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 This book was presented by 
 
 MILTON M. LEONARD, D.V.M. 
 
 TO THE 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICAL LIBRARY 
 
This book is due on the date indicated 
 below and is subject to an overdue 
 fine as posted at the circulation desk. 
 
 EXCEPTION: Date due will be 
 earlier if this item is RECALLED. 
 
Veterinary Notes 
 
 DELIVERED BY 
 
 PROF. A. SMITH, V.S. 
 
 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT 
 
 )iseases of Domestic Animals, 
 
 BEFORE THE CLASS OF VETERINARY 
 STUDENTS, 
 
 THE OWTABIO VETERINIRY COLLEGE, 
 
 OF TORONTO, CANADA, 
 
 DURING THE TERMS OF 1890-91. 
 
 REVISED EDITION. 
 
 TORONTO : 
 J. A. CARVETH & CO.. PUBLISHERS. 
 
 i8qi. 
 
Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one 
 
 thousand eight hundred and ninety-oue. 
 
 By J. A. CARVETH & CO., 
 
 At the Office of the Minister of Agricultm-e, Ottawa, Ontario. 
 
VETERINARY NOTES. 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 It is difficult to give a definition of either disease or health. They are 
 closely united, and it is difficult to draw the line of demarcation. First 
 I ask, what is disease ? We may consider it to consist of a deterioration 
 from a healthy standard, either of function or structure ; or we may say 
 it is just the opposite of health, or a disturbance of the function or 
 structure of a healthy organism. Health is a condition of the animal 
 body, in which all the organs are in good condition, and all the functions 
 are performed in good order ; and it is difficult ta get a body in perfect 
 health. There is generally some little deterioration of structure or func- 
 tion. You may look at a horse ; he does work in a regular manner, and 
 he is considered healthy, but there may be some change in some way, so 
 that it is quite difficult to give a precise definition. There is health 
 where all the organs are intact, and each one capable of discharging its 
 respective duty or function. From health to disease there are certain 
 transitions noticed. If animals are kept in their natural state they are 
 free from disease to a certain extent, but when they become domesticated, 
 then a change takes place in the system. They do not receive a regular 
 supply of pure air, pure water, regular exercise, etc., then this change 
 takes place to a certain extent. All these things must be attended to in 
 order to keep the animals or men in good health. We meet with various 
 terms in the study of disease, as 
 
 Pathology, which is derived from two Greek words, and means a dis- 
 course on disease, or the doctrine of disease, and includes all the various 
 particulars in connection with disease Pathology may be divided into 
 two divisions, general and special. General pathology considers disease 
 in common, the various branches, causes, symptoms, etc., while special 
 considers each disease in particular. In all diseases there are certain 
 changes that take place in connection with them. It is a very impor- 
 tant branch of study. 
 
 Etiology, or the causes of diseases. This is also important. It may 
 be arranged under different heads ; there are predisposing and exciting 
 causes. There is almost always a cause for every disease, but it is some- 
 times difficult to tell just what the cause is. If y u can find and remove 
 the cause, the case is, as a general thing, easily treated. Etiology, 
 though plain in some cases, is obscure in others. A disease breaking 
 out and spreading over a large territory is an epizootic disease ; and it 
 is difficult to say what is the exact or exciting cause. Another impor- 
 tant branch of pathology is the symptoms, or 
 
 Symptomatology , or study of the symptoms of disease ; or the means 
 by which disease is recognized from the symptoms presented by the 
 organ or organs diseased. The symptoms may be general or local. 
 There are in the limbs certain local symptoms, iDut the cause may be 
 such that it will produce general symptoms. It is further divided into 
 primary and premonitory. In laminitis, we sometimes notice the horse 
 exhibiting premonitory symptoms, and, after some time, well marked 
 
4 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 symptoms. There are general symptoms, as rigours, shivering in fever ; 
 and in certain organs we have symptoms of those organs having under- 
 gone certain changes. 
 
 Diagnostic Symptoms are those by which we are able to detect the 
 character of the disease, and the parts diseased. It is the discrimination 
 of disease. There are diagnostic, prognostic, and pathognostic symp- 
 toms. There may be a collection of symptoms, and may be character- 
 istic, as in glanders. There is a discharge from the nose. This may be 
 symptomatic of several diseases. But if there is a discharge and ulcera 
 tion of tbe mucous membrane, the sub-maxillary glands are enlarged, 
 and attached to the adjacent tissue, etc., then we liave characteristic or 
 pathognomic symptoms of glanders. 
 
 Prognosis, or telling the probable termination of a disease. You 
 examine the symptoms carefully, and make up your mind what is the 
 matter, and then tell the future of the disease, either favourable or un- 
 favourable. 
 
 Therapeutics, that branch of medicine which has reference to the treat- 
 ment of diseases. Diseases are classified under different names, accord- 
 ing to progress and character of disease. These are epizootic, enzootic, 
 specific, sporadic and zymotic ; these are the ordinary classification or 
 heads. 
 
 Epizootic is derived from two Greek words, signifying on and animal. 
 In human practice it is epidemic. A great many animals become 
 similarly affected at the same time, without any appreciable cause. A 
 common example is that known as epizootic, catarrhal fever and influ- 
 enza. It may be due to atmospheric influence, either contagious or non- 
 contagious. In cattle a good example is epizootic aphthje. 
 
 Enzootic diseases are confined to certain localities, and are due to local 
 influences. They may become contagious after leaving that certain 
 place. Kinderpest is a good example, but has never been known on this 
 continent. It is in Eussia. Texas fever appears common to certain 
 localities of Texas, but it is set up among the northern cattle. It may 
 be generated from the character of the water, food, grass, soil, etc. In 
 man, the term indemic is applied, as the ague 
 
 Specific, peculiar to particular class of animal, the virus of which, if 
 introduced into another animal, may produce the same disease as glan- 
 ders, strangles, distemper in dog days, etc., but a specific disease is not 
 necessarily contagious. 
 
 Sporadic is a word derived from a Greek word, meaning to sow here 
 and there. It is from accidental causes. Most diseases come under 
 this head, and are from well-marked causes. 
 
 Zymotic. — Some of the diseases mentioned are of a zymotic character. 
 Zymotic means a ferment. It acts like a ferment in the blood. Investi- 
 gations show that by minute bodies, so small that you can scarcely 
 think of their minuteness, an action is set up 'n the blood, perhaps in 
 the form of a ferment We find that most diseases consist in some 
 change in the blood itself, or in the flues wh' i nourish and renew the 
 tissues ; but a majority consist in a char i in the blood itself. In a 
 living body, there is a continual change taking place, and the great 
 characteristics of these changes are the processes of decay and repara- 
 tion, which only terminate at death. Substances pass into the body 
 and are carried to all parts of the body. Waste is taken up in the blood 
 and carried from the body. The body wastes during the day, and during 
 repose it is nourished and the waste repaired. The human being, during 
 one year, loses three thousand pounds by waste of tissue, and the repair 
 equals the waste. However, in youth the repair exceeds the waste, so 
 
DISEASES OF DO^nESTIC ANIMALS. & 
 
 that the animal gradually grows. In the adult they are just about 
 equal, provided there is a certain amount of exercise. In old age the 
 waste is in excess, and the animal becomes smaller. In disease, some- 
 thing takes place, equilibrium is upset, and there is a change of function 
 or structure. We often see this taking place. An animal is attacked by 
 disease and reduced quite quickly — the result of this poison in the 
 system. Life is maintained in the body by the circulation of pure or 
 arterial blood through the system. This blood is the fluid of the body ; 
 whenever arterial blood ceases to circulate, death is the result ; or, if it 
 circulates, but becomes impure, there follows a similar result. If the 
 blood becomes changed but slightly, it produces disease very quickly ; 
 and if changed to any great extent, it produces death very quickly. Life 
 is an aggregate of the functions which resist death, and is maintained 
 by the blood. Death is the cessation of all the functions, the aggregate 
 of which constitutes life. Now death may occur in different ways, and 
 sometimes it is immaterial how an animal died, but at other times we 
 are called to tell how he died. If no blood circulates, death takes place 
 from syncope, from a want of a due supply of blood to the heart, and 
 the heart loses its power. Bleeding causes death from syncope, or from 
 necra^mia. The heart loses its power from want of its natural stimulus 
 — the blood Death from syncope may occur in other ways : the heart 
 may lose its contractile power from a blow over the heart or stomach, or 
 from poisons, or from fright, or from derangement of the nervous system. 
 Asphyxia, or Apncea ; access of air to the lungs is prevented ; as in 
 drowning, hanging, choking, and sometimes from tetanus ; again, from 
 coma. Death from coma begins in the brain — frequentlj' from medicines.* 
 The symptoms are drowsiness or comatose condition. 
 
 BLOOD. 
 
 Blood is the great and important fluid of the body, and is carried 
 through the system by means of a set of vessels ; they are arteries, 
 capillaries and veins The heart is the great centre of the circula- 
 tion. It is situated in the thoracic cavity, and acts as a force pump 
 to send the blood through the system ; but there is a power in the 
 vessels of drawing blood to them to a certain extent, somewhat as the 
 sap is drawn up in the tree. The arteries are vessels that convey 
 blood from the heart to various parts of the body. They are so named 
 from the former supposition that they contained only air, as they were 
 always found empty after death. They differ, also, in structure from 
 the vein-, and do not collapse as the veins do. They possess con- 
 tractility and elasticity, and their power of contraction is due to 
 muscular tissue in their walls, which consists of contractile flbre, cells, 
 which have the poorer of diminishing the calibre of the artery in which 
 they are situated, and can either arrest partially or completely the flow 
 of blood. The large vessels are especially elastic ; they have both 
 muscular and ^-ellow elastic tissue. They convey the blood to all the 
 tissues of the body, and when it has fulfilled its function, it is brought 
 back to the heart by the veins. 
 
 Veins are the vessels which bring the blood to the heart. They have 
 thinner walls than the arteries, and have valves, which valves are fold- 
 ings of the inner lining of the vein. These valves do not exist in the 
 pulmonary vein. They tend to help the blood towards the heart. 
 When the veins are empty they collapse. Between the arteries and 
 
6 CUASES, SYMPTO>rs AND TREATMEXT OK 
 
 veins we have very small vessels, which form the connecting medium 
 and are called 
 
 Capillaries, which are formed from the breaking down of the arteries, 
 and from the veins on the other side. They are very delicate and 
 minute, and during health the blood circalates through all these in a 
 regular manner, and the liquid portions of the blood continually exudes 
 to supply the various tissues, and at the same lime there are excreting 
 waste tissue, and it is in the capillaries that nutrition is primarily 
 effected. There are also lymphatic vessels, which take up this waste, 
 but the blood vessels also take it up to some extent. All the tissues of 
 the bod}', whether bone, muscle, hair, etc., are nourished by the blood. 
 Blood is the fluid contained in the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins, 
 and is formed chiefly from the chyle, and when first drawn from the 
 body it has the appearance of a homogeneous fluid. You would think 
 it composed of but one thing, but after a while it loses this appearance. 
 It has a saline taste. The halitu is a smell, or faint odour, which 
 arises from a watery vapour, from freshly drawn blood, and is character- 
 istic of the animal from which it was freely drawn. The temperature of 
 the blood is 98° to 100"^. Blood is of red colour, viewed as a whole, and 
 is a fluid, but not a perfect fluid. It is composed of a fluid portion, the 
 liquor sanguinis aud a solid portion, corpuscles, or blood cells. The 
 corpuscles are of two kinds, the red and the white ; the red being the 
 more numerous, the average being about 250 red to' 1 white, but they 
 vary both in health and disease. These corpuscles float in the liquor 
 sanguinis. These corpuscles a^e very important. They are said to 
 possess vital jDroperties ; are said to assimulate material from the blood, 
 which is called globuline, and haematine. They assimilate material for 
 the right composition of the blood. The red corpuscles give colour to 
 the blood. In warm-blooded animals, the white corpuscles are the larger 
 of the two, and are rather irregular in outline, and are found to change 
 their form to a great extent. The red corpuscles also change during 
 disease. If they do not receive a sufficient supply of water they become 
 dried up, to some extent ; the capillaries are differently arranged in 
 different tissues, as in the mucous membrane, the pkin, the villi of the 
 intestines, air cells (where interchange of gases take place), parotid 
 gland, etc. I will give you an outline of the blood, but different authors 
 give it differently. 
 
 Water 785,0 
 
 Albumen 69.0 
 
 Fibrins. .. 3.0 
 
 Alkaline and Neutral Salts 8.5 
 
 Fatty and Extractive matters 7.5 
 
 Corpuscles 127.0 
 
 Albumen, fibrine and salts in solution form the liquor sanguinis. 
 
 Liquor sanguinis 673, corpuscles 127 parts in 1000. 
 
 Alkaline aud neutral salts : Chloride of sodium, chloride of potassium, 
 
 phosphate of soda, carbonate of soda, phosphate of magnesia, phosphate of 
 
 lime, phosphate of iron, oxide of iron. 
 
 There is a large amount of water that gives blood its fluidity. If the 
 water is drawn off by evaporation, there is a solid left, which is of no use 
 for nutrition. There is intense suffering from thirst on this account. 
 Albumen is a remarkable ingredient of the blood. The white of an egg 
 is a good example of albumen. Albumen is the original pabulum from 
 which all the tissues of the blood are formed ; it holds the salts in solu- 
 tion. Some say there is no fibrine to circulating blood, but we will sup- 
 pose that it does exist, and is the property of coagulation. Other 
 constituents are chloride of sodium, potassium, etc. Animals remote 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Y 
 
 from the sea must have a regular supply of salt, which is an ingredient 
 of the blood, The matters of the blood are liable to changes to a certain 
 extent. The amount of blood is about one-eighth to one-tenth the 
 weight of the animal ; but a much less amount than that, drawn, will 
 produce death. There is depletion of the blood in old animals ; if drawn 
 it is not so readily regained as in young animals. The colour varies be- 
 tween arterial and venous blood ; in the arteries it is a bright red colour, 
 and is lit for the building up of tissues. The blood is carried to the lungs, 
 and carbonic acid passes from it, and it is turned from a dark colour to a 
 light red by absorbing oxygen. After being drawn for a short time it re- 
 solves into two parts the clot, or crassamentum, and the serum. This is 
 the natural result, and does not show inflammation. The serum is almost 
 colourless. We give chloride of potash in purpura, for if fibrine is not 
 present then the blood will exude, and chloride of potash assists coagula- 
 tion A solution of soda wall prevent coagulation. This gives us a clue 
 to the treatment of disease by exerting a certain influence on the blood. 
 Blood kept at a low temperature will not coagulate so readily as if 
 warmer. Heating blood coagulates it, from the albumen it con- 
 tains. Blood receives matter from three sources, from digestion in 
 the alimentary canal, from tissues which have served their purpose, 
 and from the atmosphere through the lungs. Oxygen acts upon 
 the system to a great extent. It is said to act on the various tis- 
 sues when the body dies, destroying all the tissues except the 
 bones ; although such body is not molested by dogs or other ani- 
 mals, and either left upon the ground, or buried, some of the materials 
 go into the ground, others into the atmosphere, etc., and pass from one 
 to another ; and some man at the present day may have some of the 
 identical brain of Julius Caesar. 
 
 Recapitulation of Blood. — The tibrine of the blood is destroyed and 
 reproduced three times in twenty-four hours. So fibrine is a very im- 
 portant substance, for by it we are enabled to control hemorrhage. If 
 rupture of a blood vessel takes place and there is a lack of fibrine or its 
 constituents, it is very hard to arrest hemorrhage ; but if a small vessel 
 is ruptured and the constituents of fibrine are present, you can easily 
 arrest the flow by pressure, for a coagulum is formed and you have heal- 
 ing by the first intention. The fibrine may be increased or decreased 
 under certain circumstances. In laminitis we use soda, for there is an 
 increase of fibrine. If you bleed a horse from the jugular vein, and allow 
 the blood to flow freely into a can, after it settles in the can there is a 
 peculiar white coat upon the surface, which is called buft'. In the horse 
 it is no evidence of inflammatory action, but it is due to the manner in 
 which the blood coagulates ; the white corpuscles being on the top, the 
 red lower down. And the depression on the top of the blood is not due 
 to any change in the condition of the blood. I think you cannot tell by 
 looking at blood what is the matter with the animal. However, in lung 
 disease, the blood is darker than usual, owing to the congested state of 
 the lungs. 
 
 INFLAMMATION. 
 
 Inflammation may be said to be an alteration in the healthy structure 
 of function of a part, accompanied by a perverted condition of the blood 
 in the capillaries, all of which may be due to a certain amount of para- 
 lysi.s of the vital principle of the tissues inflamed. From the earliest 
 
8 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TRKATMENT OF 
 
 ages this subject has excited the interest of the medical inquirer, and 
 treatment of disease was in accordance with the opinion held with regard 
 to this process. We will notice some of the views that were held regard- 
 ing the process. It was supposed to be an exalted action and increased 
 nutrition to the parts, and the antiphlogistic treatment was recommended. 
 It was supposed to be too much blood to the parts, and if it could be 
 gotten rid of, it would cure the disease ; but this has been found to be 
 different, and different opinions are still held. We hear much talk about 
 the vital principle, and it is difficult to tell just what this principle is. 
 It was supposed to exist in certain tissues, as in the brain and nervous 
 tissues ; others tried to demonstrate that it existed in the blood ; others 
 that it existed in the nervous system without blood being the seat of it. 
 But it is now believed that every tissue possesses this vital principle, or 
 property. The cells of every tissue extract from the blood nutritive 
 properties necessary for their growth— muscular tissue, properties for its 
 development, growth, etc. Changes of view regarding this vital principle 
 have led to great changes in the treatment of inflammation. It is diffi- 
 cult to give a concise definition. It is not the blood alone that is affected, 
 but the tissues are also affected. I will give s: me other definitions : It is 
 an exudation of liquor sanguinis, but when there is an exudation of 
 liquor sanguinis there is not always inflammation, and a mere deter- 
 mination of blood to a part is not inflammation, but congestion. It is 
 defined as a peculiar perversion of nutrition or secretion Inflammation 
 may be present, and not have all these conditions Irritation appears to 
 be the starting point of inflammation. Inflammation may be said to be 
 a destructive process, or a fermentative process, and is sometimes just 
 what v^e desire to set up for the healthy maintenance of parts. A part to 
 be in a «^tate of health, must have a regular and not far distant supply of 
 blood, and the right composition of that blood, and the influence of ner- 
 vous force in a natural state. In the process of inflammation there is 
 more or less change. The process can be easily seen in some transparent 
 vascular structures, such as the web of a frog's foot. If this is put under 
 the microscope, the blood will flow through in a regular manner, the red 
 corpuscles most abundant and occupying the centre of the stream move 
 quickly, and are surrounded by the liquor sangoinis. There are some 
 white corpuscles also. They are larger and change their shape, accom- 
 modating themselves to the vessels through which they pass. If an irri- 
 tant is applied to a part, and the part excited to an inflammatory process, 
 a marked change takes place. The vessels contract, and consequently 
 there is a diminution in the amount of blood. By and by the vessels 
 become dilated, and quickly regain their natural size. If the stimulant 
 is but slight when they are dilated, blood will flow a little quicker for a 
 short time, but if the irritation is increased or continued, and of a severe 
 character, the muscular walls appear paralyzed, and do not contract, but 
 dilate much above their usual state, and let more blood into the capil- 
 laries, the circulation becomes slower and slower, there is an increase of 
 blood to the parts, a clear margin of the liquor sanguinis, the blood 
 becomes almost stagnant, the corpuscles alter and adhere to the sides of 
 the vessels, exudation takes place through the walls of the vessels, and 
 gives rise to what is sometimes called leucocythft-mia. Inflammation is 
 established, the blood rushes in and changes to a certain extent — becomes 
 somewhat muddy, so to speak— the vessels may rupture and the blood 
 goes through. Previous to inflammation actually taking place, there is 
 hyperemia or congestion. There must be an altered condition of the 
 blood in the capillaries. It is difficult to say just when congestion ceases 
 and inflammation begins. Inflammation does not terminate so quickly 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC AMIMALS. 9 
 
 as congestion. Congestion is an excess of blood ia the parts. There are 
 various kinds of congestion. If there is too much blood in some parts, 
 it is local congestion, or partial plethora. We see this without there 
 being any disease Congestion can be caused in various ways, and 
 very easily, indeed. There is always more or less congestion in the 
 lungs in severe exertion. It can be induced by means of the nervous sys- 
 tem — as in anger, one person's face will get red, and another's will get 
 pale — or in the blush of a young lady; or this is sometimes seen in a 
 
 bashful yonng man, as in Mr. , and see how quickly it takes place. 
 
 It is done by means of the nervous system. If we irritate a part 
 mechanically, we give rise to active congestion. It may end in hemor- 
 rhage, or pass on to inflammation. It is difficult to say whether it 
 will pass into inflammation or not, especially in the lungs. 
 
 Signs of Inflammation. — The visible signs are heat, pain, redness, 
 and swelling. But inflammation may go on to a great extent and the 
 tissues be considerably destroyed, without all these taking place. There 
 are signs by which it has been recognized, for hundreds of years. In 
 man, the sign first noticed, often is 
 
 Redness, but it is not so in domestic animals, as the skin is covered 
 with hair. Eedness depends upon the amount of blood sent to the parts, 
 and it varies in difterent places, and according to the causes. If a horse 
 receives an injury in the eye, the mucous membrane is very much red- 
 dened ; and in scratches, redness is seen, especially if in a white leg. In 
 acute inflammation, the parts are of a florid colour, and it takes place 
 quickly ; if in the bowels, gangrene may take place quickly, due to 
 changes which go on in the parts The 
 
 Heat is due to the amount of bloofi, and the changes being undergone. 
 If the tissues of the body are being broken up in any way, an effort is 
 made to take them from the system, and this produces heat. The heat 
 of a part is, however, not so much above the natural temperature as you 
 would suppose. In inflammation of the hock, joint, or foot, when you 
 apply the hand, you would suppose there was an increase of many 
 degrees, but it is not so much as you would think. In inflammation it 
 would run up to 102° or 104^^', so it varies from 98'^ to 104°. The increase 
 is greater remote from the heart, as the natural temperature of those 
 parts is several degrees below that of the blood at the heart. We flnd 
 this increase in the hock and foot. The temperature is sometimes higher 
 in influenza than in enteritis, so it is due in many cases to the change 
 taking place. 
 
 Swelling is due to exudation and effusion into the tissues ; first, en- 
 gorgement of the vessels, which is followed by exudation through the 
 walls into the surrounding tissues. In some tissues swelling is a very 
 evident sign. It takes place quickly and to a great extent, and, no doubt, 
 in some tissues afford relief. In many cases it must not be looked upon 
 with any great degree of alarm ; in lymphangitis it is not a very danger- 
 ous sign. But if in other parts, as the mucous membrane of the 
 respiratory organs, it is more alarming, and may produce death very 
 suddenly, by interfering with respiration. And although this is one of 
 the recognized signs of inflammation, it will occur from other causes, as 
 the peculiar swelling of purpura, which is not due to extravasation of 
 blood, and not to inflammation. We find it also in tuberculor swellings, 
 and rupture of the capillaries. 
 
 Pain is another sign. This varies much in different structures; in 
 some being most excrcuciating — in laminitis, for example. Here we 
 have an extremely vascular and sensitive structure, and the tissues being 
 covered with a hard, resisting hoof, makes it more painful. In inflam- 
 
10 CAUSES, SYMl'TO.MS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 mation of articulations it is the same — a slight puncture in the region of or 
 in the joint, from the action of the air and escape of synovia The same 
 is found in rhtumatism. Although pain is often the sign of the inflam- 
 mation, you may have inflammation go on to a considerable extent 
 without any great degree of pain being manifested. We see this in horses 
 and cattle, and I believe in man, from irritation of the lungs. If in a 
 horse, he is dull, dumpish, as it is called, in doing work. But by and by 
 the appetite is gone, etc., a surgeon is called, and even hepitization may 
 have taken place. Pain is due to the distention of the blood vessels 
 pressing on and affecting the nerves. Tissues that do not appear to 
 possess any degree of sensibility in health will be very painful in inflam- 
 mation — bone, for instance. In this the pain is most excruciating. In 
 the mucous membrane of the bowels and respiratory organs, pain is not 
 so intense ; it is a dull uneasiness, and there may be great pain without 
 much inflammation, as in spavin ; and in spasmodic colic, the animal 
 suffers as much as in enteritis ; but it is, however, a sign of inflam- 
 mation. If a part has been in a state of inflammation, it must have a 
 termination or result. 
 
 Terminations of inflammation are resolution, adhesion, effusion, sup- 
 puration, ulceration, and mortification or gangrene. Adhesion and 
 effusian are sometimes not given as results. Resolution is the most 
 favourable ; for iostance, if a part has been under the inflammatory pro- 
 cess, this process is arrested, and the parts restored to tteir natural con- 
 dition, then we say it terminated in resolution, which, in most cases, is 
 most desirable. Nutrition and function may be restored to their natural 
 condition, but there may be a slight change in the structure, but so slight 
 that it cannot be noticed, and it is resolution. A form of resolution is 
 delitescence, that in which the inflammation subsides before the exuda- 
 tion solidifies, and the products are taken up by the vessels, and got rid 
 of. We often see this in our patients. After fomenting the parts, the 
 inflammation subsides, and the products are taken up by absorption; 
 but if it coagulates or solidifies, then the process is different and more 
 tedious. It breaks up by a kind of fatty degeneration, and becomes 
 mixed with the surrounding fluids and separates into various compounds, 
 and is got rid of by way of the circulation, through the various excretory 
 organs. It is in this way that some of the enlargements in the system 
 are got rid of. We set up an inflammatory action by irritation, and the 
 results of the old inflammation are broken up and so got rid of 
 
 Adhesion. — W^hen the two surfaces are brought together, and heal- 
 ing takes place. In our patients many wounds heal by adhesion. W * 
 find this in injuries in certaiu parts, where the exudation, instead 
 of breaking up, is converted into an organized body, and remains 
 during the life of the animal, to a more or less extent. We find 
 this in sprain of the fetlock joint. It becomes inflamed, the ani- 
 mal is moved around, which keeps up t e inflammatory process ; 
 vessels and nerves pass in, and a new structure is formed. But we 
 find this may become denser to a certain extent, and the enlargement 
 becomes smaller and smaller. It is a case of adhesion. When yon 
 have such a case, just think of the inflammatory process, and do not 
 give exercise. Exercise may reduce the pain for the time being, but 
 after resting it will increase. It is, to say the least, absurd : but keep 
 quiet, and allay the 
 
 Effusion. — There is fibrine or its constituents, but it does not 
 coagulate until exposed to the atmosphere, as in pleurisy. There is 
 more or less eft'usion of serum ; and fibrinous threads are also seen. We 
 have it in connection with injuries, as a kick in the region of the loins, 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 11 
 
 or a bruise on the shoulder. When you examine it, you find it contains 
 fluid — blood and water — not pus ; this is an example of effusion. It 
 comes from a slight injury to the areolar tissue, no doubt. 
 
 Suppuration or the Formation of Pus. — Pus presents two parts for 
 consideration, a liquid and a solid ; and corpuscles being the solid. It 
 may take place in different ways, or in different forms — circumscribed, 
 diffused and superficial. 
 
 Circumscribed, as an abcess, or from injuries to the shoulders or 
 muscles. Pns is formed from blood cells, and is known as a yellowish 
 wbite fluid, ordinarily inodorous, but in fistula, etc., it becomes fetid. 
 
 Dijfuse Suppuration, as in glanders and injuries to the large muscles, 
 as in the gluteal region. 
 
 Superficial, as in the mucous membranes. Some mucous membranes 
 do not form much pus, while others do ; examples of the latter are 
 those of the nose and generative organs. There are inflammatory 
 tumours, as in strangles ; they are at first hard, then soft, then burst. 
 This is a circumscribed suppuration. It breaks down the tissues and 
 finds its way to the outside, or pus may remain for some time in the 
 tissue, as in abcesses in cattle. It may remain much the same for a 
 considerable length of time, but if punctured dtep pus may be found. 
 Suppuration is sometimes favorable, as in a case of injury from a nail 
 in the foot, matter forms and escapes and relief is afforded. When 
 blood or its colouring mater is mixed with pus, it is called sanious pus. 
 If pus is continued for some time in connection with a diseased bone or 
 tooth, it becomes very fetid in many cases. Pus is sometimes found 
 with active properties. It flows from a wound over the skin, it destroys 
 the hair or skin, and is called ichorous pus. If pus is mixed with 
 poison, as that of glanders, etc., it is called specific pus, for it will pro- 
 duce the same disease. Laudable pus has no smell. Diffuse suppuration 
 may occur in some internal organ, as the lungs, and is called purulent 
 infiltration. In injuries to the groin or withers, if there is danger of 
 erysipelatous inflammation, or danger of it running on to gangrene, 
 diffuse suppuration is sometimes desirable. It is superficial when in the 
 skin or mucous membranes. 
 
 Ulceration. — This may be called molecular death of a part, and 
 generally arises when the tissues degenerate and are thrown off in large 
 amounts. There are different kinds of ulcers. Some will heal readily 
 while others will not. The ulcers of glanders will not heal. Ulceration 
 is frequently produced by continued inflammatory action. When the 
 vitality of a part is greatly depressed, or the general powers of the con- 
 stitution are weakened, ulceration is likely to take place, the state of the 
 system tending to help it. 
 
 Gangrene, or Mortification, is death of a part, either in its entirety or 
 a portion of greater or less size, and may proceed from direct injury to a 
 part, and is the result of intense inflammation. When it involves any 
 important organ, or is extensive, it creates great constitutional dis- 
 turbance, acting upon the heart. The pulse becomes weak and indistinct, 
 ending in death, and a large portion of the bowels may be found in a 
 gangrened condition. But if it affects but a small part, there is not 
 much constitutional disturbance. Even a small part of the lungs may 
 become so and the animal live for some time. If a part dies from gan- 
 giene, it acts as a foreign body to the tissues surrounding it, and, like 
 all foreign bodies, sets up an irriiation in the surrounding tissues, which 
 continues, and the surrounding tissues are converted into pus, and the 
 dead part is so removed from the body. We frequently assist nature in 
 this by assisting the sloughing piocess. There are acute, sub-acute and 
 
12 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AN1> TKEATMENT OF 
 
 chronic forms. That whidi runs its coui'se quickly is called acute, and 
 it may run on and prove fatal as soon as twenty-four hours. The 
 chronic form may remain in much the same state for some time. Then 
 there are local and specific. Local inflammatory action in the feet, as 
 laminitis, or inflammation of the hock joint, and from punctures. Specific 
 inflammation contains a poison or virus. There are also other terms, as 
 sthenic and asthenic. Sthenic means strength ; asthenic, want of 
 strength The first can only occur in an animal in healthy condition ; 
 in such an animal as is working from day to day, the various organs 
 accing in a healthy manner, etc The asthenic may be generated in an 
 animal in vigorous condition. 
 
 Signs of Inflammation. — Either in losal or diffuse there is generally 
 more or less fever, which is well marked in many cases. The pulse in- 
 creased, and there is fever before we have the well marked symptoms of 
 inflammation. In pleuro-pneumonia, in cattle especially, a thermometer 
 is of great use, as the increase of temperature can be detected some 
 time before the other symptoms. In diseases of the respiratory organs, 
 there is generally irritability, or the patient is irritable, or dull and 
 drowsy. 
 
 Rigours or Shivering. — This is significant of congestion, and may last 
 for some time, even a day or two, before the inflammatory action is 
 noticed. When rigoui's are noticed, the animal should be noticed for 
 some time. An animal may shiver from drinking cold water ; but this 
 is different from the rigours produced by disease. Rigours, in some cases, 
 are very severe, especially in lung disease, and also diseases of the 
 bowels, due to changes in the system ; the digestive system is generally 
 more or less affected. In all inflammation, no difference where it occurs 
 (but there are exceptional cases), the bowels are costive, the feces pass 
 in hard pellets, etc. This may be noticed in a puncture of the food to 
 a certain extent. The secretions are more or less affected ; the kidneys 
 do not act in a natural manner ; they give off more solid matter than 
 in a healthy state. 
 
 Circulation.— By this we can form some idea of the character of the 
 inflammation. This we call the pulse, which is very important in the 
 detection of inflammation and disease generally. This is produced by a 
 wave of blood sent by the contra';tion of the h3art, and the nearer the 
 heart the stronger the pulsation The pulse in the horse, as in other 
 animals, is of great importance ; it tells the number and force of the 
 heart beats. You can take the pulse in any superficial artery, but the • 
 sub-maxillary is perhaps the best, as it is only covered by the skin ; or 
 the radial artery, in case the horse keeps moving the head ; it is just 
 inside the fore-leg. Endeavour to keep the animal as quiet as possible, 
 for if you excite him, you will find the pulse increase several beats, and 
 after standing some time it will again fall. Place the finger transversely 
 across the artery, and you should have some idea of the natural pulsa- 
 tion. It varies in different animals ; slower in heavier horses, quicker 
 in highly nervous animals. It may vary five or ten beats per minute, 
 and the animal still be in perfect health. It runs from 25 to 40. In 
 cattle it is some quicker. You should take the pulse in healthy animals 
 and become familiar with it. There are various kinds of pulsations, as 
 the results of certain diseases — the quick, slow, large, hard, soft, frequent 
 and infrequent. The strong full pulse may be present, and consistent • 
 with good health ; exercise will change the pulse to considerable extent. 
 But if the animal is suffering from disease, and then the pulse is of a 
 wiry character, it is characteristic of the sthenic type of infiammation ^ 
 Suppose an animal has been standing in the stable, and is attacked with' 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 13 
 
 lymphangitis, the pulse is of a full, bounding, wiry character. A wiry 
 and thready pulse is characteristic of inflammation of serous membrane, 
 punctures of the feet, inflammation of the joints, etc. The weak, small 
 pulse is indicative of debility, showing inflammation of an asthenic 
 type. It may occur in influenza and catarrh. The oppressed pulse is 
 characteristic of congestion and inflammation of the lungs ; you would 
 think the heart had great difhculty in propelling the blood forward. 
 The throbbing pulse is characteristic of inflammation in certain parts. 
 In laminitis there is, perhaps, the best example of the throbbing pulse, 
 beating quickly, with a peculiar throbbing sensation, especially in any 
 inflammatory action in the vascular structures of the feet, making the 
 circulation difficult. A slow pulse is characteristic of cerebral disease, 
 but if only twenty-eight or thirty, you may say at once it is cerebral 
 disease, but if it is accompanied by a comatose condition, then it is 
 indicative of this disease. The intermitting pulse is found where the 
 animal has suftered from some debilitating disease, as influenza, stran- 
 gles, catarrh, etc Although it must in some cases be looked upon with 
 suspicion, it is not generally very alarming, but if there is a change for 
 the worse, and this pulse, it is unfavorable. The fluttering and almost 
 imperceptible pulse, indicates great changes in the system, as in the 
 latter stages of enteritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, etc., especially in enter- 
 itis ; if a case where the pulse is 40, 50 or 60 per minute, and changes, 
 and runs up to 80 or luO, and becomes indistinct, it is indicative of 
 approaching dissolution. These are the varieties of pulse, and due to 
 the manner in which inflammation attacks the various parts. The 
 pulse varies from 25 to 125. You may meet with a case at 125 where it 
 may recover, but higher than this will no doubt prove fatal. 
 
 General Treatment of Inflammation. — The aim should be to diminish 
 the inflammatory action, or if exudation has taken place, to further its 
 removal ; endeavour to find and remove the cause, for without removing 
 the exciting cause, treatment would be of but little value, as in case of a 
 nail in the foot, or from any irritant being lodged in the muscles of the 
 body, or in conjunctivitis and ophthalmia Keeping the animal quiet 
 and keeping the inflamed part in a state of rest, also materially assists 
 your treatment. Put the animal in a clean, well-ventilated box, attend 
 to the diet, give easily digested food, plenty of cold water, etc. These 
 are valuable adjuncts. Solicit the action of the bowels by injections or 
 laxatives, as the case demands. 
 
 Medical Remedies may be either local or constitutional — constitutional 
 given internally, the local applied to the part affected. The constitu- 
 tional acts upon the whole system, and also upon the parts aft'ected. 
 Blood-letting was at one time regarded as the great sheet-anchor of 
 treating inflammation. Bleeding was performed for everything and for 
 nothing. They bled periodically, whether sick or well. The question 
 was once asked a person who was bleeding an apparentlj' healthy ani- 
 mal, "What did you bleed him for?"' " For a shilling, sir," was the 
 answer. But we meet with some cases where it is attended with benefit, 
 as in a vigorous animal, and should not be altogether discarded. But 
 you may bleed an animal almost to death, and still not relieve the in- 
 flammation Blood-letting may be local or general. The local is some- 
 times a benefit, as in a swollen eyelid in human practice. And to do 
 any good it should be drawn quickly and from a large vein — the fleam 
 being the safest way, and the jugular vein being that usually chosen. 
 The amount that should be taken is hard to say, but watch the effect, 
 and if the pulse alters in any way, then stop the flow. Cold applications 
 are useful, and are used extensively in local inflammatory action, and at 
 
14 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 certain seasons of the year are preferable to warm. They act by con- 
 tracting the vessels, and, if judiciously applied, are of benefit. But you 
 must apply them with care, for I believe too much ice, or ice applied too 
 long, may do more harm than good. I believe they will prevent exuda- 
 tion to a certain extent. Applying cold water from the hose is some- 
 times of benefit, but it must be applied for some time to be of use. Hot 
 applications are beneficial, and sometimes preferable to cold. If there is 
 severe pain, then apply warm water, which acts by causing increased 
 debilitation of the vessels and soothing the parts. Hot water is an excel- 
 lent fomentation, or you may use medication, or use blankets warmed by 
 the fire. Either hot or cold applications, to be of benefit, must be kept 
 up for some time, and there is difficulty in this, as we order so and so done 
 and it is not done. Purgatives are useful in inflammation — the best being 
 aloes for the horse, sulphate of magnesia for the cow, and syrup of 
 buckthorn and jalap for the dog. They relieve by moving the bowels, 
 and also some fluid portions of the blood. They produce irritation and 
 increased peristaltic actions of the bowels. Although there is great 
 benefit from purgatives in some diseases, such as laminitis, constipated 
 state of the bowels, in some others they must be used with great caution, 
 as in inflammation of the lungs. Aloes is generally best given in the 
 solid form, as, if in a fluid, some is lost. Sedatives are useful in the 
 treatment of inflammation, and act by means of the nervous system. 
 These are aconite (perhaps the best), digitalis, belladonna, calomel and 
 tartar emetic. Diuretics are extensively used, more by us perhaps than 
 in human practice. Human practitioners can act upon the skin, but we 
 cannot to the same extent ; but we can act upon the urinary organs. 
 The best diuretics are neutral and alkaline salts, nitrate of potash, etc. 
 There is an increased amount of fibrinne, and these tend to counteract 
 this condition. Opium is another valuable remedy in certain inflamma- 
 tions — the great sheet anchor, so to speak, if there is violent pain— or 
 morphia, given hypodermically. Give cold water ; it tends to improve 
 the condition of the blood, especially in pneumonia, congestion of the 
 lungs, etc. Give cold water frequently. It is one of the essential ingre- 
 dients of the blood, and it is a great mistake to limit the supply. 
 
 ORGANS OF RESPIRATION. 
 
 The horse breathes only through the nostrils. These organs are, first, 
 nasal openings ; second, nasal chambers and sinuses ; third, pharynx ; 
 fourth, larynx ; fifth, trachea ; sixth, bronchi ; seventh, bronchial tubes ; 
 eighth, the lungs. There are two nasal openings, the right and left, 
 and are divided by the nasal peak, to which is attached the nasal car- 
 tilage. External is the skin, internal to it are the muscles. The internal 
 part of the chambers is covered with a fine thin covering. Superior to 
 the inferior commissure is the false nostril ; the small opening inside of 
 the nostril is the ductus nasi. The nasal chambers are separated by the 
 cartilaginous septum nasi. It separates the right from the left chamber. 
 In each nasal chamber we have two bones, called turbinated bones, which 
 divide the nasal chambers into three parts ; so the chambers are not one 
 continuous chamber. Each chamber is lined with mucous membrane 
 (in fact all open chambers are lined with mucous membrane, this is 
 called schneiderian or pituitary membrane ; it is continuous with the 
 skin, and also with that of the several sinuses. The sinuses of the head 
 are the frontal, superior maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid. They are, 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. lo 
 
 perhaps, for two purposes — to lighten the head and protect the lungs, 
 The larynx is a musculo cartilaginous box, held in its place by muscles, 
 bones and trachea. The cartilages of the larynx are cricoid, thyroid, 
 epiglottis, two arytenoid and two cuneiform. The cricoid surrounds the 
 trachea ; the tyroid is shieldlike ; it is called Adam's apple, the epiglottis 
 or pot-lid ; the arytenoid is ewer shaped ; the cuneiform are false vocal 
 cords internal to the larynx. 
 
 The muscles of the larynx regulate the passage of air into the lungs. 
 The glottal opening is in the centre of the larynx. The mucous mem- 
 brane of the larynx is extremely sensitive. The larynx is well supplied 
 with nerves, superior and inferior laryngeal. The trachea is composed 
 of a number of incomplete rings which are attached by ligamentous 
 attachment ; the muc )us membrane of the trachea is not so sensitive as 
 that of the larynx. The trachea terminates in the right and left bronchi. 
 
 Catarrh means a discharge from any mucous membrane. We may 
 have catarrh of stomach, bladder, etc. Nasal catarrh means a discharge 
 of mucous membrane of the nose and sinuses of the same ; first there is 
 slight congestion and a peculiar dryness which gives way to a discharge 
 of a watery nature, which if it runs on soon becomes thick. 
 
 Causes. — The most common, perhaps, is exposure, or sudden changes 
 of temperature ; standing in a draft ; having been driven when in poor 
 condition, when system is weakened. 
 
 Symptoms. — Slight dulness ; may not take food very well : coat staring 
 to some extent ; pulse not much affected ; throat becomes sore ; after 
 congestion passes oft' exudation takes place, followed by the discharge, 
 and it may be very profuse, but it must not alarm you. There is gener- 
 ally impaired secretion of mine ; breathing not much aft'ected in many 
 cases. We have also a discharge from the nose in other diseases, such as 
 influenza, glanders, etc. 
 
 Treatment is simple. Give plenty of good, pure air ; place in a com- 
 fortable box, well ventilated, and if the weather is cold blanket him 
 accordingly ; use nitrate of potash, two, four or six drachms, two or 
 three times a day. One or two ounces nitrous ether, with one or two 
 ounces laudanum, may arrest the attack in the first stages, or you may 
 have to give a dose of purgative medicine, but be very careful in giving 
 purgative medicine in diseases of the respiratory organs. Bathe the 
 nostrils with warm water and allow him to inhale the steam. Just allow 
 it to pass into the nostrils, or use a nose bag, but allow plenty of pure 
 air. If a cough is present, stimulate the throat with equal parts of 
 ammonia, turpentine and oil, but if it is a very thin-skinned animal, you 
 may use less turpentine and ammonia and more oil, or mustard may be 
 used. Give laxative food, but do not let the animal run down in condi- 
 tion too much. If the discharge from the nose runs too long, it may be 
 arrested by the use of sulphate of iron, one or two drachms two or three 
 times a day, or chlorate of potash, one or two drachms two or three times 
 a day. 
 
 Larynigitis^ sore throat. It is first a congestion and then inflamma- 
 tion of the mucous membrane of the larynx. There is often an effusion 
 into the sub-mucous tissue, when it is called odematous larynigitis. 
 
 Causes. — Similar to those of catarrh, exposure ; a number of horses 
 kept in the same stable, or being kept in underground stables, or it may 
 be an epizootic disease ; that is, it attacks a number of animals at the 
 same time, and it is quite difficult to say just what causes it in this way. 
 It may occur from injury from balling with a stick, etc. 
 
 Symptoms.— ¥ir<it, dulness and swelling, easily noticed if the animal 
 attempts to drink ; water may be expelled through the nostrils, owing to 
 
!♦» CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OK 
 
 the conformation of the horse. Pressure upon the throat produces pain. 
 The pulse varies much ; it it is very quick, and the animal cannot 
 swallow, you have a very severe case. The mouth is generally hot, with 
 a peculiar sticky sensation ; the tongue diyer than natural ; the breath- 
 ing oppressed more or less, especially if the mucous membrane of the 
 glottal opening is severely affected. Increased respiration, secretions 
 generally impaired, bowels costive and urine scanty. In one or two 
 days there will be a discharge from the mouth, and in acute cases it is a 
 favourable symptom ; it generally disappears in from four to ten daj's, 
 but the animal should not be put to hard work for some time. It may 
 terminate in roaring or bronchitis. 
 
 Treatment. — Plenty of pure air is very necessary ; if the feet and legs 
 are cold, have them well hand-rubbed and bandaged Give nitrate of 
 potash and chlorate of potash. Be very careful in giving a drench ; give 
 chlorate of potash, two to four drachms in tepid water two or three times 
 a day. Use judicious counter irritation ; equal parts of ammonia, tur- 
 pentine and oil ; or rub mustard well into the skin and wash off in two 
 or three hours, it may be necessary to use stronger remedies, such as 
 biniodide of mercury or cantharides. If the breathing is very difficult, 
 you may in some cases give inhalation of chloroform ; give any food that 
 the animal will take well ; but if he will eat soft food it is the best. 
 Give plenty of cold water. And it is sometimes necessary to perform the 
 operation of tracheotomy ; and there are other remedies you may use. 
 You maj- find benefit from the use of camphor one drachm, tincture bella- 
 dona one-half drachm, opium one-half drachm, or digitalis one-half 
 drachm, nitrate of potash two drachms, licorice two drachms, ipecacuanha 
 one-half drachm. If a cough is present use counter irritation, and give 
 iodide of potassium one drachm, morning and night. 
 
 Nasal trleet, chronic catarrh, or ozaena. There is a glary discharge 
 from one or both nostrils. It is a sub-acute inflammation ; the frontal 
 or maxillary sinuses are the parts affected. The discharge varies accord- 
 ing to the length of time and to the seat of the disease. 
 
 Causes. — Neglected catarrh, especially if exposed to cold and not al- 
 lowed a sufficient amount of food. Exposure by running to a strawstack, 
 etc., or an injury to the frontal sinus if sufficient to fracture the bone or 
 even to injure the blood vessels inside of the bone, or from a carious 
 tooth. Nasal gleet is a sj-mptom of bad teeth, or of inspissated or dried 
 pus. A tumor may produce it, or the introduction of a foreign substance 
 into the nasal chambers, by endeavouring to swallow something and 
 expelling it into the nasal chambers. 
 
 Symptoms. — It is sometimes mistaken for glanders ; first a discharge 
 from the nostrils ; it may be of a whitish or yellowish colour, which may 
 be retained for some time in the nostril and then be expelled in consider- 
 able quantities. Look at the nose ; the mucous membrane may be red- 
 dened or of a yellow hue, but no ulcerated patches, as in glanders. There 
 may be swelling of the lymphatic glands, especially if it comes from a 
 diseased tooth ; the animal may continue in pretty good spirits, and may 
 work pretty well. If the frontal sinuses are affected, you can detect it by 
 the sound, by concussion, sounds being different in empty and in full 
 sinuses. The animal becomss lean in flesh ; it is called hide-bound, the 
 discharge, if from a case of long standing, has a fetid smell ; in glanders 
 it is not so fetid, and the discharge is of a more greenish colour. Always 
 examine as to the state of the teeth. 
 
 Distinguishing Symptoms between Glanders and Nasal Gleet: 
 
 In inlanders. 
 
 (1.) Discharge in the first stages generally comes from the left nostril. 
 
 (2.) Discharge has a tendency to adhere around the nostril. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 17 
 
 (3.) Discharge has not a fetid smell. 
 
 (4.) Discharge is yellow in color. 
 
 (5.) Ulceration of septem nasi. 
 
 (6.) Induration of sub-maxillary lymphatic glands. 
 
 (7.) Temperature is considerably elevated. 
 
 (1.) Generally comes from both. 
 
 (2.) Does not adhere around the nostril. 
 
 (3.) It has a fetid smell if of long standing or from a carious tooth. 
 
 (4 ) Generally of a greenish cast. 
 
 (5.) Septum nasi, not ulcerated. 
 
 (6 ) Sub-maxillary glands are not injurated unless from a carious tooth* 
 
 (7.) Temperature not much elevated. 
 
 Treatment is somewhat tedious. Keep the animal well fed, wash the 
 nostrils once or twice a day, give plenty of pure air and some exercise, 
 use sulphate of iron, one, two or three drachms once or twice a day, 
 iodide of potassium, sulphate of copper, or balsam of copaiba. The best 
 preparation of iron is iodide of iron. In some cases counter irritation is 
 of use. Use biniodide of mercury. I have but little faith in injections 
 into the nostrils. As a general thing no purgative is required. It may 
 be necessary to trephine and allow the matter to pass out. Keep the 
 opening well opened, inject carbolic acid, sulphate of copper, etc. If it is 
 from a carious tooth, remove it. Sulphate of copper two drachms, can- 
 tharides five grains, made into a ball and given once or twice a day. or 
 sulphate of iron one drachm, arsenic three to live grains, strychnine two 
 grains, or substitute nux vomica for the strychnine. 
 
 Bronchocell is enlargement of thyroid glands. ; it may vary from the 
 size of a pigeon's egg to the size of a man's hand. It is hypertrophy of 
 the thyroid glands. It is easily detected, and does not often interfere 
 with the animal in any way. 
 
 Treatment. — Iodine and iodide of potassium one part to four or six of 
 lard; or you may dissect them out, but be careful, as the carotid artery 
 is very near ; but if you do cut it you can ligature it. It may be neces- 
 sary sometimes to use biniodide of mercury, or if cysts are formed you 
 may puncture them. 
 
 Croup is that form of inflammation of the larynx where the exudate 
 becomes converted into false membranes ; it is a rare disease generally 
 seen in young animals. 
 
 Causes. — Exposure to cold ; it occurs in animals confined to low, damp 
 pastures. 
 
 Symptoms. — Extn mely difficult breathing, accompanied with a peculiar 
 crowing sound. 
 
 Treatment. — Chlorate of potash, counter irritation, and it may be neces- 
 sary to perform tracheotomy. 
 
 Abcesses of the turbinated bones. 
 
 Treatment is to trephine, and let the matter escape. 
 
 Tumours, or nasal polypi, are usually of a fibrous character ; there is 
 generally a small neck, which is attached to the mucous membrane ; they 
 may extend almost down into the nasal opening. It is not so common in 
 horses as in man. 
 
 Causes — They may come from some change in the system. It is a 
 tumour, which does not grow again if it is removed. 
 
 Treatment. — If it is small it is better to leave it alone, but if it inter- 
 feres with respiration it may be necessary to remove it, just with a pair 
 of forceps if it is near the nasal opening. It is sometimes formed back in 
 the pharynx, which is more serious than nasal polypi ; it may not do 
 much injury, and it may intei-fere with the larynx. 
 
18 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OK 
 
 Symptums are rather peculiar. The animal has difficulty in breathing ; 
 is subject to symptoms of suffocation ; may fall down, get up again and 
 for a time appear all right. There may, after this, be a discharge of 
 blood from the nostrils. In such a case put the hand well back in the 
 mouth and make a careful examination. 
 
 Treatment. — According to your works you would remove it, but my 
 experience is that they jire difficult to remove ; but it may have a very 
 well marked neck and you may in such a case remove it. I have had 
 some experience and there is much hemorrhage. 
 
 Tumours of a cheesy consistency, but not polypi. When you make an 
 examination you may think it is of a fibrous character, but it is of a 
 fluctuating or flabby character, and you know by this that it contains 
 matter of some kind. It is best treated by making an incision, and 
 squeezing this matter out, and then treat as an ordinary injury. 
 
 Ulceration of the arytenoid cartilage hes been noticed, and may result 
 from acute laryngitis. 
 
 Symptoms. — It is difficult to detect, there is a discharge from the nose, 
 more when the animal is eating. The animal falls off greatly in con- 
 dition, and coughs. 
 
 Treatment. — Nothing can be done for it. 
 
 Thickening" of the Mucous Membrane of the nose causes impaired 
 breathing, a kind of snuffling up the nose. Give some such thing as 
 nitrate or chlorate of potash. 
 
 Chronic Coujrh. — It is called this when no other disease can be 
 seen. There are different kinds of cough : the dry ; the humid, which 
 is free and moist : the deep hollow, such as is found in heaves, or 
 broken wind ; the suppressed cough, in which the animal tries to 
 suppress it, for it appears to cause great pain ; this is found in 
 pleurisy. 
 
 Chronic cough may result from laryngitis. It is an indication of 
 broken wind or heaves. There is some derangement in the pneumo- 
 gastric nerve. It is aggravated much by changes in the temperature ; it 
 is shown after drinking or eating, or being brought from the stable, and 
 although it does not seem to hurt the animal much, you must look upon 
 it with a certain amount of suspicion. Pressure upon the larynx will 
 cause him to cough. 
 
 Treatment must vary according to cause, or what you think is the 
 cause. Iodide of potassium, or mercurial ointment, tartar emetic may 
 be given — one or two drachms morning or night; or camphor, opium 
 and digitalis made into a ball and given twice a day. You may use 
 belladonna. 
 
 Roaring generally goes under the name of heaves, or broken wind. It 
 may be produced by various causes. You may have whistling or blow- 
 ing, etc. A whistler is not so ferious as one that makes a loud and 
 unnatural sound upon any violent exertion. There is more air passing 
 into the nostrils than can pass into the lungs, and this is due to a wast- 
 ing of the muscles of the larynx. The air acts upon the vocal cords, 
 producing this peculiar sound. The muscles are more wasted upon the 
 left side than they are on the right. Roaring may arise from a disease of 
 the turbinated bone, or from a tumour of an osseous character in the 
 nasal chambers, or from a foreign body in the nasal chambers, but five 
 out of every six result from wasting of the muscles of the larynx. 
 
 Causes. — It is caused by laryngitis, strangles and influenza ; but is 
 generally hereditary. It may be from some lesion of the pneumogastric 
 nerve, or from tight reining. It generally comes after strangles or laryn- 
 gitis, by being put to fast work too soon after recovery. Horses with 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC .VNIMALS. 19 
 
 extremely long necks and a narrow submaxilliary space are very apt to 
 become roarers. 
 
 Symptoms. — As long as you do not excite the animal he is always 
 free from it, but if you work him hard or drive him, he will show it 
 quickly. 
 
 Treatment. — All medicinal agents fail in the treatment of this disease, 
 when there is well marked wastings of the muscles of the larynx. 
 Recently, however, an operation consisting of an excision of the vocal 
 chords and part of the arytenoid cartillages has been successful in some 
 cases. If it results from thickness of the mucous membrane, give iodide 
 of potassium ; or you may use counter irritation. Whistling, wheezing, 
 etc., are only modified symptoms of roaring. The muscles involved in 
 roaring are the crico-arytenoideus, posticus and lateralis, arytenoideus 
 and thyro-arytenoideus. It may come from nervous influences. 
 
 Spasms of the Larynx, — Most likely to occur in old horses. 
 
 Causes. — It is often associated with cerebral disturbances. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal is seized with a violent tit of coughing, may 
 reel,stapger and sometimes fall. There is no pain on manipulation. 
 
 Treatment. — Inhalations of chloroform may be tried. Give mild 
 laxative and bromide of potassium, and follow by uux vomica. 
 
 Epistaxis, or bleeding from the nose, is not very common, and usually 
 proceeds from some injury, or is the result of violent exertion, rupturing 
 some of the blood vessels. It is not very serious. The blood, as a 
 general thing, issues from but one nostril, but it may come from both. 
 Horses in high condition, without much exercise, are more liable to 
 this. 
 
 Treatment. — It must vary to a certain extent. If there is not much 
 blood, just bathe with cold water, or you may inject the nose. But be 
 careful in injecting the nose of a hor.^e, or you may have a more severe 
 form If in but one nostril, use tow with some styptic, as acetate of lead. 
 Feed well and get the animal in proper condition. 
 
 Hemorrhage of the Lungs is generally symptomatic of some disease, 
 and when it is, it is easily detectei. It is produced by various causes, 
 and may come from different sources — from the air cells, bronchial tubes, 
 or from the substance of the lungs. Horses most likely to suffer, if in good 
 health, are plethoric animals. It is not uncommon among the trotting 
 and racing horses, and is generally the result of improper care or use. It 
 may result from violent exertion, although the animal is in very good 
 condition. Instead of escaping by the nose, the blood sometimes becomes 
 extravasated in the substance of the lungs, producing serious results, as 
 pneumonia, etc 
 
 Symptoms. — There is not generally much difficulty in determining it. 
 It generally comes from both nostrils, and the animal also coughs ; 
 respiration is quick ; the animal is weak ; and there is some irritation. 
 Apply the ear to the trachea, and you will hear a peculiar gurgling noise. 
 
 Treatment. — Keep the animal standing quiet ; cover well in cold 
 weather, and apply cold to the chest — cold water or ice. Be very careful 
 with internal remedies ; but after some time use styptics — use turpentine 
 or acetate of lead, or the tincture of the chloride of iron, two or three 
 drachms once or twice a day, or gallic acid one drachm, with one drachm 
 of opium. If the legs are cold stimulate to some extent, and after some 
 time administer stimulants, such as sweet spirits of nitre. Inform the 
 owner of the nature of the case, and the great danger of exertion. 
 
 Congestion of the Lungs. — The lungs are supplied with two sets of 
 blood vessels, the functional and nutritive. The functional are the pul- 
 raonarv arteries and veins ; the nutritive are the bronchial arteries and 
 
20 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 veins. The functional are the ones involved in congestion. Congestion 
 consists in an increased amount of blood in the parts, and interferes with 
 respiration. It is a forerunner of inflammation or pneumonia, and is 
 the most common disease of the lungs. 
 
 Causes. — Rapid exertion when the animal is not in fit state, is the most 
 common cause It is a sequel of catarrh, and if worked too soon, it fol- 
 lows influenza as well as catarrh. It is sometimes produced by impure 
 air, and possibly may be due to a sudden draft of air. 
 
 Symptoms vary some, according to the producing cause. If from fast 
 work the symptoms are well marked, the animal will be sluggish, tremble 
 in the flank ; will have labored breathing, the nostrils dilated ; oppressed 
 pulse — which sometimes becomes very weak and indistinct ; the mu- 
 cous membrane of the eye and nose are reddened. By placing the ear to 
 the side there will be heard a peculiar gurgling noise, showing that there 
 is difiiculty in the large bronchial tubes ; ears and legs are cold, especially 
 if the animal has been driven in the cold But if it is a milder attack 
 the symptoms are different. Suppose, a horse, after having catarrh, is 
 driven five or six miles, brought back and put into the stable. He refuses 
 his food, trembles, or has rigours ; ears and legs cold, mouth hot, pulse 
 quick and weak ; by placing the ear to the inferior part of the trachea you 
 hear those peculiar sounds ; the animal persists in standing, but may lie 
 down in exceptional cases ; but will suddenly jump : there is congestion. 
 Tympanitic condition of the bowels is a cause of congestion, by interfer- 
 ing with the action of the lungs. The pulmonary veins are generally the 
 ones affected, if it be suddenly produced and terminate suddenly. If the 
 horse has lived twenty-four to forty-eight hours, there may be a great 
 change ; the lung may be in an entirely gangrenous condition ; but you 
 may not find so much change. If the animal dies more suddenly, the 
 lungs may retain some of their characteristics — may swim in water. It 
 is necessary, in case of a horse changing hands, to be very careful in giv- 
 ing your opinion in such a case, as it may be produced very quickly, 
 indeed. The post mortem may reveal congestion, and that congestion not 
 be the cause of death, especially if the horse has been lying on the ground 
 sometime before death. It may be hypostatic congestion So, I say, be 
 careful. 
 
 Treatment. — It must be energetic. This is not a very fatal disease, but 
 is rather a desirable disease to treat. Keep him in good fresh air (it is 
 better to k-ep him out in the open air than in a close s'able) ; keep him 
 well covered ; give stimulants ; give one ounce of sulphuric or nitrous 
 ether, with a little laudanum ; bandage the extremeties well ; rub the 
 body well ; keep well warmed. You may bathe the limbs with warm 
 water. If the animal is being relieved some, do not push stimulants too 
 strongly, but if not relieved, give another dose. After some time give 
 nitrate of potash, and give injection of soap and warm water, with a little 
 turpentine, and in some cases you may try blood letting, but it is not now 
 done to a very great extent. If a horse is in good condition and put to 
 fast work and taken suddenly, in such a case you may take two or three 
 quarts of blood ; after which give stimulants. But if the animal is suf- 
 fering with catarrh, blood letting would be highly injurious. If you find 
 the symptoms are relieved, and the pulse runs high, give Fleming's tinc- 
 ture of aconite ; counter irritation ; sometimes a hot application to the 
 sides is of benefit. Hut there is no need of very powerful remedies. 
 Wring a blanket from hot water and apply over the chest, and cover with 
 a dry one : use carefully for some time ; give regular exercise, but do not 
 allow to stand in a cold draft. Give genetian for a tonic. Allow plenty 
 of cold water— not too much at a time, but give often. He is likely to 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 21 
 
 suffer from another attack unless gotten in good condition, after which he 
 will not be so likely to be attacked again. 
 
 Pneumonia ©r Inflammation of tlie Lung:s.— It may occur in either 
 the acute or chronic form. It may affect both or only one lung, or a part 
 of the lung, or the entire lung. It is infl immation of the lung substance 
 or parenchyma. It is not at all uncommon. It is found in connection 
 with other diseases of the lungs, especially the pleura, for the pleura cov- 
 ers the lung very closely, and if both the pleura and lung are afifected, 
 then it is pleuro pneumonia. Inflammation affects the substance of the 
 lungs ; the nutrient vessels in it are first affected, especially if it does not 
 come on very suddenly. There are several stages of the disease, and it 
 may terminate fatally at any of these stages There is arterial conges- 
 tion, in which the arteries become congested (Splenization), for in post 
 mortem it presents the appearance of the spleen ; a kind (.f frothy fluid 
 issues from the lungs ; the lung first becomes loaded with blood and 
 bloody serum. If in this stage of the disease there is still crepitation, the 
 lung has not entirely lost its natural characteristics, for it will swim in 
 water. In the third stage the lung is much changed ; there is an exuda- 
 tion which does not liquify ; the cells are destroyed to a great extent ; the 
 lung becomes somewhat solid ; the post mortem reveals a hepatized con- 
 dition ; the lung will now sink in water. It is sometimes called red 
 hepatization, in contradistinction to gray hepatization, or diffused sup- 
 puration. The fourth stage is gray hepatization or diffuse suppuration, 
 and presents a gray appearance ; is soft and pulpy, except in an ox. 
 
 Causes are predisposing and exciting ; constitutional ; and plethora ; 
 improper ventilation ; sudden changes in temperature (the weather in the 
 fall of the year is more likely to produce it than the cold of winter) ; 
 placing the horse in a warm stable, and then turning him out to pasture ; 
 clipping, and then exposing to the cold. It is also the result of neglected 
 catarrh ; being driven while suffering from catarrh, etc. Diseases of the 
 air passages are likely to terminate in pneumonia ; allowing a horse to 
 stand in a shed where there is a draft. It will occur in well but improp- 
 perly ventilated stables, such as standing the horse between two large 
 doors ; it is produced by inhalation of smoke, but this is not so likely to 
 produce pneumonia as bronchitis ; the improper administration of medi- 
 cine producing bronchitis, and then pneumonia. It is more likely to 
 occur in young horses than in old ones. 
 
 Symptoms. — The careful px'actitioner is but little troubled in detecting 
 this disease. It is usually brought on by shivering ; when the shivering 
 ceases heat takes place ; ears and legs cold, and then hot or natural tem- 
 perature (the same in pleurisy) ; mouth hot and sticky ; the breathing 
 slightly affected ; the pulse is what is called an oppressed pulse ; it is 
 quick— may be full. The horse as a general thing persists in standing, 
 for the reason that it gives him more ease than any other position, but 
 there r^re exceptions to this rule. The eyes have a glassy appearance ; 
 the conjunctiva injected ; there is a peculiar flapping of the nostrils ; a 
 heavyj sighing breathing ; and one symptom that occasionally misleads 
 is constipation of the bowels ; the feces are covered with mucous or 
 slime ; by placing the ear to the chest, crepitation can be heard It is a 
 good symptom to see the animal look around him freely. The horse 
 desires pure air, which you can determine by letting him loose, aud he 
 will go to the open door. The respiratory movements vary t ) a certain 
 extent, but not so much as might be supposed ; the horse breathes about 
 ten times per minute, but it may vary to some extent. In pneumonia 
 these movements are increased more or less, but pneumonia is a disease 
 that often goes on to a considerable extent without showing any violent 
 
22 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 symptoms. Auscultation can either be detected by placing the ear to 
 the chest or by means of a stethoscope. There are certain sounds ; if 
 the animal be excited, you will hear a peculiar sound [^abnormal sounds 
 are quite difficult to describe] . Use percussion ; tapping the chest, 
 there will be a cresonant sound, but if hepatization is present there will 
 be a dull sound. Place the ear to the chest and you will hear a crepi- 
 tating or rumbling sound. If arterial injection has taken place, then 
 you may have crepitation very well marked. The first sound is some- 
 thing like rubbing the hair between the thumb and finger near the ear ; 
 by-and-by when exudation takes place, there will be no sound at all over 
 the diseased part (there will be sound over the diseased part, but not 
 directly over it ;) the pulse becomes quick — one hundred beats a minute 
 or moi'e — increasing much on exciting the animal. The breathing and 
 flapping of the nostrils increase ; there is a discharge from the nose, of 
 a reddish brown colour, which is a very bad sign ; appetite entirely gone ; 
 breath very fetid ; will not lie down ; notices nothing ; and, as death 
 approaches, the mouth becomes cold ; the pulse very indistinct ; perhaps 
 now lies down ; breathing very much increased ; gets up, perhaps ; falls 
 and expires. Death may occur in from ten to twenty hours. If the 
 animal dies in from twelve to twenty-four hours, it is generally from 
 congestion. If the case is about to terminate favourably the animal 
 lifts the head, looks around some, and legins to eat. It is rather satis- 
 factorily treated. 
 
 Treatment. — Clothe the body according to the season of the year. If 
 the attack comes from some well marked cause in an animal in good 
 condition, use sedatives ; aconite, Fleming's tincture — six to eight drops, 
 Fleming's tincture being much stronger than other tinctures ; in some 
 cases a moderate amount of blood letting may be of benefit, but never 
 if the animal is of a weak habit. Give small dose of nitrate of potash, 
 ten to twelve drachms in twenty-four hours. Endeavor to overcome 
 distressing symptoms by giving the tincture of opium— half -ounce or 
 even one ounce. Encourage the animal to take a certain amount of 
 food, such as a bran mash, but if such will not be taken then give any 
 thing the animal will take ; but do not push too much food into him. 
 After the sedative, and relief is obtained, give stimulants ; nitrous ether, 
 milk, whisky, etc. He may take it in cold water ; if so, it is the best 
 way to give it. There are other remedies. There is difference of opinion 
 as to counter irritation, whether it should be usei or not. I think 
 judicious counter irritation is attended with benefit. Apply cloths 
 wrung out of hot water, or mustard poultices. There are different ways 
 of applying mustard. The best is the same as it is applied to human 
 patients ; leave on just as 3'our judgment dictates. It is necessary to 
 know just when to stop giving medicine. When the animal is recovering 
 call the bowels to action by the judicious use of loosening diet. If it is 
 the result of catarrh, it is not necessary to give sedatives. If a cough is 
 present, give digitalis and opium. But digitalis is a medicine you must 
 be very careful with. 
 
 Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, and frequently exists in con- 
 nection with pneumonia. Acute pleurisy is a pretty .serious disease, and 
 apt to terminate fatally, or injure the animal. Death does not generally 
 take place before the third or fourth day. If of long standing, hydro- 
 thorax is the result. 
 
 Inflammation of tlie Textures Involvint? tlie Pleura.— If the 
 animal dies in the first stages, red streaks will be seen in the pleura. 
 There is a tendency to serous exudation, or exudation of a serous 
 character, but we have an exudation of a fibrinous character, and also a 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 23 
 
 false membrane. This is more likely to take place in cattle than in 
 horses, and it will form in from twenty-four to forty- eight hours. It is 
 astonishing what a change will take place in this time. This exudation 
 is soon taken up by the blood vessels, if the animal begins to convalesce. 
 With hydrothorax there are shreds of lymph, or yellow clots of fibres, 
 floating in the water of the chest. You may find that the outer surface 
 of the lung is affected, but the internal part may appear pretty sound. 
 
 Causes are similar to those of pneumonia. Exposure to cold, or 
 standing in a large stable between two large doors, through which a 
 heavy draft passes ; by washing the limbs or body when the horse is 
 warm and not drying immediately, which has a tendency to drive the 
 blood from the surface ; or from injury to the side, which may or may 
 not fracture, but may produce pleurisy. It is usually ushered in with 
 rigours, pulse quick and wiry, fuller than in pneumonia and of this wiry 
 character ; the animal appears in very great pain, and, although, breath- 
 ing violently, will lie down. If you make him cough, he will endeavour 
 to suppress it as much as possible. This is different from lung fever. 
 Ears and extremities cold, or one leg warm and another cold, and vice 
 versa ; quick breathing ; a hollow line extending along the inferior 
 border of the false ribs ; there is a rasping sound ; the animal en- 
 deavours to expand the chest as much as possible, hence the line. 
 Auscultation reveals a grating sound ; after a time this will cease — just 
 as soon as the exudation takes place. If you attempt concussion, the 
 animal evinces great pain ; if you attempt to turn him around he will 
 groan from pain. In fifteen or twenty minutes the animal shows 
 symptoms of returning health ; the grating sound ceases, and you 
 may be deceived in this ; the pulse, instead of becoming slower and 
 stronger, is running up ; although exudation has taken place, it is 
 to such an extent that the absorbents cannot take it up and distri- 
 bute it, and there will be hydrothorax. There may be fluid in only one 
 side, or it may pass from one side to the other. Pleurisy is apt to super- 
 vene influenza where the acute symptoms will not be so well marked as 
 those I have given you, but if of some standing, there will be other 
 symptoms ; iiregular pulse ; oedematous swelling of the limbs and belly ; 
 a kind of dropsical swelling from impaired health and circulation. 
 
 Treatment is not very difterent from other chest diseases. You might 
 try taking blood ; put hot cloths to the side, or mustard, or take a piece 
 of sheet iron and warm and place upon the side, and put a blanket over 
 this ; if in a very cold stable, do not apply wet cloths ; give tincture of 
 aconite ; and you will find great benefit from the use of colchicum — one- 
 half drachm to one drachm. An excellent remedy is liquour, acetate of 
 ammonia, or nitrous ether ; use diuretics freely, and use tonics ; if there 
 is great pain give opium — one or two drachms, or hypodermic injections 
 of acetate of morphia ; or you may use digitalis — one-half drachm to 
 one drachm ; or belladonna ; give stimulants, and endeavonr to carry off 
 the produce of exudation. 
 
 Results of Pleurisy.— The natural result is water in the chest, and 
 if it collects to a large extent, hydrothorax is the result ; there may be 
 several pails full of fluid in the thoracic cavity. If you have a well 
 marked case of hydrothorax (say the cavity one-half full or such a mat- 
 ter), you have a very serious case. 
 
 Symptoms— There is great difficulty in breathing ; flapping of the 
 nostrils ; the eyes clear— of rather a natural appearance ; venous regur- 
 gitation of the blood in the jugular vein. No sound is heard by applying 
 the ear to the chest, except above the fluid. The body is much aftected ; 
 legs swelled : also around the udder, sheath, etc. The animal keeps his 
 
24 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 head to the door if permitted, showing his desire for oxygen ; ears and 
 legs cold. If you are called to see an animal that has had pleurisy and 
 the ahove symptoms are presented, you can make up your mind that it is 
 hydrothorax. 
 
 Treatment, — Give stimulants, diuretics, and tonics freely. Endeavour 
 to get the animal to eat the very best of food, not bran mashes, etc.. but 
 the very best of food. You may overcome the disease, but there is no 
 specific for it ; you may try tapping, which is sometimes attended with 
 success, but not so successful as in the human pract'ce ; you puncture 
 between the eighth and ninth ribs. This operation is called paracentisis. 
 Keep the animal quiet, and endeavour to build up his condition. 
 
 Fleiiro-Pneumonia of the horse, or inflammation of the pleura and 
 lungs. It always occurs in a sporadic form. It is not contagious, as in 
 cattle. 
 
 Causes are similar to those mentioned, and if influenza prevails, 
 pleuro-pneumonia also prevails. The 
 
 Symptoms are generall}^ pretty plain ; the animal persists in standing ; 
 pulse quick- ned and wiry. 
 
 Treatment. — Just the same as in pneumonia I favour a form in 
 giving stimulants instead of sedatives. 
 
 Recapitulation. — Pressure upon the intercostal spaces causes pain ; at 
 first there is dryness of the pleural surfaces ; then more or less exuda- 
 tion ; there may be adhesion of the pleura costalis and pleura pulmonalis. 
 Give opiate to relieve pain. May give one or one and a half grains of 
 acetate of morphia hypodermically. If once hydrothorax is well estab- 
 lished, and results from pleurisy, you may do something for it, but if it 
 results from pleuro-pneumonia it is almost a hopeless case. 
 
 Bronchitis may accompany some of the chest affections already men- 
 tioned. The trachea terminates in the bronchi, these in the bronchial 
 tubes, and these in the air cells. Bronchitis is inflammation of the 
 bronchial tubes — there is acute and chronic. If you suffer from a sore 
 throat, and have some difificulty in the throat, the soreness extending 
 down, it is acute bronchitis, or there may be mechanical bronchitis in 
 the horse from a foreign substance in the throat, or from irritating 
 medicines ; from balling with a stick, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — A peculiar dryness ; in health there is always a fluid or 
 secretion in the throat ; in inflammation this is dried up. There is dry- 
 ness of the mucous membranes ; increased breathing to a certain extent ; 
 there is a peculiar loud breathing or snoring, which can be discovered by 
 auscultation. The second result is an exudation which changes the loud 
 breathing to some extent. The horse does not expectorate as much as 
 a man, but no doubt it does come up and is swallowed. If you listen 
 now you will hear this sound to a certain extent, but not so well defined 
 as at first ; but if you have very violent or diflBcult breathing a peculiar 
 hissing or whistling sound, there is inflammation of the air-cells, or the 
 cells are plugged up to a certain extent, and this may lead to hepatiza- 
 tion of the lung by affecting the lung tissue. Mouth hot, and the pulso 
 not hard but soft. Capilliary bronchitis is speedily followed by great 
 depression ; there is coldness of the extremeties, which is symptomatic 
 of all such diseases ; it may terminate fatally very quickly, or it may 
 recover as quickly. 
 
 Causes. — Diiving the horse when hot or in poor condition ; inhalation 
 of smoke ; sudden changes in temperature, etc. Causes of the mechani- 
 cal form are choking, regurgitating of food and passing it into the 
 trachea ; the accumulation of gas in the intestines and throwing it up in 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 26 
 
 the oesophagus, etc. Bronchitis is oftener seen in the city from these 
 causes than in the country. 
 
