larger impressed, dis- 
 coidal spots.) 
 
 Genus 46. CYMINDIS. Latr., Bond, Panz., Leach. Tarus. 
 Clairv. Cymidis. Gi/ll. 
 
 Lahrum subquadrate, emarginate : maxillary palpi with the fourth joint 
 rounded oval, of the labial palpi compressed, its apex more or less 
 dilated : wings none, or very imperfect. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cyni. humerulis. 
 
 Carabus humeralis. Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits moist banks. 
 
 III. Anterior tibice notched at their infernal side before the apex, Elif- 
 ti'a abruptly truncated, shorter than the abdomen. Wings com- 
 plete in both sexes. 
 Stirps 15. — Palpi short filiform : lip with its notch simple, or with a 
 bifid tooth : mandibles dentate at their base : palpi with their fourth 
 joint deeply truncate : thorax oblong : body convex : wings two or 
 none : neck none : labrum transverse ; tarsi with their fourth joints 
 simple. 
 
 Genus 47. BRACHINUS. Fahr., Bond., Clmrv., Latr., Pan:., 
 Schonh., Leach. 
 Lip with the tooth of its notch wanting : labrum not or scarcely emar- 
 ginate : labial palpi with their fourth joint rounded, oval : elytra 
 slightly truncated : legs moderately long : wings two. 
 Sp. 1. Bra. crepitans. Fabr. 
 Carabus crepitans. Linne, Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits under stones, near Gravesend in profusion, and occasionally 
 beneath clods of earth in ploughed fields in May. {PL 5. Jig. 19.) 
 
CLASS Y. ixsrcTA. 155 
 
 Stirps 16. — Palpi short, filiibrni, the fourth joint truncate, with the 
 tooth of its notch acute : mandibles without teeth : thorax transverse : 
 bodif depressed, hroad : rcings two : neck none : labrtuii entire. 
 
 Genus 48. LAMPRIAS. Bonelli, Pan.z. Echimltiius. J^acfi. 
 
 Tarsi with their fourtli joint simple: antennte hnear: ztitigs short. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lam. cyanocepliah. Intense blue-green; first joint of the an- 
 tenna", thorax, thighs, and tibiae red ; elytra with punctured stria^, 
 the spaces between the strise punctured ; knees black. 
 
 Carabus cyanocephalus. Linni, Sc/wn/ier. Echimuthns cyanocophalns. 
 Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe: is very rare in Britain, where it was first discovered 
 by Dr. Leach. 
 
 iSp.2. Lam. chlorocephala. Intense green ; the three first joints of the 
 antenniE, thorax, and legs red ; elytra with punctured stria^, the 
 spaces between the striae very obsoletely and irregularly punctu- 
 lated ; tarsi black. 
 
 Carabus cyanocephalus. Mursliam. 
 
 Inhabits the broom and under the bark of trees. It is very abundant 
 occasionally in Coombe Wood, near London, and is not imcommon 
 in other parts of Britain : — it has been considered as L. cijanoccphula 
 by all British collectors. 
 
 Genus 49. LEBIA. Latr., Bonelli, Panz., Leach. 
 Tai'si with their fourth joint bifid : (intciuuc more slender at their base : 
 
 wings long. The palpi of this genus arc scarcely truncate, 
 Sp. 1. Leh. Crux-ininw. 
 Carabus Crux-minor. Linni. 
 Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is very rare. 
 
 Stirps 17. — Palpi short, filiform : lip with the tooth of its notch 
 acute : mandibles dentatcd at their bases : palpi with their fourth 
 joints scarcely truncated; ^7io;-«.r with subequal diameters, or longer 
 than broad ; bodij depressed, flat, narrow ; zoings t\vo : lubriun emar- 
 ginate. 
 
 Genus 50. DROMIUS. Bonelli, Leach. 
 Tarsi with their fourth joint simple : head not remarkably produced 
 behind : thorax obcordate, margined flat, a little broader than long, 
 Sp. 1. L)ro. quadrimaculatus. 
 Lebia 4-maculata. Latr. 
 Inhabits beneath the bark of trees during the winter months. ' 
 
 Genus 51. DEMETRIAS. Bonelli. Risophilus. Leach. 
 Tarsi with the fourth joints bifid : head behind very much produced : 
 thorax rather longer than broad, obcordate, margined, narrower than 
 the head. 
 
156 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. J)era. atricapilla. Body pale yellowish : head black : mouth and 
 thorax reddish : elytra very obsoletely striated : wings elongated ; 
 epigastrium and base of the belly fuscous. 
 
 Lebia atricapilla. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits beneath the bark of trees. 
 
 Sp, 2. Dan. monostigma. Body pale yellowish : head black : thorax 
 reddish : elytra obsoletely striated, towards their tips with one fus- 
 cous spot : wings abbreviated. 
 
 Risophilus monostigma. Leach. 
 
 Iiiliabits Europe amongst the roots of plants. It is very common near 
 Swansea. 
 
 Genus 52. ODACANTIIA. Fahr., Latr., Bond., Chiirv., Panz., 
 Leach, Gyll. 
 T«ra with their fourth joint simple: head hc^h\vA much produced: 
 
 tkorar oblong, subcylindric, narrower than the head. 
 Sp. 1. Odacantha nielayiura. 
 Attelabus melanurus. Linnc. 
 Inhabits marshes in Norfolk and near Swansea. 
 
 Stirps 18. — Palpi very much elongated, the fourth joint with its apex 
 dilated ; lip with the tooth of its notch bifid : labrnm trilobate, the 
 middle lobe largest : mandibles very prominent: (jnaxilla; with a very 
 thin perpendicular claw : tar&i with the fourth joint bifid : neck di- 
 stinct.) 
 
 Genus 53. DRYPTA. Latr., Fahr., Bonel, Pajiz., Leach. Cara- 
 Bus. Rossi, Marsh. Cicindela. 0/(17. 
 Thorax cylindric : head narrowed or lengthened behind : mandihles 
 much elongated and very jirominent: exterior maxillary and labial 
 palpi terminated by a large nearly obconic joint, (maxillary ones 
 iiuich lengthened :) lip elongate linear, with two auricles. 
 Sp. 1. Dryp.emurginata. Blue, punctate, villose : mouth, antenna^, and 
 feet red: thorax with an impressed longitudinal line; elytra with 
 punctured stria- ; apex of the first and middle of the third joint of 
 the antennae brown. 
 Drypta emargiimta. Fahr. Latr. Gen. Criist. ct Insect, i. 197. tub. 7, 
 jig. 3. Leach, Edin. Fncycl. ix. 81. Carabus chrysostomus. Mursham, 
 Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is rare ; but has been taken near Hast- 
 ings and Favcrsham. 
 
 Fam. III. Dyticid.e. Leach. 
 Hydrocanthari. Latreille. 
 Dyticus. Geoffror/. 
 Dytiscus. Linnc, &c. 
 
 All the Dyticidie inhabit the water, both in the state of lar\"6e 
 
CT.ASS V. INSF.CTA. 1 57 
 
 and when perfect, living on other insects. The anterior and middle 
 tarsi in some of the genera have but four joints. 
 
 A. With a scittcUum, feet formed for zcalking: tarsi, the whole of 
 
 ihc/ii xcitli five joints ; cUncs didactyle. 
 
 SriRPSyl. — Hinder thighs covered at their base -with a shield-shaped plate. 
 
 Genus 34. IIALIPLUS. Latr., Gi/IL, Leach. Cj;bmidotus. Tllig- 
 IIoPLiTUS. Clairv. 
 
 " * Bodj/ oblong oval. FJi/tra zcith elevated ridges." I^each. 
 
 iMbial and external maxillari/ palpi subulate. 
 Sp. 1. Hal. clevatus. Panz. 
 Inhabits running streams. 
 
 " ** Body oval. Elytra striated." Leach. 
 
 Sp. 2. Hal. ferrugineus. Linne. 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches- 
 
 Stirps 2. — Hinder thighs without the shield at their base: {eyes pro- 
 minent.) 
 
 Genus 55. P7EL0BIUS. Schunherr, Leach. Hyguobia. Latredk. 
 HvDRACHNA. Fabr. 
 
 External maxillary palpi with the last joint subclavate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ptf/. Hernianni. Black : head, transverse band on the tlioiax, 
 base and border of the elytra and feet lerrugineous. {PI. 3. fig. 14.) 
 
 Dytiscus Ilermanni. Marsh., Oliv. 
 
 Inhabits ponds. The last segment of the abdomen when rubbed 
 against the elytra produce a noise. 
 
 B. Scutellum none. Feet, hinder ones, for the inost jxtrt formed for 
 
 sicinimiiig. 
 
 Stirps 3. — ^The four anterior tarsi with four, the two posterior with 
 five joints. 
 
 Genus 5G. IIyphydrus. Latr., Gyll., IlUg-, Schmh., Leach. 
 Body nearly globose ; the four anterior tarsi with the last joint short ; 
 
 the hinder feet witli but one claw. 
 Sp. 1. Hyp. ovatus. Obscure, ferrugineous, inipunctate; the base of 
 
 the elytra with an impression at the base of the suture. 
 Dytiscus ovatus. Linnc. 
 Inhabits ponds. 
 
 Genus 57. HYDROPORUS. Clairville, Leach. IIypiitdrus. 
 Illig.f Sch'unh., Gyll. 
 ■ Body oral ; the breadth exceeding the height : the four anterior t<usi 
 with four joint?, the last joint slender ; cUms didactyle. 
 
158 MODERN SYSTiEir, 
 
 * 3o(ly elongated. 
 Sp. 1. Hifp. 12-puslulatus. 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches. 
 
 ** Bocii/ oval. 
 Sp. 1. Hi/p. cnnjluens. 
 Dytiscus confluens. Marsham. 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches. 
 
 Stirps 5. — All the tarsi with live articulations. 
 
 Genus 58. NOTERUS. Cluirv., Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna: with a fifth or seventh joint dilated : hinder feet but slightly 
 
 adapted for swimming. 
 Sp. 1. Not. Geerii. Oval, convex, brown : head and thorax ferrugine- 
 
 ous : elytra sprinkled with impressed dots : antennae of the male 
 
 thick. 
 Dytiscus crassicornis of authors. Dytis clavicornis. De Gcer. 
 Inliabits stagnant waters. 
 
 Sp. 2. Not. sparsus. Elytra with impressed dots. 
 Dytiscus sparsus. Marsli., i. -130. 
 Inhabits stagnant waters near London. 
 
 Genus 59. LACCOPIIILUS. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vol. ix. 
 Antenna with the joints simple : hinder feet well adapted for swim- 
 ming. 
 Sp. 1. Lac. hyalinus. 
 
 Inhabits canals and slowly running waters. 
 Sp. 2. Lac. minutus. Greenish-testaceous : legs yellowish. 
 Dytiscus minutus. Linne, Marsh., Gyll. 
 Inhabits stagnant waters. 
 
 C. With a scutellum : hinder feet compressed and formed for swim" 
 ming: all the tarsi with five articulations. 
 
 Stirps G. — Tibi(S posterior elongated : claios on the hinder feet didac- 
 tyle. 
 
 Genus 60. COLYMBETES. Clairvillc, Lair., Leach. 
 External maxillary palpi Wi\h the second and tliird joint equal; fourth 
 
 long, obtuse at the apex. 
 Sp. 1. Col. striatus. 
 Inhabits stagnant waters. 
 Sp. 2. Col. maculatus. {PL 3. fg. 15.) 
 Inhabits ditches. 
 
 Genus 61. IIYDATICUS. Leach, Edinh. Encycl. vol. ix. 
 External maxillary palpi with the second joint short, third and fourth 
 long but equal and subulated : anterior tarsi of the male patelliform ; 
 female with tlie thorax rough on both sides : elytra smooth. 
 
ei.ASS V. INSECTA, 
 
 159 
 
 Sp. 1. Hi/d. Hyhnerl Black; front and margin of the thorax ferrugine- 
 
 Qus, margins of the elytra yellow witli black spots. 
 Dytiscus parapleurus. Marsh. 
 Inhabits ponds : is of rare occurrence near London. 
 
 Genus 62. ACILIUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 
 External waxillary palpi with the second joint obconic, third elongate 
 
 obconic, fourtli longer, nearly cylindrical, and rounded at its apex. 
 
 Anterior tarsi of the male patelliforra : elj/tra of the female sulcated. 
 Sp. 1. Ac. sulcalus. 
 Dytiscus sulcatus of authors. 
 Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters, and is verj' common. 
 
 Genus G3. DYTICUS. Geoff., Illig., Leach. Dytiscus. Linnt, 
 Fabr., Latr., Marsh. 
 
 External maxillary palpi with tlie third and following joint of equal 
 length ; the last gradually increasing from the middle : anterior tarsi 
 of the male patelliform : {PI. 3. Jig. 13. a.) elytra of the female sul- 
 cated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Dj/t. marginalis. Ovate, olive-black above, luteous red beneath; 
 tlie scutellum of the same colour with the elytra: clypeus, whole 
 margin of the thorax, and border of the elytra, red clay-colour; bi- 
 furcature of the sternum lanceolate. {PI. 3. Jig. 13. c.) 
 
 Inhabits Europe, In Britain it is common in ponds at all seasons of 
 the year. 
 
 Dytiscus circumflexus of Fabricius is abundant in the ponds near 
 London. It is distinguished from marginalis by its more elongate 
 shape, by the bifurcate process of the sternum being spine-shaped, 
 and by the colour of the scutellum, which is invariably ferruginous. 
 {PI. 3. fig. 13. b. sternum) 
 
 Fam. IV. Gyrinid.i. Leach. 
 
 Internal maxillary palpi composed of one part: antenna very short: 
 eyes divided so as to appear as four : four hinder feet compressed, fo- 
 liaceous, formed for swimming. 
 
 Genus 64. GYRINUS. Linn., Fair , Latr., Gyll, Leach. 
 " * Elytra naked, zoith punctured strice." Leach. 
 Sp. 1. Gyr. Natator. Oval: elytra with punctured striae; the inflexed 
 margin testaceous. {PI. Q. fig. 2. a. antenna magnified, b. the hitidcr 
 leg magnfied.) 
 Inhabits stagnant waters. 
 
 « *■* Elytra stnooth, viliosc." Leach, 
 Sp. a. Gyr. villosus. Fabr., Gyll. 
 Gyrinus Moderii. Mursham. 
 Inhabits rivers and running water?. 
 
160 MODERN SYSTEM- 
 
 Fam. V. BupRESTiADx. Leach. 
 
 Mandibles with their extremities entire : antenna filiform or setaceous, 
 often pectinated or serrated : bodj/ convex. 
 I. Valpi filiform. 
 Genus G6. BUPRESTIS. Linn., Fubr., Latr., Marsh., Leach. 
 
 Antenna filiform, serrated in both sexes : thorax with the hinder mar- 
 gin ai)plicd to the base of the elytra : bodi/ cylindric linear. 
 
 Sp. 1. Bup. biguttata. Green above, blue-green beneath; scutellum 
 transversely impressed : apex of the elytra serrated ; a white villosc 
 spot on each side of the sutin-c, and three on the sides of the ab- 
 domen. 
 
 Buprestis biguttata. Fahr., Oliv., Marsh., Latr., Leach. 
 
 inhabits France and Germany. In England it is very "rare. 
 
 Sp. 2. Bup. viridis. (PI. 3. fig. 9. a. antenna; magnified.) 
 
 Inhabits the birch and nut-tree. 
 
 Genus 66. TRACIIYS. Fahr., Gi/ll, Leach. 
 Antenna serrated and filiform : thoi-ax with the hinder inargin lobccl 
 
 and applied to the base of the elytra : scutellum obsolete : bodij short, 
 
 ovate or triangular. 
 Sp. 1. Tra. minuta. Coppery-brown above; front impressed: elytra 
 
 with slightly elevated spaces and transverse undulating bands of 
 
 white hair. 
 Buprestis mimita. Linn., Marsh.. Latr. Trachys minuta. Oi/IL, Fubr., 
 
 Leach. 
 Inhabits the birch and nut-tree in June and. July. 
 
 Genus 67. APHANISTICUS. Lair., Leach. 
 Antenna massive. 
 
 Sp. 1. Aph. emarginatus. Latr., Leach, 
 Buprestis emarginatus. Fahr. 
 Inhabits France and England. 
 
 II. Palpi terminated by a thick joint. 
 Genus 68. MELASIS. Oliv., Fahr., Latr., Leach. Elater. Linn. 
 
 Td^i with entire joints. * 
 
 Sp. 1. Mel.flabellicornis. Obscure blackish : antenna-, tibia?, and tarsi 
 red-brown : head punctate ; thorax rough, with elevated punctures, 
 having an impressed dorsal line: elytra finely rugulose and striated. 
 
 Elater buprcstoides. Linn. Melasis flabcllicornis. Oliv., Panz., Fahr., 
 Leach. Melasis buprcstoides. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits Germany and the south of France. In England it has been 
 pnce taken by Mr. J. Curtis, of Norwich, an excellent artist and an 
 industrious entomologist; and several times near Windsor, where i^ 
 was first observed by Mr. Herschcl. 
 
CLASS V. INSr.CTA. 
 
 mi 
 
 Fam. VI. ElateridvE. Leach. 
 
 Falpi thick at their extremities : antenna filiform : hodi/ formed for 
 leaping : hinder thighs with a trochanter. 
 
 Genus 69. CERATOPHYTUM. Leach. Cerophytum, Lutr. 
 Mandibles without notch at their extremities : tarsi with their last 
 
 joint but one bifid. 
 Sp. 1. Cer. LatreiUii. Leach. 
 Cerophytum Elateroides. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits Germany, Switzerland, France, and England. In the latter 
 
 country it was discovered by Mr. Millard in the New Forest, Hants. 
 
 Obs. — Latreille referred this genus to the preceding family (as a sec- 
 tion of his family Sterroxi); but it has been referred to the Elate- 
 rida by Dr. Leach in his MSS. 
 
 Genus 70. ELATER of authors. 
 Mandibles notched or bifid at tiieir extremities : tarsi with all their 
 joints entire. 
 
 This genus should be divided into several others, but the charac- 
 ters have not yet been developed. They may be divided into the 
 following sections, as given by Latreille in his Genera Crustaceortim 
 et Insect or um. 
 
 * The last joint of the antenna zcith the apex so ubritptly acuminated 
 as to give tlte appearance of a twelfth joint. 
 
 Sp. 1. Elat. fen-ugineus. Antennas serrated ; colour black : thorax with 
 the exception of the hinder margin and elytra red, finely pimctated, 
 pubescent : elytra with punctured strife. 
 
 Elater ferrugineus. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Panz., Marsh., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits rotten trees, especially willows. In Britain it is very rare. It 
 sometimes occurs in Kent; varies in size and colour. In Dr. Leach's 
 collection (now in the British Museum) is a variety with the thorax 
 entirely black. 
 
 ** Last joint of the antenna oval or oblong, not abruptlij acuminate. 
 
 I. Body not linear, but three times as long as broad ,• abdomen oblong~ 
 triangulate. 
 
 A. Antenna {of the male at least) pectinated or serrated. 
 
 Sp. 2. Flat, castaneus. Antennae of the male pectinated, colour black : 
 head and thorax red-tomentose : elytra yellow punctate-striated : 
 apex black. 
 
 Elater castaneus. Linn., Fabr., Panz., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits 
 
162 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 B. Antenna simple : joints conic. 
 
 Sp. 3. Elat. murinus. Black-fuscous, clouded with cinereous down ; tho- 
 rax bituberculate : antennae and tarsi red. 
 Elatcr murinus. Linii., Fahr., Marsh., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. Is common on thistles, willows, and under stones 
 in sandy situations. 
 
 II. Body linear, nearly four times longer than broad: thorax oblong- 
 qnadrate. 
 Sp. 4. Hilat. marginatus. Black : front retusc : antennce, sides of the 
 thorax, feet, anus, and hinder margins of the abdominal segments, 
 brownish-yellow; suture and outer margin of the elytra black. 
 Elatcr marginatus. Linn., Fahr., Oliv., Marsh., Leach. 
 Inhabits various herbaceous plants in tields. 
 
 Plate 3. represents fig. 7, Elater seneus, Linn., E. cyaneus, Marsh. — 
 fig. 6. E. semiruber, Hoff'mannsegg's MSS. a species very common in 
 the New Forest, Hampshire; and has, together with many other 
 species, been confounded under the general name sangnirieiis. 
 
 Fam. VII. Telephoeid^. Leach. 
 
 Tarsi with the last joint but one bifid: ajitennce filiform, composed of 
 ten joints : elytra soft, flexible : thorax nearly quadrate or semicir- 
 cular. 
 
 Genus 71. DASCILLUS. Latr. Atopa. Paykull, Fahr., Leach. 
 
 CiiRYSOMELA. Linn. Crioceris. Marsh. Cistela. Olivier. 
 
 Maxillary palpi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric : labial palpi 
 
 not bifurcate : body ovate : feet simple. 
 Sp. 1. Das. cervinn. Black, with cinereous down: antennae, feet and 
 
 elytra, pale yellow. 
 Chrysomela cervina. Linn. Atopa cervina. Payk., Fubr., Leach. Das- 
 
 cillus cervinus. Latr. 
 Inhabits hedges and woods. 
 
 Genus 72. ELODES. Latr. Cyphon. Fabr., Payk., Gyll., Leach. 
 
 Mamillary palpi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric: labial palpi 
 bifurcate : body sub-ovate or round-ovate : feet with their tibiae sim- 
 ple, and their thighs not thickened. 
 
 Sp. 1. El. pallida. Sub-ovate, palc-rcd, punctulated, pubescent: eyes, 
 antennas (with the exception of their base), apex of the elytra, and 
 abdomen, blackish : thorax somewhat semicircular, transverse, lo- 
 bate behind. 
 
 Elodes pallida. Latr. Cyphon pallidus. Fabr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits the white-thorn and umbelliferous plants. 
 
CLASS V. INSF.CT/V. 163 
 
 Genus 73. SCIRTES. Jlliger, Leach. Cyphox. Payk., Fahr. 
 Elodes. Lair. Chrysomela. Linn., Mar.f/i. 
 Maxillary palpi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric: labial palpi 
 
 bifurcate: body ovate, inclining to round, convex : feet with their ti- 
 
 biiB terminated with a strong spine : hinder thighs thickened and 
 
 formed for leaping. 
 Sp. 1. Scir. hcmisphtcrica. Black, smooth: thorax short, transverse, 
 
 anterior margin somewhat concave : tibial tarsi, and base of the an- 
 
 tenna^ pale fuscous. 
 Cy])hon hemispharicus. Fabr., Fayk. Elodes hemispha:rica. Latr. 
 
 Chrysomela hemisphterica. Marsh. 
 Inhabits aquatic plants in ditches. 
 
 Genus 74. DRTLUS. Oliv., Lam., Lair. Ptilinus. Fuhr.,G£off. 
 Cantiiaris. Marsh. 
 
 Maxillary palpi with their apex acute ; labial short, somewhat cylin- 
 dric : antenna with their internal edge pectinated : muxillce with one 
 process : mandibles notched at their points : body soft, anteriorly ar- 
 cuate, inflexed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Dri. Jlavescens. Black, pubescent : elytra yellowish. 
 
 Drilus flavescens. Oliv., Latr., Leach. Cantharis serraticornis. Mar- 
 sham. 
 
 InhfAiits Europe. Is found in Darent Wood, Kent, amongst grass in 
 tolerable abundance, some years. 
 
 Genus 75. LYCUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Cantiiaris. i«n«. 
 Lampyris. Geojf., Marsh. 
 
 Mandibles with their entire end pointed : antcnn(E compressed, more or 
 less serrate, inserted near each other : palpi of the maxillae with the 
 last joint somewhat triangular, having their points broader: head 
 with the mouth produced into a kind of rostrum : maxilla with one 
 process : elytra nearly of equal breadth : thorax somewhat quadrate, 
 the anterior margin transverse, straight. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ly. minutus. Elytra with four elevated lines: thorax black, with 
 the margins much elevated; last joint of the antennse reddish. 
 
 Lycus minutus. Gyll. Lampyris pusilla. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits oaks and hedges ; is rare in England. 
 
 Genus 76. LAMPYRIS of authors. 
 
 Mandibles pointed at their tips, sharp, and entire : antenna approximate, 
 the joints cylindric and compressed, the third of the same length as 
 the following joints, the second small : head concealed by the tho- 
 rax: mouth small: maxilla with a double process : maxillary palpi 
 with the last joint triangular-ovate, compressed, the apex acute : 
 eyes very large : body soft, of the male with elytra and wings ; of the 
 female apterous: ^/(07-«.i- semicircular. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lam. nocliluca. Common Glow-worm. {PI. 2. Jig. 1. ^ -fig- '2. $ . 
 
 L 2 
 
164 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 77. TELEPHORUS. Schaf., Be Geer, Leach, Oliv., Lam., 
 Latr. Cantharis. Linn., Fabr., Marsh., Gyll. 
 
 Mayidihles with their apex acute and entire: antenna distant: joints cy- 
 lindric, elongate: maxilla bifid: body soft: palpi with their last joint 
 securiform : elytra the length of the abdomen. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tel. fuscus. Cinereous-black : mouth, base of the antenna^, 
 thorax, back of the abdomen, sides of the belly and anus, red : tho- 
 rax with a black spot. (PI. 3. Jig. 4.) 
 
 Cantharis fusca. Linn., Fabr. Telephorus fuscus. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits various plants in the spring and beginning of summer. 
 
 Genus 78. MALTHINUS. Latr., Leach. Caxtiiaris. Linn., 
 Fabr., Marsh. Telephorus. Oliv., De Geer. 
 
 Antenna distant, joints elongate, cylindric: maxilla bifid: mandibles with 
 their points entire and very sharp : body soft : palpi with their last 
 joint ovate, acute : elytra shorter than the abdomen : head attenuated 
 behind more or less. 
 
 §iY.\.Mal.Jlavns. Head much attenuated behind : thorax not broader 
 than long, margined all round, the middle longitudinally impressed : 
 body yellowish : antennje (base excepted), vertex, and dorsal mark 
 of the thorax blackish : elytra with punctured stride, yellow at their 
 points. 
 
 Telephorus minimus. Oliv. Malthinus flavus. Latr, 
 
 Inhabits the oaks of England and France. 
 
 Fam. VIII. Melyrid.e. Leach. 
 
 Tai^si with the last joint but one bifid : mandibles notched : maxilla bi- 
 fid: antenna filiform, composed often joints: elytra soft, flexible: 
 thorax quadrate or semicircular. 
 
 Genus 79. DASYTES. Payk., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Melyris. 
 Olivier, Lam., Illig. Tillus. Marsh. 
 
 Head somewhat transverse, retracted within the thorax, even to the 
 eyes: taj-si with nails apparently bifid: antenntg with short turbi- 
 nated joints nearly as broad as long: lip with the apex deeply 
 notched, almost bifid : body without papillse. 
 
 Sp. 1. Das. ater. Oblong, black, widely punctate, hairy, the hairs 
 black and cinereous : head with a double impression in front, which 
 is ovate and roughish. 
 
 Dasytes ater. Latr., Fabr. Melyris ater. Olivier. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, amongst grass and moss. 
 
 Genus 80. MALACHIUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Can- 
 tharis. Linn., Marsh. Telephorus. Schaff., De Geer. 
 Head somewhat transverse, retractile even to the eyes within the tho- 
 rax: tarsi with apparently bifid nails: antenna with conic or cylin- 
 dric-conic joints, longer than broad, in some few pecthuited : labiimi 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 165 
 
 with apex entire or scarcely notched : body with two papillae on each 
 sitle, one under the anterior angle of the thorax, the other at the 
 base of the abdomen, 
 l^p. 1. Mai. (Liieus. Brassy-green: head anteriorly red-yellowish : elytra 
 blood-red, with the base and half the suture brassy-green. {PL 3. 
 
 fg- 5.) 
 Malachius aeneus. Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Gyll., Leach. Cantharis aenea, 
 
 Linn., Marsh. 
 Inhabits various plants. 
 
 Fam. IX. TiLLiD.iL. Leach. 
 
 Antenna thicker at their extremities, serrated in some, solid in others : 
 elytra covering the whole abdomen : body cylindric : thorax narrov/ 
 behind. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Tarsi with first joint very distinct, longer than the pre- 
 ceding joint. 
 
 Genus 81. TILLUS. OVvo., Fabr., Marsh., Latr., Leach. Chry- 
 soMELA. Linnaus. Clerus. Fabr., Oliv. 
 'Maxillary palpi filiform : labial palpi securiform, nearly completely fer- 
 rated : thorax cylindric or somewhat cordate. 
 
 * Thorax cylindric. 
 
 8p. 1. Til. clongntus. Black, villous: thorax red, black before. 
 
 Tillus elongatus. Fabr., Oliv., Marsh., Latr. Chrysomela elongata. 
 
 Limi. 
 Inhabits oaks in June. 
 
 T. ambidans of Marsham is a mere variety of this species. 
 
 ** Thorax subcordute. 
 
 Sp. 2. Til. nnifasciatus. Black, pubescent : elytra red at their base, with 
 
 a white transverse band in the middle. 
 Clerus imifasciatus. Fabr., Oliv. Tillus nnifasciatus. Latr. 
 Inhabits England. 
 
 Genus 8'2. THANASIMUS. Latr., Leach. Clerus. Geof, Be 
 
 Gccr, Fabr., Oliv. Attelabus. LJnn. Cleroides. Schaffer. 
 
 Mavillary palpi filiform : labial palpi securiform : antenna with their 
 
 extremities thick and not serrated : thorax somewhat cordate. 
 Sp. 1. Tha. formicarius. Black: thorax and base of the elytra red: ely- 
 tra with two transverse bands. 
 Attelabus formicarius. Linn. Clerus formicarius. Fabr., Oliv., Marsh. 
 Inhabits trees in Europe. 
 
 Stirps "2. — Tarsi -w'wh the first joint very short, the upper part con- 
 cealed by the base of the second articulation. 
 
166 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 83. OPILUS. Latr., Leach. Eupociis. Illiger, 
 
 Palpi securiform: antenncE with the ninth and tenth joints obconic, the 
 last oval, obUquely truncate : eyes not notched: thorax conic-cyUn- 
 dric, narro\yer behind. 
 
 Sp. 1. Op. mollis. Fuscous, villous : base and apex of the elytra and 
 a middle transverse band with the under parts of the thighs yellow- 
 ish gray. Abdomen red. (P/. 12. fg. 1.) 
 
 Notoxus mollis. Fabr. Clerus mollis. Oliv., Marsh. Attelabus mollis. 
 Linn. Opilus mollis. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees and in the wood of decayed 
 willows, eating the larvae of other insects. 
 
 Genus 84. NECROBIA. Lair., Oliv., Leach. Dermestes. Linn. 
 Clerus. Geoff., De Geer, Marsh. Cory^etes. Paykull, Fabr. 
 Palpi terminated by an obconic joint: antenna with the three last 
 joints forming an oblong triangulate mass, obtuse both externally 
 and internally. 
 Sp. 1. Nee. rvficoUis. Blue-black: thorax and base of the elytra red. 
 Dermestes ruficollis. Linn. Corynetes ruficoUis. Fabr. 
 Inhabits Europe, feeding on decayed animal substances. 
 
 Fam. X. SiLPHiAD.?;. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. ~ 
 
 Antenna gradually thickening towards their extremities, or terminated 
 by a solid or perfoliate club : eh/fra covering the greater portion of 
 the abdomen: boJj/ oval or parallelopiped. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Palpi very distinct: mandibles with their apex entire. 
 
 Genus 85. NECIIOPHAGUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Sil- 
 PHA. Linn., Dc Geer, Marsh. Dermestes. Geoff. 
 
 Antenna not much longer than the head, terminated abruptly in a per- 
 foliated knob : elyt)-a truncated in a straight line, the external mar- 
 gin not channelled or keeled : boclij long quadrate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Necr. spinipes. Black: antcnns ferruginous at their points: ely- 
 tra with their external margin and a double transverse undulated 
 band of orange: trochanters of hinder thighs produced into a spine, 
 
 Sp. 2. Necr. Vespillo. {PL 2. fig. 6. a. antenna magiiified.) 
 
 Inhabits putrid fungi and dead animals. 
 
 Genus 86. NECRODES. Wilkinss MSS. Leach. 
 
 Bodrj elongate oval : thorax orbicular : apex of the elytra obliquely trun^ 
 cate: hinder thighs of the male thicker than the rest. 
 
 Sp. 1. Necr. littoralis. Black : antennce with the three last joints ferru- 
 ginous : elytra with three elevated lines, the two external ones con- 
 nected by a tubercle: hinder tibicc of the male arcuate: the thighs 
 toothed. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA- 167 
 
 Silpha littoralis. Linn., Fair., Lair., Oliv., Mursh. 
 Inhabits dead bodies, on the banks ol" rivers or on the shores of the 
 sea. 
 
 Genus 87. OICEOPTOINIA. Leach. 
 Body oval : thorar nearly semicircular, transverse, emarginale befoijp : 
 antennm with the club abrupt, distinct : eli/tra whole (female in ge- 
 neral emarginale). 
 
 * Eli/tra whole in both sexes. 
 Sp. 1. Oic. thoracica. Black: thorax unequal, ferruginous, somewhat 
 
 silky : each elytron with three elevated lines. 
 Silpha thoracica. Linn., Fabr., Lcitr., Marsh. 
 Inhabits Europe, in dead animals and putrid fungi. 
 
 ** Elytra of the female icith the apex emarginated. 
 Genus Thanatophilus. Leach. 
 Sp. 1. sinuata — Silpha sinitata. Fabr., &c. 
 
 Genus 88. SILPHA. Linn., Leach, Fabr., Latr., Marsh. 
 " * Elytra zcith elevated lines." 
 Body oval : thorax nearly semicircular, truncate in front : antenna with 
 
 a gradually formed club. 
 Sp. 1. Sd. obscura. Black, dull above, finely punctate, shining beneath : 
 thorax smoothly punctate, the punctures small and close. Each 
 elytron with three elevated straight lines. 
 Silpha obscura. Linn., Latr., Marsh. 
 Inhabits Europe. Is very common under stones and on pathways in 
 
 the spring and summer. 
 Sp. '2. Sil. quudrimaculata. {PL 2.fg. 7. a. antennte magnified.) 
 Inhabits oaks. 
 
 " «* Elytra smooth:' 
 
 Sp. 3. Silpha lavigata. Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits pathways in sandy situations. 
 
 Genus 89. PHOSPHUGA. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 
 
 Body oval or nearly rounded : thorax semicircular, anterior part trun- 
 cated : elytra whole : antennce with the three last joints abruptly in- 
 creasing towards their apex. 
 
 Sp. 1. Phos.atrata, Oval and black : elytra rough and punctured, with 
 three elevated lines. 
 
 Inhabits beneath the bark of trees and under moss in winter, sandy si- 
 tuations and pathways in spring. 
 
 Sp. 2. Phos. subrotundata. Nearly round and black : elytra rough, and 
 punctured with three elevated lines. 
 
 Phosphuga subrotundata. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 75. 
 
 Inhabits Ireland, beneath stones; is very rare. 
 
168 mou£r:n system. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Palpi very distinct: mandibles notched at their extremities. 
 
 Genus 90. SCAPHIDIUM. Oliv., Payk., Fahr., Latr., Marsh. 
 Antenne, with an abrupt club composed of live somewhat hemispheric 
 
 joints : body acuminated at each extremity : elytra truncated : fnlpi 
 
 filiform : scutellum distinct. 
 Sp. 1. Sea. quadrimaculaturn. Body black, shining: thorax somewhat 
 
 coarctate on each side behind : elytra widely punctured, with two 
 
 blood-red spots on each : tibife striated. 
 Inhabits Germany, France, and England, m fungi ^rvA rotten wood. 
 
 Genus 91. SCAPHISOMA. Leach. Scaphidium. Pabr., Latr. 
 
 Oliv. 
 
 Antennae, with a club composed of five somewhat oval joints : body 
 
 acuminated at each extremity : elytra truncated : palpi filiform : seiu- 
 
 tellum none. 
 
 Obs. — The hinder margin of the thorax at the middle is produced into 
 
 an angle. 
 Sp. 1. Sca/agnricinnm. Body black, shining, very smooth; antennae, 
 
 apex of the elytra, and feet, pale brown. 
 Inhabits the Boletus versicolor and o{\\ex fungi. 
 
 Genus 92. CHOLEVA. Latr., Spence, Leach. Catops. Pabr., 
 
 Payk., Gyll. Ptomophagus. llliger. Mordella. Forster, 
 
 Marsh. Helops. Paiiz. Cistela. Oliv., Pabr. Luperus. 
 
 Frolich. Dermestes. Rossi. 
 
 Antenna straight, with a five-jointed club: maxillary palpi with the last 
 
 joint subulate, conic : labial palpi with the last joint obtuse : thorax 
 
 with the hinder angles obtuse. 
 
 The species of this genus are numerous, and have afforded the 
 subject of a learned and interesting monograph, by that excellent 
 entomologist, W. Spence, esq. published by the Linnean Society in 
 tlie eleventh volume of their Transactions. 
 Sp. 1. Cho. oblonga. Narrow, oblong : thorax narrower behind, the 
 hinder angles obtuse, the middle slightly foveolated : antennae some- 
 what filiform. 
 Cistela angustata. Pabr. Choleva oblonga. Latr., Spence. Catops 
 elongatus. Payknll, Gyll. Ptomophagus rufescens. Illig. Mordella 
 picea. Marsh. Luperus cisteloides. Frolich. 
 Inhabits moss and under stones. 
 
 Genus 93. CATOPS. Pabr., Payk., Gyll, Panz., Leach. 
 Antenna straight clavate, the club five-jointed: maxillary palpi with the 
 last joint subulate, conic ; labial with the last joint obtuse : thorax 
 with the hinder angles acute : elyti-a more or less striated. 
 Sp. 1. Cat. sericeus. Ovate, gibbous-conve.x, brown-pitch; antennse 
 
 and legs pitchy-rust-coloured. 
 Inhabits moss. 
 
CLASS V. IXSECTA. 169 
 
 Genus 04. TTOMOPHAGUS. Illig., Knock, Lend,. 
 
 AnteniKE straight clavatcd, club five-jointed : maxilhtn/ palpi with the 
 last joint subulate, conic: labhd \\\x\\ the last joint obtuse : thorax 
 with the hinder angles acute : cli/tra never striated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ptom. villosus. 
 
 Inhabits dead ai'iinials. 
 
 Genus 95. MYL.ECIIUS. Latr., Leadt. 
 Antenna: incuned, shorter than the thorax, the basal joints distinctly 
 
 thicker than the rest ; club five-jointed, the joints transverse : palpi 
 
 of the maxilla with the last joint subulate : labial palpi with the 
 
 last joint obtuse. 
 Sp. 1. Myl. hrunncm. Oblong-ovate, black-brown, finely but widely 
 
 punctate, slightly pubescent. 
 Catops brevicornis. Payk. Mylffichus brunneus. Latr. Choleva 
 
 brunnea. Spence. 
 Inhabits France, Sweden, and England : in the latter country it has 
 
 occurred but twice. 
 
 Genus 96. CRYPTOPHAGUS. Herhst, Payh., Gyll., Leach. 
 
 Body depressed ; back plain : taisi with elongate slender joints : an- 
 tcnna with a compact three-jointed club. 
 
 Sp. 1. Crypt, cellaris. Testaceous lerrugineous, widely punctate, pu- 
 bescent: thorax finely denticulated, on each side distinctly uniden- 
 tate, anterior angles dilated, rounded, ending behind in an obsolete 
 tooth. 
 
 Ips cellaris. Oliv., Latr. Dermestes cellaris. Scopoli. Cryptophagus 
 cellaris. Payk., GylL, Leach. Cryptophagus crenatus. Herbst. Der- 
 mestes Fungorum. Panzer. 
 
 Inhabits damp wood, paper, &c. in cellars. 
 
 Genus 97. ENGIS. Payk., Fabr., GylL, Leach. 
 Borfy depressed, back plain: antenna; v^'lxh a tliree-jointed much per- 
 
 foliated club: foz-s/ with the three first joints short. 
 Sp. 1. Engis humeralis. Elliptic, black, shining, punctate; antennfe, 
 
 head, thorax, humeral spot on the elytra and feet red approaching 
 
 to blood red. 
 Engis humeralis. Payk., Fabr., GylL Tps humeralis. Herbst. Dacne 
 
 h.umeralis. Latr. 
 Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees and in boleti. 
 
 Genus 98. THYMALUS. iMtr., Leach. Peltis. Kugellan, IIU- 
 ger, Payk., Fabr. (Jstoma. Laicharting. 
 Body depressed ; back plain : tar.'si with the third joint neither bifid 
 nor dilated: palpi terminated by a thick joint: mandiblea promi- 
 nent: antenna with a thrpc-iointfd club. 
 
170 MODERJSl SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. Thym. ferriig'meus. 
 
 Inhabits beneath the bark of trees. 
 
 Genus 99. NITIDULA. Linn., Tuhr., Pa>jk., Olivier, Munh., 
 Leach. 
 
 Mandibles promment : hodi^ short, depressed ; back plain : thorax gene- 
 rally broad : antenmc with the third joint twice as long as the second; 
 club abrupt and orbicular, composed of three joints. 
 
 Sp. 1. Nit . hipmtidata. Body elliptic, brown, blackish : thorax emargi- 
 nale ; elytra with a red spot on each. 
 
 Nitidula bipustulata. Linn., Lafr., Fabr., Marsh. 
 
 Sp. 2. Nil. discoidea. {PL 2. Jig. 3. a. antemuB tnagnified.) 
 
 Nit. discoidea. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits dead carcases, dried bones, bolcti, and under the bark of 
 trees. 
 
 Genus 100. IPS. Fabr., Herbst, Gyll., Leach. Nitidula. Latr. 
 
 Mandibles prominent, strong, and much bent at their points : body 
 elongate-quadrate ; back plain : thorax transverse-quadrate : an- 
 tenna with the third joint twice as long as the second; club abrupt 
 and orbicular, composed of three joints. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tps quudripustulatus. 
 
 Inhabits the decayed stumps of trees under the bark. 
 
 Genus 101. BITURUS. Latr., Leach. Ips. Olivier. Dermestes. 
 Geoff'., L)e Geer, Fabr. 
 
 Ante nntc With the third joint not twice as long as the following joint ; 
 club composed of three joints : mandibles prominent : body oval or 
 oblong ; back plain : thorax broad behind, with the angles pointed : 
 elytra covering the abdomen. 
 
 Sp. 1. Bit. tomentosus. Antennae shorter than the thorax : thorax 
 short, the posterior angles broadly depressed, reflected ; body oval, 
 black, with a reddish-yellow down ; antenna and feet yellow 
 red. 
 
 Inhabits the white-thorn and umbelliferous plants in May and June. 
 
 Genus 102. CATERETES. Herbst, Latr., Leach. Brachypte- 
 Eus. Kugellan. Dermestes. Linn., Fabr. Strongylus. 
 Herbst. Nitidula. Oliv. CercuS. Latr: 
 AntenniE with the third and following joint scarcely differing in length ; 
 club compressed, perfoliate, obconic, composed of three joints; tho- 
 rax rounded, without angles behind : elytra very short : body de- 
 pressed, back plain : mandibles prominent. 
 Sp. 1. Cat. rvjilabris. Black, shining, with gray down* 
 Cercus rufilabris. Latr. 
 Inhabits junci near liviU. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 171 
 
 Stirps 3. — Labial palpi scarcely distinct: antenna; placed in an ex- 
 cavation of the thorax: mandibles with their apex arcuate and 
 acute. 
 
 Genus 103. MICROPErLUS. Lafr., Leach. 
 AntenncE with the club composed of but one joint : maxUlari/ palpi with 
 
 the last joint subulate. 
 Sp. 1 Mia-, porcatits. Black ; elytra cancellated. 
 Staphylinus porcatus. Tuykull. 
 Inhabits sandy ground. 
 
 Fam. XT. Stapiiylinice. 
 
 Antenna: gradually thickening towards their extremities, or terminated 
 by a perfoliated mass : elijfrn covering about \v4\i the abdomen, or 
 less, but very rarely more : body long, and more or less narrow. 
 
 Gravenhorst has written an admirable monograph on this family, 
 entitled JMonogropliia Culeoplcrorum Microptei-uruni. 
 
 I'his is a very extensive family ; several himdred species are found 
 in this country. They inhabit fungi in all its states; dung, roots of 
 grass, flowers, under the bark of trees; and may be found in immense 
 numbers in sand pits, and in the dung of animals, from v/hich they 
 may be driven by immersing the dung in water in the spring and 
 bummcr months ; by this means many hundred specimens may be 
 obtained in a single day : the smaller species should be placed on 
 a piece of gummed paper, with the legs and antenna; carefully ex- 
 tended to show their characters. It is necessary to collect great 
 numbers of them, as they demand a very minute examinatioi], 
 which, in many instances, requires the aid of a microscope, the 
 characters being so very obscure. 
 
 Division I. — Anterior margin of the head (bearing the mandibles) imme- 
 diately behind the eyes, terminated by a ti-ansverse straight line, (or zvith 
 a line slightly bent in the middle,) not i-oundcd or crooked at their sides. 
 Antennce inserted below the middle part of the abovementioned line. Tho- 
 rax long. Neck distinct. Body very long and narrow. Elytra covering a 
 very small portion of the abdomen. 
 
 Genus lOi. STAPHYLINUS. Linn., Tabr., Latr., Oliv., Lam., 
 Grave ah., Leach. 
 
 Palpi filiform : antenuiE towards their extremities distinctly thicker, 
 moniliform, the last joint obliquely truncate or emarginate : lip 
 deeply emarginate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Staph, erythropterus. Black ; the greater part of the antenna, 
 elytra, and feet red; hinder margins of the head and thorax, the 
 
172 MODERN SYSTLM. 
 
 breast, and a double series of spots on each side of the abdomen, 
 golden-yellow tomentose. (PL 4. fig. 10.) 
 Inhabits Europe in dung, and under stones. 
 
 Obs. — Several new genera have been formed from this genus, of which 
 the following species may be considered as the tj-pes : 
 
 Genus Creophilus. Kirh/. 
 
 Staph, maxillosus of authors. 
 
 Genus Velleius. Leach. 
 
 Staph, dilatatus. PnijkulL 
 Staph, concolor. Marshani. 
 
 Genus Emus. Leach. 
 
 Staph, hirtus iyf authors. 
 
 Genus Staphylinus. 
 
 Staph, erythropterus. 
 
 Genus Ocypus. Kirbi/. 
 Staph, cyaneus. 
 
 Genus Gyrohypnus. Kirh}/. 
 Staph, fulgidus. 
 
 To my kind and valuable friend Dr. Leach I am indebted for the 
 above and following notice of new genera, as lately established by 
 the celebrated entomologists Avhose names are affixed. 
 
 Genus 105. LATHROBIUM. Gravenhorst, Latr., Leach. P.ide- 
 Kus. Gravcnh., Fabr., Oliv. Staphy'linus. Linn., Geoff. 
 
 Palpi subulate, with the last joint acicular and minute : antenna nearly 
 filiform, joints nearly conic, those towards the extremities more 
 rounded, and somewhat globose : lip deeply notched, nearly bilo- 
 bate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lath, elongatum. Pubescent, minutely but widely punctated, 
 black, shining; with the mouth, antenna?, apex of the elytra, and 
 feet, red-brown : head ovate: antenna! about the length of the tlio- 
 rax, with the outermost joints nearly globose: thorax elongate-qua- 
 drate, with obtuse angles, the breasts equal, the middle dorsal line 
 smiooth. 
 
 Lathrobium. elongatum. Gj'utenlt., Latr., Leach. Staphylinus elonca- 
 tus. Linn. Pa;derus elongatus. Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits putrid vegetables, and under stones. 
 
 Obs. — Lathrobium depressum may be considered as the type of the 
 Genus Achenium of Leach. 
 
CLASS V. IXSECTA. 173 
 
 Division II. — Anterior margin of the head circumscribed hy a curved line, 
 the antenna inserted on this side of' the level of the line. E/^tra covering 
 half' the ab lomen or more. Thorax generally longer than broad, or wilk 
 equal diameters. 
 
 Subdivision 1. — Maxillary palpi longer than the labial one, with their 
 extremities thickest ; the last joint obscure. Body linear. Head with a 
 distinct neck. Thorax orbicular or cylindric. 
 
 Genus 106. PiEDERUS. Fubr., Oliv., Latr., Payk., Lam., Gravenh., 
 Leach. Staphylixus. Linn., Geoff., Dc Gccr. 
 Antenna inserted before the eyes, insensibly thickening towards their 
 
 extremities ; the third joint very long : eyes moderately large. 
 Sp. 1. Pad. riparius. Body red, shining: head, antennae (four basal 
 
 joints excepted), apex of the abdomen, and knees, black : elytra 
 
 blue, with vvhite impressed dots. (PI. 4. fig. 12.) 
 Paiderus riparius. Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Gravenh. Stapliylinus riparius. 
 
 Linn. 
 Inhabits banks and under stones. 
 
 Obs. — Padei-us orbiculatiis is the type of the Genus Rugilus of 
 Leach. 
 
 Genus 107. STENUS. Latr., Cut., Lam., Fabr., Payk., Gravenh., 
 Leach. 
 Antenna inserted at the exterior margin of the eyes, abruptly thicker 
 at their extremities, the inferior joints cylindric, the outer ones co- 
 nic globose : eyes nearly globose, large. 
 
 * Tongue long, anus withoid seta. 
 
 Sp. 1. Stenus bigv.ttatiis. Black, with gray down, minutely punctate, 
 somewhat rugulose: vertex of the head with an elevated line: tho- 
 rax behind with an impressed little line; each elytron with a reddish 
 round spot. {PI. 4. Jig. 13.) 
 
 Staphylinus guttatus. Linn., Marsh. Stenus biguttatus. Fabr., Payk., 
 Gra~jenh., Latr. 
 
 ** Tongue obsolete. Anus with two seta. 
 
 Genus Dianous. Leach. 
 Sp. 2. Stenus carulescens. Gyllenhall. 
 
 Subdivision 2. — Maxillary palpi not much longer than the labial, not 
 thicker at their exti-emities ; the last joint distinct. 
 
 A. Mandibles strong, with their e.xternal edge with one or more teeth. 
 LleadJ'ree. 
 
 a. The second, third, and fourth joints of the tarsi very short; 
 the last joint as long as the others united. 
 
174 atociRN^ySTEar. 
 
 Genus 108. OXYPORUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lean., Leach, GrmK, Lntr. 
 
 AntenncB scarcely longer than the head, terminated by a perfoliate^ 
 mass : maxillary palpi filiform ; the labial ones ternrinated by a very 
 large lunate joint : Mo/'«x semicircular: //earf broader than the tho- 
 rax. 
 
 Sp. 1. Oxt/. riifus. Red; sviture and apex of the elytra, anus and 
 breast, black. {Pl.4.fg.li.) 
 
 Oxyporus rufus. Fabr., Lair., Gravenh., Oliv. Staphylinus rufus. 
 Linn. 
 
 Inhabits bokti and other fungi. 
 
 Genus 109. OXYTELUS. Grav., Lair., Leach. 
 
 AntenncE somewhat broken, incurved, thicker externally, with the last 
 joints foliate above ; the extreme joint globose ovate ; the basal joint 
 very long conic: palpi subulate: anterior tibia, very spiny, with their 
 extremities notched or narrowed externally, with their tarsi capable 
 of being reflected from their sides . 
 
 Sp. 1. 0x1/ . carinatin. Black, shining, distinctly and widely impresso- 
 punctate; front unequal, somewhat inclined to be rugulose; the an- 
 terior space between the eyes rather smooth : thorax impressed oa 
 each side; the middle with three grooves, and four carina? ; the two 
 middle ones joining together : feet blackish : tibia? with very short 
 little spines. 
 
 Oxytelus carinatus. Grav., Latr. 
 
 Inhabits dung. 
 
 Qbs. — The following genera have lately been formed from this genus : 
 
 Genus Oxytelus. Latr. 
 Palpi acuminate. 
 Sp. 1. O.xy. carinatus : 2. Oxy. rugosus. 
 
 Genus Bledius. Leach. 
 
 Sp. 1. Oxy. armatus. Panz. 
 
 Genus Carpelimus. Kirby. 
 Palpi capitate. 
 
 Genus Eristhetets. Knoch. 
 
 Palpi with their last joint ovate. 
 Erist. scaber. Knoch. 
 
 Taken on an old oak near Plymouth by Dr. Leach. 
 
 Genus 110. OMALIUM. Grav., Latr., Leach. Staphylinus. 
 
 Geoff'., Fabr., Oliv. 
 
 Palpi filiform : antenna; thicker towards their extremities, the last 
 
 joints rounded, somewhat perfoliate :- thorax transverse-quadrate, the 
 
 anterior angles rounded. 
 
 Sp. 1. Omal. rivulare. Blackish, punctate; base of the antennae and 
 
CLASS V. IXSECTA. 17.5 
 
 feet pale brown : hearl with two impressions between the eyes : tho- 
 rax marginatcil, impressed at the hinder angles; back with two 
 grooves : elytra twice as long as the thorax, ol)Scure brown. 
 
 Oraalium rivulare, Gr-avcnh., Latr. Staphyliniis rivularis. Fci)/k. 
 
 Inhabits dunghills. 
 
 Obs. — The following species may be considered as types of as many 
 genera : 
 
 Genus Eloniim. Leach. 
 Omalium striatum. 
 
 Genus Omalivm. Gravcnhorst. 
 Omal. depressum. 
 
 Genus Anthobium. Leach. 
 Omal. melanocephalum. 
 
 b. Tarsi with elongate joints, the last joint shorter than the others 
 united. 
 
 Genus 111. LESTIVA. Latr. ANXHOPiiAcrs. Graven., Leach. 
 
 Staphylixus. Fabr., Fuyk., Oliv. Cauabus. Fanz., Ma?-sh. 
 
 Antemi(Z nearly filiform, ilie second and third following joints obconic: 
 
 palpi filiform : thora.v elongate, somewhat cordiform, narrow, and 
 
 truncate behind. 
 Sp. 1. Lest, punctalata. Black, fuscous, somewhat smooth, minutely 
 
 and finely punctate : antenna? and feet obscure rufous. 
 Carabus dimidiatus. Fanz. Carabus staphylinoides. Marsh. Les- 
 
 tiva punctulata. Latr. 
 Inhabits France and England; in the latter it is rare. 
 
 Genus 112. PROTEINUS. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Antenuiz evidently thicker towards their extremities: palpi subulate: 
 thorax transverse. 
 
 Sp. 1. Prot.bracln/pterus. Depressed, flat, black, shining, smooth, silky- 
 above ; mandibles, basal joint of the antenna^, and feet, brown red : 
 head a little narrower than the thorax, triangular : thorax short, 
 smooth, anteriorly a little narrower, the sides somewhat rounded, 
 very slightly margined, the hinder margin twice as broad as long, 
 the angles slightly prominent and somewhat reddish : scutelhmi 
 veiy small : elytra elongate-quadrate, externally marginate, the 
 hinder an^d external margins rounded :, abdomen with the four last 
 joints naked. 
 
 Proteinus brachypterus. Latr. 
 
 InhaV)its France and England. 
 
176 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 B. Mandibles without dent iculat ions on their internal edge. Head in- 
 serted into the thorax more or less. 
 
 a. Antennae wide apart, inserted before the eyes ; the fifth and 
 
 following joints longer than broad : tibiae spinose. 
 
 Genus 113. TACHINUS. Grav., Lafr., Leach. Oxyporus. Fabr. 
 Stapiiyli>:us. Linn., Geoff., Oliv., Fayk. 
 Palpi filiform. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tach. riifipes. Black, shining, smooth : antennee fuscous : ely- 
 tra and feet generally brown ; external apex of the elytra paler. 
 Staphylinus rufipes. FaykiiU. Tachinus rufipes. Grav., Latr. Oxy- 
 porus rufipes. Fabricius? 
 Inhabits the dung of oxen and horses. 
 
 Obs. — The following may be considered as types of the 
 
 Genus Tachynus. Grav. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tach. subterraneus. 
 
 Genus Bolitobils. Leach. 
 Tach. analis. 
 
 Genus 114. TACHYPORUS. Gi^uv., Latr., Leach. Staphylinus. 
 Limt., Oliv., Geoff., Marsh. Oxyporus. Fair. 
 Palpi subulate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tach. chrysomelinus. Black, shining, smooth : thorax, elytra 
 (base excepted), and feet, red yellow : thorax somewhat transverse : 
 abdomen with the extremity truncate. 
 Tachyporus chrysomelinus. Grav., I^atr., Leach. Oxyporus chryso- 
 melinus. Fabr. Staphylinus chrysomelinus. Linn., Marsh. 
 Inhabits flowers, the roots of grass and moss. 
 
 b. Antennas more or less approximate, inserted at the anterior 
 
 internal margin of the eye, fifth and following joints broader 
 than long : tibite not spiny. 
 
 Obs. — Tachyporus Granum. Gravenh. is the type of the Genus Cypha. 
 Kirby. 
 
 G6nus 115. ALEOCHARA. Enoch, Gravenh., Latr., Leach. Sta- 
 phylinus. Linn., Fabr., Geoff., De Geer, Oliv., Marsh. 
 Head with the hinder part received into the thorax. 
 Sp. 1. Aleo. canuUculata. Red fuscous, feet paler: head and the two 
 last joints (save one of the abdomen), black: elytra together trans- 
 verse-quadrate ; back of the thorax excavated with an impressed 
 longitudinal line in the middle. 
 Alcochara canaliculata. Grav., Latr. Staphylinus canaliculatus. Fabr. 
 Iniiabits sandy banks and under stones. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 177 
 
 Oss. — Of this genus the following species may be considered as types 
 of the undermentioned genera : 
 
 Genus Aleociiaha. Grav. 
 Sp. 1. Aleo. fuscipes. 
 
 Genus Drusilla. Leach. 
 Sp. 1. Aleo. canaliculata. 
 
 Genus Falagria. Leach. 
 Sp. 1. Aleo. sulcata. 
 
 Genus Autalia. Leach. 
 
 Sp. 1. Aleo. imprcssa. 2. Aleo. rivularis. 
 
 Genus 116. LOMECHUSA. Grav., Lafr., Leach. 
 Hcarf disengaged from the thorax behind, with an inconspicuous neck 
 or none : thorax transverse, the sides rounded : antenna distinctly 
 perfoliated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lorn, emarglnata. Brown-reddish rather opaque, minutely punc- 
 tulated: elytra pale, testaceous; hinder angles of the thorax and 
 elytra terminating in spinous points. 
 
 Lom. emarginata. Grav. 
 
 Inhabits dry sand spots under stones. 
 
 Ob3. — Genus Dinarda. Leach. 
 The tj'pe of this genus is Lomechusa dentata. Grav. 
 
 Fam. XII. PsELAPHiDii. Leach. 
 
 DiMERA. LatrciUe. 
 
 Elytra abbreviated : tarsi with three articulations : claws monodactyle. 
 
 " Latreille supposed that these animals had l)ut two joints to their 
 
 tarsi, and therefore placed them in a pecvdiar section of the Cole- 
 
 optera; observing, however, that they are allied to Aleochara, to 
 
 whose family they are even referred by Kirby." 
 
 Dr. Leach considers them as constituting a distinct famil}', whose 
 situation is intermediate between the StaphylinidtB and Scydmanidfr, 
 to both of which they are intimately allied; but may be distinguished 
 from either by the structure of their claws, and from the latter also 
 by their abbreviated elytra. 
 
 In the third voliune of the Zoological Miscellany is given an ex- 
 cellent monograph of the genera of this family, in which are enu- 
 merated nineteen British species, five of which are new, and none of 
 them were known to Mr. Marsham, who has not described one spe- 
 cies in his Entomologia Britunnica. 
 
 1 . Antenna with eleven joints. Maxillary palpi elongated. 
 SuRps 1. — Body elongated and depressed. 
 
178 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 117. EUPLECTUS. Kirhi/, MSS. Leach, Zool Misc. vol. iii. 
 Antenna: with the first and second joint tliick : maiilhiry palpi with the 
 
 last joint conical. 
 Sp. 1. Eup. Heichenbachii. Leach. 
 Inhabits . Taken in Norfolk by Mr. J. Curtis. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Body short and convex. 
 
 A. Maxillart/ palpi ioith the last joint secnriform. 
 
 Genus 118. BYTHINUS. Leach. Pselaphus, Familij II. Rcichen- 
 
 bach. 
 
 Antenna with the first joint round and considerably larger than the se- 
 cond, which is but a little increased, of the male internally acutely 
 produced ; the third and succeeding to the eighth joint round and of 
 an equal size, ninth and tenth larger, eleventh oval, the last acute: 
 maxillari/ palpi with the first articulation filiform, increasing towards 
 the apex; second oval, third securiform, the base with a large angle. 
 
 Sp. 1. Bi/th. Curtisii. 
 
 Inhabits sand-pits. 
 
 Genus 119. ARCOPAGUS. Leach. 
 Antenme with the first and second joint increasing; the first elongated, 
 the second round; the third and followiug to the eighth nearly glo- 
 bose; ninth increasing, nearly globose and lenticular; the tenth 
 larger; the eleventh and remainder increasing, oval, the apex of the 
 last joint acuminated : jnaxillari/ palpi with the first joint filiform, 
 gradually increasing to a club ; the second elongate-oval ; the third 
 oval securiform, base angular. 
 
 * Antenna with the fwst joint cylindi-ical. 
 
 Sp. 1. Arc.glabricoUis. Leach. Pselaphus grabricollis. Reich. 
 Inhabits woods, under moss. 
 
 ** Antenna with the first joint internally dilated. 
 
 Sp. 2. Arc. bulbifer. Leach. Pselaphus bulbifer. Reich. 
 Inhabits Norfolk. Messrs. Sims and Jos. Hooker. 
 
 Genus 120. TYCHUS. Leach. 
 
 Antenna with the first and second joint enlarged and nearly round, the 
 first a little more lengthened and thicker than the second; third and 
 following to the eighth nearly globose ; third and fourth a little 
 longer than the fifth, which is somewhat larger ; ninth and tenth 
 globose, increasing, and lenticular, the tenth larger than the ninth ; 
 the eleventh with the others gradually increasing. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tych. niger. 
 
 Inhabits ? Taken near London and Bristol, as well as in the vici- 
 nity of Norwich. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 179 
 
 B. Maxillary palpi with the last joint clavate. 
 
 Genus 121. BRYAXIS, Knoch, Leach. Pselaphus, Fam. III. A. 
 Reich. 
 -^/j^fHWrf- with the first and second joint enlarged and nearly cylindri- 
 cal; tliird and tbl lowing to the seventh nearly cylindrical; the fifth 
 the longest, eighth small and subglobose, ninth and tbllowing gra- 
 dually increasing : viaxiUary palpi with the first joint clavated, nar- 
 row at the base; second nearly globose; third conical. 
 
 * Foveoht of the thorax connected by a furrow. Antenna icith the 
 apex of' the last joint acute, third and four following joints, elongated, 
 
 Sp. 1. Bry. longicornis. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. 85. 
 
 Inhabits the roots of grass on the sloping banks Battersea fields. 
 
 ** Thorax uith the fun-oto very conspicuous. Antennm zcith the 
 last joint nearly obtuse ; the third and following to the seventh, short. 
 {Ni)ilh subglobose ; tenth Icnticulatcd.) 
 
 Sp. 2. Bry. impressa. 
 
 Ps. impressus. Reich., i\[onog. Ps. t. 2. f. 15. 
 
 Inhabits Norfolk. 
 
 C. Maxillary palpi with the last joint clavated. 
 
 Genus 122, PSELAPHUS. Herhst, Latr., Leach, <§-c. Pselaphus, 
 Fam. I. Reichenbach. 
 
 Antenn(B with tiie first and second joint elongated and nearly cylindri- 
 cal ; third and following to the eighth nearly globular and equal ; 
 ninth and tenth increasing, nearly equal and globular; eleventh and 
 remainder gradually increasing: maxillary palpi with the first joint 
 filiform, the apex almost abruptly clavated; second nearly globose; 
 third with the apex gradually clavated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pscl. Herbstii. (PI, i-fg. 15.) magnified: the line beneath shows 
 the natural size. 
 
 Inhabits banks and river sides. 
 
 Ob5. — The Psclaphi are obtained by seeking at the roots of grass, in 
 sand-pits, Sec. but being so exceedingly minute they easily escape the 
 eye of the entomologist unless he looks very close to the ground ; 
 the usual practice is either to sit or lie down, and by this means 
 many highly interesting and rare insects may be taketi whilst the 
 entomologist rests from a more laborious mode of collecting. 
 
 Fam, XIIL ScYOMiENiDiE. Leach. 
 
 Palpatores. Latrcil/e. > 
 
 Body ovoid, rounded at each extremity : palpi very long : tarsi short : 
 elytra hard, covering the abdomen : antenna gradually thicker to- 
 wards their extremities. 
 
180 MODERN SYSTEM, 
 
 Genus 123. SCYDM.'ENUS. Illig., FaykuU, Leach. Anthicus. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Antemw gradually thickening towards their extremities : inaxUlury 
 jmlpi terminated by an acicular obscure joint. 
 
 Sp. 1. Sci/d. Hel/uigli. Last joint of the maxillary palpi obsolete; three 
 last joints of the antennae forming a club : thorax ov£|te : body fus- 
 cous-red-brown, pubescent: head, thorax, and abdomen darker: 
 elytra smooth. 
 
 r.sclaphus Hellwigii. Herhst, Payh., JUig., Leach. Anlhicus Ilellwi- 
 gii, Fabi\ Scydmasnus Hellwigii. Latr. 
 
 Fam. XIV. Ptixid.e. Leach. 
 Ptiniokes. Latreille. 
 Antenna much longer than the head, filiform, or terminated by three 
 
 large joints not united into a mass. 
 Stir PS 1. — Antenna uniform, not terminated by three joints, larger 
 than the rest. 
 
 Genus 12^. PTINUS. li««., Fair., Latr., Lam., Ollv., Leach. 
 Bruchus. Geoff. 
 Antenna simple filiform, approximate, inserted between the eyes : ei/es 
 projecting : thorax hood-like : abdomen near!}- oval ; eh/t7-a united in 
 the male. 
 Sp. 1. Plin. Fur. Red-fuscous : thorax with four tubercles transversely 
 striated, the tNvo middle ones highest, with tufts of hair, contracted 
 and margined behind : abdomen ovate, rounded at the base : elytra 
 villose, with two yellow-gray bands ; the second joint of the antennae 
 shorter than the third : under part of the body with short gray-yel- 
 low hairs. 
 Ptinus Fur. Linn., Fubr., Latr., Oliv., Leach. 
 Inhabits houses, and commits great devastation in museums. 
 OhS.-^Ptinus testaceus of Marsham is merely the male of this species. 
 
 Genus 125. GIBBIUM. Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna simple, setaceous, inserted behind the eyes : ei/cs not promi- 
 nent : thorax simple : abdomen nearly globular : elytra united in both 
 sexes. 
 Sp. 1, Gib. Scotias. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits houses. It has been three times taken in Bristol. 
 Obs. — Ptinus sulcatus, ilf«ri7/fl?», forms the type of the genus MeziuMj 
 LcacKs MSS., and is akin to Gibbium. 
 Genus 12G. PTILINUS. Geoff., Oliv., Lam., Fabr., Latr., Leach:, 
 Anobium. ^liger. SErvROCEE.us. Ktigellan. Ptinus. Linn., 
 Marsh. 
 Antoma inserted before the eyes, very much pectinated in the males, 
 serrated in the female.5 ; body long-ovoid, nearly cylindric : thorax 
 'somewhat globose. 
 
CLASS V. INSrCT.V. 181 
 
 Sp. 1. Pti. pcctinkornix. Body blackish: elytra obscure brown: an- 
 teuua; and feet reddish : thorax rough : elytra puncljate. 
 
 rtilinus pectinicornis. Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Lcac/i. Ptinus pectinicornis. 
 Linn., Marsh. Dcrmestes pectinicornis. Liiui. '^ 
 
 Inhabits old trees and houses, perforating tliem to destruction. 
 
 Oes. — Ptinus serraticoruis, Marsham, is the female of this insect. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna terminated by three joints differing from the rest 
 in size. 
 Genus l(2r. ANOBIUM. Fahr., Oliv., Lnmarck, Latr., Leach. 
 Ptinis. Linn., DiGcer, Marsh. Bruciii'S. Geoff. 
 
 Antenna: eleven-jointed, with the three last joints a})ruptly thicker than 
 the others; the ninth and tenth joints obconic; the tenth oval. 
 * Flytra not striated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Anoh. tessellatum. Thorax bilobate behind, the lateral margins re- 
 flexed : body fuscous, sprinkled with villose, obscure luteous spots : 
 elytra not striated 
 
 Anobiimi tessellatiun. Fahr., Latr., Leach. Ptinus tessellatus. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits the wood of rotten trees, especially willows, during the winter 
 months. 
 
 ** Flytra striated. 
 
 Sp. 3. Anoh. striatum. Fuscous, with grayish down : thorax with a gib- 
 bous protuberance, unisulcate above, with the angles compressed : 
 hinder margins somewhat marginated : elytra longitudinally punctate. 
 
 Anobium striatum. Latr., OLv., Illig., Leach. Anobium pertinax. 
 Fabr., Payk. 
 
 Inhabits rotten trees. 
 
 Fam. XV. DerMestid.^:. Leach. 
 
 Dermestixi. Latreille. 
 
 Antenme slender, longer than the head, and terminated by a large 
 ovoid mass. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Sternum not produced to the mouth, or over it like a neck- 
 cloth : tibia spinose. 
 
 Genus 128. DERMESTES. Linn., Fahr., Latr., Marsh., Herbst, 
 Oliv., Leach. 
 
 Antenna with an ovate club, the last joint short, not (or but little) 
 longer than the preceding joint : body narrow oval : thorax with the 
 hinder margin straight or obtusely lobed : pulpi very short : maxil- 
 lary palpi shorter than the maxilla^ or scarcely as long. 
 
 Sp. 1. Der.lurdarim. Black: base of the elytra with a cinereous band 
 with black points. 
 
 Dermestes lardarius. Linn., Fahr. Latr., Marsh., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits decayed animal substances, paper, &c. is common in houses. 
 
182 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 129. ATTAGENUS. Latr., Leach. Megatoma. Ikrbst. 
 Dermestes. Fabr., Linn., Latr., Marsh. 
 
 AntenncE with an elongate-ovate club, the last joint longer than the 
 preceding (especially in the male), triangular or conic : body broad- 
 oval : thorax with the posterior margin narrowly and acutely lobcd : 
 maxillary palpi exserted, longer than the maxillge; the last joint 
 elongate-cylindric, very long in some. 
 
 Sp. 1. Alt. Pellio. Black; middle of the antenna, and of the tarsi ob- 
 scure red: hinder margin ot the thorax with three spots, and the 
 elytra with a spot on each side of the suture villose-white : antennas 
 of the male with the last joint ensiform, very long. 
 
 Dermestes Pellio. Linn., Fabr., Marsh., Latr. Megatoma nigra. 
 Herbst. (variety of the male.) 
 
 Inhabits skins in houses, old wood, and paper. 
 
 Stirps '^.—Si'erjn/m produced over the mouth like a neckcloth: tibia 
 not or but slightly spined. 
 
 Genus 130. MEGATOMA. Herbst., Latr., Leach. Dermestes. 
 Linn., De Gecr, Fabr. 
 
 Body narrow-oval : antenna with an oval or oblong club with the inter- 
 nal edge simple. 
 
 Sp. 1. Meg. undatian. Black; sides of the thorax and two undulated 
 bands on the elytra white villose: to-s/ obscure red. 
 
 Megatoma undulata. Herbst. Megatoma undatum. Latr. Dermestes 
 undatus. Linyi., Fabr., Oliv., Panz. 
 
 Inhabits birch trees (beneath the bark) in the months of March and 
 April: the larva spins a silken web in which it changes to a pupa. 
 
 Fam. XVI. Byrrhid.>e. Leach, 
 
 Bykrhi. Latreille. 
 
 Body ovoid: feet entirely or semicontractile : sternum anteriorly pro- 
 duced to a mouth in the form of a neckcloth : antenna thicker to- 
 wards their extremities : tarsi with five very distinct articulations : 
 antenna straight, not inserted in the cavitj' of the eyes : feet perfectly 
 contractile : mandibles but little or not at all prominent. 
 
 Genus 131. ANTHRENUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., 
 Leach. Byrrhus. Linn., Marsh. Dermestes. Dc Gecr. 
 
 Antenna shorter than the thorax with the club solid : ;j«//)i filiform, 
 short : body orbicQlate-ovate : scidellumvery minute. 
 
 Sp. 1. A7ith. Scrophularia. Black: sides of the thorax and three trans- 
 verse bands on the elytra gray : suture and external margin of the 
 elytra and hinder margin of the thorax red lutescent. 
 
 Anthrenus Scrophularia^. Fabr., Latr., Leach, Byrrhus Scrophulariae, 
 Linn., Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits the blossoms of various plants. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 
 
 183 
 
 Genus 132. THROSCUS. Latr., Lrach. Elater. Lbin., Oliv., 
 Geoff] Dermestes. Fiil/r., Paj/k., Illiger. 
 Antenna as long as the thorax, with the three last joints large, forming 
 
 an oval club : jxilpi short, with the last joint securiform : hodj/ elliptic, 
 
 narrow, depressed. 
 Sp. 1. T/ir. (icrnicsfoides. Brown, with gray-yellowish doAvn : elytra 
 
 with punctated stria\ 
 Elater dermestoides. Linn., Oliv. Dermestes adstrictor. Fat/k., lUig., 
 
 Fahr. Throscus dermestoides. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits European plants; is very rare in Britain. 
 
 Genus 133. BYRRHUS. Linn., Fahr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Illiger, 
 GylL, Leach. Cistela. Geoff., Marsh. Dermestes. De Gccr. 
 AnfemicE a little shorter than the thorax, with the four or five terminal 
 joints gradually thicker, compressed : palpi short, the last joint long- 
 est, thick, somewhat ovate: bodi/ smewhat ovate, very convex 
 above: scnfelluin minute. 
 Sp. 1. Bi/r. Pilula. 
 Inhabits pathways and sandy situations. 
 
 Fam. XVII. IIisteridte. Leach. 
 Genus HiSTER. Linn., Fahr., Latr., Marsh., &iC. Histeroides. 
 Gyll., Pai/k. 
 Antenmt geniculated, terminated by a nearly solid club of three arti- 
 culations : eli/tra shorter than the abdomen, the margin of the sides 
 inflexed : torsi with five joints; contractile. 
 
 The insects of this Family are numerous : their habitation is the 
 dung of animals, and some are found in rotten wood. A valuable 
 paper has been published in the third volume of the Zoological Mis- 
 cellany, from which the ibllowing is selected. 
 Stirps 1. — Body tliick, nearly globose or quadrate: tibia elongated 
 and straight : tarsi long and slender : sternum simple. 
 Genus 134. ABRiEUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 
 Antenna with the first articulation somewhat elongated, second and 
 third nearly cylindrical, straight : fourth short; fifth, sixth, and se- 
 venth, nearly globose and equal ; eighth nearly globose, lenticular; 
 ninth, tenth, and eleventh forming a short oval club. 
 Sp. 1. Abr. pcrptisilliis. 
 Hister perpusillus. Marsh. 
 Inhabits the dung of animals. 
 
 Genus 135. ONTHOPHILUS. Leach's Zool. Misc.vo\. iii. 
 Antenna with the first joint long, the second cylindrical, closely joined 
 at the base; tliird obconic; fourth and fifth short and obconic; 
 sixth and seventh shorter and nearly globose ; eighth nearly lenti- 
 cular; ninth, tenth, and eleventh forming an oval club. 
 
184 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ontk. striatus. Payk., Monogr. Hist. 100. t. 11. /. 1. 
 Inhabits dung. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Bodij depressed: tibia hrosA: iarsi short: stonwOT dilated, 
 the fore part t'orming a cavity for the head, which is capable of be- 
 ing retracted even to the mandibles. 
 
 A. Tlhiir, the four posterior zcith two scries of spines. 
 
 Genus 136. YUSTY-K of authois. 
 Body above nearly convex : thorax with the anterior part straight. 
 
 A. Elytra with the outer strias extending their whole length. 
 
 a. Thorax with the sides striated, the strice extending their 
 whole length. 
 
 * Eli/t7'a tvith marginal stride. 
 
 Sp. 1. Hist.unicolor of authors. 
 Inhabits dung. 
 
 ** Elytra without the marginal stria. 
 
 Sp. 2. Hist, sinuatus. Illiger. A-macitlatus. Marsh. 
 
 b. Thorax with the sides not striated. 
 
 * Elytra with no marginal strice. 
 
 Sp. 3. Hist, parvus. Marsh., Leach. 
 
 ** Elytva with a 7narginal stria. 
 
 Sp. 1. Hist, pujpurascens. Fabr., Leach. Hist, bipustulatus. Marsh. 
 
 B. Elytra with the external stria; abbreviated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Hist, nitidulus. (PL '2. fig. 1. a.antennes magnified.) Fabr., Leach, 
 — Hist, semipunctutus. Marsh. 
 
 B. Four posterior tibia with only one row of spines. 
 
 Genus 137. DENDROPHILUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 
 Body with the upper part nearly convex ; thorax short, the anterior part 
 
 straight. 
 Sp. 1 . Den. punctatus. 
 Hister punctatus. Ent. Heft. 
 
 Genus 138. PLATYSOMA. Leach. 
 Body with the upper part plain : thorax transverse or nearly equall 
 quadrate. 
 
 * Elytra without stria. Body finely punctured. 
 
 Sp. 1. Plat, picipes. Leach. H. piscipes. Fabr. 
 
 ** Elytra without external stria. Body not punctured. 
 Sp. 2. Plat.ftavicornis. Leach. H.fiavicornis. Ilerbst. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 185 
 
 *** 'Elytra extcnialhj striated. Body zvithout punctures. 
 Sp. 3. Plat, dcprcssum. Leach. H. depressus. Marsh. 
 
 Subdivision 3. — Antenna straiglit, not inserted in the cavity of the eyes. 
 Feet semicontractile. 
 
 Gcmis.139. LIMNIUS. MuUer, GylL, Leach. Dytiscus. Pam, 
 
 CiiRYSOMEi.A. Marsh. Elmis. Latr. 
 Antennre nearly fiHform, the last joint largest, somewhat oval. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lini. Volckmari. Leach. 
 Dytiscus \"oickmari. Panzer. 
 Chrysomela buprestoides. Marsh. 
 
 Fam. XVIII. PARNiDyE. Leach. 
 
 Antenna inserted in the anterior can thus of the eye : elytra not shorter 
 than the abdomen. 
 
 Genus 140. PARNUS. Fabr., Illig., Marsh., Leach. Dermestes. 
 Geoff'. Elater. Rossi. Dryops. Oliv., Lam.., iMtr. 
 Antenna composed of three joints, the last joint articulated : tarsi with 
 five joints. 
 
 Obs.— The insects of this genus inhabit the roots and blades of grass 
 at the sides of ponds and ditches ; the method of finding them is 
 to loosen the grass in those places, by which means the insects will 
 be found floating on the water : we have several species in this 
 country that have not yet been clearly jlefined, but have been con- 
 founded with prolijlricornis. 
 
 Sp. L Par. sericeus. Leach's MSS. (PL 3. fig. 10. a. antenna magni- 
 fed.) 
 
 Genus 141. HETEROCERUS. Bosc, Fabr., Illig., Latr., Marsh., 
 Leach. 
 Antenna composed of eleven joints, the seven last forming a dentate 
 
 or serrated mass : tarsi with four joints. 
 Sp. 1. Het. }na7'gi?iatiis. Blackish villose; sides of the thorax and ab- 
 domen with spots on the elytra, margins of the abdomen, and feet 
 pale luteous. {PL 3. fg. 11.) 
 Inhabits marshy places, burrowing in the muddy and clayey banks of 
 ponds. 
 
 Fam. XIX. Helophorid.'e. Leach. 
 
 Mandibles without teeth at their extremities : body oblong : anienna 
 terminated by a club. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Clypeus whole : fnaxillary pa/pi with the last joint thick and 
 oval. 
 
186 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 142. IIELOPIIORUS. Leach. Elophorus. Fabr., Oliv., 
 Latr., Gyll. 
 Eyes sessile: thorax transverse. 
 
 * Thorax and elytra furrowed. 
 Sp. 1. Hel. stagnalis. Hydro phikis stagnalis. Marsh. 
 Inhabits ponds, floating on the surface and walking on aquatic plants. 
 
 ** Thorax and elytra with elevated lines. 
 Sp. 1. Hel. nuhilus. Gyll. 
 
 Genus 143. HYDROCHUS. Germar., Leach. Elophorus. Fahr., 
 Illig., S>-c. 
 Eyes rather prominent: thorax elongated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Hydr. cicindeloides. Hydrophilus cicindeloides. Marsh. 
 Inhabits ponds, and may frequently be found in the mud at the sides. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Clypeus entire. 
 
 Genus 144. OCHTHEBIUS. Leach's Edinh. Encycl.—Zool. Misc. 
 vol. iii. Elophorus. Fabr. Hydr.iina. Latr., Illig. 
 Maxillary palpi with the middle and last joint slender and acute. 
 Sp. 1. Och. riparius. Leach. Hydrophilus impressus. Marsh. 
 
 Genus 145. HYDR^NA. Kugellan, Leach. 
 Maxillary palpi with the last joint long and acuminated. 
 Sp. 1. Hyd. Kiigellani. Leach. Hydro, longipalpus. Marsh. 
 
 Fam. XX. Hydrophilid.?:. 
 
 Mandibles at their points bidentate : body oval or round : antenna ter- 
 minated by a club. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Clypeus emarginate: sternum simple: untcnnic with six ar- 
 ticulations. 
 
 Genus 146. SPERCHEUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. 
 
 Sp. 1. Sper. sordidus. Spercheus sordidus. Fabr. Hydr. sordidus. 
 Mnrsh. 
 
 Inhabits stagnant waters. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Clypeus whole : sternum simple. 
 
 A. Elytra with the apex whole. Scutcllum small. 
 Genus 147. BEROSUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 
 Bot(y narrow before : ^/(orar convex: cj/es rather prominent. 
 Sp. 1. Bcr. luridus of authors. 
 Inhabits ponds. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 187 
 
 Genus 148. IIVDROBIUS. Leach. 
 B(xli/ oval, convex, obtuse : ij/cn simple. 
 
 * Elytra striated. 
 Sp. 1. Hi/dr.fuscipcs. 
 Inhabits ponds. 
 
 ** E/i/tra smooth. 
 Sp. 1. Hifdr. melanoccphalus. 
 Inhabits ponds. 
 
 B. Elytra with the apex truncated. Sctitellum small. 
 
 Genus 149. LIMNEBIUS. Leach. 
 Body rather depressed : eyes simple. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lim. nitidus. Ilydrophilus nitidus. Marsh. 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Clypcus whole: sternum produced into a spine. 
 
 Genus 150. HYDROUS. Linncs MSS., Leach. 
 Scutellum large : anterior tarsi of the male dilated in the middle with un- 
 equal claws: anienntc \\'\\h their last joint acuminated. 
 Sp. 1. Hydr. piceus of authors. 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches. 
 
 Genus 151. HYDROPIIILUS of authors. 
 Body with the posterior part slightly obtuse: antenna with the last 
 joint obtuse : scutellum moderate : anterior tarsi in both sexes simple. 
 Sp. 1 Hydr. caraboides of authors. {PI. 3. Jig. 10.) 
 Inhabits ponds; is very common. 
 
 Fam. XXI. Sph.cridiad.s;. Leach. 
 
 Ayitenna terminated by a club : maxillary palpi very long : mentum large, 
 clypeiform: /ifwrfwith the front rounded, cowl-shaped: /eeHbrmed 
 for walking : tarsi with the basal joint as long or longer than the 
 second joint (in the male with the last joint on the anterior tarsi 
 large). The insects of this family are very nearly akin to the Hy- 
 drolophii. 
 
 Genus 152. SPH.ERIDIUM. Fahr., Oliv., Lamarck, Leach. Der- 
 
 MESTES. Linn., De Geer, Marsh. 
 
 £of(y somewhat hcemispheric : tj/es immersed : ^Aorajr transverse : tibia 
 
 spinose, armed with heels : sternum behind produced into a conic 
 
 spine, 
 
 Sp. 1. Sph. scurabicoides. Black, shining, smooth : scutellum forming a 
 
 long triangle : feet very spiny : each elytron at the base with a blood-i 
 
188 MODEKN SYSTEM. 
 
 red spot, and a livid reddish spot at the apex. {PI. 3. fig. 12. a. an- 
 
 teimm magnified^ 
 Sphaeridium scarabseoides. Tabr., Latr. Dermestes scarabaeoides. 
 
 Marsh., Linn. 
 Inhabits dung. 
 
 Genus 1.53. CERCYOls!. Leach's Sool. Misc. vol. iii. Dermes- 
 tes. Marsh. 
 Antenna with the club imbricated (P/. 5- fig. 12. b. magnified) : anterior 
 
 tarsi in both sexes simple. 
 Sp. 1. Cer. unipunctatum. 
 Inhabits dung. 
 
 Sp. 2. Cer. melanocephalum. 
 Inhabits dung and tlowers. 
 
 Fam. XXII. Coprid,!. Leach. 
 
 CopnoPiiAGi I. Latreille. 
 
 Labial palpi \evy hairy, the last joint smaller than the preceding : scu- 
 tellmn none or very obscure : elytra taken together not longer than 
 broad : posterior feet situated near the anus : antcnnce eight- or nine- 
 jointed, terminated by an abrupt lamellated mass: anterior tibia 
 large and dentated : vicntum not very large : mandibles membrana- 
 ceous : maxill(E membranaceous : cli/pcus semicircular. 
 
 Subdivision !.• — Labial palpi, with the last joint very 'distinct. Thorax 
 much shorter than the elytra ; 7nuch broader than long. Anterior tibie 
 long, arcuate. 
 
 Genus 154. COPRIS. Geoff., Illig., Fabr., Lam., Latr., Leach. 
 ScARAB^us. Linn., De Geer., Oliv., Marsh. 
 
 Scutellum none : abdomen elevated, convex : anterior tihim longer than 
 the others; externally with three strong teeth terminated by a tar- 
 sus : antennce nine-jointed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cop. lunaris. 
 
 Copris lunaris. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Scarabseus lunaris. Linn., Marsh, 
 Scarabceiis etnarginatus of JMarsham is merely the female. 
 
 Inhabits dung in sandy situations and lanes, entering the earth two or 
 three inches beneath the surface. 
 
 Subdivision 2. — Labial palpi with the last joint not distinct. Thorax 
 longer than the elytra. Tibia all terminated by a tarsus. 
 
 Genus 1,55. ONTIIOPHAGUS. Latr. Copris. Geoff., Illiger, 
 Fabr. ScahaBjEUS. Linn., Hei-bst., Oliv., Marsh. 
 Sp. 1. Onth. Vacca. 
 
 Inhabits dung : this and many others are very abundant under dung 
 in April and May. 
 
CLASS V. INSECT A. 189 
 
 Fam. XXIII. Apiiodiad.'e. Loach. 
 
 CoPROPiiAGi II. Lntreille. 
 
 Labial palpi ncafly smooth, filiform, the joints nearly equal, cylin- 
 
 clric : feet all separated by equal distances ; hinder ones distant from 
 
 the anus : scidellum distinct. 
 
 Genus 156. APHODIUS. IlUgcr, Faln\, Latr., I^uch. Scarab^us. 
 Oliv., Marsh., Linn. 
 Sp. 1. Aph. rrifipes. 
 Inhabits dung in the spring of the year. 
 
 This genus may be divided, for the sake of convenience, from the 
 clypeus. 
 
 1. CIt/pcus smooth, cmarginatc. 
 
 2. Clypeus smooth, entire. 
 
 3. Clypeus tuhcrculate. 
 
 Fam. XXIV. Geotiiupid;e. Leach. 
 
 Geotuupini. LatreiUe. 
 
 Antennce eleven-jointed, terminated by a lamellatcd club : anterior tibia 
 
 large, dentate : menlum not large : mandibles corneous, porrect ; la- 
 
 hrum prominent : clypeus rhomboidal. 
 
 Genus 157. GEOTRUPES. Latr., Ihmeril, Lam., Leach. Sca- 
 RAB.i^us. Linn., Geoff'., Fabr., Oliv., De Geer. 
 Antennae terminated by an oval lamellatcd club : thorax shorter than 
 the abdomen, not horned : hinder feet distant from the anus : head 
 not produced behind the eyes : scutcllum obvious. 
 Sp. 1. Geo. stercorarius. 
 
 Inhabits Europe ; boring cylindric holes beneath the dung, and flying 
 about in the dusk of the evening. 
 
 Genus 158. TYPILEUS. Leach. Scarab.'eus. Fabr., Gyll, Marsh. 
 
 Antenmc terminated by an oval lamellated club : thorax shorter than 
 the alidomen ; on each side in front with a long process which ex- 
 tends along the sides of the head : hinder feet distant from the anui : 
 head not produced behind the eyes : scutellum obvious. 
 
 Sp. 1. Typ. vulgaris. {PI. 1. J%. 1.) 
 
 Scaraba?us ts^phaius. Fabr., Gyll., Marsh. 
 
 Inliabils the dung of horses on heaths, in the spring of the year. 
 
 Oes. — Scarabaus mobilicornis, Marsh., forms the genus Odontevs, 
 Koppe. 
 
 Fam. XXV. Mei.olonthid;e. Leach. Scarab^ides. Latr. 
 
 Antenna- ten-jointed (in some nine), terminated by 'a lamellated club : 
 mandibles comconn in \>d\t: clypeus triangular or quadrate ; anterior 
 til!/' large and dentate: menium not large. 
 
190 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Stirps 1. — No scale between the posterior angles of the thorax and 
 the exterior base of the elytra. 
 
 Division I. — Thorax abnost quadiatc, more or less transverse. Mandibles 
 entirely corneous. 
 
 Subdivision 1. — Lahrum prominent even bei/ond the cli/peus. MaxillcE in- 
 teriorly armed with a horny hook, simple or bifid, lidy nearly globular 
 or ovoid. Elytra tumid, embracing the sides of the abdomen. 
 
 Genus 159. — j'EGIALIA. Lafr., Leach. Aphodius. Panz., Illig. 
 PsAMMODirs. Gyll. 
 Antemife distinctly longer than the head, composed of nine joints, the 
 
 first of which is cylindric and a little hairy : body nearly- globular : 
 
 zoings none. 
 Sp. 1. Mgi. globosa. Black, shining : head granulated : elj'tra striated, 
 
 impunctate. 
 Aphodius globosns. Illig. Psammodius globosus. Gylknkull. iEgi- 
 
 alia globosa. Lutr., Leach. 
 Inhabits the sandy shores of the sea. 
 
 Genus 160. PSAMMODIUS. Gyll, Leach. 
 Body elongate, convex : antennce distinctly longer than the head; loings 
 
 tvvo : thorax transversely striated. 
 Sp. 1. Psam. SulcicolUs. Gyll. 
 Aphodius SulcicolUs. Illig. 
 Inhabits sandy places. Taken at Swansea by Mr. W. S. Millard, a 
 
 most assiduous and successful collector of British insects. 
 
 Genus IGl. TROX. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Lafr., Leach. Scarab^us. 
 Lin?!., Marsh., Geoff., De Geer. 
 AntenncE scarcely longer than the head, composed of ten joints, the 
 first obconic and very hairy : body ovoid: maxilla with a simple 
 hook. 
 Sp. 1. Trox sabulosus. 
 Inhabits sandy places. 
 
 Subdivision 2. — Labrum not projecting beyond the clypeus. Body not glo- 
 bose. Elytra not embracing the sides of the abdomen. 
 
 * Body subcylindric. 
 
 Genus 162. SINODENDRON. Fabr., Latr., Don., Leach. Sca- 
 RAB^EUS. Linn., Dc Geer., Oliv. Lucanus. Marsh. 
 Ante^ina with a lamellated club not cajiable of being folded : the la- 
 mclla very short, resembling ihe teetli of a saw: body cylindric; 
 maxillcE coriaceous, bilol'ate. 
 Sp. 1. Sin. cyUndricuni. Black, shining, impressed-punctate, cicatricu- • 
 lose ; the punctures umbilicated, the imibilici perforate. (IMale with 
 a conic-compressed horn, the female with a short horn on the head.) 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 
 
 191 
 
 Sinodendron cylindricum. Fair., Lafr., Don., Leach. Scarabseus cy- 
 lindricus. Linn., De Geer, Oliv. Lucanus cylindricus. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits old trees, especially the ash. Is very abundant near Chelten- 
 luini and near Plymouth. 
 
 ** Bodj/ ovoid-oblong. 
 
 Genus 163. MELOLONTHA. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. 
 
 Eli/tra with their external edge not sinuated, very slightly narrower at 
 their base than at their points : tibia armed with very distinct heels. 
 Sp. 1. Mel. vulgaris. (Common Cockchaifer.) 
 
 Melolontha vulgaris. Latr., Fabr. Scarabasus melolontha. Linn., Marsh. 
 Inhabits various trees in May and June. 
 
 Genus 164. ANOMALA. Koppe, Leach's MSS. 
 
 Eli/tra with the external edge not sinuated, very shghtly narrower at 
 their base than at their points : tibia terminated by very distinct 
 heels: antenna of both sexes nearly equal in size, with a lamellated 
 club : boJj/ ovate or short ovate convfex. 
 
 A. Frischii. Mel. Frischii. Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits the sandy coasts of the sea. 
 
 The following may be considered as the type of tb.e 
 Genus Amaloplia, Sp. 1. Melolon. ruricola. 
 
 Genus 165. IIOPLTA. IlUg., Latr., Leach. Scarab5:us. Linn., 
 Geoff'., De Geer. Melolontha. Fabr., Oliv. 
 Elytra with their external edge sinuated : tibia with very obscure spurs 
 
 or heels. 
 Sp. 1. Hopl. pulvcrulenta. 
 Inhabits heaths. 
 
 Division II. — -Thorax as long as broad, nearly orbicular, or almost ovoid 
 and truncate at their exti-emities. Mandibles partly membranaceous, 
 sometimes entirely corneous. Maxilla terminated by a membranaceous 
 or coriaceous lobe. Labrum not prominent. 
 
 Genus 166. TRICHIUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna with the first joint very large: clypeus quadrate: palpi short, 
 
 with their first joint very large: clypeus quadrate : tarsi with equal nails. 
 Sp. 1. Tr. fasciafus. 
 Trichius fasciatus. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Cetonia fasciata. Oliv. Sca- 
 
 rabaeus fasciatus. Linn. 
 Inhabits Europe on umbelliferous plants, but is rare in Britain. 
 Sp. 2. Tr. nobilis. (P/. l.Jig. 2. a. antenna magnified.) 
 
 Stieps 2.— a triangular scale interposed between the posterior angles 
 of the thorax, and the exterior of the base of the elytra. 
 
192 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 167. CETONTA. Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Lamarcl:, Lmcft. Sca- 
 RAB.EUS. Linn., Geoff'., De Geer, Marsh. 
 Maxilla: almost membranaceous, or coriaceous : mentum of a moderate 
 size : thorax triangular, with the anterior point truncate : elytra 
 abruptly siauated at their internal side towards the base. 
 Sp. 1. Cct. aurata. 
 Inhabits the flowers of roses, the larvae live in decayed wood. 
 
 Fam. XXVI. Lucaxid^. Leach. 
 LucANiDES. LafrciUe. 
 
 Anteiiiie with a pectinated club : anterior tihicE large and dentated : palpi 
 four : labrian generally wanting : mandibles very strong, corneous, 
 dentated, exserted : iventtim corneous. 
 
 Genus 1G8. LUCANUS of authors. Platycerus. Gco^'. 
 Palpi long: lip bifid, very hairy, the laciniiE resembling pencils. 
 Sp. 1. Luc. Cei-vus. (Stag Beetle.) {Ft. l.fg„3.) 
 
 Section II. HETEROMERA. 
 
 Four anterior tarsi five-jointed, hinder pair four-jointed : antenna ele- 
 ven-jointed, never lamellated or furnished with a pectinated head. 
 
 Fam. XXVII. Blapsid,=e. Leach. 
 Meutiim small, or moderately large, quadrate or orbicular: />«,';;« termi- 
 nated by a thick joint; the last joint of the maxillary one securiform. 
 Genus 169. BLAPS. Tabr., Olio., Lam., Latr., Marsh., Leach. 
 Tenebrio. Linn., Geoff] 
 Back flat: thorax almost quadrate : antenna with the third joint much 
 
 longer than the fourth : eli/tra with their extremities pointed. 
 Sp. 1. Blaps 7nortisaga. 
 Inhabits dark cellars and damp places. 
 
 Fam. XXVIII. Tenebrionid_t. Leach. 
 Mandibles bifid at their extremiiies : head more or less ti'iangular, with- 
 out a contraction behind, at its junction with the thorax : tarsi with 
 entire joints : antenme moniliform, not perfoliated or serrated : 
 niuxilltE unguiculated. 
 
 Genus 170. PEDINUS. Lafr., Leach.. Tenebrio. Linn., Geoff., 
 Marsh. Blaps. Fabr., Herbst. Helops. Olivier. Opatrum. 
 
 Bodii oval : maxillary palpi terminated by a thick joint : antenna: fili- 
 form; the last joint globose or turbinated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Fed. waritimus. Leach. {Fl. 4.Jig. ^.) ^ Tenebrio femoralis. 
 Marsh, q T. gemellatus. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits sandy places: is very abundant on the sea shore near 
 Swansea, South ^Y<iles. 
 
CLASS V, INSECTA. 193 
 
 Genus in. OPATRUM. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Silpha. 
 Linn. Tenebrio. Geoff., Marsh. 
 Body oval : maxillary palpi with their last joint obtrigonate : anteimm 
 gradually thicker towards their extremities : the last joints trans- 
 verse, compressed. 
 Sp. 1. Opat. sabulosum. {PI. 2. Jig. 8. a. antenna magnified.) 
 Opatrum sabulosum. Fabr., Latr. Silpha sabuLosa. Linn. Tenebrio 
 
 sabulosus. Marsh. 
 Inhabits sandy places. 
 
 Genus 172. TENEBRIO. Linn., Geoff., Be Geer, Fabr., Latr., 
 Leach. 
 
 Thorax behind as broad as the elytra : body elongate : antenna scarcely 
 gradually thicker towards their extremities ; the eighth, ninth, and 
 tenth joints transverse ; the last subglobose : mentum somewhat qua- 
 drate ; the upper margin rounded : maxillary palpi with their last 
 joint thick. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ten. Molitor. {PL 4. Jig. 1.) 
 
 Inhabits houses ; the larvas in meal and flour ; and is well known un- 
 der the name of meal-worm. 
 
 Fam. XXlX. DiAPERiDit. Leach. 
 
 Mandibles bifid at their extremities : head more or less triangular, with- 
 out a contraction behind, at its juncture with the thorax: tarsi with 
 entire joints : antenna not moniliform, their extremities perfoliated 
 or serrated. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Body linear, or nearly so. Thorax almost quadrate. Antenna 
 terminated by a club. Maxilla unguiculated. 
 
 Genus 173. SARROTRIUM. IlUg., Fabr., Leach. Hispa. Linn., 
 Marsh. Tenebrio. De Geer. Orthocerus. Latr. 
 Antenna with the last six joints forming a thick, fusiform, downy 
 
 mass. 
 Sp. 1. Sarr. muticum. {PI. 2. Jig. 16. a. antenna magnijied.) 
 Sarrotrium muticum. Payk., Fabr., Leach. Hispa mutica. Linn., Marsh. 
 
 Orthocerus hirticornis. Latr. 
 Inhabits sandy places. In Britain it is rare, or at least very local. It 
 
 has been found in gravel-pits near Norwich by Mr. Joseph Hooker, 
 
 and near Hampstead by Mr. Stephens, in th6 months of June and 
 
 July. 
 Stirps. 2. — ^n^cm?^ not moniliform. Body ovd.\, or nearly orbicular : 
 
 a little longer than broad. 
 
 a. Antenna not serrated at their extremities. 
 
 Genus 174. PHALERIA. Latr., Leach. Tenebrio. Fabr. 
 Anterior tibia elongate-trigonate : tarsi short : antenna gradually thick- 
 ening towards their extremities, where they are perfoliated : body oval. 
 
 N 
 
i"94 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. Thai, cadaverina. 
 Tenebrio cadaverina. Fabr. 
 Inhabits sandy places. 
 
 Genus 175. DIAPERIS. Geoff., Fahr., Ollv., Lam., Leach. Ciirv- 
 SOMELA. lAun., Marsh. Tenebrio. De Gee?: 
 Antenna gradually enlarging towards their extremities, from the fourth 
 
 joint perfoliated : bodi/ nearly hemispheric, very convex above. 
 Sp. 1. Dia. Boleti of authors. 
 Chrysomela Boleti. Linn., Marsh. 
 Inhabits the boleti of trees : is rare. 
 
 Genus 17G. TETRATOMA. Herbst, Fabr., Payk., Leach. 
 Antenna: terminated by a club of four joints, the other joints very 
 
 small : bodi/ oval : tibice not spiny. 
 Sp. 1. Tetr. Fungoimm. 
 Inhabits /ungj. 
 
 Genus 177. LEIOIDES. Latr., Leach. Anisotoma. Illig., Fabr. 
 SpHjEridium. Olivier. Tetratoma. Herbst. 
 Antenna: abruptly terminated by a five-jointed club, the eighth joint 
 (the second of the club) very small : thorax almost hemispheric : 
 (ibi(E spinose. 
 Sp. 1. Lei. picea. 
 Anisotoma piceum. Illig. Anisotoma picea. Panz. Leoides picea. 
 
 Latr. 
 Inhabits sandy places in Europe. 
 
 b. Antenna terminated by joints, resembling in their form the teeth 
 of a saw. 
 
 Genus 178. BOLILOPHAGUS. Illig., Fabr. Eledona. Lair., 
 Leach. Opatrum. Oliv., Marsh: Diaperis. Oliv. 
 Pa/pi filiform ; maxt/Zary ones with their last joint almost cylindric: ««- 
 tenna arcusite: 6oc(y oval, convex, generally rough: thoi-ax transverse, 
 emarginate before ; the sides often with acute margins. 
 Sp. 1. Boli. Agaricola. 
 Bolilophagus Agaricola. Illig,, Fabi\ Eledona Agaricola. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Opatrum Agaricola. Oliv., Marsh. 
 Inhabits boktl and other fungi. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Antenna nearly or quite filiform,with their extremities simple . 
 a. Mandibles with their extremities bifid. 
 
 Genus 179. IIELOPS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Illig., Latr., Rossi, 
 Leach. Tenebrio. Linn. 
 Maxillary palpi terminated by a securiform joint : antenna: as long or 
 longer than the thorax : thorax quadrate or semicircular : body 
 convex. 
 Sp. llcL lanipes. 
 
CLASS V. INSnCTA. 195 
 
 Ilelops lanipes. Fabr., Latr., Olh, Tenebrio lanipes. Li?in, 
 Inhabits Europe under the bark of trees. 
 
 b. Mandibles with their points entire. Tarsi rcith denticulated mdh. 
 Genus 180. CISTELA, Fabr., Latr., Lam., Oliv., Leach. Chry- 
 soMELA. Linn. Moudella. Geoff. 
 Bodi/ ovate : antenna serrated : feet rather long. 
 Sp. 1. Cist, cei'amhoidex. 
 Cistela ceramboides. Fabr., Latr., OUv. Chrysomela ceran^bojdes, 
 
 Linn. 
 Sp. 2. Cist, sidphurea. {PI. 4. fg. 6.) 
 Crioceris sulphurea. Marsh. 219. 1. 
 
 Fam. XXX. Melyandryad.'e. Leach. 
 
 Mandibles bifid at their extremities : head more or less triangular, with^ 
 out a contraction behind, at its juncture with the thorax : four aute^ 
 rior tarsi with the last joint but one bilobate .: maxillary palpi with 
 the last joint large, securiform, or obtrigonate, 
 
 Stirps 1. — Hinder tarsi with entire joints. 
 
 Genus 181. SERROPALPUS. Oliv., Pai/k., Illig., Latr., Leach, 
 DiRC^A. Fabr. 
 Antenna filiform : body almost cylindric, and very long. 
 
 An insect of this genus has lately been taken in this country, 
 and was first discovered in Windsor Forest. In July 1817, being in 
 Hampshire in company with my friend Mr. John Chant, we took 
 four specimens from a rotten oak near Lyndhurst. 
 
 Genus 182. ORCHESIA. Latr. Dirc^a. Fabr., Leach. IIai.- 
 LOMEMUS. Illig., Payk., Helhcig. Megatoma. Herbst. Mori- 
 DELLA. Marsh. 
 Hinder feet formed for leaping : antenna clavate : body elliptic. 
 Sp. 1. Orc.micans. Fabr. 
 
 Hallomenus micans. Paykull. Serropalpus micans. Illiger. Mega- 
 toma picea. Herbst. Mordella Boleti. Marsh. Orchesia micans. 
 Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits boleti. 
 Stirps 2. — Tarsi altogether with their last joint but one bilobate. 
 
 Genus 183, MELANDRYA. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Chrysomela. 
 Linn. Serropalpus. Illig-, Bosc. 
 Antennm simple, filiform : maxillary palpi terminated by an elongate 
 securiform joint : body nearly elliptic ; thorax trapezoid, broad behind. 
 Sp. 1, Md, caraboidcs. 
 Chrysomela caraboides, Linn. Serropalpus caraboides. Oliv., //% 
 
 Melandra serrata. F(d>r., Latr, Crioceris caraboides. Marsh. 
 Inhabits rotten trees. 
 
196 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 184. LAGRIA. Fair., Oliv., Lam., Leach. CnaYSOiiELA. 
 Linn. Cantharis. Geoff. Tenebrio. X)e Geer. 
 
 Antenna simple, growing insensibly thicker towards their extremity : 
 maxillary palpi double the size of the labial, with the last joint 
 large, securiform ; labial palpi with the last joint ovate : body ob- 
 long (generally villose). 
 
 Sp. 1. Lag. hirta. 
 
 Lagria hirta. Fabr., Latr. Chrysomela hirta. Linn. Auchenia hirta. 
 Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits the white-thorn in May and June. 
 
 Fam. XXXI. Pyrochroid.€. Leach. 
 Pyrochoides. Latreille. 
 
 Head cordiform, abruptly strangulated at its junction with the thorax : 
 tarsi with their penultimate joints all bilobate : body elongate, de- 
 pressed, or convex and cylindric : thorax almost cordate. 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna: pectinated, serrated, or branched. 
 
 Genus 185. PYROCHROA. Fabr., Geoff., De Geer, Oliv., Lair., 
 Leach. Cantharis. Linnt. 
 Antenna pectinated or serrated : thorax orbicular. 
 
 The prevailing colour in this genus is red and black. 
 Sp. 1. Pyr. rubens. Fabr., Latr., Oliv- 
 Inhabits white-thorn hedges in May and Jiuie. 
 Sp. 2. Fyr. coccinea. {PL 3. Jig. 3.) 
 Inhabits the woods of Kent. 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna simple. 
 
 Genus 186. SCRAPTIA. Latr., Leach. 
 Labial palpi terminated by a semilunar, or large triangular joint : tho- 
 rax almost semicircular. 
 Sp. 1. Scr.fusca. 
 Scraptia fusca. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits boleti. 
 
 Genus 187. NOTOXUS. Geoff., Oliv., Illig., Latr., Leach. Me- 
 LOE. Linn., Donovan. Anthicus. Payk., Fabr. 
 Labial palpi terminated by a small truncate joint : thorax almost cor- 
 diform, produced into a porrected horn in front : antenna simple. 
 Sp. 1. Not. monoceros. {PI. 2. Jig. 23. a. antenna, head, and thorax magnified.) 
 Meloe monoceros. Linne, Don. Notoxus monoceros. Oliv., Illig-, 
 
 Latr. Anthicus monoceros. Fabr., Payk. 
 Inhabits sandy situations; and has been taken in profusion on the 
 sandy sea shores of Swansea. 
 
 Genus 188. ANTHICUS. Payk., Fabr., Leach. Notoxus. Blig., 
 Latr, Lytta. Marsh. 
 Labial palpi terminated by a small truncate joint : thorax almost cor- 
 diform, not anteriorly produced. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 197 
 
 Sp. 1. Anth. fuica. 
 
 J.> tta fusca. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits dung in the neighbourhood of stables, 
 
 Fam. XXXII. Mordellad.?;. Leach. 
 
 MoRDELLAN*. Latreilk. 
 
 Head cordiform, abruptly strangulated at its junction with the thorax: 
 hinder tarsi (sometimes the others) with their penultimate joint en- 
 tire : bodi/ elevated, arcuate, laterally compressed, and terminated 
 by a point : head very large : eli/tra very short, or very narrow and 
 pointed behind : hinder feet large : tibieB with spurs. 
 
 Genus 189. RHIPIPHORUS. Bosc, Fabr., Payk., Oliv., Lam., 
 Leach. Mordella. Marsh., Linni. 
 Tarsi with all the joints simple : palpi almost filiform : antenna: pec- 
 tinated or flabellate : scutellum none, or concealed. 
 Sp. 1. Hhip. paradoxus. 
 
 ]\Iordella paradoxa. Linn. Rhipiphorus paradoxus. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is extremely rare. The larvas inhabit 
 the nests of Vespa Crabro (the hornet). Mordella paradoxa of Mar- 
 sham, which is distinct from the Linnean species, has been found 
 in the nest of a wasp. 
 Genus 190. MORDELLA. Linn., Gecff., Fabr., Latr., Marsh., 
 Leach. 
 Tarsi with all their joints simple : maxillary palpi terminated by a se- 
 curiform joint : antenna simple, or very slightly serrated : scutellum 
 distinct. 
 Sp. 1 . Mord. aculeata. 
 
 Mordella aculeata. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Marsh., Leach. 
 Inhabits the blossoms of the crab-tree, white-thorn, &c. 
 Sp. 2. Mord.Jhsciata. (PL 4. Jig. 8.) 
 
 Genus 191. ANASPIS. Latr., Geoff., Leach. Mordella. Linn., 
 Fabr., Oliv., Marsh. 
 Penultimate joint of the four anterior tarsi bilobate : maxillary pc.lpi 
 
 with the last joint securiform : scutellum none. 
 Sp, 1. Anas, frontalis. 
 Mordella frontalis. Fabr., Oliv., Payk., Marsh, Anaspis frontalis. Latr., 
 
 Leach. 
 Inhabits flowers, especially those of the umbellate plants. 
 
 Fam. XXXIII. CANTHARiuyE. Leach. 
 C.\ntharid;e. Latreille. 
 Head large, cordiform : neck distinct : mandibles not notched at their 
 
 points : thorax almost quadrate, or cordiform : elytra flexible : tarsi 
 
 generally with entire joints. 
 
198 MODERN SYSTEM, 
 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna of equal thickness, tapering towards their points^ 
 or subclavate, longer than the thorax, composed of globular or ob- 
 conic joints : eli/tra covering only a part of the abdomen ; short, oval, 
 diverging at the suture : zvings none : tarsi with all their joints entire. 
 
 Genus 195. MELOE of authors. 
 Abdomen very large, generally soft : antenne various. 
 
 Obs. — Dr. Leach has written an excellent monograph on this genus, 
 which will be found in the eleventh volume of the Transactions of 
 the Linnean Society, and is illustrated by highly finished figures of 
 the species by that celebrated artist and excellent naturalist Mr. 
 Sowerby. An enumeration of the species and habitats will be found 
 in the calendar. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna composed of cylindric or obconic joints, longer 
 than the thorax. 
 
 Genus 193. CANTHARIS. Geoffroy, Be Geer, OUr.,Lam., Lafr,, 
 Leach. Meloe. Litin. Lytta. Fahr., Marsh. 
 
 Elytra soft, elongate, linear, with the sides somewhat inflexed, the 
 back convex, rounded : maxilla with two membranaceous lacinicP, 
 the external one acute within, subuncinate : antenna: with the first 
 joint larger than the others ; the second very short, transverse ; the 
 rest obconic, the last ovoid. 
 
 Sp. 1. Canth. vesicatoria, (Spanish flvi) {PL 4. Jig. 5.) 
 
 Melbe vesicatorius. Linn. Cantharis vesicatoria. De Geer, Geoff., 
 Oliv., Latr. Lytta vesicatoria. Marsh., Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits Europe : is found on the ash, but is rare in England : it is 
 the common blister-fly of the shops. 
 
 Fam. XXXIV. Qldemir.\dx. Leach. 
 CEdemerites. Latreille. 
 
 Antenna filiform or setaceous : rostrum not very flat, and dilated at its 
 extremity : head produced into a kind of rostrum. 
 
 Genus 194. CEDEMERA. Latr., Oliv., Leach. Necydalis. Linn., 
 Fabr. Cantharis. Marsh. 
 Antenna inserted at the anterior internal margin of the eyes : rostrum 
 not elongate : eyes prominent : elytra tubulate : palpi with the last 
 joint broader than the penultimate joint. 
 Sp. 1. CEdem. carulca. 
 Necydalis coerulea. Linn., Fabr. (Edemera ccerulea. Latr., Oliv., 
 
 Leach. 
 Inhabits Europe on the flowers of umbelliferous plants. 
 
 Genus 195. MYCTERUS. Clairv., Oliv., Leach. Rhinomacer. 
 Fabr., Latr. My^labris. Sckaffer. 
 Antenna inserted before the eyes on the rostrum : rostrum elongate, 
 
CLASS V. lySECTA. 199 
 
 narrow : eyes globose, prominent : elytra hard : palpi with the last 
 joint compressed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Myc. curculionidts. 
 
 Rhinomacer curculionides. Fabr., Latr. INIycterus griseus. Claln. 
 Mycterus curculionides. I^ach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe : has been taken in South Devon by the late Mr. 
 John Cranch, of Kingsbridge, zoologist in the late unfortimate ex- 
 pedition to the Congo. For a most interesting biographical account 
 of this indefatigable naturalist, see Cupt. Tucheys Narratm, and 
 Journal of Alts, No. IX. 
 
 Fam. XXXV. Salpingid^. Leach. 
 
 Antenna thicker at their extremities : rostrum very flat, and dilated at 
 its extremity : head produced into a rostrum. 
 
 Genus 196. SALPINGUS. Illiger, Leach. Cvrculio. Lbm., Be 
 Geer, Marsh. Axthribus. Fabr., Payk., Puuz., Clahv. 11b i- 
 NOSiMCS. Latr. 
 A)ifenne inserted before the eyes : elytra rigid. 
 Sp. 1. Sal. Roboris. 
 
 Khinosimus Roboris. Latr. Curculio ruficollis. Marsh. Salpingus Ro- 
 boris. Leach. 
 Inhabits Europe under the bark of trees. 
 
 Section in. TETRAMERA. 
 Tarsi with four joints. 
 
 Division I. — Head anteriorly rostrated; the mouth at the apex of the 
 
 rostrum. 
 
 Fam. XXXVI. Bruchid^. Leach, 
 
 BRUCHEta;. Latreille. 
 
 Palpi obvious, filiform, not very minuter rostrum broad : labrum ex- 
 serted : antenna eleven-jointed, subclavate, with the club formed of 
 distinct joints, in some ; filiform, or gradually thicker towards their 
 points, in others; serrated or pectinated. 
 
 Genus 197. PLATYRHINUS. ClairvUle, Leach. Anthribcs. 
 Fabr., Geoff., Payk., Latr. Macrocephalus. Oliv. 
 Antenna clavate, the club elongate : eyes not emarginate : elytra cover- 
 ing the anus above : body ovate, oblong : abdomen somewhat elon- 
 gate-quadrate. 
 Sp. 1. PI. latirostris. 
 Anthribus latirostris. Fabr., Latr., Payk. Platyrhinus latirostris. 
 
 Clairv., Leach. Macrocephalus latirostris. Oliv. 
 Inhabits boleti in woods : is rare in Britain. 
 
200 MODERX SVSTEM. 
 
 Genus 198. ANTHRIBUS. Pai/kull, Fair., Latr., Geoff., Leach. 
 Macrocephalus. Oliv. 
 Antenna clavate : the club ovate, abrupt, incrassated : eyes not ^margi- 
 nate : elytra covering the anus above : body short, oval, thick : thorax 
 transverse, broader behind, lobated : rostrum short. 
 Sp. 1. An. scabrosus. 
 Anthribus scabrosus. Pai/k., Fabr., Lair., Leach. JJruchus scabrosus. 
 
 Marsh. Macrocephalus scabrosus. Olivier. 
 Inhabits the elm and horse-chesnut. 
 
 Genus 199. RHINOMACER. Oliv., Fabr., Leach. Anthribus. 
 Payk., Latr., Leach. 
 
 Antenne clavate : eyes not emarginate : elytra covering the anus above ; 
 abdomen elongate, narrow : thorax roundish, nearly equally broad : 
 rostrum at the base much narrower than the head, the longitudinal 
 diameter many times exceeding the breadth : tarsi with the second 
 joint not including the third. 
 
 Sp. 1. Hid. attelaboides. 
 
 Anthribus rhinomaccr. Payk., Latr. Rhinomacer attelaboides. Fabr., 
 Leach. 
 
 Inhabits pine-trees. 
 
 Genus 200. BRUCHUS. Linn., De Geer, Oliv., Fabr., Latr., Marsh., 
 Leach. Mylabris. Geoff. 
 Antennae nearly filiform : eyes emarginate for the insertion of the an^ 
 tennas : body short, oval, thick : elytra not covering the anus above. 
 Sp. 1. Bru. Pisi. 
 
 Bruchus Pisi. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits the south of Europe and the north of America. The larva 
 is frequently found in peas. 
 
 Fam. XXXVII. Curculionidje. Leach, 
 
 CuRCULiONiTES. Lutreille. 
 
 Palpi very small, conic-subulate, scarcely discernible : rostrum round- 
 ed, thick, often proboscis-shaped : labrum none; antenna with di- 
 stinct joints, the eighth or ninth generally clavate, the club regular, 
 the joints coriaceous : head from the eyes more or less narrowed, 
 distinctly produced into a rostrum : mandibles small or minute ; 
 ■mention not cylindric-cordate : body rarely cylindric : ante?-ior tibia 
 never triangular, 
 
 A. Antenna straight, not geniculated at the second joint. Body of 
 all, from the base of the thorax, narrower, not cylindric. 
 
 Genus 201. ATTELABUS. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach. 
 CuRCULio. De Geer. 
 Head behind simply elongate, produced with no neck : tibia with one 
 
CLASS V. IKSr.CTA. 
 
 201 
 
 hook at their joints : body ovate : uhdovten quadrate, rounded behind : 
 labium corneous, quadrate ; the middle of the upper margin emar- 
 ginate, obtusely unidentate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Att.curcuHonoidex. 
 
 xVttelabus curcidionoides. Linn., Lutr., Oliv., -Marsh., Txach. 
 
 Inhabits the nut-tree and willow. 
 
 Genus 202. APODERUS. Oliv., Lafr., Leach. Attelabus. Linn., 
 Fair., Paj/k. Curculio. JMarsh. 
 
 Head with a distinct neck: tibice with one hook at their joints: body 
 ovate : abdomen (juadrate, rounded behind : luhiion corneous, qua- 
 drate, the middle of the upper margin emarginate, obtusely uni- 
 dentate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Apo. Coryli. 
 
 Attelabus Cory li. Linn.,Fabr.,Pai/k. CurcuWoCoryW. Mar sham. A])0- 
 iierus Coryli. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits the nut-tree, and is very common. 
 
 Genus 203. RllYNCHITES. Hcrbst., Latr., Leach. Curcumo. 
 Linn., De Geer, Marsh. Rhinomacer. Geoff., Clairo. At- 
 telabus. Fabr., Oliv. 
 Head elongate behind the eyes, with no neck: ch/peus dentate: tibia 
 with very short heels : abdomen quadrate, rounded behind : body 
 ovate, narrowly produced before : thorax conic-cylindric, broader be- 
 hind (often with a spine on each side in the male) : labium mem- 
 branaceous, small, the apex rounded, villose, entire. 
 Sp. 1. Khi/n. Bacchus. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, and is found in England on the nut- and plum-tree, 
 but is very rare. 
 
 Genus 204. DEPORAUS. Leach's MSS. 
 Head elongate, with no neck : cli/peus subdentatc : tibia with short 
 
 heels : abdomen quadrate-rounded behind : hinder thiirhs thick and 
 
 formed for leaping. 
 Sp. 1. Dep. Betula. 
 Rhynchites Betulae. Hei^bst. 
 Inhabits the oak, birch, and hazel. 
 
 Genus 20.5. APION. Herbst, Latr., Kirby, Leach. Ci;rculio. 
 Linn., Ma?-sh. 
 Eyes prominulous: head elongate behind: abdomen subovate: tibia 
 v/ith obsolete heels : labium subquadrate, entire. 
 
 The Rev. William Kirby has given an admirable paper to the 
 Linncan Society of London, in which upwards of sixty species of 
 this genus are described, in the ninth volume of their 'I'ransuctions. 
 He has added a supplement which is published in the tenth vo- 
 lume, 
 
202 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 The whole of tlie insects of this genus are very small ; they are 
 in general found at the roots of grass, on the blossoms of clover, &c. 
 and in sand-pits : in the months of April, May and June, they may 
 be taken in profusion. 
 
 B. A7itenn<e geniculated, the hasal joint very viuch elongated, gene- 
 7-ally received in a lateral oblique groove, {at the base at least,) or 
 the sides of' the rostrum. (Antenn<E in all clavate, the club ge- . 
 nerally composed ofjinnli/ connected joints, the last acute. Tarsi 
 with the last joint but one bijid, or emarginate above, cordate.) 
 
 a. Antennte inserted beyond the base of the rostrum, larger than the 
 head; the club distinctly many-jointed, ovate. Mandibles generally 
 obtuse. Tibia at the apex ciliated with spines, in a few terminated by 
 a st/^ong hook. Body ovate or elliptic. Colours various. 
 
 Genus 20G. CURCULIO of aidhors. Brachyrinus. Latr. 
 
 Body ovate, convex, narrower before : thorax round or conic-cylindric, 
 narrower than the base of the elytra: scutellum extremely minute : 
 abdomen ovate-conic, subo\'ate, or globose : lip minute : antenna ele- 
 ven-jointed : hinder feet not formed for leaping. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cur. argentatus. 
 
 Curculio argentatus. Gmelin, Marsh., Fabr., Leach. Brachyrinus ar- 
 gentatus. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, and is very abundant in this country on the oak in 
 May and June. 
 
 Genus 207. LIXUS. Latr., Fabr., J^each. Leptosoma. Leach. 
 Curculio. Linn., Geoff., Fabr., Marsh. 
 
 Body elongate-ovate : rostrum as broad as the head : lip small, entire, 
 
 transverse-quadrate, corneous, narrower than the mentum. 
 Sp. 1. Lix. paraplecticus. 
 Lixus paraplecticus. Leach. 
 Inhabits the Phellandrium aquaticum. 
 
 Genus 208. RHYNCILENUS. Fabr., Oliv., Leach. Curculio. 
 Linn., Geoff., Lam., Latr. 
 
 Body oblong-ovate, twice as long as broad : antenna eleven-jointed, 
 
 the club distinct : wings perfect : rostrum moderate. 
 Sp. 1. Rhyn. Pini. 
 
 Ilhynchaenus Pini. Leach. Curculio Pini. Linne. 
 Inhabits the Finns sylvestris. 
 
 Genus 209. BALANINUS. Germar. 
 
 Body oblong, twice as long as broad : antenna; twelve-jointed : rvings 
 perfect : rostrum very long and very slender. 
 
CLASS V. INStCTA, 203 
 
 Sp. 1. Bat. Niiciim. 
 Ilhynchamis Nucum. Fahr. 
 
 Inhabits the nut-tree : the larva livhig on the kernel of the fruit is 
 called the nut-maggot. 
 
 Genus 210. LIPARUS. Oliv., Leach. Curculio. Linn., Latr., 
 Mursh. RiiYNciLtNUs. ¥abr. 
 Bodj/ oblong-ovate, twice as long as broad : antenna with the club 
 
 three-jointed beginning at tiie ninth joint, or four-jointed beginning 
 
 at the eighth joint : zciugs none. 
 Sp. 1. Lip. GcrmuHHS. 
 Curculio Germanus. Linn., Marsh. Rhjiichaenus fusco-maculatus. 
 
 Fabr. Liparus Germanus. Leach. 
 Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain, but has been taken near Dover 
 
 and Hastings. 
 
 Genus 211. CRYPTORIIYXCIIUS. Wig., Leach. Curculio. 
 Linn., j\Lirsh. Ruvncilcnus. Fahr. 
 Bodi/ round-oval, half as long again as broad : abdomen short, triangu- 
 lar-quadrate : anus naked: r(74f/vn« applied to the breast: coleoptru 
 subquadrate, the diameters nearly equal : hinder feet not formed for 
 leaping : mentuni corneous, sub-obtrigonate. 
 Sp. 1. Crypt. Ert/simi. 
 
 Rhynchienus Erysimi, Fabr. Cryptorhynchus Er^'simi. Illigcr, Leach. 
 Inhabits 
 
 Genus 212. CIONUS. Clairv., Latr., Leach. RnYNciiy-ENUS. Fahr. 
 Curculio. Linn., Geoff., Oliv. 
 
 Body quadrate-ovate, thick, a little longer than broad: abdomen large, 
 subquadrate, a little narrower and rounded behind : anus not naked : 
 rostrum applied to the breast : coleoptra convex, as broad as long, 
 inflexcd behind : hinder feet not formed for leaping. 
 
 Sp.l. Cio. ScrophularicE. 
 
 Curculio Scrophulariee. Linn., Marsh. RhynchajnusScrophularice. Fabr. 
 Clonus Scrophularise. Clairv., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits the water be tony. 
 
 Genus 213. ORCHESTES. Oliv., lllig.. Leach. Rhyncii^nus. 
 Clairv., Fahr., Latr. Curculio. Linn., Marsh. 
 Body ovate : abdomen elongate-quadrate, rounded behind : elytra in- 
 flexed l)ehind, covering, or at least touching the anus : hinder feet 
 formed for leaping. 
 Sp. 1. Ore. Alni. 
 Curculio Alni. LiHn., M«r.<!/(, Rhynch?enus Alni. Fahr. Orchestes Alni. 
 
 Leach. 
 Inhabits the alder. 
 
204 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 b. Antenn/E inserted at the base of the rostrum. Tarsi injlectcd to 
 the internal side of the tibia. 
 
 Genus 214. CALANDRA. Clairv., Fabr., Leach. Cuucci.io. 
 Linn., Geoff., Oliv. Rhynchopuorxis. Hcrbst. 
 Bod)/ elliptic-oval, flat above : ei/es immersed, oblong, encircling the 
 head beneath : rostrum thickened at the insertion of the antennae : 
 elytra plain, not covering the anus above : anus acutely prominent : 
 feet strong. 
 Sp. 1. Cal. granaria. 
 
 Calandra granaria. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Curculio granarius. Marsh. 
 Inhabits 
 
 Genus ^215. COSSONUS. Clairv., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cur- 
 culio. Payk., Herbst. 
 Body very much lengthened, sublinear or subcylindric, narrow before : 
 elytra covering the anus above : tibice terminated by a hook inter- 
 nally : back flat, depressed. 
 Sp. 1. Cos. linearis. 
 Cossonus linearis. Clairv., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Curculio linearis. 
 
 Payk., Marsh. Curculio parallelopipedos. Herbst. 
 Inhabits trunks of trees in Windsor Forest. 
 
 Obs. — In addition to the above in Germar's and Zinckcr Sommers Maga- 
 zin der Entomologie, vol. iii. for 1817, notice is given of the following 
 genera as lately established, (the species mentioned may be consi- 
 dered the types). 
 
 Genus Magdalis. Germar. 
 Sp. 1. Cur. aterrimus. 
 
 Genus Bagous. Germar. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cur. binoduius. Herbst. 2. Cur. Alismatis. CyiC 
 
 Genus SiTONA. Germar. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cur. hispidulus. 2. Cur. linealus. 
 
 Genus Curculio. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cur. sulcirostris. 
 
 Genus Grypiius. Germar. 
 Sp. 1. Cur. Equiseti. 
 