 Treatment. — You may find benefit from a few drops of aconite, but 
 you must be very careful in giving sedatives. You may find great benefit 
 from giving opium in the first stages — one or two ounces of the tincture ; 
 or from hot applications, hot water, mustard, etc. Nitrate of potash is 
 an invaluable remedy in chest diseases ; if there is great depression you 
 may use stimulants, but be very careful in drenching an animal or in 
 forcing food in this disease. You may give whisky, ale, beer, etc. After 
 the acute stage has passed there is a discharge from the nose (and is not 
 a very bad sign). Give nitrate of potash; and you will find benefit from 
 small doses of tartar emetic — two to four drachms ; or you may use 
 liquor acetate of ammonia ; or you may give one or two drachms of the 
 carbonate of ammonia, dissolved in water, or given in a ball of linseed 
 meal. There is also a parasitic bronchitis, which may be noticed by- 
 and-by. . 
 
 Broken Wind, asthma, heaves, etc. This is common among Cana- 
 dian horses. 
 
 Pathology. — There are a great many theories brought forth with regard 
 to it. It is generally, I believe, brought on by some lesion of the pneumo- 
 gastric nerve. Pneumonia and other such afi'ections may produce it. 
 An animal can generally do moderate work. Hepatization of the lungs, 
 heart disease, etc., is generally the result, and not the cause, of heaves. 
 Emphysema of the lungs does sometimes produce it. in which cases the 
 air may pass in between the lobules of the lungs, or the air cells may be 
 ruptured, and two or more become one, by rupture of their walls. In- 
 flammation of the bronchial tubes may produce broken wind, but it is 
 generally from some lesion of the pneumogastric nerve which sends 
 branches to the lungs, trachea, stomach, etc. The small air tubes are 
 surrounded by involuntary muscular tissue, which is used in expelling 
 the air, and is to ' ome extent under the control of the pneumogastric 
 nerve. The nerve loses its power of contracting the lungs. The 
 
 Causes that produce this condition are often the result of injudicious 
 feeding, and fast exertion after injudicious feeding, which causes an 
 increased determination of blood to the lungs ; often by feeding upon 
 dusty food, or keeping the stomach in a greatly distended condition ; from 
 chopped food ; however, good chopped food is the best food. We find 
 it is comparatively rare in our cavalry horses, as they are fed upon the 
 very best of food, and before being put to fast exertion are prepared for 
 that exertion. It is easily detected in a well established case. There is 
 a peculiar way of breathing, a short in-piration with a sort of jerk. The 
 nostrils are expanded ; the abdominal muscles are sometimes contracted 
 so as to show a line along the belly ; the animal is said to be bellied 
 from being a very big eater ; gas passing up through the nose was at one 
 time thought to produce it. On a damp, hot, sultry day the symptoms 
 are greatly increased and may be very alarming, and might lead to sup- 
 pose the animal was suffering from inflammation of the lungs, but the 
 pulse is not quickened, as in pneumonia— heaves being a non inflamma- 
 tory disease ; or you may see such s\Tnptoms in a pregnant mare, and 
 might think the animal would live but a few hours, but the pulse is found 
 to be almost natural. There is in heaves a loud, hacking, painful cough ; 
 it is a deep, internal, sonorous cough, but gets easier after being taken 
 out and exercised. If an animal has been fed properly, and you give 
 him a feed or two of poor or bad food, he will show distressing symptoms. 
 Clover hay is very bad food for such an animal. You must be on the 
 look-out for this, especially in heavy horses. In examining for sound- 
 2 
 
26 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 ness, give the horse a gallop. The symptoms may be relieved by certain 
 modes of feeding : say do not give any food or water for some time. If 
 you suspect such a thing, give the animal a pail of water or feed of hay, 
 and then gallop. A large dose cf sedative medicine will allay tha symp- 
 toms. It can be mechanically relieved by giving solid lead. 
 
 Treatment. — If a confirmed case, it is incurable, but it may be palliated 
 by regular feeding, and never allowing the animal to overload the 
 stomach. Give the very best of food — chopped food is the best ; or you 
 may give certain remedies. Give sedatives, camphor, opium and digitalis 
 (about one drachm each), given every day for three or four days ; iodide 
 of potassium, arsenic or iron. You may give a dose of purgative medicine 
 to relieve quickly. It is generally a dietetic disease. Nux vomica is an 
 excellent remedy. In the earlier stages you may effect a cure, but if it 
 is confirmed there is no cure for it. 
 
 Recapitulation. — A poor feeder very seldom has the heaves. Kace 
 horses seldom have the heaves, for they are properly fed. A foj'eign 
 body more frequently passes into the right side than into the left. If 
 broken wind comes from catarrh, use stimulants ; if acute, use sedatives. 
 The pathology of broken wind differs to some extent ; there may be a 
 corrugated condition of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. 
 It is a sequel of bronchitis or severe strangles ; there is a peculiar move- 
 ment in the act of expiration. If you are called to treat a case, use the 
 remedies given, or if it is a recent case you may blister along the lower 
 part of the trachea. 
 
 Pleurodynia. — This is not very common, but is sometimes met with. 
 It is a rheumatic condition of the muscles of the thoracic walls. It is 
 quite possible that the nerves are affected, but it is generally a rheumatic 
 affection. 
 
 Ca«5^s.— Exposure; especially when recovering from other diseases, 
 more especially pleurisy. 
 
 Symptoms — Great pain and difficult breathing ; shows symptoms the 
 same as in pleurisy, but pressure upon the intercostal spaces produces 
 more pain than in pleurisy ; the circulation but very little affected ; there 
 is no grating sound, as in pleurisy. 
 
 Treatment. — It varies according to circumstances. If in a warm place, 
 use cloths rung out of hot water; stimulate the sides with liniment 
 (camphor, opium and ai'nica, equal parts, well rubbed into the sides), 
 and then cover the animal up ; or, you may find benefit from an opiate 
 For the after treatment, use colchicum and iodide of potassium, and if 
 the bowels are costive give injections. Use tonics. 
 
 Lesions of the Diaphragm. — The diaphragm is affected in many 
 ways, and oftener, perhaps, than we are aware. 
 
 Spasms of the Diaphragm. — All muscles are subject to spasms. 
 This is serious while it lasts, and may produce death very qnickly, for 
 air cannot be taken in in sufficient amount to supply the lungs. 
 
 Causes.— li is the result of severe exertion when the animal is not in 
 condition to undergo exertion. I have never seen a case where the ani- 
 mal was kept in the stable It is called thumps. The girth of the saddle 
 being too tight may produce it. It may come upon a horse in good con- 
 dition, but it is more likely to attack one in poor condition. Eating too 
 much before being put to violent exertion. It comes very easily, 
 especially if the animal is just recovering from some other disease. 
 
 Symptoms. — It gives rise to a thumping, or you might think it was 
 palpitation of the heart, but examine closely and you will find that the 
 heart is not much affected ; the sound is further back ; the symptoms 
 are very violent ; the animal sweats freely ; there is a peculiar noise and 
 motion, as if some one were within striking with a hammer. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 27 
 
 Treatment. — If it is an ordinary case — not very severe —give an anti- 
 spasmodic, nitre a ad laudanum— just the same as a colic drench ; do not 
 give hypoderm c injections, for it may do damage ; blanket well ; give 
 plenty of pure air ; but if it is a more severe case, and is threatened w.th 
 congestion of the lungs, you may take three or four, five or six quarts of 
 blood if the horse was in good condition ; follow by anti-spasmodics ; use 
 turpentine ; and, as soon as the animal can take it, give plenty of cold 
 water ; after treatment, get the animal in good condition ; feed well and 
 give regular exercise. This disease may produce death by congestion of 
 the lungs, so you must be careful in giving hypodermic injections ; 
 owing to the impaired condition of the heart, it might be interfered with. 
 
 Rapture of the Diaphrji^iu. — If it is of any great extent, death 
 soon relieves the animal ; but there may be but a very small rupture, and 
 it may recover ; it frequently occurs after death ; there may be very 
 severe symptoms of colic, and rupture be the result : or violent exertion 
 may produce it. There are no general 
 
 Symptoms by which you can distinguish this easily. A frothy spume 
 may issue from the nose When you find rupture of the diaphragm in 
 post mortem, you may be called upon to tell whether it occurred during 
 life or after death and if there is extravasation of blood, you may say 
 it occurred before death ; but if there is no extravasation of blood, then 
 it occurred after death. Some think it never occurs before death, but I 
 think it does. 
 
 Inflamiuation of the Trachea.— Use counter irritation, sedatives, 
 etc. ; sometimes stimulants. 
 
 Abnormal Growths. — In connection with tracheotomy, the cartilages 
 take on an improper growth. 
 
 Recapitulation. — Pleuraodynia, pain in the side, supervenes some 
 debilitating disease, influenza, etc. Use counter irritation, hot water, 
 anodyne liniment, camphor, opium, etc. Spasms of the diaphragm, 
 generally results f om fast, long-continued and violent exertion ; difficult 
 breathing ; loud thumping sound of the parts, but not in connection 
 with the heart ; difficult respiration. If not relieved, may soon end in 
 death. Give anti-spasmodics, and free access to the air ; may have to 
 place almost in the open air ; may let some blood for the purpose of 
 relieving congestion. After treatment : Give iodide of p tassium or other 
 such remedies. Rupture of the diaphragm in most cases is due to asute 
 indigestion : throwing himself on the ground with great violence when in 
 such a condition may rupture the diaphragm. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE AIR PASSAGES. 
 
 The air passages of cattle differ some from those of the horse. 
 
 Catarrh. — Cattle do not suffer from catarrh so readily as horses; it 
 affects the nasal chambers and sinuses of the head ; at first only the 
 nasal chambers, but if allowed to continue will extend and involve the 
 nasal sinuses. It is generally brought on by a change in the temperature, 
 but cattle are not so easily affected as horses. It is caused by running in 
 the barn yard in winter, not getting food enough, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — A discharge of matter from the nose ; muzzle dry and 
 rough ; there is some fever and a cough is present ; but not so easily 
 excited as in the horse; pulse somewhat excited. There are two kinds; 
 the malignant form appears in Europe, but not in America. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a gentle laxative ; four or five ounces of Epsom 
 salts in about a quart of water, followed by nitrous ether, seems to check 
 it. Another is nitrate of potash— half ounce, cream of tartar — one 
 ounce. Take good care of the animal— the same as of the horse. If the 
 
28 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT Of 
 
 discharge continues, use sulphate of iron (one ounce daily in two or three 
 doses) for two or three days. It has a greater tendency to become chronic 
 in the cow than in the horse. The horns may drop off. Catarrh gives 
 rise to an imaginary disease called hollow horn. If an animal becomes 
 debilitated there is more hollow in the horn than in health ; but there is 
 no such disease as hollow horn ; one side is generally more affected than 
 the other. If an animal suffering from a chronic disease, or in a very 
 old animal, the sinuses of the head will be more fully developed than in a 
 healthy or in a young animal. 
 
 Treatment. — Use remedies such as used in nasal gleet ; or counter 
 irritation. If there is much pain, the animal carries the head to one side. 
 There is enlarged condition at the root of the horn from the accumula- 
 tion of matter. You may make a hole at the lower part of the base of 
 the horn with a small gimlet : or you may have a more severe case, and 
 the horn so diseased as to allow it to fall off; take it off in such a ca«e, 
 and you can stop the hemorrhage with tow saturated with carbolic acid, 
 etc. Cattle also suffer from 
 
 Pharyngitis and Laryngitis (generally compound), caused by 
 exposure to the cold, etc., the same as in the horse, except from working. 
 It may be due to tubercular deposits, to which high-bred cattle are more 
 subject than ordinary cattle. 
 
 S)'m/»^ow5.— Difficult breathing, loud and wheezing, slight swelling, 
 pulse quickened, and rumination stops. It may result from choking, or 
 from means resorted to, to remove obstruction from the throat. 
 
 Treatment. — Give pure air ; place in a box by itself ; use nitrate of 
 potash in larger doses than in the horse; get the bowels to work, by giving 
 Epsom salts. You may give hyoscyamus ; use embrocations stronger 
 than in the horse; two parts of turpentine, etc., to one of oil ; or you 
 may use croton oil. If the animal has apparently recovered from 
 pharyngitis, and there is some difficulty in breathing, there is no doubt 
 but there is some tubercular deposit present, and the disease will be 
 likely to return or increase. If you treat such case, use iodide of 
 potassium, and counter irritation. 
 
 Tuberculosis. — Cattle suffering from internal abscesses in the 
 larynx. There is great difficulty in breathing, although the animal 
 may feed pretty well. There will be an enlargement, and there 
 may be some external swelling. Examine by means of the balling 
 iron, and if it does not burst soon enough, you may puncture inside, and 
 let the matter escape. Such cases are common, and external tumours 
 are more common. On pressing upon the larynx and trachea, there is 
 visible swelling, difficult breathing, loud wheezing, increased by running 
 the animal a short distance ; symptoms of suffocation. It is astonishing 
 in what good condition an animal may be in, and at the same time be 
 suffering from such tumours, so you must not expect to find them 
 emaciated always. 
 
 Treatment. — Tumours are generally of a tubercular character. You 
 will sometimes find a fibrous tumour, and in some cases, although you 
 examine very carefully, if you will be more careful you will find in the 
 centre some amount of pus. You will, perhaps, think there is a fibrous 
 tumour, and upon cutting into it, it will jjrove to be an abscess. I recom- 
 mend a careful examination, for, in four cases out of five, you 'will find 
 matter. In all such cases, open up carefully, for they are vascular to 
 some extent. You may find benefit from a seaton, or from biniodide of 
 mercury. But if it is from tubercular affection, there is no certainty of 
 curing it. You may be able to dissect the tumours out, but if it is not 
 
DISEASES or DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 29 
 
 well defined, and there is matter, let the matter out, and the animal will 
 be relieved. Cattle suffer also from 
 
 Bronchitis. —Characterized by irregular wheezy breathing, which can 
 generally be heard without much trouble ; rumination ceases ; pulse may 
 be eighty or ninety beats per minute. Causes just similar to that of the 
 horse. 
 
 Treatment, — Similar to that of the horse, but larger doses. There is 
 one form in cattle that is not in horses. 
 
 Filaria Bronchitis. — Cattle and sheep more likely to have parasitic 
 attacks than any other animals. The disease is oftener found in young 
 cattle than in old, but it may affect both. In calves, it is called strongy- 
 lus micrurus ; in lambs it is strongylus filaria. It is usually found in 
 the tissue of the bronchial tubes ; and in sheep it is found imbedded 
 in the lung tissue, but it is not generally so found in the calf. It 
 is known as hoose. How does this worm get into the tubes ? There 
 are many theories, but I believe they find their way into the circu- 
 lation. I do not think, as some do, that they pass in through the 
 nose, for in such case it would excite the animal, and it would expel 
 it; but it gets into the animal through the water, etc., and gets into 
 the circulation, and finds its way into the mucous membrane of the bron- 
 chial tubes. It is more common in low Ijdng ground, and is more com- 
 mon in some years than others, and in some times of the year than 
 others. 
 
 Symptoms. — Difficulty in breathing, a peculiar husky cough, rumination 
 may not be suspended. There will be a discharge from the nose ; if you 
 take this you may detect the parasites in it. It is rare that one animal 
 is affected by itself, but many are affected at the same time. 
 
 Treatment of Parasitic 5rowf/n7zs.— Use anthelmintics ; use turpentine 
 with linseed oil. If it gets too severe, give rest, or you may use turpen- 
 tine with milk ; or you may use inhalation of solphuric acid, by burning 
 sulphur ; or use chlorine gas, with caution. You may find benefit in 
 after-treatment by giving a generous diet, and change of locality. If 
 cattle that have been upon low ground, have them put upon high ground ; 
 bear this particularly in mind. If the parasites become imbedded in the 
 lung tissue, they will have been forming there for some time, perhaps 
 before any notice was taken of them. 
 
 Influenza. — So named because it was formerly supposed to be in- 
 fluenced by the stars. It may appear in a very malignant form. It is 
 very common among the horses of this country, and is of a specific 
 character. It is an epizootic contagious febrile disease, due to the intro- 
 duction into the system of a specific germ, principally affecting the respir- 
 atory organs, but may involve different organs in the body as the heart, 
 liver, pleura, etc. The contagious matter may enter the system in a 
 variety of ways. 
 
 Caused by some atmospheric influence ; some condition that cannot be 
 found out precisely. There is some difference of opinion as to whether it 
 is contagious or not. It is better to keep the animal away from other 
 animals, if convenient ; but what operates upon one animal may operate 
 upon a number at the same time. Such as the epizootic, which appeared 
 in 1872. It could not be accounted for as of a contagious form. Influ- 
 enza is more prevalent in the spring and autumn months, when the 
 animals are changing their coats ; but it may appear in an epizootic 
 form — that is, it attacks a great many animals similarly at the satne 
 time. I will not now speak of these very severe epizootic forms, but will 
 speak of it as seen more or less every year. In 1872, 1874 and 1878 it pre- 
 vailed to a great extent, and as you see it in such cases it is more severe 
 than in ordinary circumstances. 
 
30 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 Pre-disposing causes. — Ill-ventilated stables, the animal not receiving at 
 the same time a suflBcient supply of nutritive food. It occurs in the most 
 severe form in larger cities and in larger stables, and especially in under- 
 ground stables, and may attack the great nervous centres. Experience 
 tells us that if animals are compelled to breathe bad air, and are not 
 given sufficient exercise, they are more likely to have influenza ; while one 
 that is well exercised and well fed is not so susceptible ; but all are sub- 
 ject to it. 
 
 Symptoms vary much, and depend upon the organ or organs most 
 affected. The early symptoms are a dull, languid appearance ; eats 
 poorly, sweats freely upon the slightest exertion ; coat somewhat staring 
 and dirty-looking ; mouth hot and dry ; and there may be a cough. After a 
 short time there will be well marked symptoms. The cough is easily excited 
 by pressure upon the throat ; the bowels usually costive. The feces passed 
 after a few days are small, dry pellets. The pulse considerably altered ; gen- 
 erally a quick, weak pulse, varying from sixty to eighty beats per minute : 
 but it may not be very quick. The dulness may be followed by more marked 
 symptoms. The horse appears to be suffering from intense headache, 
 and if caused to walk off, shows great signs of nervous depression, and 
 appears so weak that you could almost throw him over. The pul?e in 
 such a case will be intermittent, showing that the poison was acting 
 upon the nervous centre, and not in the ordinary manner. In such a 
 case the respiratory organs may not be affected so much as in other 
 cases. Cerebro spinal meningitis may be produced in this way, so that 
 you will have various forms of influenza. In other cases, the breathing 
 is very much affected, which is, perhaps, more perceptible at the nostrils 
 than at the flank ; the throat sore : the bronchial tubes soon become in- 
 volved, and you hear a peculiar noise. The legs and ears change in 
 temperature very much. They may be hot, and in an hour may be the 
 normal temperature; then, again, cold, etc. The general temperature 
 may be some increased, to 10-5'', perhaps. A discharge from the 
 nostrils is a favorable sign, if it is of a yellowish white colour ; but if it 
 has a brownish red or rusty appearance, it is symptomatic of great 
 depression. In some instances the breathing is increased, and the blood 
 is discharged from the nostrils. Pulse is changeable — a kind of false, 
 irregular pulse, and such are very bad signs. In a great many cases the 
 liver is functionally deranged, but there is not much organic change ; in 
 such a case there is yellowness of the mucous membrane of the mouth, 
 eye, etc. Influenza may terminate in enteritis and death. If the liver 
 is affected the bowels will be quite irregular, costiveness and diarrhcea 
 alternating. Any of the secreting glands may be more or less affected, 
 and it may assume another form, that of a dropsical form, in which the 
 legs, sheath, udder and eyelids may present oedematous symptoms ; and 
 if in the last stages it is a bad sign, but if in the first stages, and the 
 swelling is confined to the legs, and but slight, it is rather favourable. 
 Unless there is great fever present, and great depression, it is rather a 
 good symptom, but if in the latter stages, it is from debility, and is apt 
 to soon terminate in well marked disease of the lungs and pleura. If 
 the lungs are affected, the pulse becomes weaker and is oppressed, and in 
 the last stages the animal stands until death. It is more apt to produce 
 subacute disease of the lungs and pleura. Owing to impaired functional 
 power of the organ, effusion and suppuration takes place readilj'. If it 
 is of a subacute character, effusion is much more than in a common 
 case of pleurisy. The animal usually maintains a standing position in 
 influenza ; he may lie down, and when down the breathing is increased 
 much, but if he is in an easy position, allow him to lie. It gives great 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 31 
 
 relief, unless there is danger of suffocation. This disease may produce 
 water in the pericardial sack. It also his a tendency to affect the joints. 
 Your patient is perhaps convalescing, but you are called back, and per- 
 haps will find him suffering from severe pain in some of the joints, and 
 there may be rheumatic laminitis. 
 
 Treatment. — Give plenty of pure air, as in all such diseases. I cannot 
 speak too strongly of this part of the treatment. Clothe the body 
 according to the season of the year ; well clothed in winter, the legs 
 bandaged and hand-rubbed. Keep the blood in circulation as well as 
 possible. Many people place the animal in a close stall or box, to keep 
 him warm, but this is not a good way to apply warmth. It would be 
 better to turn loose than to keep him in a tight box. Use rational 
 treatment, according as the comfort of your patient demands. Support 
 the system, and assist nature to throw off the disease, for influenza will 
 run its course in spite of medicine. Use potash and soda. Chlorate of 
 potash is to be preferred, in one drachm doses two or three times a day ; 
 but if there is great fever, use nitrate of potash, which is preferable. 
 Feed well on nutritive food ; give some roots, such as carrots, in winter. 
 Great care must be exercised in feeding the horse. If you give too much 
 food he will not be so apt to eat it as if but little was given at a time ; 
 give small amounts of any kind of food ; feed from the hand, etc. Use 
 stimulants ; liquor acetate of ammonia, two ounces ; sweet spirits of 
 nitre, one ounce, two or three times a day ; or give whisky, ale, beer, 
 etc. ; but I give whisky in influenza. In severe cases you may have to 
 restrict the diet, but not often The secretions are impaired, and you 
 will find benefit by getting the bowels to act by giving injections and in 
 very rare cases you may give a laxative ; oil is preferred to aloes, but 
 aloes may be given, two or three drachms ; but be very careful in giving 
 it in influenza, as it is likely to set up superpurgation. Give whisky and 
 milk, or beef tea has been used by some of our graduates. Do not 
 attempt to force food, for it only acts as an irritant. It is possible to 
 have a case where a sedative is necessary, but I have seen but few such 
 cases, and have seen some where it did great harm. The animal may 
 get too much aconite, and show signs of poisoning, in which case stimu- 
 lants would be of great use. Belladonna, calomel, opium and digitalis 
 have been recommended, but I think the most of them have been in- 
 jurious. You may use digitalis, if the breathing is difficult. You will 
 find benefit from keeping up fermentations, if the bronchial tubes are 
 affected, or the throat is sore, etc. You may use counter irritation. 
 Influenza is not generally very fatal ; but when bleeding, purging, etc., 
 were resorted to, the mortality was very great. If an animal shows 
 signs of approaching convalescence, the eye clear, the pulse firmer and 
 slower, appetite returning, the body and limbs more of a natural 
 temperature, etc., you may give sulphate of iron or quinine, or iodide of 
 potassium. If the legs are much swollen, or the nervous centres are 
 affected, give bromide of potassium or nux- vomica. After the fever has 
 passed off, the chlorate of potash is, perhaps, the best. 
 
 Pink Eye or Epizootic Cellulitis is inflammation of the areolar 
 tissue ; shows itself more prominently in connection with the areolar 
 tissue of the skin, mucous membranes, and joints. The ingredients that 
 go to form the fibrine of the blood are increased, and there is a great 
 tendency to the formation of blood clots. It runs its course very 
 quickly. 
 
 Causes. — It is said to be due to a specific germ. If you use an entire 
 horse that has suffered, the mare is very likely to suffer also. 
 
 Symptoms. -^In ordinary cases the respiratory organs are not much 
 
32 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TKEATMENT OF 
 
 affected. It runs its course quicker than influenza, in six or seven 
 days- In cases that terminate fatally, the liver, lungs, and heart may be 
 affected. The animal is dull, pulse from fifty-five to eighty, mouth hot 
 and temperature increased ; slight swelling of the eyelids. Sometimes 
 the eyelid is slightly inverted. There is a purulent discharge from the 
 eye, limbs swell about the hock or fetlock. The pain is acute at an early 
 stage. At first the bowels are costive and then diarrhoea may set in : 
 there may be a slight cough. These symptoms may continue from two 
 to four days. Pregnant mares have a tendency to abort in this disease. 
 
 Treatment. — Do not work the patient ; give easily digested food. Give 
 internally nitrate of potash, stimulants, and sometimes linseed oil, 
 ammonia carb., one or two drachms twice a day. If appetite is affected 
 give tonics. 
 
 Purpura Heinniorrhagriea is a systematic disease of blood having 
 its origin in extensive changes of the blood and capillaries, characterized 
 by the presence of pertechial spots on the mucous membrane, and by the 
 existence of elevations on the cutaneous tissues and a tendency to 
 extravasations into internal organs. The blood is deficient in some of 
 the constituents of fibrine in the disease. 
 
 Causes.— It is generally a sequel of some other disease, as influenza. 
 It is due to some poison in the blood, which renders the blood more fluid, 
 and prevents coagulation to some extent. If the animal is suffering from 
 any disease, and exposed to the cold and vicissitudes of the weather, you 
 need not be surprised on seeing purpura. The animal may do work well 
 as long as the weather is good, but from certain changes in the weather 
 purpura will develop readily. In such a case it frequently supervenes a 
 mild attack of influenza. It may be produced very suddenly from being 
 exposed, driving before entirely well, bad ventilation, bad grooming, etc. 
 It may be due to other causes, and from being exposed to the debris of 
 dead animals, but more frequently from bad ventilation, bad drainage, 
 etc. It is seldom seen in an animal at pasture. It may come from 
 strangles. 
 
 Symptoms very plain and very characteristic. There is generally no 
 difficulty in detecting this disease. There is a slight swelling of the limb, 
 more likely to be about the hocks. The swelling may disappear by exer- 
 cise, but will soon return. The swelling presents a very abrupt appear- 
 ance, nearly the same as if a string was tied around the limb ; and 
 swelling very quickly is symptomatic of purpura. Exudation takes place, 
 in which, if on a white limb, you will see little red spots, from which 
 liquid is oozing. The swelling is very painful and the entire limb may 
 be swoollen ; small vesicles appear on the limb, and also in the mucous 
 membranes, and it is well to look at the mucous membrane before giving 
 your opinion, as you will no doubt detect these spots, which may extend 
 to the lungs. These spots increase and may run into each other. The 
 mucous membrane of the nose may become one mass of corrupt matter. 
 The under lip may hang pendulous, which is due to want of nervous 
 stimulous. If the nostrils are swelled very badly, and there is a difficult 
 breathing, and the animal is not able to take food, the symptoms are very 
 bad. The pulse varies much. In some cases, although the swelling is 
 very great, the pulse may not be more than forty, fifty, or sixty per 
 minute. There may be a cough and coffee colored discharge from the 
 nostrils. The mouth and eyes become affected, and, together with the 
 discharge from the nose, he is a loathesome object. In milder cases the 
 appetite is retained, or the animal may take food one day and the next 
 refuse it. The bowels costive, as a general thing, in the first stage of the 
 disease and the urine may be of a dark color ; may even contain blood. 
 
L»18EA8E8 OF DOMESTIC A..N1MAL8. 33 
 
 There will be a peculiar dropsical swelling and these patechial spots, or 
 it may show itself in connection with the eyes, and there may be blood 
 extravasation without external symptoms. It may affect the bowels, liver, 
 lungs, etc. The swelling is due to extravasation of blood. A peculiarity 
 of purpura is, that the swelling may disappear from one place and appear 
 in some other part, which is difficult to account for. The animal usually 
 stands, perhaps from difficulty in moving the limbs. It is necessary to 
 watch the case closely, for the flies will attack him, and he will be filled 
 with maggots. Sloughing may take place ; the entire sheath, or patches 
 upon the body may slough off, and there may be paraphimosis. If influ- 
 enza prevails, and you have swelling of the legs, examine very carefully. 
 
 Treatment. — The duration of this diease is from eight to thirty days. 
 It generally takes about a month for an animal to completely recover. 
 Place in a comfortable place. Give chlorate of potash, not for any stated 
 properties, but from its action on the blood. If the bowels are costive I 
 recommend giving from one to two ounces of turpentine in six or eight 
 ounces of oil. Afterwards give as much as one or one-and-a-half ounces 
 of chlorate of potash during twenty-four hours ; give it in his water, as 
 there may be difficulty in giving a drench. Give, as a styptic, the tinc- 
 ture of the chloride of iron, once or twice a day, in doses of two or three 
 drachms. If the pulse is strong and the appetite good, repeat the tur- 
 pentine and oil in one or two days ; and I have seen cases where a pur- 
 gative was given with advantage, say five or six drachms of aloes, but 
 not if there is any other trouble with the bowels. Sponging the nostrils 
 may do good, according to the season of the year — cold water in the sum- 
 mer. Hot is sometimes used, but is not good, as it tends to encourage 
 the exudation of the blood. Local remedies are of but little benefit, for 
 the disease comes from an improper condition of the blood. Support the 
 system by nutritive diet : watch the case closely, and see that the animal 
 does not get too much to eat, as it might produce colic. If the pulse is 
 not very quick and no tendency to lung disease, I think exercise is of 
 benefit. It is good practice to move the animal away from the stable 
 where he has been kept. You may have to perform tracheotomy if the 
 animal is likely to suffocate, but in most cases, although you afford tem- 
 porary relief, the animal will not get along very well. 
 
 After-Treatment. — Chlorate of potash and tonics, good food, regular 
 exercise, etc., and if the flies attack him, use carbolic acid, just to pre- 
 vent the flies from attacking him. It is liable to very sudden changes. 
 You may think he is doing very well, and the next time you see him he 
 will be very bad. You may use some styptic, as acetate of lead, etc. It 
 is not best to open up with a knife, but in exceptional cases it may be 
 necessary. 
 
 Strang-les.— This is a very common disease among Canadian and 
 American horses. It is called strangles from a peculiar suffocating 
 breathing, and is known as strangles in most of our works. It is an 
 eruptive fever peculiar to the horse, and generally attacks him when 
 young, from two to four or six years old, but may be found in older horses. 
 Some call it a catarrhal disease. It shows itself by affecting the organs 
 of respiration more or less, and the formation of a tumor in the submax- 
 illary space. It is hard and small at first, but gradually enlarges and 
 suppurates. This tumour may form in other parts of the body, on the 
 point of the shoulder, in the groin, etc., and when it takes on this form 
 it is called irregular strangles. Most horses have it while young, 
 but some escape it. It is contagious, and many animals in the same 
 stable may become affected at the same time. It is said to attack the 
 same animal but once, but there are some cases that show that 
 
4)4 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMKNT OF 
 
 it may be taken a second time. It may and does occur at any 
 season of the year, but is more likely to be prevalent in the spring and 
 summer, and is likely to attack those animals that have been running 
 out during the winter Dentition has also been said to have something 
 to do with it, .but some do not have it, so it is not sure to attack them 
 during dentition, but it is now known to be due to a micro-organism 
 
 Symptoms are very often similar to catarrh. The animal is dull and 
 languid, and a small amount of work fatigues him. The attack is not 
 very sudden ; by-and-by there is a swelling ; the animal keeps his head 
 in a peculiar position : saliva issues from the mouth ; the pulse is slightly 
 affected, which you can detect by close examination. The bowels costive, 
 coat staring, and it is hard to tell at this stage whether it is strangles or 
 laryngitis, but it will soon show itself by a tumour in the submaxillary 
 space. It may interfere with respiration ; the tumour will break and 
 discharge, or you may disperse it by absorption, but it is better to allow 
 it to discharge externally. The tumour may be the first thing that 
 makes its appearance, but j^ou have more or less fever even if it is not 
 noticed. There is generally a considerable discharge of matter from the 
 nostrils, and there may be symptoms of suffocation. These symptoms 
 may not be in proportion to the size of tbe tumour, but if affected with 
 strangles and influenza at the same time, there will be severe symptoms 
 of suffocation, and death may result. It usually runs its course in from 
 six to twelve days, and in about twenty days the horse usually resumes 
 his work. Some continue their work during the attack, but it is not 
 best. You may have these symptoms, except the tumour in the throat, 
 and by-and-by a swelling will appear on the shoulder or in the groin, 
 and there may be a discharge from the nose. The tumour is generally 
 the result of the fever ; if ihis tumour forms upon the shoulder close to 
 the trachea, it must be carefully watched, for it may burst internally, 
 and cause death. In some cases the horse becomes greatly emaciated ; 
 becomes a mere skeleton, so to speak. Tumours may be in the thoracic 
 or abdominal cavity, producing slight abdominal pain or colicky pain, 
 and such cases generally terminate fatally. 
 
 Treatment.— It is generally extremely satisfactory to treat. The dis- 
 ease should be allowed to run its course It must not be checked, for 
 that would be attended with great danger. Give pure air, and clothe 
 the body according to the seasun of the year. Give good food, such as 
 is easily digested— boiled food, if it will be taken, but if not. then give 
 the ordinary food. It is a disease that does not require any great amount 
 of medicine. In the first stages give a few doses of febrifuge medicine, 
 chlorate or nitrate of potash, but not so freely as in influenza, as there 
 is danger of acting too freely on the kidneys. Good feeding hastens the 
 formation of the abscess. If the breathing is not much affected, it is 
 not necessary to apply any external treatment. In some cases it is 
 necessary to use a mild external application or counter irritant, but if it 
 is a pure case of strangles, the pulse not very high, use a mild comphor- 
 ated liniment. In connection with the above treatment, and if in the 
 summer time, use a poultice, and if there are no violent symptoms, 
 allow the abscess to form pretty well, and do not open too soon. After 
 you have opened the abscess, give tonics and bathe the abscess with 
 tepid water. You will sometimes meet with a serious case, in which the 
 animal is breathing hard and the abscess does not form soon enough. In 
 such a case blister, and then use poultices. In winter, treat with hot 
 wool, just to keep the parts well warmed. You will find beneflt from 
 judicious steaming with hot water, but I warn you against using a close 
 nose bag, for you are in danger of suffocating the animal ; but keep up 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 35 
 
 fomentation for some time, for even four or five hours. It may be neces- 
 sary in this case to open the abscess much sooner than in the former 
 case. Another relief is tracheotomy. Put the tube in, and allow the 
 animal to breathe through the tube. It is not a very difficult operation 
 in most cases, but if in a very large horse, or one that is badly swollen, 
 you may have to make an incision two or three inches long ; but it is not 
 necessary to make a round hole. Be careful and do not push the cartil- 
 age in when inserting the tube ; or, you may not have a tube at hand, 
 and you may just cut a hole through the trachea and keep the muscles 
 back, or just cut a circular piece out, which will give temporary relief. 
 The treatment after tracheotomy would be just the same to bring on 
 suppuration. After some twenty-four hours, take out the tube, wash it, 
 and again insert it. When done with the tube, just bring the sides 
 of the wound together, and put a stitch through it, and it will heal very 
 well as a general thing ; but this operation should be performed before 
 the system becomes too much vitiated. The character of the breathing 
 and of the circulation, also, is to be noticed, and be careful in performing 
 this in a very valuable animal. 
 
 Results of strangles, or absorption of pus, pyaemia, or abscesses form- 
 ing in many parts of the body. The tumour may extend up to the ear, 
 or down even to the leg. If it is in close connection with the parotid 
 duct, be very careful, for you might produce fistula of the duct. Keep 
 the animal away from cows ; give pure air. There is no specific for 
 strangles. It is sometimes necessary to give a light laxative, which is 
 the exception and not the rule : but it is necessary in most cases to give 
 injections. It is seen more in some countries than in others. It is not 
 seen so much in well-bred horses as in ill-bred horses. The Arabian 
 horses are especially exempt from this disease. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 The skin is a dense, white, porous, sensitive membrane. The skin and 
 mucous membranes are much alike. The skin protects the flesh from 
 noxious vapours and external injuiT. There are two layers of the skin, 
 an external and an internal. The internal is extremely tough, sensitive 
 and vascular ; and there is a cuticle, or scarf skin, which is formed on 
 the surface of the true skin. Dandruff is simply cells of the skin thrown 
 off. 
 
 The skin varies much in thickness on different parts of the body, 
 and on different animals ; and in applying counter irritation you 
 must be careful. The appendages of the skin are sebaceous and sudori- 
 ferous glands. In the lower animals the body is covered with hair, vary- 
 ing as to climate, season, etc. There are two kinds of hair — the mane 
 and tai , and that known as the coat, or that which covers the body. 
 Each hair is divide t into a shaft, point, and root. The sebaceous glands 
 are small, and are lodged in the true skin, and secretes a fluid which lub- 
 ricates the skin, and keeps it and the hair in good condition. These 
 glands are very numerous, especially about the fetlock, heel, hock, etc. 
 The secretion of these glands is of an oily character; they are called 
 sweat glands, through which impurities are carried from the body. They 
 are in the true layer of the skin. One square inch covers about two 
 thousand of these pores. Their secretion passes oft" as eith-^r sensible or 
 insensible perspiration, which is very free in the horse and in man 
 
 The dermis consists of two layers— the deep or true eorium, and an 
 upper or papillary layer. The tactile corpuscles are elevations on the 
 eorium. The rete mucosum is the deep, soft layer of the epidermis. 
 
3b CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 Diseases of the skin are not so common in the horse as in man, which 
 is owing to the mode of living. Manges have been supposed to be very 
 frequent. There are different classifications, some according to the cause, 
 and others according to the kind. We may have inflammations of vari- 
 ous kmds attacking the skin. They are generally confined to the outer 
 layer of the true skin. These are erythema or redness. Eczema means 
 to boil, or ooze out, accompanied with exudation of liquor sanguineous. 
 We have inflammation, followed by a form of grease, or cracked heels. 
 At first, it is just an eczemetous disease. 
 
 Scratches, cracked heels, cracks in the hollow of the heel, are very 
 common among Canadian horses. The irritation is at first set up in the 
 superficial layer of the skin, and if permitted to run on it will involve the 
 deep layers of the skin. The attack is more confined to the hind legs in 
 some classes of horses than others, and some breeds of horses are more 
 susceptible than others. 
 
 Causes. — Washing, and not drying ; allowing them to dry by evapor- 
 ation ; the glands become injured, and irritation is set up ; standing in 
 badly-kept stables, or it may come from wearing a boot that is too tight. 
 Some animals are more subject to it than others. In race horses it gener- 
 ally proceeds from sweat passing down the legs, which sets up an irrita- 
 tion. Trainers are very careful in bandaging the legs, but not the heels. 
 Severe exertion helps the development of the disease. The heavier breed 
 of horses are more liable to this disease than the lighter breeds. It is 
 rare that it is met with in cavalry horses or artillery horses, for the per- 
 son in charge of a horse affected is generally put under arrest. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is more or less difliculty and swelling about the 
 heels. The animal may be stiff and sore when coming from the stable, 
 but gets batter after some exercise, and in some cases the animal may lift 
 the leg like a spring-halt, or something similar. The fetlock is somewhat 
 swoollen ; blood may ooze out, in some cases, quite freely, and if in a 
 white leg you can see the exudation. It may terminate in grease. 
 
 Treatment. — If an ordinary case in the hind legs, give six, eight or ten 
 drachms of aloes, having prepared the animal for it by feeding on bran, 
 mash, etc. Bathe with good warm water, and if there is much dirt upon 
 the heels, wash them well and bathe judiciously with tepid water. If 
 there is much pain, use a light poultice ; a tonic poultice is best ; about 
 two tablespoonfuls of linseed meal is enough ; just to allay the irritation. 
 There are many other applications, as the white lotion, one ounce of lead 
 acetate, six drachms sulphate of zinc, to a quart of water ; or carbolic 
 acid, one drachm, spirits of wine, one drachm, to one pint of water, if 
 just an ordinary case. • In severe cases the treatment is somewhat the 
 same, but after poulticing just apply cotton to the heel to give slight 
 pressure. These cracks may become of an indurated character ; in such 
 a dSse you will have to use a stimulant. Use iodine liniment. You may 
 touch the parts with nitrate of silver, and you may need to give a diu- 
 retic. Nitrate of potash, two or three drachms, may be given every day 
 for two or three days. Glycerine is useful ; also sweet spirits of nitre, 
 acetate of lead, and glycerine does very well. It is easily treated if 
 properly treated, but do not apply a stimulant unless it becomes indolent. 
 If hot medicines are used it may produce 
 
 Mad Fever. — A superficial inflammation of the leg ; it attacks any 
 leg, mud being the exciting cause, and wet muddy roads. It is acceler- 
 ated by washing the limbs and not drying them properly, which irritates 
 the parts and may be the producing cause, and may produce it very 
 quickly. Being muddy during the day and freezing at night is a prolific 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 37 
 
 Symptoms. — The legs are swelled, the horse is stifi, the hair comes oS 
 the legs pretty easily, the legs are extremely hot and tender, and if the 
 cause is kept up, there may be a serious affection. The secretions are 
 generally affected. 
 
 Treatment. — Keep the legs as dry as possible Use a mild stimulant, 
 and it is best generally to give a light laxative. A cooling diet is of bene- 
 fit, such as carrots, bran mashes, etc., followed by diureties. If the limb 
 is so much swollen, you may find benefit from bathing nicely and then 
 drying carefully. Do not rub severely. It is generally best to take the 
 shoes off, and after convalescence begins, some gentle exercise will be of 
 benefit. Abscesses may form right up the groin, from the severe irrita- 
 tion. In England it is usually found in hunting horses, from running 
 through the muddy fields. It is superficial, attacking the superficial 
 layer of the sensitive skin. You may use sulphate of iron, sulphate of 
 zinc, acetate of lead, etc. You may use an ointment of the sulphate of 
 zinc, but it is generally more beneficially treated with lotions— carbolic 
 acid, one part to twenty or forty of water, and if one does not succeed, try 
 some other. Treat about as you would a case of cracked hands. 
 
 Grease. — This disease is the result of scratches, and is more 
 liable to attack heavy horses than light ones. It is a diseased state 
 of the skin, inflammation of the true skin, the sebaceous glands 
 and the appendages of the true skin. It is not so common on this conti- 
 nent as in England and Scotland, from being a dry climate. 
 
 Pathology. — First erythematous and then eczematous. It is not con- 
 tagious, nor the result of parasitic influence, but is due to some irritation 
 which acts upon the skin. The papillo becomes enlarged, and there is a 
 fungoid growth. This is called the grapy stage, from its resemblance to 
 a bunch of grapes : and this comes as the last stage of the disease. There 
 are various stages of the disease, and may give rise to pus of pastules. 
 There is an offensive odour in the grapy stage. 
 
 Causes are predisposing and exciting. Coarse -bred horses are more 
 liable to this than well-bred : round legs are more liable than flat ones. 
 The hind limbs are more liable, from the less rapid circulation. Exciting 
 causes, sudden changes in temperature ; washing and not drying the 
 limbs ; standing in filthy stables, which gives another cause for it, appear- 
 ing oftener in the hind legs than the fore ones ; high feeding and want of 
 exercise in young animals, in order to have them early developed ; a 
 blister improperly applied. The heel, just under the fetlock, should not 
 be blistered. It may result from getting th'e foot over the halter strap, 
 etc. Any irritation will produce it. 
 
 Symptoms.— At first a slight swelling of the limbs.* After some time 
 there is a redness of the heels, which can be noticed in a white-skinned 
 animal. The hair stands out prominently at an early stage ; a slight 
 discharge of a kind of oily, greasy matter ; hence its name, " grease." 
 The parts become hot and tender. The animal may be almost lame ; 
 not just lame, but walking rather stiff ; fissures appear in the heels, and 
 sometimes extend right up to the fetlock. 
 
 Treatment.— I may say, when it assumes a certain stage, say the grapy 
 stage, or even not so bad as that, it is difficult to effect a perfect cure, 
 but it can be relieved to a certain extent. If you treat a horse for this, 
 especially if a plethoric animal, give a pretty good purgative. After pre- 
 paring him for it by giving bran mashes, etc , give six, eight or ten 
 drachms of aloes. A light horse will not require so much as a heavy 
 horse. It is a mistake to use powerful remedies without giving a purga- 
 tive. Clipping a horse may produce grease ; but if the hair stands out 
 very much, you may have to clip the hair off ; and to do away with the 
 
38 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 offensive odour, apply a poultice, with some carbolic acid. Use acetate of 
 lead as a lotion, or chloride of zinc, two scruples to a pint of water. 
 There are other ointments as well as this ; they are more for lubricating 
 the parts. 
 
 After-treatment — Use applications of tow or cotton to the parts. 
 Judicious pressure may arrest or even prevent granulations. You may 
 use charcoal or yeast to allay the offensive odour of the discharge You 
 must give good constitutional treatment with the local, and you may 
 have to act upon the bowels, although the animal is considerably reduced, 
 but not so severely as in a sthemic animal. Use Fowler's solution of 
 arsenic as a tonic. After the irritation is allayed, if the swelling still 
 remains, you will find benefit from turning the animal upon pasture. 
 Judicious bandaging, if not too tight, for the leg might swell during the 
 night, and so do more harm than good. If you have the grapy stage you 
 may have to use the knife, or even a hot iron, or caustics, as a nitrate of 
 silver, sulphate of copper, etc. In some cases you may apply a high- 
 heeled shoe to raise the heel, but it is generally best to remove the shoes. 
 Keep the parts clean, but do not wash too much. Sulphur is recom- 
 mended by Professor Williams : sulphur one ounce, carbonate of soda 
 four ounces, carbolic acid two drachms, with olive oil and lard, of each 
 sixteen ounces. 
 
 Simple Eczema. — Is often mistaken for mange, but it is not due to a 
 parasite, and is not contagious. It is an eruption of the minute vesicles, 
 and is more common in hot weather. 
 
 Pathology — It is due to some change in the blood, causing little 
 eruptions on the skin. Little vesicles appear on the skin, which contain 
 fluid, and give rise to an irritation It is more likely to attack those 
 animals tbat are highly fed, especially upon Indian corn. Barley and 
 wheat are likely to produce it. You will notice it in horses at pasture, 
 not very frequently in the spring, when the pasture is pure, but in the 
 months of July and August, when the pasture is poor. 
 
 Symptoms. — Slight dryness about the head, ears, tail, etc., then these 
 little vesicles can be seen, which may burst and discharge, or the contents 
 may be absorbed. The animal rubs himself against the stall, manger, 
 etc., until the parts are very sore, or if at work, after taking him from the 
 harness and putting him into the stable, he will rub himself violently. 
 The parts most affected are the head, neck, tail, back, etc. The shoulder 
 may become irritated from the collar ; the skin dry and dusty. It is 
 necessary to examine very dosely with the naked eye, or under the micro- 
 scope, and if parasites are found, it is mange, and not simple eczema. 
 
 Treatment. — ECzema is difficult to treat. You can allay the irritation, 
 but it is difficult to effect an entire cure, and the animal is more liable to 
 another attack each successive summer First allay the local irritation 
 as quickly as possible, which can be done both by internal and local 
 remedies. Corrosive sublimate two drachms, spirits of wine four drachms, 
 water one pint ; rub well into the parts, and as well as doing this it is ad- 
 visable to give internal remedies. Give iodide of potassium or nitrate of 
 potash ; or give hyposulphite of soda one half ounce, once or twice a day 
 until two or three doses have been taken ; and use, locally, carbolic acid 
 one part to sixteen of water, and if these do not do, try aconite one to 
 four drachms, prussic or hydrocyanic acid one part to twelve or fifteen 
 parts of water, applied locally. Another is turpentine ; it acts upon the 
 skin homeopathically. Use turpentine and sulphur ; they will increase the 
 irritation where applied, but will soon produce a beneficial result. Clipping 
 the hair nicely will do good. Finley Dun gives, as his favorite treatment, 
 a compound tincture of iodine, made by shaking together two parts iodine 
 
DISEASES OF IjOMESTIC ANIMALS. 39 
 
 and one part of iodide of potassium, with six to eight parts of water. 
 Williams gives, as an alterative, arsenic of potash ; take arsenious' acid 
 one drachra, carbonate of potash one drachm, water twelve ounce? ; mix 
 and boil slowly until the arsenic is dissolved, and strain when cold, 
 and give from one-half ounce to one ounce of the liquor two or three 
 times a day. 
 
 Sallenders. — This is a kind of squamous inflammation of the skin. 
 It is an eczemous disease. Occurring upon the hock, it may cause 
 falling off of the hair. In some cases irritation is set up from some 
 cause or other, and an aqueous discharge takes place. The irritation 
 ceases to a certain extent, and you have a thickened condition of the 
 skin. This disease is more common in heavy draft horses, especially 
 if highly fed, as stallions which are allowed to run down in winter, 
 and then suddenly fed up in the spring. This has a tendency to pro- 
 duce it ; or it may come from the flies irritating some sore upon the 
 parts. Although not a serious disease, it is difiicult to treat. Blister- 
 ing may produce a well marked case. 
 
 Treatment must be both local and constitutional, and if the owner 
 must work the horse, y u may relieve the irritation by washing once 
 or twice, but do not wash every day, just once or twice, and dress with 
 an alkaline soda solution ; after which you will find benefit from using 
 the remedies already mentioned, or you may use an anodyne oint- 
 ment. Give a purgative, or, if you cannot do this, on account of 
 working, etc., just stint in his allowance of food to a certain extent; 
 give diuretics pretty freely. Proud flesh or granulations may come 
 from flies, etc. In such a case you can use nitrate of silver or butter 
 of antimony, and endeavour to protect the hock as well as possible 
 from the flies. If you can apply a poultice to the hock, do so. A 
 lotion of corrosive sublimate is very good. Corrosive sublimate two 
 drachms, alcohol four ounces, water one pint. It requires careful 
 treatment and it is difficult to effect a cure, especially if the horse is 
 highly fed. There is no specific for it, 
 
 Mallenders is just the same condition of the limb, but attacks the 
 fore-limb on the knee, and is treated just the same way. It may come 
 from getting the foot over the halter. 
 
 Eczema Rubriiin. — In dogs it is not contagious. It is similar to 
 eczema in the horse, the result of too high feeding or want of exer- 
 cise. It comes in hunting dogs, from working in the long, wet, rough 
 grass. 
 
 Symptoms are well marked. He suffers severely, and rubs himself 
 very much. If you examine closely, there will be no parasites. It 
 comes along the belly, shoulders, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a laxative; buckthorn syrup, one, two, or three 
 ounces, according to the size of the dog, is very useful, but be careful 
 in using carbolic acid on dogs, for it will be absorbed, and in many 
 cases poison the dog. However, it is most useful. A small quantity 
 will destroy a dog, by acting upon the nervous system. Change the 
 food, and if he has been allowed too much animal food, change to a 
 bread diet. 
 
 Settle Rash. — The name is taken, perhaps, from the human 
 pathology. Surfeit is another name applied to it, coming from the 
 belief that it comes from faulty feeding ; urticaria is a name applied 
 in many of our works. It is very frequent, and may occur at any 
 season of the year, but most frequently in the spring, and comes very 
 quickly. It consists of elastic pimples of various sizes and shapes 
 coming upon the shoulder, head, neck and body, and in many cases 
 
40 CAUSE8, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OK 
 
 they disappear as quickly as they come ; but they may remain, and 
 their fluid be absorbed. The pimples may come almost over the body. 
 It generally comes from some faulty digestion, faulty feeding, etc. It 
 may follow laminitis. Another cause is checking the perspiration 
 vvhen the animal is warm from exertion. It may be caused by drink- 
 ing cold water when in a heated condition. Over-ripe food has a 
 tendency to produce it. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a moderate dose of purgative in most cases, for as 
 soon as the purgative acts, the pimples will disappear. Give diuretics 
 — sweet spirits of nitre, one or two ounces, and in some cases it is 
 necessary to continue diuretics for some time. You may give nitrate 
 of potash, one or two drachms, camphor, one or two drachms, and oil 
 of juniper, one or two drachms; or you may give colchium with 
 iodide of potassium. You may occasionally meet with affections 
 about the lips, called 
 
 Frusta Labialis. — It, also, is due to faulty digestion. The same 
 causes may produce it that produce surfeit, or it may be the result of 
 a local irritation. Grazing upon pasture where there is rough, coarse 
 grass; or poisonous weeds may produce it. It is hard to tell the 
 exact cause. Buckwheat is a very dangerous food for the horse, and 
 may produce this disease. It is generally overcome by some of the 
 remedies mentioned. 
 
 Puritis. — Inflammation of the true skin, generally seen about the 
 root of the tail, and under the mane, but there is no particular change 
 in the appearance of the skin. It may be the result of improper 
 grooming, but generally from improper food. This appearance may 
 be symptomatic of worms, but it is not generally the case. 
 
 Treatment. — It is generally best treated by corrosive sublimate 
 lotion. Before applying the lotion, wash well and dry well. Any of 
 the lotions mentioned are of benefit ; allow a moderate amount of 
 food, or you may give a laxative diet. 
 
 Warts. Abnormal growths, warts, are a thickening of the cuticle ; 
 a hypertrophied condition of the superficial layer of the true skin. 
 They are common among horses and cattle. They are sometimes 
 called angle berries. They may appear upon any part of the body, 
 but in horses are most common upon the head, neck, groin, flank and 
 sheath, and may come upon the eyelids or about the lips. They vary 
 greatly in size and shape. They may have a neck or may have a 
 broad base. If they have a neck, they are easily got rid of ; you can 
 cord them. 
 
 Causes. — It is difficult to say what is the cause. A stimulating diet, 
 continued for a long time, may produce them. The body may be 
 literally covered with them. They may be encysted. 
 
 Treatment depends upon the size and shape. The best way is to 
 cut them out with a knife or scissors. The ligature is an old way 
 to get rid of them. Just tie a thread around them, or you may 
 find one that is pretty vascular, and you may need to use an ecra- 
 seur. Warts may come from grease. Such cases are best treated 
 by cutting them down closely ( for it is difficult to dissect them out) until 
 it begins to bleed freely, and if it grows again, use a caustic, stick 
 potash, but do not use the caustic at the time of cutting, but perhaps in 
 twenty-four hours afterward ; and you may have to apply a poultice to 
 reduce the irritation set up by the caustic, and it is possible you will 
 have to repeat the caustic in three or four days. Arsenic is used, but it 
 should be used carefully. If the wart is encysted, then use a knife ; 
 just cut a hole through the skin and take it out, but if the animal is very 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 41 
 
 badly affected, turning out to pasture for about a year may so change the 
 system as to remove the warts. Pimples upon the shoulder and back 
 will discharge a little matter, and may set up an irritation and produce a 
 sitfast. 
 
 Stomatitis Contagiosa.— This comes from faulty digestion, and is 
 not due to parasites. Small eruptions appear about the mouth and 
 lips. Use carbolic acid and corrosive sublimate. 
 
 Mange, Scabies. — Is an eruption on the skin, due to parasites. It 
 appears in the horse, ox, sheep, dog and human being. It is more or 
 less troublesome to all classes of animals, both domestic or wild. It 
 may be defined to be an eruptive cutaneous disease common to a large 
 number of animals and to mankind, and transmissible from species 
 to species, more or less. These parasites, which we find infesting 
 various animals, belong to the class arachnida, the order acarida, and 
 the family sarcoptes. There are different kinds, varying in size and 
 shape. Some burrow under the skin, and others just hold on to the 
 skin ; some can be conveyed from horse to man, and vice versa. I will 
 just give you a little notice 'of the various kinds. There are three 
 kinds — sarcoptes. dermatodectes and symbiotes. The first is common 
 to man, the horse, pig, dog and cattle ; they burrow in the flesh. The 
 second prick the skin, but do not burrow, and are common to horse, 
 ox and sheep. The third live in families, and set up extensive irrita- 
 tion, but do not burrow into the skin. It is sometime before they 
 extend over any great amount of territory. They are common to the 
 horse, ox and elephant. Sarcoptes means to conceal in the flesh ; 
 dermatodectes to prick the skin ; and symbiotes to live in families. 
 The exciting cause of mange is parasite, and there are certain condi- 
 tions which favour its development. An attack of the sacoptes is 
 rather slow at first, but after a time it spreads very rapidly. It will 
 set up irritation in the skin of the human being, but will not propa- 
 gate. The second is most commonly met with in the horse ; it is 
 larger and more easily detected than other parasites, and is less seri- 
 ous. The third is supposed to live only on the horse, but it is found 
 on the ox and elephant. 
 
 Manffe in Horses is an eruptive contagious disease, due to para- 
 sites. The exciting cause is a cutaneous parasite ; but there are other 
 causes which tend to favour their production. Animals in poor con- 
 dition, with long, dirty hair, etc., are more liable to be attacked than 
 others ; but horses in good condition will be attacked. They are 
 more extensively seen during war. It may be communicated in 
 various ways, by harness, saddles, bridles, brushes, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — These parasites burrow and set up irritation, and min- 
 ute vesicles will be formed. Some burrow deeply, and the hair will 
 pull off easily. It is evinced by itchiness. It is more likely to be 
 about the tail or other such parts. In eczema, there are symptoms 
 similar, but it spreads more quickly, and sets up more irritation and 
 inflammation than in mange ; and if you have any doubt, you must 
 resort to a microscope. Just place some of the scales upon a piece of 
 paper, and you may detect them with the naked eye, or you may try 
 experiments upon your arm. Put some of the scales on your arm, 
 and if it is mange it will, after some time, set up an irritation. It is 
 not a very frequent disease among Canadian or American horses. 
 
 Treatment is somewhat difi&cult. Apply something that will destroy 
 the insects. The treatment is generally local, but constitutional 
 treatment may be necessary. The best is carbolic acid and lotion ; an 
 ounce of acid to a pint of water. I would recommend, after a careful 
 
42 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 examination, to clip the horse, as being a good practice in many cases, 
 especially in summer; wash the parts well, and then use the acid. 
 You must be careful in using carbolic acid, especially on dogs, for it 
 becomes absorbed, and kills by poisoning. Mercurial ointment, used 
 with caution, is good. Equal parts of oil of tar, sulphur and linseed 
 oil is also recommended, but makes the animal very dirty. Iodide of 
 sulphur, rubbed upon the parts, is another. Every practitioner has 
 his favourite remedies. Creosote one part to thirty parts of oil ; or, 
 wood tar half pound, soft soap one pound, dissolved in warm water. 
 If you try one, and it does not do, then try some other. In bad cases, 
 change remedies every few days. Give easily digested and nutritive 
 food, and if the animal is in poor condition, give arsenic two grains, 
 sulphate of iron two drachms. Keep the pores of the skin in proper 
 condition, which hastens the destruction of the parasites. Thoroughly 
 cleanse the harness, clothes, saddles, etc., and use carbolic acid upon 
 them. 
 
 Man^e in Cattle. — The symptoms are just the same as in the horse' 
 Dermatodectes is the kind generally found in cattle. You can apply 
 stronger and dirtier remedies in cattle than in horses. Sulphuret of 
 potassium, one ounce to ten ounces of water, once or twice a day, or 
 oil of tar, turpentine and train oil, but it will make the animal very 
 dirty. It will never do to cover any great surface of the skin with 
 mercurial ointment at one time, for it would be absorbed, but use it 
 on one part of the body one day and another part the next. 
 
 Scab in Slieep. — Is a very serious affection in some countries, 
 but not in Canada or the United States. The usual parasites are 
 dermatodectes. 
 
 Syviptonis are very well marked. Extreme itchiness ; the animals 
 will rub themselves upon any hard object ; the wool does not fall off 
 from the rubbing, but from the irritation of the skin. It extends over 
 a great extent of the skin, which takes away the animal's flesh. 
 
 Treatvieni. — Carbolic acid is the best thing to use. In Australia it 
 prevailed to a large extent, and there were men appointed to experi- 
 ment, and a great many remedies tried, and carbolic acid proved the 
 most effectual An ounce of creosote, dissolved in fifteen ounces of 
 spirits of wine, and sufficiently diluted with water, or an infusion of 
 tobacco ; one pint of oil of turpentine, one pound soft soap, one quart 
 of water ; or one ounce each of white hellebore and t bacco, to one 
 pint of water. To prevent the spread of the disease cleanse the pen 
 thoroughly, and do not put sheep in an infected pen for a considerable 
 length of time. 
 
 Mange in Dog's, — The parasites are generally the sarcoptes. 
 
 Sywptonts are generally very plain. There are certain exciting 
 causes, high feeding, dirt, etc. It usually attacks the back, about 
 the lumber vertebra, and extends to the head and neck, spreading 
 (juickly. Eczema usually attacks the belly, etc., while this attacks 
 the back. 
 
 Treatment. — Carbolic acid ; a mercurial ointment. Clip the hair 
 nicely, and apply the remedy I have applied carbolic acid as strong 
 as one to eight. Do not apply either carbolic acid or blue ointment 
 over much surface at once. You may use general remedies, purgative, 
 etc. Cats may be attacked, and the same treatment is used. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 43 
 
 PARASITIC DISEASES. 
 
 Ring- Worm. — Is caused by a parasite derived from a vegetable, 
 and consists in a parasitic growth of organized cells. It attacks all 
 animals, either in poor or in good condition. The parasites come in 
 contact with the skin in many ways, and burrow pretty deeply, and 
 generally affect the state of the hair, and appear upon any part of 
 the body, but especially upon the head and neck. They work in 
 rings, hence the name ring-worm. The coat is staring, and if the 
 disease is not checked, it will extend almost all over the body, and 
 may produce death. Ordinary ring- worms are communicable among 
 men one to another, and from the horse to man. If we make a close 
 examination we find a brownish elevation in the patches. The symp- 
 toms are the same as in cattle, but the patches may have larger eleva- 
 tions. These parasites are embedded about the roots of the hair. 
 
 Treatment. — Iodine or iodide of potassium, one drachm each to one 
 ounce of lard. Wash well before applying the ointment ; or you may 
 use carbolic acid; touch the elevations with a pencil of nitrate of 
 silver, especially in cattle. Give constitutional treatment, especially 
 if the animal is in poor condition. It is more easily treated in cattle 
 and horses than in man. In 
 
 Irritation of the skin, the result of lousiness, both in cattle and 
 horses, there is a dirty appearance of the coat. Improper grooming, 
 feeding, etc., may cause it. Horses in good condition or upon pasture 
 seldom have it. It is easily detected. It sets up much irritation, 
 preventing the animal from thriving. 
 
 Treatment. — The animal affected should be separated from others. 
 Put him in a clean box ; have him well washed with soap and water ; 
 use carbolic acid, mercurial ointment ; just putting small patches 
 upon certain parts will do, just about the head, neck, tail, etc. Use 
 Stavesacre seed one ounce, white hellebore one ounce, put into one 
 gallon of water and boil to one quart. You will find great benefit from 
 clipping the horse, if in the spring of the year, and the coat is long. 
 
 Poultry Lousiness, which appears to be an eczematic condition of 
 the skin. There is considerable irritation, greater than from horse 
 lice. The animal sometimes rubs himself to a great extent. Make a 
 close examination and you will notice lice, which are much smaller 
 than horse lice. They may appear at all seasons of the year. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the causes, take the horse from affected 
 stables You may clip the hair, especially if in the spring. You may 
 sometimes clip him all over. This is a very common affection. I 
 inquire where the animal has been standing ; if in close proximity to 
 poultry, remove the cause, and then "treat as for other lice. There is 
 sometimes considerable irritation set up by maggots They are the 
 larvae of the blue fly, and sometimes attack horses' ears in the United 
 States. Treat by cleansing the parts well ; then use carbolic acid 
 lotion, and keep up the application for some time ; tincture of benzoin, 
 and oil of tar, turpentine and linseed oil, etc. Cover and keep the 
 flies away from him. Ticks are also very annoying to some animals, 
 especially sheep. Brush thoroughly, and use any of the applications 
 I have given you. There are certain flies that are troublesome at 
 certain times of the year, and are more troublesome some years than 
 others ; not so troublesome to horses as cattle. Some years ago they 
 set up such an irritation that it was thought to be some disease. 
 They are most troublesome in August or September. The animals 
 will run into the water and then out ; and this, together with the irri- 
 
44 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OK 
 
 tation set up by the flies, will make them be one swollen mass, from 
 both congestion and irritation. The flies present much the same 
 appearance as the house flies, but differ from them in having a sharp 
 proboscis. 
 
 Remedies. — It is good practice to recommend cattle to be kept in 
 during the day and allowed to run out at night. Equal parts of oil of 
 tar, benzoin and linseed oil, carbolic acid lotion, are very nice in such 
 cases. 
 
 Warbles in Cattle. — Having them in a horse is a mistake. This 
 is produced by a fly, which deposits an egg through the skin. The 
 puncture irritates to some extent ; this egg hatches, grows to a certain 
 extent, and produces an elevation called grub in the skin. They are 
 more likely to attack an animal of thin skin. Fine-bred cattle are 
 more liable to this than the opposite. The animal rubs and scratches 
 himself; after a time the grub comes out, or you may cut it out, or 
 puncture with a hot wire ; but it is better to use a lancet and take 
 it out. 
 
 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 The nervous system consists of a central portion, the cerebro- 
 spinal axis, emanating from which there are a number of white 
 glistening cords, called nerves. The centre or axis is divided into 
 two portions, one large and expanded, called encephalon, or brain. 
 The other is elongated in form, and is known as the spine or spinal 
 cord. There are nerves leaving this system, and are distributed to 
 those parts of the body under control of the will ; these are called 
 nerves of animal life ; they go to the muscles. There are two chains 
 of nervous ganglia, which extend along the vertebral column. The 
 nerves emanating from these are called nerves of organic life, and are 
 distributed to the viscera, heart, glands, and blood vessels. Some 
 parts are under the control of both these nerves. In the formation of 
 nerves we have two elementary structures : nerve cells and nerve 
 fibres ; the white and the gray matter. Ganglionic corpuscles are 
 found in the nerve centres, and in the extreme end organs of some of 
 the nerves they are capable of generating nerve force. They convey 
 impressions to and from the brain. The coverings of the brain and 
 cerebro-spinal cord are the dura-mater or outer, arachnoid or middle, 
 and pia-mater or the inner. The processes given off in the brain are 
 falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli. The central covering, the arachnoid, 
 belongs to the serious class of membranes, and like all such mem- 
 branes, presents two coverings, the parietal and visceral. The pia- 
 mater is formed of minute blood vessels, held together by areolar 
 tissue. The dura-mater is attached to the cranial cavity, but is not so 
 attached in the spine. The brain proper is divided into four parts : 
 the cerebrum, cerebellum, pons varoli, and medulla oblongate. The 
 cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by a longitudinal fissure, in 
 which the falx cerebri is lodged. The medulla oblongata is a con- 
 tinuation of the brain. The nerves which pass from the brain are 
 cranial nerves. There are twelve or nine pairs ; we generally take it 
 at twelve. They are : 
 
 First, Olfactory, or nerve of the special sense of smell. 
 
 Second, Optic, or nerve of the special sense of sight, which presents 
 no sensibility. These fibres start in two roots. Some pass from the 
 right side to the left bulb, and vice versa ; and some pass straight on 
 to the eye of the same side ; and some cross from one side to the other, 
 and do not go to the eye. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 45 
 
 Third, Motoires Oculorum, is a motor nerve ; it gives a part to each 
 eye ; it is distributed to all the muscles of the eyeball except external 
 straight and superior oblique. 
 
 Fourth, Pathetic ; motor to the eye and superior oblique. 
 
 Fifth, Trifacial mixed, common and special, sensation and motor ; 
 it is a large nerve and divides into three branches, the superior and 
 inferior maxillary, and the opthalmic. 
 
 Sixth, Abducens ; motor to the abdutor muscles of the eye. If this 
 muscle was paralyzed, the eye v^ould be turned inward. 
 
 Seventh, Facial motor ; great motor of the muscles of the face, but 
 does not supply the muscles of mastication. 
 
 Eighth, Auditory ; the special sense of hearing. 
 
 Ninth, Glosso-pharangeal ; mixed, sensory and motor ; goes to the 
 tongue and pharynx. 
 
 Tenth, Pneumogastric ; goes to the stomach, lungs, pharynx, larynx 
 and trachea. It is a mixed nerve, but is highly important. 
 
 Eleventh, The spinal accessory ; mixed. 
 
 Twelfth, Hypoglossal ; goes to the tongue. It is motor. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE NEEVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 Such diseases are not so numerous as in the human being, but we 
 have well marked nervous diseases in the horse, and sometimes they 
 do not give well marked symptoms. The brain has certain coverings 
 which are closely related with the brain. The one being diseased, 
 involves the other. 
 
 Cerebritis Encephalitis. —It is known by another name, which 
 does not explain the pathology, but explains the symptoms. It is 
 phrenitis ; the disease causes phrenzy. It is not a very common 
 affection, for you may have a severe affection of the brain without 
 phrenitis. It is generally congestion, and then inflammation acting 
 directly or indirectly upon the brain. There may be a formation of 
 matter or abscesses. Phrenitis may come from various causes — injury 
 to the skull ; concussion of the skull; concussion of the brain, with or 
 without fracture of the skull ; continued exposure to the heat ; from 
 high condition ; from affections of the digestive organs, or you may 
 have a pure case from causes which cannot be accounted for. A great 
 many classes of diseases, that produce great mortality, are caused by 
 diseases of the brain and spinal cord. It is the result of debilitating 
 diseases, from strangles, from matter forming in the brain, tumours, 
 abscesses, etc., causing congestion and inflammation. The brain is 
 largely supplied with blood. 
 
 Symptoms. — The premonitory symptoms are marked dulness, exces- 
 sive drowsiness. If the animal is standing in a stall, he will rest his 
 head against the manger. The pupil contracted, which afterwards 
 becomes dilated ; the pulse full, and may be very low, as low as twenty 
 beats per minute, and afterwards becomes quick. There is a peculiar 
 breathing; not such as is found in pneumonia, etc., but just a stentor- 
 ious breathing. These symptoms are followed by general excitement 
 and perfect phrenzy ; the pulse quicker, and the breathing loud ; the 
 animal reels about the box; the head high (but in some cases this is 
 just the reverse) ; will rear up, and get the feet in the manger, and 
 stand in such a position. At other times will lie upon the side, and 
 double the head under the breast and fore leg. Moves just like a piece 
 of machinery at times. At other times, as if for relief, he may carry 
 the head to one side, due to the part or parts affected. It is almost 
 impossible to lead the animal ; he will reel around and fall down. The 
 
40 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANT) TREATMENT Of 
 
 paroxysm may pass off, and the animal will remain quiet for some 
 time, and then have another attack. It is likely to terminate fatally. 
 The convulsions become more frequent and alarming. He will place 
 his head between his fore legs, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — It is sometimes dangerous to attempt treating it. 
 Use the anti-phi'ogistic treatment. Give a good dose of purgative 
 medicine, six to twelve, or if a very heavy horse, you may give 
 fifteen to sixteen drachms of aloes ; may give aconite, or blood- 
 letting may be of great benefit ; give injections freely, but I do not 
 recommend opiates to any great extent. But you might in some 
 cases give chloroform, morphia, etc. Give bromide of potassium in 
 pretty good doses. Apply cold to the head — cold water or ice. If the 
 symptoms are not extremely violent, do not give up the case, for your 
 labours may be crowned with success. If the pulse is tolerably 
 strong, and the animal is not perspiring freely, there is hope. If the 
 animal is in good condition, not too fat nor too lean, it is good prac- 
 tice, in some cases, to draw blood. If an animal dies from inflamma- 
 tion of the brain, you will find an increased amount of blood to the 
 brain, or you may find blood in the ventricle of the brain. You com- 
 bine calomel with aloes, and croton oil is sometimes recommended, 
 but in combination with these do not give as much aloes as you would 
 without them. 
 
 Sunstroke. — Common to all animals, more common to man than 
 animals ; common among hard- worked horses in the hot months of 
 summer. It is a congested state of the blood vessels of the brain, 
 with loss of sensation and of voluntary motion. 
 
 Causes. — Exposure to the hot sun, as a general thing, but there are 
 predisposing causes, as over-stimulating diet, breathing impure air, 
 etc. Horses in good, healthy condition, with moderate exercise, 
 regular habits, etc., are not so liable to an attack; but an animal in 
 perfect health may be attacked. 
 
 Symptoms. — There may be premonitory symptoms before the vio- 
 lent symptoms ; dulness ; animal may have been doing work, but 
 has been dull; appetite impaired, dryness of the skin, increased tem- 
 perature of the skin ; horse does not sweat readily. I have noticed 
 this in connection with street railway horses ; would show such 
 symptoms for two, three, or even four days, before showing severe 
 symptoms. Animal will show a staggering gait in acute symptoms ; 
 may fall, struggle for some time, and then lie quite still for some 
 time, from complete loss of power ; or he may not lose all power, may 
 try to rise, fall and injure himself in this way ; pupil dilated; pulse 
 quick and weak, breathing stentorious ; will offer no resistance when 
 you attempt to raise him. 
 
 Treatment. — If the animal is in a semicomatose condition, it will 
 be difficult to give medicine ; but apply cold water to the head, by 
 means of wet cloths, or take ice and pound and put it into a bag, and 
 place over the head. Keep the body warm, stimulate, use tepid water 
 and turpentine, and if the animal can swallow, give stimulants ; one 
 ounce nitrous ether to two or three ounces of water. But if the power 
 of swallowing is gone, be very careful in giving medicine by the 
 mouth, for there is danger of it passing into the trachea. Try hypo- 
 dermic injections of ether. I have tried it in cases where there was 
 great prostration. If the animal show signs of returning conscious- 
 ness, there is hope of recovery. If he wishes to drink, give nice cold 
 water, and if you think he can stand, help him up. Give small doses 
 of purgative medicine in most cases; and give bromide of potassium. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIilALS. 47 
 
 and watch closely for some time, for it is sometimes very deceptive ; 
 when you think it doing well, it may terminate fatally. It may show 
 impaired nervous influence for some time after ; use bromide potas- 
 sium and stimulants. Animals may be prevented from sunstroke, 
 after premonitory symptoms, by putting off work, and using judicious 
 preventives — st mulants, followed by a gentle laxative. But if put to 
 work in such cases he may present a well marked case of sunstroke. 
 This may affect the spinal cord to a certain extent ; give injections, 
 and keep from the rays of the sun 
 
 Concussion of the Brain is rather common. It may result from 
 the horse running away and coming in contact with some obstacle ; 
 rearing up and falling back. It is not so common in horses as in man. 
 The animal may rally quickly, die suddenly, or linger for some time ; 
 may have some congestion of the brain. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal loses all power and sensibility ; may have 
 convulsions, or may lie without any signs of life, pupil dilated, pulse 
 weak ; even if the pulse is quick but regular, there is hope of recovery, 
 but if there is a case of fracture, there is not so much hope. But if 
 there are any signs of consciousness, and the animal attempts to get 
 up, he will rise upon the hind legs first, and it will be some time 
 before he can get the forequarters up. In some cases the animal gets 
 well quickly. 
 