 Gemis Lepyrus. Germar. 
 Sp. 1. Cur. triguttatus. 
 
 Genus Pachygaster. Germar. 
 Sp. 1. Cur. niger. 
 
CLASS V. INSKCTA. 205 
 
 Genus Hypera. Germar. 
 Sp. 1. Cur. uigrorostris. 
 
 Genus Thylacites. Germar. 
 Sp. 1. Cur. incanus. 
 
 Division TI. — Head not gradually prolonged into a rostrum. Tarsi not 
 spongi^ beneath. Antenna forming a solid mass, shorter or not much 
 longer than the head. 
 
 Fam. XXXVIII. Bostricid.i. Leach. 
 
 BosTRiciNi. Latreille. 
 
 Body cylindric or globose : head globose : tibia: compressed, the ante- 
 rior ones dentated : antenna eight- or ten-jointed ; the first joint elon- 
 gate, the two or three last joints formuig a large mass : palpi very 
 small, generally conic, rarely filiform. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Club of the antennee commencing before the ninth joint. 
 Genus 216. HYLURGUS. Latr., Leach. Ips. De Geer, Marsh. 
 
 SCOLYTUS. OliXK 
 
 Tarsi with the penultimate joint bifid : antenna with the club com- 
 mencing at the eighth joint, very little or not at all compressed. 
 Sp. 1. Hyl. Piniperda. 
 
 Ips Piniperda. Marsh. Hylurgus Piniperda. Latr. 
 Inhabits this country, perforating the bark of the pine. 
 
 Genus 217. TOMICUS. Latr., Leach.. Dbrmestes. Linnaus^ 
 Ips. JDe Geer. Bostrichus. Fabr., Payk. Scolytus. OHv, 
 
 Tarsi with entire short joints : antenna with the club much compress- 
 ed, beginning at the seventh joint, distinctly annulated : body not 
 linear. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tom. Typographus. 
 
 Dermestes Typographus. Linn. Ips Typographe. De Geer. Bostrichus 
 Typographus. Fabr., Payk. Ips Typographus. Marsh. Scolytus Ty- 
 pographus. Oliv. Tomicus Typographus. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees, which it gnaws into various 
 labyrinth-like passages. 
 
 Genus 218. PLATYPUS. Herbst, Latr., Leach. Bostrichcs. Helt- 
 wig., Fabr. Scolytus. Panz. 
 Tarsi with entire long joints : antenna with the club much compressed, 
 commencing at the sixth joint : annulations not or but slightly di- 
 stinct: body linear. 
 Sp. 1. Pla. cylindricm} 
 
206 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Platypus cylindriciis. Heibst, Lair. Bosthchus cylindiicus. Fair. 
 Scolytus cylindricus. Oliv. 
 
 Discovered to be a native of Britain by Mr. D. Bydder, who took 
 it in the New Forest of Hampshire from beneath the bark of trees, 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna with the club beginning at the ninth joint. 
 
 Genus 219. SCOLYTUS. Geoff., Schcffer, Latr., Oliv., Leach. 
 Tarsi with the last joint but one bifid : antennce with the club com 
 
 pressed, obovoid, the apex rounded. 
 Sp. 1. Sco. Destructor. 
 Scolytus Destructor. Oliv., Latr. Ips Scolytus. Marsh. Hylesinus 
 
 Scolytus. Fuhr. 
 Inhabits beneath the bark of the elm. 
 
 Genus 220. HYLESINUS. Fahr., Lair., Leach. 
 Tarsi with their penultimate joint bifid : antenna with the club Itttlc pr 
 
 not compressed, ovoid, the extremity pointed. 
 Sp. 1. Hj/1. crenatns. 
 
 Hylesinus crenatus. Fair., Lair. Scolytus crenatus. Oliv. 
 Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees. 
 
 Fam. XXXIX. Cisid.?;. L^ach, 
 
 Bocli/ ovoid or oblong ; in some depressed, in others linear : palpi fili- 
 form or bent at their extremities : antenna- ten-jointed, increasing 
 towards their extremities or terminated by a perfoliated mass. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna with the club three-jointed, perfoliated. 
 
 Genus 221. CIS. Latr., Lxach. 
 Antenna twice as long as the head ; boclj/ oval, depressed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cis Boleti. 
 
 Dermestes Boleti. ScopolL Anobium Boleti. Fuhr., Lllig., Pai/k. AnO' 
 
 bium bidentatum. Oliv. Ptinus Boleti. Marsh. 
 Inhabits the Boletus versicolor. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna with a nearly globose two-jointed club. 
 Genus 222. CERYLON. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Bocli/ elongate : thorax quadrate, with the hinder margin straight, con» 
 tiguous with the elytra : abdomen not pedunculated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cer. histeroides. 
 
 Lyctus histeroides. Fahr., Pai/k., Panz. Rhyzophagus histeroides. 
 Herbst. Cerylon histeroides. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, beneath the bark of trees. 
 
CT.ASS V. INSFXTA. 207 
 
 Genus 223. MONOTOMA. Herbst, Leach. Cerytox. Latr. 
 
 Biidi/ elongate, linear: thorax quadrate, with the hinder margin 
 distant from tlie base of the elytra: abdomen somewhat peduncu- 
 lated. 
 
 Sp. 1. ]\[on. Juiilandis. 
 
 Lvctus Juglandis. Fubr., Pai/k., Pauz. Corticaria taxicornis. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, imdor tlie bark of the stumps of trees, particularly 
 those in damp situations. 
 
 Fam. XL. Mycetopiiagid.?:. Leach. 
 
 Budi/ ovoid or oblong; in some depressed, in others linear: palpi fili- 
 form or bent at their extremities: antenna eleven-jointed: mandibles 
 little or not at all prominent. 
 
 Stiups 1. — Antennfc gradually thickening towards their extremities. 
 . Tarsi with the first joint longer than the following one. 
 
 Genus 224. MYCETOPHAGUS. Fabr., Pai/k., Oliv., Panz., Latr., 
 Leach. Tritoma. Geoff. Dermestes. Thunb. Silpiioides. 
 Herbst. Boletaria. Marsh. 
 
 BlkIi/ oval : antenna with the last joint elongate, ovate : maxillary palpi 
 
 prominent. 
 Sp. 1. J^[yc. quadripustnlafus. 
 Mycetophagus quadripustulatus. Fabr., Latr., Panz., Payk. Boletaria 
 
 quadripustulata. I\iarsh. 
 Inhahhi Jungi. 
 
 Stirps 2. — AntenncE gradually thickening towards their extremities, or 
 with a three-jointed club. 
 
 a. Tarsi with the first joint longer than tlie secoird. Palpi very 
 short, the maxiUai'y ones but little or not at all prominent. Antennie 
 as long as the thorax or less. 
 
 Genus 225. LATRIDIUS. Herbst, Leach. Ips. Oliv. Corti- 
 caria. Marsham. Dermestes. Fabr., Paykull. 
 
 .Antenna with the second joint larger than the third. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lat. porcatus. 
 
 Latridius porcatus. Herbst, T^each. Latridius minutus. Latr. Der- 
 mestes marginatus. Paykull. 
 Inhabits damp paper and old wood in houses. 
 
20S MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 226. 8ILVANUS. Latr., Leach. Tenebrio. De Geer. 
 Deumestes. Fabr., Panz. Ips. Olivier. Colydium. Fuyk., 
 Herbst. CoRTiCARiA. Marsham. 
 Antenna with the second and following joints to the eighth joint nearly 
 
 equal. 
 Sp. 1. Sil.frumentarius. 
 Colydium friunentarium. Panzer, Corticaria frumentaria. Marsh. 
 
 Silvanus frumentarius. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits damp cellars in old wood and paper. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Antenna eleven-jointed. Mandibles prominent or exserted» 
 * Mandibles small. Body long and linear. 
 Genus 227. LYCTUS. Fabr., Pai/k., Leach. 
 Antenna with a two-jointed club : thorax long and linear. 
 
 Sp. 1. Li/c. oblongus. 
 
 Lyctus oblongus. Latr., Leach. Lyctus canaliculatus. Fabr. Ips ob- 
 longus. Oliv, Bitoma unipunctata. Herbst. Corticaria oblonga. 
 Ma7'sh. 
 
 Inhabits old wood. 
 
 ** Mandibles large. Body elongate, much depressed, nearly equally 
 broad. 
 
 Genus 228. TROGOSITA. Fabr., Oliv., Illig., Latr., Lam., Leach. 
 
 Thorax almost quadrate, separated from the abdomen by a remarkable 
 interval : antenna monilitbrm, shorter than the thorax, compressed 
 towards the apex ; labrum exserted, coriaceous, small, hairy in front. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tro. mauritnnica. 
 
 Tenebrio mauritaniciis. Possi, Marsh. Trogosita caraboides. Fabr,, 
 lUig., Payk., Herbst, Latr. Trogosita mauritanioa. Oliv., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, under stones on the banks of rivers. 
 
 Fam. XLT. Pryonid.^. Leach.' 
 
 Lip much widened at its extremity, cordiform ; body elongate : antenna 
 long, generally inserted in a notch in the eyes : labrum very small or 
 almost none. 
 
 Genus 229. PRIONUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach. 
 
 Thorax with the sides gently sloping, dentated : antenna serrated, a lit- 
 tle shorter than the body; of the male twelve, of the female eleven- 
 jointed. 
 
 Sp^ 1. Pri. coriarius. 
 
 Cerambyx coriarius. Linn., Marsh. Prionus coriarius. Latr., Fabr., 
 Oliv., I^ach. 
 
 Inhabits old trees; flies in the evening. 
 
CtASS V. INSECTA. 209 
 
 Fam. XLII. Ceramiiycid^. I^ach. 
 Cerambycini II. Latr. 
 
 Lip much widened at its extremity, cordiform : body elongate : labruip 
 very apparent : antenna inserted in a notch in the eyes. 
 
 Subdivision 1. — Head vertical. Palpi almost ^filiform. 
 
 Genus 230. LAMIA. Latr., Fahr., Leach. 
 Antenna ten-jointed, longer than the body. 
 This genus is divided into sections. 
 
 A. Body depressed, 
 Sp. 1. Lam. adilis. 
 
 Lamia sediUs. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cerambyx sedilis. Linn., Marsh. 
 Inhabits the trunks of trees, but is very rare in Britain. 
 
 B, Body not depressed. 
 Sp. 2. Lam. nebulosa. 
 
 Cerambyx nebulosus. Fabr., Marsh. Lamia nebulosa. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits dried faggots in woods, hurdles, Sec, 
 Sp. 3. Lam. Textor. {PI. 2. fg. 24,) 
 Lamia Textor. Fabr., Latr. Cerambyx Textor. Marsh. 
 Inhabits the wood of willow-trees in Hampshire and near Bristol. 
 
 C. Body linear. Thorax not spined at the sides. 
 Sp. 4. Lam. oculata. 
 Cerambyx oculatus. Marsh. Saperda oculata. Fabr. Lamia oculati 
 
 Latr. 
 Inhabits the trunks of trees, but is very rare in England, 
 
 Genus 231. SAPERDA. Leach. 
 Antenna eleven-jointed, longer than the body : body linear: thorax with" 
 
 out spines. 
 Sp. 1. Sap. lineato-col/is. 
 Cerambyx lineato-collis. Marsh. Saperda lineato-coUis. Leach's Zool. 
 
 Misc. vol. i. 
 Inhabits the trunks of trees, but is very rare. Dr. Leach suspects this 
 
 species to be Saperda Cardui Fabr, 
 
 Subdivision 2.—~Head nutant. Palpi with the last joint thicker than the 
 
 others. 
 
 Genus 232. CERAMBYX. Linn., Fabr., S,c. 
 Antenna longer than the body : palpi with the last joint obconic, com- 
 pressed : thorax with a spine on each side, 
 Sp. 1. Cer, inoscliatus. 
 Inhabits willows in Europe, emitting, whilst alive, a fine smell of musk. 
 
 Genus 233. CLYTUS. Fabr., Leach. Cerambyx. Linn., Marsh. 
 Ldbial pa/pi -with, the last joint obtrigonate: ^Aorax without spines, glo- 
 bose : antenna shorter than the body : hinder thighs clavate, 
 
 o 
 
210 MODERN' SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. C/y. Arietis. {PI. 2. fig. 2o.) 
 
 Cerainbyx Arietis. Linn., Marsh. Clytus Arietis. Fabr., Leach. Cal- 
 
 lidium Arietis. Latr. 
 Inhabits trunks of trees in sunny v.'cather. 
 
 Genus 234. CALLIDIUM. Fair., Latr., Leach. Cerambyx. 
 Linn., JMarsh. 
 
 Labial palpi with the last joint obtrigonate : thorax orbicular, depressed 
 or but little convex : antenius setaceous, as long as the body : hinder 
 thighs abruptly clavate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cal. violaceum. 
 
 Cerambyx violaceus. Linn., Marsh. Callidium violaceum. Fair., Latr., 
 I^ach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is generally found on palings. I lately 
 bred a specimen from a larva found in a Norway deal, and I am in- 
 formed by an intelligent carpenter from whom I received the lar\a, 
 that he has frequently met with tiiem in new wood. ^Ir. Kirby has 
 given an interesting history of this species in the Transactions of the 
 Linncan Societt/, vol. v. 
 
 Genus 235. MOLORCHUS. Fair. 
 Fliftra abbreviated. 
 Sp. 1. Mol. major. 
 
 Necydalis major. Linn. ]\Io!orchu3 rmbellatarum. Fabr. 
 Inliabits flowers and hedges. 
 
 Fam. XLIII. Lepturad.te. Leach. 
 Lip much widened at its extremity', cordiform : body elongate : labruw 
 very apparent : antenna inserted bet^veen the eyes. 
 
 Genus 236. ULFTL'RA of authors. 
 Thorax not spined on each side. 
 Sp. 1. Lep. elongata. 
 
 Leptura elongata. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach. 
 Inhabits various flowers in hedges, and is pretty common. 
 Sp. 2. Lep. quadrifasciata. (PL 2. fig. 26.) 
 Inhabits umbelliferous plants ; is rather scarce. 
 
 Genus 237. RHA'GIUM. Fabr., Leach. Leptcra. Vvm., Latr.. 
 Marsh. 
 Tliorax with a spine on each side : antenna setaceous. 
 Sp. 1. Rha. vulgare. Leach. 
 
 Leptura Inquisitor. Latr., Marsh. Rhagium Inquisitor Fabr. 
 Inhabits umbelliferous plants in woods, and may be found in decayed 
 stumps of trees in the winter months. 
 
 Genus 238. HARGIUM. Leach's MSS. 
 Thorax v.ith a spine on each side ; antenna thickest in their middle. 
 Sp. 1. Rha. Inquisitor, 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 211 
 
 Leptiira Inquisitor. Linne. Rhagium Indagator. Fair. 
 Inhabits England, but is very rare. 
 
 Fam. XLIV. CRiocERiDiE. Leach. 
 Lip not cordiform : maxilla with their external division not resembling 
 a t«'o-jointed palpus : toij/ elongate : f^ora r cylindric or quadrate: 
 mandibles bifid or notched at their extremities. 
 
 Genus 239. DONACIA. Tahr., Payk., Hoppe, OUv., Latr., Leach. 
 Lepttjra. Linn., Marsh. 
 Antennas with elongate-cylindric joints, those of the base obconic : eyes 
 not notched : abdomen elongate, triangular : hinder thighs thick. 
 
 * Hinder thighs dentated. 
 Sp. 1. Don. micans. 
 
 Donacia micans. Hoppe, Leach. Leptura micans. ilJars/j. 
 Inhabits aquatic plants. 
 
 ** Hinder thighs simple, 
 Sp. 2. Don. simpler. 
 Leptura simplex. Marsh. 
 Iiiliabits aquatic plants. 
 
 Ob5. — Donacia Zosteri Fabr., and Equiseti, both of which have lately 
 been taken in Britain, constitute the genus Macroplea of Hoffmansegg. 
 
 Genus 2 10. CRIOCERIS. Geof., OUv., Lam., Leach. 
 Ante'nnce moniliform, with the exception of the basal joints which are 
 
 globose : ei/es notched : neck distinct : abdomen quadrate. 
 Sp. 1. Cri. mcrdigera. (PL 2. Jig. 14.) 
 Crioceris merdigera. Latr., Leach. Lema merdigera. Fabr. Auche- 
 
 nia merdigera. Marsh. Chrysomela merdigera. Li7in. 
 Inhabits the white Yi\y. 
 
 Fam. XLV. Curysomelid.?:. Leach, 
 
 Chrysomei.tnt:. Jxitreilk. 
 
 Lip not cordiform : maxilla with their external division resembling a 
 biarticukite palpus : bodxf more or less ovoid or oval : thorax trans- 
 verse, or not longer than broad. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Palpi very small : antenna inserted near each other between 
 the eyes, at a distance from the moutli: body shield-shaped : thorax 
 semicircular. 
 
 Genus 241. CASSIDA of authors. 
 Antenna thicker towards their extremities, their base concealed by the 
 
 tliorax: body nearly orbiculate. 
 Sp. 1. Cass, eqmstris. 
 Cassida equestris. Fabr., Payk., Panz., Latr., Leach. Cassida viridis.. 
 
 Marsh., Illig. 
 Inhabits the Mentha sylvestris. 
 
 o3 
 
212 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Maxill my palpi very apparent : anlem:a inserted very near 
 to each other, between the eyes, towards the middle of the face. 
 
 Division I. — Feet not fanned for leaping. 
 
 Genus 242. GALERUCA. Geoff'., Latr., Fabr., Oliv., Leach. 
 
 Palpi with the tw© last joints very slightly different in size, the last co- 
 nic : antenncE shorter than the body, the joints obconic ; the second 
 joint half the length of the third. 
 
 Sp. 1. Gal. Tanaceti. {PL 2. Jig. 13.) 
 
 Chrysomela Tanaceti. Marsh, Galeruca Tanaceti. Latr., Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits chalk-pits. 
 
 Genus 243. ADIMONIA. Schrank, Leach. 
 
 Palpi with the two last joints not very different in size, the last joint 
 conic : antenna shorter than the body, the joint obconic, with tlie se- 
 cond and third joints shorter than the fourth joint. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ad. nigricornis. 
 
 Crioceris nigricornis. Fahr. Galeruca nigricornis. Latr, Chrysomela 
 halensis. Marsh. Adimonia nigricornis. Leach. 
 
 Inhabits hedges. 
 
 Genus 244. LTJPERUS. Geoff., Oliv., Latr., LeacK 
 Palpi with the two last joints nearly equal in size, the last conic: an- 
 tennae as long as the body, the joints cylindric, elongate. 
 Sp. 1. Lup.Jiavipea. 
 
 Luperus flavipes. Latr,, Leach. Crioceris flavipes. Fabr. 
 Inhabits bushes in damp woods. 
 
 Division II. — Hinder feet formed for leaping, the thighs being incrassated. 
 Genus 245. HALTICA. Leach. Altica. Geoff., Oliv., Panz., 
 
 Latr. Chrysomela. Linn., De Gcer, Marsh. Cmoceris. 
 
 Fabr. Lema. Fabr. Galeruca. Fabr. 
 Antennts with the second joint generally a little shorter than the first. 
 
 * Body ovate. 
 Sp. 1. Hal. oleracea. 
 Altica oleracea. Latr., Panz. Chrysomela oleracea. Marsh. Haltica 
 
 oleracea. Leach. 
 Inhabits sand-pits, and nettles in hedges. 
 
 ** Body nearly orbiculafe. 
 Sp. 2. Hal.testacea. 
 Galeruca testacea. Fabr. Altica testacea. Latr. Chrysomela testacea. 
 
 Marsh. Haltica testacea. Leach. 
 Inhabits sand-pits, and nettles in hedges. 
 Stirps 3. — Maxillary palpi -very apparent: ara^enn^c inserted before tl 
 
 eyes, gradually thickening towards their points : head nutant, fo"- 
 
 ing aa obtuse angle with the thorax. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 213 
 
 Division I. — Mandibles short, obtuse, truncated or terminated bj/ a tery 
 short point : antenna with the four last joints globose or turbinated. 
 
 Subdivision l.^Antenna with the last four joints turbinated. Body 
 hemispheric or oral. Thorax transverse. 
 
 Genus 246. CHRYSOMELA. Latr., Fabr., d^c. 
 Palpi terminated by two joints of nearly an equal length, the last al- 
 most ovoid truncate or nearly cylindric: sternum not produced. 
 
 * Thorax with the sides incrassatcd, as if margined : body ovate qua- 
 drate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Chry. Bayihsii. 
 
 Chrysomela Banksii. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits nettles in lanes, 
 
 ** Thorax with the sides not incrassated. Body ovate quadrate. 
 
 Sp. 2. Chry. Litura. 
 
 Chrysomela Litiu-a. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits the broom. 
 
 *** Body elongate-ovate quadrate. 
 
 Sp. 3. Chry. jnarginella. 
 
 Chrj^somela marginella. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits plants growing by the side of ditches. 
 
 Obs. — Chrysomela tenebricosa Linn, forms the Genus TiMAncnA C<)f 
 Hoppe) ? 
 
 Subdivision 2. — Antenna with the four last joints semi-globose, almost 
 forming a club. Body elongate-quadrate. Thorax as long as bt^oad. 
 
 Genus 247. IIELODES. Payk., Fabr., Oliv., Leach. 
 Palpi short, thicker at their middle, the last joint short-obconic, 
 
 Sp. 1. Hel. Phellandrii. 
 
 Helodes Phellandrii. Payk., Fabr. Proscijris Phellandrii. LMtr. 
 
 Inhabits flowers in meadows. 
 
 Stibps 4. — Maxillary palpi very apparent: antenntt inserted before the 
 eyes : head vertical : palpi wiih the last joint conic-cylindric : body 
 short-cylindric. 
 
 Genus 248. CRYPTOCEPHALUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., 
 Lam., Marsh., I^each. 
 Antennm simple, filiform, about the length of the body. 
 Sp. 1. Crypt, sericeus. 
 Chrysomela sericea. Linn. Cryptocephaliis sericeus. Fabr., ^iv., 
 
 Marsh., Leach. 
 Inhabits the flowers of the dandelion. 
 
214 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 219. CLYTHRA. Lakharting, Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna short, serrated, exserted : palpi alike. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cly. quadripunctata. 
 
 Clythra quadripunctata. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cryptocephalus quadri- 
 
 punctatus. Marsh. Chrysomela quadripunctata. Linn. 
 Inhabits the oak, but is very local. 
 
 Fam. XLVI. Erotylidje. 
 
 Antenna moniliforni below, terminated by an ovoid club : thorax ele- 
 vated at the middle : tibia elongate-triangular. 
 
 Stirps. 1. — Palpi all terminated by large semilunar or securiform 
 joints. 
 
 Genus 250. TRITOMA. Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach. 
 Body short-ovate, the back elevated in the middle : thorax with the 
 
 middle of the hinder margin dilated into an angle. 
 Sp. 1. Trit. bipusttdatum. {PL 2. Jig. 9.) 
 Tritoma bipustulatum. Fabr., Payk., Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits boleti. 
 
 Genus 251. TRIPLAX. Payk., Fabr., Oliv.,Leach. Silpha, Linn., 
 Marsh. 
 Body oval. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tri. russica. 
 
 Silpha russica. Linn., Mat^sh. Triplax russica. Payk., Fabr. Tritoma 
 
 russica. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits dead trees and fungi. 
 
 Stikps 2. — Maxillary palpi filiform, or thicker tov/ards their extremities, 
 
 * Tarsi with the penultimate joint bilobate. Body hemispheric, but 
 not contractile into a ball. 
 
 Genus 252. PIIALACRUS. Latr^, Payk., Leach. 
 Antenna with a three-jointed club. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pha. bicolor. 
 
 Phalacrus bicolor. Payk., Latr., Leach. Dermestes Calthae. Scopoli. 
 
 Anisotoma bicolor. Illig., Fabr. 
 Inhabits various flowers. 
 
 ** Ta?-si with the joints entire. Body nearly globose, contractile 
 into a ball. 
 
 Genus 253. AGATHIDIUM. Illig., Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna with a three-jointed club. 
 Sp. 1. Agath. nigripenne, > 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 215 
 
 Agathidium nigripenne. lUlg., Latr., Leach. Spha'i'uiiL.ni ruficolle. 
 
 Oliv, Anisotoma nigripennis. Fabr. 
 Inhabits sand-pits. 
 
 Sfciion IV. TRIMERA. 
 
 Tarsi all three-jointed. 
 
 Fam. XI.VII. Coccinellid.?;. Leach. 
 
 Antenna shorter than the tliorax: maxilla?^ palpi terminated by :i large 
 securiform joint: /^oi/y hemispheric: thorax transverse, liie liiinNr 
 margin arcuated. 
 
 Genus 254. COCCINELLA of authors. 
 Thorax (even behind) narrower than the elytra : hodij hemisplicric, ap- 
 proaching to ovate. 
 Sp. 1. Coc. septcmpundata (Common Lady-cow or I.ady-ljird). 
 Coccinclla septempunctata ctj' authors. 
 Inhabits Europe. 
 
 Genus 255. CIIILOCORUS. Leach. 
 Thorax lunate, without hinder angles: bod^ enlinly marf^lviatrf]. 
 
 Sp. 1. Chi. Cacti. 
 
 Coccinella Cacti. Latr., Fabr. Chilocorus Cacti. Leach. 
 
 Inhabits white-thorn hedges. 
 
 Fam. XLVIII. Exdomyciiid.?:. Leach. 
 u4«fen?z<E longer than the thorax: maxillary palpi i\ot icrm'mxXcA by a 
 large joint: hodif more or less ovoid: thorax almost quadrate. 
 
 Genus 256. ENDOMYCHUS. Pai/k., Fair., Leach. 
 
 Antenn<E with the greater portion of their joints very sliort, nearly cy- 
 lindric; the ninth joint longer than the one before it^ the last with 
 the apex truncate or obtuse: palpi with their extremities thicker: 
 thighs not abruptly clavate: bodt/ ovate : thorax short, with the bar^c 
 gradually enlarging from the apex, not narrowed behind : mandibles 
 with their points distinctly bifid or bidcntate. 
 
 Sp. 1. End. coccineus. 
 
 Chrysomela coccinea. Linn. Endomychus coccineus. Fat/h., Lair., 
 Fabr., Leach. Tenebrio coccineus. Marsh. 
 
 Inhabits beneath the bark of the stimips of trees : this is a very local in- 
 sect. In Coombe Wood, Surrey, they occurred for a year or two in 
 profusion in the months of May and June. The larvje resemble the 
 female glow-worm, but are not more than a quarter of an inch in 
 length, and are found beneath the bark of trees, particularly those in 
 moist places. 
 
216 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 257. LYCOPERDINA. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Antenna; moniliform, gradually thickening towards tl>eir extremities, 
 the ninth joint scarcely longer than the one before it : maxillary palpi 
 filiform: labial palpi with the last joint large, almost ovoid : thighi 
 abruptly clavate : bodii elongate-ovate : thorax with the anterior an- 
 gles a little dilated, narrowed behind : mandibles with their points 
 very acute, undivided. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lye. Bovista. 
 
 Endomychus Bovistae. Payk., Fabr. Tenebrio Bovistse. Marsh. Ly- 
 coperdina immaculata. Latr. Lycoperdina Bovistas. Leach. 
 
 Inhabits the Lycoperdmm or puff-ball. 
 
 Order IV. DERMAPTERA. Be Geer, Leach, Kirby. ■ 
 
 Order Coleoptera. Linne, Marshain. 
 Order Orthoptera. Latreille, Lamarck. 
 
 Characters of the Order. 
 
 Elytra somewhat crustaceous and abbreviated, of a square form ; the 
 suture straight : wings membranaceous, externally coriaceous, large, 
 folded transversely and longitudinally: anus armed with forceps, 
 which is horny and moveable : body linear depressed: antenna: in- 
 serted before the eyes, composed of from twelve to thirty joints; the 
 first articulation largest, the second very small, the others short, ob- 
 conic or nearly globose : 7nandibles with their points bidentate : palpi 
 filiform, terminated with a very obscure tuberculiform little body or 
 spine: tarsi three-jointed, villose beneath: eyes triangular-orbicular, 
 and but little prominent. 
 
 Obs. — The genera are founded on the number of joints in the antennas. 
 
 Genus 258. FORFICULA of authors. 
 Antenna composed of fourteen joints. 
 
 Sp. 1. For. auricularia. Forceps at the base internally denticulated, and 
 a little beneath with a tooth on each side : elytra yellowish-bro^vn, 
 with the disk darker. 
 
 Forficula auricularia of authors. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. Mr. Marsham has considered the sexes of this in- 
 sect as two species, under the names auricularia and neglccta. 
 
 Genus 259. LABIA. Leach, 
 Antenna twelve-jointed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lab. minor. Forceps denticulated within. {PI. 4. fg. 16.) 
 
 Forficula minor. Fabr., Panzer, Leach. 
 
 Inhabits dung-hills, under clods of earth, stones, &c. The forceps of 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 217 
 
 the male arc somewhat larger than that of the female, ^hich charac- 
 ter Mr. Marsham has considered as specific. 
 Genus 260. LABIDURA. Leach. 
 
 Anteniiit with about thirty joints. 
 
 Sp. 1. Labid. gigantea. Entirely testaceous yellow. 
 
 Forficula gigantea. Fair. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. It was discovered to inhabit Britain by the Rev. Wil- 
 liam Bindley, who observed them on the sea-coast under stones near 
 Christchurch, Hampshire, where they occurred in great abundance. 
 
 Order V. ORTHOPTERA. Leach. 
 
 Order Orthoptera. Oliv,, Lam., Latr. 
 Class Ulon ATA. Fahr. 
 Order HeMiptera. Linne. 
 
 Characters of the Order. 
 
 Elytra coriaceous, the internal margin of one overlapping the same 
 margin of the other : umgs membranaceous, the anterior margin co- 
 riaceous, longitudinally folded : palpi short : bodi/ elongate, narrow : 
 tarsi with three or four very rarely with five joints. 
 
 Fam. I. AcnETiD.«:. Leach. 
 Gryllides. Latreille. 
 
 Elytra horizontal : wings longitudinally folded, often produced beyond 
 the elytra: tai-si three-jointed: hinder feet formed for jumping. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna not longer than the thorax: anterior feet com- 
 pressed, formed for digging ; oviduct not exserted. 
 
 Genus 261. GRYLLOTALPA- I^ay, Latr., Leach. 
 
 Antenn.'E setaceous, composed of a vast number of joints (beyond sixtj') ; 
 antirior tibia and tarsi formed for digging; two first joints of the 
 tarsi very large, dentiform : hinder feet little formed for jumping. 
 
 Sp. 1. Gryl. vulgaris. Above fuscous, ferruginous yellowish beneath : 
 anterior tibia qiiadridentate : wings twice the length of the elytra. 
 
 Gryllus Gryllotalpa. Linn. Acheta Gryllotalpa. Fabr. Gryllotalpa vul- 
 garis. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe in gardens and cultivated places, especially the sides 
 of ponds and banks of streams : they burrow and work underground 
 like the mole, raising a ridge as they proceed, but seldom throw up 
 hillocks. They sometimes destroy whole beds of cabbages, young 
 legumes and flowers. At night they come abroad and make long 
 excursions. In fine weather, about the middle of April, and at the 
 close of day, they begin to utter a low, dull, jarring note, continued 
 for a long time without interruption. About the beginning of May 
 
218 MODF.KN SYSTEM. 
 
 they lay their eggs, two Imndred or more, below ground, the female 
 being excessively solicitous to preserve them from cold and accidents. 
 They arc said to be attracted to gardens by horse-dung, and to be 
 expelled by the dung of hogs. They are common in some parts of 
 Hampshire and Wiltshire. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Tcct not formed for digging : oviduct exserted : antenna 
 longer than the thorax. 
 
 Genus 2G2. ACIIETA. Fair., Leach. Gryllus. Linn., Geoff., 
 Latr., Oliv., Lam. 
 Sp. 1. Ach. cainpestris. Body three times longer than broad, black, shin- 
 ing. 
 Gryllus campestris. Linn., Latr. Acheta campestris. Fab?-., Leach. 
 Inhabits the temperate parts of Europe; is not very common in Bri- 
 tain. 
 The house cricket belongs to this genus. 
 
 Fara. II. Gryllidje. Leach. 
 LocusTARi^. Latreille. 
 
 Elj/tra and nings oblique: hinder feet formed for jumping: tarsi four- 
 jointed : antenna; setaceous : oviduct exserted. 
 
 Genus 2G3. CONOCEPIIALUS. Thunb., Leach. Locusta. Geoff., 
 De Gee?', Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr. 
 Tliorux deflexed, convex, truncated : head acuminated : hinder feet twice 
 
 the length of the body : antcnnce as long as the body. 
 Sp. 1. Con. viridissimus. Green: antenna?, vertex, dorsum of the thorax, 
 
 and suture of the elytra fuscous ferrugineous. 
 Locusta viridissima. Fabr., Latr. Gryllus viridissimus. Linne. 
 Inhabits Europe. In the autimin the perfect insect may be found in 
 great plenty in the marshes near London. 
 
 Fam. III. LocusTiD.t. Leach. 
 AcRYDii. Latreille. 
 
 Flytra and wings oblique: hinder feet formed for jumping: tarsi Wiih. 
 three joints : antenna filiform or ensiform : oviduct not exserted. 
 
 Stirps \. — Hinder legs as long as the body : antenna, filiform : scutellum 
 
 short. 
 
 Genus 264. LOCUSTA. Lf «<■/(. Gryllus. Fabr., Panz., Linn. 
 Antenna filiform, or terminated in a club : hinder legs not, or scarcely, 
 
 longer than the body. 
 
 Obs. — Vfe have many indigenous species of this genus. 
 
 Sp. 1. Loc. migratoria. Thorax somewhat carinated : mandibles blue. 
 This species, though not a native of this country', has been occa- 
 sionally taken in Britain ; in the year 1748 it appeared in several 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 219 
 
 irregular flights in many parts of Europe, and visited England: but 
 they perished in a very short time, before they did much harm. 
 
 " Of all the insects which are capable of adding to the calamities 
 of tlie human race, locusts seem to possess the most formidable 
 powers of destruction. Legions of these voracious animals of various 
 species are produced in Africa, where the devastation they commit 
 is almost incredible. The air is darkened by their numbers ; they 
 carry desolation with them wherever they pass, and in the short 
 space of a few hours are said to change the most fertile provinces in- 
 to a barren desert. 
 
 " Some of the species serve as food, and are eaten fresh as well as 
 salted. In the latter state they are constantly exposed to sale in the 
 Levant, but the quantity of nutritious matter is said to be very small." 
 
 Stirps 2. — Hinder legs longer than the body : antenncB capitate : scu- 
 telhun short. 
 
 Genus 2G5. GOMPIIOCERUS. LeacKs MSS. Gomphoceros. 
 Thunh. 
 
 Hinder legs longer than the body : antennas capitate; club of the anten- 
 na spoon-shaped in hoth sexes : anterior tibia: simple. 
 
 Sp. 1. Gompk. riifus. 
 
 Gryllus rufus. Linnc. 
 
 Inhabits England. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Wings covered by the scutellum. 
 
 Genus 266. ACRYDTUj\L Fahr., Geoff., Be Gccr, Oliv., Leach. 
 Sp. 1. Acr. subulatum. Obscure, testaceous brown, granulose : thorax 
 
 carinated, marginatcd. 
 Gryllus subulatus. Linn. Acrydium subulatum. Fair., Oliv., Leach. 
 
 Tetrix subulata. Latr. 
 Inhabits Europe. It is found on hot and sandy banks, and is subject 
 
 to some variation in colour. 
 The species of Acrydium are but litt\o understood. We seem to 
 
 possess three very distinct indigenous species, all varying in size, 
 
 sculpture, and colour. 
 
 Order VI. DICTYOPTEllA. Leack. 
 
 Order Hemiptera. Linni. 
 
 Class Ulonata. Fabr. 
 
 Order Orthoptera. Latr. 
 
 Characters of the Order. 
 
 E!i/tra coriaceous, nervose, decussating each other : wings membra- 
 naceous, with a few longitudinal folds : maxillary palpi elongate : 
 body depressed, oval, or somewhat orbicular : tarsi with five joints. 
 
220 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 267. BLATTA. Linn., Fabr., S^x. 
 Sp. 1. 
 
 " The genus Blatta may be defined (as it now stands), to be a ge- 
 neral reservoir for all insects agreeing with the character of the 
 Order. The foreign species are numerous, and but little known : 
 much might be done towards elucidating this hitherto neglected part 
 of entomology, and it is hoped some entomographer who has time 
 will devote some share of his attention to the examination of the 
 genera and species." 
 
 Order VII. HEMIPTERA. 
 
 Order Hemiptera. Linn., Lam., Cuv., Leach. 
 
 Class Rhyncota. Fabr. 
 
 Order Hemiptera. Section I. Heteroptera. Latr. 
 
 Characters of the Order. 
 
 Rostrum attached to the anterior extremity of the head : elytra some- 
 what crustaceous or coriaceous, with the apex membranaceous, 
 ]»laced in an horizontal direction, one decussating the other : thorax 
 with the first segment (which bears the feet) larger than the follow- 
 ing one : hanstelLum- with three setse : ocelli or little eyes two, one 
 obsolete. {Metamorphosis semicomplete.) 
 
 Section I. TERRESTRTA. Latr., Leach. 
 
 The insects which compose this section are not only distinguished 
 from the second section by their economy, but likewise by the struc- 
 ture of some essential organs : the antenna of this division are ex- 
 serted, and are very distinct. 
 
 Fam. I. Peatatomid^. Leach. 
 
 CoRisi.E I. Latreille. 
 
 Antenn (S comi)Osed of five joints: rostrum with four distinct joints, the 
 three first of nearly an equal length : labrum very long, striated : tarsi 
 with three distinct joints, the first elongate: head trigonate, im- 
 mersed even to the eyes in the thorax. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Scutellum elongate, covering the elytra and the wings. 
 
 Genus 268. TETYRA. Fabr., Leach. Scutellera. Latr. Ci- 
 mex. Linn. 
 Scutellum longer than broad, not covering the sides of the abdomen : 
 thorax very narrow in front : antenna with the second joint longer 
 than the third. 
 Sp. 1. Tet. Maura. Fabr. 
 Inhabits 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 221 
 
 Stirps 2. — Scutcllum not covering the wings or cl^'tra. 
 
 Genus 269. iELIA. Fabr., Leach. 
 
 Bodi/ ovate : thorax with the anterior margin much narrower than the 
 hinder: ^eflti Iqnger than broad : antenitte with tlie second joint not 
 longer than llie tliird, their base covered by tlie lateral margins of 
 the head. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ml. acuminata. Pale-yellowish, longitudinally lineated with fus- 
 cous, impressed-punctate ; a fuscous band running down the mid- 
 dle of the back divided by a whitish line; last joint of the antennie 
 red. 
 
 Cimex acuminatus. Linn. iElia acuminata Fabr., Leach. Pentatoma 
 acuminatum. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits grassy places : is rare in Britain. 
 
 •Genus 270. PENTATOMA. Oliv.,Lutr., Leach. Cimex. Fabr, 
 
 Wolff. 
 
 Body ovate : thorax with the anterior margin much narrower than tlie 
 
 hinder : head with nearly equal diameters. 
 Sp.J. Pent, bldens. Body griseous above; thorax with a lengthened 
 
 spine on each side behind. 
 Cimex bidens. Fabr. Pentatoma bidens. Lutr., Leach. 
 Inhabits Europe. 
 
 Sp. 2. Pent, prasinus. Green above; hinder angles of the thorax with- 
 out spines. 
 Cimex prasinus. Fabr. Pentatoma prasinus. Leach. 
 Inhabits woods and ferns on heaths. 
 
 Genus 271. CYDNUS. Fabr., Leach. Pentatoma. Latr. 
 
 Body ovate, somewhat orbicular ; anterior margin of the thorax nar- 
 rower than the hinder: ^e«f^ nearly semicircular : antenna wixh the 
 second joint longer than the third : tibi(e spinulose. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cyd. oleraceus. Brassy dark green; sides of the head and tho- 
 rax with a longitudinal line, on the latter red; outer margin of tb.e 
 elytra a spot on each, and the apex of the elytra red ; thighs (apex 
 excepted) and the middle tibia? yellowish. 
 
 Inhabits woods and sandy situations. 
 
 Fam. II. CoREiD^. Leach, 
 CoRiST.i: II. Latreille. 
 
 Antenna: composed of four joints: rostrum with four distinct joints, the 
 first three of nearly an equal length : labrum very long, striated : 
 tarsi with three distinct joints, the first elongate: head trigonate, iai 
 meised even to the eyes within the thorax. 
 
222 MODERN SYSTEM, 
 
 Genus 272. COREUS. Fabr., Lam., Wolf, Lutr., Leach. Cimex. 
 JJnn., Geoff. 
 Antennae inserted above a line drawn from the -eyes to the base of the 
 
 labrum ; the last joint thick: thorax with the anterior narrower than 
 
 the posterior margin : bodi/ ovate, the sides of the abdomen dilated : 
 
 head trigonate ; neck not apparent. 
 Sp. 1. Cor. margiiiatus. Rcd-fuscous, obscure; sides of the abdomen 
 
 elevated, acute ; antennee with their internal base unidcntate, the 
 
 first and last joints blackish, the middle ones red; thighs beneath 
 
 with a canal, and a few little teeth. 
 Coreus marginatus. Fabr., Latr., Leuch. Cimex marginatus. Linni. 
 Inhabits Europe, and is common in Britain in hedges and on the 
 
 dock. 
 
 Genus 273. BERYTUS. Fahr., Leach. Neides. Latr. 
 
 Antenna inserted above a line drawn from the eyes to the base of the 
 labrum ; geniculated about the middle ; the first joint very long, tlic 
 last thick : body filiform : head somewhat conic : neck not apparent : 
 scutellum minute, linear conic : feet elongate : fhigha clavate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ber. tipularius. Reddish-gray; antennoe as long as the body, 
 with the last joint fuscous; clyjicus acuminate, and produced; tho- 
 rax with three elevated lines, whlcli are parallel and longitudinal ; 
 two of these are marginal, the other dorsal; elytia striate nervous, 
 impressed-punctate, spotted with fuscous. 
 
 Cimex tipularius. Linni. Berytus tipularius. Fubr., Leuch. Xcidfs 
 tipularius. Latr. 
 
 Inhabits grassy places. 
 
 Genus 274. LYG.EUS. Fubr., Wolff, Latr., Leuch. Cimex. Lhm, 
 2\' Geer. 
 Antenna filiform, inserted beneath a line di'awn from the eyes to the 
 base of the labrum : bodi/ elongate ovate : head trigonate, neck not 
 apparent. 
 Sp. 1. Lyg. apterus. Red with black spots: elytra abbreviated. 
 Inhabits woods in the autiunn. 
 
 Genus 275. CAPSUS. Fabr., Latr., Lench. Cimex. Lhm. 
 Head trigonate, neck not apparent: antenna setaceous; the second 
 joint at the apex thick, the two last when coniliined nu;ch shorter 
 than the one before it. 
 Sp. 1. Cap. ater. Body black. 
 Inhabits grassy places, and is veiy common. 
 
 Genus 276. MIRIS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn., Geoff., 
 
 SfC. IvYGiEt'S. Wolff'. 
 
 Antenna setaceous, the second and follow lug joints alike : h<.(.id trigo- 
 nate : neck not apparent. 
 Sp. 1. Mir. vagans. Leach. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 223 
 
 Genus 277. MYODOCHA. Latr., Leach. Cimex. De Gcer. 
 Head ovoid, with a distinct neck: antenna slightly thicker towards 
 
 their extremities. 
 Sp. 1. Ml/0, tipuhndes. 
 Mvodocha tipuloides. Latr., Leach. Cimex tipiiloides. De Geer, Mem. 
 
 sitr les Lisectes, v. 354. tab. 35. fg. 18. 
 Inhabits 
 
 Fam. III. CiMiciD.E. Leach. 
 
 CiMiciDES I. 1. Latreille. 
 
 Rostrum with two or three distinct joints : lahnim very short, not pro- 
 jecting : feet simple : eyes not very large : feet formed for walking on 
 the earth, with distinct nails. 
 
 Genus 278. REDUVIUS. Fahr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Ci- 
 mex. Linn., Geoff., De Geer. 
 Body not linear : antenna inserted above a line drawn from the eyes to 
 the base of the rostrum : rostrum with the middle joint evidently 
 longer than the others : thorax bilobate, abruptly elevated behind : 
 tibia alike, elongate, somewhat cylindric. 
 Sp. 1. Hed. personatus. Black. 
 Reduvius personatus. Latr., Fabr., Leach. 
 Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain. 
 
 Genus 279. PLOIARIA. Scopoli, Latr., Leach. Gerris. Fabr. 
 Cimex. Geoff. 
 Body filiform : four posterior feet very long, filiform : anterior feet rap- 
 
 torious, \vith very long coxas. 
 Sp. 1. Plo. vagabunda. 
 
 Gerris vagabundus. Fabr. Ploiaria vagabunda. Leach. 
 Inhabits 
 
 Genus 280. CIMEX. LJnn., Latr., Leach. Acanthia. Fabr. 
 Body depressed : rostrum short, setaceous : wings none. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ciin. lectuhrius. Reddish brown, with short hair. 
 Cimex lectularius. Linn., Latr., Leach. Acanthia lectularia. Fabr. 
 Inhabits Europe in houses, sucking the blood of man. The common 
 bed-bug. 
 
 Genus 281. TINGIS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn., Geoff., 
 De Geer. 
 Body entirely depressed, reticulated : feet all simple ; antenna: termi- 
 nated by an oval joint, the third joint very long. 
 Sp. 1. Tin. Cardui. Body grayish. 
 Tingis Cardui. Fabr., Panz., Latr. 
 Inhabits thistles, and is very abundant, 
 
224 MODERN SYSTEM, 
 
 Fam. IV. HydrometxdjE. Leach. 
 
 CiMlclDES I. 2. Latreille. 
 
 Rostrum with two or three distinct joints : labrttm very short : cyei 
 moderate : feet very long, formed for walking on the water, with the 
 nails very minute, inserted laterally into a fissure at the extremity 
 of the last joint of the tarsi. 
 
 Genus 282. HYDROMETRA. Latr., Lam., Tahr., Leach. Cimex, 
 Linn., Geoff. Aquarius. Schellenberg. 
 AntenncB setaceous, the third joint longer than the rest : anterior feet 
 
 simple : head elongate-cylindric, apex thickened. 
 Sp. 1. Hi/d. stagnoriim. Black above: feet brown reddish. 
 Ilydrometra stagnorum. Fabr., Leach. Cimex stagnorum, Linn. 
 
 Aquarius paludum. Schellenberg. 
 Inhabits Europe in most places, and walks on the surface of the water. 
 
 Genus 283. VELIA. Latr., Leach. Cimex. Rossi. Hydrome- 
 TRA. Fabr. 
 
 Antenna filiform, the first joint longest : anterior feet raptorious : ros- 
 trum two-jointed : //eaci somewhat vertical. 
 
 Sp. 1. Vel.rivulorum. Black; sides of the thorax and margins of the 
 abdomen red : thorax with two anterior punctures ; each elytron 
 with three and a spot of white; inferior sides ot the abdomen punc- 
 tured with black. 
 
 Hydrometra rivulorum. Fahr. Velia rivulorum. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits running waters and springs. 
 
 Genus 284. GERRIS. Lutr., Leach. Clmex. Linn., De Geer, 
 Schraiik, Geoff. 
 
 Antennas filiform, the first joint longest, the last cylindric : anterior feet 
 raptorious : rostrum three-jointed : head porrected. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ger. paludum. Brown-olive, black above, cinereous, silky be- 
 neath : abdomen nearly equally broad : trunk as long as the head, 
 carinated beneath, a series of impressed lines on each side : antennae 
 and feet black : thorax with an elevated line extending to the middle 
 of the back : lateral margins of the thorax and abdomen with the 
 anus reddish. 
 
 Hydrometra paludum. Fahr. Gerris paludum. Latr., Leach, 
 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches in France, England, and Sweden. 
 
 Obs. — The species of this genus are certainly but little known; they 
 are either subject to great variation, or are very numerous.j 
 
 Fam. V. AcANTHiD^. Leach. 
 CiMiciDES II. Latreille. 
 
 Labrum very prominent : eyes very large ! feet fonned for walking and 
 jumping', y 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 225 
 
 Genus 285. ACANTIIIA. Sc/i7-ank, Latr., Leach. Cime\. Linn., 
 Dc Geo; Geoff. Salda. Fabr. Lyg^us. Wolff. 
 
 Antenna filiform : rostrum straight, long, 
 
 Sp. 1. Acan. maculata. Black spotted with pale colour. 
 Acanthia maculata. Latr., Leach. 
 Inliabits grassy banks. 
 
 Section II. AQUATICA. Leach. 
 
 Fam. IIvDROCORisi.i;. Latreille. 
 
 Antenna very minute, not exserted, inserted beneath the eyes. All 
 the insects of this section live in the water. 
 
 Fam. VI. Nepad^e. Leach. 
 Anterior tarsi united with the tibiae : bodi/ depressed or linear. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Anus without sette : tarsi of the four posterior feet distinctly 
 biarticulate : anienna four-jointed. 
 
 Genus 28G. NAUCORIS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach. Ne- 
 PA. Linn., De Geer. 
 Four posterior feet ciliated, formed for swimming : antenna inserted 
 
 beneath the eyes : bodi/ ovate, much depressed. 
 Sp. 1. Nau. cimicoides. 
 Inhabits ponds. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Atius furnished with two seta?: tarsi of the four posterior 
 feet one-jointed : antenna three-jointed. 
 
 Genus 287. NEPA. Linn., Dc Geer, Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., 
 Leach. Hepa. Geoff. 
 Rostrum perpendicularly inflected: body oval: anterior thighs thick: 
 
 four hinder feet not elongate-filiform. 
 Sp. 1. Nepa cinerea. Dark grayish-black. (P/. 5.fg. 4.) 
 Nepa cinerea. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits ditches : is very common. 
 
 Genus 288. EwVNATRA. Latr., Fabr., Schellenberg, Leach. Nepa. 
 Linn., De Geer, Oliv., Lam. Hepa. Geoff, 
 nostrum ^ouecteA : body linear: yb^r /ij«(^er ^ee^ very long, filiform: 
 
 thighs of anterior feet elongate. 
 Sp. 1. Ran. linearis. Grayish brown. 
 
 Ranatra linearis. Fabr., Latr., Schell., Leach. Nepa linearis. Linn. 
 Inhabits the ditches and ponds of Europe. It is very local in this 
 country. It may occasionally be found near London in ponds on 
 Epping Forest, Copenhagen Fields, and near Hammersmith. 
 
 p 
 
226 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Fam. VII. NoTONECTiDffi. Leach. 
 
 " Linne and all his predecessors comprehended the species under 
 the generic appellation Notonecta. The accurate Geoffroy was the 
 first who separated Notonecta into two genera, which have been 
 adopted by most succeeding writers, excepting Linne, who in his 
 last edition of the Systema Nature has merely given the synonym*' 
 of that author, without taking the least notice of the important cha- 
 racters which induced him to separate them." 
 
 De Geer confounded the animals of this tribe with Nepa and Nau- 
 coris, whilst Latreille and Olivier placed them in a division of their 
 family Hydrocoris(B. In the Edinburgh Uncyclopisdia Dr. Leach se- 
 parated them from the Hydrocorisa, and placed them in a particular 
 tribe, named in that work Notonectides, and in the twelfth volume of 
 the Transactions of the Linnean Society he has given an excellent ]ia- 
 per, in which are described at large the whole of the British species 
 hitherto discovered, which consist of four very natural genera. 
 
 Stijrps 1. — Body cylindrical oval, or nearly square : tarsi with two arti- 
 culations. {Scutellum large.) 
 
 "All the insects of this family swim on their back, moving by means 
 of their long hinder legs, which resemble oars; whence they have 
 been aptly named boat-flies." 
 
 Genus 289. NOTONECTA of authors. 
 
 Body oval and cylindric : antenna: with the third articulation slenderer 
 than the second : anterior tarsi with the first articulation long ; chms 
 of the hinder feet very minute. 
 
 Besides the above characters, the foUovnng will be useful, in order 
 to enable the young entomologist to distinguish this genus from 
 Plea, from which it was first separated by that close examiner of 
 nature Dr. Leach. 
 
 The thorax is hexagonal; the anterior part is much attenuated, 
 and the hinder margin is straight : the head is narrower than the 
 broadest part of the thorax : the eyes are oblong, and converge a lit- 
 tle behind : the hinder legs are much ciliated, and the claics are so mi- 
 nute as to be discovered with great difficulty : the tips of the elytra 
 are notched. 
 
 Sp. 1. Not. f areata. Elytra black, with two grayish spots at the base, 
 and two larger ones at the posterior part. 
 
 Notonecta furcata. Fabr., Oliv., Leach. 
 
 Var. |3. Elytra with ferrugineous spots. 
 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches in England and Scotland. 
 
 Sp. 2. Not. rmculata. Elytra dark brown and varied with spots : back 
 
 ferrugineous with a darker fascia. 
 Notonecta maculata. Oliv., Leach. Notonecta glauca. Var. /3. Lutr. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 227 
 
 Inhabits Fjii!;laiKl, near Bristol, Plj'moutli, and Exeter. 
 Elytra with the apex of a palish black. 
 
 Sp. .1. Not. glanca. Elytra grayish, the margin with minute blackish 
 
 spots : back black, the apex pale brownish. {PL 5. Jig. 3.) 
 Notonecta glauca of authors. 
 Inhabits Britain in almost every pond. 
 
 Genus 290. PLEA. Leach, Iraiis. of Linn. Sac. wol. x\\. 
 
 Body of a squarish oval : antennm with the third and remainder of the 
 joints largest : anterior tarsi with the articidations nearly equal : claios 
 on the hinder feet large. 
 
 The thorax is obscurely hexagonal with the hinder margin prominent 
 and rounded, the head as broad as the broadest part of the thorax : 
 the eyes are rather oblong, without the least tendency to converge 
 behind : the hinder pair of legs not more ciliated than the others, but 
 are terminated by very strong and distinct claws: tips of the elytra 
 acuminated and entire. 
 
 Sp. 1. Not.minutissima. Gray with a brownish line in the front: thorax 
 and elytra deeply punctured. 
 
 Notonecta cinerea, anelytra. Geo^\ his. Par. i. 477. 2. Notonecta 
 minutissima. Fourc, Latr., Oliv., Fair. Plea minutissima. Leach. 
 
 Length of the body li lin. 
 
 Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters near London in profusion. 
 
 " This species has been considered by Geoftroy, Fabricius and Oli- 
 vier, as Notonecta minutissima of Linne, which reference undoubt- 
 edly belongs to the tbllowing species; viz. to Sigara minutissima.^'' 
 
 " Geoftroy has described the larvee, never having seen the perfect 
 insect." 
 
 Stirps 2. — Body roundish and depressed: tarsi, the anterior with one 
 articulation ; the hinder with two ; base and margin of the elytra 
 only channelled. 
 
 Genus 291. SIGARA. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xii. 
 Scutellum distinct : thorax divided by a transverse line : hody ovate, the 
 
 posterior part acvmiinated. 
 Sp. 1. Sig. minutissima. Above cinereous: elytra brownish with very 
 
 faint spots; the under part and feet yellowish. 
 Notonecta minutissima. Linne. Sigara minutissima. Leach. 
 Inhabits rivers and runrung waters in England, Ireland, and Scotland. 
 Length of the body 1 lin. 
 
 Genus 292. CORIXA. Geoffroy, Leach. 
 Scutellum none : thorax transverse, the posterior part produced : body 
 long, the anterior and posterior part rounded. 
 
 " The thorax is more or less produced behind in all the species of 
 this genus, but is not evident in the first division of this genus until 
 
 p 2 
 
228 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 the elytra have been elevated. The front, the under parts of the body, 
 and the legs, in all the British species are yellowish." 
 
 * Elytra to the apex gradually decreasing and ending in a point. 
 
 The channel on the anterior margin of the ehtra in this division 
 is uninterrupted, and gradually disappears before it reaches to the 
 extremity of the elytra. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cor. coleoptrata. Thorax reddish-gray : elytra palish yellow, with 
 longitudinal rows of black spots. 
 
 Sigara coleoptrata. Elyti'a wholly coriaceous and brown : the exterior 
 margin yellow. Fabr. Syst. R/iyng. 105. 4. 
 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches near Norwich. Dr. Leach has observed, that 
 although the character by Fabricius does not accord with that given 
 above, yet as he drew his description from a museum specimen (which 
 generally assumes the colour he mentions) the Doctor has given his 
 synonym without any hesitation; but this insect is distinct from the 
 Sigara coleoptrata of Panzer, which is figured with a scutellum, and 
 most probably belongs to the genus Sigara as mentioned above. 
 
 ** Elytra at the apex rather rounded. 
 
 The channel in the fore part of the elytra, at about two-thirds from 
 its commencement, is internipted by an oblique, transverse, elevated 
 line, and it terminates abruptly before it reaches to the apex of the 
 elytron, and then it leaves the margin inclining a little inwards or 
 "backwards. 
 
 a. Elytra and. thorax rough. 
 Sp. 2. Cor. striata. Thorax and elytra brown with yellow lines and 
 
 transversely striated : back black, sides pale yellow. 
 Notonecta sti-iata. Linn. Corixa striata. Leach. 
 Inhabits stagnant waters. 
 
 Sp. 3. Cor. stagnalis. Thorax with numerous transverse yellow lines : 
 elytra brown, besprinkled with minute yellowish dots : anterior part 
 of the margin yellowish; posterior with yellowish lines ; back brown- 
 ish black. 
 Corixa stagnalis. Leach, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. 
 Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters. 
 
 This species is about half the size of C. striata. 
 Sp. 4. Cor.fossarum. Brown : thorax with six transverse yellow lines : 
 elytra brown, with minute yellowish dots, the anterior part yellow- 
 ish, towards the base of the posterior part yellowish lines : back 
 yellowish. Smaller than C. stagnalis. 
 Inhabits ponds and ditches. 
 Sp. 5. Cor. lateralis. White : thorax with seven black lines : elytra with 
 
 minute black sjx)ts, anterior margin immaculate. 
 C. lateralis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 
 
V 
 
 CLASS V. TNSECTA. 229 
 
 This species is considerably smaller than C.fossarum, back black, 
 sides yellow. 
 Sp. 6. Cor. dofsalis. Thorax with six transverse black lines on the mar- 
 gin : elytra black and spotted, the anterior margin immaculate. 
 C. dorsalis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 
 
 Rather larger than C. stagnalis. Back yellow. 
 
 b. Thorax and elytra smooth and shining. 
 
 Sp. 7. Cor. Geoffroyi. Yellow : thorax with numerous transverse black 
 lines : elytra black with minute spots : back wholly black : apex yel- 
 lowish. 
 
 La Corise. Geoff. Hist. Nat. des Insect, i. P. 478. pi. 9. fg. 7. Sigara 
 striata. Panz. Faun. Ins. Germ. Ins. 50. 23. Corixa Geoffroyi. Leach. 
 
 Length of the body half an inch. 
 
 Inhabits stagnant waters, and is very common. 
 
 " All authors have considered this speeies as Notonecta striata of 
 Linne, although it will not agree with his character. It is figured 
 by Geoffroy and Panzer, and is of the former author the species serv- 
 ing as the type of the genus Corixa." 
 
 Sp. 8. Cor. ajfinis. Yellow : thorax with numerous transverse black 
 lines : elytra black with minute dots : back wholly black, sides den- 
 tated and yellow. 
 
 Cor. affinis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 
 
 Inhabits ponds near Plymouth, but is rare, Buthalf the size of C.Geo/^ 
 J'roi/i. 
 
 Order Vm. OMOPTERA. Leach. 
 
 Order Hemiptera. Linn., Cuvier, Lamarck. 
 
 Class Rhyngota. Fair. 
 
 Order Hemiptera. Section 2. Homoptera. Latr. 
 Characters of the Order. 
 
 'Rostrum attached to the inferior part of the head : elytra coriaceous or 
 membranaceous throughout; suture straight: thorax composed of 
 two segments, the second as long or longer than tlie first : ocelli three. 
 Metamorphosis semicomplete, or incomplete. 
 
 Fara. I. CiCADiADa:. Leach. 
 CiCADARi.i; I. Latreille. 
 
 Antennae composed of six distinct joints : ocelli or little eyes three : tarsi 
 with three joints. 
 
 Genus 293. "CICADA. Lamarck, Geoff"., Linn., De Geer, Latr. 
 ■-' Tettigoxia. Fair. 
 Thighs of the^anterior feet tliick, dentate. 
 () Sp. 1. -l-n.ii-l±l? {PI. 5. Jig. 2. natural size.) 
 
 The only species known to inhabit this country was lately disco- 
 vered by ^Ir. Daniel Byddcr, near the New Forest in Hampshire. 
 
230 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Fam. 11. CEREOPiDif;. Leach. 
 Cicada Ri^ II. Lafreille. 
 Antenna; three-jointed : ocelli two : tarsi with three joints. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna not inserted in the internal sinus of the eyes; the 
 /two first joints conjoined shorter than the head. 
 
 ^ Genus 294. FLATA. Fabr., Leacfi. "^^^lgora. Latr. 
 
 Trout as if truncated, vertical, not rostrated : eijes globular : elytra very 
 broad ; the external margin very much dilated : hudif broad, trian- 
 gular. 
 
 Sp. 1. Fla. reticulata. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, and is common in this country in hedges during the 
 summer months. 
 
 ^^ Genus 295. ISSUS. Fabr., Leach. Fulgora. Latr., OUv.'^Cica- 
 
 DA. Villers. 
 Tront as if truncated, not rostrated, vertical: elytra at their external 
 'base very much dilated, with the apex narrower: fcofl'j/ short, del- 
 toid: eyes globular. 
 Sp. 1. Iss. coteoptratus. 
 Inhabits hedges. 
 
 Genus 296. CIXIUS. Leach. Fulgora. Latr. Flata. Fabr. 
 Front as if truncated, not rostrated, vertical : clytru with the external 
 
 margin nearly straight or scarcely arcuate ; body elongate, quadrate : 
 
 eyes globular. 
 Sp. 1. Cix. nervos2(s. 
 Flata nervosa. Fabr. 
 Inhabits hedges. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna inserted in the internal sinus of the eyes, the two 
 first joints as long or longer than the head. 
 
 Genus 297. ASIRACA. Latr., Leach. Delpiiax. Fabr. 
 Antenna as long or longer than the thorax, the first joint very long, 
 
 compressed, angulate. 
 Sp. 1. Asi. claricornis. Body brown or obscure brown variegated : apex 
 
 of the four anterior tibia) white : elytra semihyaline: apex with a 
 
 fuscous band; nerves spotted with fuscous. 
 i)elphax clavicornis. Fabr. Asiraca clavicornis. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits France and England in grassy places. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Antenna inserted bet\veen the eves : thorax not transverse ; 
 hinder margin more or less prominent, 
 
 c Genus 298. CERCOPIS. Fabr., Schrank, Latr., Leach.^' Cicada, 
 iinn.f-' Tettigonia. Oliv. 
 Antenna inserted on the frontlet, the second longer than the first joint, 
 (he third joint short-conic; thorax not dilated. 
 
^N, 
 
 CLASS V. INSECTA. 231 
 
 C> Sp. 1. Cer. Rungu'molenta. Bl9.ck, shining; each wing-case with a spot 
 at the base, one in the middle, and a tiexuous band at the apex blood 
 red. {PI. 5. fig. 1.) 
 ^ Cicada sangninolenta. Linn. Cercopis sanguinolenta. Tahr., Leach. 
 Inhabits France, Germanv, and England in the woods of Kent. 
 VX^ Genus 299. LEDRA. Fabr., Latr., Leach. 'Cicada. Linn., Geoff. 
 ^^ Membracis. Oliv., Lamarck, Schrank. 
 Antenna inserted in the frontlet, the two first joints nearly equally 
 long; the third elongate-conic : thorax dilated behind into an auricle. 
 Wt) Sp. 1. Led. aiwata. 
 
 Inhabits the oak and various trees in woods. ,^ 
 
 Genus 300: MEMBRACIS. Latr., Fair., Leach. "Cicada. Linn. 
 Antemue inserted in the frontlet; the t\vo iirst joints nearly equally 
 ^ long, the third elongate-conic : thorax dilated behind. 
 ^Sp. 1. Mem. corniUits. Brownish. 
 
 ©Cicada cornuta. Linn. Membracis cornuta. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits woods and hedges. 
 Stiups 4. — AntemuB inserted between the eyes: thorax transverse, 
 
 hinder margin straight. 
 •^ Genus 301. lASSUS. Fahr., Leach. Tettigonia. Latr., Oliv., 
 
 Lamarck. 
 Front broad, not longer than broad, on each side above the insertion of 
 the antenna; produced into an angle. 
 (^Sp. 1. lass.Lunio. Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits England and other parts of Europe. 
 
 ^ Genus 302. TETTIGONIA. Oliv., Lamarck. Cicada. Linn., 
 
 Fabr., Latr., Leach. 
 Front elongate-quadratej the apex truncate, convex, thickened. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tet. viridis. 
 Inhabits moist places. 
 
 Fam. III. PsYLLiD^. Latreille, Leach. 
 Tarsi with t^vo joints distinct: antenne with ten or eleven joints, the 
 last with tsvo setas : legs formed for leaping. Both sexes with wings. 
 
 Genus 303. PSYLLA. Geoff., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Chermes. 
 Linn., De Geer, Fabr. 
 Antenna: filiform or slightly setaceous, as long as the body : thorax with 
 
 the anterior margin arcuate. 
 Sp. 1. Psi/l. Alni. Green-yellowish; anterior segment of the thorax, 
 
 squamida of the elytra, and nervures, green. 
 Chermes Betulse Ahii. Linn. Chermes Alni. Fabr. Psylla Alni. Latr., 
 
 Leach. 
 Inhabits the alder. 
 
 Y 
 
232 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 304. LIVIA. Latr., Leach. Diraphia. IlUger. 
 Antenna shorter than the thorax, tbe base much thickened even to the 
 
 middle : tliorax with the anterior segment transverse, straight. 
 Sp. 1. Liv.juncorum. (Fl. 5. fig. 11.) viagnijied: the line beneath exhi- 
 bits the natural size.) 
 Livia Juncorum. Latr. 
 Inhabits Junci. 
 
 Fam. IV. Aphid.'e. Leach. 
 Aphidii. LatreillC 
 
 Tarn two-jointed, the first joint very short: rostrum m hoth sexes: 
 antenniE with six, seven, or eight joints : females generally apterous : 
 tarsi with the last joint vesiculous. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna eight-jointed : rostinim minute and horizontal with 
 indistinct joints: head elongate-quadrate. 
 
 Genus 30.5. TIIRIPS. Linn., Geoff., Latr., Lam., OUv., Leach. 
 Elytra and wings horizontal and linear. 
 
 Sp. 1. Thr. Physapus. Black, hairy: antennae, tibiae, and tarsi pale: 
 middle of the tibiaj pale brown; elytra and wings white. {PI. 5. 
 Jig. 12. magnified : the line beneath shows the natural size.) 
 
 Inhabits the blossoms of various plants. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna; seven-jointed : elytra larger than the wings : ro&~ 
 trum subperpendicular, with three very distinct joints : head trans- 
 verse. 
 
 Genus 306. APHIS. Linn., Fabr., Latr., OUv., Lam., Leach. 
 Antenna setaceous or tiliform, seven-jointed: elytra larger than the 
 wings; elongate triangulate: abdomen towards the apex generally 
 tuberculated or horned : eyes entire. {PL 5. fig. 9.) 
 
 The animals of this genus are very numerous, and are found on 
 almost every plant. The French call them Pucerons, the English 
 Plant-lice. The species require examination; the plant on v a ch 
 they are found should be noticed, as it will afford specific names. 
 The females are generally apterous. 
 
 Genus 307. ERTOSOMA. Leach's MSS. 
 
 Abdomen without tubercles or horns : antenna short and filiform : body 
 tomentose. 
 
 " The Eriosomata form what are called improperly Galls on the stalks 
 of trees near their joints, and knobs, which are in fact excrescences 
 caused by the efforts of nature to repair the damage done to the old 
 trees by the perforation of those insects, whose bodies are covered 
 witli down." Leach's MSS, 
 
 Sp. 1. Er. Mali. 
 
 Aphis lanigera of authors, 
 
CLASS V. INSF.CTA. 233 
 
 Genus 308. ALEYRODES. Latr., Lam., Leach. Tinea. Liiin. 
 Phal;ena. Geoff. 
 Antenna filiform, sliort, six-jointed : elytra and wings equal in size : 
 
 body mealy : eyes two, each divided into two. 
 Sp. 1. Al. C/telidonii. Body yellowish, or rosy powdered with white: 
 
 eyes black ; each elytron with a puncture and spot of black. 
 Inhabits hedges and woods. 
 
 Fam. V. CocciD^.. Leach. 
 
 Galinsecta. Latreille. 
 
 Tarsi with one joint and one nail : rostrum in the female : wings in the 
 male, but no elytra : female apterous. 
 
 Genus 309. COCCUS. Linn., Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Lam., 
 Leach. 
 Antenna of the female eleven-jointed : abdomen of the males with two 
 
 very long setce at the apex. 
 Sp. 1. Coc. Cacti. 
 
 Coccus Cacti. Linn., Dc Geer, Fabr., Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits fruit-trees. 
 
 This genus requires a minute investigation, which should be con- 
 ducted by some one possessing a great share of patience, and hav- 
 ing a competent knowledge of entomology. 
 
 Order IX. APTERA. Leach. 
 
 Order Aptera. Linn., Lamarck, 
 Order Suctoria. Latr, 
 
 Characters of the Order. 
 
 Body somewhat ovate, compressed, covered with a coriaceous skin, 
 and composed of several segments : trunk short, consisting of three 
 leg-bearing joints : head small, compressed, rounded above, and 
 truncate before : eyes minute, orbicular, lateral : antenna lamelli- 
 form, small, ciliated with spinules, one-jointed at their base, insert- 
 ed in two excavations behind the eyes : palpi filiform (composed of 
 four roiuidcd joints) scarcely longer than the head, porrect, generally 
 resting on the rostrum: legs strong, and formed for jumping, espe- 
 cially the hinder ones : coxa and thighs large, compressed : tarsi 
 elongate, cylindric, composed of five simple joints, the last articula- 
 tion furnished with two long, acute, slender nails. 
 
 Larva witliout feet. 
 
 Pupa follicuiate, 
 
ISi MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Gems 310. PULEX of authors. 
 Sp. 1. PiJ. irritans. Body brumieous, sometimes inclined to nist co- 
 lour. 
 
 The common bed-flea is found throughout Europe. 
 
 " Notwithstanding the inconveniences attending this httle insect, 
 tliere is something pleasing in the appearance of the flea. Its mo- 
 tions are elegant, and all its postures indicate agility. The shell 
 with which it is enveloped is in a state of perpetual cleanliness, 
 while tlie muscular power which it is capable of exerting is so ex- 
 ti'aordinarv", as to excite our wonder at so much strength confined 
 and concentrated within so small a space; this species being able to 
 . spring, on the most moderate computation, to the distance of at 
 least two hundred times its own length, and drag a Nseight eight 
 times heavier than itself. It has sometimes become a favourite with 
 ladies, who have jileased themselves with keeping, taming, and 
 feeding it. A golden chain has been made for it with a lock and 
 key ; and being kept in a box with wool, in a warm place, and fed 
 daily, it has been known to live for six yeiu-s. 
 
 '• The Pulices of birds and of mammalia ought to be most care- 
 fully examined. There are a vast number of species which have 
 been confounded with P. irritans." 
 
 Order X. LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Order Lepidoptera. Linn., Cuv., Lam., Latr., Leach. 
 Class Glossata. Fabr. 
 
 Characters of the Order. 
 
 Wiags four, covered with scales : tongue spiral, filiform. Linne di- 
 vided this order into three genera ; viz. Pupiiio (butterfly), Sphin.r 
 (hawk-moth), and Phalana (moth), which were characterized by the 
 form of their antemiff ; and these divisions form the three great 
 sections of Latreille, as follow -. 
 
 Section I. DIURXA. 
 
 Wings four ; all, or at least the superior ones, erect when the insect is 
 at rest : antenna witli their points tliicker or capitate ; in a verj" few 
 somewhat setaceous, with the extreme apex hooked. The insects 
 of this section, which constituted the Linnean genus Papilio, all fly 
 by day. Caterpillars with sixteen feet. Chri^salis naked, and gene- 
 rally angulated. 
 
 Fam. I. Papilioxid.i. Leach. 
 
 Papiiioxides. Latreille. 
 
 Hinder tibuE with heels only at their extremities : Kings all elevated 
 when at rest. 
 
ct.ass v. issecta. 235 
 
 In this section I shall enumerate the whole of the British species. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Caterpillar elongate, cjlindric : chrysali elongate, angu- 
 lar : tarsi of the imago with distinct nails. 
 
 Genus 311. PAPILIO. Fabr., Lafr., Leach. 
 
 Antenna, at their points, furnished with a conic-ovate or lengthened- 
 ovate, somewhat arcua'^e, club : pnfpi very short, pressed close to the 
 face, scarcely reaching the clypeus ; the two first joints of equal 
 length ; the third minute, and nearly obsolete : feef in both sexes 
 alike, all being formed for walking, and furnished with distinct but 
 simple claws : anterior wings generally somewhat falcate ; hinder 
 ones often tailed ; the internal margin excised or folded to admit of 
 free play to the abdomen. 
 
 The caterpillar is tentaculated, fleshy and furcate. The chr\salis 
 angulated, with two processes before; it fastens itself V)^ a trans- 
 verse thread. 
 
 The species of this genus, which constitutes the most beautiful 
 part of the creation, are found chieHy in the warmer regions, very 
 few occurring in the more temperate parts of the world. Their 
 flight is extremely rapid. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pap. Machaon. Black and yellow; hinder wings tailed; etlges 
 of the wings black, with yellow crescents ; the tips of the hinder 
 ones witli a red spot at their inferior tips. (P/. o.ji<:. 1.) 
 
 Papilio Machaon. Linn., Babr., Hauorth. 
 
 Inhabits Europe ; the larva feeds on umbelliferous plants. 
 
 In England it is called the Swallow-tailed butterfly; it is verj- lo- 
 cal, but occurs near Bristol, Beverley in Yorkshire, and has been 
 taken plentifully in Hampshire near the New Forest. It is the 
 most superb of all the British species of this family. The cater- 
 pillar is green, banded with black, marked by a row of red spots. 
 It changes into the chrysalis state in July ; and the fly is found in 
 August. There are two broods ; the first appears in May, having 
 lain in the pupa state all the winter. 
 
 Papilio Podalirius of Linne, which belongs to this genus, has been in- 
 troduced into the British Fauna on verv^ dubious authorirv'. But 
 Mr. Haworlh is yet in hopes of receiving indigenous specimens from 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Genus 312. GOXEPTEPtYX. Leach. Colias. Fabr., Latr. Pi- 
 ERis. Schrank. 
 Antenna short, gradually thickening into an obconic head : palpi short, 
 much compressed; the last joint %'en.' hhort: feet alike in both sexes, 
 all with a bifid or unidentate nail : uings angulated, large, the hinder 
 ones grooved to receive the abdomen ; chrysalis angulated with a 
 thread round its middle. 
 
236 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. I. Gon. Rhumni. Wings of the male yellow, of the female whitibh ; 
 
 with a fulvous spot on each. 
 Inhabits woods in the spring and autumn. Flight slow. 
 
 Genus 313. COLIAS. Fabr., Lair., Leach. Papilio. Linncy 
 Haworih. Pieris. Schrank. 
 
 Antenna; short, gradually thickening into an obconic head : palpi much 
 compressed; the last joint very short : ^ee^ alike in both sexes, all 
 with bifid or unidentate nails : wings anterior, somewhat trigonate ; 
 hinder rounded, with a groove to receive the abdomen: chrysalis 
 angulated, fastened by a transverse thread. 
 
 Sp. 1. Col. Hj/ale (clouded yellow butterfly). 
 
 Inhabits Europe. Occurs in England once in three years, some sea- 
 sons only locally, at others in the greatest profusion in every part of 
 the country. There is a pale coloured variety of each sex, which 
 have been considered as distinct species. 
 
 Sp. 2. Col. Edusa. 
 
 Genus 314. PONTIA. Fabr., Leach. Pieris. Schrank, Latr. 
 Antenna elongate, with an abrupt, obconic, compressed head : palpi 
 slender, somewhat cylindric ; the last joint as long as the preceding : 
 wings not very narrow, or much lengthened ; hinder ones grooved 
 to admit the abdomen, but not tailed : feet alike in both sexes ; 
 claws unidentate or bifid : chrysalis angulated, fastened by a trans- 
 verse thread. 
 
 " * Anterior wings somewhat trigonate ; hinder ones somewhat orbicu- 
 late." 
 
 Sp. 1. Pont. Cratagi (black-veined white). Wings white, ^vith a faint 
 
 tinge of yellowish and black nervures. 
 Inhabits Europe. In England it is found in the woods near London; 
 
 the larva feeds on the white-thorn. 
 
 Sp. 2. Pont. Brassica (large cabbage butterfly). 
 Inhabits Europe; the larva on the cabbage. 
 
 Sp. 3. Pont. Pupa (small cabbage butterfly). 
 Inhabits gardens. 
 
 Sp. 4. Pont. Napi (green-veined white). 
 Inhabits gardens and woods. 
 
 Sp. 5. Pont. Cardamines (orange tip butterfly). 
 Inhabits path-ways in woods. 
 
 Sp. 6. Pont. Daplidice (Bath while). This has long been doubted 
 whether a native of this country; but that successful and indus- 
 trious entomologist Mr. Stephens has sufticiently proved the fact, 
 by taking a specimen at Dover in Jidy 1818. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 237 
 
 (I ** ]yings somezvhat oval." 
 
 Sp. 7. Pont. Sinapis (wood white). Wings white, with blackish tips. 
 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Genus 313. MELITiEA. Fabr., Leach. Argynnis. Latr. Pa- 
 piLio. Linn., Haworth. 
 
 Antenna terminated by a short club : palps very hairy, divaricatinjr, 
 with the last joint acicular, half the length of the preceding joint: 
 hinder wings orbicular : anterior feet very short in both se.\es ; tarsi 
 with double nails. 
 
 Caterpillar pubescent, with fleshy tubercles. 
 
 Chrysalis suspended by the tail. 
 
 Sp. 1. Mel. £w/)/(?'osj/ne (pearly border). Wings indented; tawny, with 
 
 black spots ; nine silvery spots on the under side. 
 Inhabits waste grounds and heaths. 
 
 Sp. 2. Mel. Silene (pearly border likeness). 
 Inhabits woods and waste ground. 
 
 Sp. 3. Mel. Cinxia (Glanville). 
 Inhabits Europe : very rare in Britain. 
 
 Sp. 4. Mel. Artemis (greasy). 
 
 Inhabits Europe : seldom taken near London, but is common near 
 Norwich. 
 
 Sp. 5. Mel. Dictynna (heath). 
 
 Inhabits heaths and marshes. 
 
 Sp. 6. Mel. Lucina (Duke of Burgundy). 
 
 Inhabits the borders of woods and hedges, but is local. 
 
 Genus 316. ARGYNNIS. Fahr., Latr., Leach, 
 
 Antenna; terminated by a short club : palpi divaricating abruptly, ter- 
 minated with a minute, slender, acicular, very short joint ; the se- 
 cond joint broad, hairy : hinder zoing orbicular ; anterior feet very 
 short in both sexes : tarsi with double nail?. 
 
 Chrysalis suspended by the tail. 
 
 Caterpillars spiny. 
 
 Sp. 1. Arg. Lathonia (Queen of Spain frilillar}), 
 Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain. 
 
 Sp. 2. Arg. Aglaia (dark green fritillary). 
 Inhabits Europe in woods and lanes. 
 Sp. 3. Arg. Adippe (high brown fritillary). 
 Inhabits heaths and the borders of woods, 
 
 Sp. 1 . Arg. Paphia (silver-washed fritillary). 
 
 Inhabits the borders of woods,, and the New Forest in Hampshire. 
 
238 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 317. VANESSA. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Papilio. Linn., 
 Haicorth. 
 
 Antcnne terminated with an ahnipt short club : Tpulpi contiguous, and 
 terminated gradually in a point; the two combined bearing some 
 resemblance to a rostrum : anterior pair of feet in both sexes short 
 and very hairy : tai^si with double nails. 
 
 Clin/salis suspended by its tail. 
 
 Caterpillar spiny. 
 
 Sp. 1. Van. Atalanta (red admirable). Wings indented, black with 
 white spots ; a red fascia in the upper wings, and anotlier on the 
 margin of the under wings. 
 
 Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the nettle. 
 
 Sp. 2. Van. Cardui (painted lady). Wings orange, indented ; variegated 
 with black and white spots : four ocelli on the under side of the 
 posterior wings. 
 
 Inhabits Europe : the lar^'^a feeds on the thistle. 
 
 Sp. 3. Van. Antiopa (Camberwell beauty). Wings angulated and black, 
 the borders whitish. 
 
 Cynthia Cardui. Fahr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. This species has become exceedingly rare in this 
 country. Mr. Haworth has observed (in the first part of his Lcpido- 
 j)tera Britannica) " There is something very extraordinary in the peri- 
 odical but irregular appearance of this species, Papilio Edusu {Culias 
 Hyale of this work) and Fap. Cardui. They are plentiful all over the 
 kingdom in some years ; after which Antiopa in particular will not be 
 seen by any one for eight, ten, or more years, and then appear as plen- 
 tiful as before. To suppose they come from the Continent, is an idle 
 conjecture; because the English specimens are easily distinguished 
 from all others by the superior whiteness of their borders. Perhaps 
 their eggs, in this climate, like the seeds of some vegetables, may 
 occasionally lie dormant for several seasons, and not hatch until 
 some extraordinary but undiscovered coincidence awake them into 
 active life." 
 
 Sp. 4. Van. lo (peacock). 
 
 Inhabits nettles. 
 
 Sp. 5. Van. polj/chloros (large tortoise-shell). 
 Inhabits Europe : the larva on the elm. 
 
 Sp. 6. Vail. TJrtic(t (small tortoise-shell). 
 Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on nettles. 
 
 Sp. 7. Van. C. album Ccomma). 
 
 Inhabits woods : the larva feeds on the nettle, hop, willow, and the 
 currant. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 239 
 
 Genus 318. APATURA. Fair., Leach. Nympualis. Latr. Pa- 
 pi lio. Linn., Haworth. 
 Anlcima with an elongate-obconic thickened club : palpi with the se- 
 cond joint not much compressed, the anterior margin broad: ante- 
 rior pair of feet very short in both sexes. 
 
 Sp. 1. Apa. Iris (purple emperor). Wings indented, brownish, shining, 
 with blue or purple; on both surfaces a whitish interrupted fascia 
 and a single ocellus on the under wing. 
 
 The following account of this interesting and elegant insect is 
 given by I\Ir. Haworth. 
 
 '' In the month of July he makes his appearance in the winged 
 state, and invariably fixes his throne upon the summit of a lofty oak, 
 from ihc utmost sprigs of which, on sunny days, he performs his 
 aerial excursions; and in these ascends to a much greater elevation 
 than any other insect I have ever seen, sometimes mounting higher 
 than the eye can follow, especially if he happens to quarrel with 
 another emperor, the monarch of some neighbouring oak: they 
 never meet without a battle, flying upwards all the while and com- 
 bating witli each other as nuicli as possible, after which they will 
 frequently return again to the identical sprigs from whence they 
 ascended. The wings of this fine species are of a stronger texture 
 than those of any other in Britain, and more calculated for that gay 
 and powerful flight which is so much admired by entomologists. The 
 Purple Emperor commences his aerial movements from ten to twelve 
 o'clock in the morning, but does not perform his loftiest flights till 
 noon, decreasing them after this hour until he quite ceases to fly 
 about four in the afternoon ; thus emulating the motions of that 
 source of all his strength, the sun. The females, like those of many 
 other species, are very rarely seen on the wing : the reason of which 
 is both interesting and but little known. It is their being destitute 
 of a certain spiral socket which the males possess, near the base of 
 the main tendon of their upper wings ; which socket receives and 
 works a strong elastic spring arising from the base of the under 
 wings, thereby enabling them to perform a stronger, longer, amA 
 
 more easy flight than it is possible for the females to do." 
 
 " The males usually fly very high, and are only to be taken by a 
 bag-net fixed to the end of a rod twenty or thirty feet long. There 
 have been instances, though very rare, of their settling on the around 
 near puddles of water, and being taken there, \\hen the Purple 
 Emperor is within reach, no fly is more easily taken than he; for he 
 is so very bold and fearless that he will not move from his settling 
 place until you quite push him oft": you may even tip the i:nds of 
 his wings, and be suftered to strike again.'' 
 
240 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 319. LIMENITIS. Fubr., Leach. Nvmphalis. Latr. 
 
 Antenna gradually clubbed; club slender, round obcuiiic: palpi as long 
 as the head, with the second joint not very much compressed ; the 
 anterior margin not remarkably broader : anterior pair of feet in 
 both sexes very short and spurious ; wings not much longer than 
 broad : Four hinder feet with double nails. 
 
 Larva elongate. 
 
 Chrysalis suspended by the tail. 
 
 Sp. 1. Liin. Camilla (white admirable). 
 
 Inhabits Europe. This is considered a rare insect in Britain, but t 
 have observed them in certain years in Bedstile-wood near Finch- 
 ley, and Birch-wood in Kent, in tolerable abundance. 
 
 Genus 320. HIPPARCHIA. Fair., Leach. Maniola. Schrank. 
 S.'iTYRUs. Latr. Papilio. Linn., Haworth. 
 
 Antenncz with a slender somewhat fuciform, or trigonate-orbicular 
 club : palpi meeting above the tongue, with the second joint very 
 much compressed, and much longer than the first : anterior pair of 
 legs shorter than the rest, and often very hairy; feet of the other 
 legs with double nails : hinder zvings somewhat orbicular or orbicu- 
 late-triangulate, with the external margin excavated to receive the 
 abdomen ; the middle cell closed behind, from which part the ner- 
 vures radiate ; the other margin entire, or with acute or obtuse in- 
 dentations. 
 
 Caterpillar downy, with a globular head somewhat compressed in 
 front ; the abdomen bimucronate behind. 
 
 Chrysalis angulated, with the front bimucromate suspended by tlie 
 tail. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. i. p. 27. 
 
 Sp. 1. Hipp. Galatliea (marbled). 
 
 Inhabits woods and fields, 
 
 Sp. 2. Hipp. Hyperanthus (the ringlet). 
 Inhabits woods and fields. 
 
 Sp. 3. Hipp. Pamphilus (small heath). . ' _ 
 
 Inhabits heaths. 
 
 Sp. 4. Hipp, blandina (Scotch Argus). 
 Inhabits the isles of Bute and Arran. 
 
 Sp. 5. Hipp. Pilosella (small meadow brown). 
 Inhabits fields and the borders of woods. 
 
 Sp. 6. Hipp. Jauira (meadow brown). 
 Papilio Jurtina. Haworth, Linn. 
 Inhabits fields and lanes. 
 
 Sp. 7. Hipp. Mcgttru (gate-keeper). 
 Inhabits fields and the borders of woods. 
 
CtASS V. INSECTA. 241 
 
 Sp. 8. Hipp. Mgcria (speckled wood, or wood Argus). 
 
 Inhabits the borders of woods and field?. 
 
 Sp. 9. Hipp. Semcle (grayling, or rock underwing). 
 
 Inhabits heaths, commons, and rocky wastes. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Larva; oval, depressed : pupa short, contracted, obtuse at 
 both extremities : tarsi with very small nails. 
 
 Genus 321. THECLA. Fahr., Leach. Polyommatus. Lutr. 
 
 Feet in both sexes all alike : nails scarcely produced jjeyond the pul- 
 villi, which arc large: «?if('«?/^ gradually clubbed; the club elon- 
 gate, cylindric oval : hinder wings tailed. 
 
 * Antenna gradually clavafcd. 
 Sp. 1 . The. Bctulec (brown hair streak.) 
 Inhabits the borders of woods. 
 
 Sp. 2. The. Fruni (black hair streak). 
 Inhabits the borders of woods. 
 
 Sp. 3. The. Qucreus (purple hair streak). 
 
 Inhabits oak woods. Hying on the highest branches of the trees. 
 
 ** Antenna abruptly clavated. 
 Sp. 4. The. Rubi (green underside, or hair streak). 
 Inhabits the skirts of woods. 
 
 Genus 322. LYC/ENA. Fabr., Leach. Polyommatus. Latr. 
 ■Legs alike in both sexes : nails projecting beyond the pulvilli, which 
 are small : antenna with an abrupt club, somewhat ovate, compressed, 
 or spoon-shaped. 
 
 * Hinder wings more or less tailed. 
 Sp. 1. Li/c. dispar (large copper). 
 Papilio Ilj'pothoe. Donovan. 
 
 Inhabits the fens of Cambridgeshire, and lias been observed near 
 Aberdeen in Scotland. 
 
 Sp. 2. Li/c. Chryseis (purple-edged copper). 
 Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is extremely rare. 
 
 Sp. 3. Lye. Fir^Gz/rffz; (scarce copper). 
 
 Inhabits Europe : very local in Britain. It is found in some parts of 
 
 Huntingdonshire. 
 Sp. 4. Lye. Phlceas (small copper). 
 Inhabits woods and heaths. 
 
 ** Hinder wings with the posterior margin entire. 
 Sp. 5. Lye. Cm-ydon (chalk-hill blue). 
 Inhabits chalky districts. 
 
 Sp. 6. Lye. Adonis (Clifden blue). 
 Inhabits chalky districts. 
 
242 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 7, Lijc. Dori/lus (common blue). 
 Inhabits heaths, commons, and lanes, 
 Sp. 8. Li/c. Argus (studded blue); 
 Inhabits fields and marshes. 
 
 Sp. 9. Li/c. Idas (blaclc-spot brown). 
 Inhabits grassy places. 
 
 Sp. 10. Lye. Artaxerxes (white-spot, brown or Scotch Argus). 
 Inhabits Arthur's Seat and the base of Kirk-hill^ (one of the Pentland 
 range near Edinburgh) in great plenty, 
 
 Sp. 11. Lye. Alms (Bedford blue). 
 Inhabits clover fields, &c. 
 
 Sp. 12. Lye. Argiolus (azure blue). 
 Inhabits meadows. 
 
 Sp. 13. Lye. Cymon. 
 
 Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is very local. It is found near Shec- 
 borne in Dorset in great abundance. 
 
 Fam. II. Hesperidx. Leach, 
 
 IIesperides. Latreille. 
 
 Hinder tibia with two pair of heels or spurs, one pair at the middle, the 
 other at the usual place : antenna distinctly terminated with a club, 
 hooked at their extremities : palpi short, thick, and squamose m 
 front : hinder wings elevated when the insect is at rest. 
 
 Genus 323. HESPERIA. luhr., Cuv., Lam., Latr., Walck., Leach. 
 Papilio. Linn., Haworth. 
 Palpi with the third joint cylindric or cylindric-conic 
 
 * Antenna ending iri an abrupt very acute hook. 
 Sp. 1. Hes. Comma (pearl skipper). 
 Inhabits Europe: in England, near Lewes in Sussex. 
 Sp. 2. Hes. Sylvanus (wood skipper). 
 Inhabits the borders of woods. 
 
 ** Antenna willi their points arcuate. 
 Sp. 3. Hes. Tages (dingy skipper). 
 Inhabits Europe, on dry heaths and banks. 
 Sp. 4. Hes. Malva (mallow skipper). 
 Inhabits dry banks. 
 
 *** Antenna with straight points, 
 Sp. 5. Hes. Linca (small skipper). 
 Inhabits tlie skirto of woods. 
 
CLASS V. IXSECTA, 
 
 243 
 
 Sp. 0. lies. Pcoiiscus (scarce skipper)- 
 
 Inhabits meadows : very rare in Britain, excepting in some parts of 
 Bedlbrdshirc, where it is common. 
 
 Section II. CREPUSCULARIA. Latreille. 
 
 Wings horizontal in repose : antenna; prismatic or fusiform. 
 
 The insects of this section constitute the Linncan genus Sphinx, 
 which has been divided by later writers into a number of genera. 
 
 Fam. III. Sphingid^. Leach. 
 Sphingides. iMireillc. 
 
 Palpi short, covered with very short close scales ; the last joint tubcr- 
 culiform and very short. 
 
 Stirps 1. Anus not tufted. 
 
 Genus 324. bMERINTHUS. Latr., Leach. Laotuoe. Fair., 
 Sphinx. Linn., liawurth. Spectrum. Scopoli. 
 Antennae somewhat prismatic, serrated towards the middle, gradually 
 thicker: tongue very short : anterior zvings angulated: J3a//;J conti- 
 guous. 
 
 Sp. 1. Sme. ocellata (eyed hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe. The larva on the willow and poplar. 
 
 Sp. 2. Sme. Tdia (lime hawk-moth). 
 Inhabits the lime in the larva state., 
 
 Sp. 3. Sine. Populi (poplar hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the poplar. / 
 
 Genus 325. SPHINX. Linn., Fair., Latr., Hazcorth, Leach. Spr.c- 
 TRUM. Scopoli. 
 Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue long, very distinct, convo- 
 luted : antenna prismatic, thicker towards their middle, in the males 
 slightly ciliated. 
 Obs. — This genus has lately been divided into the following genera : 
 
 1. Deilophila, OcAs/jeimer. Sp. 1. Elpenor. 2. Porcellus. 3. Li- 
 neata. 4. Euphorbias, o. Galii. — II. Sphinx, Och. Sp. 1. Pinastri. 
 
 2. Ligustri. ?,. Convolvuli. — III. Acherontia, Och. Sp. 1. Atropos. 
 
 Sp. 1. Sph. Porcf//i/.? (small elephant hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain. 
 
 Sp. 2. Sph. £//3e>«or (elephant hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the ladies bed-straw, and is found 
 
 in the autumn in drills or ditches in marshes near London. 
 Sp. 3. Sph. lineata (silver line hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe, and is exceeding rare in this country. Sphinx lineata 
 
 q2 
 
244" MODERN SYSTEM, 
 
 of Donovan is distinct, and must be considered as a doubtful inhabi- 
 tant of Britain. 
 
 Sp. 4. Sph. Gala (scarce spotted elephant). 
 
 Inhabits Europe : it is very rare in Britain. Two specimens have been 
 taken in Cornwall near Penzance, one near Kingsbridge in Devon, 
 and another near London. 
 
 Sp. 5. Sph. Eiiphoi-bire (spotted elephant). 
 
 Inhabits Europe : it is very rare in Britain. The larva has occurred 
 near Plymouth. 
 
 Sp. 6. Sph. Pinastri (pine hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe : it has been taken near London, and in Ravelston- 
 wood near Edinburgh. 
 
 Sp. 7. Sph. Convohuli (convolvulus hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe : it has been taken near London, and in the most re- 
 mote parts of Britain, even in the Shetland Islands, but does not 
 make a regular appearance., 
 
 Sp. 8. Sph. Ligustri (privet hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the privet and ash in gardens and 
 woods. 
 
 Sp. 9. Sph. Atropos (death's head hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe. It must be considered as a valuable acquisition to 
 the British cabinet ; for altliough it occasionally occurs in the larva 
 state, yet it is bred with extreme difficulty, and the fly when taken 
 on the wing is generally very much mutilated and rubbed. The ca- 
 terpillar feeds on the blossom of the potatoe. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Anus tufted. 
 
 Genus 326. MACROGLOSSUM. Scopoli, Leach. 
 
 Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue very long, distinct and con- 
 voluted: antenna: prismatic, thicker towards their middle, (of the 
 males ciliated); winga opaque. 
 
 Sp. 1. Macro. Stellatariun (humming-bird hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits gardens. The perfect insect feeds on the wing, extracting the 
 honey of stellated plants. 
 
 Genus 327. SESIA. Fabr., Leach. Macuoglossa. Ochsheimer. 
 
 Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue very long ; distinct, and 
 convoluted : antenna prismatic, thicker towards their middle (of the 
 males ciliated) : wings transparent. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ses. lombyciformis (narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits open places in woods. 
 
 Sp. 2. Ses.fmiformis (broad-bordered bee hawk-moth). 
 
 Inhabits the borders of woods. 
 
 Fam. IV. ZiG^NiDiE. Leach., 
 ZvG^NiDES. Latreille. 
 Palpi long, separate, covered with long scales or porrccted hair. 
 
CLASS V. insectaT 245 
 
 Genus 328. ^GERIA. Fabr., Leach. Sesia. Lair., Laspeyres, 
 Trochili'm. Scopoli. 
 Antennm fusiform : abdomen with the anus bearded. 
 
 Sp. 1. Mg. apiformis (bee hornet sphinx). 
 Inhabits Europe: is rare in Britain. 
 
 Sp. 2. JEg. crabroniformis (hornet sphinx). 
 
 Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the wood of the lime-tree. 
 
 There are several other species of this genus found in Britain, but 
 their synonyms have never been satisfactorily ascertained. 
 
 Genus 329. ZYGiENA of authors. Sphinx. Linn. 
 AntenncE abruptly flexuous-clavate : palpi cylindric-conic. 
 
 Sp. 1. Zyg. Filipendulaifw-^^othuxxiet). 
 Inhabits fields. 
 
 Genus 330. INC. Leach. Procris. Fabr., Lafr. Zyg.?;na. Panz., 
 Walckenaer. Sphinx. Linn. 
 Antenna of the male bipectinate, of the female simple : palpi short. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ino Statices (forester). 
 
 Inhabits the margins of woods in meadows. 
 
 Section III. NOCTURNA. Latreille. 
 
 Wings horizontal in repose : antenna setaceous^ gradually narrowing 
 towards their extremities. 
 
 Earn. V. BoMBYCiD.i. Leach. 
 
 BoMBYciTES, Latreille. 
 
 AntenJKE with a single series of cilire (of the male at least serrated) : 
 tongue none : palpi two, short, cylindric, very hairy : thorax not crest- 
 ed : wings elongate undivided. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Wings deflexed, long and narrow ; larva naked : pupa with 
 its segments laterally denticulated. 
 
 Genus 331. HEPIALUS. Fair., Latr., Leach. Phal.ena (Noc- 
 tua). Linne. 
 Antenna moniliform, shorter than the thorax : palpi very small, and 
 
 very hairy : wings elliptic, equal, long. 
 Sp. 1. Hep. Humuli (ghost swift). Sp. 2. Hep. Mappa (map-winged 
 swift). Sp. 3. Hep. Hectus (golden swift), &c. 
 
 Genus 332. COSSUS. Fabr., Latr., Cuv., Leach. Phal.i:na 
 (BoMBYx). Linne. 
 Antenna as long as the thorax, setaceous, furnished with a single se- 
 ries of short transverse obtuse teeth : palpi very distinct, thick cy- 
 lindric, and squamous : anterior wings larger than the posterior. 
 
246 MODERN SYSTHM. 
 
 Sp. 1. C'as. L'igniperda (goat moth), 
 
 Phalcena (Bombyx) Cussus. Liune. 
 
 Inhaints Europe. The larva feeds on the internal parts of the willow, 
 ash, and oak. The celebrated Lyonnett has hnmortalized himself by 
 his laborious work on the anatomy of the larva and perfect insect. 
 The caterpillar diffuses a scent, by which its residence may frcr 
 quently be made known to those passing such trees as are much in- 
 f'psted by it. It remains three years in this state, when it spins a 
 strong web intermixed with particles of wood, and changes into 
 the chrysalis, which it does in the month of May; and in June the 
 perfect insect may l)e found sticking to the trunks of trees (gene- , 
 X'ally willows) early in the morning and in the evening. 
 
 I once found the larva in an old oak near Norwood, in the month 
 of January. Mr. Standish informs me, that those which feed on the 
 wood of the oak are paler in colour than those which feed on the 
 willow. 
 
 Genus 333. ZEUZERA. Lutr., Leach. Bombyx. H'ubner. He- 
 PIALUS. Schrank. PHAL^tNA (Noctua). Linnt. Cossus. Fabr. 
 Antenna: setaceous, of the males pectinated at their base ; of the fe- 
 males entirely simple, with the exception of their base, which is to- 
 mentose. 
 Sp. 1. Seu. JEsculi (wood leopard-moth). 
 
 Inhabits Europe. In England it is rather rare; but may he found against 
 trees in St. James's Park in July, if industriously sought after. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Wings broad and spreading: larva more or less hairy, its 
 hinder legs formed for walking : pupa with its segments simple. 
 Genus 334. SATURNIA. Schrank, Leach. Phal^na (Attacus). 
 LinnL Bombyx. Fabr., H'vbner, Latr. 
 Wings horizontal ; antennae subcylindric : of the male doubly pecti- 
 nated : hinder wings simple. 
 Sp. 1. Sal. Pavonia minor {emperor moth). 
 
 Stirps 3. — Wings deflexed : larvte more or less hairy, its hinder legs 
 formed for walking: pupa, with its segments simple. 
 
 " * Antenna in both sexes pectinated." 
 Genus 335. LIPARIS. Och., Germ., Leach's MSS. Hypogymna. 
 
 Hiib. 
 Palpi porrected, hairy, composed of tvvo joints, the last of which is in- 
 
 crassated at its extremity : tongue obsolete : antenna setaceous. 
 Sp. 1. Lip. Monacha (black arches). Sp. 2, Lip. dispur (gipsy moth), 
 
 Genus 336. LARIA. Schrank, Leach, Germar. Oroya. Och., 
 Dasyciiira. H'ubner. 
 Palpi very hairy, three-jointed : last joint minute linear and almost 
 naked : tongue obsolete : antenna, filiform. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 
 
 247 
 
 ^Sp. 1. Lar. pudibunda (pale tussock). Sp. 2. Lar.fascelina (dark tus- 
 sock). 
 
 Genus 337. GASTROPACIIA. OcL, Germ., Leach's MSS. 
 P<ilpi porrected, three-jointed, hairy, subcyUndric, with obtuse points : 
 
 tongue obsolete : antouuE fihform. 
 Sp. 1, Gas. quercifolia (lappet moth). 
 
 a ** Antenn{e of the male alone pectinated.^ 
 Genus 338. ODENESIS. Germar, Leach's MSS. 
 Palpi porrect, hairy and three-jointed, dilated in the middle, attenuated 
 and reversed at their extremities : tongue very short; antenna filiibrm. 
 Sp. 1. Od. potatoria. {PI. 12. Jig. 3.) 
 
 Genus 339. LASIOCAMPA. Schrank, Leach, Germar, 
 Palpi compressed, porrected, very hairy, two-jointed; the second joint 
 
 elongate obtuse : tongue obsolete : antenna: filiform. 
 Sp. 1. Las. Quercus (egger moth). Sp. 2. Las. trifoUa, &c. 
 
 Genus 340. ERIOGASTER. Germcr, loach's MSS. 
 Palpi very short and very hairy, subglobose : tongue obsolete : antcnn<£ 
 
 filiform. 
 Sp. 1. £rj. lanestris. Sp. 2 Eri. Populi. 
 
 Genus 341. ENDROMIS. Och., Germ., Leach's MSS. Dimort- 
 PHA. Hvb. 
 Pa/pj compressed, recurved, very hairy; second joint obtuse: tongue 
 
 very obsolete : antenna filiform. 
 Sp. 1. £nc?. ^-ersicoZo;- (Kentish glory). 
 
 Obs. — Bombyx rubra, &c. forms the Genus Pentiiropiiera. Germ. 
 Genus 342. STAUROPUS. Germ., Leach's MSS. Harpyia. OcA. 
 
 Pfl/p( reflexed, compressed, hairy and biarticulated ; last joint minute: 
 tongue obsolete : antenna filiform (of the male naked at their extre- 
 mities). 
 
 Sp. 1. Stau. Fagi (lobster moth). 
 
 Genus 343. NOTODONTA. Och., Germar, Leach's MSS. Pxi- 
 
 LODONTIS. Hiib. 
 
 Palpi short, very hairy, two-jointed; first joint very short, second com- 
 pressed and truncate: tongue short: antenna filiform. 
 Sp. 1. Not. Tritopus. Sp. 2. Ziczac. Sp. 3. Dromedarius. Sp. 4. Trepida. 
 
 Genus 344. PYGiERA. Och., Germar, Leach's MSS. Melalo- 
 PHA. Hub. 
 Palpi very hairy, t\vo-jointed ; first joint incurved, second reversed ob- 
 tuse : tongue abbreviated, but spiral : antenna setaceous. 
 Sp. 1. Pyg. Bucephala (buff-tip). 
 
 Obs. — Bombyx curtula, 2. reclusa, form the genus Clostera of Hoff- 
 mansecg. 
 
243 SIODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 •Stirps 4. Wings deflexed: larva with its liinder legs converted into a 
 furcate tail. 
 
 Genus345. CERURA. Schrank, Leach, Germar. Andria. Hubner. 
 Palpi cylindrical, hairy obtuse, with their joints confluent: tongue spi- 
 ral but abbreviated : antenna: filiform pectinated. 
 Sp. 1. Cer. Vinulia (puss moth). Sp. 2. Cer. Furcula (kitten moth). 
 The caterpillar of both the above feeds on leaves : the first may 
 frequently be found in August and September on willows and pop- 
 lars ; the latter species is not common in Britain. 
 
 Fam. VI. Arctiad^. Leach. 
 
 NocTuo-BoMBYciTES. Latr. 
 
 Palpi two ; antenncE pectinated or ciliated : tongue visible, but often 
 short and somewhat membranaceous : wings trigonate, deflexed, un- 
 divided : caterpillar with sixteen feet. 
 
 Genus 346. ARCTIA. Sch7'ank, Latrcille, Leach. Bombyx. Fair. 
 Palpi with long scales : antennte of the males (at least) with a double 
 series of pectinations : tongue often short, composed of two separate 
 filaments. 
 
 * Antennce ciliated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Arc. villica (cream spot tyger). Sp. 2. Arc. Caja (tyger moth). 
 Sp. 3. Arc. Plantaginis (wood tyger). Sp. 4. Arc. russula (clouded 
 buff). Sp. 5. Arc. mendica (muslin). Sp. 6. Arc. Menthrastri (er- 
 mine). Sp. 7. Arc. papyritia (water ermine). Sp. 8. Arc. lubrici- 
 peda (buff ermine). 
 
 ** Antenna pectinated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Arc. Sal ic is {satm moth). Sp. 2. Arc. chrysorrhaea (yellow- tail). 
 Sp. 3. Arc. ph(corrhaa (brown-tail moth). 
 
 Genus 347. . CALLIMORPHA. Latr., Leach. Bombyx. Fair. 
 
 LiTHOSiA. Fahr. 
 Pfl/piwith short not porrect, scales : antenna: simple or slightly cili- 
 ated: tongue'long, the two filaments conjoined. 
 Sp. 1. Cal. Dominida (scarlet tyger moth). 
 
 Obs. — Bombyx; 2. Rosea (red arches). 3. JwcoJe^ (cinnabar); are re- 
 ferable to this genus. 
 
 Fam. VII. TiNEiD.i;. Leach. 
 TiNEiTES. Lutreille. 
 
 Antenn<E setaceous, simple : tongue distinct : palpi two, cylindric : zoings 
 long, oblong, somewhat elliptic, incumbent or convolute : inferior 
 ones much folded, all undivided. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna: distant from each other: eyes separate, divided by 
 a frontlet ; tongue elongate : palpi not longer than the head. 
 
Cr.ASS V. IN?ECTA, 
 
 249 
 
 , Genus 348. LITHOSIA. Fnbr., Latr., Leach. 
 
 Wing^s horizontal : palpi shorter than the head, last joint cylindric, di- 
 stinctly shorter than the second : /wc/c much flattened : antcnucE'Am- 
 ple or but slightly ciliated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lit. ijmd?-a (four-spotted footman). Sp. 2. Lit. complana, &c. 
 
 Genus 349. YPONOMEUTA. Latr., Leach. Tinea. Fabr., 
 H'ubner, Hazcorth. 
 Wings rolled or convoluted : palpi as long as the head; the third joint 
 
 obconic, as long or longer than the one before it: antenna: simple. 
 Sp. 1. Ypo. Evoni/mella. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna- separate: eyes separate: tongue elongate : j!Jff//'i 
 much longer than the head, over which they are recurved. 
 
 Genus 350. iECOPHORA. Latr. NemaPOGon. Schrank, Leach. 
 Phal.ena (Tinea). Linnc. Tinea. Fabr. Alucita. OUv. 
 Wings broadly fringed, lying on the back : palpi twice as long or more 
 than the body; the second joint longer than the head, the last joint 
 almost naked, recurved beyond the head. 
 
 Obs. — To this genus Tinea 1, Linneella. 2. Flavella. 3. Roese/la, 
 and their congeners belong. 
 
 Stieps 3. — Tongue not distinct, very short: front very hairy: patpl 
 longer than the head, the second joint hairy. 
 
 Genus 351, EUPLOCAMUS. Latr., Leach. Tinea. Fabr. Pv- 
 RALis. Llitbner. 
 Palpi tvvo ; the second joint with numerous elongate scales, the third 
 
 joint naked and ascending: antenncs much pectinated. 
 Sp. 1. Eup. Guttella. Fabr. 
 
 Genus 352. PHYSIS. Fabr., H'ubner, Leach. Phal/ENA (Tinea). 
 Linni. . 
 Pa/pi four, distinct; upper ones small, inflexcd: antenna simple, or 
 
 slightly ciliated. 
 Sp. 1. Phi/. Pclionella (clothes moth). 
 Inhabits houses. 
 
 Obs. — All the cloth moths, of which there are several specie?, belong 
 to this genus. 
 
 Stirps 4. — Antenna very long, contiguous: ei/es subcontiguous : tongue 
 elongate : palpi very hairy, ascending not longer than the head. 
 
 Genus 353. ADELA. Latr., Leach. Nemopiiora. Hoffmansegg. 
 Nemapogon. Schrank. Alucita. Fabr. Tinea. H'vbncr. 
 Phal.€na (Tinea). Linni. 
 Sp. 1. Ad. Degeerella (Japan-moth). 
 Inhabits the borders of woods. 
 
■250 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Osii.— All the long-horned Japan moths, as they are called by Engli&h 
 collectors, belong to this genus. 
 
 Fam. VIII. NocTUAD.c. Leach. 
 
 IS'ocTr.ELiTES. Latreille. 
 
 Antennm setaceous m the males, sometimes pectinated or ciliated : 
 tongue distinct : palpi much compressed : wings horizontal or incum- 
 bent, not divided : thorax thick, oiten crested : palpi with the last 
 joint much shorter than the preceding, squamose. 
 
 Genus 354. NOCTUA. Fabr., Latr., Hiibner, Leach. Bombyx. 
 Fab?-., Hub. PHALiENA (Bombyx). Limit. PiiAL-^iXA (Noc- 
 tua). Linnc. P.ecilia. Schrank. Cucullia. Schrank. 
 The genus Noctua requires a minute investigation. It contains seve- 
 ral natural genera, as exhibited in the following divisions. 
 
 A. Caterpillars with sixteen feet. 
 
 * Caterpillars half loopers, their anterior feet membranaceous, evi- 
 dently shorter than the others. Wings horizontal. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. sponsa (crimson underwing). Sp. 2. iVoc. nitpta, Sfc. 
 
 ** Caterpillars with membi-anaccous feet of conforinabk size. 
 
 1. Wings horizontal. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. fimbria (broad-bordered yellow underwing). Sp. 2. Koc. 
 pronuba. S. Noc. Orboiia. 4. Noc.janthia^S,x. 
 
 2. Wings deflexed. 
 
 a. Sp. 1. Noc. Ritmicis (common knot grass). 2. Noc. Psi, ^c. 
 
 b. Sp. 1. Noc. Ligustri (coronet). 2. Noc. Pisi (broom moth), &e. 
 
 c. Sp. 1. Noc. Verbasci. 2. A^oc. Tft^ftcf/i (shark moths), &c. 
 
 d. Sp. 1. Noc. J?«/w (peach blossom moth). 
 
 e. Sp. 1. iVoc. >«e</ci</os« (angle shades). 
 
 f. Sp. 1. iVoc.^a//)t«« (pale prominent moth). 
 
 g. Sp. 1. Noc. camelina. 
 
 B. Caterpillar with fourteen feet. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. chri/sites (burnished brass). Noc.Jestuc^e (gold spot), &c» 
 
 Notice of the following genera has lately reached this coimtry 
 from the Continent : the undermentioned indigenous species, which 
 fnay be considered as types, are selected from the MSS. of Dr. Leach : 
 I have added the English names, as it may enable those who have 
 small collections of Lepidoptera to proceed in the natural arrange- 
 ment- 
 Genus CoLocASiA. Och. Jaspidia. H'ub. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. bombyx coryli (nut-tree tussock). 
 
CLASS V. INSF.CTA, 251 
 
 Genus PoECTLiA. Schrank^OcIi. Jaspidia. Hub. 
 
 Sp. 1* Noc. licfwnsis (marbled green). 2. Noc. perla (marbled 
 beauty). 
 
 Genus Tetiiea. Och, 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. retusa (double kidney). 2. Noc. subtusa (olive). 3. Noc. 
 r'ldens (the frosted green). 
 
 Genus Aguotis. H'itb., Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Ruris (rufous dart). 2. Noc. Segetum (brown heart and 
 club). 
 
 Genus Graphiphora. Hi'ib., Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. ^z/^^ii/- (double dart). Fabr. 
 
 Genus Amphipyra. Och. Pyrophila. Hvb. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Tragopogonus (the mouse). 2. Noc. tetra{\hii maho- 
 gan:) 
 Genus Mormo. Ochen. Lemur. H'nb. 
 
 Sp. 1 . Noc. mauru (great brown bar). Fabr. 
 
 Genus Hadena. Schrank, Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Cucubali (campion). 2. Noc. Ptei-idis. Fabr. 
 
 Genus Miselia. Hiib., Sck. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. compta (marbled coronet). 
 
 Genus Polia. Hub., Och. 
 
 Sp. \.Noc. CAi (Chi moth). 2. JVoc.^wfocinda (large ranunculus). 
 
 Genus Trachea. Och. Achatia. H'libn. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. atrip/icis (arrach moth). 2. Noc. prcecox (Portland 
 moth) 
 
 Genus Apamea. Och. 
 
 Sp. 1, Noc. basilinea (rustic shoulder knot). Fabr. 
 
 Genus Mamestria. Ocli. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Pisi (broom). 2. Noc. Chenopod'd (nutmeg). 
 
 Genus Thyatira. Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. JVoc. Ba^is (peach blossom). 2. JVbc. Aras« (buff arches). 
 
 Genus Mythimna. Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. turcu (double line). 
 
 Genus Caradrina. Och. 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Morpheus. 
 
 Genus Leucania. Och. IIeliopiiila. Hub. 
 
 Sp, 1. Pha. comma (shoulder stripe wainscot). 
 
 Genus Nonagria. Och. 
 
 Sp. J. Noc. Ti/phce (\i\i\i.'X\x^h). 2. Noc. Arundinis. .\ 
 
252 MODERN SYSTEM, 
 
 Genus GoRTVNA. Och. 
 
 ; ■- Sp. 1. Noc.Jlavago. Hiib. Ruiilago (frosted orange). Fubi: 
 
 Genus Xanthia. Hiib., Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Liiteago. 2. Noc. Croceago (orange upper wing). 
 Genus Cosmia. Hiib., Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. affinis (lesser spotted pinion). 2. Noc. diffinis (white 
 spotted pinion), Fabr. 
 
 Genus Cerastis. Och. Gl^a. Hub. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Vacciuii (chcsnut). 2. SateUitia (satellite.) 
 Genus Xylena. Hub., Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. exokta (large second grass). 2. Noc. putris (flame). 
 3. Noc. hepatica (clouded bordered brindle). 4. Noc. Finastfi 
 (bird's wing). 
 Genus CucuLLiA. Schrank, Och. Tribonophora. H'vb. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Artemisia. 2. Noc. Absinthii (wormwood). 3. Noc. 
 Vmbratics (targe pale shark). 4. Noc. Scrophularia (water 
 betony). 
 
 Genus Abrostola. Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. triplacea. 2. Noc. Asclepiades. 
 Genus Anarta. Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Myrtilli (beautiful yellow undcrwing). 
 
 Genus Heliothis. Och. Heliocentis. Huh. 
 Sp. 1. Noc. dipsacea (marbled clover). 
 
 Genus Erastria. Och. Erotyla. Hub. 
 Sp. 1. JJnca. FijraUs unca (silver hook), 
 
 Genus Brepha. Hub. Brephos. Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Parthenias (orange undcrvv^ing), 2. Noc. notlia (light 
 orange underwing). 
 
 Genus Euclidia. Hub., Och. 
 
 Sp. 1. Noc. Mi (Shipton). 2. Noc. triquetra. 
 
 Fam. IX. PHALa;NiD.€. Leach-. 
 
 Pualsnites. Latreille. 
 
 ^n^ewwa; approximating at their base; those of the male often pecti- 
 nated or ciliated : clypeus scarcely prominent : feet slender, rarely 
 hairy : palpi two : wings undivided. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Larva with twelve feet. 
 
 Genus 355. PHAL.ENA. Li7ine, Fabr., Latr., Leach. Geometka. 
 Haioorth, H'ubner. 
 Antenna setaceous of the male pectinated. 
 Sp. 1. Pha. margarituria (large emerald moth), &c. 
 
C1AS5 V. INSECTA7 253 
 
 SjirpS 2. — XfuTft with ten feet. 
 
 Genus 336. IIIPPARCIIUS. Leach. Piial.cna. Fair., Latr^ 
 Linn. Geometra. Hi'ibner, Hazcorth. 
 Ml)igs extended obliquely, the upper wing covering the lower ones : 
 boili/ slender: palpi slightly hirsute : «n;6'?j?i<c of" the male pectinated. 
 Sp. 1. Hip. papilionarius {large emerald). 2. Hip. prunata, SfC. 
 
 Genus 357. BUPALUS. Leach. Piial^ina. Linne, Fubr., Latn. 
 Geometra. Hubner, Haworth. 
 Antenme pectinated in the male : body slender : palpi slightly hirsute ; 
 
 ■dings horizontally extended, not angidated or indented. 
 Sp. 1. Bi^/>. j;i«anMS (the bordered white). 
 Inhabits pine forests. 
 
 Genus 358. GEOMETRA. HYibner, Hazvorih, Leach. PnAL.-EN.ft 
 Fabr., Latr., Linni. 
 Antenna of the male pectinated : bodtj slender : palpi but little or not at 
 all hair}': rt;/«gs horizontal!}' extended; hinder margiri very angular, 
 Sp. 1. Geo. lunar ia (the lunar thorn). Sp. 2. Geo. dolabraria (scorch- 
 ed wing), &c. 
 
 Genus 359. OURAPTERYX. Leach. Piial.ilna. Latr., Linn'c, 
 
 Fabr. 
 jltt^ewwd; somewhat ciliated : ?'oc(^ slender : jpa//>i but little hairy, zcings 
 horizontally extended ; inferior ones prolonged, truncate, and termi- 
 nated by a tail. 
 Sji. 1. Our. sanibitcaria (swallow-tail moth). 
 
 Genus 360. BISTON. Leach. Phal^ena. Linni, Fabr., Latr. 
 Geometra. Hubner, Hazcorth. 
 Antenna of the male much pectinated: body thick : palpi very hairy. 
 Sp. 1. Bis. prodromaria (oak beaut}'). 2. £is. betidaria (the peppered). 
 8. Bis. hirtaria (the brindled beauty), &c. 
 
 Genus 361. ABRAXAS. Leach. Phaljena. Linni, Fabr., Latr., 
 Hub., Haworth. 
 Antenna simple, not ciliated : body slender : palpi scarcely hirsute : 
 
 zcings extended horizontally, not angulated or indented. 
 Sp. 1. Abr. grossulariata (common magpie moth). 2. Abr. uhnuria 
 (scarce magpie moth), Sec. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Caterpillars with fourteen feet; the anal ones distinct; the 
 first pair of membranaceous ones wanting. 
 
 Genus 362. HERMINIA. Latr., Leach. Phal^na (Pyrali^). 
 Linni. Crambxjs. Fabr., Bosc. Pyralis. Huh. 
 Wings triangulate, nearly horizontal : anterior margin of the uppfer 
 . wings straight : palpi two, recurved, compressed^ often very large ; 
 
 antenna ciliated. 
 Sp. 1. Her. proboscidalis (fhe snout), &c. 
 
254 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 $riRPS 4. — ^aterpitlars With fourteen feet, anal ones wanting j -tfefe first 
 pair of membranaceous ones distinct. 
 
 Genus 363. PLATYPTERYX. Laspet/eres, Latr., Leach. Pha- 
 L^NA. Fahr. 
 Anterior wings falcate : antenna of tlie male pectinate : palpi very short, 
 
 somewhat conic : tongue short. 
 Sp. 1. Flu. fakuturiu (pebble hooktip). 2. Flu. lucertanaria (the scol- 
 loped hooktip), Sec. 
 
 Oes. — The last species has the anterior wings dentate. 
 
 Genus 364. CILTX. Leach. Bombyx. Fahr. Platypteryx. Latr. 
 Anterior zoings rounded : antenna of the male pectinated : palpi very 
 
 short, somewhat conic : tongue none. 
 Sp. 1. Cil. compressa (goose-egg moth). 
 Bombyx compressus. Fahr. 
 
 Stirps 5. — Caterpillars with sixteen feet: wings With the body forrning 
 a broad short triangle, dilated on each side anteriorly. 
 
 Genus 365. TORTRIX. Hiibner, Leach. Phalxna (Tortrix). 
 Linnc. Pyralis. Latr., Fahr. 
 Palpi with the second joint distinctly longer than the third, and more 
 squamous; third joint short, truncate or obtuse, not recurved over 
 the head. 
 Sp. 1. Tor. Fagana. 
 
 Genus 366. SIMAETHIS. Leach. Tortrix. H'libner. Pyralis. 
 Latr. 
 Pfl//>« short, rising; the last joint not recurved over the head; witli 
 the second and third joints nearly equally long and equally squa- 
 mose : inferior wings not completely covered by the upper ones. 
 Sp. 1. Sun. dentana. 
 Tortrix dentana. H'ubner. 
 
 Genus 367. NOLA. Leach. Pyralis. Hvb., Latr. 
 Palpi short, porrect, last joint not recurved over the head ; the second 
 
 and third joints nearly equally long and equally squamose : under 
 
 zeings completely covered by the upper ones. 
 Sp. 1. Nola palliolutis. 
 P\Talis palliolatis. Hubner, Latr. 
 
 Fam. X. PyRALiD,E. Leach. 
 Crambites. Latreille. 
 Palpi four: larva (as far as has been ascertained) with si.\teen feet. 
 
 Strtips 1. — Superior toings forming with the body a nearly horizontdi 
 depressed, triangle. 
 
CI,XSS V. TNSECTAi 255 
 
 Genus 3(38. BOTYS. Latr., Leach. Phal.t.na (Pyralis). LbmL 
 Pyralis. llvbner, Sc/iruiik, Scopoli, Haicort/t. Nymphala. 
 Sc/nank. Scopvla. Sc/irank. 1*\ravsia. ISchrank. Crambus, 
 Fabr. 
 
 Tongue distinct, conspicuous : palpi exserted. 
 
 Sp. 1. Bot. purpururia. 
 
 Genus 369. PYRALIS. Jl'uhner, Schrank, ScldffermuUer, Lcfich. 
 PiiAL.iiNA (Pyralis). Linnc. Crambus. Fubr. Aglossa, 
 Latr. 
 Tongiie none ; iriferior palpi largest, the second joint very squamous, 
 
 the squamiB porrccted in biuidles. 
 Sp. 1. Pi^r. jiiuguiiinlis (the large tubby). 
 Cranibus piuguinalis. Fabr. 
 
 Stxrps 1.— ^Superior zcings very long, enveloping the sides of the body. 
 
 Genus 370. GALLEPtlA. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Phal.ena (Ti- 
 nea). Linnc. Tixea. Geojfroi/, 
 Timgiic very short : palpi short : inferior palpi largest, with close scales; 
 upper ones concealed by the scales of the clypeus : rcings narrow,, 
 covering and pressing against the sides of the body. 
 Sp. 1. Gal. alvearia. 
 
 Genus 371. CRAMBUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Piial^na (Ti- 
 nea). Linnc. Tinea. Geoffrot/. 
 Wings narrow, convoluted round the body : palpi exserted, inferior ones 
 
 largest : head with short close-applied scales : tongue distinct. 
 Sp. 1. Cram. Pineti. 
 
 Genus 372. TINEA. IFubncr, Geoff., Scop., Leach. Alucitju 
 
 Latr. Phal.ena (Tinea). Linn'e. Ypsolophus. Fabr. 
 
 H'/^ir.? narrow, abruptly deHexed, behind and above ascending: infe-. 
 
 •rior palpi with the second joint covered with numerous fasciculi of 
 
 scales ; the last erect, conic, naked : head with a bifid crest in front. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tin. Nemorum. 
 
 Fain. XI. Alccitads:. Leach. 
 
 Pterophorites. Lalreille. 
 
 Wings divided, or formed of feathers imited at their base. 
 
 Genus 373. PTEROPHORUS. Geof, Latr., Fabr., Lca'ch. Ai.<p- 
 \ ciTA, HYibner, Schrank, Seopoli. Phal;ena (Alucita). Linm. 
 
 Palpi small, from their base ascending, not longer than the head, 
 shortly and nearly equally squamose : anterior icings composted <;*" 
 two, posterior of three feathers : pupa naked, suspended by a hair. 
 Pter.j>ea(aduc(i/lui. 
 
256 MODERN bYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 374. ALUCITA. Hubner, Scopoli, Leach. PrEiiopnoRrs. 
 Geoff'., Fabr. Piial^ina (Alucita). Linn., Villers. Orne- 
 ODES. Lat?'. 
 Palpi produced much longer than the head ; tlie second joint very 
 
 squamous ; the last joint naked, erect : pupa foUiculate. 
 Sp. 1. Alu. hexadacti/la. 
 
 Order XI. TRICIIOPTERA. 
 Order Trichoptera. Kirbi/, Leach. 
 Order Neuroptera. Linn., Cuv., Latr., Lam., 4"C. 
 
 Citaracters of the Order. 
 
 " Wi?igs much deflexed, with strong nervures, hispid or hairy, the lower 
 wings plicate : antenna inserted between the eyes, often very long, 
 composed of an infinity of joints : _/ce^ elongate, spinulose: tarsi 
 elongate, five-jointed ; the last joint with two small nails : larva 
 elongate, agile, somewhat cylindric, composed of twelve joints, the 
 three first harder than the rest, and each bearing a pair of feet; the 
 last segment with two hooked processes. It inhabits tubes con- 
 structed of sand, bits of wood, stones, or grass, glued together by a 
 cement impenetrable to water : pupa somewhat resembling the per- 
 fect insect, shut up in the tube it inhabited whilst a larva, but having 
 the power of motion prior to its emerging from the water (in which 
 it resides), for the purpose of changing into the fly-state." 
 
 Genus 375. PHRYGANEA. Linni, Fabr., Geoff:, Latr., Leach. 
 
 Dr. Leach has paid the greatest attention to the insects of this 
 
 Order, having collected tliem with unexampled assiduity in various 
 
 parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The Doctor 
 
 • will probably publish a work on this Order. When published, I 
 
 must refer the student to it for a further account of the genera. 
 
 Fam. I. Leptocerid^e. Leach. 
 Antenna much longer than the whole body. 
 
 Genu^ 376. LEPTOCERUS. Leach. 
 
 ■Antenna simple, not denticulated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lept. inttrruptus. 
 
 Phryganea interrupta. Fahr. 
 
 Inhabits Great Britain. It is found in great plenty near Luss, on the 
 banks of Loch Lomond, on the margins of rivulets at Dreghorn 
 near Edinburgh, and near Carlisle in northern England. It occurs 
 during the day-time on the smaller branches of trees^ and in the a1^ 
 ternoon flies about in great abundance, in flocks. 
 
MODERN SYSTEM. 257 
 
 Genus 377. ODONTOCERUS. Leach. 
 Antenna: with the inner edge denticulated. 
 Sp. 1. Oclmi. griscus. Leach. 
 Inhabits Ireland and England. 
 
 Fam. II. Phryganid.e. Leach. 
 