 Treatment. — Similar to that of sunstroke ; cold water to the head, 
 but not in very cold weather. Covering the body and leaving the 
 head vincovered, may do instead of water in very cold weather. Small 
 doses of stimulants ; keep the body warm ; give injections, and get 
 him upon his feet, and you may have to use slings. You may have 
 phrenzy present itself, and if it does, treat according to treatment of 
 phrenzy. A horse suffering from concussion may stand with head 
 hanging down, from impaired circulation. Hypostatic congestion is 
 likely to follow ; nostrils and head swollen, etc. In such cases, sup- 
 port the head well with nice wide web ; or if you cannot support it, 
 you may find it necessary to lay the horse down. Give laxative medi- 
 cine; it is of great use in such cases. Bathe the limbs with warm 
 water in all cases where the circulation of the blood is impaired. 
 Blood-letting in such cases I do not think is to be recommended, but 
 there may be exceptional cases. 
 
 Megrims, Epilepsy, Vertiaro, Head Stag:gers. are morbid condi- 
 tions of the brain, getting the names from the way the horse uses 
 himself. It may proceed from a variety of causes. It may be from 
 temporary congestion of the brain, or may result from anything that 
 will interfere with the flow of blood. It may be symptomatic of dis- 
 ease of the heart. Some horses suffer from working in a collar, which 
 would not so suffer if put under the saddle ; but it generally comes 
 from some obscure cause, as faulty digestion, but most likely just due 
 to some morbid condition of the brain, very hard to account for, or 
 you may find a tumour in the brain. A highly nervous animal is 
 more subject than one of the opposite temperament. 
 
 Symptoms. — Attack is sudden ; the animal staggers, is unmanage- 
 able, and falls to the^ ground. Symptoms may pass in a few minutes, 
 and the animal may in some cases be as well as ever. But such a 
 horse is a very dangerous animal to handle, for he may fall or become 
 perfectly unmanageable at any time. It is due to temporary conges- 
 tion of the brain, or to impaired flow of blood to the head. In some 
 cases you have the premonitory symptoms, such as dulness, peculiar 
 appearanceof the eye, etc., while in others you do not have the symp- 
 
48 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 toms. This drowsiness may not appear, but if the horse has been 
 subject to it, this will very likely appear. 
 
 Treatment. — It is seldom you are called to treat such a case, but if 
 you are. dash cold water upon the head. After horse has recovered 
 from the attack, give a purgative, followed by bromide of potassium ; 
 keep upon good food, and he may never have another attack, but if 
 due to peculiar formation, he will likely have it again. A peculiar 
 straight-necked horse I think more liable to it than others. Choking 
 may be taken for megrims, from its exhibiting similar symptoms. 
 
 Preventives. — Use cold water to the head, keeping it cool ; some use 
 shade over head in very hot weather. Cerebral tumour may produce it. 
 
 Cerebral Tumours. — These may be found in connection with the 
 choroid plexus. They may be due to a tubercular tendency in the ox. 
 but not in the horse. Hard work may produce them and a very ner- 
 vous temperament may have a tendency to produce them. They may 
 cause various symptoms, such as megrims, inflammation of the brain, 
 etc. They may attain great size, and then interfere with the function 
 of the brain. Nothing can be done for such tumours. You may 
 relieve the symptoms of the nervous system. 
 
 Thickeninir of the Diira«mater. — It is hard to tell just what may 
 cause it, but it is most likely to come from a rheumatic tendency. 
 
 Softenini? of the Brain is seldom met with in the horse. It may 
 be due to certain causes, such as slight inflammatory action, food 
 having a narcotic action, etc., and interfering with the action of the 
 brain, more or less cerebral disturbance, paralysis, dilated pupil, etc. 
 
 Hypertrophy of the brain and oozing of the brain has been noticed. 
 A portion of the brain may be removed, and the animal live. 
 
 Atrophy may also be found, causing partial or complete loss of 
 power, but there are no distinguishing symptoms by which to tell this 
 disease. 
 
 Melanatic Deposits are also found in the brain, a deposit of a dark 
 substance, which we find in the pigment cells, and it is more common 
 in white horses. These tumours have been noticed in the brain and 
 spinal cord. 
 
 Bony Tumours, or Exostosis. — Fibrous tissue develops bone, and 
 you may have them from fibrous tissue. They have been found of 
 considerable size in cattle without disturbing the animal, but they 
 will in time disturb him. It is very difficult to diagnose these differ- 
 ent cases, and say just what is the precise lesion present. 
 
 Concussion of the Spine. — I think this has been well noticed in 
 man, and is likely to be produced by severe injury in the horse, as 
 getting fast, running away, falling over a bank, etc. I do not mean to 
 say that in these you have very well marked symptoms. But in a few 
 hours after receiving the injury the animal shows difficulty in walking 
 without the muscular system being much injured, but I believe that it 
 is from concussion of the spine. Now if you meet with a case, and 
 you suspect this, keep the animal quiet and give laxatives ; feed upon 
 bran; give belladonna, bromide of potassium, and if allowed a good, 
 long rest, the animal may get well ; but if not so treated inflammation 
 comes on, which will be 
 
 Spinitis, and it may be produced in the manner which I have given 
 you ; putting to work too soon after concussion. It is sometimes due 
 to the animal injuring the back, and producing paralysis of the hind 
 quarters. It may be due to severe exertion, or undue nervous excite- 
 ment, and entire horses are more liable to it than mares or geldings. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 49 
 
 from more nervous excitability, due to what they are used to, and it 
 may be produced by poison being absorbed into the system. 
 
 Symptoms are not very well marked, and vary according to the 
 severity of the attack ; may not be very alarming at lirst, but increases 
 in severity, and you will find intense fever ; the animal suffers to a 
 great extent, staggers in walking— may fall and have great difficulty 
 in getting up ; battering of the fetlocks, etc. I saw one case of frac- 
 ture of the fetlock in trying to get up. There are such symptoms in 
 azotaria, and I think I knew one case destroyed for spinitis that was 
 only suffering from azoturia. It is different in stallions ; quick pulse, 
 impairei appetite ; in backing, or in bringing the limbs back, there is 
 a peculiar jerking of the tail ; after which paralysis sets in. It is 
 rare that the entire horse becomes paralyzed at once, but they often 
 become irritable for some time, after which paralysis sets in. 
 
 Treatment.— It you suspect congestion of the spine, give a purgative 
 and injections. Try ergot of rye, and if there is great difficulty in 
 rising, try slings. Afterward you may use nerve stimulants, but do 
 not use them in acute congestion of the blood vessels, but use such 
 remedies as will counteract the supply of blood. The result of this is 
 
 Paralysis, either partial or complete; loss of sensibility or motion. 
 It may be divided into two classes — perfect and imperfect. Perfect is 
 where there is both loss of motion and sensibility ; imperfect is loss of 
 either without the loss of the other. We may further divide it into 
 partial and complete. If the attack is complete, death soon results. 
 If it attacks one half of the body longitudinally, it is called hemi- 
 plegia ; this is common in the human being. If it affects the hind 
 quarters, it is paraplegia. Reflex paralysis is due to something acting 
 upon and affecting the nervous system, as colic and such affections. 
 If the spine is affected, all the parts are affected behind the seat of the 
 injury. If injured in the cervical region, death is almost instan- 
 taneous from paralysis of respiration. 
 
 Hemiplegia generally results from injury to the brain, and is 
 occasionally due to sun-stroke, tumours, etc. ; and there are other 
 conditions that may produce it, but these are the most likely to pro- 
 duce it Nervous excitement and the use of intoxicating liquors produce 
 it in man, concussions of the brain, etc. The animal cannot walk 
 straight, goes in a circle ; the muscles waste to some extent ; you 
 may relieve the symptoms. Use anything that would relieve con- 
 gestion ; afterwards use nervous stimulants. It is very slow getting 
 well. There is not much success treating paralysis of the posterior 
 extremities. Jt may be produced in many ways in the entire horse : 
 from spinal irritation ; too much covering, which sets up inflamma- 
 tion of the spine Another cause is injury, as the horse is being cast 
 in the stall, or thrown for operation (and it would be well to explain 
 to the owner that there is some danger in throwing a horse); or it 
 may be due to a severe strain, such as hunting horses are subject to, 
 or from slipping, or fracture of the spine, etc., and it may come from 
 such injury where there is no misplacement. 
 
 Symptoms.— '^Ho.xiy very plain cases have occurred by irritation of 
 the spine, as falling into a ditch, etc., causing more or less loss of 
 power. If the animal lies down he has great difficulty in getting up, 
 generally, but may get up easily. In perfect paralysis the symptoms 
 are very plain ; if the animal is down he tries to get up upon the fore 
 feet, but there is no action in the hind limbs ; may show signs of 
 severe pain. If you draw the hind leg forward, the animal offers no 
 resistance. The pulse runs up pretty quick. But these symptoms 
 3 
 
50 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 may show themselves in azoturia, without the spine being injured. 
 An animal sometimes loses power, and is unable to rise, but can, in i 
 exceptional cases, move the tail for some time after the other parts 
 are motionless, and there may be some feeling in the tail also. If it i 
 is due to fracture, you may have the animal destroyed if it is com- " 
 plete ; but if only partial, you may treat. , 
 
 Treatment — It is good practice to place in slings, if there is diffi- ! 
 culty in getting up, but can still bear a certain amount of his weight « 
 upon his legs, for a horse will not live long if he does not support : 
 some of his weight upon his legs. If in the early stages, and you sus- ; 
 pect congestion, try belladonna and ergot of rye. Ergot twelve ■ 
 drachms daily, atropine two grains daily. Use belladonna internally ' 
 and externally, and stimulate the loins with some mild stimulant, and i 
 do not feed very high ; and when you think but little or no irritation ; 
 remains, use a nerve stimulant, two to four grains of strychnine daily, ; 
 or nux vomica one or two drachms, daily, also stimulate the loins • 
 with a stimulating liniment, or even blister. A newly-fiayed sheep- ; 
 skin has been recommended, and you will find benefit from iodide of ; 
 potassium and bromide of potassium, in pretty large doses. I i 
 prefer the bromide. If the animal is in poor condition, you may feed 
 pretty well and try tonics, but if it is a case of three or four months' ( 
 standing, there is but little hope of recovery. Electricity is of use in J 
 paralysis. Extremes of heat and cold have no doubt something to do \ 
 with paralysis in horses, especially in stallions, but not so much as i 
 nervous excitement. 1 
 
 Paralysis of the Lips is common in the horse ; may occur in any j 
 animal. * The nerve is implicated. It may occur in various ways — j 
 from injury to the brain, irritating the origin of the nerve, and caus- | 
 ing it. Such a case is generally incurable. A heavy head-stall may i 
 produce it, by interfering with the flow of blood to some extent, or j 
 pulling violently upon the bridle ; injury of any sort may produce it, j 
 exciting himself in the stall, exposure to extreme cold is a common j 
 cause. The nerve is very much exposed, and cold irritates it. j 
 
 Symptoms. — Hanging of the lip ; in a majority of cases it is confined ! 
 to one side, the other side drawn up to some extent, difficulty of pre- j 
 hension, in drinking he will place the mouth deep into the bucket, j 
 The lip hangs in almost one condition ; similar to purpura, but there 1 
 is no swelling in paralysis. Examine closely into the case as to the | 
 head-stall, etc. I 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the exciting cause and foment, especially if j 
 from exposure to cold, and use a mild stimulant, such as the cam- 
 phorated liniment. If the case becomes obstinate, give laxative ' 
 medicine, and follow with bromide of potassium. Although it is due ', 
 to local influence, treat internally. Try the effect of a slight blister. ; 
 If it is due first to irritation of the nerve, use one part of biniodide of ' 
 mercury to eight of lard. If it is due to any brain trouble, there is ; 
 not much hope of recovery. i 
 
 Hydrocephiiiiis, or Water in the Brain.— It is generally congeni- ] 
 tal in the lower animals, and it is rare that the animal lives for any ; 
 great length of time, but human subjects do live. If much water is 1 
 present, it interferes with the brain to a considerable extent. I 
 
 Symptoms. — It is associated with tubercular influences. Well-bred ] 
 cattle especially suffer from tubercular deposits. Water accumulated \ 
 perhaps in connection with the archnoid, and although it is a fluid, it ] 
 acts upon the soft sutures, which yield rapidly to a liquid. The head \ 
 attains an enormous size in some cases. It is gradual in progression, \ 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 51 
 
 the body emaciated to a considerable extent. We are seldom called to 
 treat such cases, but in parturition you may be troubled with this, 
 and you will just puncture and let the water out. It is possible for 
 an animal to have it and live for some time, but if in a puny, sickly 
 animal, it would be best to recommend its destruction. There may 
 be effusion into the frontal sinuses, which you can also puncture. 
 
 StiiV4ly or WiiJ. — It is caused by the hydatid coenurus cerebralis. 
 It is developed from the tape-worm of the dog. The eggs of the tape- 
 worm are taken into the system of the sheep and developed, causing 
 what is called sturdy, or gid. Experiments that have been made of 
 those sheep that received the ovum of the taenia coenurus, showed 
 that one-half became affected in from ten to sixty days. It consists 
 of a body with many heads, which irritate the substance involved. 
 It may not set up much irritation for some time. 
 
 Symptoms. — If it is but one hemisphere, the animal will go round 
 and round, either to the right or left, depending upon the position of 
 the disease. If it is between the lobes of the brain, the head will be 
 carried high, perhaps ; but if in the medulla oblongata, the animal 
 cannot walk very well, if at all. These pin-like heads inay find the 
 cranial bone, and cause absorption of it, and they may even come out 
 through the skin of the parts. In such cases you can detect them 
 through the softened condition of the bone ; sometimes, but not 
 always. We are not often called to treat such cases. They can be 
 removed by trephining the bone, and sucking out the parasites through 
 a camula, by means of a syringe. It may prove successful. 
 
 Stridg'-Halt. — The opposite to paralysis. So named from the action 
 of the animal. It is entirely due to some lesion or lesions of the nervous 
 system, but just what part of the nervous system it is difficult to tell. 
 Some say a part of the spinal cord ; others say a part of the brain, and 
 others of the nerves supplying the hind extremeties. We see animals 
 affected with this for years, but this could not be if the brain was much 
 affected It is produced by some lesions or abnormal condition of the 
 nerve going to the parts, as a general thing, but may be due to some 
 lesion of the spinal cord. It is easily detected, as a general thing. 
 
 Symptoms. — Violent spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the 
 limb. And of the muscles, the extensors are oftener affected than any 
 others. The symptoms vary much. It may be so slight that you cannot 
 notice it by moving the horse forward. The leg may be brought entirely 
 up to the abdomen. The horse does not show it at all times ; but may 
 show it, and then go for some time, and again show it, etc. It is best 
 seen in turning the horse around, and you may have difficulty in making 
 up your mind whether it is a natural or unnatural condition. Push the 
 animal back, and from fide to side. There is one form that shows itself 
 in the stable, which does not show it outside, but after standing in the 
 stable for some time and then taken out, shows it. 
 
 Causes. — The exciting cause is hard to give, but is most likely to occur 
 in highly nervous horses. It sometimes results from blistering for ring- 
 bone, which may have irritated the nerves in some way. I think another 
 cause is clipping, and exposing to the cold afterwards. The symptoms 
 are better marked in winter than in summer. Some show it in winter 
 that do not show it in summer at all It is an unsoundness, and a dis- 
 ease. You must look out for this in your examinations for soundness. 
 But it does not interfere with the animal for work to any great extent. 
 It is likely to be progressive. 
 
 Treatment.— It is an incurable disease, but may be palliated by attend- 
 ing to the feed. Give a purgative, and you might use bromide of potas- 
 
52 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AS'D TREATMENT OJ 
 
 sium, especially if it is suddenly developed. Put him in a comfortable 
 place ; keep him nice and warm; Another cause is irritation caused by 
 castration, either from irritating the nerve in throwing him, or in irritat- 
 ing the nerve of the testicle in such animals as showed no signs of it 
 before. . •. 
 
 Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. — This disease is more extensive than it 
 was some years ago. It is congestion, followed by more or less inflam- 
 matory action of the coverings of the spinal cord and brain, due to a 
 congested state of the blood vessels This appears to be a comparatively 
 new disease, and is found principally on this continent It does occur 
 in other places, but not so frequently. I am inclined to the opinion of 
 some others, that the sympathetic system is involved and implicated to 
 some extent, perhaps from some noxious conditions in the blood. It 
 generally appears to the greatest extent to those that are breathing im- 
 pure air and using improper food. Soldiers established in barracks are 
 more subject. It is generally met with in horses in large cities, where 
 they are crowded together to a great extent. Anything that is debilitat- 
 ing tends to produce it. It is more severe and fatal in crowded stables. 
 Some say it attacks healthy as well as horses in poor condition. If this 
 is so, then it is due to atmospheric influence. It is ditticult to say what 
 is the exciting cause. It may be dme to atmospheric influence, local 
 causes, vegetable poisons, grass containing narcotic properties, etc., 
 affecting the cerebro-spinal nerves, and sympathetic as well. It appears 
 in various forms, and the 
 
 Symptoms vary according to the parts affected. Some show the spine 
 affected, and others the brain. Sometimes it shows itself by loss of 
 power, especially of the posterior extremeties. The appetite is impaired, 
 or completely gone. An animal may be in apparently good health, and 
 in twenty-four hours will present the above symptoms. The temperature 
 does not vary to any great extent ; in some it is increased, in others 
 decreased. The tremors or spasms show themselves in different parts, 
 In the early stage the pufse is not accelerated generally, but may be even 
 slower than natural. In other cases there will be a peculiar involuntary 
 jerking ; the animal reels about, and in some severe cases falls or lies 
 down, and is unable to rise ; the bowels usually costive ; urine of a 
 brownish colour, and retained in the bladder, but is not so dark as in 
 azoturia. As well as of loss of power in the posterior extremeties, you 
 will have well marked cerebral disturbance, and a comatose state, which, 
 in some cases, lasts until death closes the scene. One symptom is par- 
 alysis of the muscles of deglutition, and it will lead (especially a non- 
 professional man) to think of acute inflammation of the larynx. I have 
 had some difficulty in saying whether a ca=e was meningitis or typhoid 
 fever. I am more and more convinced every day that cattle and horses 
 suffer from nervous diseases, and that without knowing how to account 
 for it. It is more common with animals that are grazing in the bush, 
 eating grass that may have become over-ripe, which acts first upon the 
 digestive and then upon the nervous system. The symptoms are dul- 
 ness, produced in a short time; costive condition of the bowels; appetite 
 gone ; thirst intense. If you give him a pail of water, he will place his 
 head in it, and you think he was drinking rapidly, but you will find that 
 nothing has been taken, for he is not able to swallow. These are 
 prominent symptoms. He may get the water in his mouth, but cannot 
 swallow it ; but not from any soreness. The animal may show slight 
 abdominal pain, and when he lies down he has no inclination to get up, 
 but will lie stretched out ; may move the legs. The pupil becomes 
 dilated ; the mucous membrane becomes impaired, although in the first 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 53 
 
 stages they may have been infected ; but after the convulsive paroxysms 
 become more frequent they become more impaired. He may become 
 perfectly comatose. 
 
 Post mortem. — You will not notice very well marked changes, especi- 
 ally to the casual observer. So you must be very careful in making 
 examinations, especially if several become affected and die suddenly. 
 The stomach and bowels will be empty ; the blood vessels reddened ; 
 effusion in the arachnoid, and into the ventricle of the brain ; also 
 extravasation into the intestines in small spots, from the size of a pin 
 head to the size of your finger. You may find congestion of the lungs, 
 but it is generally hypostatic, from lying in one position. Examine the 
 brain and spinal cord There will be a reddened appearance of the 
 coverings, and well marked effusion in the brain ; but there may be but 
 little of this reddened condition, and generally but little the matter with 
 the throat. The irritation of the throat in a pure case of meningitis 
 is generally due to some other cause, as the improper administration 
 of, or the giving of improper medicines. 
 
 Causes. — *Atmospheric influence, or it may occur in an epizootic form, 
 from one cause operating on all at one time ; water containing a great 
 amount of organic matter ; decomposition acting upon and affecting the 
 nervous system. I have noticed some cases which I took were caused by 
 using water containing drainage from the stable. In some cases it affects 
 the spine more than the brain, hence the name. I have noticed some 
 cases, and I almost think it was influenza severely affecting the nervous 
 system 
 
 Treatment. — If there is a complete loss of power, of course it is hope- 
 less : but if taken in the earlier stages, where it is confined to the 
 spine, it may be treated. You must treat to relieve congestion, and try 
 to prevent the spread of the disease. Use hyposulphite of soda, and 
 change the food. Belladonna is highly recommended, one, two, or three 
 drachms a day, and continue for some time, or its alkaloid atropine ; or 
 give ergot of rye in two drachm doses ; bromide of potassium in two or 
 three drachm doses. Use judiciously a good stimulant — hyposulphite of 
 soda may be tried. If there is a loss of power, use slings, but not unless 
 he can bear some of his weight upon the limbs. It is very difficult to 
 treat a horse after he has laid for some time, as he will be covered with 
 sores. You may give injections to act upon the bDwels, or use aloes, 
 two to four drachms ; but be careful if there is any irritation of the 
 bowels. After some time, if there'is still loss of power, use nux vomica. 
 If he is improving some, say in four or five days, take him out and allow 
 him to walk some ; try the effect of tonics. I have a tube which I can 
 insert through the oesophagus, for the purpose of giving stimulants 
 when there is loss of power, but have not tried it yet. Counter irritation 
 to the lungs, stimulating linaments, hot and cold applications have been 
 recommended, and I think may do good. Try hot and cold applications 
 alternately- It may produce a good effect If you think it does harm, 
 try other treatment. This disease is sometimes called cerebro- spinal 
 fever. There is a cause for every disease, but it is sometimes very 
 difficult to tell just what the cause is. 
 
 Chorea. — All spasmodic twitchings may come under the head of 
 chorea, but we may just retain the common name "string bait.'" Chorea 
 in the horse is a peculiar affection of the muscles of the hind extremi- 
 ties. It causes a kind of shivering, and the horse is called a shiverer, 
 from the trembling of the muscles. It is the result of some lesion of the 
 
 ♦ See the first part of the Lecture. 
 
54 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 nervous system, especially of the spinal cord, or you would have 
 paralysis. It varies in intensity and may show itself only when back- 
 ing the horse In fact, you will sometimes find a horse that you cannot 
 back at all, which may be from indisposition, or due to chorea. If the 
 horse walks straight along, you may see no signs ; bnt stop him, and 
 try to back him, and there is great difficulty. Tail raised up ; muscles 
 will jerk and shiver, etc. More common in highly nervous animals ; 
 more common in well bred horses than in coarse bred, and some breeds 
 are more subject to it than others. Some slight injury will produce it in 
 one predisposed to it. It is aggravated by any derangement of the 
 digestive organs, and will show itself in just about the same way, no 
 difference how it is produced. It is an unsoundness, but does not inter- 
 fere with the animals' usefulness very much. When you examine a 
 horse, back him pretty forcibly. If he cannot back and the tail raises 
 up, you may conclude such an animal is not sound. It is a progressive 
 disease. It may supervene castration. In such a case use bromide of 
 potassium in pretty fair doses, and then nux vomica; continued for some 
 time. You may have loss of power for some time ; or tail will jerk up ; 
 horse stands from side to side ; sits or falls down, and cannot get up 
 again It is just another form of chorea. You may think something is 
 the matter with the back, which might be possible, but more likely to be 
 from the spinal cord, which interfere with the great nerve passing to the 
 posterior extremities. In such a case the animal is entirely useless. 
 May trot along quite well for some distance, but put him in the stall and 
 excite him, and all the above symptoms will be seen. I do not think, as 
 a general thing, that anything can be done for it. Another form is 
 spasmodic action of the muscles of the fore extremities, and only shows 
 itself after the animal has been driven some time and is greatly excited, 
 when you will find well marked symptoms. Shows great lameness after 
 driving, but if allowed to stand for some time will show it but little ; 
 drive again, and similar symptoms will take place. In dogs we find 
 another form of chorea, in connection with distemper. Dogs may suffer 
 from epilepsy ; more likely to have epilepsy than the horse. All the 
 muscles of the head and body may become comatose, and so lie until 
 relieved by death. 
 
 Treatment. — Bromide of potassium, and then nux vomica. I believe 
 there is no better remedy than bromide of potassium. In epilepsy in 
 dogs, give porridge, etc., with small allowance of animal food. Allow 
 exercise and fresh air. 
 
 Convulsive Erg-otisiii. — More frequently met with in cattle than 
 other animals. Animals fed upon brewers' waste are more likely to have 
 it, but it may come from other well marked causes. Nothing exerts more 
 peculiar effect on animals than ergot. Most marked effects upon healthy 
 body, from long continued use, is diarrhiea, external suppuration, gan- 
 grene, and drojjping of the toes. Alarming symptoms have appeared 
 from the long-continued use of rye. Again it takes on the convulsive 
 form, which, I think, is the form met with in veterinary practice, but we 
 may meet with both forms. Sprouted corn may produce this. I think 
 it has been produced in this way. It affects both brain and cord. I 
 have seen in this city some cases that might be called ergotism, produced 
 by well marked causes. Sprouted grain produced it in the cases to 
 which I have referred in this city. It affected the nervous system, and 
 gave rise to well marked symptoms. If this food was acted upon by 
 boiling water, it would destroy its bad effects. 
 
 Symptoms. — Dull, drowsy appearance, almost comatose ; loss of power 
 in hind extremities. If you attempt to move him, or press upon his neck. 
 
DISEASES OV DOMESTIC AMIMALS. 55 
 
 he will fall upon his knees. Bowels costive, and those peculiar involun- 
 tary twitchings of the limbs, similar to poisoning with strychnine. 
 
 Post mortem appearance. — In cattle, in particular, there is a great 
 amount of food in paunch, and but little alteration to be noticed in the 
 true digestive system and small intestines. Increased vascularity in the 
 coverings of the brain and cord. Now ergot may affect animals differ- 
 ently, as whisky affects men. If you meet with such cases, give good 
 doses of purgative medicines, and get rid of the poison as quickly as you 
 can. Give stimulants and hypo-sulphite of soda, from one-half ounce to 
 one ounce. Stimulants are not of much use. but may bs of benefit in 
 some cases. Apoplexy may occur in hoi'ses, but it is rare. There is one 
 kind in cattle, due to slight spinal irritation. Symptoms, unable to rise ; 
 in comatose condition. 
 
 Treatment. — Eestrict food; give laxative, bromide of potassium, and 
 nux vomica. 
 
 Rabies, or Hydrophobia.— Called hydrophobia from dread of water ; 
 rabies, from rabia, to rave. It is a disease essentially of the nerves. 
 Symptoms produced from some cause acting upon the blood and affecting 
 the nerves. Not so frequent in this country as in more southern coun- 
 tries, but does occur on this continent. It is a virulent disease, and may 
 be developed in cat or dog spontaneously, but not in other animals. It 
 is a disease belonging to zymotic diseases. 
 
 Pathology. — It depends upon some peculiar alteration of the blood, 
 and affecting the nervous system. There will be no particular lesions in 
 any other parts of the system. Climate does not appear to influence this 
 disease as much as formerly supposed. It was supposed to be more likely to 
 be produced during dog-days than at any other time, but this view is not 
 very well established. As to the contagion of rabies, there is no doubt but 
 it is contagious, and the poison is in a fixed form, and is not transmitted 
 through the air, but must be by direct inoculation. It is more likely to 
 be in the saliva, but may come from any part of the body. It is said 
 that the flesh does not contain the virus, and that the flesh on an att'ected 
 animal could be eaten without danger, but it has been found that the 
 blood does contain it, and inoculation has been produced by the blood. 
 Others say that inoculation has been produced by the flesh. Virus is 
 most easily taken in by one animal biting another. It is recorded that 
 it may be taken in from skinning a dead animal, and taking the knife in 
 the mouth, and that without cutting the mouth, the virus being taken 
 into the system through the saliva ; but the hands are not susceptible, 
 unless there are sores on them. The power of the contagion varies to 
 some extent. It is impaired by passing through several bodies. The 
 most frequent mode of injection is by the teeth, and an animal having 
 been bitten by another, even before the disease had developed itself, may 
 become affected. The period of inoculation varies to some extent, from 
 ten days to five or six months. This has been found from experiments. 
 Some say that man has lived for years and then become aftected, but 
 such statements are not very reliable. Some animals are more subject to 
 it than others, and some have been known to resist it altogether. 
 
 Symptoms in the Dog. — The animal may become excited to a great 
 extent, and so become very dangerous. May also become dangerous if 
 suffering from brain or nervous disease. It is said to occur in two forms. 
 Animal does not become excited to any great extent ; there is a period of 
 dulness, followed by excitement. The violence may continue for some 
 days, then the animal becomes greatly exhausted — has a tendency to lie in 
 out-of-the-way places. May lie quietly for some time, then run about 
 and try to bite surrounding objects ; also has depraved appetite, eating 
 
0() CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OK 
 
 dirt, etc. This sjrmptom would also be symptomatic of indigestion, and 
 alone is not a significant symptom. Symptoms increase ; animal evinces 
 pain ; may be extremely quiet, and may be suddenly excited ; will not go 
 much out of his way to bite anything ; not like one savage dog attacks 
 another, but just snaps and runs on Is most furious to one of his own 
 species. Gives a peculiar hov^l : gets quiet, then symptoms occur 
 again, etc. Great ditficulty in swallowing may occur. Dogs do not have 
 this dread of water, but may lose the power of swallowing. 
 
 Post vwrteiii.—Make it carefully. Do not let any blood come in con- 
 tact with sores. Principal changes are in the nervous system, congestion 
 of the brain and spinal cord ; skin affected to a great extent ; more or 
 less changes in the stomach and bowels. No treatment is recommended ; 
 put out of the wa}' as soon as possible, also those that ha^e been bitten. 
 It is noticed in the horse but seldom. 
 
 Symptoms in the Horse. — Shows restlessness ; will bite at and rub the 
 seat of injury, followed by more or less cerebral disturbance, and perfect 
 phrenzy, and acts much like phrenitis ; but in phrenitis the animal is 
 not vicious. There may be paralysis either partial or complete ; will 
 bite in a peculiar way, not like a biting horse. Symptoms of cases I 
 have seen : peculiar dulness, excited, turns around, falls down, comes at 
 you like a vicious dog, loss of power in the hindquarters, growing worse 
 and worse until relieved by death. You may be called to prescribe for 
 an animal that has been bitten. 
 
 Treatment. — Use nitrate of silver or caustic potash freely upon the 
 parts where bitten. If deep, you may excise part of the flesh, and then 
 use caustic ujjon it It may prevent it. 
 
 Tetanus, or Locked Jaw. — 'Tetanus signifies to stretch. It is 
 essentially a nervous disease, due to irritation of the nerves. It is 
 difficult to find exact changes in the nerve;?. If the animal dies 
 quickly, not much change will be noticed. It is a very alarming, 
 serious, and fatal disease, but some cases recover. Locked jaw or 
 trismus is applied to it, from contraction of the master muscles. 
 Muscles principally aft'ected are the voluntary. It receivfs various 
 names from different muscles affected Muscles of the back affected, 
 opisthotonos, head and tail up ; cannot lower the head. In empros 
 thotonos, just the reverse takes place. If carried to one side, tetanus 
 lateralis. But in horses, in five cases out of six, it is trismus. Opis- 
 thotonos differs from ordinary contraction of the muscles in being of a 
 tonic character. There is great pain. It is said to be of two kinds, 
 receiving the names from the causes. If it is from a wound, it is trau- 
 matic ; if it comes without any visible injury or operation, it is diophatic. 
 There is rt ally no difference, one being from a visible, the other from an 
 invisible cause. It is thought to be produced by some derangement 
 of the digestive system Great quantities of worms, or bots, jn the 
 stomach, have been supposed to produce it. Any irritation acting upon 
 the nervous system may produce it. 
 
 Pathology. — It is essentially a nervous disease, producing atoma. 
 Generally affects the voluntary muscles ; but others may be affected, 
 even the diaphragm. In post mortem you will find different lesions in tbe 
 spine, or great nerves, emanating from the spine or brain. Muscular 
 tissue is extremely soft and flabby ; portions placed under the microscope 
 will be found to be altered to some extent. You have other lesions, as 
 congestion of the lungs, but it will be from lying on one side. There 
 are three forms — acute, sub-acute and chronic ; acute most serious. Sub- 
 acute more amenable to treatment ; but acute laminitis is easier treated 
 than the sub-acute. It is said to be due to a micro-organism. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 57 
 
 Causes of Traumatic— li is often produced by some injury or other 
 as picking up a nail, treading upon the foot. More likely to follow a 
 punctured than an incised wound. Wound seems to be doing well, but 
 in eight or ten days symptoms of tetanus appear, and may terminate 
 fatally. May occur from some very trifling operation, as docking, nick- 
 ing, castrating, although the operation was perforjaed in the right man- 
 ner ; but more likely to follow improper operations, and has occurred 
 from a blister. I will refer to one thing about castration. We find 
 serious results from cold. Standing in water sets up irritation. Of 
 twenty-four horses castrated, caused to be bathed in cold water, sixteen 
 of them died. It usually makes its appearance just about the time the 
 wound is healing ; generally from six to nine or ten days. Supposed to 
 be from the healing of the wound pressing upon the nerves. Highly ner- 
 vous animals are more subject to it than the opposite. It is more com- 
 mon in warm climates. 
 
 Symptoms. — Soon become very prominent and alarming. It is easily 
 detected ; need have no difficulty in diagnosing the second case, if well 
 marked. First symptom is a peculiar stiffness of the body ; animal holds 
 the head as if suffering from sore throat. Divisions of the muscles can 
 be plainly seen, especially if he is excited. Jerk him suddenly and he 
 will raise the head, and the membrane nictitans will come over the eye. 
 This is a symptom mistaken for the cause of the animal's suffering, and 
 this membrane has been removed. It is often about the first symptom 
 noticed if he is excited. In such a case look at the mouth. It cannot be 
 opened to full extent, if at all. Pulse not much affected nnless animal is 
 greatly excited. But the temperature is much affected, and if he is 
 excited, the pulse may run up twenty beats per minute very quickly. 
 Symptoms become more aggravated ; jaws close tighter ; saliva runs from 
 the mouth ; ears and tail erect ; nose extended ; great pain ; retain sense 
 until the last ; will fall or lie down, and may not be able to rise, and 
 death relieves the suffering. But in the subacute form, symptoms are 
 not so well marked. The animal may be able to eat enough soft food to 
 support him, but cannot masticate solid food. Death or recovery may 
 take place in from three to thirty days. The more acute the symptoms, 
 the more fatal the disease. 
 
 Treatment. — Is sometimes satisfactory, although it is a very fatal dis- 
 ease. If the horse has been attacked for some time with aggravated 
 symptoms, destroy him, but if he can eat, you may try treatment. There 
 is no specific. Attend to the proper care of the animal ; keep as quiet as 
 possible ; treat as a nervous fever ; keep in a comfortable box, away from 
 any noise ; cover slightly but not too heavy. Give constitutional treat- 
 ment — purgatives, six to eight drachms aloes ; injections if costive ; but 
 use no treatment that increases the irritation — belladonna, one drachm 
 two or three times per day. If the jaws are closed, place it back on the 
 tongue. Try hypodermic injections. Prussic acid is recommended of 
 late, given in the water if the animal can drink ; or it has been passed 
 into oesophagus through a tube. Woorari poison, chloroform inhalations, 
 may relieve for the time. Bromide of potassium, I think, is useful in 
 most cases of nervous affections. Feed upon sloppy food, hay and lin- 
 seed tea, and do not drench to any great extent. Give a'most any liquid 
 the animal can take. You may have to use slings ; ma.y swing at night 
 only. Blisters are not of much use. Cold applications might be tried. 
 Use local treatment if due to any injury. If in the foot, pare down and 
 allow the matter to escape, if any. You may have to take off the entire 
 sole. Poultice sores, and use belladona, two parts. Some use poultice of 
 hyoscyamus. Bathe the parts well, but not if it excites. It generally 
 
58 CAUSES, SYMl'TOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 takes twenty or thirty days before convalescence. Then give nutritive 
 food and tonic medicines. 
 
 LYMPHiTIC SYSTEH. 
 
 This system is formed of a great number of small vessels distributed 
 throughout the body, beginning in the network of small vessels, imbedded 
 in areolar tissue. These converge towards the lymphatic or absorbent sys- 
 tem. Absorption goes on by various means — to some extent by the blood 
 vessels. A swelling in the horse's leg is gotten rid of principally by the 
 lymphatic vessel?. It is a very important system. These vessels derived 
 their name from lymph, the fluid they contain ; called absorbents, because 
 they absorb effete material. Chylifereus, or lacteal vessels, carry the 
 milk-like Huid called chyle. It passes through the system for the 
 building up the tissues But all the chyle is not taken up by these 
 vessels. The villi of the intestines take up some of it, and pass it into 
 the blood directly. This can be seen in a subject, by killing it while 
 digestion is going on This system includes a great number of glands, 
 called lymphatic glands. In some parts of the body they are collected 
 in great numbers, especially about the groins, head, neck and jaw. These 
 vessels are very minute and delicate, cannot all be seen by the naked eye ; 
 more plentiful than veins They are superficial, and deep-seated. They 
 contain extremely small valves, like veins. The whole lymphatic sys- 
 tem of the body pours its contents into the venous circulation by two 
 ducts, the thoracic duct and the lymphatic vein. Thoracic duct orginates 
 in the lumbar regions. It is guarded by a valve, and is the larger of the 
 two. It receives all the othf^rs, except those of the right anterior extrem- 
 ity, the right side of the Lead, neck and thorax. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LYMPH.\TIC SYSTEM, 
 
 Lymph Olailds in the mesentery are called mesenteric. They vary 
 from the size of a pin head to that of a pea. 
 
 Lyiliplianj^itis.— Inflammation of the glands and vessels, known by 
 many names, as water fancy, weed, shot of grease, inflammatory odima, 
 big leg, Monday morning fever, etc. It is frequent in horses, and is 
 likely to be more so, from being better fi d. It is usually confined to the 
 extremities, but may occur in the internal lymphatic glands. It is 
 usually found in one hind leg ; may occur in both, or even in the fore 
 legs, and so puzzle you to some extent The inflammatory action is set 
 up in the glands, and extends into the vessels, and produces swelling. 
 Heavy horses are more subject to it, from a more sluggish circulation, 
 and some animals are predisposed to it. 
 
 Causes. — It is common in hard worked horses, by standing them in 
 the stable, and giving usual amount of food. A larger amount of nutri- 
 tive material is formed than can be taken up, which sets up the irritation. 
 It is frequently found in certain stables on Monday morning ; hence its 
 name, Monday morning fever. Usual feeding without usual exercise is 
 the most common cause in city practice ; direct or indirect injury to the 
 groin; prick in the foot; debilitated condition of the blood; excess of 
 fibrine in the blood. The change in the breaking up of the tissue taken 
 into the system, and over stimulating t* e glands also produce it 
 
 Symptoms. — A certain amount of constitutional disturbance ; may 
 have severe rigours (which may not be noticed by the owner) ; intense 
 fever ; lameness and swelling of the limb, usually of the inside of the 
 thigh, extends down the leg in a sort of hard cord ; the line of the 
 lymphatics plainly shown. There is difficulty in bringing the leg for- 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 59 
 
 ward. Pressing on the cord on the inside of the leg causes pain, and he 
 will lift the leg quickly. Swelling may extend entirely around the leg. 
 It is very painful. Pulse full and bounding duriug inflammation. 
 Usually the sthenic type of inflammation ; pulse fifty or sixty beats per 
 minute ; breathing much aftected ; bowels costive ; urine high coloured ; 
 pain local and constitutional ; will perspire, not profusely, but just be- 
 dews the body to some extent. Appetite gone, and great thirst, caused 
 by fever, and if relief is not given soon, effusion will take place, and may 
 take on suppurative process. In glanders we have lymphangitis, from 
 poison in the bood. Animal generally stands; does not want to move, 
 but sometimes, from excessive pain, will lie down, and has great difficulty 
 in getting up. Will look at the sides, as in colic. Sometimes milder in 
 the fore than in the hind legs. The parts may regain their natural 
 appearance, but it has a tendency to leave the leg enlarged, especially 
 from repeated attacks. There is some l}Tnph left, which becomes organ- 
 ized and cannot be removed. 
 
 Treatment. — If in a strong animal, from too much chyle, get rid of it 
 as quickly as possible, by giving from eight to ten drachms of aloes ; may 
 give II little calomel ; will derive benefit from tincture of aconite, eight 
 to ten drops at a dose. Give nitrate of potash freely. Give clysters of 
 soap and water. If inflammatory action is of a sthenic type, blood-letting 
 may prove a benefit, but in many cases is not necessary. If you do 
 bleed, do not give so much purgative. It is not material whether you 
 bleed from saphena or jugular vein. 
 
 Local Treatment. — Judicious use of fomentations, but not too hot ; 
 your hand can bear more heat than the horse can ; Use cautiously ; 
 bathe for two, three or four hours. It increases swelling, and encourages 
 exudation Keep heat to the parts as well as you can Hay rope is quite 
 good. Prevent reaction from taking place, by using mild stimulants, 
 camphorated liniments. If there is pain, you may relieve with bella- 
 donna or laudanum. Keep the animal quiet. Give exercise after the 
 inflammatory action has passed off but not before It does reduce the 
 swelling, but it soon returns, and is more difficult to treat than before 
 exercising. Give plenty of cold water. It is sometimes better to with- 
 hold food for twenty four hours, and constitutional stimulants are not 
 very useful. 
 
 Elephantiasis. — Thickening of the limb from repeated attacks of 
 lymphangitis, and may result from one attack, but generally from 
 repeated attacks. From the swelling there remains a slight swelling ; 
 some exudation is left. It swells again, and more exudations ; blood 
 vesse's pass into it ; also nerves, and it is converted into new str. cture. 
 If the ania-al stands over night say twenty-four hours, the limbs become 
 swollen, which exercise will relieve to a certain extent. It sometimes 
 comes from repeated attacks of grease, but more likely to come from 
 lymphangitis, especially if treated with hot liniments. If it is com- 
 pletely established, you can never restore the limb to its natural condi- 
 tion ; but you may give gentle exercise. Give purgative, then diuretic 
 medicine, and hand-iubbing and bandaging may be of use, if he is 
 not fed too high, and is moderately exercised. There is another con- 
 dition of the lymphatics from lymphangitis. It is a dilation of the 
 lymphatics. The walls become dilated or varicose ; these small tubes 
 become obstructed. This is most likely to occur in connection with 
 elephantiasis. There may be rupture of the blood vessels, and not 
 only of th6 vessels of the limb, but it may occur in connection with 
 some of the internal vessels in connection with the mesentery. 
 
 Tabes Meseilterica.— Affects the lymphatic system, especially the 
 
60 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANL> TREATMENT Ot 
 
 mesenteric glands. It is rare in the lower animals. It is sometimes a 
 sequel of a debilitating disease, as strangles in very young animals. In 
 young cattle it is quite common. In this disease the mesenteric glands 
 become involved, and prevent the introduction of the chyle into the sys- 
 tem, and the result is a gradual decline. It is due to tubercular degen- 
 eration 
 
 Symptoms. — Great emaciation; feces pass in semi-digested state ; pulse 
 weak, not very quick, but quickened to some extent ; belly pendant, or 
 pot-bellied ; muscular system soft and flabby. The animal dies a gradual, 
 lingering death ; abdominal pain in last stages. 
 
 Treatment not very satisfactory. Support the stiength as well as you 
 can by a generous diet. Give iodide of potash ; feed upon the best of 
 food. Iron is beneficial; cod liver oil has been recommended. I have 
 noticed this from .strangles, it usually terminates fatally. Post mortem 
 reveals tubercular degeneration. There may be tubercular deposits in the 
 lungs or some other organ as well. 
 
 Anasarca may come in connection with the limb, due to an accumu- 
 lation of serous fluid. It comes from a percolation of the fluids into the 
 flesh. It may contain a small amount of albumen. There are two kinds 
 — inflammatory, and from venous obstruction. They receive distinctive 
 names from the place in which the fluid accumulates. If in the thoracic 
 cavity, it is hydrothorax. If in the cranial cavity, it is hydrocephalus. 
 If in the tunica vaginalis, it is hydrocele These may come from inflam- 
 mation, or venous obstruction or debility. If from venous obstruction, 
 they will pit upon pressure. It is sometimes found in the human, from 
 standing up for a considerable time ; not due to any particular disease, 
 but may be symtomatic of some other disease, such as diseases of the 
 lungs, kidneys and liver, in which cases you will have well-marked symp- 
 toms in the organ affected, except in the heart. It generall}' occurs in 
 the hind leg, and a term frequently applied to it is stocking. Heavy 
 horses are more subject to it ; legs swell at night ; and it may come from 
 well marked causes, as washing and not drying; exposure and hard work ; 
 horses kept in the stable during winter, and then made to do a hard daj^'s 
 work in the spring, etc. Improper bandaging may produce it, and it is 
 good practice to see to placing a bandage yourself, as it may be put on 
 too tight, and so do more harm than good. 
 
 Sjm/>^om5.— Swelling of the limb, and if not due to inflammatory 
 action, there will be no pain, but in some cases there is some stiffness, 
 and in some thf^re is none. It is common in the spring. 
 
 Treatment. — Keep off work, and give a laxative ; also change the feed, 
 and give a good diuretic ; three drachms sweet spirits nitre, three drachms 
 resin, and sutticient amount of soap, is a good diuretic ball. If you can- 
 not keep off work, hand-rub the leg well, and bandage, but not too tight. 
 Or you may give more powerful remedies— white liellibore, one scruple to 
 one-half drachm, or even one drachm. In cases where there is much 
 swelling, give nitrate and iodide of potash ; but do not push diuretics too 
 far, but give one or two doses, and then have recourse to tonics, regular 
 exercise, and get the system in a good condition ; may give iron in the 
 morning and diuretic at night, or vice versa. This swelling may have a 
 great tendency to become organized. It is more likely to occur in a very 
 old animal. Blisters are entirely inapplicable in such cases. Iodine 
 ointment may be used in some cases, if you just wish to stimulate absorp- 
 tion to a certain extent. Another cause is undue pressure upon the limb. 
 Injury to one foot, and standing upon the other has a tendency to produce 
 it. 
 
 Swelling* ol' the Sheath i.s common. You can generally get rid of 
 
bISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Cl 
 
 it by two or three doses of diuretic medicine, or it will geb better when 
 the animal is able to exercise. 
 
 THE EYE. 
 
 The eye is the immediate organ of vision. It is globular in shape, and 
 is composed of a membraneous sack, in which is contained transparent 
 humours of different densities. The external tunic is the sclerotic and 
 cornea ; the sclerotic covers about four-fifths of the eye. The second is 
 formed of the choroid and iris, a continuation of which forms the ciliary 
 processes. The third or innei^is the retina, which is a nervous coat. The 
 sclerotic is formed of white fibrous tissue ; to this are attached the mus- 
 cles that move the eye. The cornea is transparent, and covers one-fifth 
 of the eye. It fits into the sclerotic as a watch glass fits in its place. The 
 choroid coat is made of three layers, external, middle, and internal. The 
 external vena consists principally of minute veins. The middle layer is 
 formed of the ciliary arteries, forming a plexus. The internal is a pig- 
 mentary layer. The iris is a diaphragm or curtain suspended in the 
 aqueous humour. It varies in color in man ; in the horse it is generally 
 of a light brown color. It is composed of two separate sets of fibres, cir- 
 cular and radiating. If the circular contracts, it contracts the pupil. 
 This is involuntary muscular fibre. In foetal life it is covered by a pupil- 
 lary membrane, which becomes absorbed before or soon after birth. The 
 pupilliary opening is in the centre of the eye, and is elliptical or oval in 
 the horse. There are several humours in the eye ; aqueous, vitreous and 
 crystalline lens. The aqueous is in the anterior and posterior chambers 
 of the eye. It is principally water, and is secreted by the membranes 
 which line the chambers. The vitreous humour occupies about four-fifths 
 of the interior of the eye, and is enclosed in the hyaloid membrane. 
 The crystalline lens is situated between the iris and vitreous humour. 
 It is transparent and bi-convex. Its use is to bring rays of light 
 to a focus. The name given to the small dark bodies just above 
 the pupillary openings is corpora nigra. Ihe retina is an expansion 
 of the optic nerve It consists of nine or ten different layers, com- 
 posed of cylinders, cones, etc. The vitreous humour is about the con- 
 sistency of thin jelly. It is covered by the capsule of the lens, and 
 opacity of one or both of these gives rise to cataract. The appendages 
 of the eye are, eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, muscles, membrana nicti-^ 
 tans, and the lachrymal apparatus ; eyebrows are only rudimentary in 
 the horse. The membrana nictitans tends to throw oft' any oftending 
 matter that may get in the eye. This is composed of fibro-cartilage, and 
 is for the protection of the eye, especially so to those animals that can- 
 not protect it by using the fore extremeties. The conjunctiva is the 
 lining or mucous membrane, and it is continuous with the skin, and is 
 reflected over the sclerotic, and firmly adheres to the cornea. The lach- 
 rymal apparatus is formed of glands and lachrymal ducts, sack, and a 
 small opening in the lachrymal sack. This apparatus secretes and gets 
 rid of the tears, and is called a conglomerate gland. These tears are 
 carried down into the lachrymal sack, pass into the lachrymal duct and 
 down into the nasal opening. In the superior and larger of the eyelids 
 there are glands or ciliary follicles. They secrete a fluid which prevents 
 the adhering of the eyelids during sleep. The muscles of the eye are 
 eight, five of them straight. They are, retractor, abductor, adductor, 
 depressor and levator ; one in the horse and not in man, that which 
 pulls the eye back upon the cushion of fat. There are three oblique 
 muscles — superior, middle and inferior. 
 
62 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANt) TREATMEN'T OF 
 
 DISEASES^OF THE EYE. 
 
 Simple Opiithalmia, Conjunctivitis, Tranmatic Oplitlialmia.— 
 
 The first name is to distinguish it from periodic ophthalmia. It is 
 inflammation of the conjunctiva, and the term expresses the pathology. 
 It is more or less inflammation of the superficial structures of the eje, 
 and may affect the cornea. Periodic ophthalmia first affects the internal 
 structure, and extends outward. 
 
 Causes. — Result of direct pr indirect injury — injury to the orbital pro- 
 cess without any direct injury to the eye May set up inflammatory 
 action and extend to the eye ; or, from wjiip lash, grain of sand, hay 
 seed, which the membrana nictitans does not remove. It may be pro- 
 duced by extreme cold, or extreme heat and sunshine, or extreme foul 
 air. Extremely dark stables may also produce periodic ophthalmia and 
 amaurosis. It may occur in an enzootic form, If it so occurs, it is 
 generally due to very hot weather. Direct or indirect injury is the most 
 frequent cause. 
 
 Symptoms. — There may be partial or complete closure of the eye, 
 according to the cause ; a copious secretion of the tears from over-stimu- 
 lation of the lachrymal apparatus ; too copious to pass through the 
 lachrymal duct, the eye becomes sw^ollen. The upper eye-lid may present 
 a greatly irritated appearance. Exposure to the light reddens tbe con- 
 junctiva These are followed by more or less exudation bet\veen the 
 layers of the cornea If caused from injury, this exudation takes place 
 from the seat of injury. It is not due to a film, but due to an exudation 
 between the layers of the cornea. In some cases tbere is some constitu 
 tional disturbance. Pulse increased just a few beats, but it is not a 
 general thing. Tbe eye presents an irritated appearance very quickly, 
 and is sunken in its socket. The inflammatory action is more aggravated 
 than in periodic ophthalmia. 
 
 Treatment. — If you think it is conjunctivitis, make a very careful 
 examination. There is no great difference between this and periodic 
 ophthalmia. Endeavour to detect the cause and remove it, or other 
 remedies will be of no benefit. You may be able to remove it with a 
 feather or handkerchief, and you may have to use forceps. When the 
 source of irritation is removed, the irritation generally ceases, but you 
 may hasten resolution to a certain extent. If standing in stable, with 
 cattle, etc., remove the animal. Apply fomentation to the eye, and keep 
 tip for some time ; place the animal in a darkened box. If suffering to 
 any great extent use an anodyne liniment, laudanum water and a little 
 sulphate of zinc, and a little acetate of lead might be added, but it is not 
 to be used in all cases, and belladonna is better in some cases than 
 laudanum, especially if there is a tendency to inflammation of the iris, 
 for it has a peculiar effect upon the iris, and may prevent adhesion. 
 Use atropine, two or three grains to a quart of distilled water, or you 
 put a small particle of it in the eye. This will relieve most cases, but 
 there may be some irtication left, although you have removed the cause, 
 and there may be small ulcerated spots upon the eye, and it may be 
 necessary to use a solution of nitrate of silver, five grains to an ounce ot 
 water, or even ten grains to an ounce of water. You may apply it by 
 means of a fuiall syringe, camel's hair brush or feather. Just touch the 
 ulcerated spots, to stimulate and bring on a healthy action. 
 
 In cases where the cornea is ulcerated, and even a fungus growth, you 
 may have to touch it with a pencil of nitrate of silver. Y'ou may use 
 iodide of potassium ; but there is no use for very powerful remedies. In 
 almost all cases of inflammation of the eye, there is a tendency to the 
 
IJIHEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 63 
 
 formation of a film over the eye. In say twenty-four hours, if the irrita- 
 tion has been removed, this will often be absorbed without anything 
 being done, but there are many remedies recommended for getting 
 rid of this. Bathe with cold water, and stimulate with iodide oi 
 potassium and nitrate of silver, not too strong, but just gently. in 
 case the exudation is broken up to a certain extent, and there is a ten- 
 dency to abrasion of the cornea, stimulate every day or two, and keep 
 this up for some time ; this may come from conjunctivitis in a very 
 mild form. When the film first shows itself, the owner is much alarmed. 
 Iodide of potassium is used, five grains to an ounce of water, and it 
 may be necessary to give diuretic or purgative medicines. Belladonna 
 may be given internally and applied round the eye, but it is generally 
 best to place directly on the eye. Treatment for the dog is tonics, 
 good feed, and, stimulate the eye with the remedies given. One or two 
 applications will generally suffice. If you have a case of conjunctivitis 
 that has come on very slowly, examine such a case very closely. 
 There may be ulcerated spots. The remedies given increase the irrita- 
 tion for some time, but this will soon be relieved. Eyes are sometimes 
 injured by severe caustics, pounded glass, alum, etc. In conjunctivitis 
 you wil^ find benefit from bleeding in the angular vein, and if 
 it does no good, it will do no harm. In an acute attack the animal 
 should be sparingly fed for a few days. There is no better remedy than 
 belladonna. It may be necessary to scarify the eyehd in some cases. If 
 it has received a severe injury, then apply fomentations. 
 
 Periodic Optlialuiia. — So called because it occurs periodically. It is 
 not very uncommon in this country, and it differs from simple ophthal- 
 mia by the internal structure being first effected, coming from something 
 in the constitution. It is a constitutional affection, operating on the 
 organ of vision, first attacking the internal structure, then involving the 
 whole of the anterior part of the eye, and sooner or later terminatirjg in 
 partial or complete loss of vision. Many other definitions might be 
 given. Constitutional ophthalmia, due to something in the system. 
 Hereditary, due to some hereditary influence. Odontalgic, supposed to 
 come from something the matter with the teeth. According to some 
 authorities, wolf teeth affect the eyes. But I think they do not in any 
 way affect the eyes. The fifth pair of the nerves supplies common sensa- 
 tion to the eyes and teeth, and wolf teeth irritating this, affect the eye. 
 But this is not held by veterinarians as a general thing. Another form 
 is gouty ophthalmia, due to something in the system similar to gout, and 
 acting upon the eye. This disease has been long known and great 
 attention paid to it. Other names, moon-blindness, lunatic ophthalmia, 
 supposed to be influenced by the moon. It was supposed that they 
 could see readily at some periods of the moon, while at others they could 
 not. I think it is more common here than in Britain, perhaps owing to 
 the extremes of heat and cold. But there are other causes which operate 
 in causing it, and it receives various names, arising from the various 
 symptoms produced. Pathology is not very well known at present ; 
 perhaps a great many cases are due to hereditary influence. It was once 
 considered the bane of horse flesh. Breeding from sound horses has 
 done more to eradicate it than anything else. '' Like begets like." 
 
 Causes. — Certain excitants, extremes of heat and cold, are prominent 
 causes ; dark and ill-ventilated stables ; working and neglecting the 
 horse, but in most cases there exists an hereditary predisposition. I do 
 not say in all ; there may be exceptions. Lexington, a well-known horse, 
 suffered from periodic ophthalmia, supposed to be the result of hard 
 work, and his progeny is affected to a considerable extent. It may not 
 
64 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TKEATMliNT Oi' 
 
 attack the first, and then attack the second or even the third generation. 
 In such cases it is easily pioduced. Breed only from sound, healthy 
 animals. I would not breed from a horse, no difference what his con- 
 formation might be, if affected with this disease. 
 
 Pathology. — A constitutional affection, which localizes itself in the 
 organ of vision The inflammatory stage may pass off, even without 
 remedial aid, and then it takes on ihe second stage of the disease. 
 
 Symptoms. — Ver}' well marked in many cases, together with the history 
 of the case, the eye having been affected some time past, but got better, 
 then worse, etc. ; was taken suddenly ; increased secretions of tears ; was 
 put in the stable at night all right ; in the morning was suffering from an 
 irritation of the eye, supposed to be an injury ; the eye weak, and cannot 
 tolerate the light. Upper eyelid droops to some extent ; eyeball retracted. 
 This can be noticed especially if but one eyeball is affected ; you cannot 
 always hotice this unless you expose the animal to the light. Conjunctiva 
 reddened and congested to a considerable extent, but not so much as in 
 simple ophthalmia ; a kind of brownish-red, hazy appearance of the 
 cornea. In periodic ophthalmia, this opacity begins at the circumfer- 
 ence and radiates toward the centre. As it advances the eye loses its 
 transparency, becoming of a yellow or reddish appearance. Th« circula- 
 tion may be altered to a slight extent; may be slightly quickened; 
 animal somewhat dull, dulness not very well marked, however ; discharge 
 of tears. After a few days the inflammatory action gradually subsides, 
 the products of inflammation become absorbed, irritation gradually 
 ceases, colour changes to a grayish colour, and the eye may regain its 
 apparent natural condition, but not in all cases. It may have slight 
 opacity of the crystalline lens, and produce cataract, but this does not 
 occur from one attack. I think in most cases there is some weakness 
 remaining, although the irritation oppears to have subsided. The eye 
 may look smaller, and is more affected with the light. It will be 
 retracted in the socket. Slight change of the weather will cause a slight 
 weeping of the eye. Another peculiarity of this disease is shifting from • 
 one eye to the other, not from sympathy ; no sooner is one eye relieved, 
 than the other is attacked. In such a case you may make up your mind 
 that you have periodic ophthalmia. Apparent recovery is very rapid in 
 some cases. To all appearance the animal is perfectly sound, but it 
 comes again with greater severity, and it continues to recur at valuable 
 periods, from three days or weeks to months, or even a year, and we have 
 some cases on record of animals having one attack and never having 
 another, but there is no particular time at which it is likely to recur. 
 After cataract is formed, there may be inflammatory action in the eye, 
 but after the eye is completely disorganized, as is sometimes the case, 
 inflammation does not affect it further. As to the duration of the 
 disease, it may vary from three to four up to ten or fifteen days. It is 
 sometimes developed in the acute form, but generally in the sub-acute 
 form. An animal may suffer from one or two attacks, and appear pretty 
 well without any well marked cataract. It has been noticed that horses 
 working in coal pits, under ground in dark places, suffer frequently from 
 amaurosis, and also from ophthalmia. The mode of using being the 
 exciting cause. 
 
 Treatment. — Is anything but satisfactory, and it sometimes grieves 
 the owner to be told that sooner or later his animal must be- 
 come blind. The irritation may be palliated by rational treatment. 
 Place the animal in a well-ventilated and darkened box ; but you 
 may have to allay irritation and keep the animal at work. Give 
 a moderate dose of purgative; it acts upon the system and allays 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANI31ALS. 65 
 
 irritation ; bathe with tepid water and laudanum. You may give ex- 
 tract of belladonna in drachm doses, and rub along the eyelids, or 
 you may use the active principle in the eye, but it is not necessary 
 unless the iris is affected to a considerable extent. There is benefit in 
 nitrate of potash and iodide of potash. Iodide of potash and colchicum 
 ons drachm each once or twice a day. If the acute symptoms have 
 passed off, the clearness may be hastened some by iodide of potassium 
 and nitrate of silver. Treatment does not do much but palliate the 
 disease. Apply something to allay the irritation of the eye— warm 
 water, or in some cases cold Water. If tbe iris is much affected, I think 
 belladonna is the best thing that can be used. Blisters have been used 
 to a great extent, but are not of much benefit. A little counter-irritation 
 may be of use ; first subdue the inflammatory action the best you can, 
 and expedite the removal of the products of inflammation. In most 
 cases it terminates in cataract. 
 
 Cataract means a breaking up. Cataract may be capsular or lecticu- 
 lar ; the lens may be entirely destroyed, or only a slight deposition 
 which impairs vision to a slight extent. May have cataract, opacity of 
 the lens, or capsule, and so prevent the passage of light. Cataract is the 
 result of periodic ophthalmia, but it may re'sult from some other cau?e, 
 or without any observable cause, and may be due fo some nervous in- 
 fluence. You may have cataract without any noticeable irritation at all. 
 If capsule only is affected, it is called capsular. If the lens, it is 
 lenticular. It is a pearly white deposit. 
 
 Result of Opthalmia is cataract. It is a term applied to what we call 
 opacity of the crystalline lens. Either the lens itself or the capsule in- 
 vesting the lens, and thus it gets different names, as capsular, lenticular, 
 and capsular-lenticular. It is the result of ophthalmia, but it may 
 occur independent of this, from injury, or without any irritation of any 
 consequence whatever. But this is not a common occurrence. It is 
 generally due to repeated attacks of ophthalmia. There is true and 
 false and spurious cataract. The true is opacity of the crystalline lens, 
 its capsule, or both lens and capsule. There is an opaque deposit of 
 lymph pus or blood on the anterior capsule It m^y involve the entire 
 lens, or only a part of it. There is a pearly white deposit in the anterior 
 part of the eye. Cataract is said to have been absorbed, but it was T 
 think, not true cataract, but false— animal having suffered from injury 
 or something which give rise to effusion, but it was a spurious form. 
 Cataract is occasionally congenital, i.e., at or soon after birth. If born 
 blind, it is generally in both eyes. Complete cataract is incurable. 
 
 Symptoms. — If it is of any tize and involves the crystalline lens, it is 
 easily detected. According to its size and position, there is either j^artial 
 or complete blindness. Cataract may be present to some extent and 
 not produce complete blindness. If small, it is not so easily detected — 
 it may le overlooked. If it is small, the pupillary opening is contracted 
 if exposed to the rays of light. If it is completely formed, the iris loses 
 its natural condition, and does not contract. The pupil and the retina 
 may at the same time lose its natural condition, and you have amaurosis 
 and cataract. It requires some experience to detect it If you are 
 examining a horse, take him suddenly from the dark to the light, and 
 watch closely If the pupil contracts quickly, there is suspicion of some 
 irritation. Take a black hat and shade the eye, and notice the pupillary 
 opening, and you may be able to detect it. I3ut if you still have doubt, 
 place the animal in a dark box, and let him stand fifteen minutes, and 
 then take an artificial light and bring in front of the eye, and watch, and 
 you will sometimes be able to detect this white pearly deposit, but be sure 
 
66 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 that it is not a retlection you see. There is another way ; by noticing 
 the images reflected in the eye. ^here will be three — one reflected from 
 the corn* a, one from the anterior surface of the crystalline lens ; these 
 two move with the light and are upright. The third is reflected from the 
 posterior surface of the lens, and is inverted, and moves in an opposite 
 direction from the light and the other images, and you may see these 
 where there is a slight disease of the vitreous humour. These images 
 appear as stated in a sound eye. You may act upon the animal with 
 belladonna, for the purpose of examination. You may detect a small 
 speck not larger than a pin's head. With some practice cataract can be 
 easily detected. Watch both eyes and if one contracts more than the 
 other, it is symptomatic of cataract. It is a disease which may be 
 quickly developed. Prof. Williams gives an account of one case that 
 formed in ten days. But you are generally' safe in giving your opinion 
 that it has been present some length of time, if it is well formed. 
 
 Treattncnt — Very little, if anything, can be done, unless it is done as 
 an operation, and such an operation is not attended with much success 
 in the horse, as the light must be regulated by means of glasses, which 
 would be ditlicult. It is possible in a case where there is a deposit of 
 lymph, to restore the eye to its natural condition. If cataract is form- 
 ing, you may give some of the remedies already recommended. Inflam- 
 mation ceases after cataract is formed. Another disease of the eye is 
 
 Amaurosis. — It is a diminution or complete loss of vision without any 
 visible effect in the eye. It is paralysis of the optic nerve and its 
 terminal expansion. It may occur independent of any irritation, and is 
 usually incurable. It is sometimes found in connection with parturition. 
 It may exist with disease of the digestive organs, and frequently co-exists 
 with cataract, and may result from injury to the brain or optic nerve. 
 
 Exciting Causes. - Standing in dark stable ( similar to coal pits ) ; may 
 occur from a comj^aratively slight injury, as striking the head against 
 something. There is nothing to obstruct the passage of light to the 
 posterior part of the eye. You have amaurosis in severe hemmorrhage. 
 It occurs in bleeding a subject. It may be quickly developed. It has 
 been noticed to occur from secondary hemmorrhage from castration. 
 
 Symptoms. — A dilated pupil is the principal symp'om. The pupil 
 loses its elliptical form and has a glassy appearance ; hence it is called 
 glass-eye. Both eyes are generally affected. If there is no other disease 
 present, the animal carries his head high and steps high, and from 
 his action is sometimes called a star-gazer. Perhaps just at a glance 
 you cannot detect it. Try the artificial light ; put him in a dark box 
 and bring a lighted candle near the eye, and the pupil does not contract. 
 Some good judges sometimes get bitten with this. You cannot detect it 
 just at a glance, but after some time a change takes place. You have 
 generally a pretty full eye. 
 
 Treatment — Incurable if of long standing ; but if just due to some 
 slight injury to the brain, or derangement to the digestive organs, etc , 
 try iodide of potassium, belladonna, and then try nerve stimulants. A 
 horse is better blind than with impaired vision. Another disease of the 
 eye, of a very serious nature, is 
 
 Cancerous or Bleedinu: Fundus. — Medullary sarcoma, or bleeding 
 cancer. It is of a malignant character. It is a spongy inflammation of 
 the eye. This disease generally arises in the ball of the eye, but there 
 may be exceptional cases, and it may come from injury, but most cancer- 
 ous growths come from constitutional derangements. A slight exudation 
 might cause it. In the first stage the eye becomes changed ; there is 
 opacity of the crystalline lens ; this may, by and by, become absorbed. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIilALS. 67 
 
 This growth makes its appearance in the posterior part of the eye. It 
 becomes larger and involves the entire eye and surrounding structures. 
 It may grow and hang down over the cheek, and give the animal a very 
 unsightly appearance. It may produce caries of the bones near the eye. 
 
 Treatment. — You may effect a cure in first stages. If the eye ball is 
 destroyed, remove the fungus and the eye-ball, which may bs attended 
 with success. But in other cases it will grow again quickly. There will 
 be hemorrhage, which can be controlled by styptics, and it is not a bad 
 practice to touch with actual cautery ; then use styptics, astringents, etc. 
 If this is removed in the early stage it may not be reproduced, and if 
 reproduced it may not be for some time. It occurs in cattle, and the 
 same treatment is to be used. lujury to the cornea might excite it. 
 There is a bulging of the cornea, about the size of the end of a finger. 
 It is very vascular ; when cut into, it bleeds readily. As well as local, 
 give constitutional treatment. After cutting it out, you might give a 
 few doses of medicine, tonics, etc. 
 
 Filaria Ocnli, Strongylus Eqniuiis. — There is scarcely any tissue of 
 the body exempt from parasites. They are found in the liver, testicle, 
 brain, bronchial tubes, kidneys, lungs, muscles, the eyes, etc. It is 
 noticed in the eye, in Canada and the United States, but it is very com- 
 mon in India. It has never been noticed in England. This parasite is 
 most likely to be found where the animals are grazing on wet land, or in 
 wet weather. They get into the eye by means of the circulation. The 
 ovum is taken in by means of the food or drink, gets into the stomach 
 and is carried through the circulation until it finds its way into the 
 aqueous humour of the eye. May grow to the size of one half inch to 
 two inches in length; sometimes set up considerable irritation, and this 
 gives rise to more or less opacity of the cornea. It is not generally 
 entirely opaque. These worms move about in a lively manner ; appear- 
 ing near to the cornea, and then passing away and disappearing to a 
 certain extent. You should have no difficulty in detecting this by a 
 careful examination. It might be mistaken for a shred of lymph, but in 
 a short time it removes and again appears 
 
 Symptoms —More or less irritation of the eye : may be noticed by the 
 owner or attendant, and you have some history of the case. There is a 
 haziness of the eye, but if you look for some time you will see something 
 inside moving about, first one way and then the other. It has been 
 described as an eel in water. If you meet with this you must remove 
 the worm, for if you allow it to remain, it will in most cases destroy the 
 eye. Whether it is advisable to remove it while the irritation remains, 
 or wait until it subsides, is a controverted point. I think the sooner it 
 is removed the better. Cast and secure the animal, elevate the head to a 
 certain extent, and with a guarded lancet make an incision and allow the 
 aqueous humour to escape, and with it the worm in most cases. There 
 is no great danger to be apprehended ; keep the animal quiet and apply 
 cold to the eye. You might give laxative medicine, good food, etc. A 
 slight speck remains sometimes where the incision was made. If you 
 operate on a case, and the aqueous humour escapes and the worm does 
 not, just leave it alone till the aqueous humour is reproduced, and the 
 worm may be absorbed, or you may take it out, but it sets up considera- 
 ble irritation. It is better to let it alone until the aqueous humour is 
 reproduced, and then operate again. Some operate without throwing 
 the animal, but I think it is not best, you may make a larger incision 
 than is desirable. The lancet used in human practice is the most appli- 
 cable. Keep in a darkened box, and if slight opacity is present, you may 
 use iodide of potassium internally. 
 
bo CAUSES, f^YMPTO.MK AND TREATMENT Of 
 
 (glaucoma, —If there is either amaurosis or cataract, you have this 
 condition present, but you may me6t with a case where this is seen with- 
 out any other disease. The vitreous humour becomes hardened, more or 
 Jess, and a dilated pupillary opening ; big head or ostero sai'coma has a 
 tendency to profluce it. Little, if anything, can be done for it. If it is 
 in an old animal from natural decay, as is generally the case, nothing can 
 be done. The eye ball is occasionally injured, frequently from a punc- 
 tured wound, and letting the aqueous humour escape. If the vitreous 
 humour or crystalline lens escapes, vision is totally destroyed. The 
 aqueous humour will be reproduced, but there may remain a slight 
 opacity of the cornea. 
 
 Treatment must vary as to the severity of the injury. If a punc- 
 ture is received and the crystalline lens is injured there will be 
 great pain present Foment, use belladona, give a purgative, and 
 may give an opiate ; poultice judiciously with linseed meal, bread 
 poultice, etc You may tind a fungus growth, from puncture or 
 other injury, and you can generally get rid of it with a solution 
 of nitrate of silver. But this may not be strong enough, and you 
 will have to touch with a pencil of nitrate of silver. After this you 
 may have a small speck, and if there is exudation around the speck, 
 you may relieve by judicious stimulation. In some diseases or in- 
 juries to the eye, the parts do not heal up, a discharge of matter 
 takes place, and it is better in some cases to remove the tissue 
 of the eye Another condition of the eye-ball is dislocation, more 
 likely to occur in dogs than in other animals, from fighting with 
 other dogs and cats. If it does occur in the horse, the tissues are 
 generally lacerated. If you see such a case soon after its occurrence, 
 the eye may be replaced and remain placed, if done before the swelling is 
 too great. After replacing, apply fomentations, as to other injuries to 
 allay irritation But if it is down over the cheek and much swollen, the 
 only thing that can be done is to remove the eyeball, and treat as an 
 injury. If it requires much pressure upon the eyeball to replace it, you 
 can just snip the outer angle of the eyelid, and after the ball is replaced 
 just put a stitch in the cut and then use something to allay irritation. 
 Melanotic deposits may take place in the eye. They are commoner in 
 gray horses than others, but may occur in any, and they may occur in any 
 part of the body ; if in the eye, there is a reddened condition of the eye. 
 Nothing whatever can be done for this. 
 
 Ectropium or Eversion of the Eyelids , Entrnpium or Inversion 
 of the Eyelids. — Eyelids become torn and injured in many ways. If 
 you find the lid torn and injured be as conservaiive as you can and bring 
 the parts together nicely, using a suture of silk thread or wire. Although 
 it is prettv well detached, bring the parts together the best you can and 
 do not allow any part to hang down, or it will bring on suppuration, and 
 if any part is removed, it interferes with the animal to some extent. 
 
 After-Treatment. — Allay any irritation. Keep the animal quiet, and 
 secure him so as to keep him from rubbing, by tying to both sides of the 
 stall Keep up the application of either cold or warm water, but cold 
 water generally has a better effect than warm. There will be more or 
 less opacity of the cornea, but when the irritation is allayed, the opacity 
 will disappear. If a large portion of the lid is torn loose and nothing has 
 been done for it until suppuration has taken place, and it is much swol- 
 len, then scarify and treat properly, and there is a possibility of recovery. 
 In some cases you will have to remove the partially detached portions, 
 but do not be too hasty about cutting. 
 
 The Meinbrana Nictitans sometimes become inflamed in connection 
 
1)ISEASES Oi DOMESTIC ANIMALb. 60 
 
 with ophthalmia, or it may become irritated without this. This inter- 
 feres with the secretion of the tears passing into the lachrymal duct, and 
 they flow down over the cheek. 
 
 Treatment. — Applications of cold or warm water. Cleanse nicely and 
 touch with mild astringents Sulphate of zinc, five grjins to one ounce 
 of water, and about one-half drachm of laudanum, which you may inject 
 with a small syringe This membrana nictitans sometimes becomes dis- 
 eased, until we have to remove it from the eye. If it is ulcerated but 
 slightly, try a caustic upon it, such as nitrate of silver, and if this does 
 not do, it may be necessary to remove it 
 
 Lachrymal Ducts ami Passages. — When the tears are secreted, they 
 pass into the puncta lachrymalia, then through the lachrymal canals, 
 and enter the lachrymal sack, and then into the nose, through the lach- 
 rymal duct. These lachrymal passages become diseased, obstructing the 
 flow of tears. This is due to various causes ; due to an enlarged condition 
 of the caruncula lachrymalis, or from the thickening of the lining mem- 
 brane of the duct. This thickening may result from various causes, and 
 may result from catarrh, or from a foreign body passing through some 
 opening into the lachrj-mal sack, and interfering with the passage of the 
 tears through the duct. 
 