 Antenna as long as tlie body. 
 
 Genus 378. PIIllYGANEA. Lcnch. 
 Anterior wings soft, villose. 
 
 Sp. 1. Phr. grandi.'i. 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Genus 379. LIMNEPIIILUS. Leach. 
 Anterior ningx slightly coriaceous, nervures hi«;pid or hairv. 
 
 Sp. 1. Lim. rhombiciis. Leach. 
 Phrvganea rhombica. IJnn. 
 Inhabits trees in woods and marshes. 
 
 Order XII. NEUROPTERA. Leach, Linn., Latr., Cuv. 
 Class Odoxata. Fahr. 
 Class Syxistata. Fuhr. 
 
 Wings four, naked, reticulated, and divided into a vast number of 
 areolae. 
 
 Section I. SUBULICORNES. 
 
 Antenna: subulate, very short, the last joint setiform : 7naxilhri/ palpi 
 very short: zcings extended horizontally or erect, very much reticu- 
 lated : metamorphosis semicomplete : tai-va and pupa aquatic, some- 
 what resembling the perfect insect. 
 
 Fam. I. LiBELLULiD.E. Leach. 
 LiBELLULix.E. LatreiUe. 
 
 Tarsi three-jointed : mandibles strong, corneous : maxilla corneous, 
 strong : icings equal, or the hinder ones a little larger at their base : 
 abdomen not terminated with sette or filaments : ei/es very large. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Tr/7?gs horizontal : head hemispheric, with a distinct vesicle 
 on which the little eyes are placed in a triangle : abdomen more or 
 less depressed; lip with the middle lamella smallest. 
 
 Genus 330. LIBELLULA. Linn., Fubr., Latr., Leach. 
 Posterior zcings alike in both sexes. 
 Sp. 1. Lib. depressa. All the wings blacldsh at the base; the abdomen 
 
 depressed ; of the male blueish, the female yellowish. 
 Libellula depressa. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits gardens and woods, flying over them in pursuit of insects. 
 
 R 
 
258 MODERN SYSTEM, 
 
 Genus 381. CORDULIA. Leach. Libellula. Linn., Don., Fanz., 
 Latr. 
 Posterior wings of the male produced into an angle at the anal edge. 
 Sp. 1. Cor. tEuea. Wings pellucid: thorax and abdomen of a brassy 
 
 green. 
 Inhabits marshy places on Epping Forest and the New Forest of 
 Hampshire in June and July. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Wings horizontal : head hemispheric, without a distinct ve- 
 sicle for the little eyes, which are arranged in a straight line : ahdomen 
 cylindric, sometimes cla^ate: Up with the middle lamella not much 
 smaller than the others. 
 
 Genus 382. CORDULEGASTER. Lench. Libellula. Linn., 
 Don. .^SHNA. Latr. 
 
 Hinder wings of the male angidated at their anal edge : abdomen of the 
 male clavate, of the female with an acuminated process. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cor. annulatus. Leach. 
 
 Libellula forcipata. Harris. iEshna annulata. Latr. Libellula Bolto- 
 nii. Don. 
 
 Inhabits Yorkshire, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Hamp- 
 shire, and Cornwall. It likewise occurs amongst the Lakes, in the 
 North of England ; amongst the Pentland Hills, near Edhiburgh ; 
 and on Loch Lomond and Lock Katrine. 
 
 Genus 383. GOMPHUS. Leach. Libellula. Linn., Don. 
 
 Hinder wings of the male angulated at their anal edge : ahdomen cla- 
 vate in both sexes. 
 
 Sp. 1. Gom. vulgatissimus. Leach. 
 
 Libellula vulgatissima. Linn. Libellula forcipata. Don. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. It occasionally occurs on Epping Forest, and at 
 Coombe Wood in Surry. 
 
 Genus 384. iESHNA. Leach, Fo.br. Libellula. Linn., Don. 
 
 Hinder wings of the male angulated at their anal edge ; ahdomen cy- 
 lindric in both sexes, not clavate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Msh. grandis. Fabr., Leach. 
 
 Libellula grandis. Linn., Don. 
 
 Inhabits the fields near London ; Hackney and Plaistow Marshes • 
 but is difficult to catch unless in windy weather, when it may be found 
 on the water plants growing in ditches. It may also be taken at the 
 dusk of fine evenings in the months of June and July, flying in pur- 
 suit of various insects which appear only at these times. 
 
 Genus 385. AN AX. Leach. 
 Hinder wings of the male not angulated at their anal edge, but resem- 
 bling those of the female : abdomen cylindric in both sexes ; not cla- 
 vate. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 259 
 
 Sp. 1. Ana.v Imperator. 
 
 Inhabits England in the New Forest of Hampshire. It is necessary to 
 inform the young entomologist, that the insects of the first and se- 
 cond stirpes of this family require, whilst in a recent state, that the 
 contents of the abdomen should be extracted, and tilled with either 
 a piece of paper or cotton, rolled up as near as possible to the natu- 
 ral size of the body, as without this precaution the insects will lose 
 their colour and turn entirely black. For further directions see In- 
 structions for Killing and Preserving. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Wings erect: Iwad transverse: abdomeii cylindric, linear: 
 
 ocelli or little eyes placed in a triangle. 
 
 Genus 386. AGRION. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Libellula. Lin7i, 
 Wiugs membranaceous, with a rhomboidal stigma: abdomen of the 
 
 male not armed with a forceps-like appendage. 
 Sp. 1. Agrion sanguineus. 
 Inhabits marshes. 
 
 Genus 387. LESTES. Uach. 
 Wings membranaceous with an oblong-quadrate parallelopiped stig- 
 ma : abdomen of the male armed with a forceps-like appendage. 
 Sp. 1. Lestcs antumnalis. 
 Inhabits marshy places. 
 
 Genus 388. CALEPTERYX. Leach. Agrion. Fabr., Latr. 
 Wings coriaceo-membranaceous, without a real stigma, in place of 
 
 which is sometimes an irregular transparent spot : abdomen of the 
 
 male furnished with a forceps-like appendage. 
 Sp. 1. Cal. Virgo. 
 Inhabits the banks of rivers. 
 
 Fam. II. Ephemerid.'e. Leach. 
 EpHEMEniNX. Latreille. 
 
 Tarsi four-jointed: mouth not distinct: inferior wings much smaller 
 than the others, sometimes wanting : abdomen with the extremity 
 furnished with filaments. Metamorphosis quadruple. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Tail with two fdaments. 
 
 Genus 389. BAETIS. Leach. Ephemera. Linn., Fabr., Latr. 
 Wings four. 
 Sp. 1. Baetis bioculata. 
 Inhabits near water. 
 
 Genus 390. CLOEON. Leach. 
 Wings two. 
 Sp. 1. Clo. pallida. 
 Ephemera diptera. JJnn., Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits Norfolk and Cumberland, near. large piece? of water. 
 
 R 2 
 
260 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Tail with three filaments. 
 
 Genus 391. EPHEMERA of authors. 
 Sp. 1. Eph. vu/gata. {PL 7. fig. 2.) 
 Inhabits marshes, and the banks of rivers. 
 
 Section II. FILICORNES. 
 
 Antenna longer than the head, not subulate : wings generally deflexed? 
 
 or incumbent. 
 
 Fam. Ill, PAXORPiDiE. Leach. 
 Panorpat^. Latreille.' 
 Head anteriorly produced into a rostrum : u-ings equal, ovate-elliptic, 
 
 lying one over the other : ocelli three, approximate, arranged in a 
 
 triangle. 
 
 Genus 392. PANORPA. Linn., Fahr., Lam., tatr., Leach. 
 Tarsi with two bent claws, denticulated beneath, having a spongy pul- 
 
 villus betw'een them : palpi nearly equal, filiform; the last joint cy- 
 
 lindric-ovate : mandibles with their points distinctly bidentate : uhdo- 
 
 men of the male with the three last joints forming a tail armed with 
 
 a forceps. 
 Sp. 1. Pan. communis. {PI. T -fig- 5. a. chela magnified.) 
 Inhabits hedges, and is very abundant in this country. 
 
 Fam. IV. HemerobiaDjE. Leach. 
 Hemerobixi. Latreille. 
 
 AntenncE filiform or setaceous : palpi four : wings equal : tarsi five- 
 jointed. 
 Stirps 1. — Ocelli or little eyes not distinct. 
 
 Genus 393. CHRYSOPA. Leach. KzM-Enomvs of authors. 
 Antenna (at least as long as the body) with cylindric.joints longer than 
 
 broad. 
 Sp. 1. Chrys. Pe7'la. 
 
 Hemerobius Perla. Linnt, Fahr., Latr. Chrysopa Perla. Leach. 
 Inhabits woods, and is a common species. 
 
 Genus 394. HEMEROBIUS. Leach, 4-c, 
 Antenna as long or shorter than the body, with raoniliform joints. 
 Sp. 1. Hem. variegatus. 
 
 Inhabits : is rare near London. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Ocelli three, distinct. 
 
 Genus 395. OSMYLUS, Latr., Leach. Hemerobius. Fabr. 
 Villers, Roeiner, Don. 
 Antenna moniliform. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ostn. ?naculatus. Fuscous; head and feet testaceous : wings hairy, 
 the upper ones and the costal margin of the inferior ones spotted 
 with black. {PL 7. fig. i.) 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA." 261 
 
 Inlial)its France, Germany, and England, in trees and hedges by the 
 sides of running brooks. 
 
 Fam. V. SialidjE. Leach. 
 
 Megaloptera. Latreille. 
 
 Thorax with the first segment large, not much longer than broad : tarsi 
 five-jointed : wings of equal size : feet resembling each other. 
 
 Genus 396. SIALIS. Latr., Leach. Hemerobius. Geoff., Be 
 Geer, Oliv. Semblis. Fabr. 
 Wings deflexed : tarsi with the last joint but one bifid : ocelli none. 
 Sp. 1. Si. niger. 
 Inhabits trees; the larva in water. 
 
 Fam. VI. Raphidiad.e. Leach. 
 
 Rhaphidin-E. Latreille. 
 
 Wings of equal size : thorax with the first segment large : tarsi with 
 four distinct joints, the last but onebilobate: antenna nearly seta- 
 ceous : ocelli three, arranged in a triangle. 
 
 Genus 397. RAPHIDIA. Linn., Geoff., Be Geer, Fabr., Oliv., 
 Lam., Latr., Leach. 
 Head o\'al, narrowed behind, inflexed : thorax with the first segment 
 very long, narrow, and somewhat cylindric : anus of the female with 
 tvvo united setce. 
 Sp. 1. Raph. ophiopsis. {PI. 7. Jig. 6.) 
 Inhabits trees and bushes near rivulets. 
 
 Fam. VII. PsociDx. Leach. 
 
 TsoQViLZM. Latreille, 
 
 Inferior zcings smaller than the superior ones: some are apterous: 
 palpi two, composed of four joints. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Ta7-si two-jointed. 
 
 Genus 398. PSOCUS, Latr., Leach. 
 Wings four. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pso. bipunctatus. Latr. 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Tarsi three-jointed. 
 
 Genus 399. ATROPOS. Leach. Termes. Lmn., Be Geer. Pso- 
 cvs. Fabr., Latr. Pediculvs. Geoff. 
 Wings none. 
 Sp. 1. Atr. lignaria. 
 
 Termes pulsatorium. Linn. Atropos lignaria. Leach. 
 Inhabits old books, and tlie paper on walls, often beating like a watch. 
 
262 MODERN SYSTEM- 
 
 Order XIII. HYMENOPTERA, 
 
 Order Hymenoptera. Linn., Lafr., Lam., Cuv., l^ach. 
 
 Class PiEZATA. Fabricius. 
 
 Characters of the Order. 
 
 Wings nei-viired (the areolae large and unequal in size), the inferior 
 ones smaller than the upper : anus of the female with an oviduct. 
 
 Section I. TEREBRANTIA. 
 
 Oviduct lamelliform or filiform ; in a few resembling a sting and valved ; 
 the vagina bivalve, received in a canal beneath, before the anus: 
 the valves compressed, in some compressed-lamelliform, in others 
 clongate-cylindric, setaceous. 
 
 Division I. — Abdomen united to the thorax along its whole breadth, without 
 any distinct peduncle. 
 
 Fam. I. TenthredinidjE. Leach. 
 
 Tenthredinet.e. Latreille. 
 
 Abdomen sessile : oviduct composed of two lamellae which are serrated : 
 mandibles more or less long, terminated by two strong teeth : wings 
 with the marginal cells complete : lah-um distinct. 
 
 Larv.e with membranaceous feet. 
 
 In the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany Dr. Leach has 
 given an excellent essay on this very interesting family of insects. 
 " The object of which is to give the external character of the genera 
 of this family, to enable the student to distinguish them without ex- 
 amining the parts of the mouth." 
 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna short and clavated ; with the third joint very long : 
 superior wings with two marginal and three submarginal cells. 
 
 Genus 400. CIMBEX. Oliv., Fabr., Spinoli, Latr., Leach. Ten- 
 THREDO. Limit, Jurine, Panz., De Gecr. Crabro. Geoffroy. 
 Clavellaria. Lamarck. 
 Body slightly hairy : abdomen with the first articulation (of the male 
 especially) on the upper part emarginated : the four posterior thighs 
 of the male very thick, of the female simple ; tarsi of the male with 
 tlie last joint on the under part with a small horn or protuberance. 
 Sp. 1. Cim. europeea. Head and thorax black : abdomen blueish-black; 
 the apex only yellow or ferruginous : antennae and tarsi yellow : fe- 
 mora and tiliiae blueish-black : wings brownish at the apex. 
 Tenthredo femorata. Linnc, Panzer. Cimbex femorata. Fabr., Lafr. 
 Crabro lunulatus. Fourc. Cimbex europeea. Leach. 
 
CLASS V. IN5ECTA. • 263 
 
 Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain, but has been taken near Dartford 
 in Kent, and at Windsor. 
 
 Genus 40t. TRICHIOSOMA. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 
 Bodj/ hairy ; abdomen with the first articulation (especially in the male) 
 
 but slightly emarginated, the four posterior thighs dentated (in the 
 
 male thick). 
 Sp. 1, Tri. sylvaticum. Black, and slightly shining: abdomen of a dull 
 
 yellow or brownish, the base and apex black : femora blueish-black : 
 
 tibiffi and tari^i yellowish: wings with the apex brownish. 
 Inhabits woods near London, but is rare. 
 
 Genus 402. CLA\'ELLARIA. Lamarck, Leach. 
 
 Bodj/ hairy or but slightly hairy : abdomen with the first articulation 
 scarcely marginated : femora of the four posterior legs without denta- 
 tions (of the male thickened). 
 
 Sp. 1. Clu. murginata. Black; apex of the antenns, tibije, and tarsi 
 yellow: abdomen with the margins of the posterior segments white. 
 
 Tenthredo marginata. Linn., Panz. Cimbex marginata of autMrs. 
 
 Inhabits woods in Europe : and has once occurred at Windsor. 
 
 Genus 403. ZAR/EA. Leach. 
 Eyes of the male joining at the posterior part. 
 
 Sp. 1. Zar. fasci'ita. Black; tibise and tarsi yellow, the superior wings 
 with a brownish band (abdomen of the female with the base white). 
 Tenthredo fasciata. Linnt, Panz. Cimbex fasciata of authors. 
 Inhabits woods: is rare in Britain. 
 
 Genus 404. ABIA. Leach. 
 
 Abdomen of the male with an elongated, silky spot on the posterior 
 part : eyes of the male nearly joining. 
 
 Sp. 1. Abia nigricornis. Antenna? black: wings from the middle to the 
 apex with light brown spots : feet light red ; thighs black and shin- 
 ing. 
 
 Tenthredo nitens (female). Linn. Cimbex sericea, var. Fabr. Abia 
 nigricornis. Leach. 
 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Sp. 2. Abia sericea. 
 
 Tenthredo sericea. Linn'c. 
 
 Inhabits woods and furze on heaths. 
 
 Genus 405. AMASIS. Leach. 
 Body without spots : abdomen with the first articulation undivided. 
 Sp. 1. Am. lata. Back of the abdomen pale yellow, the first segment 
 
 wholly black : wings at the base blackish. 
 Tenthredo Iseta. Fabr., Panz. Cimbex Iceta of authors. Amasis Ista. 
 
 Leach. 
 Inhabits England and Germany. It has once occurred near Bristol. 
 
264 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna of a moderate length, composed of three articu.a- 
 tions, filiform, the last joint increasing towards the apex (in the 
 males ciliated or furcated) : zeings with one marginal and three sub- 
 marginal cells : boclif short, and increasing towards its apex. 
 
 Genus 406. HYLOTOMA. Fubr., Leach. 
 Zipper zi'iiigs with the marginal cell emitting a small branch : antenna 
 
 of the male ciliated : tibice, the four hinder ones furnished with a 
 
 spine situated near the middle on the inner side. 
 Larva with fourteen spurious feet. 
 Sp. 1. Hi/l. pilkornia. Body blucish-black: wings at the apex clouded: 
 
 feet black, v/ith white Ijands : antcnnfe rather lengthened, black and 
 
 ciliated : the third submarginal eel! increasing towards the apex. 
 Length of the body 2-J- lines, expansion of the wings 6 lines. 
 Found in Coombe Wood, Surry, by Mr. Stephens. 
 Obs. — Of this genus we have several indigenous species. 
 
 Genus 107. CRYPTUS. Juriue, Leach. 
 Upper wings without the branch to the marginal cells : antenna of the 
 
 male divided and ciliated : the whole of the tibia simple. 
 Sp. 1. Cri)p. Vilhrsii. Bright yellow : head, antenna?, (and thorax of 
 
 the male) black : wings brownish and transparent. 
 Tenthredo furcata. ViU. Eat. 3. 86. t. l.f. 16. $ f. 17. q .—Panz. 
 
 Faun. Liscct. Germ. 46. 1. Tenthredo Ilubi Idaei. lUig., Rossi, Fn. 
 
 Etr. Q. 31. Hylotoma furcata. Fabr., Latr., Spinol., Klug. Cryp- 
 
 tus furcatus. Jurine. Cryptus Villersii. Leach, Z'ool. Misc. vol. iii. 
 
 124. — 2 Hylotoma Angelica. Fabr. S^st. Piezat. 25. — Klug, Berl. 
 
 Mag. 1814, p. 30^. Tenthredo melanocephala. Panz. 
 Inhabits France, Germany, and Italy. In England it is very rare. 
 
 Stirfs 3. — Antenna short, with nine or ten articulations, increasing in 
 thickness m the middle, but ending in a point, the third articulation 
 longer than the fourth : bod^ short, and increasing towards the apex. 
 Genus 408. MESSA. Leach. 
 
 tapper wings with one marginal and four submarginal cells: antenna 
 with nine joints. 
 
 .^p. 1. jMessa hortulana. ^' 
 
 Tenthredo hortulana. Klug. iNIessa hortulana. Leach. 
 
 Inhabits 
 
 Genus 409. ATIIALIA. Leach. 
 Upper icings with two marginal and four submarginal ceils : antenna 
 
 with ten joints. 
 Sp. 1. Ath. spinurum. 2. Ath. Rosa. 3. Ath. annulata. 
 
 Genus 410. SELANDRIA. Leach. Tenthredo, Fam. I. King. 
 Upper wings with two marginal and four submarginal cells : antenna 
 
 with nine joints. 
 Sp. 1. Sel. scrva. 2. Sel. cincripes. 3. Sel. ovata. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 265 
 
 Genus 411. FENUSA. Leach. Tenthredo, Tarn. 11. f. King. 
 U])pcr Tciug.<i with two marginal and three subuiarginal cells : antenna 
 
 composed of" nine joints. 
 Sp. 1. Fen. piimlla. 
 Tenthredo pumila. King. Fenusa pumila. Leach. 
 
 STipa's4. — Antenna composed of nine joints, moderately long : hoch/ 
 moderately long : upper rcbigs with two marginal cells. 
 
 Genus 412. ALLANTUS. Panz.,Jurlne, Leach. Tentiiredines 
 Allanti. King. 
 XTpper a-i?i'^.s with four submarginal cells: antenna with the third joint 
 
 longer than the fourth. 
 Sp. 1. All. seniicincta. 2. All. notha. 3. All. zonata, ^c. 
 
 Genus 413. TENTHREDO. Lench. Tenthredixes Allamx. 
 King. 
 Upper wings with four submarginal cells : antenna with the third joint 
 
 of tlie same length with the fourth. 
 Sp. 1. Tenth. Rapce. 2. Tenth, diniidiata. 3. Tenth, nasata, S^c. 
 
 Genus 414. DOSYTHEI.tS. Leach. Tenthredines Doleri. 
 King. 
 Upper rcings with three submarginal cells: antenna viith the first joint 
 
 short, the third longer than the fourth. 
 Sp. 1. Dos. Elanteria. 2. Dos. Junci, ^c. 
 
 Genus 415. DOLERUS. Jurine,Lat>-cille, Leach. Tenth redines 
 Doleri. King. Dolervs. Jurinc. 
 Upper uings with three submarginal cells: antenna with the first joint 
 
 short; the third and fourth of equal length. 
 Sp. 1. Dol. opacus. 2. Dvl. Gonagra, ^c. 
 
 Genus 415. EMPIIYTUS. Leach. Tentiiredines EMPiiYTr. 
 
 King. 
 XTpper zeings wirh three submarginal cells : antenna with the first and 
 
 second joints equal; third and fourth equal. 
 Sp. 1. Eniph. cincta. 2. Eniph. cerea. 3. Eniph. tibialis, i)X. 
 
 Stikps 5. — Superior rcings with but one marginal cell : boclj/ short; of 
 the males narrower towards the apex: antenna simple, nine-jointed, 
 slightly ciliated, gradually increasing in the middle, and decreasing 
 towards the apex. 
 
 Dr. Leach has observed that from the shortness of the body, the 
 one marginal cell, &c. it is probable that this is nearly allied to the 
 second stirps. 
 
 Genus 417. CR.ESUS. Leach. 
 Upper Ttings with four submarginal cells : antenna in both sexes longer 
 than the body (especially in the females) with very short cilia- : poft- 
 terior tarsi with the first joint elongated and compressed. 
 
266 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cr6RS. septentrionalis. 
 
 Nematus Septentrionalis. Jurine, Latr., Leach. Crasstfs Septentrio- 
 nalis. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. p. 129. 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Genus 418. NEMATUS. Leach. 
 
 Superior wings with four submarginal cells: antennm simple, nine- 
 jointed; longer than the body in the males, the last articulation ge- 
 nerally increasing, or internally a little produced : tarsi simple. 
 
 Sp. 1. Nein. niger. 2. Nem. luteus. 3. JVt7«. lucidus, &;c. 
 Genus 419. CLADIUS. Leach. 
 
 Tipper wings with three submarginal cells : antenna of the same length 
 as the body or scarcely longer; of the males with very long cilias; 
 the 3d, 4th, and 5th joints from the apex, or the 6th and 7th (espe- 
 cially) a little produced; the third joint from the base with a small 
 protuberance: /«?'si simple. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cla. diffonnis. 
 
 Inhabits England, but is rare ; it has occurred at Coombe Wood in 
 Surry, and near Bristol. 
 
 Stirps 6. — Antennee with many articulations: hodij rather depressed: 
 wings with t\vo marginal and four submarginal cells. 
 
 Genus 420. TARPA. Fabr., Kltig, Leach. Megalodontes. ia^?'., 
 Spinola. Diprion. Schrank. 
 Tibia, the four posterior armed on the inside with two spurs or spines. 
 
 Obs. — Abdomen with the posterior part of the first articulation with a 
 membranaceous margin; the membrane pale. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tar. Fabricii. Black; head with tvvo spots on the inner margin 
 between the eyes : thorax with the anterior part angular; tvvo stripes 
 near the scutellum, and punctured ; the membrane of the abdomen 
 with two fascia?, and a puncture on each side : anus with a white 
 band: antenna; brown; the lirst two joints black : feet yellow; base 
 of the coxa? of the four anterior feet black. 
 
 Tarpa Fabricii. Leach. 
 
 Length of the body 7 lines; expansion of the wings 12-1 lines. In the 
 museum of Dr. Leach. 
 
 Sp. 2. Tar. Khtgii. Black, with three spots between the eyes; those 
 placed on the margin of the eyes broken : thorax with the anterior 
 margin divided ; two stripes near the scutellum, and punctoired : ab- 
 domen with the 1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7 th, and 8th joints at the poste- 
 rior margins, with two yellow bands : antennae with the second and 
 last joint black, the others brown ; feet reddish brown; tibia? yellow; 
 thighs of the four anterior legs black at their base. 
 
 Tenthredo cephalotes. Fabr. Ent. Sj/st. 2. 111. Tarpa cephalotes. Fabr. 
 Sj/st. Piezat. 19. Tarpa plagiocephala. Khcg, Berl. Mag. 1808, 270. 
 t. 8. Tarpa Klugii. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii, 131. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 267 
 
 Length of the body j — of Unes, expansion of the wings 10 — 11 lines. 
 Inhabits Germany and England : in {he latter it is very rare, and has 
 only been found near Bristol. 
 
 Genus 421. LYDA. Fair., Spinol., King., Leuch. Pamphilitts. 
 
 Latr., Leach, Edinb. Encj/cl. vol. ix. 141. Cephaleia. Jurine . 
 
 Tibia, the four posterior furnished on the inside with a single spine 
 
 near the middle and a double one beneath. 
 Larva with no spurious feet. 
 Lydas. King. 
 Sp. 1. Li/da Bctidie. 1. Lyda erythrocephala, SjC. 
 
 Genus 422. LOPHYRUS. Latr., Leach. Pteronus. Jurine. Hv- 
 LOTOMA. Fabr. Tenthredo. Linn., De Geer, Oliv., Lam., 
 Panz. 
 Antenna pennated in the males; serrated in the females : superior wings 
 with one marginal and three submarginal cells : mandibles tridentate. 
 Sp. 1. Loph. Pini. 
 Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain. 
 
 Fam. II. X1PHYDRIAD.E. Leach, 
 
 Abdomen sessile : oviduct composed of two lamellce, which are serrated : 
 mandibles more or less long, terminated by two strong teeth : wings 
 with the three marginal cells complete : labrum obscure. 
 
 Larva with scaly feet, or at least not membranaceous. 
 
 Genus 423. CEPHUS. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Leach. Sirex. Linn. 
 AsTATUs. Klug. Trachelus. Jurine. 
 Mandibles exserted, longer than wide : 7ieck long : oviduct exserted : 
 antenna inserted in the front between the eyes, gradually thicker ex- 
 ternally. 
 Sp. 1. Cephus pygmans. Latr. 
 Inhabits flowers in iields and hedges.^ 
 
 Genus 424. XIPHYDRIA. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Leach. Sirex. 
 
 Linn. 
 Mandibles exserted, longer than wide: neck long: oviduct exserted: 
 
 antenna setaceous, inserted above the clypeus. 
 Sp. 1. Xiph. Camelus. 
 Inhabits willow grounds. 
 
 Fam. III. Urocerid-5;. Leach. 
 Abdomen sessile : oviduct filiform, exserted, or inclosed in a groove be- 
 neath the abdomen : mandibles short. 
 
 Genus 425. ORYSSUS. Latr., Fabr., Jurine, Latn., Klug, Panz,, 
 Leach. Sphex. Scopoli. 
 Mandibles witli their internal edge not dentated : maxillary palpi long 
 and pendulous: antenna filiform, compressed, inserted under the an- 
 terior margin of the clypeus : superior wings with one marginal cell, 
 
268 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 and two submarginal, the last incomplete ; oviduct capillary, hidden 
 
 in a longitudinal groove. 
 Sp. 4. O/'j/s. coronatus. 
 Oryssus coronatus. Fair., Latr., Coquebert, Leach. Oryssus Vesperti- 
 
 lio. Klug, Pftnz. Sphex abietina. Scopoli. 
 Inhabits sandy places : taken by Dr. Leach in Darent wood in July. 
 
 Genus 42G. UROCERUS. Geoff., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Si- 
 TiEX. Linn., Fabr., Jurine, Panz. 
 
 Mandibles dentated on their internal edge : maxillary palpi very small : 
 labial palpi terminated by a very thick, hairy joint: antenna gradu- 
 ally narrowing externally, inserted in the front, longer than the tho- 
 rax : superior wings with two marginal and two submarginal cells 
 complete : abdomen terminating in a point : oviduct exserted, com- 
 posed of three parts, the outer ones valviform. 
 
 Sp. 1. Vro.Gigas. {PL 8. fig. 2.) 
 
 Sirex Mariscus. Pa?'r.(Male). Sirex Gigas Linne. Fabr., i«^r. (Female). 
 
 Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain. 
 
 Division II. — Abdomen united to the thorax bi/ a peduncle. 
 
 Fam. IV. EvANiAD.E. Leach. 
 
 EvANiALES. Latreiile. 
 
 Inferior wings with very distinct nervures : antenntE with 13 or 14 joints. 
 
 Genus 427. EVANIA. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Jurine, Panz., Leach. 
 Sphex. Linn. Ichneumon. De Geer. 
 Abdomen very small, much compressed, triangvdar or ovoid ; abruptly 
 
 pedunculated and inserted behind the metathorax. 
 Sp. 1. Fv. append a gaster. Fabr., Latr. 
 Found near Bristol and Swansea, but is very rare. 
 
 Genus 428. FCENUS. Fabr., Latr., Jurine, Panz., Leach. Ich- 
 neumon, Linn., Geoff., De Geer. Gastehuption. Latr. 
 (obsolete). 
 Neck elongate: hinder tibia: clavate: abdomen a lengthened club. 
 Sp. 1. Fan. Jaculator. 
 I'oenus Jaculator. Fabr., Panz., Latr., I^each. Ichneumon Jaculator. 
 
 J. inn. 
 Inhabits woods and hedges. 
 
 Fam. V. Ichneumonid^. Leach. 
 
 Ichneumonides. Latreiile. 
 
 Abdomen attached to the thorax by a part of its transverse diameter : 
 inferior wings with very distinct nervures: antenna with 21 joints or 
 more : mandibles bidentate, or notched at their extremity. 
 
CLASS V. IN5ECTA. 269 
 
 Division I. — Abdomen rcithfivc very distinct segments. 
 
 Subdivision 1. — Superior zvings tcith tlie first suhmurgimd cell Ten/ large, 
 the t?co discoidat cells situated longitudinally^ one above the other. 
 
 Genus 429. ICHNEUMON. Latr., Leach. 
 Maxillary palpi with very unequal joints; oviduct with its base not co- 
 vered by a large scale, exserted. 
 
 [This Genus consists of several natural genera; but the charac- 
 ters are obscure, and are not yet fully understood. The following 
 divisions are proposed by Latreille, who has submitted these in- 
 sects to a scrupulous and daily investigation. 
 
 Division A. 
 Abdomen but little or not at all compressed. 
 
 Suhdirision a. 
 Extremity of the abdomen of the female compressed and obliquely trun- 
 cated : oviduct exserted. 
 
 1. * Abdomen cylindric, with a very short peduncle. 
 
 Genus Pijipla of Fabricius. 
 
 2. ^* Abdometi somezohat ovoid, zcith the peduncle long, slender, and 
 
 arcuate. 
 
 Genus Cuyptus of Fabricius. 
 Subdivision b. 
 Extremity of the abdomen of the female slightly compressed, not ob- 
 liquely truncated: oviduct scarcely prominent or exserted. 
 
 3. * Abdomen cylindric, almost sessile. 
 
 Genus Metopius of Panzer. Pelastes of Illiger. 
 
 4. ** Abdomen almost fusiform or cylindric, gradually narrozccr to- 
 
 wards the base ; the peduncle not slender or arcuate. 
 Genus Alomya of Panzer. 
 
 5. *** Abdomen ellipsoid or ovulate, zcith the peduncle slender and 
 
 arcuate. 
 Genus Ichneumon of Fabricius. 
 Division B. 
 Abdomen very much compressed. 
 
 6. * Apex truncate in the females. 
 
 Genus Ophion of Fabricius. 
 
 7. ** Abdomen with the apex pointed. 
 
 Gcmis Banciius of Fabricius.] 
 
270 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Siil)divisioti '2.- — Supci-ior wings -with the first suhinai'ginal cell small, or 
 of a moderate size ; the two discoidal cells placed in a transverse line hi/ 
 the side of each other. 
 
 Genus 430. BRACJON. Jurine, Fabr., Panz., Illiger, Spinoli, Latr., 
 Leach. Ichneumon. Linn., Scopoli, Schi'ank. \'iPio. Latr, 
 (rejected name.) 
 Mouth produced into a rostruni .' superior u-i}igs with the two first sub- 
 marginal cells nearly equal, square. 
 Sp. 1. Br. Desertor. 
 Bracon Desertor. Fubr., Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Division II. — Abdomen almost inarticulate, with but three distinct seg- 
 ments. 
 
 Genus 431. SIGALPIIUS. Latr., Spinoli, Leach. Sph^,ropvx. 
 Hoffmansegg. Cryptus. Fubr. Icuneumon. Fubr, Che- 
 LONUS. Jurine, Panz., Illiger. Bracon. Jurine. 
 Sp. 1. Sig. hi'orator. 
 
 Sigalphus Irrorator. Latr., Leach. Cryptus Irrorator. Fubr. 
 Inhabits . 
 
 Fam. VI. DiPLOLEPiD.E. Leach. 
 DiPLOLEPARi^E. Latrcille. 
 
 Abdomen inserted to the thorax by a part only of its transverse diame- 
 ter : inferior wings without distinct nervures : hodj/ not contractile 
 into a sphere : abdomen compressed or depressed, scarcely peduncvi- 
 lated: oviduct fiYit'ovm : palpi very short : antenna filiform, straight, 
 from 13 to 16 joints. 
 
 Genus 432. DIPLOLEPIS. Geoff., Oliv., Panz., Illig., Leach. 
 Cynips. Limit, Scopoli. 
 Abdomen with the inferior part compressed, triangular-ovoid : antenna 
 
 filiform, joints cylindric. 
 Sp. 1. Dip. Qtiercus-folii. 
 
 Cynips Quercus-folii, Linn'e. Diplolepis Quercus-folii. Latr. 
 Inhabits the oak. 
 
 Genus 433. FIGITES. Latr., Jurine, Leach. Cynips. Rossi. 
 Abdomen with its inferior part compressed, triangular-ovoid : antenna: 
 
 moniliform, thicker towards their extremities. 
 Sp, 1. Fig. scutellaris. 
 
 Figites scutellaris. Jurine, Latr, Cynips scutellaris. Rossi. 
 Inhabits France and England. 
 
 Fam, VII. Cynipsid.i;. Leach. 
 Cynipsera. Latreille. 
 Abdomen attached to the thorax by a part only of its transverse dia- 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 271 
 
 meter: inferior wings without distinct nervures: hodt/ not contractile 
 into a ball : abdomen compressed or depressed : oviduct filiform : 
 palpi vcvy abort: a ntenriie broken, clavate, or gradually thicker ex- 
 ternally, from six to twelve-jointed: /li/ider Ject formed tor leap- 
 ing. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Hinder tihiiE arcuated. 
 
 Genus 431. CHALCIS. Tahr.,OHv., Panz., Jurine, Illig., Latr., 
 Leach. Spuex. Linn'c. Vespa. Linnc. 
 
 Abdomen ovoid-triangular, not sessile, terminated by a point : superior 
 icings not folded, with the marginal and subniarginal cells none, or 
 obliterated: maxillary palpi, with the last joint but one shorter than 
 the one before it. 
 
 Sp. 1. Glial, clavipes. {PL S. Jig. 6.) 
 
 Inhabits Europe. Is found on aquatic plants in Battersea fields in the 
 month of June. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Hinder tibice straight. 
 
 Genus 435. CYNIPS. Geof, Sch^ff., Fabr., Oliv., Walck., Latr., 
 Leach. Ichneumon. Linne. 
 
 ^H^e«?2« with cylindric joints : abdomen compressed ; oviduct exserted. 
 Sp. 1. Ci/n. caprcsa. 
 Inhabits ? 
 
 Fam. VIII, Chrysidid,£. Leach. 
 
 Chrysidides. Latreille. 
 
 Abdomen attached to the metathorax by a portion only of its trans- 
 verse diameter : inferior uings without distinct nervures : body pot 
 contractile into a ball. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Abdomen semicylindric or semicircular, with five segments 
 in the male, and four in the female : thorax attenuated in front, di- 
 vided transversely by four segments. 
 
 Genus 436. CLEPTES. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Jurine, LUiger, Spi~ 
 noli, Leach. Sphex. Linnc, Vill. Chrysis. Oliv. Vespa. 
 Geoff". Ichneumon. Rossi, Walck. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cle. semi-aurata. Fabr., Lati'. 
 
 Inhabits sand-banks. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Abdomen semicylindric, truix;ated or rounded behind, often 
 dentated, composed of three, sometimes of four joints: thorax se- 
 micylindric, divided by three transverse sutures: metathorax v^nb 
 the middle not elongated into a scutellum. 
 
272 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Subdivision 1. — MclatJiorax zcith the middle p^odnced into a scutcUum. 
 
 * Abdomen with the second segment larger than the others : palpi 
 many-jointed. 
 
 Genus 43?. ELAMPUS. Spinoli, Latr., Leach. Chrysis. Fabr., 
 Jitrine. Hedyciirum. Panz., Lepeletier. 
 Mandibles dentated: abdomen terminated by an obtuse point; the se- 
 cond segment larger than the otlicrs. 
 Sp. 1. EL Panzeri. 
 
 Elampus Panzeri. Spinoli. Chrysis Pan/eri. Fabr. 
 Inhabits walls. Taken at Exeter by Dr. Leach. 
 
 Subdivision 2. — Metathorax with the middle not elongated into a scu- 
 te Hum. 
 
 ** Abdomen with tJie third^ or fourth segment larger than the others : 
 palpi two-jointed {and very small). 
 
 Genus 438. CHRYSIS of authors. Vespa. Geoff. 
 Mandibles with one tooth on their internal edges : abdomen semicylin- 
 
 dric, elongate; the last segment abruptly divided by an impression, 
 
 with a transverse row of impressed dots. 
 Sp. 1. Chr. ignita. {PL 8. fig. 7.) 
 Inhabits sand-banks, posts, and walls. We have several species in this 
 
 country that have been confounded with Chr. ignita, S,-c. 
 
 Genus 439. HEDYCHRUM. Latr., Panz., Spin. Chrysis, 
 Linn., Fabr., Illig., Lamarck. 
 Mandibles bidentate on their internal edge : abdomen semicircular, with 
 
 the extremity rounded ; all the segments united. 
 Sp. 1. Hed. anratum. 
 
 Chrysis aurata. Fabr. IIcdN'chrum auratum. Leach. 
 Inhabits sand-banks. 
 
 Section IT. ACULEATA. 
 
 Oviduct none : sting or aculeus in the females having a communica- 
 tion with poisonous glands : abdomen attached to the thorax in all by 
 a part only of its transverse diameter. 
 
 Division I. — Hinder Jeet not pollinigerous ; their tarsi with the first joint 
 ct/lindric, not much larger than the others, nor much compressed. 
 
 LARv.t omnivorous. 
 
 Subdivision 1. — Ocelli or stemmata not distinct. Wings often wanting in 
 the females and neute7'S. 
 
 Fam. IX. Formic AD^. Leach. 
 roRMiCAEi.E. Latreille. 
 Abdomen with a fedunck abruptly formed, with a scale on two knots : 
 
CLASS V. TNSECTA. 273 
 
 antenna thicker towards their extremities, the first joint very long, 
 more so in the females and neuters : lahrum large, perpendicular, 
 corneous. 
 
 These insects live in societies consisting of vast numbers. The 
 males and the females arc furnished with wings, the neuters bein» 
 apterous. 
 
 Iluber has written a work on the ccconomy of these animals. 
 
 Genus 440. FORMICA of authors. Lasius. Fair. 
 Peduncle of the abdomen formed of one simple scale: sting not puncto- 
 
 rious : poisonous glands in the female and neuters : antenna inserted 
 
 in the front. 
 Sp. 1. For. herculanca. 
 Formica herculanea. Lafr., Leach. 
 Inhabits woods, building a large nest with bits of sticks. 
 
 Fam. X. MuTiLLAD^:. Leach. 
 MuTiLLARi.i. Latrcille. 
 
 Head large : abdomen somewhat conic or ovoid : tibite spinose : maxil- 
 lary palpi as long or longer than the maxillte : antenmc filiform, in- 
 serted in the middle of the face, longer than the head, the first 
 joint not receiving the second : superior loings with three submar- 
 ginal cells. 
 
 The insects of this family are solitary. The males are winged, 
 the females apterous, and there are no neuters. 
 
 Genus 441. MUTILLA. Linn., Fabr., Panz., Jurine, Tllig., Spi- 
 nola, Leach. Sphex. De Geer. Apis. Christus, Harris. 
 Abdomen (of both sexes) ovoid and convex ; the second segment large, 
 somewhat campanulated : thorax of the females cubical, with no 
 transverse sutures. 
 Sp. 1. ]\Iut. Europcca. Linn., Fabr., Panz., Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits sandy places. 
 
 Genus 44Q. MYRMOSA. Latr.., Jurine, Panz., Leach. Mutilla. 
 Rossi. Hyl-t.us. Fabr. 
 Abdomen depressed, elliptic in the males, conic in the females : thorax 
 
 composed of two segments, the anterior segment transverse. 
 Sp. 1. Myrm. melanocephala.'- 
 Myrmosa melanocephala. Latr., Leach. 
 Inliabits 
 
 Subdivision 2. — Ocelli distinct, smooth : wings never wanting. 
 
 Fam. XI. Scoliad.^. Leach. 
 ScoLiET^. Lafreille. 
 
 Thorax with the first segment transverse-quadrate, or formi^ig an arc : 
 feet short, or moderately long ; the hinder ones thick, spinulose, or 
 
274 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 strongly ciliated : anteuuce shorter than the head^fid trunk : superior 
 wings with the marginal cell detached I'rom the apex, not doubled 
 longitudinally : maxillarif pulpi long ; with the joints very unequal. 
 
 Genus 443. TIPHIA. Fair., Panz., Jllig., Jurine, Spinola, Leach. 
 Sphex. Scopoli, Christus. Bethyllus. Panzer. 
 Mandibles without teeth: antenna shorter than the thorax. in both 
 
 sexes, the tirst joint obconic: abdomen ovate. 
 Sp. 1. Tiph. femorata. 
 Inhabits Hovvcrs, and sandy situations. 
 
 Fam. XII. Sapygid.e. Leach. 
 
 Thorax with the first segment forming an arch, or a transverse square : 
 feet moderate, or short, slender, not strongly ciliated or spined : an- 
 tennce in both sexes as long as the head and trunk : superior wings 
 with the marginal cell not remote, not folded longitudinally. 
 
 Genus 444. SAPYGA. Latr., Jarine, King, Illig., Spinola, Leach. 
 Aphis. Linn. Vespa. Geoff. Hellus. Fabr., Panz. Spiiex. 
 rulers. 
 Mandibles very strong, trigonate, many-toothed : antcnnti: thicker to- 
 wards their extremities. 
 Sp. 1. Sap. sexpunctata. 
 
 Sapyga sexpunctata. Leach. Hellus sexpunctatus. Fabr. 
 Inhabits palings. 
 
 Fam. XIII. PoMPiLiD.E. Leach. 
 
 PoMPiLii. LatreiUe. 
 
 Thorax with the first segment forming an arch, or a transverse square : 
 feet long ; the hinder ones as long as the head and trunk : antenncc 
 slender, formed of elongate and slightly serrated joints : superior 
 zcings not folding longitudinally. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Superior wings with three submarginal cells complete. 
 Genus 445. POMPILUS. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Maxillary palpi longer than the labial ones, with the last joint thicker, 
 conic-obovate; thethreelast joints nearly equally long: lubriim insert- 
 ed under the clypeus : antenniE (of the females at least) with their 
 points convoluted. 
 
 Obs. — This is an artificial genus, and contains several natural genera. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pom. annulatus. 
 
 Poi^i})ilus annulatus. Latr., Fabr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits 
 
 Genus 446. CEllOPALES. Latr., Fabr., Jur., Panz., Spinola, 
 Leach. EvANiA. Oliv., Villers, Rossi, Cuvier. 
 Maxillary palpi pendulous, longer than the labial ones; the three last 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 275 
 
 joints equally long, the last joint thicker, conic-ohovate : lahru'm en- 
 tirely exsertcd, entering to the anterior margin of the clypeus : un- 
 tcntm (in both se.xes) thick, rigid, with the middle arcuated, not 
 convoluted. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cer. 7)iacidata. 
 
 Ceropales maculata. Fabr., Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits 
 
 Stibps 2. — Superior wings with two complete submarginal cells. 
 
 Genus 447. APOllUS. Spinola, Latr., Leach. 
 Superior wings with the second submarginal cell receiving twu recur- 
 rent nervures. 
 Sp. 1. Apo. unicolor. 
 Aporus unicolor. Spinola, Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits ■ • 
 
 Fam. XIV. Sphecidje. Leach. 
 
 Thorax with, the first segment transverse-linear: feet long; the hinder 
 ones as long as the head and trunk : orcW/ distinct : superior wings 
 not folding longitudinally: mandibles with their internal edge denti- 
 culated. 
 
 Genus 448. AMOPHILA. Kirby, Latr., Leach. Sphex. Linn., 
 De Geer, Fanz., Lamarck, Cuv., Jurine, Illig., Spinola. Pep- 
 sis. Fabr., Spinola. Miscus. Jurine. 
 Antennte inserted about the middle of the face : maxilla and lahrwn 
 much longer than the head, bent in the middle : palpi very slender, 
 with cylindric joints. 
 Sp. 1. Ainoph. sabulosa. 
 
 Sphex sabulosa. Linne. Amoph. sabulosa Kirby, S^-c. 
 Inhabits sandy places. 
 
 Genus 449. SPHEX. Linn., Fabr., Cuv., Lam.,Jur., Illig., Leach. 
 IcH>Et'MON. Geo^'. A-pii. Linn. Prc-apis. De Geer. Pepsis, 
 Fabr., Spinola. 
 Antenna inserted about the middle of the face : maxilla; and labrnm 
 scarcely longer than the head, and bent towards their extremities: 
 marillary palpi with all the joints elongate and obconic. 
 Sp. 1. Sphex Jiavipennis. 
 
 Pepsis Havipennis. Fabr. Sphex flavipennis. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits sandy places. 
 
 Genus 450. DOLICHURUS. Latr., Leach. Pison. Jwrine. Pom- 
 piLUS, Spinola. . 
 Antenna im^eneA at the mouth (at the base of the clypeus?): maxillarij 
 
 palpi setaceous, longer than the labial ones, 
 Sp. 1. Dot ater. 
 
 s 2 
 
H6 MODERN System. 
 
 Pompilus corniculus. Spinola. Dolichurus ater. Latr., Leach. 
 Inliabits ' 
 
 Fam. XV. Larrad^. Leach. 
 LaRRAt^:. LatreiUe. 
 
 Thorax with the first segment transverse-linear : feet short, or mode- 
 rately long : lahrum entirely concealed, or but very obscure : eyes 
 elongate, reaching the hinder margin : ocelli very distinct: untemue 
 inserted near the mouth, the first joint obovoid or inserted in the 
 middle of the face : superior wings not folding longitudinally. 
 
 SriRPS 1. — Superior wings with two or three submarginal cells complete . 
 
 a. Ei/es entire, not emarginate. Mandibles without an emargination 
 
 on their infernal edge. 
 
 * Antenna thicker externalli/ : eyes separate. 
 
 Genus 451. GORYTES. Latr., Illig., Spin., Leach. Mellinus. 
 Fabr., Walck. Vespa. Linn., Geoff". Sphex. Rossi. Ar- 
 PACTtJS. Jurine, Panz. Oxybelus. Fabr. 
 Antenna inserted below the middle of the face : mandibles unidentate ; 
 
 superior wings with the second submarginal cell sessile. 
 Sp. 1. Gor. quinquecinctus. 
 Gorytes quinquecinctus. Latr., Leach, 
 Inhabits — . 
 
 Genus 452. PSEN. Latr., Jurine, Panz., Lllig., Leach. Trypoxv- 
 roN. Fabr. 
 Antenna thicker externally, inserted in the middle of the face, towards 
 the front : eyes separate : abdomen with the peduncle abrupt and 
 short. 
 Sp. 1. Pseji ater. Latr. 
 Inhabits posts and sandy places. 
 
 ** Ayitenme filiform : eyes meeting behind. 
 Genus 453. ASTATA. Latr., Spinola, Leach. Sphex. Villers, Rossi. 
 
 DiMORPHA. Jurine, Panz., Illig- 
 Antenna inserted towards the mouth at the base of the clypeus. 
 
 b. Fyes entire, 7iot emarginate : mandibles emarginate on their in- 
 
 tcrnal edge. 
 
 * Superior wings with three submarginal cells. 
 
 Genus 454. LARRA. Fabr., Oliv., Jurine, Panz., Spinola, Latr., 
 Leach. LiRis. Fabr., Illig. Sphex. Fillers, Rossi. 
 Antenna filiform : superior wings with the third submarginal cell nar- 
 row, almost lunate : mandibles without a tooth-like process on their 
 internal edge. 
 
CLASS V. IX5ECTA. 277 
 
 Sp. 1. Lar. ichneumon ifonuis. 
 
 Liirra ichneumoniformis. Panz., Fabr., Latr., Leach. 
 
 laliabits . 
 
 Genus 4 j,j. LYROPS. Illig., Latr., Leach. Tachytes. Panz. 
 Larra. Fabr., Jurine. LiRis. Fabr. Andrena. Rossi. 
 Antenna filiform : superior tcings with the third submarginal cell nar- 
 row, almost lunate : mandibles with a strong tooth on their internal 
 edge. 
 Sp. 1. Lar. tricolor. 
 
 Larra tricolor. Fabr. Tachytes tiicolor. Panz. Lyrops tricolor. Leach. 
 Inhabits . 
 
 ** Superior wings with two submarginal cells. 
 
 Genus 4.56. DINETUS. Jurine, Panz., Illiger, Latr., Leach. 
 Sphex. Schce^'er. Pomphylus. Fabr. Crabro. Rossi. 
 Antenna: (of the males) moniliform, terminated by elongate, cylindric 
 joints convoluted in the middle : mandibles acutely unidentate on 
 their internal edge : superior wings with the marginal cell appendi- 
 culated ; the two submarginal cells sessile. 
 Sp. 1. Din. pictus. 
 
 Dinetus pictus. Jurine, Panz., Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits the vicinity of Windsor, and has been taken near Swansea. 
 
 c. Eyes notched. 
 
 Genus 457. TRYPOXYLON. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Illig., Spinolu, 
 Leach. Sphex. Linne, VilL, Cuv., Rossi. Apius. Jurine. 
 Superior zcings with three submarginal perfect cells; the first distinct, 
 receiving a recurrent nervure ; the second obsolete, much smallrr, 
 receiving another nervure ; the third also obsolete, terminal : abdo- 
 men long and gradually pedunculated. 
 Sp. 1. Figulus. Latr. 
 Inhabits ■ . 
 
 Stirps 2. — Superior wings with one complete submarginal cell. 
 
 Genus 458. OXYBELUS. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Jurine, Ill'g., 
 Spinola, Leach. Vespa. Linn., Villers, Christus. Sphex. 
 Schcpff. Crabko. Oliv., Rossi. 
 Antenna thicker towards their extremities, longer than the head ; con- 
 voluted, the second joint much shorter than the third : mandibles 
 without teeth at their extremities ; tibia spinose : tarsi with large 
 pulvilli. 
 Sp. 1. Oxy. uniglumis. 
 
 Vespa uniglumis. Linn. Oxybelus uniglumis. Fabr., Latr.^ Leach. 
 Inhabits , 
 
278 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Fam. XVI. Crabronid.i:. Leach. 
 
 Crabronites. Latrcille. 
 
 I'horax with the first segment transverse-Unear : feet short, or mode- 
 rately long : lahrum entirely concealed, or but obscure : eyes not 
 reaching the hinder part of the head : ocelli very distinct : superior 
 wings not folded longitudinally : antenna inserted at the mouth, with 
 the first joint cylindric or conic, or towards the middle of the face. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Superior wings -^'wh one or two complete svibmargina,l cells. 
 
 * Mandibles with their cxt7-emitics bifid. Superior wings with but one 
 
 recurrent nervure. 
 Genus 459. CRABRO. Fubr., Oliv., Rossi, Jurine, Panz., Illig., 
 Spinola, Leach. Spiiex. Linni, Villers. 
 Antenna: with the first joint long and cylindric : superior wings with 
 
 one complete sub-marginal cell. 
 Sp. 1. Cra. cribarius. Fabr., Latr. 
 Inhabits sand-banks. 
 
 Genus 460, STIGMUS. Juri7ie, Panz., Illigcr, Spinola, Latr., 
 Lead I. 
 Antenna: with the first joint obconic : superior wings with two complete 
 
 submarginal cells, and two discoidal cells. 
 Sp. 1. Stig. ater. 
 
 Stigmus ater. Jurine, Lair., Leach. 
 Inhabits ,? 
 
 ** Mandibles strong, many-toothed : superior wings with two recur- 
 rent nervures. 
 
 Genus 461. PEMPIIEDRON. Latr., Fnbr., Spinola, Leach. Ce- 
 MONUS. Jurine, Panz., Illigcr. 
 Sitpcrior wings with the submarginal cell not narrower towards the 
 
 apex ; antenna with the first joint longest, thickest. 
 Sp. 1, Pern, unicolor. 
 
 Pemphedron unicolor. I^atr., Leach. Cemonus unicolor. Jurine. 
 Inhabits .'' 
 
 Stirps 2. — Superior wings with three complete submarginal cells. 
 
 * Antenna inserted at the mouth, Jilifonn: clypeus not trilobate. 
 
 Genus 462. MELLINUS. Fubr., Panz., Jurine, Illig., Spinola, 
 Leach. Spiiex. De Geer, Cuv., Vill. Vespa. Linnc, Rossi, 
 Harris. 
 Abdomen distinctly pedunculated: tarsi terminated by a thick joint 
 
 bearing a large pulvillus. 
 Sp. 1. Mel. inystaceus. 
 Inhabits sand-banks. 
 
CLASS V. 7NSECTA, 
 
 279 
 
 ** Antenna ihnker torcanh ilteii- extranilics, msertcd about the mid- 
 die of the face : clypeus trilobate. 
 
 Genus 463. CERCEltlS. iMtr., Illig., Spinola, Leach. Sphex. 
 Schaffer, Villers, Rossi. Vespa. Geoff., Otiv., Harris. Pm- 
 I.A^■THt's. Fabr., Jurine, Panz. Bembex. Rossi. Crabko. 
 Rossi. 
 Antenme gratlually thicker externally, very much approximating at 
 their base, almost as long as the thorax, the third joint somevvliat 
 cylindric : tnundiblis \s ith a tooth in their internal edge : superior 
 zci7igs with the second submarginal cell petioiated. 
 Sp. 1. Cer. quadricinctus. 
 
 Philanthus quadricinctus. Fabr., Fanz. Cerceris quadricinctus. Leach. 
 Inhabits ? 
 
 Fam. XVII. Vespab.t.. Leach. 
 Vespari^. Latreille. 
 
 Superior zcings folded longitudinally: thorax with the first segment 
 forming an arc, prolonged behind even to the origin of the superior 
 wings : anteniKc twelve-jointed, with their extremities ]>ointed : lip 
 with three glandiferous divisions, or with four long plumose seta^. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Mandibles longer than broad, anteriorly meeting like a 
 rostrum : cli/peus cordiform, with the point porrected, and more or 
 less truncated : lip having four glandular points at its extremity, 
 parted into three pieces, the middle one large, and bifid or notched 
 at its extremity : superior wings doubled, three submarginal cells 
 complete : muxillarif palpi six-jointed, not very much shorter than 
 the labial ones. 
 
 Genus 464. ODYNERUS. Latr., Leach. Vespa. Panz., Fabr. . 
 
 Abdomen ovoid-conic, the second segment broader than the first : jniix- 
 illa?y palpi with the two or three first joints extending l)eyond the 
 extremity of the maxiils : luaxillce with the terminal lobe short, 
 short-lance-shaped. 
 
 .Sp. 1. Odif. parietinus. 
 
 Vespa parietina. Fabr. 
 
 Inhabits walls. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Mandibles longer than broad, long quadrate, with their ex- 
 tremities obliquely truncated : clypeus almost quadrate : lip with the 
 intermediate division a little lengthened, cordiform. 
 
 Genus 465. VESPA of authors. 
 Mandibles (at least of the females and neuters) with the second tooth 
 much broader than the two imdcr ones, the upper one olnuse : cly- 
 peus with the anterior margin broadly truncate, and somewhat eniar- 
 
280 MODERN SYSTEM J 
 
 giriate, with a tooth on each side : abdomen ovoid-coiiic, with the 
 base abruptly truncated, and very shortly pedunculated. 
 
 Sp. 1. Vespa Crahro (hornet). {Fl. Q.fg. 8.) 
 
 Vespa Crabro. Linne, &,c. 
 
 Inhabits £urope, building its nest in hollow trees. 
 
 Sp. 2. VesporVulgaris (common wasp). 
 
 Vespa vulgaris of mdhors. 
 
 Inhabits Europe, building its nest in holes under ground. 
 
 Sp. 3. Vespa Britannica. 
 
 Vespa Brttannica. Leacli, Zool. Misccl. vol. i. 
 
 Inhabits Britain, and builds a nest suspended from trees. 
 
 Division II. — Hinder feet pollinigerous ; their tarsi with the first joint 
 compressed, elongate-quadrate or obtrigonous. 
 
 Fam. XVIII. Anduenip.^. Leach, 
 AndrenetjE. Latreille. 
 Larv^ pollinivorous. 
 
 Lip with the apex subcordatc or subhastate, on each side with one aur 
 ricle; nearly straight, or slightly incurved in some, reflexcd in others, 
 shorter than the sheathing tube : palpi alike. 
 
 Stiups 1. — Lip with the apex dilated, somewhat cordiform. 
 
 Genus 466. COLLETES. Latr., Iltig., Spinola, Leach. Apis. 
 Linne, Oliv.,. Villers. Andrena. Fabr., Juritte. H-iL.tus. 
 Cuv. EvoDiA. Panz. Melitta. * a. Kirbi/. 
 Hinder feet pollinigerous: superior wings with three submarginal cells : 
 antennts with the third joint longer than the second : abdomen much 
 elongated, more or less villose : ocelli forming a curved line : tongue 
 obtuse, the apex bilobate. 
 Sp. 1. Col. succincta. Latr. 
 
 Melitta succincta. Kirbi/. Evodia calendarum. Panz. 
 Inhabits • . 
 
 Stirps 2. — Lip with the intermediate process lanceolate, acute. 
 a. Lip when at 7est defexed. 
 * Superior wings with two submarginal cells. 
 
 Genus 467. DASYPODA. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Jllig., Spinola, 
 
 Klug, Leach. Andrena. Rossi. Apis. Cliristus. Traciicsa. 
 Jurine. Melitta. Kirbi/. 
 Manllce inflexed at tlieir middle, or below, their terminal process tri- 
 angular-lanceolate, and longer than their palpi : hinder feet with the 
 first joint of their tarsi as long or longer than the tibice. 
 Sp. 1. Das. phmiipes. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 261 
 
 Dasypoda pluniipes. Panz., Leach. Molitta Svvammerdamclla. Kirh)j. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. It was tirst noticed hy the illustrious Swammer- 
 dam. I'hey burrow in sandy soil, throwing up a heap of sand with- 
 out their hole. 
 
 ** Superior icings with three suhmarginal cells, the second small. 
 
 Genus 468. AXDRENA. Fabr., Panz., Juriac, Illig., Spinola, 
 Klug, Leach. Apis. Linn., Vill. Mei.itta. ** c. Kirbi/. 
 ^Lu.xillce bent at their extremity', their terminal lobe scarcely longer 
 than broad : hi:iderfeet with the lirst joint of their tarsi shorter thaJi 
 the tibiae : lubiiun or lip little elongate, shorter than its palpi. 
 8p. 1. Atid. nigro-aiiea. 
 Melitta nigro-aenea. Kirhf. 
 Inhabits the blossoms of sallows in the spring. 
 
 Obs. — The species of this genus are extremely numerous, and a very 
 large portion of them inhabit Britain. Their proboscis is downy 
 and thick. The hinder legs of the male are furnished with a floccu- 
 lus at their base, the tibia^ with a thick scopa or brush, and their 
 anus is covered by a fringe of hairs. They nidificate under ground 
 in a light soil, some choosing banks over which bushes are scattered, 
 others bare perpendicular sections, but all seem to prefer a southern 
 aspect. They excavate burrows of a cylindric form, from five inches 
 to nearly a foot or more in depth, of such diameter only as to ad- 
 mit the insect. In making these holes they remove the earth grain 
 by grain, which they throw. up on the outside of their holes in the 
 form of a hillock. Some species penetrate in a horizontal, and 
 others in a perpendicular direction. They construct a cell at the 
 bottom of this hole, which they replenish with pollen made into a 
 paste with honey, and in this they deposit their eggs. The pollen 
 tliey carry in the scopa or brush of their hinder tibis, upon the fioc- 
 culus at the base of the hinder thighs, and on the hairs of tlie me- 
 tathorax. When the female has committed her egg to the paste, 
 she very carefully stops the mouth of her hole, to prevent the in- 
 gress of ants, or of other insects which might be enemies to the 
 larva. 
 
 Genus 469. CILISSA. Leach. Melitta. Kirby. Andre.va. Latr., 
 Panz. 
 Maxilla bent near their middle, the terminal process very much 
 longer than broad : lip elongate, longer than its palpi : superior wings 
 with three submarginal cells, the second small. 
 
 Obs. — This genus is not only distinguished from Andrena by the cha- 
 racters of the lip and maxilla^, but also by having a longer tongue 
 with very minute auricles, and the tops of the valves cultriform. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cil. Iricincta. 
 
282 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Melitta tricincta. Kirbi/. Andrena tricincta. Lair. Cilissa tricincta. 
 
 Leach. 
 Inhabits . 
 
 Stirps 2. — Lip with tlie intermediate division incurved, or nearly- 
 straight : superior zvings in all with three complete submarginal 
 cells. 
 
 * Lip with the intermediate division nearly straight, not twice the 
 length of the head. 
 
 Genus 470. SPHECODES. Latr., Leach Sphex. Linne., Villers, 
 
 Rossi. Apis. Geoff. Proapis. De Geer. Nomoda. Fabr. 
 
 AxDRENA. Oliv., Punz., Jurine, Spinola. Dichroa. IHig-, 
 
 Klug. IMelitta. ** a. Kirhy. 
 
 J^thrum. trigonate, of the male entire, of the female generally emar- 
 
 ginate : antennae of the males long, almost moniliform, arcuated : 
 
 ubdomen with the g-reatcr portion smooth. 
 
 Oes. — The species of Sphecodes, at first sight, bear a near resemblance 
 to Sphex. They make their nests in bare sections of banks exposed 
 to the sun, and nearly vertical. According to Reaunun-, they exca- 
 vate to the depth of nine or ten inches, and deposit their eggs in a 
 mass of pollen mixed with honey. 
 
 Sp. 1. Sph. gibbiis. 
 
 ]\Ielitta giblia. Kirby. 
 
 Inhabits Europe. 
 
 ** Lip zcith the intermediate division incurved, longer than the la- 
 teral ones, and twice as long or more than the head. 
 
 Genus 471. HYL/EUS. Fabr., Illig., Spinola, Klug, Leach. Apis. 
 Linne, Villers, Rossi. Andrena. Oliv., Panz., Jurine, Spi- 
 nola. Melitta. ** b. Kirby. Halictus. Latr. 
 Lip lanceolate, little sericeous : hinder feet in both sexes alike : amis of 
 the females with a longitudinal groove above. 
 
 The males of this genus are remarkable for an elongate cylindric 
 body. The wings of many of the species are beautifully iridescent. 
 They nidificate in bare banks. 
 Sp. 1. Hyl. qnadri-cinctus. 
 Apis 4-cincta. Linne. 
 Inhabits the vichiity of London, but is rare. 
 
 Fam. XIX. Apid.t. Leach. 
 
 Lip witli the apex inflected, the intermediate lacinia filiform, and very 
 long : labial palpi with the two first joints resembling a compressed 
 seta. 
 
CLASS V. TNSECTA. 583 
 
 SriRPS 1. — Hinder tarsi with the first joint nearly eqiially broad, or 
 gradually narrowing from the ba«c to the apex, the second joint ori- 
 ginating troui the middle ol" its apex. 
 
 A. Falpi alike. 
 
 Genus 472. PANURGUS. Panz., Spinola, JMtr., Leach. Apis. 
 Scopuli. Dasypopa. itlig., Fabr. Apis. * a. Kirly. Eriops. 
 
 Mandibles not dentatcd : antenmc straight in both sexes, and subcla- 
 vate : superior nings with two submarginal cells : ocelli disposed in a 
 triangle. 
 
 Sp. 1. Fan. Banksia7}us. 
 
 Apis Banksiana. Kirby. 
 
 Inhabits . 
 
 B. Fulpi unequal; the labial palpi set i form. 
 
 a. Labrum nearljf quadrate, transverse, or not much longer than 
 broad. Mandibles tridentute at their points. {Superior wings zciih 
 three submarginal cells.) 
 
 Genus 473. CERATINA. Latr., Jurine, Spinola, Leach. Apis. 
 
 Villers, Rossi, Kirby ( ** d. 2 a). Megilla. Fabr., Illig. 
 
 Prosopis. Fabr. Pitiiitis. Klug: Claviceka. Walckenacr. 
 
 Labrum almost quadrate, perpendicular, entire: antenna gradually 
 
 thickening towards their extremities; the scapus not large. 
 Sp. 1. Ccr. cartdca. 
 
 Apis ca^rulea. Vill. Apis cyanea. Kirby. 
 Inhaljits the flowers of the Ragwort. 
 
 b. Labrum longer than broad, inclined perpendicidarly ; porrect be- 
 neath the jnandiblcs ; elongate, quadrate. Ma>idibles strong, por- 
 rccted, with the apex bidentate in some ; trigonate and often multidcn- 
 tate in others. 
 
 * Labial palpi zcith the three Jirst Joints contiguous ; the fourth in- 
 serted under the external apex if the third. 
 
 Genus 474. CHELOSTOMA. Latr., Leach. Apis. Linne, Vill., 
 Kirby {** c. Q y). Hyl.^^us. Fabr. Anthrophora. Illig-, 
 Fabr. Anthidium. Panz. Trachusa. Jurine. 
 JMandibles {of the females) arcuated; their apex bidentate or furcate, 
 porrect, internally hairy: maxillary palpi three-jointed. 
 
 The bodies of the inserts composing this genus are very long, 
 slender, and cylindric. The belly of the male, near the anus, is con- 
 cave, and covered with down, and at its base is a horn or prv^uiiic- 
 rance. When asleep tiiey roll themselves up like an armadillo, the 
 horn or protuberance fitting into tfie anal cavity. They nidificate in 
 posts and rails. The inaleb uh.ually repose in the centre of a flower. 
 
284 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. Che.Jlorisomne. 
 
 Hylseus florisomnis. Fabr., Fanz. Apis florisomnis. Linn. Chelobto- 
 
 ma florisomne. Latr., Leac/i. 
 Inhabits various flowers in hedges. 
 
 The female is Apis maxillosa of Linne and Kirby ; Hi/laus maxillo- 
 
 sus of Fabricius. 
 
 ** Labial palpi -with the third joint, inserted obliquely on the internal 
 side of the second, near to the apex. 
 
 Genus 475. HERIADES. Spinola, Latr., Leach. Apis. Kirbij 
 (** c. 2 y). Anthophora. Fair., Illig., King. Axtuidium. 
 Fanz. Trachusa. Jicrine. 
 Labial palpi with the second joint longer than the first: body very long, 
 cylindric. 
 
 This genus in habit and economy resembles Chelostoma. 
 Sp. 1. Her. truncorum. 
 Heriades truncomm. Spinola, Latr., Leach, Anthophora truncoriun. 
 
 Fabr., Illig. 
 Inhabits 
 
 Genus 476. STELIS. Fanz., Leach. Apis. Kirby (**c. 1 /S). 
 Anthophora. lUig. Megachile. Latr., Walck. Trachusa. 
 Jurine. Gyrodroma. King. 
 Lutnal palpi with the second joint not longer than the first: maxillary 
 palpi two-jointed, the first joint longest : mandibles strong : abdomen 
 convex above, smooth below, and scarcely hirsute. 
 Sp. 1. Ste. punctulatissima. 
 Inhabits 
 
 Genus 477. ANTIIIDIUM. Fabr., Fanz., King, Latr., Leach. 
 
 Apis. Linn., Geoff., Schaff., Kirby ( ** c. 2 |S). Anthophora. 
 
 Illig. Megachile. Walckcnaer, Spinola. Trachusa. Jurine. 
 
 Labial palpi with their second joint not longer than the first : tnuxillary 
 
 palpi one-jointed : abdomen of the females, below, ver^' hairy; above, 
 
 convex, incurved, the base broadly truncate : mandibles broad, niul- 
 
 tidentatc. The anus of the males of this genus is always armed with 
 
 spines. 
 
 Sp. 1. Antli. municatum. 
 
 Anthidium manicatum. Fanz., Latr., Leach. Apis manicata. Kirby, 
 
 Liiine. 
 Inhabits Europe in gardens. 
 
 Genus 478. OSMIA. Fanz., Spinola, Latr., Leach. Apis. Linm, 
 Villcrs, Kirby ( ** c. '2S). Anthophora. Fabr., Illig., Klug. 
 Labial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first : maxillary 
 palpi four-jointed : abdomen convex above, hairy beneath in the fe- 
 males ; mandibles broad. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 285 
 
 Sp. 1. Osm. cornuta. 
 
 Osinia cornula. Latr., Leach. Apis bicornis. Kirly. 
 Inhabits Europe. This species selects the hollows of large stones for 
 the purpose of nidificating. 
 
 Genus 479. IMEGACHILE. Lair., Walck., Sptnola, Leach. Apis. 
 Linn., Villcrs, Kirbt/ ( ** c. 2 a). Anthophora. Fabr., Illig., 
 Panzer, Kliig. Tkachusa. Jurine. Xylocopa. Fabr. Cex- 
 TRis. Fabr. 
 Labial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first : maxillary 
 palpi two-jointed, the first rather longest: ?iia)idibh's very strong: ab- 
 domen triangular, Hat aboNc, very downy beneath in the females. 
 
 " The insects of this genus are well known by the name of /cfl/" 
 cutters and carpenter bees : their interesting economy having attract- 
 ed tlie attention of many naturalists, so early as 1670 it was noticed 
 by Ray, Dr. Lister, Wiilughby, and Sir Edward King. Linne in this 
 as in many other instances (supposing the economy of a genus to 
 be peculiar to one species only) has confounded several species under 
 the general title of Jpis centunculuris, and denoted it by the orange- 
 coloured hairs which cover the under side of the abdomen, a cha- 
 racter which it possesses along with a great number of species." 
 Sp. 1. ^lega. centuncularis. 
 Apis centuncularis. Linn., Fourcroi/, Klug. Megachile centuncularis. 
 
 Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits Europe. Builds its cells with the leaves of roses and of the 
 MercuriaHs uiinua. 
 
 Genus 480. CELIOXYS. Latr., Leach. Apis. Linne, Villers, 
 Kirbj/ ( ** c. 1 a). 
 
 Labial palpi with their second joint not longer than the first : tnarillary 
 palpi two-jointed, the first double the length of the second : mcuidi- 
 bles narrow and strong in both sexes : scute/lum spiny : abdomen co- 
 nic or triangular, very little or not at all do^nly : anus of the males 
 spiny. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cezl. conica. 
 
 Apis conica. Kirby. Caelioxys conica. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Male 
 
 Apis quadripunctata. I-.inv.. Anthophora qnadridentata. Fabr. 
 
 Female 
 
 Apis conica. Linn, 
 
 Inhabits flowers. 
 
286 
 
 MODERjj SYSTEM. 
 
 C. Labruma I'dtlc broader than long, sub semicircular or scmioval. 
 Mandibles slender, pointed, unidcntate on their internal edge. Abdo~ 
 men not pollinigerous. 
 
 * Lip with the lateral divisions shorter than the palpi. Body sim- 
 ply pubescent. 
 
 Genus 481. NOMADA. Scop., Fabr., Illig., Klug, Spinola, Ju- 
 rine, Panz., Leach. Apis. Linne, Vill-ers, Kirby {^' h). 
 
 Superior icings with three submarginal cells complete: muxil tar tj palpi 
 six-jointed. 
 
 The history, economy, and mode of nidification of the insects of 
 this genus (all of which are remarkable for the gaiety of their co- 
 lours) as yet remain a secret. Dr. Leach has strong reasons for su- 
 ■ specting them to be parasitical ; and this seems the more probable 
 from their having no instrument for carrying pollen. I'heir flight 
 'is silent, unattended by any hum; they frequent dry banks. Their 
 eyes, whilst living, exhibit through the external reticulated covering 
 a surface of hexagons, which keeps shifting with the light. 
 
 ■^vp. 1. JVo/». niftcornis. 
 
 Apis rulicornis. Linn., Kirbi/.. Nomada ruficornis. Fabr., Latr., Leae^:. 
 
 Inhabits dry banks and sandy situations. 
 
 Genus 482. EPEOLUS. Latr., Fabr., Illig., Jurinc, Fanz., Spi- 
 nola, Klug, Leach. Apis. Linne, Kirby (** b). 
 Sw^crior zfiwgs witli three complete submarginal cells: maxillary palpi 
 
 one-joiuted. 
 Sp. 1. Epeo. variegatus. 
 
 Bpeolus variegatus. Fabr;, Panz., Latr. Apis variegata. Linne. 
 Inhabits Europe, but is very local in Britain. I once met witli this 
 species in abundance in a sand-pit near Bexley, Kent. 
 
 ** Lateral divisions of the lip almost as long as the palpi. Body 
 very villose in parts. Scutellum spinose. Superior zcings acith 
 three submarginal cells. 
 
 Genus 483. MELECTA. Latr., Panz., Illig., Spinola, Leach. 
 Apis. Linne, Kirby (** a). 
 Maxillary palpi six-jointed, with five very distinct. 
 
 The insects of this genus are supposed to be parasitical. 
 Sp. 1. Mel. punctata. Latr. 
 Crocisa atra. Jurine. Apis punctata. Kirby. 
 Inhabits Eifrope. Is common near Swansea in South Wales. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 287 
 
 ■Srir.ps '2. — Lij) wilh the apex generally hirsute, not inflected. 
 
 A. Hinder Jeet of' the females, with their tibitc externally, and the 
 first joint of the tarsi very hairy. 
 
 a. Maxillary palpi zcith more than four joints. Lip with its lateral 
 divisions as long or lunger than the labial palpi, Antenutt of the males 
 very long. 
 
 Genus 484. EUCERA. Scop., Fair., Lair., Panz., Spinola, Klug, 
 Leach. Apis. Linnt, Kirby (^** d. 1). 
 Maxillary palpi distinctly six-jointed: superior wings uith two sub- 
 marginal cells complete. 
 Sp. 1. Eu. longico)-nis. 
 Kucera longicornis. Fair., Panz., Latr., LeacJi. Apis longicornis. 
 
 IJnnc, Kirby. 
 Inhabits banks with a southern aspect. 
 
 * Maxillary palpi with four joints or jnore. Lip with the lateral di- 
 visions shorter than the palpi. Superior wings with three submarginal 
 cells complete : labial palpi set form. 
 
 Genus 485. ANTIIOPIIORA. J^itr., Spinola, Leach. 
 Mandibles iniidentated within: maxillary palpi six-jointed. 
 Sp. 1. Anth. rctusa. {PI. 8. Jig. 9.) 
 Apis retusa. Linni, Kirby. Liisis pilipes. Jurine. Megilla pilipes. 
 
 Fabr. Anthophora hirsuta. Latr. Anthophora retusa. Leach. 
 Inhabits sandy banks. 
 
 Genus 48G. SAROPODA. Latr., Leach. Megilla. Illig., Paiiz.^ 
 Heliophila. Klug. Apis. Kirby. 
 Mandibles unidentate within : maxillary palpi five-jointed. 
 
 Sp. 1. Saro. rotundata. 
 
 Megilla rotundata. Panz. Saropoda rotundata. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits flowers on sandy heaths. 
 
 B. Hinder feet with the tibia and the first joint of the tarsi shortly 
 
 hairy. 
 
 * Hinder tibiae terminated by two spu}'s or heels : superior irii/gswkh 
 three submarginal cells in all, complete, the last neither linear nor ob- 
 lique. 
 
 Genus 487. BOMBUS. Latr., Fabr., Illig., Panz., Spinola, KLig, 
 Leach. Apis. Linne, Kirby (** e. 2). Bremus. Jurine. 
 Labrum transverse : pioboscis shorter than the body : ocelli disposed in 
 a transverse straight line. 
 
 The Bonibi usually nidificate in cavities beneath the ground, but 
 many of the species (especially those of a fulvescent colour) con- 
 s<truct their nest ot" moss on the surface. The females appear early 
 
288 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 in the spring when the willows are in bluoiii. Ihc males are most 
 
 abundant in the autumn. 
 Sp. 1. Bom. lerrestris. 
 
 Bombus terrestris. Fubr., Lair., Leach. Apis terrcstris. Linn. 
 Inhabits Europe. 
 
 ** Hinder tibia without spurs or heels. Superior wings riith two or 
 ihj-ce siibmarginal cells, the last oblique or linear. 
 
 Genus 488. APIS of authors. 
 Hinder tarsi with their first joint Ion;;: superior zcingsw'iih three suli- 
 
 marginal cells complete, the last oblique and linear. 
 .Sp. 1. Apis mcllijica (hive bee). 
 Apis mellificao/'a«;/(0/-s. 
 Inhabits Europe. 
 
 Order XIV. RHIPIPTEILV. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Order Strepsiptera. Kirbi/. 
 
 Order Hymenoptera. Rossi. 
 
 " Xenos, the genus serving as the tj'pe of this singular order of in- 
 jects, was discovered by Rossi, who referred it without hesitation to 
 the Hymenoptera, and placed it next to Ichneumon. AiHOther ge- 
 nus of the same order was ibund by Kirby, and was described in his 
 celebrated Monogruphia Apian Anglia under the name of Siylops, 
 with expressions of doubt as to its systematic situation. Latreille 
 soon after received from De Brebisson a species of Stylops, and at 
 the end of his Genera Lisecloruni et Crustaceorum, observes, that it 
 seems to distiu'b our entomological systems, not being referable to 
 any of the established orders. Professor Peck detected a new spe- 
 cies of this group in America, and communicated it to Kirby, who 
 considered it to constitute with his Stylops a peculiar order of in- 
 sects, on which he gave a dissertation to the Linnean Societij of Lon- 
 don, which was published in the eleventh volume of their Transac- 
 tions. I adopted the characters that were kiid down by this learned 
 entomologist, as well as the name Strepsiptera, by which it was de- 
 signated. Since then Latreille has convinced me that the supposed, 
 elytra are but moveable processes attached to the anterior part of 
 the thorax ; whereas true elytra arise from the second segment of 
 the trunk, and always more or less cover the wings, which these 
 parts do not touch. Anxious to become acquainted with all the 
 characters of the order, I commenced an examination of the mouth, 
 and was soon convinced that the parts of it were far from being ob- 
 solete ; but fearing to undertake the dissection, I submitted the spe- 
 cimen to the inspection of Savigny, from whose exact and almost 
 infallible hand and eye I felt confident of gaining the desired infor- 
 
CLASS V. INSECT A. 289 
 
 mation. lie ohsen'ed that the moutli contains the -whole of the 
 usual parts \vhich, under various modifications, exist in all insects : 
 the mandibles are perfectly distinct from and unconnected with the 
 inaxilla' : the maxillai are inserted behind, and somewhat below the 
 mandibles, whose base they conceal ; and the articulation of the 
 lahrum is very evident from its semitransparency." Leach, ZuoL 
 Misc. vol. iii. 
 
 Mr. Kirby, in the second volume of his Monographia Apian An- 
 glia:, gives the following account of Sf^/ops Melitta : " Upon this in- 
 sect (^Melitta mgro-ccnca) I discovered, last spring, a very singular 
 animal, which seems appropriated to the present genus. I had pre- 
 viously more than once observed upon other species something that 
 I took to be a kind of ^^tv/rw*-, which appeared to be immovably fixed 
 just at the inosculations of the dorsal segments of the abdomen; at 
 length, finding three or four upon a specimen of Melitta nigro-ama, 
 I determined not to lose that opportunity of taking one off to ex- 
 amine and describe; but what was my astonishment when, upon 
 my attempting to disengage it with a pin, I drew forth from the 
 body of the Melitta a white fleshy larva, a quarter of an inch in 
 length, the head of %vhich I had mistaken for an Acarus .' After I 
 had examined one specimen, I attempted to extract a second ; and 
 the reader may imagine how greatly my astonishment was increased, 
 when, after I had drawn it out but a little way, I saw its skin burst, 
 and a head as black as ink, with large staring eyes and antennje, 
 consisting of two branches, break forth, and move itself briskly 
 from side to side. It looked like a little imp of darkness just emerg- 
 ing from the infernal regions. My eagerness to set free from its 
 confinement this extraordinary animal may be easily conjectured. 
 Indeed I was impatient to become better acquainted with so singular 
 a creature. When it was completely disengaged, and I had secured 
 it from making its escape, I set myself to examine it as accurately 
 as possible ; and I found, after a careful inquiry, that I had not only 
 got a non-descript, but also an insect of a new genus, whose very- 
 class seemed dubious." For further information on this Order I 
 must refer the reader to the eleventh volume of the Transactions of 
 the Linnean Society, Soicerhifs British Miscellany, and Lcuclis ZoolO" 
 gical Miscellany, \o\. iii., all of which contain figures of the insects 
 of this Order. 
 
 Order XV. DIPTERA. Limn; Leach, Latr., ^-c, 
 
 .Class Antliata. Fair. 
 
 The insects composing this Order are distinguished from all other 
 insects by the following characters. Wings two, naked, unprotected . 
 Ublteres (poisers or balancers) placed behind, and generally beneath 
 
2D0 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 the wings : head distinct from the thorax by an evident interval : 
 proboscis (rarely wanting) univalve : tarsi with two simple nails. 
 
 Besides these characters may be noted some others, which are 
 common to almost all dipterous insects. The jnouth is for the most 
 part furnished with a rostrum having no articulations. Thorax com- 
 posed of but one segment, always distinct from the abdomen. 
 
 Fam. I. TiPULiDiE. Leach. 
 
 Tipulari.t;. Latrcille. 
 
 Antennce \\\\h many joints, filiform or setaceous, longer than the head. 
 
 Stirps 1. — OceWi none: a«^e««<K very hairy : e^es large; rostrwn i\x\)\x- 
 lar and long. 
 
 Genus 489. CULEX of authors. 
 Sp. 1. Cut. pipiens of authors (the common gnat). {PL 9. Jig. 5.) 
 Inhabits water in the larva state. 
 Stxkps 2. — Oce//i none : a«toi«^ very hairy : fj/fs large : rostrum very 
 
 short, terminated by two lips : tuo anterior legs at a distance from 
 
 the others. 
 
 Genus 490. CORETHRA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna fourteen-jointed ; the basilar joints conic-ovoid; of the male 
 
 with fasciculi of hairs ; with simple hairs on the females, the two 
 
 last joints attenuated, elongated. 
 Sp. 1. Cor. cuculiformis. Meig. 
 Inhabits marshy places. 
 
 Genus 491. TANYPUS. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna fourteen-jointed, very plumose, moniliform, their extremities 
 
 filiform ; of the male, almost entirely moniliform, their last joint 
 
 larger and ovoid in the female. 
 Sp. 1. Ta7i. ductus. 
 Inhabits marshy places. 
 
 Genus 492. CHIRONOMUS. Meig., Latr., Illig., Fabr., Leach. 
 
 Antenna: twelve-jointed, very plumose, moniliform, with filiform ex- 
 tremities in the male, seven-jointed, the last joint elongate, cylindric 
 in the female. 
 
 Sp. 1. CMr. plumosus. Meig. 
 
 Inhabits marshy places. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Ocelli none: antennae \&ry Yid^vy: ft/es large: rostrum very 
 short : legs at an equal distance from each other. 
 
 Genus 493. PSYCHODA. Lntr., Fabr., Leach. Tinearia. Schell. 
 Trichoptera. Meig. 
 Wings deflexcd : rostrum shorter than the head . antenna with fifteen 
 or sixteen joints, of a glebular form, covered with bundles of hairs. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 291 
 
 Sp. 1 . Psi/. pJialanoides. Latr. 
 Inhabits moist places. 
 
 Genus 494. CECIDOMYIA. Latr., L'lig., Mclg., Leach. Oligo- 
 TROPUUS. Lat?-. 
 Wiiigx incumbent : antenna: moiiiliibrm, hairy. 
 Sp. 1. Ccc. lutea. INIeig. 
 
 Stirps 4. — Otr//Mione: antenna with short hairs: ei/es oval, entire 
 palpi with their last joint very long ; lips not inclined. 
 
 Genus 49 J. CTENOPIIORA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fa br., Leach. 
 Taniptera. Latr. 
 Antenna filiform; pectinated in the males, serrated in the females; the 
 
 second joint short, the tliird elongate. 
 Sp. 1. Cte. atrata. IMeig. 
 Inhabits moist places and meadows. 
 
 Genus 496. PEDICIA. Latr., Leacli. Limoma. Meig. 
 
 Antenna; subsetaceous, simple ; the t\vo first joints larger, elongate ; 
 the three following turbinated, the three next globular, and the se- 
 ven last slender, cylindric. 
 
 Sp. 1. PeJ. rivosu. 
 
 Tipula rivosa. Linn'c, Donovan. 
 
 Inhabits moist places. 
 
 Genus 497. TIPULA ofauthorii. 
 Antenna subsetaceous, simple; the first joint largest, cylindric; the se- 
 cond subglobose ; the next cylindric ; the third elongate. 
 Sp. 1. Tip. oleracea. Linne. {PI. 9. Jig. 2.) 
 Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the roots of vegetables. 
 
 Fam. II. Stratiomyd.e. Latreille. 
 HausteUum with two setoe. 
 
 A. Antenna not terminated by a seta. 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna with tlieir last joints having eight rings. 
 
 Genus 498. BERIS. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Antenna cylindric ; the last joint cylindric-oonic, elongate : scutel- 
 luin with four or six spines : palpi very much shorter than the pro- 
 boscis. 
 
 Sp. 1. Beris nigritarsis. Latr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits palings and moist places. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna with their last joint having from four to six ring";, 
 fusiform, cylindric-conic, or conic. 
 
 Genus 499. STRATIOMYS of authors. 
 Antenna very much longer than the head; the first and third joints 
 
292 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 very long, the latter subfusiform, compressed, with five rings t tho" 
 
 rax bispinose. 
 Sp. 1. Stra. Ckamaleon. {PL 12. Jig. 4.) 
 Inhabits marshy places. 
 
 Genus 500. ODONTOMYIA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna a little longer than the head; the last joint cylindric-conic, 
 
 with six rings : thorax bispinose. 
 Sp. 1. Odont.furcata. 
 Inhabits marshy places. 
 
 Genus 501. CLITELLARIA. Meig., Illig., Leach. Ephippium. 
 
 Latr. 
 Antenntz a little longer than the head, with their last joint conic, six- 
 ringed, the two last forming a little style: thorax bispinous, the 
 spines erect. 
 Sp. 1. cut. Ephippium. Meig. 
 Inhabits the skirts of woods: is rare in Britain. 
 
 Genus 502. NEMOTELUS of authors. 
 
 Antenna half the length of the head, the third joint fusiform, four- 
 ringed : proboscis sheathed beneath a rostelliform process on which 
 the antennse are inserted. 
 
 Sp. 1. Nem. uliginosus. Fabr., Leach. 
 
 Inhabits flowers in meadows. 
 
 B. Antcnnce terminated bi/ a style or seta. 
 
 Stirps 3. — ScuteUum spincd. 
 
 Genus 503. OXYCERA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach. 
 AntenniE with their first and second joints forming a subfusiform club, 
 
 the third styliform. 
 .Sp. 1. Ox. Ili/drolenn. 
 Inhabits marshes and meadows. 
 
 Stirps 4. — ScuteUum without spines. 
 
 Genus 504. VAPPO. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Paciiygaster. Meig. 
 Antenna with their two first joints transverse ; the second with the 
 
 third joints forming a sub-hemispheric head. 
 Sp. 1. Vap. ater. 
 Inhabits hedges in lanes near Darent Wood in July. 
 
 Genus 505. S ARGUS of authors. 
 Antenna terminated by a seta longer than the antenna, their second 
 joint elongate : abdomen generally oblong. 
 
 Sp. 1. Sargns cupreiis. 
 
 Inhabits umbelliferous flowers in marshes. 
 
^ ClASS V. INSECTA. 293 
 
 Fam. III. Tabanid.e. Leach. 
 
 Tabanii. LatreiUe. 
 
 Huustellum with many seta^. 
 
 Stirps 1. — TT7»g-s divaricating: scutdlum without spines; antenn<r a.9 
 long or a httle longer than the head. 
 
 Genus 50G. TABANUS of authors. 
 
 Proboscis a little shorter than the head, terminated by large lips: an- 
 tenna as long as the head, the second joint cup-shaped, the third 
 lunate-subulate, five-ringed : ocelli obsolete or wanting. 
 
 Sp. 1. Tab. bovinus. 
 
 Inhabits meadows. 
 
 Stirps 2. — H'7«i!S divaricating: scutcllum\\\&io\\t spines: a?i/c?m« con- 
 siderably longer than the head. 
 
 Genus 507. H/EMATOPOTA. Meig., Illig., Lafr., Fabr., Leach. 
 Antennce with the first joint elongate, incrassate, the second very short, 
 cup-shaped; the third elongate-conic (longer than the first), tubu- 
 lated, four-ringed : ocelli obsolete or wanting. 
 Sp. 1. Hcem. pluviaU:s. Meig. Tabanus pluvialis. LinnL 
 Inhabits woods and lanes, and is excessively troublesome to travellers. 
 
 Genus 508. CIIRYSOPS. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fabr., Leach. 
 Antenna: witli the two first joints of nearly an equal length, the third 
 
 joint as long as both the others, cylindric-conic, five-ringed : ocelli 
 
 three. 
 Sp. 1. Chrj/. cacutiens. 
 Tabanus csecutiens. LinnL 
 Inhabits woods, commons, and lanes. 
 
 a. Proboscis (zvhoi at rest) entirely or partially promineni. 
 
 * Proboscis terminated by two large lips. 
 
 Fam. IV. Rhagionid.i. Leach. 
 
 RiiAGiONiD.'E. LatreiUe. 
 
 Palpi prominent, cylindric-conic: wings divaricating: antenna gene- 
 rally moniliform. 
 
 Genus 509. RHAGIO. Oliv., Rossi, Cuv., S,-c. Leptis. Fabr. 
 Antenna moniliform, the third joint not ringed, but terminated by a 
 
 seta : palpi porrect. 
 Sp. 1. Rha. scolopaccus. Latr. 
 Inhabits the trunks of trees. 
 
294 - MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Genus 510. ATHERIX. Meig., Latr., Leach, 
 Antenna moniliform ; the third joint not ringed, but terminated by a 
 
 seta : palpi erect. 
 Sp. 1. Ath. maculata. Meig. 
 Inliabits borders of woods. 
 
 Fam. V. DoLYCiiopoD^. Leach. 
 DoLYcnoPODES. LatreUlc. 
 Pa/j5i prominent, lameliilbrm: wings incumbent: antenna patelliform. 
 
 Genus 511. DOLYCHOPUS. Lutr., Fabr., Walck., Leach. 
 Antenna half the length of the headj the third joint trigonal, bearing 
 
 a seta on its hinder part. 
 Sp. 1 . Dol. nohilitatus. Fabr., Leach. 
 Inhabits moist places in woods and commons. 
 
 Fam. ^"I. Mydasid.e. Leach. 
 Mydasix. Laircille. 
 Palpi not prominent. 
 
 Genus 512. THEREVA. Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna as long or longer than the head; the last joint ovoid-conic, 
 
 with a distinct style terminated by a seta. 
 Sp. 1. Ther. pleheia. 
 Inhabits commons and woods, 
 
 ** Proboscis terminated by very small lips, 
 
 Fam. VII. AsiLiD.t. Leach. 
 AsiLtci. Latrcille. 
 Body long: zcings 'mcumhcnt : a'2tot7.'(Z' three-jointed. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Tarsi terminated by two claws, and two pulvilli: antenna 
 as long, or not much longer than the head. 
 
 Genus 513. LAPIIIUA. Meig., Lllig., Fabr., Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna with their first joint longer than the second ; the last suboval, 
 without a style. 
 
 There is a British species of this genus, but I do not know its 
 specific name. 
 
 . Genus 514. ASILUS of authors. Erax. Scopoli. 
 Antenna with their first joint longer than the second; the last elon- 
 gate-conic, terminated by a very distinct style. 
 Sp. 1. Asi. crabronifonnis. Fabr., Leach. {PI. 9. fig. 9.) 
 Inhabits commons and heaths. 
 
 Genus 515. DASYPOGON. Meig., lllig., Latr., Leach, Fabr. 
 Antenna with their two first joints nearly equal; the last sub-cylindric, 
 terminated by a minute, articuliform, conic style. 
 
CLASS V, INSECTA. 295 
 
 9p. 1. Das)/p. punctaliis. Meig., Leach. 
 Inhabits sandy commons. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Tarsi terminated by two claws and two piilvilli : antenna 
 much longer than the head, inserted in a common footstalk. 
 
 Genus 516. DIOCTllIA. IMeig., Illig., Lutr., Fair., Leach. 
 Sp. 1. Dioc. (E/amlka. Fabr., Leach. 
 Inhabits the borders of woods. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Tarsi terminated by three claws; pulvilli wanting. 
 
 Genus 517. GONYPES. Latr., Lctich. Leptog aster. Aleig. 
 Abdomen very long, slender, thicker towards its extremity. 
 Sp. 1. Gon. tipuloidcs. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits . 
 
 Fam, VIII. Empid^. Leach. 
 Empides. Latrcille. 
 
 Bodi/ long: wings incxiinhent: antennce two-jointed: proboscis perpen- 
 dicular. 
 
 Genus 518. EMPIS of authors. 
 Antennte three-jointed, the last joint terminated by a seta; palpi erect. 
 Sp. 1. E/npis Borealis. Fabr. 
 Inhabits . 
 
 Fam. IX. Antiiracidx. Leach. 
 
 Aktiiracii. LatreiUe. 
 
 Bodi/ short : zoings divaricating : antenna distant, two or three-jointed : 
 head as high as the thorax. 
 
 Genus 519. ANTHRAX of atifhors. 
 Palpi received into the cavity of the mouth : proboscis short, not por- 
 
 rect. 
 Sp. 1. Anth. Hottentoffa. 
 Inhabits borders of woods on dry banks. 
 
 Fam. X. BoMBYLiD.E. Leuch, 
 
 BoMBYLiARiA. LatrcHle. 
 
 Body short: wings divaricating: antenna contiguous, three-jointed: 
 head lower than the thorax. 
 
 Genus 520. BOMBYLIUS of authors. 
 Proboscis longer than the head, pointed : palpi distinct : antenna: with 
 
 their first joint much longer than the second. 
 Sp. 1. Bomb, major of authors. {PL 9.Jig. 10.) 
 Inhabits open places in woods in the spring of the year. 
 
296 MODERN SVSXKM, 
 
 » 
 
 Fam. XI. AcROCERiD.E. Leach. 
 Inflata. Latreille. 
 
 Body short as if intlated : wings divaricating : antenna three- or two- 
 jointed. 
 
 b. Proboscis (when at rest) jxtractile within the cnvity of the mouth. 
 
 Genus 521. ACROCERA. Meig., Latr., Leach. 
 Proboscis obscure: antennie inserted on the vertex; tvvo-jointed, the 
 last joint terminated by a seta. 
 There is a British species of this genus. 
 
 Genus 522. OGCODES. Latr., Leach. Hexops. //%., Wakk., 
 Meig., Fabr. 
 Proboscis obscure : antenna inserted anteriorly over the cavity of the 
 
 mouth; two-jointed, the last joint terminated by a seta. 
 Sp. 1. Og. gibbosus. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits Germany and England. 
 
 Fam. XII. Syrphid^. Leach. 
 Syrphix. Latreille. 
 
 B. Haustellum with two seta:. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Head anteriorly conic-produced: antenna much shorten 
 than the head, placed in a common elevation : oval cavity on the 
 nasal prominence : wings divaricating. 
 
 Genus 523. RHINGIA of authors. 
 Head anteriorly much produced, terminated by the proboscis. 
 Sp. 1. Rhin. rostrata of authors. 
 Inhabits flowers. 
 
 Genus 524. SERICOMYIA. Latr., Leach. 
 Antennas with, their setee plumose, inserted at the dorsal juncture of the 
 
 second and third joints; the last joint of the antennae suborbicular. 
 Sp. 1. Ser. Lapponum. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits marshes, especially the bogs of Dartmoor, and the north of 
 
 England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 Genus 525. VOLUCELLA. Geoff., Schaff., Latr., Leach. Pte- 
 ROCERA. Meig. 
 ^nfe«n« with their last joint elongate; seta plumose, inserted at the 
 
 dorsal juncture of the second and third joint. 
 Sp. 1. Vol. pellucens. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits woods in June and July. 
 
 Genus 526. ERISTALIS. Latr., Fabr., Leach. HELiopiiiLrs. 
 Meig., Illig. 
 Antenna contiguous at their base, their last joint broader than long ; 
 
CLASS V. iNsr.cTA. 297 
 
 srfa (simple or slightly |ilumose) inserted beyond the dorsal junc- 
 tion of the second and tlurd joints : /uad anteriorly distinctly rostri- 
 form. 
 
 Sp. t. Erist. Narcissi. 
 
 Inhabits llowers in marshes. 
 
 Genus 527. HELOPHILUS. iroc//. Elophilus. Meig., 1/%., 
 
 Latr. 
 Antenna contiguous at their base, their last joint broader than long ; 
 seta (simple or slightly plumose) inserted beyond the dorsal jimcture 
 of the second and third joints; head anteriorly distinctly rostriform. 
 Sp. 1. Hel. tena.T. Lati"., Leach. 
 Inhabits hedges, and is very common. 
 
 Genus 5'28. SYRPHUS of authors. 
 Antenna separate at their base, their last joint suborbiculate : seta in- 
 serted beyond the dorsal junction of the second and third joints: 
 abdomen elongate-subquadrate, gradually somewhat narrower to- 
 wards its extremity. 
 Sp. 1. Syr. Fyrastri. Fabr. 
 Inhabits flowers. 
 
 Genus 529. DOROS. Meig., llUg., Leach. 
 Antennte separate at their base ; their last joint suborbiculate : seta in- 
 serted beyond the dorsal juncture of the second and third joints : ab- 
 domen subovate-trigonal ; the length double the breadth. 
 Sp. 1. Doros conopseus. 
 Milesia conopsea. Fabr. 
 Inhabits fields, but is very rare. 
 
 StiTvPS 2. — Head not anteriorly conic-produced : antennae much longer 
 than the head, placed on a common elevation : oval cavity on the 
 nasal prominence : zcings deflexed. 
 
 Genus 530. CHRYSOTOXUM. Meig., Latr., Leach. 
 Antennee subcylindric, their last joint having a seta at its base. 
 Sp. 1. Chri/s. arcuatum. 
 Musca arcuata. Linnl. 
 Inhabits flowers. 
 
 Genus 531. CERIA. Fabr., Latr., Illig., Meig., L^each. 
 Antenna with their first and second joints forming an oval mass termi- 
 nated by a style. 
 
 There is one British species, that does not seem to have been de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Head not anteriorly produced : nasal part straight, not jiro- 
 minent : antennte inserted separately, very much longer than the 
 head : wings deflexed. 
 
 Genus 532. APHRITIS. Latr., Leach. Microdon. Meig. 
 
 Antenna with their third joint conic, elongate, its base bearing a seta. 
 
298 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1. Aphr. auro-pubescens, Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits heaths. 
 
 Stirps 4. — Head not anteriorly produced ; nasal part straight, not pro- 
 minent : antennte inserted separately, very much longer than the 
 head : wings deflexed. 
 
 Genus 533. MILESIA. Lntr., Leach. 
 
 Hinder thighs (of the males at least) large, very thick, elongate-ovato, 
 denticulated beneath: unteniKE with their last joint much compress- 
 ed: abdomen trigonate. 
 
 Sp. 1. Mil. annuluta. Leach. 
 
 Inhabits borders of woods. 
 
 Fam. XIII. CoNOPSiDi. Leach. 
 
 CoxoPSAnii. LatreiUc. 
 
 Proboscis prominent, nearly cylindric or conic, v.ithout any remark- 
 able dilatation : antcnnee with their second joint as long or longer 
 than the third, forming with it a fusiform or subovate-compressed 
 club : body elongate. 
 
 Genus 534. CONOPS of authors. 
 Proboscis porrect: ocelli none: antenna very much longer than the 
 
 head : apex fusiform. 
 Sp. 1. Con. aculeata. Fabr., Leach. 
 Inhabits hedges and flowers. 
 
 Genus 535. ZODION. Latr., Leach. 
 Proboscis porrect : ocelli three : antennce shorter than the head : apex 
 
 subovoid. 
 Sp. 1 . Zo. conopsoides. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits umbelliferous plants. Taken by Dr. Leach in Darent Wood 
 
 in July. 
 
 Genus 536. MYOPA of authors. Stomoxoides. Schxffer. 
 Proboscis very long, filiform, geniculated beneath twice. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ml/, dorsalis. Fabr., Leach. 
 Inliabits hedges and gardens. 
 
 Genus 537. BUCENTES. Latr.^ Leach. 
 Proboscis geniculated twice. 
 
 Sp. 1. Buc. cine7'eiis. Latr., Leach. 
 Isiliabits France and England. 
 
 Genus 538. STOMOXYS of authors. 
 Proboscis geniculated once. 
 
 Sp. 1. Stom. calcitrans of authors. {PI. 0. fig. 7.) 
 Inhabits commons in the autumn. 
 
CLASS V. INSECTA. 299 
 
 Fam. XIV. Muscid.e. Leach. 
 IMusciDES. Latrcille. 
 Proboscis retractile, terminated by a very remarkable dilatation. 
 
 Stirps 1. — Antenna inserted near the front, sctigerous : jmlpi internal : 
 haltcrcs visible : anterior legs simple : liead not subglobose : hinder legs 
 not larger than the rest : wings horizontal : eyes sessile. 
 
 Genus 539. MOCILLUS. I^tr., Leach. 
 Antenna shorter than the head : head hemispheric. 
 Sp. 1. Moc. cellar ius. Linne, Leach. 
 Inhabits wine-vaults. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Antenna inserted near the front, setigerous : palpi internal : 
 luiltcres visible: anterior legs simple: Iiead not subglobose: hinder 
 legs not longer than the rest: u-ings divaricating: cj/cs simple : ver- 
 tex narrow. 
 
 Genus 510. TEPIIRITIS. Lafr., Fabr., Illig., Leach. Tuypeta. 
 ]\[eig. Dacds. Fabr. 
 Thorax cylindric : proboscis entirely retractile, 
 
 Sp. 1. Teph. Cardui. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits thistles. 
 
 Stirps 3. — Antenna inserted near the upper part of the head, setige- 
 rous : palpi internal : haltcres visible : anterior legs simple : head not 
 often subglobose : hinder legs not larger than the rest : zei'igs deflexed : 
 ei/es sessile : vertex broad. 
 
 Genus 54L CALOBATA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fabr., Leach. 
 Antenna very much shorter than the head, the third joint longer tlian 
 
 the second: iod'j/ long, filiform : /co-s long, filiform. 
 Sp. 1. Cal. fill for mis. Latr., Leach. 
 Inhabits France and England. 
 
 Genus 542. SEPEDON. Latr., Leach. Bacca. Fabr. Mulio. 
 Schellenberg. 
 Antenna very much longer than the head, inserted on an elevation; the 
 
 second joint very long, cylindric. 
 Sp. 1. Sep. pulustris. Latr. 
 Inhabits marshes. 
 
 Genus 543. LOXOCEILY. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fabr., Leach. 
 .^Irttoi«<e very much longer than the head; last joint linear; abdomen 
 
 narrow, linear. 
 Sp. 1. Lox. Ichncumonia. jNIcig. 
 Inhabits flowers in marshes. 
 
 Genus 544. SCATOPIIAGA. Meig., Lair., Leach. Pyropa. J%. 
 Antenna shorter than the head: Act/i^ round, sub-globose: trr^ej: hori- 
 zontal : body very much elongated. 
 
300 MODERN SYSTEM. 
 
 Sp. 1 . Scat, merdaria. Latr., Le^ch. 
 Iioliabits cow-dung. 
 
 Genus 545. ANTIIOMYIA. Meig., Illlg., Latr., Leach. 
 Antennae shorter than the head : head hemispheric, transverse : vertex 
 
 incHned : hodif not much lengtlicned.' 
 Sp. 1. Anth. pluvialis. Latr. 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Stirps 4. — Antenna inserted near the upper part of the head, not seti- 
 gerous : palpi internal : halteres visible : anterior legs diiferiqg in form 
 from the others. 
 
 Genus 546. PIPUNCULUS; Latr., Leach. 
 Antenna two-jointed, the last joint subulated at its extremity : anterior 
 
 legs simple. 
 Sp. 1. Pip. campestris. Latr. 
 Inhabits meadows. 
 
 Genus 547. SCENOPINUS. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Cona. Sckl-r 
 lenberg. 
 ^nferente three-jointed : anterior legs simple. 
 
 Sp. 1. Seen, niger. Latr. 
 Inhabits houses near woods. 
 
 Genus .548. OCHTHERA. Latr., Leach. Macrochira. Meig. 
 Anterior legs raptorious : antcnnee terminated by a bearded seta. 
 Sp. 1. Och. Mantis. Latr. 
 Once taken in Devon by Dr. Leach. 
 
 Stirps 5. — Antemue frontal, very short: palpi internal : halteres entirely 
 or partly concealed : wings divaricating. 
 
 Genus 549. PHASIA. Latr., Leach. Thereva. Fabr., Walck., 
 Meig., Panz. 
 Antenna distant, sub-parallel, last joint subquadrate, with abiarticulate 
 
 seta : (body short : abdomen depressed, semicircular : wings large.) 
 Sp. 1. Phas. variabilis. Leach. 
 Musca hemiptera. Linni. 
 
 Stirps 6. — Antenna frontal, as long as the face : jj«//'i internal, or 
 partly concealed : wings divaricating. 
 
 Genus 550. MUSCA of authors. 
 Antenna with the third joint very much longer than the others : abd(>- 
 
 mcn moderately long, subacuminate. 
 Sp. 1. jlfHs. mw?;Yo;v'a (common blue-bottle fly). Latr. 
 Inhabits every where. It is the insect that deposits its eggs on meat, 
 
 which are commonly denominated lly-blows, 
 
CLASS V. INSCCTAi 
 
 301 
 
 Genus 551. OCYPTERYX. ie«r//. Ocyptera. If./r. Exorista. 
 Altig. Eriotiiuin. Meig. 
 Antenna: with their last joint longer than the others : uhdomen distinctly 
 
 annuialed, rounded. 
 Sp. 1. Oci/pt. lateralis. Leach. 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Genus 552. GYi^JNOSOMA. Meig., Leach. 
 Antenrue with their last joint longer tlian the others : abdomen semi- 
 circular, subuniarticulate. 
 Sp. 1. Gym. rotundata. Meig. 
 
 Genus 553. ECIIINOMYIA. Buin., Latr., Leach. Taciiina. 
 Meig., Ful>r. 
 Antenna with their second joint longer than the others : abdomen sub- 
 globose, and very bristly. 
 Sp. 1. Ech. grossa. Latr. 
 Inhabits woods. 
 
 Genus 554. TACHINA. Leach. 
 Antenna with their second joint longer thaii the others : ubdomoi 
 
 ovate, rather bristly. 
 Sp. 1. Tach. fera. 
 Inhabits the skirts and pathways in woods. 
 
 Fam. XV. (Estrida. Leach. 
 Mi^sciDES, I. LatreiUe. Astomata. Dum'cril. 
 
 The larvffi of all the insects of this family reside in the frontal 
 sinuses under the skin, or in the stomachs of graminivorous mam- 
 malia. Their curious oeconomy has been admirably detailed in the 
 third volume of the Tramactions of the Ijinnean Society of London 
 by Mr. Bracy Clark, who has lately republished his Dissertation 
 under the title An Essay on the Bots of Horses and other Animals. 
 London, 1815. 
 
 Genus 555. (ESTRUS of authors. 
 Wings with the t\vo exterior cells complete, the other hinder cells ter- 
 minal : thorax with its surface unequal : abdomen with its point dc- 
 tlexed; of the female acuminate : tv/es distant; of the male closer 
 than those of the female. 
 
 * Thorax rovghish, zcith elevated points. 
 The larvae of the species of this division of the genus inhabit the 
 
 frontal sinuses. 
 Sp. 1. CEstrus Ovis. 
 
 Inhabits the frontal sinuses of the sheep in the larva state ; the per- 
 fect insect is found on walls and stones in the vicinitv of shccji- 
 folds. 
 
302 MODERN #¥STEM. 
 
 ** Thorax with square shining naked xpots. 
 
 The ]ar\'a2 of tliis section reside beneath the skin of herbivorous inam- 
 maha. 
 
 Sf. 2. (Estrus Bovis. (PL 9. fig. 1.) 
 
 " The larvjE of this species, named by the peasants Warbles, or 
 Wornils, are found beneath the skin on the backs and loins of oxen, 
 causing tumours as large as pullets' eggs. The perfect insect, or 
 gad-fly, appears about the end of summer, and is much dreaded by 
 cattle." 
 
 Genus 556. GASTEROPHILUS. Leach. (Esmrs of anihors. 
 
 Wings with all the hinder cells terminal : tliontx with its surfaces 
 smooth : abdomen with its extremities inflexed ; of the female, very- 
 much elongated and attenuated : eyes in both sexes equally distant. 
 " The lar\'ai of the G asteropldli, as their name imports, inhabit 
 the stomach of herbivorous quadrupeds, and are called Bots ; the 
 perfect insect Bot-tlies." 
 
 Sp. 1. Gast. Equi. Leach, Trans. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ii. 
 
 (Estrus Bovis. Linnt. Oestrus Equi. Clark. 
 
 The larvae inhabit the horse. 
 
 Order X\I. OMALOPTERA. Leach. 
 DrPTEFvA of authors. 
 
 Mouth with mandibles and maxillaj : Up simple : wings two or none 
 (jMetamorphosis coarctatc). 
 
 Fam. I. IIiPPOBosciD^. Leach. 
 
 Head divided from the thorax by a suture at least : proboscis provided 
 with two valves : nails of the tarsi double or treble. 
 
 " The larvae are nourished within the abdomen of the mother, 
 and, when full grown, are passed in the form of an oviform pupa, 
 covered with the indurated skin of the larva;." In the second vo- 
 lume of the Ti-ansuctions of the Weinierian Natural History Society of 
 Edinburgh is given a most excellent f)aper on the insects of this 
 family by Dr. Leach. The following are natives of this country: 
 
 Stirps 1. — Wings two; the hinder cell only commenced: thorax an- 
 teriorly entire, acuminated. 
 
 Genus 557. HIPPOBOSCA of authors. Nirmomyia. Nitzsch. 
 Ocelli none. 
 
 Sp. 1. Hipp, equina. Linne, Leach (Forest-fly.) {Pl.O.fg. 11.) 
 Inhabits the horse. In the New Forest of Hampshire they abound in. 
 a most astonishing degree. I have obtained from the flanks of one 
 horse six handfuUs, which consisted of upwards of a hundred spe- 
 
CLASS V. INSECIA. 303 
 
 cimens. Mr. Bentley informs me, from ol)servations he made in 
 the summer of 1810, while in Hampshire, that the Hippobosca are 
 found in a considerably greater abundance on white and light-co- 
 loured horses than those of a black and dark colour ; and this ob- 
 servation was confirmed by the stable-keepers in the vicinity of tlie 
 Forest. 
 
 Stirps 2. — Wings tM'o; the hinder cells complete: thorax anteriorly 
 notched for the reception of the head. 
 
 * Wings of nearly an equal breadth throughout. 
 
 Genus 558. ORNITHOMYIA. Lafr., Oliv., Leach. 
 Ocelli three, situated in foveolas. 
 Sp. 1. Ornith. avicularia. Leach. 
 Hippobosca avicularia. Linnc. 
 Inhabits the black grouse and tit-pippit. 
 
 ** Wings acuminated. 
 
 Genus 559. CRATERINA. Olfers. Stenepteryx. Leach. 
 Ocelli three, situated in foveolse. 
 
 Sp. 1. Cr. Hirundinis. Olfers. Stenepteryx Hiruudinis. Leach. 
 Hippobosca Hirundinis. Linnt. 
 Inhabits the nests and bodies of the house-swallow. 
 
 Genus 560. OXYPTERUM. Kirby, Leach. 
 Ocelli none. 
 
 Sp. 1. Oxypt. Kirhyanum. Leach. 
 Inhabits England. 
 
 S^iRPS 3. — Wings none : thorax anteriorly notched for the reception of 
 the head. 
 
 Genus 561. MELOPHAGUS. Latr., Leach, Olfers. Mei.ophil.\. 
 Nitzsch. 
 Ocelli none. 
 
 Sp. 1. Mel. ovinus. Latr., Leach. 
 Hippobosca ovina. Linne. 
 Inhabits the sheep. 
 
 Fam. II. Nycteribid.?:. Leach. 
 
 Head united with the thorax : 7iails of the tarsi simple didactyle. 
 
 Genus 562. NYCTERIBIA. Latr., Leach. Phthiribium. llcr- 
 
 mann, Olfers. 
 
 Thorax depressed : mouth situated on the back at the anterior part of 
 
 tlie thorax: legs six, placed at the sides; femora with two joints, the 
 
 second long and compressed : tibi<E with two joints, the first longest 
 
 and compressed, the second joint slender and arcuated ; taisi with 
 
304 MODERN SYSTtM. 
 
 five articulations, the first three gradually shorter, the fourth longer 
 and wider, the fifth shorter, and receiving the didactyle claw: abdo- 
 men 'm both sexes with eight joints: Female? with the first seg- 
 ment of the hack produced, the fourth and remainder partly con- 
 cealed, the last segment at its apex furnished with a setigerous 
 style: Male? with the last segment largest. 
 
 Its situation was referred to the Diptera hy Latreille, who ob- 
 serves, in a note, that it may probably be found hereafter to consti- 
 tute a peculiar Order of insects. From the apparent want of an- 
 tennfe, and from the confluence of the head and thorax, Dr. Leach 
 placed it amongst the Araclino'tda, in a division by itself Its mode 
 of propagation is unknown. Hermann considered the se.vual as spe- 
 cific dift'erences. 
 
 Sp. 1. Nyct. Hermanni. 
 
 Phthiridium biarticulatum. Herm. Mem. Apt. 12i.pl. 6.fg. 1. Olfers, 80. 
 Hippobosca Vespertilionis. Sc/ir. Fn. Brit. 2587. Phthiridium Her- 
 manni. Leach, Enci/cl. Brit. Siipp. vol. i. 446. pi. 23. — Zool. Misc. iii. 
 55, pi. 144. 
 
 In the plate given in the third voliune of the Miscellam/, repre- 
 sentations are given of the sexes very much magnified, with one leg 
 still more highly increased by the aid of the microscope. The se- 
 cond joint of each tibia is longer than all the joints- of the tarsus 
 taken together. 
 
 Inhabits the greater and lesser horse-shoe bat. 
 
ANIMALS OF DOUBTFUL SITUATION. 306 
 
 ARTICULATED ANIMALS 
 
 having articulated Legs, of doubtful Situation. 
 
 The singular animals that compose this group inhabit the sea. 
 The females arc furnished with two palpiform organs inserted at the 
 base of the rostrum, on which parts they carry their eggs, attached 
 in globular masses. 
 
 The legs are composed of three-jointed coxae, one-jointed thighs, 
 two-jointed tibiae and tarsi, the latter part furnished with claws. 
 
 Order PODOSOMATA, 
 
 Bod^ four-jointed, and formed as it were of the junction of the coxae : 
 7iwuth tubular: et/es four, placed on a common tubercle : legs eight. 
 The natural situation of this assemblage of animals is still doubt- 
 ful, as very little is known concerning them : they were referred to 
 the AuACHNoiDA by Dr. Leach, in Brewster's Edin. Encycl. vol. vii. 
 and also in the article Annulosa in the Supp. to Encycl. Brit. vol. i.; 
 since which time, from a further examination of their characters, 
 he is by no means satisfied as to their position. 
 
 Fam. I. Pycnogonidx. Leach, 
 Mandibles none. 
 
 Genus 1. PYCNOGONUM of authors. 
 
 Legs rather strong : coxa with subequal joints : tibia with the first joint 
 largest : tarsi with the first joint very small : claws simple, strong, 
 acute. 
 
 Egg-bearing organs ten-jointed, the last joint very acute, ungui- 
 form, attached to the first joint of the body at the base of the ros- 
 trum. 
 
 Sp. 1. Pyc. Balanarum. Fabr., Latr., Leach, Edin. Encycl. — Supp. to 
 Encycl. Brit. vol. i. pi. 23. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 388. 
 
 Inhabits the European ocean. It is not uncommon in Plymouth 
 Sound, where it is taken by the trawl fishers. 
 
 Genus 2. PHOXICHILUS. Latr., Leach. 
 Legs very slender : coxa with the middle joint longest, subclavate : 
 tibia With the first joint shorter: tarsi with the first joint very small : 
 claws double, unequal, the longer one acute. 
 
 Egg-bearing organs seven-jointed, the last johit tuberculiform, in- 
 serted at the base of the rostrum, one on each side, and attached to 
 the first segment of the body. 
 
306 ANIMALS OF DOVliTFUL SITUATION. 
 
 The specific characters of none of the species are yet ascertained. 
 Phalangium hirsutum, Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. tab. 5. Jig. T., 
 belongs to this genus. 
 
 Fam. II. Nymphonid^. Leach. 
 Mandibles two, biarticulate, didactyle. 
 
 Genus 3, NYMPHUM. Lam., Leach. Nymphon. Fabr., Latr, 
 Pycnogonum. Muller. 
 
 Mandibles longer than the rostrum, with equal joints, the fingers curv- 
 ed, meeting along their whole length and abruptly hooked at their 
 extremities : palpi six-jointed, the second joint elongate, the sixth 
 very small : legs very slender: coxa with the middle joint longest : 
 tibia with the second joint rather longest : tarsi with the first joint 
 somewhat shortest : claws simple. 
 
 Egg-bearing organs ten-jointed, inserted behind the rostrum almost 
 under the anterior pair of legs. 
 
 Sp. 1. Ni/m. gracile. Cinereous: thighs cylindric. 
 
 Nymphum gracile. Leach, Sool. Misc. i. 45. tab. 19. Jjg- 1- — Supp. to 
 Encycl. Brit. i. 433. pi. 23. 
 
 " Inhabits the British seas everywhere : but as it never attains 
 the size of the Phalangium, misnamed by Linne grossipes (which is 
 figured by Strom in his History of Sondmor, 208. tab. 2. Jig. 16), it is 
 doubtful if it be the same species : but as the Linnean name is so 
 inapplicable, little fault can be found with the more appropriate 
 name for which it has been exchanged." 
 
 Sp. 2. Nymph. Jemoratum. Reddish ; thighs dilated and compressed. 
 
 Nymphum femoratum. Leach, Zool. Misc. i. 45. tab. 19. fg. 2. — Supp. 
 to Encycl. Brit. i. 433. 
 
 Inhabits the shores on the southern coast of Devon. 
 
APPARATUS 
 
 ENTOMOLOGISTS. 
 
 -I HE apparatus iiseil for taking insects are few and simple: the fol- 
 lowing are indispensable, and will be found to answer every necessary 
 purpose. 
 
 A Net, similar in its construction to a bat fowling-net; this is gene- 
 rally made of tine gauze or coarse muslin, and may be either dyed 
 green or remain a white; the advantage of the latter colour is, that mi- 
 nute insects are sooner discovered than if the net is green, but a green 
 net must be used for INIothing. The net rods should ])e made of ash, 
 beech, hazel, or any tough wood ; each rod should be about five feet in 
 length, perfectly roimd, smooth, and gradually tapering. PL 11. Jig. 1. 
 one of the rods complete: a, the cross-piece, which should be of cane, 
 and fit into the angulated ferrule : b, the rod, must be divided into 
 three or four pieces for the convenience of being carried in the pocket ; 
 each joint at the upper part must have a ferrule riveted on as at rf : 
 the joints are best made with a notch or check, as at c, which prevents 
 the upper part from twisting : when fitted together, care must be taken, 
 in fitting the joints to the brass tubes, that they are made exact, or 
 otherwise they will be subject to shake and continually coming to 
 pieces. 
 
 The net (Jig. 2.) must be bound entirely round with a broad welt, 
 doubled to form a groove, into which the rods are to slip. In the 
 centre of the upper part, beneath the Jig. 2., must be a small piece of 
 wash-leather to form a hinge ; this must be sewed roiuid the welt, di- 
 vided and sewed in the middle to prevent the cross pieces from slip- 
 ping over each other, b, about four inches of the gauze turned up to 
 form a bag. c. strings passing through the staple e, fig. 1. to draw 
 the net tight on each side ; the handles are to be held one m each hand 
 when the net is used. 
 
 With this net it is intended to take insects on the wing ; and for 
 that purpose it answers very effectually, as it may be instantly opened 
 or folded together, and secure the insect between : even the smallest 
 insects cannot escape if the net is not damaged, and the gauze is fine. 
 It also answers well for collecting caterpillars, and many of the cole- 
 opterous insects tliat are seldom found on the wing ; in using it for 
 
 xj 2 
 
308 APPARATUS USED BY EVT0M0L0GIST5. 
 
 this purpose, the Entomologist must hold it expanded under the trees 
 or bushes, and vnth a stout stick beat the branches, by which means 
 a vast number of insects will fall into the net, and many hundreds 
 may be taken in a single day. 
 
 A Hoop, or Landing-net {pi 'il-fg- 4.) — This is generally used in 
 taking aquatic insects, but will be found verj- useful to sweep the grass 
 and low herbage, for many coleopterous and other insects are taken in 
 no other way : — the socket may be of such size that t^vo joints ot the 
 net-rod will form a convenient handle, or a walking-stick may be 
 used. 
 
 The Digger (pi. 11. Jig- 5.) — This is a piece of iron or steel, of 
 about six inches long, fitted into a wooden handle, and is used for col- 
 lecting the pup£ of Lepuloptera at the roots of trees, also for strip- 
 ping oflF the bark, under \Ahich many exceedingly rare insects are fre- 
 quently found. The digger is best with an arrow-headed point, as at a. 
 
 A Phial (fig. 6.) or tin V)Ottle, useful in collecting coleopterous in- 
 sects. In this bottle a tube is introduced, which extends a little way 
 down the bottle to prevent the insects from escaping : in small phials, 
 a quill passed through the cork, with a cork stopper, answers extremely 
 well for small insects. 
 
 A pair of brass Pliers (Jig. 7.) for taking up small insects from roots 
 of grass, &c. 
 
 A Settixg Needle (Jig. 8 and 9.), fixed in a pencil stick, for the 
 purpose of extending the parts of insects ; at the other end of the sticJc 
 a camel's hair pencil is fixed, to remove any dirt or dust which may 
 be on the insects ; and if the pencil is drawn through the lips, to bring 
 the end to a fine point, it may be frequently useful to display the an- 
 tennae, palpi, &c. of the minute species. 
 
 A Pair of Forceps (Jig. 10.) — These are about eight or ten inches 
 in length ; are made of steel. The fans are either of a circular or 
 hexangular form, and are covered with fine gauze ; they are held and 
 moved as a pair of scissors, and are extremely useful in taking bees, 
 wasps, &c. If an insect is on a leaf, both leaf and insect may be in- 
 closed in the forceps; or if lodged against the tnink of a tree, paling, 
 t»r an}' flat surface, they may very conveniently be entrapped ; if of 
 the Lepidoptera order, the insect should be pressed with the thumb- 
 nail prett}' smartly on the thorax, but not so as to crush it; it may 
 then be shaken into the hand, and a pin passed through the thorax, 
 (this means is also used with moths, &c. when taken in the net ;) or 
 a pin may be passed through the thorax whUe the insect is confined 
 between the gauze, and then carefully taken out by the pin. 
 
 Pocket Collectixg Box. — The Entomologist must also furnish 
 himself with a chip-box, of a convenient size for the pocket, lined at 
 the top and bottom with cork, to stick those insects in that would in- 
 jure themselves by being loose in a box : in this some camphor, cou- 
 
APPARATUS USED BY ENTOMOLOGISTS. 309 
 
 fined in a small gauze-bag, should constantly be kept, as the scent from 
 it not only tends to hasten the death of the insect, but stupifies and 
 prevents their fluttering. 
 
 Pixs. — Those used for the Crustacea are generally large, some being 
 four inches in length ; — the size of the pin should correspond with the 
 size of the animal. Those used for insects are of t^vo sizes, small lace, 
 and a much liner made only for this purpose. The pins used for set- 
 ting should be longer than those used for piercing the insects, and 
 will be fovmd much more convenient. 
 
 Pill Boxes. — Of these the Entomologist should possess three or 
 four dozen : — they are generally used for the smaller species of Lepi- 
 doptera, such as the Tinese, Tortrices, &c. In collecting the latter, no 
 more than one specimen should be inclosed; and such boxes as con- 
 tiin them require some care in carrying, to prevent the insect being 
 shaken, which would injure the wings: carrying them in the hat,with 
 a handkerchief over them, to prevent their rolling about, is by far the 
 safest way. 
 
 QviLLs will also be found useful ; these must have one end care- 
 fully stopped up with cork or cement, the mouth with a cork stopper. 
 It is also advisable to tie a piece of waxed sewing silk round each end, 
 to prevent them from splitting: — the Entomologist may in these se-r 
 cure with safety the most minute insects. 
 
 Pocket Larv.e Box. — This is essential in collecting for the safe 
 conveyance of Caterpillars, and is merely a chip-box, with a piece cut 
 out of the top and bottom, and covered with gauze, for the free ad- 
 mission of air : a few leaves of the plants on which the caterpillars 
 are found must be put in the box with them. Further instmction for 
 the method of breeding insects is given below. 
 
 Setting Boards. — These are simply a thin deal board of a conve- 
 nient size, and covered with soft cork. The cork must be perfectly 
 even on the surface, and covered with white paper. As many insects 
 require much time in drying, I should recommend the Entomologist 
 to have a small box of about a foot square, with slips of wood nailed 
 on the inside for the boards to slide on, and at the same time at a 
 sufficient distance from each other, that the pins may not be displaced 
 or moved in putting the boards in, or drawing them out; this should 
 be kept in a dry place, and furnished with a door covered with tine 
 muslin to admit the air, and exclude the dust. 
 
 Braces. — These are merely slips of card, used for confining the 
 wings of insects whilst drying, as shown \n plate 12. 
 
 Breeding Cages are used for rearing insects from Caterpillars, and 
 may be made of wainscot, (deal is objectionable, as the scent from the 
 turpentine is liable to kill the larvge,) in the form represented in pi. 11. 
 Jig. 3, with the sides and front covered with gauze, b a small square 
 box or tube, for tlie reception of a phial of water, in which the stalks 
 
310 APPARATUS USED BY ENTOMOLOGISTS. 
 
 of the plants may be put for the caterpillars to feed on. The most 
 convenient size of the cages is about eight inches in breadth, four deep, 
 and one foot in height; they should never contain but one kind of ca- 
 terpillar, as some species devour others ; and indeed, if left without 
 food, will devour those of their own kind also. At the bottom of each 
 case must be a quantity of earth, about two inches deep ; with the 
 earth should be mixed a little sand, and some of the fine mould fre- 
 quently found in the bodies of old trees ; this will prevent in a great 
 measure the earth drying up into hard lumps or clods. The most cer- 
 tain way of breeding insects is to keep the cages in a cool and moist 
 place, as in a cellar or out-house ; for a great number of caterpillars 
 change into the pupa state several inches beneath the surface of the 
 earth, and if kept too dry, the earth about them will absorb the nutri- 
 tive moisture from the animal, thereby not only weakening it, but 
 hardening the shell in which it is inclosed, so that its strength will be 
 insufficient to burst the case when it should come forth, and in which 
 it must die, as many have done, occasioned entirely by this mis- 
 management of them. 
 
 Some years produce a greater quantity of caterpillars than others, 
 and keeping each kind by themselves would require an immense 
 number of cages, and much time in changing the food, and paying a 
 proper attention to them. It is a common practice to have a breeding 
 cage of larger dimensions, by which means a great number of cater- 
 pillars may be fed in one cage, in which a variety of food may be put, 
 but must be taken away and replaced with fresh plants every second 
 or third day, for this tends greatly to the obtaining of fine specimens 
 of the pei-fect insect. 
 
 The larvaj of many insects that feed beneath the surface of the 
 earth may be bred hi the following manner : Let any box that is about 
 three or four feet square, and two or three feet deep, be lined or co- 
 vered externally with tin, and bore through the sides and bottom a 
 number of very minute holes : put into this box a quantity of earth 
 that is replete with such vegetables as the caterpillars subsist on, and 
 sink it into a bed of earth, so that the surface may be exposed to the 
 different changes of the v. eather : the lid should be covered with brass 
 or iron net-work, to prevent their escape. 
 
 Cabinet. — In the present advanced state of Entomology, a collec- 
 tion of British insects requires a cabinet of from 50 to 100 drawers, 
 which are generally about fourteen or fifteen inches in length and 
 breadth, and about two inches in depth ; the cork with which the bot- 
 toms are to be lined must be chosen as free from cracks and knots as 
 possible, and filed, or cut very level, and be about the sixth of an inch 
 in substance. The top of every drawer must be glazed, to prevent the 
 admission of dust or air ; the glass is usually fitted into a frame of the 
 69.rae size as the drawer, and is made to let in on a rabbet. 
 
APPARATUS USED BY ENTOMOLOGISTS. 31.1 
 
 The best method for a young Entomologist is to obtain a cabinet of 
 about thirty drawers, arranged in two tiers, and covered in with fold- 
 ing doors. There is a great convenience in this size, as the cabinets 
 are rendered more portable; and cabinets may be added of the same 
 size, as the collection increases, wiUiout injuring the uniformity, may 
 be placed on each other, and carried to any extent. It is immaterial 
 whether the cabinet is made of mahogany or wainscot; sometimes 
 they are made of cedar wood, l)ut seldom of deal or any other wood 
 that is soft ; small holes or cells must be made on the inside of the 
 fronts for camphor. 
 
 CoRKixG OF Drawers.— The readiest way is to buy the cork pre- 
 pared, which may be obtained at most of the cork-cutters ; but this 
 will be found expensive for large cabinets. I have generally bought it 
 in the rough state, and cut it into strips about three inches wide (the 
 length is immaterial if the method advised hereafter is pursued); 
 these strips must be fixed in a vice, and, if the substance of the cork 
 will admit, split down the middle with a fine saw, (greasing the 
 saw must be avoided as much as possible, as it will stain the paper 
 used for covering it afterwards ;) tlie out or black side is to be rasp- 
 ed down to a certain smoothness, as well as the middle or inside. 
 Having reduced the slips to about three-eighths of an inch in thick- 
 ness, glue each piece (the darkest or worst side) on a sheet of brown 
 or cartridge paper ; this should be laid on a deal board about three 
 feet in length, and the width required for the drawer or box : a few fine 
 nails or brads must be driven through each piece of cork, to keep it 
 firm and in its place until the glue be dried : by this means sheets of 
 cork may be formed of the size of the drawer. All the irregularities 
 must be filed or rasped down quite even, and the whole surface ren- 
 dered perfectly smooth by rubbing it over with pumice-stone : the 
 sheet, thus formed and finished, must be glued into the drawers, to 
 prevent its warping ; some weights must be equally distributed over 
 the cork, that it may adhere firmly to the bottom of the drawer: when 
 quite dry, the weights must be removed, and the cork covered with 
 paper, which should be of the finest quality, but not very stout ; the 
 paste should soak well into the paper previous to being laid over the 
 cork, which, if smoothly laid on, and gently rubbed over with a clean 
 cloth or soff paper, will be rendered perfectly smooth and tight when 
 dry. 
 
 It is absolutely necessary that the cabinets should be kept in a dry 
 situation, otherwise the insects will become mouldy on the antenna, 
 legs, &c. This evil will also occur if the insect is put in the cabinet be- 
 fore it is thoroughly dry. Should an insect at any time become mouldy, 
 a camel's hair pencil dipped in clean spirits of wine, in which a little 
 camphor is dissolved, will soon clean it; but the insect must be dried 
 in a warm place Ijefore being again placed in the cabinet. 
 
312 METHOD or COLLECTING INSECTS. 
 
 If a sufficient quantity of camphor is not constantly kept in the 
 drawers, the insects will soon be destroyed by mites : where these exist, 
 they are easily discerned by the dust which is under the insects : cam- 
 phor must be immediately put in the drawers, and the insects taken out, 
 (the dust being brushed off by a fine soft camel's hair pencil) and 
 baked by the fire; care must be had that too great a heat is not applied, 
 as it will utterly destroy the specimen. 
 
 Store Boxes. — The neatest method for these is to make them about 
 a foot square, the top and bottom about two inches deep, on the prin- 
 ciple of back-gammon boards ; the inside must be lined with cork, 
 and, if with a hinge and neatly covered with paper or painted, they may 
 be kept very conveniently on a shelf in an upright position like books, 
 and lettered accordingly. 
 
 METHOD OF COLLECTING INSECTS. 
 
 Insects are so various in their habits that they may be found in 
 every part of the world, at all seasons of the year, and in every situ- 
 ation. As some parts are more congenial to their nature than others, 
 I shall state the best methods of searching in those places which in 
 general are the most profitable to the Entomologist. 
 
 Woods, Hedges, and Lanes, — These situations produce by far the 
 greatest portion of insects. In woods, the Entomologist must beat the 
 branches of the trees into his folding net, and must select for this pur- 
 pose open paths, the skirts, &c. The trunks of trees, gates, and felled 
 timber, should be carefully examined, as many of the Lepidoptera 
 and Coleopterous insects are found in no other situations. JMaiiy rare 
 and very beautiful insects are found in the hedges, in lanes, as also in 
 the nettles, &c. which grow under them : these should be well beat, 
 especially when the white thorn is in bloom in the months of May and 
 June. Should the reader collect only for the microscope, he need not 
 go to the trouble or expense of a net, as an open umbrella inverted will 
 answer his purpose. Hedges in dusty roads are seldom productive. — 
 The principal woods near London, and the most frequented by Ento- 
 mologists, are Coombe Wood and Norwood in Surrey, — Birch Wood, 
 Darent Wood, and woods round Bexley in Kent. Coombe Wood has 
 long been celebrated for the great variety of insects which it produces. 
 Birch Wood is on the Maidstone road, and is of great extent: near the 
 14-mile stone on this road is a large chalk-pit in which many rare insects 
 are to be obtained. Bexley, a small village, lies between Crayford and 
 Foot's Cray. In these woods I have collected with great success: near 
 the village is a large sand-pit which produces an immense number of 
 Coleopterous and Hymenopterous insects. There are also some very 
 rural lanes round the village which produce a great variety of insects :. 
 in the rivers and brooks I have taken many rare aquatics. Norwood 
 
METHOD or COLLECTING INSECTS. 313 
 
 is well known, and is but a sliort distance from the metropolis nf Lon- 
 don : but the inconsiderate ganic-kcepcrs will frequently interrupt and 
 warn the unoffending f'ntomologist to quit the wood iaunediutely, not 
 allowing that ours 
 
 " is untax'd and undisputed game." 
 
 Heaths and Commons. — Many insects are confined to these situ- 
 ations, not only on account of plants which grow in no other places, 
 but by the cattle and their dung, in the latter of which many thc)usands 
 of insects may be found in a single day in the months of April and 
 May ; these are principally of the Coleoptera Order. 
 
 The principal commons near London are Wandsworth and Wimble- 
 don in Surrey; Epping Forest; Lessness Heath, Erith, and Bexley in 
 Kent : a great many ponds are in those places, which produce many 
 very local insects. 
 
 Sand-Pits. — The largest sand-pit I am acquainted with is at Charl- 
 ton, near the seven mile-stone, on the lower road to Woolwich, In 
 this pit I have met with the fullovving rare insects, Copris luuariiis, No- 
 toxus nionoceros, Livus sulcirostris, cSc. Minute insects are very al)un- 
 dant; the roots of grass, at which the latter are found, should be care- 
 fully examined : an Entomologist may find full employment for a 
 whole day at this place. There are also several sand-pits on Ilanip- 
 stead Heath. 
 
 Meadows, Marshes, and Ponds. — In meadows, when the Ranun- 
 culi or butter-cups are in blossom, many Musca; and Dipterous insects 
 are found: the flags or rushes are the habitations of Cossichi, Donaciu, 
 t^'c. The drills in marshes should be examined, as many sjiccics of in- 
 sects are found on the long grass, us also the larvse oi' several Lepidoptcra. 
 Neuroptera are generally confined to these situations, especially if any 
 hedges or trees are near the spot. I have collected in the marshes of 
 Plaistow, West-Ham, Barking, Hackney, and Battcrsea, with nnich 
 success. Ponds afford to the lover of the microscope an infinite ninn- 
 ber of highly interesting olijects, that are best obtained by means of 
 the landing-net, which lor tliis purpose need not be so long as repre- 
 sented in pi. 11. jig. 4. and should l)e made of strong cloth, but suffi- 
 ciently open to allow the v.ater to escape. The mud which is brought 
 up from the bottom of the ponds should be examined, and what small 
 insects are found may be put in a small phial filled with water, 
 which will not only clean them but keep tliem alive ; and in many in- 
 stances, upon a close examination, the Naturalist will be surprised at 
 these the most wonderful productions of Mature. To the Entomologist 
 this mode of collecting will be equally advantageous, as he will obtain 
 many species of Di/tici(he,Nolonecti(lie, Sfc. 
 
 Moss, Decayed Trees, Roots of Grass, &c. — Many insects will be 
 
314 SEASO]MS FOR COLLECTING INSECTS. 
 
 found in moss and under it : tlie roots and wood of decayed trees af- 
 ford nourishment and a habitation to a number of insects ; many of 
 the lai-vffi of the Lcpidoptcrn penetrate the trunks of trees in all direc- 
 tions : most of the Cerambyces feed on wood, as well as some species 
 of Carabidd, Eluterida:, 4c. In seeking for these the digger is gene- 
 rally used, as it is sometimes necessary to dig six or seven inches into 
 the wood before they are found. 
 
 Banks of Ponds and Hoots of Grass. — This is a nevcr-failing 
 source of collecting, which may be followed at all seasons of the year, 
 and in general with great success : those banks are to be preferred 
 which have the morning or noon-day sun : the Entomologist may sit 
 down and collect with the greatest ease an immense number of Slu- 
 jthUinida:. Pselaphi are generally taken in those situations. 
 
 Banks of Rivers, Sandy Sea Suores, &c. — These situations are 
 productive of a great variety of Colcopteru, Crnstucea, S,c. The dead ani- 
 mals that are thrown on the shores should be carefully examined, as 
 they are the food of Silphkuhc, Stap/iUinido', S)C. May and June are the 
 best times for collecting in these situations. 
 
 Dead Animals, Dried Bones, &€. should constantly be examined, 
 as these are the natural habitats of several insects. Dead moles are fre- 
 quently found hung on bushes by the country people ; under these the 
 Entomologist should hold his net, and shake the boughs on which they 
 are hung, as a great luunber of Colcoptera generally inhabit them. 
 
 Fungi, Boleti, and Flowers, ought constantly, when met with, 
 to be examined, as many exceeding rare insects inhabit them. 
 
 SEASONS FOR COLLECTING. 
 
 January, February, and March. — It is not every Entomologist 
 that will collect at this early season of the year, under the impression 
 that but few insects can be obtained : this is true in some measin-e : 
 however, I have collected throughout tlie year and in all seasons, for 
 many years, and my labours have been repaid with success much 
 beyond iny hopes or expectations. I have repaired to the woods when 
 in some parts I have been up to my knees in snow, and, strange to sav, 
 have taken insects from under the bark of trees, moss, &c. in great 
 munbers, and of species which have been considered scarce even in 
 the summer months. At this season the Entomologist should not 
 omit to collect a quantity of moss I'rom the roots of trees, which may 
 be carried home in a pocket handkerchief and examined, by shaking it 
 over a sheet of paper, upon wiiich the insects will fall, and are easily 
 discovered. 
 
 At this season also, if the weather is mild, the Entomologist should 
 
SEASONS FOR COLLECTPNG INSECTS. 315 
 
 flig at the roots of trees for the pupte of Lcpidoptera ; for this purpose 
 the digger is used, or a small trowel : the principal places worthy at- 
 tention are the roots of oaks, ehns, lime-trees, Sec. or beneath the un- 
 derwood : open the earth close to the tree, and search to the depth of 
 several inches. 
 
 Such pupa> as penetrate into the wood require more care, lest they be 
 destroyed when the attempt is made to extricate them ; sovmd on the 
 bark with the digger, and the hollows will soon be discovered where no 
 external sign is visible; tear off the bark, (and carefully examine it, 
 for minute Coleoptera are frequently found adhering to it,) and with a 
 knife cut away the wood that surrounds the orifice of the cavity, to 
 enlarge it, and take out the pupce as carefully as possible. 
 
 April and May. — The same genial warmth that brings forth vege- 
 tation brings forth also myriads of insects into life and motion; the 
 dung of animals at this season swarms with minute Coleoptera; se- 
 veral species of the Lepidoptcra will also be found by looking care- 
 fully garden pales, gates in lanes, &c. Many species of Bees will be 
 found sucking the pollen from the sallow, which blossoms at this sea- 
 son. Sand and gravel pits should be carefully examined, and under 
 the stones and clods of earth many insects will be found. In May, as 
 soon as the white-thorn is in leaf, the hedges should be well beat; the 
 season for taking Caterpillars commences, from which most of the Lc- 
 pidoptera are obtained, and this is by fai- the best method, as the in- 
 sects are generally perfect, and the specimens very fine. Great atten- 
 tion should be paid to the larvsc, as supplying them with fresh food, 
 and keeping the earth moist at the bottoms of their cages. 
 
 June, July, August. — In these months the Entomologist will 
 find full employment in the woods. Most of the Butterfiies are taken 
 in these months, tiying abroad in the day-time only : Moths will be 
 found flying at break of day, and at twilight in the evening. This me- 
 thod is termed Mothijsg, and should be well followed up during the 
 summer season. Many of the rarer Lepidoptcra are never found but 
 at these times. The males of some, if not of every species of the 
 Moth tribe, and perhaps of other insects also, by a very astonishing 
 faculty, are able to discover the females at a great distance, and in the 
 most secret situations. The following observations by Mr. Haworth 
 on Bombi/r Quercus will fully establish this fact, and at the same time 
 illustrate the manner of taking theni : " It is a frequent practice with 
 the London Aurelians, when they breed a female of this and some 
 other day-flying species, to take her whilst yet a virgin into the vici- 
 nity of woods, where, if the weather is favourable, she never fails to 
 attract a numerous train of the males, whose only business appears to 
 be an incessant, rapid, and undulating flight in search of their unim- 
 pregnated females. One of which is no sooner perceived, than they 
 become so much enamoured of their fair and chaste relation, as abso- 
 
316 SETTING AND PRESERVING CRUSTACEA. 
 
 lutely to lose all kind of fear for their own personal safety, which, at 
 other times, is effectually secured by the reiterated evolutions of their 
 strong and rapid wings. So fearless indeed have I beheld them on 
 these occasions, as to climb up and down the sides of the cage which 
 contained the dear object of their eager pursuit, in exactly the same 
 hurrying manner as honey bees, which have lost themselves, climb up 
 and down the glasses of a window." At the latter end of August, and 
 the whole of September, the second and last brood of Caterpillars are 
 found : several species of Gryllus may also be taken in meadows and 
 marshy lands. 
 
 October, November, December. — At the fall of the leaf insects 
 become less numerous, but many of the Ilemiptcrous insects may 
 be found by beating the ferns and underwood in woods, also many very 
 beautiful Tineaj and Tortrices ; the aquatic insects will be found in 
 ponds pretty plentiful. Roots of grass, decayed trees, &.c. may again 
 be resorted to. 
 
 Having now given an outline of the rules which appear necessary 
 for the purpose of collecting insects, I shall proceed to their preserva- 
 tion, which, above all, will act as a particular incitement to the early 
 collector, who, it is supposed, " would feel very little pleasure at the 
 recollection that all the fruits of his toil in one season would be de- 
 stpoyed in the next ; or at best, that his specimens would only retain a 
 wretched vestige of their original perfection." 
 
 SETTING AND PRESERVING. 
 
 Crustacea. 
 
 Method of collecting. — Most of the Crustacea inhabit the sea ; the 
 few tliat are found in fresh water are generally minute, but highly in- 
 teresting : ponds, ditches, and marshes produce the latter in abund- 
 ance, and are common near London ; they are taken with the water- 
 net, and may be preserved as directed hereafter. 
 
 In searching for Crustacea on the sea-shore, the Entomologist must 
 not omit to search diligently, by turning up stones, Sec; — Confervas 
 and Corallines, thrown on the shore after storms, frequently contain 
 many rare species, as also the pools left by the retiring tide on most of 
 the rocky coasts. By walking on the sea-shore after heavy gales of 
 wind many Crustacea will be found : he must also take every opportu- 
 nity of examining the fishermen's nets, and the refuse thrown away 
 by them. Empty shells should also be examined, as they frecjuently 
 form a habitation for these animals. 
 
 DiTectionsJor preserving Crustacea for Cabinets. — Those species which 
 inhabit the sea should be suffered to remain for some hours in cokl 
 
SETTING AND PRESERVING ARACHNo'lDA AND ACARI. 317 
 
 fresh water, to extract the salt, which would soon destroy them hy at- 
 tracting moisture ; they are then to he placed in a crawling posture, 
 and the parts of the mouth are to be displayed by means oi" pins un- 
 til dry; they will then remain in that position. The more minute 
 species must be dried, and afterwards stuck on paper with gum-water, 
 in ditierent positions. Those of Mi/rkipoda are to be killed by immer- 
 sion in spirits, and afterwards stuck with a jiin on the right side. 
 
 Crustacea and Myriapoda are kept in cabinets lined with cork, to 
 which they are afhxed with pins; or in boxes loose: the former me- 
 thod is best, as they can then be moved from one place to another 
 without trouble or risk. 
 
 Arachnoida and Acari. 
 
 The ha.bitations of the animals of this class are fully descril)cd in 
 the account of the genera, — further observations on this jioint will 
 therefore be unnecessary. 
 
 Method of preserving. — Mr. Donovan has observed, " To determine 
 whether some species of Spiders could be preserved with their natu- 
 ral colours, I put several into spirits of wine ; those with gibbous bo- 
 dies soon after discharged a very considerable quantiy of viscid matter, 
 and therewith all their most beautiful colours ; the smallest retained 
 their form, and only appeared rather paler in the colours than when 
 they were living. 
 
 " During the course of last summer, among other Spiders, I met 
 with a rare species ; it was of a bright yellow colour, elegantly marked 
 with black, red, green, and purple Ey some accident it was unfortu- 
 nately crushed to pieces in the chip-box wherein it was confined, and 
 was therefore thrown aside as useless ; a month or more after that 
 time, having occasion to open the box, I observed that such parts of 
 the skin as had dried against the inside of the box retained the origi- 
 nal brightness of colour in a considerable degree. To further the 
 experiment, I made a similar attempt, with some caution, on the body 
 of another spider (Aranca Diade/na), ami though the colours were not 
 perfectly preserved, they appeared distinct. 
 
 " From other obser\'ations I find, that if you kill the spider, and 
 immediately after extract the entrails, then inflate them by means of 
 a blow-pipe, you may preserve them tolerably well : you must cleanse 
 them on the inside no more than is sufficient to prevent mouldiness, 
 lest you injure the colours, which certainly in many kinds depend on 
 some substance that lies beneath the skin." 
 
 The best preserved specimens that I have seen are those where the 
 contents of the alxlomen have been taken out and filled with fine sand. 
 I have preserved several in this way, and find it answer the purpose. 
 
318 SETTING AND PRESERVrNG INSECTS. 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 Entomologists are generally satisfied if tliey can obtain the insect 
 in its last or perfect state; but as a few instructions for the preserva- 
 tion of the egg, larva, and pupa may induce the collector to enrich 
 his cabinet with such specimens, and which is absolutely necessary in 
 gaining a perfect knowledge of their nature, I shall give a few parti- 
 culars for this purpose. 
 
 The Egg. — The eggs of most insects retain their form and colour 
 well if preserved in the cabinet; but those which do not promise fairly 
 may be prepared after the method practised by Swannnerdam. He 
 used to pierce the eggs with a very fine needle, and press all the con- 
 tained juices through the aperture: he then inflated them until they 
 regained their pi'oper form by means of a small glass tube; and 
 lastly, filled them with oil of spike in which some resin had been dis- 
 solved. 
 
 The Larva or Caterpillar. — The preservation of insects in this state, 
 is not only one of the most curious, but useful discoveries that have 
 been made in this department of science. 
 
 The readiest and quickest way of destroying the life of the cater- 
 pillar is to immerse it in spirits of wine, by which means the softness 
 and transparency of the parts are retained, and are preserved for a 
 length of time in this liquid. 
 
 In the cabinet of Mr. William Weatherhead are preserved many 
 larvae of the Lepidoptera, which he prepares in the following way, and 
 which answers extremely well — Having killed the animal in spirits of 
 wine, he makes a small incision or puncture in the tail, and very gently 
 pressing out all the contained humours, fills the skin with very fine 
 dry sand; the insect is thus again brought to its natural shape: in the 
 course of a few hours the skin dries, and the sand is gently shaken out : 
 it is then gummed on a piece of card, and the preparation is ready for 
 the cabinet: they may likewise be injected with coloured wax. There 
 is another method which is frequently practised, and is as follows : 
 After the whole of the entrails are pressed out, a glass tube drawn to 
 a small point is inserted into the opening, through which the operator 
 continues to blow while he turns the skin at the end slowly round a 
 charcoal fire; this hardens the skin equally, and dries vip all the mois- 
 ture within; a pin is then put through it to fix it in a standing posi- 
 tion : it may afterwards be anointed with oil of spike in which some 
 resin has been dissolved, unless it is a hairy caterpillar. 
 
 The Pupa. — When insects have quitted the pupa state, the case will 
 require only to be put into the drawers; but those which have insects 
 within must be either dropped into scalding water, or inclosed in a 
 small tin box and exposed to the heat of a fire, which will shortly 
 kill the insect within. 
 
SETTING AND PRESEHVING INSECTS. 319 
 
 ColeopterX, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera. — The preservation of 
 these Orders is attended with very httle dirticiiily. 
 
 They are easily killed by immersion in scalding water, and upon 
 being withdrawn shovdd be thrown on a sheet of blossom or blotting 
 paper to extract as much as possible the water : or they may be killed 
 by exposing them in a tin box with a little camphor in it to the heat 
 of a fire, which treatment will add greatly to their preservation. Those 
 of the Mcloe and Gn/llus Genera, which have full and tender bodies, 
 are sidjject to shrivel after death : to preserve them, make an incision 
 on the under part of the abdomen, take out theentrails with a blunt 
 pen or probe, and fill the cavity with cotton. 
 
 Specimens of Coleoptera that are required to be set with the wings 
 displayed, should have the elytra separated and the pin passed through 
 the body near the thorax, as at pi. 12. Jig. 1 ; the wings are to be dis- 
 posed as in the act of flying, and kept in this situation until periectly 
 dry with the card braces h and f ; insects of these Orders should never 
 have the pin passed through the thorax, but through the right elytron 
 on the right side, as shown at j;/. 12. fig. 1 : the legs, antennae, and 
 palpi should be placed out in a natural position on the setting boards, 
 and kept so by pins and braces, for a longer or shorter time, according 
 to the size of the insect and state of the weather. No insect must be 
 placed in the cabinet until it is perfectly dry. Minute insects shoukl 
 be fixed on slips of card, as ax pi. 12. fig. 5 andO, with gum, previous 
 to which the legs, &;c. should be extended, for future examination : tri- 
 angular slips of card are to be preferred, as no greater portion of the 
 insect should be hid than what is absolutely necessary to fix it to the 
 card, as s-tfig. 5. 
 
 Lepidoptera. — Butterflies are soon killed if a pin is passed through 
 the thorax; but many of the Sphinges and large Moths are difficult to 
 kill, being very tenacious of life. Mr. Ilaworth in his Lepidoptera Bri- 
 tannica, in his observations on Bombyx Cossus, remarks, that " the 
 usual way of compressing the thorax is not sufficient : they will live 
 several days after the most severe pressure has been given there, to 
 the great uneasiness of any humane Entomologist. The methods of 
 suffocation by tobacco or sulphur are equally inefticacious, unless conti- 
 nued for a greater number of hours than is proper for the preservation 
 of the specimens. Another method now in practice is better; and, 
 however fraught with cruelty it may appear to the inexperienced col- 
 lector, is the greatest piece of comparative mere}/ that can in this case 
 be administered. When the larger Moths must be killed, destroy tiiem 
 at once by the insertion of a strong red hot needle into their thickest parts, 
 beginning at the front of the thorax. If this is properly done, instead of 
 lingering through several days they are dead in a moment. It appears t<i 
 me, however, that insects being animals of cold and sluggish juices, are 
 not so susceptible of the sensations we call pain as those wluch enjoy a 
 
320 SETTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS. 
 
 warmer temperature of body and a swifter circulation of the fluids; To 
 the philosopiiic mind it is self-evident, that they have not such acute 
 organs of feeling pain as other animals of a similar size whose juices 
 are endowed with a quicker motiun, and possess a constant, regular, 
 and genial warmth — such as young mice or the naked young of birds : 
 if any of these have the misfortune to lose their heads or limbs from 
 force, speedy death is the certain consequence : but insects under si- 
 milar circumstances, it is well known, are capable of surviving a consi- 
 derable time." For small IMoths, it is only necessary to put the pin 
 through the thorax, and they die in a very short time. The minute spe- 
 <aes of this Order shoidd be collected in chip boxes, as they are in ge- 
 neral too small to be pierced when first taken ; they soon die, and the 
 wings become stiti" before the Entomologist has time to set them ; but 
 if brought home in separate pill-boxes they will remain alive for seve- 
 ral days, and are instantly killed by being exposed near the fire, or 
 placed under a tumbler with the lid of the box slightly elevated, but not 
 suflicient to allow the insect to escape ; a lighted match should then be 
 placed under the tumbler, which will deprive the insect of life in a few 
 seconds of time. The pin, which serves to transfix the insect, should be 
 Jessed through the thorax in the centre, and in an upright position, so 
 that in looking on the insect no part of the wings should be obscured by 
 the slope of the pin. The insects of this Order are by far the most dif- 
 ficult to set, for they require great care and much practice to display 
 them with that nicety which adds so much beauty to their appearance 
 and uniformity in a collection. 
 
 The method of setting the Insects )f this Order is by braces : a sin- 
 gle brace should be first introduced underthe wing near the thorax, as 
 in pi. 12. fig. 3. a, with a longer brace over the wings, as at b; this 
 should not touch the wing, but be ready to be pressed gently down : 
 when the wings are raised to their proper place by the setting needle 
 c, other braces are to be applied according as they are required : the 
 antennjE and feet are to be extended to their proper attitude, and kept 
 so by pins or small braces. 
 
 Some JMoths are very liable to change colour when placed in the ca- 
 binet after a short time : an oily matter is common to all insects, but 
 some are charged with a superabundance. It appears at first in spots 
 on the body, but gradually pervades every part; in some it will even 
 descend into the wings, and then an obliteration of all the beautiful 
 markings is <-he least that may be expected : the method which is the 
 most successful for recovering the original appearance after the insect 
 has become greasy, is to powder some fine dry chalk on a piece of 
 heated iron, cover the chalk with a very fine piece of hnen cloth, and 
 thereto apply the under part of the body of the insect : the heat of 
 the iron dissolves tlie grease while the chalk absorbs it, and the cloth 
 prevents the chalk from clotting to the insecL 
 
METHOD OF RELAXING INSECT?! 321 
 
 Those known species that are subject to grease, should have the 
 contents of the abdomen taken out, and the cavity filled with cotton. 
 
 Trichoptera, Neuroptera, IIyme-voptera, and Diptera. — Most 
 of the Libellula require the contents of the abdomen to be taken out 
 M-hen the insect is dead, as the body generally turns black witliin, a 
 ii^vf da_ys after death, without this precaution: the cavity may be filled 
 up with a roll of white paper or cotton : I have found Uiis method to 
 answer extremely well, and the colours are as brilliant as when the in- 
 sect was ali\e. The larger species are very powerful, and when col- 
 lected they must be transfixed through the side and placed in the 
 corked pocket-box ; a brace or two should be placed across the wings, 
 to prevent their fluttering and breaking their wings or those of other 
 insects which may be near them. They may be killed by being plunn'ed 
 in boiling water, or by a hot needle, as directed for Moths. The other 
 species of this Order not being so large soon die, as well as those of 
 the Orders Trichoptera, Hymenopiera, and Diptera. They may be set by- 
 braces and pins, as in j)l. 12. Jig. 4. In some species of the Diptera the 
 colours of the body are very lively, but change after death; in these 
 the colours may be preserved if the contents of the aljdomen be re- 
 moved, and the cavity filled with a powder the colour of the living ii^- 
 sect. 
 
 METHOD OF RELAXING INSECTS. 
 
 It frequently occurs tRat insects become dead and stiff before the 
 Entomologist has an opportimity of setting or displaying their parts. 
 Coleoptera are easily relaxed by immersion in hot water; and in many 
 instances this way is to be preferred, as the parts become more pli- 
 able and are more easily set. — The Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Le- 
 pidoptera, must be fixed on a piece of cork, and placed in a pan 
 of water covered over; these, if the specimens are large, will fre- 
 quently require two or three whole days before the wings will admit 
 of replacing without the risk of breaking ; care must be taken not to 
 force the wings, or any part in fact, until the parts are perfectly re- 
 laxed, when they may be displayed and kept so by braces, as directed 
 for recent specimens. Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, may be 
 relaxed according to the latter method : but those insects that require 
 the contents of the abdomen to be removed, can never be altered, and 
 therefore must be preserved in a recent state, or their beauty is lost for * 
 
 ever. * 
 
322 
 
 ARRANGING INSECTS IN A CABINET. 
 
 The niodern practice, which is by far the best, is to arrange insects 
 in columns, with the generic name fastened by a pin above, and the 
 specific below them : the lines should be ruled with a black lead pen- 
 cil, which will always admit of alteration, and look much neater than 
 if ruled with ink. Males and females should be procured as far as 
 possible. Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera, are arranged side bv 
 side, with an open-winged specimen below them. Lepidopiera, of But- 
 terflies ; four specimens of each species are preferred, to show the upper 
 and under side of each sex : the Sphinges and Moths — the upper sides 
 only are shown, as the specific characters are but seldom taken from 
 the under side : in this and the following Orders the males are placed 
 ■ above, the females below; as they not only look much more natural, 
 but save considerable room. Varieties should be procured and ex- 
 tended as far as possible, as they frequently tend to decide the species : 
 mutilated specimens should be rejected ; but as we cannot always rea- 
 dily replace them by perfect ones, it is much better to retain them. 
 -There is a vile practice in use among collectors, to mend such speci- 
 mens by parts from other insects. I cannot sufficiently express my ab- 
 horrence of such ways, but should hope that no Naturalist, who is a 
 lover of truth and an admirer of nature, will ever disgrace his cabinet 
 by such paltry specimens, as they can be of no use in a scientific view, 
 and only serve to lead to errors. 
 
 No Exotic specimen should ever be placed in a collection of Bri- 
 tish Insects, however near it may approach in appearance ; for 
 by this means numbers of insects have been described as natives of 
 Britain, merely on account of being found in such cabinets. Species 
 are distinguished in many instances by such minute characters, and 
 they approach each other by such imperceptible degrees, that we can- 
 not be too particular in our examination, or too curious in knowing 
 tiieir habitats, as this frequently leads us to determine whether they 
 are natives of this country. 
 
 Our best Entomologists, therefore, where they cannot obtain British 
 specimens of rare insects, are naturally an.xious to obtain foreign ones ; 
 but tliese as well as doubtful species are always kept in a drawer by 
 themselves, which answers every good purpose of reference for the 
 sake of becoming acquainted with the species.: to this drawer a large 
 label is affixed, as. Exotic Specimens of Rare British Insects. 
 By this means a cabinet is rendered more valuable, as a dependence 
 oan be placed on the specimens it contains, and will ever remain a 
 credit to its possessor, as it at once distinguishes thfe man of science 
 and the lover of truth. 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE HISTORY. 323 
 
 Everj- Entomologist should keep an exact journal of the insects he 
 collects; with an account, as far as possible, of the place, food, times of 
 appearance, &c. and place to each insect a number corresponding with 
 that of his journal ; he should also make a catalogue in which the 
 names, generic and specific, arc to be expressed, as also the synonyms, 
 with reference to such authors as have described them. In his jom*- 
 nal he must also insert observations on their manners, oeconomy, &c. 
 to illustrate as far as possible their natural history, for there is little 
 doubt that many valuable discoveries are yet to be made by a proper 
 attention to insects. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 
 
 Microscope — an optical instrument, by means of which very mi- 
 nute objects are represented exceedingly large, and viewed very di- 
 stinctly, according to the laws of refraction or reHection. 
 
 Microscopes are properly distinguished into simple or shigle, and 
 compound or double. 
 
 Microscopes, single, zxg those which consist of a single lens or a 
 single spherule. 
 
 Microscopes, compound, consist of two or more lenses dulj' com- 
 bined. As optics have been improved, other varieties have been con- 
 trived in the sorts of microscopes ; hence we have jrjicciing micro- 
 scopes, water microscopes, &c. Each of these two kinds has its pecu- 
 liar advantage ; for a single glass shows the object nearer at hand and 
 rather more distinct; and a combhiation of glasses presents a larger 
 field, or, in other words, exhibits more of an object equally magnified 
 at one view. As each of these has its advantages, each of them has 
 its advocates, at least in practice. The celebrated Leeuwenhoek never 
 used any but single microscopes; and, on the contrary, Dr. Hook made 
 all his observations with double ones. 
 
 Histori). — ^^'hen, and by whom, microscopes were first invented is 
 not certainly known. Iluygens tells us that tine Drebell, a Dutch- 
 man, had the first microscope in the year 1G21, and that he was re- 
 puted the first inventor of it ; though F. Fontana, a Neapolitan, in 
 1646, claims the invention to himself, but dates it from the year 1618. 
 As a telescope inverted is a microscope, the discovery might easily 
 enough have arisen from thence. 
 
 Nothing more is certain concerning microscopes, than that they were 
 first used in Germany about the year 1621. According to Borellus, 
 they were invented by Zacharias Jansen, in conjunction with his son, 
 who presented the first microscope they had constructed to Prince 
 Mawrice, and Albert archduke of Austria. William Borcll, who 
 
324 DIUKCTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE — HISTORY. 
 
 gives this account in a letter to his brother Peter, says, that when he 
 was ambassador in England, in 1619, Cornelius Drel^ell showed yiim a 
 microscope, which he said was the same that the archduke had given 
 him, and had been made by Jansen himself. The limits of this work 
 will not admit of a description of all the microscopes that have been 
 invented, or the principle and laws by which they are regulated : for 
 much useful and further information on the subject I must therefore 
 refer the reader to the works of Baker, Adams, and others on the mi- 
 croscope, where every information on this head will be found. 
 
 It may not be amiss, to state clearly and distinctly the method of 
 determining the magnifying powers of glasses employed in single mi- 
 croscopes. 1st. If the focus of a convex lens be at one inch, and 
 the natural sight at eight inches, which is the common standard, an 
 object may be seen through that lens at one inch distant from the eye, 
 and will appear in its diameter eight times larger than to the naked 
 eye. But as the object is magnified every way equally, in length as 
 well as breadth, we must square this diameter to^know really how 
 much it appears enlarged, and we shall then find that its superficies is 
 indeed magnified sixty-fotir times. 
 
 2dly. Suppose a convex lens whose focus is at one-tenth of an inch 
 distance from its centre ; in eight inches there are eighty such tenths 
 of an inch, and therefore an object may be seen through this lens 
 eighty times nearer tlvan it can distinctly by the naked eye. It will 
 consequently appear eighty times longer and eighty times broader than 
 it does to common sight; and as eighty multiplied by eighty makes 
 six thousand and four hundred, so many times it really appears mag- 
 nified. 
 
 3dly. To go one step further : if a convex glass be so small that its 
 focus is no more than one-twentieth of an inch distant, we shall find 
 that eight inches, the common distance of sight, contains a- hundred 
 and sixty of these twentieth parts; and, in consequence, the length 
 ajid breadth of an object, when seen through such lens, will each be 
 magnified a hundred and sixty times, which multiplied by a hun- 
 dred and sixty to give the square, will amount to twenty-five thousand 
 six hundred : and so many times, it is plain, the superficies of the ob- 
 ject must appear larger than it does to the naked eye at the distance 
 of eight inches. 
 
 Tlierefore, in a single microscope, to learn the magnifying power 
 of any glass, no more is necessary than to bring it to its true focus, 
 the exact place of which will be knowni by an object's appearing per- 
 fectly distinct and sharp when placed there. Then, with a pair of small 
 compasses, measure, as nearly as you can, the distance from the centre 
 of the glass to the object you were viewing, and by afterwards apply- 
 ing the compasses to any ruler with a diagonal scale of the parts of an 
 inch marlj.ed on it, you will easily find how many parts of au inch the 
 
POWERS OF GLASSES. 
 
 325 
 
 said distance is. When that is known, compute how many times those 
 parts of an inch are contained in eight inches, the common standard 
 of sight, and that will give you the numbers of times the diameter is 
 magnitied : squaring the diameter will give you the superficies; and if 
 it be an object whose depth or whole contents you would learn, mul- 
 tiplying the superficies by the diameter will show the cube or bulk. 
 
 A Table of the magnifying PoWers of Convex Glasses employed in 
 Single Microscopes, according to the Distance of their Focus ; cal- 
 culated by the Scale of an Inch divided into a Hundred Parts : 
 showing how many Times the Diameter, the Superficies, or the 
 Cube of an Object is magnified, when viewed through such Glasses, 
 to an Eye whose natural Sight is at Eight Inches, or Eight Hundreds 
 of a Hundredth Part of an Inch. 
 
 Poeal Distance of 
 the Lens or IMicro- 
 scope in lOOdths of 
 an Inch. 
 
 Number of Times 
 that the Diameter 
 ofanObject is mag- 
 nitied. 
 
 Nmnber of Times 
 that the Surface ot 
 an Object is mag- 
 nified. 
 
 Number of Times 
 that the Cube of an 
 Object is magnifi- 
 ed. 
 
 1 or 50 
 T% or 40 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 256 
 400 
 
 4,096 
 8,000 
 
 ,^ or 30 
 
 26 
 
 676 
 
 17,576 
 
 ^ or 20 
 15 
 
 40 
 53 
 
 1,600 
 2,806 
 
 64,000 
 148,877 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 57 
 61 
 
 3,249 
 3,721 
 
 185,193 
 226,981 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 tSj or 10 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 80 
 
 4,356 
 5,184 
 6,400 
 
 287,496 
 373,248 
 512,000 
 
 9 
 
 88 
 
 7,744 
 
 681,472 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 100 
 114 
 133 
 
 10,000 
 12,996 
 17,689 
 
 1,000,000 
 1,481,544 
 2,352,637 
 
 ^ or 5 
 4 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 200 
 266 
 400 
 800 
 
 25,600 
 
 40,000 
 
 70,756 
 
 160,000 
 
 640,000 
 
 4,096,000 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 18,821,096 
 
 64,000,000 
 
 512,000,000 
 
326 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 
 
 METHOD OF USING THE MICROSCOPE. 
 
 In using the microscope there are three things necessary to be coi> 
 sldered; 1st, The preparation and adjustment of the instrument it- 
 self. 2dly, The proper quantity of hght, and the best method of di- 
 recting it to the oljject. Sdly, The metliod of preparing the oljjects^ 
 so tliat their texture may be properly understood. 
 
 Freparatkm of the instrument. — 1st, With regard to the microscope 
 itself, the first thing necessary to be examined is, whether the glasses 
 are clean or not; if they are not so, they must be wiped with a piece 
 of soft leather, taking care not to soil them afterwards with the fingers ; 
 and, in replacing them, care must be taken not to place them in an 
 oblique situation. We must likewise be careful not to let the breath 
 fall upon the glasses, nor to hold that part of the body of the instru- 
 ment where the glasses are placed with a warm hand ; because, thus, 
 the moisture, expelled by the heat from the metal, will condense upon 
 the glass, and prevent the object from being distinctly seen. The ob- 
 ject should be brought as near the centre of the field of view as pos- 
 sible, for there only it will be exhibited in the greatest perfection. The 
 eye should be moved up and down from the eye-glass of a compound 
 microscope, till the situation is foimd where the largest field and most 
 distinct view of the object are to be had ; but every person ought to 
 adjust the microscope to his own eye, and not depend upon the situa- 
 tion it was placed in by another. A small magnifying power should 
 always be begun with ; by which means the observer will best obtain 
 an exact idea of the situation and connection of the whole, as well as 
 the connection and use of the parts. A living animal ought to be as 
 little hurt or discomposed as possible. 
 
 Great caution is to be used in forming a judgement on what is seen 
 by the microscope, if the objects are extended or contracted by force 
 or dryness. 
 
 Nothing can be determined about them without making the proper 
 allowances ; and different lights and positions will often show the 
 same object as very different from itself. There is no advantage in 
 any greater magnifier than such as is capable of showing the object 
 in view distinctly ; and the less the glass magnifies, the more plea- 
 santly the object is always seen. 
 
 The colours of objects are very little to be depended on, as seen by 
 the microscope ; for their several component particles being by this 
 means removed to great distances from one another, may give reflec- 
 tions very different from what they would if seen by the naked eye. 
 Some consideration is likewise necessary in forming a judgement of 
 the motions of living creatures, or even of fluids, when seen through 
 the microscope ; for as the moving body, and the space wherein it 
 moves, are magnified, the motion will also be increased. 
 
METHOD OF USINCz TIIF. MICROSCOPE, 327 
 
 9(1. On the management of the Hght depends in a great measure 
 tlie distinctness of the vision : and as, in order to have tliis in the 
 greatest perfection, we must adapt the quantity of hght to the nature 
 of the ohject, and tlie focus of the magnifier, it is therefore necessary 
 to view it in various degrees of light. In some objects it is difficult to 
 distinguish between a prominence and a depression, a shadow or a 
 dark marking; or between a reflection of light, and whiteness, which 
 is particularly observable in the eyes of Libcllnla and other insects ; 
 all of them appearing very difl^erent in one position from what they ck) 
 in another. The brightness of an object likewise depends on the 
 quantity of the light, the distinctness of vision, and on regulating the 
 quantity to the object; for some will be in a manner lost in a quan- 
 tity of light scarcely sufficient to render another visible. 
 
 The light of a lamp or candle is generally better for viewing mi- 
 croscopic objects than daylight, it being easier to modify the former 
 than the latter, and to throw it upon the objects with difterent degrees 
 of density. The best lamp that can be used for this purpose is the 
 one invented by Count Ilumford, which moves on a rod, so that it 
 may be easily raised or depressed. The light of a candle or lamp 
 is increased, and more directly thrown upon the reflecting mirror or 
 object, by means of a convex lens mounted on a semicircle and stand, 
 so that its position may be easily varied. If the light thus collected 
 from a lamp be too powerful, it may be lessened by placing a piece of 
 thin \\Titing-paper, or a piece of fine grayed glass, between the object 
 and the reflecting mirror. Thus a proper degree of light may be ob- 
 tained, and diffused equally all over the surface of an object, a cir- 
 cumstance which ought to be particularly attended to ; for if the light 
 "be thrown irregularly upon it, no distinct view can be o])tained. 
 
 The exj^mination of objects so as to discover truth, requires a great 
 deal of attention, care, and patience ; with some skill and dexteritj", to 
 be acquired cliiefl}- by practice, in the preparing, managing, and apply- 
 ing them to the microscope. 
 
 Whatever object offers itself as the subject of our examination, the 
 size, contexture, and nature of it are first to be considered, in order to 
 apply it to such glasses, and in such a manner, as may show it best. 
 The first step should always be to view the whole together with such 
 a magnifier as can take it in all at once ; and after this the several 
 parts of it may the more fitly be examined, whether remaining on the 
 object, or separated from it. The smaller the parts are which are to 
 be examined, the more powerful should be the magnifiers employed. 
 The transparency or opacity of the object must also be considered, and 
 the glasses employed accordingly suited to it; for a transparent object 
 will bear a much greater magnifier than one which is opaque, since 
 the nearness that a glass must be placed at, unavoidably darkais an 
 
328 ' DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 
 
 object in its own nature opaque, and renders it very difficult to be seen, 
 unless by the help of a silver speculum. 
 
 The nature of the object also, whether it be alive or dead, a solid 
 or a fluid, an animal, a vegetable, or a mineral substance, must like- 
 •wise be considered, and all the circumstances of it attended to, that 
 we may apply it in the most advantageous manner. If it be a living 
 object, care must be taken not to squeeze or injure it, that we may 
 see it in its natural state and full perfection. If it be a fluid, and that 
 too thick, it must be diluted with water ; and if too thin, we should 
 let some of its watery parts evaporate. Some substances are fittest 
 for observation when dry, others when moistened ; some when fresh, 
 and others after they have been kept some time. 
 
 Transparent objects. — Most objects require also some management 
 in order to bring them properly before the glasses. If they are flat 
 and transparent, and such as will not be injured by pressure, the usual 
 way is to inclose them in sliders between talc, or, what is certainly 
 preferable, between t^vo slips of glass. For this purpose thin and clear 
 glass must be used. The slips should be about three inches in length 
 and half an inch in width : a piece of paper, the size of the glass, 
 must be placed between them, with circular or oblong holes cut a little 
 larger than tlie object intended to be placed between them ; — one side 
 of the paper should be washed over with a little gvmi-water, fastened 
 on one of the glasses, and suff'ered to dry ; the objects are then to be 
 placed on the glass where the holes are cut in the paper ; the upper 
 part of tlie paper is then to be slightly touched with gum- water ; and 
 the other glass may be placed on it. This plan answers well for the 
 transparent wings of insects, &c. 
 
 Opaque objects are best preserved and viewed in the following man-; 
 ner : Cut card- or drawing-paper into small pieces of about a quarter 
 of an inch in diameter, and wath a fine camel's hair pencil, or the 
 poitit of a pen, put a little gum-water in the centre of it; if the ob- 
 -ect is an insect, display the legs, antenna^, &c. by means of a fine 
 needle (as in pi. l^-fig- 6.); the gum, when dry, will fix the insect ia 
 this position. The seeds of plants, minerals, &c. may be presei'ved in 
 this way. Paper of different colours should be chosen for different 
 objects, in order to render them the more conspicuous, such as a , 
 black paper for a white subject, &c. 
 
 Objects prepared in this way are extremely convenient for viewing, 
 and by means of the pliers they may be examined in every direction j 
 a pin may be passed through the paper or card, and the objects kept in 
 a small box lined with cork. The boxes may be made the size and 
 form of an octavo or quarto volume, and kept on shelves, in the man- 
 ner of books ; if made in the book form the backs should be lettered, 
 and the c©llection may be continued to any extent. 
 
OBJECTS rOR THE MICROSCOPE. 329 
 
 Living Objects. — These will be treated of hereafter under the head 
 Ani?nalcnla. 
 
 No part of the creation affords such an infinite variety- of subjects 
 for the niicroscope as insects. "Insects," observe Messrs. Kirby and 
 Spcnce, ui their Introduclory Letter to Entomology, " indeed, appear to 
 have bei'n Nature's favourite productions, in which, to manifest her 
 power and skill, she has comliined and concentrated almost all that 
 is either beautiful and graceful, interesting and alluring, or curious 
 and smgular, in every other class and order of her children. To these, 
 ,her valued miniatures, she has given the most delicate touch and 
 highest finish of her pencil. Numbers she has armed with glittering 
 mail, which reflects a lustre like that of burnished metals ; in others 
 she lights up the dazzling radiance of polished gems. Some exhibit a 
 rude exterior, like stones in their native state ; while otlicrs represent 
 their smooth and shining face after they have been submitted to the 
 tool of the polisher : others again, like so many pygmy Atlases bear- 
 ing on their backs a microcosm, by the rugged and various elevations 
 and depressions of their tuberculated crust, present to the eye of the 
 beholder no unapt imitation of the unequal surface of the earth, now 
 horrid with mis-shapen rocks, ridges, and precipices — now swellinir 
 into hills and mountains — and now sinking into valleys, glens, and 
 caves ; while not a few are covered with branching spines, which 
 fancy may form into a forest of trees. 
 
 " What numbers vie with the charming offspring of Flora in various 
 beauties ! some in the delicacy and variety of their colours, colours 
 not like those of flowers evanescent and fugitive, but fixed and du- 
 rable, surviving their subject, and adorning it as much after death as 
 they did when it was alive ; others, again, in the veining and texture 
 of their wings; and others in the rich cottony down that clothes thera. 
 To such perfection, indeed, has Nature in them carried her mimetic 
 art, that you would declare, upon beholding some insects, that they 
 had robbed the trees of their leaves to form for themselves artificial 
 wings, so exactly do they resemble them in their form, substance, and 
 vascular stmcture; some representing green leaves, and others those 
 that are dry and withered. Nay, sometimes this mimicry is so ex- 
 quisite, that you would mistake the whole insect for a portion of the 
 branching spray of a tree. No mean beauty in some plants arises 
 from the fluting and punctation of their stems and leaves, and a simi- 
 lar ornament conspicuously distinguishes numerous insects, which 
 also imitate with multiform variety, as may particularly be seen in the 
 caterpillars of many species of the butterfly tribe {PapiUonidce), the 
 spines and prickles which are given as a iV^o/j me tungere armour to se- 
 veral vegetable productions. 
 
 " In fishes the lucid scales of \aried hue that cover and defend them 
 
330 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 
 
 are universally admired, and esteemed their peculiar ornament; bvvt 
 place a butterfly's wing under a microscope, that avenue to unseen 
 glories in new worlds, and you vnW discover that nature has endowed 
 the most numerous of the insect tribes with the same privilege, mul- 
 tiplying in them the forms, and diversifying the colouring of this kind 
 of clothing beyond all parallel. The rich and velvet tints of the plu- 
 mage of birds are not superior to what the curious observer may disco- 
 ver in a variety of Lepidoptera ; and those manj'-coloured eyes which 
 deck so gloriously the peacock's tail are imitated with success by one 
 of our most common butterflies. Feathers are thought to be p^uliar 
 to birds ; but insects often imitate them in their antenna-, wings, and 
 even sometimes in the covering of their bodies. — We admire with 
 reason the coats of quadrupeds, whether their skins be covered with 
 pile, or wool, or fur; yet are not perhaps aware that a vast variety of 
 insects are clothed with all these kinds of hair, but infinitely finer and 
 more silky in texture, more brilliant and delicate in colour, and more 
 variously shaded than what any other animals can pretend to. 
 
 " In variegation insects certainly exceed every other class of animated 
 beings. Nature, in her sportive mood, when painting them, sometimes 
 imitates the clouds of heaven; at others, the meandring course of the 
 rivers of the earth, or the undulations of their waters : many are 
 veined like beautiful marbles; others have the semblance of a robe of 
 the finest net-work thrown over them : some she blazons with heral- 
 dic insignia, giving them to ]}ear in fields sable — azure — vert — gides — 
 argent and or, fesses — bars — bends— crosses — crescents — stars, and 
 even animals. On many, taking her rule and compasses, she draws 
 with precision mathematical figures: points, lines, angles, triangles, 
 squares, and circles. On others she pourtrays, with mystic hand, what 
 seem like hieroglyphic symbols, or inscribes them with the characters 
 and letters of various languages, often very correctly formed ; and 
 what is more extraordinary, she has registered in others figures which 
 correspond with several dates of the Christian era. 
 
 '^ Nor has nature been lavish only in the apparel and ornament of 
 these privileged tribes; in other respects she has been equally un- 
 sparing of her favours. To some she has given fins like those of fish, 
 or a beak resembling that of birds ; to others horns, nearly the coun- 
 terparts of those of various quadrupeds. The bull, the stag, the rhi- 
 noceros, and even the hitherto vainly sought for unicorn, have in this 
 respect many representatives amongst insects. One is armed with 
 tusks not unlike those of the elephant ; another is bristled with spines, 
 as the porcupine and hedge-hog with quills; a third is an armadillo in 
 miniature ; the disproportioned hind legs of the kangaroo give a most 
 grotesque appearance to a fourth ; and the threatening head of the 
 s-nake is found in a fifth. It would, however, be endless to produce all 
 
OBjrCTS FOU THE MICROSCOPE. 33 I 
 
 the instances which occur of such imitations; and I shall only remark 
 that, generally speaking, tlicse arms and instruments in structure and 
 finishing far exceed those which thev resemble.'' 
 
 METHOD OF DISSECTING INSECTS. 
 
 Swammerdam excelled in the preparation of insects. Neither difiV 
 culty nor disappointment could make iiim abandon the pursuit of any 
 object until he had obtained a satisfactory idea of it. But, unhappily, 
 few of the methods he used in preparing his objects for the micro- 
 scope are now known. Boerhaavc examined with the strictest atteiv 
 tion all the letters and manuscripts of Swammerdam which he could 
 find; but his researches were far from being successful. The follow- 
 ing are all the particulars which have come to the knowledge of llie 
 public. 
 
 For dissecting small insects Swammerdam had a brass table, to 
 which were affixed two brass arms move;d)le at pleasure to any part of 
 it. The upper part of these vertical arms was constructed in such a 
 manner as to have a slow vertical motion ; by which means the ope- 
 rator could readily alter the height as he saw convenient. One of 
 these arms was to hold the minute objects, and the other to apply the 
 microscope. 
 
 The lenses of Swammerdam's microscopes were of various sizes as 
 well as foci ; but all of them the best that could be procured both for 
 the transparency of the glass and the fineness of the workmanship. 
 His observations were always begun with the smallest magnifiers, from 
 which he proceeded to the greatest; but in the use of them he was so 
 exceedingly dexterous, tliat he made every observation subservient to 
 that which succeeded it, and all of them to the confirmation of each 
 other and to the completing of the description. His chief art seems 
 to have been in constructing scissars of an exquisite fineness, and 
 making them very sharp. Thus he was enabled to cut very minute 
 objects to much more advantage than could be done by knives and 
 lancets ; for these, though ever so sharp and fine, are apt to disorder 
 delicate substances by displacing some of the filaments and drawing 
 them after tliem as they pass through the bodies; but the scissars cut 
 them all equally. The knives, lancets, and styles he made use of in his 
 dissections, were so fine that he could not see to sharpen them without 
 the assistance of a magnifying glass; but with these he could dissect 
 the intestines of bees with the same accuracy that the best anatomists 
 can do those of large animals. He made use also of very small class 
 tubes, no thicker than a bristle, and drawn to a very fine point at one 
 end but thicker at the other. These were for the purpose of blowing 
 
3.12 DIRECTIONS rOR THE MICROSCOPE. 
 
 up, and thus rendering visible,' the smallest vessels ^\'llich could be dis- 
 co\'ered by the microscope, to trace their courses and communications^ 
 or soinetuncs to inject them with coloured liquors. 
 
 PARTS OF INSECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 
 
 The head and the parts of the mouth can seldom be examined without ■ 
 the aid of a microscope ; consequently, much still remains to be done 
 in this department of science : the palpi, mandibles, maxilla, S^c. (for 
 their use and situation, see page 21 to 29) would form a most beauti- 
 ful series of objects, which may be rendered still more interesting by 
 a knowledge of the manners, economy, &c. of the animals; these parts 
 can always be separated and displayed, however old the specimen may 
 be, by being plunged into boiling water, and then placed on a piece of 
 blotting paper to extract whatever water remains about them: the 
 parts of the mouth may then be displayed by means of the setting 
 needle, and when the articulations are fine and in danger of breaking, 
 a camel's hair pencil will be found extremely useful. The abdomen 
 and legs frequently display the most lively and brilliant colours, espe- 
 cially the Chrysalida ; the minute Ichneumons are no less to be admired, 
 eitlier for their beauty or the singularity of their manners. The wmgs, 
 for transparent objects, form an endless variety ; the disposition of the 
 nerves is frequently found essential in their generic character, as in the 
 Tenthredinidee : these, no doubt, would frequently, with other parts, be 
 useful in forming natural genera of many families, both of Hj/me- 
 noptera and Diptera, as the parts are easy of examination : in fact, there 
 is no part of an insect but what may be rendered a pleasing and in- 
 teresting subject. The copious directions for collecting them that I 
 have before given, will render any further directions on this head un- 
 necessary. 
 
 There is no substance in nature but what will bear an examination 
 by the microscope: consequently this instrument is a never-failing 
 source of rational amusement; the hair of animals, the feathers of 
 birds, the scales of fish, bones, the circulation of the blood, cuttings of 
 wood, seeds, vegetable infusions, the leaves of plants, and the innu- 
 merable animalcula which are found in every decaying substance, will 
 afford employment never to be regretted : I shall therefore close this 
 part of the subject by a few brief directions for preparing, examining, 
 and obtaining the above, which I trust will be foimd sufficient for the 
 purpose. 
 
OBJECTS FOR THE MXCUOSCOPE. 333 
 
 PARTS OF ANIMALS. 
 
 JPores of the Skin may be examined by cutting off a thin slice from 
 any soft part of the body that is not hairy, such as from between the 
 fingers, with a razor or sharp penknife — this is a transparent object. 
 
 Hair. — The hairs of different animals vary widely in their appear- 
 ance, as also the hairs from the various parts of the human body, and 
 will furnish a pleasing series of objects. 
 
 Calcined Bones. — Bones should be heated red hot in a clear fire, by 
 which means all the animal juices will be destroyed, and little will be 
 left but pure lime of a most delicate whiteness, and highly interesting 
 from the beauty of tlie cells : — this is an opaque object. Some useful 
 hints on this subject will be foimd in tlie 9th volume of the Mcdico- 
 Chinirgical Society Transactions, in a paper by Mr. Howship, which is 
 illustrated by plates with the specimens magnified. 
 
 Feathers of' Birds. — These afford an almost endless variety of ob- 
 jects, both opake and transparent. 
 
 Scales of Lizards, Snakes, and Fish. — These should be carefully 
 cleansed from any dirt or filth; they may always be cleaned by soak- 
 ing in water and brushing with a camel's hair pencil. 
 
 Blood. — The circulation of the blood may be easiest seen in the tails 
 or fins of small fish, which should be placed in a very thin glass tube. 
 Crustacea. — Many animals of this Class require the aid of the mi- 
 croscope; to the lovers of the microscope they are highly interestins, 
 and well deser^'ing their attention, from the little that is known con- 
 cerning them : a few of the species are enumerated in the first sub- 
 class of the Crustacea, p. 78 to 82. 
 
 Arachndida. — Several species of this Class are very minute ; they are 
 found beneath the bark of trees, attached to the legs of insects, &c. As 
 an example of the care we should take in pre])aring objects for the mi- 
 croscope, as well as forming an idea of them, it is worth notice to men- 
 tion, that the figureof the " Lobster insect," (a species of Obisium) given 
 •in Adams's Essays on the Microscope, 4to. has a dentation on the outer 
 part of the inner claw, which is in fact a fracture produced by com- 
 pression; this was pointed out to me by my much respected friend 
 T. Carpenter, Esq. of Tottenham, who has the identical specimen in 
 his extensive collection. Many parts of the Spiders form most beau- 
 tiful objects, especially the eyes. The webs of spiders in hedges, gar- 
 den gates, and gates in woods, may frequently be examined with ad- 
 vantage, as these are nets in which many minute and rare insects may 
 be found. 
 
 Acari. — This Class of animals have long been celebrated as objects 
 lor the microscope; yet it is to be regretted that very little is yet known 
 ol"them, most collectors being salislicd by possessing a specimen of the 
 " cheese mitt," to exhibit one of the wonders of the little world. 
 
334 niRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 
 
 Shells. — Minute shells ; these form most elegant subjects, and in ge- 
 neral fetch a very high price ; but they may be easily oV^tained by ex- 
 amining with a microscope the sand found on the sea shores ; they are 
 used as opake objects, and should be placed on a coloured paper that is 
 the greatest contrast to the shell. An enumeration with figures of most 
 of the minute British shells will be found in Montagu's Teslacca Bri- 
 tannica, and Walker's Teatacea miniita, 4to. 1784. 
 
 Animalcula. — These animals are so exceedingly numerous that vo- 
 lumes might be written on them. I shall therefore give only a few 
 brief directions for the best methods of obtaining them in vegetable in- 
 fusions, Sec. 
 
 Infusions of Pepper. — Bruise as much common black pepper as will 
 cover the bottom of an open jar, and lay it thereon about half an inch 
 thick : pour as much soft water into the vessel as will rise about an 
 inch above the pepper, shake the whole well together; after which they 
 must be stirred, but be left exposed to the air for a few days, in which 
 time a thin pellicle will be formed on the surface, in which innume- 
 rable animals are to be discovered by the microscope. 
 
 Eels in Paste — may be obtained by boiling a little flour and water 
 into the consistence of honey, then exposing it to the air in an open 
 vessel, and beating it frequently to prevent the surface from growing 
 hard : in summer, after a few days, eels will be foimd in myriads visi- 
 ble to the naked eye, and may be preserved for a length of time by 
 keeping the paste moistened with water. 
 
 Vegetable Infusions. — These as well as animal infusions are by far the 
 best methods of procuring animalcula. Plants should be placed in a 
 glass of either rain dr river water, and suffered to remain until a scum 
 is observed on the surface of the water, which acquires thickness by 
 standing. In this scum the greatest number of animalcules are found. 
 Sometimes it is necessary to dilute the infusions ; but this ought al- 
 ways to be done with water, not only distilled Ijut viewed through a 
 microscope, lest it should also have animalcules in it, and thus prove 
 a source of deception. 
 
 Stagnant waters contain also immense numbers of these very mi- 
 mite but interesting animals ; they are also found adhering to duck- 
 weed, pieces of wood, &c. A quantity of these should be collected and 
 thrown into clean water; they may then be separated and further ex- 
 amined. 
 
 Zoophi/tes and Corals. — These are only to be obtained on the sea 
 shore, and are found at the recess of the tide. When an opportimity 
 occurs of collecting in these places, every piece of sea weed, &c. should 
 be examined, as many very rare marine animals are frequently tound 
 in them, especially after a storm, 
 
OBJECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 335 
 
 VEGETABLES. 
 
 iSeeds of Plants afford many pleasing objects, as well as the leaves, 
 &c. : they should be gummed to paper, as directed for Insects. 
 
 Moss. — This, in the winter mouths, should always be collected and 
 carefully examined, as it not only furnishes many curious subjects 
 of itself, but likewise harbours many very beautiful insects, minute 
 shells, &LC. 
 
 Farina or the Pollen, of Plants affords some curious subjects, and i-s 
 well deserving of a further investigation. In the sixth volume of the 
 TraJisactions of the Linncan Society is given an Account of a Micro- 
 scopical investigation of several species of Pollen, with some Remarks and 
 Questions on the structure and use of that part of vegetables. By Luks 
 Howard, Esq. from which the following is extracted. 
 
 " I began my observations," says Mr. Howard, " with the Hazel- 
 tree {Corylus Avcllana). On a calm dry day I shook oft" some of the 
 pollen from the expanded catkins upon a clean piece of writing-paper : 
 I also gathered some ot' the catkins and female buds. These I viewed 
 separately on a clear plate of glass, usually transmitting the light 
 through them from a speculum below, and with different magnifying 
 powers, preferring those which, without enormously enlarging the ob- 
 jects, gave a clear view of the structure and position of several at once. 
 " 1. Corylus Avcllana. — Anthers furnished with transparent horn- 
 like appendages. Pollen crumbles from the surface, and is sometimes 
 so abundant as to foil in a visible cloud on the slightest motion of a 
 branch. To the naked eye it is a fine yellow powder, A few grains 
 laid on the glass plate and viewed with the lens. No. 4; some appear 
 of an irregular angular shape, opake, except in one or two parts, where 
 light passing presents the appearance of a perforation ; others nearly 
 spherical, the surface divided by depressed lines into a number of con- 
 vex facets. The transparency of these is such, that they reflect the 
 image of a small object held under them, as well as a drop of liquid. 
 On repeating the examination, the former are found to come from the 
 most mature anthers, and to differ from the latter only as a raisin does 
 from a grape. A clear drop of distilled water being put on tlie glass, 
 both kinds imbibe it with the avidity of a sponge, at the same time 
 distending and spreading abroad in the water, but without any motion 
 further than fhat which this expansion causes. When saturated with 
 the water they remain at the bottom, clear as the liquid itself, and all 
 alike distended to a bulk many times greater than their original one 
 ill a dry state. They are now seen to be multilocular capsules, having 
 septa in various directions within them, the union of which with tha 
 external membrane appears at tlwj angles in the dry state, and at tlie 
 depressed lines in the wet. 
 
336 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 
 
 " These capsules may be kept in the water for several days without 
 any further perceptible change. When that is dried up they return to 
 the opake state, and the same operation may be several times repeated 
 on tliem. 
 
 " In exhibiting this spectacle to some friends, pure water not being 
 just at hand, a drop of brandy was substituted for it This gave rise 
 to a phenomenon equally curious and unexpected. The grains expand 
 as in the water ; but in the mean time they are put into rapid motion, 
 each grain darting from side to side with the vivacity of a swarm of 
 gnats in the air. As they approach to complete expansion the motion 
 dies away, and one after another sinks to the bottom. By a small ad- 
 dition of fresh brandy some few are excited a second time, but with 
 fainter movements. Presently the liquid begins to he obscured, and in 
 a few minutes the grains are mostly dispersed and decomposed, and the 
 spirit exhaling, leaves a sort of extract on the glass mixed with many 
 undissolved particles, among which sometimes appear a few unbroken 
 grains, much changed, and now resembling an empty bladder lying 
 Hat." 
 
 Mr. Howard, after the same experiments on various other plants, 
 observes, " The proper spirit for this purpose seems to be a mixture of 
 one part of pure spirit of wine with two of water. A stronger spirit or 
 spirit of wine alone may sometimes be required, when we operate 
 upon a pollen which has by any means become previously saturated 
 witli moisture, (or has lost, by keeping, a part of its irxitability,) but it 
 does not enter the dry grain so readily as water alone. 
 
 " It is proper here to remark, that the utmost care is requisite to 
 prevent accidental mixtures of tlie subjects or menstrua in these ex- 
 periments, which might greatly embarrass and mislead the observer ; 
 separate pieces of clear glass for the several kinds, and separate point- 
 ed glass tubes to convey the liquids, will therefore be requisite. It will 
 be proper attentively to examine the pollen dry, as well as the liquids 
 before they are used, in order to be satisfied of the absence of animal- 
 cules and other extraneous matter vvhich might be suspected to in- 
 tluenCG the appearances. 
 
 " I do not pretend to say that the above-related experiments were 
 absolutely free from optical deception ; but I may venture to affirm, 
 from frequent repetition of them, that when tried with due precaution, 
 they will scarcely ever be found to fail of producing the appearance re- 
 lated." 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 Crystals. — The name Crystal is given to those polyhedral bodies, 
 produced by nature and the operations of chemistry, which possess a 
 regular geometrical form ar^^l rectilineal interior structure. 
 
MINFRAIS. 337 
 
 Observation has shown that every substance in crystalhzing has a 
 tendency to assume a peculiar figure. Common suit crystallizes in cubes, 
 t'j)som iulls in six-sided prisms, Alum in octahedrons, Sugar-cmiij/ in 
 oblique four-sided prisms with wedge-shaped summits. But the cry- 
 stalline form in any crystaliizable material is liable to be altered by 
 circtmistances aifecting tlie crystallizing process ; and hence the geome- 
 trical forms which the same identical substances present, often bear no 
 such resemblance to each otlier as would seem to indicate their rela- 
 tion. There are, nevertheless, a certain number of figures peculiar to 
 every crj'stallizable body, and the crystals of that substance assume 
 one or other of these forms, and no other. Common salt, for example, 
 when it has assumed its true crystalline shape, presents itself in the 
 form of cubes ; it is also met with in octahedrons, dodecahedrons, or 
 some figure appertaining to these solids. Sugur-candt/ usually crystal- 
 lizes in oblique four-sided prisms, and it likewise occurs in cubes and in 
 six-sided prisms with wedge-shaped summits variously modified. Alum 
 crystallizes in octahedrons, but it also occurs in cubes. 
 
 Method of obtaining Cri/stuls. — The method of effectmg the crystal- 
 lization of such bodies as require a previous state of solution, and 
 among which the class of Salts holds a distinguished rank, consists of 
 heating tlie solution so as to dissipate gradually part of the water by 
 evaporation. It is thus that chemists proceed for obtaining crystals of 
 sulphate of potash, muriate of potash, &c. 
 
 The figure of crystals has very little regularity if the water be eva- 
 porated too hastily, as by boiling; but by keeping the saline solution 
 in a gentle heat, very beautiful and very regular crystals are obtained 
 in a longer or shorter space of time; and there is scarcely any salt 
 which may not be made to assume a very distinct form by this process 
 if it be skilfully conducted. — Accnm. 
 
 Crystals of Camphor. — Camphor dissolves readily in spirits of wine. 
 To obtain the crystals it is only necessary to place one drop on a piece 
 of glass ; the glass should be held over a candle a few seconds to ac- 
 celerate the evaporation of the spirit, and then placed in the micro- 
 scope, when the configuration may be seen. 
 
 Crystals of Silver. — This forms a very beautiful and interesting 
 object. In one drop of nitrate of silver put a small piece of very 
 fine brass wire ; this must be immediately placed in the microscope, 
 and the crystals will extend gradually till the whole quantity of fluid is 
 evaporated. 
 
 Minerals of all kinds frequently exhibit very curious objects. Sand 
 also should be collected and examined, as it is subject to great variety : 
 — in fact, a very good kiiowledge might be gained of Mineralogy from 
 small specimens, which may be obtained at very reasonable prices, and 
 which occupy but little room. 
 
 Y 
 
AN EXPLANATION 
 
 THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 jt\BDOMEN, that part of the bodj^ distinct from the thorax, forming 
 the hinder part of the insect, and consisting of segments or rings. 
 (PL 10. fg. 7. e.) 
 
 Mquale, when it is of the same bre?dth with the thorax. 
 
 Barbatum, with tiifts of hair at the sides or extremity. 
 
 Fakatum, shaped like a sickle. 
 
 Petiolatum, attached to the thorax by means of a slender elongated 
 tube. 
 
 Planum, the under part flat. 
 
 Sessile, sitting attached to the thorax in its whole breadth; not di- 
 stant and connected by a filament. 
 
 Suhpetiolatum, attached to the thorax by a short tube, nearly equalling 
 the thorax in breadth. 
 ACULEUS, the Sting, an elongated dart, often poisonous, seated in tjie 
 eKtrcniity of the abdomen. 
 
 Compositus, having two or more sharp points or darts. 
 
 IL-xsertiis, projecting, not lying hid within the body. 
 
 Reconditus, always concealed within the abdomen, and seldom thrust 
 out. 
 
 Retractilis, for the most part exserted, but capable of being drawn in. 
 
 Simplex, having one dart or point. 
 
 Vaginatus, inclosed in a bivalve sheath. 
 ALj¥^ the Wings, the instalments of flight. 
 
 Acuminata, terminating in a subulated apex. 
 
 Angulatm, the posterior margin having prominent angles. 
 
 Angulus ani, the posterior angle of the inferior wings. 
 
 Angulus posticus, that extremity of tlie wing \vhich is opposite to the^ 
 base and to the apex. 
 
 Apex, the part opposite to the base, terminating the anterior mar- 
 gin. (PI. 10. Jig. 8. c.) 
 
 Basis, the part by which it is connected with the thorax. {PL 10. 
 fig. 8. 6.) 
 
TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 339 
 
 Bicaudatee, the hinder wings having two projecting processes. 
 Cuudata, in which one or more projections in the hinder wings are 
 
 extended into processes. 
 Concolores, of the same colour botli on the upper and under surfaces. 
 Connivcntes, which when at rest have the anterior margin in part 
 
 contiguous to the inner or posterior margin, whether erect or iiv- 
 
 cumbent. 
 Convalutcc, wrapping round the body, the upper surface forming a 
 
 convexity. 
 Costa, the margin between the base and the apex. 
 CrenatiE, the margin notched, but in such a way that the incisures 
 
 are pointed to neither extremity. 
 CruciatiE, incumbent, but the inner margins lying over each other. 
 Cruciata complicate, folded together crosswise. 
 Dejlexa, incumbent, but not horizontally, the outer edges declining 
 
 towards the sides, 
 JDentato-a-osa, hollowed, with denliculations between the hollows. 
 Denticulata, with minute distinct teeth. 
 DenudateE, a certain part destitute of scales, but opake. 
 DigitatcE, divided nearly to the base like fingers. 
 Discus, the space between the base, the apex, the margin, and the 
 
 suture. 
 Divaricate, incumbent, but diverging behind. 
 Hilongata, the posterior margin longer than the interior. 
 Erect<£, when at rest, standing up so as to approach each other. 
 Eroscc, with minute obtuse hollows and imequal lacinige. 
 Excaudata, having no projecting processes. 
 Extensa, not lying upon one another, 
 Falcata, the posterior margin obtusely hollowed. 
 Fcnestrata, with one or more transparent spots. 
 Eissa, digitated, divided into linear portions with straight margins. 
 Gymnopteree, membranaceous and transparent without scales. 
 Horizontaks, which when at rest are parallel to the horizon. 
 Hyaline, quite transparent. 
 Incumhentes, which when the insect is at rest cover the back of the 
 
 abdomen horizontally. 
 IiicurvattE, the anterior margin bent like an arch. 
 Integerrime, with a margin linear and not in any wise cut. 
 Integra, undivided without indentations. 
 Irrorata, marked with exceedingly minute points. 
 Lanceolate, oblong attenuated at both extremities. 
 Macidate, marked with spots. 
 Margo exterior, anticus, crassior ale, the margin between the base 
 
 and the apex. 
 
 V 2 
 
310 
 
 AN EXPLANATION" OF 
 
 Margo posterior, tlie margin between the apex and the angulm po- 
 sticus. 
 
 Margo interior or tenum\ the margin etsveen the base and the an- 
 gidus posticus. 
 
 Nebuhike, marked with many scattered, abrupt lines, of various 
 forms. 
 
 I>crvosa, with nerves larec for the size of the wins;. 
 
 ~\T' • 1- . • 
 
 Jyitidissuiia, with scales exceedingly smooth and resplendent. 
 
 Ocellatie, with one or more ocelli, or eye-like markings. 
 
 Pagina superior, the upper surface of the wings. 
 
 Pugina inferior, the under surface. 
 
 Putentes, horizontal, extended when at rest, not uniting or incum- 
 bent. 
 
 Patuhe, nearly horizontal, little inclined, and not incumbent. 
 
 Platue, extended horizontally, which cannot be folded up. 
 
 Plicata, wings which when at rest are folded up, but expanded in ^ 
 flight. 
 
 Punctata, marked with very small dots. 
 
 Radiated, with nerves diverging like rays from a common centre. 
 
 Pepanda, with a waving but plain margin. 
 
 Peticulata, with nen'cs disposed like net-work. 
 
 Pevcrsa, dcflexed, the margin of the secondary wings projecting 
 from under the primary. 
 
 Potundatcc, the posterior margin rounded and devoid of angles. 
 
 Subcaudata, the process in the posterior wings, hardly longer ttmn a 
 serrature. 
 
 Suberosie, s(>mewhat indented, but irregularly. 
 
 Tessellata, marked with black spots so disposed as to resemble a che- 
 quered pavement. 
 
 Tru?icat(£, with the posterior angle straight. 
 
 TumidcT, with elevated membranes among the veins. 
 
 VuriegatcE, of different colours. 
 
 Vndtdata, marked with continuous and nearly parallel waving lines. 
 
 UnguiculatcB, with a membranaceous tooth or claw at the casta or 
 exterior margin. 
 ANASTOMOSIS, a spot in the upper wing, at the branching of the 
 nerves, near the anterior margin. 
 
 Striga, observing the course of the nerves. 
 ANTENNiE {or Horns) For the supposed use of these organs see p. "21 . 
 They are subject to the greatest variety : the number of joints, 
 their form, &c. should always be considered, as they are useful in 
 distinguishing genera; they are discriminated as follows. 
 
 Aculeatte, armed with small sharp points. 
 
 Aculeato-serrata, set with thick prickles turned towards tlie apex. 
 
THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 341 
 
 Acukato-nncinatte-, set with hook-shaped prickles. 
 
 Acuminato-setacea, terminated with a stiff sharp-pointed hair. 
 
 Amphi-ophthalm(e, wholly or in part surrounded by the eyes, 
 
 ApproximatcE, close together at their base. 
 
 Arhtat/c, furnished with a compressed lateral knob, having attached 
 to it a short beard or bristle. 
 
 Artkulata, with distinct joints or articulations. 
 
 Barbata, with tufts of hair at the articulations. 
 
 Breves, shorter than the body. 
 
 Capitata, clavated, ending in a knob. 
 
 CatoplUhahiue, when placed behind the eyes. 
 
 Ciliatcey fringed with parallel seta, inserted along the side of the an- 
 tenna through their whole length. 
 
 Clavata, club-shapcd, terminating in a knob; growing gradually 
 thicker towards the ape.x. 
 
 Coadunata, connected at the base. 
 
 Dentata, set with remote spreading points in one direction. 
 
 Distincta, not united at their base. 
 
 Elongata, when longer than the head. 
 
 Exarticulata, with no distinct articulations. 
 
 Filata, simple, without a lateral hair or thread. 
 
 FUiJbrmes, of the same thickness through their whole length, 
 Hyperophthalma, placed above the eyes. 
 
 Hypophthalma, placed under the eyes. 
 
 Lamellata, pectinated, but with scales instead of bristles. 
 LongiT, longer than the body. 
 Mcdiocres, of the same length with the body. 
 
 MonUiformes, with distinct subglobular joints or bead-like articula- 
 tions. 
 Mucronata, terminating in a sharp projecting point. 
 Nuda, not garnished with hairs or bristles. 
 Nutantes, at the points bent downwards. 
 Fectmata, comb-shaped, or sending out from both sides parallel 
 
 bristles the whole length. 
 Perfoliata, the club being horizontally divided, the pieces connected 
 
 in the middle. 
 Pe?-foliato-imbricata, consisting of small concave pieces, imbricated 
 
 and connected in the middle. 
 Plumosa, like a plume of feathers. 
 Porrecta, stretched straight forward. 
 Prismatica, linear, with more than two flat sides. 
 Pro-ophthalma, placed before the eyes. 
 Pamosa, with many lateral branches. 
 Remota, distant from each other. 
 Rigida, not flexible. 
 
342 AN EXPLANATION OF 
 
 Securiformes, shaped somewhat Uke an axe. 
 
 Serrata, toothed Hke a saw, the incisures turned towards the extre- 
 mities. 
 Setacea, growing gradually more attenuated from the base to the point. 
 Seticornes, in the shape of a bristle. 
 Simplices, not branched. 
 Spinosa, set with large subulated spines. 
 Spirlformes, rolled into a spiral form. 
 Subulata, linear at the base, growing more slender and pointed at 
 
 the apex. 
 Tf'uncata, the club terminated abruptly by a transverse line. 
 Verticillatds, with hairs arranged in whorls at the joints. 
 IJncinattE, clavated and mucronated, the point reflexed so as nearly 
 to form a right angle. 
 Aptera, insects without wings; many of the Coleoptera are desti- 
 tute of wings, and in most of such species the elytra are close, 
 not separable : the females of several species of the Lepidoptera 
 are also destitute of wings ; as are also some of the Hymenoptera. 
 AREOLiE, Wing-cells. In Hi/menopfera these are essential in the ge- 
 neric character ; as in Tenthredinidte, S,-c. 
 Marginales, those cells situated on the upper part of the wing near 
 
 the apex. (See pi. tO. fig. 10. a. a.) 
 Submarginales are beneath the above. (PI. 10. fig. 10. b. b. b.) 
 AfvTus, the various instruments of motion, viz. the wings, the feet, &c, 
 
 (See p. 33.) 
 ATOMUS, a very minute dot or point. 
 Body. See Corpus. 
 CAPUT. The Head. 
 
 Angulatum, the margin cornered. 
 
 Attenuatum, lengthened, blunt at the base, growing narrower at the 
 
 apex. 
 Attenuatum postice, blunt at the apex, narrower at the base. 
 Basis, the ])art connected to the thorax. 
 Canaliculatum, with one or more deep hollow lines. 
 Cli/peatum, covered above with a leaf-like spreading substance. 
 Conicum, cylindrical, growing smaller at the apex. 
 Cornutum, some part ending in a horn. 
 
 Depressum, pressed downwards as it were, or thinner than broad. 
 Emarginatwn, terminating in a notch. 
 Exsertum, distinctly separated from the thorax. 
 Gibbum, convex both above and below. 
 
 Injlexum, not on the same plane with the thorax, bending inward. 
 Integrum, undivided, without any furrow. 
 
 Lunatum, roundish, divided at the base by a hollow, the hinder an- 
 gles acute. 
 
THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 543 
 
 Marginatum, with a free elevated margin. 
 
 Muticum, not furnished with horns, spines, or tubercles. 
 
 Nutans, fixed transversely at right angles witli the thorax. 
 
 Porrectum, prominent and elongated. 
 
 Prolongatum tuho, the apex running out into a tube. 
 
 Prominens, on the same plane with the thorax, but narrower. 
 
 Retractile, capable of being drawn at pleasure within the thorax, and 
 
 concealed there. 
 Retractum, placed within the thorax, and not to be distinguished from 
 
 it. 
 Rttgosum, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines either 
 
 longitudinally or transversely. 
 Tuberculatum, rough with rigid prominent warts or tubercles. 
 CAUDA, the Tail, a part affixed to the extremity of the abdomen. (See 
 p. 33). 
 Aristata, terminating in a bristle or slender thread. 
 Biseta, having two slender attenuated setae. 
 Foliacea, spreading out like a membrane. 
 Rostrata, standing out like a beak. 
 Setosa, elongated, slender, gradually attenuated. 
 Triquetra, having three plane sides. 
 
 Triseta, having three slender attenuated setie, as in Ephemera. 
 Chela, the extreme part of the foot, with a moveable lateral toe like 
 
 the claw of a crao. 
 Chrysalis, (the pupa of those Papilionida that are often of a golden 
 
 colour) synonymous with Pupa. 
 Cicatrix, an elevated and somewhat rigid spot. 
 CiNGULA, coloured bands or belts surrounding the abdomen. 
 Clypeus, a horny horizontal part of the head covering the mouth. 
 
 (See p. 30.) 
 CoLEOPTRA, both elytra. 
 
 COLOR. — The colour of insects varies greatly, and it frequently oc- 
 curs that the species cannot be determined by this alone. Many 
 circumstances will tend to alter the colour ; as a change of food, 
 the age, &€. and such casualties should be allowed for. In study- 
 ing the species and arranging varieties, the extreme of both light 
 and dark specimens should always be retained. 
 Mruginosus, light blueish green, like verdigrise. 
 Alhus, dull white. 
 Albidus, dirty dull white. 
 Ater, the purest and deepest black. 
 
 Atro-purpureus, very dark red, almost approaching to black. 
 Atro-vlrens, dark green, bordering on dark blue. 
 Aureus, gold-yellow, without any foreign mixture. 
 
344 AN EXPLANATION OP 
 
 Aurantlaais, orange, or a mixture of yellow and red. 
 
 Azia-eux, azure blue, nearly the same with Caruleus, but bright like 
 
 ultramarine. 
 Badius, chesnut or liver-brown bordering on dark red. 
 Brunneus, the darkest pure brown. 
 Casius, pale blue, verging towards gray. 
 Cceruleus, sky-blue. 
 
 Canus, hoary, with more white than gray. 
 Carneus, flesh-colour, something between white and red. 
 Cinereus, ash-colour, blackish gray. 
 Coccineus, cinnabar-colour, with a slight tinge of blue. 
 Croceus, saffron-colour, dark orange. 
 Cyaneus, dark blue like Prussian blue. 
 Terrugineus, brown, verging towards yellow. 
 Flavo-virens, green, verging upon yellow. 
 Fiiscvs, brown, running into gray. 
 Griseus, lively light gray. 
 Glaucus, green, bordering upon gray. 
 Hepaticus, liver-brown. 
 Lacteus, shining white. 
 Late?-itius, brick-colour, like Minialus, but duller, and verging towards 
 
 yellow. 
 Lilacinus, lilae, like Violaceus, but duller, and verging more towards 
 
 red. 
 Lividus, dark gray running into violet. 
 Luteus, yellow. 
 
 Miniatus, high red, like red-lead. 
 Niger, black, with a tinge of gray. 
 Ochraceus, yellow, with a small tinge of brown. 
 PaUidns, of a pale cadaverous hue. 
 TalUde-Jlavens, pale or whitish yellow. 
 Frasinna, grass-green without any tinge of blue. 
 Puniceus, fine bright red like carmine. 
 . Roseus, rose-colour, a pale blood-red. 
 
 Sajtguiuei/s, pure red, but duller than Puniceus. 
 Sidphureus, bright yellow. 
 Tcstaceus, a dark red, or brick-colour. 
 Violaceus, violet-colour, a mixture of blue and red. 
 Vitellinus, yellow, with a slight tinge of red. 
 CORPUS, the Body (and see also Abdomen). This part is frequently 
 
 considered in the generic characters, and designated as under, 
 Compressum, flattened at the sides. 
 Depression, depressed, thinner than broad. 
 Glabrum, of a smooth shining surface. 
 
THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGV. 346 
 
 Hemisphericum, convex above, flat below, like the section of a globe. 
 
 Lineare, oblong, equal in breadth throughout. 
 
 Marginatwn, with a free elevated margin. 
 
 Membranaccum, nearly of the consistence of a leaf. 
 
 Nitidum, the surface smooth and shining. 
 
 Nudum, not covered with either wool, hair, or bristles. 
 
 Oblongum, the transverse diameter much less than the longitudinal. 
 
 Obovatum, inversely ovate, the narrow end downwards. 
 
 Obtusion, blunt, rounded at the apex. 
 
 Orbiculatum, the transverse diameter equal to the longitudinal. 
 
 Ovale, egg-shaped, the outline at both extremities equal. 
 
 Ovation, the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the 
 latter broader at the base than at the apex. 
 
 Pilosum, set with distinct long hairs. 
 
 Planum, the imder part flat. 
 
 Pubescens, covered with soft hair. 
 
 Petusum, terminating in an obtuse hollow. 
 
 Potundatum, the outline nearly circular, without comers. 
 
 Pugosion, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either 
 longitudinally or transversely. 
 
 Scabrum, rough, with hard raised points. 
 
 Sericeum, covered with soft shining hairs. 
 
 Tomcntomm, covered with a soft down or wool. 
 Ckustaceus, somewhat hard, elastic, resisting the impression of tlie 
 
 finger. 
 Declaratum TxsECTfM, the insect arrived at its perfect state. 
 Discus, of the wing, elytra, &c. the middle between the base, the 
 
 apex, the margin, and the suture {PL 10. Jig. 5. a.) 
 ELYTRA, two crustaceous or coriaceous wings, expanded in flight, 
 when at rest covering the abdomen, and inclosing the membra- 
 naceous wings. (See p. 37.) The elytra arc subject to great variety 
 in Colour, Markings, Sculpture, &:c. and are distinguished by many 
 terms in common with Abdomen, Ala, Thorax, i^x. They are called 
 
 Abbrevlata, when shorter than the abdomen. 
 
 Aculeata, armed with small sharp points. 
 
 Angustata, narrower than the back. 
 
 Apex, the part at the extremity of the alsdomen. (P/. 10. Jig. 5. d.) 
 
 Attenuata, attenuated, blunt at the base, growing narrower at the 
 apex. 
 
 Basis, the part next the thorax. {PI. 10. fig. 5. c.) 
 
 Canaliculatu, with deep hollow lines. 
 
 ^arinata, forming a ridge at the suture. 
 
 Coadunata, undivided, joined together at the suture. 
 
 Convexa, the surface elevated like the section of a sphere. 
 
346 AN EXPLANATION OF 
 
 Coriacea, of a substance like leather. 
 
 Dejlexa, the edges declining towards the sides. 
 
 Dentata, the margin or apex set with sharp pointed processes. 
 
 Denticulata, with minute distinct teeth. 
 
 Dimidiata, covering but half of the back. 
 
 •Emarginata, terminating in a notch. 
 
 Fastigiata, transverse, at the apex emarginate. 
 
 Fenestrafa, with one or more transparent spots. 
 
 Fkxilla, capable of being bent, not crustaceous. 
 
 Hirta, thickly covered with short hairs. 
 
 Hisplda, set with short rigid bristles. 
 
 Itnynarginata, without a margin or distinct rim. 
 
 ImmobUia^haX cannot be moved,and consequently are useless for flight. 
 
 Inaqualia, the surface not flat, but with irregular elevations and de- 
 pressions. 
 
 Integra, completely covering the back. 
 
 Linearkt, oblong, equal in breadth throughout. 
 
 Lineata, marked with depressed lines. 
 
 Lineato-punctata, dotted, the dots or punctures disposed in lines. 
 
 Marginata, with a free elevated margin. 
 
 Margo, the outer rim next the belly, from the base to the apex. 
 
 Murkata, rough, with rigid spines. 
 
 Mutilata, which do not completely cover the back, whether with re- 
 spect to length or breadth. 
 
 Filosa, set with distinct hairs. 
 
 Porcata, with elevated longitudinal lines or ridges. 
 
 Framorsa, the apex terminating obtusely, with unequal incisures. 
 
 Puhescentia, covered with soft hair. 
 
 Punctata, marked with very small excavated dots or punctures. 
 
 Rigida, not flexible. 
 
 Motundata, the apex without angles. 
 
 Rugosa, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either 
 longitudinally or transversely. 
 
 Scabra, rough with hard raised points. 
 
 Sericea, covered with soft shining hairs. 
 
 Sinuata, a hollow, a deep furrow as if scooped out. 
 
 Spinosa, the margins set with subulated rigid spines. 
 
 Striata, slightly channelled with parallel lines. 
 
 Submarginata, the margin having a distinct rim, but neither free nor 
 
 elevated. 
 Subrotunda, the outline nearly circular. 
 Subulata, linear at the base, growing more slender, and pointed at 
 
 the apex. 
 Sulcata, with one or more deep hollow furrows. 
 
THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 347 
 
 Sutura, the part where the elytra meet and form a line in the middle 
 of the back from the base to the apex. 
 
 Tomentoxa, covered with soft down or wool. 
 
 Truncalu, abbreviated, the ape.x terminating in an abrupt line. 
 
 TubercuUdu, roi^h, with rigid prominent warts or tubercles. 
 
 Villosa, covered with soft hair. 
 Eruca, the old word for Lama. 
 Escf TELLATirs, having no scutellum. 
 FASCIA, a broad transverse line or band. 
 
 Abbreviata, not extending throughout the wing. 
 
 Coimnunis, extended over both upper and under wings. 
 
 Dimidiata, running only half the length of the wing. 
 
 Hyallna, quite transparent. 
 
 Iiiterriiptu, broken, but continued either above or below. 
 
 Sesquiiertia, occupying the iburth part of the wing. 
 
 Terminalis, near the apex and posterior margin. 
 
 Undata, with waving obtuse sinuses. 
 Fasciculus, a bundle or tuft of hair as on the back of many caterpillars. 
 FEMUR, the thigh, that part of the limb nearest the body. {PI. 10. 
 fig. 6. b.—Jlg^7. c.) 
 
 Arcuatum, bent, like a circular arch. 
 
 Basis, the part next the body. 
 
 Dcntaiiwi, the margin having one or more indentations. 
 
 Hispidiim, get with short rigid bristles. 
 
 Ina-assatum, growing thicker in the middle. 
 
 Muticum, without spine or tooth. 
 
 Saltatorium, thick, formed for leaping. 
 
 Spinosum, set with large siibulated sj»ines. 
 (Femora) simpUda, equal, and without any remarkable difference in 
 
 thickness. 
 Fenestra, a clear transparent spot. 
 HABITAT, the habitation, the places where insects are usually found. 
 
 Abietis, fir-groves. 
 
 Absinthetis, places where wormwood abounds. 
 
 Agris, artificial grass-fields, clover. Sec. 
 
 Alnctis, places abounding in alder. 
 
 Animalibus putridis, dead animals in woods, sides of rivers, &c. 
 
 Aquis, water. 
 
 Aquisjiuentibus, running streams. 
 
 Aquis stagnantibus, ponds and standing waters. 
 
 Arundinetis, reedy fens. 
 
 Betuletis, birch-trees, or woods. 
 
 Boleto, boletaria and fi^mgi. 
 
 Carduetis, places overgrown with thistles. 
 
 Ckelidoniis, where celandine grows. 
 
348 AN EXPLAKATION OF 
 
 CompascuU, grassy commons. 
 
 Corylis, nut-trees. 
 
 Cretaceis, chalky places. 
 
 Domibus, houses or out-houses in the shade 
 
 jynmctis, bushy places or thickets. 
 
 Ericetis, heaths or heathy commons. 
 
 Floribus, the blossoms of floAvers. 
 
 Fossis, ditches full of aquatic plants. 
 
 Fungis, funguses in all their states. 
 
 Graminosis, grassy banks, &c. 
 
 Hortis, gardens, the resort of many rare and interesting insects, which 
 
 if extensive, will afford full employ at all hours oi tlie day and 
 
 seasons of the year. 
 Ixipidibus, stones. Suh lapides, under stones. 
 Lappaceis, places where burdock abounds. 
 Lichenosis, trees and pales abounding in lichens. 
 Ligno putrido, decayed trees and wood. 
 Lzicis, thick woods. 
 Nemoribus, shady groves. 
 Paludibus, marshy grounds. 
 Parietinis, shady sides of old walls. 
 Pascuis, pastures. 
 Peridumetis, skirts of woods. 
 Pinetis, where pines are plentiful. 
 Populetis, among poplars. 
 Prat is, meadows. 
 Quercefis, among oaks. 
 Ripis, banks of gross weeds. 
 Sabulosis, sandy places. 
 Salicetis, amongst willows. 
 Segetibits, grassy borders, &c. of corn fields. 
 Sepibus, hedges. 
 
 Sepimentis, lanes between hedges, mostly moist. 
 Septis, old shady pales and rails. 
 SicciJ'oliis, withered leaves on oaks, &c. 
 Spa7'tiosis, broom fields. 
 Stagnis, ponds wherein water-plants grow. 
 Stercore, the dung of animals, especially of horses and cat-tic. 
 Sylvis, woods, open only in their paths. 
 Siflvaticis, considerable open parts in woods. 
 Tiliaceis, among limes. 
 TrunciS) shady trunks of trees. 
 Viminosis, ozier-holts. 
 Ulicetig, commons abounding in furze. 
 Uliginosis, bogs, fens, and moist pjaces. 
 
THE TERMS USBD IN r:?TOMOLOGy. 349 
 
 TUinosk, amongst elms. 
 
 UmbeUifa-is, on unibelliterous plants in hedges and wood sides. 
 IIALTEKES (see p. 37), poisers, in the Order of Diptera; two globu- 
 lar bodies placed on slender stalks behind the wings, and seated 
 on the thorax; sometimes they are an arched membranaceous 
 scale. 
 HAMULI. These are very minute hooks or crotchets, discoverable 
 under, a good magnifier, on the inferior wings of many Ilymeno- 
 pterous insects, by means of which they are kept steady in flying. 
 — Kirby. 
 Hastata, a javelin-shaped mark that is triangular; the base and sides 
 
 hollowed, the posterior angles spreading horizontally. 
 HAUSTELLUJM, a sort of trunk at the mouth of insects, principally 
 of the Diptera, consisting of seta?, which are either inclosed in a 
 bivalve sheath or without one. 
 Head. See Caput. 
 
 IIiijiFLYTRA, wings either wholly or in part formed of a substance in- 
 termediate between leather and membrane. 
 IIexapoda insecta, having six feet, as in all genuine insects. 
 Hyalina, wings, elytra, &c. quite transparent. 
 IMAGO, the perfect insect after having gone through the states of 
 
 Lai-va and Pupa. 
 Imbricatus, set with scales, lying over each other like the tiles of a 
 
 house. 
 Instita, a stria of equal breadth throughout, 
 La«rum. (See p. 28.) 
 
 LARVA, caterpillar, grub or maggot ; the insect as it comes from the 
 egg, slow, sterile, and voracious. 
 Caudata, with a tail or horn, as in most of the Sphingida. 
 Gregaria, those lar\ce that live in society-, many of them inclosed in 
 
 a web. 
 Nuda, naked, not hairy. 
 Polyphaga, that will eat a variety of plants. 
 
 Subcutanea, small caterpillars that feed within the substance of the 
 leaf. 
 LiNEA, a line, the twelfth part of an inch. 
 LINGUA, the Tongue. (See p. 29.) 
 
 HepUcutilk, the point capable of being tiunied hack. 
 Spiralis, capable of being rolled up like the spring of a watch be- 
 tween the palpi. {PI. 1iO. fig. 9.) 
 LiTURA, a spot of a deeper colour in one part than another. 
 LiNULA, a spot shaped like a new moon. 
 
 MACULA, a spot, larger than punctum, of an indeterminate figure, 
 and of a different colour from the ground. ( PI. 10. fg. 8. //.) 
 
350 AN EXPLANATION OP 
 
 Annularis, round, the middle of the same colour with the rest of the 
 
 wing. 
 DeUoidea, nearly triangular. 
 Flexuosa, irregularly waving. 
 MANDIBUL.'E^ the mandibles. (See p. 28. PI. 10. fg. 1. d.) 
 Manus, a foot shaped like the claw of a cralj. 
 Marginatus, thorax, elytra, &c. with a free elevated margin. 
 MAXILLyE, organs at the mouth, generally semicircular, pointed at 
 the ends, moving transversely, that is, horizontally, not perpendi- 
 cularly as in the human species, for the purpose of holding and 
 comminuting the food. (See also p. 28. PL 10. fg. 2. a. — b. c. 
 maxilla?^ palpi.) 
 Dentat(c, the margins set with sharp pointed processes. 
 Porcipata, like a pair of pincers. 
 Purcata, forked, divided into two parts at the ends. 
 Lunulata, thick in the middle, and smaller towards the base and the 
 
 apex. 
 Prominentes, placed straight before the head, and on the same plane. 
 Mentdm, the chin. This part is most observable in the iwcunMS Cer- 
 
 VIIS. 
 
 METAMORPHOSIS.— The transformation of an insect from the larm 
 to the pupa, and previous to its last or perfect state. The meta- 
 morphosis of insects is delined as follows. 
 
 Coarctata, of an oblong cylindrical shape with no part of the body vi- 
 sible ; as in the Order Omaloptera. 
 
 Jncompleta, with motionless feet and wings ; as in Coleoptcra, Jxpi- 
 doptera, c^rc. 
 
 Semicompleta, when the pupa moves, eats, and has wing-cases; as in 
 Derinaptera, Orthoptcra, P)ictyoptera, Heniiptera, ^x. 
 OCELLI (or Stemmata), little shining eyes generally placed together on 
 the crown of the head, for the purpose of seeing objects at a di- 
 stance and above the insect. 
 
 Dioptraii, with a transparent pupil divided transversely by a small 
 line. 
 
 Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus, a large ocellus inclosing a smaller one. 
 OCULI, the eyes (see p. 21). All insects have at least two eyes: the 
 Arachnoida have six or eight, arranged for the most part on the 
 vertex or summit of the head. They are subject to considerable 
 variety in situation and shape, and are distinguished as under. 
 
 Approximati, when placed close together. 
 
 Bini, two eyes, one placed on each side of the head. 
 
 Colorati, of a different colour from that of the head. 
 
 Cornpositi, furnished with many and often numerous lenses, for the 
 purpose of seeing near objects and those at a distance. 
 
 Concolores, of the same colour with the head and body. 
 
THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOL^TOT. 351 
 
 Contigui, touching one another, 
 
 Fasciati, marked with stripes of a different colour : this may be ob- 
 served in several of the Dipterous insects, particularly those of the 
 Tabinida; but the colours fade when the insect is dead. 
 . Fenesiraii, the pupil glassy and transparent. 
 
 Hemispherici, convex, like the section of a globe. 
 
 Immubiks, so fixed in the head as to be incapable of motion. 
 
 Inferi, placed on the under side of the head. 
 
 Inlerrupti, broken, but continued either above or below, as in tho 
 Gyrinid(E. 
 
 Laterales, placed at each side of the head. 
 
 Lunati, resembling a crescent or new moon. 
 
 Mobiles, so situated as to be moveable. 
 
 Obliterati, the pupil scarcely distinguishable. 
 
 Octoni, eight distinct eyes, as in many of the Aj-achn'oida. 
 , Ovaks, egg-shaped, the outline at both extremities equal. 
 
 Pedunculati, elevated on a stalk or peduncle. 
 
 Plani, the surface on the same plane with the head. 
 
 Prominuli, standing far out from the head. 
 
 Quatcrni, with four eyes. 
 
 Remoti, distant from each other. 
 
 Reniformes, kidney-shaped, nearly round, hollowed on one side. 
 
 Seni, with six distinct eyes. 
 
 Simplices, furnished with only one lens. 
 
 Variegati, of different colours. 
 
 Vertkales, placed on the crown of the head. 
 OS, the mouth and its parts. (See p. 27.) 
 
 Inferum, when placed on the under side of the head. 
 
 ]\Iaxillosum, with large maxillce. 
 
 Pectorale, situated in the breast, in a tube or rostrum. 
 
 Terminale, the apex of the head. 
 Pagiita superior, the upper surface of the wing. 
 
 ' inferior, the under surface. 
 
 Palatum, the interior part of the transterse lip. 
 PALPI, organs placed at the mouth, often articulated, and geilierally 
 shorter than the antennfe, and are either t-.vo, four, or six. {PL 10. 
 ftg. 1. e. g. labial palpi, f.f. maxillary palpi!) 
 
 Clavati, club-shaped, terminating in a knob; growing gradually 
 thicker towards the apex. 
 
 Elongati, longer than common, or longer than the mouth. 
 
 E.varticulati, with no distinct articulations. 
 
 Fixserti, projecting, not lying hid. 
 
 Filiformes, of the same thickness tliroughout. 
 
 Jncurvi, turning straight upwards at the ends, over the head. 
 
 Pediformes, with a genicuiated articulation like a foot. 
 
352 AN EXPLANATION OF 
 
 Porrecti, stretched straight forwards.. 
 Recti, straight, without tiexure. 
 Hecurvati, turned back. 
 Securiformes, shaped somewhat hke an axe. 
 
 Setacei, growing gradually more attenuated from the base to the apex, 
 Simplkes, not articulated. 
 
 Suhulati, linear at the base, growing more slender and pointed at the 
 apex. 
 Patella;, orbicular, elevated, moveable bodies on which the base of 
 
 the femora rests, as in the Ichneumonidte. 
 Pectin'es, in the genus Scorpio, two bodies situated between the abdo- 
 men and the breast, dentated on one side, but t!ie number of teeth 
 varies. 
 Pectus, ihe Breast^ the under part of the thorax to which the feet are 
 
 attached. 
 PEDES, the Limhs. — This term is applied by I^nne to the whole limb, 
 including the /ewm/-, tihin, tarsi, and unguis. The formation of the 
 legs will generally determine the habits of insects, and are called 
 Cursorii, when formed for running. 
 AFutici, without claws or spines. 
 Natatorii, cojnpressed, doubly ciliated and two-edged, formed for 
 
 swimming. 
 Saltatorii, with thick thighs, formed for leaping. 
 Serrati, dentated or toothed like a saw. 
 Spinosi, set with large subulated spines. 
 l^ETioLATUM, haviug a slender elongated tube connecting the abdomen 
 to the thorax : this is observable in many of the Hymenopterous in- 
 sects. 
 pLAXTiE, the under part of the tarsi. 
 
 Hemisp/iericiP, concave and nearly circular : this kind of tarsus is pe- 
 culiar to the aquatic Coleoptera. {PL 3. Jig. 13. a.) 
 PROBOSCIS, a hollow tube at the mouth, often fleshy, and enlarging 
 at the point. 
 Iiifiexa, tending towards the breast. 
 Plicatilis, pliable, so that it can be folded up. 
 Porrecta, stretched straight forward. 
 JRccurvata, turning backwards. 
 PUPA, Aurdia, Chrysalis, Nj/mpha, the animal changed from a larsOf 
 often motionless, destitute of mouth, &c. See Metamoi-phosis. 
 ToUiculata, inclosed in a case made of hair or silk, or of leaves, 
 
 wool, earth, &c. conglutinated together. 
 Nuda, not inclosed in a case, not folliculated. 
 Ohtecta, wrapped up in a crustaceous covering, the thorax and abdo- 
 men obvious. 
 Punctata, Elytra, fyc. sprinkled witli hollow dots or punctures. 
 
THE TERMS USED IN EXTOMOLOGY. 353 
 
 PuNCTUM, a small dot of a different colour from the rest of the wing. 
 Ccillosum, an elevated and somewhat rigid point. 
 Gcminum, two spots near each other but separated. 
 Hamosum, divided into distant parts. 
 
 Oceltare, an orbicular spot of a different colour in the middle. 
 Sesquialterum, formed of two spots that are distinct but contiguous. 
 Reniformis, kidney-shaped, nearly round, hollowed on one side. 
 RivuLus, a stripe running irregularly over the wing, and of a different 
 
 colour from it. 
 ROSTRUM, the mouth lengthened out into a snout or tapering beak; 
 this part is subject to great variations, and mthe Curculionida, ^c. 
 is essential in the generic character. 
 Acutum, the apex forming an acute angle. 
 Apex, the point. 
 
 Arcuatwn, bent like a circular arch. 
 Basis, the part next the head. 
 Bivalve, consisting of two concave valves, united so as to form a 
 
 tube. 
 Breve, shorter than the head. 
 
 Canaliculatum, with a deep hollow groove in the middle. 
 Conicum, cylindrical, growing smaller at the apex. 
 Cylindj-icum, linear and round. 
 
 Geniculatum, bent, and making an angle at the flexure. 
 Injiexum, not projecting, but bent towards the breast. 
 Longim, longer than the head and thorax. 
 Longum, longer than the head. 
 Longissimum, longer than the body. 
 
 Multivalve, forming a tube by means of many valves uniting. 
 Nutans, transversely fixed to the head. 
 Forredum, prominent and elongated. 
 Rectum, produced but not bent. 
 
 Setaceum, slender, flexible, and gradually tapering towards the apex. 
 Tubidosum, perforated like a tube ; entire. 
 RuGosus, with waved and elevated lines, either longitudinally or trans- 
 versely. 
 Saltatorii, such insects that have their legs with thick thighs strong 
 
 and formed for leaping. 
 SCUTELLUM. — This partis separated from the thorax by a transverse 
 line, and lies between the wings or wing-cases ; its form is gene- 
 rally triangular. 
 Seta, a fine hair or bristle. 
 Sexes of Insects, are distinguished in Entomological works, by (J {Mars) 
 
 for male, and 5 ( Venus) female. 
 Sinus, a hollow, an excavation as if scooped out. 
 
 z 
 
354 AN EXPLANATION OF 
 
 Spiuacula, the respiratory organs, situated on the sides of the abdo' 
 
 men. 
 SquamulajA Scale; an erect membrane placed between the thorax and 
 
 abdomen. 
 Stemmata, the Ocelli or httle eyes placed on the summit of the head : 
 
 these are fre(|uently considered in the character of a genus. 
 Sternum, the ridge running under the breast; this part is very con- 
 spicuous in the Dyticidce. 
 Stigma, a spot or mark generally on the upper wing. 
 STRIA, a longitudinal line, and often punctured, generally extending 
 from the base to the apex of the elytra. 
 Obsolefa, indistinct, as if obliterated. 
 Striga, a narrow transverse line. 
 Sulcus, a deep hollow furrow. 
 
 SuTURA, the part where the elytra meet and form the line in the mid- 
 dle of the back, from the base to the apex. 
 Tarsus, the Foot. The form and number of the joints vary according 
 to the insect's mode of life: in several species of the Coleoptera the 
 anterior tarsi of the male are frequently broader than those of the 
 female, and consequently serve as a sexual distinction. The num- 
 ber of joints in the tarsi serves as sections of the Order Coleoptera. 
 Tergum, the upper part or back of the abdomen. 
 Tessellata, spotted or marked with another colour chequerwise. 
 THORAX, the part intermechate to the head and body. (Seep. 31.) 
 This part is subject to the greatest variety in shape, sculpture, &c. 
 Many of the terms used to distinguish the elytra in Coleoptera are 
 also applicable to the thorax. 
 Aculeatus, furnished with sharp spines. 
 ^qualis, when of the same breadth with the elytra. 
 Angulatus, the posterior margin having prominent angles. 
 Canaliculatus, with a deep longitudinal groove in the middle. 
 Carinatus, the middle part of the disc raised into a straight longitu- 
 dinal ridge. 
 Convexus, when the surface is elevated like the section of a sphere. 
 Cm'datus, heart-shaped, the base notched, without angles. 
 Crenatm, the margin notched, Init in such a way that the incisures 
 
 are pointed to neither extremity. 
 Cristatiis, the carinated ridge arched, dentated, and compressed. 
 Cucullatus, the carinated ridge hollowed before into a kind of hood. 
 Discus, the middle of the thorax, the line from 6 to c {Jig. 4:. pi. 10). 
 Gibbus, the disc elevated but not spherical. 
 Immarginafus, without clypeus or distinct rim. 
 Ina:quulis, the surface not flat, but with irregular elevations and de- 
 pressions. 
 
THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 355 
 
 Integer, Integerrimus, with the margin linear and not in anywise 
 
 cut. 
 Lineatus, marked longitudinally with coloured lines. 
 Lohatns, divided into distinct parts. 
 Marginatus, with a free elevated margin. 
 Margo, the part surrounding the disc. 
 Muticus, not furnished with horns, spines, or tubercles. 
 Nitidus, the surface smooth and shining. 
 Ohcordutus, heart-shaped, with the apex towards the abdomen. 
 Oblongus, the transverse diameter much less than the longitudinal. 
 Ohovatus, inversely ovate. 
 Obtusus, blunt, or rounded at the apex. 
 
 Orhicidatus, the transverse diameter equal to the longitudinal. 
 Ovalis, egg-shaped, the outline at both extremities equal. 
 Ovatus, the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the 
 
 latter broader at the base than at the apex. 
 Planus, the surface on the same plane with the head. 
 Punctatus, with hollow dots or punctures. 
 Returns, terminating in an obtuse hollow. 
 Rotitndatus, the outline nearly circular, without corners. 
 Rtigosus, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either 
 
 longitudinally or transversely. 
 Serratus, the margin toothed like a saw. 
 Spinosus, the margins furnished with rigid spines. 
 Squarrosus, divided into elevated laciniae. 
 Striatus, slightly channelled with parallel Imes. 
 Suhmarginatus, the margin having a distinct rim, but neither free 
 
 nor elevated. 
 Subrotundus, the outline nearly circular. 
 Sulcatus, with one or more deep hollow fitrrows. 
 Teretiuscultis, nearly cylindrical. 
 Tetragonus, with four corners. 
 Transversus, linear, but transverse. 
 
 Tuberculatus, rough with rigid ]>rominent warts or tubercles. 
 Villosus, covered with soft down or hair. 
 Tibia, a part of the leg between the femora and tarsi. 
 Trochanteres, spines fixed to the legs tp assist them in running; 
 
 these are common to most of the Carabid(E. 
 Vagina, a bivalve sheath at the mouth of many Ilymenopterous and 
 Dipterous insects sometimes articulated. Mr. Kirby uses it in Jfy- 
 menoptera to include every part the otfice of which is to cover, de- 
 fend, or support the tongue. Vagina is sometimes used for that 
 part which contains the sting of insects. 
 •Valvul;e, small concave membranes inclosing the proboscis. 
 VENiE, Veins; the vessels diffused throughoui the wings; theveining 
 
 z 2 
 
356 TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 of the wings may alwaj's be considered with great advantage in 
 the generic characters of insects, especially such as have them 
 transparent. 
 Venter, the vmder part of the abdomen. 
 Vertex, the crown or summit of the head. 
 ViLLOSus, covered with soft hair. 
 ViTTA, a Stria with a waved or furrowed margin. 
 
 Interrupta, not extending in a continued line but continued either 
 
 above or below. 
 Kepunda, with waving acute sinuses. 
 Vnduta, with waving obtuse sinuses. 
 Ungues, the Clows, subulated hook-shaped spines at the apex of the 
 tarsi. 
 
THE 
 
 ENTOMOLOGIST'S CALENDAR, 
 
 EXHIBITING THE TIME OF APPEARANCE AND HABITA- 
 TION OF NEAR THREE THOUSAND SPECIES OF 
 BRITISH INSECTS. 
 
 Jn forming the following Calendar, I have been anxious to render it as 
 extensive as possible, and at the same time to introduce as many species 
 of insects as my own knowledge of the subject, and the few works that 
 have hitherto been published relative to British Entomology, could make 
 it. In the times of appearance, and the situation where found, of a great 
 number of species, I have been greatly assisted by my kind and much 
 respected friend J. F. Stephens, Esq. F. L. S. whose rich cabinet has 
 always been open to me, and who also has furnished me with nuich valu- 
 able information, derived from his own observations. In many species I 
 have been unable to give a reference to a description, several of them 
 being new to Britain, and hitherto undescribed ; but thought it best to in- 
 troduce them, as they are certainly valuable acquisitions to a cabinet. 
 
 As many of the Linnean genera have not yet been sufficiently investi- 
 gated, and the species requiring a minute examination, such genera and 
 species are distinguished by italics. Of these the most extensive are the 
 Lepidoptcra, the genera of which are the least known in any department 
 of Entomology. Of the Hcmiptera, Neuroptera, Hi/menoptera, and Di- 
 jjtera, but little is yet known of the species, consequently a very small 
 number is introduced : however, they may be obtained in the course 
 of collecting. I may be censured by the scientific Entomologist for in- 
 troducing the English names of the Lepidnptera, but my object has been 
 to render this a useful work; and many collectors are acquainted with 
 them by no other name ; yet it is to be hoped that these will hereafter be 
 discontinued, as the scientific name is as easily retained in the memory 
 (if a person uses himself to it) as the absurd English ones in present use. 
 The species marked by the asterisk (*) I am rather doubtful if found 
 in the month in which they are placed in the calendar; but such is the 
 time of the plants on which they feed being in blossom, which is certainly 
 a good guide to the Entomologist. 
 
 The obelisk (f) to the plant in the habitation denotes that such insects 
 are generally found in the larva state, and should be sought for accord- 
 ingly, the insect being rare or difficult to procure in the perfect state. 
 
 This mark, placed in other times of appearance, denotes that they 
 may be found in such situations throughout the year. 
 
 As many of the Lepidoptcra last but a few days in the perfect state, I 
 have distinguished the time of the month in which such species appear by 
 the following: b. beginning: m. middle: e. end : — also, /. larva.: p. pupa. 
 
358 
 
 TIIE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR, 
 
 JANUARY. 
 
 34 Philoscia Mnscorum Under moss 
 
 35 Onisciis Asellus Old walls 
 
 36 Purcellio scaber Under stones 
 
 37 Armadillo vulgaris 
 
 J Ciomeris marginata 
 
 2 Jul us sabulosus 
 
 Londinensis 
 
 niger 
 
 terrestris 
 
 punctatus 
 
 pulchellus 
 
 pusillus 
 
 3 Craspedosoma Raulinsli 
 
 Polydesmoides 
 
 4 Polydefmus complanatiis 
 
 5 Pollyxenus Lagurus 
 
 6 Lithobius forficatus 
 
 variegatus 
 vulgaris 
 
 7 Cryptops hortensis 
 Savignii 
 
 sandy places 
 
 Under moss in woods 
 Under stones, Scoiland 
 Sandy places in woods 
 Under bark of trees and moss 
 Under moss, on mountaitis of 
 
 England and Scotland 
 Under stones and roots of grass 
 Edinburgh 
 
 Under bark of trees 
 Under stones 
 
 Gardens, under stones 
 
 8 Geophilus subterraneus Under stones 
 
 mantiir.us 
 
 acuminatiis 
 
 longicornis 
 Siro rubens 
 Obisium trombidioides 
 
 orthodactylum 
 
 Musconim 
 
 maritimum 
 Chelifer Hermanni 
 
 Uatreillii 
 
 Geoflfroyi 
 Acarus domesticus 
 Cycbrus rostratus 
 Nothiopbiliis aquaticus 
 
 bigiittatiis 
 Bembidium agile 
 Agonum vaporariorum 
 Sphodriis planus 
 Dyschirins gibbus 
 
 sea shore 
 
 Grassy banks 
 Moist gravel-pits 
 Houses and cellars 
 Moist places, Battersea 
 DromiusquadrimaculatusUnder bark of irees 
 
 rufescens — — 
 
 linearis 
 
 pusillus ■ 
 
 punctomaculatus 
 
 Demetrias atricapilla 
 
 Hypbydrus ovatus Ponds 
 
 Moss, Battersea-fields, (Dr. L.) © 
 
 Under stones 
 
 Moss 
 
 Under stones O 119. [f.2. 
 
 Z.M.iil.51,t.l4l 
 
 Under moss © f. 3. 
 
 Sea shore © 52. [f. 3. 
 
 Under bark of trees © 49, t. 142, 
 
 f. 5. 
 
 50.t.l42.f.l. 
 
 Old cheese © Page 132. 
 Und. St., moss, roots of trees 2,3, 4,M. 470. sp. 103, 
 Pathways and banks of ponds © Page 148. 
 li. of ponds, r. of grass, s. pits © M. 395. sp. 10. 
 © [sp.GS. 
 
 5,6, Gyll. ii. 161. 
 2,3,4,5,Page 152. 
 2,3,4,5, 153, 
 
 2to6, 155. 
 
 2toC,Maisli. 45S.sp.7l 
 
 2to6. 463. sp. 84 
 
 2to6, 
 
 Herts(Mr.Stpphens) 2to6, 460. sp.74. 
 
 ' 2,3,4, 4.62.sp.83. 
 
 2lol2,Page 157. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 359 
 
 JANUARY. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Otlier 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 58 Noterus sparsus Ponds 
 60 Colymbetes bipunctatus Ponds and ditches 
 xdiginosus 
 
 bipustnlatus 
 62 Acilius sulcatus 
 C3 Dyticus marginalis 
 
 circumflexus 
 
 punctiilatus 
 107 Stenus cicindeloides 
 
 biguttatus 
 1 19*Arcopagus glabricollis 
 1 21 *Bryaxis hamatica 
 124 PtinusFnr 
 150 Hydrous piceiis 
 173 Sarrotrinm muliv:um 
 n9 Helops striatus 
 196 Salpingus Roboris 
 
 rufiiostris 
 205 Apion Ulicis 
 203 Rhyuclia?nus maculatus 
 225 MoHotoma Juglandis 
 237 Rhagium vulgare 
 254 Coccinelia 7-punctata 
 
 variabilis 
 
 instabilis 
 ' humeralis 
 
 dispar 
 262 Acbeta domestica 
 287 Nepa cinerea 
 289 Notonecta furcata 
 
 giauca 
 310 Pulex irritans 
 
 Canis 
 324 Smerintbus Tdiffi p. 
 
 The Lime Hawk-moth. 
 
 Ponds 
 
 Ponds and stagnant waters 
 
 O Z. M. iii. 71. 
 O Mars.4l8.sp.l5 
 
 416. sn. 9. 
 
 O 415. sp. 7. 
 
 2tol2,rage 159. 
 
 2,4,10,12, 
 
 2,4,10,12, 
 
 2,4,10, 12,Marsb.4l2.sp.2 
 Gv]I.ii.470.sp.6. 
 Page 175. 
 
 2,3, 178. 
 
 2,3, Zool. Misc. iii. 
 
 Marsh. S9.sp.27. 
 2to6, Page ]87 
 
 Moist banks 
 
 Moist banks 
 
 Woods, under moss 
 
 Under moss 
 
 Houses 
 
 Ponds, under weeds 
 
 Gi-.-pits Hampst. (Mr.Steph.)2,3, 193, 
 
 Roots of trees and under bark Marsh. 481. sp. 5. 
 Under bark of trees Page 199. 
 
 2,3, Mar.297.sp.l70, 
 
 Furze 2, Kirby T.L.S. ix. 
 
 Under bark of trees 2,3, Mar.292.sp.l58. 
 
 Stumps of trees, moist places to 5, Page 207 
 
 "2, 210. 
 
 O Marsh.l52.sp.lO. 
 
 niig.i.447.sp.32 
 
 161.sp.30. 
 
 0Sch6n.ii.1 63.sp.35 
 
 Illig.i.455.sp.33 
 
 Fabr. 
 
 Page 225, 
 
 2tol2, 226. 
 
 2tol2, 227. 
 
 234. 
 
 O N.S. 
 2,3, Page 243. 
 
 Coombe Wood 
 Hedses and under bark 
 
 Under bark of oaks 
 
 Under bark 
 
 Houses 
 
 Ponds and ditches 
 
 Houses, sucking blood of man 
 
 Dogs 
 
 + Roots of lime-trees 
 
 Geomel'-a primaria e. 
 
 Hedges 
 
 2, 
 
 Haw. 305.sp.94. 
 
 The Early Moth 
 
 
 
 
 brumaria 
 
 Pales 
 
 11, 
 
 sp. 93. 
 
 The Winter Moth 
 
 
 
 
 Tortrix spadiceana 
 
 Coombe ^^'■ood 
 
 
 412.sp.57 
 
 The Bay-'^houldered Button 
 
 
 
 440 Formica Herculanea 
 
 Woods, &c. 
 
 
 
 Stewart ii. 245. 
 
 fusca 
 
 
 
 
 246. 
 
 nigra 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 rufa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 488 Apis mellifira 
 
 Flowers 
 
 
 
 K. ii, 312.sp.73 
 
 489 C'ulex pipiens 
 
 Houses and gardens 
 
 
 
 Page 290, 
 
360 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 FEBRUARY. 
 
 4 Pod lira plumbea 
 
 5 Smynthurusfuscus 
 Podura viridis 
 
 36 Sphodrus coUaiis 
 88 Silphaopaca 
 104 Staphyliniis Morio 
 110 Omalium planum 
 133 Byrrhus semistriatus 
 138 Platysoma picipes 
 flavicornis 
 depressuB 
 oblorigus 
 140 Pavnus sericeus 
 142 Helophorus stagnalis 
 
 Under stones Page 141, 
 
 Damp hedges 
 
 Buckwheat Stewart ii. 276. 
 
 Roots of trees, Epping Forest 3,4, M. 443. sp. 29. 
 
 Roots of trees 
 Under stones and moss 
 Under bark of decayed trees 
 Roots of grass and banks 
 Under bark 
 
 120.sp.l5. 
 3,4, Gyll.ii.288.sp.9. 
 
 3,4, 221.sp.20. 
 
 3,4,5, 199. sp. 7. 
 
 3,4, Page 184. 
 
 3,4, 
 
 3,4, 185. 
 
 3,4, Hist.O. Fabr. 
 
 B. of ponds, Wandsworth Com.3,4, Page 185. 
 Ponds and aquatic plants 3,4,5, 186. 
 
 151 Hydrophilus caraboides Ponds and ditches 3,4,5, 187. 
 
 200 Bruchus ater Furze, Coombe 6, Marsh. 236. sp.4. 
 
 340 Eriogaster lanestris e. Bushy places 
 
 The small Eggar 
 354 Noctua croceago e. Dried leaves 
 
 The orange Upper-icing 
 Gtoynetra leucophearia E.Dry leaves and trunks of trees 
 The Spring Usher 
 
 cajsiata e. Skirts of woods, Peckham 
 
 The February Carpel 
 
 iiigricaria e. Trunks of trees 
 
 The dark bordered Usher 
 
 primaria b 
 The early Moth 
 
 4,6, 
 
 Page 247. 
 Haw. 239. 
 
 Biston hispidarius e. 
 The small B'indle 
 Tinea nubilea e. 
 The clouded Brown 
 
 tortricea e. 
 The clouded Lead 
 
 Salicis E. 
 The rosy Day-moth 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Trunks of oaks and sallows 
 
 11, 
 
 Oaks 
 
 Hedges 
 
 MARCH, 
 
 9*Drassus melanogaster 
 * ater 
 
 10 Clubiona lai)idicola 
 
 1 1 Aranea domestica 
 
 13 Argyroneta aquatica 
 
 2 Forbicina polypoda 
 
 10 Cicindeia campestris 
 
 12 Carabus violaccus 
 
 catenulatus 
 nemoralis 
 
 Under stones 
 
 4, Page 1 23. 
 
 4,5, 124. 
 
 4,5,12, 125. 
 
 4, 140. 
 
 Houses 
 
 Ditches 
 
 Under stones 
 
 Sandy pL, fields, pathways 4,5,6,7,Marsh.3S9.sp.l. 
 
 Roots of trees apd under stones4,5, Page 1 45. 
 
 4,5, 
 
 Gardens "^,5,6, — 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAIV. 
 
 261 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Cxeii. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 OtluT 
 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 U. stones, s.-pits, routs of tr. 
 Routs of trees 
 Moist banks 
 Roots of grass 
 Grassy banks ? 
 
 14 Nebria brevicollis 
 
 ]6 Panagaeiis Crux major 
 
 19 Elapbrus riparius 
 
 20 Bembidium flavipes 
 
 puncticoUe 
 orucigeruni 
 Ephippium 
 Guttula 
 rufipes 
 25 Harpalus obscnrus 
 apricarius 
 
 32 Ancbomenus prasinus 
 
 33 Platysma nigrituni 
 
 34 Chlienius festivus 
 36 Sphodrus terricola 
 39 Calathiis cisteloides 
 
 cisteloides, /3. 
 
 melanocepbalus 
 41 Stomis piimicatus 
 43 Clivina Fossor 
 
 45 Abax striola 
 
 angiistior 
 
 melanarius • • 
 
 46 Cymindis humeralis Moist banks 
 57 Hydroporusl'2-pustnlatusCroydon canal 
 
 depressiis 
 
 linnellus 
 
 granularis 
 
 trlGdus 
 
 confluens 
 59 Laccophilus byalinus 
 
 minufus 
 64 Gyrinus Natator 
 70 Elater nitidiilns 
 
 Under stones 
 Sand-pits 
 
 Under moss in bedge banks 
 Moist places in woods 
 Moist banks and woods 
 Under stones 
 
 Under bark, stones, sandy pIa.4,5,6,Car.flavipes. M 
 4,5,6, — obscnrus. M 
 
 4,5, Mars.444.sp.31- 
 
 7, Page 147. 
 4,j,6,Marsb.392.sp.4. 
 
 4, Marsh.394.sp.9. 
 
 4 5 
 
 4,5, Mars. 462. sp.8]. 
 4,5, Gyll.ii.27.sp.l3 
 4,5, Mars.453.sp.54. 
 4,5,6, 437. sp.l3 
 
 4, Gyl.ii.104.sp.22 
 
 4, Page 151, 
 4,5, — 
 
 4,5, Mars.443.sp.28. 
 
 Moist banks, roots of trees 
 
 , Baltersea 
 
 Under stones 
 
 Ponds, Norfolk 
 Ponds and ditches 
 
 Ponds and stagnant waters 
 . and ditcbes 
 
 Sand-pits, Hampstead 
 85 Necropbagus mortnorum Dead animals, woods 
 104 Stapbylinns briinnipes Hedge banks 
 
 Erytbropterus Under stones and dung 
 
 pubescens Under dung 
 
 Staphylinus punctulatus Under stones and moss 
 
 109 O.'iytelus carinatus 
 HO Omalium rivulare 
 1 1 1 Lestiva obscura 
 
 113 Tachinus subterraneus 
 
 niarginellus 
 analis 
 
 114 Tacbyporus analis 
 
 marginatus 
 nitidulns 
 
 Dung 
 
 4, Mars.438.sp.l5. 
 4,5, Page 153. 
 