 Symptoms are well marked, and there is not much diflSculty in detect- 
 ing it. Nostrums put in the eye w^ll have no effect if the cause is within 
 the duct ; if from the thickening of the mucous membrane, the tears will 
 pass down the outside of the cheek and destroy the hair to some extent, 
 and there may be a purulent discharge from the inner angle of the eye ; 
 the eyeball will be irritated. If the obstruction is down in the duct, the 
 lachrymal sack may be enlarged, and if this is the case, if you lift the 
 head, it sometimes causes this discharge to flow more freely. Examine 
 as to the anterior opening of the duct, inside the nose. 
 
 Treatment.— li irom obstruction, remove it; and the best way is to 
 inject the duct with tepid water ; then with a solution of sulphate of zinc ; 
 and it is better injected from below than from the upper opening. Take 
 a glass syringe with a long nozzle, and the fluid may pass through easily ; 
 and it may not jtass just at once, but keep up injections for some days. 
 You may use carbolic acid, but no strong application is useful Keep the 
 eye nice and clean. Some authorities recommend the introduction of a 
 probe. If you fail from lower opening, then try the upper, but the latter 
 is more liable to irritate the eye. It is sometimes necessary to throw the 
 animal in injecting from the upper opening. 
 
 Congenital Malformation, in which no duct is formed It may be 
 formed through the bone, but not through the soft tissues, or only the 
 mucous membrane is left to obstruct it ; there will be a discharge from 
 the eye ; lift the head and there will be this purulent discharge from the 
 lachrymal sack An artificial opening may be made, and allow the tears 
 to flow through it to the outside of the cheek, instead of out at the eye. 
 If the opening is just closed by the mucous membrane, just make an 
 incision and let the tears pass through the opening into the nose. You 
 may trephine and make an opening from the duct to the outside of the 
 cheek. There may be fistula of this duct, and the depression of the bone 
 may interfere with the flow of tears. 
 
 The Eyelids may be inverted or everted ; the one turned in, called 
 entrophium. It may occur in the lower eyelid, but not frequently ; 
 oftener seen in dogs than horses When this occurs the eyelashes rub 
 upon the eyeball, which irritate it, and causes a prosecretion of tears and 
 a purulent discharge. Bring he parts into proper position, just by incis- 
 ing a small portion of the skin, and use a suture, and this may suffice, or 
 
70 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANU TREATMENT OV 
 
 you may have to pull the hair from the eyelids or cut a portion out, and 
 bring the cut edges tos[ether with a suture, just dipping the thread in a 
 solution of carbolic acid. We also find just the opposite of this takes 
 place, called octropium, or eversion of the eyelids. It proceeds from 
 various causes ; may proceed from simple ophthalmia Scarifying may 
 bring it to its natural condition, but if it continues it interferes with the 
 animal very much, and makes him quite unsightly. This is also more 
 common with the dog. 
 
 Treatment. — Varied according to the case; if just due to congestion of 
 the mucous lining, scarify and it may do, but you may have to use 
 caustics - nitrate of silver solution, or even a pencil of nitrate of silver, 
 and if you cannot subdue with caustic, then you excise the parts wath 
 knife or scissors. After treatment bathe the eye nicely, bring the parts 
 as near the natural position as possible. The cornea is mostly affected. 
 
 ('aninciila Lechrymalis may become enlarged from ophthalmia or 
 injury. The irritation is reduced by fomentations, astringents, etc., but 
 if this does not answer, use the knife or scissors, then allaj^ the irritation. 
 Some use a ligature instead of the knife. There will be opacity of the 
 cornea, which will disappear as soon as the irritation subsides. We 
 notice in horses, the same as in man, that some have better eyesight than 
 others ; some near and some far-sighted. 
 
 Myopia, being near sightedness ; due to too great a convexity of the 
 eye. The animal may have an apparently well-formed eye, but he will 
 shy, no doubt due to defective vision, which is difficult to detect even in 
 human patients. There is just the opposition of this, far sightedness, 
 which is most likely to occur in old animals and old persons 
 
 (glaucomatous Condition of the Eye. — The vitreous humour loses 
 its ti-ansparency, and becomes bluish in colour ; osteo-sarcoma may pro- 
 duce it You sometimes meet with a kind of ossification of the eyeball. 
 
 Melanotic CoDdition of the Eyeball —A condition called staphy- 
 loma, from its resemblance to a bunch of grapes ; it may come from a 
 tumour; use caustic nitrate of silver. There is a bulging and opacity of 
 the cornea, and if the exciting cause continues there is complete opacity 
 of the cornea The remedy is to puncture the cornea and let the con- 
 tained fluids out. Perhaps there are chances of recovery. It is apt to 
 be associated with some constitutional disturbance, and vision is likely 
 to be lost. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 
 
 Variola. — This is a disease that occurs in all domestic animals, 
 and perhaps in wild as well. It is an eruptive febrile disease, so 
 caUed from a peculiar spotted eruptive appearance on the skin. 
 Small-pox has affected many people in many countries. It may be 
 described as an acute febrile disease, and like all febrile diseases 
 runs a certain course, and there is eruption of the skin, either vesi- 
 cular or postular. It may occur in a simple or complicated form ; it 
 is first vesicular and then postular. It belongs to the zymotic class 
 of diseases, due to ccntagium in some form or other. This conta- 
 gium is in either a fixed or volatile form. In the cow it is in a fixed 
 form. In the sheep it is almost as well marked as in cows. It is 
 a difficult matter to say just how contagium may be carried and 
 disease produced ; there are well marked stages. The system re- 
 ceives the contagium in some form or other. There is the incubatory 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 71 
 
 stage, which may be from three to six or nine days. Next is the 
 febrile condition, which may be ushered in by slight rigours, giving 
 rise to quickened pulse, impaired appetite, pains in the loins, back, etc., 
 then eruptions of the skin, small reddish nodules about the size of a 
 pin head, and larger, with a reddened surrounding, then formed 
 into vesicles filled with a clear, transparent lymph. The contents 
 of these become purulent ; then it becomes pustular, and is the 
 second stage. The third stage is a drying up of this purulent mat- 
 ter, and a dark brownish crust is formed, detached, and falls oft" in 
 scales. There is a primary and a secondary fever — the secondary 
 being the more dangerous — caused by absorption of this matter into 
 the system. The fever is more severe just before the eruption becomes 
 complete The blood being in a state to give rise to these eruptions, 
 also gives rise to great fever, intense headache, etc. In man, the second- 
 ary fever is caused by some material becoming absorbed. This is not of 
 a fatal character— except small pox in sheep, where it is just about as 
 fatal as small-pox in man. It can be convej-ed from the horse to the 
 cow, man, etc., the cow being the place where man gets his variola. 
 
 Variola Equinae, or Horse-Pox.— It is occasionally noticed in 
 this country and in Europe, but not so common as cow-pox. It may 
 be characterized as an eruptive vescichlo-pustular disease, preceded in 
 most cases by more or less fever, which may be comparatively mild, and 
 may be entirely overlooked ; a slightly quickened condition of the pulse 
 — forty-live beats per minute, or even more — appetite somewhat impaired. 
 The eruption shows itself upon any part of the body, but more particu- 
 larly about the lips, heels, nose, mouth, nostrils, etc., and can be more 
 readily seen in white-skinned horses. Some say it affects the schneiderian 
 membrane. It may be communicated to man and the cow, and I believe 
 to some other of the domestic animals. It may be characterized as a 
 bloody disease, due to a virus or poison. The virus is generally in a fixed 
 form ; some say it is in a volatile form ; I think it is in a fixed form 
 
 Syniptoius. — There is more or less fever ; pulse comparatively weak 
 and very quick; increased thirst; impaired appetite; but not gen- 
 erally gone entirely : red disc-shaped patches appear upon the skin, 
 each having a depression in its centre, from which the pustules are 
 developed, from which exudes more or less serum.' They vary in 
 size according to the situation they occupy ; they are larger in the 
 heels on account of there being a greater number of sebaceous 
 glands. These pustules may become confluent, and parts of the body 
 may become one large sore. The schneiderian membrane may pre- 
 sent an ulcerated appearance. These ulcers have a great tendency 
 to heal, while in glanders they will not heal. There is a discharge 
 of saliva if the mouth is affected ; masticulation performed with 
 more or less difficulty. It may extend and involve the throat and 
 even the intestinal canal. It usually runs its course in from eight 
 to fifteen days, and until the scab begins to fall off, or convalescence, is 
 about three weeks. This may be conveyed by contact in various ways — 
 by the groom's clothes saddles, harness, and may be given by inocula- 
 tion, as irritating the skin and rubbing some of the matter upon the place. 
 
 Treatment is simple : cleanliness, a laxative diet, food such as will act 
 upon the bowels, bran mashes, linseed meal ; or if in summer, give green 
 food ; give hypo sulphite of soda, nitrate of potash and sulphur in small 
 doses. The danger is in checking the eruption. It will get well readily 
 if properly treated. The animal must not be exposed to the cold. Give 
 something to increase the eruption, instead of trying to stop it. Give 
 something to act upon the blood. For a local application, sulphate of 
 
72 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 zinc ointment, carbolic lotion, etc., but it does not require much medi- 
 cine ; give good, easil}- digested food. In all diseases of an eruptive 
 character, if checked, it leaves the poison in the system. 
 
 Variola YaceinaB — cow pox; oftener seen in cattle than in the horse, 
 and hus been seen in every quarter of the globe — in some places in a very 
 severe form, and attended with great fatality, but in Britain and America 
 it is not fatal. It is an eruptive pustular disease, and usually shows 
 itself on the udder and teat, but it may attack the feet and mouth. It 
 is more severe on cattle that are continally housed, but it occasionally 
 occurs in animals running in pasture It runs about the same course as 
 in the horse — first, incubatory, febrile disturbances and eruptions. 
 
 Symptoms. — More or less fever ; falling off of milk, if in milk cow 
 Appetite slightly impaired ; slight increase of temperature, if examined. 
 Then it shows itself by eruptions, especially about the udder ; but a 
 slight eruption takes place, presenting a reddened condition, and may 
 become confluent ; the teat may be one mass of pustular eruptions ; one 
 person's milking ten, or perhaps twelve cows, tends to spread it. If you 
 meet with two or three cases showing such symptoms, it is a little suspic- 
 ious, but it may be caused by some local irritation, as running through 
 long grass, irritating the pans ; and if kept in for two or three days, the 
 irritation subsides. 
 
 Treatment. — Cleanliness ; bath the udder nicely with tepid water and 
 astringents, acetate of lead, carbolic lotion ; covering the teat with milk 
 is beneficial. Give sulphur, hypo sulphite of soda, laxative diet. If irri- 
 tated by the flies, keep up during the day, and let out at night. The 
 virus is in a fixed form. It is a disease that occasionally occurs, and is 
 of great importance, for this is where we get our vaccine matter, which 
 has been of great benefit. The pig is also liable to variola. The virus is 
 in both a fixed and volatile form in the pig. When the pig becomes 
 spotted, called spotted fever, it may be due to variola. Give salines, 
 laxatives, Epsom or glauber's salts ; good nourishing food The dog is 
 also liable to variola. Tlie virus is in a fixed form. The eruption nearly 
 the same in all animals, and the same stages in different subjects. 
 
 Contagious Pleiiro-Pneiimoiiia is not communicable to any other 
 species. We have two kinds ; sporadic, which runs its course quickly, 
 and contagious, in which there is a great amount of fever, and is some- 
 times classed as an infectious fever. It is a disease which is interesting 
 to some people in this counti'y, as it exists to a more or less extent in 
 America. It is a disease that has been known for two hundred years in 
 Russia. During the present century it has gradually made its way from 
 the east to the west. It was noticed in Prussia in 1 8^2 ; in Northern 
 Russia in 1824 : in England in 1841 ; in America in 1843. It occurred 
 in Australia in 1815, having been carried there by cattle from- England. 
 Therefore, at present, it seems to be due to contagium, in some form or 
 other. It is a specific contagious disease, peculiar to cattle. Due to 
 blood poison, acting upon the system in general, and it shows ilself, in 
 particular, in the lungs. It appears in both acute and sub-acute form, 
 and we cannot communicate it to any other animal than cattle In a 
 great many cases it is in the sub-acute, and proves a very serious disease. 
 It implicates the lining membrane of the lungs and chest, and the 
 lung substance as well. And if an animal recovers, it will not be 
 attacked again, it never occurring twice in the same animal. It 
 is contagious and due to a micro-organism : said by some to be a 
 micrococcus. There are various stages, the first consists of 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 73 
 
 an incubatory period, varying from two to six weeks, or even longer, 
 and perhaps the first thing that will be noticed is an increased tem- 
 perature of the body to 103, 104 or even 105 degrees. Often before 
 any other signs are developed, there may be slight rigours or shiv- 
 ering, but so slight as to be overlooked. After this, the system becomes 
 impaired. If in milch cow, the secretion of milk is impaired, and there 
 is a slight cough, noticed more in the morning, especially if the animal 
 was kept up all night. The disease gradually grows worse, and the cough 
 increases ; this may be the only symptom for some time. The animal 
 was thought to be only suffering from a slight cold. After a while the 
 lungs become affected, giving signs of quickened breathing. Animal 
 gradually loses condition ; becomes emaciated ; hide bound condition of 
 the skin ; a discharge from the nostrils of a whitish, or even a fetid 
 character. In the first stages, you can, by ausculation, detect a grating 
 sound, due to plural surfaces rubbing together. Concussion reveals a 
 dull, dead sound. In the second stage the pulse is very quick ; usually 
 symptoms of fever, dryness in the muzzle. The horns may be either 
 cold or hot, and the temperature and cough increased. Cattle, when 
 suffering, lie upon the sterum, in order to relieve the pressure. If likely 
 to end fatally, the discharge becomes fetid ; may have slight diarrhoea, 
 followed by constipation ; a particular gritting of the teeth ; moaning or 
 grunting ; the eye has a glassy appearance ; debility, and death. 
 
 Post mortem appearances. — After those changes have taken place 
 in the lungs, the blood becomes affected, and then the inter-lobular 
 tissue of the lungs, and exudation takes place ; the air cells become 
 gradually obliterated, and you have a solidified or hepatized condi- 
 tion, but the animal may die before hepatization sets in. The lung 
 is increased much in weight. The lungs present a marbled appear- 
 ance, but this is characteristic of inflammation of the lungs as well. 
 The pleura is also affected, and covered with a slight fibrinous exudation ; 
 there is also effusion of serum or hydrothorax, mixed with fibrinous clots. 
 In this disease, there is sometimes suppuration. Parts of the lungs may 
 become encysted, and the animal live, even after this, for years. The 
 sporadic form is usaally quickly developed, while the contagious forrn is 
 more of a fever at first, and then progresses afterwards. The contagium 
 is said to be iu both a fixed and volatile form, and the virus more power- 
 ful during the first or febrile stage It is most likely to be conveyed by 
 means of the breath, and the virus will retain its activity for several 
 months. There is some difference of opinion as to how it may be con- 
 veyed, but it is supposed to find its way into the system through the 
 respiratory organs. Blood has been given to healthy animals without 
 producing it, and diseased lung has been tried with like effect However, 
 it may be taken in by other ways, but most likely through the respiratory 
 organs ; and it may exist without showing well-marked symptoms. It 
 spreads rapidly over a great scope of territory. It may be carried on the 
 cars, and it is said that it has been carried on the clothes of people. It 
 may be possible, but it is said that animals must come in contact, as a 
 general thing. The per cent, of loss from this is much greater when it 
 first appears — the loss varying from thirty to eighty per cent. This 
 disease has inflicted great loss in some countries, but it is not so fatal as 
 rinderpest. America has suffered some loss, and I do not suppose has 
 ever been entirely rid of it since its outbreak. 
 
 Treatment has been attended with much success; but febrifuge and 
 judicious counter irritation have been used. The disease should be 
 stamped out without trying to treat it, and that would be more successful 
 4 
 
74 CAUSES, SYMPT05IS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 than treatment. However, after it gets into a country spreading over 
 many hundreds of miles, even then prophylactic treatment is better than 
 curative It is not so extensive as formerly, as the animals are destroyed, 
 and the owner is, in some countries, compensated. To prevent the dis- 
 ease, I believe in inoculation. This was recommended in 1852. It was 
 tried, and considered a benefit, and then was thought of no benefit ; but 
 now it is supposed to be of great benefit. The virus for inoculation is 
 taken from the lungs at a certain stage of the disease, and is put into the 
 tail or other parts of the animal, which brings on a febrile stage. But 
 pleuro-pneumonia is not produced only in exceptional cases ; but it pre- 
 vents the attack of the disease. While the animal is under the influence 
 of this it can convey the disease to other animals. I believe inoculation 
 will mitigate a great many diseases. It has been practiced in Long ' 
 Island, not by professional men, but by some owners and dairymen. 
 
 (jrlanders is contagious, a most serious and loathesome disease. It 
 has been known for thousands of years, and has been treated with almost 
 every medicine in the pharmacopoeia, and nothing has proved a remedy, 
 and veterinarians have been abused for aot curing it. They have pointed 
 out the true character of it, and it is now rare to what it was thirty or 
 forty years ago. It was common in Canada, when the country was being 
 cleared up, but it is now rare ; it is still seen in some of the back town- 
 ships. This disease consists in a discharge from one or both nostrils, 
 which discharge will produce it in another horse and in man. It pro- 
 duces tumefaction of the schneiderian membrane. Jt is found generally 
 in the horse, and in man, but is said to be communicable to sheep, dogs, 
 cats, and even to cattle, but there is doubt about this. It is a specific dis- 
 ease of a contagious character, due to the introduction of a poison into 
 the blood. It is contagious and infectious. These two terms are used 
 for the same thing, but do mean just the same. It is most severe in 
 countries where horses are kept in a highly artificial manner, while in 
 countries where they are allowed to run out during most of the year, it is 
 not so common. It was not known in Mexico until the war with the 
 United States. It is said it does not exist in Australia, and is seldom 
 seen in India except in imported horses, as their horses run out the 
 most of the year. It is supposed it got into India by shipping horses ; 
 during their passage the hatches being shut down during a storm. 
 With glanders we also have farcy. They are, I believe, essentially the 
 same disease, only differing in their manifestations. I never saw a case 
 of farcy get well, but many say it does get well. Farcy will produce 
 glanders, and glanders farcy, by taking the virus from one or the 
 other. So both diseases are due to a blood poison essentially the same, 
 but they differ in external manifestations. It is said to ocsur in other 
 animals ; but it is seldom met in any except the horse. 
 
 Causes. — Some say it is, and some say it is never, spontaneously 
 generated. We have germs which we cannot account for, but we have 
 striking examples of it being spontaneously produced. It is supposed 
 to have been produced on shipboard during a storm, by shutting down 
 the hatches, but there may have been an infected horse among them, 
 the veterinarians were very careful in examining. It prevailed during 
 the American war and the Prussian war. The horses supposed to be free 
 from all such diseases. It can mostly be traced to contagious influences, 
 it is likely to occur most severely in large cities, where many horses are 
 kept together, for if one horse gets it, it pollutes the air, and it spreads 
 rapidly. It occurs in two forms, acute and chronic. If developed in 
 the acute form it runs its course very quickly ; but it is gene rally seen in 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 75 
 
 the chronic form ; seldom met with in the acute form. It is generally 
 seen in old and debilitated animals. When such become exposed they 
 take it more readily than young, healthy animals. Kecent investigations 
 have gone to show that this disease is due to the introduction into the 
 system of a specific germ the bacillus malleolus. 
 
 Symptoms. — After it arrives at a certain stage it is easily diagnosed, 
 but until then it is not. It may continue for a long time without show- 
 ing any constitutional disturbance, and it may be mistaken for other 
 diseases. Some are liable to think that it is nasal gleet, unless the 
 animal soon dies. Just in the early stage of the disease the animal 
 suffers from rigours, more or less. Temperature is increased to lOS*^, 
 104^ or 105° ; then it will go for some time, and then there is a discharge 
 from the nose, which varies much, according to the disease ; at first 
 watery, and then purulent, coming more freely in some cases than others. 
 It may be from one or both nostrils— usually from one, and that the 
 left. By and by there is a cough, which may continue ; the discharge 
 altered to some extent ; the most noticeable peculi-arity of the discharge 
 is that it is of a viscid or sticky character ; it sticks around the nostril 
 and has a tendency to stick the nostrils together ; for after the disease 
 has been developed for some time, and is high up and affects the bone, 
 there may be f jetor, but not so fetid as in nasal gleet. But if you have 
 this discharge of a greenish-yellow colour, extremely viscid and sticky, 
 and which adheres around the nostril ; contains a large amount of 
 albumen : will sink readily in water — but this may occur from other 
 causes — it is sympathetic of glanders. The character of the discharge 
 will vary, and it may be tinged with blood, and if so, it is symptomatic 
 of an acute attack. The eye will sjanpathize with the disease, giving 
 rise to a sort of purulent discharge about the inner canthus, and pro- 
 fuse, and it may not be present at all. But when you notice these, it 
 is a significant symptom of glanders. But you will now see changes 
 taking place in the mucous membrane of the nose. There will appear 
 little elevations, tubercular deposits, which will change to cancerous 
 ulcers, which may be irregular in shape, showing a sort of worm- 
 eaten appearance, and these ulcers have no tendency to cicatrize or 
 heal, although they may heal to a certain extent, but there remains a 
 kind of white scar. These ulcerations may appear and run into each 
 other, and the chamber becomes one ulcerated mass, and may completely 
 eat through and destroy the septum nasi. I believe these ulcerations 
 generally form well up, and may exist high up in the nasal chambers be- 
 fore they appear in the visible mucous membrane. There is another well 
 marked sign by which you know glanders. It is the enlargement of the 
 submaxillary lymphatic glands. They do not suppurate, but become in- 
 durated and adhere to the bone. This condition often makes its appear- 
 ance just about the same time that the discharge from the nose takes 
 place, and generally before you see the ulceration of the mucous mem- 
 brane. There may be some difficulty in breathing, for I believe there 
 are more or less changes in the lungs on account of tubercular deposits 
 in the lungs. The animal falls off in condition, becomes emaciated, 
 hide-bouud ; the skin seems to be attached to the flesh ; gradually 
 pines away, and dies a lingering death. If in the chronic form until 
 these characteristic symptoms — ulceration of the mucous mem- 
 brane, greenish-yellow discharge, indurated condition of the glands — 
 are well developed, you may experience difficulty in coming to a 
 correct conclusion. As well as tubercular deposits in the lungs, 
 you may have them in the mesenteric glands. When emaciation is 
 
76 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREAT5IENT OP 
 
 rapid, it may be a long time before these characteristic symptoms are 
 developed. This was noticed in a certain stall in France, where glanders 
 made its appearance. Close examination was made ; those affected 
 removed, and after some time more were affected, and removed, etc., and 
 it was found to exist in some that had showed no visible signs. It was, 
 perhaps, due to tubercular deposits in the lungs that gave it to others. 
 There are certain diseases that might be mistaken for glanders. In nasal 
 gleet there is a discharge from one or both nostrils, but it is not as sticky ; 
 there are no cancerous ulcers ; the submaxillary lymphatic glands do not 
 adhere to the bone, as in glanders. 
 
 Pathology or post mortem. — You find tubercular deposits in the lungs 
 and respiratory tract in most cases. The glands become enlarged, and 
 the afferent and efferent vessels also become enlarged, forming a sort of 
 pedicle which attaches them to the subjacent tissue. The glands become 
 more indurated and the cavities become filled up with a sort of pulpy 
 deposition. There are generally tubercular deposits before ulceration 
 takes place. Contagium is usually present in a fixed form, and is 
 most virulent in the usual discharge, but it is contained in the blood 
 of a diseased animal, and this blood will produce it in a healthy animal 
 if put in the flesh. The covering of the muscles will produce it, the 
 saliva, bile, and urine have produced it, and it is quite possible that 
 it may be contained in all parts of the body. Its power varies, but 
 is greatest in virulent cases, and some animals will withstand its 
 effects. Some cases are related where it was brought on by glanderous 
 tubercle from the lungs, where no other symptoms were noticed. 
 Some authors think it is hereditary. We have a case mentioned where 
 a glandered mare gave birth to a colt which died with glanders at 
 about four and a half years old, without having been exposed to 
 glanders. It is possible that a glandered mare might produce a colt that 
 was free from glanders. The virus is not diminished in passing through 
 many animals ; but is increased in potency if taken from the human 
 being. The virus will retain its vitality for some time, which shows the 
 necessity of thoroughly cleansing infected apartments by the use of boil- 
 ing water, carbolic acid, etc. The virus may be dried in the air and kept 
 for a great while, and if rendered fluid by water, is capable of producing 
 glanders, so that a stable just swept out and left for months still contains 
 the virus. 
 
 Treatment. — I will allude to it ; giving plenty pure air, good 
 food, etc., will cause the symptoms to disappear to some extent, 
 but it is best to destroy the animal in all cases. You may keep a 
 healthy animal near an infected one for some time, and the former 
 not get the disease unless there was contact in some way, but if a 
 number are diseased in the same stable, the air becomes contamin- 
 ated, and it might produce it. If you are called into a stable where 
 three or four horses are supposed to be affected with nasal gleet, 
 one or two affected in the first place and then others get it, then be care- 
 ful in your examination. Nasal glett is never of a contagious character. 
 If you have a suspicion of glanders, keep such an animal isolated, and 
 have recourse to debilitating treatment, as a purgative, or take some of 
 the discharge from the nose and put into some part of the body, as the 
 hind leg of the same animal, or better, if you can get a worthless 
 animal, inoculate it, and if it affects him then you make up your mind 
 that it is glanders. 
 
 Acute Glanders. — This is not qnite so common here as it is in some 
 other countries. This form may result from the chronic form, gener- 
 ally due to the virus being introduced into the system in some way or 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 77 
 
 other. It develops quickly, and most authors say it is spontaneously 
 generated. When the animal has been inoculated with the virus, the 
 first symptoms will appear in four or five days, and will be extreme 
 rigours, increased temperature, a discharge from one or both nostrils ; 
 chancrous ulcers in the nose, appearing far more quickly than in the 
 chronic form, and they become confluent. The lungs are affected to a 
 greater or less extent, and, in a great many cases, are severely affected 
 with lobular inflammation, which frequently causes death. And I 
 have noticed some cases where swelling of the limbs occurred, gener- 
 ally in one hind limb. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — Appearances are the same as given in the chronic 
 form ; diffuse suppuration in the lungs, or a gangrenous condition of 
 the lungs. A healthy animal may take it and die in from one to three 
 weeks. Farcy exists with glanders, and is identical with glanders, 
 although presenting different manifestations. Farcy is a term applied 
 to many affections that are not really farcy, and could not be dis- 
 tinguished from it by a casual observer ; one is called watery farcy. 
 But when we say farcy, we mean a disease due to a specific blood 
 poison, either generated within, or introduced into the system, and 
 operating on the glands. It occurs in two forms, acute and chronic. 
 It frequently terminates in glanders ; and we find by experience that 
 glanders will produce farcy, and farcy glanders. If the animal is not 
 pretty severely affected, you may mistake it in the first stage ; there 
 is more or less fever, with a very well shown increase of temperature 
 of the body ; but these changes are not so significant to the casual 
 observer. Little swellings appear in connection with the lymphatic 
 glands, in one of the limbs, a hind limb generally. It looks like 
 lymphangitis. The swelling takes place in the lymphatic glands. It 
 may occur in the head and neck, or even in other parts of the body ; 
 and if upon the body, it may be taken for surfeit. These little enlarge- 
 ments change character to some extent ; a discharge of aqueous char- 
 acter takes place ; the openings do not heal as readily as ordinary 
 sores, and they are called farcy buds. As well as this, you generally 
 have, after the enlargements appear, little cords extending from the 
 enlargements in various directions. These are designated farcy cords, 
 A great many enlargements will appear, especially in the sub-maxillary 
 glands and linguinal glands. They become enlarged, and run into 
 each other more or less. The animal falls off in condition, presents a 
 hide-bound appearance, etc. As well as these lymphatics being 
 affected, a great part of the limb becomes swollen, presenting much 
 the appearance of lymphangitis, unless the farcy buds are present. 
 But in from two to six weeks we have symptoms which show the true 
 character of the disease, and it may remain in this form for some time, 
 and then acute farcy may set in. In other cases where you have the 
 chronic form, it may remain in the same condition for some time, and 
 all at once the joints will swell, perhaps the hock joint, then a discharge 
 from the nose takes place ; chancrous ulcers form, and it is speedily 
 followed by glanders. The ulcers appear to heal to a certain extent, 
 but if it is a true case of farcy, the healing process never takes place 
 perfectly. Prof. Williams thinks cases have been cured. I have 
 known it to remain in the same condition for a considerable length of 
 time, and spread the disease to a considerable extent. I knew one 
 treated for more than a year, and caused the death of four good horses. 
 I never knew a case to recover. It is due to a blood poison, it cannot 
 be cured ; but you may have somewhat similar conditions, not due to 
 specific poison. In the acute form the symptoms are developed in a 
 
78 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 similar manner, but more violently. You may think it is lymphan- 
 gitis ; the temperature is increased ; there is enlargement of the lym- 
 phatic glands and vessels, but it will not terminate in resolution, as it 
 will in lymphangitis, but it terminates in suppuration. In the acute 
 form it may extend over the body, upon the sheath, udder, etc., and 
 the horse may have acute glanders following. Sulphate of copper, in 
 external and internal applications, seems to improve the case, but I 
 always recommend the animal's destruction. It is extremely decep- 
 tive, may recover apparently, but is never cured. If you only have 
 suspicion of it, isolate the animal until you are sure of what is the 
 matter. Although this is contagious, it is not so very contagious as 
 some think ; it is necessary to bring the animal into contact. Glan- 
 derous matter may be carried in various ways — in water, from animal's 
 drinking from the same pail, trough, etc. ; and this matter may be 
 given to an animal, and not produce the disease, and it was thought 
 at one time that this would not produce it, but it is now known that 
 it will. Where it is necessary to examine an animal for glanders, be 
 careful and do not get any of the matter in any sores, in the eye, 
 mouth, nose, etc., as it might produce glanders ; you may be able to 
 examine by daylight, and it may be necessary to use an artificial light. 
 Bring it close to the nose, which will enable you to see farther up the 
 nose. However, there is no great danger in handling a glandered horse, 
 unless there are sores upon your hands ; but if you make a post mor- 
 tem, then be careful about cutting the hands, for it will produce glan- 
 ders in man. Some such cases are on record. Although it is a disease 
 common to the horse, it is said it has been conveyed to cattle, sheep, 
 goats, lions, tigers, etc., they feeding on the flesh of horses that had 
 died with glanders. But if it is cooked, it will not produce it, hence 
 plenty of boiling water, carbolic acid, lime, etc., will destroy the virus. 
 So, if you have an infected stable, cleanse the apartments thoroughly, 
 and, perhaps, carbolic acid is just as good as anything you can use. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE EiR. 
 
 Injuries to the ear must be treated as injuries to the other parts. 
 Just bring the parts together and secure the animal so he cannot rub. 
 A tumour may appear in the ear of the horse, either in the external 
 part or deep-seated in the meatus internus. An injury may produce 
 it. In the first stages it does not interfere with the animal, but after 
 some time it does. The horse will hold his head to one side or the 
 other, and will shake the head when you do anything with him ; and 
 it may bring on cerebral derangement. I have seen some cases of 
 such tumours where the animal would walk in a circular manner, 
 showing cerebral disturbance. You can remove them with the scis- 
 sors or knife, then cleanse the parts nicely and carefully. Use carbolic 
 acid, sulphate of zinc, etc., and the cerebral disturbance, in many 
 cases, will be removed. 
 
 Deafness. — If it is of a permanent character or of long standing, 
 nothmg can be done for it. It is hard to detect, and you may meet 
 with temporary deafness, or partial deafness, from cannonading — 
 from the intense noise. 
 
 Treat by a moderate dose of laxative, and bathe the parts well. If 
 the cause is kept up for some time it may cause entire deafness. The 
 animal appears stubborn, and cannot be taught to obey the word. 
 The same things occur in cattle — tumours, etc. — and in cattle they 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 79 
 
 may be of a tubercular character, especially if there is a tubercular 
 tendency ; but we oftener meet with this in dogs than in other ani- 
 mals. In dogs it is called 
 
 Canker, and is either external or internal, and involves the internal 
 or external flap and the meatus. Canker is more likely to occur in 
 those dogs used for sporting, from running through long grass, brush, 
 etc., getting wet and then drying, which sets up irritation ; and the 
 manner of feeding the animal aggravates it — an over- abundance of 
 animal food making him extremely fat, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — More or less irritation ; he moves the head from one 
 side to the other ; scratches the ear ; if you look at the ear you may 
 find a discharge of an extremely fetid character. 
 
 Treatment is both local and constitutional. If from a well-marked 
 cause, remove the cause ; cleanse nicely and syringe with tepid water 
 or carbolic acid — one part to twenty or twenty-five of water, or even 
 stronger ; or nitrate of silver in solution ; or the tincture of the chlo- 
 ride of iron ; keep him fixed in such a manner that he cannot shake 
 the head, and if plethoric, give physic, syrup, or buckthorn and jalap, 
 or castor-oil is very good. Aloes may be given, but it is not so good, 
 as it has a tendency to irritate the rectum. Iodide of potassium is 
 also good. If the ear becomes gangrenous, you may have to remove a 
 part of it, and you may have abscesses from some causes ; they are 
 generally serious. Make an incision, and then use some of the reme- 
 dies given. Restrict the diet to a certain extent. Give some exercise. 
 We sometimes meet with fistula at the root of the ear. This is more 
 common in horses, and'is generally congenital, or from malformation. 
 It is easily detected by close examination, but it might be overlooked. 
 But you can notice a little matter at the root of the ear, and a small 
 opening, which is a fistulous opening, and passes well in at the root of 
 the ear, and is often of long-standing. The skin may be reflected in 
 and covered with the ear. Exercise the parts and cut this fistulous 
 wound out. It may not set up much irritation, but must generally be 
 dissected out, or you may inject with caustics and afterward dress 
 with a mild caustic, as nitrate of silver, chloride of antimony, tincture 
 of the chloride of iron ; and you may have tooth-deposits — tooth sub- 
 stances have been formed at the root of the ear and caused fistula ; in 
 such cases you find enlargement to some extent. It is possible that 
 tooth-substances may be found in the testicle. There is scarcely a 
 tissue where a tooth substance may not be found. 
 
 DISEASES OF BONE. 
 
 Osseous, — The diseases of the osseous structures. These hard 
 structures are liable to the inflammatory process, the same as the soft 
 structures, and, according to the character of the inflammation, cer- 
 tain names are applied. Bone is composed of two tissues — the com- 
 pact and cancellated, covered by a vascular, white, fibrous, highly 
 nervous membrane, called the periosteum. If inflammation attacks 
 the internal part of the bone, it is likely to involve the periosteum, 
 and if it attacks the periosteum, it is likely to involve the bone. 
 
 Ostitis. — Inflammation of bone in the horse. This is generally 
 found the result of either direct or indirect injury, but sometimes of 
 a constitutional tendency. It may begin either in the compact or 
 cancellated tissue. The first effect is to increase the size of the hav- 
 ersion canals, which become more irregular in size and outline, and 
 
80 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 the union between the earthy salts and the vascular net-work in which 
 they are contained is lessened, and the salts are partially removed and 
 the place taken by the products of inflammation. Then there is a 
 cancellated tissue, and it enlarges to a certain extent, and when the 
 inflammatory action begins in this is always the case. The inflam- 
 mation may come in the cancellated tissue and involve the compact 
 and destroy the laminal layer. This destroys the articular cartilage, 
 then the cancellated tissues come in contact. Nature endeavors to 
 overcome this by throwing out a deposit, and the joint becomes one 
 bone. If the inflammatory action results from some constitutional 
 cause, it is scrofulous or rheumatic ostitis, which is more likely to ap- 
 pear in colts. This inflammation may also have different termina- 
 tions and names. Kesolution may be a termination ; or if the inflam- 
 matory action is kept up, an abscess may result — and an abscess of 
 the bone is difficult to detect in our patients. If there is but a small 
 amount of pus, it is usually relieved by cutting open the parts, treph- 
 ining, etc. An injury may produce an abscess. The horse suffers in- 
 tensely from inflammation of the bone ; the periosteum is very likely 
 to become affected, periostitis and ostitis frequently being associated ; 
 an exudation is often thrown out between the periosteum and the bone, 
 as in splint, sore shins, etc., just from inflammation of the periosteum. 
 Periostitis is more likely to occur in those bones that stand upright, 
 and is due to concussion. These are the products of inflammation of 
 the bone. If ossitic matter is thrown out it is called exofosis, meaning 
 bony deposit, and is produced by more or less inflammatory action. 
 A very slight action is sufficient, sometimes, to produce it. It may 
 occur without the horse suffering from irritation. This is sometimes 
 spongy, and sometimes hard and dense. A common exostosis is 
 spavin, and it is analagous to the structure of bone, from which it 
 sprung. It is in our patients generally the result of injury. Splint 
 is perhaps a better example of exotosis than spavin. 
 
 Caries is analagous to ulceration in the soft tissues — death of bone 
 in small particles It is decay of bone, the result of inflammatory ac- 
 tion. It is molecular death of a part. Caries is more common in 
 some bones than others. In spavin, where the animal has been lame 
 for some time, the bone presents a carious condition ; also in ringbone, 
 navicular disease, etc. It seldom in such cases affects the soft tissues 
 to any great extent, and is called dry caries. The laminal layer under- 
 goes absorption and ulceration, and the articular cartilage is destroyed, 
 and is never renewed. Inflammation is set up in the bone from some 
 cause or other ; nutrition is interfered with ; a change takes place be- 
 tween the vascular elements, and the salts are removed to a certain 
 extent, and there appears a small spot upon the articular surface. If 
 it attacks other parts, as from injury to facial bones, or in connection 
 with the atlas, withers, etc., then it is somewhat different ; matter is 
 formed and cannot escape, and it burrows down and sets up irritation 
 in the periosteum and bone, and so produces caries of the bone. If 
 there is a discharge, and it continues for some time, it is generally 
 fetid. There may be caries of the lower jaw, which may be caused by 
 the action of the bit. If the inflammatory action throws out ossific 
 matter sufficient to fasten two bones together, it is called 
 
 Anchylosis. — This is classified under bone diseases, but it is the 
 result of long union ; but it may be due to fibrous structures thrown 
 out from the ligaments, tendons, etc. But if it involves the hock 
 or pastern joint, then it is generally from ossific matter thrown out 
 between the articulations. If the bone becomes inflamed, causing 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 81 
 
 the articular cartilage to be destroyed, nature endeavours to repair 
 this by throwing out ossific matter, and the two bones become 
 united, until it is sometimes difficult to see any point of union. The 
 changes were similar, but to a greater extent. In some cases the 
 bone dies and irritates the surrounding tissues, which ends in sup- 
 puration, or a discharge of matter. The matter becomes somewhat 
 fetid and ichorous. It destroys the hair over which it flows and 
 smells of sulphureted hydrogen. If you press upon the matter from a 
 fistulous opening, you may find small hard particles, which are small 
 particles of bone which have become detached. The treatment is dif- 
 ferent in this case from spavin, ringbone, etc. Find and remove the 
 diseased part, scrape the bone with a small bone spoon, or in other 
 cases take a small portion of bone off with chisel. The action of cer- 
 tain acids will bring about a healthy action, as hydro-chloric or 
 sulphuric acid, but you must be careful in using them. If you cannot 
 excise the bone, the use of sulphuric acid and water — one part of acid 
 to one of water, or one to four, will bring about a healthy action. As 
 well as local, there is benefit from constitutional remedies, as good 
 food, tonics, etc. If in a debilitated condition, the healing process 
 will be assisted by giving a dose of iron. In ringbone, spavin, etc., 
 the treatment is different. We do not scrape the bone, but we arrest 
 the action by a generous diet and counter-irritation. It is difficult to 
 tell how these act, but they tend to produce inflammatory action and 
 hasten the process of exudation. If the articulations are destroyed, 
 then nothing can be done to cure or reduce the enlargement. When a 
 portion or whole of a bone dies, then it is called 
 
 Necrosis, and it is analagous to gangrene in the soft tissues. By 
 this we understand death, or mortification of a bone, the result of 
 inflammation. It is not very common in our patients — that is, total 
 necrosis of any large bone. It may be in the bones of the face, or in 
 some of the smaller articulations. We have it in sore shins, but not 
 often. In the human patient it is a common disease, and causes 
 intense pain. It is not only dead but literally buried. It shows the 
 wonderful reparative powers of nature. A large bone may die and its 
 place be taken by new bone, which presents much the same appear- 
 ance as the former bone ; but a horse is not often allowed to live long 
 enough to reproduce an entire large bone. We frequently meet with 
 this in open joint. When a part of the bone dies it stimulates the 
 surrounding parts, and there is thrown out more ne^ bone, and the 
 dead bone is carried off by exfoliation, but this is very tedious, and, 
 as a general thing, it must be removed by surgery. Necrosis is fre- 
 quently met with in the lower jaw, from the action of the bit. It 
 causes more or less swelling of the soft tissues ; suppuration results. 
 Notice, if you open an abscess in this part, and you may find small 
 portions of bone in the matter. If this takes place in the shaft of 
 some of the large bones the process is more complicated. 
 
 Osteo Sarcoma. — This is a non-inflammatory disease of bone, and 
 is by no means uncommon in cattle ; and I believe it sometimes 
 occurs in the horse ; but I cannot recollect of such a case. It is gen- 
 erally due to some constitutional diathesis, of a scrofulous or tubercu- 
 lar character. The cavities found in the bone, if examined, will be 
 found to contain deposits — tubercular deposits. It usually attacks 
 the bones of the head, particularly the lower jaw ; but sometimes 
 attacks the upper jaw, or almost any bone. If animals, having this 
 scrofulous tendency, are exposed to any exciting cause, the disease is 
 easily set up. It usually makes its appearance upon the side, or lower 
 
82 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 
 
 portion of the lower jaw. You would, perhaps, think it was a slight 
 fibrous tumour at first, but it enlarges, becomes irritated, and matter 
 may form and discharge, and it goes on until it may destroy the 
 entire jaw, destroying the alveolar cavities, and allowing the teeth to 
 fall out. It is of a malignant character, to some extent. There is no 
 well-marked line of demarcation between the healthy and unhealthy 
 parts. It is said to occur more frequently in well-bred cattle. A con- 
 siderable change takes place in the bone ; it grows. Spicula are 
 formed, and also these cavities. 
 
 Treatment. — Very little can be done for it. If you meet with a 
 tumour in this region, which tends to extend forward and inward, 
 and involving the bone, it is generally an early stage of osteo sarcoma. 
 It grows rapidly in some cases, perhaps, assuming the condition of the 
 specimen in some twelve or fifteen months. Or, it may remain about 
 one size for a considerable length of time. If you attempt to treat it, 
 use biniodide of mercury, iodide ointment, etc. It has been recom- 
 mended to use the knife, but by looking at the specimen present, you 
 can see that it would be absurd to attempt to remove it. If an animal 
 is in good condition, I do not think it interferes with the flesh as food, 
 but if in poor condition, and much discharge of matter, it would not 
 be very desirable as food. It is likely to cause death sooner or later. 
 
 Rickets Richitis. — This disease may occur in all young animals, 
 but oftener it is seen in dogs than in any others. I think it is due to 
 a deficiency of the lime salts of the bone, and possibly the nutritive 
 powers of the bone tissues are also impaired, so that it cannot take 
 up the salts necessary for its nutrition. It generally appears at an 
 early age, and is more likely to occur in a weak, sickly animal, 
 especially one of a scrofalous diathesis, and it may be produced by a 
 scarcity of milk from the mother. If milk is withheld, the animal 
 does not receive the proper constituents for the tissues and the build- 
 ing of bone. I have seen some cases from a horse doing too much 
 serving, which tends to weaken the colt to a certain extent, and may 
 be the exciting cause of rickets. It may result from anything that 
 will tend to weaken an animal, especially if of the scrofulous diathesis. 
 
 Symptoms are well marked. As the bones do not contain the proper 
 amount of earthly matter they bend readily. In the horse the bones 
 of the leg generally bend outwards ; they do not fracture, but bend. 
 In the dog the bones bend both ways, and the bowels are more or less 
 affected ; the head may be enlarged to a great extent. 
 
 Treatment. — Examine the case carefully, and if you think the 
 digestive organs are out of order, it is in some cases advisable to give 
 a slight laxative, as linseed or castor oil, and attend to the matter 
 and see that your patient gets a regular and proper supply of good 
 milk, or your treatment will be of little use. If the mother is in 
 poor condition, or is overworked, see that the opposite takes place. 
 Use alkaline salts in very small doses, and you may give a dose of 
 sulphate of iron to build up the system. The great secret is to give 
 plenty of milk, as it has all the ingredients needed ; or you may assist 
 the strengthening of the limbs with a starch bandage or a porous 
 bandage (a preparation for broken limbs, etc.) — anything that will 
 tend to straighten the leg. Keep either in a comfortable box or in a 
 small pasture, and do not allow it to run around too much. Oatmeal 
 porridge is excellent for this in dogs and man. Bone filings are recom- 
 mended, or give the dog a bone to gnaw — it is excellent for dogs. Cod 
 liver oil is of benefit in dogs. 
 
 Fra^ilitas Ossinm is a fragile condition of the bones. It is seen 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 83 
 
 as an animal advances in life. As an animal becomes older, the bone 
 loses the animal, or organic matter, to a certain extent, and has too 
 much earthy or morganic salts. But this may occur in an earlier 
 period of life. Where a fatty matter is developed, instead of a car- 
 tilaginous basis, or there is fatty degeneration in anchylosis of the 
 vertebra, this condition is present. After performing neurotomy in 
 navicular disease, fracture may occur from this condition, the animal 
 using the limb more after the operation, as there is no pain. Bat it 
 may come from something that interferes with the proper nutrition 
 of the bone, sometimes associated with the vertebral column, and is 
 called softening of the vertebra. If an animal is affected with the 
 spavin, and is stiff in the back, there is, perhaps, anchylosis, due to 
 this condition of the system, and in such cases it is not best to cast an 
 animal, for you may fracture the vertebra. I had one case of this 
 kind. The animal is unthrifty, tucked up in the belly, etc. If you 
 meet with a horse, say twelve years old, with a stifif back and a spavin, 
 tucked up in the belly, as if in extreme pain from systematic affec- 
 tion, nothing can be done for it. 
 
 Mollilies Ossiiim is just the opposite, and is present in rickets to 
 a certain extent, but a change takes place differing from rickets in 
 certain cases. 
 
 Enchondroma, a cartilaginous growth upon a bone, or more fre- 
 quently met with on the ribs and sternum. It may gain a great size 
 and the animal be in good condition. It may occur in the stifle joint, 
 and the result of some irritation ; but it generally comes from some 
 constitutional disturbance. It may occur in the hands and fingers to 
 such an extent that the person can hardly raise the hand. More 
 likely to occur in cattle. Judicious counter-irritation may remove 
 these deposits to a considerable extent. These tumours are composed 
 of the elements of cartilage — cartilaginous cells. There is seldom any 
 ulceration, and it does not seem to affect the animal to any great 
 extent. It possibly involves the bones of the head, but more likely 
 the ribs and sternum. 
 
 FKACTURE. 
 
 Fracture is a solution of continuity of bone, and it is common in 
 all domestic animals. There are several varieties of fracture, called 
 simple, compound, comminuted and complicated. 
 
 Simple is that in which a bone is broken, and the muscles and skin 
 not much injured, and is the most desirable. 
 
 Compound, in which the bones enter the muscles and perhaps pass 
 through the skin, and is a pretty severe fracture. 
 
 Commui'ited, in which the bone is broken and shattered. 
 
 Complicated, in which an important vessel or an articulation is 
 injured. 
 
 Some imagine that the bones of the horse will not unite as quickly 
 as the bones of a man. But I think they will unite more quickly, the 
 great difficulty being in keeping the animal quiet, and the bones in the 
 proper position. And you must restore the animal so as to be of 
 value. In the human being the limb is frequently considerably 
 altered in condition. If such would occur in a horse, it would depre- 
 ciate his value to a great extent. Fractures occur in different ways, 
 and receive various names, according to the way in which the frac- 
 ture occurs— transverse, oblique, and longitudinal — and it is astonish- 
 ing how easily they will occur in some cases ; and in other cases an 
 animal may receive a great injury and fracture not occur. They 
 
84 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 occur from external violence, operating directly upon the bone, as 
 falling, receiving a kick, etc., or by external violence, causing a strain 
 not sufficient to break the bone receiving the injury, but breaks in 
 some other part. This sometimes occurs in the long bones. Or if a 
 horse falls back and strikes the occipital bone, it does not fracture the 
 occipital but the basilar process. A fracture may occur from intense 
 muscular exertion. This sometimes occurs in operations, however 
 careful they are performed. This is more likely to occur in young 
 animals, breaking the union between the diaphysis and epiphysis — 
 the union between the points of ossification. Fracture may occur 
 from concussion. Without any weight upon the back, the animal 
 falters, becomes suddenly lame, and an examination reveals fracDure 
 of the os-su£fraginis or ossa-innominata. 
 
 General Symptoms. — Generally easily detected. The bones may pass 
 each other, and so show it. The part may lose motion, or, in other 
 cases, you may have to detect by crepitation, and you may find it in 
 parts where you will have great difficulty in detecting it, for great 
 swelling may take place, and then you cannot hear any crepitation. 
 
 General Treatment. — There are certain general and certain special 
 rules applicable to our cases. A compound fracture can not be 
 treated with any degree of success in the horse, especially those of 
 the tibia, humerus, etc. The parts should be brought into proper 
 position as soon as possible — however, in a simple fracture they are 
 not separated to any great extent — and keep them in position by 
 some means, such as a starch or plaster of paris bandage, and use 
 slings. A starch bandage is just factory cotton starched and applied 
 around the parts. Or use nice light splints, leather or anything of 
 that sort. But if you use some cumbersome appliance you will do 
 more harm than good. There is a new kind of splint used in human 
 practice— a kind of porous felt. It looks very nice and light, and 
 by immersing it in hot water it becomes perfectly pliable, and will 
 take the perfect shape of the part ; then apply cold water and it be- 
 comes solid. It is astonishing how reunion will take place in some 
 cases, even without anything being done. I saw a case where pretty 
 good recovery had taken place after fracture of the femur, without 
 any treatment. Keunion takes place more quickly in young animals. 
 In some cases, although everything is done properly, reunion will not 
 take place. We also find false joints by the production of fibro- 
 cartilage. 
 
 The Period of Union, and the manner in which bones unite, depends 
 upon the structure of the bones and the manner in which they are 
 kept together. There is effusion of blood around the fractured ends, 
 and between the periosteum and the bone, and, by and by, this extra- 
 vasation becomes absorbed and reparative material is deposited 
 between the fractured ends. This is called callus. At first there is an 
 effusion from the vessels of the bone and periosteum. This becomes 
 converted into bone — at first spongy, but it gradually becomes firmer 
 and firmer, and leaves but little mark, and it usually goes on in this 
 manner. If the bones are properly placed, and the animal kept quiet, 
 this callus will form in eight or ten days. In dogs (the healing pro- 
 cess is more difficult and complicated where there is a certain amount 
 of motion,) there is a ring or sheath of bone around the ends of the 
 bone — a provisional callus — which tends to keep the ends of the bones 
 in position ; there is also a plug in the medullary canal. There are 
 various stages. The first is extravasation of reparative material 
 between the bone and periosteum; second, this exudation acquires a 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 85 
 
 character of fibro-cartilage to a certain extent ; third, internal and exter- 
 nal callus ; fourth, this sort of spongy bone becomes harder, lime salts 
 are developed, but the ends of the bone are still distinct from each 
 other ; fifth, the permanent and intermediate callus forms between the 
 broken ends. The provisional becomes absorbed to a certain extent. 
 This change goes on for some time, perhaps for years. These 
 reparative materials make the parts as strong, or stronger, than 
 before fracture. 
 
 INJURIES TO THE VERTEBRA. 
 
 Caries and Exostosis. — The atlas, the first cervical vertebra, is so 
 affected in poll-evil. If poll-evil has been present for years, the 
 matter cannot get away ; it burrows deeper, and irritation is set up 
 and the periosteum destroyed and caries set up ; and if caries is ex- 
 tensive, nothing can be done for it ; but if only slight, touching the 
 parts with dilute sulphuric acid may bring about a healthy action. 
 The parts may heal up and remain stiff ; in such a case there is more 
 or less exostosis. This may result from an injury to the parts, or 
 from poll-evil of an ordinary cause. The bone is liable to fracture 
 from casting the animal, or from striking the back part of the head, 
 etc. It is sometimes necessary to remove small spicula of bone, in 
 cases of anchylosis, or they may become detached, and act as an irri- 
 tant, giving rise to swelling of the tissues, and perhaps poll-evil ; the 
 symptoms are generally very plain. There is a discharge of offensive 
 matter ; you lay open the sinuses, and perhaps find a foreign body or 
 a part of a bone. If you remove this the irritation will cease and the 
 parts heal. 
 
 The Axis is also liable to injury ; the odontoid process acts as a 
 pivot, upon which the atlas moves, and is more liable to be fractured 
 than the body of the bone. This is usually the result of violent injury. 
 A horse running fast, falling and striking the nose, or from slipping, 
 etc. Death is almost instantaneous, although there is a possibility of 
 an animal living for some time. I never noticed it in the horse, but 
 have known it in man. If the injury is anterior to the diaphragmatic 
 or phrenic nerve, instant death is usually the result. Other vertebrae 
 may become diseased ; there may be caries, necrosis and ossific 
 growths, and it is hard to say what may be the cause of these ossific 
 growths. Fractures of other cervical vertebrae may occur from being 
 halter-cast, getting the foot into the halter and struggling violently. 
 The transverse processes of the bones are occasionally fractured. 
 This, as a general thing, is not attended with any very serious results. 
 It may occur from the animal getting under the manger, or other such 
 injuries. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is sometimes difficulty in detecting this, but if 
 an animal has been halter-cast, the neck swollen, there is a tendency 
 to carry the head to one side, and if you examine along the neck you 
 may be able to find the seat of injury, and you may be able to detect 
 crepitation. If you suspect a fracture, keep the animal as quiet as 
 possible ; bathe to allay the irritation of the soft tissues, and keep the 
 feed box pretty high, and keep the animal from moving the head 
 much, and you may keep him tied up and not allow him to lie down 
 for twenty-four or thirty-six hours. Bandaging is of little use. You 
 may meet with a case where the animal was not attended to, and re- 
 union did not take place, and there is necrosis of the parts ; they 
 become detached, and set up irritation ; there is a discharge — perhaps 
 heals up and then breaks out again, etc. There is some cause, some 
 
86 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 irritant, and the probability is that a piece of bone is the cause of the 
 irritation. Cut down and remove the particle of bone. Sometimes 
 there is a partial dislocation, and the animal may live for some time. 
 In such cases V7ry neck is the result. The spine or nerves sometimes 
 becomes injured from being halter-cast, and if you attempt to 
 straighten the neck, the animal falls down. 
 
 Injuries to the Dorsal Vertebra.— Caries and anchylosis are not 
 uncommon. Anchylosis is most common in aged horses, especially 
 those used for heavy carting, and old military horses, from carrying 
 heavy weights. But we find it in young horses, and it may be the 
 result of an ossific diathesis. And if you have to cast an aged horse, 
 that has a tucked-up appearance, somewhat stiff in his movements, a 
 fracture is liable to be produced. There may be anchylosis of the 
 transverse or superior or spinous processes. It is not easily diagnosed, 
 but if you notice an old animal with a peculiar motion and hollow in 
 the back, and you find nothing the matter with the feet and limbs to 
 produce it, it is likely to be anchylosis. Nothing can be done for it. 
 The superior spinous processes may be fractured. The withers differ 
 in formation in different animals, some being high, and others low ; 
 and it is a good point to have good withers, but they may be so high 
 as to be objectionable. Injury is usually produced in a very simple 
 manner — by an ill-fitting saddle ; sometimes by a cart saddle, but 
 usually by a riding saddle, especially if the horse has high withers. 
 It may occur suddenly, and produce fistula of the withers. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is an offensive discharge, characteristic of caries, 
 and it possesses active properties. If but a small portion of the bone 
 is affected, scrape with a bone spoon, or touch with hydrchloric or 
 sulphuric acid ; but if a greater portion is affected, you may use the 
 bone forceps, and take away a portion of it, or even use the bone saw. 
 So the treatment varies according to the extent of the injury. Frac- 
 tures sometimes occur in the bones of the withers, but not often, and 
 if produced, it is generally from rolling violently, or from external 
 injury. If the animal is kept quiet, reunion takes place quickly ; 
 but if allowed to run, or compelled to work, a large abscess may form 
 and caries take place. Remove the detached parts. It is not very 
 common, but may occur. There may be fracture of the bodies of the 
 dorsal vertebra. This is known as broken back It generally occurs 
 from severe injury, if from about the middle forward ; but if from 
 about the middle of the region backward, from muscular contraction. 
 If fracture of the dorsal vertebra occurs pretty well forward, you will 
 have paralysis of both hind and fore extremities; but if further back, 
 paralysis of the hind extremities only. You may possibly see some 
 motion in the tail, after there is complete paralysis of the other parts. 
 Fracture well back may occur in different ways — from getting the 
 hind legs in the mud and trying to get out ; from running away and 
 running against some obstacle ; or from being thrown for an opera- 
 tion — from the fall, or from struggling while on the ground. Symp- 
 toms vary. There is either partial or complete paralysis. There are 
 cases where there is slight paralysis and the animal recovers, if it is 
 a fracture without displacement. There is a kind of a straddling 
 action of the hind quarters, difficulty of getting up when down. Keep 
 the animal very quiet, and use slings — although some would object to 
 the use of slings — I would recommend them, but not unless the 
 animal is able to bear a part of his weight, for if he would throw his 
 entire weight on the slings it might cause separation of the parts. 
 If the case is severe, you are told that the animal has received some 
 
DISEASES OP DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 87 
 
 injury ; he can perhaps get up on the fore legs, but not on the hind 
 ones ; there is paralysis. You move the hind leg, there is no resist- 
 ance ; prick him with a pin, there is no sensation. It is best to 
 recommend the destruction of the animal. In some cases there will 
 be great pain, in others but little. 
 
 Injuries to the Lumbar Vertebra. — Anchylosis is very common, 
 both* in the transverse processes and bodies, and it may be due to an 
 ossific diathesis. Fracture occurs in the same manner and presents 
 the same symptoms as in the dorsal region. If fracture occurs to the 
 transverse processes, and the animal is kept quiet, reunion takes 
 place quickly, but a slight motion may prevent this, and produce a 
 fistula, and if you explore the sinus you will find a detached portion 
 of bone. 
 
 Fractures of the Sacrum. — Most likely to occur in the transyerse 
 processes, where they are in connection with the sacrum, and usually 
 from some severe injury, violent exertion, or from falling violently. 
 
 Symptoms are not very clear in all cases. If the fracture is bat 
 slight he may go tolerably well, but if severe there is great difficulty 
 in moving, and from the great weight the bones are brought down, 
 and you may locate by examination per rectum and having the limbs 
 moved. 
 
 Treatment. — Just keep him quiet and allow nature to effect a cure. 
 (You can take the credit for it if you like). He may always be 
 slightly down in the hip, but may be able to do hard or even fast 
 work. If there are constitutional symptoms, use constitutional treat- 
 ment, fomentations, laxatives, febrifuges, etc. The superior spines of 
 the sacrum may be fractured ; it usually occurs from some heavy 
 body falling upon the parts. It is more likely to be met with in heavy 
 cart horses, from the cart falling upon them, or in railroading horses, 
 from something falling upon them. It may occur from running away. 
 It is likely to be followed by caries or necrosis, generally caries. A 
 portion of the bone is apt to become detached. If you have an 
 abscess which heals, forms again, etc., then sinuses form. There is 
 some cause for it. Cut down and remove the parts. This is some- 
 times difficult to do, as it may become necrosed deep down. The 
 anterior and superior spines of the pelvic bones are liable to fracture, 
 usually from the animal coming in contact with some hard body, as 
 running through a doorway. 
 
 Fracture of the Pelvic Bones. — Fracture of the anterio- superior 
 spine, generally from direct injury, from falling violently upon the 
 ground, or from running through a doorway, or from running through 
 a stumpy field and striking against a stump. It does not often occur 
 from slipping. It does not interfere much with the horse's action. 
 Keep him quiet in a box. There is great difficulty in getting reunion 
 here. There is frequently a fibro-cartilaginous deposit forming a 
 reunion by what is known as false joint. It may be necessary to 
 remove a considerable portion of the bone, and is the only method of 
 saving the animal. The muscles will regain their natural condition 
 to a considerable extent ; but the animal will be down in the hip, 
 which is best detected by standing behind the animal. It is necessary 
 to watch for this in examining for soundness. The ilium may be 
 fractured right through the dorsum. It usually occurs from slipping 
 or falling, and, if severe it is easily diagnosed. Owing to the weight 
 of the muscles the haunch is pulled down. There will be well marked 
 crepitation, and if the bone is much shattered, and there is constitu- 
 tional disturbance, as fever, the pulse running up to one hundred or 
 
88 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 more, the animal sweats freely, the blood vessels injured, etc. It is 
 generally advisable to destroy the animal. I generally make up my 
 mind from the amount of constitutional disturbance. The 
 
 Treatment is to keep the animal quiet, and place in slings. It will 
 get well in from six to ten weeks. He will be down in the hip. 
 
 The Posterior Iliac spine is also liable to fracture, and the treat- 
 ment is the same. 
 
 Fracture of the Shaft of the Iliuiu is pretty common, and a simple 
 fracture of it usually occurs from slipping, but may occur from falling 
 or from severe muscular contraction. 
 
 Symptoms. — If you are conversant with the parts it is easily diag- 
 nosed. There is difficulty in bringing the limb forward, but it is 
 astonishing how well they can walk, in some cases, but will not do so 
 unless compelled to. If in the winter, and you are told that an 
 animal slipped and became suddenly lame, you move the limb, and in 
 most cases you can detect crepitation, or you may examine per rectum, 
 and it may be a slight fracture, and the bones held in their places by 
 the periosteum. Your prognosis should be favourable if in a young 
 healthy animal ; but in an old animal reunion does not take place so 
 readily. Keep quiet and place in slings. Although he can stand 
 pretty well, slings assist him considerably. If the muscles are swollen, 
 use fomentations ; or, some use a plaster, to keep the parts in a fixed 
 position. Attend to the constitutional treatment. Give a slight laxa- 
 tive, if the bowels are costive, and an animal may be able to do fast 
 work. I knew one to pace in three minutes after such a fracture. 
 
 Fracture of the Acetabulum. — This is a very serious lesion, and 
 sometimes there is a dislocation of the hip joint, in connection with 
 such a fracture. This fracture may be produced in the same way — 
 from slipping — more likely from slipping and coming in contact with 
 the ground. The animal cannot mark the limb at all in most cases. 
 There is severe constitutional disturbance, quick pulse and great pain. 
 It is advisable to examine ^^r rectum, and if you find it is fractured in 
 different places, it is advisable to destroy the animal. But there may 
 be exceptional cases, as in a brood mare or stallion ; but if it is a com- 
 plicated fracture, it is likely to set up inflammation, caries, exostosis, 
 etc. 
 
 Fracture of the Pubes aud Ischium is common. It occurs in the 
 same way as slipping, or slipping and falling, but in three cases out 
 of four, just from slipping, and a very slight slip may produce it. The 
 symptoms are just about the same, but the hip does not descend quite 
 so far as in other cases. The horse can not get up, when he lies down, 
 without assistance, and in some cases you are able to detect crepitation. 
 You can locate by examination per rectum. It is likely to extend right 
 through the foramen ovale, but if it is just through the shaft, and 
 there is no displacement, recovery may take place. All you can do is 
 to keep the animal quiet. A spiculum of bone may puncture the 
 obturator artery, causing death by internal hemorrhage. In such 
 cases the animal sweats profusely, the pulse runs down, etc. 
 
 Fracture of the Symphysis Pubes usually occurs from slipping, 
 and I think this is the only way it does occur. It is difficult to diag- 
 nose ; there is a difficulty in extending both limbs, but perhaps more 
 in one than the other. He endeavours to keep the limbs out. There 
 is generally no crepitation. If an animal acts in this way, and you 
 know it has slipped, examine /^-y rectum. Press gently upon the blad- 
 der until it is emptied of its contents, and you can feel it. Keep the 
 animal quiet, and a bandage around the limbs to keep them together. 
 It may do good. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 89 
 
 The Tuberosify of the Ischium is fractured. It generally occurs 
 from slipping upon the haunches, or rearing and falling upon the 
 haunches, coming in contact with some obstacle, etc. ; rarely, if ever, 
 from muscular contraction. If but a small portion is detached, re- 
 union is apt to be of a cartilaginous deposit, or necrosis. It is neces- 
 sary to cut in and remove the part, but it is more difficult in this than 
 in some other parts. But unless this is done nothing can be done. 
 Down in the hip is the result of these injuries. 
 
 Fore Extremities. — The cartilage of prolongation occasionally be- 
 comes diseased in fistulous withers. It gives rise to irritation, sinuses, 
 caries, etc. Remove the diseased portion and scrape with a spoon. 
 The scapula is liable to fracture in any part of it. This occurs from 
 violent injury, but it is possible for it to come from violent muscular 
 exertion. The symptoms vary according to the part injured ; easily 
 detected, especially if seen soon after the accident. He cannot move 
 the limb; perhaps goes on three legs, and there is crepitation. If 
 swelling takes place, as it is apt to do, then there will be some difficulty 
 in diagnosing. Crepitation is always conclusive evidence of a fracture. 
 If the swelling is but slight, there may be crepitation. It is not often 
 necessary to have recourse to treatment, unless in a blood mare or 
 stallion — keep quiet, use slings, reduce the irritation by fomentations, 
 etc. The spine is sometimes fractured by a kick, or some hard body ; 
 there is apt to be separation of a small part from the bone. There is 
 discharge of pus of an offensive character, so it is extremely liable to 
 be followed by necrosis. The shoulder joint is liable to caries and 
 exostosis, sometimes from open joint, or severe strains, etc. 
 
 Fracture of the Humwus occasionally occurs, from violent con- 
 cussion, a kick or fall, and may be either simple or compound. If it 
 is simple and it is in a young animal it may be treated, but if it is 
 compound it is not necessary to treat. The animal cannot extend the 
 limb, nor throw any weight upon it ; if oblique one part of the bone 
 passes the other, and there is great swelling. There is crepitation in 
 most cases. 
 
 The Olecranon, or point of the elbow is liable to fracture ; it may 
 occur in various ways, usually from slipping and coming in contact with 
 the ground. If the case is not severe it is difficult to diagnose. There is 
 no crepitation. The joint may be completely detached, and drawn from 
 the body of the bone. We judge from the action of the animal. It bears 
 no weight upon the limb ; stands with the limb in a semi-flexed con- 
 dition. There is considerable swelling. It has been recommended to 
 place your knee against the knee of the injured leg, and by continued 
 pressure straighten the affected limb, and direct an assistant to lift 
 the opposite limb, and if it is fracture the animal will fall. The 
 treatment is not attended with any degree of success, but if attended 
 to immediately reunion may take place. There are also both caries 
 and exostosis in the elbow joint, from strains and punctured wounds. 
 The matter burrows down, causing open joint. The body of the radius 
 is liable to fracture ; this may be produced in the ways I have men- 
 tioned, and if compound or comminuted, it is better to destroy the 
 animal, but if simple it may be treated. Use splints, the lighter the 
 better ; place in slings. A fracture may occur here and be overlooked. 
 If the horse has received a kick puncturing the skin and muscles, he 
 suffers much pain ; cannot throw any weight upon the limb ; the 
 chances are ten to one that fracture has occurred, and the bones not 
 displaced. The animal might move around for some time, lie down, 
 and getting up displace the parts ; therefore, if you have any suspicion 
 
^^ 90 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 V>f fracture, keep the animal quiet for about ten da^s, after which 
 ^here is no great danger, as a general thing. 
 
 Knee-joint is occasionally fractured ; may be from falling upon the 
 ground, but it is rare that it occurs in this way. It is generally from 
 concussion from galloping upon uneven ground ; stepping upon a cobble 
 stone, etc., or from carelessness in turning a horse out to run, after 
 having been stabled for some time. The knee bones may be literally 
 shattered to pieces. The animal cannot mark the limb ; stands with 
 it slightly flexed, and after a while extensive swelling takes place. In 
 such a case, destroy the animal ; but if only one bone is fractured, it 
 it not so easily detected. If you flex the joint,, the animal shows 
 pain. It may be treated with some success. Use a starch or plaster 
 of paris bandage, splints and slings ; but if more than two bones are 
 fractured, there is likely to be anchylosis, and treatment is not 
 attended with much success ; but the animal might do some work if 
 the joint is anchylosed. 
 
 Hnnierns fracture of the external tuberosity, or from receiving a 
 kick, or from falling. If a small portion is detached, remove it. 
 
 Metacarpal is usually fractured from direct injury, or from concus- 
 sion. It is generally easily diagnosed. If it is compound, it cannot 
 be treated ; but if simple, it may be treated with success. Keep quiet 
 and place in slings. The small metacarpal bones may be fractured, 
 and set up considerable irritation ; but reunion will generally take 
 place, if the animal is kept quiet. There is no necessity for putting 
 in slings. It may be caused by striking with the hind foot. The 
 animal is extremely lame ; in some cases you may detect crepitation. 
 There is a tendency to a bony deposit in such cases, and if it attains 
 any great size, you may apply a blister, but not as treatment for the 
 fracture. Sesamoid bones act as levers, and are sometimes fractured, 
 transversely. It usually occurs from muscular contraction, and is 
 most likely to occur in race or steeplechase horses. In cases of trans- 
 verse fracture, the limb descends very much, similar to break-down. 
 It might be necessary to treat in a mare or stallion. Get the parts in 
 position as well as you can, keep quiet, etc., and be careful in applying 
 a starch bandage, for great swelling will take place, and may produce 
 gangrene. A fracture here may occur without displacement, when 
 reunion will take place. There is necrosis of the sesamoid bones, 
 from injuring or cutting the tendons. It is very difficult to treat, as 
 there is great swelling, and sinuses are formed. 
 
 Os-Snffraginis is frequently fractured. It may occur from direct 
 injury, but not so likely as in other bones. It is usually from concus- 
 sion. It may be produced in a horse just trotting or cantering along. 
 It may be treated with success, if simple ; but if compound or com- 
 minuted, it is best to destroy the animal. You may have difficulty in 
 diagnosing. There will be extreme lameness, but slight swelling and 
 crepitation, but in some cases you cannot detect crepitation. Keep 
 quiet and remove the shoe ; bandage with a starch or plaster of paris 
 bandage ; apply carefully, and then perhaps a splint on both sides of 
 the bone keeps it from turning to the sides ; but if it extends down in 
 an oblique direction, into the articulation, it is likely to produce 
 anchylosis and ringbone ; but this does not seriously interfere with 
 the action or work. 
 
 Oscorona is rarely fractured, but fracture may be produced in the 
 same way as those given, and may be treated in the same way. 
 
 Ospedis.— Any part of this may be fractured, and it is possible for 
 reunion to take place. The superior process is sometimes fractured, 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 91 
 
 especially if the horse has side bones. It is difficult to diagnose, and 
 you must ju^ge from the manner in which the accident occurred. 
 Keep quiet There is extreme lameness and great pain. He can not 
 mark the limb. This might occur from a nail passing through a por- 
 tion of the bone. If so, it is likely to be followed by intense inflam- 
 mation, and, perhaps, gangrene. It is frequently an act of mercy to 
 destroy the animal. 
 
 Navicular bone may be fractured, and it is difficult to diagnose. 
 However, you might surmise it from the extreme and continued lame- 
 ness. There is a tendency to an osseous exudation and ringbone. It 
 is most likely to occur in an animal that has navicular disease, and 
 after neurotomy has been performed, as he will not be careful in using 
 the limb, and nervous influence affects the nutrition of a part to a 
 certain extent, and as there is no sensation it is difficult to detect the 
 lesion in such cases. Inflammation and suppuration are the results, 
 or reunion may take place. 
 
 Femur, — Any portion of it is liable to fracture, the body being the 
 most liable. It occurs from severe exertion or direct injury. It is 
 rare that the neck is fractured, in comparison with the body. 
 
 Treatment is not successful, but there may be exceptional cases. 
 There is great inflammation. It is generally easily diagnosed. The 
 limb is short-ended. He cannot throw any weight upon it ; and there 
 may be crepitation, but the swelling may be so extensive that it can- 
 not be heard. 
 
 Trochanter Major.— This may be fractured, usually from the 
 animal falling upon the haunch. There is a difficulty in moving the 
 limb, but he may throw some weight upon it. It is followed by 
 extensive swelling. It may be treated with success. 
 
 The External Tuberosity may be fractured from a kick, but not 
 usually, but is rather common where carts are used, from falling over 
 the cart shafts. The animal is externally lame— can scarcely move 
 the limb at all. Manipulation of the parts will detect tenderness. 
 Reunion may take place, and there may be necrosis, as in fracture of 
 any of the small tuberosities. 
 
 Condyle.— Fractured, and extends right into the articulation. Not 
 treated with success. 
 
 Patella.— It is occasionally fractured ; possibly from severe mus- 
 cular contraction, but most likely from direct injury. It may be 
 either transverse or longitudinal. If the parts are separated there is 
 but little chance of recovery ; it is very difficult in the human patient 
 and is worse in the horse. The only chance is for nature to throw 
 out a large deposit, and this produces anchylosis ; but if there is no 
 displacement it may be treated successfully. It is difficult to diag- 
 nose ; you know that an animal has received an injury, and there is 
 extreme pain, but no great amount of swelling ; you may suspect 
 fracture. 
 
 Tibia is fractured in a majority of cases from direct injury. The 
 antero-external face is not much covered with muscles, and is liable 
 to fracture from a kick. If the bones are displaced, even in a simple 
 fracture, it cannot be treated with much success in old animals, but 
 it is different in young animals. It is very important, as I stated in 
 regard to the radius, to watch closely any injury to this bone, for it 
 may be fractured and not displaced for several days. The periosteum 
 being uery strong tends to hold the parts in position. The animal 
 stands with the limb flexed ; pressure upon the parts produces pain. 
 If there is no displacement it may be treated. Tie the animal up so 
 
92 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 he cannot lie down, and it is best to place in slings, for if it is an 
 injury this is the proper treatment anyway. I had a case under 
 treatment ; the owner came and took him, anddrove him some dis- 
 tance to the waggon, and the bones separated. Placing in slings is 
 usually sufficient, but some recommend the use of splints and band- 
 ages. It is also recommended to use a tar cord ; wrap it around the 
 limb from the foot up over part injured. It must be watched, and if 
 swelling takes place, do not allow it to produce gangrene. 
 