 4,5, 
 
 4,5, 154. 
 
 4,5, Mars.442.sp.26. 
 4,5, Pavk. 1.115. sp. 
 4,5, Page 154. [24 
 4,5, Mars.422.sp.23. 
 
 4,5, 421.sp.22. 
 
 4,5,Gyl].i.529.sp.l5 
 Mars.426.sp,34. 
 
 4,5, 423.sp.27. 
 
 4,5, 424.sp.28. 
 
 4,5, 420.sp.l9. 
 
 4,5, Page 158. 
 4,5,6, 159. 
 
 6, Mars.380. sp.l2. 
 
 6, 1 15. sp. 4. 
 
 4,5, Gyl.ii.289.sp.lO 
 4,5, Page 171. 
 4,5, GyU.ii.284.sp.5. 
 
 4,5, 353. sp 63. 
 
 4,5, Page 174. 
 
 Banks of rivers, flowers &, fungi 4,5, Gyll.ii.2l4.sp.14. 
 
 Under stones in moist places 4,5-, 
 
 Under bark of birch trees 4, 
 
 Under stones and dung 4,5, 
 Under stones,moss & bark of tr. 4,5, 
 
 Under stones and moss 4,5, 
 
 4,5, 
 
 4,5, 
 
302 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 ofap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 115 
 
 124 
 130 
 133 
 
 154 
 
 142 
 
 146 
 
 147 
 
 152 
 
 153 
 
 Aleochara obscura 
 Ptinus germanus 
 Megatoma undatum 
 Byrrhus Pilula 
 
 fasciatus 
 Abraeus perpnsillns 
 Helophorus granulans 
 
 griseus 
 
 nubilus 
 
 Fennicus 
 Spcrcheus sordidus 
 Berosus luridus 
 
 Under rubbish 
 Dry rotten wood 
 Under bark of birch trees 
 Patliways and sandy places 
 
 Under dang 
 
 Aquatic plants'in ponds 
 
 15" 
 
 159 
 167 
 170 
 
 171 
 179 
 
 183 
 214 
 
 219 
 ^235 
 226 
 •224 
 246 
 250 
 254 
 
 286 
 
 288 
 289 
 290 
 £91 
 
 -, and in flowers 
 
 Stagnant waters, Windsor 
 Ponds, Wimbledon Common 
 SphEcridium scarab^oidesUnder dung 
 
 marginatum ■ - 
 
 Cercyon quisquilium ■ 
 
 unipnnctatum 
 
 melanocephaUnn 
 
 simile 
 
 laterale 
 
 terminatum 
 
 minutum 
 
 sordidum 
 Geotrupes stercorarius 
 
 poliius 
 
 niger 
 
 puncticollis 
 ■^gialia globosa 
 Cetonia aurata i,. 
 Pedinus maritimus 
 Opatrum tibiale 
 Hefups violsceus 
 
 Coombe 
 
 Sandy sea shore, Swansea 
 Decayed wood, Epping Forest 
 Sandy sea shore, Swansea 
 .(Mr. Bydder) 
 
 4,5, Gyll.379. sp.2. 
 
 4, Marsh. 89. sp.25. 
 
 4, Page 182. 
 4,5, Marsh. 102.sp.l 
 4,5, Gyll.i. 194.jp.2. 
 4,5, Page 183. 
 
 4, Gyll.i. 127.sp.2. 
 
 4, Hyd. affinis. M. 
 
 4, Gyll.:.130.sp.6. 
 
 4, — — i.l29.sp.5. 
 
 4, Page IS 6. 
 
 4, Marsh. 404.sp.7, 
 4,5, Page 187. 
 
 4,5, Marsh.G6.sp.l6. 
 
 4,5, 71. sp. 29. 
 
 4,5, 70. sp. 28. 
 
 4,5, 68. sp. 20. 
 
 4,5, sp. 21. 
 
 4,5, 69. sn.23. 
 
 4»5, 70. sp. 27. 
 
 4,5, 75. sp. 43. 
 
 4,5, 69. sp. 25. 
 
 5, Marsh., 20.sp.32 
 4,5, Sear.Mutator.M 
 4,5, Marsh. 22.sp.36. 
 4,5, 
 
 4, Page 190. 
 
 Mars. 4 1. sp. 73. 
 192. 
 
 U. bark of trees, sandy places 
 Melandrya caraboides l. Decayed oaks 
 Calandra granaria 
 
 lignaria 
 Scolvtns Destructor 
 
 Latridius porcatus 
 Silvanus frumentarius 
 Mycetophngiis vaiius 
 Cbrysomela Litura 
 Tritoma bipustulatum 
 Coccinella globosa 
 
 22-])unctata 
 
 18-guttata 
 Naucoris cimicoides 
 Ranatra linearis 
 Notonecta niaculata 
 Plea minntissima 
 Sigara miuutissima 
 
 Marsh. 480. sp.3. 
 
 Page 195. 
 
 Decayed trees 4, 204. [113 
 
 Decayed elms 4,5, Marsh. 275. sp.. 
 
 Bark of the elm 4,5, 53. sp. 6. 
 
 Old wood and damp places 4,5,6, Page 207. 
 
 Damp cellars 4,5,6, 208. 
 
 Boleti Marsb.UO, sp.5. 
 
 Fnizc and broom 4, l82,sp.27. 
 
 Boleti, Coombe 4,5, Page 214. 
 
 Banks 4,5, Illig.i.469.sp.39. 
 
 Hedges 4,6,9, 468. sp. 37. 
 
 Underbarkof firs 6,9, 43l.sp. 18. 
 
 Ponds 4,5,6,Page 225. 
 Ponds and ditches, Epping Fo. 4,5, 
 
 Devon 4,5, 227. 
 
 _ 4,5, 
 
 Rivers and running waters 4,5, — r 
 
THE E-VTOMOLOGISt's CALENDAR. 
 
 363 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Ponds and ditches, Norwich 
 Ponds 
 
 Ponds and ditches 
 Ponds, Devon 
 Lanes and woods 
 
 Near elms 
 Lanes, &c. 
 
 292 Corixa coleoptrata 
 
 Striata 
 
 stagnalis 
 
 fossaruni 
 
 lateralis 
 
 dorsalis 
 
 Geoffroj'i 
 
 affinis 
 417 Vanessa Atalanta 
 The red Admiral 
 
 lo 
 The Peacock 
 
 Poiychioros 
 The large Tortoise Shell 
 
 Urtic3e 
 The small Tortoise Shell 
 320 Hipparcha .-Egeria I. Grassy banks 
 
 The speckled Hood 
 326 Macroglossa StellatarumBedstraw 
 
 The Humming Birdf 
 354 Noctua rufa e. Banks of nettles 
 
 The red Chesnut 
 
 miniosa e. Weedy banks 
 
 The blossom U/iderwing 
 
 pusilla 
 The dwarf Quaker 
 
 luteicornis e. 
 The Yellow-horned 
 
 Parthenias 
 The orange Underwing 
 
 not ha 
 
 The light-orange Underwing 
 Geometra stictaria m. Palings 
 The Dutted-l-order 
 
 ^^scnlaria m. ■■ 
 
 The March Moth 
 
 multistrigata 
 The mi/ttUd Grey 
 
 abietaria e. 
 The large Ingrailed 
 
 luctiiaria 
 The mourning TVidow 
 
 rufifasciata e. 
 The red barred Pug 
 360 Biston prodromarius b. 
 The Oak Beauty 
 
 pedariiis e. 
 The pale Brindle 
 
 Trunks of oaks 
 
 Pales and trunks of trees 
 
 Blossoms of willows 
 
 Heaths 
 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Poplars 
 Trunks of oaks 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Page 228. 
 
 229. 
 
 238. 
 
364 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 Gardens 
 
 Oaks 
 
 Thick woods 
 
 Dry leaves, Darent Wood 
 
 Furze on commons 
 
 *Crainbus ocellea 
 
 Thi Necklace Feneer 
 ZG^^Torlrix fimbriana 
 
 T/ie broion-bordered 
 
 hitosa B . 
 The early Nettle-tap 
 
 Afzeliana e. 
 The Afzdian 
 
 gnnmana 
 The Dial 
 
 uuipnnctata 
 The marbled Single-dot 
 
 tetraquetrana 
 
 The square-barred Single-dot 
 
 ulicetana 
 
 The light-striped Edge 
 
 triquetrana — — ^ 
 
 The angle-barrtd Single-dot 
 Tiiiea Fagi Trunks of trees 
 
 The March Dagger 
 curvipunctosa b. 
 The Curve-dhtted 
 4S3 Melecla punctata 
 4'78 Osinia cornuta 
 485 Anthopliora retusa 
 544 Scutophaga merdaria 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Sandy places, Swansea 
 Sandy places 
 Sunny sandy banks 
 Cow dung 
 
 Page 286. 
 Kir.ii,271.sp.57. 
 
 4,5, 296. sp.ey. 
 
 Page 300. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 17 Tetragnatlia estensa Moist places 
 1 TrombidiumbolosericeumGrassy places 
 3 Gammasus ColeoplratorumDung of horses and oxen 
 
 maiginatns 
 
 4*0ribita geniculata Under stones 
 
 5*Notaspis hnmeralis 
 
 8 Uropoda vegetans Dung beetles 
 
 10 Hydrachna geographica Ponds 
 
 1 Lepisma saccharina Houses, old papers, &c 
 
 12 Carabus moibillosus 
 cluthratus 
 
 14 Nebria Gyllenlialli 
 
 15 Leistus brunneus 
 
 rufescens 
 17 Badister bipustulatus 
 
 19 Elaphrus uliginosus 
 
 20 Bembidium acutum 
 
 ustulatum 
 4-guttatura 
 
 Page 
 
 Under stones in moist places 
 Near Halvergate Marsh, Nor. 
 Mountainous places, sea shore 
 Sandy places 
 
 Moist pi. Hattersea, Coombe 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Moi-t places, 
 
 ■ ■ Lessness Heath 
 
 5, 
 
 5, 
 •5, 
 
 5, 
 5,6, 
 
 5, 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 bfi, 
 56, 
 5,6, 
 
 127. 
 131. 
 
 153. 
 
 • 140. 
 
 145- 
 
 Tr.Ent.Soc.333. 
 Gyll.ii. 40. sp.S, 
 
 Mars.458.sp.71. 
 Page 147. 
 Marsh. 592. sp.5. 
 
 461.sp.8(). 
 
 Gyll.ii. 29.sp.l 5. 
 Marsh.459.sp.73 
 
THE ENTOMOtOGISrS CALENDAR. 
 
 3&5 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 20 Bembidium littorale 
 22 Trechus meridianus 
 
 fill V us 
 25 Harpalus ruficornis 
 
 bicolor, var. /3. 
 
 binotatus 
 
 aznreus 
 
 erythropiis 
 
 ferrugineus 
 
 27 Oodes helopoides 
 
 28 Lorioera aenea 
 
 30 Agoniim caTulescens 
 
 albipes 
 sordid us 
 picipes 
 Simpsoni 
 rufipes 
 
 31 Synuchns rivalls 
 
 37 Amara vulgaris 
 
 38 Blethisa raultipunctata 
 40 Pcecillus nigricornjs 
 
 dimidiatus 
 Al Ucoscus cephalotes 
 43 Clivina sanguinea 
 5 l*Demetrias monostigma 
 34 Haliplus ferrugineus 
 
 flavicollis 
 
 lineatocollis 
 
 ruficollis 
 
 impressus 
 
 assimilis 
 
 obiiqiuis 
 
 57 Hydroporus miistriatns 
 
 lituratns 
 planus 
 humeralis 
 fluviatilis 
 
 58 Noterus Geerii 
 
 60 Colj'mhctes politus 
 
 striatus 
 fil Hydaticus transrersalis 
 64 Gyrinus jcneus 
 70 Elater murinus 
 
 obsourus 
 83 Opilus mollis 
 
 Moist banks 
 
 Gardens and roots of grass 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Under stones in sandy places 
 
 Moist banks, Battersea 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Grassy banks 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Roots of grass, moist banks,Bat. 5, Page 150. 
 
 5,6, Mar. 452.sp.51. 
 
 5,6, 454. pp.58, 
 
 5,6, 456. sp.64. 
 
 5,6, 436. sp.ll. 
 
 5,6, —— sp. 12. 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6,7, 450.sp.46. 
 
 5,6, 46l.sp.78. 
 
 5, 440.sp.21. 
 
 Roots of grass, gardens 
 
 Moist places 
 
 Moist banks, Battersea 
 
 Under stones, moist places 
 
 Moist banks 
 
 Sandy places, pathways 
 
 Moist banks, Battersea 
 
 Moist banks 
 
 Sandy places, pathways 
 
 Sea shore, Swansea 
 
 Gardens, Lambeth, (Dr.Leach)5, 6, Leach's MSS. 
 
 Roots of plants near Swansea 
 
 5,6, Page 150, 
 
 5,6, Mar. 446.sp.37. 
 
 5,e, 450.sp.44. 
 
 5,6, 457.sp.68. 
 
 5,6, 
 
 Gyll.ii.97.sp.l6 
 Page 15I. 
 5,6, Mars.433.sp.l6. 
 
 5, Page 152. 
 5,6, Mars.44l.sp.24. 
 
 5,6, 445.sp.35. 
 
 5, Page 153. 
 
 Ponds and ditches 
 
 Ponds 
 
 (Dr. Leach) 
 
 Ponds and ditches 
 
 Ditches in marshes 
 
 Ponds and ditches 
 
 Ponds, Battersea 
 
 Ponds and ditches 
 
 Under stones in sandy places 5,6, 
 
 • 5,6,7,' 
 
 5,6, Page 157. 
 
 5,6, Mars.430.sp.47. 
 
 5,6, 429.sp.45. 
 
 5,6, 428.sp.43- 
 
 5,6, Gyll.i. 547.sp.3. 
 5,6, Mars. 429. sp.44. 
 5,6, Gyll.i.550.sp.5. 
 
 5,6, 554,sp.28. 
 
 5,6, Mars.423.sp.26. 
 
 5,6, 425. sp.30. 
 
 5,6^ 423. sp,24. 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5, Zool.Misc.iii.71. 
 
 5, Mars.4l9.sp.l6. 
 
 5, 414. sp. 4. 
 
 Dyt. parapleurus. M. 
 
 5, 
 
 385.sp.26. 
 377. sp. 4. 
 
 4, Page 166. 
 
 Dry rotten willows 
 85 Necrophagns vestigator Sandy places, Hampstead 
 
 88 Silpha obscura Under stones, pathways 5,6, Mars.118.sp.10. 
 
 tristis Sandy places under stones 5,6, 117. sp, 7. 
 
 89 Pho.sphuga atrata Pathw.iys 5,6, 116.sp. 6. 
 
366 
 
 THE entomologist's CALENDAR^ 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 92 Choleva oblonga 
 
 agilis 
 
 93 Cateps sericeus 
 
 chrysomeloides 
 nigricans 
 
 94 Ptomophagus villosus 
 
 truncatiis 
 fumatus 
 
 95 Mylaschus brunneus 
 102*Cateretes rufilabris 
 
 bipustnlatus 
 104 Staphylinus murinus 
 hybrid us 
 castanopterus 
 stercorarius 
 aeneocephalus 
 tristis 
 picipennis 
 haemorrhous 
 splendens 
 politus 
 decorus 
 laminatus 
 maculicornis 
 marginatus 
 marginellus 
 fucicola 
 lateralis 
 sangiiinolentus 
 Jituratus 
 obscuripennis 
 fimetarius 
 pilipes 
 semiobscurus 
 varians 
 nitipennis 
 attenuatus 
 bipiistulatus 
 concinnus 
 olens 
 similis 
 maxillosus 
 
 105 l,atbrobium elongatum 
 
 quadratum 
 dentatum 
 
 106 Pasderus riparius 
 
 orbiculatus 
 
 iinmunis 
 
 melanocephalus 
 
 Under moss and stones 5,6, Page 1( 
 
 Dung on heaths 5,6, Linn.Tr.xi. 140. 
 
 Under moss 5,6, — — 142. 
 
 Dung on heaths 5,6, 146. 
 
 _ 5,6, 141. 
 
 5,6, 152. 
 
 5,6, Illig. 42. sp. 4. 
 
 ■ 5,6, Linn.Tr.xi. 155. 
 
 5,6, Page 169. 
 
 Junci near Hull Page 1 70. 
 
 Banks, Battersea, (Dr. Leach) Gyll.i.248.sp.3 
 
 LTnder dung 5,6, ii,283. sp.4 
 
 and stones 5,6, Marsh.5U().sp.9. 
 
 5,6, Gyll. 295.sp.l4. 
 
 • stones and moss 
 
 ■ and stones 
 stones and moss 
 
 . 5,6, 296.sp.l5. 
 
 U. stones and moss moist pi aces 5,6, 29 1 .sp. 12. 
 
 5,6, -— 301.sp.l9. 
 
 Under dung and stones 5,6, 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, 297.sp.16. 
 
 5,6, 317.sp.33. 
 
 5,6, 316. sp.32. 
 
 5,6, 29S.sp,l7. 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, 322. sp.58. 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, m I 338.sp.54. 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6. 324.sp.40. 
 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, 342.sp.5S. 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, 311.sp.27. 
 
 5,6, 339.sp.55. 
 
 5,6, 
 
 moist places 
 
 Koots of trees and under stones 10, 285. sp.6. 
 
 Under stones 5, 287. sp, 8, 
 
 Under dung and in dead anim. 5,6, Page 172. 
 
 Putrid vegct. and und. stones 5,6, 
 
 Moist banks and under stones 5, Gyll.ii. 367.sp.4. 
 . 5, 
 
 5, Page 172. 
 
 5, Gyll.ii. S74.sp.3. 
 
 5, 
 
 5, 
 
 ■ and under stones 
 
 LTnder stones and moist bunks 
 Sandy places 
 
TKE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR. 
 
 367 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 lOG Pasderus angustatus 
 U)7 Stenus pubescens 
 
 Juncorum 
 
 oculatus 
 
 nigricornis 
 
 * angustatus 
 rufitarsis 
 Havicornis 
 pusillus 
 brunnipes 
 aceris 
 rugulosus 
 
 109 Oxytelus opacus 
 
 angustatus 
 armatus 
 
 110 Omalium depressum 
 
 1 11 Lestiva caraboides 
 
 113 Tachinus rufipes 
 
 114 Aleochara canaliculata 
 
 fuscipes 
 
 sulcata 
 
 lanuginosa 
 
 121 Bryaxii longicornis 
 
 sanguinea 
 
 * Juncorum 
 
 122 Pselapbus Herbstii 
 
 124 Ptinus ovatus 
 
 ccrevicia? 
 
 125 Gibbium sulcatus 
 
 * Scotias 
 
 126 Ptilinus pectinicornis 
 127*Anobiuni Abietis 
 128 Deimestes lardarius 
 131 Anthrenus Museorum 
 133 Bynhus murinus ? 
 
 dorsal is 
 varius 
 
 135 Ontliophilus striatus 
 
 136 Hister sinuatus 
 
 4-notatiis 
 
 parvus 
 
 stercoraiius 
 
 neglectus 
 
 carbonarius 
 
 purpurascens 
 
 140 Parnus prolifericornis 
 
 141 Heteroferus marginatus 
 143 Hydrochus elongatus 
 b48 Hydtobius fuscipes 
 
 Under stones in sandy places 
 Moist banks 
 
 Dung and sandy places 
 
 Cow dung 
 
 Under stones, on palings, &c 
 
 Dung 
 
 Sandy places and under stones 5,6, Gyll.ii.391.sp.l4 
 
 5, Gyll. ii.S'J5.sp.4. 
 
 5, 
 
 5, 
 
 5, 471. sp. 7. 
 
 5, 
 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 5,6, 
 5,6, Tr.Ent.Soc.i.97. 
 
 5,6, 210.sp.ll 
 
 5,6, 192. sp. 1. 
 
 5, Page 17(1. 
 
 Under duna 
 
 Roots of grass, Battersea 
 
 J unci, Norfolk 
 Moist places 
 Houses 
 
 and old paper 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Old trees and bouses 
 Trees, Norfolk 
 Houses 
 Museums 
 Sandy places 
 
 Roots of trees 
 Dung 
 
 Banks of ponds 
 
 Marshy pi. and muddy banks 
 
 Aquatic plants, Battersea 
 
 Ponds 
 
 5, 428.sp.50. 
 
 ' 5, 378. sp. I. 
 
 5, 432.sp.54. 
 
 5, Page 179. 
 
 5, Zool. Misc. iii. 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5,6, Page 179. 
 5,G,7,Marsh.90.sp.28. 
 
 5,6, sp. 29. 
 
 5,6,7,Page 180, 
 
 5,6, 181. 
 
 Gyll. i.297.sp.9. 
 5,6, Page 181. 
 5, Gyll.i. I62.sp.3. 
 5, — 193. sp.5. 
 5, Marsh. 104.SP.6. 
 5, Gyll.i. 197.SP.4, 
 5' Fabr. 
 5,6, lllig.i. 57. 
 
 5, 58. 
 
 5, Marsh. 93.sp.3. 
 5, Payk. Mon. 40. 
 5, Megerle 
 5, Gvll.i.82.sp.lJ. 
 5, Fabr. 
 
 Marsh. ? 
 5, Page 185. 
 
 Fabr. 
 5, Page 1S7. 
 
368 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEKDAK. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 148 Hydrobiiis calconotus 
 
 bipustulatus 
 
 atricapillus 
 
 torquatus 
 
 melanocephalus 
 
 orbicularis 
 
 fulvus 
 
 griseus 
 
 minutus 
 
 seminnlus 
 
 margiuellus 
 
 149 Limnebius nitidus 
 
 mollis 
 nigrinus 
 
 154 Copris lunaris 
 
 155 Onthophagiis Vacca 
 
 nuchicornis 
 Xiphias 
 verticicornis 
 nutans 
 ovatus 
 ♦ Diilwynii 
 
 156 Aphodius rufipes 
 
 luridus 
 depressus 
 Sus 
 
 merdarins 
 testudinarius 
 Fossor 
 
 subterraneus 
 erraticus 
 unicolor 
 fimetarius 
 coprinus 
 scutator 
 conflagratus 
 sordid us 
 icteric us 
 fcEtens 
 attatninatus 
 inquinatus 
 fcedatus 
 liaetnorrhoidalis 
 terrestris 
 humeralis 
 pusillns 
 obscurus 
 granarius 
 turpis 
 151 Geotrupes sylvaticus 
 
 PoikIs 
 
 Ponds and ditches 
 
 Under dun 
 
 5, Mars.406.sp.l3. 
 
 •5, 
 
 5, 405.sp.l0. 
 
 5, Page 187. 
 
 5, Marsh.403.sp.4. 
 
 b, 408.sp.20. 
 
 5, Gyll.i.l22.sp.n 
 5, Mars.406.sp.l'2. 
 5, Gyll.i.ll6.sp.5. 
 5, Payk.i.l86.sp.ll 
 5, Page 137. 
 5, Mars,407.sp.l6. 
 5, 
 5, Page 183. 
 
 5, 
 
 5, Marsli.32.sp.57. 
 
 5, 33. sp. 59. 
 
 5, 34. sp. fiO. 
 
 5, 35.sp. 62, 
 
 5, sp. 63. 
 
 , Swansea, (Mr. Dillwyn) 5, Leach, MSS. 
 
 5, Marsh.25.sp.42. 
 
 5, 27. sp.45. 
 
 5, T.Ent.Soc.i.246 
 5, Mars. 29.sp.50. 
 
 [Bexley 
 Charlton: lanes 
 
 Swansea 
 
 -, Hampstead 
 
 -, Bristol 
 
 -, Norfolk 
 
 -, Lessness Heath 
 
 5, 
 
 30. sp. 52. 
 
 
 — ^28. sp. 49. 
 
 5, 
 
 16.sp. 24. 
 
 5, 
 
 18. sp.29 
 
 5, 
 
 9. sp. 5. 
 
 5, 
 
 ll.sp. 9. 
 
 5, 
 
 10. sp. 7. 
 
 5, 
 
 12. sp. 11. 
 
 5, 
 
 ll.sp. 8. 
 
 5, 
 
 sp. 10. 
 
 5, 
 
 10. sp. 6. 
 
 5, 
 
 Tr.Ent.Soc.i.80. 
 
 5, 
 
 Mars.l7.sp. 2-5. 
 
 5, 
 
 I3.sp.l5. 
 
 5, 
 
 13.sp. 14. 
 
 5, 
 
 14.sp. 16. 
 
 5, 
 
 I9.sp.30. 
 
 5, 
 
 17.sp.26. 
 
 5, 
 
 Panz. 
 
 5, 
 
 Mars. 18.sp.27. 
 
 5, 
 
 18. sp.23. 
 
 5, 
 
 19.sp.31. 
 
 5, 
 
 I5.sp.21. 
 
 5, 
 
 — 23.sp.38. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 3G9 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 l.")" Geotrupes vernal ;s 
 158 Typliaens vulgaris 
 1(31 Trox i-abulnsus 
 arcnarius 
 
 1■^9 Blaps mortisaia 
 172 Tencbiio molitor 
 ISO Cistela nigra 
 iy'2 Meloe brevicoUis 
 
 violacpus 
 
 proscarabxus 
 205 Apioi) immune 15i-i)oni and furze 
 
 20S Khj'ncliajnnsnisrirostrisMoist pi. & banks nf ponds 
 210 Liparus squaiiiigtr Sandy p!. and nellies, llertf. 
 
 vastator ■ 
 
 asper 
 
 sexstiiatus 
 215*Cossriniis linearis 
 '22i Latiidins tiansversus 
 
 rugicoliis 
 
 riificoiiis 
 
 itnpressus 
 527 TA'<"t"s oblongiis 
 
 conaria 
 
 gcetting-ensis 
 
 Polygon! 
 
 aMCta 
 
 polita 
 
 stapliylea 
 
 jsangiiiuolenta 
 
 limbata 
 
 marsinella 
 
 Under dnng, Lessness Heath 5, Marsh. 23. sp. 37. 
 
 I'.pping Forest 5, PagelR9. 
 
 Sandy jjlaces, Coombe Wtxid 3, — — 190. 
 Gardens, under dry bones, 
 
 stones, Sec. 5,6, Marsh. 25. sp. 41. 
 
 Cellars 5to9, Page 192. 
 
 Houses, in meal and flour 5,(3, 193. 
 
 Hedges and lanes 5, Marsh. 221 . sp. 5. 
 Meadows, Devon, (Dr. Leach) Leach T.L.S. xi. 
 Meadows and snnny banks 5, 
 
 5,C^, Kirby T.L.S. ix. 
 
 5, Marsh. 267. sp.89. 
 
 5, 301. sp. 182. 
 
 5, 300. sp. ISO. 
 
 5, 501.sp.l8l. 
 
 5, 305. sp. 195. 
 
 Page 204. 
 
 5, Marsh. 109. sp.lO. 
 
 5, 113. sp. 23. 
 
 5, . lll.sp. 17. 
 
 5, 110. sp. 11. 
 
 5, 107. sp. 3. 
 
 5, Pa;.'e208. 
 
 Marsh. 537.sp.21. 
 
 5,fi, 169. sp. 1, 
 
 5,G, 1 70. sp. 2. 
 
 5.6, 171. sp. 4. 
 
 5, 178. sp. IP. 
 
 5, 181. sp. 24. 
 
 5, 188. sp.43. 
 
 5, 186. sp. 41. 
 
 5, 1 90. sp. 48. 
 
 5, 191. Sp. 49. 
 
 b, 181. sp. 25. 
 
 162. sp. 34. 
 
 Page 216. 
 
 Kettles and hedges 
 
 Hanipstead 
 
 Trunks of trees, Windsor For. 
 
 Hedges and sandy places 
 
 Old wood and palings 
 228 Trogosita mauritanica Under stones in moist places 
 230 Lamia niinr.ta Hedges 
 
 2-iC Chrysoineja tenebricosa Var. plants in hedg( s Sc janes 
 
 Heaths 
 
 Heaths and sandy places 
 
 Knot.^Tass 
 
 Palings 
 
 Nettles 
 
 Sandy places, Charlton 
 
 Weedy banks 
 254 Coceinellaoblongo-gnttata Pines, Hertford 
 257 Lycopenlina B jvistas PutY-balls on commons 
 261 Gryllotalpa vulgaris m. Gardens, lipids of peas, banks 
 
 of streams 
 
 
 5,6. 
 
 217. 
 
 Pi,unning \\aters 
 
 
 5,6, 
 
 224. 
 
 l*oi)ds and ditches 
 
 
 5,6, 
 
 — 
 
 fjrassy places 
 
 
 5,6, 
 
 225. 
 
 Ribwort, plantain in mead 
 
 JWS 
 
 
 Haworth 56. 
 
 283 Velia rivnlomm 
 
 284 Gcrris palndum 
 
 285 Acanthia maculat.i 
 315 Melitxa Cinxia /. xf. 
 
 TlieG'anv.lleFritilLa-y 
 
 Artemis /. M. Devii's-bit, woods & ch. places ,36. 
 
 Ttie greasy Fntillary 
 320 Hipparchia ^Tlgeria b. Borders of woods and liclds 6,3, Pare 241. 
 The speckled JVoU 
 
370 
 
 THE ENTOMULOGTST S t'ALESUAR 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 No. 
 of 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 
 
 of a p. 
 
 312 Lycaena Phlseas b. Grassy commons 
 
 6,8^ Page '241. 
 
 The common Copper 
 
 
 
 Dorylas I. e. Grassy banks 
 
 7, Ha worth 45. 
 
 The common Blue 
 
 
 
 Argus I. E. 
 
 
 
 46. 
 
 
 The studded Blue 
 
 
 
 TfHi ( r 
 
 6, - 
 
 
 The Mack-spot Bmvn 
 
 
 32G Macroglossa Stellatanim e. Gardens 
 
 6,9, Page '244. 
 
 The Humming-bird 
 
 
 
 341 Endromis versicolor m. Trunks of trees 
 
 
 247. 
 
 The Kentish Glory 
 
 
 
 340 Closteva curtula e. Trunks of poplars 
 
 Haw. 130. sp. S?. 
 
 The chocolate Tip 
 
 
 
 Bomhyx Cory \\ b. Skirts of woods 
 
 7, 
 
 102. sp. 32. 
 
 The nut- tree Tussock 
 
 
 
 352 Phyois Pelionella Houses 
 
 5,6, 
 
 Page 249. 
 
 354 Noctua tetra Gardens 
 
 6, Haw. 16'2. sp. 12. 
 
 The Mahogany 
 
 
 
 fissina Shady pales and rails 
 
 
 
 The iidn-tailed Shark 
 
 
 
 Scrophularia; b. Gardens 
 
 
 ]67.sp. 21. 
 
 The water Betony 
 
 
 
 operosa e. Pales and trunks of trees 
 
 
 185. sp. 69. 
 
 The early Grey 
 
 
 
 ridens m. Trunks of oaks 
 
 
 202. sp. 117. 
 
 The frosted Green 
 
 
 
 seladonia m. Skirts of woods 
 
 10,- 
 
 199. sp. 111. 
 
 The brindled Green 
 
 
 
 aprilina m. 
 
 
 10,- 
 
 200. sp. 112. 
 
 
 The Marvel du Jour 
 
 
 
 gothica M. Hedges 
 
 
 226. sp. 192 
 
 The Hebrew Character 
 
 
 
 «_^,.,..,™^ „ 
 
 2,6, - 
 
 238. sp. 227 
 
 The orange Upper-wivg 
 
 fuscata B. Oaks and sallows 
 
 
 241. sp. 234 
 
 The dark Drab 
 
 
 
 angusta Sallows 
 
 
 — sp. 236. 
 
 The dark Drab, var. 
 
 
 
 subsetacea b. Sallows and osier beds 
 
 
 — sp. 257. 
 
 The dark Drab, var. 
 
 
 
 nebulosa Sallows 
 
 
 — — sp. 238. 
 
 The dark Drab, var. 
 
 
 
 sparsa e. Sallows and osier beds 
 
 
 242. sp. 239. 
 
 The poiudered Quaker 
 
 
 
 
 geminata b. 
 
 Trunks of oaks 
 
 
 sp. 240. 
 
 The twin-spotted Drab 
 
THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 371 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 No. 
 
 of Name. Where found. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 5j4 AToc/tta bimaculata b. Tiuiiks of oaks ? 
 Tlieferrugineous Drnb 
 
 subplumbea b. 
 
 The lead-coloured Drab 
 
 pallida of trees 
 
 The pale Quaker 
 
 Cerasi b. of willows 
 
 The common Quaker 
 
 jiincta B. . 
 
 The rommon Quaker, var. 
 
 nana b. . 
 
 The small Quaker 
 
 libatrix v.. Poplars and pales 
 
 The Herald 
 (7eo;ne<ra illnnaria e. Sliady groves 
 The early Thirn 
 
 badiala b- 
 The Shoulder-stripe 
 
 oervinata b. 
 Scarce Tissue 
 
 suffumata 
 Ike water Carpet 
 
 quadrimaculata 
 The pinion spotted Yelluw 
 
 congeneraria b. Trunks of trees 
 Theforkfd-striped Brindle 
 
 fiimaria b. Oaks 
 
 The dark Brindle 
 
 Cratasgaria b. Hedges and woods 
 
 The Brirnstone 
 
 dentistrigata m. Trunks of trees, Coombe W. 
 The early Tooth-striped 
 
 viretata Pathways in woods 
 
 The hrindle-larred Yellow 
 
 insulata v.. Woods 
 
 The insulated Carpet 
 
 bidentaria e. 
 The scalloped Hazel 
 360 Biston hirtarius 
 
 The brindled Beauty 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 Gardens and pales 
 Open places in woods 
 Pathways and woods 
 
 3Gb Turtrix Loeflingina 
 The Lfgjiivgian 
 
 subsequana — 
 
 The faint Silver-striped 
 
 * fraternana - 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 Trunks oftrees 
 Hedges 
 
 The cinereous Silver-barred 
 
 perlepidana 
 
 'I'he beautifid Crescent 
 
 Other 
 t^mes K 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Haw, 
 
 5, 
 
 6,8, 
 
 5, 
 6, 
 
 5,6, 
 
 5, 
 
 242, &p. 241. 
 
 sp.242. 
 
 sp. 243, 
 
 ■ 243. sp. 244. 
 
 - — sp. 247. , 
 
 - 244. sp. 249. 
 
 - — sp. 250. 
 -292. sp. 58. 
 -325. sp 27. 
 -318. sp. 6. 
 
 - 323. sp. 21. 
 
 - 343. sp, 80. 
 
 - 273. sp, 4. 
 
 - 273. sp, 5. 
 -298. sp. 74, 
 
 - 320, sp. 11. 
 
 - 329, sp. 39. 
 
 - 330. sp, 43. 
 -291. sp. 55. 
 
 - 273. sp. 3. 
 
 - 420. sp, 82. 
 -448. sp. 173. 
 -449,Ep, 174. 
 
 - 458. sp. 206. 
 
 2 A 2 
 
372 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 *Tmea Pyralea 
 
 The ye'loic-sti^maed 
 
 Alstroemeri 
 The Ahlccmer 
 
 signora 
 The red Letter 
 
 purpurea 
 The lesser Purple 
 374 Alucita hexadactyia 
 The s'.x-clefi Plume 
 401 Trichiosoma laterale 
 46S Andrena Rosa; 
 
 pratensis 
 
 thoracica 
 
 uitida 
 
 iiigro-jenea 
 
 atriceps 
 
 varians 
 
 Gwynana 
 
 spinicera 
 
 armata 
 
 fiilva 
 
 Clarkella 
 
 Smitliella 
 
 Tiicjriceps 
 
 chiysocclis 
 
 Lev.inella 
 
 parviila 
 iST Boiiibus campestris 
 
 siibinterruptus 
 Stylops Melitta 
 498 Beris nigritarsis 
 
 clavipes 
 520 Bombylius major 
 
 medii'.s 
 530 Musca votnitorla 
 
 domestica 
 554 Tachina fera 
 
 Nettles ill hedges,CoombeW. 5, Haw. 499. sp. 4. 
 Grey 
 Hedges oOS-sp. 10. 
 
 ? Chelsea 
 
 Houses 
 
 Coombe Wood 
 Flowers 
 
 Blossoms of willows 
 
 Blossoms of apple-trees 
 
 Flowers 
 
 Blos«)ms of willows 
 
 Flowers in gardens 
 Heaths, Hampstead 
 Blossoms of willows 
 
 Flowers 
 
 Blossoms of sallows 
 Melitta iiigro-xnea 
 Palings near meadows 
 
 Open places in woods 
 
 Houses and hedges 
 
 Houses 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 5,9, 
 
 503. sp. 11. 
 -511. sp. 20. 
 •480. sp. 21. 
 
 Zool.Misc. iii. 109. 
 Kirby ii. 83, sp.39. 
 
 100. sp. 43. 
 
 101. sp. 49. 
 
 5, 104. sp. 51. 
 
 109. sp. 54. 
 
 ■ 1 14. sp. .55. 
 117. sp. 58. 
 
 i 20. sp. GO. 
 
 123. sp. 63. 
 
 124. sp. 64. 
 
 5, '.28 sp. 68. 
 
 130. sp. 69. 
 
 131. sp. 70. 
 
 I 1 34. sp. 73. 
 
 5, 14.3. sp. 82. 
 
 148. sp. 88. 
 
 162. sp. 103. 
 
 5, 335. sp. 88. 
 
 5, 356. sp.99. 
 
 5, i.lll. 
 
 5, Page 291. 
 5, Panz. ix. 119. 
 Page 295. 
 Linn. i. 1009. sp.2. 
 
 5toS, 989. sp. 67. 
 
 990. sp.69. 
 
 Page 201. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 8 Geophilus electricus 
 
 3 Chelifer Mnscfirum 
 
 14*Syctodes thoracicus 
 
 21*D(>lon)edes mirabiiis 
 
 22 Salticiis scenious 
 
 1 Ixodes Ricinus 
 
 Lender stonss 
 
 Museums 
 
 Houses 
 
 N^''oods 
 
 Walls and pali 
 
 Doas 
 
 1 1 Limuocharcs holosericeaPoiids 
 
 Pa -e 117. [f. 4. 
 6,7,8 Z.Sl. iii.50.t.l42. 
 Page 126. 
 
 6,7, 129. 
 
 6,7, 
 
 6, r- 1.32. 
 
 6. 133. 
 
THE EXTOMOLOCIST S CALENDAR. 
 
 373 
 
 MAY. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Wlicre founu. 
 
 Oiher 
 times 
 of .np. 
 
 Reftrcnce to 
 dcc.'iption. 
 
 3 Pctrobiiis maritiimis 
 ] 1 (^j'clirus rostratus 
 12 Carabus intricalus e. 
 ni'uiiiis 
 ni{en5 
 
 14 Nebria c:iinplanata 
 
 15 Leistiis cserulciis 
 
 Raul:iisii 
 If) Panair.Tus onii niiiior 
 
 20 Bembidiiiin flavipcs 
 * pallipe? 
 
 21 Cillenus lateralis 
 
 22 T'lechus aquaticus 
 
 discus 
 
 S:'a >hiires Pa-e 141. 
 
 Patlnvavs and woods 6,7, ]Mai=h.470.sp.l03. 
 
 N. tlip. iiv.l'avy,Di'voii,(Dr.L.) Page 145. 
 
 Gardens and pathways (>>'T,8 — 
 
 Moi.-t pi. and sand-pits, Hants ti, Marsh. 435. sp. 8. 
 r. wood, sandy shores, Swansea 5, Page 14C. 
 
 147. 
 
 New species. 
 Pajre 147. 
 Marsh.394. sp. 9. 
 
 Sanuy places under stones C, 
 
 Near Ipswich, (Mr. Stone) 9, 
 
 Sandy places 3,7, 
 
 Sand-piis, Hexlcy 0, 
 
 Croonie, Norfolk 
 
 Srasho., Port )l'cllo,(Dr.L.) G,7, Page 143. 
 Moist places, lialtersea 6, Marsh. 4Gl.5p. 77. 
 
 Gardens, Lanibeth,(l)r.Leac]i) Fabr. 
 
 30 Agonum sexpiinctatum Moist places, Cooinbe.ficBatt. 6, Pago 151. 
 
 vaporarioriim Sandy places 6, (5yll.ii. I tlI.sp.6S. 
 
 40 Poecillns ciiprens Sandy places and pathways 6,7, Mars!i.439.sp. 18. 
 
 47 Pracliinus creiiitans U.stones,Gravesend,(Mr.Steph.) Page 154. 
 
 48 Latnprias chlorocephalaBrooin 6, 155. 
 
 53 Drvftta emarginata Ch. places, HastingsSiFaversh. 0, 15fi. 
 
 Running streams, Bexley 
 Ponds and ditches, ilainpst. 
 Ponds? Norfolk 
 
 54 llalipliis elevatus 
 57 Hydroporus flexnosns 
 60 Colyinbetes collaris 
 
 cons]>ersus 
 
 notatns 
 
 maciilatiis 
 
 abbreviatus 
 
 obscurns 
 64 Gyriniis nurimis 
 
 iiiinutus 
 
 elongatus 
 
 viliosus 
 70 Elatertcfseliatns 
 
 balteatus 
 
 niger 
 
 xneus 
 
 holosericeus 
 
 lineatits 
 
 sptitator 
 
 niinutus 
 
 castanipes 
 
 marginatus 
 
 unicolor 
 
 me.somehis 
 
 mesomdus, var. 
 72 Elodes pallida 
 
 melanura 
 
 molle 
 
 iiigricaus 
 
 Running streams 
 
 Ponds 
 
 Ponds and ditches 
 
 Salt marshes 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Salt marshes 
 
 Rivers and running waters 
 
 Willows 
 
 ■ and hedges 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Under stones, in sand-pits 
 
 Birch-trees, Coombe Wood 
 
 Hedges 
 
 e>, 157. 
 
 6, Marsli.425.sp.3I. 
 G, Gyll. i.4S5. sp. 19. 
 
 6, 482. sp. IG. 
 
 G, 483. sp. 17. 
 
 Marsh.4ia.sp.l4. 
 
 Gyll. i. 488.. sp.22, 
 
 Mar.sh. 414. sp. 5. 
 G, Gyll. i. 143. sp. 4. 
 G,* Marsh. 100. sp.2, 
 6, 100. sp. 4. 
 
 Page 159. 
 6, Marsh. 386. sj). 27. 
 6, ■ 334. sp. 23. 
 
 Gyll. i. 406. sp.3G. 
 
 Linn.ii. 655. sp.31. 
 6, Marsh.386.sp.28. 
 6, 387. sp. 5. 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 White thorn & umbel, plants 
 Hedges 
 
 6, 
 
 384. sp. 24. 
 
 6, 
 
 381. sp. 17, 
 
 6,7 
 
 381. sp. 15. 
 
 G, 
 
 379. sp. 9. 
 
 6, 
 
 379. sp. 8. 
 
 6, 
 
 378. sp. fi. 
 
 6, 
 
 7. 
 
 6, 
 
 227. sp. 20. 
 
 G, 
 
 Gyll. i. 366. sp. L 
 
 6, 
 
 Marsh. 225.sp. 15. 
 
 6, 
 
 226. sp. 17. 
 
374 
 
 THE E;NT0M0L0GIST 3 CALEXDAR. 
 
 IMAY. 
 
 77 Telephonis fuscus 
 
 obscurus 
 
 lateralis 
 
 nilicollis 
 
 livid us 
 
 rufus 
 
 melaniirus 
 
 testaceus 
 
 pallidiis 
 
 fulvicollis 
 
 78 Mallhinus flavus 
 
 immunis 
 humeralis 
 
 79 Dasytes ater 
 
 aenetis 
 
 80 Malachiiis aeneus 
 
 bigfuttatus 
 84 Necrobia ruflcollis 
 
 violacea 
 Tilh(S Quadra 
 8j Necrophagus spinipes 
 
 Immator 
 
 * Germaiiicus 
 Anglicanus 
 vcspiilo 
 
 86 Necrodeslittoralis 
 
 87 Oiccoptoma tlioracica 
 
 rugosa 
 sinuata 
 
 88 Silpha opaca 
 
 4-punctata 
 
 lasvigata 
 90 Scaphidium 4-niaculat 
 y7 Engis humeralis 
 
 rutifruns 
 99 Nitidula bipustulata 
 
 rufipes 
 
 nigrina 
 
 aenea 
 
 Uiiica: 
 
 ervthropa 
 lOU Ips 4-inaculata 
 
 ferrugiuea 
 101 Biturus tomeulosiis 
 
 fumatus 
 103 Micropepliis Porcatus 
 
 staphylinoides 
 
 Hedges in lanes 
 
 HedEjes 
 
 Iledcres and wood-sides 
 
 Hedges and woods 
 
 Moss and grass 
 
 Pales and post^, wood- sides 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Hedges and woods 
 
 Dried bones 
 
 6,7, Page 164. 
 6,7, Marsh. 365. sp. 2. 
 6,7, Linn.ii. 648. sp. 6. 
 6,7, Marsh. 566. sp. 5. 
 
 6,'7,' Gyll.i.350.sp.2C. 
 6,7, Marsh. 368. sp. 7. 
 
 6,7, 367. sp. 5. 
 
 6,7, 358. sp. 6. 
 
 6,7, Payk. i.266.sp.l?. 
 6,7, Page 164. 
 6,7, Marsh. 574.sp.20. 
 6,7, 374. sp. 19. 
 
 6, Page 164. 
 
 6, Mar»h.'230. sp. 3. 
 6,7, Page 165. 
 
 6, Marsh. 372. sp. 15. 
 
 6, Page 166. 
 6,12 Marsh. 323. sp.3. 
 
 Fungi and dead animals 
 Dead animals, banks of rivers 
 
 Plaistow Marshes 
 Dead animals and woods 
 
 , marshes 
 
 Fungi and dead animals 
 Dead animals, river sides 
 Dead animals, woods 
 
 sp. 
 
 1 14. sp. 2. 
 1 1 4. sp. 1 . 
 
 3. 
 
 6, 114. sp. 
 
 6, 116. sp. 3. 
 
 6, Page 167. 
 
 6, Marsh. 120. sp.]6. 
 
 6, 120. sp. 14. 
 
 6, 120. sp. 15. 
 
 6, 118. sp. 9. 
 
 6. 119. sp. 12. 
 
 6, Page 168. 
 
 6, Cyll. i. 203. sp. 2. 
 
 6, 204. sp. 4. 
 
 Diy bones on heaths & woods 6,7, Marsh. 129. sp. 1. 
 Flowers in hedges & sides of 
 
 woods 
 Flowers in hedges 
 
 , and nettles 
 
 Inder stones in sandy places 
 Oaks 
 
 Sandy places 
 um Fungi and rotten wood 
 Bark of trees and boltti 
 
 Flowers in hedges 
 Und.baik.New Forest Hants 
 
 Blossom of the white-thorn 
 White thorn hedges 
 Sandy places, Bexley 
 
 6,7, 
 
 130. sp. 4. 
 
 6,7, 
 
 138. sp. 27. 
 
 6,7, 
 
 131. sp. 8, 
 
 6, 
 
 
 6, 
 
 132. sp. 10. 
 
 6, 
 
 130. sp. 2. 
 
 6, 
 
 
 6, 
 
 Page 170. 
 
 6, 
 
 Marsh. 65. sp. 1 1 
 
 6, 
 
 Page 171. 
 
 ^, 
 
 Marsh. 137.sp.25 
 
THE ENTOMOt-OCISTS CALENDAE. 
 
 375 
 
 MAY. 
 
 l(i7*Stenus casrulesceiis Moist banks &l sides of rivers 6, 
 108 Oxyporus rufus lioleti and other fungi 6,7, 
 
 110 Omalium melanoceplialuniFloaers C>, 
 
 striatum G, 
 
 grossum Suuly places 6, 
 
 113 Tachinus luuulatiis Fungi 6, 
 
 1 16 Lomechusa emarginataDry sandy places und. stones C, 
 
 dentata G, 
 
 1 17*P,nplectusReiolienbaclui ? Norfolk(Mr. Curtis) 
 
 1 iS'Bytliinussecuriger ? Norf.(Mr.J. Hooker) 
 
 3 19*Arcophagus clavicoruis Sandy pi. ,Swans.(Mr. Millard) G, 
 
 bulbiter 
 l2l*Bryaxis iuipres-a 
 
 fossulata 
 122*Pselaplms Hiesii 
 
 longicollis 
 
 Dresdensis 
 124 Ptinus Musjeorum 
 
 Lic'iienuin 
 
 rufipes 
 l'2~ Anobiuni striatum 
 ]"28 Derniestes te«-cllatus 
 129 Attagenus Pcllio 
 
 ■? Norfolk (Mr. Sims) (S, 
 ? Norfoik(Mr. Wilkin) 6, 
 
 Bex ley 
 
 ? Norfolk 
 
 — ^— ? Norfolk 
 
 ? Brihtol (Mr. Millar) 
 
 Edinbiiriih 
 
 6, 
 
 Old paliuj^s, Wandsworth 
 Hedges 
 Houses 
 Dead animals 
 Houses 
 131 Anthrenus Scrophulafia:Flowers 
 Verbasci 
 
 136 Hister iniicolor Dung and dead animals 
 
 cadaveriuus 
 
 ]2-striatus Dung 
 
 speculifer — - 
 
 137 Deudrupliilus punctatusUnder bark 
 158 Platysoma picipes 
 l39*Limnius ValcUmari 
 
 143 Hydrochus crenatu; 
 
 brevis 
 
 144 Ochthebius riparius 
 
 pyg:maeus ■ 
 m.irinus 
 
 145 Ilydrajna Kugellani ■ 
 
 1 j-J Onthophasus Canobita Under dung in sandy places 
 160 Psammodius sulcicollii Sandy pi. S\vansea(.Vlr.Millard) 
 163 Meloloutha vulgaris Various trees 
 
 Hedges and dead animals 
 Flowers of the dog-rose 
 Rose-trees and umbel L plants 
 Sandy places, Coombe Wood 
 Hedges and woods 
 Under l)ark of trees 
 Hedges • 
 
 6, 
 6, 
 
 6,7, 
 
 6, 
 
 6,7, 
 
 6, 
 
 6,7, 
 
 6, 
 
 6, 
 
 5,6, 
 
 Ro;as of ijrass, banks of rivers 6,7, 
 Aquatic plauts, Norfoik 
 
 P.mds and ditches 
 
 brunneus 
 
 166 Trichiu< nobilis 
 
 167 Cetonia aurata 
 171 Opatrum sabulosu'n 
 180 Cistela murina 
 
 133 Melandrya caraboidcs 
 
 134 Lagria hirla 
 183 Pvrucluoa ruben- 
 
 Gyll. ii. 46:3. sp.l. 
 
 Page 174. 
 
 Marsh. r27.sp 39. 
 Gyll.ji.231.sp.28. 
 
 274. sp. 20. 
 
 Page 177. 
 Gyll. ii.44l. sp. 4. 
 Page I7S. 
 Zool. Misc. iii. 
 
 Page 178. 
 
 179. 
 
 Zool. Misc. iii. 
 
 87. 
 
 Zool. Misc. iii. 
 
 Marsh. 89. sp. 26. 
 
 83. sp. 5. 
 
 Page 181. 
 Marsh. 61. sp. 3. 
 Page 182. 
 
 Marsh. 101. sp.2. 
 Gyll. i. 74. sp. 1. 
 Payk. 
 
 — F.S.i.39.sp.6. 
 
 Latr. 
 Page 184. 
 
 185. 
 
 Fabr, 
 
 Gyll.i- l.l?-5p.S. 
 Page 186. 
 Gyll. i. 133. sp. 9. 
 
 134. sp. 10. 
 
 Page 186. 
 Marsh. 33. sp. 53. 
 Page I9i). 
 
 Marsh. 38. sp. 67. 
 Page 191. 
 Marsh. 41. sp. 73. 
 Page 193. 
 Marsh. 222. sp. 7. 
 Page 1 95. 
 J 96. 
 
376 
 
 THE XNTOMOLOGISl 3 CALENDAR. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen, 
 
 187 
 188 
 
 190 
 
 191 
 
 19, 
 
 Name. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Oihfr 
 times 
 ofap 
 
 Reference to 
 ilescription. 
 
 Notoxu? moiioceros 
 
 Anthiciis fuscus 
 floralis 
 
 Mordella acu^eata 
 abdominalis 
 bicolor 
 ferruginea 
 
 Anaspis frontalis 
 rnficoUis 
 obscunis 
 bifasciatus 
 biguttatiis 
 
 Meloe variegatws 
 
 Sandy pf.Charlton & Swansea 
 Dmiarnear stables 
 Flowers in gardens 
 White-thorn Ledj^es 
 and umbellate plants 
 
 AVhiie-lhorn 
 Umbellate plants 
 
 6, Page 196. 
 
 6, Marsh. A'i!). sp. 2. 
 
 6, Page 197. 
 
 6, Marsh. 489. sp. 4. 
 
 e, 490. sp. 8. 
 
 C, sp. G. 
 
 r., Page 197. 
 
 6, Mni-sh.4y|.sp.l1. 
 
 White-thorn 
 
 cicatricosiis 
 198 Authribus scabrosus 
 
 * varius 
 
 200 Bruclms Pis! 
 
 201 Attelabnsciircnlioaoi 
 
 202 Apoderus Coryli 
 
 203 Rbyiichiies Bacchus 
 
 a:quatns 
 
 cupreus 
 
 asiieo-virens 
 
 nanus 
 
 Aliiarias 
 
 piibe.-cens 
 
 Betulaj 
 
 204 Depoiaus Betuiae 
 
 205 Apion melanopum 
 
 Malvaj 
 vernale 
 
 * vorax 
 caerulescens 
 sulcifrons 
 Malvarum 
 
 * nigritarse 
 fliivipes 
 Sorbi 
 
 subsidcatum 
 flavifemoratum 
 
 * Fagi 
 virens 
 
 * marcliiciim 
 Spartii 
 
 * Gyllenbalii 
 
 * Meliloti 
 
 * laevigatum 
 Oxurum 
 
 Favershani, (Mr. Crowe,) Mar- 
 gale, (Mr. Mihie) 
 IMargate, (Mr. Milne) 
 Elm and horse-cliesnut 
 Wbitc-tliorn 
 Pea-fields & willov,s,Coombe 
 
 dcsNiit-tree and willow 
 Nut-tree 
 
 Nut, plum tree and hop 
 White-thorn 
 
 0, 
 
 492. sp. 14. 
 
 6. 
 
 493. sp. 18. 
 
 G, 
 
 492. sp. 12. 
 
 
 Leach 'IV.L.Soc.xi 
 
 
 Page 200. 
 
 
 Panz. 
 
 G, 
 
 Page 200. 
 
 — — — hedges 
 White-thorn 
 
 Nut-tree 
 
 
 6, 
 
 White-thorn hedges & a 
 
 der 
 
 0, 
 
 Oak, birch and hazel 
 
 
 6.7, 
 
 Broom 
 
 
 6, 
 
 Mallow 
 
 
 6, 
 
 'J'he white archangel & m 
 
 ttle 
 
 6, 
 
 Ash 
 
 
 
 White-thorn 
 
 
 6, 
 
 Bush vetch 
 
 
 r., 
 
 Mallow 
 
 
 6. 
 
 Nut-tree 
 
 
 
 Trefoil and sandy places 
 
 
 6,7, 
 
 Mountain ash 
 
 
 
 Bush vetch 
 
 
 0, 
 
 Trefoil 
 
 
 fi, 
 
 Beech trees 
 
 
 
 Hedges 
 
 
 
 6,7, 
 
 6,7, 201. 
 
 6, Marsh. 240. sp. fs 
 
 6, 238. sp. I. 
 
 6, 239. sp. 4. 
 
 6, — sp. 5. 
 
 fi, 23S. sp. 3. 
 
 6, — sp. 2. 
 
 2^10. sp. 7. 
 
 241. sp. 8. 
 
 Page 201. 
 6, KirbyTr.L.Soc.is. 
 
 Broom 
 Birch 
 Trefoil 
 Sandy places 
 Mallows 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 377 
 
 MAY. 
 
 Mallows 
 Grass near furze & sandy pi. 
 Nettles and sandy places 
 Oak 
 Nettles 
 
 205 Apiua ceiieuin 
 * hffiinatoidps 
 
 fninieiUaiiiini 
 U06 Curciilio ars;entatus 
 
 Mali 
 
 cnides 
 
 oblonp^us 
 
 unifasciatus ■ 
 
 sericeus .^— » 
 
 203 Rbyncliipnns austriacusNettles and sandy places 
 
 lled-^es 
 
 Equiseti 
 
 a?rator 
 
 Ivumicis 
 
 strnmiucus 
 
 resinosus 
 
 209 Balaniiuis Niicum 
 
 Tremula; 
 
 Tortrix 
 
 maciilatns 
 
 210 Liparus niger 
 
 scabrosus 
 
 Van 
 
 raucus 
 
 subglobosus 
 
 elevatus 
 
 obesus 
 
 Coryli 
 
 sulcatus 
 
 Ligustici 
 
 ovatus 
 
 punctatus 
 
 Anslicaniis 
 
 Marsh horse-tail 
 
 Corn spurrey 
 
 The dock, and sandy places 
 
 yaniiy places 
 
 Nut-tree 
 Aspin 
 
 Sallows 
 
 Sandy places near fhe sea 
 
 Sandy places and nettles 
 
 Nettles and hedges 
 Hedges, Colney Platch 
 Nut-trees 
 Sandy places 
 
 ? Dover and Surrey 
 
 Copenhagen fields&sandy pi. 
 Roots of grass and sandy pi. 
 Ciialky and sandy places 
 21 1 CryptorhynchusLapathiOsier grounds 
 
 ptinoides 
 
 phaeorhyiichus 
 
 pleurostigma 
 
 leucogaster 
 
 g/obosus 
 
 ovalis 
 
 dentatus 
 
 Quercicola 
 
 Urticae 
 
 melanostictus 
 
 obstrictus 
 
 contractus 
 
 Lythri 
 
 sulculus 
 
 horridiis 
 
 viduiis 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Sandy places 
 Hedges 
 
 • 316. sp. 226. 
 
 6, KirbyTr.L.Soc.ix. 
 
 6,' Page 202. 
 
 Marsh.3i7.sp.230, 
 318. sp. 231. 
 
 C. 
 
 6, 
 
 6, 
 
 6, 302. sp. 184. 
 
 6, . 254. sp. 48. 
 
 fi, 2G6. sp. 87. 
 
 6, — sp. 85. 
 
 6, 267. sp. 88. 
 
 r,, 268. sp. 91. 
 
 6, Page 203. 
 
 6, Marsh.291.sp.l56. 
 
 e, 291. sp. 157. 
 
 6, 292. sp. 153. 
 
 297. sp. 172. 
 
 6, 298. sp. 174. 
 
 6, 299. sp. 177. 
 
 6, 300. sp. 179. 
 
 6, 313. sp. 219. 
 
 6, 306. sp. 197. 
 
 6, 304. sp. 191. 
 
 6, 303. sp. 187. 
 
 6, 315. sp. 224. 
 
 313. sp. 220. 
 
 6, 3I5.sp.223. 
 
 6, 291. sp. 155. 
 
 6, 290. sp. 154. 
 
 G, 254. sp. 47, 
 
 6,7, 258. sp. 59. 
 
 6,7, I — sp. 5S. 
 
 6,7, 282. sp. 131. 
 
 6,7, 253. sp.45. 
 
 6,7, Panz. 
 
 6,7, Marsh.279.sp.l23. 
 
 6,7, 280. sp. 125. 
 
 6,7, sp. 126. 
 
 6,7, 281. sp. 128. 
 
 6,7, 282. sp. 132. 
 
 6,7, 255. sp. 50. 
 
 6,7, 250. sp. 36. 
 
 6,7, 252. sp. 41. 
 
 6.7, _ - 
 
 6,7, Panz. Faun. Stiee. 
 
378 
 
 -THE rXTOMOLOGISl's CALENDAR. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 Ko. 
 
 pf 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 ofap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 211 Cryptorhynchus assimil 
 
 caiiescens 
 ruber 
 
 melanorhynchus 
 inflexus 
 
 212 Cioniis immunis 
 
 213 Orchestes Alni 
 
 ferrugineus 
 atricapillus 
 rufus 
 nipricollis 
 dt^pressiis 
 pilusiis 
 
 vhodotlactylus 
 Salicis 
 AvellanSB 
 2^18 Platypus cylindricus ? 
 
 220 Hvlesinus varius 
 
 221 Ci's Buloti 
 
 239 Donacia micans 
 
 fasciata 
 
 S igittariae 
 
 viitata 
 
 Nymphaea? 
 
 fuse a 
 
 palustris 
 
 simplex 
 
 linearis 
 
 Hydrocharis 
 
 inelanocephala 
 '240 Crioceris Asparagi 
 241 Cassida eqaestris 
 
 similis 
 
 cruentata 
 
 sHedges 
 
 6,7, 
 6,7, 
 6,7, 
 6,7, 
 6,7, 
 
 c, 
 
 6, 
 6. 
 6, 
 6, 
 
 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 
 G. 
 
 c, 
 
 6. 
 6, 
 
 c, 
 
 nw. 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 
 Marsh. 257.sp.55. 
 
 259. sp. 62, 
 
 251. sp. 39, 
 
 253. sp. 44. 
 
 sp. 43. 
 
 278. sp, 120. 
 
 260. sp. 67. 
 
 sp. 68. 
 
 261. sp. 71. 
 
 sp. 69. 
 
 sp.7(). 
 
 262. sp. 73. 
 
 sp. 72. 
 
 sp, 74. 
 
 264. sp. 79. 
 
 263. sp. 78. 
 
 Page 205. 
 Marsh, 54. sp, 9. 
 Page 206. 
 
 21!, 
 
 Marsh. 344. sp. 9. 
 
 345. sp, U. 
 
 sp. 10. 
 
 347. sp. 15. 
 
 349. sp. 20. 
 
 sp. 21. 
 
 348, sp, 19. 
 
 347. sp. 16. 
 
 sp. 17. 
 
 348. sp. 18. 
 
 214. sp. 3. 
 
 Page 211. 
 Marsh. 144. sp. 2. 
 
 145. sp, 4, 
 
 
 
 
 Sides of ponds 
 
 Alder 
 
 Kims 
 
 Hedges, skirts of woods 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Sallow, skirts of woods 
 
 Nut-trees 
 
 Bark of trees, New Forest 
 
 Bark of trees 
 
 Boletus versicolor 
 
 Rashes iu ditclies 
 
 
 
 
 Aquatic pi, in ditcheSjOree 
 Plants in ditches 
 Rushes in ditches 
 
 
 
 Asparagus 
 Horse-mint in ditches 
 
 Thistles 
 
 marcida 
 
 nobilis 
 
 splendidula 
 
 242 Galeruca Tanaceti 
 
 Crataegi 
 Caprax 
 Nymphseae 
 cahnariensis 
 
 243 Adimonia nigricornis 
 * Alni 
 
 244 tuperiis flavipes 
 
 rnlipcs 
 
 245 IJaltica oleracea 
 
 orbiculata 
 Ccnlaureas 
 
 Broom 
 
 Oaks and hedges 
 
 IJettles and hedges 
 
 Chalk-pits 
 
 White-thorn bushes 
 
 Aquatic plants 
 
 6, 
 
 6, 
 6to9, 
 
 6, 
 6, 
 
 6, 
 6, 
 
 6, 
 
 6, 
 6, 
 6, 
 G, 
 
 6. 
 
 146. sp. 7. 
 
 147, sp. 8. 
 
 Page 212. 
 Marsh .228. sp.23 
 
 225. sp. 14. 
 
 224. sp. 12. 
 
 227. sp. 21, 
 
 Page 21-2, 
 Marsh. 172. sp. 7. 
 Page 212. 
 Marsh. 217. sp. 9. 
 
 202. sp. 80. 
 
 200. --.p. 72- 
 
 Hedges near Bexley 
 
 Alder 
 
 Woods, Shooter's Hill 
 
 Willows 
 
 Birch trees 
 
 Nettles and hedges 
 
THE entomologist's CAtENDAR. 
 
 379 
 
 MAY, 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Geii. 
 
 Name. 
 
 M'heie found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 243 Haltica testacea 
 
 aurata 
 
 nitidula 
 
 llelxines 
 
 semixnea 
 
 cyanca 
 
 ruficornis 
 
 transversa 
 
 affinis 
 
 fuscipes 
 
 Hyoscyami 
 
 nigricoilis 
 
 atricilla 
 
 nigroKHca 
 
 picina 
 
 cnncinna 
 
 Modeeri 
 
 striata 
 
 £eneo-fusca 
 
 rntipcs 
 
 rseudacori 
 
 testacea 
 
 a? rata 
 
 nodicornis 
 
 Biassicae 
 
 nemoriim 
 
 flexuosa 
 
 4-piistulata 
 
 locliroleiica 
 
 tabida 
 
 femoralis 
 
 Verbas-ci 
 
 exoleta 
 
 suturalis 
 24G Cbrysomelafiuinquejug 
 
 Hyperici 
 
 hfemoptera 
 
 clavicornis 
 
 Betula; 
 
 Ifypoclixridis 
 
 pallida 
 
 Populi 
 
 Tremula: 
 
 Banksii 
 2i7 Helodes Phellandrii 
 
 vioiacea 
 ^5G Endomychus coccineus 
 25s Forficula anricularia 
 259 Labia minor 
 
 Nettles and hedges 
 Willows 
 
 Nettles and hedges 
 
 Mallows and hedges 
 Hedges and nettles 
 Hedi;es 
 White-thorn and nettles 
 
 Hedges and gardens 
 Hedges and nettles, Ucxiey 
 
 , lanes, Bexley 
 
 Hedges and nettles, Bexlej' 
 Nettles and hedges 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Marshy places 
 Hedges and nettles 
 isPlants on sea shore, Hants 
 Coombe 
 
 Sandy pi. near the sea, Hants 
 Birch and willows 
 Birch 
 Hedges 
 
 • — ■ , Coombe 
 
 Aspen woods 
 
 Nettles, lanes, Bexl.&Crarf. 
 
 Cow parsnip 
 
 Brook lime 
 
 Under bark, Coombe 
 
 Gardens fit 
 
 Dimg. hills, upder stones, &,c 
 
 6, Marsh. 'iO'i.sp. 81. 
 
 6, 195. sp. 39. 
 
 t), sp. GO. 
 
 6, 194. sp. 38. 
 
 6, sp. 57. 
 
 6, 196. sp. G2. 
 
 6, 199. sp. 70. 
 
 C, 203. sp. 83. 
 
 ]99. sp. 69. 
 
 — - 193. sp. 33. 
 
 -200. sp. 91. 
 
 —— 2IH). sp. 74. 
 
 1 97. sp. ('i4, 
 
 205. sp. 92, 
 
 1 96. sp. 6 ! . 
 
 — 1 94. sp. 36. 
 
 6, 198. sp. G8. 
 
 1 96. sp. 63. 
 
 6, '..'02. sp. SI. 
 
 204. sp. 87. 
 
 6, — sp. 8G, 
 
 6, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 
 6, Marsh.' 197. sp.65. 
 
 6, 198.sp. 66. 
 
 6, sp,67. 
 
 6, 2u2, sp. 80, 
 
 6, 203. sp. 82. 
 
 6, 201, sp. 76. 
 
 6, 202. sp. 78. 
 
 6, 201. sp, 75. 
 
 6, sp, 77. 
 
 C, 173, sp. 9, 
 
 6, sp. 8. 
 
 6, 171. sp. 5. 
 
 6, 178. sp. 20. 
 
 6, i 1 S4. sp. 33. 
 
 174. sp. 12. 
 
 6, 188. sp. 44. 
 
 6, 189. sp. 4 5. 
 
 6, iS7.sp. 42. 
 
 6, ll?5. sp. .'-.S. 
 
 6, 186. sp. 59. 
 
 6, Page 213. 
 o'2 2i(,v 
 
TUB ENTOMOLOGISTS CALLJ^D.Vn. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 2l3'2 Acheta cainpestris 
 267 Blalta livida ? 
 
 27'2*Corens maiginatus 
 
 275 C'apsus ater 
 
 273 Rediivius personatiis 
 
 282 Hvfliometra stagnorum Ponds 
 
 ( iar.lttis and fields 
 
 Oaks, Chisseiiiurst, Ccxlcy 
 
 Under stones sea sliore 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Cras.sy jjlaccs 
 
 Paliii'js 
 
 294 Plata reticulata 
 
 295 Isssis colenptratus 
 
 296 Cix'ms nervostis 
 297*Asiraca clavicornis 
 
 301 Jassus Lanio 
 
 viridis 
 interrupt OS 
 
 302 Tettigonia viridis 
 
 spumaria 
 
 303 Psylla Aliii 
 505 'I'hvips Physapus 
 
 /Iphis urticata 
 
 307 Eriosoma Mali 
 
 308 Aleyrodes Chelcdonii 
 
 309 Coccus Cacti 
 311 Papilio Macbaon e. 
 
 I Li Stcaliw-fail 
 314 Pontia Brassirae m. 
 7he lar^e IFInie 
 
 Rapaj M. — 
 
 The green-veined If 'kite 
 
 Napi 
 
 Hedgrs and wood-sides 
 Ile.igcs 
 
 and wood-sides 
 
 Grassy places ? 
 
 — and liedges 
 G'ardctiSj on various plants 
 Alder 
 
 Flowers in hedges 
 Nettle 
 Apple-trees 
 "U'hite-thorn hedges 
 Fruit-trees 
 Cowslip mead.? Lymin. Plants 
 
 Gardens 
 
 The green-veined IVhile 
 
 Cratiegi l. White-thorn 
 
 The black-veined f-Hiite 
 
 Pr.th-ways in woods 
 AVoods 
 
 Carda mines 
 Sinapis 
 The wood JVhile 
 
 315 Melit.-Ea Artemis m. Meadows 
 
 Th e greasy Ftitillary 
 
 Dictynna b. Heaths and marshes 
 
 The pearl-lo^dered Likeness 
 
 Liicin I E. Pathways in woods, Kent 
 
 The Duke n/ Bi(rg,u?idy FritiUary 
 
 316 Argynnis Lathotjia e. Open parts in woodd, &e. 
 
 The Queen of Spain Fnlillary 
 
 Aglaia I. m. Violet 
 
 The dark-green Fnlillary 
 
 Adippe /. M. ■- 
 
 The hgh-brown Fiitillary 
 
 Paphia I. e. 
 
 6, 
 
 Page '218. 
 
 6, 
 
 Fabr. E. S. ii. 10. 
 
 
 ^p.'23. 
 
 6,7, 
 6, 
 
 Page 222. 
 
 9/23. 
 
 4,5, 
 
 224. 
 
 (i,7. 
 
 '2-30. 
 
 (.',7, 
 '3,7, 
 
 ^~ 
 
 6,7, 
 6, 
 
 231. 
 
 6.7, 
 
 Linn.ii. 7ll.sp.46 
 
 6,7, 
 
 Stew. ii. 96. sp. 11 
 
 6,7, 
 
 Page 231. 
 
 6,7, 
 
 Linn.ii. 708. sp.24 
 
 6, 
 
 Page 231. 
 
 6,7, 
 
 — 232. 
 
 6, 
 
 Stewart 
 
 6, 
 
 Page 232. 
 
 6, 
 
 233. 
 
 C, 
 
 -. 
 
 8, 
 
 235. 
 
 8, 236. 
 
 Haw. 6. sp. 3. 
 
 Page 236, 
 
 8, 
 
 237. 
 
 The iilver-u-ashed FriliUarij 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 d$l 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 
 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 des 
 
 Haw. 18. 
 
 8, 17. 
 
 8, 22. 
 
 3,6, 23. 
 
 Pa 
 
 ge 24 J 
 
 script ion. 
 
 318 
 320 
 
 321 
 322 
 
 3'2: 
 
 324 
 
 3'25 
 328 
 331 
 
 334 
 
 iXpatiira Ins (. e. Great round-leaved willow 
 
 The purp'e Errperur 
 HipparchiaPnniphilus 7.b. Crested dog's tail grass 
 The small Hfalh 
 
 INlesaera I. b. Grassy banks 
 Thfi HuU 
 
 /Ejceria /. ■ 
 
 The speckled JFood 
 Tliecla Rubi e. Hedges 
 
 The grei7i Hair streak 
 
 Lycffina Adonis e. Clialky places 8, 
 
 The Cli/den Blue 
 
 Dorylas e. Heaths ni;d commons 8, 242. 
 
 The comm'jti Blue 
 
 Idas E. Clover fields 7, — 
 
 The. Mack-spot B'uwi 
 
 Alsns E. Clover fields 7, 
 
 The Bedf^nd Blue 
 
 Argiolus M. Meadows 8, 
 
 The axif^e Bl.e 
 
 Cymon m. Chalky places 7, — 
 
 The Mazarine B He 
 Hcsperia Sylvaniis e. Skirts of woods 7, — — — 
 
 The ivnod Skipper 
 
 Tages E. Dry heatlis and banks — 
 
 The Dingy Skipper 
 
 Malvas E. Dry banks 
 
 The mallow Skipper 
 
 Paniscus i- Open parts in vvoodS; Bedfordsh. 
 
 The scarce Skipper 
 Sinerinthus ocfellatns e Near willows 
 The eyed Huick Moth 
 
 T'lUcc M. Lime and elm trees 
 
 The H'/ie Hawk Moth 
 Sphinx Porreilus e. Banks of gross weeds 
 
 The small EUphint 
 .^.geria apiformi-: I. Trunks of lime and poplar tr. 
 
 The H'.rnet 
 Hc()ialiis fiiscus e. Gra^-;y places 
 The l-rnicn Swift 
 
 obliqmis e. ]MeaJows 
 The silver Swift ^ 
 
 nebiildsus e, 
 
 243. 
 
 The spotted sUve" Sw/l 
 Saturnia Pavonia-minor m. Osier beds 
 The Emperor 
 
 Pavoiiia-minor /. Sallows in wood* 
 T^-e Emperor 
 
 Haw. 6S. 
 
 141. sp. 4. 
 
 • . I42.sp. K. 
 
 143. sp. 7. 
 
 8, Page CiS. 
 Haw, 73. »p. I. 
 
38^ 
 
 THE EIvTOMOLOGIST S CALLNDAR. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 Iv'o, 
 
 of 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where foiiiir]. 
 
 Oilier 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Oaks 
 
 Trunks of poplars? 
 
 336 Laria fascelina L. e. Broom 
 
 The dark Tussock 
 
 337 Gastropachaqnercifolia Z. E. Sloe bushes 
 
 The tappet Moth 
 359 Lasiocampa Trifolii e. Grassy commons 
 The grass Eggar 
 
 Cratjpgi I. M. White-thorn 
 The oak Eggar 
 343 Notodonta Ziczac b. , Trunks of trees 
 The pebble Prominent 
 
 Camelinus b. Oaks in woods 
 The coxcomb Prominent 
 
 palpinus I. e. Poplars and sallows in hedges 
 Pale Prominent 
 
 Camelinus /. m. 
 Coxcomb Prominent 
 540 Closteva recltisa 
 
 The small Choiolate-lip 
 
 345 Cerura Vinula Willows and poplars 
 
 The Puss 
 
 346 Arctia villica I. Groundsel 
 
 The cream- spot Tiger 
 
 Plantaginis I. b. Plantain 
 The wood Tiger 
 
 mendica m. Marshy places 
 
 The Muslin 
 
 Menthrastri b. Gardens 
 The Ermine 
 547 Calh'morphaDominula I Hound's-tongue and nettles 
 The scarlet Tiger 
 Bomhyx Coryii /. m. Nut-trees 
 Nut-tree Tussock 
 
 cseruleocephala I. White-thorn 
 Figure of 8. 
 
 Cassinia I. m. Oaks 
 The Sprawler 
 349 Yponomenta Cribella Thistles 
 354 iVTociMa cytherea Skirts of woods 
 
 The straw Underwing 
 
 Verbasci m. Gardens and pales 
 
 The Mullein 
 
 exoleta Gardens 
 
 The large Sword-grass 
 
 conspicillaris m. Shady pales 
 The silver Clcud 
 
 megacephala 
 
 The poplar Grey 
 
 Haw. 102. sp. 31. 
 
 95. sp, 19. 
 
 Page 247. 
 
 Haw. 105. sp. 37. 
 
 99. sp. 26. 
 
 8, 08. sp. 21. 
 
 6, sp. 20. 
 
 sp. 21. 
 
 131. sp. 91. 
 
 Page 248. 
 
 Haw. 94. sp. 17. 
 
 sp. J8. 
 
 Page 248. 
 
 [56. 
 Stewart ii. 158, sp. 
 
 9, Haw. 102. sp. 39. 
 
 • 105.sp.39. 
 
 106. sp. 40. 
 
 8, Haw. Prodrom. 
 S, 161. sp. 6. 
 
 167. sp. 20. 
 
 10, 168. sp. 24. 
 
 171. sp.32. 
 
 177. sp. 49. 
 
Tlir. EKTOMOLOCrST's CALENDAR 
 
 383 
 
 MAY, 
 
 of 
 
 Name. 
 
 ^\'lu■re found. 
 
 Otiicr 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Lanes 
 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Pales 
 
 Gardens and fields 
 
 N'lrfua Rumicis 
 The Knnt-grass 
 
 leporina 
 The Miller 
 
 oleracca p.. Gardens 
 
 Th? bright-line Biown-eye 
 
 Pisi /. Broom 
 
 The Broom 
 
 runica Trunks of trees 
 
 The scarce Marvel du Jour 
 
 praecox b. 
 
 The Portland Moth 
 
 ferrugiiia?o 
 The heart Moth 
 
 renago 
 The hmrt Moth, var, 
 
 meticulo=a 
 The angle Shades 
 
 Gamma 
 The silver Y. 
 
 Arbuti E. Meadows 
 
 The minute yellow Undertoing 
 Gi'ometra pusaria Hedges 
 
 The common ichile Ifave 
 
 arenosaria Moist woods 
 
 The sandy If 'are 
 
 striaria ■ 
 
 The common H^ave 
 
 rotundaria 
 
 The round icinged IVave 
 
 ferrugaria e. Hedges 
 The red Twin-spot 
 
 Sallcaria e. 
 
 The striped Twin-spot 
 
 omicromaria e. 
 The Mocha 
 
 ocellaria h. 
 
 The false Mocha 
 
 pendularia e. 
 The birch Mocha 
 
 punctaria r,. 
 
 The Maidrn's Blush 
 
 putataria e. 
 
 The little Emerald 
 
 vernaria e. 
 
 Woods in Kent 
 
 M'oods 
 
 Birch-trees in woods 
 Open places in woods 
 
 E. Meadows, Peckham 
 The small Grass Emerald 
 
 iJlnstraria e. Skirts of woods 
 
 The purple Thorn 
 
 Haw. 178. sp. 50. 
 182. sp. 62. 
 
 193. sp. 93. 
 
 — sp. 94. 
 
 200. sp. 113. 
 
 201. sp. 114. 
 
 238. sp. 225. 
 
 — sp. 226. 
 
 fi,9, 244. sp. 251. 
 
 9, 256. sp. 6. 
 
 265. sp. 33. 
 
 -290. sp. 51. 
 -289. sp. 48. 
 - 289. sp. 49. 
 
 303. sp. 102. 
 
 309. sp. 103. 
 
 8, 312.sp. 110. 
 
 8, — sp. 111. 
 
 8, 311. sp. lOS. 
 
 8, 312. sp. 112. 
 
 300. sp. 82. 
 
 8, 291.sp. 56. 
 
 to 8, 
 6, 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGTST S CALENDAR. 
 MAY. 
 
 Ho. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Haw. S5l.sp. 111. 
 
 - — sp. 109. 
 
 - — sp. 110. 
 
 - 329. sp. 40. 
 -334.sp.54. 
 
 - 353. sp. 55. 
 
 - 277. sp. 17. 
 -278. sp. 18. 
 -318. sp. 7. 
 
 - 324. sp. 24. 
 
 - 325. sp. 2G. 
 sp. 25. 
 
 • 359. sp. 69. 
 
 - 342. sp. 79. 
 
 - 344. .qp. 84. 
 
 - 352, sp. 15. 
 
 sp. 114. 
 
 ■ 356. sp. 124. 
 
 - 340. sp. 72. 
 
 - 339. sp. 70. 
 
 • 343. sp. 81. 
 348. sp. 98. 
 346. sp. 94. 
 522. sp. 18. 
 
 Geometra flos-lactata E.Shady groves 
 The cream JFave 
 
 lactata e. ■ 
 
 The pale cream Wave 
 
 sublactata e. ____ 
 The broad-striped cream IVave 
 
 sylvata e. Chalky pi. Sc wood?, Kent 
 
 The waved Carpet 
 
 costovata Hedges 
 
 The short-barred Carpet 
 
 fluctuata Gardens 
 
 The garden Carpet 
 
 consonaria Woods 
 
 The brindled Grey 
 
 punctularia m. Birch-trees 
 The grey Birch 
 
 dubitata e. Hedges and gardens 
 
 The Tisiue 
 
 centum-notata e. Open places in woods 
 The commi.ji warbled Carpet 
 
 comma-notata e. 
 
 The yellow rnorlled Carpet 
 
 perfnscata Woods ? 
 
 The brown marbled Carpet 
 
 Rhamnata e. Hedges near chalk-pits 
 The dark Umber 
 
 testata b. Thickets and bushes 
 
 The Chevron 
 
 petrata e. Fern, Coombe Wood 
 
 The brown Silver Line 
 
 lutcata E. Open places in woods 
 
 The small Yellow J-Vave 
 
 candidulata e. — — 
 The small IVtiile JVave 
 
 biniaculata e. Shady groves 
 The white Pinion Spotted 
 
 vitalbata e. Hedges near clialk 
 
 The small waved Umber 
 
 tersata e. 
 
 The Fern 
 
 maculata e. Pathways, woods 
 
 The speckled Yellow 
 
 clathrata e. Clover fields, Kent 
 
 The latticed Heath 
 
 prjenotata ^.. Birch -trees 
 
 The sharp-angled Peacock 
 
 rufata m. Broom fields 
 
 The broovx Tip 
 
 6, 
 6,7, 
 
 8, 
 
 8, 
 
THE EKTOMOLOCIST S CAI.EXT)\T!. 
 
 385 
 
 MAY. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 GeomelratiUni^ma. Coombe 
 
 The lovg-w vgfd Pug 
 
 subfuscata e. Woods 
 The brown- grey Pug 
 
 insulata e. 
 
 The insulated Carpet 
 
 subtristata m. 
 The common Carpet 
 
 marginata 
 The clouded Border 
 
 Euphorbiata 
 The drab Looper 
 
 notata e. 
 
 The Peacock Moth 
 
 relata e. 
 
 The netted Heath 
 
 trigeininata e. 
 The treble Twin-spot 
 
 illustraria 
 The purple Thorn 
 
 pliuiiheolata e. 
 The lead-coloured Pug 
 
 pusillata Gardens 
 
 The small grey Pug 
 
 362 Herminia vittaiis m. Hedges, Chelsea 
 
 The cream-edged Snout 
 
 baibalis m. Pathways in woods 
 
 The common Fan-foot 
 
 363 Platypteryx ciirvula e. Birch trees 
 
 The bordered Horklip 
 
 lacertinaria e. « 
 
 The scolloped Hook tip 
 
 364 Ciiex compressa e. Hedges 
 
 The gouse-egg Moth 
 565*Torlrix urticana Kettles 
 
 The barred Nettle 
 
 Fagaiia /. Oaks 
 
 The small green Silver-lines 
 
 ruficiiiana e. Meadows, Yorksliire 
 The red Frinse 
 
 ■ and hedges 
 Bushy places 
 Shady groves 
 Birch trees 
 Clover fields, Kent 
 Hedges, chaliiy places 
 Skirts of woods 
 AYoods 
 
 ■ 337. sp. G'j. 
 
 - 348. sp. 
 
 •359. sp. 13 
 • 367, sp. 5. 
 
 11. 
 
 Baumanniana 
 The Baurnannian 
 
 Oxvacantliaua 
 The TFhxte ih'>rn 
 
 corticaiia 
 1 he mm bleu Long-cloak 
 
 sequana b. Hedges 
 
 The silver Blotih-baJc 
 
 Shady groves 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Open parts in woods 
 
 2 B 
 
TH5 ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 365*Tortrix composana e. Oaks 
 The triple-striped Blotch-back 
 
 * nitida e. Hedges 
 The dark Silver-striped 
 
 strobilana b. — ^— — 
 
 The light Silver-striped 
 
 * pauperana Fens 
 The spotted Drab 
 
 * egestana -■- 
 The lesser Drab 
 
 Botys strigulalis 
 
 ? Yorkshire 
 
 The least Black Arches 
 
 pupuralis e. Hedges 
 
 The Crimson and Gold 
 *Crambiis sanguinea Grassy places near chalk 
 The buff-edged rosy Veneer 
 
 376 Leptocerus interruptus Marshy places 
 
 377 Odontocerus griseus ■ 
 
 378 Phryganea grandis Woods 
 
 379 Liinnephilus rhombiciis Marshy places 
 
 uervosiis — — — 
 
 ecliinatiis . 
 
 Devonshire 
 Ponds and woods 
 Trunks of trees 
 Woods and hedges, &c. 
 
 gnseiis 
 
 radiatus 
 
 striola 
 380 Libelliiia deprcssa 
 
 conspurcata 
 
 4-maciilata 
 465 Vespa Crabro 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 Britannica 
 468 Andrena albicans 
 392 Panorpa communis 
 403 Zaraea fasciata 
 412 Allantus viridis 
 468 Andrena helvola 
 
 ovatula 
 
 barbilabris 
 
 fuscata 1 
 
 * Afzeliella 
 470 Sphecodes gibbus 
 
 Geoffrella 
 
 479*MegachilecircumcinctaStony banks, Dartford 
 48 1 Nomada Goodeniana Sunny banks 
 
 alternata 
 
 Marshamella 
 
 Caprea; 
 
 Jeucophthalma 
 
 Tansy and flowers 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Coonibe Wood 
 
 Hedges and woods 
 
 Blossoms of black currant 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Flowers 
 
 Flowers on sunny banks 
 
 Round-rooted crowfoot 
 Blos.of great round-leaved 
 
 to 9, Fa.E.S.ii.7f 
 to 9, 
 
 6, Page 257. 
 to 9, Fa,E.S.ii.77.sp.l3. 
 to 9, 
 to 9, 
 
 to 9, ii. 78. sp. 14. 
 
 to 9, 
 to 9, 
 
 6, Lin.S.N.i.902.sp.5. 
 6,7, 
 
 6,7,8, 901. sp. 1. 
 
 6,7,8, Page 280. 
 
 6,7, 
 
 6,7, 
 
 Kirby ii. 94. sp. 45. 
 to 8, Page 260. 
 
 263. 
 
 6,7, F.E.S.ii.ll3.sp.53. 
 Kirby ii. Il9.sp.59. 
 
 149. sp. 89. 
 
 151. sp. 91. 
 
 167. sp. 107. 
 
 . I70.sp. 108. 
 
 6, 42. sp. 7. 
 
 6, 45. sp. 8. 
 
 246. sp. 45. 
 
 180. sp. 4. 
 
 182. sp. 5. 
 
 188. sp. 10. 
 
 willow 193. sp.l3. 
 
 .197. sp.l6. 
 
THE ENTOMO;.OGIST S CALENDAR, 
 
 387 
 
 MAY. 
 
 487 Boinbus pratoriiin 
 490 Corethra cuciiliforinis 
 49 i Tanypiis cinctus 
 
 492 Cliironomus pluniosus 
 
 493 Psyc'hoda phalaenoides 
 
 494 Cecidotnyia lutea 
 
 495 Ctenophora atrata 
 
 496 Pedicia rivosa 
 
 497 Tipula oleracea 
 500 Odontoniyia tigrina 
 
 microleon 
 
 502 Nemotelus uliginosus 
 
 503 Oxyccia Hydroleon 
 
 tiilineata 
 521 Acrocera gibbosa 
 523 Rhingia rostrata 
 527 Helophilus tenax 
 533 Milesia pipiens 
 536 Myopa dovsalis 
 539 Mocillas cellaiius 
 550 Musca Csesar 
 
 Meridiana 
 561 Melophagus ovinus 
 562*Nycteribia Heruiaiini 
 
 Blossoms of the currant 
 Marshy places 
 
 Moist places 
 
 Marshy places 
 
 Marshes 
 
 Meadows 
 
 Marshes, Battersea, (Dr. L.) 
 
 Moist places 
 
 Flowers in meadows 
 
 Knbyii.36O.sp.l03 
 6, Page 290. 
 
 6, 
 
 6, 
 
 6, 291. 
 
 6iF.E.S.iv.267.sp.l6. 
 
 6, jv. 2G5. sp. 9. 
 
 Page 292. 
 
 F.E.S.iv.267.sp«19. 
 Page 296. 
 
 AVimbledon Common 
 
 Flowers in gardens 6,7, 
 
 Hedges 6,7,8, 297. 
 
 Flowers in hedges & gardens 6,7,F.E.S.iv.310,sp.] 19 
 
 Hedges 6, Page 298. 
 
 Wine-vaults 299. 
 
 Hedges and lanes 6, Li.S.N.i.989.sp.64. 
 
 Trunks of trees 6, i.989. sp. 63. 
 
 Sheep 6, Page 303. 
 
 Horse-shoe bats 6, — — 304. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 6 Atypns Sulzeri 
 1 9 Thomisus citreus 
 
 lynceus 
 10 Cicindela sylvatica 
 
 hybrida 
 Germanica 
 
 12 Carabus glabratus 
 
 arvensis 
 
 13 Calosoma sycophanta 
 Inquisitor 
 
 Darent wood 
 Hedges 
 
 Sandy pi., Christ-ch. Hants, 
 
 Cobham, Surrey 7, 
 
 Sandy pi. Yarmouth, Swansea 7, 
 Chalky pi. Isle of W. Dartf. 7, 
 Surrey. Ireland, (Dr.Leach) 
 Near Nor\vich(Mr.Step.)Sur. 
 Near Dartmouth 
 W.thorn.Norw. Dev.Windsor 
 
 20 Bembidium bipunctatum Sand-pits, Darent W. 
 
 25 Harpalus tibialis 
 auHcus 
 Germanus 
 
 45 Epomis cincta 
 
 39 Calathus iittoralis 
 
 40 Poecillus lepidus 
 
 Sandy places ? 
 Trees, Coombe 
 Kingsbridge, Devon 
 Fields, Bristol, Plymouth 
 Sea shore 
 Pathways, fields 
 
 48 Lamprias cyanocephalaBroom ' Darent Wood 
 
 49 Lebia crux-minor Under stones 
 
 52 Odacantha melanura Moist pi. Norfolk, Swansea 
 
 2b 2 
 
 144. 
 
 Linn. 
 
 Marsh. 390. sp. 2. 
 
 Tr.Ent.S.i.93.pl.2. 
 
 93. 
 
 Page 146. 
 
 Marsh. 453. sp.55. 
 
 445. sp. 33. 
 
 sp. 34. 
 
 Panzer. 
 Page 151. 
 
 Gyll ii. 94. sp. 14. 
 Page 155. 
 
 156. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEKDAR. 
 
 JUNE, 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 57 Hydroporus doisalis 
 
 melanocephala 
 
 flavipes 
 CO Colymbeies vitreus 
 
 fenestratus 
 
 colconotus 
 
 * oblongus 
 61*Hydaticus Hybnerl 
 
 * stagnalis 
 
 65 Buprestis biguttatus 
 
 ■viridis 
 
 66 Trachys minuta 
 
 pyginaa Birch ? Coombe Wood 
 
 67*Aphanisticus emarginatiis Woods ? Devon 
 
 Ponds, Copenhagen Fields 
 Ponds 
 
 , Coombs 
 
 , Norfolk 
 
 Croydon Canal 
 Ponds, Coombe 
 
 . , Norfolk 
 
 , Ealing 
 
 , Wiltshire 
 
 Woods 
 
 Birch and nut-trees 
 
 70 Elater nectinicornis 
 
 cupreus 
 
 ferrugineiis 
 
 ephippium 
 
 lufiiiennis 
 
 sanguineus 
 
 pomonae 
 
 praeustus 
 
 inetallicus 
 
 ripariiis 
 
 4-pustulatus 
 
 bipustulatus 
 
 thoracicus 
 
 ruficollis 
 
 riifipes 
 
 cylindricus 
 
 * longicollis 
 viltatus, var. 
 
 71 Dascillus cervinus 
 
 74 Drilus flavescens 
 
 75 Lycus minutus 
 
 76 l.ampyris noctiluca 
 
 79 Dasytes fl ivipes 
 
 caeriileus 
 viridis 
 
 80 Malachiiis ruficollis 
 
 sanguino'entus 
 fasciatus 
 
 81 Till us elongatus 
 
 * unifasciatus 
 
 Woods ? Yorkshire 
 
 ? Kent 
 
 ? 
 
 New Forest 
 
 Highgate 
 
 Devon 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Copenhagen Fields 
 Windsor 
 Hyde Park 
 Woods 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Woods and Hedges, Kent 
 
 Grass, Darent Wood 
 
 Oak and hedges ' 
 
 Hedges, woods and heaths 
 
 Hedge-:. ( oombe and Darent 
 
 Thrift, sea-shore, Hants 
 
 Devon 
 
 Crass and hedges 
 
 . I^arent and Coombe 
 
 Marsh. 421. sp.21. 
 
 425. sp. 25. 
 
 Tr. Ent. Soc. i. 90. 
 Gyl. i.489. sp. 23. 
 Marsh. 446. .-p. 10. 
 Gyl. i. 504. .sp. 56. 
 
 i. 494. sp. 27. 
 
 Page 159. 
 Gyll.i. 481.sp. 15. 
 Page 58. 
 
 160. 
 
 7, Marsh. 393. sp. 6. 
 
 — sp, 7. 
 
 Paee 160. 
 Marsh. 387. sp.3l. 
 
 381. sp. 23. 
 
 — — 382. sp. 19. 
 -. 383. sp. 21. 
 
 382. sp. 20. 
 
 Gyll. i. 417.sp. 46. 
 — — i.392.sp. 19, 
 
 i. 402.sp. 31, 
 
 i. 424. sp. 54. 
 
 Marsh. 375. sp. 1. 
 
 376. sp. 3. 
 
 sp. 2. 
 
 389. sp. 34. 
 
 Gyll.i.394. sp. 22. 
 — — i.4I2.sp. 41. 
 
 i.4l0.sp. 39. 
 
 Page 162. 
 
 163. 
 
 Oaks, Hants (Mr. Chant) 
 Oaks ? 
 
 82 Than-jsimiis formicariusSandy banks, Coombe 
 
 83 Opilus mollis Hedges and woods 
 88 Silpha letitulaia Corn-lields 
 
 * nitjdiuscula Yoikshire 
 
 89*Phosphug!asubrolundataUnder stones, Ireland 
 
 7, Marsh. 371. sp, 12, 
 
 7, 370. sp. 10, 
 
 7, 37]. sp. 11. 
 
 Page 165. 
 
 7, 166. 
 
 6, Marsh. 119. sp.l 1. 
 
 S.bicolor,Tr. Ent. Suc.82. 
 
 Zool. Misc. iii. 75. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 389 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Oen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where touncl. 
 
 Uliier 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 96 Cryptopliagiis pallens Uinbelliferoiis plants 
 98 Tli3'maliij; fernigineus Under bark of trees, New 
 Forest, Hants 
 
 7, Marsh. 477. 
 7, Page 170. 
 
 sp. 9. 
 
 99 Nitidula Boleti 
 fulva 
 obscura 
 obsoleta 
 lO-fcuttata 
 niarginata 
 depressa 
 Krisea 
 
 Fungi 
 
 Dead animals 
 
 Fungfi 
 
 Under bark, Coombe 
 
 Dry bones, Coombe 
 
 Dry bon. St tin. bark, C'oombe 
 
 and under bark of tr. 
 
 1 14 TacliyponischrysomelimisFlowers 
 
 118 Bythinns Curtisii 
 124 Ptinits imperiabs 
 127 Anobium castaneum 
 
 rufipes 
 
 panicium 
 
 molle 
 
 ptinoides 
 ]9S Dermestes murinns 
 129 Attasenus serra 
 
 Sand-pits, Bexley 
 Hedges, Birch Wood 
 Hfdgesnear Crayford, Kent 
 Houses, Coombe Wood 
 Houses 
 
 Coombe 
 Darent Wood 
 Under bark of trees 
 132 Throscus derniestoides Houses, Coombe 
 135 Onthophilus striatus Under dung 
 
 snlcalus 
 
 135 Hister 2-maculatus 
 
 virescens ■ 
 
 seneus 
 nitid(dus 
 
 158 Odonteus mobilicornis Wisbeach, Norfolk 
 16-2 Synodendron cylindricum Old ash-trees, Bexley 
 
 l63*Melolontha Fullo 
 solstitialis 
 
 164 Anomala Frischii 
 
 horticola 
 
 • Agricola 
 
 • Donovan t 
 ruricola 
 
 165 Hoplia pulverulenta 
 
 166 Trichius variabilis 
 
 168 Lucanus Cervus 
 
 169 Blaps lethifera 
 172 Tenebrio obscurus 
 
 174 Phaieria cadaverina 
 
 175 Diaperis Boleti 
 
 ahenea 
 
 176 Tetratoma Fungorum 
 
 177 Leoides picea 
 
 humeral is 
 
 • polita 
 
 Near Sandwich and Dover 
 
 Trees 
 
 Near the sea shore, Devon 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Glamorgansh.(]VIr. Donovan) 
 
 Newmarket Heath 
 Heaths 
 
 Brixton, Surrey 
 Lanes 
 
 Cellars, Hertfordshire 
 Cellars 
 Sandy places 
 Boleti of trees 
 Sandy places, Bexley 
 Fungi in woods 
 Sandy places 
 Fungi, Darent Wood 
 Sandy places ? 
 
 Marsh 136. sp.2l. 
 
 130. sp. 3. 
 
 135. sp. 19. 
 
 135. sp. 20. 
 
 Gyll. i. 216. sj). 3. 
 Marsh. 133. sp. 14. 
 . 134.sp. 15. 
 
 7, Gyll. ii.236. sp.l. 
 Page 178. 
 Marsh. 88. sp. 24. 
 84. sp. 7. 
 
 83. sp. 5. 
 
 Gyll. i. 293. sp. 5. 
 Marsh. 84. sp. 8. 
 
 228. sp. 5. 
 
 61. sp. 2. 
 
 63. sp. 7. 
 
 Page 183. 
 —^184. 
 
 Hister s. Pay k.M. H. 
 Linn. 
 Pavk. 
 Fabr. 
 
 7, Page 189. 
 
 190. 
 
 7, Marsh. 36. sp. 64. 
 7,8, 33. sp. 66. 
 
 40. sp. 7 1 . 
 
 41. sp. 78. 
 
 43. sp. 76. 
 
 — — 44. sp. 77. 
 
 7, 39. sp. 63. 
 
 7, Page 191. 
 
 Tr. Ent. Soc. i. 81. 
 7, Page 192. 
 
 Marsh. 479. sp. 2. 
 
 Turton ii. 478. 
 
 Page 193. 
 6, 194. 
 
 Marsh. 176. sp. 17. 
 7, Page 194. 
 
 Marsh. 67. sp. 13. 
 75. sp. 45. 
 
390 
 
 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 177 Leoides ruficollis Sandy places, Darent Wood 
 
 1 78 Boletophagus Agaricola Boleti and finig 
 
 Under bark of trees ? Devon 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Umbelliferous plants 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Hedges and skirls of woods 
 
 BoletijCoombeW. (Mr. Stone) 
 
 Hedges and woods, Darent 
 
 Boleti 
 
 Woods, Bexley and Darent 
 
 Boleti 
 
 Flowers, Hertford 
 
 Flowers, New Forest 
 
 Woods, Hampslead 
 
 Ash-trees 
 
 Umbelliferous plants 
 
 Chatham 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Flowers in chalk-pits, Kent 
 
 179 Helops lanipes 
 
 180 Cistela ceramboides 
 
 sulphurea 
 
 fulvipes 
 
 castanea 
 
 humeralis 
 
 fiisca 
 182'Orchesia micans 
 183 Pyrochroa coccinea 
 186 Scraptia fnsca 
 188 Anthicus aHtherinus 
 190 Mordella fasciata 
 
 192 Meloe tectus 
 
 193 Cantharis vesicatoria 
 
 194 CEdemera caerulea 
 
 nigripes 
 
 ruficollis 
 
 viridissima 
 
 lurida 
 
 Podagrariae Umbelliferous plants 
 
 195 Mycterus curcnlionides Flow. chalk-pits, South Devon 
 197 Platyrhinuslatirostris Boleti in woods 
 
 albinus Hurdles & dry wood, woods, 
 
 Eltham 
 brevirostris Hedges, Coombe 
 
 1 99*Rhinomacer attelaboidesThistles 
 
 200 Bruchusseminarius 
 203 Rhynchites Populi 
 angustatus 
 cylindricus 
 
 205 Apion vicinum 
 
 ruficorne 
 assimile 
 
 * Astragali 
 Loti 
 
 * violaceum 
 
 * Hydrolapathi 
 Rumicis 
 Carduorum 
 
 206 Curculio Pyri 
 208 Rhynchaenus Piui 
 
 Abietis 
 
 ebeneus 
 
 subnebulosus 
 
 palustris 
 
 interruptus 
 
 Plantaginis 
 
 Henley 
 
 Aspen and poplar 
 
 Coombe 
 
 Bird's-foot trefoil 
 Nut-tree 
 
 Sulphur-coloured trefoil 
 Sweet milk-vetch 
 Bird's-foot trefoil 
 The dock 
 
 The broad-leaved dock 
 
 Thistles 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Pine woods 
 
 Fir woods, Scotland 
 
 Hertford, (Mr. Stephens) 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Battersea 
 
 Banks and sandy plac«s 
 
 Marsh. 68. sp. 19. 
 Page 194. 
 
 Marsh. 222. sp. 6. 
 7, 219. sp, 1. 
 
 223. sp. 10. 
 
 7, '- sp. 9. 
 
 Gyll. ii. 545. sp. 5. 
 
 Marsh. 223. sp. 8. 
 
 Page 195. 
 
 196. 
 
 Marsh. 485. sp. 3. 
 Page 197, 
 Leach Tr.L.S. xl. 
 Page 198. 
 
 6, Marsh, 372,sp.l4. 
 6, Panz, 
 
 Marsh. 572. sp.l3. 
 
 360. sp. 6. 
 
 Gyll. ii. 633. sp, 6. 
 
 Page 199. 
 
 Marsh.295,sp.l66. 
 
 Page 200. 
 Marsh, 236, sp. 3. 
 7, 241, sp. 9, 
 
 6, 
 
 7, Kirby Tr.L.S. ix. 
 
 Marsh,317.sp.229 
 289. sp. 152, 
 
 . sp.lOO. 
 
 269. sp. 95. 
 
 265. sp. 84. 
 
THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 391 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 Norfolk 
 Hedges 
 
 Oaks 
 Hedges 
 
 208 Rhynchjemis Nereis 
 
 Sysiinbrii 
 atrirostris 
 Ali small s 
 crassiis 
 brevis 
 
 209 Balaninus Glandium 
 
 Cerasorum 
 
 tenuirostris 
 
 fasciatns 
 
 Pomornm 
 
 iniirinus 
 
 longimanus 
 
 fructuum 
 
 maculatus 
 
 rubellus 
 
 atramentarius 
 
 stygius 
 
 semicylindriciis 
 
 210 Liparus Germanus 
 
 piceus 
 
 maurus 
 
 pilosulus 
 
 setosiis 
 
 iEcidii 
 
 maritimus 
 
 scabriculus 
 
 subrotiindus 
 
 2 1 1 CryptoihynchusErysimi 
 
 312 Cionus Scrophulariae Water betony 
 Thapsi ■ ? 
 
 Hortiilanus 
 
 Sallows in hedges 
 Hedges 
 
 Dover and Hastings 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Sandy pi. and nettles, Coombe 
 
 Coombe 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Coombe 
 
 Knotty- rooted figwort? woods 
 Bexley 
 
 bipnstulatns 
 21 G Hylurgus Piniperda 
 
 niger 
 
 ater 
 
 obscurus 
 217 Tomicus Tj'pographus 
 
 fuscus 
 
 219 Scolytus multistriatus 
 
 220 Hylesinus crenatus 
 
 221 Cis concinnus 
 
 bidentatus 
 
 222 Cerylon histeroides 
 
 bipunctatum 
 
 dermestoides 
 
 224*Mycetophagus 4-pustulatus Fungi 
 230 Lamia »di!is Trunks of trees 
 
 Bark of the pine 
 
 Bark of trees 
 
 Boleti 
 
 Bark of trees 
 Under bark of trees 
 
 i^ ^_ . 
 
 rayk.iii.240.sp.53. 
 
 Marsh. 253. sp.45. 
 
 Payk.iii.227.sp.45. 
 
 Marsh.273.sp.l08 
 
 245. sp. 18. 
 
 265. sp. 82. 
 
 7, 284. sp. 137. 
 
 7, sp. 133. 
 
 7, sp. 139. 
 
 7, 286. sp. 144. 
 
 7, — 285. sp. 142. 
 
 7, 293. sp. 161. 
 
 7, 292. sp. 159. 
 
 — sp. 158. 
 
 293. sp. 162. 
 
 — sp. 163. 
 
 294. sp. 165. 
 
 — sp. 164.| 
 290. sp. 153. 
 305. sp. 194. 
 316. sp. 225. 
 299, sp. 175. 
 304. sp. 1 89. 
 307. sp. 201. 
 307. sp.202. 
 304. sp. 192. 
 
 — sp. 190. 
 257. sp. 56. 
 276. sp. 117. 
 277. sp. 118. 
 273. sp. 119. 
 
 278. sp. 121. 
 
 Page 205. 
 
 Marsh. 59. sp. 24. 
 
 — sp. 25. 
 
 57. sp. 17. 
 
 Page 205. 
 
 Marsh. 53.sp. 5. 
 
 54. sp. 8. 
 
 Page 206. 
 
 Marsh. 87. sp, 19. 
 
 86. sp. 17. 
 
 V, 
 
 7, 103. sp. 7. 
 
 7, 
 
 Page 207. 
 7, Page 209. 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 
392 
 
 THF, ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAK. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 230 Lamia nebnlosa 
 Textor 
 aculeata 
 piliisa 
 hispida 
 scalaris 
 populnea 
 nubila 
 praeusta 
 
 232 Cerambyx moschatiis 
 
 233 Clytus Arieris 
 
 arcaaius 
 
 Alni 
 
 mysticus 
 
 234 Callidiutn violaceum 
 
 bajuhim 
 
 235 INloIoichus major 
 
 dimidiatus 
 23G Leptura elongata 
 
 rufiventris 
 
 meridiana 
 
 attenuata 
 
 aiirulenta 
 
 melanura 
 
 nigra 
 
 sexputtata 
 
 laevis 
 
 livida 
 
 femorata 
 
 revestiia 
 
 afRnis 
 
 sanguinolenta 
 
 collaris 
 
 6-inaculata 
 23T Rhagiutn vulgare 
 
 bil'asciatnm 
 
 238 Hargiuin Inquisitor 
 
 239 Donacia Zosteri 
 
 Eqniseti 
 
 240 Crioceris merdigera 
 * 12-punctata 
 
 cyanella 
 subspinosa 
 flavicollis 
 242 Galleruca Vibnrni 
 
 245 Haltica Mercurialis 
 
 Erucaj 
 
 246 Chrysomela Gratninis 
 
 fastuu^a 
 
 Dry hurdles, faggots, &c. 
 Trunks of willows 
 Trunks of trees 
 Dry wood in hedges, hurdles 
 
 Willows ? 
 
 Aspen 
 
 Trunks of trees, Coombe 
 
 Hedges, Kent 
 
 Willows 
 
 'J'runks of trees 
 
 T,8, 
 
 Faggots and hurdles in woods 
 Trunks of tr.Sc hedges, Kent 7, 
 Palings 
 
 Flowers in hedges & woods 
 Umbelliferous plants 
 Flowers in hedges 
 
 Umbelliferous plants 
 
 (Darn.) 
 
 Aquatic plants, Hull 
 
 White lily 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 Willows 
 
 Skirts of woods and elm 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Sandy places, Bexley 
 
 Hedges near Darent Wood 
 
 Henbane 
 
 Newmarket Heath. 
 
 Woods, Kent 
 
 7,8. 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 Page 209. 
 
 Marsh. 327. sp. 4. 
 
 3^26. sp. 3. 
 
 329. sp. S. 
 
 330. sp. 9. 
 
 332. sp. 13. 
 
 33:1. sp. 14. 
 
 Page 209. 
 
 210. 
 
 Marsh, 33S.sp. 24. 
 
 338. sp. 23. 
 
 337. sp. 22. 
 
 Page 210. 
 Marsh. 334. sp.l7. 
 Page 210. 
 Marsh. 358. sp. 1. 
 Page 210. 
 Marsh. 341. sp. 2. 
 
 340. sp. 1, 
 
 354. sp. 32. 
 
 356. sp. 34. 
 
 350. sp.23. 
 
 35 1 . sp. 25. 
 
 357. sp. 37. 
 
 .351. sp. 26. 
 
 352. sp. 27. 
 
 sp. 28.. 
 
 350. sp. 24. 
 
 353. sp.20. 
 
 349. sp. 22. 
 
 353. sp. 30. 
 
 Page 210. 
 Marsh. 342. sp. 4. 
 Page 210. 
 211. 
 
 Marsh. 214. sp. 2. 
 
 2l5.sp. 4. 
 
 216. sp. 7. 
 
 217. sp. 8. 
 
 224, sp. 13. 
 
 193. sp. 53. 
 
 172. sp. 6. 
 
 174. sp, 11. 
 
THE EKTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAU. 
 
 393 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 246 ChrysomtlalO-punctataOaks, Bexley 
 
 ]0-notata Willows, Uexley 
 
 Vitelliiia; Willows 
 
 margiiiata Heaths, Norfolk 
 
 * lurida Windsor 
 
 noicolor Hedges ? 
 
 24S Cryptocepliaiiis serpens Dandelion 
 
 SIQ1UIS 
 
 Coryli 
 
 liiieola 
 
 nitens 
 
 6-punclatiis 
 
 Moraji 
 
 marsrinelliis 
 
 pusillus 
 
 bilituratus 
 * labiatus 
 
 flavilabi is 
 249 elytra 4-piinctata 
 
 tridentata 
 2.tI Triplax bicolor 
 
 Flowers in chalk pits, Kent 
 
 Hedges, Darent 
 
 Wood-sides, Kent 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Sallows in moist woods, Kent 
 
 New Forest 
 
 Hedges 
 
 , Coombe 
 
 Bristol 
 Hedges ? 
 
 -, Kent 
 
 7, Marsh. 175. sp.l4. 
 7, — sp. 13. 
 
 180, sp. 23. 
 
 — 190. sp.47. 
 
 Marsh. 185. sp. 37. 
 Page 213. 
 N. S. 
 7, Marsh. 208. sp. 4. 
 
 207. sp. 3. 
 
 209. sp. 7. 
 
 203. sp. 5. 
 
 212. sp. U. 
 
 211. sp. 10. 
 
 210. sp. 9. 
 
 Oak, Bexley 
 
 Sallow?, Coombe Wood 
 
 Coombe 
 
 253 Agathidium nigripenne Sandy places, 
 
 rufipenne — - 
 
 nannm ■ 
 
 254 Coccinella 14-giittata 
 
 bis-6-giiltata 
 
 Firs 
 
 ocellata 
 
 5-piinctata 
 
 22-punctata 
 
 conglomerata 
 
 14 pustulata 
 
 Jateralis 
 
 impiistulata 
 
 conglobata 
 
 1 1 -punctata 
 
 hieroglyphica 
 
 IS-guttata 
 955 Chilocorus 4-verrucatusWhite-thorn 
 
 bipusluiatus 
 •iCiO Labidura gigautea 
 Scymniis litura 
 
 discoideus 
 
 rigrimis 
 
 fulvifrons 
 
 parvulus 
 
 analis 
 
 bipustulatns 
 
 bis bipuptulatus 
 
 4''pustulatus 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Windsor 
 
 Windsor and Norwich 
 
 Hedges and Battersea fields 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Meadows 
 
 Windsor 
 
 Devon 
 
 Coombe and Norfolk 
 
 Cobham, Surrey 
 
 ('oombe 
 
 21I.sp.ll. 
 
 KirbyMS. 
 
 Marsh. 507. sp. 2. 
 
 206. sp. 1. 
 
 122. sp. IS. 
 
 7, Page 215. 
 
 7, Gyll. li. 565. sp. 8. 
 
 7, 
 
 niig. 435. sp. 22. 
 
 432. sp. 19. 
 
 437. sp, 25. 
 
 9, 44l.sp. 28. 
 
 3,9, "= — 468. sp. 37. 
 7,8,9, Payk. ii. 28. sp. 30. 
 Illig.445. sp. 30. 
 
 459. sp. 34. 
 462. sp. 35. 
 
 445. sp. 31- 
 
 431.sp. 18. 
 
 473. sp. 41. 
 
 Oak 9, 475. sp. 43. 
 
 Und.sto.sea-sh.Christ-ch.Hants Page 21'?. 
 
 Hedges 7,8,9, Illig. 419. so. 10. 
 
 . — 7,8,9, 418. sp. 9. 
 
 7,8,9, 413. sp. 1. 
 
 7,8,9, Marsh. 168. sp.43. 
 
 • 7,8,9, Illig. 414. sp. 4. 
 
 7,8,9, P.-»vk. ii. 7. sp. 3. 
 
 7,8,9, Marsh. 164. sp. 37' 
 
 7,8,9, Illig. 415. sp. 6. 
 
 7,8,9, .Marsh. 164. sp. 53. 
 
354 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 JUNE, 
 
 Sphsrosoma Quercus 
 268 Tetyra Maura 
 inuncta 
 
 272 Coreus rhomboideus 
 
 hirticornis 
 
 273 Berytus tipularius 
 
 274 Lygaeus nugax 
 
 Hyoscyami 
 micropteriis 
 
 275 Capsus spissicornis 
 
 ruficollis 
 
 276 Miris vagans 
 
 277 Myodocha tipuloides 
 279*Ploiaria vagabunda 
 
 280 Cimex lectularius 
 
 281 Tingis Cardui 
 293 Cicada Anglica f 
 
 298 Cevcopis sanguinolenta 
 
 299 Ledraaurita 
 
 800 Membracis cornutus 
 304 Livia Juncoium 
 Aphis Ribis 
 
 Ulmi 
 
 Pruni 
 
 Sambuci 
 
 Pruni cerasi 
 
 Rumicis lapathi 
 
 Acetosae 
 
 Ligustici scotici 
 
 Lychnidfs 
 
 Capres 
 
 Padi 
 
 R0S£E 
 
 Dauci 
 
 Tiliffi 
 
 Juniperi 
 
 Brassicae 
 
 C race 33 
 
 Lactucae 
 
 Sonchi 
 
 Tanaceti 
 
 Absinthii 
 
 Millefolii 
 
 Avena; sativse 
 
 Fraxini 
 
 Jacenc 
 
 Betulae 
 
 Alni 
 
 Fagi 
 
 Oaks 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Sandy places, Bexley 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Grassy places 
 
 Hedges in woods 
 
 Stony places, Devon 
 
 Grassy places, Coombe 
 
 Woody places 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Houses 
 
 Thistles 
 
 Pennington Common ? Hants 
 
 Open places in woods, Kent 
 
 Hedges and oaks 
 
 Hedges and woods 
 
 J unci 
 
 Red currant 
 
 Elm 
 
 Plum-trees 
 
 Elder 
 
 Cherry-tree 
 
 The dock 
 
 Wild sorrel 
 
 Lovage 
 
 Lychnis dioica 
 
 Willow 
 
 Bird-cherry 
 
 Rose 
 
 Carrot 
 
 Lime-trees 
 
 Juniper 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 Vicia cracca 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Sow-thistle 
 
 Tansy 
 
 Wormwood 
 
 Milfoil 
 
 Oats 
 
 Ash-tree 
 
 Centaurea jacea 
 
 Birch-tree 
 
 Alder 
 
 Beech'tree 
 
 Page 220. 
 Stew. ii. IOC 
 
 7, 
 
 Page 222. 
 
 Stew. ii. 105. 
 Trans. EntSoc. 73. 
 Stew. ii. 104. 
 
 Page 222, 
 
 223. 
 
 Stew. ii. 107, 
 Page 223, 
 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 
 ns, 
 
 7,8, 
 
 7,8, 
 
 7,8, 
 
 7,8, 
 
 7,8, 
 
 7,8, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7. 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR. 
 
 39S 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 No. I 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 tiines 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 ilescription. 
 
 Aphis Quercus 
 Pini 
 Salicis 
 Populi 
 Tremulce 
 Vibnrni 
 Bursaria 
 
 Aceris platanoides Maple 
 
 Oak 
 
 Scotch fir 
 
 Willow 
 
 The leaves of the aspen 
 
 Younjr branches of the aspen 
 
 Way-faring tree 
 
 Black poplar 
 
 Atriplicis 
 
 Plantaginis 
 
 Leucanthemi 
 
 Scabios£e 
 
 Fabae 
 Coccus Quercus 
 
 ]?etula3 
 
 Carpini 
 
 Ulmi 
 
 Coryli 
 
 Tilik 
 
 Capreae 
 
 Salicis 
 
 polonichus 
 
 Fragariae 
 
 Pilosellae 
 
 Uva ursi 
 
 Phalaridis 
 
 Oxyacanthae 
 
 Serratula; 
 
 Persicjc 
 
 Abietis 
 
 Mespili 
 
 Aceris 
 
 AIni 
 
 fuscus 
 
 variegatus 
 
 conch iformis 
 
 catafractus 
 305 Thrips minntissima 
 
 jutiiperina 
 
 fasciata 
 310 PulexTalpse 
 
 Hirundinis 
 
 Sciurus ? 
 
 312 Gonepteryx Rhamni 
 
 The Brimslo'iie 
 
 313 Colias Hyale 
 
 The clouded Yellow 
 
 314 Pontia Crataegi 
 
 Orach 
 
 PlantaMi 
 
 Ox-eye daisy 
 
 Scabious 
 
 Bean 
 
 Oak 
 
 Birch 
 
 Hornbeam 
 
 Elm 
 
 Hazel 
 
 Lime 
 
 Willow 
 
 Salix hermaphrodita 
 
 Scleranthus perennis 
 
 Strawberry 
 
 Hieracium Pilosella 
 
 Arbutus uva ursi 
 
 Canary grass 
 
 White-thorn 
 
 Serratiila arvensis 
 
 Peach-trees 
 
 Pinus Abies 
 
 Medlar 
 
 Maple 
 
 Alder 
 
 Oak 
 
 7, Stewart. 
 7, 
 
 7,' 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7' 
 
 7, 
 
 7, . 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7', 
 
 7', 
 
 '7, ■ 
 
 7, 
 
 Elm 7, 
 
 Mosses 7, 
 
 Flowers,frequent in carnation 7,8, . 
 
 Galls of the juniper 7,3, 
 
 Compound flowers 7,8, • 
 
 The mole (Mr.Weatherhead) N. S. 
 
 Swallows (Mr. Stephens) 7, 
 
 Squirrel 
 
 Woods 7,8, Page 236. 
 
 Gardens a:ul woods 
 The blatk-veined White 
 
396 
 
 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 JUNE, 
 
 315 Melitrea Eiiphrosyne b. Waste grounds and heaths 
 
 The pearl-hoi dered Fiitillary 
 
 Cinxia m. .Meadows 
 
 The G anville Fniillary 
 317 Vanessa Polychloros ^E. Elms 
 The large Torluiseshell 
 
 Urticffi I. B. Nettles 
 
 The small Tortoueshell 
 
 Urticfe b. Lanes, &c. 
 
 The sniall TortoisesUell 
 
 C. album I. M. Nettle, liop, willow & currant 
 The whte C. 
 
 319 Limenitis Camilla /. Honeysuckle 
 
 The white Admiral 
 
 320 Hipparchia Hyperanthus e. Woods and fields 
 
 The Rwglel 
 
 Pamphilus b. Grassy Commons 
 The svnall Heath 
 * Blandina 
 
 The Scctrh Argus 
 
 Pilosella l. b. 
 The large Heath 
 
 Janira b. 
 
 The meadow Brown 
 
 .(Egeria I. 
 
 The speckled Wood 
 
 Davtis 
 Thf small Ringlet 
 
 Polydama 
 The marsh Ringlet 
 
 Typlion 
 The scarce Heath 
 
 i^geria e. 
 
 The sveckled JJ'ood 
 
 321 Thecla Betulfe Z. e. 
 
 The hrcwn Hairstreak 
 
 Quercus I, b. Oak 
 
 77;? purple Hairstreak 
 2121 Lycsena Phlaeas b. Grassy commons 
 The common Copper 
 
 Idas I. E, Grassy banks 
 
 The h'.ack-spot Brown 
 524 Smerinthiis Populi e. Trunks of poplars 
 
 The poplar Hawk 
 S26 Sphinx Elpenor e. Gardens and marshy places 
 The elephant Haivkmoth 
 
 lineata Gardens 
 
 The silver-line Hawkmoth 
 
 Page 237. 
 
 
 6, 
 
 Isles of Bute and Arran 
 Mouse-earHawkweed, pastures Haw. 25. 
 
 Meadows Page 240. 
 
 Grassy banks 3,5, Haw. 23. 
 
 Marshes 15. sp. 
 
 — — 16, sp, 
 
 sp. 
 
 Borders of woods and fields 4,8, Page 241. 
 Birch 
 
 16. 
 
 17. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 397 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where bund. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Eeference to 
 description. 
 
 Devonshire 
 
 Trunks of pine-trees 
 Gardens 
 
 Bedstraw 
 
 325 Sphinx Galii e. 
 
 The scarce Elephant 
 
 Euphorbia; b. 
 The spoiled Elephant 
 
 Piua^tri 
 The pine Hawk Moth 
 
 Ligustri 
 Tlie privet Hawk 
 
 326 MacroglossaStellatarum I. e 
 
 The Humrmng-bird 
 
 Siellatarum e. Gardens 
 The Ilummtng-hird 
 
 327 Sesia bombycitbrmis m. Flowers, marshy pi. in woods 
 
 The narrcic- bordered Bee 
 
 fusciformis m. Borders of woods 
 The broad-hindered Bee 
 323 ^^eriaapiformis e. Near lime and poplar trees 
 The Hornel 
 Mgeria jisiiiforinis m. Poplars 
 The clear Underioing 
 
 Cynipiformis m. Gardens 
 The ydii lo-legged Clearicing 
 
 Tipuhformis m. Currant-bushes 
 The currant Clearwing 
 
 Oestrijarmis m. Gardens and woods 
 The yzl'.ow-tailed Clearwing 
 
 Fespiformis e. Devonshire 
 The six-belted Clearwing 
 
 Sphecrjbrmis Enfield ? 
 
 The black and wh'te-hordered Clearwing 
 
 329 Zysaena Filipendu!^ b. Meadows 
 
 The six-spotled Burnet 
 
 Loti £. 
 
 The five-spotted Burnet 
 
 330 Ino Stalices m. 
 
 The Fo-ester 
 
 331 Hepialus Humuli m. 
 
 The Ghost 
 
 Map pa 
 The beautiful Swift 
 
 Angulum b. 
 
 The tawny Swift 
 
 hectus M 
 
 The gold Swift 
 
 332 Cossus Ligniperda e 
 
 The g„al M'jth 
 535 Liparis Monacha I. e 
 The black Arches 
 
 Monacha e, 
 
 The black Arches 
 
 Page 244. 
 
 Haw. f)^. 
 
 4,9, Page 244. 
 
 Grassy places 
 
 Darent Wood, (Mr. Standish) 
 
 Open places in woods 
 
 Trunks of willows 
 Trunks of oaks 
 
308 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAK. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen, 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 336 Laria pudibunda e. 
 
 Woods 
 
 Page 247. 
 
 The pale Tussock 
 
 
 
 338 Odeiiesis potatoria I. m 
 
 fTall grass in hedges 
 
 Haw. 84. sp. 8. 
 
 The Drinker 
 
 
 
 339 Lasiocampa Qnercus I. 
 
 f Oak, long grasSj white thorn 
 
 81.sp. 5. 
 
 The large Eggar 
 
 
 
 Rubi B. 
 
 Woods 
 
 83. sp. 7. 
 
 The Fox 
 
 
 
 Neustria Z. 
 
 Fruit-trees 
 
 129. sp. 87. 
 
 The barr'd tree Latkey 
 
 
 340 Eriogaster laneslris /. E 
 
 • f Sloe bushes 
 
 124. sp. 84. 
 
 The small Eggar 
 
 
 
 341 Endromis versicolor f.\ 
 
 .fBirch 
 
 80. sp. 3. 
 
 The Kentish Glory 
 
 
 
 S42 Stauropus Fagi m. 
 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Page 247. 
 
 The lobster Molh 
 
 
 
 343 Notodonta palpinus b. 
 
 Willows in hedges 
 
 9, Haw. 98. sp. 20. 
 
 The pale Prominent 
 
 
 
 perfiiscus 
 
 Oaks 
 
 100, sp. 27. 
 
 The dark Prominenl 
 
 
 
 dromedaniliis 
 
 Oaks? 
 
 101. sp.29. 
 
 The small iron Prominent 
 
 
 Trepida b. 
 
 Poplars 
 
 DonovanB.1. 239.1 
 
 The sicilloiv Prominent 
 
 
 344 PvSHEra buoephala m. 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Page 247. 
 
 'iheh.ffTip 
 
 
 
 345 Cerura minax ? 
 
 Trunks of apple-trees 
 
 
 » bifida 
 
 "Darent Wood 
 
 
 346 Arctia villica b. 
 
 Open paths in woods 
 
 248. 
 
 The cream-spot Tyger 
 
 
 
 Caja I. 
 
 Nettles, &c. 
 
 Haw. 93. sp. 16. 
 
 The garden Tyger 
 
 
 
 Plantasfinis b. 
 
 Open places in woods 
 
 Page 248. 
 
 The wood Tyger 
 
 
 
 Russula M. 
 
 Furze on commons 
 
 — . 
 
 The clouded Buff 
 
 
 
 papyritia m. 
 
 Marshy jjlaces 
 
 
 
 The water Ermine 
 
 
 
 lubricipeda 
 
 Gardens 
 
 245. 
 
 The huff Ermine 
 
 
 
 Salicis I. 
 
 Poplars 
 
 Haw. 107. sp.42. 
 
 The Satin 
 
 
 
 chrj'sorrhoea I. 
 
 White-thorn hedges 
 
 108. sp. 43. 
 
 The Yellow-tail 
 
 
 
 phaorrhcea I, 
 
 White-thorn 
 
 109. sp. 45. 
 
 The Brown-tail 
 
 
 
 547 Callimorpha Dominula 
 
 Lanes 
 
 Page 248. 
 
 The scarlet Tyger 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEND4E. 
 
 3S9 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Iteference to 
 description. 
 
 Oaks 
 
 Heaths and commons 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Callimorpha rosea 
 The red Arches 
 
 Jacobeffi 
 The Cinnahar 
 
 fuliginosa 
 The ruby Tyger 
 
 348 Lithosia quadra b. Pine-trees 
 
 The four- spotted Footman 
 Lithosia aurantia Skirts of woods 
 
 The orayige Footman 
 Bomhyx DodorijEa m. Oaks 
 
 Marbled Brown 
 
 Roboris Woods 
 
 Lunar marbled Brown 
 Quercea Oaks 
 
 Dark marbled Broicn 
 Nudaria fiisca Pales, Winchmore-hillWood 
 
 The brown Muslin 
 
 349 Yponomenta Evonymella Hedges 
 * Echiella Dover 
 
 irrorella Coombe 
 
 Padella Hedges 
 
 350 ^cophora Flavella Pales 
 
 353 Adela Degeerella Thick woods 
 
 354 Noctua Scrophularise I, Water betony 
 
 The water Betony 
 
 tetva Gardens 
 
 The Mahngany 
 
 Pronuba ■ 
 
 The large yelloiv Underwivg , 
 
 fimbria b. Oaks 
 
 The Broad Border 
 
 inlerjecta Open parts in woods 
 
 The least Broad Border 
 
 Myrtilli m. Heaths near Erith 
 
 The beautiful yellow Underwing 
 
 albirena Heaths, Norfolk 
 
 The small yellow Undencing 
 
 Page 24S. 
 
 Stew. 159. sp. 57. 
 
 
 Page 249. 
 
 
 
 
 Haw 
 
 . 147 
 
 .sp 
 
 .5. 
 
 
 
 104. 
 
 sp. 
 
 34. 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 sp. 
 
 35. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 sp. 
 
 36. 
 
 
 
 157. 
 
 sp. 
 
 3. 
 
 8, 
 
 
 512. 
 
 sp. 
 
 1. 
 
 6, 
 
 
 
 
 
 — sp. 
 
 
 167. 
 
 4, 
 
 162. 
 
 7, 
 
 160. 
 
 8, 
 
 161. 
 
 
 162. 
 
 combusta 
 The dark Tawny 
 
 Pinastri m. 
 
 The Bird-ivivg 
 
 putris M. 
 
 The Flame 
 
 crassicornis 
 The large JVainscot 
 
 comma b. 
 
 — —163. 
 
 170. 
 
 — 172. 
 
 The shoulder -stripe IVainscot 
 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Trunks of pines & shady pales 
 
 Weedy banks and gardens — — — 
 
 Marshy places ? — — 173. 
 
 Lanes,Hampsh.(Mr.Benfeley) 174. 
 
400 
 
 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 Nortua atomina m. Marshy places 
 The powdered JVainscot 
 
 Aceris e. Sbady pales 
 
 The Sycamore 
 
 infuscala e, ■ 
 
 The Sycamore, var. 
 
 Euphorbiae Woods 
 
 The Spurge 
 
 Ligustri 
 The Coronet 
 
 corormla e. 
 
 The Coronet, var. 
 
 compta E. 
 
 The marbled Coronet 
 
 AIni M. 
 
 The Alder 
 
 Menyanthidis b. Trunks of trees 
 The light Knot-grass 
 
 similis e. ■ 
 
 The scarce Knot-grass 
 
 M. Coombe 
 
 Trunks of. trees 
 
 Pales 
 
 Trunks of alders 
 
 Haw. 173. 
 
 176. 
 
 177. 
 
 178. 
 
 I7y. 
 
 180. 
 
 auncoma 
 The scarce Dagger 
 
 Psi E 
 
 The dark Dagger 
 
 tridens e. — 
 
 The light Dagger 
 
 serena m. — 
 
 The broadlarred ffhite 
 
 6, 
 
 Shady pales 
 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Pales and gardens 
 
 Trunks of trees ? 
 
 Gardens 
 
 grand is ] 
 
 The grey Arches 
 
 polyodon i 
 
 The dark Arches 
 
 satura 
 The barred Arches 
 
 advena i 
 
 The pale shining Brcwn 
 
 rectilinea m. Skirts of woods 
 
 The light Brocade 
 
 dives M. Trunks of trees 
 
 The beautiful Brocade 
 
 duplex M. 
 
 The dark B ncnde 
 
 Achates (Hub.) 
 
 The pale shu:tldered Brocade 
 
 Brassicx Pales 
 
 The cabbage Moth 
 
 Persicariae e. 
 
 The Dot 
 
 181. 
 
 184. 
 185. 
 
 186. 
 187. 
 
 189. 
 
 7,8, 
 
 IPO 
 
 191. 
 
THE entomoT.ooist's calexdab. 
 
 401 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 Noctua nigra 
 
 The black Rustic 
 
 Chenopodii 
 The Nutmeg 
 
 contigua 
 The large Nutmeg 
 
 Pisi 
 The Broom 
 
 basilinea 
 
 Pales ? Devon 
 
 Gardens 
 
 and pales 
 
 M. Commons and pales 
 
 B. Wood 
 The rustic Shoulder- knot 
 
 typica 
 The Gothic 
 
 capsincola 
 
 Haw. 192. 
 
 193. 
 194. 
 
 Weedy banks 
 and gardens 
 
 Gardens and hedges 
 Shady pales 
 
 The Lychnis 
 
 Atriplicis e. 
 
 The Arrach Moth 
 
 glauca E. 
 
 The glaucous Sheers 
 
 plebeia e. — 
 
 The glaucous Sheers^ var. 
 
 dentina e. 
 
 The glaucous Sheers, var. 
 
 leucostigma e. — 
 The pale Sheers 
 
 ochracea e. i 
 
 The tawny Sheers 
 
 Oxyacanthje I. White-thorn 
 The green-brindled Crescent 
 Oaks 
 
 9, 
 
 near Cootnbe Wood 
 
 Old walls, Chelsea 
 Clover-fields 
 
 ridens I. 
 
 The frosted Green 
 
 Lichenis e. 
 
 The marbled Green 
 
 denticulala b. 
 The light-feathered Rustic 
 
 cubicularis m. Willows and gardens 
 The pale mottled IVillow 
 
 lucipara e. Skirts of woods 
 
 The small Angle-shade 
 
 secalina e. Marshy places 
 
 The small clouded Brindle 
 
 scripta Woods 
 
 The minor Shoulder-knot 
 
 lEthiops E. Hedges 
 
 The Blackamoor 
 
 spinifera e. Weedy banks 
 
 The small Sword-grass 
 
 suffusa • 
 
 The small Sword-grass, var. 
 
 2c 
 
 ■ 196. 
 197. 
 
 198. 
 
 • 199. 
 
 ■ 201. 
 -202. 
 •203. 
 
 ■ 205. 
 
 • 208. 
 ■210. 
 
 213. 
 ■215. 
 217. 
 
402 THE entomologist's CAtEKDAK. 
 
 JUNE, 
 
 Noctua connexa Gardens Haw. 21 S. 
 
 The chain-shot Dart 
 
 venosa m. Weedy banks — — — 
 
 The broad-veined Dart 
 
 spinula m. Hedges _^_ ._ 
 
 The brindled Dart 
 
 nigricorvuta m. Skirts of woods __ 219. 
 
 27ie black Dart 
 
 subatraia. m. Weedy banks — 
 
 The dark Dart 
 
 pectmata e. 
 
 The pectinated Dart 
 
 cattenata m. •>••— ~a 
 The brindled Heart and Club 
 
 clavigera e. — ^— ^ 
 The Heart and Club 
 
 su h/usca 
 
 The brown Heart and Club 
 
 exclamationis e. i , 
 
 The Heart and Dart 
 
 C nigrum b. 226. 
 
 The setaceous Hebrew Character 
 
 plecta E. ■ ___ 
 
 Thejlame Shoulder 
 
 ochraceago I. Burdock 
 The frosted Orange 
 
 centrago m. Marshes 
 
 The centre-barred Sallow 
 
 croceago e. Hedges 
 
 The orange Upperwitig 
 
 meticulosa Pales 
 
 The angle Shades 
 
 batis M. Skirts of woods 
 
 The Peach-blossom 
 
 Delphinii Gardens, Windsor 
 
 The Pease- ilossom 
 
 trilinea e. Thickets 
 
 The equal Treble-lines 
 
 bilinea e. Coombe — 
 
 The dark Treble-lines 
 
 retusa Z. e. Great round -leaved willow ——251. 
 
 Tlie double Kidney 
 
 fiiluta Trunks of trees -—252, 
 
 The lesser Lutestring 
 
 flavicornis b. Trunks of poplars —— — 
 
 The Poplar Lutestring 
 
 fluctuosa M. Skirts of woods -^— — 
 
 The satin Carpet 
 
 
 234. 
 
 
 236. 
 
 2,4, 
 
 238. 
 
 5,9, 
 
 244. 
 
 7, 
 
 245. 
 
 7, 
 
 ^248. 
 
 9, 
 
 249. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEKDAR. 
 JUNE. 
 
 403 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where lounu. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Haw. 233. 
 
 . 254. sp. 2. 
 
 - — sp. 3. 
 
 • 255. sp. 4. 
 
 -256. sp.5. 
 
 ■ 257. sp. 7. 
 
 - — sp. 8. 
 . 258. sp. 9. 
 
 ■ 260. sp. 17. 
 
 ■ 26l.sp. 18. 
 
 - — sp. 19. 
 
 - 263. sp. 23. 
 
 • — sp. 24. 
 -264.sp. 29. 
 -265.sp. 31. 
 
 — sp. 32. 
 
 Noctua duplaris b. Skirts of woods 
 The lesser satin Carpet 
 
 chrysitis e. Weedy banks 
 
 The burnished Brass 
 
 orichalcea Gardens, Crayford 
 
 The scarce lurnished Brass 
 
 bractea Yorkshire and Scotland 
 
 The gold Spangle 
 
 E. Gardens 
 
 Mountains and heaths, Yoiks. 
 
 Essex 
 
 Salisbury plain 
 
 Meadows 
 
 Marshy places, Norfolk 
 Clover-fields 
 
 Iota I 
 
 The gold Y. 
 
 interrogationis 
 The Yorkshire Y. 
 
 circumflexa 
 The Essex Y. 
 
 illustris 
 * The purple Shades 
 
 arcuosa i 
 
 The small- doited Buff 
 
 fusca E. Woods 
 
 The marbled IVhile-spot 
 
 alhilinea • 
 
 The marbled JVhite-line 
 
 nnca 
 The Silver-hook 
 
 snlphurea e. 
 
 The spoiled Sulphur 
 
 luctuosa 
 The Four-spotted 
 
 glyphica b. 
 
 The Burnet 
 
 Mi B. 
 
 The Shipton 
 
 maura 
 The great Brown Bar 
 3G0 Biston Betularius m. Pales 
 The Peppered 
 Geometra Prunaria e. Shady groves 
 The orange Moth 
 
 Roboraiia e. Trunks of trees 
 The great Oak Beauty 
 
 consortaria b. Woods 
 The pale Oak Beauty 
 
 repandaria e, -■ ' 
 
 The mottled Beauty 
 
 consobrinaria — — — — 
 
 The tawny Beauty 
 
 suberaria a. Open parts in woods 
 
 The large-waved Umber 
 
 dolabraria e. Bushes 
 The scorched JVmg 
 
 2c 2 
 
 Out-houses and palings 
 
 "Ifi, 
 
 - 269. sp. 6. 
 
 - 2~2. sp. 2. 
 
 • 283. sp. 34. 
 
 - 275. sp. S. 
 sp. 9. 
 
 - — sp. 10. 
 . 276. sp. 13. 
 
 - 284. sp. 25. 
 . 295. sp. 67. 
 
404 
 
 THE ESTOMOLOOrST S CALENDAR. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 iso. 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Haw. 278. sp. 21. 
 .508. sp. 101. 
 
 - 304. sp. 92. 
 
 -Sll.sp. 109. 
 -314.sp. 114. 
 
 - 289. sp. 46. 
 
 - 287. sp. 41. 
 
 - 302. sp. 88. 
 -301. sp. 83. 
 
 - 292, sp. 57. 
 
 • 296. sp. 69. 
 
 • 291. sp. 55. 
 
 301. sp. 85. 
 
 300. sp. 80. 
 
 303. sp. 90. 
 
 - 283. sp. 33. 
 -281. sp.30. 
 
 sp. 31, 
 
 -317. sp. 3. 
 
 - — sp. 5. 
 
 - 336. sp. 62. 
 ■ 337. sp. 64. 
 
 - — sp. 65. 
 
 • 338. sp. 67. 
 
 Geomelra Pinaria Pines, Scotland 
 The bordered While 
 
 unidentaria b. Skirts of woods 
 The dark red Twin-spot 
 
 viridaria e. Open parts in woods 
 
 The green Carpet 
 
 orbicularia m. Near Brockenhurst, Hants, 
 The dingy Mocha (Mr. Bentley) 
 
 linearia Woods, Kent 
 
 The clay Triple-line 
 
 respersaria Heaths 
 
 The lesser Grass-wave 
 
 plumbaria e. ■ 
 The Belle 
 
 Chenopodaria p.. 
 The small Mallow 
 
 fasciaria 
 The barred Red 
 
 lunaria m. 
 
 The lunar Thorn 
 
 advenaria m. 
 The little Thorn 
 
 bidentaria b. 
 The scalloped Hazel 
 
 pulveraria b. 
 The barred Umler 
 
 Thymiaria e. 
 Common Emerald 
 
 implicaria 
 The silver Ground 
 
 Vauaria 
 77ie V Moth 
 
 fuliginaria m. — — — 
 The waved Black 
 
 trepidaria e. Mountains, Scotland 
 
 The black mountain Moth 
 
 ulmata M. Elms 
 
 The scarce Magpie 
 
 dealbata b. Chalky places 
 
 The Black-veined 
 
 hastata a. Open places, Coombe Wood 
 
 TTie Argent and Sable 
 
 albioillata e. Paths in woods 
 The beautiful Carpet 
 
 adustata e. Hedges 
 
 The scorched Carpel 
 
 rubiginata e. Pathways, woods 
 The blue-bordered Carpet 
 
 Bushy places 
 
 Westerham, Kent 
 
 Paths in woods 
 
 Colney-hatch Wood 
 
 Skirts of woods 4, 
 
 Paths in woods 
 
 Open places, skirts of woods 
 
 Open places in woods 
 
 Gardens 7, 
 
TOE entomologist's calendar. 
 
 405 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Ofometra ocellata 
 The purple bar 
 
 Galiata 
 Galium Carpet 
 
 unilobata Yorkshire 
 
 The liunl-angled Carpet 
 
 impluviata Skirts of woods 
 
 The May Highflyer 
 
 berberata 
 
 derivata b. 
 
 The Strea mer 
 
 spinaciata e. 
 The Spinach 
 
 Pyraliata 
 
 bilineata e. 
 
 The yelloic Shell 
 
 munitata b. 
 
 TTie rufous Carpet 
 
 duplicata 
 Ike slender Trelle-lar 
 
 nassata m. Open parts in woods 
 
 The small Rivulet 
 
 rivulata e. Copenhagen F. and Norfolk 
 
 The middle Rivulet 
 
 Alchemillata m. Bushy places and thickets 
 The Fivulet 
 
 osseata e. Hedges 
 
 The dwarf Cream-icave 
 
 lividata b. — »^— 
 
 The small dotted Wave 
 
 punctata Chalky hedges 
 
 iineolata Chalky pi. nearLewes, Suss. 
 
 The Oblique-striped 
 
 Shady groves 
 
 Open paths in woods 
 Devonshire 
 
 Hedges, Norfolk 
 Woods 
 
 Gardens 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Hedges and skirts of woods 
 
 Pine-trees 
 
 Chalky places 
 
 Woods 
 Gardens 
 
 Haw. 331. sp. 46. 
 
 6, 332. sp. 47. 
 
 6, 331. sp. 44, 
 
 321. sp. 17, 
 
 Fab.E.S.iv.l82.sp.l89 
 Haw. 326, sp. 30. 
 
 heparata 
 The dingy Shell 
 
 abbreviata 
 
 venosata e. 
 
 The netted Pug 
 
 Centaureata e. 
 The Lime-speck 
 
 Absinthiata e. 
 The wormiu'iod Pug 
 
 vulgata 
 7he common Pug 
 
 simpliciata 
 The plain Pug 
 
 favillaciaria b. Near Ringw.Hants,(Mr.EenUey) 
 The grey Scallop 
 
 Atomaria b. Heaths 
 
 The common Heath 
 
 341. 
 
 sp. 
 
 76, 
 
 Trans. Ent, Soc, 
 Haw. 343. sp. 82, 
 
 528. 
 
 sp. 
 
 34. 
 
 318 
 
 sp. 
 
 8. 
 
 335. 
 
 sp. 
 
 60. 
 
 7, 
 
 sp. 
 
 59. 
 
 
 
 sp. 
 
 58. 
 
 353. 
 
 sp. 
 
 116, 
 
 
 
 sp. 
 
 118. 
 
 6, 
 
 6, 341. 
 
 sp. 
 
 75. 
 
 343. 
 
 sp. 
 
 83. 
 
 Hiibner. 
 Haw. 357 
 
 sp. 
 
 127. 
 
 358. 
 
 sp. 
 
 131. 
 
 359. 
 
 sp. 
 
 133. 
 
 7, 
 
 sp. 
 
 134. 
 
 
 
 sp. 
 
 135. 
 
 y) 278 
 
 sp. 
 
 19. 
 
 280. 
 
 sp. 
 
 26. 
 
4o6 
 
 TUE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 280. sp. 27. 
 
 - — sp. 23. 
 . 28l.sp. 29. 
 
 - 283. sp. 45. 
 -298. sp. 74, 
 -320. sp. 13. 
 
 sp. 14. 
 
 -326. sp. 31. 
 
 - 327. sp. 32. 
 -328. sp. 36, 
 
 ■ 344. sp. 85. 
 
 - 356. sp. 125. 
 . 291. sp. 56. 
 -362. sp. 147. 
 . 360. sp. 139. 
 
 ■ 563. sp. 151. 
 
 ■ 364. sp. 153. 
 sp. 154. 
 
 ■ 375. sp. 26. 
 
 ■ 366. sp. 5. 
 • 365. sp. 1. 
 . 366. sp. 4* 
 . — sp. 3, 
 
 ■ 367. sp. 6. 
 
 Geomelra glarearia b. Heaths 
 The yellow Heath 
 
 roseidaria b. ■■ 
 
 The light Heath 
 
 carhonaria m. ■ 
 The Mack Heath 
 
 inffiquaria b. Open parts in woods 
 
 The larger Grass-wave 
 
 Cratffgaria b. Hedges and woods 
 The Brimstone 
 
 undulata e. Pathways, woods 
 
 The Scollop-shell 
 
 vetulata e. Chalky places in woods 
 
 TTie hroiun Scollop 
 
 biangulata Pathwaj'S, woods 
 
 The cloaked Carpet 
 
 ruptata ■ ' 
 
 The Iroken-harred Carpet 
 
 decolorata 
 
 The sandy Carpet 
 
 Chjerophyllata b. Open places in woods 
 Tlie looping Chimney-sweeper 
 
 hexapterata [b. Birch-trees, Kent 
 
 Haw 
 
 The Seraphim 
 
 illustraria 
 The purple Thorn 
 
 trimaculata 
 The mottled Pug 
 
 singiilariata 
 The grey Pug 
 
 rectangulata i 
 The green Pug 
 
 linariata 
 The heautiful Pug 
 
 rusticata 
 The least Carpet 
 362 Herminea flamealis 
 The rosy Flounced 
 
 vittalis I 
 
 The cream-edge Snout 
 
 proboscidalis e. 
 The Snout 
 
 rostralis e. 
 
 The buttoned Snout 
 
 crassalis 
 The pinion Snout 
 
 achatalis b. 
 
 The leauti/ul Snoul 
 
 4,3, 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Open parts in woods 
 
 Gardens 
 
 Open j)arts in woods 
 
 Thick woods 
 
 Broom-fields, CoombeWood 
 
 Hedges, Chelsea 
 
 Hedges 
 
 5, 
 
 5, 
 
 Shady groves, Kent 
 
THE entomologist's CALENDAR 
 
 407 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 362 Herminia salicalis b. 
 
 Biich-trees,»woods 
 
 The lesser Belle 
 
 
 derivialis 
 
 Skirts of woods, Kent 
 
 The clay Fan-foot 
 
 
 tavsicrinalis 
 
 Woods 
 
 The Favfoct 
 
 
 nemoralis 
 
 Open parts in woods 
 
 The small Fanfoot 
 
 
 obscuialis 
 
 Darent Wood 
 
 The dingy Snout 
 
 
 colonalis r. 
 
 Gardens 
 
 The green Shaded 
 
 
 socia 
 
 Darent Wood 
 
 The pale Shoulder 
 
 
 363 Platypteryxfalcataria M.Woods 
 
 The pelhle Hooktip 
 
 
 365 Tortrix chlorana m. 
 
 Willows 
 
 The bordered Green 
 
 
 Cliristiernana 
 
 Hedges in chalky places 
 
 The Chriitierman 
 
 
 oporana m. 
 
 Hedges 
 
 The great Hook-tipped 
 
 Ribeana 
 
 Gardens and hedges 
 
 The common Oblique 
 
 Bar 
 
 Acerana 
 
 Hedges 
 
 The Maple 
 
 
 pruniana 
 
 Woods 
 
 The lesser Long-cloak 
 
 Udmanniana 
 
 Pathways, woods 
 
 The Udmannian 
 
 
 comitana 
 
 Pales 
 
 The cream Short-cloak 
 
 Mitterbachina 
 The Mitterbachian 
 
 
 
 Lecheana e. 
 
 Open places in woods 
 
 The Lechean 
 
 
 Absiiithiana 
 
 Wormwood 
 
 The uormwood Tortrix 
 
 harpana 
 
 Hedges 
 
 The hooked Marble 
 
 
 Lundiana 
 
 Paths in woods 
 
 * The Lundian 
 
 
 fasciana 
 
 Hedges 
 
 The Straight-barred 
 
 
 Los;iana 
 
 Elms 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 The Logian 
 
 Forsterana m. Hedges and woods 
 The Forsterian 
 
 Haw. 370. sp. IG. 
 3G9. sp. 12. 
 — sp. 14. 
 370. sp. 15. 
 367. sp. 7. 
 374. sp. 21. 
 
 151. sp. 13. 
 
 152. sp. 1. 
 397, sp. 4. 
 399. sp. 13. 
 427. sp. 105. 
 423. sp. 89. 
 425. sp. 99. 
 .433. sp. 122. 
 
 449. sp. 176. 
 434. sp. 127. 
 
 463. sp. 220. 
 403, sp. 27. 
 456. sp. 199. 
 437. sp. 135. 
 452. sp, 187. 
 460. sp. 209. 
 
 464. sp. 224. 
 421. sp. 84. 
 
408 
 
 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 365 Tortrix Rosana. m. Gardens 
 The Rose 
 
 rugosana b. Hedges 
 
 The Rovgh-wing 
 
 nubiferana m. ■ ■ 
 
 The cloudy While 
 
 tripunctana ■ ■ 
 
 The common Long-cloak 
 
 aurana Flowers 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap. 
 Haw, 
 
 The double Orange-spot 
 
 Oaks 
 
 Pastures 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Woods 
 
 atromargana 
 The black Bordered 
 
 cana 
 The hoary Sealed 
 
 Wceberiaiia Pales 
 
 7"Ae Wceherian 
 
 nubilana 
 The smoky Grey 
 368 Botys cineralis 
 
 The cinereous Pearl 
 
 nivealis e. 
 
 The white Brindled 
 371 Crambus Pratoriim m. Meadows 
 The dark inlaid Veneer 
 
 arborum Grassy hanks 
 
 The yellow satin Feneer 
 
 hortorum Epping Forest 
 
 jThe garden Feneer 
 
 cespitis » 
 
 Tne straw coloured Veneer 
 
 pineti ■ 
 
 The pearl Feneer 
 
 Rosea ■ 
 
 The barred Feneer 
 
 geniculea 
 
 The elboioed-striped Feneer 
 
 petrificia 
 
 The common Feneer 
 
 culmorum Meadows 
 
 The large brown-edged Veneer 
 
 carnea - 
 
 The rosy Feneer 
 
 Cardui 
 The thistle Ermine 
 
 consorta 
 The aquatic Feneer 
 
 gigantea 
 The gigantic Feneer 
 
 Thibtles 
 
 Marshy places 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 . 424. sp. 96. 
 
 -431.sp. 114. 
 
 sp. 117. 
 
 . 432. sp. 120. 
 
 -446. sp. 163. 
 
 - — sp. 165. 
 -456. sp. 197. 
 
 - 457. sp. 201. 
 -467.sp. 230. 
 
 - 380. sp. 12. 
 
 - 385. sp. 29. 
 
 - 488. sp. 26. 
 
 - 486. sp. 18. 
 -490, sp. 31. 
 
 - — sp. 32. 
 
 - 487. sp. 23. 
 -489. sp. 28. 
 
 - — sp. 29. 
 -485. sp. 13. 
 -485. sp. 14. 
 -484. sp. 10. 
 sp. 9. 
 
 - 483. sp. 8. 
 ■ 4S2. sp. 4. 
 
THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 40& 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 371 Crambus caiidea Woods 
 
 The hooktip Veneer 
 
 cultrea Marshy places 
 
 Tlie pale hooktip Feneer 
 
 aoinacidea 
 
 The narrow-winged Veneer 
 373 Pterophorus pentadactyliis m. Nettles 
 The large white Plume 
 
 fuscodactylus Woods 
 
 The hrown wood Plume 
 
 bipunctidactylus ■ 
 
 The grey wood Plume 
 
 monodactylus Weedy banks 
 
 The hoary Plume 
 
 tetradactylus . ■ 
 
 The white-shajted Plume 
 
 leucadactylus 
 
 The lemon Plume 
 
 lunaedactjlus 
 
 Tlie crescent Plume 
 
 megadactylus 
 The chalk-pit Plume 
 
 Chalk-pits 
 
 trigonodactylus e. Skirtsof woods, chalky-places 
 The triangle Plume 
 
 galactodactylus Lanes and hedges 
 The spotted-white Plume 
 
 punctidactylus 
 The brindled Plume 
 
 calodactylus 
 The leautiful Plume 
 
 rhododactyhis 
 The rose Plume 
 
 tesseradactyhis 
 The marbled Plume 
 
 pallidactylus 
 The pale Plume 
 
 didactvlus 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 Roses in gardens 
 
 Hedges and woods 
 
 ■? Norfolk 
 
 The spotted rusty Plume 
 
 heterodactylus Hedges and woods 
 The spotted black Plume 
 
 tridactyhis - 
 
 The dingy white Plume 
 
 microdactylus Chalk-pits, Kent 
 Tlie small Plume 
 Pttwiaria plumistrea m. Grassy pi. St furze on cotnm. 
 The Chimney-sweeper' s Boy 
 ^Tinea spissicornis Dry chalky fields 
 
 The dotted Knot-horn 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 '7, 
 '7, 
 V, 
 7, 
 
 ':, 
 
 7, 
 '7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 '7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 48'2. sp. 1. 
 
 - sp. 3. 
 • — sp. 2. 
 
 - 473. sp. 1. 
 
 ■ 476. sp. 4. 
 
 ■ — sp. 5. 
 
 - — sp. 6. 
 
 - 477, sp. 7. 
 
 - — sp. 9. 
 
 sp. 10. 
 
 . 473. sp. 12. 
 
 - 478. sp. 13. 
 
 - 475. sp. 2. 
 -479. sp. 16. 
 
 - 478. sp, 15. 
 
 - — sp. 14. 
 
 ■ 479. sp. 17. 
 -473. sp. 11. 
 -479. sp. 18. 
 
 - — sp. 19. 
 
 - 477. sp. 8. 
 
 - 480, sp, 20. 
 
 - 474. sp, 3. 
 
 - 492, sp. 2. 
 
410 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEXDAE. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 Tinea contubernea Dry chalky fields 
 
 The mealy Knot-horn 
 
 530 Libellula cancellata 
 
 vuigata 
 
 scotica 
 385 Anax Imperator 
 381 Cordulia a;nea 
 
 Croydon Canal 
 
 Ponds and ditches 
 
 Ponds, Devon and Scotland 
 
 Ponds and woods, Hants 
 
 PondSjNewForest & Epp.For. 
 
 38'2 Cordulegaster anniilatiisPonds and woods, Hants 
 383 Gomphus vulgatissimus Woods 
 
 384 .'Eshna grandis 
 
 viatica 
 
 Juncaea 
 
 anglicana 
 
 teriuscula 
 386 Agrion rufescens 
 
 corea 
 
 sanguineum 
 
 puella 
 
 albicans 
 
 annulare 
 
 zonatus 
 3S7 Lestes sponsa 
 
 388 Caiepteryx Virgo 
 
 liidovicia 
 
 389 Baetisbiociilata 
 
 390 Cleon pallida 
 
 SIM Ephemera vuigata 
 
 392 Panorpa affinis 
 * germanica 
 
 393 Chrysopa Perla 
 
 capitata 
 
 fiilvocephala 
 
 reticulata 
 
 alba 
 
 perla 
 
 394 Hemerobiiis variegatus 
 
 Beckwithii 
 
 Pini 
 
 nemoralis 
 
 decussatus 
 
 lutescens 
 
 punctatus 
 
 affinis 
 
 obscurus 
 
 irroratus 
 
 nervosus 
 
 395 Osmylus maculatus 
 
 396 Sialis niger 
 
 397 Raphidia ophiopsis 
 
 Marshy places 
 
 Woods, Kent 
 Marshy places 
 
 Banks of rivers 
 
 Marshy places 
 
 Hedges 
 Cumberland 
 Hedges and woods 
 
 Woods 
 Hedge.i 
 
 and woods 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 
 '7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 "l, 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 Haw. 493; sp. 4. 
 
 Fa.E.S.ii.383.sp.l8. 
 
 ii.382.sp.l6. 
 
 Donovan. 
 Page 258. 
 
 Fab.E.S,ii.388.sp.l. 
 Sowerby Brit. Misc. 
 
 Page 259. 
 Fab,E.S.ii.387.sp.2. 
 
 "7, 
 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 
 ■ 7,8, 
 
 ■ • 7,8, 
 
 7,8, 
 
 ■ 7,8, 
 
 7,8, 
 
 6,8, 
 
 7, 
 
 . '^' 
 
 Running brooks, skirts of woods 
 
 Banks of rivers 
 
 Hedges near streams 
 
 Fab,E.S.ii.70.sp.9. 
 
 i ii. 68. sp. 1. 
 
 ii. 97. sp. 2. 
 
 Page 260. 
 Fab.E.S. ii.82.sp,5. 
 
 Panz. 87. 14. 
 Fab.E.S.ii.85.sp.l8. 
 
 ii. 84. sp. 12. 
 
 ii. 85. sp. 19, 
 
 Page 260. 
 Fa.E.S.ii.79.sp.20. 
 Page 261. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAH. 
 
 411 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 397 Raphidia Londinensis 
 aftinis 
 
 maculicollis 
 megacephala 
 
 402 Clavellaria marginata 
 Amerind 
 
 404 Abia nigricornis 
 
 sericea 
 
 405 Amasis laeta 
 
 406 Hylotoma pilicornis 
 
 casrulescens 
 femoral is 
 ijstulata 
 segmentaria 
 Rosje 
 Stepheniiii 
 Berberidis 
 violacea 
 pagana 
 Anglica 
 enodis 
 cserulea 
 Kkigii 
 407*Cryptus Villcrsii 
 * pallipes 
 
 408 Messa bortulana 
 
 409 Athalia annulata 
 
 Rosae 
 
 centifolia 
 
 spinarum 
 
 410 Selandria serva 
 
 fuliginosa 
 luteiventris 
 
 411 Fenusa pumila 
 
 412 Allantus bicinctus 
 
 nolha 
 liajmatopus 
 neglectns 
 blandus 
 albocinctus 
 punctum 
 12-punctatus 
 zonatus 
 lividus 
 conspicnus 
 . rufiventris 
 
 lateralis 
 »ter 
 
 Hedges near streams 
 
 Windsor 
 
 Woods, Coombe 
 Woods 
 Bristol 
 
 Coombe, (Mr. Stephens) 
 Woods 
 
 Parent Wood (Mr. Stephens) 
 
 Woods 
 
 -, (Mr. Stephens) 
 
 Woods, (Mr. Standish) 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Coombe Wood, (Mr. J.Kins 
 
 Hetlsres and woods 
 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7.8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,3, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,8, 
 7,3, 
 7,8, 
 1.^^ 
 
 Page 263. 
 
 Zool. Misc. iii. 112. 
 
 Page 263. 
 
 Zool. Misc. iii. 113. 
 
 Page 263. 
 
 Page 2G4. 
 
 King. sp. 13. 
 
 ^sp. 14. 
 
 sp, 8. 
 
 sp. 9. 
 
 sp. 10, 
 
 Zool. Misc. iii. 125. 
 King. sp. 3. 
 
 sp. 6. 
 
 sp. 11, 
 
 Zool.Misc. iii. 122. 
 King. sp. 1. 
 
 sp. 7. 
 
 Zool.Misc. iii. 122. 
 Page 264. 
 Zool.Misc. iii. 125. 
 Page 264. 
 King. sp. 2. 
 Zool.Misc. iii. 126. 
 
 Klug. sp. 84. 
 
 sp. 77. 
 
 — — sp. 76. 
 
 sp. 94. 
 
 — ^ — sp. 85. 
 
 sp. 91. 
 
 Panz. 64. 9. 
 Fabr. E. S. ii, 116. 
 [sp. 46. 
 
 — — ii." 118. sp.53. 
 ii. 117. sp. 49. 
 
412 
 
 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 412 AUantus punctomaculatus Hedges and woods 
 
 413 Tenthredo Rapae 
 
 nassata 
 
 414 Dosj'theus Eglanteriffi 
 
 Junci . 
 
 415 Dolenis opacus ■■ 
 
 Gonagra ■ 
 
 416 Emphytus succinctus 
 
 cinctus . 
 
 ceria 
 tibialis 
 
 417 Croesus septentrionalis Woods, Darent 
 
 418 Nematus uiger 
 
 luteus 
 lucidus 
 
 419 Cladius difformis 
 
 420 Tarpa Panzerii 
 
 Klugii 
 
 421 Lyda Betulae 
 
 nemorum 
 erythrocephala 
 
 422 Lophyrus Pini 
 
 rufus 
 
 423 Cephus pygmaeus 
 
 424 Xiphydria Camelus 
 
 droniedarius 
 426 Urocerus Gigas 
 
 psyllius 
 427*Evania appendigaster 
 428 Fcenus Jaculator 
 430 Bracon Desertor 
 431*Sigalphus Tnorator 
 4 
 
 Hedfres and woods 
 
 Coombe Wood 
 Hedges and woods 
 
 Pine woods 
 
 Flowers in fields and hedges 
 
 Willows 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Pines 
 
 Hedges ? 
 
 Hedges and woods 
 Woods 
 Hedges 
 Diplolepis Quercus-foliiOaks 
 
 434 Chalcis olavipes 
 
 435 Cynips Capreae 
 
 436 Cleptes semi-aurata 
 
 ail rata 
 437*Elan3pus Panzeri 
 
 438 Clirysis ignita 
 
 affinis 
 
 effulgens 
 
 fulgida 
 
 bideutata 
 
 cyanea 
 
 Stroudera 
 
 439 Hedychrum auratum 
 
 regiiim 
 441 Mutilla Europaea 
 
 Battersea fields 
 Willows 
 Sandy places 
 
 Walls, Exeter, (Dr. Leach) 
 Sandy banks 
 
 Sandy places 
 Sand and sunny banks 
 Sandy places 
 442*Myrmosa melanocephala ? Norfolk 
 
 7.8, 
 
 7,8, King. sp. 96. 
 
 7,8, Fa.E.S.ii.ll4.sp.37. 
 
 7,8, ii. ]09.sp. 19. 
 
 7,8, ii. 120.sp. 62. 
 
 7,8, ii. 117. sp.48. 
 
 7,8, 
 
 7,8, ii. 117. sp.5l. 
 
 7,8, 
 
 7,8, Panz. 62. 11. 
 
 7,8, Page 266, 
 
 7,8, Fa.E.S.ii.l20.«p.64 
 
 7,8, Panz. 90. 10. 
 
 7,8, 
 
 7,8, Page 266. 
 
 Zool. Misc.iii. 131. 
 
 iii. 132. 
 
 Khig. sp. 13. 
 
 sp. 8. 
 
 • sp. 16. 
 
 • sp. 3. 
 
 Page 267. 
 
 Fa.E.S.ii.l28.sp.l6 
 Page 263. 
 Fa.E.S.ii.l24.sp.2. 
 
 ii. 192. sp. 1. 
 
 Page 2(58. 
 
 270. 
 
 7, Fa.E.S.ii.l52.sp.79 
 7. Page 270. 
 
 ' 271. 
 
 Fa.E.S.ii.l02-sp.l3. 
 7, Panz. 31. 2. 
 7, Fa.E.S.ii.242.sp.l8. 
 
 Page 272. 
 7, Fa.E.S.ii.24l.sp.lO. 
 7, 
 7, 
 
 7, ii, 240. sp. 8. 
 
 7,8, ii.24l.sp.ll. 
 
 7,8, ii.243. sp. 20. 
 
 7,8, Panz, 107. 12. 
 7,8, Page 272. 
 7,8, Fa.E.S.Ji.243.sp.l9 
 7,8, Page 273. 
 
 Fa.E.S,ii.372.sp.27 
 
THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 413 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 443 Tiphia femorata 
 
 moric) 
 
 444 Sapyga 6-punctata 
 
 445 Pompikis I'iahcws? 
 
 gibbus f 
 Justus ? 
 
 exallatus ? 
 
 hircanus ? 
 44S Amophila sabulosa 
 449 Sphex flavipennis 
 432 Psen ater 
 454*Larra ichneu-noniformi 
 
 455 Lyrops tricolor 
 
 456 Dinetus pictns 
 
 457 Trypoxylon Figiilus 
 45S Oxybelus uniglnmis 
 
 459 Crabro cribai-ius 
 
 460 Stigmiis ater 
 
 461 Pemphredon nnicolor 
 
 462 Melliniis mystaceus 
 
 463 Cerceris quadricinctus 
 
 464 Odynenis parietinus 
 468*Aiidrena affinis 
 
 fiilvago 
 pilipes 
 
 haemorrhoidalis 
 Collinsonana 
 albicrus 
 chrysura 
 470*Sphecodes monilicornis 
 
 * picea 
 
 * divisa 
 
 * Sphecoidcs 
 
 473 Ceratina caerulea 
 
 474 Clielostoma florisomne 
 481 Noinada cornigera 
 
 * sex-cincta 
 
 * SchasfFerella 
 
 * connexa 
 
 * Fabriciella 
 flavo-gutta 
 rufo-cincta 
 Sheppardana 
 
 * ferriiginata 
 484 Encera longiconiis 
 487 Botnbus Muscorutn 
 
 Francillonana 
 
 floralis 
 
 Beckwitbella 
 
 Flowers and sandy places 
 
 Woods 
 
 Palings 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Sand banks 
 
 Sandy places 
 
 Posts and sandy places 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Windsor 
 Flowers ? 
 Bristol 
 Sandy places 
 
 Walls 
 
 Stumps of trees 
 
 Flowers 
 
 Sandy banks 
 
 Darent Wood 
 
 Flowers 
 
 Gardens 
 
 Round-leaved bell-flower 
 
 Flowers on sunny banks ? 
 
 Flowers of tbe rag-wort 
 Flowers in hedges 
 Sunny and sandy banks 
 Banks? 
 
 Sunny banks ? 
 
 Sandy banks 
 Meadows and fields 
 Flowers 
 
 7, Page 274. 
 7,8, Page 275. 
 
 7, 276. 
 
 Fa.E.S. ii.221.sp.4. 
 7, Page 277. 
 
 n, 278.- 
 
 7,' 279. 
 
 Kirby ii. 92.sp.45. 
 
 93. sp. 44. 
 
 96. sp. 46. 
 
 - 141. sp. 81. 
 
 lo3. sp. 93. 
 
 ■ 136. sp. 96. 
 
 172. sp. 110. 
 
 7, 47. sp. 10. 
 
 7, 48. sp. 11. 
 
 7, 49. sp. 12. 
 
 7, 46. sp. 9. 
 
 7,8, Page 283. 
 
 7, 284, 
 
 7, Kirbyii. 190.sp.ll. 
 
 198. s.p. 17. 
 
 199. sp, 18. 
 
 sp. 19. 
 
 7, 218. sp. 29. 
 
 7, 215. sp. 31, 
 
 7, 216. sp. 32. 
 
 7, 217. sp. 33. 
 
 7, 218. sp. 34. 
 
 7, Page 2o7. 
 
 7, Kirby ii.5l7.sp.74 
 
 7, 319. sp. 75. 
 
 7, :- 32 1 . sp. 76. 
 
 7, . 323. sp. 78, 
 
414 
 
 TH6 EKTOMOtOCrSl's GALENDAR. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 487 Bombiis Curtisella Flowers 
 
 Fosterella 
 
 agronim 
 
 Rossiella . 
 
 Leeana 
 
 Francisana _— — 
 
 Jonella 
 
 hortonim 
 
 Scrimshirana 
 
 Barbutella 
 
 Tunstallana 
 
 vestal is 
 
 Sorensis 
 
 Donovaiiella 
 
 Burrellana 
 
 Cullumana 
 
 DerViamella 
 
 lapidaria 
 
 Raiella • 
 
 rupestris 
 
 subterranea 
 
 Hanisella 
 
 499 Stratiomys Chamafileon Marshes 
 
 500 Odontomyia furcata ■ 
 
 hydroleon ■ 
 
 vulpina 
 
 501 Clitellarium EphippiumSkirts of woods 
 
 Flowers in gardens 
 Flowers 
 
 Com fields 
 Flowers 
 
 Flowers in gardens 
 Flowers 
 
 505 Sar;?us cupreus 
 
 506 Tabanus bovinus 
 
 Paganvs 
 
 507 Hsfimatopota pluvial is 
 
 508 Chrysops caeciitiens 
 
 509 Rhagio scolopaceus 
 
 510 Atherix maculata 
 
 Flowers in meadows 
 
 Meadows 
 
 Kew Forest, Hants 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Hedges and commons 
 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Darent Wd. (Mr. Stephens) 
 
 51 ) Dolychopus nobilitatus Moist places in woods 
 
 512 Thereva plebeia 
 
 514 Asilus crabroniformis 
 
 515 Dasypogon punctatus 
 
 516 Dioctria celandica 
 5 IS Empis pennipes 
 
 borealis 
 519 Anthrax Hottentotta 
 
 Abbadon 
 522 Ogcode^ ?ibbosus 
 
 Woods and commons 
 Commons and heaths 
 Sand y commons 
 Skirts of woods 
 Hedges 
 
 Borders of woods, Devon 
 Devon 
 Coombe 
 
 524*Sericomya Lajiponum Marshes, Dartmoor 
 525 Volucella pellucens Woods 
 
 myst^ceus 
 
 l)t)nihylans 
 
 ina'nis Skirts of woods 
 
 7, Kirbvii.324.sp.79. 
 
 7, ." 325. sp. SO. 
 
 3'2G. sp. 81. 
 
 321. sp. 85. 
 
 - 335. sp. 86. 
 
 • 334. sp. 87. 
 
 7, 338. sp. 90. 
 
 7, 339. sp. 91. 
 
 7, 342. sp. 92. 
 
 7, 343. sp. 93. 
 
 7, — sp. 94. 
 
 7, ■ 347. sp. 95. 
 
 7, 355. sp. 98. 
 
 7, 357. sp. 100. 
 
 n, 358. sp. 101- 
 
 7, 359. sp. 102. 
 
 7, 363. sp. 105. 
 
 7, sp. 106. 
 
 7, 367. sp. 107. 
 
 ■ 7, 369. sp. 108. 
 
 7, 371. sp. 109. 
 
 7, 373. sp. 110. 
 
 7, Page 292. 
 
 7, [sp.l7. 
 
 Fabr. E. S. iv. 267. 
 
 Panz. 58. 4. 
 
 Fa.E.S.iv.264.sp.6. 
 
 Page 292. 
 
 Stewart ii. 267. 
 
 Page 293. 
 
 — 294. 
 
 295. [sp.33. 
 
 7, Fab. E.S. iv. 388, 
 
 iv. 404. sp. 5. 
 
 iv.403. sp. 1. 
 
 Page 295. [sp. 23. 
 
 Fab. E. S. iv. 262. 
 
 iv.311.sp.l21 
 
 Page 296. 
 
 7, - [sp. 5. 
 
 7, Fab. E. S. iv. 279. 
 7, — — iv. 279. sp. 4. 
 7, — iv.278. sp. 1, 
 
Tirr, ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 41S 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 52e, 
 
 527 
 5'23 
 529 
 530 
 532 
 
 533 
 534 
 536 
 540 
 
 542 
 543 
 545 
 547 
 54S 
 549 
 551 
 
 555 
 5Ji7 
 559 
 
 Eristalis Narcissi Flowers in marshes 
 
 Helophilus pendulus Hedges 
 
 Syrphus Pyrastri Hedges and flowers 
 
 Doros conopseus Fields, Colney Hatch 
 
 Chrysotoxum arcuatum Hedges 
 
 Aphritis auro-pubescensNew Forest, (Messrs. Bentley 
 
 and Chant) 
 Milesia annulata Borders of woods 
 
 Conops aculeata Hedges 
 
 Myopa picta 
 Tephritis piilchella 
 
 Cardui 
 
 vibrans 
 
 onopordinis 
 
 grossificationis 
 Sepedon palustris 
 
 Flowers in hedges 
 
 Thistles 
 
 Flowers 
 
 Gardens 
 Marshes 
 
 Loxocera Ichnenmonea Flowers in marshes 
 
 Anthomyia pluvialis Woods 
 
 Scenopiniis niger 
 Ochthera Mantis 
 Phasia variabilis 
 Ocypteryx lateralis 
 
 Biassicaria 
 
 puparum 
 
 larvarum 
 CEstrus ovis 
 Hippobosca equina 
 Craterina Hirundinis 
 
 Houses near woods 
 Devonshire, (Dr. Leach) 
 
 , (Dr. Leach) 
 
 Woods and pales 
 Trunks of trees 
 Hedges 
 
 Sheep in pastures 
 
 Horses, New Forest, Hants 
 
 Swallows 
 
 Page 297. [sp. ]7. 
 7, Fabr. E.S. iv. 282. 
 
 iv.3()5.sp.l02 
 
 6, iv.297.sp.69. 
 
 Pa?e 297. 
 
 29S. 
 
 7, Panz. 54. 22. 
 F.E.S.iv.352.sp.l67 
 Page 299. fl5S. 
 Fa.E.S. iv. 350. sp. 
 
 — — iv.360.sp.l9S- 
 
 iv.35l.sp. lf)2. 
 
 Panz. 60. 23. 
 
 73.24. 
 
 Page 300. 
 
 30 1 . [sp. 63. 
 
 Fabr. E.S. iv.327. 
 
 iv.326.sp.5S, 
 
 iv. — sp. 59. 
 7, Clark 59. 
 
 Page 302. 
 7, 303. 
 
 10*Clubiona Nutrix 
 
 19 Thomisus oblongus 
 
 20 Lycosa saccata 
 
 16 Panagjeus crux-major 
 22 Trechus humeralis 
 24 Aepus tlavescens 
 ' €0 Colymbetes fontinalis 
 68*Melasis flabellicornis 
 73 Scirtes hemisphaerica 
 166*Trichius fasciatus 
 181 Serropalpus ■ ? 
 
 196 Salpingus 4-pustulatus 
 205 Apion Viciae 
 Ervi 
 Lathy ri 
 Ononis 
 subulatum 
 
 JULY. 
 
 Hedges 
 Gardens 
 
 Sand-pits, Bexley 
 Meadows, Battersea 
 Und. stones S. coast of Devon 
 Ponds, Devon (Dr. Leach) 
 Woods, Norwich, Windsor 
 Aquatic plants 
 Umbelliferous plants 
 Rotten oaks. New. F. Hants 
 Palings, Camberwell Grove 
 Tufted Vetch 
 Yellow Lathyrus 
 
 e, Page 124. 
 
 8, 128. 
 
 129. 
 
 147. 
 
 3, 
 
 149. 
 
 8,9, 
 
 - 160. 
 
 - 163, 
 
 191. 
 
 195. 
 
 8, Marsb.297.sp.n!. 
 Kirby T.L.S. ix. 
 
 Restharrow 
 Yellow Lathyrus 
 
416 
 
 TbE entomologtst's calendar. 
 
 JULY. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 203 Apion Craccae Tufted Vetch 
 
 207 Lixus paiaplecticus Water Hemlock 
 
 208 Rhynchasnus Lathburii Sandy places, Hants 
 2I5 Cossonus hypolencus Herts 
 2'24 Mycetophagus multipunctatus Dry Boleti 
 
 229 Prionus coriarius 
 
 230 Lamia sutor 
 
 231 Saperda lineato-collis 
 236 Leptura 4-fasciata 
 
 apicalis 
 
 240 Crioceris pnncticollis 
 
 melanopa 
 
 241 Cassida Spergulae 
 246 Chrysomela varians 
 
 fulgida 
 263 Conocephalus varius 
 
 griscus 
 266 Acrydium sabulatum 
 
 bipunctatum 
 274 Lygaens apterus 
 311 Papilio Machaon I. 
 
 The Swallow-tail. 
 314 Pontia Napi 
 
 Lanes near woods &old trees 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Umbelliferous plants 
 
 Sand-pits, Bexley 
 Skirts of woods 
 Corn-spurrey, sandy fields 
 St. John's-wort,Coombe Wood 
 Whittlesea Mere 
 Hedges and woods 
 
 Sandy places 
 Grassy banks, Battersea 
 Woods and hedges 
 Umbelliferous plants 
 
 8, KirbyT.L.S. ix. 
 8, Marsh. 272,sp.l06. 
 
 274. sp. 109. 
 
 8, 139. sp. 3. 
 
 Page '208. 
 8, Marsh. 329. sp. 7. 
 
 Page 209. 
 8, Marsh. 354. sp. 31. 
 8, Haworth's MSS. 
 8,9, 
 8,9, Marsh. 215. sp. 5. 
 
 8, 144. sp. 3. 
 
 173. sp. 10. 
 
 Fa.S.E.i.432,sp.59. 
 
 8,9, ii.42. sp. 35. 
 
 8, ii. 41. sp.31. 
 
 8, Page 219. 
 
 8, Fa. S.E.ii.26.sp.2, ' 
 8,9, 222. 
 
 9, 235. 
 
 Gardens and woods 
 The green-veined WhiU' 
 
 Daplidi(!e e. Dover (Mr. Stephens) 
 
 The green- chequered IVhite 
 
 315 Melitjea Silene b. Woods and waste ground 
 
 The small Pearl-bordered Frilillary. 
 
 316 Argynnis Lathonia b. Open parts in woods, &c. 
 
 The Queen of Spain Frilillary, 
 
 Aglaia b. ■ 
 
 The dark-green Frilillary. 
 
 Adippe B. 
 
 5, 
 
 236. 
 
 237. 
 
 
 The high-brown Frilillary. 
 
 Paphia b. Borders of woods 
 
 The silver-washed Frilillary. 
 317 Vanessa Atalanta I.b. Nettles 
 The -erf Admiral. 
 
 Cardui /. M, Spear thistle 
 
 The painted Lady. 
 
 Cardui e. Meadows 
 
 The painted Lady. 
 
 Antiopa I. n. Birch and sallow 
 The IVhite-bordered. 
 
 lo I. B. Nettles 
 
 The Peacock, 
 
 lo M. Lanes, woods, &c. 
 
 The Peacock, 
 
 polychloros m. Near elms 
 The large Torloiseshell. 
 
 Haw. 28- 
 
 21. 
 
 Page 238. 
 Haw. 27. 
 
 i 18. 
 
 Page 238. 
 
TUE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 417 
 
 JULY. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Oen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 3i7 Vaiies>a C. album b. 
 Th^ white C. 
 
 318 Apafcua his m. 
 
 The purple Emperor 
 
 319 Limenitis Camilla b. 
 
 Th'' ivh'te Admiral 
 
 320 Hipviarjhia Galatea b. 
 
 The -marbled IVhite 
 Pilosellm M. 
 
 Tlie large Heath 
 Megsra b. 
 
 The TFaU 
 Semele m. 
 
 The Grayling 
 
 321 Thecla Pruiii /. b. 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Oaks, Coombe ; woods, Kent 
 
 A^'oods 
 
 Moist woods 
 
 Grassy commons 
 
 Moist places and lanes 
 
 Heaths, commons, &c. 
 
 Plum-trees 
 
 The black Hair-sheik 
 
 Primi F.. Borders of woods 
 
 The black Hair streak 
 
 Querciis m. Oak-woods 
 
 The purple Hair-streak 
 
 Rubi I. B. Bramble 
 
 The green Hair-streak 
 
 322 Lycajna dispar e. Feus near Cambridge 
 
 The la^ge C pper 
 
 Arion 
 The targe Blue 
 
 Corydon b. 
 
 The chalk-hill Blue 
 
 Dorylas /. e. 
 
 The common BiUe 
 
 Argus M. 
 
 The studded Blue 
 
 Idas M. 
 
 lie black spot Brown 
 
 Artaxerxes 
 The tchite-spot Brown 
 
 Alsus B. 
 
 The Bedford Blue 
 
 Cymon e. 
 
 The mazarine Blue 
 S23 Hesperia Sylvanus e. Skirts of woods 
 The wood Skipper 
 
 Linea m. •^—^— 
 
 The small Skipper 
 
 323 Egeria Crabroniformis m. Willows 
 
 The lunar Hornet 
 
 Culiciformis b. Gardens 
 Tiie red- belted Clearuv-g 
 
 2d 
 
 Chalky places 
 
 , Darn, Dover 
 
 Grassy banks 
 Grassy commons 
 Clover-fields 
 Meadows, Scotland 
 Clover-fields 
 Chalky places 
 
 i». Page 238. 
 
 239. 
 
 240. 
 
 241. 
 
 Haw. 38. 
 Page 241. 
 
 Haw. 39. 
 
 Page 241. 
 
 Haw. 43. sp. 55. 
 8, Page 241. 
 4, Haw. 45. 
 
 Page 242. 
 
 245. 
 
 Haw. Tl.?p.26. 
 
418 
 
 XHE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 JULY. 
 
 Mo. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference tt) 
 description. 
 
 328 Egeria Formiciformis b. Gardens 
 
 The fiame-tipped Red-belt 
 333 Zeuzera ^sculi b. Trunks of trees 
 
 The wood Leopard 
 
 336 Laria fascelina m. Woods 
 
 The dark Tussock 
 
 337 Gastropacha quercifolia b. Skirts of woods 
 
 The lappet Moth 
 
 Pini Pine-trees, Norfolk 
 
 The Pine Lappet 
 
 338 Odenesis potatoria e. Grassy banks 
 
 The Drinker 
 
 339 Lasiocampa Quercus e. Skirts of woods 
 
 The large Eggar 
 343 Notodonta tritopha b. Trunks of trees 
 The great Prominent 
 
 Ziczac B. - 
 
 The pehble Prominent 
 
 cuculla E. Oaks 
 
 The Maple Prominent 
 
 Palings 
 
 Willows, sallows 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Oaks 
 
 345 Cerura Furcula 
 
 The Kitten 
 
 346 Arctia Caja e. 
 
 The Garden Tyger 
 
 Salicis 
 The Satin 
 
 chrysorrhcea e, 
 The yellow Tail 
 
 347 Callimorpha Rosea m 
 
 The red Arches 
 
 348 Lithosia rubricollis m. ■ ■ 
 
 The Mack Footman 
 
 eborina m. Open places in woods 
 
 The four-spot small Footman 
 
 irrorea Grassy commons 
 
 The dew Moth 
 Bomhyx Coryli m. Skirts of woods 
 The nut-tree Tussock 
 
 gonostigmata b. Woods 
 The scarce Fapourer 
 *Nudaria rotunda Hedges ? Battersea 
 
 The round-winged Muslin 
 Apoda Testudo m. Woods, Kent 
 The Festoon 
 354 Noctua Myrtilli e. Heaths near Erith 
 The leautijul yellow Underwing 
 
 umbratica m. Shady pales and rails 
 The large Pale Shark 
 
 Haw. 71. sp. 27. 
 Page 246. 
 247. 
 
 Haw. 80. sp. 4. 
 Page 247. 
 
 Haw. 99. sp. 26. 
 
 sp. 22. 
 
 Page 248. 
 
 Haw. 149. sp. 9. 
 
 147. sp. 6. 
 
 148. sp. 8. 
 
 4, 102.sp.32. 
 
 8, 132. sp. S3. 
 
 156. sp. 2. 
 
 137. sp. 1. 
 
 •162. 
 • 164. 
 
 6, 
 
THE ENTOMOLOCIST's CALENDAR. 419 
 
 JULY. 
 
 354 iVoctua ChaQiomillx m. Shady pales and rails Haw. 165. 
 
 The Chamomile Shark 
 
 Tanaeeti • —a 
 
 The Tansy Shark 
 
 Lactuoae . ■ 166, 
 
 The Lettuce Shark 
 
 Lucifuga ■ — — 
 
 The large dark Shark 
 
 Verbasci /. The Mullein 167. 
 
 The Mullein 
 
 Asteris Gardens ■ 168. 
 
 The Slariuorl 
 
 Absinthii b. Places where wormwood grows — 
 
 The IVormivood 
 
 exoleta I. The yellow Iris, marshes — 
 
 The large Sword-grass 
 
 lithoxylea b. Shady pales and rails 169. 
 
 The light Arches 
 
 hepatica m. Skirts of woods — 
 
 The clouded-bordered Brindle 
 
 epomidion b, ■ ^— 170. 
 
 The clouded Brindle 
 
 Scolopacina e. Yorksh. (Mr. J. Chant) 
 
 The slender-clouded Brindle 
 
 semi-brunnea b. Shady pales 
 The tawny Pinion 
 
 fuliginosa e. 174, 
 
 The smoky JVainscot 
 
 punctina ■ ■ — 
 
 The dotled-bordered Wainscot 
 
 rufeseens e. Garden pales —— 175. 
 
 The red IVainscot 
 
 pallens m. — ^— ■ — 
 
 The common IVainscot 
 
 atomina I. e. Carex ■ — 
 
 The poiudered Wainscot 
 
 Ranunculina e. Gardens and pales 183. 
 
 The small Ranunculus 
 
 oculata Trunks of trees 186, 
 
 The great Brocade 
 
 argentina b. , Coombe, Darn ^— — 
 
 The silvery Arches 
 
 advena b. Gardens ■ 187. 
 
 The pale shining Brown 
 
 Dens-canis Trunks of trees, Kent 190. 
 
 The Dog's-tooth 
 
 BrassicaB Pales ,6,8, •^— 191, 
 
 The Callage Moth 
 
 2d 2 
 
420 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CAtENDAR. 
 
 JULY. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 354 ^octMfl popiilaris Woods 
 
 The feathered Gothic 
 
 marginosa m. Norfolk 
 The bordered Gothic 
 
 Cucubaii Woods 
 
 The Campion 
 
 Upsilon Trunks of willows 
 
 The Dismal 
 
 fusca Coombe 
 
 Tlie hatred-feathered Rustic 
 
 phaea Skirts of woods 
 
 The feathered Rustic 
 
 xanthographa .-^_— 
 
 The dotted Rustic 
 
 redacta Gardens 
 
 The lesser-dotted Rustic 
 
 Haw. 195. 
 
 . ]96. 
 
 197. sp. 105. 
 ■ 204. 
 ■205. 
 • 206. 
 
 Hedges 
 
 egens 
 The garden Rustic 
 
 Sepii 
 The mottled Rustic 
 
 obsoletissima 
 The brown Rustic 
 
 lasvis 
 The grey Rustic 
 
 sordid* 
 TIfe sordid Rustic 
 
 blanda 
 The powdered Rustic 
 
 lunina 
 The Crescent 
 
 biloba M. 
 
 The Douhle-lobed 
 
 literosa e. 
 
 The rosy Minor 
 
 praeduiicula 
 The marbled Minor 
 
 strigilis 
 The minor Beauty 
 
 lalruncula 
 
 The tawny-marhled Minor 
 
 humeralis — — 
 
 The cloaked Minor 
 
 terminalis ■— — 
 
 The flounced Minor 
 
 fasciuncula 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 Gardens 
 
 Gardens, Norfolk 
 
 Woods 
 
 Hedges 
 
 207. 
 
 • 208. 
 209. 
 
 Qi: 
 
 214. 
 
 215. 
 
 The middle-barred Minor 
 
 monilea e. Weedy banks 
 
 The necklace Dart 
 
 
 21! 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 421 
 
 JULY. 
 
 of Name. 
 Gen. 
 
 '35i*Nucttta picej 
 
 The pitchy Dart 
 
 augur B. 
 
 The duuhle Dart 
 
 fnmosa 
 The dark Rustic 
 
 nii;ricai)s B. 
 
 The garden Dart 
 
 riuis 
 Th' Tvfoui Dart 
 
 obeliscata 
 The square-spot Dart 
 * sordida 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Otlier 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Weedy banks, Surrey 
 
 Gardens 
 
 Woods 
 
 Haw. 220. 
 
 221. 
 
 Woods, Kent 
 The striped-square Spot 
 
 valligera b. Gardens 
 
 The u-edge-barr'd Dart 
 
 albilinea b. ■ 
 
 The white-line Dart. 
 
 lineolata ? 
 
 The lineulated Dart 
 
 pupillata E. 
 
 The pupilled Dart 
 
 sag:ittifera 
 The Archer's Dart 
 
 graminis 
 The Anller 
 
 Ericae e. 
 
 The Lover's Knot 
 
 festiva b. 
 
 The mgrailed Clay 
 
 subrufa b. 
 
 The rufous Clay 
 
 erytbrocephala 
 The barred Chesnut 
 
 cypriaca 
 The rosy Rustic 
 
 punicea 
 The small Square-spot 
 
 grisea b. 
 
 The bright-eyed Clay 
 
 marginago 
 The bordered Sallow 
 
 citrina 
 The dusky Sallow 
 
 angulago e. Paths in woods 
 
 The angle-striped Sallnw 
 
 eonigera e. Skirts of woods 
 
 The browri'line Bright- eye 
 
 Grassy places ? 
 Grassy commons 
 Grassy banks 
 Heaths, Kent 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Weedy banks and houses 
 
 Weedy banks 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Woods 
 
 Heaths 
 
 222. 
 
 223. 
 
 224. 
 
 226. 
 
 227, 
 
 •228. 
 ■229. 
 •235. 
 
 237. 
 
 239. 
 
422 
 
 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 JULY. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 tinnes 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 354 Noctua bails m. 
 
 The peach Blossom 
 
 triplacea 
 The dark Spectacle 
 
 Asclepiades e. 
 The light Spectacle 
 
 affinis E. 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 Gardens 
 Weedy banks 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 6, 
 
 Woods 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 Trunks of willows 
 
 The lesser-spotted Pinion 
 
 Delphinii Gardens, Windsor 
 
 The pease Blossom 
 
 turca 
 The double Line 
 
 subtusa 
 The Olive 
 
 gracilis m. 
 
 The Slender-bodied 
 
 rctusa E. 
 
 The double Kidney 
 
 Festucje I. et p. e. Meadow reed-grass, ditches 
 The gold Spot 
 
 straminea e. Clover fields 
 
 The bordered Slraiv 
 
 Dipsacea e. ' 8 
 
 The marbled Clever 
 
 Fraxini Trunks of trees 
 
 The Nonpareil 
 
 sponsa E. Oaks 
 
 The dark crimson Underwing 
 
 promissa Tr. of trees, Richmond Park 
 
 The light crimson Underwing 
 
 conjuga Trunks of trees 
 
 The lesser crimson Underwing 
 Ceometra margaritaria m. Bushy places f 
 
 The light Emerald 
 
 Papilionaria e. Woods 
 The large Emerald 
 
 rhomboidaria m. Open places in woods 
 The willow Beauty 
 
 varieta Skirts of woods, (Mr. Hatchett) 
 
 The grey Carpet 
 
 rubiadata b. Woods 
 
 The Flame 
 
 sinuata i 
 
 TAe rcyal Mantle 
 
 fulvata 
 The barred Yellow 
 
 Populata I 
 
 The barred Straw 
 
 Haw. 245. 
 245. 
 
 246. 
 
 247. 
 
 248. 
 
 250. 
 
 251. 
 
 , near Dartford 
 
 Thickets and bushes 
 Weedy banks 
 
 -254. sp. 1. 
 
 - 263. sp. 25. 
 . — sp. 26. 
 
 - 267. sp. 1. 
 
 - 268. sp. 3. 
 
 - — sp. 4. 
 -269.sp. 5. 
 -299. sp. 77. 
 
 - 298. sp. 75. 
 -276. sp. 12. 
 
 - 327. sp. 33. 
 
 - 325. sp. 28, 
 
 - 326. sp. 29. 
 
 - 328. sp. 35. 
 
 - 34l.sp, 77. 
 
THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 4SS 
 
 JULY. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 
 times 
 of ap 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Geometra comitata e. Weedy banks 
 The dark Spinach 
 
 aversata m. Shady groves 
 
 The ribband JFave 
 
 strigilata b. Skirtsof woods, chalky places 
 
 The sub angled IVave 
 
 siibroseata e. Grassy pi. near the sea, Norf. 
 The rosy IVave 
 
 immiitata "Marshy places, Norfolk 
 
 The lesser Crfam-wave 
 
 subsericeatu Open places in woods 
 
 The satiny JFaje 
 
 emarc;inata e. Open parts, Coombe Wood 
 The scolLped Double-Line 
 
 consignata Woods 
 
 The Pinion spotted Pug 
 
 succenluriata Coombe Wood 
 
 The bordered Lime-speck 
 
 destrigaria e. Pathways, woods 
 The light-mottled Beauty 
 
 apiciaria e. Bushes and thickets 
 
 The bordered Beauty 
 
 costastrigata T. of trees, Westerham, Kent 
 
 The twin-striped Pinion 
 
 fusco-undata Skirts of woods 
 
 The yellow-striped High/iyer 
 
 sylvaticata e. Hedges, chalky places 
 The wood Carpet 
 
 marginata Bv.shes and thickets 
 
 Tlie clouded Border 
 
 inornata e. Open places in woods 
 
 The plain IVdve 
 
 virguJata Hedges 
 
 The small Dusly Wave 
 
 clathrata m. Clover-fields, Kent 
 
 Ihe latticed Ilealh 
 
 V. ata E. Gardens 
 
 The V. Pug 
 
 limbaria Broom-fields 
 
 The frosted Yellow 
 
 ditaria b. Open parts in woods 
 
 The blotched Emerald " 
 
 quadrifasciaria e. Hedges, Hertford 
 The large Twin-spot 
 
 didymaria e. Scotland and Yorkshire 
 
 The twin-spot Carpet 
 
 amataria Skirts of woods 
 
 1 he large Blood-vein 
 
 y 
 
 Haw. 34'2. sp. 78. 
 
 9, 349. sp. 101. 
 
 350. sp. 107. 
 
 351. sp. 108. 
 
 352. sp. 112. 
 
 sp.113. 
 
 347. sp. 96. 
 
 357. sp. 128. 
 
 358.sp. 130. 
 
 276. sp. 11. 
 
 295. sp. 68. 
 
 — — 319. sp. 10. 
 321. sp. 16. 
 
 332,sp. 49. 
 
 5, 537. sp. 66. 
 
 349. sp. 103. 
 
 — - 354. sp. 120. 
 
 5, 348. sp. 98. 
 
 364. sp. 152. 
 
 286. sp. 40. 
 
 299. sp. 79. 
 
 307. sp. 100. 
 
 306. sp. 99. 
 
 296.sp.71. 
 
424 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 JULY. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 limes 
 of ap. 
 
 Referenoe to 
 description. 
 
 , 29S. sp. 76. 
 
 ■ 288. sp. 43. 
 
 ■ 303. sp. 89. 
 
 - 280. sp. 25. 
 
 • 299. sp. 78. 
 ■293. sp. 60. 
 
 - — sp. 59. 
 
 ■ 297. sp. 72. 
 
 ' 355. sp. 122. 
 
 ■ 334. sp. 55. 
 
 ■ 277. sp. 15. 
 
 • — sp. 16, 
 2S2.sp. 32. 
 297. sp. 73. 
 
 ■316. sp. I. 
 317. sp. 4. 
 
 ■ 352. sp. 48. 
 356. sp. 63. 
 
 •321. sp. 15. 
 . 323. sp. 22. 
 
 • 324. sp. 23. 
 368. sp. 10. 
 
 •368. sp. S. 
 371. sp. 17. 
 
 Geometra vol ntaria e. 
 The small Emerald 
 
 citraria 
 The yllmu Belle 
 
 bipunctaria m. 
 The Chalk Carpet 
 
 Lichenaria e. 
 The Brussels Lace 
 
 prasinaria b. 
 
 The grass Emerald 
 
 Syriugaria b. 
 The lilac Beauty 
 
 Jiiliaria 
 The July Thorn 
 
 imitaiia e. 
 
 The small Blocd-vein 
 
 pahidata 
 The lace Border 
 
 propiignata m. 
 The flame Carpet 
 
 Crepuscularia 
 The small Ingrailed 
 
 extersaria b. 
 
 The brindled White-spot 
 
 V. nigraria 
 The soo!7/ V 
 
 samhiicaria b. 
 The Swallow-tail 
 
 Grossulariata e. 
 The commfjTi Magpie 
 
 pantaria 
 The Panther 
 
 unangulata 
 
 Chalky places 
 
 Clover-fields 
 
 Chalky places 
 
 Open parts in woods and pales 
 
 Grassy places 
 
 Paths in woods 
 
 Busby places 
 
 Chalky places 
 
 Thick ivoods 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Woods 
 9t 
 Pales ? 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Hedges and gardens 
 
 Devonshire 
 
 Haw 
 
 Thickets and bushes 
 The sharp-angled Carpet 
 
 procellata e. Hedges in chalky places 
 
 The chalk Carpet 
 
 elatata Skirts of woods 
 
 The July High/Iyer 
 
 immanata b. Open paths in woods, Kent 
 
 The dark-rnarhlei Carpet 
 
 marmnrata Hedges, Westerham, Kent 
 
 The rr.arhied Carpet 
 
 Hedges 
 
 362 Herminia albistrigalis 
 The white-line Snout 
 
 angustalis m. 
 
 The small Snout 
 
 pinguinalis e. 
 The large Tabby 
 
 1, 
 
 Coombe Wood 
 Houses 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 JULY. 
 
 425 
 
 Xo. 
 
 of 
 
 Oen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap 
 
 Kefereuce to 
 ilcscription. 
 
 362 Hermtnia barbalis b. 
 The common Fanfoot 
 
 * Bombycahs 
 The long-tailed Snout 
 
 •303 Platypteryx hamula m. 
 The oak Hooktip 
 
 Co5 Tx.rlrit viridana 
 The Pea-green 
 
 D^^generana 
 7 he large Marbled 
 
 cerusana f.. 
 
 The while Treble-spot 
 
 plumbeolana 
 The clouded Straw 
 
 Xylosteana 
 The forked Red-bar 
 
 Avellana b. 
 
 The hazelTiirtrix 
 
 Carpiniana 
 The dark oblique Bar 
 
 Pomona 
 The Caiing 
 
 Fagana 
 The small green Silver 
 
 Smeathmanniana t. 
 The S mealhmanit.an 
 
 borana i 
 
 The crested Buff 
 
 subocellana 
 The reluse Marble 
 
 anjrustana i 
 The barred Marble 
 
 * nana 
 The barred Dwarf 
 
 nebiilana ■ 
 
 The clouded Iron 
 
 J68 Bntrji stratiota]is b. Ponds 
 The ringed China-mark 
 
 Pathways in woods 
 Skirts of woods ? 
 
 Oak woods 
 
 Oaks 
 
 Pathways in woods 
 
 Elm-trees 
 
 Open places in woods 
 
 Oaks 
 
 Hedges and pathways, woods 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Apple-trees and garden pales 
 
 Paths in woods 
 
 -lines 
 
 Burdock, Battersea-iields 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Broom-fields 
 ? Kent 
 
 hybrid a lis 
 The rush Feneer 
 
 cucullatalis b. 
 The Short-cluaked 
 
 Lemnata 
 'Small China-mark 
 
 litoralis — 
 
 The lettered ChinarrMrk 
 
 Coombe Woods 
 Hedges 
 Moist places 
 
 6, Haw. 368. sp. 11. 
 sp. 9. 
 
 - 153. sp. 2. 
 
 - 596. sp. 3. 
 
 - 406. sp. 38. 
 -416. sp. 72. 
 -420. sp. 81. 
 -428.sp. 107. 
 -421. sp. 85. 
 
 - 422. sp. 83. 
 
 - 457. sp. 200. 
 
 - 395. sp. 2. 
 -400. sp. 17. 
 
 - 415. sp. 6S. 
 -437. sp. 156, 
 -438. sp. 140. 
 -439. sp. 142, 
 
 - 461. sp. 215. 
 
 - 3S3. sp. 24. 
 
 - 386. sp.32. 
 
 - 387, sp. 55. 
 ■ 384. sp. 23. 
 
 - — sp. 26. 
 
426 
 
 THE EKT0M0L0GI5TS CALENDAR. 
 
 JULY. 
 
 Ko. I 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times I 
 of ap 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Haw. 383. sp. 23. 
 
 — 333. sp. 22. 
 
 — 382. sp. 21, 
 
 — — sp. 20. 
 
 — 376. sp. I. 
 
 — 371. sp. 2. 
 
 — 378. sp. 5. 
 
 — 379. sp. 8. 
 — • — sp. 9, 
 
 — 380. sp. 13. 
 
 — 378.sp, 4. 
 
 — 379. sp. 7. 
 
 — 381. sp. 16. 
 
 — — sp, 17. 
 
 — 380. sp. 14. 
 sp. 11. 
 
 — 377. sp. 3. 
 
 — 378. sp. 6. 
 — 3Sl.sp. 15. 
 
 — — sp. 18. 
 
 — 382. sp. 19. 
 
 — 386. sp. 31. 
 
 — 3S8. sp, 36. 
 
 — 389, sp. 33. 
 
 3G8 Botys Sambucata Moist places 
 
 The garden China-mark 
 
 nymphaeata 
 
 The beautiful China-mar k 
 
 Potamogata . 
 
 The large China-mark 
 
 Urticata Hedges i 
 
 The small Magpie 
 
 verticalis — ^^ 
 
 The MAher-of-pearl 
 
 hyalinalis — — — 
 
 The scarce Pearl 
 
 limbalis 
 
 The lesser Pearl 
 
 angustalis 
 
 The narrow -winded Pearl 
 
 terminalis 
 
 The bordered Pearl 
 
 glabralis 
 
 Tlie divgy Pearl 
 
 palealis 
 The Sulphur 
 
 tongalis 
 The long-winged Pearl 
 
 verbascalis 
 The straw China-mark 
 
 ochrealis - 
 
 -, Norfolk 
 
 — , Charlton 
 
 The small straw China-mark 
 
 arcualis 
 
 The rusty China-mark 
 
 luteal is 
 
 The pale Straw 
 
 forficalis Gardens 
 
 The garden Pebble 
 
 elutalis Hedges 
 
 The chequered Straw 
 
 tlavalis 
 
 The gold China-mark 
 
 sericealis £. ■ 
 
 The straiu Dot 
 
 ferrugalis ■ 
 
 27(6 rusty Dot 
 
 nebulalis ■ 
 
 The dusky Brindled 
 
 atralis 
 
 The Hliite-spotted 
 
 pnnicealis — — 
 
 Tht Purple and Gold 
 
 5, 
 5, 
 
TlfE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 4i7 
 
 JULY. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 3C8 Bolys ostrinalis Hedges 
 
 The scarce Purple and Gold 
 
 Porphyrialis -■ 
 
 The Porphyry 
 
 cespitalis Chalky places 
 
 The Slraw-la.rred 
 
 sordidalis . 
 
 The dingy Straw-barred 
 
 anaruinalis 
 
 The rcavy-harred Salle 
 
 cinguhilis 
 The ii'ver-harred Salle 
 
 Devon 
 
 369 Pyralis capreolalis Stables, &.C, 
 
 The small Tally 
 
 pinguinalis 
 
 The Tabby 
 
 glaucinalis Gardens 
 
 The Djuble-striped 
 
 farinalis Houses 
 
 The meal Moth 
 
 cos! alls Hedges 
 
 The gold Fringe 
 Tineo bistriga Skirts of woods 
 
 The doulle-slriped red Knot-horn 
 380 Libellula Donovani 
 
 399 Atropos lignaria 
 
 400 Cimbex Europaea 
 
 variaiis 
 
 10-macuIata 
 
 maculata 
 
 a»ni)lata 
 
 GrifRnii 
 
 * hameralis 
 
 401 Trichiosoma sylvaticumWoods 
 
 Scalesii Coombe Wood 
 
 * unidentatum 
 419 Cladius difPjrmis 
 425 Oryssus coionatns 
 
 432 Diploiepis ? 
 
 46(3 Colletes fodiens 
 468 Andrena tihialis 
 
 Mouftetella 
 Listerella 
 fulvicrus 
 471 HylaEus annulatus 
 annularis 
 dilatatus 
 sisrnatus 
 
 Ponds, N'ew Forest, Hants 
 
 Houses 
 
 Darent Wood and Windsor 
 
 Coombe and Darent Wood 
 
 Windsor 
 
 Darent Wood 
 
 Windsor 
 
 Norwich 
 
 Salisbury 
 
 Darent Wood 
 Copenhagen Fields 
 Darent Wood, (Dr. Leach) 
 Pales, Camberwell Grove 
 Flov\ers of the ragwort 
 Tansv 
 
 Thistles, &c. 
 Ragwort, &c. 
 Dyers weed, &c. 
 
 N. S. 
 8,9, Page 261. 
 
 262. 
 
 ZooLMit-ciii. 105. 
 
 106. 
 
 107. 
 
 Page 20.5. 
 ZooI.Misc. iii. 111. 
 
 Page 266. 
 
 268. 
 
 N. S. ? 
 
 Kirby ii. 34. sp. 2. 
 
 107. sp. 52. 
 
 108. sp. 53. 
 
 8, 137. sp. 76. 
 
 8, 138. sp. 77. 
 
 36. sp, 3. 
 
 38. sp. 4. 
 
 — 39. sp. 3. 
 
 — 41. sp, 6. 
 
428 
 
 THE rKTOMOLOGISX 5 CALEKDAR. 
 
 JULY. 
 
 475 HeriadesCainpanularum Bell-flowers 
 477 Anthidium manicatmn Gardens 
 478*Osmia leucomelana Trunks of trees ? 
 
 cserulescens Chalky and sandy places 
 
 * 'J'unensis Clayey banks 
 
 bicolor Gardens 
 
 479 MegachileWillughbiellaTrunks of willows 
 
 * inaritima 
 480 Caslioxys conica 
 481*Nomada Lalbbiiriana 
 
 * flava 
 
 * rufiventris 
 
 * rufo-picta 
 
 * Hillana 
 
 * schrostoma 
 
 * ruficornis 
 
 * Xanthosticta 
 qiiadrinotata 
 
 482 Epeolus variegatus 
 486 Snropoda rotnndata 
 487*Bombus flavicollis 
 
 virginalis 
 
 tcrrestris 
 Stylops tenuicornis 
 5(i-i Vappoater 
 506 Tabanus tropicus 
 
 Near the sea shore, Suffolk 
 Flowers 
 Sunny banks ? 
 > 
 
 Flowers and banks 
 
 Coombe Wood 
 
 Sandy places, Kent i 
 
 FlowerSjSandy pi. Coombe Wood 
 Thistles? Sheffield, (Mr.Salt) i 
 Various flowers i 
 
 Spiders webs, (Mr. Sowerby') 
 Hedges, Darentand Greenhilhe 
 Palings, meadows 
 507 Haematopota pluvialis, var. Palings, New Forest 
 .515 Dasypogon punctatus Sandy commons 
 517 Gonypes tipuloides Woods 
 
 520*riombylins minor ? Devonshire 
 
 525 Zodion conopsoides Umbelliferous plants 
 
 551 Ocypteryx Mortuorum Skirls of woods 
 
 552 Gymnosoma rotundatumUmbelliferous plants 
 
 553 Echinomyia grossa Coombe Wood 
 
 556 Gasterophilns veterinus Horses, on commons B 
 
 558 Ornithomyiaviridis Crows, &c. 8 
 
 , Kirbvii.256.sp.50. 
 
 Page 284. 
 
 Kirbyi:.2G0.sp.5?. 
 
 264. sp, 55. 
 
 269. sp. 56. 
 
 277. sp. 58. 
 
 233. sp. 41. 
 
 24-2. sp. 43. 
 
 Page 285. 
 , Kirby ii. 183. sp. 6. 
 
 , 186. sp. 8. 
 
 , 187. sp. 9. 
 
 2t)7. sp. 24. 
 
 208. sp. 25. 
 
 209. sp. 26. 
 
 210. sp. 27. 
 
 213. sp. 28. 
 
 215. sp. 50. 
 
 Page 286. 
 
 Kirby ii.291.sp.66. 
 
 Sow.B.M. i. pi 19. 
 
 Kirby ii. 349. sp.96. 
 
 350. sp. 97. 
 
 L. T. xi. 233. 
 
 Page 292. 
 
 Stewart ii. 267, 
 
 Page 295. 
 Stewart ii. 294. 
 
 ii. 274. 
 
 Page 298. 
 
 Lin. S. N. ii. 989. 
 
 Page 301. 
 
 Clark 33. 
 
 Leach Wern.Tran. 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 8 Geophilus carpophagus Garden fruit 
 
 4 Plialangium Opilio 
 12 Agelena labyrinthica 
 18 Epeira Diadema 
 
 2 Ocypete rubra 
 20 Pembidium flavipes 
 25 Zabrus gibbus 
 
 Walls and rocks 
 
 Fields 
 
 Gardens 
 
 Insects 
 
 Roots of grass, sandy places 4,6, Marsh. 394. sp. 9. 
 
 Corn-fields 9, Page 149* 
 
 9, 
 
 Page 117. 
 
 9, 
 
 120. 
 
 9, 
 
 125. 
 
 9, 
 
 127. 
 
 
 131. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 429 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 49 Lebia crux-minor Trees, Coombe(Mr.J.Standish) 9, Page 155. 
 
 60 Cilymbetes agilis Ponds? Norfolk 
 
 69*Ceratophytiim LatreilliiNew Forest, Hants, (Mr. Millard) Page 161. 
 
 9G Cryptophagus cellaris Under bark 
 
 Populi 
 
 Typhaj - 
 
 denticulatus ^— 
 
 serratus ■ 
 
 hirtus 
 
 113 Tachinus subterraneus Fungi 
 
 trimaculatiis 
 
 114 Aleochara lanuginosa 
 
 fiiscipes 
 
 rivularis 
 
 189 Rhipiphorus paradoxus Hornets nests 
 
 humeralis ? Wasps nests 
 
 207 Lixus productus Drills in marshes 
 
 224 Mycetophagus atomarius Boleti 
 
 similis 
 
 rufus 
 
 225 Latridius transversus Hedges 
 
 ruficollis Sandy places 
 
 rugicollis 
 
 impressus 
 
 226 Silvanus frumentarius Damp cellars 
 
 241 Cassida maculata 
 
 nebulosa 
 25l*Triplax russica 
 
 rufipes 
 252 Phalacrus bicolor 
 
 corticalis 
 
 millefolii 
 
 caricis 
 
 seneus 
 
 coruscus 
 
 consimilis 
 
 geminus 
 254 Coccinella mntabills 
 258 Forficula borealis 
 264 Locusta flavipes 
 
 311 Papilio Machaon b. 
 
 The Swallow-lail 
 
 312 Gonepteryx Rhamni 
 
 T^ke Brimstone 
 513 (Delias Hyale m, 
 
 The clouded Yellow 
 Edusa M. 
 
 9,10, Gyll. i. 168, sp. 4. 
 
 9,10, 165. sp. 1. 
 
 9,10, sp. 12, 
 
 9,10, Marsh, lll.sp.18. 
 
 9,10, 109. sp. 9, 
 
 9,10, Gyll.i. 184.sp.23- 
 
 9,10, ii.252.sp.2. 
 
 9,10, 275.sp, 21. 
 
 9,10, 432. sp.54. 
 
 9, 428. sp. 50. 
 
 ,10, 332. sp. 5. 
 
 Page 197. 
 
 JIarsb. MSS, 
 Marsh. 141. sp, 7. 
 — — 140. sp. 4. 
 
 139. sp. 2. 
 
 3to5, 109. sp, 10. 
 
 4, lll.sp. 17. 
 
 4, llS.sp, 25. 
 
 4, 110. sp. 11. 
 
 10,11, Page 208. 
 
 Marsh. 147. sp. 9. 
 
 145. sp. 6. 
 
 Page 214. 
 
 Gyll. i.207.sp. 4. 
 9, lll.K.P.i.80.sp.l3. 
 
 9, 79. sp. 11. 
 
 9, 
 
 • 9, 
 
 ■ 9, 
 
 9, 79. sp. 10. 
 
 ■ . 9, Marsh. 75. sp. 46. 
 
 • 9, 
 
 Hedges 9, Ill.K.P.i.426.sp.l5. 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Marshes,Hackney&Bcrmonds.9, Don. Brit. Ins. 
 
 Meadows 5, Page 235. 
 
 Elecampane, sides of ditche^ 
 
 Plaistou' 
 Elecampane, Plaistow marsh 
 Dpad trees and fungi 
 Dead trees 
 Flowers 
 
 Woods 
 Meadows 
 
 6,7, 
 6. 
 
 236. 
 
 The pale clouded Yellow 
 
430 
 
 THE entomologist's calendak. 
 AUGUST. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 314 
 
 317 
 
 Pontia Brassica m. Gardens 
 The large White 
 
 Rapae m. Gardens 
 
 The green-veined IVhite 
 
 5, Page 236. 
 
 Woods 
 
 Lanes in woods and open pi. 
 
 Woods 
 
 320 
 
 321 
 
 322 
 
 ^23 
 
 S24 
 
 325 
 
 Sinapis 
 The wood f-Vhite 
 Vanessa Atalanta b. 
 The red Admiral 
 
 Antiopa b. 
 
 The white Bordered 
 
 Urticfe I. m. Nettles 
 The small Turtoiseshell 
 
 C. album I. m. Nettle, hop,willow & currant 
 The white C 
 HipparchiaPamphilus Z. b. Crested dog's-tail grass 
 The small Heath 
 
 Megaera Z. b. (Jrassy banks 
 The Wall 
 
 Megaira b, 
 
 The Wall 
 
 ^geria b 
 
 The speckled Wood 
 
 Tbecla "Betulae n 
 
 The brown Hair-streak 
 Lycaena ('hryseis Marshy places 
 
 The purpk- edged Copper 
 
 Virgaureae e. — — 
 The middle Copper 
 
 Adonis b. 
 
 The Clifden Blue 
 
 Phlaeas b. 
 
 The common Copper 
 
 Argiohis e. 
 
 The Azure Blue 
 
 Dory las e. 
 
 The common Blue 
 Hesperia Comma e. 
 
 The pearl Skipper 
 Smeriiithusocellatus Z. E.f Sallow, apple-trees 
 The eyed Hawkmoth 
 
 Tilias . /. M. Lime and elm-trees 
 
 The lime Hawkmoth 
 
 Populi Z. E. Trunks of poplars 
 
 The poplar Hawk 
 Sphinx Elpenor I. m. f Ladies bed-straw, marshes 
 The elephint Hawkmoth 
 
 Ccleria b. Gardens, &.Wisb.(Dr.Skrimshire) 
 
 The sharp winged Hawk 
 
 Moist places and lanes 
 Borders of woods and fields 
 Birch woods 
 
 Chalky places 
 
 Grassy commons 
 
 Meadows 
 
 Heaths and commons 
 
 Chalky places ntar Lewes 
 
 5, 
 
 — 
 
 5, 
 
 237 
 
 
 233. 
 
 
 Haw. 26. 
 
 6, 
 
 Page 238. 
 
 5, 
 
 Haw. 17. 
 
 5, 
 
 Haw. 22. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Page 240 
 
 >6, 
 
 241. 
 
 5, 
 
 
 
 4,6, 
 
 
 
 5, 
 
 5, 
 
 242. 
 
 
 Haw. 64. 
 
 
 Page 242 
 
 
 Haw. 62. 
 
 ire) 
 
 61. 
 
THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 AUGUST. 
 
 431 
 
 No. 
 of 
 
 Gen 
 
 325 
 326 
 331 
 334 
 335 
 
 339 
 
 342 
 343 
 
 345 
 346 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Sphinx Ligiish i I. Privet hedges 
 
 The privet Hank 
 MacrogiossaSlellatarum e. Bedstraw 
 
 The Humming -bird 
 Hepiakis lupulinus Banks of gross weeds 
 
 The orange Swift 
 Saturnia Pavonia-minor b. Osier beds 
 
 The Emperor 
 Liparis Monaclia e. Trunks of oaks 
 
 The black Arches 
 
 dispar b. Willows 
 
 The Gipsy 
 Lasiocampa Neustria m. Gardens 
 
 The barred-tree Lackey 
 castrensa b. 
 
 347 
 348 
 
 The ground Lackey 
 Stauropus Fagi L 
 
 The L'.biler Moth 
 Notodonta Ziczac I. b. 
 The pebble Prominent 
 
 camelina b. Oaks in woods 
 
 The coxcorrib Prominent 
 
 trepida b. Poplars 
 
 The swalLtv Prominent 
 Cerura Vinala / 
 
 The Pass 
 Arctia papyritia I. 
 The icaler Ermine 
 lubricipeda I 
 Tne buff Ermine 
 
 phagorrhiea b 
 The brown Tail 
 
 V nigra m 
 
 The black V 
 Callimorpha Jacobeaj l. Ragwort 
 
 The Cinnabar 
 Lithosia lutarella Woods 
 
 The four-spot Yellav-foolman 
 
 complana b. Skirts of woods 
 
 The common Footman 
 
 griseola 
 
 The dun Footman 
 
 flava E. Woods 
 
 The straw-coloured Footman 
 Bombyx cneruleocephala m. Bushy places 
 The figure of 8 
 
 antiqua L Oaks 
 
 The yapourer 
 
 •Oak, birchwood, Darent 
 Willows and poplars 
 
 f Willows and poplars 
 *Water plants 
 Various plants 
 Hedges 
 Lime-trees, Darent 
 
 Haw. 59. 
 
 &6. 
 
 —— 141. sp. 2. 
 5, Page 246. 
 
 Haw. 129. sp. 87. 
 
 9, — — 85. sp. 9. 
 
 99. sp, 26. 
 
 5, 98. sp. 21. 
 
 Donov. B. I. 239. 
 9, Haw. 86. sp, 10. 
 
 lll.sp,48. 
 
 110. sp. 47. 
 
 Page 248. 
 
 Haw. 107. sp. 41. 
 
 150. sp. 12. 
 
 148. sp. 7. 
 
 147, sp, 3. 
 
 — sp, 2. 
 
 104. .sp, 39. 
 
 132, sp, 92. 
 
432 
 
 THE EXrOMOLOCrSl S CALENDAR. 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 Bomhiix gonostigmata b. Woods 
 
 The scarce yapoiirer 
 Nudaria tminda b. Hedges in Janes, Gravesend 
 
 The MuHin 
 Ap'^da Testudo /. Oaks 
 
 The Festoon 
 549 YponomentaEvonymellaHedges 
 
 sequrlla m. 
 
 plnmbella 
 
 354 Noctua fimbria m. Oaks 
 The broad Border 
 
 orbona b. Gardens 
 
 The lesser yellow Underw.ng 
 siibseqiia 
 
 Haw. 132. sp. 93. 
 6. 
 
 —— 15 sp. ], 
 
 ]57.sp. 1. 
 
 512. sp. 
 Prodr. 
 
 161. 
 
 The lunar yelloiv Underwrv^ 
 
 cytlierea Skirts of woods 
 
 The slratv Underwing 
 
 Janthina m. Woods 
 
 The lesse' Broad I order 
 
 pyramidea b. Oaks 
 The copper Underwing 
 
 Tvplis M. Near bullrusbes 
 
 The Bdlrush 
 
 nervosa e. Weedy banks 
 
 The lawy-veined fi^ainscot 
 
 pygmina 
 The small fVainscol 
 
 Chi E. 
 
 The Chi Mvth 
 
 Brassicae 
 The calb.ige MAh 
 
 unca 
 Thejiounced Rustic 
 
 hinato-sUigata 
 Tlie lesser /lnunced Rustic 
 
 X notata ■ 
 
 The tawny X 
 
 prJecox E. Skirts of woods 
 
 The Portland Moth 
 
 peria Old walls, Greenwich 
 
 The marbled Beauty 
 
 tetragona Hedges 
 
 The square-spot Rus'ic 
 
 furca E. Weedy banks 
 
 The flame. Furhekw 
 
 rava b. 
 
 The Russet 
 
 I. niger 
 
 The letter I. 
 
 5, 
 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 Old walis,Derbysb.(Mr.J.Chant) 
 
 Tales 6,7, 
 
 Hedges 
 
 1 (V2. 
 
 163. 
 
 173. 
 
 1S3. 
 • 191. 
 194 
 
 • -201, 
 ■203. 
 
 '205. 
 209. 
 
 211.. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 433 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 No. 
 . of 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Gardens and banks 
 
 Weedy banks 
 
 Open parts in woods 
 
 Gardens 
 
 Grassy places and tr. of trees 
 
 554 Noctua oculea b. 
 
 The common Rustic 
 
 lugens B. 
 
 The rustic Mourner 
 
 minima m. 
 
 The least Minor 
 
 crassa m. 
 
 The stout Dart 
 
 radia b. 
 
 The shuttle' shaped Dart 
 
 baja B. Skirts of woods 
 
 The dotted Clay 
 
 brunnea a. — — 
 
 The purple Clay 
 
 Sigma B. I ■ 
 
 The double Square-spot 
 
 umbrosa m. — — — — 
 
 The 6-striped Rustic 
 
 aurago e. 
 
 The barred Sallow 
 
 citrago b. 
 
 The orange Sallow 
 
 auricula b. 
 
 The golden Ear 
 
 libatrix e. 
 
 The Herald 
 
 derasa b. 
 
 The buff Arches 
 
 trapetzina — — 
 
 The Dunbar 
 
 Pyralina m. CoombeWood, (Mr. J. Chant) 
 
 The lunar-spotted Pinion 
 
 diffinis M. Trunks of trees 
 
 The while-spotted Pinion 
 
 Festncae e. Meadows 
 
 The gold Spot 
 
 luboria m. Moist woods 
 
 The black Neck 
 
 jenea e. Heaths ■ 
 
 The small Purple-barred 
 
 nupta B. Trunks of willows 
 
 The red Underwing 
 Geometra conversaria WarleyWood, Devon, (Dr.Leacb) 
 The large Carpet 
 
 unidentaria b. Skirts of woods 6, > 
 
 The dark-barred Ushtr 
 
 gilvaria Clover-fi., Dover,(Mr.Steph.) 
 
 The straw Belle 
 
 Haw. 
 
 Open places in woods 
 Trunks of limes 
 Skirts of woods 
 Poplars and pales 
 Skirts of woods 
 
 211. 
 212. 
 216. 
 220. 
 223. 
 224. 
 .225. 
 
 ■ 228. sp. 198. 
 •235. 
 
 '238. 
 .240. 
 
 • 244. 
 
 ■246. 
 .247. 
 
 • 254. sp. 1. 
 
 • 259. sp. 11. 
 . 266. sp. 34. 
 
 - 268. sp. 2. 
 
 - 502. sp. 87. 
 
 ■ 308. sp. 101. 
 . 2S7.sp. 42, 
 
43i 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOaiSTa CALENDAR. 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 ofap. 
 
 Reference to 
 
 d . tion. 
 escnp 
 
 Geomelra eWnguaria M. Skirts of woods Haw, 
 
 The scolloped Oak 
 
 Ainiaria e. Lime-trees 
 
 The canary shouldered Thorn 
 
 Quercinaria ■ 
 
 The plain August Thorn 
 
 Tiiiaria ■ 
 
 The freckle August Thorn 
 
 angularia ' — — 
 
 The clouded August Thorn 
 
 olivaria e. Birch-trees, Kent •— 
 
 The beech green Carpet 
 
 pullaria Heaths, Wales and Devonsh. 
 
 The brown Annulet 
 
 prunata b. Skirts of woods and gardens — 
 
 The Phoenix 
 
 degenerata b. Kent — — 
 
 The degenerate Carpet 
 
 unifasciata b. Open places in woods —. — 
 
 Xhe single barred Rivulet 
 
 albulata b. Pastures —— 
 
 The grass Rivulet 
 
 dilutata E. Hedges . 
 
 The srnall fanjoot Wave 
 
 • incanata Mullein — - 
 The mullein JVave 
 
 lignata b 
 
 The oblique Carpet 
 
 dimidiata e 
 
 The small Scollop 
 
 liturata 
 The tawny -barred Angle Kent 
 
 subfulvala m. Skirts of woods 
 The tawny Speck 
 
 Cratsegaria a. Hedges and woods 4,6, 
 
 The Brimstone 
 
 • fimbriata Trunks of tree* 
 The bordered November 
 
 su'otristata b. Woods and hedges 5, 
 
 The common Carpet 
 
 trigonata b. Hedges, Kent 
 
 The small blue Border 
 
 sexalisata b. Open places in woods, Kent 
 The small Seraphim 
 361 rubiginata e. Pathways in woods 6, 
 
 The blue bordered Carpet 
 
 adustata e. Hedges 6, 
 
 The scorched Carpet 
 
 ocellata e. Open paths in woods 6, 
 
 The purple Bar 
 
 Marshy places 
 
 Hedges 
 
 Sliady groves near Westerham, 
 
 291.sp. 54. 
 . 294. sp. 62. 
 . — sp. 64. 
 
 — sp. 63. 
 
 — sp. 65, 
 . 304. sp. 91. 
 
 314. sp. 115. 
 322. sp. 19. 
 
 • 333, sp. 51. 
 
 ■ 335. sp. 57. 
 336. sp. 61. 
 353. sp. 117. 
 
 . 550. sp. 104. 
 . 340. sp. 73. 
 . 347. sp. 97. 
 
 ■ 546. sp. 92. 
 
 - 357. sp. 129. 
 
 ■ 293. 8p,74, 
 -320. sp. 12. 
 
 • 532, sp. 50. 
 
 • 338. «p. C8 . 
 
 • 35G. sp. 126. 
 
 • 338. sp. 67, 
 . 337. sp. 65. 
 
 ■ 331. sp. 46. 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 435 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Cen, 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Oilier 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Geo'nelTacentum-noi.ata. Open paths in woods 
 The marbled Carpet 
 
 comma notata ■ 
 
 The yeJldiv-ma-rhltd Carpet 
 
 omicronaiia e. Woods, Kent 
 The Mo (ha 
 
 ocellaria e. 
 
 Thefahe Mocha 
 
 peiidularia e. 
 The birch Mocha 
 
 piinctaria 
 The maiden's Blush 
 
 Chenopodaria b. 
 The small Mallow 
 
 fluhitata m. 
 
 Th'. Tissue 
 
 aiicustata b. 
 
 Woods 
 
 Birch-trees, Coombe 
 Open places in woods 
 Bushy places 
 Hedsjesand crardens 
 
 i. Hedges, Kent 
 7'he narrciv icinged Pug 
 
 laevigata b. Juniper trees & gardens, Norf. 
 
 The Juniper Pug 
 Hsrminia dimidiata b. Tea wharehouses, E. I. House 
 The tea Tabby 
 36'2 probnscidalis e. Hedges 
 
 The S'.out 
 3G3 Plat\pt<ryx flexuia b. Pathways in woods 
 
 The beu.hfal Hocktip 
 36-i Cilex compressa b. Hedges 
 The goose-egg Moth 
 Tortrix diversana b. Grassy banks 
 The crossed Straw 
 
 Zuesaila b. ■ 
 The Zagian 
 95i liamaiia b. 
 
 The hiok-rnarked btraw 
 
 caudana Pathways in woods 
 
 The shallow Notchwijig 
 
 afifrac^tana ■ 
 
 The commcn Notchiving 
 
 excavana ■- 
 
 Tiie iron Nntchtcing 
 
 emartraiia =» 
 
 The chequered Notchwivg 
 
 literana Oaks 
 
 The black-sprigged Green 
 
 sq'.iamana ' 
 
 Th' s-nhj Green 
 
 Desfcii'iana Pathways in woods 
 
 The Desf.mtianian 
 
 umbrana ■ 
 
 The JurJ'.-iireaked Button . . 
 
 5, 
 
 Haw. 324. sp. 24. 
 
 5, 
 
 325. sp. 26. 
 
 5, 
 
 312. sp. 110. 
 
 5, 
 
 sp. 111. 
 
 5, 
 
 311. sp. 108. 
 
 5, 
 
 312. sp. 112. 
 
 G, 
 
 302.sp.88. 
 
 5, 
 
 318. sp. 7. 
 
 
 3C2. sp. 145. 
 
 
 sp. 148. 
 
 
 312. sp. 19. 
 
 6, 
 
 365. sp. 1. 
 
 
 154. sp. 7. 
 
 5, 
 
 110. sp.46. 
 
 
 397, sp. 7. 
 
 
 398. sp. 8. 
 
 
 397. sp. 6. 
 
 
 409. sp. 4G. 
 
 
 40S. sp. 45. 
 
 
 — sp. 44. 
 
 
 408. sp. 43. 
 
 «) 
 
 , 411.sp. 53. 
 
 
 410. sp. 52. 
 
 
 413. sp. 62. 
 
 
 -. 4l!.5p. 35. 
 
436 
 
 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 AUGUST, 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Hedges, Yorkshire 
 
 Gardens 
 
 Hedges in chalky places 
 
 Open places in woods 
 
 Willows 
 
 Paths in woods and gardens 
 
 365 Tortrix rufana 
 
 The red Triangle 
 
 Forskaliana e. Hedges 
 The Forskdlian 
 
 Bergmanniana 
 The Bergmannian 
 
 Holmiana i 
 
 The Holmian 
 
 costana 
 The straw oblique Bar 
 
 Solandriana 
 The Solandriun 
 
 Salicana i 
 
 The f-niile- backed 
 
 Quercana i 
 
 The Long- horned 
 
 straminea e. Pastures 
 The short-barred Straw 
 
 Ilicana b. Thick woods 
 
 The large Holly 
 
 asperana b. Hedges 
 
 The fVhite-shouldered 
 
 Schalleriana e. Woods 
 The Schallerian 
 
 semifasciana e. Hedges, Kent 
 The short-barred Grey 
 
 Betuletana m. Birch-trees, Coombe Wood 
 The birch Long-cloak 
 
 trapezana Birch 
 
 The testaceous Diamond-back 
 
 rusticana e. Hedges 
 
 The tawny Blotch-back 
 
 * sticticana ■ 
 
 The brown Blotch-back 
 
 Rubiaiia Open parts in woods 
 
 The blotch-backed Grey 
 
 cinereana e. Moss on trees 
 The mottled Grey 
 
 nigricana Hedges 
 
 The black-striped Edge 
 Botys hybridalis Chelsea 
 
 The rush Feneer 
 
 tetragonalis 
 The diamond Spot 
 
 S70 Galeria alvearia Bee-hives 
 
 The Honey-moth 
 
 cerea ' 
 
 The honey-comb Moth 
 
 Hedges, Dover, Coombe 
 
 Haw. 417. sp. 74. 
 
 420. sp. 83. 
 
 404. sp. 32. 
 
 427. sp. 103. 
 
 423. sp. 91. 
 
 — 449. sp. 175. 
 
 430. sp. 1 1 1 . 
 
 599. sp. 12. 
 
 401. sp. 18. 
 
 407. sp. 40. 
 
 ■ 414. sp. 66, 
 
 416. sp. 73. 
 
 431. sp. 115. 
 
 — 432.sp, 119, 
 441. sp. 150. 
 
 — 442. sp. 154. 
 ■ ' — sp. 155. 
 — — 450. sp. 17S. 
 
 451. sp. 183. 
 
 458. sp. 202, 
 
 — 386.sp. 32, 
 385. sp. 30, 
 
 — 392. sp. 2, 
 
 — — sp. 1. 
 
THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 437 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 371 Crambus pascuea Pastures 
 
 The inlaid Feneer 
 
 falsa Meadows 
 
 The chequered Veneer 
 
 striga Epping Forest 
 
 The small straw-coloured Feneer 
 
 sanguinea Grassy places near chalk 
 
 The buff'-edged rosy Feneer 
 Tinea applana e. Hedges, Kent 
 
 The common Flat body 
 387 Lestes autumnalis Marshy places 
 
 466 Colletes succiiicta Gardens 
 
 467 Dasypoda pluniipes Sandy banks 
 
 463 Andrena cingulatatJ 
 Schrankella 
 Trimmerana 
 trideiitata 
 476 Stelis phsoptera 
 478 Osmia spinulosa 
 Leaiana 
 
 Flowers of the Ranunculi 
 Flowers 
 
 Sandy and chalky places 
 Thistles 
 
 479 Megachile centuncularis- 
 
 481 Nomada lineola Umbelliferous plants 
 
 JacobasEe Ragwort 
 
 487 Bombus sylvarum Flowers 
 
 fragraiis 
 
 Latreillilla 
 
 lu coram 
 
 Albinella 
 
 490 Corethra culiciformis 
 
 491 Tanypus cinctus 
 
 492 Chironomus plumosus 
 
 493 Psychoda phalaenoides Moist places 
 
 494 Cecidomyia lutea 
 
 495 Ctenophora atrata 
 
 496 Pedicia rivosa 
 
 497 Tipiila oleracea 
 506 Tabanus autumnalis 
 
 555 CEstrus Bovis w 
 
 556 Gasterophilus Equi 
 Hemorrhoidal is 
 
 Thistles 
 
 Flowers in gardens 
 Flowers 
 Marshy places 
 
 Marshy places 
 
 Marshes 
 
 Meadows 
 
 Cattle on commons 
 Horses on commons 
 i...iiiv,i I uuiuaii::. Cattle on commons 
 558 Ornithomyia avicuiaria Black grouse and tit-pippit 
 
 Haw. 488. sp. 25. 
 488. sp. 27. 
 
 5, 
 11, 
 
 • 490. sp. 33, 
 •484. sp. n. 
 510. sp. 17. 
 
 9, 
 
 Page 259. 
 Kirby ii. 32. sp 1 
 Page 280. 
 Kirby ii. 88. sp. 41. 
 90. sp. 42, 
 
 116, sp. 57 
 
 132, sp. 71. 
 
 232. sp. 40, 
 
 261. sp. 53. 
 
 263. sp. 54. 
 
 237. sp. 42. 
 
 194. sp, 14. 
 
 9, 
 9, 
 9, 
 9, 
 9, 
 
 9, 361. sp. 104. 
 
 9, Page 290. 
 
 9, 291. 
 
 Stewart ii. 267. 
 Clark 44. 
 
 20. 
 
 Page 303, 
 
 - 194. sp, 14. 
 -201. sp, 20, 
 
 - 326. sp. 82. 
 
 ■ 329, sp, 83. 
 • 330. sp, 84. 
 
 ■ 337. sp. 89. 
 -361. 
 
43a 
 
 THE ETCT0M0L0GI5T S CALENDAR. 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 15 Leistus Raulinsii 
 
 caeruleus 
 37 Amara jeiata 
 
 55 Paelobius Hermanni 
 
 5, N. S. 
 5,6, Page 14" 
 
 River side, Battersea, (Mr. 
 
 Stephens) 
 Under stones 
 Corn-fields, Hertford, (Mr. 
 
 Stephens) 
 Ponds 10,11,15, Page 157. 
 
 96 CryptophagusphasorrhaeusUnderbark and damp wood 10, 11,12, 
 
 riificnUis 10,11,12, 
 
 100 Ips 4-piistuIatus of thestumpsof trees. 
 
 Bexley 
 
 115 Aleochara cinnamonea Fungi and dead trees 
 192 Meloe autunnnalis Margate, (Mr. Milne) 
 
 glabratns ? (Rev. W. Kirby) 
 
 254 Coccinella 12-piinctata Banks 
 
 Pase 170. 
 10,n,Gyll.ii.4l2.sp.34. 
 Leach T. L. S. xi. 
 
 Brist<jl 
 
 Banks 
 
 Hedges and Baltersea-fields 
 
 Hedges 
 
 l6-guttata 
 
 globosa 
 
 5-punctata 
 
 Si2-pnnctata 
 
 l3-punctata 
 
 19-punctata • 
 
 155 Chilocorus 4-verrucatus Fir 
 
 bipustulatus Oaks 
 
 Cacti White-thorn 
 
 263 Conocephalus viridissimusMarshes 
 
 verrucivorus , Rochester 
 
 265 Gomphocerus rufus Sloping banks, Battersea 
 269 iElia acuminata Grassy places 
 
 melanocephala 
 
 273 Berytus tipularius ■ 
 
 277 Myodocha tipuloides 
 
 300 Membracis Genistse ' ? Commons 
 
 311 Papilio Machaon /. Umbelliferous plants 
 
 The Sw nil iiw -tail 
 317 Vanessa Urticae b. Lanes, &c. 
 The small T^rtoiseshell 
 
 C. album Skirts of woods 
 
 Thewh-I/-C 
 320 HipparchiaPamphilus B. Grassy commons 
 
 The im.nli Heath 
 ■324 SmerinthusPopuli I. m. Poplars 
 The p plar Hawk 
 
 325 Sphinx Convolvuli e. Gardens and palings 
 
 The conooivulus Howkmolh 
 
 Atropus /. E. Potato blossoms 
 
 The Death' f Head 
 
 326 MacroglossumStellatarum.E. Gardens 
 
 The Hummivg-hird 
 339 Lasiocampa Crataegi b. Woods, Bedfordshire 
 The oak Eggar 
 
 10, 
 
 lllig.K.P.i.466.sp.36 
 
 435. sp. 23. 
 
 ■ 469. sp. 39. 
 •441. sp. 28. 
 
 37. 
 
 468. sp. 
 
 6, 473. sp. 41. 
 
 6, 475. sp. 43. 
 
 Page 215. 
 
 ^ 218. ' [32. 
 
 Fabr. E.S.ii.G2.sp. 
 
 Page 219. 
 
 Fab.E.S.ii,126. sp. 
 
 Page 221. [179. 
 6, 222. 
 
 6, 223. 
 
 Stewart ii. 
 
 7, 235. 
 
 ,96. 
 
 6, 
 
 . 238. 
 
 6, 240. 
 
 Haw. 64. 
 
 Page £44. 
 
 Haw. 56. 
 
 4.6, Page 244. 
 
 Haw. 105. sp. 37. 
 
THK ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 439 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 Poplars 
 Willows in hedges 
 
 S43 Notodonta tritopha l. Oaks 
 The e^eal Prominent 
 
 dromedaria /. — — 
 
 The iron Prominent 
 
 palpina I. e. 
 
 The pale P -ominent 
 
 palpina b. 
 
 The pale Prominent 
 
 Camelina I. e. Oaks 
 The coxcomb Prominent 
 
 Trepida I. Poplar 
 
 The swallow Prominent 
 344 Pi/gcera bucephala Mvi. f Lime, oak, sallowi 
 The buff T,p 
 Ciostera curtula /. e. Poplar 
 The chocolate Tip 
 
 reclusa I. e. — — ^— 
 
 The small chocolate Tip 
 
 S45 Cerura Furciila I. ? 
 
 The Kitten 
 348 Lithosiapulchella e. Near Christ-ch.Hants, (Mr. 
 The crimson Speckled 
 Bomlyx Roboris I. m. Birch and nut-tree 
 The lunar marbled Brown 
 
 Cassinea m. Pales and trunks of treee 
 
 The Sprawler 
 
 Coryli I. m. Nut-trees 
 
 The nut-tree Tussock 
 
 antiqua Gardens 
 
 The Vapourer 
 Noctua Tragopoginis m. Gardens 
 The Mouse 
 
 geminipuncta Marshy places 
 
 The twin-spot Wainscot 
 
 leporina /. Birch 
 
 Tlie Miller 
 
 flavocincta e. Garden pales 
 The large Ranunculus 
 ^ cataena m. Trunks of trees ? 
 
 The Brixton Beauty ^ 
 
 Atriplicis Gardens and hedges 
 
 '^he arrack Moth 
 
 Oxyacanthse e. Hedges 
 The green- brindled Crescent 
 
 rufuncula — — — 
 
 The plain red Minor 
 
 margarltosa e. Weedy banks 
 The pearly Underwing 
 
440 
 
 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 Mo. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Olher 
 times 
 of a p. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 354 Noctua majuscula Weedy banks 
 
 The pearly Underwing, var. 
 
 plecta B, ■ 
 
 Thejiame Shoulder 
 
 satellitia e. Skirts of woods 
 
 The Satellite 
 
 helvola m. ' 
 
 The flounced Chesnut 
 
 lunosa Woods, Coombe 
 
 The lunar Underwing 
 
 sphaerulatina e. Skirts of woods 
 The bearded Chesnut 
 
 pislacina 
 
 The pale bearded Chesnut 
 
 lineola -_^— — 
 
 The dark bearded Chesnut 
 
 ferrea ' 
 
 The iron Chesnut 
 
 Haw. 
 
 6, 
 
 venosa 
 
 The vfiny Chesnut 
 
 litura E. ■ 
 
 The brown-spot Pinion 
 
 Vaccinii m, ■ 
 
 The Chesnut 
 
 polita ■ 
 
 The netted Chesnut 
 
 spadicea m. - 
 
 The dark Chesnut 
 
 subnigra ■ 
 
 The black Chesnut 
 
 flavago E. Open places in woods 
 
 The pink-barred Sallow 
 
 fulvago E. — — — 
 
 The common Sallow 
 
 gilvago E, ' 
 
 The lemon Sallow 
 
 macilenta Elms 
 
 7%e brick Moth 
 
 ^erylhrostigma Margate 
 
 The red Dot 
 
 ochraceago m, 
 The frosted Orange 
 
 Lota 
 The red line Quaker 
 
 meticulosa Pales 
 
 The angle Shades 
 
 trilinea b. Thickets 
 
 The equal Treble-lines 
 
 PI. where burdock abounds 
 Trunks of trees 
 
 5,6, 
 
 2! 8. 
 •226. 
 229. 
 
 250. 
 
 231. 
 
 ■ 232. 
 . 233. 
 
 • 234. 
 236. 
 
 ■ 237. 
 ■239. 
 -240. 
 
 • 254. 
 . 242. 
 ■244. 
 •249. 
 
THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 
 
 441 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 No, 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Other 
 times 
 of ap. 
 
 Reference to 
 <lescription. 
 
 354 Nortua apprvximans Thickets 
 The eyial Trtble-Lines, var. 
 
 semifi'scnn^ —^ 
 
 The equal Treble-lines, v.ar. 
 Gsornetra erosaria b. Lime-trees 
 The September Thjrn 
 
 Carpinaria Thickets 
 
 The flott need Th^rn 
 
 miatu E. Pales 
 
 The autumn Green Carpet 
 
 Juniperata Fir woods 
 
 simulata - 
 
 ericetaria Cibham and Hants 
 
 The bordered Grey 
 
 plagiata a. Bushy places 
 
 The slender Treble-bar 
 
 remutata b. Shady groves 
 
 The false Ribband-wave 
 
 aversata b. • 
 
 The Ribband- leave 
 363 Platypteryx lacertianaria I. e. Birch 
 
 The scalloped Hooktip 
 365 Tortrix tripunctana Pathways in woods 
 The rusty Treble-spot 
 
 conlaminana b. Hedges 
 7/ie ihetfuered Pebble 
 
 ciliana Woods 
 
 The fVhile-frivged 
 
 rombana ■ 
 
 The dark Chequered 
 
 literana Oaks 
 
 The black-sprigged Green 
 
 Mylleri Nettles and thistles 
 
 Millers Nettle-tap 
 
 tricolorana e. Oaks 
 The tri-c'ilonred Green 
 
 latifasciana 
 The broad-barrei 
 
 Hedges, Yorkshire 
 Open places in woods 
 
 gnomana 
 The Dial 
 
 bifidana 
 
 The Fork -hatred 
 
 incarnana m. Heaths 
 
 The marb ed Sh'irl-ciak 
 
 maculai';i e. Skirts of woods 
 
 The black Do^'bU-bl tched 
 
 piceana Heaths, Surry 
 
 The shining Pitch 
 
 populana Nettles 
 
 The pigrny Y 
 
 7, 
 
 Haw. 249. 
 
 293. sp. 61. 
 
 295. sp. 66. 
 
 — 328. sp. 37. 
 Linn. S.N. ii. ST 1. 
 Haw. 278. sp. 20. 
 
 6, 318. sp. 8. 
 
 — 349. sp. 102. 
 — — — sp. 101. 
 
 153. sp. 5. 
 
 . 417. sp. 75. 
 
 419. sp. 80. 
 
 sp. 79. 
 
 41S.sp. 78. 
 
 411. sp. 53. 
 
 ■ 472. sp. 5. 
 
 411. sp. 5i. 
 
 414. sp. 65. 
 
 417. sp. 76. 
 
 — 418. sp. 77, 
 
 435. sp. 128. 
 
 — — 440. sp. 1 4.). 
 
 447, sp. 167. 
 
 ID, 
 19, 
 
 10, 
 10, 
 
442 
 
 THE ENT0M0L06IST S CALK&'CAR. 
 
 SEPTEMP.ER. 
 
 Other 
 
 Refeience to 
 
 times 
 
 description. 
 
 ofap. 
 
 
 10, Haw. 471. sp. 2. 
 
 Kirbyii.lfin.sp.l06 
 
 16i.sp. 101. 
 
 178. sp. 1. 
 
 179. sp. 2. 
 
 23l.sp. 39. 
 
 242. sp.44. 
 
 185. sp. 7. 
 
 202. sp. 21. 
 
 204. sp, 22. 
 
 206. sp. 23. 
 
 Page 298. 
 
 Stewart ii. 271. 
 
 Page 300. 
 
 Tortrix Oxyacanthae Flowers 
 The Autu7nn Nettle-tap 
 
 468 Anurena Sha'vella 
 
 * tniniitiila ___ 
 
 472 Panurgus nrsiiia 
 
 Linneella 
 476 Stelis punctatissima 
 479 Megachile ligniseca 
 461 Noinada varia 
 
 flaviipicta 
 
 Solidaginis 
 
 picta 
 538 Stomoxys calcitrans 
 
 irritans ' 
 
 544 Scatophaga merdaria Cow dung 
 
 Heaths 
 
 Flowers ? 
 
 Oaks, &c. 
 
 Sunny banks ? 
 
 Ragwort 
 
 Heaths 
 
 Flowers and banks 
 
 Cattle on commont 
 
 OCTOBER. 
 
 20 Bembidium Spencii Grassy banks 10,12, 
 
 36 Sphodrnscollaris Roots of trees, EppingForestlto4, 
 
 91 Scaphisoma Agaricinum Boletus versicolor and fungi 10, 
 
 104 Staphylinus olens Roots of trees 4, 
 
 1 14 Aleochara impressa Fungi and decayed trees in 
 
 woods 1 1 > 1 2, 
 
 224 Myoetopbagus undulatusBoieti 
 325 Sphinx Atropos e. Gardens 
 
 Ths Death's Head 
 328 iEgeria crabroniformis ^.Trunks of willows 
 The lunar Hornet 
 *Lithosia graniinicus m. Wales, (Mr. Donovan) 
 The feathered Footman 
 354 Noctua exoleta m. Gardens 5, 
 
 The large Sword-grass 
 
 Lambda £. Shady pales 
 
 The grey Shoulder-knot 
 
 seladonia m. Skirts of woods 4, 
 
 The Brindled Green 
 
 *, 
 
 N. S. 
 
 Marsb.443. sp.29. 
 
 Page 168. 
 
 Gyll. ii. 285. sp. 6. 
 
 381. sp. 4. 
 
 Marsh. 140. sp. C. 
 Page 244. 
 
 aprilma m. 
 
 The Marvel dti Jour 
 Geomelra connectaria m. Palings and trunks of trees 
 The connecting Umber 
 
 prosapiaria e. Trunks of trees 
 The scarce Umher 
 
 defoiiaria e. — — — . 
 
 The mottled Umber 
 
 clavaria Mallows 
 
 The Mallow Moth 
 
Tlir, ENTOMOLOGISTS CALrNDAll. 
 
 NOVEMBER. 
 
 443 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Reference to 
 description. 
 
 Genmelia pennaria b. Woods 
 The feathered Thnrn 
 
 psiltacata m. Trunks of trees 
 The ted Green Carpet 
 
 S[)aitiata e. Broom- fields 
 
 The Streak 
 G73 Pterophonis pterodactylns Gardens, bushes, woods 
 The citmmon Plume 
 Tcrl^ix examianii Coombe Wood 
 
 The marbled Clusnul 
 Tinea gelateila Trunks of trees 
 
 The autumnal Dagger 
 
 NOVEMBER, 
 
 €4 Necrohia rufipes 
 
 Geurnetra dilntata b 
 The NovemLer 
 
 brnmaria i 
 
 The TVmier Moth 
 Tinea Novembris 
 
 The November Dagger Gardens 
 
 Phryganea Coombe V/ood 
 
 The drab Day-molh 
 
 applana e. Gardens 
 
 The common Flat-body 
 
 CopenhagenFields,(Mr.Gray) 12, N. S. 
 
 Palings Haw. 319. sp. 9. 
 
 Gardens and palings 1 , 
 
 Trunks of trees, Kensington 
 
 30j.sp. 95. 
 
 ■ 502. sp. 2. 
 
 ■ 503. sp. 4. 
 
 510. sp. 17. 
 
 DECEMBER. 
 
 12 Carabus morbillosus Under bark and wood of wil- 
 lows 
 •20 Bembidium properans Grassy banks ? 
 
 poecillum ■ ? 
 
 60 Colymbetes fujiginosus Ponds, Copenhagen Fields 
 83 Opilus mollis Dry rotten willows 
 
 80 Phospbuga atrata Under bark of trers 
 
 90 Scaphidiura 4-maeulatum Fungi and rotten wood 
 97 Engishumeraiis Bark of trees and boleti 
 
 rufifrons . 
 
 ferruginea 
 
 99 Nitidula grisea Under bark of trees 
 
 J 14 Tachyporuscbrysomelinus Roots of grass and moss 
 
 pubescens Under bark and trunks of de^ 
 
 caved trees 1 
 
 127 Anobium tesgellatum Rotten willows 1 
 
 1,2, 
 
 PaffS 145. 
 
 
 Marsh. 457. 8p.34. 
 
 
 lll.K.P.i.232.sp.l7 
 
 
 Gyll. i. 495. sp.28. 
 
 1,2, 
 
 Page ]66. 
 
 1,'2, 
 
 Marsh. I 1 6 sp. 6. 
 
 
 Pa-e 16S. 
 
 5,6 
 
 Gvll. i. '2l'3. sp. ^. 
 
 5,6. 
 
 204. sp. 4. 
 
 5,6, 
 
 212. sp,4. 
 
 
 Marsh. 134.sp. 15. 
 
 1,2, 
 
 Gyll. ii.236. sp. 1. 
 
 ,2.3, 
 
 243. sp. 8. 
 
 2 S 
 
 Page 181. 
 
444 
 
 THE entomologist's CALENDAR 
 
 ■DECEMBER. 
 
 340 Eriogaster Populi b. Trunks of trees 
 
 The December Moth 
 S54 Nortua flavilinea e. ■ ? 
 
 The yellow-line Quaker 
 
 Gfomet'tt incompIetariaE. , woods 
 
 The Incomfltte 
 
 apteria e. ■ 
 
 Tortrix liyemalis Heaths, Sussex 
 
 The PFinler Tortrix 
 292 Panorpa hyemalis Hedges 
 
 Page 247. 
 
 Haw. 243. 
 
 305. sp. 95. 
 
 306. sp. 96. 
 
 . 413. sp. 64. 
 
 Panz. 22. 17 ? 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE I.— Order Coleoptera. 
 
 Fig. 1. Scarabaeus Typhaeus, p. 47. Typhaeus vulgaris, p. 189. 
 
 a. AntenneB magnified. 
 
 Fig. 2. Trichius nobilis, p. 191. 
 
 Fig. S. Lucanus Cervus, p. 48, 191. 
 
 a. .4«^en??^ clavated : club pectinated, b. Maxillary palpi, c. Labial 
 palpi, d. Lacinie. e. Mandibles, f. Head. g. Thorax, h. Scm- 
 tellum. i. Elytra, k. Femur. 1. Tibia, m. Tarsi, n. Urigids. 
 
 Fig. 4. Dermestes murinus, p. 43, 389. a. Antenna magnified. 
 
 Fig. 5, Scolytiis Destructor, p. 206. a. Antenna magnified. 
 
 Fig. 6. Ptinus imperialis, p. 49, 389. a. Antenna filiform. 
 
 PLATE II. — Order Coleoptera continued. 
 
 Fig. 1. Hister semipunctatus, p. 49. 
 
 Fig. 2. Gyrinus Natator, p. 50, 159. a. Antenna magnified, b. Tfee 
 
 hinder foot, compressed and formed for swimming. 
 Fig. 3. Byrrhus Pilula, p. 50, 183. di. Antenna magnified. 
 Fig. 4. Anthrenus Scrophularia, p. 50. 182. a. Antenna magnified. 
 Fig, 5. Nitidula discoidea, p. 51, 170. a,. Antenna magnified. 
 Fig. 6. Silpha Vespillo, p. 51. a. Antenna magnified. Necrophagus 
 
 Vespillo, p. 166. 
 Fig. 7. Silpha quadrimaculata, p. 51, 167. a. Antenna magnified. 
 Fig. 8. Opatrum sabulosum, 51, 193. a. Antenna magnified. 
 Fig. 9. Tritoma bipustulatum, p. 51, 214. a. Antenna magnified. 
 Fig. 10. Cassida maculata, p. 52. 
 Fig. 11. Coccinella 14-guttata. 
 Fig. 12. Chrysomela coriaria, p. 53. Timarcha coriaria, p. 2.13. 
 
 Fig. 13. Tanaceti, p. 53. Galeruca Tanaceti,p. 212. 
 
 Fig. 14. merdigera, p. 53. Crioceris merdigera, p. 211. 
 
 Fig. 15. Cryptocephalus lineola, p. 53,393. 
 
 Fig. 16. Hispa mutica, p. 53. a. ..4n?era?/<e magnified. Sarrotrium mu- 
 
 ticum, p. 193. 
 Fig. 17. Bruchus Pisi, p. 53, 200. 
 Fig. 18. Curculio nitcns, p. 5 t. Rliynchites nitens. 
 
446 EXPLANATIOJ) OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Fig. 19. Curculio Pyri, p. 5i, 390. 
 
 Fig. 20. Curculio Nucum, p. 54. Balaninus Nucum, p. 205. 
 
 Fig. 21. Scrophulariffi, p. 54. Clonus Scrophularia, p. 203. 
 
 Fig. 22. Attelabus Coryli, p. 54. Apoderus Coryli, p. 201. 
 
 Fig. 23. Notoxus monoceros, p. 54, 196. a. A lateral view of the 
 
 head and thorax magnified. 
 Fig. 64. Cerambyx Textor, p. 55. Lamia Textor, p. 209. 
 
 Fig. 25. arcuatus, p. 55. Clytus arcuatus, p. 392. 
 
 Fig. 26. Leptura quadrifasciata, p. 55, 210. 
 
 Fig. 27. Leptura Nympha'S, p. 55. Donacia Nymphasje, p. 378. 
 
 Fig. 28. Necydalis cferulea, p. 55. OEdemera caerulea, p. 198. 
 
 PLATE III. — Order Coleoptera continued. 
 
 g. 1. Lampyris noctiluca, male. 
 
 g. 2. Female, p. 55, 163. a. Antenna magnified. 
 
 g. 3. Pyrochroa coccinea, p. 56, 196. 
 
 g. 4. Cantharis fusca, p. 56. Telephorus fuscus, p. 164. 
 
 g. 5. biguttata, p. 56. Malachius biguttatus, p. 374. 
 
 g. 6. Elater sanguineus. Marshani. Elatea semiruber, p. 162. 
 
 g. 7. c\ anaeus. Mursham. Elater aeneus, p. 162. 
 
 g. 8. Cicindela sylvatica, p. 57, 144. 
 
 g. 9. Buprestis viridis, p. 160. 
 
 g. 10. Parnus sericeus, p. 185. 
 
 g. 11. Heterocerus marginatus, p. 185. 
 
 g. 12. Spharidium scarabseoides, p. 187. a. Antenna magnified. 
 
 b. Antenna of the G. Cercyon (p. 188) magnified, 
 g. 13. Dytiscus marginalis. Marshatn. Dyticus marginalis, p. 159- 
 
 a. Antei'ior tarsi oi the m-a.\e patellijbrm. b. iSiern?(m of D. circum- 
 
 c. S^o-Hi/m of D. marginalis. 
 Fig. 14. Pfrlobius Hermanni, p. 157. 
 