 Fibula. — This may be fractured from falling, or from a kick. It is 
 difficult to detect ; you must judge by the great pain, difficulty in 
 extending the limb, and the lameness, which you must locate by the 
 action, the swelling, etc. It is covered well with muscle, and so 
 crepitation is difficult. It generally terminates favourably. Place in 
 a nice box if he can get up, or if he cannot get up place in slings. It 
 generally takes about three months for it to get well. 
 
 Hock. — Fracture of these bones occur occasionally, especially of 
 the cudiform bones. It may result from a kick, and have open joint 
 with it, and it may be the result of concussion or sprain. In this 
 case there is usually laceration of the ligaments. You may detect 
 crepitation ; keep quiet, etc. There will generally be a bony deposit, 
 which you may call spavin. 
 
 Astrag'alus. — If it is fractured there is little use in treating. 
 
 Os-Calcis is sometimes fractured ; from severe exertion, generally. 
 It is difficult to treat, especially if separated. Place in slings, keep 
 quiet, etc. Fractures below the hock occur in the same way as in the 
 fore extremities, and are treated just the same way, but the treatment 
 is more difficult in the hind limb. 
 
 Lower Jaw. — It is frequently injured by the action of the bit, 
 either from pulling on it or from the driver jerking, etc The inferior 
 portion is injured by the curb, the superior by the bit, or the jaw may 
 be fractured by the action of a curb and bit. But is not generally 
 fractured, but irritation is set up, and the inflammatory action is 
 kept up, and caries and necrosis are usual. The symptoms are very 
 well marked ; if the irritation is kept up for some time on the outer 
 part, there may be necrosis. In such cases there will be extensive 
 swelling, exudation, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — Cut in and remove the diseased parts, or it may be 
 necessary to trephine, but it is generally pretty easy to break down 
 the exudation without trephining. Remove any detached particles, 
 or the superior portion may be affected, giving rise to a flow of saliva 
 from the mouth. The treatment is just the same. There may be 
 spicula of bone coming out from necrosis, and not be the result of 
 fracture, but of the inflammation followed by necrosis. Remove the 
 particles, bathe nicely, feed upon soft food for a few days, and it may 
 be necessary to touch the parts with a hydrochloric acid to bring 
 about a healthy action. 
 
 Nasal Bones. — These are occasionally fractured, usually from an 
 animal coming in contact with some obstacle, as in running away, 
 falling, or colliding with another animal, etc. The treatment must 
 vary according to the injury. If but slight, and the bones not 
 depressed to any extent, just keep the animal quiet for a few days ; 
 but if the bones are depressed so as to interfere with respiration, 
 raise the bones by means of a probe, and then use an adhesive plaster 
 of Burgundy pitch. Or the bones may be literally shattered and not 
 displaced to any extent, and are easily put in position ; but if not put 
 in position, necrosis is apt to take place. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 93 
 
 Frontal Bones are liable to fracture in the same manner as the 
 nasal bones. It looks like rather a serious injury, but as a general 
 thing it is not so serious as it looks. The treatment varies according 
 to the character of the fracture. As a general thing the bones are 
 not displaced to any great extent ; they may be shattered ; the symp- 
 toms are plain ; in respiration and expiration, the bones may be 
 raised and lowered, and there may be hemorrhage from the nose, but 
 is not generally very serious. Keep quiet and use an adhesive plaster 
 over the frontal bones, either longitudinally or transversely, to keep 
 the bones in position ; but if the bones are fractured and displaced, 
 and there is an opening into the frontal sinus, yet there is no cause 
 for alarm. The treatment is to remove any detached parts, and at 
 first there may be difficulty in getting every piece, but in a day or two 
 there may be some pieces that can be removed. Apply a plaster, 
 leaving a small hole at the inferior part, to allow the matter to escape. 
 In six or eight days there may be diffuse suppuration and it may be 
 necessary to examine closely and remove any pieces, or it may cause 
 nasal gleet. The inner plate of the frontal bone may be fractured, 
 when it is more serious, and generally gives rise to more or less 
 cerebral disturbance. The animal is dull, but can be easily excited. 
 Keep quiet and attend to the cerebral symptoms, and recovery may 
 result ; or he may do tolerably well for some time, and then show 
 cerebral symptoms, and death result. You cannot be too careful with 
 such cases. 
 
 External Orbital Process. — It may be fractured, but it takes a 
 pretty violent blow. Inflammation is set up, and necrosis is very apt to 
 result, and it is likely to afl'ect the eyeball, followed by slight inflamma- 
 tion and opacity of the cornea. Bring the bones in position ; keep quiet, 
 and perhaps give a dose of physic, and endeavour to remove the irritation 
 of the eyeball by poulticing, opium, etc. 
 
 Zygoiuotic Process, when fractured, is very likely to be followed by 
 necrosis. Keunion may take place. Keep quiet for two or three weeks ; 
 if not, necrosis is likely to take place, giving rise to an abscess, sinuses, 
 etc.; and necrosis is often the result of inflammation without fracture. 
 
 Parietal Bones. — Fracture of these is very liable to injure the brain. 
 It is possible for it to occur and not seriously injure the brain, but not 
 very probable. These bones are not very strong of themselves, they are 
 protected by muscles, which prevent fracture to a great extent. Fracture 
 of these bones is generally the result of violent injury, and there is gener- 
 ally more or less concussion of the brain : the animal falls, gets up again, 
 but is in a semi-comatose condition ; exhibits cerebral disturbance now 
 and again. Treatment is not attended with much success ; it is usually 
 followed by inflammation of the brain. It has been recommended to cut 
 down and remove the portion that presses upon the brain, but it is not 
 attended with much success in the horse ; but there may be cases where 
 it is advisable to do it. A fracture may occur and produce cerebral dis- 
 turbance, and the patient recover, but it is not a general thing. 
 
 • Occipital Bone — the occipital crest. Fracture of this usually occurs 
 from the animal raising the head and striking it against something, or 
 from falling back and striking the ground. If a slight fracture, reunion 
 may take place. An animal may fall or strike this, stun himself, get 
 better and nothing is thought of it ; but irritation is set up ; there is 
 swelling between the ears, suppuration, etc., showing that there is caries 
 and necrosis ; treat as such. I have met with cases where it was neces- 
 sary to remove a great part of the crest ; or scraping will do in some 
 cases. You may have this irritation without fracture. 
 
94 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 
 
 Basilar Process of the occipital bone. Fracture of this occurs from 
 striking the occipital crest, which fractures not the crest, but the basilar 
 process. As a general thing it is speedily followed by death. But it is 
 possible for it to occur and produce concussion, and the animal recover. 
 It is not uncommon to find an animal killed from rearing and falling 
 back, and striking the occipital crest. By opening the mouth you can 
 perhaps detect it. 
 
 Lower Jaw may be fractured in various ways— from being kicked, 
 getting fast. etc. It is a serious injury ; but we meet cases where reunion 
 will take place if it is a simple fracture. Feed upon sloppy food, just 
 enough to sustain life without calling the muscles into action. Use any 
 means of keeping the bones in position. Some advise what is called a 
 cradle, which is just made to fit the jaw. It may be made of gutta 
 percha or of bass wood. It is necessary to apply it to the sound side as 
 well as to the affected one. Pad the cradle nicely with tow or cotton. 
 The porous substance, I think, is preferable, as by heating it can be 
 brought to the exact shape of the jaw. It is necessary to keep the cradle 
 in position, which is done by straps, one behind and one in front of the 
 ears, and an elastic one lower down, so as to allow the action of the 
 muscles, and exercise your ingenuity the best you can. If the bones are 
 not misplaced, treatment is not so difficult. In fracture of the nasal 
 bones, it is sometimes necessary to insert a plug, but only on one side, as 
 the horse can breathe only through the nose. Either of the maxillary 
 bones may be fractured, in about the regions of the incisors, possibly, 
 but rarely, from falling, but it may be done from getting fast. If it is 
 but simple, keep the bones in position, keep quiet, feed upon sloppy food, 
 and give but little food for a few days, and apply a small bandage around 
 the under jaw. A piece may be almost detached, in which case it is 
 generally best to remove it, even two or three alveolar cavities. 
 
 Head of the Ox. — It differs in arrangement of the bones. The ox 
 uses his head for offence and defence, and the bones are stronger. The 
 crest is formed of the frontal in the ox, and in the horse it is formed of 
 the occipital. There are numerous sinuses, and the brain is more pro- 
 tected than in the horse. Extending from the frontal bones are the supra- 
 orbital processes. Fracture may occur in connection with these parts, or 
 of the frontal bones, but it is extremely rare. But the flints are often 
 injured. The first appearance of a horn or flint is about the fourth or 
 fifth month of gestation, and about the ninth month there are small pro- 
 tuberances, which puncture the skin, and they grow until the animal is 
 about three years old or more, and in some cases gain a considerable 
 size, and are absent in some cases. It is supposed that at one time all 
 breeds had horns, but by certain modes of breeding the poll cattle 
 were produced. Texas cattle have enormously developed horns. In 
 Abyssinia they gain a great size, and some cattle are raised for the 
 horns. The growth of horn interferes with the development of the 
 body. The food take a goes to develop horn. The horns are largely 
 supplied with blood vessels, so that in examining we place the hand 
 at the root of the horn to asceitain the state of the circulation. It is a 
 very tender part. A slight blow upon the horn produces great pain. The 
 horn may be completely knocked off, and this may be followed by con- 
 siderable hemorrhage, which can be reduced by bandaging and using 
 styptics, as iron or acetate of lead. A tar bindage is recomiiended, but 
 it may interfere with the development of the new horn. A new horn is 
 sometimes pretty well developed— blood is extravasated, and, by and by, 
 absorbed, and horn is produced. There may be fracture and no displace- 
 ment. In fracture, get the parts into position, and keep them in position. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 95 
 
 There may be abnormal growths upon the parts, attaining a considerable 
 size. It is generally best to prevent this by caustics, or cut it off com- 
 pletely, especially if it attains an unsightly mass. Saw it right off, and 
 exclude the air by putting tow iu the place, which may be saturated with 
 carbolic acid. There is connection from the nasal chambers right up 
 almost to the tip of the horn. Sometimes, when cattle have catarrh, 
 it is apt to be followed by chronic inflammation of the lining membrane 
 of the horns, giving rise to nasal gleet. This is more likely to occur in 
 poorly kept cattle. The animal carries the head to one side, and in some 
 cases the horn will literally fall off. This has given rise to what is called 
 hollow horn. However, the horns are naturally hollow — more hollow in 
 old or debilitated animals than in young healthy ones. If matter accu- 
 mulates in the horn, make a hole and let it out ; but if it accumulates to 
 a great extent, I think it is better to saw the horn right off. When the 
 horns are shaping, it is possible to make them almost any shape desired 
 —being directed by means of tubes — and gutta percha horns have been so 
 placed as to puzzle good judges until the award had been given. In the 
 horse we detect the age by the teeth. The same applies to cattle, but in 
 cattle you can form a very good idea by the horns. The first ring forms 
 when the animal is between three and four years old, and one ring each 
 year after. If there are three rings the animal is six years old. But 
 this is not entirely correct. The rings may be filed or sand-papered 
 down, and it is well to look at the teeth. Other bones of the head may 
 be fractured, but it is not very common. 
 
 Osteo Sarcoma is very common in cattle. It is found in either the 
 lower or upper jaw, mostly in the lower jaw. There are sometimes grubs 
 in the sinuses of the head ; they get in the same as the warble ; the larvae 
 is deposited, and it gives rise to the grub. This is different from the 
 hydatid, which gets into the circulation by way of the food. 
 
 Osteo Parosis may be described as a non-inflammatory disease of 
 bone, and is more common in some localities than others ; comparatively 
 rare in Canada, Britain and Europe. It is found principally in the United 
 States, but it may be found in Mexico, etc It may be characterized as a 
 disease of growth, as it rarely attacks an adult animal, and if it does per- 
 haps the disease was there in early life. It attacks them from several 
 months until three or four years old. I think it has been noticed in the 
 human being It is due to an excessive development of the tissues which 
 occupy the canals and cells of the bone. The walls of the cavities be- 
 come thinner and thinner, until the cavities communicate with each 
 other. It is due to development of the vascular and fibi'ous structures 
 without a corresponding increase of the osseous and cartilaginous con- 
 stituents ; although the bone is increased in size it is lighter ; in this it 
 differs from osteo sarcoma, in which it is increased in weight. In osteo 
 parosis the bone becomes brittle ; it generally shows itself first in con- 
 nection with the cancellated tissue. Big head is a name applied to it, 
 from its attacking the head, and the bones increasing in size. It is not 
 confined to the bones of the head, but it also attacks the long bones, and 
 takes on just the same form ; the least injury will break the bones, from 
 their fragile condition. It is sometimes difficult to give the distinction 
 between osteo sarcoma and osteo parosis. 
 
 CaM5^5.— It is difficult to say what are the causes; there are various 
 opinions ; some say it is from animals grazing upon land deficient in salts 
 of lime, but it is common in Kentucky, and that is a limestone country : 
 there is lime in the water to such an extent that animals frequently suf- 
 fer from urinary calculi. I think it is due to grasses on low lying 
 swampy lands. The grass grows luxuriantly, but does not contain the 
 
96 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 constituents for the proper development of bone. Grain is also liable to 
 produce it; it is possible that there exists a slight difference in corn 
 grown in different localities. It is enzootic. In early days some places 
 proudced this disease, and as soon as the country was cleared and drained 
 it was not so common ; in Canada this is the case. I have known some 
 affected in the South, and brought north to Canada, and a great improve- 
 ment was the result. Horses that suffered from miasmatic influences in 
 the South came north and became valuable. I have seen two cases, both 
 of which were fed on grasses grown on low lands. 
 
 Symptoms are perhaps not very well marked. The animal is occasion- 
 ally dull, the appetite impaired, iDut not gone. The colt does not ramble 
 and frolic about as in health ; it slowly loses flesh. The muscular sys- 
 tem becomes soft. It shows itself more in the head, and the long bones 
 containing much cancellated tissue ; the belly is tucked up. These symp- 
 toms may exist for some four or six months before the true nature of the 
 disease shows itself, then there is enlargement of the bones of the head ; 
 a close examination showing one side larger than the other, perhaps the 
 bones of the jaw just thickened slightly ; but there may be considerable 
 change without enlargement The superior maxillary is generally the 
 first affected ; but the limbs become affected ; the animal moves with 
 difficulty, with a sort of stiff action (not a real lameness), and is not 
 well marked until the disease reaches a certain stage ; as the disease ad- 
 vances, the symptoms increase ; the bones enlarge until they sometimes 
 interfere with respiration, and I believe there is more or less discharge 
 from the nose ; and you might think the animal was suffering from 
 matter in one of the sinuses, but it is not confined to one place ; the 
 whole of the bone is enlarged ; the humerus shows an enlargement, if 
 closely examined. There is no great harm in trephining the sinuses, 
 which is easily done. The circulation is very weak, but not quickened to 
 any great extent. These symptoms continue, and the animal may die 
 from enfemia or from fracturing some of the bones, perhaps just while 
 walking along ; or, it may die from exhaustion. 
 
 Treatment is not generally attended with much success, and if the 
 disease goes on to any great extent, it is best to destroy the animal ; but 
 if in the earlier stage, change the food, and if possible remove the 
 animal from the place where it has been, and recovery may take place. 
 Give food of the very best quality ; use mineral acids ; or, you may try 
 just the opposite — alkaline salts, which some recommend ; try tonics, 
 such as iron, and if one does not benefit, try some other ; but I think 
 the great secret is in the change of food and locality. In summer turn 
 on pasture, and give some oats. 
 
 Splint. — An inflammatory disease of bone. It is an exostosis or 
 bony enlargement, between the inner small and the large metacarpal 
 bones, usually about the lower part of the upper third, but it occurs in 
 different places, lower or higher. Horses used upon the hard road are 
 perhaps oftenest affected. It does not often prove very detrimental, but 
 according to its situation is productive of more or less harm. If it is 
 close to the knee, it is apt to set up more or less irritation in the knee 
 joint. 
 
 Pathology. — It is due to circumscribed inflammation of the periosteum 
 and bone, and a slight irritation may produce this in the inner layer of 
 the periosteum. It is sometimes due to inflammation of the periosteum 
 without the bone being affected. It is oftener met with in young 
 animals, owing to the periosteum being more vascular, the exudation 
 more abundant, and more readily converted into bony material, but it 
 may occur in old animals. 
 
DISEASES or DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 97 
 
 Causes are predisposing and exciting. Certain breeds are more liable 
 to splint, spavin and ringbone; a small limb below the knee is more 
 liable ; it is hereditary or predisposed ; the mode of usage, as irregular 
 usage ; a very fat animal, especially if light limbed, is liable to a splint. 
 The exciting cause : fast riding or driving upon hard roads. It is oftener 
 found in these than in race horses, because their work is upon hard 
 roads. Perhaps one-third or one-half of the young horses coming into 
 the city of Toronto have splints, from the character of the streets. The 
 mode of shoeing has a tendency to produce it. A heavy shoe, which 
 subjects the bone to concussion, a blow or striking with the foot, etc., at 
 first gives rise to a slight serous abscess, and afterward to a well marked 
 splint. It may occur on the outside of the limb, even in a well formed 
 limb, but it is more apt to come if the animal is slightly intoed, or as 
 the result of direct injury. They are sometimes seen on the metatarsal 
 bone, and may give rise to lameness which is difficult to locate until a 
 deposit is thrown out. It will be nearly the lameness of spavin. Splints 
 sometimes attain a great size without the horse showing much lameness ; 
 in other cases the lameness is severe. Lameness is, in most cases, due 
 to an inflammation in the periosteum and bone. It is said to come 
 from the deposit coming in contact with the ligaments, but the hard 
 parts generally give way to the soft tissues. A splint may extend right 
 across the metacarpal bones, affecting both sides of the limb, and is 
 called a double splint. 
 
 Symptoms. — It is easily detected after it attains some size, and by its 
 great size it is sometimes taken for the cause of lameness when it is not. 
 A small splint oftener produces lameness than a larger one. It is most 
 common in young horses up to three, four, or five years old. The action 
 of an animal with splint is peculiar, and after seeing one or two cases 
 you can then recognize it. When walking he will go tolerably sound ; 
 will not flex the limbs as much as natural. If trotted at a moderate 
 pace he drops extremely. This dropping is symptomatic of splint lame- 
 ness ; if it is present examine carefully ; run the hand carefully down the 
 inside of the limb ; press carefully with the fingers ; if a slight enlarge- 
 ment is felt, and the limb is lifted, then press more, and then trot him, 
 and if the lameness is more it assists you in determining the disease. 
 The foot is not hot. It is a very good plan to take a small piece of 
 wood and tap upon the bone, just gently. The animal lifts the foot and 
 exhibits considerable pain, and you can judge much by the age of the 
 animal. 
 
 Treatment is, as a general thing, successful. Give rest, if you can, 
 but you will sometimes be able to treat without laying off work. If in a 
 horse three or four years old, give a laxative diet or a dose of physic. 
 Cold applications are beneficial, and cold water applied for an hour at a 
 time, two or three times a day, will cause the exudation to become con- 
 solidated, and complete union of the two bones takes place, and the 
 tenderness and lameness are removed. Hot applications are also useful ; 
 but you can, in most cases, get rid of a splint quicker by a blister than 
 by any other way. Use one part of biniodide of mercury to four of 
 lard. Seatons are useful, especially if the splint is near the knee. In- 
 sert it and leave it for three or four weeks ; take out and then apply a 
 blister. The firing iron is recommended, but I do not recommend it un- 
 less it is the bunting iron. As a general thing they will give way to the 
 treatment I have given you. Periosteotomoy is useful in a case suddenly 
 developed in a horse in good condition — five, six, or seven years old — but 
 if it has a tendency to attack both sides, it is not attended with much 
 success. Just make an incision through the skin : insert your knife and 
 5 
 
98 CAUSES, SYMPTOMa AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 make an incison through the periosteum, then foment and poultice, and, 
 perhaps in some days after, bHster. Some recommend a seaton instead 
 of a blister. There is no necessity for blemishing an animal for splint. 
 Such a cure is often worse than the disease. There may be cases where 
 it is necessary to use the bone forceps, or the bone saw, or if a spiculum 
 of bone projects, cut down and scrape it. There are dififerent opinions 
 as to whether splint is or is not an unsoundness. If I find a splint in 
 the usual place, with no pain nor lameness, and not likely to become 
 lame, I would pass him as sound ; but if a splint is well marked, I 
 might mention it to the party, and say it is not likely to ever lame the 
 animal. But if you find a splint close to the joint, in a horse four or 
 five years old, although he is not lame, I would not pass him as sound. 
 Take into consideration the form of the limb, the place of the splint, 
 etc. 
 
 Sore Shins. — Inflammation of the periosteum of the metacarpal 
 bones. This inflammation more of a diffused character than in 
 splints. It is common in some parts of the country, and is. becoming 
 more common in racing horses. It is rarely met with in horses used for 
 ordinary purposes. 
 
 Pathology. — Inflammation is set up in the periosteum. The result is 
 an exudation between the periosteum and the bone, and not only this, 
 but between the periosteum and the areolar tissue, with which it is in 
 close connection ; thickening of the periosteum ; and if the exciting 
 cause is kept up, it may cause partial necrosis of the metacarpal bone ; 
 but this is rare. 
 
 Causes are violent and continued concussion, to which horses are sub- 
 jected in training, particularly young horses, in which the periosteum is 
 very vascular. It may occur in old horses, but usually in young ani- 
 mals. Predisposing causes — taking a colt in a heavy gross condition ; 
 putting him to work without first getting in condition for it, by a dose of 
 physic or exercise. The concussion sets up this irritation. 
 
 Symptoms are very plafn after a time, but at first it is hard to account 
 for the lameness. The lameness is seen some time after the exercise. 
 The inflammatory action becomes more severe if the exciting causes are 
 kept up. He drops very much the same as in splint, and you can notice 
 an enlargement on the front of the bone. Pressure upon it causes pain. 
 There is increased temperature of the parts. If the exciting cause goes 
 on, the exudation increases more and more, and the animal suffers great 
 pain. I have seen some so severe that, after being handled once or 
 twice, if you but pointed at it, the animal would run back. Sometimes 
 one and sometimes both limbs are affected. There is a peculiar action. 
 I have seen horses severely blistered upon the shoulder when nothing 
 was the matter but sore Fhins. By and by the- exudation becomes organ- 
 ized, producing a well marked case. This exudation will always remain, 
 which can be detected by examining ; but the lameness ceases, and it is 
 not counted an unsoundness. 
 
 Treatment. — If taken in the early stage, it is easy to reduce the inflam- 
 matory action. Give rest ; give laxative medicine in some cases. If the 
 animal has been fed upon stimulating diet, change it. Apply cold to the 
 parts. Give nitrate of potash, one ounce ; salammoniac, one ounce, in 
 water. Use acetate of lead, and if there is much pain, combine it with 
 opium ; or use equal parts of the tincture of opium, camphor and arnica. 
 After the pain and inflammation are relieved, apply a blister, which will 
 relieve it better than anything else — and I cannot recommend any better 
 blister than biniodide of mercury, one part, to four, five or six of lard, 
 according to the case, and rub in well, and let it extend up the limb for 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 99 
 
 some distance. Keep it on for a day or two, and wash off and blister 
 again, as the ease demands. Give gentle exercise, and in the summer 
 use plenty of cold water. It may be necessary to make an incision into 
 the part, but such cases are rare, but if there is great exudation it might 
 prevent it from becoming organized. "You may meet with a case in the 
 hind limbs from other causes, as in jumping fences and striking with the 
 limbs. The result is extensive swelling, and benefit is sometimes derived 
 by making an incision. There is no specific for sore shins. It is hard 
 to say how blisters act, but they are attended with benefit. We find 
 also a slight inflammation set up in the upper part of the fetlock joint, 
 and again it may be right above the knee— the result of concussion — 
 and a large bony deposit may be the result. The symptoms are nearly 
 the same ; it is difficult to locate the lameness. For some time he can 
 walk tolerably well, but drops much if trotted. It will disappear after a 
 while, and if allowed to stand it returns. 
 
 Treatment. — Give rest, fomentations, cold applications, and blister, 
 and it might be advisable to make an incision, but be careful, especially 
 if in the neighbourhood of articulations. What is called obscure lame- 
 ness is often inflammation of the periosteum of the foreleg. 
 
 Ringbone. — This is a common disease ; it is an exostosis situated in 
 the region of the pastern joint, the articulation between the oscorona 
 and ossuffraginis. Eingbone is applied to any exostosis in that quarter, 
 but if it is just upon the bone and does not involve the articulation it is 
 not very serious. It may affect any limb, but oftener the hind limb. 
 Inflammation is set up — it may be in connection with the cancellated 
 structure at the extremities — and gradually extends and destroys the 
 articular lamella and articular cartillage. Nature, in endeavouring to 
 overcome this, throws out material which becomes converted into bone, 
 and anchylosis is the result. At the same time there is an exudation 
 thrown out between the periosteum and the bone, and there may be 
 exostosis without the true joint being affected. Complete union of the 
 pastern joint is the result of ringbone in some cases. The exudation 
 extends around the articulation, hence the name ringbone. 
 
 Causes. — I believe it is hereditary, and comes by breeding from weak, 
 sickly animals, predisposed to ringbone. Certain grasses may have a 
 tendency to produce it. The exciting causes are hard and fast work, 
 especially in young animals ; direct and indirect injury ; injury to the 
 articulations. An injury to the foot may produce it- a nail in the foot, 
 causing the animal to stand on the sound foot for weeks and weeks, may 
 produce it in the sound limb. Another is farmers allowing foals to run 
 after the mother while at work. 
 
 Symptoms. — If of any size it is easily detected. When it is forming 
 the animal is more or less lame ; but sometimes a deposit takes place of 
 a soft character, and this becomes converted into bone without much 
 lameness. The lameness precedes the enlargement for some time, and it 
 is difficult in such cases to say just what the irritation is There is heat 
 around the hoof. You may, after some time, detect an enlargement, and 
 flexing the articulation gives pain. If it involves the articulation of the 
 ospedis in the fore foot, the animal will walk on the heel, similar to 
 chronic laminitis, and the hoof, stimulated by the inflammation, has a 
 tendency to grow in rings. 
 
 Treatment is not very satisfactory in many cases. The treatment 
 must vary according to the disease going on in the bone. If in a 
 young animal, and the articulation is afl'ected and the hoof out of 
 shape, bring the foot in shape the best you can ; allay the irritation 
 by hot or cold applications, and then blister, Seatons and firing 
 
100 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS A>fD TREATMENT OF 
 
 irons may be of benefit, and you may be justifiable in performing 
 neurotomy. The firing iron is generally the most potent. Now these 
 remedies act by setting up a new inflammatory action, the result of which 
 is reproductive material thrown out, producing anchylosis of the articu- 
 lation ; after which the irritation ceases, and the enlargement may be 
 reduced to a certain extent, but not completely. Cutting the "feeder" 
 of a ringbone, as some say, may prove beneficial from the irritation set 
 up, not from taking away the food of the bone. Even blistering and 
 firing in some cases have but little effect. 
 
 Side Bones. — This is ossification of the lateral cartilages. This is 
 different from and more simple than ringbone. It is oftener met with in 
 heavy breeds. As well as being ossified, they become enlarged, producing 
 an osseous tumour. This is not uncommon in the heavy Clyde horses, 
 and in them it does not so seriouslj^ interfere with their usefulness. It 
 is more apt to set up irritation and cause lameness in light driving horses ; 
 and if you are examining such, and side-bones are present, condemn him ; 
 but in a heavy horse, just acquaint the parties with it, as it sometimes 
 gives rise to lameness. Such en animal may be affected with corns, and 
 if so, the irritation is severe. 
 
 Treahnent. — Cut the under portion of the hoof well down under the 
 side bones ; reduce the irritation by poulticing ; use hot or cold applica- 
 tions, and follow by a blister. It is not often necessary to have recourse 
 to firing. Use a bar or three-quarter shoe. 
 
 Osteophytes. — A slight exostosis involving the upper part of the fet- 
 lock joint. It is at first merely inflammation of the periosteum. It is 
 common in race horses. The symptoms are peculiar. If the horse gets 
 a hard ride, there will be great lameness and heat in the parts. You 
 might almost think some of the ligaments were ruptured. So long as 
 useful for moderate work, he seems almost sound, and you may have 
 difficulty in diagnosing. Although extremely lame, he will be much bet- 
 ter after standing over night. After a few days, having hard work, it 
 will again show itself. These enlargements may attain a considerable 
 size. Give rest, foment, etc., and follow by a blister. Splints that have 
 to be treated while the animal is at work may be treated by cold water 
 or a mild ointment of mercury, not a blister, but a stimulant. There are 
 bony deposits in connection with the ligaments and tendons. These 
 osteophites may appear in other parts of the body — deposits, such as a 
 tooth, may be found in various parts of the body. 
 
 Spayin. — When we speak of spavin without any distinction, we mean 
 bone spavin. It is an exostosis or bony growth, situated on the antero- 
 internal part of the hock joint, and may or may not be accompanied by 
 caries of the internal structures. There are two kinds— one from inflam- 
 mation of the periosteum, which is confined to the external part of the 
 joint ; the other arising from the internal parts, giving rise to caries. A 
 slight blister applied in one case will relieve ; in another it will not. The 
 one case was external, the other internal. The hock joint is complicated 
 and beautiful ; the bones are so arranged as to give great power ; yet, by 
 the great strain, they are frequently diseased. There are different articu- 
 lations — the true joint and the gliding motion between some. If the 
 joint is much affected, action is also affected. Spavin occurs on the 
 inner side of the limb, as it is near the centre of gravity. It is found in 
 connection with the cuneiform, magnum, medium, and parvum. 
 
 Pathology — If it is high up, it is not so easily treated as if lower down. 
 A low spavin is in the small articulations. A high spavin is about an 
 inch higher up — not very large, and generally associated with caries. If 
 it occurs when the horse is five or six years old, low down, there is a 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 101 
 
 chance for successful treatment ; but if higher, and there is much heat in 
 the joint, it is much more tedious to treat. It may be produced by inflam- 
 matory action set up principally in the periosteum, and in some cases a 
 comparatively trivial cause ; but if the lameness is more severe, it is likely 
 the inflammatory action is set up in the internal part of the bones. 
 There is an exudation thrown out between the bones, and also between 
 the periosteum and the bones, and sometimes complete anchylosis of the 
 articulations is the result. Spavin may involve more or less of the entire 
 gliding articulation, or even the entire articulation. You may have 
 anchylosis of the cuneiform bones without any external deposit. 
 
 Causes are predisposing and exciting. The first are either constitu- 
 tional or local. There may be an ossific diathesis, or from the formation 
 of the hock. A narrow hock from before back, and a long metatarsal 
 bone, predisposes to it. The exciting causes are hard and fast work ; 
 driving a young horse fast upon hard roads, especially if not in a fit con- 
 dition ; or a severe strain, setting up irritation in some of the little inter- 
 osseous ligaments, extending and involving the entire joint ; and it is 
 sometimes the result of undue weight upon the limb. Anything that will 
 set up concussion will produce it. Shoeing is said to be a cause, as with 
 high-heeled shoes extreme flexion causes irritation of the cuneiform bones, 
 and proves an exciting cause. Eeceiving an injury to the foot, causing 
 the weight to be thrown on the sound limb for eight or ten days, pro- 
 duces concussion, and spavin results. Hence the necessity for using 
 slings in cases of injury. 
 
 Symptoms. — If it is large it is easily detected. But we sometimes meet 
 a case of lameness where the inflammation is going on and there is no 
 enlargement. Look at the natural hock ; look at the bones in their natu- 
 ral condition - at their natural prominences — and endeavour to become 
 conversant with the natural appearances of the hock in a healthy animal. 
 There are certain prominences under the malleolus, and they vary in size 
 during health — in some small, in others larger— and it is not a bad sign 
 to see them well developed. The lameness, in most cases, precedes 
 the exostosis. The lameness is characteristic, and is best seen when the 
 animal is first brought out of the stable. After driving for some dis- 
 tance it will, perhaps, disappear, and will show no more lameness during 
 the day. And sometimes there are cases where the exostosis attains 
 a considerable size without the horse being much 'ame. A pretty 
 good way of detecting it is by the eye (but this will not do to rely 
 on in all cases). Make him stand square upon the limb, and throw 
 his weight upon it, and stand just to one side of the horse in front, 
 and take a look from the internal malleolus down, and look through 
 between the fore legs from behind, etc. But just standing about eighteen 
 inches to one side the horse's head is a very good position, and then draw 
 the hand carefully over the hock. If it is the left leg, just pass the right 
 hand down over the hock, and you may detect a bony enlargement and 
 heat in the parts. If the animal is standing, he will flex the limb to 
 some extent. In a case of long standing there are other changes. The 
 whole nutrition of the limb is affected, and there is casting of the 
 muscles of the haunch ; and this may mislead and cause you to think 
 this is the cause of the lameness. He walks upon the toe to a great 
 extent. Turning the horse from side to side will assist you in determin- 
 ing the seat of lameness. If it is slight you must judge, to a great 
 extent, by the action of the animal, and you must be careful if the horse 
 has a very large spavin, and becomes suddenly lame, for it may be that 
 the animal has picked up a nail, and in such a case you may overlook the 
 true seat of the lameness — more especially if he is extremely lame. It is 
 
102 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 good practice, in many cases, to take a look at the foot, for I have known 
 blisters applied to the hock when the trouble was in the foot. 
 
 Treatment. -It is difficult to say whether you can cure or not; you 
 cannot restore the limb to its natural condition : so far it is incurable, 
 nevertheless if the animal can be got to go sound it is what we call a 
 cure. We cannot take off a spavin, but hydrochloric acid will take off 
 the enlargement to a certain extent, and it acts beneficially as a counter 
 irritant. The best treatment is to give rest, and if the feet are out of 
 shape bring them into shape the best you can. Some recommend a cer- 
 tain kind of shoe— a high heeled — but I think it best without any shoe. 
 Keep in a box or stall in preference to turning on pasture. Those who 
 have become proficient in treating spavin have become so by devising 
 means to keep the articulation quiet. If there is acute inflammatory 
 action use hot and cold applications, and follow by counter irritation 
 with mercury and cantharides, or you may use eupherbium, or the firing 
 iron. If there is an exostosis, and the articulation not much affected, 
 you may use the small bunting iron ; just make one or two points, but 
 not too close together, and blister after a day or two, but not very 
 severely. If the whole articulation is affected, fire clear around the 
 articulation. Seatons are also good. Some object to a blister ; then use 
 a seaton. Some recommend dividing the tendon of the flexor metatarsi, 
 and this might be advisable. Punching was at one time practiced to a 
 great extent ; take a punch and strike it with a mallet. Caustics have 
 also been recommended, but they are hard to control, and are likely to 
 cause extensive sloughing. In examining for soundness you must look 
 to the hock, and if you suspect anything wrong, before giving an opinion, 
 allow him to stand quiet for an hour or two, and notice whether he flexes 
 the limb. Make him stand from side to side, then bring him out and 
 notice his action, and take plenty of time in giving an opinion. If the 
 bones are larger than ordinary, or larger in one hock than the other, it is 
 a little suspicious. 
 
 The peculiarity of the lameness of spavin is dragging the limb to some 
 extent. If trotted, there is a well marked raising and dropping of the 
 haunch, and it takes practice to locate this lameness, and often a person 
 of experience may be mistaken. Walk him back and forth, and when 
 80 doing, watch the haunch rise and fall. The affected limb will be 
 flexed when the animal is standing. Inquire how long the animal has 
 been lame, for it takes some time for wasting to occur in spavin ; but it 
 may occur from severe injury quite quickly. In some cases there may be 
 a thickening of the skin, which looks much like spavin. The 
 
 Treatment consists in a counter irritation in some form or other. In 
 treating, when you have plenty of time, keep the animal quiet for a few 
 days before applying counter irritation ; also get the foot in shape and 
 keep the shoe off in a majority of cases; however, some recommend 
 shoes. The firing iron is generally the most potent ; its action is not 
 only superficial, but extends and involves the bones to a certain extent. 
 Fire entirely around the joint in some cases, and pretty severely, if neces- 
 sary. We do not fire to get rid of the enlargement, but to set up an in- 
 flammatory action and hasten anchylosis. In firing, you may take the 
 strokes in any direction you like, but not too close together, as it might 
 cause sloughing. It is a question whether it is best to apply the blister 
 immediately after firing. The blister will not act so readily as it would 
 after three or four, or even six days. I think it is best to wait ; it has a 
 better effect, I think. But if you only fire one or two lines, then you 
 may blister immediately ; but if you fire extensively, wait some time. 
 If you use the pointed iron, endeavour to insert it right into the exostosis, 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 103 
 
 and as a general thing it does not blemish. There are other irons with a 
 number of points, which may be used, but it is likely to cause sloughing. 
 The punch is also used, and it is better to knock it in with a block of 
 wood than with a hammer. A seaton is another form of counter irrita- 
 tion. It is beneficial, and sometimes preferable to the firing iron, for the 
 firing iron will blemish if you fire severely, and if you fire only slightly, 
 you might as well blister. In inserting a seaton, you may or may not 
 have to cast the animal ; just make an incision with the scissors, and 
 insert the seaton, and keep it stimulated with a weak solution of bin- 
 iodide of mercury. Take into consideration the animal, and also the 
 owners of the animal ; if seatons have been used in that locality, use 
 seatons. It is recommended to cut the tendon of the flex or metarsi. 
 This would be successful if it was due to pressure of that tendon ; but if 
 it comes from the internal parts, it will, of course, do no good. You may 
 often feel perplexed in examining for soundness. If a horse is eight or 
 nine years old, though spavin is present, it does not interfere much with 
 his work, yet is an unsoundness ; but in a horse three or four years old, 
 it is likely to produce more or less lameness. 
 
 WOUNDS. 
 
 A Wound is a solution of continuity in soft parts, and wounds are 
 of various kinds — as incised, lacerated, punctured, contused, gun-shot 
 and poisoned. 
 
 Incised. — An incised wound is where the tissues are smoothly divided 
 with a cutting instrument, and its length exceeds its depth. If it is par- 
 allel with a large muscle, it does not, in some cases, prove very serious ; 
 but if across the muscle, a great gaping wound is the result. A 
 
 Punctured wound is produced by a sharp or blunt-pointed instrument, 
 and the depth exceeds the length ; and this is more dangerous than an 
 incised wound, for the tissues are pierced to some depth, the matter 
 which forms does not escape freely, and sometimes results seriously, and, 
 as a general thing it requires to be carefully looked after. In a lacerated 
 wound the skin is torn as well as cut, as in one horse kicking another in 
 the haunch with a sharp shoe. 
 
 Lacerated and Contused. — In these the hemorrhage is not so great as 
 in incised wounds for the parts cause coagulatittn of the blood. Contu- 
 sion is where the parts under the skin are injared without the skin being 
 cut A horse, in traveling, strikes the limb, and affects the tissues but 
 not the skin. It is often seen in man, as a black eye There may be 
 effusion or laceration of a vessel — ecchymosis is the result. It may run 
 to effusion or serum, or to suppuration. 
 
 G tin-shot wounds are seldom seen, except during war. 
 
 Poisoned wounds are caused by some poisonous substance. The min- 
 eral acids act in this way, and, if freely applied, are apt to set up exten- 
 sive irritation. I saw one case where there was extensive sloughing from 
 binding a toad to a split. 
 
 Treatment of wounds of course varies to a certain extent, but there are 
 certain general principles necessary. If the wound is extensive, and 
 hemorrhage is present, first arrest the hemorrhage, and the most surgical 
 way is to apply a ligature to the artery. But we sometimes find this 
 difficult, especially in wounds about the feet, and we are able, in many 
 cases, to arrest it by other means. Compression, in many cases, will do, 
 the result of which is coagulation of the blood. Or styptics may be used 
 — an excellent one is the tincture of the chloride of iron. Moderately 
 
104 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AKD TBEATilENT OF 
 
 warm water will answer in some cases — in others cold water will do. 
 Or use acetate of lead and tow, and allow the blood to coagulate in the 
 tow, and then it will coagulate in the vessels ; and there are many other 
 styptics. After arresting the hemorrhage, carefully cleanse the wound 
 with cold or tepid water, and, if a lacerated wound, endeavour to find 
 how it was produced, and if by a sharp piece of wood, it may be that 
 some of the wood has been left in the tiesh, which must be removed. 
 The next thing is to bring the parts together. If the wound has been 
 produced for some time, perhaps the hemorrhage has ceased. Some say 
 it is not best to bring the edges together immediately, but leave alone 
 and allow all dirt, etc., to escape ; but, as a general thing, sew it up 
 immediately, using a 
 
 Suture, of which there are different kinds, the interrupted, uninter- 
 rupted, quilled, twisted, and false. Use a needle to correspond with the 
 size of the wound. You may use the metallic wire, silver wire, silk 
 threat, or catgut. The metallic wire answers very well. Catgut is use- 
 ful, especially in abdominal wounds, and it is useful to saturate it with a 
 solution of carbolic acid. The interrupted, or glovers' stitch, is generally 
 the best. If a large wound, look at the manner in which it took place, 
 and determine where to make the first stitch ; leave a small part near the 
 most dependent part, for if stitched up closely serum accumulates and 
 irritates it. 
 
 The Twisted Suture. — This is done by inserting pins and wrapping 
 thread on them in the shape of a figure eight ; you can use a pin director, 
 passing it through with the pin in its groove. Again, we have the 
 quilled suture, which is used in an injury to a large muscle, where the 
 skin is injured to a great extent It is done by laying quills or pieces of 
 wood on either side, and the sutures are tied over them. It requires 
 some practice and some nerve to sew up a large wound. I find, as a 
 general thing, that if the horse is irritable it is good to lay good pressure 
 upon the part, and take a good hold on the skin, and if the animal jerks 
 you are not so liable to let go ; and pass the needle quickly, as the irrita- 
 tion causes the animal to jump. Bandages are also used. Plasters 
 may be used in some cases. Bandages are apt to do more harm than 
 good. There is another method which is used, which does not look well 
 but is not a bad plan : take a strong piece of ticking and attach it to the 
 skin, back from the wound, by means of Burgundy pitch, or other adhe- 
 sive plaster, and bring the parts together by means of this. The stitches 
 do not generally stay loo long, but come out of their own accord, and the 
 trouble is to get them to stay long enough. If the wound is around the 
 eye, the smaller the needle the better, and I like silk thread for a suture 
 very well. There is a great difference of opinion with regard to the after 
 treatment, even among eminent surgeons. Some recommend exclusion 
 of the atmosphere and anti-septic dressings, some say they do better 
 exposed to the atmosphere ; some think water dressings are the best, 
 others think not. In our patients it is difficult to exclude the air, but 
 in human practice this is invariably done. 1 do not believe the atmos- 
 phere interferes with the healing of a wound in most cases. In some 
 cases we can and do cover up, and find the healing process retarded in- 
 stead of expedited. We hear of applying turpentine or black oil to 
 wounds, but if you apply anything to a wound use some slight astringent. 
 The white lotion is used more perhaps than any other remedy. It is made 
 of six drachms of sulphate of zinc, one ounce acetate of lead to one quart 
 of water, or it may be applied stronger. Carbolic acid one part to forty 
 of water, or some recommend oil with the carbolic acid, bat water is 
 better, as oil causes dirt to adhere to the wound. I do not recommend 
 
Diseases oS" Domestic animals. 105 
 
 oleaginous preparations. It may be advisable to use an ointment, but 
 that is the exception and not the rule. A good preparation for certain 
 seasons of the year is tincture of benzoin, oil of tar and linseed oil. It 
 forms a coat, keeps out the air, etc., and seems to be of benefit. In a 
 lacerated wound where there is extensive suppuration, use astringents ; 
 and sometimes you find granulations or proud flesh, and sometimes the 
 wound becomes indolent. The white lotion, sulphate of copper, 
 tincture of iron, butter of antimony and carbolic acid of moderate 
 strength, are of benefit ; after this treat as a fresh wound. It is 
 necessary to attend to the constitutional treatment in some cases, 
 as well as the local. If the animal is in high condition administer 
 a laxative, restrict the food, etc , while in others feed well on the best of 
 food. In moderate weather hot or cold baths are often attended with 
 benefit. 
 
 Modes of Healing^. — These vary according to the wound and the con- 
 dition of the animal. First, by immediate or direct union ; this can 
 take place only in an incised wound ; the parts come together ; a slight 
 exudation is thrown out, and healing takes place very quickly. This 
 sometimes takes place in pinning up an incision. In bleeding, this little 
 exudation glues the divided surface together ; but in a wound of any size 
 it does not take place. This may take place in twenty-four or thirty 
 hours ; but there must be certain conditions, or this cannot take place ; 
 there must be absence of inflammation, healing by adhesion or first 
 intention. Incised wounds frequently heal in this way. In such cases a 
 small amount of blood is extravasated. It becomes converted into new 
 tissue, and the divided edges of the wound adhere together. The irrita- 
 tion is not very extensive. Again, there is healing by the second inten- 
 tion ; this is inore tedious. In a lacerated wound or a large incised 
 wound, when there is motion, this is the mode of union ; the edges of 
 the wound are brought together ; in a short time serum is discharged 
 profusely, and there will be a coat of this serum over the wound, and it is 
 supposed that the leucocytes going to form new tissue are converted into 
 pus corpuscles, and profuse suppuration is the result ; little red emi- 
 nences appear, and if removed or hurt, are found to be extremely vascular ; 
 they bleed readily. These are the granulations, and this is the mode of 
 healing in lacerated wounds. In this manner loss of structure is 
 repaired. There is also healing by scabbing ; it is well noticed in our 
 patients. In case of a slight wound, the parts are brought together ; a 
 little fluid exudes and covers it over, which will, perhaps, remain and 
 form a scab, and it is very favourable in many cases. This shows the 
 necessity of allowing the blood to remain ; and we sometimes form an 
 artificial scab of callodium or carbolic acid and oil, which, in some cases, 
 favours healing. 
 
 INJURIES AND DISEASES IN THE REGION OF THE HEAD 
 AND NECK. 
 
 The first I will notice is 
 
 PoU-eyil, so called from its occurring in the region of the poll. It is 
 not a constitutional disease, but comes, no doubt, from well-marked 
 causes — from inflammatory action set up, involving the muscles of the 
 region of the poll, aijd, perhaps, the ligamentum nuchas. Owing to the 
 low vitality of the parts, and the motion of the head in taking food, etc., 
 the matter is apt to burrow deep in the muscles. The 
 
 Pathology is just inflammatory action, set up in the region of the poll. 
 Such an inflammation may terminate in resolution, but it is very likely 
 
106 fiAtSfiS, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 
 
 to terminate in suppuration, and anchylosis and necrosis of the bones 
 are frequent. 
 
 Causes. — It is usually the result of direct or indirect injury. A com- 
 mon cause is striking the head against a low door-way ; another is an 
 ill-fitting head halter or bridle, or a yoke put on to prevent him from 
 jumping, or any foreign body puncturing the muscles, or fracture of the 
 superior spinous processes, which are likely to become necrosed, and set 
 up inflammation ; unnaturally tight reining is said to be a cause. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is more or less swelling ; the animal stands with 
 the nose out ; slight heat in the parts ; pressure upon the parts causes 
 pain. In the first stage it is merely inflammatory action. The second 
 stage is suppuration, and there may be great swelling in some cases, 
 when there is but little matter formed. In other cases there is diffuse 
 suppuration, and the matter makes its way out and dischages to the sur- 
 face, and sinuses are formed extending in various directions, and some- 
 times the exudation becomes organized and produces an enlargement. 
 Any abscess in this region is called poll-evil. 
 
 Treatment. — If called before suppuration has taken place, while in the 
 inflammatory stage, just apply remedies to bring about resolution ; 
 foment and keep the animal quiet ; keep the head tied up and poultice 
 with linseed meal, bran, boiled turnips, etc., but do not apply a heavy 
 poultice, but just enough to keep moisture and warmth to the parts. 
 Use a mild liniment -the camphorated is good. Sometimes the inflam- 
 matory action ceases, and the skin remains thickened ; then use a blister 
 One part each of iodine and iodide of potassium to four of lard, is of 
 benefit. But after the inflammatory process has terminated in suppura- 
 tion, the treatment is different. It should be to make a free incision, 
 and allow the matter to escape freely, and if this is done in proper time 
 the sinuses will not often form ; tie the head up, and prevent motion. 
 If an animal is turned on pasture, the sinuses are more likely to form 
 from the continued motion. Syringe the parts out well with tepid or 
 cold water. Use carbolic acid — one part to twenty, thirty or forty of 
 water; or corrosive sublimate— five grains to an ounce of water. But 
 if sinuses are formed it is still more diflicult. It may be treated by 
 caustics, corrosive sublimate, nitrate of silver, etc., but I recommend the 
 free use of the knife. It is generally advisable to throw the animal and, 
 in cutting, follow the course of the sinuses, and open them up well. 
 (Sometimes a seaton does very well.) It is sqmetimes necessary to 
 divide the ligamentum nuchae, and when you do a great gaping wound is 
 the result, and there may be new tissue formed, and you may have to cut 
 out some of this. After using the knife, use caustics. I generally use 
 corrosive sublimate — five to ten grains to one ounce of water. Saturate 
 some cotton or tow and put this in the place. Devise some means to 
 allow water to run upon it for an hoar or two each day, and feed from a 
 high trough, and feed pretty well, which will benefit the healing process. 
 Use tonics, diuretics, etc., especially if the limbs swell. You may have 
 to remove part of the bone. There may remain a stiff neck, but it does 
 not interfere with the animal much. 
 
 Injuries from being halter-cast. There may be very alarming 
 symptoms. Perhaps, after the animal is released, he cannot raise 
 the head, and if allowed to remain in this position there may be con- 
 gestion, the result of the irritation, or mechanical congestion, giving 
 rise to alarming symptoms The muscles or the transverse processes 
 may be injured, and produce wry neck ; the nose may be almost to the 
 ground, the lips and nose swollen to a great extent. 
 
 Treatment. — You will be apt to look upon such an injury as being a 
 
DISEASES 01* DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 107 
 
 very serious affair, but if the spine or large nerves are not affected you 
 may expect recovery. If he is unable to raise the head, the lips and 
 nose swollen, and interfering with respiration, scarify the lips and sides 
 of the nose ; apply fomentations to relieve congestion, and endeavour 
 to support the head, which may be done by means of a bag put under 
 the head, which is better than to tie up with a halter, which interferes 
 with the passage of the blood and increases the swelling. Give a slight 
 laxative, and persuasive, and you may be successful. If it is very diffi- 
 cult to raise the h^ad, he lies or falls down, then elevate the head by a 
 bag of straw, and keep up the same treatment. Give purgatives and 
 diuretics, and, after bathing the parts, use a mild stimulating linament — 
 the camphorated — or you may make it anodyne by adding opium. If 
 the spine is injured, it is more difficult, and is likely to terminate fatally. 
 Endeavour to straighten the neck and stimulate the parts. When he 
 carries the head to one side, and falls down when you endeavour to 
 straighten it, the nerves are generally affected. 
 
 Phlebitis. — Inflammation of a vein. It is sometimes found, after 
 blood-letting, and it is oftener seen in the jugular vein than in any other, 
 as it is the one from which blood is generally drawn ; but it may occur 
 from other causes. There is diffuse phlebitis. It may occur from con- 
 stitutional causes, but I will refer to that which comes from blood- 
 letting. 
 
 Causes. — It may be due to the manner in which the operation was 
 performed, as in a case where there is difficulty in striking the vein, or 
 as bleeding in laminitis, even if performed correctly ; so the operator 
 cannot be blamed in all cases. It may result from the way the wound 
 was treated, or from the horse irritating the part ; so it is sometimes 
 best to tie him up for some time. It usually appears in from three to 
 six days after the operation. 
 
 Pathology. — In the first place there is congestion, followed by in- 
 flammation of the little vessels (vase vasorum) that supply the coats of 
 the vein with the blood. Another cause is coagulation of the blood in 
 the vein above the part where the operation was performed, and it 
 extends towards the head, and not toward the heart. It may extend 
 until the circulation is arrested. Obliteration of the vein is frequent. 
 
 Symptoms are plain. I think it is ushered in by rigours or shivering — 
 though this is often overlooked — then swelling takes place around the 
 wound : matter is formed, the swelling extends toward the head, the vein 
 is hard and corded ; the formation of an abcess is the result, which is, 
 no doubt, due to the irritation in the vein, aggravated by the manner in 
 which the animal uses the head and neck. There is generally no diffi- 
 culty in diagnosing, as it runs to some extent before you are called. 
 
 Treatment may be varied according to the inflammatory action. If 
 noticed in the early stage, Ijieep the head well tied up, and keep up 
 fomentations for sofiie four or five hours at a time ; and it may be ad- 
 visable to give a moderate laxative, diuretics, etc. ; but I do not think 
 arterial sedatives are of much use. If the veins have been hard and 
 corded for some eight or ten days, I would recommend fomentations and 
 then blister right over the region of the vein and towards the head ; use 
 mercury or cantharides. In most cases it terminates in obliteration of 
 the vein. When the vein of the opposite side and the small veins en- 
 large to a certain extent, and perform the function of the one destroyed, 
 if abcesses are formed, open and allow the matter to escape, then bathe 
 and poultice ; use any stringent lotions and then blister, but do not rub 
 the blister into the abcesses or in the wound ; feed from a high surface. 
 It is perhaps a good practice to tie him up during the day, and allow 
 
108 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 him to lie down at night, or even keep him up for two or three days, and 
 keep the head up until the other veins accommodate themselves to carry 
 the blood. He should not be turned on pasture for some time ; swelling 
 of the head is apt to result, due to mechanical congestion, as the blood 
 cannot go back to the heart in a proper manner. Obliteration of a 
 vein is an unsoundness ; so, in examining for soundness, place the finger 
 on and try to raise the vein. If it is obliterated, it will not raise. 
 
 Thrombus is sometimes mistaken for inflammation of the vein. It 
 is owing to the manner in which the pinning was done. It is swelling 
 and irritation between the skin and areolar tissue. It is trivial in com- 
 parison to phlebitis. You can easily distinguish these. If it extends 
 and is painful to the touch, it is suspicious. A thrombus is moveable 
 and circumscribed. 
 
 Treatment. — Eemove the pin and carefully squeeze out the matter, 
 and apply liniments, followed by mild lotions, and keep the head up, and 
 you may apply a poultice— linseed meal, boiled turnips, etc. 
 
 Stiffness in the Muscles of the neck and back may come from 
 various causes— from influenza in the spring and fall, due to a rheumatic 
 tendency or neuroses. There is lumbago in human practice, and perhaps 
 horses suffer in the same way. He may have great difficulty in raising 
 the head, ^nd will groan with pain if pulled around suddenly. If it 
 occurs after strangles or influenza, it is best treated with heat to the 
 parts, with camphorated and anodyne liniments, or apply heat by 
 wringing a blanket from hot water, and put this on and cover with a dry 
 blanket, and attend to the general condition of the animal; give 
 nutritious food, etc. Give iodide of potassium and colchinni, one 
 drachm each, and, if debilitated, give tonics. 
 
 Injuries in the Muscles of the Neck, caused by one horse biting 
 another, bruising the muscles to a great extent. The skin may or may 
 not be lacerated. Be very careful in such a case for a day or two. 
 Although it may appear very trivial at first, it may turn out very serious. 
 Even if the skin is not lacerated, the fascia and the muscles are bruised, 
 causing inflammation of the head and neck, followed by suppuration, 
 gangrene and sloughing of the parts. 
 
 Treatment. — Keep quiet, apply judicious fomentations, just a little 
 more than lukewarm. Stimulate with mild stimulating liniments, and 
 watch closely, especially if there is great pain in the parts, and if likely to 
 terminate in suppuration you may make incisions, which, if done in time, 
 will prevent sloughing in many cases. Make the incisions so the matter 
 can escape when formed. Keep the head tied up. Sometimes sloughing 
 will take place and extend right through the ligamentum nuchse, invol- 
 ving the large muscles on either side. In most of these cases this can be 
 prevented if closely watched for one or two days. If suppuration occurs 
 make the incisions, then poultice. 
 
 Fistula, or Fistulous Withers. — It is a solution of continuity, to a 
 greater or less extent. Fistula proper is where there are two openings — 
 one external and one internal, opening into an internal cavity. There is 
 no particular difference between fistula and sinuses. If there is but one 
 opening, it is called incomplete ; if two, it is complete. 
 
 Causes. — An ill-fitting riding saddle is the most frequent — being rode a 
 mile, or even less, it will produce it. Inflammation is set up, followed by 
 suppuration. It burrows down, often getting behind the scapula. Even 
 the bearing of a rein will sometimes produce it. 
 
 Symptoms. — Swelling, more or less — just the same as in poll-evil. It 
 can scarcely be called fistula until sinuses are formed. If you apply 
 poultices before sinuses are formed you may prevent them from forming. 
 The matter discharged, if the bone is affected, is fetid. 
 
DISEASES OP DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 109 
 
 Treatment iB just the same as in poll-evil. Use the knife freely. 
 Caustics and blisters will sometimes effect a cure, but they are generally 
 mild cases. But the knife is best, and you must sometimes cut out some 
 of the tissue. If you can give a dependent opening, it is not hard to 
 treat, and if it extends outside of the scapula, it is simple ; but if inside, 
 it is difficult. You may insert a seaton, and you should cleanse it thor- 
 oughly, and a good way in summer is with a hose, or place a large pail 
 above the horse and allow the water to trickle upon the part. Use cor- 
 rosive sublimate, fifteen or twenty grains to an ounce of water, or use 
 carbolic acid. 
 
 Saddle Galls are best treated by removing the cause. Foment and 
 poultice. Use white lotion, corrosive sublimate, sulphate of copper, etc. 
 This may result in a sit-fast. This is produced by constant action of the 
 saddle, setting up inflammation, and destroying a part of the tissues 
 which stimulates the healthy tissue ; matter is formed, the dead part 
 becomes detached from the living, to some extent, but a small part retains 
 its vitality, and is attached to the healthy tissue in the centre, but turns 
 up at the edges. The best remedy is to use the knife. You might get rid 
 of it by caustics, but the best way is to cut it out, and then you may 
 apply caustics, poultices, lotions, etc. 
 
 Muscles of the Groin Lacerated.— If the hemorrhage is great, first 
 control it, then cleanse the parts, and then bring the divided edges to- 
 gether, but leave a small opening at the lower edge, to allow the matter 
 to pass off. A punctured wound in this region is very likely to be fol- 
 lowed by severe inflammation. Sometimes a seemingly trivial injury, if 
 not attended to, produces very alarming symptoms, and perhaps death. 
 Such injuries may occur in different ways, as by stepping on the end of a 
 stick, which may fly up and produce it, or coming in violent contact with 
 any such obstacle, or the horn of an ox. You cannot be too careful in 
 your prognosis of such cases. If the wound is inward or downward, 
 endeavour to make it an incised wound. Make an incision in the sound 
 tissue, which looks cruel, but it is the best in many cases, unless there is 
 likely to be great hemorrhage. But if the wound extends upward, then 
 this is unnecessary. Have recourse to constitutional treatment. Give a 
 good dose of purgative medicine, if the animal is in good condition, and 
 give diuretics, or a good dose of hyposulphite of soda. Cold or hot appli- 
 cations, as the season requires, continued for some time, and if used in 
 time may prevent the symptoms of a phlegminous character. It is a 
 good practice to examine such wounds carefully. It may be done with 
 the finger, or you may have to use a probe. Endeavour to find what 
 caused the wound, and you will be able to judge whether fragments 
 remain in the flesh or not. 
 
 Symptoms. — If phlegminous inflammation takes place, they are quite 
 plain. If you are called to see a horse wounded in this region, which has 
 been suffering for some two days, it is much swollen, the animal refuses 
 food, the limb is swollen, not only in the region of the wound, but both 
 outside and inside, there is increased respiration, the pulse perhaps eighty, 
 ninety or one hundred, and weak, the chances are ten to one that it will 
 terminate fatally, but still keep up treatment. Foment for hours at a 
 time, and endeavour to support by stimulants — beer, whiskey, etc., and 
 hyposulphate of soda is said to be good. Fomentations are applied with 
 a view of bringing on suppuration, for resolution is scarcely possible in 
 such a case ; and if it terminates in suppuration, it is generally diffuse, 
 and of an inchorous character. Sometimes, instead of forming pus, it 
 goes on to gangrene, the swelling continues, the limb below the parts is 
 cold, the pulse quick and weak, etc., and death is the result. However, 
 
110 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 an animal may receive a very deep and severe wound and recover, and if 
 there is a large opening, and considerable hemorrhage, it generally termi- 
 nates better than if the contrary is the case, and I think, in cases of a 
 large wound and scanty hemorrhage, bleeding may be of benefit. 
 
 Muscles of the Abdomen.— A punctured wound in this region is very 
 dangerous, as it is likely to penetrate the abdomen and injure the peri- 
 toneum, or perhaps the intestines ; but you may meet with an apparently 
 severe wound, allowing the bowels to protrude, and a good recovery take 
 place if the bowels are not injured. If j'ou are able to get them back nicely, 
 there are pretty good chances of recovery ; but if the bowels are injured and 
 bruised, although you may return them, it is not attended with good re- 
 sults, for inflammation is likely to be set up in the peritoneum and bow- 
 els ; but if the bowels are lacerated, you may recommend the destruction 
 of the animal. I saw a case where ten or twelve feet of the bowels 
 protruded, and was in the snow ; the pulse weak ; the bowels were 
 not injured ; they were put back and the animal recovered. The animal 
 generally lies down soon after such an injury as this, and you must secure 
 him, wash the bowels nicely with tepid water, and then return carefully, 
 and then bring the edges of the wound together — the inside first. You 
 may use silk thread, or what is better, carbolized cat-gut ; then bring the 
 skin together. It is best to keep the end of the sutures out, so you can 
 remove them. Keep quiet and give but little food. A purgative is not 
 necessary, and be careful in giving sedatives. 
 
 Perinaeal Region. — A severe wound in this region, if the rectum is 
 uninjured, may be treated with success. Hemorrhage is sometimes ex- 
 cessive, which you can usually arrest with a plug pressure, etc., if the 
 artery cannot be tied. 
 
 Pectoral Region. — The result is apt to be the same as that of the 
 groin. A deep seated wound is apt to be followed by phlegminous inflam- 
 mation. Arrest the hemorrhage. The proper way is to take up the 
 artery or vein ; but this is not easily done (it is not good practice to take 
 up a vein, but it is sometimes necessary, if it is a large one). But you 
 can generally stop with tow saturated with iron or other styptics. In a 
 case where the hemorrhage has been excessive and has been arrested, it 
 is best to leave the plug in forty-eight hours, unless there is great pain. 
 I have taken it out in twenty-four hours, and slight hemorrhage was the 
 result ; the blood coagulates first in tow, and stops the flow. If a severe 
 injury, make a careful examination. If it does not heal for a long time, 
 then there is likely some piece still in ; or, it may heal just to break 
 again in a few days. You may remove this, and after some time another 
 abscess form, showing that some piece still remains. It is sometimes 
 necessary to enlarge the wound, if there is no danger of injuring the 
 vessels. 
 
 Muscles of the Fore-Extremities.— The belly of the muscles are 
 liable to sprains, as well as the tendons ; but this is not so serious. The 
 fore-extremity is held to the body by muscles, which are liable to injury 
 — those on the outer part more liable than those on the inner. 
 
 Shoulder-Slip, or Sweeney, is a common occurrence. It is called 
 shoulder-slip in most of our works, because there is bulging or slipping 
 cut of the joint. The muscles affected are the antea and postea spinatus, 
 teres externus, and sometimes the flexor brachii. 
 
 Pathology of shoulder-slip as a disease, and not as symptomatic of a 
 disease, is injury to the muscles in some way or other — a sprain, com- 
 pression, or a jar, setting up inflammatory action, perhaps not severe, 
 but interfering with nutrition ; the sarcous elements become changed ; 
 the muscles cannot assimilate material for their growth ; they waste or 
 
DISEASES OF DOIIESTIC ANIMALS. Ill 
 
 drivel until a hollow is seen in the scapula ; all the elements of the 
 muscles are there, but are wasted to some extent. 
 
 Causes are various. It is mostly likely to occur in young animals, 
 from a sudden jerk from a plough striking a stump or stone, or from the 
 wheel of a waggon striking against some obstacle, or it may occur from 
 the animal rolling about the stall or box, or from jumping about ; but in 
 most cases it is the result of work, and the horse going in an awkward 
 manner. 
 
 Symptoms are very well marked. In the early stage there is, I believe, 
 more or less swelling, but it is not often noticed. The first thing gener- 
 ally noticed is the wasting of the muscles ; or, the animal may be stiff to 
 a certain extent, the action somewhat impaired, yet you could not call it 
 lameness ; but in five or six days the true character of the disease shows 
 itself. If the outer muscles are severely affected, those on the inside of 
 the shoulder are affected to some extent, and when the animal throws 
 weight upon the limb, the joint bulges until you would think there was a 
 partial dislocation of the shoulder. In the very worst cases a cure may 
 be effected ; but if kept at work, it may be a long time before the muscles 
 will attain their natural size. Keep the patient quiet for two, three op 
 four weeks ; turn loose in a box or stall ; it is better than turning on pas- 
 ture. First use fomentations and follow by mild stimulating liniments, 
 as tincture of camphor, opium and arnica — equal parts. The treatment 
 should be such as would hasten the reproduction of the muscular fibre, 
 by keeping the animal quiet, feed moderately well, stimulate the parts and 
 apply a blister occasionally ; or you may use seatons, and if you do, use 
 three ; but there is no necessity for using very severe remedies. There is 
 no particular specific for it. Judicious exercise for some time is benefi- 
 cial. He may be used for light saddle work, but not to the plough. In- 
 cisions are sometimes made and air blown into the areolar tissues. Those 
 who practice it say it separates the skin from the muscles, and hastens 
 reproduction. This can easily be detected by the crackling noise. In 
 giving your opinion, you may give it that a cure can be effected, but 
 it will take some time, and plenty of time. 
 
 Enlargements on the Shoulder are common in farm horses, a 
 common cause being an ill-fitting collar. They vary very much in their 
 character, and it is necessary to make a careful examination and find the 
 true character of the enlargement. When they are soft and moveable or 
 fluctuating, and have made their appearance suddenly, they contain 
 serum, and are called serous abscesses, and are very common in the 
 shoulder by the muscles being injured ; inflammation and irritation are 
 set up, and an exudation of serum is the result. Some are well defined, 
 others are not. In some cases they may be hard around their circumfer- 
 ence and soft in the centre, and the hair begins to fall off. This shows 
 suppuration, and it may be a deep-seated abscess, and if there is large 
 exudation surrounding this pus, which may have been there for some 
 time, then blisters, etc., would not reach it. 
 
 Treatment.— li a serous abscess make an incision and allow the 
 serum to escape. After treatment use fomentations or cold appli- 
 cations according to the season of the year, and use pressure— place 
 a bag of bran over the part and apply pressure. These are trouble- 
 some to treat ; in some cases you open it up and the contents are 
 evacuated ; and in twenty-four or thirty hours serum is again formed ; 
 then use a digestive ointment on a piece of tape, or something of 
 the kind, saturated with a mild stimulant. The best knife for such is 
 Sime's abscess lancet. There is another mode which looks rather rough, 
 but is pretty successful : if you have opened it up and used the digestive 
 
112 CAUSES, SVMPTOatS ANt> tRfiAtMENT OF 
 
 ointment and matter continues, it is good practice to cut it right open 
 with the knife, and then treat as a wound, or you may insert a seaton 
 through it and attend to the constitutional treatment. If in good con- 
 dition give a dose of purgative medicine, if in poor condition a generous 
 diet. If you have some difficulty in determining whether pus exists or 
 not, get the history of the case. Notice whether the hair is falling off 
 or not, and you may feel the fluctuating of the pus ; or you may use an 
 exploring needle, or make an incision and insert a seaton needle, and if 
 pus is there, then enlarge the opening, foment, poultice, etc. They 
 sometimes take on an indolent character, and if it does not assume the 
 character of a fibrous tumour use stimulants, blisters, seatons, etc. If 
 you find this upon the anterio-internal part of the joint in a horse three 
 or four years old, that has not been doing much work, is unthrifty, the 
 appetite impaired, constitutional irritation, pulse quick, some difficulty 
 in extending the limb, etc., it is generally the result of irregular strangles. 
 The local treatment is the same, but the constitutional treatment is dif- 
 ferent ; do not give a purgative if it comes from strangles. You may 
 find tumours of a vascular or malignant character, which are more diffi- 
 cult to remove, but the only chance sometimes is to remove them, but 
 there is apt to be considerable hemorrhage. The ecraseur is the best 
 instrument for such cases, and it may take a pretty powerful instrument ; 
 there is no great damage generally in dissecting these out. The top of 
 the neck is sometimes injured from the action of the collar ; it is easily 
 treated if the exciting cause is removed. Clip off the hair, use tepid 
 water and mild astringents. But sometimes they become very trouble- 
 some, a small abscess forms and bursts, heals, forms again, etc., and 
 there is a great tendency for the matter to extend downwards. If you 
 examine you will notice a hole extending down the side of the liga- 
 mentum nuchae, which you must cut out ; caustic may do, but it is 
 tedious. After cutting, bathe, poultice, etc. It is good practice to tie 
 the head up for some time — keep it well elevated. 
 
 Shoulder Joint. — The bones of this joint are held together by 
 muscles, and not ligaments — the only ligament being the capsular. 
 Injuries to this joint are very rare in the horse. Dislocation of this has 
 been noticed but very rarely, indeed, but the joint may be diseased in 
 various ways. Inflammation may set up affecting the joint and cartil- 
 ages, and, if allowed to run on, anchylosis may take place. It may be 
 due to a sprain or constitutional disturbance — a kind of rheumatic 
 inflammation. This may come in the bicipital groove. I think the 
 principal seat of shoulder- joint lameness is in connection with the flexor 
 brachii muscle, which passes over the bicipital groove, in connection with 
 stratiform and articular cartilage. It is generally suddenly produced, 
 and readily gives way to treatment, but you may have all the changes 
 found in other joints —inflammation of the synovial membrane, cartilages, 
 etc., — giving rise to porcelaneous deposits. Animals were at one time 
 blistered for shoulder lameness, where they were confirmed cripples from 
 navicular disease. It is not very difficult to tell shoulder lameness from 
 foot lameness, by one familar with the parts. It must be distinguished 
 by the action, from certain parts being affected. Shoulder lameness may 
 be produced by the animal running away, falling violently, or rough 
 handling in breaking in. Cavalry and artillery horses are subject to it, 
 or it may be caused by the horse being cast in the stall, or going through 
 deep snow, or by direct injury from a stroke upon the parts. There is 
 some difficulty in locating it, if slight, but not if severe. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is difficulty in extending the limb, but not what 
 you would call great difficulty. It is brought forward in a kind of rotary 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 113 
 
 manner. This is better marked in trotting than in walking, but if he is 
 warmed up it will disappear to some extent. The limb is flexed when 
 standing, but not pointed, as in foot lameness — perhaps parallel with or 
 just behind the other foot. You may, in some cases, be able to detect 
 swelling, especially in the flexor brachii, and manipulation may assist 
 you. If you extend the limb the horse will rear up, or if you pull it 
 back, and then trot off, the lameness will be increased. Negative symp- 
 toms are useful. Look at the other parts of the limb. The best time to 
 examine is after a hard ride or drive of four or five miles, and then stand 
 in the stable until cooled and bring out and examine. There is a tend- 
 ency to strike the toe in turning, and you are liable to think he is lame 
 in the shoulder, when he is not. 
 
 Treatment. — It makes little difference, so far as treatment is concerned, 
 whether it is in the flexor brachii or in the articulation ; but it helps you 
 in your prognosis if you know which it is. In one it is curable ; in the 
 other it is not. Give rest; stand in a box. Some recommend a high- 
 heeled shoe in severe cases ; I usually prefer taking the shoe off. If 
 severe, and the limb can scarcely be moved, if there is great difficulty in 
 getting up when down, it is good practice to place in slings ; foment, use 
 anodyne liniment, or a newly flayed sheep skin, etc., followed by a blister, 
 and invest a considerable surface. Apply around the articulation, and 
 allow it to extend down the limb. Cantharides is as good as anything. 
 Seatons are sometimes useful. Put in about three. Do not turn on 
 pasture, but give rest and quiet. Another way of detecting lameness is 
 putting a piece of wood for the animal to step over. If anchylosis takes 
 place, it is best to destroy the animal, unless it is a brood mare or 
 stallion. 
 
 Collar-trails are easily recognized, and if treated in time are easily 
 got rid of. Eemove the cause ; bathe with warm or cold water ; use the 
 white lotion, etc. ; irritating dressing should not be used. Sometimes the 
 result is a sit-fast, which you must dissect out, then stimulate gently. 
 A great deal may be done to prevent collar galls, by having the collar 
 fitted nicely, and exposing it to the sun or fire, to dry up the sweat. 
 There are swellings between the forelegs, which may be produced in vari- 
 ous ways, and may be of a formidable character, the result of irritation 
 from niartingal or breast strap, or injury direct or indirect, or they may 
 be of a constitutional character. In hydrothorax, disease of the kidneys, 
 liver, etc., you will find these swellings. If they are from injury, remove 
 the cause ; apply hot or cold ; if matter is present, open it up ; or, there 
 may be extensive irritation inside the legs, which, in some cases, is diffi- 
 cult to treat. It is best treated by constitutional treatment. It may 
 result from the horse being slightly out of condition. Give purgatives, 
 tonics, diuretics, etc., and use the white lotion. I have found benefit 
 from dusting the parts with charcoal. Keep quiet, for the folds of the 
 skin rub upon each other and keep up the irritation, especially in the 
 fall of the year. 
 
 Pectoral Rearion. — Injuries here occur in different ways, and some- 
 times do exceedingly well if the sternum and large vessels are uninjured ; 
 a punctured wound being the most dangerous. Endeavour to find what 
 caused the trouble, and it will assist you in determining whether there 
 are any pieces in the wound or not. 
 
 Elbow Joint. — Is formed by the radius and ulna and humerus, and 
 there is considerable motion in it. It is occasionally diseased ; sometimes 
 there is an abscess of a serious character, or fracture of the ulna, 
 exostosis, anchylosis, etc. ; or, there may be inflammation of the joint 
 or synovical membrane. It may result from the animal slipping and 
 
114 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 falling upon the elbov, or from constitutional causes, and is an annoying 
 source of lameness. It is hard to find the exact seat of the disease. In 
 other causes there is sprain of the ligaments, or some of the lateral liga- 
 ments may become completely ruptured. The caput muscles, especially 
 the magnum, tend to bring up the leg, and are liable to injury. The 
 symptoms vary according to the activity of the case, and is sometimes 
 diflficult to detect. We make up our mind from both negative and 
 positive symptoms— by negative, when there is no disease in any other 
 part of the limb. If there is rupture of the lateral ligaments, or frac- 
 ture, the animal points the limb and knuckles at the fetlock. The elbow 
 comes down to a certain extent, if walked. Sometimes, by placing the 
 limb pretty straight, he can bear weight upon it pretty well. If it is the 
 result of a sprain, there is more or less swelling and heat ; but sometimes 
 you do not have these symptoms. Some say there is a tendency to place 
 the foot as in laminitis, but I have hot seen this ; but in backing there is 
 difficulty in bringing back the limb. Wasting of the muscles in the 
 region of the joint will assist you in determining it. 
 
 Treatment. — Give rest ; allay the irritation ; use hot or cold to the 
 parts ; blister — seatons are perhaps preferable to a blister, one inside and 
 one outside — and stimulate them with cantharides, or anything of that 
 kind. If it is a severe injury to the caput muscles, then place in slings. 
 
 Capped Elbow. — The most common injury in this region is a little 
 enlargement appearing on the point of the elbow, caused by the action of 
 the shoe when the animal lies down, causing irritation and the formation 
 of serum or an abscess. A heavy belly band may produce it, or it may 
 be due to the manner in which the animal lies down, even producing it 
 without shoes, and it is necessary to wear a boot on such, although shod 
 with very short shoes. It is easily detected ; there is first irritation, and 
 then a slight exudation ; sometimes just an ordinary exudation, and 
 sometimes it is of a serious character. Eemove the cause — remove the 
 shoe — apply fomentations and stimulate with any mild liniment, such as 
 the camphorated, and in from three to six days it will disappear, if 
 attended to in time. A moderate dose of physic is of benefit. If the 
 cause is kept up and serum accumulates, it is best to open it carefully at 
 the most dependent part, then foment and stimulate ; or insert a small 
 piece of tape with the digestive ointment, carbolic acid, etc., to prevent 
 the wound from healing, or you may insert a seaton through it for the 
 same purpose. This exudation may become of a fibrous character, and 
 also fibrous pus is secreted, and it makes an ugly sore. The remedy is to 
 dissect it carefully out In some cases, where the exudation is becoming 
 organized, you might arrest it by using iodine ointment, or biniodide of 
 mercury, but if once organized then remove it. There may be consider- 
 able hemorrhage in cutting these out, but it can generally be controlled, 
 after which bring the divided edges together. It will take some time for 
 it to heal up, owing to the motion in the parts. When you think an in- 
 flammatory action can be set up and cause the absoption of this exuda- 
 tion, try counter irritation. The elbow may be injured by slipping and 
 cutting the point of the elbow, especially in winter. In such cases when 
 the animal stands up you will see that the cut or incision is below the 
 elbow ; these set up great irritation. Treat with cold or hot water, 
 lotions, etc. If the animal is driven for some distance air passes and 
 extends right round the joint, and perhaps up the shoulder, giving rise to 
 great swelling, which is not the result of inflammation ; bring the hand 
 over the part and you will find that it contains air— there will be a crack- 
 ling noise. Foment and use slight pressure. It might be advisable to 
 make incisions in the parts, but this is the exception. I saw this occur 
 
• DISEASES OF D03IESTIC ANIMALS. 115 
 
 from tracheotomy, where the air got in and extended over the entire 
 body ; the operation was performed in a bungling manner. 
 
 Injuries Below the Fetlock. — The flexor muscles are bound down by 
 fascae. These muscles are liable to injuries, punctures, wounds, etc., and 
 when you notice an injury of a chronic character, and successive abscesses 
 form and discharge, open up and examine for a foreign body. These mus- 
 cles are also sprained. The belly is not sprained so often as the tendon ; 
 but this does occur. It may be done by violent action, as galloping, jump- 
 ing, etc. The symptoms are well marked. There is difficulty in flexing 
 and extending the limb, heat and swelling in the parts. Use fomenta- 
 tions, liniments and a mild blister. There are incised, punctured and 
 lacerated wounds as well. If a horse receives a pretty deep puncture 
 in the region of the elbow joint, with a small external opening, and 
 the animal is kept going for a day or two, matter forms, diffuse 
 suppuration takes place under the fascia. It can not get away, but 
 extends around the limb, causing great suffering and swelling. The 
 matter may penetrate and destroy the capsular ligament, and cause 
 open joint, and if you are called two or three days after the acci- 
 dent, and the parts swollen and tender, and perhaps you can detect 
 fluctuation, then relieve the parts of pus by an incision, foment, 
 etc., which will often prevent excessive sloughing. Watch such cases 
 closely. The muscles become tendons as we proceed down. The exten- 
 sor metacarpi obliques passes obliquely over the anterior portion of the 
 region, and nature has supplied it with a bursa to enable it to move 
 smoothly. And you often see little swellings just above the knee, which 
 are distensions of this bursa, which has become diseased, possibly from a 
 sprain, but generally from injury by striking the manger, or from jump- 
 ing fences and striking the parts, or from a pole upon the neck to pre- 
 vent jumping. Give rest, use hot or cold water, judicious blister, etc. 
 It is an eye-sore only, and is very difficult to remove. Endeavour to 
 cause absorption by setting up inflammation, then use cold water to the 
 parts. You may sometimes open them, but, as a general thing, be care- 
 ful unless it contains serum. You may treat with the asperator, but it is 
 not what it is said to be in veterinary practice. 
 
 Knee- Joint. — The arrangement of the bones prevent concussion, to a 
 great extent ; still it is affected by concussion, and s6metimes of a com- 
 plicated character. Inflammation generally results from injury, but not 
 invariably. It may be from hereditary tendency, or a rheumatic inflam- 
 mation. There is lameness and swelling in some cases. He may walk 
 tolerably well, but, if trotted, he drops the same as in splint, to some 
 extent — stands with the limb slightly pointed. If you flex or rotate the 
 limb it gives pain. If the cause is kept up, it is likely to end in anchy- 
 losis, which may be due to a bony deposit, or to a fibrous exudate, and 
 the animal may be destroyed. The prognosis is more difficult than the 
 diagnosis. 
 
 Injuries to the Knee Joint. — There may be stiffness, but not lame- 
 ness, from the formation of fibrous tissue, or there may be a little deposit 
 in connection with the ligaments, giving rise to more or less lameness ; 
 or anchylosis may result from carpitis. You can detect this by flexing 
 the limb, and if the limb is in a healthy condition, you can bring the 
 little pad, at the back of the fetlock, against the elbow ; but if diseased, 
 you cannot. Examine in this way for soundness. 
 
 Treatment. — There is no articulation that requires more rest than the 
 knee. Devise some means to keep the limb quiet. Take off the shoe in 
 most cases ; bathe with cold water, and use anodyne liniments, and 
 bandage nicely ; and I have found benefit from a starch bandage. If 
 
116 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF • 
 
 there is but little irritation, and if the animal is extremely lame, use 
 slings. Use counter-irritation, and apply around the whole articulation, 
 but do not rub it in too hard at the back part, for it would destroy the 
 skin and produce a sore that is difficult to heal. We sometimes apply a 
 blister to set up inflammation ; sometimes to hasten, and sometimes to 
 arrest, same process. Seatons and firing are recommended, but I think 
 blisters are best. 
 
 Speedy-Cut is sometimes a very troublesome enlargement, and may 
 appear inside of the joint. It is produced by striking ; it may come gra- 
 dually, and be full, hard and tense, or come suddenly and be soft. In 
 some cases it is just contusion, just from one strike, which bruises the 
 tissues internally ; possibly there is extravasation of blood, and serum 
 forms ; or, from striking slightly, irritation is set up to a slight extent ; 
 this goes on, and a tumour comes on gradually. 
 
 Treatment. — If the cause is kept up, it is likely to end in a serious 
 abscess. Kemove the cause. Use hot or cold applications ; if there is 
 much pain hot is preferable. But I think if cold is applied in time, 
 when there is not much pain, it prevents the bad results. There is 
 benefit in bandaging. Use acetate of lead and mild stimulating lini- 
 ments. If serum forms, open carefully after allaying ihe irritation 
 (Sime's abscess lancet is perhaps the best), then apply pressure; for if 
 you do not, it is likely to collect again. But do not be rash in opening 
 while there is irritation. The irritation can be reduced to a great extent 
 by cantharides or biniodide of mercury. There are various methods of 
 preventing striking ; attend to the shoeing, and in many cases it is 
 necessary to apply boots, sometimes from the foot to the shoulder. 
 
 The Tendons of the Knee are sometimes cut, especially the meta- 
 carpi magnum, from falling or from a kick, or coming in contact with 
 some sharp instrument. The tendons will re-unite, but in injuries here 
 it is sometimes difficult to get reunion. In laceration of these tendons, 
 bring the divided edges of the skin together, keep the limb as straight as 
 possible— by splints, in some cases, and keep the parts quiet If you are 
 not called for some time after the accident, the horse has been moving 
 around, the ends of the tendons recede from each other, and there is a 
 kind of fungus growth thrown out inside of the wound ; when the ani- 
 mal moves, this either protrudes or disappears, which shows it is in con- 
 nection with the tendons. Cut the diseased portion out ; apply caustics 
 and considerable pressure. Good caustics are sulphate of copper, nitrate 
 of silver, carbplic acid, etc. Perfect reunion will not take place, but a 
 growth is thrown out by which the two ends are united, and there will 
 always be an enlargement. 
 
 Open Joint is a very serious result in any articulation, and some- 
 times there are severe constitutional symptoms set up, and it may cause 
 death by the constitutional fever. The joints most exposed are most 
 liable — the stifle, hock, fetlock and knee — but almost any joint may be 
 laid open. What I mean by open joint is where the skin, ligaments and 
 synovial membrane are opened up. It is one of the most serious injuries 
 to which the horse is liable, and varies much in its results. A series of 
 pathological changes takes place unless the discharge of synovia is 
 arrested very soon. I think if it occurs in a horse of a phlegmatic tem- 
 perament, it is more easily treated than in one of the opposite condition ; 
 the constitutional fever does not run so high. Notice the character of 
 the discharge. It is not so serious if opened with a sharp instrument, 
 as if done in a more violent manner, for if done by a kick, or from 
 falling, there is inflammation as well as open joint. It is sometimes a 
 punctured wound produced by a pitch fork. In a case where a capsular 
 
DISEASES OP DOMESTIC ANIMAL*. 117 
 
 ligament is punctured or injured, and not done in a violent manner, 
 there is not very severe suffering for some timie, but the synovia 
 escapes and the air gets into the wound, sets up irritation, and then 
 the animal suffers greatly. At first the discharge is pure synovia — if 
 injured in a mild manner— but a change soon takes place ; in one or two 
 days there is active inflammation, and the nature of the disease alters, 
 there is more or less pus, and in three or four days the integrity of the 
 joint is somewhat destroyed, the cartilages become destroyed, and in a 
 severe case partial or complete anchylosis is the result, and necrosis of 
 the joint may occur. The tissues also become implicated, and tumefac- 
 tion in many cases comes and extends around the joint, and the pus is 
 sometimes mixed with red streaks, giving it a kind of muddy appearance, 
 showing that the cartilage is destroyed. The pus is fetid also, the bones 
 become carious or ulcerated, matter is thrown out, and anchylosis is the 
 result. Sometimes the appetite is gone, the pulse quick, there is intense 
 fever, sweats bedew the body, there is great emaciation, and death may 
 result in from two to six days ; or the surrounding tissues become 
 infiltrated with pus, and extensive sloughing follows, or there are sinuses 
 formed, etc., and the case is hopeless. This occurs especially in the hock 
 joint, but if you are called in the early stage, while the discharge is pure 
 synovia, no great fever, the wound made with a sharp instrument, and 
 the tissues not lacerated, it stands pretty good chances of recovery. 
 
 Treatment. — Endeavour to promote the healing of the wound, and if of 
 any size, insert a suture. Some bind with collodium, which excludes the 
 air, keeps the wound together and prevents the discharge ; or, take a 
 small piece of cotton and saturate with one part of carbolic acid to eight, 
 nine or ten of lard ; apply it over the wound, and keep it there by means 
 of a bandage. Bandage, foment, and attend to the constitutional treat- 
 ment. Keep as quiet as possible, and sometimes give a moderate dose of 
 purgative medicine. It may heal by the first intention, or almost heal, 
 then break, and synovia be discharged and prove fatal. Do not attempt 
 to explore a wound of this kind. If it is a later stage, and pus is formed, 
 it would not do to stitch it up and thus prev^ent the escape of it, but keep 
 quiet and place in slings, after the animal has become tired. It is some- 
 times good practice to use splints, if in the knee joint, to keep the limb 
 as straight as possible ; and in fomenting be careful not to wash or wipe 
 away any coagulum that may have formed. Poultice ; and the poultice I 
 recommend is : equal parts of flour and oatmeal — the flour tends to 
 coagulation, and the meal soothes Granulations spring up, and are 
 sometimes not bad signs ; but if they are too profuse, you can use 
 caustics, or the ordinary lotion, but do not use any irritant dressings, nor 
 inject the wound. Some recommend blisters in the early stage, others do 
 not. They are recommended for various reasons — to produce stiffness in 
 the joint, or to arrest the discharge, etc. — and in a case of some standing 
 they may be of benefit If it occurs in the knee or hock joint, to any 
 extent, you may expect anchylosis. If the pulse is full and bounding, 
 you may use arterial sedatives — aconite, in ten drop doses, every four or 
 five hours, for two or three days. 
 
 Bruises of the Knee. — Although they look very formidable, are very 
 trivial in comparison with open joint, and you may mistake the flow of 
 the bursal fluid for open joint. Cleanse with cold water, bring the edges 
 of the wound together and secure them; keep quiet and subdue the 
 inflammatory action ; use the ordinary white lotion, etc. Sometimes the 
 hair bulbs are injured, and the growth of the hair is white, or even no 
 hair at all is produced, and if the hair bulbs are destroyed, then hair can, 
 not be reproduced ; but so long as they are not destroyed it will grow- 
 
118 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 but it may be white. Treat with any milk ointment to lubricate the 
 skin, hand-rub, etc. 
 
 Sprain of the Flexor Tendons, so called, is not, in many cases, a 
 sprain of these tendons, but of the 
 
 Metacarpal Ligaments.— This is very common in race-horses, and in 
 horses pulling heavy loads, especially if they have high-toed shoes. It is 
 not common in ordinary driving horses. It is produced by violent exer- 
 tion of some kind or other ; the most prolific cause is fast galloping, or 
 in pulling up hill with a heavy load. 
 
 Symptoms are generally tolerably plain. An exudation takes place 
 between the fibres of the ligament or around the ligament ; there is more 
 or less swelling, ; the horse is lame to a greater or less extent ; after 
 standing, lameness disappears more or less. Although it involves the 
 tendons, it will be found to be anterior to them ; and there is pain upon 
 pressure, and flexing the limb increases the pain, and this may be over- 
 looked if there is much hair upon the legs. If the animal is kept at 
 work, the exudation increases and the animal endeavours to relieve itself 
 by flexing the limb. The exudation becomes organized and the tendon 
 shortens, and the animal walks upon the front of the hoof. This is more 
 likely to take place in a heavy work horse than in a light, as a light 
 horse would be laid off work and a heavy one would not. 
 
 Sprain of the Back Tendons takes place in the same way, and is 
 also more likely to occur in fast or heavy work horses. It is frequent in 
 race horses. It is usually produced by violent exertion. Horses having 
 a bound-down formation of the limb, as it is called, are more liable to it. 
 An animal long and weak below the knee, or standing unnaturally back 
 — calf-kneed, as it is called — is more likely than spring-kneed. I would 
 rather have a horse knee-sprung than calf-kneed. These sprains may be 
 slight or severe, and may be suddenly produced. There will be more or 
 less exudation around and in between the fibres, snd if the cause is kept 
 up it will become severe. The fibres will give way and give rise to thick- 
 ening of the tendons, and they will contract and cause the horse to walk 
 on the toe. 
 
 Symptoms. — More or less swelling ; and flexing or extending the limb 
 will increase the pain and cause more lameness when trotted out. 
 
 Treatment is just the same, whether it is the ligament or the ten- 
 don, and must vary according to th« time you are called. If called 
 immediately, apply cold water and refrigerants, and bandage judi- 
 ciously to prevent the exudation Keep up the applications for one 
 or two hours, and watch the bandage closely, for if swelling takes 
 place, it may interfere with the circulation. After some time apply 
 a blister, but in some cases just cold water and bandaging will 
 do. The animal will be able for any kind of work, but if for fast 
 work, give a long rest. If you are not called until the exudation has 
 taken place, and great pain is present, then use hot applications, bandage 
 and use anodyne liniments; and, after the irritation subsides, blister, 
 and repeat in perhaps two or three weeks. It requires not only weeks, 
 but months, or even a year, to recover so as to undergo severe work. 
 You would better recommend a valuable animal rested for six months or 
 a year, than to put him to work in two or three weeks. You may derive 
 benefit from the firing iron, and it is necessary now and again, but it can 
 generally be treated without it. The result of the injuries I have men- 
 tioned is 
 
 Contraction of the Tendons, in which the horse walks upon the toe, 
 allowing the foot to grow out of shape. The only chances of bringing 
 the parts into their natural condition is tenotomy, that is if the contrac- 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC AMIMALS. 119 
 
 tion is the result of disease of the tendon, but if it comes from some dis- 
 ease of the fetlock joint it would be useless. In performing tenotomy 
 apply cold water to tbe parts for a day or two, to reduce any inflammation 
 and get rid of the exudation. Cast the horse, take the limb from the 
 hobble, and make your incision inside of the limb, taking care not to 
 injure the artery. Some recommend introducing a scalpel first down 
 between the tendons and ligaments. The ordinary director does very 
 well, as well perhaps as the scalpel. First make the incision and then 
 use a tenotomy knife— the best is a probe-pointed bistouri, and it is best 
 to cut through both tendons, but sometimes cutting one will do— then 
 treat as a common wound. Sometimes the animal will stand with the 
 limb flexed, and it is in some cases necessary to apply a high-heeled shoe, 
 but in all cases bring the foot as near the natural condition as possible 
 before operating. 
 
 The Sheath of the Tendon is injured, but it is trivial in comparison 
 with injuries to the fibres of the tendons. It may be done by striking 
 with the hind foot, or if in the hind leg by some other animal striking it. 
 You might at first think it was sprain of the tendon, but if it is well back, 
 there is swelling, and the animal is not so lame as in sprain. It is best 
 treated by hot or cold applications, refrigerant lotions, anodyne liniments, 
 etc., and you may find benefit from a blister ; when you are called make 
 a careful examination. The suspensory ligament is the great mainstay 
 of the limb, and very powerful, and one upon which there is great stress ; 
 sprain of this is common, and sometimes its fibres give way completely, 
 giving rise to what is called 
 
 Break-down. — This is more serious than sprain of the back tendons 
 or metacarpal ligaments. In a case of this the fetlock descends and may 
 almost touch the ground, even if there is not much weight thrown upon 
 it. It is more common in race or hunting horses, and occurs in trotting 
 horses, but not often. It occurs to a certain extent in very heavy horses, 
 especially if weak limbed. 
 
 Symptoms vary according to the extent of the injury. It is not gener- 
 ally in a perfectly healthy condition when the fibres give way completely, 
 but, in a majority of cases, there had been a slight sprain of the liga- 
 ments, showing a slight swelling anterior to the tendon, and a little 
 thickening of the tendon. The animal is laid off work and treated, and 
 again put to work, and the same thing occurs, treated the same, etc., and 
 when put to work there is complete breakdown. If there is complete 
 rupture of the two bifurcations, the fetlock descends ; if but one, then one 
 side descends more than the other. 
 
 Treatment is the same as that already mentioned. Give a long rest, 
 and, unless rested a long time, he will not stand the same amount of 
 hard work as if rested a long time. If it is complete breakdown, the 
 limb will never regain its natural condition, but may be able to undergo 
 a considerable amount of fast work. When there is descent of the fet- 
 lock and severe pain, the animal lies down ; let him lie. Apply fomen- 
 tations and camphor, laudanum and arnica, or perhaps a little chloro- 
 form ; or if you use water, acetate of lead or opium may be added. Ban- 
 dage and bring the parts as near their natural position as possible. A 
 high-heeled shoe is recommended, and may be of benefit. After allaying 
 the acute inflammatory action, although there may still be great pain, 
 apply a blister around the fetlock and right up where the ligaments are 
 affected. In some cases, where there is extensive exudation, possibly 
 involving the bone, bursa, etc , you may find benefit from the use of the 
 firing iron. Such a horse cannot be restored to the natural condition, 
 but there will be a thickening of the parts, and the fetlock will descend 
 
120 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 more than natural. Sometimes there is only partial rupture of one of 
 the bifurcations. Then allay the irritation, and apply a starch bandage 
 and a high-heeled shoe, and slings are sometimes of benefit in such 
 cases. If the animal will lie down and take good care of the limb, it is 
 better than slings. 
 
 Inferior Sesanoid Lii^aments are also liable to sprain. This may 
 give rise to a lameness which is puzzling. It is most likely to occur in 
 fast horses — race and trotting horses, the latter oftener suffer here than 
 higher up. 
 
 Symptoms. — It is difficult to say which of the three ligaments is 
 affected. There is more or less irritation, giving rise to lameness, at 
 first sight, after fast work. After cooling off the horse goes lame for 
 eight or ten steps and it possibly disappears. The leg is bandaged and 
 he is taken out the next morning. There appears to be nothing wrong ; 
 there may be a little pointing of the foot, which shows the irritation is 
 low down ; you may detect slight swelling and heat in this region ; trot- 
 ting him causes pain. Give rest ; hot or cold applications and counter- 
 irritations ; but be careful with it in this region ; it may destroy the skin 
 and hair bulbs. The tendons may be cut — usually from the action of 
 the hind feet, or if in the hind feet, from one horse running upon another. 
 Bring the parts together with a suture, and keep them well bandaged. 
 Keep as quiet as possible, and, if practicable, use slings, and take a 
 piece of iron and fasten on like a shoe, and let it come up the back 
 of the limb and grasp the limb above the joint. Although there is 
 thickening of the tendon, it does not seriously interfere with his action ; 
 or the tendons, ligaments, nerves, etc., may be cut off below the 
 joint, and the hoof will take on a very peculiar growth. If the ten- 
 dons alone are cut, then bandage nicely and watch closely, for the 
 irritation is liable to extend down between the sensitive and insensitive 
 parts of the foot and produce extensive suppuration. When it does it is 
 necessary to cut down and allow the matter to escape. But if these are 
 entirely cut, you might as well recommend the animal destroyed, You 
 might produce reunioun in a partial manner, but the animal is of no use 
 afterward. 
 
 Sesamoiditis. — Sprain of the back tendons in the region of the fet- 
 lock, accompanied by inflammation of the sesamoids and bursae. It is 
 due to a slight sprain of the part, or to rhuematic inflammation of the 
 joint, but most likely some injury or concussion. It is not common in 
 road horses. 
 
 Symptoms. — On first coming from the stable the animal is slightly stiff , 
 but this will disappear to some extent after exercising, and will again ap- 
 pear after resting. There will be knuckling slightly, and there is a slight 
 puffiness around the horse. A careful examination reveals heat in the 
 parts. Flexing or extending the limb creates pain, and the animal will 
 go more lame. There are changes that take place, perhaps a cartilagin- 
 ous deposit, which may be converted into bone. In such cases lameness 
 continues for some time, and there is a well-marked enlargement around 
 the joint, at first puffy, then hard. 
 
 Treatment. — Best, fomentations, heat or cold, followed by a blister. 
 We find other causes of slight sprain, and it is hard to say what is the 
 exact lesion. It is usually produced by hard or fast work upon hard 
 roads, or hard pulling. He may extend the limb pretty well, but if 
 trotted, there is difficulty in distending the limb. There may be anchy- 
 losis of the joint. When you see a horse knuckling in the fetlock, do 
 not make up your mind that the disease is in the fetlock in all cases ; but 
 it is symptomatic of disease of the fetlock. Use hot or cold applications, 
 
DISEASES or D05IESTIC ANIMALS. 121 
 
 and blisters are of great benefit. Cold water may cause the horse to ap- 
 pear pretty well, but knuckling may still remain. Cantharides is perhaps 
 preferable just for a sprain. 
 
 Interfering or Striking the fetlock joint while travelling. Shoeing 
 with light shoes will generally relieve it. Get the animal in good condi- 
 tion, etc. Sometimes the striking is not sufficient to bruise the shin to 
 any great extent, but gives rise to contusion, sets up inflammation, the 
 result of which is an extensive exudation, which usually terminates in 
 suppuration ; and the matter is deep seated and not very abundant, but 
 from its situation the animal suffers intensely. Such cases sometimes 
 puzzles the young practitioner to tell what is wrong. This may occur 
 from a sprain, but usually from irritation. The animal, when standing, 
 rests the foot, or may lift it from the ground, acting much the same as 
 in suppuration of the foot. Apply hot cloths and poultices, which will 
 allay the inflammatory action or hasten the process of suppuration. 
 Watch it closely, and if, after poulticing for one or two days, the swelling 
 increases and perhaps fluctuates to a slight extent, then you are sure 
 matter is formed ; and when it arrives at a certain stage open it ; but be 
 careful in inserting the lancet if there is extensive exudation. First 
 twitch the animal and make a small incision ; or sometimes insert a 
 probe or director, and then open slightly. If opened in time, it will often 
 prevent extensive sloughing. Poultice, etc., after opening. If 'sinuses 
 are found and matter is discharging, cleanse nicely, and then use caustics, 
 or butter of antimony, nitrate of silver, etc. ; or, there may be thickening, 
 which may be removed from iodine ointment, or an occasional blister. 
 Do not apply irritants when the horse has a tendency to brush, so to speak. 
 
 Knuckling. — This sometimes falls under the head of disease, and 
 sometimes you can scarcely call it such, and in examining for soundness 
 you may be puzzled to say whether it is sound or unsound. There may 
 be jerking forw^ard of the fetlock at almost every step, or even when 
 standing still. The joints appear prominent in front. It detracts from 
 the symmetrical appearance of the limb, but may not interfere with the 
 action at all. Post mortem often reveals 'nothing wrong with the joint. 
 It is oftener seen in the hind than the fore limb, hard and fast work being 
 the exciting cause, or working young animals before they are able to un- 
 dergo such exercise. The high feeding of colts which are kept in the 
 stable is a cause, or it is sometimes the result of more or less disease in 
 the fetlock joint, or the formation of the limb, a straight fore limb and 
 pastern, etc., tend to this. 
 
 Treatment. — If of long standing little can be done for it, but if it ap- 
 pears suddenly in a horse three or fours years old, it may be got rid of. 
 Give rest, apply cold water, and afterwards blister, and if the horse has 
 been in the stable recommend him turned to pasture for a time. 
 
 Knee Sprung is similar to knuckling, and interferes but little with 
 the animal's usefulness. It is sometimes the result of formation, and 
 sometimes the result of hard or fast work before the animal is fit for such 
 work, or standing in a stall, especially if such stall slants from before 
 backward. Judges of horses prefer a knee-sprung to a calf-kneed horse, 
 as they will stand more work, and a calf kneed horse is more liable 
 to stumble. Some say that knee-spring arises from distension of the ex- 
 tensor tendons ; others say from contraction of the flexors and ligaments. 
 Another cause is feeding young animals highly, as for show purposes, 
 and not giving regular exercise. High-heeled shoes also have a tendency 
 to produce this. If in a young horse fx'om any of these causes, a little 
 treatment and a little rest may restore it. If in a gross animal, give a 
 6 
 
122 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 j 
 
 certain amount of exercise and then physic; then use judicious counter- ; 
 
 irritation; blister. Keeping a horse lower in front than behind has a i 
 
 tendency to help it, but perhaps a level floor is the best. If the formation ' 
 
 is faulty you cannot bring him to a natural condition. Sometimes it is j 
 
 unsoundness, and sometimes it is not. If it is not from faulty forma- i 
 tion, it is not an unsoundness ; if it is from faulty formation, it is 
 unsoundness. 
 
 Wind Galls will come into your notice almost every day. They : 
 are puffy tumours, situated at the back part of the fetlock joint. ] 
 They are of various sizes, so called because they were supposed to j 
 contain au-. They consist in an enlargement of the bursae, in con- ', 
 nection with the flexor tendons, where tendons play over each other, or 
 over bones. They are supplied with little sacks, called bursae ; they are 
 lined with synovial membrane, and secrete synovaa. The processes of 
 absorption and secretion are going on. When more is secreted than is 
 absorbed, the result is a wind-gall, which is a bursal enlargement, due to ! 
 the natural secretion, which secretion may be more or less changed if the • 
 cause is kept up, and the bursa may become thickened, or even a bony or : 
 cartilaginous deposit may occur. Yon may find wind-galls in any joint, 
 but they are not called wind-galls unless in the region of the fetlock ; if ; 
 well back, it is in connection with the bursae of the flexor tendons ; but ' 
 if more in front, it is in connection with the joint. A slight wind-gall i 
 is not looked upon as an unsoundness, even in a fast horse. In examin- ] 
 ing, be careful to scrutinize the condition of wind-galls ; if they are soft, \ 
 there is no heat in the parts, etc., and they are in the back part, and : 
 small, it is not unsoundness. In examining, make the animal stand \ 
 upon the limb, if they are more in front, heat, pain, etc., are present, ■ 
 and there is more or less disease of the fetlock joint. They may appear i 
 very suddenly, as after a drive or one day's work. They are due to the ■ 
 excessive demand of the drive ; the absorption is not equal to the ; 
 secretion. I think severe exertion irritates the parts and prevents '. 
 absorption, and the secretion goes on as natural. i 
 
 Treatment. — If of long standing they cannot be removed ; but if ' 
 treated in the early stage, they may be reduced. If suddenly produced j 
 in a plethoric animal, give a moderate dose of physic, and use hot or ; 
 cold applications — cold perhaps is preferable. Pressure is of great \ 
 benefit. Take a piece of cloth and fold several times, and place upon ': 
 the part, and apply a bandage, keeping it wet ; it causes absorjjtion ; or ; 
 you might use refrigerants, as acetate of lead, etc., and sometimes follow ; 
 with a blister, and put to work gradually. Irritant dressings and firing ! 
 are not necessary. It is bast not to open them unless they contain I 
 serum, for the irritation may extend and cause trouble. You could | 
 drain it off with a small trochar, but it would accumulate again. If you ■ 
 wish success, treat in the fall of the year, and expose to the cold during ' 
 the winter ; but they will, in most cases, return in the spring. "Where 
 they come in front, they are a great eye-sore, but are the same, and may ] 
 be treated the same. These may be produced by striking the stall. 
 
 Dislocation of the Fetlock. — I will first mention this in the fore ex- : 
 tremity. You may be able to reduce it in exceptional cases, but if it j 
 occurs in a violent manner, the bones thrown back, the ligaments 
 ruptured, etc., it is worse than a fracture. 
 
 Hip Joint. — You may meet with inflammation from some injury, direct ] 
 or indirect, but generally from indirect injury. It may come from rheuma- i 
 inflammation of the joint ; the round ligament may be sprained or ! 
 ruptured. It usually occurs from slipping— just setting the foot upon a j 
 cobble-stone and slipping, and the horse be lame for life — or it may i 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 123 
 
 result from violent pulling. If the round ligament suffers, there is more 
 or less inflammation set up in the entire articulation. The nutrition of 
 the cartilages may be arrested, and ulceration and anchylosis result. 
 Hip joint disease is not so common as disease of some other articu- 
 lations, yet it is a favorite seat by some who are not acquainted with the 
 structure of the parts, and you may experience some difficulty in detect- 
 ing the difference between hip and hock joint lameness. 
 
 Symptoms. — If the injury is severe, there is difficulty in extending 
 the limb in walking, and this is better marked in trotting. When walk- 
 ing, he will perhaps flex the hock pretty well. He rests the limb when 
 standing, or it may be lifted up from the ground ; but this alone is not 
 conclusive evidence. If there is no- irritation in any other part of the 
 limb, it will assist you in making up your mind. And perhaps he 
 stands on the toe ; there may or may not be slight swelling, but after some 
 time you have wasting of the muscles, even if they are not themselves 
 affected, as in spavin, etc. In some cases you are assisted by manipu- 
 lation ; but you can not always rely upon pressure. It is recommended 
 to take a piece of wood and place it over the joint, and strike it with a 
 mallet once or twice, and then walk the animal out, and he will go more 
 lame if this is the seat of the disease. But after certain charges take 
 place, there is no difficulty in detecting it. 
 
 Grluteal Muscles, especially the maxmus, which is attached to the 
 prominence on the head of the femur, frequently suffer from injury. 
 This is more common, perhaps, than hip joint disease. It generally 
 occurs just from slipping, more particularly if pulling a heavy load. It 
 is more common in pulling than in ordinary driving horses, and it may 
 be produced in any by slipping or falling violently. If the irritation is 
 kept up, there will be changes in the joint. There may be cartilaginous 
 or osseous deposits. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is difl&culty in extending the limb — sometimes very 
 great. He can scarcely bring the limb forward at all. There is more or 
 less swelling, if it is in the muscle ; but if in that part in connection 
 with the bone, it will not be so extensive. Looking from behind is the 
 best way to detect the swelling. If you pull the limb back, out, or for- 
 ward, it increases the lameness. You may, in some cases, mistake frac- 
 ture for sprain, and spavin for fracture ; but in fracture there will be 
 descent of the haunch. But the lameness might lead you to suspect 
 fracture. The manner in which the accident occurred also assists you in 
 diagnosing. After a time, when the swelling disappears, atrophy takes 
 place to some extent. 
 
 Treatment is just the general treatment of sprains. Give rest, foment, 
 use anodyne and camphorated liniments, or you might apply a blanket 
 rung out in hot water and cover it with a dry one, or a newly flayed 
 sheepskin, and follow by a blister ; blister a large surface, extending 
 around the trochanter major and the articulation — cantharides is as good 
 as anything. Some like the application of a plaster to keep the joint 
 Btill ; slings are sometimes necessary. If caries takes place it is incurable. 
 Keep quiet ; if the animal is kept at work there are changes that give rise 
 to a deposit, or a converting of a part of the tendon into cartilage or bone. 
 I think there is no use in firing ; some recommend cutting through these 
 large muscles and applying the firing iron near the articulation, but 1 
 think it would not be attended with success Dislocation of this joint 
 seldom occurs in the horse — it is scarcely possible without fracture of the 
 acetabulum —in other animals it does not occur ; in dogs and cattle it ia 
 frequent. Cattle do not have the pubeo-femoral ligament: throwing 
 them is more liable to dislocation. In dislocation the limb is shorter; 
 
124 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 the prominence is either higher or lower than natural ; it may be possible 
 to get it into position in cattle. 
 
 Stifle Joint. — There may be sprain of some of the straight ligaments. 
 It generally occurs from slipping, jumping, or from the animal getting 
 fast in the snow, etc., and exerting himself to extricate himself. 
 
 Svm/>^om5.- -There is difficult}' in extending the limb, both in walking 
 and trotting, but it is more marked in trotting, and in extending the 
 limb he endeavours to keep it in a fixed position, and does not bring it so 
 far forward as natural ; there may be enlargement and heat in the parts ; 
 when standing he flexes the limb to some extent. You must also judge 
 from negative symptoms— look at the hock, fetlock, etc Professor Dick 
 told his students to examine the foot, although the leg was broken. You 
 can not be too careful in examining. 
 
 Treatment. — If it is just a sprain, and is taken in time, it is easily 
 treated. Give rest, foment and blister, or apply seatons, one inside and 
 one outside, as required. I recommend blisters. 
 
 Dislocation of the Patella is by no means uncommon, and it is 
 never knocked to the inside— however, there is nothing impossible— but 
 to the outside. It occurs in many ways, and in some very simple ways, 
 just from a false step in travelling, or even while standing in a stall 
 where there is an abrupt offset in the floor, from stepping off it, or there 
 are things which predispose to it. I have noticed some cases after 
 strangles, which occurred vei-y easily. 
 
 Symptoms are very plain, and after seeing one case you can easily 
 recognize the next. The animal cannot extend the limb, and when he 
 does bring it forward, he does it as though there was no articulation in 
 the limb, and acts the same way when backed. There was a student sent 
 from the college to examine such a case, and there was considerable 
 straw in the box, and he said the horse had got his foot fast in a hole in 
 the floor. The symptoms are much like this, as though the foot was 
 nailed to the floor. 
 
 Treatment. — Get it into position as soon as possible, and the best way 
 to do this is to place a soft rope around the foot, and have an assistant 
 pull the leg forward while you take hold of and manipulate the parts. It 
 will generally go in quite easily, and it is possible to do it just by taking 
 the leg in one hand and the parts in the other ; but the animal may fall 
 and injure himself, so it is best to have some help, and keep the animal 
 supported, to prevent this ; then elevate the hind quarter slightly, or ex- 
 tend the limb, and keep it so, by having it kept there, or tie to a collar. 
 But I find a better way, and I recommend it : it is a little gentle exercise 
 upon a smooth place ; and in turning, it is perhaps best to turn to the 
 side from the injured limb If the muscles have lost their power of con- 
 traction, a little exercise brings them in tone. Invariably advise this, 
 after perhaps bathing with a little cold water and rubbing well. But you 
 may meet with a case where the muscles are relaxed, until it is necessary 
 to stimulate with some stimulating liniment, or even a blister. 
 
 Partial Dislocation is where it just slips slightly, impairing the 
 action to some extent ; and I think this usually occurs in very young 
 animals, and is due to weakness or certain inciting causes, as allowing 
 weakly colts to run on a rough hill-side. This is likely to become 
 habitual. Changes take place in the cartilages, and perhaps a por- 
 celaneous deposit occurs. It usually occurs in colts up to fifteen months 
 old, and may affect one or both limbs. There is slight difficulty in 
 extending the limb, and there is a peculiar clinking sound at every step, 
 which you can hear for some distance, and a peculiar stilty action. 
 
 Treatment. — Feed well ; stimulate the joint, and after giving a certain 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 125 
 
 amount of exercise, blister ; keep it in a nice level box. You will find 
 the result is detention of the bursae, which, although it does not seem 
 lame, is a great eye-sore. Sometimes there is a tendency to go upon the 
 toe. When heels grow very long, and it is necessary to bring the foot 
 into position and apply a stifle shoe, apply it to the affected limb, and 
 not, as originally applied, to the sound limb, to cause the weight to be 
 thrown upon the affected limb. There is a little projecting piece to the 
 toe of ^such a shoe. 
 
 Semi-lunar Cartilages Become Injured.— This is very troublesome, 
 and generally gives rise to permanent lameness. The lameness is similar 
 to other diseases of the joint— difficulty in bringing the leg forward; wasting 
 of the muscles ; some swelling appears, at first soft, but gets harder and 
 harder, and a sort of cartilaginous deposit is the result. It is generally 
 hopeless, bat you might try counter irritation. 
 
 Vastus Muscles are also sprained, and in just about the same way as 
 sprain in the stfle joint ; there is great difficulty in extending the limb, as 
 great almost as in disease of the patella. These symptoms disappear, 
 and then wasting takes place ; the animal drops to a certain extent. It 
 is easily detected by one acquainted with the parts. 
 
 Treatment. — Use counter irritation. I have seen pretty good recovery 
 take place, but sometimes this muscle wastes from azoturia. From this 
 wasting a hollow sometimes extends from the upper to the lower part of 
 the femur, and if there is no disease of the bone or at the attachment of 
 the muscles to the bone, a tolerably good cure may be effected. 
 
 Psoa) Muscles are injured and it is difficult to diagnose. Azoturia is 
 sometimes mistaken for a sprain of these muscles (and I believe they are 
 generally implicated in azoturia.) There may be constitutional disturb- 
 ance, and if you can not detect otherwise, you may examine per rectum, 
 and you may detect enlargement. Give rest, apply heat over the loins, etc. 
 
 Muscles Between the Stifle and Hock. — The flexor metatarsi, if 
 sprained, gives rise to very peculiar symptoms. The injury may be 
 to the belly, the origin, or insertion, but in most cases it is the belly. 
 It may occur in various ways — from running, jumping, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — If in the belly of the muscle, more or less inflammation 
 is the result ; it loses the power of contraction, and, it being an im- 
 portant muscle, the muscles of the opposite side contract forcibly, 
 and in attempting to move the limb, causes it to hang in a dangling 
 manner, and a person not acquainted with the structure would say 
 that the leg was broken. If the leg is straightened it can bear some 
 weight. You can see a cut of this in Prof. Williams' work. Just 
 think of the action of the muscles, and you will have but little diffi- 
 culty in diagnosing this. It looks very serious to a person not 
 acquainted with the anatomy of the parts, but if the insertion or 
 origin is not injured there are good prospects of recovery, if properly 
 treated. 
 
 Treatment. — Crive rest, keep in a box stall, and allow him to move 
 the limb to some extent. It is not necessary to use slings ; use fomen- 
 tations and stimulating liniments, and perhaps a mild blister, and, 
 after the limb is getting better, give gentle exercise, if the animal will 
 take it. If the animal is gross, give a dose of physic. If the muscle 
 is injured at its origin or insertion, there will be swelling in the 
 parts, but the symptoms are the same. Injuries to the other muscles 
 in this region of the extremity will give rise to symptoms somewhat 
 similar — dangling of the limb, etc. 
 
 Hock Joint. — Diseases of this joint are numerous. A majority of 
 
126 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 
 
 cases of lameness in the hind extremity are in the hock. It is oftener 
 affected than any other articulation. 
 
 Bog^ Spavin ia a soft, puffy tumour, situated at the anterior-inter- 
 nal part of the true hock joint, and is due to the distention of the 
 capsular ligament with synovia. It bulges out where it is not bound 
 down by tendons. It is called bog spavin because it is a soft, while 
 bone spavin is a hard, condition of the hock. It is very common and 
 serious, and attacks heavy horses niost frequently, and in such is not 
 so serious. It is comparatively rare in road horses. It is more serious 
 than wind galls, from its affecting the true hock joint. It is the result 
 of an extra secretion of synovia. Naturally there are about two or 
 three drachms of synovia in this sack, but in bog spavin it may be 
 two or three ounces. As well as distention, there may be more or less 
 irritation. The capsular ligament in some cases becomes thickened, 
 and if of long standing, or if the cause is kept up, the cartilages be- 
 come affected — perhaps destroyed — and a porcelaneous deposit is the 
 result. But in many cases it will remain in just the same distended 
 condition for some length of time, and then these changes take place, 
 and perhaps caries, anchylosis, etc. 
 
 Causes are predisposing and exciting. Horses having round, fleshy 
 limbs, etc., are predisposed. Want of regular exercise, feeding colts 
 for show purposes, fast work, sprain of the articulation, etc., are excit- 
 ing causes. It may, like wind-galls, appear very quickly. 
 
 Symptoms are very plain. A puffy tumour, as described, involving 
 the capsular ligament ; but there may be a puffy tumour, and not be 
 a bog spavin, but just a bursal enlargement. If there is much irrita- 
 tion, there will be heat and pain, and perhaps lameness, which will 
 continue as long as the irritation exists. It is even more troublesome 
 to treat than bone spavin. 
 
 Treatment. — If in a young horse, and there is no lameness, and you 
 are informed it has been suddenly produced, if in an animal in good 
 condition, reduce the condition by limiting the food ; apply hot or cold 
 bandage judiciously ; and you may find benefit from a combined bog 
 spavin and thoroughpin truss, but it is difficult to get it upon a bog 
 spavin, and it is a little difficult to bandage the hock; and you must 
 always leave the os-calcis free. Use judicious counter-irritation, and 
 the fall of the year is the best time to treat, for cold has a good effect. 
 If those changes are going on which are the result of inflammation, 
 then blister. Puncturing is not attended with success, for the fluid 
 will soon form again. 
 
 Thoroughpin is found in most all well marked cases of bog spavin. 
 This is a soft and compressible tumour in connection with the bursae 
 or pedis perforans tendon. It is so called because it runs through 
 from side to side. 
 
 Pathology. — It consists in distention of the bursa in connection with 
 the flexor pedis perforans tendon, above and in front of the os-calcis. 
 It is generally caused by more or less irritation, causing extra secre- 
 tion of the fluid in the bursa, and may be due to irritation set up 
 through bog spavin ; and in a majority of cases of bog spavin you will 
 find thoroughpin exists, due to the capsular ligament being bulged 
 upward and pressing upon the bursa of said tendon ; but the same 
 cause might produce both. 
 
 Causes. — It is most frequent in heavy horses. It may attain a con- 
 siderable size, and does not often produce lameness, unless irritation 
 is set up ; a long, straight hock, especially in a heavy horse, predis- 
 poses to it. It is comparatively rare, but is more common in light horses. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 127 
 
 Treatment is about the same as in wind-galls. Rest the animal to a 
 certain extent ; use hot or cold applications — cold preferable ; counter- 
 irritation, and in some cases puncture, but the more seldom you punc- 
 ture the better ; but if there is serum and pus, then puncture. If you 
 treat such a case, it is better to treat it in the fall of the year ; you 
 may reduce it. I have known it reduced, and it never was noticed 
 afterward. There is no specific for it, but just use those remedies 
 that will tend to cause absorption. You may derive benefit from 
 diuretics. 
 
 Near the side of the os-calcis there is a groove, through which the 
 tendons of the flexor pedis performs, play and sprain frequently occur, 
 and various names are applied. It is called 
 
 Spring" Hock, but perhaps a better name is sprain of the tendon. 
 A sprain here, even of a slight character, is apt to be attended with 
 serious results, and is most likely to occur in horses used for fast work, 
 especially if there is a heavy weight upon the back. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is difiiculty in extending and flexing the limbs ; 
 swelling ; and pressure causes pain ; the heel lifted from the ground ; 
 there may be constitutional fever, and if so, intense pain. It requires 
 a great amount of rest to effect a cure. Hot applications, I think, are 
 preferable to cold. Apply bandages ; a high shoe is good, as it tends 
 to take the strain off the muscle. A good way to apply heat is to take 
 a large sack, and slip it over the foot and up around the part, and 
 stuff it with hot bran. If in a cold stable in cold weather it is prefer- 
 able to poultices, etc., after a time. Repeated blisters, or a seaton in 
 some cases, might be useful. An abscess may be the result — extensive 
 swelling, pain and fluctuation — then open, apply poultices, etc , and 
 after the irritation goes down, blister. This is rather a serious affection. 
 
 Below the Hock, — Injuries here are about the same as in the fore 
 limb, but the tendons are not so liable to be cut, but they may be cut, 
 and a portion of the tendon be removed, and a tolerably good recovery 
 be effected. 
 
 Capped Hock. — This is a common and not a serious occurrence. 
 It is produced by injuries to the tuberosity of the os-calcis. It is a 
 little swelling upon the point of the hock. The gastrocnemius inter- 
 nus winds around the externus and forms the cap of the hock, and in 
 this place there is a large synovial bursa ; there is also a bursa situated 
 between this and the skin, and injuries to these give rise to capped 
 hocks. 
 
 Causes. — External injury, as kicking, etc., are common causes. 
 Some animals have a habit of kicking in the stall. It may be caused 
 by being cast in the stall or box, and some will do it in a nice loose 
 box, perhaps from the manner in which they lie down, or by standing 
 near and rubbing against the side of the stall. Another cause is from 
 influenza or strangles ; from debility and slight dropsical tendency, 
 but it soon disappears if from this cause, when the animal gets 
 stronger and is exercised. It may come in plethoric or gross animals, 
 or from some derangement of the system. It is easily produced — it 
 may be produced in one night. It is easily detected. There is swelling 
 in the part, and, although not serious, it is an eye-sore. It rarely 
 interferes with an animal's usefulness. Endeavour to find whether 
 it was suddenly produced or not. If is between the skin and tendons, 
 there may be a slight exudation, heat, etc., in the parts; but the 
 symptoms are more severe when the synovial bursa is affected. It is 
 generally violently produced. It extends to the sides of the os-calcis; 
 there is heat and pain, and the animal will go stiff and perhaps lame. 
 
128 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OT 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause. If a kicking horse, place him where 
 he cannot injure himself, and you may have to pad the stall, and if 
 you are called, at first, to a case suddenly produced, give a good dose 
 of purgative medicine if the horse is in good condition. If there is 
 any irritation, foment, then apply cold ; and hand-rubbing tends to 
 stimulate the parts and produce absorption of the fluids ; use the ordi- 
 nary liniments and blister ; and there are exceptional cases where you 
 may insert a seaton or open. Where it is violently produced, and 
 serum is formed, you might use the aspirator, or knife, if in the bursas 
 mucosae. You will find benefit from iodine or anything that stimu- 
 lates absorption. It is difficult to remove. Do not be led into punc- 
 turing too freely, although it is sometimes very tempting. Tincture 
 of cantharides is of benefit in many cases. 
 
 Curb is an enlargement of the back part of the hind leg, a little 
 below the hock, due to sprain or complete rupture of the calcaneo- 
 cuboid ligament, or, some say to irritation of the sheath of the tendon ; 
 but in most cases it is sprain of the ligament. 
 
 Causes are predisposing and exciting. Certain breeds are more 
 liable than others ; also, a faulty conformation ; long os-calcis, inclin- 
 ing forward, instead of backward, gives rise to what is known as a 
 curby hock. The exciting causes are hard and fast work. It is most 
 common in fast horses. It is often produced in winter by being driven 
 in deep snow ; or, forcibly backing an animal with a heavy load. 
 
 Syniptows. — This is easily detected by viewing from the side. It 
 generally produces lameness, but not of a permanent character, and is 
 not so serious as sprain ; the parts are hot and tender, and there is 
 enlargement ; when standing, he flexes the limb. If the horse stands 
 for a day or two, the lameness usually disappears, but returns if used, 
 while there are other injuries in which the reverse is the case. In 
 almost all cases where it is suddenly produced there has been a pre- 
 disposing tendency. Although curb is said to occur on the back of the 
 leg, a little below the hock, it varies to a slight extent. It generally 
 occurs in young animals, and is more serious than in older ones. It is 
 sometimes called soft curb, when there is a bursal enlargement with 
 it. It is likely to be associated with more or less irritation. It will 
 be a long time before such an animal will be fit to do much work, and 
 treatment has but little effect. If it is low down, the animal will 
 stand upon the toe ; will be more or less lame — sometimes extremely 
 lame. But this soon disappears in an ordinary case, but comes back 
 when put to work. 
 
 Treatment. — It can generally be successfully treated without any 
 blemish ; treat just the same as sprain of any ligament or tendon. 
 It is well to give rest ; however, you cannot always do this ; but if 
 in a very valuable horse, give rest ; foment when there is pain ; use 
 anodyne applications, and in most cases follow by a blister, which 
 has an excellent effect in getting rid of the irritation ; cantharides 
 is perhaps preferable to mercury ; clip the hair and then rub it in 
 for ten or fifteen minutes ; leave on for a day or two, and then 
 wash ; shoe with a shoe a little higher at the heel than at the toe ; 
 it tends to take the strain off the part. You may have recourse to 
 the firing iron, but I am no great advocate of firing for curb. Caus- 
 tics are sometimes applied, which destroy the hair bulbs and pro- 
 duce a worse blemish than the curb. Irritation in the articulation 
 may call for firing. If you are called to treat a horse that is in 
 training, two or three years old, perhaps there are thousands of dol- 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 129 
 
 lars at stake, and the owner wants him ready for the engagement ; 
 perhaps you can, by the judicious use of cold water and anodyne lini- 
 ments, get him ready ; however, the proper treatment would be to 
 rest, physic, foment, blister, etc.; but if there are several thousand 
 dollars at stake, it makes a difference in the case. Use cold water, 
 with acetate of lead, powdered opium, etc. 
 
 Inflaniiuation, or Sprain of the Hock.— Perhaps there are well 
 marked symptoms, or it may be that some of the little ligaments are 
 injured and no plain symptoms present, but the animal does not flex 
 the hock so nicely as natural, or perhaps he lifts the foot from the 
 ground. Manipulation will assist you in diagnosing this. Give rest, 
 foment, and in some cases blister. 
 
 Open Joint in the Hook is a very serious injury, and if produced 
 in a violent manner, from a kick, etc., the chances are that it will 
 result in anchylosis, if it does not destroy the animal by the constitu- 
 tional fever. There is intense pain, the foot lifted from the ground, 
 the soft tissues swollen, and you are told that the animal received a 
 kick in that region. It is likely that anchylosis will be the result. 
 The same applies to open joint in the stifle, and if it occurs to a horse 
 not worth more than eighty or one hundred dollars, it is generally 
 best to recommend his destruction. Sometimes it looks much like 
 open joint when the capsular ligament is not ruptured. 
 
 Bursal Enlarg-enients, just little puffy tumors. In any region 
 where there are tendons and prominences of bone, there are little 
 bursas, and these may be enlarged both inside and outside of the hock, 
 but they rarely interfere with the animal's usefulness. Treat the 
 same as wind galls. 
 
 Gastrocnemius Internus is liable to slip out of its place, where it 
 passes over the joint of the hock, and it is very difficult to get it into 
 its place, but nature accommodates itself to the changed condition of 
 the parts. It is, of course, best to get it in its place, but if you can- 
 not, then allay the irritation until nature accommodates itself to the 
 change. 
 
 Ulceration of the Tibia, — I saw a case; the animal became sud- 
 denly lame from being ridden hard once or twice, was laid up and treated 
 with the ordinary applications ; got better, but afterwards died from 
 congestion of the lungs. There are just about the same injuries 
 below the hock as are met with in the fore extremity, but sprain is 
 more frequent in the hind limb, and break-down more frequent in 
 the fore leg. 
 
 LAMINITIS. 
 
 Laminitis signifies inflammation of the sensitive laminae, and is, 
 perhaps, not a good term, as there are other structures than the 
 laminae involved, and, in a well-marked and severe case, the whole 
 sensitive structures are involved — the bone, ligaments, etc. Another 
 name is founder — a name, perhaps, applied from the peculiar manner 
 in which the animal progresses. When it terminates quickly in reso- 
 lution, then it is principally in connection with the sensitive laminae 
 structures. It occurs in the acute, sub-acute and chronic forms. It 
 is serious, and, perhaps, one of the most painful diseases to which the 
 horse is subject, as the parts are extremely sensitive, and are largely 
 supplied with blood and nerves, and enclosed in the hard and resist- 
 
130 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF ■ 
 
 ing hoof, which adds to the severity of the irritation, and in inflam- ; 
 mation of these parts, the same changes take place, to a certain ' 
 extent, as in other parts ; but swelling can only take place to a 
 moderate extent, making it more severe. But suppuration of the ; 
 sensitive laminae takes place, and often necrosis of the bone. i 
 
 Causes. — Some are said to be predisposed — some breeds, and those i 
 having weak feet — but it may occur in any kind of feet, and, in an | 
 acute attack, in a good strong foot, it is apt to be more severe than in J 
 a worse foot. Hard and fast work are exciting causes. It may be | 
 produced easily, and is more common in the hot months of summer. ' 
 Shoeing is put down as a cause, and perhaps it is in some cases. If - 
 the shoe bears upon one part of the foot, it may set up irritation. ' 
 This may spread and involve the sensitive laminae. Any irritation | 
 of the stomach and intestines is liable to be followed by laminitis, j 
 because there is a similarity of structure in the laminae, skin, and i 
 mucous membranes, and irritation in any of these, especially the 
 stomach, is liable to extend and involve the feet. Some feeds are I 
 more likely to produce it than others ; even a small amount of wheat, ; 
 just sufficient to set up slight colicky pains ; these pass off and the : 
 animal is attacked with laminitis. And the same may occur from . 
 irritation of any mucous membrane. The irritation of parturition " 
 sometimes causes it. An ordinary dose of physic may produce it. 1 
 Some call this metastasis ; that is, that when inflammation attacks ; 
 one part, it is liable to fly from that and attack some other ; but I • 
 think this is incorrect. Laminitis may be easily produced by driving : 
 an animal eight or nine miles on a hot summer day, and then put in ! 
 a stable where the perspiration is suddenly checked by a draught, etc. ; 
 
 Symptoms. — It is easily detected if in the acute form. There is ■ 
 fever, and a quick, full, bounding pulse, fifty, sixty, or seventy 
 beats per minute, and perhaps sweats bedew the body, and it may 
 remain in this condition for some time. The horse is stiff, and 
 moves with the greatest difficulty ; the constitutional symptoms are 
 violent, and you might think he was suft'ering from disease of some 
 internal organ ; especially if his wind is affected in any way, you 
 might think he was suffering from some disease of the respiratory 
 organs ; after seeing one case you should easily recognise the next. 
 The horse generally retains the standing posture, but sometimes 
 lies down. These symptoms may be present in other diseases, but 
 if you attempt to back him then the true character of the disease 
 shows itself. He throws his weight upon the heels to relieve the 
 toe, and if you attempt to push him back he drags the feet ; there 
 will be heat around the coronet and a throbbing of the plantar 
 arteries. If it is only in the fore feet, as is generally the case, he 
 walks in a peculiar manner, throws his weight upon his hind 
 limbs by putting them under him, and goes in a kind of jumping 
 manner, keeping the weight upon the frog. A casual observer might 
 think it was inflammation of the lungs or kidneys. When both fore 
 and hind feet are affected, the symptoms differ ; he will endeavour to 
 throw weight upon the hind feet, although they are affected. He will 
 stand with the feet close together, and when the weight is thrown upon 
 one foot it is jerked up quickly, almost as if suffering from some ner- 
 vous disease. Sometimes it is produced in only one foot, and when so 
 it is generally from some well marked cause. It is likely to follow 
 some injury to the foot, in which he cannot mark the limb, and stands 
 upon the sound one, and it not infrequently brings on laminitis in the 
 sound limb, as well as ringbone, spavin, etc. In such cases watch the 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIM.^XS. 131 
 
 sound limb carefully. If it occurs in both hind feet only, it is likely 
 it was brought on by driving on hard roads without shoes. If it comes 
 from the stomach, it is likely to attack the fore feet, or both fore and 
 hind feet. In a majority of cases produced in the ordinary way, when 
 it affects only the sensitive structures, the sensitive laminse, sole and 
 frog, it terminates in resolution, but when the exciting cause has been 
 of a severe character, great changes take place. The inflammation 
 then involves the other structures, causes separation of the sensitive 
 and insensitive laminae, and descent of the coffin bone, making the 
 sole convex and giving rise to what is known as pumiced foot, or the 
 bone may descend right through the sole, and the hoof will grow out 
 of all shape. A mild attack may produce all this if the exciting cause 
 is kept up, or when you are not able to relieve the irritation. 
 
 Treatment. — Although serious, it is, in many cases, satisfactorily 
 treated. The constitutional symptoms are generally best relieved by 
 sedatives and purgatives ; but it is sometimes the result of super- 
 purgation ; then do not give a purgative. In just an ordinary case, 
 remove the shoes, and have the wall rasped down nicely, but not to 
 too great an extent, and then envelop the foot in poultices, hot being 
 perhaps preferable ; and give a dose of purgative medicine ; and I 
 give larger doses than are recommended in our works, and as soon as 
 it begins to act the symptoms become less violent ; but you must regu- 
 late your dose according to the size, age and condition of the animal. 
 Give injections of soap and water ; also give a good sedative — Flem- 
 ming's tincture of aconite, fifteen or twenty drops every two or three 
 hours, until relief is obtained. In some cases you may take some 
 blood, and it is a good thing in many cases. As to whether it should 
 be local or constitutional, there is a difference of opinion. I think it 
 is just as good to take it from the jugular vein as any. Some bleed 
 from the toe, but it is liable to cause irritation. When you do bleed 
 do not give so much purgative medicine ; give nitrate of potash freely. 
 Some say, and I believe, it can be checked by the free use of nitrate of 
 potash. Give two or three drachms two or three times a day ; give it 
 in water, and allow plenty of water — not much at a time, but give it 
 often until the physic begins to act, and then be careful with it for 
 some time, and when the animal begins to get better, do not push 
 medicine too far. When there are no signs of relief, you may expect 
 that exudation is taking place, and it may be advisable to make an 
 opening at the toe and let it out, and if this is done in due time it may 
 prevent descent of the coffin bone ; but if in about three days the ani- 
 mal is relieved, and moves tolerably well, a little exercise is beneficial, 
 and perhaps it is well to again apply the shoe. If the animal retains 
 the standing posture, it is good practice to lay him down ; some recom- 
 mend sHngs, but I think it is better to lay him down, which is easily 
 done. Tie up one fore leg, and attempt to move him, and you can 
 easily lay him over, and in most cases he will lie quite well if the symp- 
 toms are relieved in three or four days. The former shoes will do to 
 be put on, but those without heels or toes are best. There is a kind 
 noticed in Williams' works ; it is a bar-shoe, very thin at the heel, but 
 I do not recommend it in the early stage of the disease. A horse that 
 has suffered from this should be carefully used for some time ; if he is 
 put to work too soon it is apt to assume a sub-acute form. If you 
 have treated an acute case, which has done well, but there remains 
 some heat, a good cantharides blister around the corona is of benefit. 
 
 Laminitis, Sub-acute and Chronic. —This may occur in any horse, 
 but it is most common in aged horses. The symptoms are not so 
 
Ib2 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OK 
 
 prominent as in the acute form. It comes on gradually, and, like 
 other diseases of the feet, the great exciting cause is hard work — 
 especially irregular work. But it may be from faulty shoeing, which 
 sets up irritation, which extends and involves the laminae. Soft, 
 brittle and small feet are more liable ; that is, if the feet are out of 
 proportion to the size of the animal — a small horse should have a 
 small foot. Another cause is standing in the stable or on board of 
 ships. Those horses that are imported frequently suffer from this. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is heat in the foot ; he walks with a kind of 
 stumbling action ; the laminae are likely to lose their attachment, 
 then the animal throws its weight upon the heels, throws the limb up 
 in a peculiar manner, and tries to bring the heel down first. It may 
 terminate in pumiced foot, even when the animal showed in great 
 pain, and perhaps worked all the time ; yet considerable changes may 
 have taken place. The foot may have been slightly tender, but no 
 well-marked lameness, and if it continues for any great length of time 
 the treatment is tedious and not very satisfactory — not so satisfactory 
 as in the acute form. The shoe, in most cases, should be removed ; 
 rasp the wall down at the heels, and it may be advisable to take off 
 some of the sole in some cases. Then apply poultices, or keep the ani- 
 mal standing in a water-bath ; use moistened clay, etc. Cow-dung is 
 recommended, but is very injurious, but it might be used with three or 
 four parts of clay, and kept moistened, but I do not recommend it. 
 Give a laxative ; do not keep the shoes off too long, and in some cases 
 it is not advisable to keep them off at all. If the sole is very thin, it 
 may be necessary to keep the shoes on. After the heat and tenderness 
 is removed, then use a bar shoe — a shoe thinner at the heel than at the 
 toe. If the irritation continues then blister around the corona, and 
 well up toward the fetlock, and use such an animal carefully. If it is 
 a valuable animal, and in the spring of the year, turning out in a soft 
 nioist pasture is of great benefit. Such an animal is not usually valu- 
 able for fast work, but may be valuable for slow work. Another 
 symptom is wasting of the muscles of the limb and chest, giving rise 
 to the so-called chest founder. However, there is no such disease. 
 The result of laminitis is 
 
 Pumiced Foot. — This is not a very good name, but it is difficult to 
 change the name of some diseases. It is a name applied to the condi- 
 tion of the foot where the sole becomes convex, due to descent of the 
 coffin bone. But there are certain conditions seen, especially in a flat 
 foot, where the walls have been cut down, etc., where the sole is con- 
 vex and not due to laminitis, but to faulty shoeing. In this case there 
 will not be the effort to throw the weight upon the heel. In pumiced 
 foot the descent is toward the toe of the frog, and the wall is thinnest 
 there — so thin it can be easily cut through into the sensitive part. 
 Pumiced foot is easily detected by the unnatural convexity of the sole. 
 This may occur in either the fore or hind feet. If in the hind feet, it 
 is generally the result of a severe attack of laminitis, and the bone 
 may descend through the sole. If there is irritation, endeavour to 
 allay it by the ordinary means — poulticing, water-baths, etc. — then 
 apply a nice-fitting bar or concave seated shoe ; then a blister around 
 the corona ; and a run in pasture is of great benefit. A horse that has 
 been so affected is not serviceable for that work, but may do upon a 
 farm. 
 
 Yillitis is inflammation of the secreting villi, and 
 
 Coronitis is inflammation of the corona. The causes, symptoms 
 and treatment are the same as in laminitis. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. l35 
 
 CORNS, ETC. 
 
 Corns are generally found in the fore foot, but may possibly come 
 on the hind foot, and are oftenest found on the inside of the heel, be- 
 cause it is rather weaker, and the animal throws more weight upon 
 the inside. They are brought on and aggravated by pressure ; they 
 are brought on by the same cause, but are of a different character 
 from those in man. In the horse it is simply a bruise of the sensitive 
 sole, in the angle between the bars and wall, giving rise to extravasa- 
 tion of blood into the horny sole. A change may take place and an 
 imperfect growth of horn result, if the cause is kept up. There are 
 soft, hard, and suppurating corns ; these are just different stages of 
 the disease. If it is a soft corn it is perhaps of long standing. Horses 
 .with weak and flat heels are more liable, but it is quite possible for it 
 to occur in any foot, and if in a strong foot it is more severe and more 
 difficult to treat than if in a poor foot. 
 
 Causes. — Are shoeing and hard work. Shoeing with a seated shoe 
 is a prolific cause. Such a shoe bears upon the heel — the weakest 
 part of the foot — more than any other. The shoe should be made 
 narrow at the heel — paring the foot unnaturally at the heel causes it 
 
 Symptoms. — The horse is more or less lame in most cases, and is 
 generally most lame when the bruise is first produced. There is a 
 tendency to point the foot if only one is affected, if both are affected 
 he shifts from one to the other. He can go pretty well upon soft 
 ground, but hard roads or weight upon the back mcrease the pain. 
 Take up the foot and tap it with a hammer, and it causes pain. The 
 lameness is great if suppuration has taken place. He knuckles at the 
 fetlock, and this may mislead you. You may see redness just by 
 cleaning under the shoe, or you may take it off. An animal may be 
 lame from a corn, and not show any redness. Just riding a horse 
 three or four miles may produce corns if he is not properly shod, and 
 suppuration may take place quickly. 
 
 Treatment. — In many cases it is not necessary to lay the horse off 
 work, especially if used at slow work. Eemove the shoe, cut the heel 
 down to a certain extent, and sometimes the sole, but not into the 
 quick, unless there is suppuration ; and if he is to work, apply a shoe 
 that will prevent pressure — sometimes just the ordinary shoe. A bar 
 shoe, in most cases, is preferable. Keep it on for two or three weeks, 
 so as to throw the weight upon the frog — something like the Good 
 Enough shoes, or that recommended by Prof. Williams. I believe 
 that if horses were shod with shorter shoes, and care taken to take 
 the pressure off the heels, corns would not be so common. If there is 
 much irritation, allay it by poulticing, cold water, etc., and if it is 
 suppurated, cut down and let the matter out, for if you do not, it will 
 make its way to the top of the hoof, and cause quittor. After the 
 irritation has been allayed for some time, then blister around the 
 coronet. Corns are considered an unsoundness, which greatly depre- 
 ciates the value, and may be overlooked in examining for soundness, 
 especially in a strong foot. You may have to cut considerably before 
 you come to the extravasation, which may be very slight, yet sufficient 
 to cause lameness. 
 
 Thrush is an irritation in connection with the frog, giving rise to a 
 purulent and offensive discharge, which is characteristic of thrush. 
 It is oftenest seen in the hind feet, and is due to a slightly diseased 
 state of the venter surface of the frog, particularly in connection with 
 
134 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 the cleft. It f»ive8 rise to irritation, spreads, impairs the secretion, 
 and gives rise to this discharge. 
 
 Causes. — There are extrinsic and intrinsic causes. It is sometimes 
 seen in the fore feet in navicular disease. Any irritation of the foot 
 may produce it. The extrinsic cause is wet and filth, allowing dung 
 to accumulate, irritating the parts, etc. Heavy horses are more dis- 
 posed to thrush, canker, cracked heels, etc. Thrush is not so preva- 
 lent in a cold climate. 
 
 Symptoms are plain. The horse does not actually go lame, but goes 
 tender, and if he steps upon something hard, he will flinch ; and there 
 is a discharge of a peculiar odour, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — It is easily treated. If due to ordinary exciting 
 causes, as filth, etc., remove the cause. In some cases take off the 
 shoes and pare down the parts — remove any detached parts — and 
 immerse the foot in a bucket full of water. Use astringent dressings 
 — the carbolic lotion, one part of acid to eight, ten or twelve of water, 
 or chloride of zinc five or ten grains to an ounce of water — and apply 
 well into the cleft, and then apply some tow or cotton saturated with 
 tar. There are other remedies, one is dusting the parts with powdered 
 calomel ; pressure is useful after these. Where horses get frog pres- 
 sure thrush is not so common. Thrush may terminate in canker, but 
 it is the exception and not the rule. Use sulphate of copper, butter of 
 antimony solution, and the tincture of chloride of iron. A change of 
 dressings is of benefit in most chronic cases. 
 
 PUNCTURES AND PRICKS. 
 
 Punctures from a nail passing through the sole, etc., may or may 
 not be serious, according to depth and direction. If a puncture is in 
 the frog, near the navicular bursas, it is liable to be severe, for it may 
 injure the tendon, or even the os pedis. When so, the whole limb may 
 swell and become gangrenous. If it passes in the frog, and its course 
 is to come out above the frog, it is not very severe. Sometimes it only 
 just penetrates the sensitive structures, and the animal is not lame, 
 but a little tender, in which case you have difficulty in diagnosing — 
 and some of the greatest mistakes that are made by a veterinary 
 surgeon are in diagnosing lameness. You may imagine there is lame- 
 ness and heat in the hock, and perhaps there is heat there from the 
 irritation in the foot. 
 
 Symptoms. — If it is in the hind foot, the animal knuckles ; if in the 
 fore foot, it is pointed, and when weight is thrown upon the affected 
 foot the other is quickly brought forward. Examine carefully ; take 
 up the foot and tap it with a hammer, and he will generally evince 
 pain ; and he may show pain when you tap upon the side opposite the 
 injury, and not show it when you tap upon the injured side. The 
 horse will perhaps knuckle just when starting, for a few steps, and 
 then walk all right. If in the frog, and you cut off some of the soft 
 part, there may appear a small dark speck, tap up on this and it 
 causes pain, then it likely is a puncture. 
 
 Treatment.— It was at one time recommended, although not much 
 laine, to cut the sole down and immerse the foot in poultices ; but 
 there is generally no necessity for cutting much, but put the animal off 
 work for a few days and apply a poultice. But sometimes the irrita- 
 tion increases instead of subsiding. Then it is necessary to cut down 
 thoroughly, and let the matter escape ; if you do not it will extend 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 135 
 
 and produce quitter. In some cases of puncture the whole of the sen- 
 sitive and insensitive frogs become detached. Then you must remove 
 the frog, for a new frog has to be produced. The after treatment is 
 to poultice, use mild astringents, etc. Sometimes a fungus growth 
 results, which, in some cases, is very difficult to remove. You may 
 have to use the knife, hot irons or caustics. Suppuration, in some 
 cases, is pretty severe, and in other cases is the better termination. 
 If it is in the region of the navicular burste, and not followed by 
 suppuration, the inflammation may continue and prove more difficult 
 than suppuration, or the sole may be under-run from a puncture, 
 which did not give rise to suppuration. Then use the knife pretty 
 freely, for if you do not, the new sole grows, the old presses upon it 
 and keeps up the irritation. In cutting in a puncture do it carefully, 
 and do not wound the healthy tissues. There may be irritation and 
 not suppuration, and if you cut down carefully the irritation may 
 subside. 
 
 Pricks. — This injury results from shoeing. It may or may not be 
 the result of carelessness. It may result from very thin walls, or 
 from the use of improper nails. The symptoms are about the same 
 as in punctures, but the nail may have been driven into the quick, 
 and then drawn out, and drives again. In such a case, if the animal 
 is kept quiet for a day or two, there will not generally be any bad 
 results ; but if worked, irritation is set up, lameness, etc. ; or, perhaps, 
 a nail is driven very near, but not touching the sensitive parts, the 
 animal may go well for some time, then strike a stone, the concussion 
 irritates, and suppuration results, and causes great lameness. Remove 
 the nail, and if matter is formed, let it out ; after the irritation sub- 
 sides, put on the shoe ; use a little tow and tar, or a leather sole. 
 
 CANKER, SAND-CRACK, ETC. 
 
 Canker. — This is of an inveterate character. It is more common 
 in heavy horses. It is a fungus growth. It may involve part or all of 
 the sole and frog. 
 
 Causes. — Perhaps from sulphuretted hydrogen diathesis, or con- 
 stitutional diathesis. It may be produced by irritation, as puncture, 
 and may supervene a slight attack of grease. An exciting cause is 
 standing in filth, dung, urine, wet farm yards, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — A fungus growth appears; the horse is lame ; the sole 
 becomes absorbed to a certain extent, and this growth extends and 
 may involve the whole sole and frog. It is very vascular, and bleeds 
 readily. It is difficult to treat, if due to a diseased condition of the 
 parts. 
 
 Treatment. — It is necessary to use the knife freely, and remove 
 all the horn in connection with it, or cut and then use caustics. 
 Nitric acid is as good as any caustic for this. Then apply pressure 
 by means of a piece of brass, iron, wood, etc., extending between 
 the sides of the shoe ; or, if the horse is not extremely lame, a little 
 exercise may give sufficient pressure. Cover the injured parts with 
 tow and tar. Sulphate of copper, chloride of antimony and nitrate 
 of silver are used as caustics. Prof. Dick's remedy was sulphuric 
 acid two drachms, verdigris two drachms, and sufficient amount of 
 tar. Prof. Williams says to remove the whole sole, even in an 
 ordinary case (I would not recommend this unless the greater part of 
 the sole is impaired), and then use chronic acid, covered with tar and 
 
136 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT 01* 
 
 tow. To treat this requires patience and perseverance, and you may 
 subdue the fungus growths and produce a healthy growth. 
 
 Sand Cracks, or Qaarter Cracks. — Called quarter, perhaps, be- 
 cause the quarter is most likely to be affected. The crack extends 
 down the wall, parallel with the fibres. It is called sand cracks 
 because it is common in horses kept upon hot sandy soil — a horse 
 raised upon moist land has a larger and flatter foot than those raised 
 on dry land. Sand crack is oftenest seen on the inside quarter of the 
 fore foot, and in front of the hind foot, but may appear on any part. 
 
 Causes. — Some breeds and certain usage predispose to it, and shoeing 
 with high heels and" toes, high condition and irregular exercise, dry 
 weather, etc., before the crack makes its appearance. I think there is 
 impaired secretion and a slight irritation, but it may appear in a 
 healthy foot. At first it is generally just a small crack at the top of 
 the hoof, and extends into the sensitive parts, or it may only extend 
 through the horny part and not into the sensitive parts. The crack 
 contracts when stepped upon, and expands when raised. This bruises 
 the sensitive parts, and causes irritation, inflammation, and suppura- 
 tion, and, if the animal is still kept at work, severe consequences may 
 result. The hoof will not reunite, but must grow from the top, and 
 takes a long time. It is, generally speaking, unsoundness, but if 
 properly used it does not interfere much with his usefulness. 
 