 Fig. 15. Hydroporus 12-pustulatus, p. 158. 
 Fig. 16. Hydrophilus caraboides, p. 58, 187. 
 Fig. 17. Carabus morbillosus, p. 146. 
 Fig. 18. Nebra complanata, p. 146. 
 Fig. 19. Brachinus crepitans, p. 154. 
 Fig. 20. Agonum sex-punctatum, p. 150. 
 
 PLATE IV. — Order Coleoptera, Sec. 
 
 Fig. 1. Tenebrio Molitor, p. 59, 193. 
 
 rig. 2. Pedimis maritimus, p. 192. 
 
 Fig. 3. Endomychus coccineus, p. 215. 
 
 Fig. 4. Ilelops violaceus, p. 362. 
 
 Tig. 5. Lytta vesicatoria, p. 59. Cantharis vesicatorin, p. li'S. 
 
BXPLAXATIOX OF THE PLATES. 4J7 
 
 Fig. 6. Cistela sulphurea, p. 196. 
 
 Fig. 7. Meloe violaceus, p. 369- 
 
 Fig. 8. Mordclla fasciata, p. 60, 197. 
 
 Fig. 9. Choleva oblonga, p. 168. 
 
 Fig. 10. Staphylinus erythropterus, p. 171. 
 
 Fig. 11. Oxyporus rufus, p. J 74. 
 
 Fig. 12. Pffiderus ripariiis, p. 173. 
 
 Fig. 13. Stenus biguttatiis, p. 173. The line beneath shows the nat. 
 
 size. 
 Fig. 14. OmaUum melanocephalum, p. 175. The line beneath sho\v« 
 
 the nat. size. 
 Fig. 15. Pselaphus Herbstii, p. 179. The line beneath shows tlie nat. 
 
 size. 
 
 Order Dermaptera. 
 
 Fig. 16. Labia minor, p. 216. 
 
 Order Dictyoptera. 
 Fig. 17. Blatta livida? p. 220. 
 
 Order Orthoptera, 
 
 Fig. 18. Acrydium bipunctatum, p. 416. 
 Fig. 19. Locusta flavipes, p. 429. 
 
 PLATE v.— Order Hemiptera. 
 
 Fig. 1. Cercopis sangiiinolenta, p. 280, 
 
 Fig. 2. Cicada Anglica ? p. 229. 
 
 Fig. 3. Notonecta glauca, p. 227. 
 
 Fig. 4. Nepa cinerea, p. 61,325. 
 
 Fig. 5 Gerris pallidum, p. 224. 
 
 Fig. 6. Cimex prasinus, p. 62. Pentatoma prasinus, p. 221. 
 
 Fig. 7. ■ marginatus. Coreus marginatus, p. 222. 
 
 Fig. 8. LygcEus apterus, p. 222. 
 Fig. 9 and 10. Aphis. 
 
 Fig. 11. Livia Juncorum, p. 232. The line beneath shows the nat size. 
 Fig. 12. Thrips Physaphus, p. 232. The line beneath shows the rntt. 
 size. 
 
 PLATE VI. — Order Lepidoptera. 
 
 Fig. 1. Papilio Machaon, p. 64, 235. 
 
 Fig. 2. .Sphinx Elpenor,-p. 64, 243. 
 
 Fig. 3. Phalacna(BombYx)Quercu5,p. 65. LariocampaQucrcu.?, p. "S-tZ. 
 
448 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE VII.— Order Neuroptera. 
 
 Fig. 1. Lil)ellu]a 4-maculata, p. 65. 
 
 Fig. 2. Ephemera vulgata, p. 65, 260. 
 
 Fig. 3. Limnephilus nervosus. 
 
 Fig. 4. Osmylus maculatus, p. 960. 
 
 Fig. 5. Panorpa communis, p. 66, 260. a. Chela magnified. 
 
 Fig. 6. Raphidia ophiopsis, p. 261. 
 
 PLATE VIII. — Order Hymenoptera. 
 
 Fig. 1 . Cynips Quercus-folii, p. 67. Diplolepis Quercus-folii, p. 270. 
 
 Fig. 2. Tenthredo Scrophularice, p. 67. 
 
 Fig. 3. Sirex Gigas, p. 67. Urocerus Gigas, p. 268. 
 
 Fig. 4. Ichneumon Manifestator, p. 68. 
 
 Fig. 5. Sphex sabulosa, p. 68. Amophila sabulosa, p. 275. 
 
 Fig. 6. Chalcis clavipes, p. 271. 
 
 Fig. 7. Chrysis ignita, p. 272. 
 
 Fig. 8. Vespa Crabro, p. 69, 280. 
 
 Fig. 9. Apis retusa, p. 69. Anthophora retusa, p. 387. 
 
 Fig. 10. Formica herculanea, p. 69, 273. 
 
 Fig. 11. Mutilla Europsa, p. 70, 273. 
 
 PLATE IX.— Order Diptera, kc. 
 
 Fig. 1. CEstrus Bovis, p. 70, 302. 
 
 Fig. 2. Tipula oleracea, p. 71, 291. 
 
 Fig. 3. Musca inanis. Volucella inanis, p. 414. 
 
 Fig. 4. Tabanus tropicus, p. 71. 
 
 Fig. 5. Culex pipiens, p. 71. 
 
 Fig. 6. Empis pennipes, p. 72. 
 
 Fig. 7. Stomoxys calcitrans, p. 298. 
 
 Fig. 8. Conops macrocephala, p. 72. 
 
 Fig. 9. Asilus crabronitbrmis, p. 72, 294. 
 
 Fig. 10. Bombylus major, p. 72, 295. 
 
 Order Omaloptera. 
 Fig. 11. Hippobosca equina, p. 79, 302. 
 
 PLATE X. — Parts of Insect?. 
 
 Fig. 1. a. Front view of the head of Curabus'catenulalus magnified, 
 b. Ocelli c. Antenna, d. Mandibles, e. and g. Labial palpi. 
 f. f. Majcillury palpi, li. Lip. 
 
FLcUer. 
 
 TubUsTud, ii/ F. Boys , j.Ludffatt Hill. 
 
PLaU2. 
 
 Fub2is7ied by T Boys .j.LtjuTm ate l£ll. 
 
Plate 2. 
 
 ^ i^ ¥ ^ 'T ^ 
 
 tS Iff to 21 
 
 ^i lk^*>^ * 
 
 2S —V 2« 
 
 PubUsJieR Tru I. Boys ,/, LiLdaate Hill. 
 
Plate a. 
 
 JPublished Iry T.Boi/s.y.ludffaU Mil. 
 
Plate 3. 
 
 Fublislud hj Z3oys.-j.Lud{)aU JTill. 
 
Plate 4. 
 
 Ful>lLt}ied III TBoys, ^.ZzuLuUe ?IUL. 
 
Plate 4. 
 
 r!^_._.._j 
 
 FublLfhed hy TBi>ys, ^.LuJtjttteHi/l. 
 
Plate 6 
 
 Hiblished hi/ I.Boys.j.LiiJnale TRIL 
 
Plate 6 
 
 Hxblishcd hy I.Boysj.Liidaate IS.ll. 
 
Fhne6 
 
 Fuilijhed. hv T.Boys, j.LiubjaU Hill. 
 
Flah-6 
 
 H/iUsTud by I.Boys.j.LuJijatt Hill. 
 
Flatt 7 
 
 Published hi/ T. Boys , -j.Ludpate HiU. 
 
rin.te : 
 
 RtilisTicd ty T. Bous , ^.Ludgate KilL. 
 
FlaleS 
 
 Fuhli.ihed bi/ T.Boiis.-jXitdflateHilZ. 
 
PltiteS 
 
 Fiiblishfd In/ T.Spvs,TJ.udfateHilL 
 
rtateA 
 
 fuilisTieA hv T.Bovs. ■j.LudqaXeHilL 
 
PlaUA 
 
 Ihihlishrd T>v T.Bojis, j.LudaateliUL 
 
Plate fO 
 
 Fitblished. iy T £ 01/ s ,-j, Ziulz/utc Bill. 
 
P/«fc ir 
 
 g h tf f 
 
 4 
 
 -%M" » 
 
 PuiUshed In/ IBpys,-],LiLdj}nteHiU. 
 
Plate //. 
 
 FiibUshAd. l>y T.Boys.j.Lud^ateHlll. 
 
Plate II. 
 
 Fublished ly T.Bovs.-j.Lud^ateHill. 
 
riate t2 
 
 Published, hii T.Boi/s.j.LiuLjateSill. 
 
riate t2 
 
 FUblished iy T. Sous ■ y.LudaateSill. 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 449 
 
 Fig. 2. a. The maxilla sepajated and magnified to show the situation of 
 
 \he palpi b. and c. 
 Fig. 3. View of the under side of the same head. a. Labial palpi. 
 
 b. c Maxillai-y palpi, d. Antennce. e. Quia. f. Ocelli. 
 Fig. 4. Thorax of the same. a. d. Sides, b. The antei-ior part. c. The 
 
 posterior. 
 Fig. 5. One of the elytra or wing-cases, a. The sutor. b. Side. c. Base. 
 
 d. Apex. 
 Fig. 6. The hind leg of the saine insect complete, a. The Trochanter. 
 
 b. Femur, c. Tibia, d. Tarsi, e. Unguis, f. Spinula:. 
 
 Fig. 7. View of the abdomen, &c. a. Thorax, h. Sternum, c. Femur. 
 
 d. Margin of tlie Eli/tra, e. Abdomen. 
 Fig. 8. Wing of a Lcpidopterous insect explanatory of the markings, &c. 
 
 A. Superior zcing. a. Anterior margin or costal edge. b. JBase. 
 
 c. Apex. B. Secondary or inferior wing. d. Posterior angle, e. Axi 
 Ocellus or eye-hke marking, f. Punctum or dot. g. Stigma, h. JVio- 
 c///« or spots, i. A Fascia or band, k. An angulated hne. 
 
 Fig. 9. Head of a Lepidopttrous insect, a. Antenna:, b. Palpi, c. Spi- 
 ral tongue. 
 
 Fig. 10. Superior zcing of Trichiosoma Lucorum. a. a. Areola or marginal 
 cells, h. b. b. Submarginal. 
 
 Fig. 11. Head of Vespa Crabro. a. Vertex, b. Stemmata. c. Ocelli^ 
 
 d. Antenna, e. Mandibles, f. Clypeus. g. X«jo. 
 
 Fig 12. TT'iw^ o/a jBee. a. jB«.se. b. Exterior costal nerve, c. Interior 
 
 costal nerve, d. Anastomosis, e. Areola or cells, f. Apex, 
 
 Kirbys Monograph, tab. 1. * 6. fig. 7. t'o/. 1. 
 Fig. 13. Antenna of Andrena combinata. a. Radicula. b. Scapus. 
 
 c. Pedicellus. d. First joint of the antenna, e. The articulations. 
 
 — Kirby. 
 Fig. 14. Trunk of Nomada Goodeniana. a. Collum. h. Collare. c. r?<- 
 
 bercida. d. Squumula. e. Thorax, f. Scutellum. g. Metathorax. 
 
 h. Cavitas. i. Ertse o/7Ae a'/wg. — lur/)^/ Monog. tab. 5. fig. 8. vol. 1. 
 Fig. 15. Posterior leg of Andrena combinata. a. Flocculus, b. Scopa. 
 
 c. Apophysis or jirst articulation, d. Second art icidaf ion. e. Femur. 
 
 f. Spinula. g. PUinta. — A7r6y il/o/!Og. tab. 4. fig. 10. vol. 1. 
 I have taken the liberty of introducing the above fom figures from 
 
 Mr. Kirby's excellent Monograph, as they will be useful to the 
 
 young Entomologist, and at the same time show the valuable 
 
 instruction which may be gained from this justly celebrated work. 
 Fig. 16. Antenna magn. of Tipula oleracea, p. 291. 
 
 Fig. 17. ofChironomus plumosus, p. 290. 
 
 Fig. 18. of Empis livida. 
 
 Fig. 19^. Head of Rhingia rostrata. a. Antenna, b. The /iead anteriorly 
 
 produced, c. Proboscis. 
 Fig. 20. Antenna highly magnified, p. 296, 
 
 2 F 
 
450 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 
 
 Fig. 21. AntewKB of Volucella pellucens, magn. p. 290. 
 
 Fig. 22. of Nemotellus uliginosus, magn. p. 292, 
 
 Fig. 23. of Asilus crabroniformis, magn. p. 291. 
 
 Fig. 24. of Musca punctum, magn. 
 
 Fig. 25. of Sargus cupreus, magn. p. 292. 
 
 Fig. 26. of Stomoxys calcitrans, magn. p. 298. 
 
 PLATE XI.— Apparatus. 
 
 Fig. 1. A Net-rod, described at p. 307. a. The cross-piece, b. Tlie 
 angular ferrule, c. The joint fitting into the ferrule d. e. A 
 small staple for tying the band of the net. 
 
 Fig. 2. A net complete; — for the use see p. 307. 
 
 Fig. 3. A breeding-cage; see p. 309. 
 
 Fig. 4. An aquatic or landing-net for taking water-insects^ &c. 
 
 Fig. 5. A Digger, a. the point. 
 
 Fig. 6. A phial for small insects. 
 
 Fig. 7. A pair of brass pliers. 
 
 Fig. 8. and 9. Setting needles. 
 
 Fig. 10. Forceps. 
 
 PLATE XII. — Method of Setting Insects. 
 
 Fig. 1. Opilis mollis (p. 166). — This figure exhibits the method of set- 
 ting Coleoptera with the wings closed and in a crawling position ; 
 the legs are kept in the attitude designed by pins applied as ne- 
 cessity requires : the tarsi are kept flat on the setting-board by 
 card-braces, as at b. — Care must always be taken to introduce the 
 pin which serves to transfix the insect, through the right elytron. 
 
 Fig. 2, Callidium bajulum with the elytra extended and the wings dis- 
 played ; in all specimens set in this way the pin must be passed 
 through the middle of the back and near the thorax : ttie wings are 
 kept extended by braces. 
 The above methods are also applicable for the Orders Dermaptera, 
 Orthoptera, Dictt/optera, Hemiptera and Omoptera. 
 
 Fig. 3. Odenesis potatoria (p. 247). The method of setting the Lepi- 
 doptera is fully explained at 320. 
 
 Fig. 4. Stratiomys Chamaeleon (p. 292). Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, a* 
 well as Diptera, may be set by pins alone as is here exhibited. 
 
 Fig. 5. Such minute insects as are difficult to pierce with a pin may be 
 placed on small triangular pieces of paper : this method is to be 
 preferred, as almost every part may be examined, ajid is much su- 
 perior to the method frequently used, as at fg. 6. 
 
451 
 
 COLLECTIONS OF INSECTS AND OTHER SUBJECTS OF 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 In order to facilitate the study ol' Natural History, especially those 
 departments .most suitable for young persons, it is my intention to 
 form several small collections of Insects, Shells, Sfc. Each Collec- 
 tion will have an accompanying catalogue of the generic and spe- 
 cific names, with reference to authors by whom the species are de- 
 scribed. Single specimens may also be obtanied tu jllustrate genera, 
 as well as to assist those who may be forming collections. Also 
 every kind of apparatus used by tlie Botanist, Conchologist, Entomo- 
 logist, or Mineralogist ; such as collecting and other boxes, nets, for- 
 ceps, setting-boards, pins, pocket microscopes or hand magnifiers, ca- 
 binets, trays for minerals, shells. Sec. either corked or plain. Dissec- 
 tions of insects to illustrate their generic characters, or as most inter- 
 esting objects for the microscope. 
 
 Mr. Sowerby intends also to re-open his very valuable and extensive 
 Museum, for the use of his friends and for the benefit of students and 
 lovers of natural history. The many rare and interesting specimens 
 which this collection contains are highly deserving the honour which 
 it has received from many of the most distinguished personages. The 
 abilities and industry of its possessor are sufficiently known through 
 the medium of his voluminous scientific and useful works. This gen- 
 tleman has also been induced to offer for sale his duplicate specimens, 
 which consist of subjects in every department of Natural History. 
 These of themselves would form no mean Museum. However, he in- 
 tends to dispose of them in small parcels to give the student an insight 
 into the science, or in single specimens for the accommodation of those 
 who may already possess collections, and to whom such species may be 
 desiderata. 
 
 Those ladies and gentlemen who reside in the country may have 
 collections, or any of the apparatus sent them, through the medium of 
 their booksellers, by an application to Mr. Boys the publisher, to th« 
 Author, or to Mr. Sowerby, No. 2, Mead Place, Lambeth. 
 
 2t t 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Nezv Genera and Ihoae adopted are in capitals : tlie Species marked with an 
 Asterisk are either st/nonymous or referable to other Genera : the En- 
 glish names are in italics : 1. affixed to the Species refers to the larva. 
 
 ABAX 
 
 angustior 361 
 
 nielanaiius ib. 
 
 Striola 154,361 
 
 Abdomen and its parts 32 
 
 — — , discrimination 
 
 of the 338 
 
 ABIA 
 
 nigricoinis 263, 411 
 sericea ib. 
 
 ABRAXAS 
 
 grossulariata 253 
 
 ulmaria ib. 
 
 ABR/EUS 
 
 peipusillus 183, 362| 
 
 ABROSTOLA, Och. 252 
 
 ACANTHIA 
 
 ♦lectularia 223 
 
 maculata 225,369 
 
 Acanthid« (Fam.) 224 
 
 Acari, anatomical view 
 
 ofthe '75 
 
 , character and 
 
 classification of 
 the 130 
 for the micro- 
 scope 130,353 
 Acaridse (Fam.) 131 
 ACARUS 
 *aquaticus 153 
 *Coleoptratoruni 131 
 domesticus 132, 358 
 *exulcerans 135 
 •geniculatus 132 
 *Scabiei 133 
 
 ACARUS 
 *siro 
 *Riciniis 
 ACILIUS 
 snlcatiis 
 ACHETA 
 campestris 
 doniestica 
 *Grynotalpa 
 Achatia, Hul>. 
 
 132 
 132 
 
 159,359 
 
 218,380 
 
 218,359 
 
 211 
 
 251 
 
 ACHENIUM, Leach 172 
 ACHERONTIA,0r/i. 243 
 Achetidffl (Fam.) 217 
 
 Acridii, Latr. 218 
 
 ACROCERA 296 
 
 gibbosa 387 
 
 AcroceridK(Fam.) 296 
 ACRYDIUM 
 
 bipunciatum 4l6 
 
 sabulatum 219,416 
 Aculeata, (sect.) 272 
 
 Aculeus, the sting 
 
 discrimination of 338 
 
 , its siluation & 
 
 use 33 
 
 ADELA 
 
 Degeerelia 
 
 \Admiral,white, 1, 396 
 
 .ECOPHORA 
 
 Flavelia 249, 399 
 
 Linneeiia 249 
 
 Roesella ib. 
 
 ^GA 
 
 emarginata 109 
 
 .EGERIA 
 
 apiformis245,381,397 
 asiliformis 397 
 
 crabroniformis 245,4 17 
 
 I. 
 
 ADIMONIA 
 Ahii 
 
 iiigricornis 
 Admiral, red 
 
 — — , white 
 
 249,399 
 
 378 
 
 212,578 
 
 238, 3G3, 
 
 430 
 
 1. 416 
 
 240, 41 7 
 
 culiciformis 
 rynipiformis 
 formiciformis 
 cestriformis 
 spheciformis 
 tipuliformis 
 vespiformis 
 .iEGIALlA 
 globes a 
 
 .eLia 
 
 acuminata 
 
 melauocepbala 
 AEPUS 
 
 fulveseens 
 ^SHNA 
 
 Anglicana 
 
 grand is 
 
 juncxa 
 
 teretiuscula 
 
 viatica 
 J/zelius's Tortrix 
 AG.ATHIDIUM 
 
 nanum 
 
 442 
 417 
 397 
 413 
 397 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 190, 362 
 
 221,438 
 433 
 
 149, 415 
 
 410 
 
 258,410 
 
 410 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 364 
 
 393 
 
454 
 
 AGATHIDIUM 
 
 nigripeniie 214,393 
 rufipenne 393 
 
 AG ELENA 
 
 labyrinthica 125, 428 
 aglossa, Latr. 235 
 
 AGONUM 
 
 albipes 365 
 
 caerulescens ib. 
 
 picipes ib. 
 
 Tufipes ib. 
 
 sexpunctatum 150,373 
 Simpsoni 365 
 
 sordidum ib. 
 
 vaporariorum 358, 373 
 
 AGRION 
 
 albicans 410 
 
 antiulare ib. 
 
 corea ib. 
 
 puella ib. 
 
 rufe.scens ib. 
 
 sanguineus 259, 4 1 
 zonatus 4I0 
 
 AGROTIS, Huh. 251 
 
 Alae, (wings) afford 
 cliaracters for 
 genera &, species 36 
 
 •— — , (the wings) dis* 
 
 crimination of 338 
 
 • , their form 
 
 and structure 35 
 
 Alburnca denlata 83 
 
 ./^Ider m<th 400 
 
 ALEOCHARA 
 
 canaJieulata 176, 367 
 cinnamomea 438 
 
 fuscipes 177,367,429 
 impressa 177, 442 
 
 lanuginosa 367, 429 
 obscura 362 
 
 rivularis 177,429 
 
 sulcata 177, 367 
 
 ALEYRODES 
 
 chelidonii 233, 380 
 
 ALLANTUS 
 
 albocinctus 4!l 
 
 ater ib. 
 
 bicinctus ib. 
 
 blandus ib. 
 
 conspicuus ib. 
 
 12-punctatus ib. 
 
 haematopus ib. 
 
 lateralis ib. 
 
 lividus ib. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ALLANTUS 
 
 neglectus 411 
 
 uotha 265,411 
 
 punctomaculatus 412 
 
 411 
 ib. 
 
 265 
 386 
 265, 41 I 
 269 
 
 372 
 
 212 
 ib. 
 
 249 
 
 punctum 
 
 riifiventris 
 
 semiciucta 
 
 viridis 
 
 zonata 
 ALOMYA, Par,% 
 /}lsi osmer's T-rtr%x 
 ALTICA 
 
 oieracea 
 
 testacea 
 Alucita, Oliv. 
 ALUCITA 
 
 he.\adactyla 256, 37-2 
 Alucitadas (Fana.) 255 
 /iMALUPLIA 191 
 
 AMARA 
 
 arata 4.'''3 
 
 vulgaris 152,365 
 
 AMASIS 
 
 Iffita 263,411 
 
 lAmblychu;:, Gy'.l. 147 
 Ametabolia character 
 
 of the subclass 158 
 
 , classification 
 
 of the 140 
 
 AMOPHILA 
 
 sahiilosa 275,413 
 
 AMPHIPYRA, Och. 251 
 AMPITHOE 
 
 ruhricata 
 ANART.A, Oih 
 ANASPIS 
 
 bifasciatus 
 
 bigu. talus 
 
 fi on talis 
 
 obscurus 
 
 ruti(ollis 
 AN AX 
 
 Inipt rator 
 
 ANDRENA 
 
 chrysocelis 372 
 
 chrypura 413 
 
 cingnlata 437 
 
 Ci.Tikella 372 
 
 Collinsonana 413 
 
 fulva 372 
 
 fiilvago 413 
 
 falvicrus 427 
 
 fuscata 386 
 
 Guvnana S72 
 haemorrhoidalis 413 
 
 helvola 386 
 
 Lewinella 372 
 
 Listerella 427 
 
 rniniitula 442 
 
 MoutTetella 427 
 
 nigriceps 572 
 n gro-aenea 28], 572 
 
 nitida 372 
 
 ovatula 386 
 
 parvula 372 
 
 pilipes 413 
 
 pratensis 372 
 
 Rosae ib. 
 
 Sciirankelia 437 
 
 Shawella 442 
 
 Smithelia 372 
 
 ?pinigera ib. 
 
 thoracica ib.- 
 
 tit)ialis 4iJ7 
 
 *iric;ncta 282 
 
 tridentata 437 
 
 Truiimerana ib. 
 
 vaiians 372 
 Andienelse, Latr. 280 
 Andienii!pE, (Fam.) ib. 
 
 ib. Andria, //../•. 248 
 197, 376'/4»g'/e, tawy barred 434 
 376 Angle >h.de\ 250, 383, 
 
 104 
 252 
 
 376 
 
 ib 
 
 258, 410 
 
 ANC lOMENUS 
 
 piasinus 151, 361 
 
 .Andrena, Russi 'ill 
 
 ANDRENA 
 
 affinis 413 
 
 , ftzelieJla 386 
 
 albicans ib. 
 
 albicrus 413 
 
 armata 372 
 
 atriceps ib. 
 
 barbilabris 386 
 
 402, 440 
 , small 401 
 
 Animalcula for the 
 microscope, how 
 obtained 334 
 
 Animals,Ciivier's di- 
 
 stiibution of 75 
 
 — ,dead, the ha- 
 bit atiun of many 
 insects Sliji 
 
 — , distribution 
 of, froii) theiror- 
 ganizatiou 74 
 
 -,how distinguish'd 20 
 

 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 455 
 
 Animosity of q 
 
 neen 
 
 
 Antennae, the, used by 
 
 
 Apidar, (Fam.) 
 
 223 
 
 bees cease on the 
 
 
 the Ichneumon 
 
 
 APION 
 
 
 lossoftheanteniise 24 
 
 Manifest a tor for 
 
 
 Eeneum 
 
 377 
 
 Anisotonia hico 
 
 or 
 
 2U 
 
 discovering a ni- 
 
 
 assimile 
 
 390 
 
 nigripeniiis 
 
 
 215 
 
 dus to deposit its 
 
 
 A-iragali 
 
 ib. 
 
 picea 
 
 
 194 
 
 eggs in 24, 25| 
 
 Carduorum 
 
 ib. 
 
 piceum 
 Annulata.distrib 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 ♦ U« ^.»..w^.. 
 
 
 cajmlescens 
 Craccas 
 
 376 
 416 
 
 ition 
 
 of smelling sup. 
 
 
 of the 
 
 
 75 
 
 posed to be situ- 
 
 
 Ervi 
 
 415 
 
 
 ; 1 
 
 
 ated in them 
 ANTHICUS 
 
 25 
 
 Fagi 
 flavifemoratum 
 
 376 
 ib. 
 
 character of the 
 
 ib. 
 
 Annulet, brown 
 
 
 434 
 
 antherinns 
 
 390 
 
 flavipes 
 
 ib. 
 
 ANOBILTM 
 
 
 
 florialis 
 
 376 
 
 frumentariutn 
 
 377 
 
 Abietis 
 
 
 367 
 
 fuscus 197, 
 
 376 
 
 Gyllenhalii 
 
 376 
 
 ♦bideiitatiim 
 
 
 206 
 
 ♦Hellwigii 
 
 180 
 
 haematoides 
 
 377 
 
 *Boleti 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 *monoceros 
 
 196 
 
 Hydrolapathi 
 
 390 
 
 castaneum 
 
 
 389 
 
 ANTHIDIUM 
 
 
 immune 
 
 360 
 
 molle 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 manicum 284, 
 
 428 
 
 Lathyri 
 
 415 
 
 panicum 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 ANrHOBlUM,Z,ea.'^/i 175 
 
 Ixvigalum 
 
 376 
 
 •pertinax 
 
 
 181 
 
 ANTHOMYIA 
 
 
 Loti 
 
 390 
 
 ptinoides 
 
 
 .-389 
 
 pluvialis 300, 
 
 415 
 
 Malvarum 
 
 376 
 
 rufipes 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Anthophora, Ulig. 
 
 283 
 
 Malvse 
 
 ib. 
 
 stiiatnra 
 
 181, 
 
 375 
 
 ANIHOPHORA 
 
 
 marchicum 
 
 ib. 
 
 tessellatum 
 
 181, 
 
 443 
 
 *hirsuta 
 
 287 
 
 melanopum 
 
 ib. 
 
 ANOAIALA 
 
 
 
 *quadridentata 
 
 285 
 
 Meliloti 
 
 ib. 
 
 Agricola 
 
 
 389 
 
 retusa 287, 
 
 364 
 
 nigritarse 
 
 ib- 
 
 Donovani 
 
 
 ih. 
 
 *truncornm 
 
 284 
 
 Ononis 
 
 415 
 
 Frischii 
 
 191, 
 
 389 
 
 ANTHOSOMA 
 
 
 Oxurum 
 
 376 
 
 horticola 
 
 
 3S9 
 
 bmithii 
 
 80 
 
 ruficorne 
 
 390 
 
 luricola 
 
 191, 
 
 589 
 
 Anthracii, Latr. 
 
 295 
 
 Rumicis 
 
 ib. 
 
 Anoplura, character 
 
 
 AotI lacidsE (Fam.) 
 
 ib. 
 
 Sorbi 
 
 376 
 
 of the Order 
 
 138 
 
 ANTHRAX 
 
 
 Spartii 
 
 ib. 
 
 , classification 
 
 
 Abaddon 
 
 414 
 
 subulatum 
 
 415 
 
 of 
 
 
 141 
 
 flottentotta 295, 
 
 414 
 
 subsulcatum 
 
 376 
 
 Ant 
 
 69, 
 
 27b 
 
 ANTHRENUS 
 
 
 sulcifrons 
 
 ib. 
 
 Antenna; of insects 
 
 21 
 
 Museorum 
 
 367 
 
 Ulicis 
 
 359 
 
 , discrimina- 
 
 
 Scrophulariae 50, 
 
 182, 
 
 vernale 
 
 376 
 
 tion of the 
 
 
 340 
 
 
 375 
 
 vicije 
 
 415 
 
 
 
 Verbasci 
 
 375 
 
 vicinum 
 violaceum 
 
 390 
 
 on the, bj' Bonnet 22 
 
 ANTHRIBUS 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 
 '^latirostris 
 
 199 
 
 virens 
 vorax 
 
 376 
 
 on the, bv Bons- 
 
 
 *rlunomacer 
 
 200 
 
 ib. 
 
 dorf 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 scabrosus 20O 
 
 376 
 
 Apis, Harr. 
 
 273 
 
 — — — , experiments 
 
 
 varius 
 
 376 
 
 * a. Kirhy 
 
 283 
 
 on the, by 
 
 Huh- 
 
 
 ANTHURA 
 
 
 * a. Kir by 
 
 286 
 
 ner 
 
 
 23 
 
 gracilis 
 
 107 
 
 * b. Kirby 
 
 ib. 
 
 ^..»n»:.- 
 
 nents 
 
 
 Anthuradas, (Fam.) 
 
 ib. 
 
 ** b. Kirby 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 
 on the, by 
 
 Leh- 
 
 
 Antler moth 
 
 421 
 
 ** c. 1. a. 
 
 285 
 
 mann 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Antliata,Fatr. 
 
 289 
 
 ** c. 1./3. 
 
 284 
 
 of the 
 
 long- 
 
 
 APAMHA, Oih. 
 
 251 
 
 ** 0. 2, a. 
 
 285 
 
 horned bee 
 
 coni- 
 
 
 APATURA 
 
 
 *» c. 2. /3. 
 
 284 
 
 posed of hexagons 2"! 
 
 Iris 239 
 
 ,417 
 
 ** c. 2.5. 
 
 ib. 
 
 , on thei 
 
 r use 
 
 22 
 
 I. 
 
 381 
 
 ** c. 2. y. 
 
 283-4 
 
456 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 69 
 
 Apis ** d. 1. 
 ** (1. 2. a. 
 ** e. 2. 
 Anis, Linne 
 APIS 
 *Hanksi3na 
 *bicornis 
 *CiErulea 
 *centuncularis 
 *C0Qica 
 *cyanea 
 *florisomnis 
 *longicornis 
 *manicata 
 
 mellifica 288, 
 
 ♦piiiiotata 
 •4-cincta 
 •quadripunctata 
 •retusa 
 *ruficornis 
 *terrestris 
 •variegata 
 Apius, Juri'ie 
 APHANISTICUS 
 
 emarginatus 160, 
 Aphidii, Latr. 
 Aphidaei, (Fam.) 
 Aphis, Liuiic 
 
 .NaturalHistory 
 
 of the 
 APHIS 
 Absinthii 
 
 Aceris platanoides 
 Acetosac 
 AIni 
 
 Atriplicis 
 Avenae sativae 
 Bet 11 las 
 Brassies 
 Bursaria 
 Capreas 
 CracejE 
 Dauci 
 FabiB 
 Fagi_ 
 Traxini 
 J aces 
 Juniperi 
 Laotucae 
 *lanigera 
 Lieucanthemi 
 Ligustici scotici 
 Lychnidis 
 
 287 
 98: 
 28 
 ,2Sl> 
 
 283 
 285 
 283 
 283 
 ib 
 2S3 
 284 
 28 
 284 
 35 Q 
 •286 
 282 
 28. 
 28 
 2S6 
 288 
 2«6 
 
 388 
 232 
 
 ib. 
 
 62 
 
 ib. 
 
 39 
 
 395 
 
 394 
 
 ib 
 395 
 394 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib 
 395 
 394 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib 
 595 
 394 
 
 ib 
 
 ib 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib 
 232 
 395 
 
 lb, 
 
 ib, 
 
 APHIS 
 
 Miilefolii 
 
 Padi 
 
 Pini 
 
 Plautaginis 
 
 Populi 
 
 Pruni 
 
 Pruoi-cerasi 
 
 Qiiercus 
 
 Ribis 
 
 Rosae 
 
 Rumicis Lapathi 
 
 Salicis 
 
 Sambuci 
 
 Scabiosx 
 
 Sonchi 
 
 'f'anaceti 
 
 Tiliae 
 
 Tremula; 
 
 Clmi 
 
 urticata 
 
 Vibiirni 
 .4j)hod4adae-, (Fam.) 
 APHODIUS 
 
 attaminatus 
 
 conflagratus 
 
 coprinus 
 
 depressas 
 
 erraticus 
 
 fitnetarius 
 
 fcBdatus 
 
 foetens 
 
 Fossor 
 *globosu3 
 
 giaiiaiixis 
 
 lismorrhoidalis 
 
 humeialis 
 
 icteric lis 
 
 inquiuatus 
 
 lurid us 
 
 tuerdarius 
 
 obscurus 
 
 pnsillus 
 
 rufipes ISO; 
 
 scutator 
 
 sordidus 
 
 subterraneus 
 *suIcico]lis 
 
 Sus 
 
 terrestris 
 
 testudinarius 
 
 turpis 
 
 unicolot 
 
 I APHRITIS 
 3951 auro-piibesceiis'298,415 
 894JApodaTestudo 418 
 
 3951 /. 432 
 
 ib.'APODERUS 
 
 ib.l Corvli 201, 316 
 
 394|AP0RUS 
 
 ib. unicolor 275 
 
 395]Apos, Scopoli 78 
 
 394'Apparatus used by 
 
 ib.! 'Entomologists 307 
 
 ib !April, calendar for 364 
 395 , empktvinent for 315 
 
 394 APSEUDES' 
 
 395 Talpa 109 
 394 Apsec.diadas, (Fam.) ib. 
 
 ib. Aptera, Linve 72 
 
 ib. Aptera, characters of 
 595 the Order 139, 233 
 
 394 A PUS 
 
 380 Montagui 7S 
 
 395 *productus ib, 
 189 Aquarius paludum 224 
 
 Aquatic insects, how 
 
 obtained 313 
 
 Aquatica, (Sect.) 225 
 
 Arachnides, Lam. Lair. 1 17 
 Arachnoidea,anatom. 
 
 view of the 75 
 Arachno'ida, classifi- 
 cation of the 117 
 for the micro- 
 scope 1 18, 333 
 Araignee a croix 127 
 fourmi 130 
 
 36S 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib, 
 
 ib. 
 
 lb, 
 
 ib, 
 
 ib, 
 
 190 
 
 368 
 
 ib 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib 
 
 ib, 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 368 
 
 368 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 190 
 
 368 
 
 ib 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 124, 
 
 ARANEA 
 *aquatica 
 *Diadenia 
 domestica 
 *erythnna 
 •extensa 
 *Listeri 
 *obscura 
 *opilionid8s 
 •phalangioides 
 *Pluchii 
 *saccata 
 *scenica 
 *senoculata 
 Araneadse, (Fim.) 
 
 , observations 
 
 on the, by Sir J, 
 Banks 
 
 125 
 127 
 360 
 122 
 127 
 129 
 
 ib. 
 126 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 129 
 130 
 122 
 120 
 
 120 
 
INDEX. 
 
 457 
 
 Arches moth, larred 400 
 
 -,«ac/t '246,397,431 
 -, — I. 397 
 
 -, Uasl black 386 
 
 -, dark 
 
 Aselle d'eau douce 
 
 ordinaire 
 Aseliidse (Fam.) 
 Asellu?, 0/10. 
 251,433 ASELLUS 
 401' aquaticus 
 
 llOATTUS 
 ib.i formicarius 
 
 130 
 
 — , eray ib.| •vulgaris 
 
 —, light 4i9'Asilici, 2,atr. 
 
 -, red 243,399,41 8; Asilidse, (Fam.) 
 419|ASILrS 
 
 ! crabroniformis 
 1 78, 375' 
 
 375 ASIRACA 
 
 •, silvery 
 ARCOPAGUS 
 bulbifer 
 clavicornis 
 slabrieollis 
 ARCIIA 
 Caja 
 
 ib. 
 106 
 
 110 
 ib 
 294 
 
 294 
 
 r2, 294, 
 414 
 
 ATVPUS 
 
 •Sulzer 122 
 
 Snlzeri 122, 3S7 
 
 lAuchenia hirta 196 
 
 merdia:era 211 
 
 August, Calendar for 423 
 
 , employment for315 
 
 AUTALIA, Leach 177 
 AXIUS 
 
 Siirvnchus 95 
 
 178,359, clavicornis 230, 380 Bacca, FciZr. 
 
 lAstacidx, (Fam.) 
 248,4l8|ASrACUS 
 398 •astacus 
 Chrysorrhu?a 248, 395. •atomos 
 
 4l8J *I>amffias 
 lubricij)eda 248, 31^81 Gammarus 
 
 I. 431 '^rossipes 
 
 248, 332 ♦homarus 
 ib *Lucusta 
 243, 593 •mariuus 
 431 *Xorwe^cus 
 
 Mendira 
 
 Menthrastri 
 
 papyritia 
 
 ph3eorrhcEa248,398,451 
 piantaginis 243, 393 
 — — I. 382 
 
 russula 248, 598 
 
 salicis 243, 59S, 4lS 
 V. nigra 431 
 
 viilica 248,39s 
 
 /. 332 
 
 Arctiads, (Fam.) 248 
 Ai'gent and Sable niolh 404 
 Argus iutier fly, Scotch 240 
 
 396 
 ■ v}-)od 541 
 
 ARGYNNIS 
 Adippe 237,416 
 
 /. 330 
 
 Ag'.aia 237,416 
 
 I. 380 
 
 Lathonia 237,380,416 
 Paphia 237.416 
 
 I. 330 
 
 ARGYRONETA 
 
 aquatica 125, 360 
 
 ARMADILLO 
 
 vulgaris 112, 358 
 
 Arpactus, Jurine 276 
 
 Arrack moth, 251,401, 
 
 439 
 
 Artus, the memlers 33 
 
 9 
 276 
 267 
 301 
 
 83 
 
 264,411 
 
 411 
 
 264,411 
 
 ib. 
 
 *serrati.s 
 *stri?o=u3 
 A STAT A 
 Aitaius, Kfve:. 
 Astomata, Darr.eril 
 A1ELFCYCLUS 
 
 beterodon 
 ATHALLA 
 aunulata 
 ceutifolia 
 Ro-ae 
 spinarura 
 ATHAXAS 
 niteicens 
 ATHERIX 
 maculata 
 Atopa cerviua 
 ATROPOS 
 lisnaria 
 ATTAG ENUS 
 Pellig 
 serra 
 .Atte pare 
 ATFELABUS 
 •Coryli 
 
 curculionides 201,576 
 •formicarius 165 
 
 •mclanurus 156 
 
 *aiollis 166 
 
 94'baDIST£R 
 j bipustulatus 
 
 loelB^ETis 
 
 ggj hioculata 
 
 95! BAG O US, Germ. 
 1(;5':BALAXINUS 
 
 92I atramentarius 
 i 02 Cerasorum 
 
 95 fascial us 
 
 96 fractuum 
 Gladius 
 Jongimaaus 
 macalatus G 
 
 murinus 
 Xuoum 
 Pomorum 
 nibellus 
 
 semicylindiicus 
 stygius 
 teauirostris 
 Tortrix 
 Tremulse 
 'Banchi_s, Fair. 
 99 Bank?, Sir Jos. obser- 
 vations on the 
 294, 4l4| Araneadje 
 \C'Z' Barred red 
 
 slrcic moth 
 
 ol, 427J yslLw •nnoth 
 
 299 
 
 147,364 
 
 259,410 
 204 
 
 391 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 577, 391 
 
 391 
 
 203, 377 
 
 391 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 jb. 
 
 ib. 
 377 
 
 ib. 
 269 
 
 Baumannisn Tortrix 
 182, 5~5 Beak or roitrum, 
 3S9Bfa; ry, l-o-'dered 
 
 120 
 4<)4 
 4-2t 
 
 ib. 
 365 
 
 29 
 423 
 
 150,- 
 
 54,201 
 
 -, /■ri>.i/e<i25S, 571 
 -, Br:jr/on 439 
 
 -, Can.leiwtU 2S8 
 ., Lilac 424 
 
 .,maHl€d 251,452 
 -, miner 4 20 
 
 -, meitled 4" 3 
 
458 
 
 Beauly, light moll'ed 4'23 
 
 -, oak 253,363, 403 
 
 ■ , pale oak 403 
 
 " , lawny ib. 
 
 -, willow 422 
 
 62 
 69 
 
 Bed livg 
 
 Bee (Apis) 
 
 — — , humming hird 
 
 , bread bordered 244, 
 397 
 
 , narrow bordered ib. 
 
 Belle moth 404 
 
 , lesser 407 
 
 , straw 433 
 
 — — , yellvw 424 
 
 Bembidion, Z.i/r. 148 
 
 BEMBIDIUM 
 
 acutum 364 
 
 agile 3.58 
 
 bipunctatum 387 
 
 crucigerum 361 
 
 Ephippium ib. 
 
 flavipes l48, 361, 373, 
 428 
 Guttula 361 
 
 littorale 365 
 
 pallipes 373 
 
 poecilliim 443 
 
 properans ib. 
 
 pmicticolle 361 
 
 4-guttatum 364 
 
 lulipes 361 
 
 Spencii 442 
 
 Bergminnian Torlrix 436 
 
 BERIS 
 
 clavipes 372 
 
 nigritarsis 291, 372 
 
 BEROSUS 
 
 luridus 186,362 
 
 EERriTS 
 
 tipulariiis222, 394,438 
 
 Betliyllu.«, Panz. 274 
 
 Belony moth, vSaler 252, 
 370, 399 
 
 Birch, gray 384 
 
 Biids, feathers of, for 
 
 the microscope 333 
 
 Bird's-wingmolh 252,399 
 
 BISTON 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bitomaunipunctata 208 
 BITURUS 
 
 I fumatiis 374 
 
 tomentosus 1 70, 374 
 
 Blackamoor moth 401 
 
 Black beetle 61 
 
 Black-neck m. 4r^3 
 
 Black-veined m. 404 
 
 Black ivaved h. m. ib. 
 BLAP.S 
 
 lethifera 389 
 
 mortisaga 59, 192, 369 
 
 Blapsids, (Fam.) 192 
 
 Biastus 88 
 
 tetraodon ib. 
 
 BLATTA 220 
 
 livida 380 
 
 orientalis 61 
 
 BLEDIUS, Leach 174 
 BLETHISA 
 
 miiltipunctata 152,365 
 Blood, in small fish, 
 an object for the 
 microscope 333 
 
 Blood-vein molh, large 424 
 
 , small ib. 
 
 363 
 436 
 3s5 
 436 
 
 Blossom Un'!erwing 
 BloUhback, hi own 
 
 , silver 
 
 tawny 
 
 Betularia 
 hirtaria 
 hispidaria 
 pedaria 
 
 253, 403 
 
 253, 371 
 
 360 
 
 363 
 
 prodromaria 253, 363 
 
 , triple striped 386 
 
 Blue, asiiTe242, 381, 450 
 , Bedford 242, 38 J, 
 
 417 
 
 , ihalk-Ull 241,417 
 
 , Clifden 241, 381, 
 
 430 
 
 , common ib. 
 
 I. 370,417 
 
 , large 4 1 7 
 
 , mazarine 242, 381, 
 
 417 
 , studded 242,417 
 
 BOMBUS 
 
 BarbiiteUa 
 
 Beckwithella 
 
 Burrellana 
 
 campestris 
 
 Cullumana 
 
 Ciirtisella 
 
 Derhamella 
 
 Donovanella 
 
 flavicollis 
 
 floralis 
 
 Fosterella 
 
 fragrans 
 
 Fraiiciilonana 
 
 Francisana 
 
 Harrisella 
 
 hortorum 
 
 Jonella 
 
 lapidaria 
 
 Latreillilla 
 
 Leeaiia 
 
 lucorum 
 
 Muscorum 
 
 pratorum 
 
 Raiella 
 
 Rossiella 
 
 rupestris 
 
 Schrimshirana 
 
 Sorensis 
 
 subinterruptus 
 
 snbterranea 
 
 syl varum 
 
 terrestris 288, 
 
 'I'unstallaDa 
 
 vestalis 
 
 virginalis 
 Bombycidae (Fam.) 
 Bombycites, Lair. 
 Bombyliaria, Latr, 
 Bombylidae (Fam.) 
 
 L 
 
 370 
 
 344 
 
 20'; 
 
 ib 
 
 B'jdy (corpus) 
 Boletaria, Marsh. 
 
 quadripustulata 
 BOLILOPHAGUS 
 
 Agaricola 194, 300 
 
 BOLITOBIUS, Z-eacA 176 
 
 BOMBUS 
 agroriim 414 
 
 Aibinella 437 
 
 414 
 413 
 414 
 372 
 414 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 428 
 413 
 414 
 437 
 413 
 414 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib, 
 
 ib. 
 437 
 414 
 437 
 413 
 387 
 414 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 372 
 414 
 457 
 423 
 414 
 
 ib. 
 428 
 245 
 245 
 295 
 295 
 
 BOMBYLIUS 
 
 major 72,295, 572 
 medius 372 
 
 iiiinor 428 
 
 BombyX; Hubner 246 
 antiqua 431, 439 
 
 caeriileocephala 431 
 
 I. 382 
 
 cassinea 439 
 
 /. 382 
 
 ♦compressus 254 
 
 coryli 
 coryli 
 
 250 370,418 
 L 382, 439 
 
Bombyx 
 *cartula 24^ 
 
 L 439 
 
 Doclona-a 399 
 
 gonostigmata 418, 43'2 
 Qiiercea 399 
 
 ♦reclusa 247 
 
 L 439 
 
 Roboris 399, 439 
 
 Bombyx Quercus, cu- 
 rious account of 313 
 
 Bones, calcined, for 
 
 the microscope 533 
 
 Bonnet's experiments 
 on the antennae 
 of insects 22 
 
 Bonsdorli's experiments 
 on the antennae 
 of insects ib. 
 
 Border, small blue 434 
 
 , clouded 385, 423 
 
 , lace 424 
 
 Bordered, blatk 403 
 
 Bostrichus Typogra 
 phns 
 cylindriciis 
 
 Bostricidas, (Fam.) 
 
 Bostricini, Latr. 
 
 Bot-fly, method of de- 
 positing its eggs 
 
 Bots of horses 
 
 205 
 
 206 
 
 205 
 
 ib. 
 
 9 
 
 
 BOTYS 
 
 anguinalis 
 
 angustulus 
 
 arcualis 
 
 atralis 
 
 cespitalis 
 
 cineralis 
 
 cingulalis 
 
 cuciillatalis 
 
 elutalis 
 
 ferriigalis 
 
 flavalis 
 
 forficalis 
 
 glabralis 
 
 hyliridaiis 
 
 hyalinalis 
 
 Lemnata 
 
 limbalis 
 
 literal is 
 
 longalis 
 
 lutealis 
 
 tiebulalis 
 
 427 
 426 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 427 
 4C8 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 BOTYS 
 
 
 nivealis 
 
 408 
 
 Nymphasata 
 
 420 
 
 oclireaiis 
 
 42(1 
 
 ostrinaiis 
 
 427 
 
 Porphyrialis 
 
 ib. 
 
 Potamogeta 
 
 426 
 
 pulcalis 
 
 ib. 
 
 puiiicealis 
 
 ib. 
 
 purpuralis 255, 
 
 38 C, 
 
 Sanibiu-ata 
 
 426 
 
 sericealis 
 
 lb. 
 
 sordiilalis 
 
 427 
 
 S ratiotalis 
 
 425 
 
 strigulalis 
 
 386 
 
 terminalis 
 
 426 
 
 tetragonalis 
 
 436 
 
 urticata 
 
 426 
 
 verbascalis 
 
 ib. 
 
 vemcalis 
 
 ib. 
 
 Box, pocket collecting 
 
 '303 
 
 Braces, their use 
 
 309 
 
 BRACHINUS 
 
 
 crepitans 154, 
 
 373 
 
 Brachypterus, Klug. 
 
 170 
 
 Bracliyrinus argen- 
 
 
 taius 
 
 202 
 
 Rrachviira, (Order) 
 
 82 
 
 BR AC ON 
 
 
 Desertor 270, 
 
 412 
 
 BRANCHIOPODA 
 
 
 stagnaiis 
 
 81 
 
 Breast, Pectus 
 
 31 
 
 Breeding cages 
 
 3(>i- 
 
 , the most con 
 
 - 
 
 450 
 
 Brindle, small 360 
 
 Brindled, dusky 426 
 
 , white 408 
 
 iarred yelloiv 371 
 
 venient size of 
 — , deal, olijec- 
 
 (iunable 
 AQfj'Bremus, Jurine 
 
 425!BREPH, Huh. 252 
 
 426'Brpplios, Oh. ib. 
 
 i<26Bri,/c-moih 44l 
 
 ib. iBr>ghtfy< l"ovjn line 421 
 
 ih.'BrimstO'tt, h. 236,395,429 
 
 ib. ! , TO . 37 1 , 406, 434 
 
 425, ^^dB'indie, clnudrd 419 
 
 426i , slender-ct. ib 
 
 425 , small- 1 1. 40 1 
 
 426: , clouded bo'- 
 
 425| dertd 252,419 
 
 426! ,dark 371 
 
 Broad-barred T.,ilrix 441 
 B'Otade, beautiful 400 
 
 , dark ib. 
 
 , £reat 419 
 
 , hght 400 
 
 , pa e-shouldet' 
 
 ed 400 
 
 Broom moth 250,251,401 
 
 I. 283 
 
 - Tip 384 
 BROSCU.S 
 
 ephal .tes 153,365 
 
 Brown-bar, g eat 251 , 403 
 
 BroU'n,buite'py, blackspot 
 
 242,381, 417 
 
 /. 370, 396 
 
 , meadow 240, 396 
 
 , srnail "endow 240 
 
 ,u'hiit"pu 242,417 
 
 , rru'th, marbled 399 
 
 , hinar maibled ib. 
 
 '. ib. 
 
 ,pal.e shining 400,4 1 9 
 
 Bioicn-eye bnght line 383 
 Buiun tail mu. 248, 431 
 
 /. 398 
 
 BrowiTmea, clouded 360 
 Br,.w b rdered Tor- 364 
 r.ruchelffi, Lotr. 199 
 
 Bnichidse, (Fam.) ib. 
 
 ■ RUCHUS 
 
 aler 
 
 Pisi 53, 
 
 seminarius 
 B'-ussels Lnie m 
 
 360 
 
 200, 376 
 
 390 
 
 424 
 
 • , forked-striped ib. 
 -, pale 365 
 
 BKYAXIS 
 
 fiissula a 
 
 haematica 
 
 impres.sa 
 
 Jiincornm 
 
 longicnrnis 
 
 sansuinea 
 l!UCE,MF.S 
 
 ciiiereus 
 B jr, cUr^ded 
 
 , creited 
 
 , small-dotted 
 
 Tip 24 
 
 375 
 359 
 
 179,375 
 367 
 
 179, 367 
 367 
 
 298 
 
 248, 398 
 425 
 403 
 393 
 
 439 
 
4m 
 
 Bull-rvsh moth 251, 432 
 BUP.ALUS 
 
 pinariiis 253 
 
 BuprestiaiJa; (Fanti.) 16(1 
 Btiprestis, Geff. 144 
 
 BUPRESTIS 
 
 bigiittata 58,160,388 
 
 *eniarginatus 160 
 
 *iniiuita ib. 
 
 viridis 160,388 
 
 Burnet,five-sj)olled 597 
 
 , six-spulted 245, 397 
 
 ■ molk 403 
 
 Burnished brass 250, 403 
 
 ,S(arce 403 
 
 Button Tortrix, Bay- 
 
 .'houldered 359 
 
 . , dark-slreaked A3b 
 
 Bultertiies, melhod of 
 
 arranging 322 
 
 — — , method of set- 
 ting 321) 
 Byrrlii, Lair. 182 
 ByrrhidoD (Fam.) l82 
 
 BVRRHUS 
 
 dorsalis 367 
 
 fasciatus 362 
 
 inurinus 367 
 Pilula 50, 182,362 
 
 ♦Scrophulaiite 132 
 
 setnistriatiis 360 
 
 varius 367 
 BYTUINUS 
 
 Ciirtisii 178, 3s?Q 
 
 secuiiger ' 375 
 
 C.ichxUyB. 417 
 
 /. 396 
 
 C;EL10XYS 
 
 con'.ca 285, 428 
 
 Callage-moth, 400, 419, 
 432 
 
 Cabinet for insects, form 
 ofa 310 
 
 Cabinet, metbod of ar- 
 ranging insects in322 
 
 — — — , number of draw- 
 ers for a 310 
 
 Cabinets must be kept 
 dry 311 
 
 — should be well 
 camphoiijil 312 
 
 — — , sn)aII,rccom- 
 iriendcd 311 
 
 INDEX 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 CALANDRA 
 
 
 
 CANCER 
 
 
 pranaria 
 
 204, 
 
 362 
 
 *grossimanus 
 
 103 
 
 lignaria 
 
 
 562 
 
 *gross;pes 
 
 105 
 
 CALATHUS 
 
 
 
 *hirte]lus 
 
 86 
 
 cisteloides 
 
 152 
 
 361 
 
 *liorridus 
 
 90 
 
 littoralis 
 
 
 387 
 
 *incisus 
 
 8G 
 
 nielanocephal 
 
 us 
 
 361 
 
 *!atipes 
 
 84 
 
 CALEPTERYX 
 
 
 
 *littoreus 
 
 102 
 
 hidovicia 
 
 
 410 
 
 * Locusta 
 
 104 
 
 Virgo 
 
 259, 
 
 410 
 
 *nitescens 
 
 99 
 
 CALLIANASSA 
 
 
 
 *Norwegicus 
 
 96 
 
 subterranea 
 
 
 94 
 
 * Manas 
 
 84 
 
 CALLIDIUM 
 
 
 
 *Maja 89, 9(» 
 
 *Arietis 
 
 
 210 
 
 *marmoreus 
 
 85 
 
 bajulurn 
 
 
 392 
 
 *palmatus 
 
 103 
 
 violaceum 
 
 210 
 
 392 
 
 Pagurus 
 
 85 
 
 CALLIGUS 
 
 
 
 *pedatus 
 
 105 
 
 Mulleri 
 
 
 13 
 
 'personatns 
 
 83 
 
 CALLIMORPHA 
 
 
 *Phalangiuni 
 
 91 
 
 Dominula 
 
 248 
 
 398 
 
 *Phasma 
 
 106 
 
 /. 
 
 
 382 
 
 *platycheles 
 
 92 
 
 fuliginosa 
 
 
 399 
 
 *puber 
 
 84 
 
 Jacubaea 
 
 248, 
 
 399 
 
 *rubricatus 
 
 104 
 
 I. 
 
 
 431 
 
 *rugosus 
 
 93 
 
 Rosea 248, 
 
 399, 
 
 418 
 
 *Saltator 
 
 102 
 
 CALLISTUS 
 
 
 
 *ucorpio 
 
 90 
 
 lunatus 
 
 
 150 
 
 *sedentarius 
 
 101 
 
 CALOBATA 
 
 
 
 *spinosus 
 
 102 
 
 filiformis 
 
 
 299 
 
 *squilla 
 
 98 
 
 CAL0.50MA 
 
 
 
 *sqainado 
 
 89 
 
 Inquisitor 
 
 146 
 
 38'7 
 
 *stagnalis 
 
 81 
 
 Sycophanta 
 
 146, 
 
 387 
 
 *strigosus 
 
 93 
 
 Camphor, crystals ol 
 
 , for 
 
 *subierraneus 
 
 94 
 
 the microscope 
 
 337 
 
 *tetraodon 
 
 88 
 
 
 „ fn. 
 
 ca- 
 
 *tuberusus 
 *velutinus 
 
 91 
 84 
 
 binets 
 
 312 
 
 CampioH-moth, 
 
 251, 
 
 420 
 
 CancendaB (Fam.) 
 
 85 
 
 C'AMPTECOPEA 
 
 
 Cantliaridae 
 
 197 
 
 birsuta 
 
 
 107 
 
 Cantbaris, Linne, 
 
 56, 
 
 CANCER 
 
 
 
 163, 164, 
 
 196 
 
 *angulatus 
 
 
 87 
 
 CANTHARI3 
 
 
 *aiaiieus 
 
 
 89 
 
 *aBnea 
 
 165 
 
 *articulosus 
 
 
 103 
 
 *biguttata 
 
 5Q 
 
 *aspera 
 
 
 88 
 
 *fusca 5& 
 
 164 
 
 *Astaciis 
 
 
 95 
 
 *scrraticorni3 
 
 163 
 
 *Bt.'rniiardus 
 
 
 92 
 
 vfsicatoria 198, 
 
 390 
 
 *biaculealkis 
 
 
 88 
 
 CAPRELLA 
 
 
 *bipes 
 
 
 100 
 
 Phasma 
 
 105 
 
 *Bufo 
 
 
 89 
 
 Caprelladaj (Fam.) 
 
 ib. 
 
 *cassivelaunus 
 
 
 83 
 
 CAPSUS 
 
 
 *corrugatus 
 
 
 85 
 
 ater 222, 
 
 380 
 
 *crangon 
 
 
 96 
 
 rulicoHis 
 
 394 
 
 * Dorsettensis 
 
 
 90 
 
 spifsicornis 
 
 ib. 
 
 *Gamiiiarus 
 
 95, 
 
 110 
 
 Caput the head 21, 
 
 342 
 
461 
 
 Carabidae (Fam.) 
 
 144 
 
 CARCINUS 
 
 
 Carabus, Linn. 
 
 59 
 
 Msenas 
 
 84 
 
 CARABIJS 
 
 
 Carpenter, the, or mil- 
 
 *arenarius 
 
 146 
 
 lipede 
 
 
 arvensis 
 *aterrimus 
 
 387 
 151 
 
 CARPELLMUS, Kir 
 
 174 
 
 catenulatas, 'i^S, 
 
 146, 
 
 Carpet, Autumn 
 
 441 
 
 
 560 
 
 , leautijul 
 
 404 
 
 *cephalotes 
 
 153 
 
 , beech-green 
 
 434 
 
 *chrysostomus 
 
 156 
 
 , hlue-hjrdered 
 
 404. 
 
 *cinctus 
 
 15'2 
 
 
 434 
 
 *cistfcluides 
 
 ib. 
 
 , blunt-angled 
 
 405 
 
 clathratus 
 
 364 
 
 , briiken-barred 
 
 406 
 
 *complanatus 
 
 146 
 
 , chalk 
 
 424 
 
 ^crepitans 
 *Crux-tninor 
 
 154 
 155 
 
 , clnaked 
 
 , commnn 385 
 
 406 
 434 
 
 *cupieus 
 
 153 
 
 , degenerate 
 
 454 
 
 *cj'ancus 
 
 145 
 
 — — , February 
 
 560 
 
 *cyanocephalus 
 *deprcssus 
 
 155 
 154 
 
 ,Jlame 
 
 , Galium 
 
 4-24 
 405 
 
 *ditnidiatus 
 
 175 
 
 , garden. 
 
 384 
 
 *distans 
 
 153 
 
 —T-> Sf-ay 
 
 422 
 
 *festivus 
 
 ]5l 
 
 , gree7i 
 
 404 
 
 *gilibus 
 
 150 
 
 , insulated 37] 
 
 385 
 
 *gibbosus 
 
 ib. 
 
 , large 
 
 433 
 
 glabratus 
 
 387 
 
 , least 
 
 406 
 
 *granulatus 
 
 146 
 
 ■-, lesser satin 
 
 402 
 
 *hortensis 
 
 ib. 
 
 , marbled 424 
 
 ,435 
 
 •hiimeralis 
 
 154 
 
 , brown-marbled 
 
 384 
 
 *intricatus 
 
 145 
 
 , common-mar hied ib.| 
 
 intricatiis 
 
 375 
 
 
 424 
 
 *leucopthalmus 
 
 152 
 
 , yellow-marbled 
 
 584, 
 
 *lunatus 
 
 150 
 
 
 435 
 
 *monilis 
 
 146 
 
 
 434 
 
 monilis 
 
 373 
 
 , red-green 
 
 443 
 
 morbillosiis, 146, 
 
 364. 
 
 , rufous 
 
 405 
 
 
 443 
 
 , sandy 
 
 406 
 
 *multipunctatus 
 
 152 
 
 , scttrched 404 
 
 , sharp- angled 
 
 434 
 
 nemoralis 145 
 
 36( 
 
 424 
 
 nilens 
 
 373 
 
 , short-barred 
 
 384 
 
 *pi]icornis 
 
 *pumicatus 
 
 *rostratus 
 
 150 
 
 , twin-spot 
 
 424 
 
 155 
 145 
 
 , waved 
 
 , ivater 
 
 384 
 371 
 
 *secalis 
 
 149 
 
 , wood 
 
 423 
 
 *sex-punctatus 
 
 150 
 
 CASSIDA 
 
 
 *spinibarbis 
 
 147 
 
 cnientata 
 
 378 
 
 *staphylionoides 
 
 175 
 
 equestris 211 
 
 378 
 
 *StrioIa 
 
 154 
 
 maculata 52) 
 
 429 
 
 ♦tenuis 
 
 153 
 
 marcida 
 
 378 
 
 *vestitus 
 
 15) 
 
 *imirra:a 
 
 52 
 
 violaceus 145 
 
 360 
 
 nebulosa 
 
 429 
 
 *vivalis 
 
 151 
 
 nobilis 
 
 378 
 
 *vulgaris 
 
 152 
 
 Spergulx 
 
 416 
 
 CARADKINA, Ocli. 
 
 251 
 
 simiiis 
 
 378 
 
 CASSIDA 
 
 splendidula 373 
 
 *viridis 211 
 
 Catalogue of insects, 
 
 how formed 323 
 
 CATER ETES 
 
 bipustulatiis 566 
 
 rufilabrisv 170,366 
 
 Catiipilliis all hatcb- 
 
 eil from eggs 40 
 change tbeir 
 
 colouraftermoult- 
 
 change their 
 
 skin 40 
 
 — , method of 
 collecting 307 
 
 — , time for col- 
 lecting 315,316 
 
 , each kind 
 
 should be kept 
 
 by themselves 310 
 
 — , method of 
 
 518 
 
 preserving 
 CATOPS 
 *brevicornis 
 
 chrysomeloides 
 *elongatus 
 nigricans 
 
 sericeus 168, 
 
 Cauda, the tail 
 
 ; discrimination 
 of the 343 
 
 CECIDOMYIA 
 
 Ir.tea 291, 387, 437 
 Cemonus unicolor 278 
 Centris, Fabr. 285 
 
 Cephaieia, Jurine 
 Cephaloculus, Lam. 
 Cephalotes, Bonelli 
 CEPHUS 
 
 pygmxiis 267, 412 
 
 Cerambycini, Latr. 
 
 CERAMBYX 
 
 ^asdiiis 
 
 *arcuatus 
 
 *Arietis 
 
 *coriariiis 
 
 *lineato-collis 
 
 moschatus 55, 209, 39'2 
 
 *nebulosus 209 
 
 *oculatus ib. 
 
 *Textor 55, 209 
 
 *violaceus 210 
 
 169 
 366 
 168 
 366 
 366 
 33 
 
 267 
 
 81 
 
 153 
 
 209 
 
 ib. 
 
 55 
 210 
 208 
 209 
 
462 
 
 CERASTIS, Ock. 252 
 CERAllNA 
 
 carulea 283,413 
 
 CERAIOPHYTUM 
 
 Latreillii 161,429 
 
 CERCERIS 
 
 quadr'K-inctiis 279, 415 
 CERCOPIS 
 
 sanguinoleiita 231, 394 
 Cercus rufilafaris 170 
 
 CERCYON 
 
 laterale 
 
 melanocephalum 
 
 CHERMES 
 Betulx AIni 
 
 Chesnut jnoth 
 barred 
 
 362 
 
 U 
 
 362 
 ib, 
 ib 
 ib, 
 ib. 
 ib 
 
 minutum 
 
 quisquilium 
 
 simile 
 
 sordidum 
 
 terminatutn 
 
 unipunctatiim 188,362 
 Cereopidje, (Earn.) 230 
 CERl A 
 CEROPALES 
 
 tnaculata 
 Cerophytum 
 
 roides 
 CERURA 
 
 bifida 
 
 Furcula 
 
 29' 
 
 27o 
 
 Elate- 
 
 161 
 
 I. 
 
 Minax 
 Viniilia 
 
 I. 
 
 CERYLON 
 bipunctatiim 
 dermestoides 
 bisteroides 
 
 CETONIA 
 aurata 
 l. 
 
 398 
 248,418 
 
 439 
 
 398 
 24S, 382 
 
 43 
 
 39r 
 
 231 
 
 252, 440 
 
 421 
 
 , bearded 440 
 
 , dark bfardfd ib. 
 
 , pale bearded ib. 
 
 , black ib. 
 
 , dark ib. 
 
 , flounced ib. 
 
 , iron ib, 
 
 , marbled 443 
 
 — — , netted 440 
 
 , red 36 
 
 , veiny 440 
 
 Chevron moth 384 
 
 Cheyletidsp, (Earn.) 135 
 Chi moth 251,432 
 
 CHILOCORUS 
 
 bipnstulatus 393, 438 
 Cacti 215,438 
 
 4-verruratus 393, 438 
 Chilognatha, Order 115 
 Chimney- sweeper , loop- 
 ing 406 
 
 — 's boy 409 
 
 China-mark^ beautiful 426 
 425 
 426 
 ib. 
 425 
 ib. 
 426 
 425 
 426 
 ib 
 
 garden 
 -, gold 
 -, large 
 -, lettered 
 -, ringed 
 -, rusty 
 -, small 
 -, straw 
 
 *fasciata 
 CHALCIS 
 
 clavipes 
 CHELIFER 
 
 fasciatus 
 
 Geoffrey i 
 
 Hernianni 
 
 Latreillii 
 
 Mnsroriim 
 CHELOSrOMA 
 
 florisomne 284, 4l3 
 Chequered, da' k 
 CJiermes, Linne 
 
 BetuliB 
 
 ib. — , small straw 
 
 206, .391 CHIRONOMUS 
 
 I plumosiis290, 387, 437 
 192, 375CIIL^NIUS 
 
 362 festivus 151,561 
 
 19V Chocolate T.p 37( 
 
 j 1. 43y 
 
 271,412: , small 382 
 
 1. 439 
 
 119CH0LEVA 
 
 558 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 372 
 
 441 
 
 63 
 
 231 
 
 agilis 
 *brunnea 
 
 oblonga 168, 
 
 Chiistiernian Tortrix 
 Chrysididae, (Fatn.) 
 Cbrvsidides, Latr, 
 CHRYSIS 
 
 affinis 
 
 *aurata 
 
 566 
 169 
 365 
 407 
 271 
 ib 
 
 412 
 
 a:i2 
 
 CHRYSIS 
 bidentata 
 cyanea 
 efliilgens 
 fulgida 
 ignita 
 * Panzeri 
 Stroudera 
 CHRYSOMELA 
 aucta 
 Banksii 
 Betulse 
 *Boleti 
 *buprestoides 
 *caraboides 
 *ceramboides 
 *cerviiia 
 
 clavicornis 
 *coccinea 
 
 coriaria 
 
 10-notata 
 
 10-punctata 
 *eIongata 
 
 fastuosa 
 
 fulgida 
 
 Goettingensis 
 
 Graminis 
 
 baenioptera 
 *halensis 
 *bemispliwrica 
 *hirta 
 
 Hyperici 
 
 Hypochaeridis 
 
 linibata 
 
 l.itura 
 
 lurid a 
 
 marginella 
 
 margiiiata 
 *merdigera 
 *oIeracea 
 
 pallida 
 
 polita 
 
 Polygoni 
 
 Populi 
 *quadripunctata 
 
 quinqueingis 
 
 sanguinolenta 
 *sericea 
 
 staphylea 
 *Tanaceti 
 
 tenebricosa 
 *testacea 
 
 TremuJse 
 
 unicolor 
 
 68,419 
 
 413 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 272, 412 
 272 
 412 
 
 369 
 
 213,379 
 379 
 194 
 185 
 195 
 jb. 
 162 
 379 
 215 
 53, 369 
 393 
 ib. 
 165 
 392 
 416 
 369 
 392 
 379 
 212 
 163 
 196 
 379 
 ib. 
 369 
 
 213, 362 
 393 
 
 213, 369 
 393 
 53,211 
 212 
 379 
 369 
 ib. 
 379 
 214 
 379 
 369 
 213 
 369 
 53, 212 
 369 
 312 
 379 
 593 
 
INDEX. 
 
 463 
 
 CFTRVSOMET.A 
 
 
 
 vanans 
 
 
 416 
 
 Vitellinae 
 
 
 393 
 
 Chrysoineliclae 
 
 (Fam.) 
 211 
 
 Chiysomelin^ 
 
 ,Latr.\[). 
 
 CHRVSOPA 
 
 
 
 alba 
 
 
 410 
 
 capitata 
 
 fulvocephala 
 
 Peria 
 
 260 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 410 
 
 reticulata 
 
 
 410 
 
 CHRYSOPS 
 
 
 
 csecutiens 
 
 293, 
 
 414 
 
 CHRVSOTOXUM. 
 
 
 arcuatuin 
 
 297 
 
 415 
 
 CIMF.X I ,ru/oui 
 
 \ *acuminatus 221 Ciear-under-wing 
 
 *bi(leiis ib. Clearur.vg, Mack & 
 
 lectulaiius,62, 223, 3941 white bordered 
 
 *niarginatus 
 •pi-asiiius 
 •stagnorum 
 ♦tipularius 
 *tipuloicles 
 Cimicidae, (Fam.) 
 
 222 
 
 22ll 
 224 
 
 222 
 223 
 223 
 
 421 
 397 
 
 397 
 ib. 
 
 Cimicides, 1. 1. Latr. 224 
 
 CICADA 
 
 Anglica ? 
 
 *cornuta 
 
 *5aDguinolenta 
 
 viridis 
 Cicadarise I. Lair. 
 Cicadarise II. Lair. 
 Cicadiadx (Fam.) 
 Cicindela, Oliv. 
 CICINDELA 
 
 *aquatica 
 
 campestris, 
 
 229 
 394 
 23) 
 
 ib. 
 
 61 
 229 
 230 
 229 
 156 
 
 57, 
 
 148 
 
 144, 
 
 560 
 
 144,387 
 
 ib. 
 
 Germanica 
 
 hybrida 
 
 sylvatica, 57, 144, 387 
 -Cicindeliadae (Fam.) 144 
 CILEX 
 
 compressa 
 
 CILTSSA 
 
 tricincta 
 CILLENUS 
 
 lateralis 
 CIMBEX 
 annulata 
 lO-macuIata 
 europjea 
 ♦fascial a 
 •femora ta 
 Griffiiiii 
 humeralis 
 •lata 
 inaculata 
 *maFginala 
 *sericea 
 ▼ariant 
 
 254, 385, 
 435 
 
 281 
 
 148, 373 
 
 427 
 ib. 
 262, 427 
 263 
 262 
 427 
 
 1.2. Latr. 
 II. Lair. 
 
 Cinnabar moth 
 
 248, 399 
 431 
 238 
 
 Cinthia Cardui 
 CIONUS 
 
 bipusliilatus 
 
 Ilortulanus 
 
 immunis 
 
 Scrophulariae 203, 391 
 
 Thapsi ib. 
 
 Ciron de laGiile 133 
 
 CIS 
 
 bidentatus 
 
 Boleti 
 
 concinnus 
 Cisida, (Fam.) 206 
 
 Cistela, Mar^A. 183 
 
 , Oliv. 162 
 
 391 
 ib. 
 
 378 
 
 391 
 
 206, 378 
 
 391 
 
 , currant 
 
 , ftane-tipped 
 
 red- bordered 418 
 — -, red-belted 417 
 
 , six-belled 397 
 
 , yellow-legged ib. 
 
 , yellow-tailed ib. 
 
 CLEPTES 
 
 aurata 413 
 
 semi-aurata 271, 412 
 
 Clems *formicarius 165 
 *mollis 166 
 
 CLITELLARIA 
 
 Ephippiiim 292, 4l4 
 
 CLIVINA 
 
 CISTELA 
 'angustata 
 
 castanea 
 
 ceramboides 
 
 fnlvipes 
 
 fuse a 
 
 humeralis 
 
 murina 
 
 nigra 
 
 sulphurea 
 CIXIUS 
 
 iiervosus 
 CLADIUS 
 
 1 
 
 390 
 
 195, 390 
 
 ib 
 
 *arenaria 753 
 
 Fossor 153,361 
 
 *gil)ba 154 
 
 saiiguinea 365 
 
 CLCEON 
 
 pallida 259, 410 
 
 CLOSTERA, Hnffm. 247 
 
 curtula 370 
 
 reclusa 382 
 
 Cl tlhes molh 249 
 
 Cloud, silver 382 
 
 Clouded yellow B. 236,395 
 
 429 
 
 , pale 236, 429 
 
 Clover moth, marbled 252, 
 422- 
 
 ib.lCLUBIONA 
 
 ib.l atrox 
 375 lapidicola 
 369! Nutrix 
 
 124 
 123,360 
 124, 415 
 
 195, SPOClypeus, shields of the 
 
 mouth 
 230, 380;CLYTHRA 
 4-punctata 
 
 30 
 
 difformis 266, 412, 427| tridentata 
 
 214, 39$ 
 393 
 
 CLAVELLARIA 
 
 Amerinas 411 
 
 marginata 263, 41 1 
 Clavicera, TValck. 
 ib.|claws, Ungues 
 Q63 Clay moth, bright 
 4271 eyed 
 863——, dotted 
 ibJ ', ingrailed 
 
 iT " 'I , purple 
 
 42' 
 
 CLYTUS 
 Alni 
 
 arcuatus 
 283j Arietis 
 35 mysticns 
 
 iCnemidotu , Illig. 
 42l'Coccida2, (Fam.) 
 433COCCINELLA 
 421 1 bis-6-guttata 
 43Si •Cacti 
 
 S9'2 
 
 ib. 
 
 210, 392 
 
 392 
 157 
 
 2sa 
 
 S9S 
 215 
 
464 
 
 COCClNF.T.L\ 
 
 cong:Iobata 
 
 Gonglouieiata ib. 
 
 dispar 339 
 
 12. punctata 438 
 
 globosa 362, 438 
 
 bicroglyphica 393 
 
 humeralis 359 
 
 impustulata 393 
 
 ■jiiscabilis 359 
 
 lateralis 393 
 
 mutabilis 429 
 
 19-punctata 438 
 oblongo-guttata 369 
 
 ocellala 393 
 
 ]8-p;iittata 362,393 
 
 5-punctata Sl'3, 438 
 
 14-guttata 52,393 
 
 l4-pustulata 393 
 
 7-punctata 215, 359 
 
 IC-guttata 438 
 
 l3-punctata ib 
 
 ]1 -punctata S93 
 
 22-punctata 362, 393, 
 438 
 
 variabilis 359 
 Coccineliida;, (Fatn.) 215 
 COCCUS 
 
 Abietis 395 
 
 Aceris ib. 
 
 Alni ib. 
 
 Betulae ib. 
 
 Cacti 65, 233 
 
 conchiformis 395 
 
 CaprcK ib. 
 
 Carpini ib. 
 
 Coryli jb. 
 
 catafractus ib. 
 
 Fragarise ib 
 
 fuscns ib, 
 
 Mespili ib. 
 
 Oxyacanthae ib. 
 
 Persicse ib, 
 
 Phalaridis ib 
 
 Pilosellae ib. 
 
 polonichus ib. 
 
 Quercus ib. 
 
 Salicis ib. 
 
 Serratulae ib. 
 
 TiliK ib. 
 
 Ulmi ib. 
 
 Uva-ursi ib. 
 
 variegatus ib. 
 
 ]C'ick Rmch 
 393 CoULin Tortrix 
 
 61 
 425 
 
 Coleoptera, Lmn. 47, 216 
 
 Marsh. 216 
 
 characters of 
 
 138 
 
 l4i 
 
 322 
 
 Cochineal, how made, 63 
 
 the order 
 
 ■ ^lass^fication 
 of the order 
 
 method of ar- 
 ranging 
 
 -—— method of pre- 
 serving & setting 319 
 
 open winged, 
 
 specimens how 
 set ib. 
 
 COLLETES 
 
 fodiens 42'"; 
 
 succincta 280, 4 
 COL! AS 
 
 Ediisa 236, 429 
 
 Hyale 236, 393, 429 
 Colours 34 
 
 COLOCASIA {Och.) 230 
 Colydium frumenta 
 
 rinm 208 
 
 COL YM BETES 
 
 abbreviatus 373 
 
 agilis 429 
 
 bipunctatns t. 359 
 bipustuiatus ib 
 
 colconatus 388 
 
 eollaris 37C 
 
 conspersus ib 
 
 fenestratus 383 
 
 fontinalis 415 
 
 fuliginosus 44 
 
 maculatus 158, 373 
 Dotatus 373 
 
 oblongus 388 
 
 obscurus 373 
 
 politus 365 
 
 striatus 158, 365 
 
 uliginosus 359 
 
 vitreus 388 
 
 Comma, B. 238 
 
 Commons, near Lon- 
 don 313 
 Comparative anatomj', 
 
 object of 
 Cona, Schel. 
 CONOCEPHALUS 
 
 griseus 
 
 varius 
 
 verrucivorus 
 
 CONOCEPHALUS 
 
 viridissimiis 218,433 
 CONORS 
 
 aculeata 293,415 
 
 maciocepbala 72 
 
 Conopsarii, Latr, 298 
 
 Ocinopsidse (Fam.) ib. 
 Convex glasses, table 
 
 of the powers of 325 
 Copper, common 396, 430 
 
 -, large 241, 417 
 
 — — , middle 430 
 
 ,pMTjDZe-e<fg-ed24l ,430 
 
 , scarce 24 1 
 
 , small 241,370 
 
 Cupper Underiuitig 432 
 Coj ridK, (Fam.) 
 COPRIS 
 
 lunaris 1 88, 
 Coprophagi, I. Lair. 
 , 11. Lair. 
 
 188 
 
 36S 
 188 
 189 
 
 COR DULEG ASTER 
 CORDULIA 
 
 senea 258,410 
 
 annnlata 258, 410 
 
 Ccreidffi, (Fam.) 221 
 
 CORETHRA 
 
 cuculiformis 290, 387, 
 437 
 CO REUS 
 
 hirticornis 
 
 marginatiis 
 
 rhomboideus 
 Corise, Geo . 
 Corisix, I. Latr. 
 ,U.Latr. 
 
 394 
 
 222, 380 
 
 394 
 
 229 
 
 220 
 
 ib. 
 
 CORIXA 
 
 affinis 229, 363 
 
 coleoptrata 228, 363 
 dorsalis ib. 
 
 fossarum ib. 
 
 Geoffroyi 229, 363 
 
 lateralis 228, 363 
 
 stagnalis ib. 
 
 striata ib. 
 
 Cork for drawers, the 
 
 finest and best 311 
 Corking drawers, the 
 74 method of ib. 
 
 SOolCoronel mulh, 250, 400 
 
 — : , marbled 25 1 , 400 
 
 416,COROPHIUM 
 
 416 longicorne 105 
 
 438 Corpus, the body 344 
 

 
 IKDEX. 
 
 
 
 
 465 
 
 Ccrtlcaria fiumen!aria208 CRAMBUS 
 
 
 Crustacea for the m 
 
 - 
 
 oblotiga 
 
 ib 
 
 i Rosea 
 
 408 
 
 oroscope 
 
 78 
 
 ,833 
 
 taxicornis 
 
 207 
 
 j sanRuinea 386 
 
 ,437 
 
 CRyPTOCEPHALUS 
 
 Coryliis Avcllana, cu 
 
 
 Rtrisja 
 
 437 
 
 bilituratus 
 
 
 393 
 
 rioiis experiments 
 
 tRANGON 
 
 
 Coryli 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 on the farina of 335 
 
 1 vulgaris 
 
 96 
 
 flavilabris 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 CORYXETES 
 
 
 'CRASPEDOSOMA 
 
 
 labiatus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 •riifioollis 
 
 1 6(5 
 
 l>ii!ydesmoides 114,358 
 
 lineola 
 
 53 
 
 , 393 
 
 CORYSI ES 
 
 
 Ratijinsii 
 
 ib. 
 
 marginellus 
 
 
 393 
 
 cassivelanus 
 
 83CRATERIXA 
 
 
 Morjei 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 *dentatns 
 
 ib.l Hiniiidinis 303 
 
 ,415 
 
 nitens 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 ^'orvsticlK, (Fam.) 
 
 S2 Cream-wave, Ircad- 
 
 
 pusillus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 COSMIA, Huh. 
 
 252 st'iped 
 
 384 
 
 *quadripunctatus 
 
 214 
 
 COSSONL'S 
 
 , dwarf 
 
 405 
 
 sericeus 
 
 213 
 
 ,593 
 
 hypoleiicus 
 
 416 , lesser 
 
 423 
 
 6-punctatus 
 
 
 393 
 
 linearis 204 
 
 , 369, ,pale 
 
 384 
 
 similis 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 COSSUS 
 
 CREOPHILUSjATtrZ'j/ns 
 
 CRYPTOPHAGUS 
 
 
 Ligniperda 246 
 
 , 397,Crepiucularia, (Sect.)243 
 
 cellaris 
 
 169; 
 
 429 
 
 Coxa 
 
 34!Creifw« 
 
 420 
 
 *crenatus 
 
 
 169 
 
 Crah, comrnon 
 
 85 
 
 , heauiifd 
 
 371 
 
 denticulatus 
 
 
 429 
 
 — , Hermit 
 
 92 
 
 , green-b.i?idled 
 
 439 
 
 hirtus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , King 
 
 89 
 
 , /. 
 
 401 
 
 pallens 
 
 
 389 
 
 , Oid Man's face 
 
 83 
 
 Crim'SMi and Gold 
 
 S36 
 
 phsorrhseus 
 
 
 433 
 
 
 92 
 
 Crimson-speckled 
 
 439 
 
 Populi 
 
 
 429 
 
 ——, Thcrnlack 
 
 89 
 
 Crimson t/ndenving 
 
 250 
 
 ruficollis 
 
 
 438 
 
 CRABRO 
 
 
 , dark 
 
 422 
 
 serratus 
 
 
 429 
 
 cribarius 278 
 
 413 
 
 , lesser 
 
 ib. 
 
 Tvphse 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 *I unatus 
 
 252 
 278 
 
 , light 
 
 ib. 
 
 CRYPTOPS 
 
 
 
 Crabronidas, (Fam.) 
 Crabronites, Latr. 
 
 Criocerids, (Fam.) 
 
 211 
 
 hortensis 
 
 116 
 
 358 
 
 ;k 
 
 Crioceris, Marsh. 
 
 162 
 
 Savisnii 
 
 
 058 
 
 CR.ESUS 
 
 eeptentrionalis 266,412 
 Crainbites, Lair. 254 
 
 CRIOCERIS 
 
 Asparagi 
 
 *caraboides 
 
 cvanella 
 
 378 
 J95 
 392 
 
 CRYPTORHYNCHUS 
 
 assimilis 377 
 canescens 378 
 contractus 377 
 
 CRAMBUS 
 
 
 12 -punctata 
 
 ib. 
 
 dentatus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 acinacidea 
 
 409 
 
 flavicollis 
 
 ib. 
 
 Erysimi 
 
 203, 
 
 391 
 
 arbonun 
 
 408 
 
 *flavipes 
 
 212 
 
 globosus 
 
 
 377 
 
 Cardui 
 
 ib. 
 
 melanopa 
 
 416 
 
 horridus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 carnea 
 
 ib. 
 
 merdigera 21 1, 
 
 392 
 
 inBexus 
 
 
 378 
 
 caudea 
 
 409 
 
 *n!gricornis 
 
 212 
 
 Lapathi 
 
 
 377 
 
 cespitis 
 
 408 
 
 puncticollis 
 
 416 
 
 leucogaster 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 consorta 
 
 ib. 
 
 subspinosa 
 
 392 
 
 Lythri 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 culmorum 
 
 ib. 
 
 Crocisa atra 
 
 286 
 
 melanorhynch 
 
 us 
 
 378 
 
 cultrea 
 
 409 Crustacea, anatomical ] 
 
 melanostictus 
 
 
 377 
 
 falsa 
 
 4371 view of the 
 
 75 
 
 obstrictus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 geniculea 
 
 408 , history 
 
 76 
 
 ovalis 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 gigantea 
 
 ib.j , method of 
 
 
 pleurostigma 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 hortorum 
 
 ib.' collecting 
 
 516 
 
 phsorhynchus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 ocellea 
 
 364 
 
 
 
 plinoides 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 pascuea 
 
 437 preserving 
 
 ib. 
 
 Quercicola 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 petrificia 
 
 408 , pins used for 309j 
 
 rnber 
 
 
 378 
 
 Pineti 255, 
 
 408 — i , writers on th 
 
 e 76 
 
 sulciilus 
 
 
 377 
 
 pinguinalis 
 
 255 , ciassilication 
 
 of 
 
 Urticae 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pratonira 
 
 403 
 
 the 
 
 78 
 
 viduHs 
 
 
 ib 
 
 2 G 
 
460 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 dyptiis, Fabr 
 CRYPT US 
 *farcatus 
 ♦Irrorator 
 pallipes 
 Villersii 
 Crjstals, metliod of 
 obtaining, for the 
 microscope 
 
 of Camphor 
 
 of Salt 
 
 of Silver 
 
 269 CYCLOPS, Geoff. 
 *quadricornis 
 
 264CYDNUS 
 
 270 oleracens 
 411 Cymindis, Gijll. 
 
 264,41: CYMINDIS 
 
 humeral is 154, 
 
 [CYMODICE 
 371 truni'ata 
 ib. Cymothea serrata 
 ib.CYMOTHOA 
 ib. (Estrum 
 
 Cymothoadie, (Fa\n.) 
 
 81 
 
 Dart moth,square-spoti'i\ 
 
 CTENOPHORA 
 
 atrata 291, 587, 437JCYNIPS 
 CUCULLI A,^f /iranA:. 252 caprsea 271, 
 
 CULEX *Qiiercus folii 67, 
 
 pipiens 71, 
 
 290, 
 
 359 
 
 *scutellaris 
 
 CURCULIO 
 
 
 
 Cynipsera, Latr. 
 
 *AIismatis 
 
 
 204 
 
 Cynipsidje, (Fam.) 
 
 *Alni 
 
 
 203 
 
 CYPHA, Ktrhtj 
 
 argentatus 
 
 202, 
 
 377 
 
 CYPRIS 
 
 *aterrim»s 
 
 
 204 
 
 conchacea 
 
 *binodulus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Cyphon hemispha?ri- 
 
 en ides 
 
 
 377 
 
 cus 
 
 *Coryli 
 
 
 201 
 
 pallidas 
 
 *Equiseti 
 
 
 204 
 
 Cypris pubera 
 
 *Germanus 
 
 
 203 
 
 CYTHERE 
 
 *granarius 
 
 
 204 
 
 viridis 
 
 * hispid ulus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Dacne humeralis 
 
 *incanus 
 
 
 205 
 
 DacLis, Fabr, 
 
 ♦linearis 
 
 
 204 
 
 Dagger moth, autum' 
 
 *lineatus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 nal 
 
 Mali 
 
 
 577 
 
 , dark 
 
 *niger 
 
 
 204 
 
 , light 
 
 *nigrorostrls 
 
 
 205 
 
 , March 
 
 •nitens 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 *Nucum 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 DAPHNIA 
 
 oblongns 
 
 
 577 
 
 Pulex 
 
 *parallelopipe( 
 
 OS 
 
 204 
 
 Dark Tawny 
 
 *Pini 
 
 
 202 
 
 Dart Molh, archers 
 
 Pyri 
 
 54 
 
 390 
 
 , black 
 
 *ru(icoHis 
 
 
 199 
 
 , brindled 
 
 *Scrophulariae 
 
 54 
 
 203 
 
 , broad-veined 
 
 sericeus 
 
 
 377 
 
 , chainshot 
 
 *sulcirostris 
 
 
 204 
 
 , dark 
 
 *trigutlatus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , double 251 
 
 unifasciatiis 
 
 
 377 
 
 , garden 
 
 Curculionidse,(FaiT).) 
 
 200 
 
 , lineolated 
 
 Curculionites, L 
 
 air. 
 
 ib. 
 
 , necklace 
 
 Cuvier's distribution 
 
 
 , pectinated 
 
 of Animals 
 
 
 75 
 
 , pitchy 
 
 Cvamns Ceti 
 
 
 106 
 
 , pupilled 
 
 CYCHRUS 
 
 
 
 , rufous 251 
 
 rostratus 145, 
 
 55=^ 
 
 , 373 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , striped square-sp.ih. 
 
 
 , slout 
 
 433 
 
 221- 
 
 , ivedgebarred 
 
 421 
 
 154 
 
 , white-line 
 
 DASCILLUS 
 
 ib. 
 
 361 
 
 cerviiius 162, 
 
 388 
 
 
 Dasycbira, Hilh. 
 
 246 
 
 108 
 
 Da sv pod a, lllig. 
 
 283 
 
 ib. 
 
 DASYPODA 
 
 
 
 plumioes 230, 
 
 437 
 
 109 
 
 DASYPOGON 
 
 
 107 
 
 punctutns295, 414, 
 DASYTKS 
 
 428 
 
 412 
 
 Kiieus 
 
 374 
 
 270 
 
 ater 164, 
 
 374 
 
 270 
 
 caeruleus 
 
 3SS 
 
 ib. 
 
 flavipes 
 
 ib. 
 
 270 
 
 viridis 
 
 ib. 
 
 176 
 
 Day moth, drab 
 
 443 
 
 
 ,rcsy 
 
 560 
 
 80 
 
 December, Calendar 
 
 
 
 for 
 
 443 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 
 
 162 
 
 for 
 
 316 
 
 80 
 
 December moth 
 
 444 
 
 
 Definition of Insects 
 
 21 
 
 81 
 
 DEILOPHILA, Och. 
 
 243 
 
 169 
 
 Delphax clavicornis 
 
 230 
 
 299 
 
 DEMETRIAS 
 
 
 
 atricapilia 156 
 
 35S 
 
 443 
 
 monostigma 156 
 
 365 
 
 400 
 
 DENDROPHILUS 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 punctatus 184 
 
 375 
 
 364 
 
 DEPORAUS 
 
 
 400 
 
 Betuls 201 
 
 576 
 
 
 Dermaptera, charac 
 
 
 80 
 
 ter of the order 
 
 139 
 
 399 
 
 , classification 
 
 421 
 
 of the 
 
 216 
 
 402 
 
 Dermestes, Geoff. 
 
 185 
 
 ib 
 
 DerniPstes, Thunb. 
 
 207 
 
 402 
 
 DERM FS FES 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 *adstrictor 
 
 133 
 
 ib 
 
 *Boleti 
 
 20G 
 
 , 421 
 
 •Calthai 
 
 214 
 
 421 
 
 *cellaris 
 
 169 
 
 ib 
 
 *Fungorum 
 
 ib. 
 
 42( 
 
 lardarius 18] 
 
 ,367 
 
 40'2 
 
 *marg:natus 
 
 207 
 
 42! 
 
 murinus 48 
 
 ,389 
 
 ib 
 
 *Pellio 
 
 182 
 
 , 421 
 
 *ruficollis 
 
 166 
 
 43: 
 
 *Si'arabxoIde? 
 
 1S7 
 
INDEX. 
 
 467 
 
 DERMESTES 
 *scolytus 
 
 tessellatus 
 *Typograplius 
 *unda;u4 
 Dermestids, (Fatn.) 
 Dermestiiii, Lair. 
 Dssjoutianian Turtrix 
 Dew moth 
 DEXAMINE 
 
 spinosa 
 Dial Turl'ix 364, 
 Diamond-back, lesta- 
 
 ceovs 
 Diamond sp I 
 DIANOUS, Gijll. 
 Diaperidje, (Fam.) 
 DIAPERIS 
 
 Boleti 194, 
 
 ahenea 
 Dictj'optera, charac- 
 ters of the order 
 — — — , classification 
 ])igger, use of the 
 Dimera, Litr, 
 Dinierosomata, cha- 
 racters of the or- 
 der 
 — — , classification 
 
 of the 
 Dimorpha, Hiih. 
 Dimorpha, Jurine 
 DINARDA, Liach 
 DINETUS 
 
 pictus 277, 
 
 DIOCTRIA 
 
 (Elandica 295, 
 Diploleparije, Lair. 
 Diplolepidiae, (Fam.) 
 DIPLOLEPIS 
 
 Quercusfolii 270, 
 Diptera,I.irt'!e 70,289, 
 — — — , characters of 
 
 I Dismal molh 
 
 48'l)iurna (Sect ) 
 2,15 Dt^'s-1iu>ih molh 
 20:> DOLKRIS 
 1 82 Goiiagra 2o5, 
 
 131 opacus 
 
 ib.D )LIC!-1URUS 
 
 435 ater 275, 
 4l8DOLOMEDr,.S 
 
 t mirabilis 120, 
 
 102 DolychopodiB 
 441 Doiychopodes, Lnlr. 
 
 DOLVCHOPLTS 
 
 436 nobilitatus 294, 
 43t5DONACIAi 
 
 173 *Equiseti 211, 
 
 1 93 fasciata 
 
 fuse a 
 3S9 Hydrochails 
 389 linearis 
 
 melanocephala 
 
 139 
 219 
 308 
 17 
 
 IIS 
 
 77,413 
 
 414 
 270 
 ib 
 427 
 412 
 
 211, 
 
 m leans 
 Nyniphaea3 
 pahistris 
 Sagittarix 
 simplex 
 vittata 
 *Zostera 
 Donovan's method of 
 spi- 
 
 211, 
 211, 
 
 420 
 23-*| 
 419 
 I 
 412 
 ib. 
 
 413 
 
 372 
 
 294 
 
 ib 
 
 414 
 
 392 
 378 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 378 
 378 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 378 
 378 
 392 
 
 DRASSUS. 
 lucifuge 
 
 melanogaster 123, 
 Drawers of a cabinet, 
 the size, &c. 
 
 method of 
 
 corking 
 method of pa- 
 
 perm if 
 ORILUS "^ 
 
 flavcsctns 1G3, 
 Drinker mulh 
 /. 
 
 the order 
 ■ , classification 
 of the 
 
 , method of ar 
 
 ranging 
 
 , method of 
 
 preserving 
 
 Diraphia, 7Z/'g. 
 
 Directions for the mi- 
 croscope 
 
 Dircsea, Fair. 
 
 119 preservmg 
 
 247 ders ^ 317 
 76 DOROS 
 
 177 coMopseus 297,415 
 DOSYTHRUS 
 
 EglanteriflB 265, 412 
 
 Junci ib 
 
 Dot molh, 400 
 
 , red 440 
 
 , rus'y 426 
 
 , straw ib 
 
 Dolled, curve 364 
 
 302! border 363 
 
 iDGulle-blolched, black U\ 
 
 \39 Double line molh 422 
 , scolloped 423 
 
 289 Drmi/e lobed 420 
 
 \Doyble-slriped 427 
 
 322 Drab-molh, dark 370 
 ,ferrugineous 371 
 
 321 , twin-spotled 370 
 
 9.32 Drab Tortrix, lesser 386 
 
 I , spotted ib 
 
 323 DRASSUS 
 
 195' atsr 123, 360 
 
 2o 2 
 
 123 
 360 
 
 310 
 
 3il 
 
 ib. 
 
 338 
 418 
 393 
 
 3.1 3 
 
 ib, 
 
 ib. 
 
 155, 
 
 358 
 ib. 
 
 177 
 
 185 
 
 373 
 103 
 
 353 
 
 122 
 156 
 
 359 
 ib, 
 359 
 
 158 
 53 
 
 158 
 ib. 
 157 
 158 
 157 
 159 
 158 
 159 
 185 
 433 
 425 
 Ear moth, golden 433 
 
 Early molh 559, 360 
 
 Earwig 60 
 
 EBALIA 
 
 Pennantii 91 
 
 DPcOMIUS 
 linearis 
 
 pimctomaculatus 
 pusillus 
 qiiadrimaculat'.is 
 
 rufescens 
 DRUSILLA, Leach 
 Dryops, Oliv. 
 DRYPTA 
 
 emarginata 156, 
 
 DYNAMENE, Leach 
 
 DYSCHIRIUS 
 
 gibbns 153, 
 
 DVSDERA 
 
 erythrina 
 Dyticidte, (Fam.) 
 DYTICUS 
 
 circnmflexns 159, 
 
 marginaiis 
 
 punctulatus 
 Dytis clavicornis 
 Dytiscus, Linn. 
 
 *confluens 
 
 *crassicornis 
 
 *Hermaiini 
 
 *minutns 
 
 *ovatus 
 
 *paraplurus 
 
 *sparsus 
 
 *sulcatus 
 
 *Volckmari 
 
 Dun-bar 
 
 Dwarf, barred 
 
468 
 
 Echimuthus 
 
 
 
 ELATER 
 
 
 ENDROIVirS 
 
 
 cyanocephal 
 
 JS 
 
 155 
 
 4-pustiiIatn3 
 
 388 
 
 versicolor 
 
 247, 370 
 
 ECHINOxMYIA 
 
 
 riparius 
 
 ib. 
 
 I. 
 
 393 
 
 grossa 
 
 301 
 
 , 428 
 
 ruficollis 
 
 ib 
 
 ENGIS 
 
 
 Edge, black-striped 
 
 436 
 
 rnfipennis 
 
 ib. 
 
 ferrnginea 
 
 443 
 
 Edriophtbalma 
 
 (Leg 
 
 )100 
 
 rufipes 
 
 ib 
 
 humeralis 169,374,443 
 
 Eels in paste, how ob- 
 
 sanguinrus 57 
 
 , 3.S& 
 
 rufifrons 
 
 374, 443 
 
 tained for the mi- 
 
 semirnber 
 
 16" 
 
 Entomology, its ad- 
 
 croscope 
 
 
 334 
 
 sputator 
 
 373 
 
 vantage to the 
 
 Egger moth 
 
 
 247 
 
 tessellatus 
 
 ib 
 
 man of science 17 
 
 , grass 
 
 
 382 
 
 thoracicus 
 
 388 
 
 , a neg! 
 
 ccted 
 
 , large 
 
 
 41fi 
 
 unicolor 
 
 373 
 
 science 
 
 ib. 
 
 , I. 
 
 
 398 
 
 vittatus 
 
 388 
 
 Entomon, Klein 
 
 106 
 
 , oak 
 
 , I. 
 
 
 438 
 
 Elateridse, (Fam.) 
 ELODES 
 
 161 
 
 t,:«..rs«i 
 
 ,.^v,; 
 
 
 332 
 
 cum 110 
 
 
 
 360 
 
 *hemisphxrica 
 
 163 
 
 Entomostraca, charac- 
 
 , I. 
 
 
 398 
 
 melanura 
 
 373 
 
 ter and classifica- 
 
 Eggs of Insects 
 
 
 38 
 
 mollis 
 
 ib. 
 
 tion of the 
 
 subcl. 78 
 
 ■ , 
 
 how 
 
 
 nigricans 
 
 ib. 
 
 EPAPHIUS 
 
 
 preserved 
 
 
 318 
 
 pallida 162 
 
 ,573 
 
 secalis 
 
 149 
 
 ELAMPUS 
 
 
 
 Eledona Agaricola 
 
 194 
 
 EPEIRA 
 
 
 Panzer! 
 
 2T2 
 
 ,412 
 
 ELONIUM, Leach 
 
 175 
 
 Diadema 
 
 127,425 
 
 ELAPHRUS 
 
 
 
 Elophilus, Meig. 
 
 297 
 
 EPEOLUS 
 
 
 riparius 
 
 US 
 
 361 
 
 Elopborus, Fair. 
 
 186 
 
 variesiatus 
 
 286,428 
 
 uliginosus 
 
 
 364 
 
 Elytra or ivivg-cases 
 
 37 
 
 EPHEMERA 
 
 
 Elater, Rossi 
 
 
 185 
 
 , how discrimi- 
 
 
 *diptera 
 
 259 
 
 , Linn. 
 
 57 
 
 ,161 
 
 nated 
 
 345 
 
 vulgata 65, 
 
 259, 410 
 
 ELATER 
 
 
 
 Emerald m., hloUhed 
 
 423 
 
 EphemeridaE,(Fam.) 259 
 
 ffineus 
 
 162 
 
 373 
 
 , common 
 
 404 
 
 Ephemeiinx, Lc 
 
 tr. ib. 
 
 balteatus 
 
 
 373 
 
 , grass 
 
 424 
 
 Ephippium, Lair. 292 
 
 bipustulatus- 
 
 
 3S8 
 
 , small grass 
 
 383 
 
 EPOMIS 
 
 
 *buprestoides 
 
 
 160 
 
 — -, large 253 
 
 422 
 
 cincta 
 
 151,387 
 
 castaneus 
 
 
 161 
 
 ., light 
 
 422 
 
 ERASTRIA, Och. <2b1 
 
 castanipes 
 
 
 373 
 
 , little 
 
 383 
 
 Erax, Scopoli 
 
 294 
 
 cupreus 
 
 
 38S 
 
 , small 
 
 424 
 
 ERIOGASTER 
 
 
 *cyaneus 
 
 57, 
 
 162 
 
 Emperor, Purple b. 
 
 239, 
 
 lanestris 
 
 247, 360 
 
 cylindricus 
 
 
 388 
 
 
 417 
 
 I. 
 
 398 
 
 *dermestoides 
 
 
 183 
 
 , /. 
 
 381 
 
 Populi 
 Eriops, Klvg 
 
 247, 444 
 
 ephippium 
 
 
 388 
 
 , moth 246, 381 
 
 431 
 
 283 
 
 ferrugineus 
 
 161, 
 
 388 
 
 , I. 
 
 381 
 
 
 
 holosericeiis 
 
 
 373 
 
 EMPHYTUS 
 
 
 ERIOSOMA 
 
 
 lineatus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 ceria 265 
 
 412 
 
 Mali 
 
 232, 380 
 
 longicollis 
 
 
 388 
 
 cinctus 
 
 ib. 
 
 Eriothrix, Meig. 
 
 301 
 
 marginatus 
 
 162, 
 
 373 
 
 succinctus 
 
 412 
 
 ERISTALIS 
 
 
 mesomelus 
 
 
 373 
 
 tibialis 265, 
 
 412 
 
 Narcissi 
 
 297, 415 
 
 metaliicus 
 
 
 388 
 
 Empidae, (Fam.) 
 
 295 
 
 ERlSTHETUS;A'nofA 174 
 
 minutus 
 
 
 373 
 
 Empides, Latr. 
 
 ib, 
 
 Ermine moth, 
 
 248, 382 
 
 murinus 
 
 162, 
 
 365 
 
 EMPIS 
 
 
 .*"# 
 
 248, 398 
 
 niger 
 
 
 373 
 
 Borealis 295, 
 
 414 
 
 I. 
 
 431 
 
 nitidulus 
 
 
 361 
 
 pennipes 72, 
 
 414 
 
 , Thistle 
 
 408 
 
 obscurus 
 
 
 ^65 
 
 EMUS, Ltach 
 
 172 
 
 , luater 
 
 248, 398 
 
 pectinicornis 
 
 
 388 
 
 Endomychidae,(Fam. 
 
 215 
 
 I, 
 
 431 
 
 PomonzB 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 ENDOMYCHUS 
 
 
 irotyla, Hilb. 
 
 252 
 
 prsustus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 coccineus 215, 
 
 379 
 
 Erotyiids, (Fam 
 
 .) 214 
 
469 
 
 EUCERA 
 
 loTiijicornis 2S7, 413 
 ELCLIDIA, Hiib. 2o2 
 
 EypLEcrrs 
 
 Reiclienbachii 178,375 
 EUPLOCAMUS 
 
 Guttella 249 
 
 EL RY DICE 
 
 pulchra 109 
 
 EUKYNOME 
 
 aspera 88 
 
 EVANIA 
 
 appendagaster 268)412 
 Evaniada;, (Fam.) 268 
 Evaniales, Litr. ib. 
 
 Evodia caiendariim 2S0 
 Exori.^ta, Mag. SOI 
 
 Exotic specimens of 
 Insects, why re- 
 jected 322 
 Eyes of Insects 21 
 Fabficius's Classes of 
 
 Insects 44 
 
 Fabricius'sS5'stem uni- 
 versally rejected 46 
 FALAGRIA, Leac/i 177 
 Favfjot moth, 407 
 
 ■ , clay ib 
 
 1 , common 335, 4C13 
 
 , smalL 4()7 
 
 February, Calendar 
 
 for " 360 
 
 ment for 314 
 
 Feelers or Palpi 29 
 
 Feet, Tarsi 34 
 
 Femur, the thigh ib. 
 
 , discrimination 
 of the 347 
 
 FENUSA 
 
 pumila 265, 41 1 
 
 Fein moth 384 
 
 Fern, time for collect- 
 ing Insects from 31 6 
 Festcon m. 4lS, 432 
 
 FIGITirS 
 
 scutellaris 270 
 
 Figure of Sm. 431 
 
 I. 3S2 
 
 Filicornis, (Sect.) 260 
 Fish, scales of, for the 
 
 microscope 333 
 
 Flame m. 599 422 
 
 Fiat body,common431,ii3 
 
 ]Fritillary, pearly border 
 230 like7iess 237, 380 
 
 230, 380 , Queen (fSpainiSt, 
 
 406 380, 416 
 
 71 — — , silver-washed 237, 
 
 416 
 
 268,412 , I. 380 
 
 Foutman7noth, black 4l8JFrons, //iC /"ront 30 
 
 , common A3llFrcsted orange m. 252,402 
 
 , dun ib. 
 
 , feathered 442|Fulgora, Latr. 
 
 ,y(>ur-ijt)o<^eJ249,399iFumaria plumistrea 
 
 , fuur-iptjl, small 4l 8 Furbeloic, flame 
 
 PLATA 
 
 •nervosa 
 reticulata 
 Fl'junced rosy 
 Flv, house 
 FGENUS 
 Jaculator 
 
 , fuur-spot,yeUjivi3] 
 , orange 599 
 
 , strciv-coloured 431 
 Four-fp tied moth 403 
 FORBICINA 
 
 polypoda 140, 360 
 
 Forbicine, Geoff. 
 
 cylindrique 140 
 
 Forceps, their use 308 
 Forester Sphinx 397 
 
 FORFICULA 
 
 auricularia 60,216,370 
 
 borealis 42^ 
 
 *gigantea 217 
 
 •minor 216 
 
 *neglecta ib. 
 
 Furk-barred m, 441 
 
 FORMICA 
 
 fusca 559 
 
 herculanea 69,273,359 
 
 nigra 359 
 
 rufa 
 
 Formicadas, (Fam.) 
 
 Formicariae, Latr. 
 
 Forskdlian Tortrix 
 
 Forsterian Tortrix 
 
 Fox moth 
 
 Frvige, red 
 
 FriUllary, dark green 237, 
 
 416 
 
 /. 380 
 
 ,Duke of Burgun- 
 dy 237, 380 
 
 ,'GlantiUe 237,396 
 
 I. 569 
 
 ib. 
 
 272 
 ib. 
 436 
 407 
 398 
 385 
 
 440 
 230 
 
 409 
 432 
 
 93 
 93 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 92 
 93 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 28 
 
 GALATEA, Fabricii 
 
 rugosa 
 
 spinigera 
 
 squamifera 
 Galateadae (Fam.) 
 Galathea Bamffia 
 
 longipeda 
 
 rugosa 
 
 spinigera 
 
 squamifera 
 
 strigosa 
 Galea 
 
 GALERUCA 
 
 calmariensis 378 
 
 Capraex ib. 
 
 Cratsgi ib. 
 
 *nigricornis 212 
 
 Nymphsese 378 
 
 Tanaceti 212,378 
 
 *testacea 212 
 
 Viburni 392 
 
 Galinsecta, Latr. 233 
 
 GALLERIA 
 
 alvearia 255, 436 
 
 cerea 436 
 
 Galls, how formed 67 
 
 Gammaridse, (Fam.) 101 
 
 GAMMARUS 
 
 aquaticus 103 
 
 camptolops 104 
 
 Locusta ib. 
 
 marinus 103 
 
 *Pulex ib. 
 
 *rubricatus 104 
 
 greasy 
 
 237,58(1 Gammase des Coleo- 
 
 /. 369 pteres 131 
 
 -, Heath 237 Gammasids, (Fam. ) ib. 
 
 -, high irctt'n 237,41 6jGAMMASUS 
 -, I. 380 coleoptratorum 13 1,364 
 
 -jpearlybord, 231,3961 marginatus 364 
 
470 
 
 Gabterophilus Equi, 
 method of depo- 
 siting its eggs 39 
 GASTEROPHfLUS 
 Equi 302, 437 
 
 Hemorrlioidalis 437 
 veterinus 428 
 
 GASTRO PACHA 
 
 Pinus 41 B 
 
 quercifolia 247, 418 
 
 /. 382 
 
 Gate-keeper, b. 240 
 
 GEBIA 
 
 Deltaiua 94 
 Genera founded on a 
 consideration of 
 evtry character 45 
 of Linne 47 
 
 GEOMETRA 
 
 caesiata 
 candid iilata 
 carbonaria 
 
 73 
 
 synop- 
 tical view of the 
 
 ■ why 
 
 given 45 
 
 — of plants com- 
 pared with Insects 46 
 Spence's ob- 
 
 servations on the 
 
 necessity of new ib, 
 GEOMETRA 
 
 abbreviata 405 
 
 abietaria 363 
 
 Absinthiata 405 
 
 adustata 404, 434 
 
 advenaria 404 
 
 j^scularia 563 
 
 albicillata 404 
 
 albulata 434 
 
 Alchemillata 405 
 
 Alniaria 434 
 
 amataria 423 
 
 angularia 434 
 
 angustata 435 
 
 apriciaria 423 
 
 ajileria 444 
 
 arenosaria 383 
 
 Atomaria 405 
 
 aversata 423,441 
 
 badiata 371 
 
 berberata 405 
 
 biangulata 406 
 
 bidentaria 371,404 
 
 bilineata 405 
 
 bimaculata 384 
 
 bipunctaria 424 
 
 brumaria 359, 443 
 
 360 
 384 
 406 
 
 carpiniaria 441 
 
 Centaureata 405 
 
 centum-notata 348,435 
 cerviiiata 371 
 
 Chjerophyllata 406 
 
 Chenopodaria 404, 435 
 citraria 424 
 
 clathrata 384, 423 
 
 ciavaria 442 
 
 comma-notata 384,435 
 
 comitata 
 
 congeneraria 
 
 connectaria 
 
 consigtiata 
 
 consobrinaria 
 
 consonaria 
 
 consortaria 
 
 conversavia 
 
 costastrigata 
 
 costovata 
 
 423 
 371 
 442 
 423 
 403 
 384 
 403 
 433 
 423 
 384 
 
 Crat8egaria37 1 ,406,434 
 
 Crepuscularia 
 
 dealbata 
 
 decolorata 
 
 defojiaria 
 
 degenerata 
 
 denlistrigata 
 
 derivata 
 
 destrigaria 
 
 didymaria 
 
 dilutata 
 
 dimidiata 
 
 ditaria 
 
 dolabraria 
 
 dubitata 
 
 dupHcata 
 
 ejatata 
 
 elinguaria 
 
 elongata 
 
 emarginata 
 
 ericetaria 
 
 erosaria 
 
 Euphorbiata 
 
 extensaria 
 
 fasciaria 
 
 favillaciaria 
 
 ferrngaria 
 
 fimbriata 
 
 flos-lactata 
 
 fluctuata 
 
 424 
 404 
 406 
 442 
 434 
 371 
 405 
 423 
 423 
 434, 443 
 434 
 423 
 253, 403 
 584,435 
 405 
 424 
 434 
 385 
 423 
 44! 
 441 
 385 
 424 
 404 
 405 
 383 
 434 
 384 
 384 
 
 GEOMETRA 
 fuliginaria 
 fulvata 
 fumaria 
 fusco-undata 
 Galiata 
 gilvaria 
 glarearia 
 Grossniariata 
 hastata 
 heparata 
 hexapterata 
 illunaria 
 illnstraria 383, 
 iniitaria 
 iminanata 
 inimnlata 
 implicaria 
 impluviata 
 inaequaria 
 incanata 
 incompletaria 
 inornata 
 insulata 
 Jnliaria 
 Jnniperata 
 lactata 
 ]a;vigata 
 leucophearia 
 
 Lichenaria 
 
 lignata 
 
 limbaria 
 
 linariata 
 
 lincaria 
 
 lineolata 
 
 liturata 
 
 lividata 
 
 luctuaria 
 
 lunaria 
 
 luteata 
 
 niaculata 
 
 margaritaria 
 
 niarginata 
 
 niarmorata 
 
 miata 
 
 multistrigata 
 
 munitata 
 
 nassata 
 
 nigricaria 
 
 notata 
 
 ocellaria 
 
 oceliata 
 
 olivaria 
 
 omicronaria 
 
 404 
 422 
 371 
 
 423 
 405 
 433 
 406 
 424 
 404 
 405 
 406 
 371 
 . 385,406 
 424 
 ib. 
 423 
 404 
 405 
 406 
 434 
 444 
 423 
 
 371, 385 
 424 
 441 
 384 
 435 
 360 
 424 
 434 
 423 
 406 
 404 
 405 
 434 
 405 
 363 
 
 253, 404 
 
 384 
 
 ib. 
 
 422 
 
 385, 423 
 424 
 441 
 363 
 405 
 ib. 
 360 
 • 385 
 
 383, 435 
 
 405, 434 
 434 
 
 383, 435 
 

 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 
 471 
 
 GEOMETRA 
 
 
 GiEOMETRA 
 
 
 GEOPHILUS 
 
 
 
 orbicularia 
 
 404 
 
 sambucaria 
 
 424 
 
 electricus 
 
 
 372 
 
 osseata 
 
 405 
 
 sexalisata 
 
 434 
 
 longicornis 
 
 116, 
 
 358 
 
 paiudata 
 
 404 
 
 simiilata 
 
 405, 441 
 
 niaritimus 
 
 
 358 
 
 pantnvia 
 
 ib. 
 
 singaiaiiata 
 
 406 
 
 subterrancus 
 
 116 
 
 358 
 
 Papilionaria 
 
 4'2'2 
 
 sinuata 
 
 422 
 
 Geotiiipidaj (Fam.) 
 
 189 
 
 pcndularia - 333 
 
 435 
 
 spartiata 
 
 443 
 
 Geotriipini, Latr 
 
 
 
 peniiaria 
 
 445 
 
 spinaciata 
 
 405 
 
 gp:otrupes 
 
 
 
 petfuscata 
 
 384 
 
 striaria 
 
 383 
 
 niger 
 
 
 362 
 
 fietrata 
 
 ib. 
 
 strictaiia 
 
 363 
 
 politus 
 
 
 362 
 
 Pinaria 
 
 404 
 
 slrigilata 
 
 423 
 
 puncticollis 
 
 
 562 
 
 plagiata 
 
 441 
 
 suberaria 
 
 403 
 
 stercorarius 
 
 189, 
 
 362 
 
 pkimbaria 
 
 404 
 
 subfulvata 
 
 434 
 
 syivaticus 
 
 
 368 
 
 pliiiiibeolata 
 
 385 
 
 subfuscata 
 
 385 
 
 vernalis 
 
 
 569 
 
 Populala 
 
 42'2 
 
 sublactata 
 
 384 
 
 gerris 
 
 
 
 prasinaiia 
 
 4'24 
 
 subsericeata 
 
 423 
 
 pallidum 
 
 224, 
 
 369 
 
 prsnotata 
 
 384 
 
 subtristata 
 
 385, 434 
 
 *vagabundus 
 
 
 223 
 
 lirimaria 339 
 
 360 
 
 subioseata 
 
 423 
 
 OIBBIUM 
 
 
 
 procellata 
 
 424 
 
 siiccentiiriata 
 
 423 
 
 Scolias 
 
 180, 
 
 367 
 
 propngnata 
 
 ib. 
 
 suffiunata 
 
 371 
 
 sulcatus 
 
 
 367 
 
 prosapiaria 
 
 442 
 
 sylvata 
 
 384 
 
 Gip^y Moth 
 
 247, 
 
 431 
 
 Piunaiia 
 
 403 
 
 sylvaticata 
 
 423 
 
 Glaea, Huh. 
 
 
 252 
 
 prunata 
 
 434 
 
 Syringaria 
 
 424 
 
 Glasses, metbod of 
 
 psittacata 
 
 443 
 
 teisata 
 
 384 
 
 computing 
 
 th 
 
 e 
 
 pullaria 
 
 434 
 
 testata 
 
 ib. 
 
 magnifying 
 
 power 
 
 pulveiaria 
 
 404 
 
 Thvmiaria 
 
 404 
 
 of convex 
 
 
 324 
 
 jiunctaria 383 
 
 ,435 
 
 Tiliaria 
 
 434 
 
 Glomeridae (Fam.) 
 
 113 
 
 punctata 
 
 405 
 
 trepidaria 
 
 404 
 
 Gl.OMERIS 
 
 
 
 punctularia 
 
 384 
 
 trigeminata 
 
 385 
 
 *borde 
 
 
 113 
 
 pusaria 
 
 383 
 
 trigonata 
 
 434 
 
 marginata 
 
 113, 
 
 358 
 
 pusiUata 
 
 385 
 
 tiimaculata 
 
 406 
 
 GJossata, F'ahr. 
 
 
 220 
 
 putataria 
 
 385 
 
 ulmata 
 
 404 
 
 Glow worm 
 
 55, 
 
 163 
 
 P3'raliata 
 
 405 
 
 unangulata 
 
 424 
 
 Gnaphosa, Latr 
 
 
 123 
 
 quadrimaciilata 
 
 371 
 
 undiilata 
 
 WCGnat 
 
 
 71 
 
 quadrifasciaria 
 
 423 
 
 unidentaria 
 
 404, 433 6!oa« Moth 
 
 246, 
 
 397 
 
 Quercinavia 
 
 434 
 
 unifasciata 
 
 ^5A Gold Fringe 
 
 
 427 
 
 remutata 
 
 441 
 
 unilobata 
 
 A05]Gold Spangle 
 
 
 403 
 
 lepandaria 
 
 403 
 
 V. atra 
 
 il^Gold spot Moth 
 
 250 
 
 ,433 
 
 respersaria 
 
 404 
 
 V. nigraria 
 
 424 , /. and p 
 
 
 422 
 
 reclangulata 
 
 406 
 
 varieta 
 
 422GOMPHOCERIJS 
 
 
 retata 
 
 385 
 
 Vauaria 
 
 404' rufiis 
 
 219, 
 
 438 
 
 Rliamnata 
 
 384 
 
 venosata 
 
 405GOMPHUS 
 
 
 
 rhomboidaiia 
 
 422 
 
 vernaria 
 
 383; vula:atissimus 
 
 258, 
 
 410 
 
 rivulata 
 
 405 
 
 vetulata 
 
 4G6GONEPTERYX 
 
 
 
 Roboraria 
 
 403 
 
 viretata 
 
 371 Rbamni 236 
 
 395 
 
 ,429 
 
 roseidaria 
 
 406 
 
 viridaria 
 
 404GONOPLAX 
 
 
 
 rotundaria 
 
 383 
 
 virgulata 
 
 423| bispinosa 
 
 
 87 
 
 rubiadata 
 
 422 
 
 vital bata 
 
 3S4GONYPES 
 
 
 
 rubiginata 404 
 
 ,434 
 
 Volutaria 
 
 424j tipuloides 
 
 295, 
 
 428 
 
 rufata 
 
 384 
 
 vulgata 
 
 i()5 Goose-egg Moth 254, 
 
 335, 
 
 rufifasciata 
 
 363 
 
 GeophilidEP (Fam.) llGj 
 
 
 435 
 
 ruptala 
 
 406 
 
 GEOPHILUS 
 
 IGORTYNA, Och. 
 
 252 
 
 rusticata 
 
 406 
 
 aciuninatus 
 
 116, 358 G ORYXES 
 
 
 
 Salicaria 
 
 383 
 
 carpophagus 
 
 116, 428 
 
 quinquecinctus 
 
 276 
 
472 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Golhic Moth 
 
 , feathered 
 
 , bordered 
 
 401 
 420 
 
 420 
 
 GRAPHIPHORA, Hub. 
 
 251 
 Grass wave, vi. larger 406 
 
 -J , lesser 404 
 
 Grayling, b. 417 
 
 Grease from insects, 
 method of remov- 
 ing 320 
 Green,black -sprigged 435, 
 441 
 
 , bcrdered 407 
 
 , brindled 370, 442 
 
 jjrosted 251, 370, 
 401 
 
 , marbled 251, 401 
 
 , Pea 425 
 
 , scaly 435 
 
 i — , tri-culoured 441 
 
 407 
 436 
 44 
 
 Green-shaded 
 Grey, Olotch'hacktd 
 
 , bordered 
 
 •j.hrindUd 
 • ' , early 
 
 , mottled 363, 436 
 
 , poplar 3S2 
 
 , short-barred 436 
 
 , smoky 408 
 
 , yelloiu-st'gmaed 
 
 372 
 Gryl'iiclK (Fam.) 
 Gryllidep, Lair. 
 GRYLLOTALPA 
 
 vulgaris 21 
 
 Grylliis campestris 
 
 flavipes 
 
 Gryllotalpa 
 
 rufus 
 
 subulatus 
 
 viridissimus 
 GRYPHUS, Germ. 
 Gula, the Throat 
 GYMNOSOMA 
 
 rotundata 301, 48? 
 
 370 
 
 218 
 217 
 
 369 
 218 
 
 5 
 217 
 219 
 219 
 21S 
 204 
 
 3( 
 
 347 
 251 
 
 14" 
 
 GYRINUS 
 
 villosus 159, 373 
 
 Gyrodroma, Klug 284 
 Habitats of Insects 
 HADENA, Schank 
 H^MATOPINUS 
 
 Siiis 
 H.EMATOPOTA 
 
 pluvialis 293,414,428 
 Hair for the raicioscope 
 
 333 
 Hair-slreak, Uack'lA 1,417 
 
 , I. 417 
 
 thrown 241,433 
 
 , I. 596 
 
 , green 241,381 
 
 , L 417 
 
 ,p-iirple 241,4171 
 
 , l. 396 
 
 HALIPLUS I 
 
 assimilis 365 
 
 elevatus 157, 573 
 
 ferrugineus 157, 365 
 
 flavicollis ib. 
 
 impressns ib.j 
 
 lineatocollis ib. 
 
 obliqiins ib 
 
 ruflcol'is ib. 
 
 Hallomenus micans 195 
 Halteres, Poisers 37, 349 
 HALTICA 
 
 a;nco-fusca 
 
 3Erata 
 
 affinis 
 
 atricilla 
 
 an rata 
 
 Brassicae 
 
 Centanre® 
 
 coucfnna 
 
 Gyrinidje (Fam.") 
 GYRINUS 
 
 ffiiieus 
 
 elongatus 
 
 marinas 
 
 minutns 
 *Moderii 
 
 109 
 
 36.^ 
 37 L 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 159 
 
 Natator 49,159,361 
 
 cyanea 
 
 Erucae 
 
 exoleta 
 
 femoralis 
 
 flesuosa 
 
 fuscipes 
 
 Helxines 
 
 Hyoscyami 
 
 Merourialis 
 
 Modeeri 
 
 nemorum 
 
 nigricollis 
 
 nigro-aenea 
 
 nitiduJa 
 
 nodicornis 
 
 379 
 
 ib, 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 37H 
 379 
 
 ib. 
 392 
 379 
 
 ib 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 592 
 379 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 HALTICA 
 ochroldiica 
 oleracea 
 ovbiculata 
 picina 
 Pseud acori 
 4-pustulata 
 ruficornis 
 rnfipes 
 semisenea 
 striata 
 suturalis 
 tabida 
 lestacea 
 transversa 
 Verbasci 
 
 HAROIUM 
 
 Inquisitor 
 
 HARPALUS 
 apricarius 
 aulicus 
 azureus 
 bicolor 
 bizonattis 
 erytbropus 
 ferrngineus 
 Germanus 
 obsciirus 
 *pras!nu.s 
 rnfifornis 
 tibialis 
 
 Hamuli 
 
 Haustellum 
 
 379 
 212,378 
 
 ib. 
 579 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 379 
 379 
 
 ib. 
 
 212, 
 
 210,392 
 
 361 
 337 
 365 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 387 
 361 
 151 
 149, 565 
 387 
 349 
 29, 349 
 
 Hawk muth, covvilvulus 
 
 244, 438 
 , dealKs head 244, 
 
 442 
 
 , I. 433 
 
 , elephant 64, 243, 
 
 396 
 
 , /. 430 
 
 , scarce E. 597 
 
 , small E. 243,381 
 
 , sputUd E. 244, 
 
 397 
 
 — , scarce- spotted 
 
 E. 244 
 
 — ,YeUow-sp<jtled 
 
 E. 430 
 
 , eyed 243, 381 
 
 , I. 4-30 
 
 , Hummine-hird, 
 
 244,370, 597 
 
INDEX. 
 
 473 
 
 Hawk-molh, humming- 
 bird, I. 363 
 
 , Lime 243, 381 
 
 , Z. 430 
 
 , p. 3p9 
 
 , pine 244, 5Q7 
 
 , poplar 243, 3\)6, 
 
 430 
 
 , /. 438 
 
 , privet 244, 397 
 
 , l. 431 
 
 — • , sharp-u-i':ged 'kCiV' 
 
 , silver-:ine 243, 396 
 H : zel-mo!h, scolloped 137 1 , 
 404 
 Hazel Torlrix 423 
 
 Head of Insects 21,342 
 Heart and dub m. 402 
 
 , brindled ib. 
 
 , brown 2^1, 402 
 
 Heart and Dart m. 402 
 Hearl-motk 383 
 
 Heath D, large 417 
 
 , /. 396 
 
 , scarce ib 
 
 —— , sma/Z 240, 396. 430, 
 438 
 
 , /. 38 1 
 
 Htath-moth, Mack 406 
 
 common, 405 
 
 latticed 384, 423 
 
 light 406 
 
 ne«^d 383 
 
 yellovD 406 
 
 Heaths, best time for 
 
 collecting insects 
 
 on 313 
 
 near London ib. 
 
 Hebrew character m. 370 
 setaceoui 402 
 
 Hedges, insects how 
 
 collected from 31 2 
 HEDYCHRUM 
 
 auratuni 272, 412 
 
 regiuin 4 12 
 
 Hellus sexpunctatns 274 
 Heiiocentis, /liib. 252 
 
 Heliophila, Hub. 251 
 
 Heliophila, Klug 287 
 
 HELIOTHIS, Och. 252 
 Helobinni, Leach ]52 
 
 HELODES 
 
 Pbellandrii 213,379 
 violacea 379 
 
 HELOPHILUS 
 
 peudulus 415 
 
 tenax 297, 387 
 
 HelopboviilLR (Fani.) 185 
 
 HELOPHORUS 
 
 Fennicus 362 
 
 griseiis ib. 
 
 nubilus 186, 362 
 
 siasnalis 186,360 
 
 HE LOPS 
 lanipes 194,390 
 
 violaceus 362 
 
 Hemcrobiadx (Fam.) 260 
 
 Hemerobiiii, Lair. 260 
 
 Heinercbius, ^i?^«. 06 
 
 HEAIEROBIUS 
 affinis 410 
 
 Beckwithii ib. 
 
 decussatus ib. 
 
 irroratus ib. 
 
 lutescens ib. 
 
 nemoralis ib. 
 
 nervosus ib. 
 
 obscurns ib. 
 
 *Perla 260 
 
 Pini 410 
 
 pimctatus ib. 
 
 variegatiis 260, 410 
 
 Hemiptera, Z,in?je 61,217, 
 219 
 
 , characters of 
 
 tlie order 139 
 
 , classification 
 
 of the 220 
 
 , method of ar- 
 ranging 322 
 
 ,method of pre- 
 serving and set- 
 ting 319 
 
 Henops, Jllig. 296 
 
 Hepa, Geof. 225 
 
 HEPIALUS 
 
 Angulum 397 
 
 fuscus 381 
 
 Hectus 245, 397 
 
 Humiili ib. ib. 
 
 kipiiliniis 431 
 
 Mappa 245, 397 
 
 nebiilosus 381 
 
 obiiqmis ib. 
 
 Herald-moth 371, 433 
 
 HERIADES 
 campanularum 428 
 truncorum ^H4 
 
 IIERMINI.V 
 achatalis 
 albistrigalis 
 angustalis 
 barbalis 
 IJombycalis 
 colonalis 
 cras^salis 
 derivialis 
 dimidiatiis 
 flamealis 
 nemoralis 
 obscuralis 
 pinguinalis 
 
 Am 
 
 4'24 
 
 ib. 
 
 385, 424 
 
 425 
 
 407 
 
 406 
 
 407 
 
 435 
 
 406 
 
 407 
 
 ib. 
 
 424 
 
 proboscidalis 253, 406, 
 435 
 
 rostra lis 
 Salicalis 
 socia 
 
 taibicrinalis 
 vittaHs 
 HESPERIA 
 Comma 
 Line a 
 MalvEe 
 Paniscus 
 
 406 
 407 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 385, 406 
 
 242, 430 
 242,417 
 
 242, 381 
 
 243, 381 
 Svlvanus242, 381,417 
 Tages 242, 381 
 
 Plesperidje (Fam.) 242 
 Hesperides, Latr. ib. 
 
 HETEROCERUS 
 
 marginatus 1S5, 367 
 Heteromera (Sect.) 192 
 Hetoropoda, Lair. 127 
 Highflyer M. July 424 
 , May 405 
 
 , yellow- striped 423 
 
 HIPPARCHIA 
 
 /Egeiia 241, 369, 396, 
 430 
 
 , /. 363,381, 396 
 
 blandina 240, 396 
 
 Davus 396 
 
 Galathea 240, 417 
 Hyperanthus 240, 396 
 Janira ib. ib. 
 
 Megara 240, 417, 430 
 
 , /. 381,4^0 
 
 Pamphilus 240, 396. 
 438 
 
 ,1. 381,430 
 
 Pilosella 240, 396,417 
 Polvdama 39t> 
 
 Semele 241, 417 
 
474 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 39C 
 
 HIPPARCHIA 
 
 Typhon 
 HIPPATICHUS 
 papilionarius 
 prunatus 
 HIPPOBOSCA 
 *avicularia 
 
 equina 72.302,415 
 
 •Hirundinis 30 
 
 *ovina ib. 
 
 *vespertilionis 304 
 
 Hippoboscidae (Fatn.) 302 
 
 HIPPOLYTE varians 97 
 
 Hornet Sphinx, 
 , bee 
 
 303 
 
 53, 193 
 
 389 
 ib, 
 184 
 375 
 367 
 185 
 375 
 184 
 3G7 
 
 184,3 
 
 184, 367 
 184 
 ib 
 
 184, 567 
 184 
 367 
 
 Hispa mutica 
 HISTER 
 
 jeueus 
 
 2-maculatus 
 *bipustulatus 
 
 cadaverinus 
 
 carbonarius 
 
 depressus 
 
 12-striatus 
 *flavicornis 
 
 neglect us 
 
 nitiduliis 
 
 parvus 
 *picipes 
 *punctatus 
 
 purpurascens 
 *4-maciilatus 
 
 4-notatus 
 *semipunctatus 49, 184 
 
 sinuatus 184, 367 
 
 speculifer 
 
 stercoiari'js 
 
 unicolor l8^ 
 
 virescens 
 Histerldae (Fam.) 
 Holly Tortrix, large 
 Holmian Tortrix 
 Honey-moth 
 Honey-comb Moth 
 Honk, silver 252, 403 
 
 Hooktip M. beautiful 435 
 
 , bordered 3S5 
 
 , oak 425 
 
 , pebble 254, 407 
 
 — — , scolloped 254, 585, 
 
 441 
 
 Hook-tipped, great 407 
 
 HOPLIA 
 
 pulveiulpiita 191,389 
 lloplitus, Clair. 157 
 
 I. 381 
 245 
 , lunar 417, 442 
 
 253'Hornet Wasp 69, 280 
 
 ib.|Howard's obsservations 
 on the pollen of 
 plants 335 
 
 Huber's experiments 
 on the antennas of 
 queen bees 23^ 
 
 Humming-bird H. M. 244, 
 397,431,438 
 
 , I. 397 
 
 HYAS araneus 89 
 
 375 
 367 
 375 
 389 
 183 
 436 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 Unmet Sph'nr 
 
 159, 3S8 
 3S8 
 365 
 157 
 
 HYDATICU.S 
 
 Hybneri 
 
 stagnalis 
 
 tvansversalis 
 Hj'drachna, Fabr. 
 HYDRACHNA 
 
 geographica 133, 
 Hydrachnadae (Fam.) 
 HYDRiENA 
 
 Kugcllani 
 HYDRO BIUS 
 
 atricapillus 
 
 bipustulatus 
 
 calconotus 
 
 fulvus 
 
 fuscipes 
 
 griseus 
 
 marginellus 
 
 melanocephalus 
 
 186,375 
 
 368 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 187, 367 
 
 368 
 
 ib. 
 187, 
 368 
 368 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 IS'; 
 
 mmutus 
 
 orbicularis 
 
 seminulus 
 
 torqiiatus 
 HYDROCHUS 
 
 brevis 375 
 
 cicindeloides 186 
 
 crenatus 375 
 
 elongatus 367 
 
 Hydrocorisiae, Latr, 225 
 
 Hvdrometidas (Fam.) 224 
 
 HYDROMFTRA 
 
 ■*paludum 224 
 
 *rivulorum ib. 
 
 stagnorum 224, 380 
 Hvdrophilidi£(Fam.) 186 
 HYDKOPHILUS 
 
 caraboides 58, 187, 360 
 *cicindeloides 186 
 
 245| ^jmpressus 
 
 ib 
 
 HYDROPHILUS 
 
 *longipalpus 
 *nitidus 
 *piceus 
 *sordiiI us 
 *stagnalis 
 
 HYDRO PORUS 
 
 confluens l58, 
 
 depressus 
 ' dorsaiis 
 
 12-pustulatus 158, 
 
 flavipes 
 
 flexuosus 
 
 fluviatilis 
 
 granularis 
 
 humeralis 
 
 linnellus 
 
 lituratus 
 
 melanocephalus 
 
 planus 
 
 Irifidus 
 
 unistriatus 
 HYDROUS 
 
 piceus 
 Hygrobia, Lair. 
 HYL.EUS 
 
 annulatus 
 
 dilatatus 
 
 florisomnus 
 
 quailri-cinctus 
 
 signatus 
 HYLESINUS 
 
 crenatus 
 *Scolytus 
 
 varius 
 
 HYLOTOMA 
 *Angelicx 
 
 Berberidis 
 
 caerulea 
 
 caerulescens 
 
 enodis 
 
 femoral is 
 
 furcata 
 
 Klugii 
 
 pagana 
 
 pilicornis 
 
 Ros£e 
 
 segmentaria 
 
 Stephensii 
 
 ustulata 
 
 violacea 
 HYLTIRGUS 
 
 ater 
 
 206, 
 
 2G4, 
 
 264, 
 
 186 
 187 
 
 58 
 186 
 
 ib. 
 
 361 
 ib. 
 388 
 361 
 388 
 373 
 365 
 361 
 365 
 361 
 365 
 388 
 365 
 361 
 3b5 
 
 359 
 157 
 
 427 
 ib. 
 284 
 282 
 427 
 
 391 
 206 
 37S 
 
 411 
 411 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 264 
 411 
 411 
 411 
 411 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 391 
 
INDEX. 
 
 47f> 
 
 HYLURGUS 
 
 niger 391 
 
 obscurus ib. 
 
 Piniperda 105, 301 
 
 Hymeuoptera, Linni ti6 
 
 Hyinenoptera, Rossi CSS 
 
 , character of 
 
 the Order 193 
 
 , classiGcation 
 
 of the 2G2 
 , method of ar- 
 ranging- 322 
 
 , method of pre- 
 
 servin? 321 
 
 HYPER A.^Germor 203 
 
 444 IPS 
 
 4-pustulatus 170, 43R 
 
 *Scolytus 206 
 
 *Typographe 205 
 
 * Typosraphus ib. 
 
 /'•■'Ti, clouded 425 
 ISSUS 
 
 coleoptratiis 230, 380 
 114 
 
 HYPHYDRUS 
 
 ovatus 137, 358 
 
 Hypoffymna, Hub. 946 
 JiERA 
 
 albifrons 110 
 
 JANIRA 
 
 maculosa ib. 
 
 Jansen, the first in- 
 venter of the mi- 
 croscope 323 
 January, Caiandarfor 358 
 
 • , employment for3l4 
 
 Japan molhs 249 
 
 Jaspidia, Hub. 250 
 
 JASSA 
 
 pulchelia 105 
 
 lASSUS 
 
 interruptus 3S('' 
 
 Lanio 231, 330 
 
 viridis 380 
 
 ICHNEUMON, Li7ine 67, 
 271 
 *Jaculator 268 
 
 Manifestator 68 
 
 Ichneumon matjifes- 
 tator, Mr. Mar- 
 sham's observa- 
 tions on 25 
 Ichneumotiidffi(Fam.)26S 
 
 Incomplete molh 
 
 Inflata, Latr. 296 
 
 Inflating caterpillars, 
 method of 318 
 
 Ingrailed moth, large 56 3 
 
 , small 424 
 
 INO 
 
 Statices 245, 397 
 
 liisecta Ametabolia 138, Julida? (Fam.) 
 140JULUS 
 
 Insecta Motabolia 138,142 *complanatus 
 
 Insects, the most ex- 
 tensive of the ani- 
 mal kingdom 17 
 
 , instructed by na- 
 ture in disposing 
 their uggs 38 
 , economy of ib. 
 , mould on, how 
 removed 311 
 , method of col- 
 lecting 312 
 •, how found in 
 moss 314 
 •, method of pre 
 
 Londinensis 
 
 niger 
 *onii-coides 
 'polydesmoides 
 
 pulchelhis 
 
 punctatus 
 
 pusillus 
 
 sabulosus 
 
 terrestris 
 
 115 
 358 
 
 ib. 
 113 
 114 
 338 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 114, 358 
 
 358 
 
 July, Calendar for 4l5 
 
 , employment for3l5 
 
 IXODES 
 
 Ricinus 132, 372 
 
 Ixodiada; (Fam.) 132 
 
 , method of relax 
 
 ing 321 
 
 , exotic speci- 
 mens, why reject- 
 ed 322 
 
 , method of arrang- 
 ing in a Cabinet ib 
 
 , nature's favour- 
 ite productions 329 
 
 for the micro- 
 scope ib. 
 
 , Kirby, observa- 
 tions on the beau- 
 ty of ib. 
 
 , Swammerdam's 
 
 method of dissect- 
 ing 331 
 , parts of for the 
 
 3 1 8 A>n<;s/i Glory, m. 247,370 
 
 /. 39l> 
 
 Kidnfy moth, double 251, 
 370 
 
 , I. 402 
 
 Kirby's remarks on the 
 antennae of the 
 long-horned bees 24 
 
 observations on 
 
 forming a System 45 
 
 observations on 
 the beauty of in- 
 sects 329 
 Kitten rr.olh 248,418 
 
 Ichneumonides, Latr, 26S| microscope 
 IDOTEA iJournal, use of a 
 
 *aqnatica 
 *hectica 
 pelagica 
 Idoteadae (Fam.) 
 INACHUS 
 Dorseltensis 
 *Maja 
 "Scorpio 
 
 ib. 
 
 no ips, ouv. 
 
 107 IPS 
 
 1061 *cellaris 
 
 ferruginea 
 *humeralis 
 *ob!ongus 
 *Piniperda 
 4-maculatus 
 
 208 
 
 169 
 
 /. 
 
 Knot-grass moth 
 
 , common 
 
 , light 
 
 , scarce 
 
 Knot-horn, dotted 
 
 ,double-slripedrtd^2l 
 
 , mealy 
 
 LAIUA 
 
 439 
 383 
 250 
 40O 
 ib. 
 407 
 
 410 
 216, 379 
 
 89 
 90l 
 ib.' 
 
 nimor 
 374ILABIDURA 
 169 gigantea 217,393 
 
 208 Labrum 28 
 
 205 LACCOPHILT'S 
 3741 hyalinus loB, 361 
 
475 
 
 INDtX. 
 
 LACCOPHILUS 
 
 minutus 158,361 
 
 Lackey, barred tree 4.': 
 
 I. 
 
 3D8 
 4 
 52, 215 
 
 215 
 
 , ground 
 
 Lady Bird or 
 
 Lady Cow 
 
 LAGREA 
 
 hirta 196, 375 
 
 LAMIA 
 
 JEclilis 209, 39 
 
 hispida 392 
 
 minuta 369 
 
 Kcbulosa 209, 392 
 
 nubila 392 
 
 oculata 209, 392 
 
 pilosa 392 
 
 populnea 392 
 
 praeusta ili. 
 
 scalaris ih. 
 
 Sutor 416 
 
 Textor 209, 392 
 
 Lamp for microscope, 
 
 the best 32 
 
 LAMPRIAS 
 
 chlovocepiiala 155,37 
 
 cyanucepLala 155, 387 
 
 LAMPYRIS 
 
 noctiluca, 56, 163, 3R8 
 *pusilla 163 
 
 splendidula 56 
 
 Lanes, insects how col 
 
 LASIOCAMPA 
 neustria 
 Quercus 
 
 398, 431 
 
 247, 41 e 
 
 I. 39!" 
 
 39f 
 
 247, 3SC 
 
 28'; 
 
 lected in Ijiy 
 
 Laothoe, Fabr. 243 
 
 LAPHRIA 294 
 
 Lappet molh 247,418 
 
 , I. 382 
 
 , Pine 418 
 
 LARIA 
 
 fascelina 247, 418 
 
 , /. 382 
 
 piulibunda 247, 598 
 LARRA 
 
 ichneumoniformis 277, 
 413 
 Larrada^ (Fam.) 276 
 Larrativ, Latr. 276 
 
 LARUNDA, Ccti 106 
 
 Larva, or Caterpillar 40, 
 349 
 LASIOCAMPA 
 
 castrensa 431 
 
 Cratffigi I. 382, 438 
 
 Rubi 
 Tiifulii 
 
 Lasis pilipes 
 
 Lasius, Fabr. '27l 
 
 Latreiile's opinion en 
 the use of the an- 
 tennae 26 
 
 LATRIUIUS 
 
 impresius 569, 4'^ 
 'minutus 207 
 
 nigricoliis 429 
 
 porcatus 207, 36 
 
 rulicollis 369, 429 
 
 rugicollis 869 
 
 transversus 369, 429 
 
 LATHROBIUM 
 dentatum 36( 
 
 elongatum 172, 366 
 quadratum 366 
 
 Leach's Genera found- 
 ed on a considera- 
 tion of every cha- 
 racter 45 
 
 Lsad Torlrix, clouded 360 
 
 i.E-BIA 
 
 *atricapilla 156 
 
 Crux-minor 155, 387, 
 
 429 
 
 *4-maciiIata 155 
 
 Lechean Turlrix 407 
 
 led;; A 
 
 aurata 231,394 
 
 Leunenhoek's obser- 
 Tations on the 
 eves of the Libel- 
 lula 
 
 Legs, Pedes 
 
 Lehmann's ex])eri- 
 ments on tlie an- 
 tennae of insects 
 
 LEIOIDES 
 
 Lema merdigera 211 
 
 Lemur, Hub. 251 
 
 Ltopafd mulh, u-o:d 246, 
 418 
 Lepidoptera, Lin??. 64 
 Lepidoptera, charac- 
 ter of the order 139 
 
 , classification 
 
 of the order 234 
 
 , method of 
 
 mothing for 315 
 , method of pre- 
 serving and set- 
 ting 319 
 , method of ar- 
 ranging 322 
 LEPISMA 
 *polypoda 140 
 saccharina 140, 364' 
 Lepismada", (Fam.) 140 
 Leptis, Fabr. 293 
 Leptoceridje, (Fam.) 25G 
 
 LEPTOCERUS 
 
 in(erruptus 256, 386 
 Leptogaster, Meig. 295 
 Leptosoma, Leach 202 
 
 LEPTURA 
 
 23 
 
 affinis 
 
 apicalis 
 
 attcnuata 
 
 aurulenta 
 
 collaris 
 
 elongata 
 
 femorata 
 * Inquisitor, Lirin. 
 * . Latr. 
 
 humeralis 
 picea 
 polita 
 ruficollis 
 LEISTUS 
 bi'unneus 
 
 SS9 
 
 194, 389 
 
 389 
 
 39(! 
 
 364 
 
 caruleus 147, 373, 438 
 Raulinsii 373, 438 
 
 rufescens 364 
 
 392 
 416- 
 392 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 210, 392 
 392 
 211 
 210 
 392 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 211 
 392 
 
 55 
 
 laevis 
 
 livida 
 
 melaaura 
 
 meridiana 
 * mi cans 
 
 nigra 
 
 NympbaEEE 
 
 quadiifasciata 55,210, 
 411 
 
 revestita 392 
 
 rufiventris ib. 
 
 sanguinolenta ib, 
 
 sexguttata ib. 
 
 6-maculata ib. 
 
 ♦simplex 2 1 1 
 
 Leptnradae, (Fam.^ 210 
 
 LEPYRUS, Germ. 204 
 
477 
 
 LESTES 
 
 
 
 LIMNORIA 
 
 
 
 r.lTHODES 
 
 
 
 autumnalis 
 
 259 
 
 ,437 
 
 terebrans 
 
 
 10^ 
 
 *arctica 
 
 
 90 
 
 sponsn 
 
 
 41( 
 
 Limonia, Alei 
 
 f. 
 
 291 
 
 Maja 
 
 
 90 
 
 LESTIVA 
 
 
 
 Line moth, d< 
 
 xb'.e 
 
 251 
 
 LITHOSLA 
 
 
 
 caraboiiles 
 
 
 367 
 
 r.ingua, the Ti 
 
 neue 29,319 
 
 anrantia 
 
 
 399 
 
 obsciira 
 
 
 Sbl 
 
 Linuean System of 
 
 complana 
 
 249 
 
 ,431 
 
 punctulata 
 
 
 175 
 
 animals 
 
 
 23 
 
 eborina 
 
 
 418 
 
 Letter I moth 
 
 
 432 
 
 System 
 
 of EdIo- 
 
 flava 
 
 
 431 
 
 Letter, red 
 
 
 372 
 
 niology not orig 
 
 i- 
 
 grammicus 
 
 
 442 
 
 LEUCANIA, Oh. 
 
 2.51 
 
 nal 
 
 
 43 
 
 griseola 
 
 
 431 
 
 Leucosi;i(]3c, (F 
 
 im.) 
 
 91 
 
 System, 
 
 observa- 
 
 rrrorea 
 
 
 418 
 
 LEUCOTHOE 
 
 
 
 tions on 
 
 he 
 
 ib. 
 
 lutereila 
 
 
 431 
 
 arlicukisa 
 
 
 103 
 
 Linne's Order of In- 
 
 pulcliella 
 
 
 439 
 
 LII3ELLULA 
 
 
 
 sects 
 
 
 44 
 
 quadra 
 
 249 
 
 ,399 
 
 •Boltonii 
 
 
 25 S 
 
 LinneanGenera,syno 
 
 P- 
 
 rubricoUts 
 
 
 418 
 
 conspurcata 
 
 
 3S6 
 
 tical view of the 
 
 73 
 
 LIVIA 
 
 
 
 cancellata 
 
 
 410 
 
 Lip, upper 
 
 
 28 
 
 Juncorutn 
 
 232 
 
 394 
 
 depressa 
 
 2j7 
 
 3Sh 
 
 LIPARIS 
 
 
 
 LIXUS 
 
 
 
 Donovani 
 
 
 427 
 
 dispar 
 
 240 
 
 431 
 
 paraplecticus 
 
 202 
 
 ,416 
 
 •forcipata 
 
 
 258 
 
 Monacha 240, 397 
 
 ,431 
 
 productus 
 
 
 429 
 
 *grandis 
 
 
 ib 
 
 , 
 
 I. 
 
 397 
 
 Lizards, scales 
 
 of, for 
 
 4-maculata 
 
 65, 
 
 386 
 
 LIPARI'S 
 
 
 
 the microscope 
 
 333 
 
 scotica 
 
 
 410 
 
 /Ecidii 
 
 
 391 
 
 Lobster, cornmon 
 
 9.5 
 
 vuigata 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Anglicanus 
 
 
 3-7 
 
 Lobster moth 
 
 247 
 
 398 
 
 •vnlsatissima 
 
 
 238 
 
 asper 
 
 
 369 
 
 , I. 
 
 
 431 
 
 Libellula, number of 
 
 Coryli 
 
 
 377 
 
 LOCUST A 
 
 
 
 eyes in the 
 
 
 21 
 
 elevatus 
 
 
 ib 
 
 flavipes 
 
 
 429 
 
 Libeilulida}, (Fam.) 
 
 257 
 
 Germanus 
 
 203 
 
 391 
 
 migratoria 
 
 
 21s 
 
 Libelhilina;, Lai 
 
 '-. 
 
 ib. 
 
 Ligustici 
 
 
 377 
 
 *viridissima 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Light for the micro 
 
 - 
 
 niaritimus 
 
 
 391 
 
 Locusterise, La 
 
 r. 
 
 218 
 
 scope 
 
 
 32- 
 
 maurus 
 
 
 ib 
 
 Locustidae, (Fam.) 
 
 218 
 
 LIGIA 
 
 
 
 niger 
 
 
 377 
 
 Lnejlinpan Turtrix 
 
 374 
 
 oceanica 
 
 
 111 
 
 obesus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 L"g'an Tortrix 
 
 
 407 
 
 *Soopii!orum 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 ovatus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 LOMECHUSA 
 
 
 
 I.igiadac, (Fam.) 
 
 
 ib 
 
 pioeus 
 
 
 591 
 
 dentata 
 
 177, 
 
 375 
 
 Liarula 
 
 
 28 
 
 pilosulus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 emaruinata 
 
 ib. 
 
 ih. 
 
 LIMENITIS 
 
 
 
 punctalns 
 
 
 377, 
 
 L',ng- Cloak Tortrix, 
 
 
 Camilla 240, 
 
 296, 
 
 417 
 
 raucus 
 
 
 ih. 
 
 — , lirch 
 
 
 435 
 
 JLIMxVEBIUS 
 
 
 
 scabriculus 
 
 
 391 
 
 , common 
 
 
 408 
 
 mollis 
 
 
 368 
 
 scabrosus 
 
 
 377 
 
 , hsser 
 
 
 407 
 
 nigrinus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 setosu5 
 
 
 39 1' 
 
 , mar lied 
 
 
 385 
 
 nitidus 
 
 1S7, 
 
 368 
 
 sexstriatus 
 
 
 369' 
 
 Lr^ng-hmied 
 
 
 436 
 
 LIMNEPHILUS 
 
 
 
 squamigRf 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Looper, drab 
 
 
 385 
 
 echinatiis 
 
 
 336 
 
 subglobosus 
 
 
 377 
 
 LOPHYRUS 
 
 
 
 griseiis 
 
 nervosus 
 
 radiatiis 
 
 
 ib 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 siibrotundus 
 
 sulcatus 
 
 Vastator 
 
 
 391 
 377 
 369 
 
 Pini 
 rufus 
 LOKICERA 
 
 267, 
 
 412 
 41 'i 
 
 rhombicus 
 
 257, 
 
 386 
 
 Vau 
 
 
 377 
 
 aenea 
 
 150, 
 
 365 
 
 Striola 
 
 
 336 
 
 Liris, Fahr. 
 LITHOBIUS 
 
 
 276 
 
 Louse, body 
 ——, crab 
 
 
 143 
 ib. 
 
 LIMNIUS 
 
 
 
 forficatus 
 
 115. 
 
 358 
 
 , head 
 
 
 143 
 
 V'olkmari 
 
 7 85, 
 
 375 
 
 variegatus 
 
 
 358 
 
 — » pw 
 
 
 111 
 
 LIMNOCHARES 
 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 
 ib 
 
 , w.iod 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 boloserlcea 
 
 I S3 
 
 327 
 
 LitliodiadtB, ( 
 
 'am.) 
 
 90 
 
 Lover's Knot 
 
 
 42 i 
 
478 
 
 IKDEX. 
 
 ib. 
 
 191 
 
 4u- 
 168 
 
 LOXOCERA 
 
 Ichneiimoni;i 299, 415 
 Liicanifl;i; (F.im) 192 
 Liicanides, Lilr. 
 LUCANLS 
 
 Cervus 19-', 38^ 
 
 *cylin(li icus 
 
 pai-alleli|iipe(lns 
 Lundian Tortrix 
 LUPERUS 
 *cisteloi(les 
 
 flavipes 212, 378 
 
 rufipes 378 
 
 Luteslnng moth, lesser i(y2 
 
 , Poplar ib. 
 
 LYCiENA 
 
 Adonis 241,581,43; 
 
 Alsus 242, 3S1, 417 
 
 ArgioIus242, 3S1, 43(i 
 
 Argus 
 
 24'2, 417 
 I. 370 
 
 417 
 242, 4 17 
 24!, 430 
 241,41 
 
 Anon 
 
 Artaxerxes 
 
 Chryseis 
 
 Corydoa 
 
 Cymon 242,381,417 
 
 dispar 241,417 
 
 Dorylus 242,381,41 
 
 430 
 
 , I. 37( 
 
 Idas 242,381,417 
 
 , /. 370, 3Q6 
 
 Phiaeas 241, 370, 396, 
 
 430 
 
 Virgaureae 241, 430 
 
 Lychnis moth 401 
 
 LYCOPERDINA 
 Bovistas 210,369 
 
 LYC.^US 
 
 Hyoscyami 
 
 microptenis 
 
 niic;ax 
 LYROPS 
 
 tricolor 
 Lytta fusca 
 
 vesicatoia 39, 198 
 
 Macliilis polypoda 140 
 Macroceplialus latiros 
 tris 
 
 scabrosus 
 Macrochira, Meig. 
 Macniglossa, Oih. 
 MACROGLOSSUM 
 
 Stellatarum 244, 370, 
 438 
 
 I. 363, 397, 431 
 
 MACROPI.EA, Ho^. 211 
 MACROPODIA 
 
 Phalangium 
 *lonsirostris 
 
 Macropodiadae,(Fam,) 90 
 Macropus 
 
 longirostris 
 
 Scorpie 
 Vlacroura, (Order) 
 MyERA 
 
 grossiinana 
 MAGDALIS, Germ. 
 Magpie mnthyCummon'253, 
 
 MALTHINUS 
 
 394 humeralis 374 
 
 ib.| immunis 374 
 
 ib.;MAMESTRIA, Och. 251 
 
 ,MsLnd\hu\ee,Ma7id;l-les 28 
 
 277, 4 1 3|Maniola, S. hrank 240 
 
 7 Mantle mulh, royal 422 
 
 Maple Tortrix 407 
 
 Mari-le Tuilrix, barred i'25 
 
 , hooked 407 
 
 , relvse 425 
 
 1\)Q Marbled B. 240 
 
 o^'.O.MarbtedTortrix, large ^25 
 
 2i-h March vwlh 365 
 
 March, Calandar for 360 
 
 , employment for 314 
 
 Marsham's observa- 
 tions on the Ich- 
 neumon Manifes- 
 tator 25 
 
 91 (Marshes near London 313 
 Ul Marvel du Jour m. 370, 
 
 99 
 
 ib 
 91 
 
 90 
 91 
 
 103 
 
 2t)4 
 
 442 
 
 , scarce 333 
 
 Materials of insects, 
 
 an object of traffic 1 9 
 Maxillae 28, 350 
 
 May, Calendar for 372 
 
 , employment for 315 
 
 Meadows, insects found 
 in 313 
 
 424]Meai moth 427 
 
 , scarce 253, 404 Meal worms 59 
 
 , small 426>Iegachile, Lair. 284 
 
 Mahogany, the 231, 570 MEG AC MILE 
 
 *immaculata 
 LYCOSA 
 saccata 
 
 LYcrus 
 
 *canaliculatus 
 *histeroides 
 *Juglandis 
 oblongus 
 
 LYCtrs 
 
 minutus 
 LYDA 
 Betulae 
 
 216 
 
 129, 415 
 
 208 
 
 206 
 
 207 
 
 208, 369 
 
 1 63, 388 
 
 267, 412 
 
 erythrocephala 267,412 
 
 nemorum 412 
 
 LYG^US 
 
 apterus 222,416 
 
 Maiden'sBlvsh to. 383,435 
 MAJA 
 •*Scorpio 
 
 Squinado 
 *tetraodoa 
 *vulgaris 
 Maiadse, (Fam.) 
 MALACHIUS 
 
 Eeneus 
 
 biguttatus 
 
 fasciatus 
 
 riificullis 
 
 sanguinolentus ih. 
 
 Mai a costraca, charac- 
 ter of the 78, 82 
 Mallow-moth 442 
 
 , small 404, 435 
 
 iMALTHlNUS 
 
 flavus 164, 374 
 
 165, 374 
 
 374 
 
 388 
 
 ib. 
 
 centimculari« 285, 437 
 
 circumcincta 386 
 
 ligniseca 442 
 
 maritima 423 
 
 Willughbiella 428 
 
 MEGALOPA 100 
 
 Megaloptera, Lafr. 261 
 
 MEGATOMA 
 
 *nigra 182 
 
 *picea 195 
 
 *iiiidiilata ]82 
 
 undatHm 182, 362 
 
 Megilla, Fabr. 283 
 
 pilipes 287 
 
 rotundata ib. 
 
 Melalopha, Hiih. 247 
 
 MELANDRYA 
 
 caraboides 195,362,375 
 *serrata 195 
 
INDEX. 
 
 479 
 
 MELA5IS 
 
 flabellicornis 
 M ELECTA 
 
 punctata 
 MELITA 
 
 palmata 
 MELITA A 
 
 Artemis 
 
 Cinxia 
 
 /. 
 
 Dictynna 
 
 Euphros\'ne 
 
 Lucina 
 
 Silene 
 Meliita * a. Kirhy 
 
 ** a. Kir by 
 
 ** b. Kir by 
 
 ** C. Kir by 
 Melitta nigro cenea 
 
 tricincta 
 
 succincta 
 
 Swammcrdaniella 
 Mellinus, Fabr. 
 MELLINUS 
 
 mvstaceus 
 MELOE 
 
 autumnalis 
 
 brevicollis 
 
 cicatrosiis 
 
 glabratus 
 *nionoceros 
 
 proscarabajus 
 
 tc-ctus 
 
 variegatus 
 
 *vesicatorius 
 
 violaceus 
 
 MELOLONTHA 
 brunneiis 
 »Fi-ischii 
 Fiillo 
 solstitialis 
 vulgaris 
 
 MEMBRACIS 
 
 160,415 Genistae 
 
 MESSA 
 
 286, 3(U hortulana 2G4, 411 
 
 Metamorphosis of In- 
 
 103 sects 330 
 
 Method of collecting 
 
 237, 380 Insects 312 
 
 369 Metopius, Paws. 269 
 
 237, 396 MEZIUM, Leaf/i IBO 
 
 369 Microdon, Mei>. 297 
 
 237, 380 
 
 iMitte de la gule 1 33 
 
 4381 vegetative ib. 
 
 Mitlerbachian Torlrix 407 
 
 237, 396 
 
 237,380 
 
 237, 416 
 
 280 
 
 282 
 
 ib. 
 
 281 
 
 ib. 
 
 282 
 
 280 
 
 281 
 
 276 
 
 278,413 
 
 438 
 369 
 376 
 438 
 196 
 60, 369 
 590 
 S^6 
 198 
 369 
 
 MICROPEPLUS 
 
 porcatus 171, 374 
 
 staphylinoides 374 
 
 Microscope, aquatic 
 Insects for the, 
 how obtained 313 
 — , history of tlie 323 
 — , directions for 
 the ib. 
 
 — , method of 
 using 326 
 
 — s, Swammer- 
 dam's 331 
 
 — , parts of Insects 
 
 332 
 
 210, 
 
 592 
 392 
 
 375 
 191 
 
 3S9 
 
 for the 
 MILESIA 
 
 annuiata 298,415 
 
 conopsea 297 
 
 pipiens 387 
 
 Millipede 
 
 Miller moth 383, 439 
 Minerals defined 20 
 
 ■ for the micro- 
 scope 337 
 Minor, moth cloaked 420 
 ib. 
 433 
 42(1 
 ib. 
 439 
 420 
 ib. 
 
 80 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 81 
 
 100 
 
 207, 359 
 
 376 
 
 197, 376 
 
 376 
 
 195 
 
 ■jjioiinced 
 , IcaU 
 , marhled 
 , middle-barred 
 •, plain red 
 
 ^^- , rrsy 
 
 191, 375 J lawny-marbled 
 
 MelolonthidaB,(Fam.) 189 Minute Insects, how 
 MELOPHAGUS secured 
 
 ovinus 303, 387 MIRIS 
 
 Melophila,M/z. 303 vasrans 
 
 Melyandryadae, (Fam.) 
 193 
 164 
 164 
 
 309 
 
 Melyrida;, (Fam.) 
 Melyris ater 
 MEMHRACIS 
 
 coruutus 251, 394 
 
 222, 394 
 
 MISELIA, Hii^ 251 
 
 Miscus, J-rine 275 
 
 Mifumena, Late. 127 
 
 Mitte, aquatiqne, sa- 
 
 tinee 135 
 
 a rcbord 132 
 
 Moclia moth 383, 435 
 
 , birch 383,4.35 
 
 , dingy 404 
 
 , false 383, 435 
 
 MO( ILLUS 
 
 cellarius 299, 387 
 
 MOLORCHUS 
 dimidiatus 
 major 
 *Umbellatarum 210 
 Mollusca, anatomical 
 
 character of the 75 
 Monoculi'-i 
 conchaceus 
 Pulex 
 
 quadricornis 
 rostratus 
 MONOTOMA 
 
 Juglandis 
 
 MORDELLA 
 
 abdominaiis 
 
 aculeata 
 
 bicolor 
 
 ♦Boleti 
 
 fasciata 00,197,390 
 
 ferrugiijea 376 
 
 ♦frontalis 197 
 
 *paradoxa ib. 
 
 *picea 168 
 
 MordelladsD, (Fara.) 197 
 
 Mordellanae, Latr. ib. 
 
 MORMO, Och. 251 
 
 Morpion, Genff. 142 
 
 Moss, Insects how 
 
 found in 314 
 
 Mothing, method of 515 
 Mother-of-pearl 426 
 
 Mould on Insects, how 
 
 removed 311 
 
 Mountain moth, black 404 
 
 Mourner, rustic 433 
 
 Moysemoth 251,439 
 
 Mouth of Insects 27 
 
 Mulio, Schell. 299 
 
 Mullein moth 382,419 
 
 MUSCA 
 
 *arcuata 297 
 
 Cssar 387 
 
 domestica 372 
 
 *hemiptcra .300 
 
 *inanis 71 
 
480 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 MUSCA 
 
 Meridiana 387 
 
 vomitoria SOO, 37 
 Muscki*, (Fam.) 29? 
 Muscides, Latr. ib, 
 
 , 1. Lair. 301 
 
 Muslin, m. 24S, 332, 432 
 
 , brown 399 
 
 , round-winged 41 8 
 
 Musquetoe 71 
 
 MUTILLA. 
 
 Europsa 70,273,412 
 Mutilladx 273 
 
 Mutillarise, Lair. 273 
 Mvcetophagidre, (Fam.) 
 
 '" 207 
 
 MYCETOPHAGUS 
 
 atomarius 429 
 
 multipunctadis 416 
 
 quadripustulatiis 207, 
 
 391 
 
 rufus 429 
 
 Rimilis ib 
 
 nndulatus 442 
 
 varius 362 
 
 Mydasidse, (Fam.) 294 
 
 Mydasii, Latr. ib. 
 
 Myhhris, Schaff. 198 
 
 , Geoff. 200 
 
 MYODOCHA 
 
 tipuloides 223,394,438 
 MYOPA 
 <5orsalis 298, S 
 
 picta 4 1 5 
 
 Myriapoda, (Class) 112 
 — — , method of 
 
 preserving 31 
 
 MYRMOSA 
 
 melanocephala 273,4 12 
 WYCTERUS 
 
 curculionides 199, 390 
 *griseus 199 
 
 MYLvECFIUS 
 
 brunneus 1 69, 366 
 
 MYTHIMNA, Ot/i. 251 
 
 WYSIS 
 
 •bipes 100 
 
 Integra ib. 
 
 spiiiulosa 9S 
 
 N.flSA 
 
 bidentata 108 
 
 NAUCORIS 
 
 cimi/'oides 225, 
 NliBALIA,[i(.rbstii 
 
 3(S2 
 100 
 
 Nebnliad^, (Fam.) 100 
 NKBRIA 
 
 brevioollis 147,361 
 complanata 146, 373 
 Gyllenhali 147, 364 
 livida 147 
 
 NECROBIA. 
 
 ruficollis 166, 3 
 
 rufipes 443 
 
 violacea 374 
 
 NECRODES 
 
 littoralis 166,374 
 
 NECROPHAGUS 
 
 Anglicanus 374 
 
 Germanicus ib. 
 
 humator ib. 
 
 mortuorum 26 1 
 
 spinipes 166, 374 
 
 Vespillo ib. ib. 
 
 vestigator 365 
 
 N'ecydalis coerulea55,1 98 
 
 major 2 i 
 
 Neides tipularius 222 
 
 Nemophora, H(ff. 249 
 
 Nemaposron, Sckran, ib. 
 
 NKMATUS 
 
 lucid us 266,41': 
 
 luteus ib. ib 
 
 niger ib. ib. 
 
 *Septentrionalis 266 
 
 NEMOTELUS 
 
 iiliginosus 292, 337 
 NEPA 
 
 cinerea 61,225,359 
 *lineavis 225 
 
 N'epadap., (Fam.) ib 
 
 NEPHROPS 
 
 Norvegicus 96 
 
 Net 307 
 
 Net, boop 308 
 
 NelUelap Torlrix, /Au- 
 tumn 442 
 , early 364 
 , Milters 441 
 NeWe Tortrir, barred 385 
 Neurcptera, Ltnni G^ 
 — , character of 
 the Order 139 
 — , classilication 
 of the 257 
 — , method of pre- 
 serving 321 
 — , method of ar- 
 ranging 322 
 
 Niimidffi, (Fam.) 
 Nirmomyia, Nuz. 
 NIRMU3 
 
 Cornicis 
 NITIDULA 
 
 fenea 
 
 bipusttilata 
 
 Boleti 
 
 10-guttata 
 
 depressa 
 
 discoidea 
 
 erythropa 
 
 fiilva 
 
 grisea 
 
 marginata 
 
 nigrina 
 
 obsctira 
 
 obsoleta 
 
 rufipes 
 
 Urticx 
 NOCTUA 
 
 Absinthii 
 
 Aceris 
 
 Achates 
 
 Ad vena 
 
 a2nea 
 
 sethiops 
 
 affinis 
 
 albiliiiea 
 
 albirena 
 
 Alni 
 
 angulago 
 
 angusta 
 
 approximans 
 
 Apriiina 
 
 Arbuti 
 
 arcuosa 
 
 argentina 
 
 ArtemisiEB 
 
 Arundinis 
 
 Asclepiades 
 
 Asteris 
 
 atomina 
 
 145- 
 302 
 
 1«3 
 
 374 
 
 170, 374 
 
 389 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 51, 170 
 
 374 
 
 389 
 
 389, 443 
 
 389 
 
 374 
 
 339 
 
 ib. 
 
 374 
 
 ib. 
 
 252, 419 
 
 400 
 
 ib. 
 
 400,419 
 433 
 401 
 
 252, 422 
 
 403, 421 
 399 
 400 
 421 
 370 
 441 
 
 370, 442 
 383 
 4U3 
 419 
 252 
 25j 
 
 252, 422 
 419' 
 
 400, 419 
 
 Alriplicis 251,401,439 
 
 Augur 
 
 aurago 
 
 auricoma 
 
 auricula 
 
 baja 
 
 basilinea 
 
 251, 421 
 
 433 
 
 400 
 
 433 
 
 ib. 
 
 251,401 
 
 Batis 250,251,402,422 
 bilinea 402 
 
 biloba 420 
 
 bimaculata S76 
 

 
 
 INDEX 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 481 
 
 OCTUA 
 
 
 
 NOCrUA 
 
 
 
 NOCrUA 
 
 
 
 blanda 
 
 
 420 
 
 Exciamationis 
 
 402 
 
 Ligustri 
 
 250 
 
 ,400 
 
 ])ractea 
 
 
 403 
 
 exoleta252,3S 
 
 2,^9,442 
 
 lineola 
 
 
 440 
 
 BrassicEe 400 
 
 ,419 
 
 ,432 
 
 fasciuncula 
 
 
 420 
 
 lineolata 
 
 
 421 
 
 brunnea 
 
 
 433 
 
 ferrea 
 
 
 440 
 
 literosa 
 
 
 420 
 
 C. niicrain 
 
 
 402 
 
 ferruginago 
 
 
 383 
 
 lithoxylca 
 
 
 419 
 
 camelina 
 
 
 250 
 
 festiva 
 
 
 421 
 
 litura 
 
 
 440 
 
 capsincola 
 
 
 401 
 
 festucK 250, 
 
 422 
 
 433 
 
 Lota 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 catcEiiata 
 
 
 402 
 
 fimbria 250, 
 
 399 
 
 ,432 
 
 Lucifuga 
 
 
 419 
 
 cata?na 
 
 
 439 
 
 fissina 
 
 
 370 
 
 lueipara 
 
 
 401 
 
 centrago 
 
 
 402 
 
 llavago 
 
 252 
 
 440 
 
 luctiio'ia 
 
 
 403 
 
 Cerasi 
 
 
 371 
 
 flavicornis 
 
 
 402 
 
 liigens 
 
 
 433 
 
 chaniomillae 
 
 
 419 
 
 flavilinea 
 
 
 444 
 
 lunato-strigata 
 
 432 
 
 Chenopodii 
 
 2.51 
 
 401 
 
 flavocincta 
 
 251 
 
 439 
 
 lunina 
 
 
 420 
 
 Chi 
 
 2ol 
 
 432 
 
 Hiictuosa 
 
 
 402 
 
 lunosa 
 
 
 440 
 
 chrysites 
 
 250 
 
 403 
 
 Fiaxini 
 
 
 422 
 
 lusoria 
 
 
 433 
 
 circumflexa 
 
 
 403 
 
 fulvago 
 
 
 440 
 
 Liiteago 
 
 
 252 
 
 citrago 
 
 
 453 
 
 fuligiiiosa 
 
 
 419 
 
 macilenta 
 
 
 446 
 
 citrina 
 
 
 421 
 
 fumosa 
 
 
 421 
 
 margaritosa 
 
 
 439 
 
 clavigera 
 
 
 402 
 
 furca 
 
 
 432 
 
 majiiscala 
 
 
 440 
 
 coinbnsta 
 
 
 399 
 
 fiisca 
 
 420 
 
 403 
 
 margaritaria 
 
 
 422 
 
 comma 
 
 251, 
 
 399 
 
 ■ fnscata 
 
 
 370 
 
 mirginago 
 
 
 421 
 
 compta 
 
 251, 
 
 400 
 
 Gamma 
 
 
 383 
 
 marginosa 
 
 
 420 
 
 conigera 
 
 
 421 
 
 gemiiiata 
 
 
 370 
 
 maura 
 
 251 
 
 403 
 
 conjuga 
 
 
 422 
 
 geminipunctata 
 
 439 
 
 megacepbala 
 
 
 383 
 
 connexa 
 
 
 402 
 
 gilvago 
 
 
 440 
 
 Menya-.ilhidis 
 
 
 400 
 
 conspicillaris 
 
 
 3S2 
 
 glauca 
 
 
 401 
 
 meticulusa 
 
 250, 
 
 383, 
 
 contigiia' 
 
 
 401 
 
 glyphica 
 
 
 403 
 
 
 402, 
 
 440 
 
 coronula 
 
 
 400 
 
 gothica 
 
 
 370 
 
 Mi 
 
 252 
 
 ,403 
 
 crassa 
 
 
 433 
 
 gracilis 
 
 
 422 
 
 minima 
 
 
 433 
 
 crassicornis 
 
 
 39P 
 
 graminis 
 
 
 421 
 
 miiiiofa 
 
 
 363 
 
 croceago '252, 
 
 360, 
 
 370, 
 
 grandis 
 
 
 400 
 
 moiiilea 
 
 
 420 
 
 
 
 402 
 
 grisea 
 
 
 421 
 
 Morpheus 
 
 
 251 
 
 cubicularis 
 
 
 401 
 
 helvola 
 
 
 440 
 
 Myrtilli 252, 
 
 399 
 
 418 
 
 ciicubali 
 
 251 
 
 421 
 
 liepatica 
 
 252 
 
 419 
 
 nana 
 
 
 371 
 
 cypriaca 
 
 
 451 
 
 humeralis 
 
 
 420 
 
 nebulosa 
 
 
 370 
 
 cytherea 
 
 382 
 
 432 
 
 I. niger 
 
 
 432 
 
 nervosa 
 
 
 432 
 
 Delphinii 
 
 402 
 
 422 
 
 janthia 
 
 
 250 
 
 nigra 
 
 
 401 
 
 Dsns-canis 
 
 
 419 
 
 janthina 
 
 
 432 
 
 nigricans 
 
 
 421 
 
 deiiticulata 
 
 
 401 
 
 illustris 
 
 
 403 
 
 nigricurnuta 
 
 
 402 
 
 dentina 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 infuscata 
 
 
 4011 
 
 notha 
 
 252 
 
 563 
 
 derasa 
 
 251 
 
 453 
 
 interjecta 
 
 
 399 
 
 nupta 
 
 250, 433 
 
 diffinis 
 
 252 
 
 433 
 
 iiiterrogationis 
 
 403 
 
 obeliscata 
 
 
 421 
 
 diluta 
 
 
 402 
 
 Iota 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 obsoletissima 
 
 
 420 
 
 dipsacea 
 
 252 
 
 422 
 
 juncta 
 
 
 371 
 
 occuiata 
 
 
 419 
 
 dives 
 
 
 400 
 
 Lactucae 
 
 
 419 
 
 ochracea 
 
 
 401 
 
 duplarls 
 
 
 403 
 
 Lambda 
 
 
 442 
 
 ochraceago 
 
 40 : 
 
 ,440 
 
 duplex 
 
 
 400 
 
 latnincula 
 
 
 420 
 
 oculea 
 
 
 433 
 
 egens 
 
 
 420 
 
 Isvis 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 oleracea 
 
 
 383 
 
 epomidion 
 
 
 419 
 
 len.icornis 
 
 
 363 
 
 operosa 
 
 
 370 
 
 EricaB 
 
 
 421 
 
 leporina 
 
 383 
 
 ,439 
 
 orbona 
 
 250 
 
 432 
 
 erythrocephala 
 
 ib 
 
 leucostigma 
 
 
 401 
 
 orichalcea 
 
 
 403 
 
 erythrostigma 
 
 440 
 
 libatrix 
 
 571 
 
 433 
 
 oxyacanthx 
 
 401 
 
 , 439 
 
 Euphoibiae 
 
 
 400 
 
 lichenis 
 
 2h 
 
 251 
 
 ,401 
 
 pailens 
 
 
 419 
 
482 
 
 NOCTUA 
 pallida 
 palpina 
 Papilionaria 
 Parthenias 
 pectincta 
 perl a 
 
 Persicariae 
 phaea 
 picea 
 Piaastri 
 Pisi 
 
 pistacina 
 
 plebeia 
 
 plecta 
 
 polita 
 
 polyodon 
 
 popularis 
 
 prscox 
 
 371 
 
 250 
 
 422j 
 
 232, 3631 
 
 402i 
 
 2ol,432i 
 
 400; 
 
 420' 
 
 421' 
 
 252, 399] 
 
 230, 251, 40 1 i 
 
 I. 3S3 
 
 440, 
 
 401,' 
 
 402, 440 
 
 4 40, 
 
 400 
 
 420 
 
 251,383,432 
 
 iNOCTUA 
 
 scrophularia 
 
 praeduncula 420 
 
 promissa 422 
 
 pronuba 250, S99 
 
 Psi 250, 400 
 
 Pteridis 251 
 
 ponctina 4(9 
 
 puiiicea 421 
 
 pupillata jb. 
 
 pusilla 3CS 
 
 putris 252, 399 
 
 pygmina 432 
 
 Pyralina 433 
 
 pyramidea 432 
 
 radia 433 
 
 Ranunculina 419 
 
 I ava 43 
 
 rectilinea 400 
 
 redacta 420 
 
 renago 383 
 
 retusa 251, 402, 422 
 
 rhomboidaria 422 
 
 ridens 251, 370, 401 
 
 rufa 
 
 rufescens 
 
 rafuDCuIa 
 
 Rumicis 
 
 runica 
 
 Ruris 
 
 Rutilage 
 
 sagittifera 
 
 satellitia 
 
 satura 
 
 ScolopaciDa 
 
 scripta 
 
 363 
 419 
 439 
 
 250, 383 
 3SS 
 
 251,421 
 252 
 42 
 
 252, 440 
 40O 
 419 
 401 
 
 /. 
 
 secalina 401 
 
 Segetum 251 
 
 seladonia 370, 442 
 
 semi-brunnea 419 
 
 semifuscans 44 1 
 
 Serena 400 
 
 Sepii 420 
 
 Sigma 433 
 
 siniilis 400 
 
 sordida 420, 421 
 
 spadicea 44() 
 
 sparsa 370 
 
 sphserulatina 44O 
 
 spinifera 40 
 
 spinula 402 
 
 sponsa 250, 422 
 
 straminea 422 
 
 strigilis 420 
 
 Eubatrata 402 
 
 subfusca ib 
 
 subnigra 44(> 
 
 subplnmbea 371 
 
 subrufa 421 
 
 subsequa 432 
 
 subsetacea 370 
 
 fsubtusa 251,422 
 
 suffuse 401 
 
 sulphurea 405 
 
 Tanaceti 250,419 
 
 terminalis 42f 
 tetra 251,370,399 
 
 tetragona 432 
 Tragopogonus 251, 43 
 
 N'octnadae, (Fam.) 
 252,370|Noctuaelites, Lair. 
 399 Noctiin.PnmKT-^;f^ 
 
 250 
 ib. 
 
 Irapetziua 
 
 tridens 
 
 trilinea 
 
 triplacea 
 
 triquetra 
 
 turca 
 
 Typbas 
 
 lypica 
 
 Umbratic£e 
 
 ninbrosa 
 
 unca 
 
 Upsilon 
 
 Vaccinii 
 
 valligera 
 
 43i 
 
 400 
 
 402,44' 
 
 252, 422 
 
 2.S2 
 
 251, 422 
 251,432 
 
 401 
 252,418 
 
 433 
 403, 432 
 
 420 
 
 252, 440 
 42 
 
 Noctiio-Bombycites, 
 
 Latr, 24 i 
 
 Nocturna, (Sect.) 245 
 NO LA 
 
 palliolatis 054 
 
 NOMA DA 
 
 alternata 
 
 Capreae 
 
 conoe.xa 
 
 cornigera 
 
 Fabriciella 
 
 ferruginata 
 
 flava 
 
 flavo-gutta 
 
 (lavopicta 
 
 (icodeniana 
 
 Hillana 
 
 Jacobsas 
 
 Latliburiana 
 
 leucophthalma 
 
 lineola 
 
 Marshamel'a 
 
 picta 
 
 quadrinotata 
 
 ruficornis 
 
 nifiventris 
 
 rufo-cincla 
 
 rufo-picta 
 
 Schxfferella 
 
 schrostoma 
 
 sex-ciucta 
 
 Sheppardana 
 Solidaginis 
 varia 
 Xanthosticta 
 
 VOX.^GRIA, Och. 
 Nonpareil 
 
 -VOTASPIS 
 
 humeralis 132, 364 
 NotchiviigToTlrix, che 
 
 336 
 
 ib. 
 413 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib 
 423 
 413 
 442 
 336 
 423 
 437 
 42S 
 386 
 437 
 3S6 
 442 
 428 
 286, 428 
 42S 
 413 
 428 
 413 
 428 
 413 
 
 ib. 
 445 
 
 ib. 
 423 
 
 251 
 422 
 
 Verbasci 250, 382, 419 
 venosa 402, 440 
 
 X notata 432 
 
 Xanthographa 420 
 
 quered 435 
 
 fomrr.on jb. 
 
 iron ib. 
 
 shallow jb 
 NOTERUS 
 
 Geerii i j8, 365 
 
 sparsas 153, 359 
 xVOTHIOPHlLUS 
 
 aqnaticus 146, S>3 
 
 biguttatus £jv 
 
INDEX. 
 
 .TCAUjg 
 
 NOTODONTA 
 CamelJDa 38'2, 
 
 /. 382, 
 
 cuculla 
 Dromedaria 
 
 dromedarulus 
 palpina 398, 
 
 I. 3j'2, 
 
 perf'jsciis 
 trepida 247, 393, 
 
 Tritopus 247, 
 
 Ziczac 247, 352, 
 
 NOTOXECTA 
 •cinerea 
 furcata 2'26, 
 
 glauca 227, 
 
 maculata 220, 
 •mioutissima 61, 
 •striata 
 Notonectidfe, (Fam.) 
 NOTOXU3 
 •mollis 
 monoceros54, 196, 
 November, Calendar 
 for 
 
 — ■ , employment 
 
 for ' 316 
 
 N^vemier mcth 445 
 
 , lo'dered 434 
 
 D::gger 443 
 
 Nudaria, Haw. 
 
 fusca 399 
 
 munda 432 
 
 rotunda 4 i 8 
 
 Nutmeg moth 251, 401 
 
 larare 401 
 
 Xat-tree, curious ex- I 
 
 perimentson the 
 
 pollen 'if the 335 
 
 NYCFERIBIA 
 
 Hermann! 304, 38 
 Kycteribidap, (Fam.) 303 
 Xymphai <, 5 hrayik. 
 Nymp'i.i! s. Latr. 
 Nymp!: Ml, FaL". 
 Nymph .uiJae, (Fam.) 
 NYMPHf-M 
 
 gracile 
 OjJc rr.oih, scolUped 
 
 ■Object of comparative OCHTHEBIUS 
 431 aaatomv 741 riparius 
 
 439] — ^ of system ib. OCHTHERA 
 
 4 1 3 Objects for the micro- 
 
 186,37 
 
 24 
 
 439 
 
 598 
 
 439 
 
 439 
 
 3QS 
 
 431 
 
 439 
 
 418 
 
 439 
 
 4IS 
 
 43 i 
 
 227 
 359 
 359 
 362 
 
 227 
 228 
 226 
 
 166 
 376 
 
 443 
 
 I Mantis 300, 415 
 
 scope lOctober, employmeDt 
 
 Acari 130,3331 for 516 
 
 Animalcula 3341 , calendar for 442 
 
 Arachnoida 118, 333'Oculi 330 
 
 Birds, feathers of 
 
 Blood 
 
 Bones calcined 
 
 Camphor, crystals 
 
 of 
 Corals 
 
 Crustacea 
 
 333 Ocvdromus 143 
 
 ib. OCT PETE 
 
 ib : rubra i3l, 42S 
 
 'Ocypoda an^ilata 87 
 
 337 Ocypodaidae, (Fam.) 86 
 
 334'Ocyptera, Lit'. 30 1 
 
 78, 333 
 
 Crystals, method of 
 
 obtaining 537 
 
 Crystals ib. 
 
 Eels in paste 354 
 
 Fish, scales of 333 
 Hair ib. 
 
 Infusions of pepper 334 
 Insects 329 
 
 Living objects ib. 
 
 Li za rds, scales of 333 
 Minerals 33 
 
 Moss 
 
 Opaque objects 
 Pollen of plants 
 Pores of the skin 
 Sand 
 Shells 
 
 Seeds of plant 
 Silver, crystals of 
 S.iakes, scales of 
 Transparent ubiects32? 
 Vegetable infusions 334 
 
 OCYPTER\^ 
 Brass'caria 
 larvarum 
 lateralis 
 Mortuorum 
 puparum 
 
 OD.^CANTHA 
 roelanura 
 
 ODEXF.SIS 
 potatoria 
 
 /. 
 
 :r 
 
 415 
 ib. 
 301 
 428 
 415 
 
 156, 387 
 
 247,413 
 39S 
 257 
 
 Odonata, Fair 
 
 ^^^.ODONTEUS 
 
 "^'tl mobilicornis 
 
 ii^ ODONTOCERL'S 
 
 :^^:fj griseas 257, 386 
 
 333 ODONTOMYiA 
 
 1S9, 389 
 
 333; 
 335 
 537 
 333 
 
 Zo.)phvtes ib 
 
 OBISIUM 
 
 maritimum S5S 
 
 t iliiscorum ib. 
 
 orthodactylum il,, 
 
 trombidioides US' 
 
 Oblique Bar, common 4i 7 
 
 •, dn'k 425 
 
 40i 
 
 43 
 
 ^ Ob'.q e s'riped 
 
 ^,.^ Observations oa the 
 "^gl Linnean Svstem 
 
 ^"^.'^ on the System 
 
 „ • of Entomolosv 
 ^^'•'jOcelli 
 
 OCiiTHEBlUS 
 3''6 mariuus 
 434 pvgm^HS 
 2h2 
 
 ib. 
 350 
 
 furcata 292, 414 
 
 j hydroleon 414 
 
 microleon 587 
 
 tigrina ib. 
 
 vulpiua 4I4 
 
 ODYNERUS 
 
 parietinus 279, 413 
 CEDEMERA 
 
 carulea 19S, 390 
 
 lurida 390 
 
 uigripes ib. 
 
 Podagrariae i'>. 
 
 ruficollis ib. 
 
 viridissima ib. 
 
 'Edemiradae, fFam.) Igg 
 rEdemerites. Latr. ib. 
 CExonomy of insects 38 
 GLsfridaj. ^^Faxn ) 501 
 ESTRLS 
 
 Covis 502, 437 
 
 * Equi S02 
 
 Oris 70, 3oI. 415 
 
484 
 
 OGCODES 
 
 sjibbosus 296, 414 
 
 OICEOPTOMA sulcatus 
 
 ^inuata 167, 374 00DES 
 
 thoracica ib. ib. 
 
 iu°;osa 374 
 
 Oletere dlfForme 122 
 
 Oligotrophus, Latr. 291 
 Olive moth 251,422 
 
 OMALIUM 
 
 depressum 175, 567 
 
 grossum 375 
 
 melanocephaliim 173, 
 375 
 
 ONTHOPHILUS 
 
 sti-iatus 184,367, 389 
 
 389 
 
 150,365 
 
 of preserving and 
 setting 319 
 
 Orthoptera, method of 
 
 arranging 
 
 ORYSSUS 
 coronatus 
 Vespertilio 
 
 Os, the moulh 
 
 helopoides 
 OPATRUM 
 *agaricola 194 
 
 sabulosum 51, 193,375 
 
 tibiale S62 0SMIA 
 
 Ophion, Fabr. 269 
 
 OPILIO 
 
 Histrix 120 
 
 OPILUS 
 
 mollis 166,365,388,443 
 
 322 
 
 268, 427 
 
 268 
 
 27, 350 
 
 planum 560^Orange mvth 4015 
 
 rivulare Hi:, 361 Orange-spot, double 408 
 
 striatum 115, 'Jl5\0range-tip B. 236,380 
 
 Omaloptera, charac- \Orange Underwing m. 252 
 
 tersof the order 139| 363 
 
 ) classification | , light ib. ib- 
 
 of the order 302 Orange Upperwiiig 252. 
 
 Omoptera, characters \ 360,370,40'-' 
 
 of the order 139 0RCHESIA 
 
 — , classification micans 
 
 195, 390 
 
 of the order 
 Oniscidse, (Fam.) 
 ONISCUS 
 *albifrons 
 *aquaticus 
 *Armadiilo 
 
 asellus 111 
 *bidentatus 
 *ceti 
 
 *Globator 
 •gracilis 
 *hirsutus 
 ♦linearis 
 •Locusta 
 *maculosus 
 *marginatus 
 *murarius 
 *muscorum 
 *oceanus 
 *sylvestris 
 *truncatus 
 ONTHOPHAGUS 
 
 Cccnobita 
 
 Dillwjniii 
 
 nuchicornis 
 
 nutans 
 
 o vat us 
 
 Vacca 
 
 verticornis 
 
 Xiphias 
 
 229 
 111 
 
 110 
 
 ib. 
 112 
 112, 358 
 108 
 106 
 108 
 107 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib 
 102 
 110 
 113 
 111 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 108 
 
 375 
 36 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 185,368 
 
 368 
 
 ib 
 
 ORCHESTES 
 
 Aini 
 
 atricapillus 
 
 Avellanae 
 
 depressus 
 
 ferruginens 
 
 nigricollis 
 
 pilosus 
 
 rhododactylus 
 
 rufus 
 
 saJicis 
 ORCHESTIA 
 
 littorea 
 Orgya, Och. 
 ORIBITA 
 
 geniculata 131,364 
 
 ♦humeralis 132 
 
 Orneodes, Latr, 256 
 
 ORNITHOMYIA 
 
 avicularia 503, 457 
 
 viridis 428 
 
 Orthocerns hirticornisl93 
 
 muticus 53 
 
 Orthoptera, Lamarck,'2]6 
 
 Latr. 216, 219 
 
 203, 378 
 378 
 ib 
 ib 
 ib 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib, 
 ib. 
 
 102 
 
 246 
 
 , characters of 
 
 tlie order 13? 
 
 — , classification 
 of the order 217 
 
 Orthoptera, method 
 
 bicolor 428 
 
 casrulescens ib. 
 
 cornuta 285, 364 
 
 Leaiana 437 
 
 leucomelana 428 
 
 spinulosa 437 
 
 Tunensis 428 
 
 OSMYLUS 
 
 maculatus 260,410 
 Oitoma, Laich. 169 
 
 OURAPTERYX 
 
 Sambucaria 253 
 
 Oxybelus, FaZr. 276 
 
 OXYBELUS 
 
 unigiumis 277, 413 
 OXYCERA 
 
 Hydroleon 292, 387 
 
 trilineata 387 
 
 OXYPORUS 
 
 *chrysomelinus 176 
 
 riifipes ib. 
 
 rufus 174, 375 
 
 OXYPTERUM 
 
 Kirbyanum 303 
 
 OXYTELUS 
 
 angustatus 367 
 
 armatus l74, 367 
 
 carinatus l74, 361 
 
 opacus 867 
 
 rugosus 174 
 
 scabcr ib. 
 
 PEBcilla, Schrank 2j0 
 
 P.EDERUS 
 
 angustatus 567 
 
 *elongatiis 172 
 
 immnnis 366 
 
 melanocephaliis ib. 
 
 orbiculatus 173, 366 
 
 riparius ib. ib. 
 
 P.^LOBIUS 
 
 Hermanni l57. 43S 
 
 PACHYGASTER, Germ. 
 
 2(14 
 
 Pachygaster., Meig, 292 
 
 Pagurfds, (Fam.) 91 
 
485 
 
 PAHURUS 
 
 
 °eacock, sharp- angled 
 
 384 
 
 Pbalxiia, Geoff, 
 
 233 
 
 *aranciformis 
 
 92 
 
 Pea^l-bordered 
 
 426 
 
 PlIAL/ENA 
 
 
 streblonyx 
 
 ib. 
 
 , cinereous 
 
 408 
 
 *Cussus, Linne 
 
 246 
 
 Painted lady B, 238, 
 
 416 
 
 , dingy 
 
 426 
 
 margaritaria 
 
 252 
 
 /. 
 
 ib. 
 
 , leaer 
 
 ib. 
 
 *Quercus 
 
 65 
 
 PAL.'EMON 
 
 
 , lo'ig-winged 
 
 ib. 
 
 PhaljEnidfe, (Fam.) 
 
 252 
 
 serratus PS 
 
 QQ 
 
 , natroiv iv.nged 
 
 ib. 
 
 Phalxnites, Loir. 
 
 ib. 
 
 *sqiiilla 
 
 98' 
 
 , scarce 
 
 ib. 
 
 Phalausids, (Fam.) 
 
 119 
 
 Palsmunidffi, (Fam.) 
 
 96 
 
 Pearhj Under ivingA39 
 
 ,440 
 
 PIIALANGIUM 
 
 
 PaliiiuiidiE, (I'am.) 
 
 92 
 
 Pebb.e, chequered 
 
 441 
 
 *cornutum 
 
 120 
 
 PALINURVS 
 
 
 , garden 
 
 426 
 
 Opilio 120, 
 
 428 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 ib 
 
 i'ecttis 
 
 31 
 
 PHALER[A 
 
 
 Palpatores, Latr. 
 
 179 
 
 Pedes, Ih'. Ices 33, 
 
 352 
 
 cadaverina 1 94, 
 
 389 
 
 Palpi <29, 
 
 351 
 
 PEDICIA 
 
 
 PHASIA 
 
 
 Paiiiphilus, Lair. 
 
 267 
 
 rivosa 291,387 
 
 437 
 
 variabilis 300, 
 
 415 
 
 PANAG.EUS 
 
 
 Pediciiiidae, (Fam.) 
 
 142 
 
 PHERUSA 
 
 
 Cnix-major 147. 
 
 301, 
 
 Pedicidiis, Geiff. 
 
 261 
 
 Fucicola 
 
 104 
 
 373, 
 
 413 
 
 PEDICULUS 
 
 
 Phial, a, useful when 
 
 
 PANDALUS 
 
 
 cervicalis 
 
 143 
 
 collecting small 
 
 
 aniiiilicornis 
 
 97 
 
 luimanus 142, 
 
 143 
 
 insects 
 
 30S 
 
 PANDARUS 
 
 
 *inguinalis 
 
 142 
 
 Philantluis quadriciiic- 
 
 bicolor 
 
 79 
 
 * pubis 
 
 ib. 
 
 tus 
 
 279 
 
 PanopeCeti 
 
 106 
 
 *suis 
 
 143 
 
 PHILOSCIA 
 
 
 PANORPA 
 
 
 PEDINUS 
 
 
 muscorum 111, 
 
 358 
 
 affinis 
 
 410 
 
 maritimus 192, 
 
 362 
 
 Phoenix moth. 
 
 434 
 
 communis 6(>, 260, 
 
 386 
 
 Pelastes, lUig. 
 
 269 
 
 P HO ECUS 
 
 
 germanica 
 
 410 
 
 Pelt is, Kvgel. 
 
 169 
 
 phal in^ioides 
 
 126 
 
 hyemalis 
 
 444 
 
 PEMPHEDRON 
 
 
 PHOSPHUGA 
 
 
 Panorpata 
 
 260 
 
 unicolor 278 
 
 413 
 
 atrata 167, 365 
 
 443 
 
 Panorpida, (Fam.) 
 
 26(1 
 
 PEN.^US 
 
 
 subrotundata 167, 
 
 388 
 
 PANURGUS 
 
 
 trisulcatus 
 
 97 
 
 PHOXICHILUS 
 
 305 
 
 Baiiksianus 
 
 283 
 
 Pentameia, (Sect.) 
 
 145 
 
 PHRONYMA 
 
 
 Linneella 
 
 442 
 
 PENT ATOM A 
 
 
 sedentaria 
 
 lOO 
 
 ursina 
 
 ib. 
 
 bidens 
 
 221 
 
 Phronymadas, (Fam.'' 
 
 101 
 
 Panther moth 
 
 424 
 
 piasinus 
 
 ib. 
 
 Piiryganea, Linn. 
 
 66 
 
 PAPILIO 
 
 
 Pentatomida?, (Fam. 
 
 )220 
 
 PHRYGANEA 
 
 
 "Hypothije 
 
 241 
 
 PENTHROPHERA, 
 
 
 grandis 257 
 
 386 
 
 Machaon 64, 235, 
 
 380, 
 
 Germ. 
 
 247 
 
 *interrupta 
 
 256 
 
 416 
 
 ,429 
 
 Pepper, infusions of. 
 
 
 *rhombica 
 
 257 
 
 I. 
 
 438 
 
 for the micro- 
 
 
 Phryganidae, (Fam.) 
 
 257 
 
 Podalirius 
 
 235 
 
 scope 
 
 534 
 
 Phthiridium 
 
 303 
 
 Papilionidae, (Fam.) 
 
 234 
 
 Peppered moth 253 
 
 403 
 
 biarticulatum 
 
 304 
 
 Papilionides, Latr. 
 
 ib 
 
 Ptjpsis flavipennis 
 
 275 
 
 Hermann i 
 
 ib. 
 
 Parnidae, (Fam.) 
 
 183 
 
 PEFROBIUS 
 
 
 PHTHIRUS 
 
 
 PARNUS 
 
 
 maritimus 141 
 
 ,373 
 
 insuinalis 
 
 142 
 
 prolifericornis 183 
 
 ,367 
 
 PHALACRUS 
 
 
 PHYSIS 
 
 
 sericeus 1 So 
 
 , 360 
 
 seneus 
 
 429 
 
 Pelionella 249 
 
 , 370 
 
 Parts of insects 
 
 21 
 
 bicolor 214 
 
 ,429 
 
 Pieris, Schrank 
 
 235 
 
 Peach blossom moth 
 
 250, 
 
 caric 9 
 
 424 
 
 Piezata, (class) Fabr 
 
 . 262 
 
 251,402 
 
 422 
 
 consimilis 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pill boxes, their use 
 
 309 
 
 Pease blossom 402 
 
 422 
 
 coniscus 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pihimnidx, (Fam.) 
 
 86 
 
 Peacock B. 238, 363 
 
 ,416 
 
 corticalis 
 
 ib 
 
 PILUMNUS 
 
 
 L 
 
 416 
 
 geminus 
 
 ib. 
 
 hirtellus 
 
 ib. 
 
 moth 
 
 385 
 
 millefolii 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pimplia, Fabu 
 
 269 
 
486 
 
 Pinion molh, hrown- 
 
 spot 440 
 
 , taiuny 419 
 
 , twin-striped 42S 
 
 , spotted tvhite 384 
 
 , yellow 371 
 
 PINNOTERES 
 
 Crancliii 87 
 
 Pins of different sizes 
 
 their use 3C9 
 
 PIPUNCULUS 
 
 camppitris 3O0 
 
 PISA 
 
 Gibbsii 88 
 
 tetraodon ib 
 
 Pisi biaculeata ib. 
 
 Pison, Jurine 275 
 
 Pitch molh, shining 441 
 Pithitis, Ktug. 283 
 
 Plants, fresh, neces- 
 sary for caterpil- 
 lars 310 
 PJatvcerus, Ger,ff. 192 
 PLATYPTERYX Fodosoniata 
 curvula 385 TODURA 
 falcataria 254, 407 *atra 
 Hexiila 435 pliimbea 
 hamula 425 viridis 
 lacertanaria 254, 385 
 
 I. 441 
 
 PLATYPUS 
 
 cylindrious? 205,378 
 PLATYRHINUS 
 
 albiiius 390 
 
 brevirostris ib. 
 
 latirostris 199,390 
 PLATYSMA 
 
 nicritum 151,361 
 
 PLATYSOMA 
 
 depressum 185 
 
 deprcssus 360 
 
 flavicornis 184, 360 
 obiongiis 360 
 
 409 POMPILUS 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 372 
 
 ib. 
 276 
 413 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 Plume moth, common 443 Pompiiii, ia<r. 274 
 
 , crescent 
 
 , dingy white 
 
 , grey wood 
 
 , hoary 
 
 , large luhite 
 
 , lemon 
 
 ; marbled 
 
 ; pale 
 
 ■, rose 
 
 -, six- cleft 
 
 , small 409 
 
 , spotted, black, ib. 
 
 , rvily ib. 
 
 , u-hite ib. 
 
 , triangle ib 
 
 , tvhite-shafted ib 
 
 Pocket collectings box 308 
 
 larva box 309 
 
 PODOCERUS 
 
 vaiiegatus 104 
 
 Podophthalma, (Le- 
 gion L) 
 
 81 
 305 
 
 141 
 
 141, 560 
 
 360 
 
 Poduradae, (Fam.) 140 
 
 Podurebrun enfumee 14 1 
 grise commune ib. 
 
 plombee ib. 
 
 FOECILIA, Schrank 251 
 
 POECILLUS 
 
 cupreiis 153, 373 
 
 dimidiatus 3ei5 
 
 lepidus 387 
 
 nigricornis 365 
 
 Pogonophorus, Xfacfc 147 
 
 Poisers or balancers, 
 
 Haiteres 37 
 
 VOU\,Hiib. 251 
 
 aniiulatus 
 *corniculus 
 exaltatus 
 fiiscus 
 gibbus 
 hircanus 
 viaticiis 
 
 Ponds, method of col- 
 lecting insects 
 from 313 
 
 PONTIA 
 
 Bras-ica 236, 580, 430 
 Cardamines 236, 380 
 Cratsgi 236, 395 
 
 I. 380 
 
 Daplidice 236,416 
 Napi 236,380,416 
 RapK 236, 380. 430 
 Sinapis 237, 380, 450 
 
 PONTOPHILUS 
 spinosiis 
 
 PORCELLANA 
 plat\ cheles 
 
 PORCELLIO 
 scalier 
 
 Porphyry moth 
 
 Puriland moth 
 
 96 
 92 
 
 picipes 184, 360, 375 
 PLEA 
 
 minutissima 227, 362 
 Pliers, brass, their use308 
 PLOIARIA 
 
 vagabunda 223, 394 
 
 Plume moth, beautiful 409 
 
 ——, brindled ib. 
 
 , brown wood ib. 
 
 , chalk-pit ib. 
 
 POLLYXENUS 
 
 Laguriis 115, 
 
 Poiydesmidae, (Fam.) 115 
 POLYDES.MUS 
 
 romplanatus 115,358 
 Polymerosomata, (Or- 
 
 118 
 241 
 
 112, 358 
 427 
 
 251,383, 
 432 
 
 PORTUMNUS 
 
 variegatus 84 
 
 Portunidae, (Fam.) 83 
 
 PORIUNUS 
 
 *corrugatus 85 
 
 *marmoreus ib. 
 
 puber 84 
 
 POTAMOBIUS 
 
 fluviatilis 95 
 
 Pou ordinaire 143 
 
 Prauniis flexuosus 99 
 
 integer 100 
 
 Prawn, common 98 
 
 58PR10NUS 
 
 der) 
 Polyommatus, Latr, 
 POLYPHEMUS 
 
 Oclus 
 Pomphyliis, Fabr. 
 
 common 
 
 443 Pompilidae, (Fam.) 
 
 81 
 
 277 
 274 
 
 coriarius 208, 416 
 
 Pro-apis, DeGcer 275 
 Proboscis 29, 352 
 
 PROCESSA 
 
 canaliculata 97 
 
 Procris, Fabr. 245 
 
 Prominent moth, cocK's- 
 comb 382, 431 
 
 I. 382, 439 
 
 , dark 398 
 

 
 IKDEX. 
 
 
 
 487 
 
 Prominent moth^grea 
 
 418 
 
 PTEROPHORUS 
 
 
 Pug moth, pinion spot 
 
 _ 
 
 , L 
 
 439 
 
 luna?dactylus 
 
 409 
 
 ted 
 
 423 
 
 firon, I. 
 
 ib. 
 
 megadactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 405 
 
 ■ ' ) small iron 
 
 398 
 
 mecrodactyliis 
 
 ib 
 
 , red-barred 
 
 363 
 
 , maple 
 
 418 
 
 monodactyliis 
 
 ib. 
 
 V 
 
 423 
 
 , paU, 250, 398 
 
 439 
 
 paliidactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 , iv'irmwood 
 
 405 
 
 , /. 382 
 
 439 
 
 pentadactyliis 255 
 
 ,409 
 
 PULEX 
 
 
 , pebble 3S'2 
 
 ,418 
 
 plerodactylus 
 
 443 
 
 Canis 
 
 359 
 
 , /. 
 
 431 
 
 piiiictidactylus 
 
 409 
 
 Hirundiniis 
 
 395 
 
 , swaUow398,43 1 ,439 
 
 rhododactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 irritans 234, 
 
 359 
 
 Pioscuris Phcllandri 
 
 215 
 
 tesseradactyius 
 
 ib. 
 
 iSciurus 
 
 395 
 
 Prosopis, Fair, 
 
 283 
 
 tetradactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 Talpa; 
 
 ib. 
 
 PROTEINUS 
 
 
 tridactylns 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pupa, extent of th 
 
 e 
 
 brachvpterus 
 
 175 
 
 trisronodactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 word 
 
 41 
 
 PRoro 
 
 105 
 
 PTl LINUS 
 
 
 , of tlie I.epidop 
 
 . 
 
 Pryoiiidje, (Fam.) 
 
 208 
 
 pectinicornis ISl, 
 
 367 
 
 tera described 
 
 ib. 
 
 PSAIMMODIUS 
 
 
 Ptilodontis, Hid: 
 
 247 
 
 Pupae of Lepidoptera 
 
 J 
 
 *g:lobosns 
 
 190 
 
 Ptinidae (Fam.) 
 
 180 
 
 liow obtained 
 
 308 
 
 sulcicollis 190, 
 
 375 
 
 Ptiniores, Latr. 
 
 180 
 
 Pupse in breeding 
 
 
 PSELAPHUS 
 
 
 PTINUS 
 
 
 cage?, should he 
 
 
 *bulbifer 
 
 178 
 
 *Boleti 
 
 206 
 
 kept in an out- 
 
 
 Dresdensis 
 
 375 
 
 cereviciae 
 
 367 
 
 house 
 
 319 
 
 *glabricollis 
 
 178 
 
 Fur 180 
 
 359 
 
 Pupae, method of col 
 
 - 
 
 Heisii 
 
 575 
 
 germanus 
 
 362 
 
 lecting at the 
 
 *Hellwigii 
 
 180 
 
 imperialis 49 
 
 389 
 
 root of trees 
 
 315 
 
 Herbstn 179, 
 
 367 
 
 Lichenum 
 
 375 
 
 Pupa;, metliod of pre 
 
 . 
 
 •impressus 
 
 179 
 
 Musaeorum 
 
 ib 
 
 serving 
 
 318 
 
 longicoUis 
 
 375 
 
 ovatus 
 
 367 
 
 , discriminatior 
 
 
 Pselaphids 
 
 177 
 
 *pecticornis 
 
 181 
 
 of 
 
 352 
 
 PSEN 
 
 
 rufipes 
 
 375 
 
 Purple, lesser m. 
 
 372 
 
 ater 
 
 413 
 
 *serraticorais 
 
 181 
 
 , bar 405, 
 
 434 
 
 Psocidae, (Fam.) 
 
 261 
 
 ♦sulcatus 
 
 180 
 
 
 433 
 
 PSOCUS 
 
 
 *tessellatus 
 
 181 
 
 Purple and Gold 
 
 427 
 
 bipunctatus 
 
 26] 
 
 *testaceus 
 
 180 
 
 , scarce 
 
 426 
 
 Psoquillae, Latr. 
 
 261 
 
 PTOMOPHAGUS 
 
 
 Purple Shades 
 
 403 
 
 PSYCHODA 
 
 
 fumatus 
 
 366 
 
 Puss moth 248) 
 
 282 
 
 phalaenoides 291, 
 
 387, 
 
 *rufescens 
 
 168 
 
 , I. 
 
 431 
 
 
 437 
 
 truacatus 
 
 366 
 
 Pycnogonidae, (Fam.' 
 
 305 
 
 PSYLLA 
 
 
 villosus 169 
 
 366 
 
 PYCNOGONUM 
 
 
 Alni 231 
 
 580 
 
 Pug moth, beautiful 
 
 406 
 
 Balsnarum 
 
 305 
 
 Psyllidse, (Fam.) 
 
 231 
 
 , brown-gray 
 
 385 
 
 *Ceti 
 
 106 
 
 Pterigostia, or wing 
 
 
 , common 
 
 405 
 
 PYG^RA 
 
 
 bones 
 
 35 
 
 , green 
 
 406 
 
 Bucephala 247, 
 
 398 
 
 Pterocera, Meig. 
 
 296 
 
 , gray 
 
 ib. 
 
 , /. 
 
 439 
 
 Pteronus, Jarine 
 
 267 
 
 , small gray 
 
 385 
 
 Pyralidae, (Fam.) 
 
 254 
 
 Pterophorites, Latr. 
 
 255 
 
 , Juniper 
 
 435 
 
 PvraliP, Hiib. 
 
 249 
 
 PFEROPHOPvUS 
 
 
 , lead- coloured 
 
 385 
 
 PYRALIS 
 
 
 bipunctidactylus 
 
 409 
 
 , Lime speck 
 
 405 
 
 capreolatus 
 
 427 
 
 calodactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 , bordered lime 
 
 
 custalis 
 
 ib. 
 
 didactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 speck 
 
 423 
 
 farinalis 
 
 ib. 
 
 fuscodactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 , long-winged 
 
 385 
 
 glaucinalis 
 
 ib. 
 
 galactcdactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 406 
 
 pinguinalis 255, 
 
 427 
 
 heterodactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 , narrow'winged 
 
 435 
 
 unca 
 
 252 
 
 leucadactylus 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 405 
 
 Pyrausta, Schrank 
 
 255 
 
488 
 
 PYROCHROA 
 
 coccinca 56, 19G, 390 
 
 rubens 56, 196, 375 
 Pyrochroiclas, (Fam.) 196 
 Pyrochroldes, Lair. \ 96 
 Pyropa, ILUg. 299 
 
 Pyrophila, //«i'. 251 the order 
 
 Quaker mnth, common 371 RHYNCH^ENUS 
 
 Rhinosimus Roboris 199 
 
 RHIPIPHORUS j 
 
 paradoxus 197, 429, 
 
 Rhipiptera, cbarac- j 
 
 ters of tlie order 1391 
 
 -, classification of | 
 
 288, 
 
 , dwa'f 363 
 
 , pale 371 
 
 , p wdered 370 
 
 , red line 4U) 
 
 , small 371 
 
 , yelUw-lins 44-4 
 
 Queen Bees, their in- 
 stinct impaired by 
 tho loss of their 
 antennae 23 
 
 Quills, their use for 
 
 minute insects 309 
 Radiata, anatomical 
 
 character of the 75 
 RANATRA 
 
 linearis 225, 362 
 
 Ranunculus moth, 
 
 large 251, 439 
 
 , small 41 9 
 
 RAt'HIDlA 
 
 affinis 411 
 
 Londinensis lb. 
 
 maculicoliis ib. 
 
 niegacephala ib. 
 
 ophiopsis 261, 410 
 
 Raphidiada?, (Fam.) 261 
 Rhaphidina;, Lair. 261 
 Red bar, forked 4'15 
 
 Red Underiving 433^ 
 
 REDUVIUS 
 
 personatus 223, 38(^ 
 Relaxing insects, me- 
 thod of 321 
 RHAGIO 
 
 scolopaccus 293,414 
 Rhaa;ionidae 293 
 
 RHAGIUM 
 
 bifasciatum 392 
 
 *Indagator 211 
 
 *inquisitor 210 
 
 Abietis 
 
 aerator 
 
 Alismatis 
 *Alm 
 
 atrirostris 
 
 austriacus 
 
 brevis 
 
 crassns 
 
 ebeneus 
 
 F.quiseti 
 *Erysimi 
 *fusco-maculatus 
 
 interrnptus 
 
 Lathburii 
 
 maciilatiis 
 
 Nereis 
 
 nigrirostris 
 *JS'ucum 
 
 palustris 
 
 Pini 
 
 Plaiitaginis 
 
 icsinosus 
 
 Fiumicis 
 *Scrophu!arix 
 
 stramineus 
 
 subnebulosus 
 
 Sysimbrii 
 RYNCHITES 
 
 jeneo-virens 
 
 3'0 
 
 377 
 391 
 203 
 391 
 377 
 391 
 ib. 
 390 
 377 
 203 
 ib. 
 390 
 416 
 359 
 391 
 369 
 203 
 390 
 202, 390 
 390 
 377 
 ib 
 203 
 3 
 
 390 
 391 
 
 sequatus 
 Alliariae 
 angn status 
 Bacchus 
 *Retulx 
 Betulae 
 ciipreus 
 cylindricus 
 nanus 
 Populi 
 pubescens 
 
 376 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 390 
 201, 376 
 20 
 376 
 ib 
 390 
 376 
 390 
 37( 
 
 vulgare 210, 359, 392 Rhvnchophorus,H«rJ-.2l)4 
 RHINGIA [Rhyngota, Fabr. 220 
 
 rostrata 296, 387,Rhyzophagus hisle- 
 
 RHINOiMACER | roides 206 
 
 *cnrculionides \99\Ribhand-xcave 441 
 
 attelaboides 200,590 , false ib. 
 
 Ricinus Cornicis 
 Ringlet B. 
 
 , small 
 
 , marsh 
 
 Risophilus, Leach 
 
 monostigma 
 Rivulel 
 , drab 
 
 — , middle 
 
 — , sivgle barred 
 
 — , small 
 Roots of grass, me 
 thod of collectin: 
 Insects from the 
 Rnse Torlrix 
 Rostrum or Beck 29, 
 Rm gh-unrg 
 RUGILL'.S, Leach 
 Russet, moth 
 Rustic moth, Hack 
 
 , bu)wn 
 
 , common 
 
 , daik 
 
 , dotted 
 
 , lesser dolled 
 
 , feathered 
 
 , hght 
 
 , barred 
 
 , flviinied 
 
 , lesser flounced 
 
 , garden 
 
 , SToy 
 
 , mottled 
 
 , poiudered 
 
 , rosy 
 
 , 6-striped 
 
 , sordid 
 
 , squw e spot 
 
 Sable, sillier barred 
 
 , wavy barred 
 
 Salda, Fabr. 
 Saili-zc, angle striped 
 
 , baired 
 
 , centie barred 
 
 , pink barred 
 
 , bordered 
 
 , cmmon 
 
 , dusky 
 
 , lemon 
 
 , orange 
 
 Salpinatida', (Fam.) 
 SALPfNGUS 
 
 4-pustuIatus 
 
 Roboris 199, 
 
 143 
 
 240 
 
 396 
 
 ib. 
 
 15G 
 
 405 
 434 
 405 
 434 
 405 
 
 314 
 4()8 
 353 
 408 
 173 
 432 
 401 
 420 
 433 
 421 
 420 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 401 
 420 
 432 
 
 ib. 
 420 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 421 
 433 
 420 
 452 
 427 
 
 ib. 
 225 
 421 
 433 
 402 
 440 
 421 
 440 
 421 
 440 
 433 
 199 
 
 415 
 359 
 
INDtX. 
 
 48<) 
 
 SALPINGUS \Schallenan T 
 
 rufirostris 3b9\Sclater 
 
 Salt, its crystallization 337 
 SALTICUS 
 
 scenicus 129, 372 
 
 *formicariiis 1 30 
 
 sand h ipper 1 02 
 
 Sand pits near London 313 
 
 produces many 
 
 insects ib. 
 
 SAPERDA 
 
 *Cardui 209 
 
 lineato-collis 209,416 
 
 *ocuIata 209 
 
 SAPYGA 
 
 sexpunctata 27-i', 413 
 Sapygids, (Fam.) 274 
 Sarcopte de laGaie 133 
 SARCOPTES 
 
 133 
 
 Scabiei 
 SARGUS 
 
 cupreus 
 SAROPODA 
 
 rotundata 
 SARROTRIUM 
 
 miiticum 
 SateUile math 
 Satin moth 
 
 SATURN I A 
 
 222, 414 
 287, 428 
 
 436 
 112 
 Scoliadx, (Fam.) 273 
 
 Soolieta;, Latr. ib. 
 
 Scollop moth, hroiv'i 406 
 , gray 405 
 
 , small 434 
 
 Scollop she:l 406 
 
 Scclopendia electrica 1 1 7 
 forficata 1 1 5 
 
 hortensis ib. 
 
 Lagiira ib. 
 
 subterranea 116 
 
 ScolopendradaB.CFain.) 115 
 SCOLYTUS 
 *crenatus 
 *cylindricus 
 Destructor 
 multistriatus 
 I'ypographus 
 
 Semblis, Fair. 2G1 
 
 SEPEDON 
 
 palustris 299,415 
 
 September, Calendar 
 for 43S 
 
 , employment 
 for 815 
 
 Setting boards, how 
 
 made 309 
 
 Setting needles 308 
 
 Setting and preserving 
 
 Acari 317 
 
 Arachnciida ib. 
 
 Crustacea 316 
 
 Insects 318 
 
 ■206 Seraphim moth 406 
 
 ib.] , small 434 
 
 206, 362SERICOiMYIA 
 
 391 1 Lapponum 296, 414 
 205 Serrocerus, A'»^ei ISO 
 
 Scopula, Schravk 
 
 255 
 
 Scorpionidfe, (Fam.) 119 
 Scorched-wing 253, 403 
 SCRAPTIA 
 
 I fusca 196,390 
 
 193|Scutellaria, Latr, 220 
 252, 440'Scutelliim 31,353 
 
 248, 418'Scvdmaenidas, (Fam.) 179 
 398SCYDM/ENUS 
 Hellwisii 
 Pavonia minor 381,246 SCYMNUS 
 381,4311 analis 
 
 180 
 
 I. 
 
 381 
 24.0 
 
 Satrynus, Latr. 
 SCAPHISOMA 
 
 agarlcinum 168,442 
 SCAPIDIUM 
 4-maculatum 168,374,443 
 Scarabaeides, Latr. 189 
 Scarabaeus 90,91,188,189 
 190, 191 
 191 
 
 cylindricus 
 
 emarginatus 
 
 fasciatus 
 
 lunaris 
 
 melolontha 191 
 
 mobilicornis 189 
 
 typheeus 47, 189 
 
 SCATOPHAGA 
 
 merdaria 300, 364, 442 
 SCENOPINUS 
 
 niger 300, 413 
 
 SCIRTES 
 
 hemisphaerica 163, 415 
 
 bipustulatus 
 
 bis-bipustulatus 
 
 discoideus 
 
 fulvifrons 
 
 litura 
 
 nigrinus 
 
 393 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 parvulus 
 4-piistulatus 
 Sea-sliore, time for 
 
 collecting on the 314 
 
 SERROPALPUS 195,415 
 *caraboides 195 
 
 *micans ib. 
 
 SESiA 
 
 bombyciformis 244,397 
 fusiform is 244, 397 
 Setoura, Brown 140 
 
 Shark moths, chamo- 
 mile 419 
 -, large (lark ib. 
 — , Lettuce ib. 
 , large pale 252, 418 
 419 
 370 
 401 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 405 
 ib. 
 
 , Tansy 
 
 , twill- tailed 
 
 Sheers, glaucous, 
 
 , pale 
 
 , tawny 
 
 Shell moth, yellow 
 , dtngy 
 
 b.jShells for the micro- 
 I scope, how ob- 
 tained 
 
 333 
 ]SS Sealed, hoary AOS\Shipton moth 252,403 
 
 I9l jSeasons for collecting 314 i'/ioaWer, flame 402,440 
 1 8S Seeds of plants for the 
 microscope : 
 
 SEGESTRIA 
 ser.oculata 
 
 SELANDRIA 
 cineripes 
 fiiliginosa 
 luteiventris 
 ovata 
 serva 
 
 122 
 
 264 
 
 411 
 
 ib. 
 
 264 
 
 264, 411 
 
 , pale 
 Should er-kufit, gray 
 
 , minor 
 
 , riislic 
 
 Shoulder stripe 
 Short cloak 
 
 , cream 
 
 , marbled 
 
 Showers of blood €x 
 
 plained 
 
 407 
 442 
 401 
 
 251,401 
 371 
 
 425, 441 
 407 
 441 
 
 42 
 
490 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 26], 410 
 
 270, 412 
 
 228 
 
 227, 36'2 
 
 229 
 
 167, 374 
 
 166 
 
 388 
 
 1 67, 365 
 
 360, 374 
 
 Shrimp, common 96 
 
 Sialidae, (Fam ) 261 
 
 SIALIS 
 niger 
 SIGALPHUS 
 Irrorator 
 SIGARA 
 *coleo|)trata 
 minutissima 
 •striata 
 SILPHA 
 laevigata 
 *iittoia!is 
 nitidiuscula 
 obscura 
 opaca 
 
 qiiadrimaculata5 1,1 67, 
 
 374 
 
 reticulata 388 
 
 *fussica -14 
 
 •sabulosa 195 
 
 *sinuata 167 
 
 ♦ihoracica ib 
 
 tristis 365 
 
 *vespiilo 5 1 
 
 Silphiadae, (Fain.) 166 
 
 Silphoides, Herbst. 207 
 
 SILVANUS 
 
 frumentarius 208, 362, 
 
 429 
 
 Silver, crystals of for 
 
 the microscope 337 
 Silver barred, cinereous 37 1 
 Silver ground 404 
 
 Silver lines, brown 384 
 
 , smo/Zg-refM 385,425 
 
 Silver striped, dark 386 
 , faint 
 
 SIRO 
 
 rubens 118,358 
 
 Sironidae, (Fam.) 118 
 
 SITONA, Germ. 204 
 
 Skin, pores of the, for 
 
 the microscope 333 
 Skipper, dingy, 242, 381 
 
 , mallow ib 
 
 -, pearl 242, 430 
 
 -, scaue 243, 381 
 
 —, small 242,417 
 
 -, w-'9o<^, 242,381,417 
 
 Slendtr bodied 423 
 
 S meathmanniana 425 
 
 SMERINTHUS 
 
 oceliatus 
 
 Popul 
 Tills 
 
 I. 
 
 243,381 
 450 
 
 243, 396 
 
 430, 438 
 
 243, 331 
 
 359 
 
 430 
 
 SMYNTHURUS 
 
 fuscus 141,360 
 
 Snout moth 253, 406, 435 
 — , beautiful 406 
 
 — >, buttoned ib. 
 
 — , cream fc?ged 385,406 
 
 SPHiEROMA 
 
 serrata 
 
 sphaeropyx 
 SPHiEROSOMA 
 
 Qiiercus 
 Sphecidse, (Fam.) 
 SPHECODES 
 
 divisa 
 
 Geoffrelia 
 
 gibbus 
 
 monilicornis 
 
 picea 
 
 sphecoides 
 Sphex, De Gter 
 SPHEX 
 *abietina 
 
 flavipennis 
 *sabulo5a 
 Spbex, Linne 
 Spbingidae, (Fam.) 
 Sphinsides, Lair. 
 SP H INX 
 
 A tropes 
 
 dingy 
 
 , long tailed 
 
 , pinion 
 
 , small 
 
 , white line 
 
 Solandrian 
 Spanish fiy 
 Speck, taivny 
 Speckled yellow m, 
 , wood B. 241 , 
 
 407 
 425 
 406 
 424 
 
 ib 
 436 
 
 60 
 434 
 384 
 369 
 
 371 
 
 ,light 386 , I. 363,381 
 
 SIMAETHIS Spectacle moth, dark 422 
 
 dentata 254 , I'ght ib 
 
 Single dot, angle bar- 'Spectnim, Scopoli 243 
 red 364 Spence's observations 
 
 — — , marbled 364 
 
 , square barred ib. 
 
 Singular conduct of 
 queen bees on 
 the loss of their 
 antennas 23 
 
 SINODENDRON 
 
 on the necessity 
 of new cenera 46 
 SPERCHEUS 
 
 sordidiis 186, 362 
 
 Sjihseridjadse, (Fam.) 187 
 SPH^RIDIUM 
 
 marginatum 362 
 
 108 
 
 270 
 
 394 
 275 
 
 413 
 
 386 
 
 282,386 
 
 413 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 273 
 
 268 
 
 275, 413 
 
 68, 275 
 
 271 
 
 43 
 
 ib. 
 
 Celerio 
 Convolvuli 
 
 244, 442 
 I. 438 
 
 430 
 244,438 
 
 Elpenor, 64, 243, 396 
 
 Euphorbix 
 
 Galii 
 
 Ligustri 
 
 430 
 
 243, 397 
 243, 397 
 
 244, 397 
 431 
 
 242, 396 
 244, 397 
 
 243, 381 
 
 cylindricum 190,389 *ruficolle 215 
 
 Sirex, LinnS 67, 267| scarabaeoides 187, 362 
 
 SirexGigas 67, 268 SPH^EROMA 
 
 mariscus 268, *cinerea 
 
 lineata 
 Pinastri 
 Porcellus 
 SPHODRUS 
 
 collaris 360, 442 
 
 planus 152, 358 
 
 terricola 361 
 
 Slider, observations on 
 
 a, by SirJ. Banks 120 
 Spider, Hunting 130 
 
 SpiderSjhow preserved 3 1 7 
 Spinach moth 4()5 
 
 , dark 423 
 
 Spirits of wine, experi- 
 ments on the pol- 
 len of plants with 335 
 Spotted pinion, lesser 252, 
 422 
 
 , lunar 433 
 
 , white 252, 433 
 
 \Sprawler 439 
 
 108! , I. 382 
 

 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 
 491 
 
 Spurge moth 
 
 400,STAPHVL1NUS 
 
 
 STRATIOMVS 
 
 
 Si^uare-spot 
 
 433 
 
 *iiparius 
 
 
 173 
 
 Chamxieoii 292 
 
 414 
 
 , double 
 
 ib. 
 
 *rivularis 
 
 
 173 
 
 Strciv, bordered 
 
 422 
 
 , sinaLL 
 
 421 
 
 •rufipes 
 
 
 176 
 
 , chequered 
 
 426 
 
 Squilla lobata 
 
 106 
 
 *rufus 
 
 
 174 
 
 , clouded 
 
 425 
 
 peclafa 
 
 103 
 
 sangiiinolentu 
 
 s 
 
 366 
 
 , crossed 
 
 435 
 
 ventricosa 
 
 ib. 
 
 semiobscurus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , hook-marked 
 
 ib. 
 
 Squille, asele 
 
 no 
 
 similis 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , vllique ha'S 
 
 436 
 
 Baleine, de la 
 
 106 
 
 splendens 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , pale 
 
 426 
 
 Slog beetle 
 
 4S 
 
 stercorarius 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , short barred 
 
 436 
 
 Staphylinidjp, (Fam 
 
 )171 
 
 tjistis 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , barred 
 
 427 
 
 Staphylinus:, L^w^e 
 
 60 
 
 varians 
 
 
 ib 
 
 , dingy 
 
 ib. 
 
 STAPHYLINLS 
 
 
 StariL-oTt 
 
 
 419 
 
 Si.rato Underwivg 382,432 
 
 ajneocephalus 
 
 S66 
 
 STAUROPUS 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 443 
 
 attenuatus 
 
 ib. 
 
 Fagi 
 
 247, 
 
 398 
 
 Streamer 
 
 405 
 
 bipustulatus 
 
 ib. 
 
 , /. 
 
 
 43 J 
 
 Strepsiptera, Kirby 
 
 288 
 
 biuiinipes 
 
 361 
 
 STELIS 
 
 
 
 Striped edge, light 
 
 364 
 
 *caHaliculatii3 
 
 176 
 
 phEBoptera 
 
 
 437 
 
 Strotiirvlus, Herbst. 
 
 170 
 
 *castanopterus 
 
 366 
 
 punctulatissiina 
 
 284, 
 
 STYLOPS 
 
 
 ♦chrysomel'mus 
 
 176 
 
 
 
 442 
 
 ineiitta 289, 
 
 372 
 
 concinnus 
 
 366 
 
 Stenepteryx, Leach 
 
 303 
 
 tenuicornis 
 
 42S 
 
 *concolor 
 
 17'i 
 
 STENOSOMA 
 
 
 
 Subulicornes, (Sect.] 
 
 57 
 
 *cyaneus 
 
 ib. 
 
 becticum 
 
 
 107 
 
 Suetoria, Latr. 
 
 220 
 
 decorus 
 
 •366 
 
 lineare 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Sugar candy, its cry 
 
 - 
 
 •dilataius 
 
 172 
 
 STENUS 
 
 
 
 stallization 
 
 337 
 
 *elongatus 
 
 ib. 
 
 aceris 
 
 
 367 
 
 Sulphur math 
 
 426 
 
 *erythropterus 
 
 ib. 
 
 angustatus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , spotted 
 
 403 
 
 erythropterus ITl 
 
 361 
 
 bigiittatus 
 
 173 
 
 359 
 
 Swammerdam's me- 
 
 
 fimetarius 
 
 366 
 
 brunnipes 
 
 
 367 
 
 thod of preserv- 
 
 
 fucicolor 
 
 ib. 
 
 caeinlescens 
 
 173, 
 
 375 
 
 ing the eggs of 
 
 
 *fiilgidus 
 
 172 
 
 c'icindeloides 
 
 
 359 
 
 insects 
 
 318 
 
 •iiuttatiis 
 
 173 
 
 flavicornis 
 
 
 36" 
 
 mcihod of dis- 
 
 
 hasmorrhous 
 
 366 
 
 Jimcorun 
 
 
 367 
 
 secting insects 
 
 331 
 
 •birtus 
 
 172 
 
 riigricornis 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Swallow tail B. 64, 
 
 285, 
 
 hybridus 
 
 2)66 
 
 ociilatus 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 380, 
 
 429 
 
 laminatiis 
 
 ib. 
 
 pubescens 
 
 pusillus 
 
 ruiitarsis 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , /. 416, 
 
 438 
 
 lateralis 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Sivalliiv tail moth253 
 
 ,424 
 
 lituratus 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Swift moth, beautiful 
 
 397 
 
 maculicornis 
 
 ib. 
 
 rugulosus 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 , b'l wn 
 
 381 
 
 marginatus 
 
 ib. 
 
 Sternum 
 
 
 31 
 
 , ghust 245, 
 
 397 
 
 marginellus 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 
 
 , golden 
 
 ib. 
 
 ♦maxillosus 
 
 172 
 
 STIGMUS 
 
 
 
 , rncp-wi?iged 
 
 245 
 
 maxillosus 
 
 366 
 
 ater 
 
 278 
 
 413 
 
 , oravge 
 
 431 
 
 ]Vlorio 
 
 360 
 
 Stirtg of Insects 
 
 33, 
 
 338 
 
 , s'lver 
 
 381 
 
 murinus 
 
 366 
 
 STO.MIS 
 
 
 
 , Slotted silver 
 
 381 
 
 nitipennis 
 obscuripennis 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 puinicatus l.')3, 
 StomDxoides, Schaef. 
 
 361 
 
 298 
 
 , tawiy 
 
 Sic-rd-erais Moth, 
 
 397 
 
 olens 2>Ci& 
 
 , 442 
 
 STOMOXYS 
 
 
 
 large 25-2, 382, 
 
 442 
 
 picipennis 
 
 366 
 
 caici trans 
 
 29S, 
 
 442 
 
 — — , I. 
 
 419 
 
 pilipes 
 
 ib. 
 
 irritans 
 
 
 442 
 
 , small 
 
 401 
 
 politus 
 
 ib. 
 
 Store boxes, how 
 
 
 Sycamore Mvth 
 
 400 
 
 •porcatus 
 
 171 
 
 made 
 
 
 312 
 
 SYCTODES 
 
 
 pubescens 
 
 361 Straight larred 
 
 
 407 
 
 thoracica 126, 
 
 372 
 
 punctulatus 
 
 ib. 
 
 Stratiomydas, (F 
 
 am.) 
 
 291 
 
 Synistata, Fabr. 
 
 257 
 
492 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SYNUCHUS 
 
 vivalis 151, 365 
 
 Syrphite, Lair. 296 
 
 Syrphidx (Fam) ib. 
 
 SYRPHUS 
 
 Pyrastri 297, 416 
 Systems of Entomo- 
 logy by Linne 44 
 of Entomo- 
 logy by Fabricius ib. 
 — — , Kirby's ob- 
 servations on form- 
 
 ing a 
 
 ■ of Entomology 
 
 by Dr. Leach, why 
 adopted 
 
 , the Modern, 
 promotes the 
 science of Ento- 
 moloEry 
 — —of Natural Hi- 
 story, how form- 
 ed " 
 Tabanida? (Fam.) ! 
 Tabanii, LaVr. 
 TABANUS 
 autumnaiis 
 bovinus 
 *caecutiens 
 Paganus 
 *pluvialis 
 tropicus 
 Tabby Moth, 
 
 45 
 
 ib 
 
 4G 
 
 — — , small 
 
 TACHINA 
 
 fera 
 TACHINUS 
 
 analis 
 
 lunulatus 
 
 marginellus 
 
 rufipes 
 
 subterraneus 
 
 437 
 293,414 
 293 
 414 
 293 
 71, 428 
 the large, 
 255, 427 
 427 
 435 
 
 301, 372 
 
 176, 3C1 
 375 
 361 
 176, 367 
 176, 361, 
 429 
 429 
 
 Tacbytes tricolor 277 
 Tail, Cauda 33 
 
 I'ALITRUS 
 
 *iittoralis 102 
 
 Locusta ib. 
 
 Taniptera, Lair, 291 
 
 TANYPUS 
 
 cinctus 290, 3S7, 437 
 TARPA 
 *cepha1otes 
 Fabricii 
 Klugii 
 Panzerii 
 *plagiocephala 
 Tarsus, the foot 
 Tarus, Clairv. 
 I'egcneria, fValck. 
 Telephoridw. (Fam.) 
 TELEPHORUS 
 
 fulvicollis 3 
 
 fiiscus 164, 374 
 
 lateralis 374 
 
 lividus ib. 
 
 melanurus ib 
 
 *minimus 164 
 
 obscurus 374 
 
 pallidas ib 
 
 ruficollis ib. 
 
 rufus ib. 
 
 testaceus ib, 
 
 Fenebrio, De Geel 196, 
 208 
 
 266 
 
 ib. 
 
 266, 412 
 
 412 
 266 
 3-i 
 154 
 124 
 162 
 
 trimaculatus 
 TACHYPORUS 
 
 anaiis 361 
 
 cbrysomelinusl76, 389, 
 443 
 Granum )76 
 
 marginatus 361 
 
 nitidalus ib. 
 
 pubesccns 442 
 
 PRNEBRIO 
 
 *Bovlstae 216 
 
 *cadaverinus 19 4 
 
 *coccineus 
 *f.moralis 192 
 
 *Fussor 153 
 
 *gemellatus 192 
 
 *lanipes 195 
 
 *Mauritanicus 208 
 
 Molitor 59, 193, S69 
 obscura 389 
 
 *sabulosus 193 
 
 Tenebrionidffi (Fam.) 192 
 I'eneifljE (Fam.) 248 
 
 I'eneites, Lair. ib 
 
 Tenthredines Allanti, 
 Khig 265 
 
 Doleri, Klug ib 
 
 'Em^\\yi\, KLug 
 
 ib 
 
 Tenthredinetaa 262 
 Tenthredo (Fam. I.), 
 
 Klug 264 
 Tenthredo (Fam. II.) 
 
 King 2C5 
 
 TENTHREDO 
 
 *cephalotes 266 
 
 *dimidiata 265 
 
 *fasciata 263 
 
 *femorata 262 
 
 *furcata 264 
 
 *hortulana ib. 
 
 *Ia;ta 263 
 
 *marginata ib. 
 
 *me]anocepbala 264 
 
 nassata 265, 4I2 
 
 *nitens 263 
 
 *pumila 265 
 
 Rapne 265,412 
 
 *Rubi Idaei 264 
 
 ♦Scropliularia 67 
 
 *sericea 263 
 
 TEPHRITIS 
 
 Cardui 299 
 
 grossificationis 415 
 
 onopordinis ib. 
 
 pulchella ib. 
 
 vibrans ib. 
 
 Terebrantia (Sect.) 262 
 
 Termes, Livn. 261 
 
 Terrestria (Sect.) 220 
 
 TETHEA, Odi. 25 
 
 TETRAGNATHA 
 
 extensa 127, 364 
 
 Tetramera 199 
 
 TETRA10MA 
 
 Fungorum 
 Tetrix subulata 
 TETTIGONIA 
 
 spumaria 
 
 viridis 
 TETYRA 
 
 inuncta 
 
 Maura 
 THANASIML'S 
 
 formicarius 
 
 Tenthredinidse (Fam.) 
 
 262 
 
 194, 389 
 219 
 
 380 
 231, 3S0 
 
 394 
 220, 394 
 
 165,388 
 
 THANATOPHILUS, 
 
 Pruni 
 
 147 
 
 241,430 
 396 
 
 241,417 
 417 
 
INDEX. 
 
 493 
 
 THECLA jTILLUS 
 
 Quercus 241, 41'i| elongatus 
 
 I. 396 Quadra 374 
 
 Rubi '241,381 unifasciatus 165,388 
 
 I. 417 riMARCHA, Hofpe 213 
 
 300 Tinea, Linni 253 
 
 Tinea, Fair. 249 
 
 294, 414[Tinea', collected in pill 
 
 boxes 309 
 
 riNEA 
 Albtroemrri 372 
 
 applana 437, 443 
 
 126 
 34 
 
 Thereva, Fabr. 
 THEREVA 
 
 plebeia 
 THERIDIUM 
 
 sisiphuni 
 Thigh, Femur 
 THOMISUS 
 
 citrcus 128,387 
 
 Ij'nceus ib. ib. 
 
 oblongus 128,415 
 
 Thorax, definition of 
 
 the 30 
 
 — . — , discrimination 
 
 of the 354 
 
 Tfiorn Moth, clouded 
 
 August 434 
 
 ——, freckle August ib. 
 
 , plain August ib 
 
 — , canary- shoulder edAh 
 
 bistriga 
 
 contubernia 
 
 curvipunctosa 
 
 , eariy 
 
 ~—, feathered 
 ——, flounced 
 —, July 
 
 , liltle 
 
 , lunar 
 
 —— , purple 
 
 — — , September 
 Thrips, Linn. 
 THRIPS 
 
 fasciata 
 
 juniperina 
 
 minutissima 
 
 Physapns 
 THROSCUS 
 
 dermestoides 183,389 
 TH YATIRA, 0</i. 251 
 THYLACITES, Gem.205 
 
 THYMALUS 
 
 ferruaineus 170, 3 
 
 223, 394 
 
 gelatella 
 Nemorum 
 Novembris 
 nubilea 
 Pbryganea 
 purpurea 
 Pyraiea 
 Salicis 
 37 1 signosa 
 44S spissicornis 
 441 tortricea 
 424 riNGIS 
 404 Cardui 
 253, 404 riPHIA 
 
 383, 385,1 femorata 274, 413 
 
 40t)| Morio 413 
 
 4411TIPULA 
 
 631 oleracea 71, 291,387, 
 
 437 
 
 395 rivosa 291 
 
 ib. Tipulariae, Latr. 290 
 
 ib.JTipulidse (Fam.) ib. 
 
 232, 380|Tique rouge satinee 
 
 aquatique 133 
 
 Tissue Moth 384, 435 
 
 scarce 371 
 
 TOMICUS 
 
 Typographus 205, 391 
 
 fuscus 391 
 
 Tongue of Insects 29 
 
 jTORTRIX 
 165,38S| Absinthiania 
 Acerana 
 aflVactana 
 Afzeliana 
 angustana 
 Asperana 
 atromargana 
 aurana 
 A vellana 
 Baumamiiana 
 Bergmanniana 
 Betuletana 
 bifidana 
 borana 
 cana 
 
 Carpiniana 
 caudana 
 cerusana 
 chloraua 
 Christicrnana 
 ciliana 
 cinerenna 
 comitana 
 composana 
 contaminana 
 corticana 
 costana 
 Degenerana 
 dentana 
 Desfontiana 
 
 427 
 410 
 3G4 
 
 ib. 
 443 
 255 
 443 
 360 
 443 
 372 
 ib 
 
 360 
 
 37 
 
 409 
 
 3C0| 
 
 Thysanura, characters \Toolh- striped Moth, 
 of the order 138 ejrly 37 
 
 — , classification [Tor Inise- shell B. large 
 
 of the order 
 Tibl.T, the shank 
 Tick, dog 
 Tiilus, Marsh. 
 Tillids (Fam.) 
 
 140 
 
 34- 
 132'. 
 1G4J 
 1C5'. 
 
 238, 363, 416 
 
 I. 396 
 
 , small 238,363,396 
 
 438 
 
 , I. 396, 431 
 
 diver-ana 
 
 egestana 
 
 emargana 
 
 examiana 
 
 excavana 
 
 Fagana 254, 
 
 fasciana 
 
 tjmbriana 
 
 Forskaliana 
 
 Forsterana 
 
 fraternana 
 
 gnomana 
 
 hamana 
 
 harpana 
 
 Holmiana 
 
 hyemalis 
 
 Ilicana 
 
 incarnana 
 
 latifasciana 
 
 Lecheana 
 
 literana 
 
 Loeflingina 
 
 Losiaiia 
 
 407 
 ib. 
 435 
 364 
 425 
 436 
 408 
 ib. 
 425 
 385 
 436 ■ 
 ib. 
 441 
 425 
 408 
 425 
 435 
 425 
 407 
 ib. 
 441 
 436 
 407 
 386 
 441 
 385 
 436 
 425 
 254 
 435 
 ib. 
 386 
 435 
 443 
 435 
 385, 425 
 407 
 364 
 436 
 407 
 371 
 364, 441 
 435 
 407 
 436 
 444 
 436 
 441 
 ib. 
 407 
 435, 441 
 371 
 407 
 
494 
 
 
 INULX. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 rORTRlX 
 
 
 TOIlTiaX 
 
 
 Tritoma, Geo/. 
 
 
 207 
 
 Liindiaiia 
 
 40'; 
 
 Xvlosteana 
 
 425 
 
 TRITOMA 
 
 
 
 Kitosa 
 
 3G4 
 
 Zo.'s:ana 
 
 435 
 
 bipiistuiatr.m 
 
 51, 
 
 214, 
 
 maculana 
 
 441 
 
 TRACHEA, Och. 
 
 251 
 
 
 
 362 
 
 Mitterbachiua 
 
 407 
 
 Trachtlus, Jariwe 
 
 267 
 
 *russica 
 
 
 2U 
 
 Mylleri 
 
 441 
 
 Tracbiisa, Jurine 280 
 
 285 
 
 Trochiium, Srf 
 
 pdi 
 
 245 
 
 nana 
 
 425 
 
 TRACHYS 
 
 
 TROGOSITA 
 
 
 
 nebulana 
 
 ib. 
 
 minuta 160, 
 
 388 
 
 *caraboides 
 
 
 208 
 
 nigricaua 
 
 436 
 
 viiidis 
 
 3S8 
 
 mauritauica 
 
 208 
 
 369 
 
 nitida 
 
 386 
 
 TrebU-bar Muih, slender 
 
 *manritanicn3 
 
 
 203 
 
 nubiferana 
 
 403 
 
 405, 
 
 441 
 
 I'rombidiadfE (Faiii.] 
 
 130 
 
 nubilana 
 
 ib. 
 
 Treble lines M. ei/ua 
 
 I 
 
 TROMBIDIUM 
 
 
 
 oporana 
 
 407 
 
 402, 440, 
 
 441 
 
 *aquaticum 
 
 
 135 
 
 Oxyacanthena3S5 
 
 ,442 
 
 , dark 
 
 402 
 
 holosericcum 
 
 13! 
 
 , 4C6 
 
 palliolatis 
 
 425 
 
 Treble spot M. rusly 
 
 441 
 
 TROX 
 
 
 
 pauperana 
 
 386 
 
 , while 
 
 425 
 
 areiiarius 
 
 
 369 
 
 perlepitlana 
 
 371 
 
 FRECHUS 
 
 
 sabniosus 
 
 190 
 
 369 
 
 piceana 
 
 441 
 
 aqiiaticus 
 
 373 
 
 Truncus 
 
 
 SO 
 
 Pomona 
 
 425 
 
 discus 
 
 ib. 
 
 Frvpeta, Meig. 
 
 
 299 
 
 populana 
 
 441 
 
 fulvus 
 
 365 
 
 TRYPOXYLON 
 
 
 plumbeolana 
 
 425 
 
 humeralis 
 
 415 
 
 Figulus 
 
 277 
 
 413 
 
 pruniana 
 
 407 
 
 meridianiis 149, 
 
 3€'5 
 
 Tussock Muth, dark 
 
 247, 
 
 Quercana 
 
 436 
 
 Frees, decayed, me 
 
 
 
 
 4i8 
 
 rhombana 
 
 441 
 
 thod of collectin 
 
 5? 
 
 , I. 
 
 
 3S2 
 
 Ribeana 
 
 407 
 
 insects from 
 
 314 
 
 , nut-lrte 
 
 250, 
 
 370, 
 
 Rosa n a 
 
 408 
 
 — — , roots of, method 
 
 
 418, 
 
 439 
 
 Rubiana 
 
 436 
 
 ofcollectingpupae 
 
 , I- 
 
 
 382 
 
 rufana 
 
 ib. 
 
 at the 
 
 315 
 
 , pale 
 
 247 
 
 ,598 
 
 ruficiliana 
 
 385 
 
 Triangle, red 
 
 436 
 
 Twin-spot M. 
 
 
 423 
 
 rugosaria 
 
 408 
 
 Tribonophora, Hiib. 
 
 252 
 
 , large 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 rusticana 
 
 436 
 
 TRICHIOSOMA 
 
 
 , red 
 
 
 383 
 
 Salicaiia 
 
 ib. 
 
 laterale 
 
 372 
 
 , dark red 
 
 
 404 
 
 Schalleriana 
 
 ib. 
 
 Scalesii 
 
 427 
 
 , striped 
 
 
 383 
 
 semifasciaua 
 
 ib. 
 
 sylvaticum 263 
 
 427 
 
 , treble 
 
 
 385 
 
 sequana 
 
 3S5 
 
 unidenlattim 
 
 427 
 
 TYcmis 
 
 
 
 Smeatlimanniana 
 
 425 
 
 TRICHRS 
 
 
 niger 
 
 
 178 
 
 Solandiiana 
 
 436 
 
 fasciatiis 191 
 
 415 
 
 Tyger Moth, 
 
 crearr 
 
 . 
 
 spadiceana 
 
 359 
 
 nobilis 
 
 375 
 
 spot 
 
 248, 
 
 398 
 
 squamana 
 
 43J 
 
 variabilis 
 
 38" 
 
 , I. 
 
 
 382 
 
 straminea 
 
 436 
 
 Trichoplera, cbarac 
 
 . 
 
 , garden 
 
 
 418 
 
 sticticaiia 
 
 ib. 
 
 ters of the order 
 
 13t 
 
 , I- 
 
 
 393 
 
 strobilaiia 
 
 386 
 
 , classification 
 
 , ruhj 
 
 
 399 
 
 subocellana 
 
 425 
 
 of the 
 
 25 f 
 
 , scarlet 
 
 248 
 
 398 
 
 subsequana 
 
 371 
 
 564 
 
 , method of 
 
 preserving 32 J 
 
 , I. 
 
 ——, Wjcd 
 
 
 382 
 
 tetraquetiana 
 
 248, 
 
 398 
 
 tTapezaiia 
 
 436 
 
 , method of ai 
 
 - 
 
 , I- 
 
 
 382 
 
 tricolorana 
 
 44) 
 
 ranging 
 
 32f 
 
 FY PH ZEUS 
 
 
 
 tripuiictaria 408 
 
 441 
 
 Trimera (Sect.) 
 
 21i 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 189, 
 
 369 
 
 IJdiiianiiiana 
 
 407 
 
 TRIPLAX 
 
 
 K Moth 
 
 
 404 
 
 UlKbiana 
 
 435 
 
 bicolor 
 
 39; 
 
 y. black 
 
 
 431 
 
 Unipr.iutata 
 
 364 
 
 riifipes ^ 
 
 421: 
 
 y. sooly 
 
 
 424 
 
 urticana 
 
 385 
 
 rus'ica 214, 
 
 429 
 
 VANESSA 
 
 
 
 viridana 
 
 425 
 
 Triple line M. day 
 
 
 Antiopa 
 
 238, 
 
 430 
 
 Wceberiana 
 
 403 
 
 
 404 
 
 , /. 
 
 
 416 
 
Cardui 
 
 lo 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 VESPA 
 
 
 
 Britannica 
 
 280, 
 
 3Sf. 
 
 Ciabro 
 
 280 
 
 386 
 
 *|)arirtina 
 
 
 279 
 
 *nniglumls 
 
 
 277 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 280 
 
 585 
 
 Vespailjc (Fam 
 
 ) 
 
 oirc 
 
 VANESSA 
 
 Atalaiita 23S, 363, 430 
 
 , /. 416 
 
 C. album 238,396,417, 
 438 
 
 , l. 430 
 
 238, 416 
 I. 4 i 6 
 
 238, 363, 41 
 
 , I. 4.6 
 
 Polychloros 238, SCrJ 
 
 396, 4l6 
 
 UrticK 238,363, 396,438 
 
 , I. 430 
 
 Fapourer Moth 439 
 
 , L 43 1 
 
 , scarce 418, 431 
 
 VAPPO 
 
 ater 292, 428 
 
 Udmannian Tortrix 40". 
 Vegetables, delinition 
 
 of 20 VOLUCELLA 
 
 VELIA bombylans 
 
 rivulorum ''''^l '?'"-'» iuanis 
 
 442 
 384 
 
 V'esparia;, Latr. ib 
 
 Vipio, Lair. 270 
 
 IJlonata, Fair. 217, 219 
 Umber Mill, birred 404 
 , connecting 
 
 , dark 
 
 , m'ltlled 
 
 , scarce 
 
 , large waved 403 
 
 , S'nail waved 584 
 
 Unguis, ctaw 35 
 
 Undenting Muth, lesser 
 
 432 
 440 
 
 ', lunar 
 
 224, 369 
 VELLEIL'S, Leach 172 
 Veneer, aquatic 
 
 , barred 
 
 , chequered 
 
 common 
 
 414 
 
 ib. 
 
 mystaceus ib. 
 
 pellucens 296, 414 
 
 Uroceridw(Fam.) 267 
 
 408 
 
 43^^1UROCERUS 
 4081 Gigas 
 
 -, buff-edged rosy 38^,l psyllius 
 
 , large Ircwn- 
 
 , e'.bowed- strip 
 
 , garden 
 
 437 
 edged 
 
 408 
 
 'd ib. 
 
 ib 
 
 , gigant'c 
 
 , h; ok lip 
 
 , pale hooklip 
 
 , m'aid 
 
 , dark i7ilaid 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 409 
 ib. 
 
 4^7 
 408 
 
 ——, pearl 
 
 , yell.w sat'\n 
 
 , straw -colowt 
 
 ed 
 
 364 
 408 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 loured 
 
 -cc 
 
 - 
 457 
 
 ■ , rtxy 
 
 
 408 
 
 UROPODA 
 
 vegetans 
 Usher, dark-barred 
 dark-bordered 
 
 133, 364 
 433 
 360 
 
 , spring ib. 
 
 JVainscot Moth, com- 
 mon 419 
 ', dotted- bordered ib 
 
 , large 599 
 
 — — , powdered 400, 419 
 
 , r/d 419 
 
 , shoulder-stripe 25 1 
 
 399 
 
 , small 43'r 
 
 , smoky 419 
 
 , tawny -veined 432 
 
 , twin-spot 439 
 
 -, rush 425, 436\ff^all Butterfy 430, 41 
 
 , narrow- wi>:ged A09\ . , I. 331,430 
 
 Vertebrosa, anatomical IfT'asp 6S, 28('' 
 
 character of the 75 , Hornet 69,280 
 
 Vertex 80^au« Moth, common 33^-' 
 \'espa, Linn.69, 871, 276) , small-dotted 405 
 
 495 
 
 IVuveMoih, small dusty 
 
 wave 423 
 
 , small fa'n-fijot 434 
 
 , rnuUein ib, 
 
 , plain 423 
 
 , ribband ib. 
 
 , rosy ib. 
 
 , sandy 383 
 
 , satiny 423 
 
 , subangled ib. 
 
 , ruund-wirie,ed 333 
 
 , common luhite ib. 
 
 , srnall white 384 
 
 442 , small ytllow ib. 
 
 ^^■U'hUe ButterJly,Balh 236, 
 416 
 , black-veimd 236, 
 395 
 I. 380 
 
 , bordered 404, 430 
 I. 416 
 
 , gree^-veined 236, 
 580, 430 
 , large 236, 380, 430 
 , marbled 417 
 
 , small 236, 380 
 
 ■,wood 236, 380,430 
 f^Fhite C. But. I. 430 
 
 268, 412^^A'<« Moth, broad- 
 
 4] 2 barred 400 
 
 , bordered 253 
 
 While line Moth, mar- 
 bled 403 
 White spot, brindled 424 
 , marbled 403 
 White Tortrix, cloudy 403 
 While-backed Tor. 436 
 White-frivged Tor. 441 
 White-shouldered Tor-iSfi 
 White spotted 426 
 White Thorn Tortrix 335 
 
 White thorn hedges, 
 time for collect- 
 ing insects from 315 
 Wtllow, pale mottled 401 
 Widow, mourning 363 
 Wing-bones, Plerigostio55 
 Wings, their form and 
 
 structure ib. 
 afibrd charac- 
 ters for genera 
 and species 57 
 Wittg Ctues 37 
 
4Q6 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Wings of Lepidoptera 
 
 acquire their full 
 
 size ill a few ini- 
 
 mites 4'i 
 
 — — — jdiscriiTiination 
 
 of the 338 
 
 TVinler Mulh, 359, 443 
 IVinter Tort, ix 444 
 
 JVceherian Tarlrix 408 
 
 JVood BuUerJiy, speckltd 
 396, 430 
 
 , I. 396 
 
 Woods near London 312 
 , insects how col- 
 lected in -ib 
 J'Krmwood Mulh 252, 419 
 Wurmivuod Totlrix 407 
 X tawny 432 
 XANTfilA, Hilh. 252 
 XANTHO 86 
 florid a ib, 
 *incisa ib. 
 XIPHYDRIA 
 
 Camelus 267,412 
 
 dromedarius 412 
 
 Xiphydriadje (Fam.) 267 
 
 XYLENA, Hiib, 252 
 
 Xylocupa, Fabr. ■ 285 
 V.Mnik,gold * 403 
 
 , Essex ib. 
 
 , pi^^y 441 
 
 , silver 383 
 
 Y rkshire 403 
 
 Yelloio, frosted 423 
 
 Yellow-lv^rved Mulh 365 
 YeLiow. tail Moth 248, 41 8 
 — , I. 398 
 
 YeLLw-undervoing Moth, 
 beautiful 252, 399, 
 418 
 
 , broad-bordered 250, 
 
 399, 432 
 
 , least broad-border 
 
 399 
 
 ,lesserhroad br,7der^32 
 
 , lunar 432 
 
 , minute 383 
 
 , small 399 
 
 YPONOMEUTA 
 
 cribella 382 
 
 Echielia 399 
 
 Evonymella 249, 399, 
 432 
 irrorella 399 
 
 YPONOMEUTA 
 
 Padella 399 
 
 plumbella 432 
 
 seqr.ella ib. 
 
 Ypsolophus, Fabr. 255 
 ZAIJRUS 
 
 gibbns 1 49, 428 
 
 ZARjEA 
 
 fasciata 263, 386 
 
 ZEUZERA 
 
 ^sculi 246, 418 
 
 ZODION 
 
 conopsoides 298 
 Zuegien 433 
 Zoophytes, anatomi- 
 cal character of 75 
 ■ for the micro- 
 scope 334 
 Zoology, the most dif- 
 ficult department 
 in Natural His- 
 tory 20 
 ZYG^NA 
 
 Filipenduia?, 245, 397 
 Loti 397 
 
 ZYGiENID^, (Fam.)244 
 IZYG.^NIDES, Latr. ib. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 Printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor, Shoe-lane. 
 
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