 Treatment. — When lame remove the shoe. Cut down the wall im- 
 mediately under the crack, then allay the irritation. Bathe or im- 
 merse in warm poultices, etc., then endeavour to promote the growth 
 of horn — a blister around the coronet stimulates the growth — and 
 when it grows down about an inch then a little exercise is beneficial. 
 Cold water is also a stimulant for the growth of horn. If the horse 
 must work, cut down the parts, and endeavour to keep the sides of the 
 crack together by means of clamps, using the necessary hot iron to 
 give a hold, and if in a strong hoof there is but little trouble — in thin 
 walls you might wound the sensitive structures or a nail may be 
 inserted in the form of a clinch in a heavy hoof, or a brass plate put on 
 with screws. The firing iron is often used, and is sometimes benefi- 
 cial. If the crack extends half-way down, then you must bottom the 
 crack, as it is called, then fire in a sort of a V shave to weaken the 
 attachment. Some strip off the horn entirely and allow new horn to 
 grow. Shoe with long shoes, and give frog pressure. The cold of 
 winter as well as the heat of summer predisposes to it. In examining 
 for soundness it is generally easily detected, but if the hair is long it 
 may be overlooked, and some honest (?) people fill the cracks with 
 gutta percha. A bar or round shoe is a good kind of shoe for sand 
 crack. 
 
 Tread, Over-reach and Calk are common in winter, especially 
 when high sharp shoes are used. Even if very trivial, and neglected, 
 they may prove very serious. 
 
 Treatment. — If it penetrates some little distance, the horse is kept 
 at work and suppuration results. The animal will be very lame ; 
 tapping slightly gives pain. It is sometimes advisable to remove the 
 shoe ; cleanse the parts ; rasp the wall down ; cut down carefully ; 
 remove any hair, etc. Then apply a nice light poultice, and then 
 astringents. If not attended to the matter burrows and it becomes a 
 serious trouble, and may even result in a quittor. Do not use any 
 powerful remedies. Equal parts of oil of tar, tincture of benzoin and 
 linseed oil is a good application. The lateral cartilages may be out in 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 137 
 
 over-reach, and if so, it takes a long time to recover. Bring the parts 
 together if there are any chances for reunion, but if not, then remove 
 the detached parts ; use luke-warm water, astringents, etc., and if any 
 little growths spring up, subdue them by the usual means. If there 
 is great pain use an anodyne — opium and water, or even chloroform. 
 Sometimes, after the irritation, a new growth of horn commences, 
 and takes a long time for it to grow out, and, perhaps, when it extends 
 about one-third way down it comes in contact with the old, and irri- 
 tates it. This is more serious right in front. The result of all these 
 injuries may be quittor. 
 
 INJURIES AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 The Feet. — In injuries to the feet, from calks, etc., there is some- 
 times profuse hemorrhage, and the best way to arrest it is by pres- 
 sure. The surgical way would be to take up and ligature the artery ; 
 but this is difficult to do, and it is tolerably easily arrested by pressure 
 and styptics, as the tincture of the chloride of iron, acetate of lead, 
 and perhaps a tourniquet will be needed. Apply pads over the 
 arteries and then bandage, and keep up the pressure for twenty-four 
 or thirty hours if the hemorrhage is profuse. The hemorrhage may 
 weaken the animal, but there is no great danger of fatal hemorrhage, 
 although there are exceptional cases. 
 
 Quittor is a fistulous opening between the sensitive and insensitive 
 laminae, and may result from the various injuries to the feet, as punc- 
 tures, bruises, pricks, corns, treads, etc., which ends in suppuration, 
 and the matter does not get a dependent opening ; it extends, destroys 
 the tissues with which it comes in contact, and finally bursts and 
 forms a sinus at the head of the hoof. A swelling first appears at 
 the top of the hoof, which is hard and painful, and then bursts. It is 
 more serious in a heavy horse, and in the hind foot. It may extend 
 around the greater part, or entirely around the coronary band, form- 
 ing a series of abscesses and finally sinuses. 
 
 Treatment should be energetic and careful. Look carefully and 
 endeavour to find the original cause. Generally take off the shoe ; 
 cut down the sole and wall immediately below the abscess or sinu?. 
 If from a corn, and the sinuses are not formed, this treatment may 
 arrest the irritation. If it is from a corn, or injury to the parts 
 below, treating a little abscess at the head of the hoof is not always 
 successful, but use the knife and rasp pretty freely, and if sinuses 
 extend down, follow their course. Endeavour to remove the wall and 
 allow the matter to escape ; and the bone may be injured, when it is 
 very serious, but the symptoms are just the same. Cut down and 
 expose the bone, and touch with hydro-chloric acid, or scrape it. Ne- 
 crosis of the OS pedis may result from quittor. After laying the 
 sinuses open, inject with corrosive sublimate one ounce, alcohol one 
 ounce, ftnd water one ounce. Inject every day for three or four days. 
 This causes sloughing and brings on healthy action. Caustics have 
 been recommended, just the same as for fistula or poll-evil, and in 
 some cases it is good practice to use them. When there is difficulty 
 in opening up, you may take a few grains of corrosive sublimate, roll 
 it up in tissue paper, and insert to the bottom of the sinus. Sloughing 
 will take place in three or four days, and a healthy action results. It 
 requires dressing every other day. Prof. Williams refers to 
 
138 CAUSES, i^YMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 a treatment which was a secret, but he thinks it was the tincture of 
 the chloride of iron which was used. After you arrest the discharge, 
 and some tenderness remains, then a blister is of benefit — and a blister 
 may be of benefit, although there is a sinus present. 
 
 Bruises. — The sensitive sole is liable to bruises, especially upon 
 macadamized roads, where there are rolling stones. This causes more 
 or less lameness, and it is difficult to say just what part is affected ; 
 and there may be extravasation of blood in the sole, somewhat like a 
 corn. A tap with a hammer causes pain ; if more severe, it may be 
 followed by inflammation, suppuration and extreme lameness. Then 
 remove the shoe ; cut down and give exit to the matter. The pincers 
 also aid in finding the seat of lameness in the foot. 
 
 Seedy Toe. — So called because it is generally found in the toe, and 
 the horn breaks or crumbles in small pieces, something like a millet 
 seed. It is due to an impaired secretion, the result of some slight 
 irritation or other, some predisposition, or to some direct cause, as 
 large clip in shoeing, which presses upon the sensitive parts, causing 
 an abnormal secretion. The hoof is easily broken down ; you can 
 even break down the connection between the wall and sole. 
 
 Treatment. — In many cases the horse is not lame, but it is an un- 
 soundness, which may be overlooked. Remove the shoe, cut down the 
 wall and diseased sole, and endeavour to remove the diseased parts. 
 Apply a pledget of tow, saturated with carbolic acid, oil of tar, etc. 
 Overcome the irritation with poultices, hot or cold baths, etc. ; and it 
 is good practice in some cases to blister around the coronet ; or, if you 
 have plenty of time, use cold water. It is not very serious, but it 
 requires some time for the healthy growth to take place. 
 
 False Quarter. — This term is usually applied to any condition 
 where there is an abnormal condition of horn, and it is the result of 
 an injury to the coronary substance. It secretes the horn, and if it 
 is injured, it does not secrete properly. And in some cases there is no 
 secretion from the coronary substance, but from the sensitive laminae 
 only ; or, ir may secrete, but there will be a ridge on either side. This 
 does not do any great harm, but if the only secretion is from the 
 laminae, it is more serious. It may come in any part, most likely to 
 come in the heel. Treatment is not often required. You may rasp it 
 if necessary. This may come from a calk. 
 
 NAVICULAR DISEASE. 
 
 Navicularthritis, Coffin Joint Lameness, etc.— This is common. 
 The parts involved are the navicular bone and the bursa in connection 
 with the perforans tendons. 
 
 Pfl^/jo/o^v— There has been some difference of opinion among emi- 
 nent veterinarians about the pathology of this. Contraction of the 
 foot was supposed to be a disease, and we still hear of it, and it is 
 quite plausible to a person not acquainted with the parts, ^ut the 
 so called specific for this disease will not stand the test when put into 
 practice. Contraction is not a disease, but the result of disease, and 
 especially of navicular disease. Some thirty-five years ago navicular 
 disease was said to be inflammation set up in the navicular bone ; 
 then it was thought that it began in the tendon — Prof. Dick advo- 
 cating that it began in the tendon. Prof. Williams says it commences 
 in the cancellated structure or in the cartilage of navicular bone. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 139 
 
 Flemmings thinks it commences in the tendon. I believe it may com- 
 mence in either of the three, and if it comes on slowly, it begins in 
 the bone or bursse ; but if it is suddenly produced, it begins in the 
 tendon ; for we find that after a punctured wound in the foot, it is 
 sometimes the case that the animal remains lame from navicular 
 disease. It is then in most cases the result of inflammation in the 
 cancellated structure of the navicular bone, which extends and inter- 
 feres with the nutrition of the articular cartilage, giving rise to caries. 
 The bursa is destroyed and the tendon becomes attached to the bone. 
 The tendonous fibres may become destroyed to some extent, which 
 accounts for the tendon giving way after neurotomy. Contraction of 
 the foot may be caused by a slight irritation of the sole, and sensitive 
 laminae, and it is difficult to say whether it is this or navicular disease, 
 until after a time the symptoms become plain, ii it is navicular disease. 
 
 Causes. — Hard and fast work are the exciting causes. In some ani- 
 mals there is an hereditary tendency — a short upright pastern, with a 
 stubby, imperfect action, and a very high action, which pounds the 
 ground ; allowing the toes to grow too long, cutting down the heel at 
 every shoeing, etc. We find it is rare in racing,hunting, and even in the 
 trotting horses, so long as they are used upon the turf, although they are 
 subject to hard and fast exertion, for they are shod so as to keep the feet 
 in a natural shape. But when they are shod with high heels and toes, 
 and are driven upon hard roads, then they are liable to have navicular dis- 
 ease. Injury to the perforans tendon and irregular exercise tends to 
 produce it. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is usually more or less lameness — very sudden 
 and severe in some cases, in others slight and gradual — and perhaps 
 for weeks or months it may be somewhat transient before it becomes 
 permanent. Just when brought out in the morning he goes lame 
 for a few steps, and then it disappears. He may be used in this 
 manner for some time, and then grow very lame, then navicular 
 disease is well established, the foot is pointed, etc. This may only 
 be a habit, but when a horse has been used moderately, and is in 
 good health, pointing is suspicious, and it may be present for some 
 time before there is any well marked lameness or tenderness. If 
 both feet are affected and he is suffering pain, then he throws the 
 weight first upon one foot and then the other, and when brought 
 from the stable he goes with a kind of groggy action, hence it has 
 been termed grogginess. Another well marked symptom is atrophy 
 of the muscles of the limb, which extends and involves the muscles 
 of the shoulder. This is not sweeney, as it is called, but is the result 
 of navicular disease. There are generally well marked changes — 
 atrophy of the foot and contraction of the hoof — and is easily noticed 
 if but one foot is affected. There are other means of forming an 
 opinion : tap with a hammer over the region of the navicular bursa, 
 and pain is evinced, or press upon the tendon at the back part of and 
 close to the frog. This will assist you, but it is not conclusive evidence. 
 Then there are negative symptoms. In a well marked case of navicular 
 disease tliere is generally a nice clean limb. Look at the manner in 
 which the shoe is worn. If it is navicular disease, it will be worn at 
 the toe, but some horses do this in health more than others, so you 
 must make allowance for it. 
 
 Treatment — If it is of a severe character, and of long standing, 
 perhaps years, then it is incurable. But if recent, in the inflamma- 
 tory stage, of only weeks' standing, or perhaps months', then, a 
 complete cure may be effected. So you must take into consideration 
 
140 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 the length of time the disease has been in progress. Remove the 
 shoe ; cut down the toe ; rasp the wall, and, in some cases, you may 
 thin out the sole to a certain extent. Then allay the irritation by a 
 judicious use of poultices, water-baths, either hot or cold. Keep 
 him standing with the foot in water two or three hours a day. After 
 the irritation ceases, then blister around the coronet, investing con- 
 siderable surface, or, instead of a blister, you may use a frog seaton. 
 Insert with a curved needle, after cutting down the frog and making 
 an incision in the back part. Dress it with astrmgent dressings ; 
 keep it m for two or three weeks ; shoe with high heels and short 
 toes, if it is due to a sprain of the tendon, but in some cases the 
 animal will go better with an ordinary low shoe. A leather sole may 
 be useful, nicely stuffed with tow and tar, especially if the horse is 
 used upon hard roads, jont is not best in the mud. Sometimes it is 
 advisable to use constitutional remedies — a laxative diet, if plethoric 
 — if in the spring, a run at pasture,. but if in the summer months, and 
 the ground hard, there is not much benefit in it. Be careful about the 
 shoeing, and do not allow the shoes to stay on too long. Although 
 you are satisfied that the disease is incurable, from the symptoms, 
 you may relieve it to a considerable extent. Neurotomy may be 
 successfully resorted to in some cases. This is division of the nervous 
 cord and excision of a part of it, with a view to relieve the pain, but 
 not with a view of curing the disease. The plantar nerves are the 
 ones usually operated on. The low operation is the one likely to be 
 successful, if performed in a proper foot— one that is contracted to a 
 certain extent. Remove the shoe, bring the foot into proper condition, 
 keep the animal quiet for a day or two, and bathe with cold water to 
 allay any irritation and to remove the swelling ; then cast the horse 
 and make an incision about an inch long above the fetlock, exposing 
 the nerve, and remove an inch or more of it, or reunion will take place 
 — a sort of nervous tumour and connection be established. It is not 
 generally a difficult operation, but care must be taken not to injure 
 the artery. If it is performed too high up, you may leave a branch 
 that will furnish sensation. This branch runs obliquely from the 
 inside down and outward. If you perform above this there will re- 
 main nervous influence. After operating, bring the edges of the 
 wound together and apply cold water. When this operation was first 
 performed for lameness it was performed upon all kinds of subjects, 
 many of which were not fit for the operation — and this was one reason 
 why it was brought into disrepute — but if you exercise judgment and 
 select proper subjects, it will prove successful, do you credit and be 
 beneficial to the animal ; but if done indiscriminately, it will prove a 
 lamentable failure. Endeavour to impress the character of the opera- 
 tion upon the owner, for I have known some trouble to arise from the 
 neglect of this, where the operation was not successful. In a flat foot 
 it is not likely co prove successful ; but in a deep, strong foot, although 
 small, it is attended with success. If reunion takes place, you may 
 have to operate a second time. The dangers of neurotomy are from 
 punctures, pricks, bruises, etc., which, on account of there being no 
 sensation in the foot, run on to suppuration, and the first thing that 
 will be noticed is a swelling and quittor, or the tendon may be rup- 
 tured from using it more freely than when pain was present. After an 
 operation the animal should be watched carefully, the ahoes applied 
 with great care, and the feet should be examined every time the horse 
 is brought into the stable. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 141 
 
 THE TEETH. 
 
 Odontology is a treatise on the teeth. The teeth are hard and 
 bone-like, and are the principal agents in mastication. They are a 
 combination of inorganic salts, with the previously existing animal 
 matter, and contain about seventy-six per cent, of earthy material, 
 phosphate of lime, phosphate of magnesia, etc., the same as in bone. 
 The teeth are the means afforded us to tell the age of the animal. 
 We find they vary much in different animals, in size, structure, 
 number and position, and also in motion, as for grinding, tearing, 
 pounding, etc. In the horse there is a large grinding surface; in 
 the carnivora they are sharp and pointed ; in the omnivora they are 
 both sharp and tabled. They are intimately related with the struc- 
 tures and habits of the animal, their form depending upon the 
 nature of food upon which the animal lives. Teeth are of two 
 kinds, simple and complex. Simple in the human being and the 
 dog, being covered with one coat of enamel. They are complex in 
 the horse and ox, there being several processes of enamel brought into 
 wear at the same time. This is why the lower animals are not 
 troubled with the toothache. The tusk of a horse is a simple tooth, 
 having but one coat of enamel ; the others are complex, because 
 they have external and internal enamel, bringing different tissues 
 into wear at the same time. In describing a tooth we say it has a 
 body or crown, which is above the gums ; a table, or the grinding 
 surface ; the neck, or that surrounded by the gums ; and a root or 
 fang, which is inserted in the alveoli. Running up the centre of 
 the fang is a cavity which contains the pulp, a highly nervous sub- 
 stance. The sulcus, in which the teeth are inserted, are called 
 aveolar processes, and exist only with the tooth, for if a tooth is 
 taken out the cavity disappears. There are three substances in the 
 tooth — dentine or ivory, enamel, cementum or crusta petrosa. These 
 vary in proportton in the different teeth. Dentine is a yellowish 
 white substance which appears homogeneous to the eye, but under 
 the microscope it is found to be made of tubuli. These begin at 
 the pulp cavity and radiate towards the surface, they are imbedded 
 in a matrix and form a greater part of the body and fang of the 
 tooth. The enamel is the hardest structure in the body, and forms 
 a protective covering for the teeth. It contains about ninety-three 
 to ninety-five per cent, of earthy material ; it is a bluish white 
 substance, covers the crown of the tooth, and in complex teeth it 
 also forms an internal ring which brings the different parts into 
 wear at the same time. It is small in quantity, and is made up of 
 hexagonal prisms, it also covers the little depression of the tooth. 
 There are three classes of teeth, the incisors or cutting, are situated 
 in front, six above and six below ; the canine, or tusks, are in the 
 interdental space ; the molars or grinders are twenty-four in num- 
 ber. The horse has two sets of teeth, the deciduous or milk teeth, 
 which are temporary, and the permanent. The temporary are 
 twenty-four in number, the permanent forty. The incisors show a 
 centre which is greater in the young horse, it is called the infundi- 
 bulum, by means of which we are able to determine its age pretty 
 correctly up to a certain age. This funnel-shaped cavity is usually 
 covered with tartar. Sometimes the teeth are dressed, but it is 
 easy to tell the difference, the black mark has no ring of enamel. 
 There is a little difference in the incisors of the upper and lower 
 jaw, the upper have two grooves, the lower only one. The same is 
 
142 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS A>fD TREATMENT OF 
 
 true of the molar teeth, those of the upper jaw being more widely 
 separated, and nearly square in shape. The molars generally have 
 two infundibulae. The cutting of teeth in the foal varies some, 
 with which the period of gestation has something to do. If the 
 foal is born sooner than natural they may not appear so soon, but 
 there are generally twelve molars and four incisors at birth, or if 
 not at birth they will appear in about fourteen days. The twelve 
 molars appear as temporary, the others as permanent teeth. The 
 teeth are divided thus : — The two occupying the centre are called 
 central, the two next — one on either side of these two— are called 
 the lateral, the last two on either side are called the corner. So at 
 birth the foal usually has two central incisors ; in about seven to 
 nine weeks the two lateral are cut ; in from seven to nine months 
 the third pair of incisors, and at one year the corner teeth are in 
 wear ; at twelve months the first permanent molar is up and in 
 wear, so we have them thus : 
 
 Incisors. Molars. 
 
 Age. Temporary. Permanent. Temporary. Permanent. 
 
 At or soon) , ^ 2 
 
 after birth/ ^ " ^^ " 
 
 1 year 12 12 4 
 
 2 years 12 12 8 
 
 3 " 8 4 4 16 
 
 4 " 4 8 24 
 
 5 " 12 24 
 
 In ponies you may mistake temporary for permanent teeth. At 
 about two years and nine months the central incisors appear; at 
 three, they are up and in wear ; at three and a half the lateral teeth 
 appear ; at four they are up and in wear. At four years old the 
 horse has a full mouth of permanent molars. It is a good plan for 
 you to recollect the time when the teeth make their appearance, 
 and become familiar with the difference between the milk and per- 
 manent teeth. The milk teeth are whiter, and present a pretty 
 distinct neck. 
 
 The teeth are alongside of each other, forming an oblong or para- 
 bolic arch, and are designated the superior and inferior dental 
 archers, interrupted by the interdental spaces in the horse, but in 
 some animals the teeth are continuous. There are three classes of 
 teeth : incisors, canine and molars ; then there are two sets of teeth ; 
 temporary and permanent. All the incisors and twelve molars ap- 
 pear as temporary teeth. The body of the tooth has an encircling 
 ring of enamel, then dentine and then a central ring of enamel. In 
 this centre there is a black mark. The infundibulum disappears as 
 the animal grows older. It is usually filled with tartar or food, 
 and is surrounded by enamel. The teeth grows to a great extent 
 from tbe pulp. But after this is destroyed, they receive support 
 from the surrounding structures. In the molar teeth there are two 
 or three of these pulp cavities. At an early period of gestation the 
 teeth appear as a small depression in the mucous memljrane of the 
 gums, called the primitive dental groove. Then, in from twelve to 
 fifteen weeks (in the human being), a little prominence takes place, 
 and this is called the papillary stage ; then these papillae become 
 separated from each other and form along by the side of each other, 
 and prolongations pass across between the different papilla, and 
 they develop a follicle or bag ; this is called the follicular stage. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 143 
 
 Then this follicle or bag becomes separated into a sheet-sac ; this is 
 called the sacular stage. Then a cavity appears between the teeth, 
 called the cavity of reserve. The permanent teeth soon become 
 developed ; press upon and cause absorption of the temporary, until 
 in some cases nothing but the crown is left, which drops out. There 
 is some difference in the number of teeth in the domestic animals. 
 
 Incisors. Canine. Molars. Bicuspid. 
 
 Man J % I % ^32 
 
 Horse ^ f -}| -S =40 
 
 Ox % % \i - =32 
 
 Dog I I \i I =42 
 
 Pig I S if I -44 
 
 The central incisors appear at birth, or in two or three weeks ; the 
 lateral in about nine weeks ; the comer in about nine months, and 
 they are up and in wear at one year old. The first, second and third 
 molars appear as temporary teeth at or soon after birth. The first 
 temporary molar is replaced by a permanent one when the horse is 
 from two to three years old. The second and fourth appear, perhaps, 
 about the same time when he is about four years old. The two per- 
 manent central incisors appear from two and a half to three years — 
 at three they are up and in wear. The lateral from three and a half 
 to four, and are up and in wear at four. The corner from four and a 
 half to five, and up and in wear at five. But they do not come just 
 the same in all animals. I have seen a full mouth of permanent 
 incisors at four years old. Sometimes the posterior table surface does 
 not wear down with the anterior — due to the way in which the teeth 
 grow. This is called shell mouth, and you might mistake an eight- 
 year-old for a six-year-old. Young teeth are widest from side to side; 
 in old ones they are widest from before back. You can tell the age 
 pretty well up to six or seven years. It is well to look at the upper 
 jaw. Sometimes the upper jaw overlaps the under, giving rise to 
 what is called a parrot mouth. At six years the posterior table sur- 
 face of the corner incisors is up and in wear, and the mark is begin- 
 ning to wear out of the central teeth, and when you see the mark 
 worn out of the central incisors, you may say he is six years old. At 
 seven the mark is worn out of the lateral, and at eight out of the 
 corner incisors. By the upper teeth, which do not wear so fast as the 
 others, we can determine the age pretty correctly up to twelve years. 
 At nine the mark is worn out of the lateral, and at about eleven or 
 twelve out of the corner incisors. And even after this, by watching 
 the manner in which they grow, you can tell something of the age. 
 You are also assisted by the tushes, which at first are small, but grow 
 as the animal grows, or in some cases they wear down, and an accumu- 
 lation of cement surrounds them, which tells you the animal is pretty 
 old. Running horses, that are entered as such, date their birth from 
 the first of January — although born in September, he would be called 
 one year old on the first of January. Until lately, in some of the 
 Southern of the United States, it was counted from May. Foals are 
 generally dropped in the spring. Sometimes you have to give an 
 opinion as to the age of the ox, which has no incisors in the lower 
 jaw, but the place is occupied by a cartilaginous pad, and there are 
 eight incisors in the lower jaw, which are called shovel-shaped, and 
 are not so firmly set in the alveoli as in the horse. It is a natural 
 condition, as a general thing, and not the result of disease. The 
 same three tissues enter into their formation. The two incisors in 
 
144 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 the centre are called the central ; the next two, one on either side of 
 these, the internal lateral ; and the next two, the external lateral ; 
 and the last two, the corner teeth. There are twenty-four molars, of 
 which twelve appear as temporary and twelve as permanent teeth. 
 They are not so regular in their appearance as in the horse, varying 
 according to gestation. The central and internal lateral, if not up at 
 birth, will be up in a month, but they vary much from the breed and 
 care of the animal. You can form a more reliable opinion of the age 
 of cattle by the teeth than by the horns. A well-bred short-horn will 
 occasionally have a full mouth at three years old. The central per- 
 manent incisors appear at two years, the internal lateral at two and 
 a half, the external lateral at three, the corner at three and a half. 
 The first three molars appear as temporary teeth at birth, or in a 
 month after ; the permanent molar in six or eight months — up and in 
 wear at one year ; the second permanent, the fifth tooth in the jaw, 
 at fifteen or sixteen months — up and in wear at two years. At two 
 or two and a half years the first and second temporary molars are 
 replaced by permanent ones. A little later the other molars appear, 
 and the animal has a full mouth at three and a half years. A sheep 
 has the same number of teeth as the ox, and they are replaced much 
 the same way, but generally a little earlier. 
 
 Unnatural Conditions, Irritation, Etc., of the Teeth.— Dentition 
 
 begins at or soon after birth, and continues until the horse is five 
 years old, and the animal suffers more or less during that time. The 
 lower animals do not appear to suffer so much in getting their first 
 teeth, but do suffer when getting their permanent ones, even more, 
 perhaps, than the human being. Hence, we have dentition fever in 
 the horse from three or four up to five years old — there is a weak 
 pulse, impaired appetite, a staring coat, the bowels sometimes costive, 
 and sometimes there is diarrhoea ; he is not able to work, and it is 
 hard to say what is the matter, unless the system is affected by the 
 irritation set up by the teeth, for all the organs appear to be in a 
 healthy state. Such symptoms indicate that the temporary teeth are 
 not being displaced in a proper way. The same applies to cattle. 
 The food passes improperly digested, which may be entirely due to 
 the state of the teeth. It is well in such cases to examine the mouth, 
 and if you find some tooth not properly displaced, the gums swollen, 
 remove it — which you can sometimes do with the thumb and finger, 
 or you may have to use the forceps. Then give a mild laxative, feed 
 on soft food and the animal will soon recover. 
 
 Lampas is very common. It is not certain whether it should be 
 called a disease or not, but it is called a disease, and no doubt there 
 is a change going on in the surrounding parts as well as in the teeth, 
 sometimes involving the submucous tissues, and from the swollen 
 condition of the gums it may interfere with mastication. The gum 
 may be even with or even extend over the teeth. Scarify such cases 
 with the lancet, making two or three incisions, but do not make any 
 incisions behind the third bar, or you will injure the palatine artery 
 and cause profuse hemorrhage, but cut to either side or before the 
 third bar, then feed upon soft food. Sometimes astringents are use- 
 ful, alum and water being very good, two or three drachms of alum 
 to a pint of water. The brutal practice of using a hot iron, was, and 
 is still sometimes, used, and I wish you to set yourselves entirely 
 against such treatment ; it is entirely uncalled for. There is no great 
 harm in scarifving, and it is sometimes highly necessary, but you 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 145 
 
 will have to do it when there is no use in it ; if you do not the animal 
 will be taken to some one who will, perhaps, burn him, and you might 
 as well get your fifty cents or a dollar, and save the animal. Give a 
 few doses of tonics, and the animal will come out all right. You may 
 be called to check severe hemorrhage from cutting of the palatine 
 artery, which is best done by pressure. Saturate some tow with a 
 styptic and place against the pares, or you may take a block of wood 
 and tie it in the mouth to keep the tow in place. You may meet a 
 case where it is necessary to use the actual cautery. There is no 
 great danger of fatal hemorrhage from this accident, but it might 
 weaken the animal to a great extent. 
 
 DISEiSES OF THE MOUTH. 
 
 The gums are sometimes irritated in connection with the molar 
 teeth, this irritation extends and affects the pharynx and larynx, and 
 perhaps a severe cough is the result, called a dentition cough. It is 
 often the result of but a slight irritation at the back part of the gums 
 — this cough may not be very severe, but it is troublesome — or the 
 gum may become tumefied. The best treatment is to scarify it. We 
 find tumours in the upper and lower jaw, perhaps from the imperfect 
 development of the teeth, or from their growing in an improper man- 
 ner, from slight injury, irritation, etc. They may or may not be 
 malignant, and are likely to extend and involve the alveoli and bone. 
 If not malignant, and only upon the surface, it is called epulis, and 
 is not very common. If not malignant remove it, and you may also 
 have to extract some of the teeth, then treat as a common wound. If 
 malignant or cancerous, although you are able to remove it, and it 
 may do well for some time, it will return, extend and become a hope- 
 less case. The horse sometimes suffers from sharp, projecting teeth, 
 which occurs more commonly in old horses, from wearing down of 
 the teeth in an uneven manner. They will be sharp on the inner 
 edge of the lower jaw, and the outer edge of the upper jaw, which may 
 be from faulty formation. In such cases the animal has difficulty in 
 eating, grinds his food, ejecting it. Perhaps when driving him he 
 carries the head to one side, from the bearing of the bit not being the 
 same on both sides. If the teeth are sharp in the lower jaw they 
 lacerate the tongue ; if in the upper they lacerate the cheeks. The 
 best remedy for this is the tooth rasp, and there is no necessity for 
 using the balling iron or twitch. After rasping, feed upon soft food 
 for a day or two. There are more difficult cases where the teeth pro- 
 ject to some extent, generally in old horses, due to malformation of 
 the jaw. Sometimes the upper jaw extends over the lower, and a part 
 of the last tooth is not worn down properly, and after a time it inter- 
 feres with mastication, and the animal suffers considerably from 
 irritation. The same appears in the anterior tooth of the upper jaw, 
 but it is not so serious as the back tooth. The animal may be reduced 
 to a walking skeleton, almost ; although the appetite appears good, 
 the food is thrown out. You can detect by examining with the hand, 
 and if it is the last molar tooth you must throw the horse, using the 
 balling iron, and remove by means of the tooth shears or the large 
 forceps. If it is in front, there is no necessity for throwing the ani- 
 mal. After using the shears, rub the parts down smooth with a tooth 
 rasp, and feed properly, and he will improve rapidly. When these 
 growths are from malformation, they should be watched closely, and 
 7 
 
146 . CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF i 
 
 no doubt sooner or later they destroy the condition of the mouth, and 
 
 it becomes necessary to destroy the animal, but it can be relieved to | 
 
 some extent by the rasp, chisel, shears, etc. There is, as well as the j 
 
 shears, a sliding chisel, and when you use it, it is better to use a : 
 
 wooden mallet than a hammer. In using the straight chisel there is i 
 
 another instrument for an assistant to hold against the back part of j 
 the tooth while you chisel it off. 
 
 Caries of the Teeth. — The lower animals do not suffer from this as ' 
 much as man, for two reasons ; their teeth are complicated, and the i 
 mode of living. Sweets have a bad effect upon the teeth. Horses : 
 rarely suffer from toothache, but they frequently suffer from carious ; 
 teeth. Caries may commence either on the table surface, root or ' 
 fang, or even in that which surrounds the teeth ; or it may result from ■ 
 a slight injury, as getting a stone, etc., between the teeth when masti- '■ 
 eating ; or it may begin in the fang from improper development of , 
 the dentine, which receives its nourishment from the tooth-pulp, and \ 
 when this is gone the tooth does not receive proper nourishment, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — In the early stage they are not very plain, but become ! 
 better developed after a time. The animal will show some irritation | 
 while eating. Although he is hungry, and goes ravenously to eating, ' 
 he will all at once quit masticating, and either holds the food in the \ 
 mouth or throws it out unchewed. This may be due to a slight i 
 irritation of the teeth. He acts something similar to the human 
 being, and these symptoms may be present for some time before j 
 the well-marked symptoms appear. But in, it may be six months i 
 or a year, certain distinct symptoms appear. If it is in the table j 
 surface, the tooth is brittle, and wears down more readily, and the ■ 
 tooth opposite to it grows longer : he quids or rejects the food, \ 
 and a peculiar stench or fetor is present. The animal falls off ' 
 in condition, in most cases. "When it is in connection with the i 
 root or fang it is different. As it extends it involves the other tis- I 
 sues, sets up irritation in the superior maxillary sinus, if it is in the < 
 upper jaw, and gives rise to a somewhat putrid and offensive discharge. ; 
 If it is in the lower jaw, as well as the symptoms given, you will, ! 
 perhaps, notice a slight enlargement which extends down the lower ; 
 portion of the jaw ; sinuses form and matter is discharged. Exercise \ 
 care and judgment and you need make no great mistakes. I knew a '-■, 
 horse destroyed for glanders when it was only a carious tooth. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the tooth — and this is not very easily done, but : 
 there are various ways. Open the mouth by means of a balling iron, ! 
 and, if practical, use the forceps. The trouble with the forceps is, i 
 they are apt to break the tooth when they are closed upon it too tight. : 
 There is a tooth key which can be used in the lower jaw, as the teeth , 
 in that are easier removed than those in the upper jaw ; or you may ; 
 remove by trephining, and then by inserting a punch it can be driven ' 
 out. When you attempt to remove a tooth, and it breaks down, it i 
 will in many cases, come away of itself without further treatment, j 
 The first and second molars are the more difficult to punch out than , 
 the others. After treatment : keep the animal quiet ; feed upon soft '■■ 
 food that does not require much mastication. There is a difference in ; 
 treating the cavity. Some recommend filling it with gutta percha, to i 
 prevent the food from passing into the sinus. It will sometimes pass j 
 into both sinuses ; but generally there is no necessity for filling it. If 
 you trephine, it is more needful than in pulling. If food does pass : 
 into the sinuses, then it will be necessary to fill the hole. Sometimes i 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 14.7 
 
 in parrot-mouth the incisors of the lower jaw grow and irritate the 
 mucous membrane of the opposite jaw, when it is necessary to rasp 
 them down. 
 
 Wolf Teeth are supernumerary, just in front of the molar, and you 
 are often asked to remove them, and sometimes they do harm, but that 
 is the exception, and not the rule. They are easily removed with a pair 
 of small forceps, or they may be punched out. Some think they interfere 
 with the eye, by exerting some influence upon the ophthalmic division 
 of the fifth nerve, but I do not think they have anything to do with irri- 
 tating the eyes. Tooth substance may be develoised in almost any part 
 of the body ; in the muscles by the ear ; in the frontal sinuses ; and even 
 in the remote parts of the body ; even in the testicle, of which I have a 
 specimen. It is common in the lower animals, but not in the testicles. 
 
 A Foreig'ii Body sometimes gets lodged in the mouth, as a piece of 
 wood from his hay, etc., and possibly becomes imbedded between the 
 molar tooth, and the animal is not able to get it out. There will be 
 difficulty in masticating ; a flow of siliva ; the animal stands with the 
 head poked out, as if suffering from sore throat. He will partially mas- 
 ticate, then try to swallow, and perhaps eject the food. These symptoms 
 are present in sore throat, and it is necessary to make a careful examina- 
 tion ; you are not likely to mistake just one case, but if there is some 
 other disease prevalent that presents similar symptoms, then you are 
 liable to make a mistake. 
 
 The Tongue is sometimes injured, sometimes by catching the tongue 
 under a twitch, from tying a horse to a wagon, and something causes 
 him to pull back suddenly, and the tongue is lacerated. Bring the parts 
 together as quickly as possible ; sew them up and feed upon soft food. 
 And another wa}^ of injury is in giving medicine, by holding to the ton- 
 gue when the animal pulls back — the muscles become paralyzed, the 
 tongue hangs out of the mouth, and it is lacerated by the teeth. If you 
 think there is a chance of re-union, get the parts into the mouth and 
 keep there by means of a nose band ; but if it is cold and almost dead, 
 then it is necessary to remove the parts, which is easily done. It is not, 
 in most cases, necessary to throw the animal, and there is no great 
 amount of hemoiThage, as it was lacerated, and such a wound does not 
 bleed very freely. Feed upon sloppy food ; give no hay or anything that 
 would hurt the parts. There will be a peculiarity in the animal's drink- 
 ing, as he will place his nose deep in the water after losing part of his 
 tongue. If the irritation came from the use of the twitch it is easily 
 overcome, although it looks very formidable at first. It is best overcome 
 by scarifying slightly in two or three places and bathing in lukewarm 
 water. Place the tongue in the mouth and keep the mouth shut by using 
 a nose band, and it will soon regain its natural condition. 
 
 The Fraemim Ling:u£e, or the fold of mucous membrane beneath the 
 tongue, is often injured in drenching or giving a ball, or from a foreign 
 body getting in the mouth. It gives rise to a discharge of saliva, difliculty 
 in masticating, the food gets in and increases the irritation, and he falls 
 off in condition. 
 
 Treatment. — Clean the parts, wash in tepid water, inject a weak solu- 
 tion of carbolic acid, sulphate of zinc, or alum water, etc. 
 
148 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 INJURIES TO THE MOUTH. 
 
 Laceration of the Lips. — Bring the divided edges together and 
 secure them ; keep the animal quiet. There are also small tumours, 
 which may be produced by some injury or irritant. If they contain mat- 
 ter, make an incision and let it out — and it is generally better to make the 
 ncision in the mucous membrane instead of the skin — then bathe with 
 astringents. There is also a small egg-shaped tumour that appears in 
 connection with the false nostril, which contains a cheeselike substance, 
 and it is possible for it to become encysted and remain there for a long 
 time. Open and squeeze out the matter, and, if necessary, inject with 
 carbolic acid. The lips may be injured from sharp teeth, or it may be 
 the result of injury from the bit, producing irritation, and, perhaps, in- 
 flammation, aud if matter forms, let it out, either internally or externally, 
 as required, at the same time removing the cause. Or there may be 
 cysts in the ducts at either side of the frasnum lingua, which are 
 called ranula — not very common -in the horse. But treated by 
 opening them up or cutting them out, which can be done with the 
 scissors ; then use mild astringents, or you may even touch with mild 
 caustics. The tongue may become paralyzed from disease of the brain 
 and paralysis of the lips, which usually occurs from injury or exposure 
 to cold, for which see lecture on nervous system. 
 
 O^lostitis^ or inflammation of the tongue, is not very common, but 
 may result from injury, from pulling the tongue violently while giving 
 medicine, or from eating poisonous herbs, which irritates, and inflam- 
 mation results ; or it may be due to the administration of irritant 
 medicines, as ammonia, or even sweet spirits of nitre, if not sufficiently 
 diluted. It may extend and involve both the extrinsic and intrinsic 
 muscles of the tongue. If it occurs in the mucous membrane. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is a flow of saliva, impaired mastication, a diffi- 
 culty in swallowing and in respiration, until it is sometimes necessary to 
 resort to tracheotomy. This is easily seen ; the tongue is reddened, pain- 
 ful upon pressure ; perhaps there is fever and the tongue protruding 
 from the mouth. It may terminate in resolution or suppuration ; small 
 abcesses form in different parts, and sometimes induration, and then the 
 tongue loses its condition to a great extent ; there appears a kind of 
 transverse crack ; the animal cannot masticate, becomes greatly emaci- 
 ated, and death may occur from starvation. It is often caused by some 
 foreign body in the tongue. I knew a needle to produce this in a 
 severe form. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause, give a laxative — oil or aloes if in the 
 horse, Epsom salts is better in cattle. Gargle the mouth with tepid 
 water or laudanum, or if it is from the administration of ammonia use 
 vinegar and water, and if it is greatly swollen scarify it in one or two 
 places and then bathe and allow the matter to escape when it forms 
 You can sometimes prevent induration by scarifying and applying some- 
 thing, as salt and water, which irritates to a certain extent, and may 
 prevent it. Iodine applied to the lower jaw and given internally may be 
 of use. When induration is once established the animal is useless. 
 
 Barbs is a term applied to an enlarged condition of the papillae or 
 orifices of the sublingual or submaxillary glands. It does not require 
 much treatment, but these enlargemeets are sometimes barbarously 
 removed. They may be removed or subdued by astringents of cold 
 water. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC AMIMAL8. 149 
 
 ipthae or Thrush. — This is properly a disease of the digestive 
 system, or sometimes called a dietetic disease. It is called a sporadic 
 apthae, to distinguish it from epizootic apthae, which is rarely seen in 
 this country. The sporadic affects the mouth and the whole alimentary 
 canal. Vesicles and pustules appear on the tongue and lips, and may 
 extend to the skin of the lips, and I believe it extends throughout the 
 whole alimentary canal. It is dae to indigestion and poor food of any 
 description, bad hay being particularly apt to cause it, and the feed 
 affecting many at the same time has given rise to the supposition that it 
 is sometimes contagious. There is a dietetic disease called stomatitis 
 cantagiose, which is also from faulty digestion. 
 
 Symptoms. — The appetite impaired, the mouth hot, the pulse 
 quickened some but not much and the temperature slightly in- 
 creased, perhaps one or two degrees. He is unable to masticate, 
 and then these small vesicles appear, which run into pustules in some 
 cases. 
 
 Treatment. — Kemove the cause; give a slight laxative — two, three, or 
 four drachms of aloes — but do not give a large dose, for the alimentary 
 canal is already irritated. You may give it in connection with gentian 
 or ginger, or a small dose of oil. Give vegetable and mineral tonics, or 
 ginger and carbonate of soda, one drachm each, once or twice a day. 
 Use a gargle of alum and water, or a little carbolic acid may be added. 
 Sulphate of copper, nitrate of silver, etc., may be used as stimulants, or 
 you may give quinine in one-half drachm to one drachm doses. Dis- 
 solve it in sulphuric acid, and the best way to give it is in a drench in 
 water. 
 
 Inflauimatiou of the Palate and Pharynx sometimes results from 
 balling with a stick, or it may iDroceed from some little foreign body 
 lodged in the parts. Laryngitis is more common and much more severe 
 than pharyngitis, and is sometimes produced by the violent use of the 
 probang. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is great fever ; swelling both internally and ex- 
 ternally, and perhaps the fever is followed by death in from twenty-four 
 to sixty hours. There are all the ordinary symptoms of sore throat, and 
 a stench comes from the throat, and in cattle the swelling extends 
 towards the ear. especially if produced by the probang. Use fomen- 
 tations, give a moderate dose of sedative medicines, and use judicious 
 counter-irritation ; try the inhalation of vapour, and if it gives relief, 
 continue ; if it seems to cause distress, do not use it. And use any of 
 the ordinary gargles, and it may terminate in resolution. Abcesses also 
 occur in the pharynx and it is hard to say what causes them. It is 
 more likely to attack cattle that have a tubercular tendency. In the 
 horse it may result from sore throat, direct injury, etc. If it is high up 
 it interferes with respiration, and there is usually a discharge from the 
 nose ; a difficulty in swallowing, etc. The symptoms in cattle are 
 similar, but are not generally so violent ; he may take some food, but 
 there js a peculiar breathing. You may detect a bulging by pressing on 
 either* side of the throat. The treatment given is to open these abcesses, 
 but it is not very successful. I have never seen it done with success in 
 the horse, but it is more easily done in cattle. There is danger of the 
 matter passing down and suffocating the animal. Use a guarded knife, 
 or a concealed bistouri ; a small knife well guarded, is very good. But 
 you are working in the dark to a certain extent ; however, opening m ay 
 save life occasionally. 
 
150 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 Pharyngeal Polypi. — These sometimes have a constricted base ; 
 others have a wide base ; the animal will fall off in condition, shows 
 fits of temporary choking, coughs violently, staggers, and perhaps 
 falls, and then is relieved, after which there is a discharge of blood 
 from the nose ; this shows you there is some irritation in connection 
 with the pharynx. If it has a constricted base, you may remove it 
 with an ecraseur, but if it has a broad base, it is better to let it 
 alone, especially in an old horse. There is difficulty in the hemorrhage 
 passing down the trachea and causing inflammation of the trachea and 
 lungs. 
 
 ffilsophagUS, — Choking occurs in all animals, but is more common in 
 cattle. It may be due to an improperly masticated bolus of food, and 
 this is a severe kind of choking ; or it may be from a hard body, as a 
 piece of turnip, potato, apple, etc., from a ball being given in a hard form. 
 Hence it is necessary to soften balls before giving them. It is sometimes 
 produced by giving an egg without breaking it, or from something taken 
 with the hay. Thorns have been found lodged in the oesophagus. It 
 may either be in the cervical or thoracic portion, and the symptoms are 
 more distressing when in the cervical portion. There are signs of un- 
 easiness ; if there is an attempt to swallow liquids, they are regurgitated ; 
 there is an increased flow of saliva. In the horse there is a spasmodic 
 retching of the neck, especially if it is in the thoracic portion ; there is 
 difficulty of breathing, which may increase and cause suffocation. 
 
 Symptoms. — Pass the hand along the course of the oesophagus, and if it 
 is in the cervical portion, you can detect it. Another symptom in cattle 
 is tympanites ; but this does not always occur. 
 
 Treatment. — If the symptoms are not very prominent, endeavour to 
 find the nature of the obstruction, and then the situation of it, and if it 
 is in the pharynx or cervical legion, you may be able to displace it by 
 manipulation. If you fail in this, give a little liquid — some oil if it is a 
 hard body ; but be careful with oil, if it is some partially masticated food. 
 If this also fails, use the probang ; a leather one is best for cattle, and 
 it is not necessary to cast the animal, but it is well in some cases to use 
 the guide to prevent injury to the probang. The treatment in cattle is 
 just the same ; and when you fail to remove it with the probang, cut 
 down if it is in the cervical region, and remove it ; then bring the edges 
 together by a suture. Keep the animal quiet, and give no food but a small 
 amount of liquids for some time. This is not a very successful operation, 
 but if all other means fail, try it. If there is much tympanites and 
 symptoms of suffocation in cattle, use the trochar. 
 
 Dilatation of the (Esophagus sometimes results from choking. It 
 may dilate to a great extent and cause alarming symptoms ; the animal 
 is from time to time attacked with sj^mptoms of choking, which is better 
 noticed when the food is changed. If it is in the cervical region there 
 will be a pouch formed, which can be felt or seen. If it is in the cervical 
 portion, it may be relieved in some cases by a pad supported by a band- 
 age around the neck— by careful and frequent feeding ; and do not give a 
 sudden change of food. Some say to cut down and remove some of it, 
 but this is impossible. There is sometimes just the opposite of this, or 
 
 Stricture of the (Esophagus. — There are two kinds, spasmodic and 
 a thickening of the mucous membrane, and when one part becomes dilated 
 from choking another part is apt to be constricted. There is difficulty in 
 swallowing, and food may collect above the stricture, or va&y become re- 
 gurgitated ; flesh is rapidly lost, and the animal may linger for weeks or 
 months and then die. Sometimes you are justified in passing the probang, 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 151 
 
 and when it comes to the stricture it will be resisted, and you may over- 
 come the stricture by the use of the probang Every day, or every other 
 day, a dose of aconite or such remedies may be useful. Sometimes rup- 
 ture is the result of choking, and is very serious. It generally comes 
 from the use of some such thing as a whip stock, to relieve choking, and 
 it might be done vrith the probang. There is both external and internal 
 swelling, great pain, pulse somewhat quick, offensive breath, in swallow- 
 ing, the substances sometimes pass into the areolar tissue, etc. It gener- 
 ally proves fatal. Some recommend cutting down and treating as 
 oesophagotomy, but death generally occurs in two or three days. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE GLAISDS, ETC. 
 
 The Salivary Olands. — There are three pairs of salivary glands — the 
 parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual. They secrete the saliva, which is 
 mixed with the food and fits it for digestion. 
 
 Parotid Glands. — Inflammation of these is not uncommon in con- 
 nection with strangles. It is a hard, inflammatory swelling, extending 
 from the ear downward. In the horse it is apt to terminate in suppu- 
 ration, and sometimes induration. Slight induration is not very uncom- 
 mon, especially in those horses that are tightly reined, producing irrita- 
 tion and thickening of the gland. Use fomentations, poultices, and 
 stimulating liniments — ammoniacal or a weak solution of biniodide of 
 mercury — and you may bring about resolution ; but their is a great tend- 
 ency to suppuration. When matter is formed open it up, and if the ani- 
 mal is weak give iodine. Inflammation of these glands is often found in 
 cattle, in connection with tuberculosis, and the inflammatory action runs 
 on to suppuration, but not so quickly as in horses. A small amount of 
 matter may become imprisoned and remain there for a long time. It is 
 necessary to use a stronger embrocation on cattle than horses. Let the 
 matter out when formed. I have noticed in cattle that sometimes the 
 surrounding parts are vascular, and it is generally advisable to open care- 
 fully on account of hemorrhage. It is sometirnes best to explore it with 
 an exploring needle, and then enlarge the opening carefully. Induration 
 sometimes takes place, and the best remedy in this and all glandular en- 
 largements is iodine. Iodine one part, iodide of potassium one part, and 
 lard four parts, and give iodide of potassium internally. 
 
 Steno's Duct.— The duct of this parotid gland winds around the 
 inferior maxillary bone and enters the mouth between the second 
 and third upper molar teeth. This gland secretes during mastica- 
 tion only ; the others secrete whenever food is taken in the mouth. 
 
 Fistula of this Duct is not uncommon in horses. It sometimes 
 results from injury and sometimes from an abcess in irregular stran- 
 gles, or it may be due to the incautious opening of the abscess, 
 or some obstruction passing into the duct from the inside of the 
 mouth. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is a discharge of thin watery fluid, which is in- 
 creased during mastication. When the horse is not masticating perhaps 
 the only thing noticed is a small opening on the outside of the jaw, and 
 a slight discharge, but if dry food is given there will be a greatly in- 
 creased discharge. The losing of this saliva interferes with digestion, 
 and colic may be the result. 
 
152 CAU8BS, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 Treatment. — In a recent case this is sometimes easily overcome, but if 
 of long standing it is more difficult. Paint it with collodian and keep 
 very quiet for several days ; give no solid food, and just enough fluid 
 to sustain life. If a case of longer standing, scarify the edges and 
 then bring them together and secure by means of a pin ; then use stimu- 
 lants, or touch the parts with mild caustics. Some object to caustics, 
 but I have seen them prove of benefit. If the means given fail, then 
 endeavour to make a new duct by inserting a small seaton right into the 
 cheek, and keep it there and stimulate with some stimulant until a new 
 duct is formed. 
 
 Salivary Calculi. — Any gland that has a well-marked duct may 
 have calcareous deposits, and we find them in the parotid duct — both in 
 horses and cattle. They may obstruct the duct and set up fistula. The 
 flow of saliva is obstructed to a certain extent, but if the duct is suddenly 
 obstructed, then there is dilatation of the walls, which, perhaps, can be 
 felt. The remedy is to cut down and remove the calculi ; secure the 
 wound with a pin ; keep the animal quiet and give no solid food for 
 several days. 
 
 Ptyalism, or Slavering. — This may proceed from food, and is 
 common in horses and cattle ; it also results from the use of mercury. 
 This shows itself by an immense flov7 of saliva. It may literally run 
 from the mouth, and if it is continued it interferes with digestion. The 
 best remedy is to change the food, and sometimes give a laxative, 
 followed by tonics and stimulants, and use a gargle of alum water. If it 
 is due to mercury, then use mercurial antidotes. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 The Stomach of a horse is small in proportion to the size of the 
 animal, and digesti<- n takes place quickly, and the horse does not suffer 
 so much from indigestion as ruminants or as man does. A horse can 
 undergo pretty severe exertion after a hearty meal without showing any 
 inconvenience. However, the stomach of a horse is liable to derange- 
 ments, and, perhaps, the most serious is acute indigestion, which 
 destroys a great number of horses, and I think I may safely say that at 
 least three-fourths of the heavy Clyde horses that are imported to this 
 country die from this disease, which is brought about by injudicious 
 feeding or carelessness. It is very common in horses that are worked 
 hard and fed well. It is an accumulation of food and gases in the 
 stomach, and also in the intestines, and a fatal result is inflammation of 
 the mucous membrane, called 
 
 Gastro-Enteritis. — A horse may be in good health, become affected 
 and die in twenty-four hours or sooner. 
 
 Causes. — Giving a large amount of food, especially if it is hard to 
 digest ; bran, for example, especially if there is shorts mixed with it and 
 not submitted to the action of hot water for some time. It will produce 
 acute indigestion almost as quickly as any kind of food. If a horse has 
 a full stomach and is put to hard work, digestion does not take place 
 properly, and disease is the result ; or giving a full feed when the stomach 
 is weakened from hard work and as a horse grows old or gets bulky food, 
 the stomach becomes unnaturally dilated, and the walls become very 
 thin, and the gastric juice is not properly secreted ; and after fasting, a 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 153 
 
 horse should not get much food until the secretion of the gastric juice is 
 stimulated by giving a small amount of food. Another common cause 
 is a change of food. "Wheat, even a small amount, will produce it. 
 Clover hay, when the animal is not accustomed to it, is also a common 
 cause. Acute indigestion may terminate in rupture of the stomach, 
 especially in old horses or any that are fed upon poor food. It may not 
 be complete, but just some of the coats are ruptured. Eupture of tbe 
 diaphragm is not uncommon from pressure, and the animal throwing 
 himself about. 
 
 Symptoms. — We will take a case as we often see it on the farm : The 
 farmer intends to take a journey of fifteen to twenty miles, and the night 
 before he feeds the horse more than usual, gives another large feed in the 
 morning, and starts off. The horse is quite lively, but after going a few 
 miles he becomes dull, sweats, and sweats freely ; is stopped, and shows 
 signs of abdominal pain ; attempts to lie down, turns the head to the 
 side, and if examined, perhaps, slightly swollen in the flank ; gets some 
 better, and is driven again ; again shows symptoms, and perhaps has a 
 slight diarrhoea ; becomes sluggish, but finally reaches his destination, is 
 put in the stable, and soon shows violent symptoms ; lies down and tries 
 to balance himself upon the back, then gets up, turns around, lies down, 
 looks at the flank, the eyes staring, and in many cases the bowels are 
 tympanitic. But I think the stomach may be dilated, even ruptured, 
 without distention of the bowels ; the pulse fifty or sixty beats per 
 minute, and eructations of gas, which is a good sign ; and regurgitation 
 of food, which passes through the nose of the horse and the 
 mouth of the ox, the eructations are extremely sour, the symp- 
 toms become more and more severe; by and by he seems relieved 
 to some* extent; the mouth is clammy; the pulse almost impercep- 
 tible, perhaps a slight diarrhoea ; the rectum bulged out, and death 
 ends the scene ; and this may all take place in from twelve to six- 
 teen hours. Boiled food is also liable to produce this. In other 
 cases the symptoms are not so plain ; perhaps the horse paws ; the pulse 
 forty or forty-five; gases are generated; he appears uneasy, etc., which 
 may develop into the symptoms just given. Some say that regurgitation 
 is symptomatic of rupture, but I think that rupture generally takes place 
 after regurgitation. 
 
 Treatment must be energetic and persevering, but when gastroenteritis 
 sets in death is the result. There may be rupture of the bowels, as well 
 as rupture of the stomach. There are various remedies recommended, 
 but I give turpentine two ounces, laudanum two ounces, and linseed oil 
 one pint. You may use nitrous or sulphuric ether instead of the turpen- 
 tine, and give injections of soap and water, and even add a little turpen- 
 tine. If there is great pain use hypodermic injections, two, three, four 
 or five grains of the acetate of morphia, and repeat, giving one-half the 
 dose in a half hour or an hour if the pain remains, or you may use the 
 muriate of morphia. As well as this, give six or eight drachms of aloes, 
 and I think it is good practice, to give two or three drachms of the carbo- 
 nate of soda or ammonia in cold water gruel, or in the form of a ball. 
 Use judicious counter-irritation to the bowels, rubbing them well, and 
 use blankets wrung out of hot water placed over the abdomen, and cover 
 up as well as you can, and when relief is obtained to a certain extent, 
 then do not push medicines too far. Instead of using laudanum, you 
 may use belladonna, and it is perhaps preferable in some cases. The 
 horse should be kept so as to prevent him from throwing himself about, 
 for there is danger of rupture. There is benefit in puncturing in all cases 
 
154 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OK 
 
 where the bowels are distended to a great extent. Puncture in the right 
 or left side, but generally in the right side, and in the most distended 
 part betwt en the iilium and the last rib, and pass the trochar slightly 
 downward. It is best to first make an incision, as the canula will come 
 out easier, and is not so liable to irritate the parts. Do not be too rash 
 in using the trochar, for if gastro-enteritis is present death will result, 
 and the owner would lay the death to the use of the trochar. If you fail 
 to strike the colon you can puncture again, and if a liquid passes instead 
 of a gas, it is unfavourable, but I had such a case to recover. I recom- 
 mend each one of you to get a trochar, and if properly used it will do 
 you credit. There is not much danger in puncturing. There may be an 
 abscess, but it is not very serious, and even peritonitis may supervene, 
 but that is the exception and not the rule. A horse should be carefully 
 used for some time. Acute indigestion may terminate in laminitis. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE INTESTINE. 
 
 Rupture of the Stomach is a sequel of acute indigestion. If an 
 animal has suffered from acute indigestion pretty violently for several 
 hours, and becomes quieter, the pulse weaker and weaker, the mucous 
 membranes become pale and blanch, which were reddened a short time 
 previous, and the animal attempts to sit upon the haunches and wist- 
 fully looks at the flanks, the ears cold, etc., the chances are that it is 
 rupture. These are also symptomatic of intus-susception, volvulus, calcu- 
 lus, etc. Kegurgitation is another sign, but I think that it takes place 
 before rupture, for if the e is a considerable rupture the food passes into 
 the abdominal cavity, and I do not think that vomitism can then occur. 
 There is generally spas:iioJie breathing and death in perhaps three or 
 four hours; but I think I have known an animal to live ten or twelve 
 hom:s after rupture occurred. Nothing d^n be done for it. 
 
 Chronic indigestion, or Dyspepsia. — This is common, and may 
 result from a disorder of the stomach or intestines, derangement of the 
 liver and irritation of or shedding of the teeth, but generally from the 
 stomach, caused by injudicious feeding on over-stimulating food Clover 
 is apt to produce it by causing an over-acidity of the stomach. 
 
 Symptoms are not very alarming or violent. The horse falls off in con- 
 dition, perspires more freely when at work, the coat appears dry, dusty 
 and staring, the pulse slow and weak, the feces are of a lead or clay 
 colour, or, in some cases, somewhat dark, varying with the food to some 
 extent. The animal is, perhaps, subject to slight attacks of colic, and 
 has a depraved appetite — he will, perhaps, lick the lime from the walls. 
 This is, perhaps, a craving of nature to overcome the acidity of the 
 stomach. 
 
 Treatment.— Oxdiev a change of food. No matter how he has been fed, 
 order a change, and in most cases give a moderate dose of physic — fro aa 
 five to eight drachms of aloes, and feed carefully for a few days, and in 
 some cases you may combine calomel with the aloes, if there is any 
 derangement of the liver. But I am no great advocate of the use of 
 calomel ; also, use anti acids, carbonate of soda and ginger in a ball, or 
 drench with water, or in the food, if the animal will eat it. If there is 
 weakness, give beer with one and a-half drachms of gentian or ginger, 
 and after a week or two give tonics. But I think harm is sometimes 
 done by giving tonics before the system is prepared for them. Give sul- 
 phate of iion, or even a little arsenic with it, or give sulphate of quinine. 
 Perhaps the great secret in treating this disease is a change of diet. 
 
DISEASES OP DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 155 
 
 Spasmodic Colic is a spasmodic contraction of the muscular fibres of 
 the intestines. The contraction of this muscular coat tends to pass the 
 contents toward the anus. Although spasmodic colic may be said to be 
 contraction of the muscular coat of the small intestines, I think it may 
 also affect the large intestines. In an ordinary case there is no great 
 amount of the intestine contracted, perhaps a few inches to a foot or 
 more, and if it continues, intus-susception may take place, or the mucous 
 linings may adhere together, from being pressed together so close by the 
 contractions of the muscular fibres. 
 
 Causes. — Perhaps the principal cause is a change of food. Giving 
 cold water when the animal is heated may cause it, but not very 
 often. Roots, especially if frozen, and sometimes if in a proper con- 
 dition, may cause it. Some horses are particularly susceptible to 
 colic. Sudden changes of temperature tends to produce it, and also 
 constipation of the bowels, which sometimes supervenes a cathartic ; 
 and when giving a purgative, it is best to continue it with gentian, gin- 
 ger, etc. Although spasmodic colic is very painful it is not very fatal, 
 and is usually of short duration. It generally terminates favourably, and 
 it may terminate in enteritis, although some think it never does. 
 
 Symptoms. — The attack is very sudden ; the animal begins to paw and 
 cringe ; looks at the sides, throws himself violently upon the ground, 
 after perhaps cringing down some. He lies down rather easily in enteri- 
 tis. In colic, he attempts to lie upon the back — will perhaps roll back 
 upon the side, get up, and he may be quiet for a while, and may even take 
 a little food, and then again be seized and show similar symptoms. In 
 some cases he may be covered with profuse persi^iration, and may pass 
 feces in small quantities, and there are frequent endeavours to urinate, 
 which tends to mislead some who do not understand the disease. It is 
 generally a good symptom to see^him urinate. You will also be guided 
 by the condition of the circulation. Take the pulse early in colic, during 
 the violent symptoms, and it perhaps will be sixty, and if taken a few 
 minutes after, when the horse is standing still, it may be only forty or 
 forty-five in a minute In enteritis the pulse begins about forty or forty- 
 five and gradually increases, is full and bounding and continues ; but the 
 pulse varies in different attacks of colic. If it attacks a horse after a hard 
 drive, or one in a debilitated condition, the pulse will be weak, and per- 
 haps fast, but still differs from the full bounding pulse of enteritis. In 
 colic, pressing upon the abdomen appears to afford relief, and causes pain 
 in enteritis. In a case of colic likely to terminate fatally, the symptoms 
 become more violent, and death may occur from extreme muscular con- 
 traction, or from terminating in enteritis, and it may so terminate. It is 
 of short duration in some cases — the animal is as well as ever apparently 
 — in other cases it may last ten or twelve hours or more ; but such cases 
 are not very violent, generally, for the horse could not last so long under 
 such severe pain. It is usually easily diagnosed, but you may meet_ a 
 case that will give you some trouble to tell whether it is colic or enteritis 
 
 Treatment is generally satisfactory, and a student, when asked what he 
 would do if sent for in such a case, said he would "go just as fast as he 
 could, or the horse might be well before he got there," and it does not 
 matter so much what remedy is given, if it is given in time. Bleeding 
 was at one time regarded as the sheet anchor in treating colic, and some- 
 times it is good and acts like an anti-spasmodic, but I do not recommend 
 it Every practitioner has his favourite remedy, and I give sweet spirits 
 of nitre, one to two ounces, extract of belladonna one to two drachms, in 
 solution, with two ounces of water. Or sweet spirits of nitre one to two 
 
156 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 ounces, and laudanum one to two ounces, in six or eight ounces of water, : 
 
 and give injections, and a little turpentine may be added to the injections. \ 
 
 Some recommend always treating with a large dose of purgative medi- . 
 
 cine, but I can not agree with them : but, in any case where the bowels j 
 
 are overloaded, give six to eight drachms of aloes, after giving anti- j 
 spasmodics. And there is another way of treating this : that is by hj'po- 
 
 derraic injections of the acetate of morphia — but you must be careful not ; 
 to inject it into a blood vessel— and if it does not act just as you desire, 
 
 do not be too hasty in giving another, or it may act more powerfully than i 
 
 you desire. Chloral hydrate is recommended I have tried it, but have i 
 
 been more successful with what I have recommended. Turpentine, lau- I 
 
 danum and oil was Prof. Dick's favourite remedy. If you give a dose and : 
 
 there is no relief, repeat the dose in a half hour, and if you think there ■ 
 
 are symptoms of enteritis, withhold the stimulants. I have used opium, | 
 
 but I now prefer hypodermic injections. If you have no remedy at hand, ; 
 
 then give ale, beer, whiskey, etc., and common salt may, perhaps, expel • 
 
 the attack. Put the horse in a comfortable place, and let him roll about ', 
 
 as much as he pleases, and a little exercise may be of use, but any great ; 
 
 amount will do harm. I think it is better to keep him in a comfortable '■ 
 box or yard. Kub the belly well, use judicious counter-irritation, hot 
 
 water, mustard, etc. If a horse suffers repeated attacks, the bowels be- \ 
 come weakened, and sooner or later it will terminate fatally. 
 
 Flatulent Colic— It is hard in some cases to tell the difference between ; 
 
 this and acute indigestion, but the bowels may be flatulent and the j 
 
 stomach not be affected. It consists of gases ; there are carbonic acid ' 
 
 gas, sulphuretted hydrogen, and in some cases carburetted hydrogen. . 
 
 Flatulent colic is more common in old than in young horses— perhaps ; 
 
 because digestion is impaired to some extent— and in horses that bave ; 
 been fed for a long time on over-stimuhtting food. 
 
 Causes. — A change of food or feeding soon after a long drive. Indian : 
 
 corn, or inferior food of any kind, is likely to produce it. j 
 
 Symptoms are similar to spasmodic colic ; the animal lies down and i 
 
 rolls, etc., and the abdomen soon becomes distended, and in a pure case ■ 
 
 there is no regurgitation of food nor eructations of gases, but just dis- | 
 
 tention of the bowels, and one part of the colon may be affected more j 
 
 than the others 1 
 
 Treatment — Give injections freely, and you may be able to overcome a ; 
 
 slight attack by injection, but medicines may be necessary. You may j 
 
 put one or one-and-a-half ounces of turpentine in the injections ; this ! 
 
 may relieve it, although the intestines are pretty full of food, but may i 
 
 have to remove the contents of the rectum with the hand. Chemically j 
 
 speaking, the best remedies would be lime, ammonia, etc., which would i 
 
 combine with the gases and form new compounds, and so afford relief ; \ 
 
 but they do not act internally in all cases ; but give turpentine one or j 
 
 two ounces, with linseed oil and laudanum or belladonna, according to ; 
 
 the suffering ; or you may relieve the pain by giving two or three grains j 
 
 of the acetate of moi-phia, hypodermically ; and it is good practice in ] 
 some cases to give a purgative and carbonate of ammonia, one, two or 
 three drachms, in the form of a ball, or rubbed down in a little cold 
 water or gruel with some mucilage, and give as a drench. You must be 
 careful in giving aqua ammonia, or it will cause great irritation. The 
 horse requires great care, and you will find carminatives, stomachics, 
 
 etc , useful ; and see that he gets good, nutritious food, and internal j 
 
 remedies have but little or no effect, then puncture; and I believe ■ 
 
 puncturing is more successful in a pure case of flatulent colic than in j 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANlMXLt. 157 
 
 any other disease. Flatulent colic may terminate in enteritis, but it is 
 more likely to terminate in rupture, or it may terminate in death by 
 asphyxia. It is good in some cases to prevent the animal from throwing 
 himself too violently, and I only recommend puncturing when the ani- 
 mal is considerably inflated. If he is not inflated you may injure the 
 coats of the colon or ccecum. 
 
 Enteritis is perhaps more common in the horse than in any other 
 animal, and also more fatal. It is inflammation of the intestines, and 
 inflammation used without any particular application is a very vague 
 term. The coats of the intestines are three — a mucous, a muscular and 
 serous ; and enteritis, in most cases, is inflammation of the mucous coat, 
 but in many cases all the coats are involved. Some writers say it is con- 
 fined to the muscular coat without the mucous coat being affected. But 
 in some cases, as soon as you cut into the abdomen you can see a great 
 change has taken place, both in the muscular and serous coats ; and in 
 other cases you can only notice a slightl}' reddened condition until you 
 have cut through the muscular coat, and then the mucous coat is found 
 to be aftected. It is a very painful and alarming disease, which will run 
 its course quickly, causing death in six or eight hours, and does not often 
 linger more than from ten to twenty hours. It attacks the large oftener 
 than the small intestines, but if it supervenes acute indigestion it may 
 involve almost the whole of the intestines, and in other cases only a part 
 or the whole of the colon. 
 
 Causes. — Colic occasionally produces it, although some writers say it 
 does not. It arises from an over- accumulation of feces in the intestines, 
 or eating some food to which the animal is not accustomed— some hard 
 body, clay, anything that would irritate the intestines. Pea straw is a 
 common cause in some places. It may also cause colic. Purgatives in- 
 cautiously administered in certain diseases may cause enteritis, and when 
 croton oil was combined with almost every purgative enteritis was more 
 common. And I may just say that the less you use croton oil in practice 
 the better. In other cases it comes from drinking stagnant, putrid 
 water. I think this is a common cause in some places. Exposure to the 
 cold, especially after a long and exhausting drive, and then standing in 
 the cold ; or it may come from calculi intussusception, volvulus, etc., 
 and may supervene certain diseases, as strangles, pneumonia, etc., from 
 a weakened condition of the system. 
 
 Symptoms. — Somewhat similar to colic and other painful bowel 
 troubles, but in some cases it is preceded by dullness, especially if it is 
 the result of faulty feeding. The first symptom often noticed is, pawing, 
 first with one foot and then with the other foot, and he may do this for 
 an hour or an hour and a half ; he may turn the head to the side, then 
 cringe some, and again look at the side. This is also symptomatic of 
 colic, but if it continues for an hour or two, and then lies down, it is 
 symptomatic of enteritis : by and by the pain becomes more violent. 
 Early in the disease the pulse is not much disturbed, but is slightly 
 accelerated — perhaps forty, forty-two, or even forty-five per minute ; and 
 it is at the same time full and bounding ; the mouth hotter than natural ; 
 the ears and legs hotter than usual, etc., it is symptomatic of enteritis, 
 and sometimes rigours is the beginning of the disease ; the coat is staring, 
 the same as in congestion of the lungs, but the breathing is not so quick ; 
 the pain increases ; he begins to move the limbs, cringes and lies down 
 more carefully than in colie ; tries to balance upon the back ; gets upon 
 his feet, and instead of standing still, as in spasmodic colic, he turns 
 around, goes around two or three times, cringes and lies down. But if 
 
158 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 it is spasmodic colic, he will likely stand still for half a minute or more, 
 and the pain is almost (but not absolutely) continuous in enteritis. The 
 eye has a peculiar lustre, becomes reddened and injected, and the same 
 is true of the mucous membranes ; the ears and legs may now be cold, or 
 hot and cold alternately ; and costiveness is another symptom. Although 
 there may have been slight diarrhcea in the first stage, and although you 
 could move the bowels, it would not relieve the difficulty, as is sometimes 
 supposed. There may be some hard feces passed, which may be covered 
 with mucous, and attempts are made to urinate frequently, and some 
 urine- may be passed. In the early stage the belly is somewhat tucked 
 up, and pressure upon it increases the pain, while in colic it relieves it, 
 and after a time there is perspiration about the flank, behind the ears 
 and shoulders, and a peculiar breathing, and if an animal has suffered 
 some time from abdominal pain, and there is this peculiar breathing, it 
 is a dark case, and the symptoms increase in violence, the pulse runs up 
 to eighty per minute, loses its bounding character and becomes weak, 
 then you may make up your mind that a considerable amount of exuda- 
 tion has taken place, and a well marked symptom at this time is the 
 amaurotic expression of the eye, and as it advances the animal becomes 
 almost blind and almost unconscious, and if you lift the head, the ani- 
 mal may fall back. This is caused by a lack of blood to the head, and 
 you must approach him wuth caution. These symptoms may have been 
 going on for from six to fifteen hours, when all at once the animal may 
 become quiet, perhaps take some food, but does not masticate it ; the 
 perspiration continues, the extremities are deathly cold, the mouth 
 clammy, which shows that gangrene has taken place, and the animal 
 may live two or even ten hours, but generally dies in an hour or hour 
 and a half, according to the intestine affected. 
 
 Treatment is not successful, but we sometimes meet with a case that 
 may be treated with success, and opium is the great sheet-anchor, so to 
 speak, of treating it. I recommend giving large doses of opium — a 
 drachm dose of the powder every hour or two until tour or six doses have 
 been given ; or, give two or three grains of the acetate of morphia hj'po- 
 dermically, repeated in half the dose in an hour or a half hour, if neces- 
 sary ; and it may be necessary to give injections, and I think there is 
 benefit in counter-irritation ; use ammonia of water — I believe hot water 
 is the best. You may give Flemming's tincture of aconite in ten or 
 fifteen drop doses, and you can give larger doses in enteritis than in any 
 other disease. Blood-letting is another remedy, and I believe in 
 some cases is of benefit, but it must be done in the early stage of 
 the disease, and in a horse of good condition ; but if the inflammatory 
 action has poured out an exudation, then any such things should be care- 
 fully used, and use gentle stimulants with sweet spirits of nitre, opium, 
 ale, beer, whisky, etc ; and although the bowels do not move, you need 
 not be alarmed, but in some cases of constipation, which is setting up 
 irritation, a purgative may be given, which may remove the constipation 
 and relieve the irritation, and, in connection with the purgative, nux 
 vomica may be added. There is another method of treatment, which I 
 do not say is successful ; it is to put the animal under the influence of 
 chloroform, or hypodermic injections, keeping him under its influence 
 for perhaps an hour, and I think it is worthy of trial. Re sure and keep 
 the animal warm, well clothed, and rub well, to equalize the circulation ; 
 and when treating a case, and have given two or three doses of opium or 
 hypodermic injections, the animal holds the head up some, then cover 
 and keep him warm, but do not push medicine too far. It is as neces- 
 sary to know when to quit giving medicine as to know when to give it. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 159 
 
 Volvulus is also occasionally noticed. It is the bowels becoming 
 twisted ; or it may be due to colic, or a small portion of the intestines 
 may pass through a small rupture in the mesentery, interfering with the 
 passage of the contents. It is more likely to occur in young animals, 
 but it may occur in adult. It is almost impossible to diagnose it cor- 
 rectly, but the 
 
 Symptoms are similar to those of enteritis, but are more prolonged ; 
 the pain is continuous ; there is obstinate constipation ; the pulse be- 
 comes quicker and quicker ; he throws himself about ; you perhaps 
 administer opium without any lasting effect ; he sits upon his haunches ; 
 the pulse runs high and becomes almost imperceptible ; sweat covers the 
 body, and if you are certain of volvulus, it is best to destroy the animal. 
 
 Intus-SUSCeption is a slipping of one part ( f intestine inside another. 
 It is rare in the horse. But a young horse is more liable, and it is often- 
 est found in the small intestines, and sometimes a great length may 
 become invaginated. 
 
 Causes. — It is hard to say just what does cause it. Violent contrac- 
 tions of the intestines during the severe paroxysms of colic may produce 
 it. Foals feeding upon milk are more subject to it. If it occurs in colic 
 each paroxysm slips it further, and death generally results, but cases are 
 recorded where a considerable amount of intestine has sloughed off, and 
 the case recovered, both in horses and cattle. Little can be done for it ; 
 however, some recommend cutting into the abdomen, find and endeavor 
 to straighten out the parts, but this is not likely to meet with success, 
 and if there is intus-susception with strangulation it is generally best to 
 destroy the animal, but is possible for it to slough off and the animal 
 recover. 
 
 Symptoms are common to this : volvulus, gorged stomach, etc. 
 
 Compression, or Stricture of the Intestines, may be due to 
 
 tumours, which grow to a great extent and cause stricture, or you may 
 have a tumour internally, which may produce either stricture or volvu- 
 lus, and opiates will not relieve it. The pulse becomes weaker and 
 weaker, the animal sits upon his haunches, then lies down and stretches 
 his head out, gets up and lies down, etc., and the symptoms remain for 
 twenty-four hours or longer. It is generally not enteritis, because the 
 animal would not live so long in acute enteritis. Strangulation may 
 proceed from a pedunculated or ovarian tumour. 
 
 Intestinal Concretions are enlargements or balls in the intestines. 
 They sometimes consist principally of, lime or some other alkaline sub- 
 stances. They vary in size from that of a marble to the weight of 
 twenty pounds. A small piece of almost- anything may form a nucleus 
 around which these substances may be deposited. In the specimen here 
 a small piece of brass wire formed the nucleus. They have been called 
 dust balls in England, because the horses were fed from the sweepings of 
 the mill floors, and so got something to form a nucleus for the deposit. 
 Semi-digested food sometimes forms a ball, and it takes sometimes, per- 
 haps, years for it to accumulate to any great size, but sooner or later it 
 will obstruct the passages of the feces, and cause death. There are also 
 hair balls, which are composed of hair. Sheep sometimes have balls 
 composed of wool ; they may exist some time before they interfere with 
 the animals. I believe that the animals in which they are present are 
 attacked with what is supposed to be colic, which may be due to the 
 obstruction, and the enlargement may move and the symptoms subside. 
 These enlargements are oftener lodged in the colon than any other part 
 
160 CAtSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 of the intestine. When they obstruct the passage there is obstinate con- 
 stipation, the pulse forty or fifty-two ; by and by the symptoms become 
 similar to enteritis, but are more prolonged ; he sits upon the haunches ; 
 the last is symptomatic of volvulus, intus-susception, gorged stomach, 
 calculus, concretions, etc , and if a horse has been suffering acute pain 
 for several hours, and has the above symptoms, cold sweats, etc., it may 
 be any of the diseases spoken of. 
 
 Treatment.— U the pain is violent endeavour to relieve it with opinm, 
 and it is good practice to examine the rectum by introducing your hand 
 carefully, and you may find some hard body, or it may be from obstinate 
 constipation. It is generally from twenty-four to thirty-six hours before 
 death takes place after the bowels are completely obstructed. 
 
 Constipation. — In many cases this cannot be said to be a disease of 
 itself, but a symptom of some other disease, but is sometimes a disease 
 of itself, and may proceed from various causes ; from intestinal concre- 
 tions ; an undue amount of feces in the intestines ; from too rapid or 
 from too great absorption of the fluids, and from liver disorders ; and 
 when the animal suffers from any fever there is constipation ; also in- 
 ferior food of any kind ; a large amount of oats and a small amount of 
 hay ; and pea and barley straw, etc. The muscular fibres of the colon 
 and rectum become paralyzed to a certain extent, and are not able to 
 expel the feces. Feeding over-ripe grass causes indigestion, and is liable 
 to affect the brain in many cases, but roots are more liable to produce 
 acute indigestion, flatulence, etc , than obstinate constipation. 
 
 Symptoms. — If it is a pure case there is scarcely any feces passed, the 
 animal is dull and sluggish, slightly tympanitic in some cases, and shows 
 more or less abdominal pain, but not much ; lies down, rolls, looks at 
 the sides ; the pulse not much changed, perhaps forty or fifty; and by 
 examination you may find the rectum completely impacted, and it may 
 be necessary to remove the contents every day for some time. 
 
 Treatment. — If the bowels are obstinately constipated give a dose of 
 purgative medicine, and it is good practice to combine with stimulants ; 
 give six, eight or nine drachms of aloes, or one drachm of calomel, once, 
 twice or three times a day, or nux vomica, and give injections, and, if 
 necessary, remove the contents of the rectum with the hand. Use an 
 infusion of tobacco— one ounce of tobacco, cut up, and pour boiling water 
 over it, and strain it through a cloth, then add a little soap and lard, and 
 inject, which will cause relaxation of the bowels ; if there is pain give an 
 opiate, or hypodermic injections ; I would prefer the latter. Or, instead 
 of tobacco, use turpentine in water for injections, one-half ounce to one 
 ounce. You may cause irritation by using too much soap in injections. 
 If 3'ou make up your mind that it is a pure case of constipation, never 
 hesitate in giving a dose of aloes, and follow by a diffusible or nervous 
 stimulant. There might be an exceptional case, where you might have 
 recourse to croton oil, and if so, put two or three drops inside a ball, and 
 give it carefully, and do not let the animal chew it. 
 
 Habitual Costiveness, where there is slight constipation, is best 
 treated by regulating the food, or by any mild remedy, such as carbonate 
 of soda, but if it is due to some disease of some organ, as the liver, then you 
 may have recourse to potassium. Purgatives may relieve for a time, but 
 it will return ; however, in some cases you may give a slight laxative, 
 linseed oil, castor oil or sweet oil. 
 
 Diarrhoea consists in the undue passage of liquid feces, due to a slight 
 congested state of the alimentary canal. It is most frequently seen in 
 horses of a weak conformation, as a narrow chest and loins. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 161 
 
 Causes. — Giving rich, succulent food after having been fed on a stimu- 
 lant diet for some time, and such a case may benefit instead of injuring 
 the animal. Turnips, carrots, etc, especially if frozen slightly, are apt 
 to produce it ; also impure and stagnant water which act as a blood poi- 
 son ; or some irritant in the food, as sand, clay, etc.; or it may result 
 from excitement, in race and hunting horses ; or it may be the result of 
 an over-dose of purgative medicine, or of the incautious administration 
 of a moderate dose, and when it is so caused it is called super-purgation. 
 Diarrhoea is not very fatal ; it is often an effort of nature to relive some 
 disease, as in a poison in the blood the readiest way to get rid of it is by 
 way of the bowels If it results from pneumonia, influenza, strangles, 
 impure or stagnant water, then it becomes serious. It is easil,> detected ; 
 the animal passes a large amount of feces, which are of a liquid nature ; 
 at first the pulse is but little affected, but after a day or two it becomes 
 weak and slightly increased — if it continues longer the pulse increases ; 
 the ears and legs are colder than natural. There are slight griping pains 
 in some cases, due to slight irritation, or perhaps to slight spasms of the 
 intestines ; these pains may increase and result in enteritis, especially if 
 it is caused by super-purgation. 
 
 Treatment. — In many cases all you have to do is to change the food, 
 and clothe the body according to the temperature ; and it may be neces- 
 sary to give a little medicine. Endeavour to find the cause, and if it is 
 due to some irritation of the intestines, an astringent would do more 
 harm than good ; but cause the removal of such irritant by giving a lax- 
 ative, combined with opium, a pint of linseed oil and a half ounce of 
 laudanum : or two drachms of aloes, with an equal amount of gentian 
 ginger, or an anti-acid ; but if not due to an irritant, you may give an 
 astringent ; also, cover the animal, stimulate the legs, and sometimes the 
 abdomen. But if diarrhoea has continued some time, it is necessary to 
 stop it.* Give catechu, half ounce to one ounce; gentian, two drachms; 
 ginger, two drachms, and repeat it in from twelve to eighteen hours ; or, 
 oil of turpentine, one ounce ; opium, one drachm, with two or three eggs; 
 or you may be able in some cases to check it with flour, but you must be 
 careful in super-purgation, and it is best to give one drachm of opium 
 and then give tepid water, which tends to soothe and restore the intes- 
 tines to their natural condition. Do not resort to too powerful remedies 
 at first, I treated one case in which I detected sand in the feces, and 
 gave a laxative, and I think there was almost a bucketful of sand passed 
 during twenty-four hours. You must get rid of any irritants, and if 
 necessary give stimulants — good port wine and brandy, if the animal is 
 depressed or takes no food. 
 
 Diarrhoea, in young animals, is sometimes difficult, and sometimes 
 results from a foal being exposed to the cold, or an improper condition of 
 the milk of the mother ; either too rich or too poor will produce it. 
 
 Symptoms. — An undue amount of liquid feces ; the animal weakly and 
 sickly ; the coat staring, and perhaps a sort of curdled fiuid passes with 
 the feces ; and it is necessary to be extremely careful in giving laxatives. 
 You may give one to two ounces of castor oil with a little rhubarb, and 
 endeavour to regulate the condition of the milk, if it is too rich, by giving 
 a moderate amount of food, diuretics, or even laxatives. If the milk is 
 poor, improve by giving a nutritious diet. In working the mare, the 
 udder becomes full, and perhaps over-heated, and if the foal is allowed to 
 take the milk while in this condition, results in diarrhoea. Give a slight 
 
 ♦ Flndley Dume gives the dose one to three drachms of catechu. 
 
162 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 laxative, and if you are not able to check it in this way, give a scruple of 
 powdered opium, half drachm to one drachm rhubarb, half drachm to 
 two drachms of prepared chalk, and attend to the condition of the 
 mother ; and use judicious counter-irritation, by rubbing and stimulating 
 the belly with mustard or camphorated liniment. 
 
 Dysentery, or Flux. — This is an affection of the mucous membrane, 
 especially of' the large intestines, and there is a great tendency to ulcera- 
 tion, and when it takes place there is more or less hemorrhage. 
 
 Causes. — It may proceed from a severe attack of diarrhoea, or froai 
 grazing upon wet. marshy lands, or feeding upon grasses grown upon 
 such lands ; using impure water, etc. In cattle it is generally associated 
 with tubercular disease Horses do not often have it, except from some 
 well marked cause. 
 
 Symptoms. — The evacuations are tinged with blood, and have an ex- 
 tremely fetid odour, which differs from an ' ordinary case of diarrhcea ; 
 the feces are often mixed with shreds of mucous membrane ; the appetite 
 impaired or entirely gone ; the pulse perhaps fifty per minute, and weak ; 
 there are colicky or griping pains, which, after ulceration, are not so 
 severe ; the rectum is also usually in an irritable state. 
 
 Treatment is not satisfactory in many cases, but give a slight laxative 
 — castor oil and linseed oil and laudanum, and then small doses of chalk 
 and opium once or twice a day, and demulcent drinks, as hay or linseed 
 tea, flour, gruel, etc., which will support the system and soothe the 
 irritation of the bowels ; or, you may try catechu, and after the dis- 
 charge is arrested, then give tonics — iron will do very well — acetate of 
 lead, one to two scruples, once or twice a day, has been recommended by 
 some in controlling the disease. If the animal becomes very weak, sup- 
 port him by stimulants. In cattle the treatment is similar, but is not 
 satisfactory, because it is generally associated with tubercular disease. 
 There is one thing recommended by some having considerable experience ; 
 it is opium, one drachm ; chalk, one ounce ; calomel, ten grains. 
 
 Rupture, or Hernia, is the protrusion of an organ, or part of an 
 organ, from its natural cavity. I will direct your attention to abdominal 
 hernia, which is a protrusion of some of the intestines out of the abdom- 
 inal cavity, either through a natural or an artificial opening. It gets 
 distinctive names from the parts through which they protrude. If they 
 protrude through the inguinal canal, it is inguinal hernia. If it extends 
 down into the scrotum, is scrotal hernia ; if through the umbilicus, it is 
 umbilical hernia ; if through an artificial opening, it is called ventral 
 hernia ; if the diaphragm, it is diaphragmatic hernia, etc. Again, if 
 you are able to return the parts easily, without any violent means, it is 
 called reducible ; if it cannot be so returned, it is called irreducible, and 
 if it becomes constricted at the neck and interferes with the circulation, 
 it is called strangulated. Scrotal hernia is more liable to occur in a 
 stallion, and any part of the intestines may pass through, but it is gen- 
 erally the small. 
 
 Causes. — In many cases it is congenital ; violent exertion may produce 
 it. Inguinal may become scrotal in a stallion, from covering mares, 
 leaping, running, or any violent exertion, and sometimes when thrown 
 for an operation, by struggling. I will first speak of inguinal hernia, 
 which may be easily overlooked, and so long as it does not become 
 strangulated you may not be able to detect it at all. When it becomes 
 strangulated the symptoms are just the same as colic, but are more pro- 
 longed ; the pulse becomes quick ; he sits upon the haunches, rolls and 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 163 
 
 tries to lie upon the back ; the pulse becomes quicker and quicker, and if 
 you have a case where such symptoms are prolonged, it is good practice 
 to look for hernia. 
 
 Treatment. — So long as inguinal hernia does not interfere with the 
 animal, it is just as well to let it alone, but if it becomes strangulated, 
 you may be able to reduce it by manipulating the parts, or you may have 
 to perform by throwing the animal and elevating the hind quarters, 
 extending the limbs to a certain extent, and insert the hand into the 
 rectum, and by traction upon the bowels, and manipulation externally 
 you may be able to reduce it. This operation is called the taxis. If 
 this does not succeed, then cut down upon the hernia as close to the ring 
 as possible, then make an incision into the hernial sack, and then reduce 
 it and keep the animal quiet, and if you are able to return it in proper 
 time the irritation will soon disapjDear. 
 
 Scrotal Hernia is easily detected. When the hernia is composed of 
 intestines, it is called interocele ; if it consists of the omentum, it is called 
 epiplocele. The omentum usually does little harm. If it is the intes- 
 tines, they are apt to be distended with gas, and it will give way to 
 pressure ; if it is omentum, it is some harder, and does not give way as 
 if it were gas, and may be mistaken for scirrhouscord or hydrocele, or a 
 varicose condition of some of the veins. If there is no ii-ritation, the 
 animal does not suffer much. If the bowels are full, the feces pass down 
 and enlarge the hernia to some extent, and it is smaller when the animal 
 has been fasting. Cold contracts the tissues and so lessens the hernia ; 
 heat relaxes and enlarges it. It may be as small as two or three fingers, 
 or as large as a man's hand, or even extend more than half way down 
 to the hock. 
 
 Treatment. — If you are consulted about a valuable stallion, six, eight 
 or nine years old, it is generally best to leave such a case alone, unless 
 there are signs of irritation. "Let sleeping dogs lie." It may exist for 
 years and do no harm, if the animal has good care and proper food ; but 
 if it attains considerable size in a horse not used for covering purposes, 
 then treat it. Hernia in colts, extending down two or three inches, can 
 usually be easily returned, but if such a case does not interfere with the 
 animal, it is best to let it alone for a time, and it will often disappear of 
 its own accord ; but if it does not disappear, then it is necessary to 
 operate. Suppose it is a colt, one year old, with a large hernia, then it 
 is not advisable to cut into the hernial sac, but the best way is that 
 recommended by Prof. Williams. Having the colt prepared by feeding 
 sparingly for a few days, then return the intestine into its place, take 
 up the testicle and scrotum, and place a clam right over the scrotum 
 and testicle, as close to the ring as possible, and allow the parts to 
 slough off. The covered operation is performed by cutting in and ex- 
 posing the testicle, still covered by the tunica vaginalis, make a small 
 incision into the sac, then divide the stricture, replace the intestine 
 and apply a clam over the scrotum, cord, etc., and allow sloughing to 
 take place. I treated one case where the hernia extended two-thirds 
 of the way to the hock. I first prepared him by feeding sparingfy for a 
 few days — gave oats without much hay— then threw the horse and tried 
 to reduce the hernia before attempting to operate, and finding I could 
 reduce it, 1 decided to operate by returning the bowels and applying a 
 large clam as close to the ring as possible. The next day the pulse was 
 about fifty per minute ; was reduced some the day following this, and in a 
 short time the parts sloughed off, and a recovery was the result, and I do 
 not think this could have been successful by the covered method. Some- 
 
164 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 times it is necessary to operate on a colt without castrating him, and a 
 truss may be used, and it may subdue the hernia. However, there is one 
 method I have resorted to in such cases, which I have not seen recom- 
 mended particularly in our works. I returned the whole mass of bowel 
 up the scrotum, and put a few stitches through the scrotum, and left 
 them for four or five days. A little irritation was set up, and the hernia 
 disappeared. I was careful not to injure the testicle, which I had closed 
 up to the ring. Some recommend applying a clam below the testicle, 
 which sloughs off a piece of the scrotum. 
 
 Umbilical Hernia. — This may occur in any animal, but is more likely 
 to occur in young animals, and is often congenital. . If not present at 
 birth, it is noticed in a few days after birth. It is generally reducible 
 with a little pressure. If in a colt from six to fourteen days old, it is just 
 as well to let it alone for a while, and it will often disappear, for the 
 omentum does not grow as fast accordingly as the other parts of the 
 body, which tends to reduce it. But if the colt is one or two years old, 
 then it will not disappear of itself, and it is necessary to reduce it, and 
 there are various ways, as by a truss, or a bandage is applied, and it is 
 more easily applied than in scrotul hernia. In other cases you must 
 operate by some of the methods ; by cutting through the skin ; expose 
 and scarify the abdominal walls, and bring the parts together. This 
 would be perhaps the most surgical way, but we can operate in a more 
 simple way, and I recommend throwing him. Eeturn the bowel, take up 
 the skin and apply the clam right over it, taking care not to apply them 
 too tightly, and to stop the circulation too quickly ; or, you can use 
 skewers instead of clams; put two or three skewers through the parts, 
 and take good strong twine and secure the parts by passing the twine over 
 them in the form of a figure eight, or by puckering up the skin and apply- 
 ing a ligature round it ; and a skewer is of benefit in this case to prevent 
 the ligature from slipping off. In twenty-four or thirty hours it is neces- 
 sary to apply another ligature, and tighten the parts up some, and you 
 may subdue the hernia. And perhaps in eight or ten days tetanus will 
 set in and death result, and this may occur after any operation, and 
 peritonitis supervene ; but there is not generally much danger of peri- 
 tonitis. 
 
 Ventral Hernia. — It may vary from the size of a marble to the size of 
 your head. It generally results from direct injury, as a kick, etc., and 
 sometimes from abdominal contraction ; but it does not often occur in 
 this way, and it is well, in examining horses, to look along the belly for 
 enlargements. It is fluctuating tumour, and when produced by injury, 
 it may be due to extensive inflammation set up in the part, giving rise to 
 an exudation, and matter may form and you will have to open it up ; and 
 there may be a hernia as well as an abscess, and when opening an abscess 
 in this region, always think of hernia, and be very careful. The same 
 thing applies to cattle, and you may have difficulty, in making up your 
 mind what is hernia or an abscess, or both together. One of our gradu- 
 ates opened an abscess in this region ; it formed again, and he plunged 
 the lancet into it, and there was a hernia present, and it was necessary to 
 destroy the animal. They may attain a great size and not interfere with 
 the animal ; and it may be a point of dispute whether it should or should 
 not be operated upon ; and unless the owner desires it, it is better to let 
 it alone. 
 
 Treatment. — Prepare the animal by moderate feeding for a day or two, 
 then throw the animal and return the hernia ; cut into the sac and bring 
 the edges together by a catgut suture. There is no great danger in a 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 165 
 
 small hernia, if the animal is prepared for it, and it may be necessary to 
 put him under the influence of chloroform. Operate just the same as in 
 umbilical hernia, and use skewers to prevent its slipping ; or you can 
 operate by skewers, or even a blister, in some cases, may reduce it. You 
 may also use the ligature, or operate by cutting into the hernial sac and 
 scarifying the walls, and secure the edges by means of a carbolized catgut, 
 and then bring the skin together. I think this is preferable to the metal- 
 lic suture. 
 
 Biaphraprmatic Hernia. — This is rare, and sooner or later proves 
 fatal. It may either pass through a natural or an artificial opening. It 
 is apt to enlarge aijd soon produce death. It may proceed from various 
 causes —from violent exertion of any kind, and sometimes from colic. It 
 is difficult to diagnose, but there are 
 
 Symptoms that might lead you to suspect it. I will give you the history 
 of one case I attended. He showed symptoms of inflammation of the 
 bowels. I learned that during the previous night he had suddenly be- 
 come ill. and continued so during the night. In the morning the pulse 
 was quick, full and bounding ; sweats covered the body ; he would lie 
 down and get up ; the respirations were greatly increased, and he ap- 
 peared to be suffering from inflammation of the lungs. This continued 
 more or less during the most of the day, and the usual remedies for enter- 
 itis were used without success. Later in the day he became quiet, the 
 pulse was scarcely perceptible, the mouth cold and clammy, the mucous 
 membranes became pale, and there was laboured breathing ; he again had 
 pain, and again became quiet, fell and expired. A post mortem revealed 
 more than thirty feet of the small intestines in the thoracic cavity. I 
 believe the cause was colic. Nothing can be done for it. 
 
 Rupture of the Colon, either in acute indigestion or flatulent colic, 
 giving rise to symptoms similar to rupture of the stomach — the nose pale, 
 mouth clammy, etc. 
 
 Rnptnre of the Rectum may occur, and recovery may take place^ 
 It is not uncommon, but is rather a serious injury. It may be 
 caused in various ways— by a foreign body passing in, or mal-address 
 in serving mares. If it is confined to the superior walls, especially if 
 posterior to the peritoneal covering, a cure may be effected ; but if 
 anterior, through the peritoneal covering, and in the inferior part, death 
 generally results. Make a careful examination, insert the hand carefully 
 into the rectum and remove the contents, which is better than giving an 
 injection, in this case, and endeavour to find the extent of the injury ; 
 and you might endeavour to bring the parts together, but it is difficult to 
 do. Keep the patient extremely quiet and feed very sparingly. You may 
 sponge the parts nicely, and you may give a slight laxative of oil. If 
 there is pain, give hypodermic injections or powdered opium, and give 
 tincture of aconite. 
 
 Tumours and Abscesses in the Rectum.— A constipated state of the 
 bowels may so irritate the parts as to cause an abscess Rudely insert- 
 ing the hand, or the incautious use of the injecting pipe, may cause it, 
 especially in a violent case of the colic ; or you might even rupture the 
 rectum in this way. An abscess gives rise to great pain. After defaca- 
 tion he may cringe down, and even lie down and roll. Examine such 
 cases, and you may find an abscess or tumour ; if an abscess open it, 
 and then carefully inject with astringents and disinfectants to a certain 
 extent. Regulate the diet, and give opium if the pain continues. Ulcera- 
 tion of the walls of the rectum is more liable to occur in old animals ; 
 nothing can be done for it ; as a general thing it is of considerable 
 
166 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 extent, and may be eaten through the walls. If it is but slight, treat 
 with carbolic acid, and attend to the general health of the animal ; give 
 tonics, good food, etc. Tumours in the rectum may interfere with the 
 passage of the feces. Endeavour to remove them, either with the knife 
 or ecraseur. 
 
 Protrusion of the Rectum is often met with in all animals, and it 
 looks very formidable, especially to a casual observer, and if it continues 
 for some time it swells and becomes inflamed, and may attain a consider- 
 able size. It is caused in various vyays, and is symptomatic of acute 
 indigestion. In other cases it is due to a slight injury to tlie rectum — 
 from inserting the hand violently. It is also brought about by exposure 
 to cold ; by irritating clysters, using too much soap, or even by giving 
 clysters too frequently ; from diarrhoea or constipation, and in some 
 cases debility ; or the animal standing with the fore parts higher than 
 the hind parts. In the dog it may be produced by aloes. The most 
 common cause, perhaps, is constipation. It requires a little tact and 
 perseverence to reduce it. Endeavonr to find how long it has been pro- 
 truded. Bathe with tepid water to remove any dirt, scarify in one or two 
 places, being careful not to cut too deeply, then bathe with tepid water 
 and laudanum, and if it is from constipation it may be necessary to 
 remove the contents of the rectum, by giving an injection and allowing 
 it to escape, then bathe well and return it, and you may meet a case 
 where you will have to return it every day perhaps for a week or ten 
 days, and if due to constipation it is sometimes necessary to give a 
 purgative to get the bowels in a natural condition, then elevate the hind 
 quarters to a certain extent. Sometimes a portion may become gangren- 
 ous, when you will have to remove the gangrenous part, and recovery 
 may still take place. It has been recommended to place a truss to the 
 parts, but it is difficult to do. 
 
 Imperforate Anus, in which the skin covers the anus ; and this con- 
 dition may extend in for a considerable distance. Make two incisions, 
 one across the other, but if the anus is not developed properly, death 
 will soon result. 
 
 Peritonitis, — The abdominal cavity is covered with a serous mem- 
 brane, reflections of which cover the various organs. Inflammation of 
 this is called peritonitis, and is rather a serious affair, and is apt to lead 
 to serious results. This and enteritis may both occur at once. However, 
 it may exist independent of enteritis. 
 
 Causes. — Exposure to cold ; food is not likely to produce it ; exposure 
 after some debilitating disease. It often supervenes enteritis, and is 
 often a sequel or a result of castration, especially if not properly per- 
 formed ; from a change of weather, etc. 
 
 Symptoms are somewhat deceptive, and it may go on to some extent, 
 especially if it is due to an injury, and be overlooked. There is not the 
 same pain as in enteritis ; the pulse is perhaps seventy or eighty, and 
 wiry, the breathing affected to some extent, and you are apt to think the 
 horse is suffering from irritation of the lungs ; pressure causes pain, and 
 in many cases, no difference what causes it, a post mortem will reveal 
 a great amount of effusion into the peritoneal cavity. The symptoms 
 sometimes come on gradually. At first he is dull, will not move unless 
 forced to, refuses food ; pulse seventy or eighty, and wiry ; the breathing 
 quickened some, and he will look at the sides, etc. It is apt to extend 
 over a large surface, and may involve the whole peritoneum. When it 
 comes from castration, suppuration does not take place in connection 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 167 
 
 with castration, and instead of healthy, we have a small amount of 
 ichorous pus discharged. 
 
 Treatment. — Hypodermic injections, opiates and a little oil if the 
 bowels are constipated, and judicious counter irritation, and after partial 
 recovery use iodide of potassium. 
 
 Ascites, or Dropsy, is the result of peritonitis. An effusion takes 
 place from an inflammation of a serous membrane, and if it goes on to 
 such an extent that it can not be absorbed, it produces dropsy. Dropsy 
 is the result of chronic peritonitis, or from chronic disease of any of the 
 organs — as the liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, urinary, calculi, albuminuria, 
 or degeneration of the kidneys, etc. 
 
 Symptoms — The animal is weak ; the pulse quick, and very weak in 
 some cases ; the appetite may be retained tolerably well ; the muscular 
 system becomes soft and flabby ; the belly distended, and when you press 
 upon it you can see it is the result of a fluid ; as well as being weak, th e 
 pulse is irregular ; there is, perhaps, a slight diarrhoea, and when there 
 is, the symptoms subside to some extent ; then constipation sets in, and 
 the swelling again returns. This disease is most common in the dog, 
 and it is astonishing how much fluid may be imprisoned in a dog. 
 
 Treatment. — Give those remedies that will tend to absorption of the 
 fluids ; support the strength ; encourage the appetite, and not restrict the 
 diet, but give any good food that will be taken ; and give iodine and 
 iodide of potassium, of each one drachm ; or acetate of potash, two or 
 three drachms, night and morning, and if the effusion is very great, the 
 operation of peraoentesis may afford temporary relief. This is easily 
 performed by means of a trochar and canula. However, this operation 
 is not followed by any great degree of success, for the fluid is likely to 
 collect again. It is sometimes, also, necessary to apply a bandage. If 
 the effusion is but slight it will be absorbed ; if it is too extensive to be 
 absorbed, there is not much success in treating it. 
 
 firllt Tie is occasionally noticed in working oxen. It gives rise to pain 
 and obstinate constipation ; he looks at the sides, etc. Some have 
 afforded relief by cutting into the abdominal cavity and unraveling it. 
 It is difficult to diagnose. The stomach of the ox is divided into four 
 stomachs, or divisions. The first is the rumen, or paunch ; the second, 
 the reticulum, or honey-comb ; the third, the omasum, or many plies ; the 
 fourth, the abomasum, or true digestive stomach. The food is taken 
 into the mouth and masticated to a certain extent ; it is then swallowed 
 and passes into the rumen ; when the rumen is full the process of rumina- 
 tion commences There is some difference of opinion about this process. 
 Some claim that it is performed by the rumen, and others that it is done 
 by the second, and some by the third stomach ; but some ruminants have 
 no third stomach, so it must pass from the rumen up the oesophagus, 
 and, after being remasticated, it is again swallowed and passes through 
 t,he oesophageal canal into the omasum and true digestive stomach. 
 
 Hoven Blown, or Tympanites. — This is common, and consists in a 
 distention of the rumen 'from the accumulation of gases, due to the sus- 
 pension of the peristaltic action of the stomach. The gases are carbonic 
 acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, and carburetted hydrogen gases, and, in 
 some cases, carbonic oxide. 
 
 Causes. — It is sometimes a symptom of choking, sometimes the result 
 of chronic indigestion, and may be symptomatic of disease of the liver, 
 parturient fever, etc. The great exciting cause is a sudden change in the 
 food. In some countries wet clover will produce it quickly, and in those 
 
168 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 places it is very dangerous to turn cattle upon wet clover in the morning. 
 Potatoes and turnips, especially if frozen a little, or feeding peelings, 
 etc., from the kitchen ; bran, shorts, etc., and any kind of food may pro- 
 duce it. In the acute form it is not usually accompanied by any organic 
 disease, but is the result of the evolution of gases. 
 
 Symptoms in many cases are alarming. The left flank swollen to a 
 great extent, and there may be eructations of gas in the early stages. 
 Rumination ceases ; there is a <drum-like noise from striking the swelling. 
 and from pressure upon the diaphragm the breathing is disturbed, and 
 the animal may die from asphyxia ; the head is protruded, and even the 
 tongue may protrude from the mouth ; the eyes bloodshot, the animal 
 staggers, falls, and expires, mostly from asphyxia, but it may be from 
 rupture. 
 
 Treatment. — This should be energetic. Give something that will 
 neutralize the gases, and form different compounds — carbonate of am- 
 monia one-half ounce to one ounce, or the aromatic spirits of ammonia, 
 which tends to combine with the gases. Another is chlorinated lime, 
 two to four drachms or even an ounce. Any of these should be given in 
 cold water ; but I prefer two, three or four ounces of turpentine, and raw 
 linseed oil from one-half pint to one quart in ordinary cases ; and it may 
 be advisable to follow with a purgative— give from one pound to one and 
 one-half pounds of Epsom salts. If the symptoms are very urgent, you 
 must relieve mechanically, which may be done with a hollow probang, 
 but the safest way is to puncture upon the left side, at equal distance 
 from the last rib, the transverse processes of the vertebra and the spine 
 of the ilium. The trochar used for the horse does very well, but it must 
 be pretty long ; after puncturing give a little turpentine and oil, and it is 
 good practice to follow by a purgative, and attend to the animal carefully 
 for some time. Give the best of food and tonics. If you have no trochar 
 use a small knife. 
 
 Impaction of the Rumen, Grain Sack, Etc.— It means an excess of 
 food in the rumen ; it paralyzes the muscular coats of the rumen, and 
 suspends digestion ; inferior food of any description is liable to produce 
 it. An animal getting loose at corn, oats or bran, especially if inferior, 
 and not first acted on by hot water, is liable to it. Corn cobs will also 
 cause it. 
 
 Symptoms. — I think there is generally more or less gas present ; rumi- 
 nation ceases ; the animal is dull, and suffers pain to some extent ; there 
 is a peculiar groan or grunt heard ; the pulse is quick ; sometimes there 
 is a discharge of saliva from the mouth ; he lies down, gets up, lies down, 
 etc., the left side is swollen, and instead of the hollow sound, it is a dead- 
 like sound, and by pressure jou find food is in the rumen, and you can 
 leave the marks of your fingers upon the outside ; the bowels are costive, 
 and if there are any feces passed they are covered with mucous. Food 
 may remain in the rumen for days, or even weeks, in a case where there 
 was impaired function of some kind. Sometimes it is thought the ani- 
 mal is choked, and in passing the probang it will not pass into the 
 stomach because of the food. 
 
 Treatment.— 1 recommend a dose of purgative medicine followed 
 by stimulants. Give one to one-and-a.half pounds of Epsom salts, 
 half ounce of ginger, dissolved in hot water, and give when cooled ; 
 or you may combine oae-half ounce of aloes with it. It is necessary 
 sometimes to give a large dose of purgative medicine. I have given 
 three or four pounds of salts before it would operate, but I think 
 you are more likely to have success from stimulants. Strangways 
 
DISEASES or DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 169 
 
 recommends quinine with the purgative, and nux vomica may be of 
 benefit ; and if these fail, you may perform rumenotomy ; and we 
 are apt to let a case run too far before we perform this; it would be 
 more successful if performed at an earlier stage. Rumenotomy is 
 cutting into the rumen and removing its contents, and is best per- 
 formed when the animal is standing ; and if the animal has been affected 
 for some time, you can cut to a considerable extent without the animal 
 seeming to care. So secure the animal against the wall, cut through the 
 skin and muscles in the same place you would puncture. (Some recom- 
 mend plunging the knife through all at once). Make an incision about 
 five inches long, exposing the rumen ; then make an incision in the 
 rumen and insert a handkerchief, or attach the walls by means of a 
 suture, to prevent the food from passing into the abdominal cavity, and 
 then remove the contents carefully. Some recommend leaving some 
 food in, but I generally clean it out pretty well, then bring the walls of 
 the rumen together. A metallic suture is the best, perhaps, and bring 
 the edges so it will slough into the stomach, then bring the other parts 
 together and give a slight purgative, and stimulants, if the animal is 
 weak. In a case where you give one or two good doses of purgative 
 medicine, then depend upon stimulants ; injections are also of benefit. 
 
 Ejection or Vomition can take place more readily in cattle than in 
 horses, but does not frequently occur because they are not easily nauseated. 
 It may arise from various causes, as irritation of the reticulum, aboma- 
 sum or true digestive stomach, but is generally due to some foreign body 
 therein, and a great many things may be found in the stomach, taken 
 in by a depraved appetite, as old shoes, clothes, bones, etc., and possibly 
 it may occur from some organic disease, as a tumour. It is best treated 
 by a slight laxative, as there is a possibility of the foreign body being 
 removed. Give six or eight ounces of Epsom salts with a pint of linseed 
 oil, and support the animal upon liquids for a few days, gruel, linseed 
 tea, etc., and if the irritation still continues you may give a small dose 
 of opium to allay the irritation ; but there is nothing, perhaps, that will 
 allay the irritation as quickly as hydrocyanic acid, fifteen, twenty, or 
 thirty drops two or three times a day. If these do not afford relief and 
 you think there is something in the rumen, it may be advisable to open 
 and explore the rumen with the hand, but you must exercise judgment in 
 such cases. Foreign bodies often get into the rumen, pass out and 
 through the diaphragm, and passing into the substance of the heart, pro- 
 duce what is known as traumatic pericarditis. 
 
 Hair Balls occur in all animals, but oftenest in cattle. They are 
 likely to accumulate and remain in the reticulum. They occur from ani- 
 mals licking one another. They attain considerable size, and set up 
 irritation ; in some cases they may pass out or break up ; they give rise 
 to indigestion, loss of rumination and ejection. The rumen may contain 
 one hundred and fifty or more pounds of food. Almost all sorts of 
 foreign bodies have been removed from the stomach of the ox. Youatt 
 relates a case where a lady's neckkerchief formed the nucleus for a 
 calculus. A case is also related where a coat was found in the stomach 
 of a slaughtered ox : and a snake three feet eleven inches in length was 
 taken from the oesophagjis bf an ox, after puncturing had been performed 
 without any permanent benefit. 
 
 Impaction of the Manyplies, at one time called fardel bound, and 
 
 also supposed to be of common occurrence, for if an animal suffers for a 
 
 week or two it is often impacted to a great extent. I believe, with Prof. 
 
 Williams, that it is often symptomatic of other diseases, but it does, 
 
 8 
 
170 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 however, occur as a primary affection. There are about one hundred or 
 one hundred and twenty of these leaves, and the food becomes impacted 
 between them until it seems almost as hard as a bone, or the ingesta 
 gets dry, and will crumble when a post mortem is made. 
 
 Causes. — Giving dry food which does not contain nutriment in propor- 
 tion to its bulk. It is more common in the spring, when the animal is 
 turned on an old pasture, and in getting the young grass he gets a large 
 amount of old, indigestible grass, and it may occur from inferior food, 
 frozen roots, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is a manifest loss of fat, and, if in a milch cow, 
 there is a decrease in the flow of milk ; perhaps at first a slight diarrhoea, 
 which speedily gives way to costiveness ; the mouth hot ; the ears and 
 horns usually rather hot ; the pulse quickened ; the muzzle dry and hot ; 
 the breathing increased. And this is apt to lead you to suppose the 
 animal is suffering some slight affection of the respiratory organs. There 
 is a slight moaning, and cases are sometimes mistaken for pleuro- 
 pneumonia, especially in those stall fed. There is also a grating of the 
 teeth, and the head becomes sympathetically affected by the nervous 
 system becoming affected, and this produces tremours, convulsions, and, 
 perhaps, death. The rumen is generally not distended to any great 
 extent, and there may be a tucked up appearance. The first symptom 
 often noticed is the cessation of rumination. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a good purgative, and follow it by stimulants, or 
 follow by quinine, one or one and a half drachms, and a few drops of 
 sulphuric acid, which dissolves the quinine. If the animal will drink 
 give plenty of water, and give chloride of sodium with the salts ; give 
 gruel, linseed tea, etc., but so long as the acute symptoms last there is no 
 great need of much food, for if the digestive organs are not in a condition 
 to receive it, it does more harm than good. You may give an ounce of 
 aloes with the Epsom salts, and, if the fever is great, give a few doses of 
 aconite. I do not recommend blood-letting. 
 
 White Scours, a form of diarrhoea in calves. It is usually the result 
 of irritation of the stomach more than of the small intestines. It is a 
 common disorder. I think there is more or less inflammatory action in 
 connection with the true stomach. It is gastritis, so to speak. The 
 exciting cause is the character of the milk, although there may be excep- 
 tional cases, where there is a tubercular diathesis. It is often caused by 
 giving the young calf milk from some other cow, instead of the first milk 
 of the mother, and even the milk of the mother may not be of the right 
 character, and so cause it ; another cause is giving skimmed milk. 
 
 Symptoms. — The feces are in a semi-fluid state, a yellowish white 
 colour ; sometimes mixed with hard portions ; the patient grates its 
 teeth, which is symptomatic of abdominal pain ; lies down ; raises the 
 head and looks towards the abdomen. 
 
 Treatment. — Endeavour to find the cause ; regulate the bowels by 
 giving good milk ; and it may be necessary, although the animal is weak, 
 to endeavour to get rid of the irritant by giving one, two or three ounces 
 of linseed oil, with an equal amount of lime water; castor oil may be 
 given, but linseed oil does very well. The lime tends to counteract the 
 acidity of the stomach, and the oil allays the irritation. Bicarbonate of 
 potash one scruple to half drachm, or even a drachm, according to the 
 size of the animal. If there is pain, give from twenty to fifty drops of 
 laudanum ; and stringents are sometimes required, but must be used with 
 extreme caution. Give catcheu half drachm, and prepared chalk one to 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 171 
 
 two drachms, or some flour gruel. If the milk is either too nutritious, or 
 the opposite, change the food of the mother, and in this way act upon 
 the milk. 
 
 Inflainmation of the true digestive stomach may be produced from 
 various causes ; anything that will cause impaction of the third stomach 
 will produce this - roots, corn, grasses, tares, fitches, etc. SjTnptoms are 
 somewhat similar to fardel bound. There is diarrhoea, followed by con- 
 stipation ; the respirations increased ; the muzzle dry and hot, or hot and 
 cold, and legs in the same condition. 
 
 Treatment.— Give a moderate laxative, and carefully use sedatives, and 
 attend to regulating diet ; and you are apt to mistake fardel bound for 
 inflammation of the true digestive stomach. 
 
 Diarrhoea in Cattle is due to a slight congested state of the alimentary 
 canal, from an irregular supply of water, impure water, etc. It is apt to 
 terminate in dysentery, which is more common in cattle than in horses. 
 There are liquid evacuations, tinged with blood, and sometimes mixed 
 with shreds of mucous membrane. Endeavour to find the cause ; give a 
 slight laxative, and follow by astringents, if necessary ; treat the same as 
 in the horse, but do not at once give astringents in diarrhcea. It is some- 
 times a prominent symptom in tubercular disease. 
 
 Enteritis in cattle is not so common as in horses. There is more or 
 less abdominal pain ; pulse quick ; grating of the teeth ; suspension of 
 rumination, etc. It does not prove fatal so quickly as in horses, and 
 cattle do not show such violent symptoms as horses. It is treated in much 
 the same way as in the horse. Be careful in giving pui-gatives ; give 
 hypodermic injections, opium or laudanum ; support the animal, and use 
 counter-irritation, which must be stronger in cattle than in horses, be- 
 cause the skin is thicker ; there is also twisting of the bowels, but it is 
 not so common, and does not destroy the animal so quickly as it does the 
 horse, but it is likely to prove fatal. 
 
 Constipation. is not so common in cattle as in horses, and is most 
 likely to occur in well-fed cattle. Feeding well upon turnips, corn, etc., 
 and also mill sw^eepings, may produce it. Cattle are more liable to dis- 
 ease of the large intestines, and horses to disease of the small intestines. 
 It is possible for a portion of ingesta to remain in the stomach of a cow 
 for a long time. A case is recorded where a cow was fed fitches and then 
 removed to where she could get no such food for six weeks, and a post 
 mortem revealed fitches with the ingesta. And when you make a post 
 mortem and find the third stomach impacted, do not make up your mind 
 in all cases that the animal died from impaction. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 
 
 Disea'^e of the Liver is not very common in the horse, yet we occa- 
 sionally meet with a well-marked case, and in post mortems we find 
 lesions in connection with the liver that were not detected through life. 
 There are many reasons why the horse is not liable. One is, that the 
 horse has no gall bladder — but I do not think that this has anything to 
 do with it, but I think that the simplicity of their living has. Liver dis- 
 ease is the result of eating, and climate tends to exert an influence, for it 
 is more common in hot countries. 
 
 Congestion of the Liver may and does occasionally occur, and it is 
 more likely to occur in a horse fed on a stimulating diet and getting but 
 little exercise. But it may exist with other causes — as disease of the 
 
172 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANt) TREATMENT Of 
 
 valves of the heart, which affects the whole system, to some extent, and 
 usually the liver ; and also in chronic disease of the lungs. Chronic 
 emphysema has been said to cause it, but we have seen horses with the 
 heaves live for some time and show no signs of liver disease. If it pro- 
 ceeds from heart disease, it produces passive congestion of the veins, and 
 sometimes of the arterial vessels; but a stimulating diet is the most com- 
 mon cause— a large amount of corn, oats, etc. — and doing but little work. 
 
 Symptoms. — They are not very plain, and you will have trouble in 
 diagnosing it. The attack is, perhaps, somewhat sudden, but before this, 
 perhaps, the animal is dull ; the bowels disordered ; slight diarrha-a, and 
 then costiveness ; slight abdominal pain, but not such as in colic or 
 enteritis ; it is shown by more or less restlessness, turning the head and 
 looking at the side — more to the right than the left, some say ; the pulse 
 quick, and, in some cases, weak ; and after a time the secretion of the 
 liver is interfered with, the result of which is yellowness of the mucous 
 membranes, and, although he suffers pain, he does not lie tor any length 
 of time, especially if the capsules of the liver is affected, but stands up 
 much the same as in lung disease ; but in lung disease the quickened 
 breathing and changes can be detected by auscultation and percussion 
 
 Treatment. — If it occurs in a pampered animal, give from seven 
 to nine drachms of aloes. I do not recommend calomel. However, 
 in some cases it is a benefit, in others it is injurious. Apply judi- 
 cious counter irritation, and you can scarcely ever go far wrong in 
 applying heat to the abdomen, even if there is difficulty in making 
 up your mind. Sulphate of magnesia is another remedy, but do not 
 give a purgative dose ; or you may give, instead, sulphate of soda, which 
 acts as a febrifuge. Give g'auber or Epsom salts in the water one to 
 three times a day. Another good one is iodide of potassium ; regulate 
 the diet. Congestion of the liver is more common in sheep than in horses, 
 and may produce softening or disintegration, which is due to the feeding, 
 especially if fed on a stimulating diet. There may be no signs till shortly 
 before death ; then there is pain ; the animal rolls, perhaps ; the mucous 
 membranes show a yellow tinge, and the post mortem shows the liver en- 
 larged ; has a yellowish appearance, and can easily be broken between the 
 thumb and finger. There can be but little done for it. but if you are 
 called, and find that several have died, make a post mortem and try to 
 find the cause of the death, and you may prveent it in others by giving a 
 less stimulating diet — the sulphate of soda, or the hypo-sulphite of soda, 
 iodide of potassium, a slight purgative, etc. It is more frequent in dogs, 
 usually the result of being pampered, fed upon sweets and getting but 
 little exercise. He refuses food ; seems weak and debilitated ; there is a 
 yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes ; and if in a light- skinned ani- 
 mal, the whole skin is yellow. Give a good purgative of jalap or syrup of 
 buckthorn, then iodide of potassium ; regulate the diet and give some ex- 
 ercise. Feeding nothing but cold water for two or three days, and giving 
 exercise, will often cure it in dogs. 
 
 Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Liver, may either be acute or 
 chronic. It may involve a part or the whole of the organ, but in most 
 cases, in the horse, I think it only involves a part, and suppuration may 
 result, and an abscess of the liver, which may result either from circum- 
 scribed or diffuse inflammation. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal shows pain by looking at the sides, lying 
 down, etc., but does not roll in a violent manner, although some works 
 say he does. In other cases he stands most of the time ; the breathing 
 slightly affected ; the pulse quick ; the head turned to the side ; the inner 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 173 
 
 side of the lips, cheeks, etc., assuming a yellowish tinge, and the feces 
 are covered with mucous ; the brain may become sympathetically affected, 
 causing staggers, etc. Another symptom is lameness in the off fore leg. 
 You may meet such a symptom, but do not attribute it to the liver unless 
 the lameness is very obscure. It is said that such lameness has been 
 caused by a foreign body in the liver. There will be a scanty supply of 
 urine, and it may be tinged with bile. 
 
 Treatment. — If the pulse is strong, give a few doses of sedative medi- 
 cine ; but if it is weak, then give stimulants ; also give a moderate dose 
 of laxative medicine ; then give iodide of potassium or nitrate of potash, 
 and improve the system by regulating the diet, and give tonics ; but be 
 careful with purgatives in any case where the animal is debilitated and 
 the appetite gone ; but perhaps a small dose of nitrous ether, and injec- 
 tions are useful. It is more apt to occur in a circumscribed than in a 
 diffuse form, and it may go on to a considerable extent before there are 
 any well-marked symptoms. It is more common in old debilitated 
 animals. 
 
 Jaundice is perhaps the most common disease of the liver. It is often 
 only symptomatic of some other disease. It is symptomatic of any dis- 
 ease of the liver, of inflammation, hardening, calculi, hydated abscesses, 
 etc., and it may prove a sequel of some debilitating disease, as influenza, 
 strangles, etc., by exhibiting a yellowness of the mucous membranes, and 
 of course is jaundice. In man it is of such an extent as to stain the 
 linen of the patient, and may arise from various causes ; it may arise 
 from suppression or obstruction. By obstruction, by closing of the hepa- 
 tic duct, from inflammation of the lining membrane ; obstruction by cal- 
 culi, gall stones, tumours, hydatids, etc. It may be due to closure 
 of the hepatic and common duct, resulting from adhesive inflammation, 
 gall stones being firmly impacted therein, or anything that will obstruct 
 the flow of bile. Another cause is destruction of the hepatic cells, as in 
 trophy and induration of the liver, etc. There are certain tests by which 
 you can form an idea of which of these it is. Take two drachms of urine, 
 add one-half drachm of sulphuric acid and a small amount of loaf sugar 
 — a piece the siae of a pea — and if at the line of contact of the two 
 liquids a scarlet or purple colour is produced, the acids of the bile which 
 are only secreted by the liver are present, and it is due to obstruction. If 
 some of those ingredients which are only found in the liver are absent, 
 then the sugar takes on a brownish appearance, and it is due to suppres- 
 sion. But I do not say this is always a true test. There is yellowness 
 of the mucous membranes, the pulse weak, a furred condition of the ton- 
 gue, the secretions generally impaired, appetite impaired, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a moderate laxative, iodide of potassium, and then 
 tonics. If there is suppression then perhaps there is benefit in calomel, 
 but I do not recommend it in all cases. If the animal is strong give a 
 laxative ; if not, give stimulants ; if in summer give nice green food in 
 small quantities, and carefully use stimulants. The dog also suffers from 
 jaundice ; give a moderate laxative, regulate the diet, and recovery will 
 usually result. 
 
 Rupture of the Liver, — It is occasionally seen in the horse ten or 
 twelve years old, that has been highly fed and exercised but little, and if 
 put to violent exercise, it causes hemorrhage and death. 
 
 Symptoms are internal hemorrhage; the animal falters, shows pain, 
 looks at the sides ; the pulse runs down quickly, perhaps is strong for a 
 few minutes at first ; the mucous membrane becomes pale and blanched, 
 and a post mortem will reveal a rupture of some of the vessels ; perhaps 
 
174 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 a small vessel may be ruptured and the animal live for some time. If 
 you suspect rupture apply cold water to the sides ; give acetate of lead, 
 one scruple, once or twice a day. It is very difi&cult to diagnose an in- 
 ternal rupture, but you may be able to do it. I have known rupture of 
 the heart to occur, and death is almost instantaneous. In otker internal 
 ruptures death occurs in about twenty to fifty minutes. 
 
 Biliary Calculi, or Bile Stones, are not so common in the horse as 
 in man, but they may exist in great numbers, and when they do 
 they generally give rise to the obstruction of the flow of bile, caus- 
 ing it to be re-absorbed into the system, and this gives rise to 
 jaundice ; therefore jaundice may be a symptom of biliary calculi. 
 There may be, perhaps, ninety or more of these present at one time. 
 These may set up irritation and cause ulceration of the biliary duct, and 
 irritation of the intestines as well. Persons living high and taking but 
 little exercise are liable to these. If you suspect the.=e, which will be 
 shown by yellowness of the mucous membranes, irritation, etc., try the 
 effect of a slight laxative of oil or aloes, and follow by one half drachm 
 to one drachm of hydrochloric acid, well diluted, two or three times a 
 day. It has a tendency to dissolve the calculi, and there is no great risk 
 in trying it, as it is not likely to do any harm. 
 
 Atrophy of the Liver also oocurs -, and also the contrary, or hyper- 
 trophy. The horse gradually falls off in condition ; the digestive organs 
 become impaired ; there is diarrhcea or costiveness ; the feces become 
 changed in colour, although the animal has been fed upon the same 
 kind of food ; by and by there is yellowness of the membranes. This 
 may run on for some time, and the horse still be able to do some work. 
 
 Scirrhous Induration is more likely to occur in old horses, and in 
 most cases is the result of faulty feeding. In man it is often the result 
 of the continued use of intoxicants, especially of a poor quality. The 
 animal falls off in condition ; there is irregularity of the digestive organs ; 
 yellowness of the eyes and mouth, and the animal dies a lingering death. 
 No doubt if the urine, in such a case, had been tested by Harley's test, it 
 would have shown that there was suppre<^sion present. But little can be 
 done for it ; regulate the diet, and use iodide of potassium, etc. 
 
 Functional Disorder of the Liver, without any actual disease being 
 present, is occasionally seen, as in indigestion. Bile is not secreted 
 properly, and a slight yellowness of the membrane appears, costiveness, 
 etc. A convenient term for this is torpidity of the liver. Give those 
 remedies that tend to increase the secretion of the bile ; calomel has such 
 a tendency ; give one scruple to one-half drachm every day for four or 
 five days, and follow by a slight laxative ; regulate the diet and give 
 tonics, but do not give tonics till the system is prepared for it. An irreg- 
 ular supply of salt tends to produce liver troubles. 
 
 Rot in Sheep is due to a flake worm, distoma hepaticum in the duct 
 and even in the substance of the liver. The liver presents a reddened 
 appearance, the tissues are disintegrated, etc. I do not think it exists to 
 any great extent in Canada ; it may exist in the southern part of the 
 United States. In- Britain it is common, and destroys millions of sheep. 
 The ovum of this worm is taken into the stomach and gets into the duct, 
 and gains access to the liver, and after remaining there for some time it 
 changes and escapes by way of the intestines, then undergoes various 
 changes and produces an ovum which may again be taken by the sheep 
 in their water. These parasites are developed to a great extent in the 
 liver, and usually give rise to pain. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 175 
 
 Symptoms — It is said that the animal thrives for some time after the 
 worms are deposited. After a time the wool is easily pulled and an 
 odematbus swelling takes place under the throat ; yellowness of the eyes, 
 etc. The shepherds in Britain can determine it just by the appearance 
 of the eye. It is usually the result of pasturing upon wet lands. 
 
 Treatment. — Prevention is better than cure. Move the animals from 
 low to high lands, and give hypo-sulphite of soda and plenty of common 
 salt ; and the giving of turpentine is worthy of trial. This disease is 
 more common in wet years. 
 
 Spleen. — This is the largest ductless gland in the body, and its func- 
 tion is not very well known. It may be removed from the lower animals, 
 and the animal live and enjoy pretty good health. The spleen, as other 
 organs, is liable to inflammation, but is more liable to congestion. 
 Splenic apoplexy occurs in cattle, and the horse sometimes suffers from 
 conjestion of the spleen, which may be followed by inflammation. 
 
 Splenitis. — Diseases of the spleen are hard to diagnose correctly. An 
 animal may suffer severe pain internally for several days, and then death 
 takes place ; and a post mortem may reveal an inflamed or gangrenous 
 condition of the spleen. I think it is more common in malarial districts, 
 and I think that the horse suffers frcm malarial fever. I knew one horse 
 in particular, that was owned down near New Orleans, showed slight 
 indigestion, dulness, could not stand work, etc , and was sold very cheap : 
 was taken to Minnesota, and became one of the best horses in America. 
 
 Symptoms are similar to colic, and when a horse shows slight sj'mp- 
 toms of colic, rolls, etc., and gets up apparently well, it may be that he is 
 suffering from irritation of some or,her part In diseases of the spleen, 
 the pulse is quick, and I think tolerably weak ; and in some cases, before 
 the acute symptoms appear, the animal is dull and languid, showing that 
 the disease was coming on gradually ; the animal has a great tendency 
 to hang the head and lop the ears ; but this is symptomatic of any debil- 
 ity. Inflammation of the spleen is supposed to be more common during 
 summer. I have never seen a well marked case of it. If you suspect it, 
 give opiates and a gentle laxative, and use counter-irritation, and after 
 the acute symptoms are allayed, give iodine and iodide of potassium. In 
 any case of abdominal pain you cannot make any great mistake in giving 
 opium or hyj^odermic injections. I believe the spleen is more liable to 
 chronic than acute diseases, except in apoplexy. It is liable to hypertro- 
 phy, I believe, in malarial fever, as in the ague. It is difficult to detect, 
 and is determined by negative symptoms ; the animal pines away without 
 showing disease of any organ. There may be softening, rupture and mela- 
 notic deposits. The spleen has been found enlarged and varying in weight 
 from twenty to eighty-eight and a half pounds. It is also liable to a kind 
 of ossification or cartilaginous change, and the symptoms are similar to 
 the foregoing ; the horse becomes weak ; the appetite impaired, but not 
 entirely gone ; gradual emaciation ensues ; the circulation not much dis- 
 turbed ; the pulse perhaps forty or forty-four, and weak ; and although the 
 animal gradually falls off in condition, the coat will remain as sleek as in 
 health, which is an exception in debility ; the bowels are irregular, 
 and the horse is not able to do much work. If you examine the lungs, 
 they are regular, and there are no abdominal sounds ; you examine the 
 urine, and find the kidneys all right ; there is no yellowness of the mem- 
 branes, and the symptoms which I have mentioned are present, then you 
 may conclude that it is the spleen. Enlargement has been detected by 
 e^Q,XQ.\n\ng per rectum ; but to do this, give a slight laxative, and then 
 try iodide of potassium — one or two drachms once or twice a day ; or, 
 give iodide itself. You may have dropsy in connection with this. 
 
176 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 PANCREAS AND SPLEEN. 
 
 The character of the diseases of the pancreas is somewhat obscure. 
 Death may occur and yet we are unable to diagnose the disease — but it 
 is rare. When the secretions of the pancreas are impaired, the fatty 
 principles of the food pass off unchanged. This is seen in the human 
 being and in the dog. The animal falls off in condition ; there is weak 
 pulse and more or less abdominal pain ; fats pass unchanged ; pancreatic 
 calculi are also found — more frequently in cattle ; the large and small 
 ducts may be affected by them ; it is more likely to occur where the water 
 is largely impregnated with the salts of lime. Treat it by changing the 
 food and water, and give mineral acids. It is very hard to diagnose 
 correctly, and when you go into practice, and your patient dies from any- 
 thing out of the regular order of disease, always make a post mortem 
 examination. 
 
 Splenic Apoplexy in Cattle should perhaps come under " anthrax." 
 This is rather common in cattle. It is an enlargement of the spleen 
 with blood, which interrupts its vital function, and causes disease. 
 Recent researches have thrown some light upon this subject, but it is 
 still a large field for investigation. It is a blood disease— the constitu- 
 ents of the blood are changed to a considerable extent. The blood, from 
 various causes, undergoes peculiar changes, and is brought to a stand-still 
 in the spleen. 
 
 Causes. — It is now held that it is due to the presence of the bacillus 
 anthracis— small spores which enter the blood in some way or other, 
 either through the digestive system or through a wound. This is the 
 opinion generally held, but I think we meet with cases where it is hard 
 to account for it in this way. However, these spores may be carried in 
 different ways. I have seen a few where, I think, it could scarcely be 
 attributed to these spores, although it is now generally admitted that 
 these cause it. The exciting causes are changing from poor to rich food ; 
 a deficient supply of water, although it is pure, and pasturing the animals 
 upon low, damp lands in hot weather ; at one time plenty of water, 
 which becomes scarce and changed in character. Water containing a 
 large per cent, of solid matter, is liable to produce disease. I saw two 
 or three cases in the neighborhood of Paris, in the summer of 1872, 
 which was dry and hot. They received an irregular supply of good 
 water. Some of them died, and post mortems revealed lesions of the 
 spleen, presenting all the symptoms of splenous apoplexy. Then they 
 received plenty of water, and no more were attacked. It has been noticed 
 where animals have been fed upon turnips which were grown upon cer- 
 tain soils or manures ; but I am inclined to think it is due to spores get- 
 ting in in some way. If you meet with it, examine the character of the 
 food, pasture, etc., carefully. 
 
 Symptoms are alarming and of short duration. An animal may be 
 apparently perfectly healthy at night and be dead in the morning, but he 
 may have been affected for some time, for it is noticed that the tempera- 
 ture is increased before other symptoms are shown, and after the pains 
 increase the temperature becomes less and natural. Then the animal 
 shows uneasiness ; the urine is high coloured, and is said, in some cases, 
 to be streaked with blood ; the pulse small and thready ; the breathing 
 accelerated and stertorous ; the head affected in various ways ; sometimes 
 comatose, at others convulsions, and sometimes the animal will bellow 
 with pain, and the symptoms are no sooner revealed than the animal is 
 dying. Nothing can be done in the way of treatment, but change the 
 locality, food and water, and make a thorough investigation of all the 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 177 i 
 
 { 
 
 food, and give a slight laxative. Try hyposulphate of soda as a pre- ' 
 
 ventive. Decomposition takes place quickly after death. When you ' 
 
 make a post mortem, it is beat to do it as soon as possible. Under the \ 
 
 skin it looks like the animal had been bled to death, and sometimes ; 
 
 there is ecchymosis in the intestinal canal. The spleen will be increased I 
 in weight two or three pounds, and will be full of blood, and if held up 
 
 the blood will gravitate from one end to the other. The blood is also i 
 
 changed in character. Sometimes there is a discharge of a kind of i 
 
 frothy mucous from the nose, and it is sometimes tinged with blood ; and ' 
 
 sometimes a similar discharge takes place from the vagina. One farmer, ■ 
 
 near Brockford, has lost in the past four years nineteen head of cattle, ! 
 
 in which case I am satisfied it is of a local character ; but at the same j 
 
 time it may be due to those spores. I think we have congestion of the i 
 
 spleen, which terminates fatally, that is not due to the bacillus anthra- | 
 
 cis. I would recommend you, in making post mortems, to be careful ■ 
 
 especially after decomposition sets in, if there are any sores upon the i 
 
 hands. I do not think it is very dangerous, but a certain amount of j 
 
 caution is necessary. If you meet with it, change the locality, give j 
 
 laxatives, stimulants, tonics, etc. ; carbolic acid is also recommended. i 
 
 DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. 
 
 Nephritis, Inflamniation of tlie Kidaeys.— The kidneys are the 
 great eliminators of the system, and as we cannot act so readily 
 upon the skin in our patients, we frequently act upon the kidneys. 
 Nephritis may occur in the acute or chronic form, and is more often 
 sub-acute or chronic, in the horse. Disease of the kidneys is often sus- 
 pected where it does not exist — as in rolling, looking at the sides, show- 
 ing pain, etc. These do not always indicate disease of the kidneys, but 
 sometimes do, and you will be called to treat what is supposed to be 
 disease of the kidneys, which is not. In enteritis the kidneys are affected 
 to a certain extent. 
 
 Causes. — Exposure to cold ; food possessing diuretic properties too 
 largely ; musty food of any kind which over-stimulates the kidneys and 
 causes more or less inflammation ; eating certain herbs, grasses, etc.; 
 suppressed perspiration ; also, diuretic medicines in too large quantities 
 — bweet spirits of nitre, resin, nitrate of potash, etc., if too much is 
 given, or if it is given too frequently. It is also said to result from 
 violent exertion of any kind, especially with a heavy weight upon the 
 back. But in most cases it is due to the food, medicines, or exposure to 
 cold. It may terminate in resolution, softening, or enlargement of the 
 kidneys ; but when it goes on to any great extent, the lining membrane 
 of the uriniferous tubes passes off in the urine, which destroys the charac- 
 ter of the kidneys to a certain extent, and it may terminate in ulceration 
 and poisoning of the blood, when it is usually fatal. 
 
 Symptoms. — More or less fever ; the pulse varying from sixty to eighty, 
 and it is not the full bounding pulse of enteritis ; the mouth is hot and 
 dry, more perhaps than in some cases of enteritis. There is considerable 
 pain in the region of the kidneys, and more or less abdominal pain ; he 
 lies down and rolls, but not to the same extent as in enteritis, arx/l does 
 not try to lie upon the back ; turns the nose to the flank, and /puts it 
 higher up ; the ears perhaps alternately hot and cold ; the breathing in- 
 creased ; frequent attempts to urinate, passes perhaps a small /Amount of 
 high-coloured urine, which looks like it was mixed with Wood, which 
 may be possible, and it may contain casts of the uriniferoua-'tubes. The 
 
 / 
 
178 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANt> TREATMENT OP 
 
 urine may be retained for a short time in the bladder. If the disease 
 goes on and relief is not obtained, the symptoms change some ; the pulse 
 becomes weaker and weaker, the coat changes, the horse looks dull and 
 stupid, showing urtemic poisoning, and if both kidneys are affected, and 
 their secretions arrested, this results very soon. After passing urine the 
 pain is sometimes increased ; all the secretions are more or less affected. 
 Azoturia is often mistaken for inflammation of the kidneys. 
 
 Treatment must be energetic ; a sedative is recommended. Formerly 
 blood-letting was the remedy used, but fifteen, twenty or thirty drops of 
 Flemming's tincture of aconite is better ; and give an oleaginous purga- 
 tive—one quart of raw linseed oil. To relieve the pain you may use 
 opium or hypodermic injections of morphia ; also injections not only to 
 cause the bowels to act, but tepid water has a good effect upon the kid- 
 neys. Clothe the body well and endeavour to induce perspiration. 
 Slight perspiration around the flanks and shoulders is symptomatic of 
 the disease. Apply hot cloths, mustard, etc., over the loins, and newly- 
 Hayed sheepskin is an old and good counter-irritation. Sometimes 
 blister, but do not use cantharides, for it tends to over-stimulate the 
 kidneys ; it may be used in azoturia. Pressure over the loins is a test 
 for kidney disease, but is uncertain, for any thin-skinned animal will 
 flinch from pressure here, and the kidneys are deep-seated and well pro- 
 tected, but it may increase the pain. It is also recommended to examine 
 per rectum. After the symptoms subside some, regulate the diet and give 
 a few doses of carbonate of soda. At one time it was recommended to 
 give colomel. You may give belladonna instead of opium in some cases. 
 
 Nejpliritis, I believe, often occurs in the sub-acute or chronic form, 
 and IS caused by poor ]<ceping and hard work, or a large amount of 
 diuretic medicines, which over- stimulate the kidne^ys. But a slight 
 amount of urine passes ; the horse rolls about and is uneasy ; stands 
 with his hind limbs well back ; there is slight swelling of the limbs, the 
 urine sometimes nearly natural, and sometimes streaked with blood ; the 
 pulse is not affected to any great extent. Give a slight laxative ; regulate 
 the diet ; give demulcents, and give carbonate of soda ; use counter- 
 irritants, hot water, mustaad, etc., but no cantharides. Williams recom- 
 mends the application of digitalis over the kidneys ; also give tonics. 
 We are often consulted about a case of some slight irritation of the 
 urinary organs, which may be due to functional disorder of the kidneys, 
 or to over-stimulation by diuretic, and it is well to ascertain whether 
 such medicines have been given. In such cases give a few doses of tonics, 
 as sulphate of iron, and in eight or ten days give a diuretic. Some 
 recommend tartar emetic to act upon the skin, but it is not reliable, and 
 in fact there are no certainly reliable medicines of this kind in our prac- 
 tice. Inflammation may terminate in resolution, suppuration, indura- 
 tion, atrophy, or hypertrophy, and when one kidney becomes affected 
 the other is apt to take on just the opposite condition. If one becomes 
 , atrophied, the other becomes hypertrophied, etc., and disease may exist 
 "^^n one kidney for some time without producing death ; even suppuration 
 hns been noticed in some of our subjects. 
 
 Polyuria, Diuresis, Diabetes, Insipidis.— It is classed as a diatetic 
 disease, and I think it is just as well to notice it in connection with the 
 urinary organs. Pure diabetis is where the food is converted into sugar 
 and pa.sses off through the kidneys, and I think it is better to use the 
 term polyuria or diuresis. There is an enoimous amount of aqueous 
 urine passed ; it is more watery than in health ; it is of low specific 
 gravity, and contains an excess of urea'and chloride of sodium, and some 
 other acids are said to exist. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 179 
 
 Symptoms. — The principal one is the great amount of urine voided, 
 which is clear and watery ; this sometimes occurs to a slight extent, 
 and we can scarcely give it the name of a disease. It is sometimes 
 just what we desire. If there is irritation of the respiratory organs, 
 we give medicine to act upon the kidneys, and it is not then called 
 a disease. The cause that generally gives rise to it is some error in 
 feeding, and so it is classed as a diatetic disease ; inferior food, as 
 musty hay, oats, beans, peas, etc , are causes. It is also a sequel 
 to some dibilitating disease, the result of some change of tissue in 
 the system. It is sometimes the result of strangles and influenza, 
 and is not a bad symptom unless it continues for more than two or 
 three days. It is said to be a premonitory symptom of glanders, and 
 that it is quite possible from the change of tissues. It is also said to be 
 produced by drinking impure water, and the continued use of diuretics. 
 
 The Symptoms are essential and incidental. The essential are intense 
 thirst - it seems that you cannot satisfy the thirst — a case is recorded 
 in which a hor^e drank thirty-eight gallons of water in five hours. The 
 horse is dull ; the appetite impaired, but not entirely gone ; a copious 
 secretion of clear urine, of light gravity The incidental symptoms are 
 such as are common to indigestion — a diy, dusty coat ; hidebound (hide- 
 bound is not a disease, but symptomatic of disease) ; the circulation is 
 not affected, but exercise affects it more or less ; after a while the pulse be- 
 comes intermittent, and death may take place from antemia, or it may 
 terminate in some other disease. 
 
 Treatment —Inquire as to the kind of food, and change it, and if in 
 the summer, give green food. If this cannot be done give a certain 
 amount of cooked food. I use Dick's remedy : One drachm of iodine 
 each day for four or five days, and change the food It acts like a charm. 
 Where there is great thirst, give plenty of good, pure water— give it fre- 
 quently and in all quantities. If these fail, give mineral and vegetable 
 tonics, powdered opium, carbonate of soda, the tincture of iron, etc ; or, 
 sulphate of iron, one drachm •, arsenious acid, two or three grains ; mix 
 and give once a day ; or you may increase it to two doses a day ; or try 
 the tincture of the chloride of iron. Williams noticed that when iodine 
 was given for glanders, there was not any great desire for water — hence 
 the use of iodine If it occurs as a sequel of some debilitating disease, 
 the treatment is similar. 
 
 Iscliiiria. — We use this term for both suppression and retention of 
 urine. True ischuria is where it is secreted and retained ; false, is where 
 it is not secreted. It is, no doubt, symptomatic of nephritis, or anything 
 that will interfere with the secretion of urine. Suppression may pro- 
 ceed from functional inactivity of the kidneys ; from fevers of any descrip- 
 tion, which interferes with the secretions of the kidneys. When it is just 
 functional inactivity, give those remedies which act directly upon the 
 kidneys — give one or two ounces of nitre, in water ; or a diuretic ball of 
 resin — nitre and soft soap. True ischuria sometimes appears where the 
 urine is secreted and retained in the bladder, and the bladfier may become 
 gieatly distended and give rise to well-marked symptoms in many cases ; 
 and it is serious, as it may lead to paralysis, and even rupture, of the 
 bladder. It may be due to spasms of the neck of the bladder ; or to cal- 
 culi ; or in old animals, to enlargement of the prostrate gland. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal attempts to urinate ; stamps with the feet ; 
 turns the head to the side ; lies down and gets up, etc., and almost groans 
 with pain when attempting to urinate. If it is a horse the penis, in some 
 cases, hangs pendulous. Sometimes a horse shows a difficulty in urin- 
 
180 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANL» TREATMENT OK 
 
 ating when there is no abnormal condition of the kidneys. This some- 
 times occurs from want of straw or other bedding under him. As a 
 general thing, you can have conclusive evidence or retention by examin- 
 ing per rectum. A nice clyster of warm water will sometimes relieve it 
 by a relaxing action. If it is due to spasms, or even if due to calculi, 
 sometimes pressure upon the neck of the bladder with the hand will 
 relieve it. If these fail, then use elastic catheter, which can be inserted 
 up the penis. Take hold of the penis with the left hand and insert it 
 carefully, and when it reaches the point where it has to make the turn, 
 use a little pressure, and you may even need to pass the hand into the 
 rectum to prevent it from passing into the ejaculatory duct. In passing 
 it in the female, put the hand in and find the meatus urinarious ; raise 
 the valve and insert the catheter. In the passage there may, in some 
 cases, be some difficulty, but not as a general thing. As well as this, a 
 good opiate will sometimes afford relief in spasms of the neck and blad- 
 der ; or give hypodermic injections ; or a few good doses of belladonna 
 may be of benefit ; and you may even inject the bladder with a little 
 tepid water. 
 
 Cystitis, Inflammation of the Bladder, is seldom seen, except 
 from difficult parturition ; but exposure to the cold, diuretic medicines 
 and bad blood may produce it. The animal walks with a straggling gait ; 
 the urine is passed frequently, but in small quantities at a time — but 
 there may be the natural amount, Examination may show pain and 
 heat in the parts. Keep the animal quiet ; give an oleaginous purgative ; 
 inject the rectum, and even the bladder, with tepid water, to which may 
 be added a little opium, which can be done in either the horse or mare ; 
 give a few doses of carbonate of soda, and follow with demulcent drinks, 
 etc. 
 
 Fung'oid Growths in the Bladder, either cancerous or melanotic, 
 may grow and almost fill up the bladder. Ureters become enlarged, and 
 take on the functions of the bladder, to a certain extent, by becoming en- 
 larged. Hard work and poor keeping favor their production. Old horses, 
 so kept, are most liable to this. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal appears somewhat stiff in the quarters, but 
 not actually lame. This disappears some by exercise ; he gradually loses 
 flesh until he is unable to do any work ; the pulse is not affected ; strains 
 violently when urinating, and the urine may be tinged with blood, or 
 blood may be noticed after the urine is passed, in some cases, and the 
 urine in such a case may be almost natural. Make a careful examination 
 t>er rectum ; also examine the condition of the blood. The passage of the 
 blood after the urine is also symtoniatic of calculi. In such cases little 
 can be done — but you may try the effect of medicine. With this you oc- 
 casionally find small calcareous deposits ; hence, you may try hydiochloric 
 acid, one-half to two drachms, well diluted with water, two or three times 
 a day. Cutting in and removing these is not successful. Melanotic de- 
 posits are more common in gray horses. You may detect hypertrophy 
 per rectum, if it is exceedingly large. 
 
 Albuminous Urine, Albuminuria. — It is often symptomatic of 
 other diseases. It is an excess of albumen in the urine. It is seldom 
 noticed in the horse. It is sometimes the result of acute nephritis, 
 but may appear without any organic disease of the kidneys. It may 
 result through nervous influence, by derangement of the digestive 
 system. 
 
 The Causes are exposure to cold, improper food, etc., and it is most 
 likely to occur in horses worked hard and exposed to the vicissitudes 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 181 . 
 
 of the weather. So long as a horse is well kept and well cared for j 
 exposure does not affect him so much. In man it is often brought | 
 about by nervous excitement or hard work, especially nervous work, i 
 The animal loses condition and flesh, has an unthrifty appearance ; ' 
 swelling of the legs, which perhaps partially disappears during exer- I 
 cise ; the appetite irregular ; pulse weak ; stiffness of the back and j 
 loins ; costiveness, but not constipated ; the urine straw-coloured, and ■ 
 if tested albumen can be detected. Take a small amount of urine and I 
 apply heat (100° Farenheit), and the albumen coagulates if the urine i 
 is acid, and the coagulum does not dissolve by heat, but if it is alkaline '- 
 you must add nitric or some other acid ; no doubt it may sometimes 
 act upon the urea and form a precipitate, but this precipitate will dis- , 
 solve by heat. "i 
 
 Treatment. — Attend to the hygienic treatment, and do not expose ; 
 the animal to the vicissitudes of the weather. Give perhaps boiled ; 
 food, as boiled oats, barley, etc., and in some cases give a mild purge. 
 But perhaps the animal is weakened ; in such a case be careful with ; 
 purgatives ; but I think this is an exception to the rule, and I think a ' 
 purgative is beneficial, especially if the limbs are swollen. For the i 
 after-treatment give sulphate of iron, one to one and one-half drachms, • 
 with arsenious acid, one to two grains. Then give vegetable tonics, ': 
 and build up the system as well as you can. I knew a case of a man ' 
 whose limbs and testicles became swollen, and after various remedies ; 
 had been tried without success — which acted violently, causing exten- j 
 sive watery evacuations — it relieved the man for several years. After ; 
 it attains a certain stage it is incurable, for all the food is passed off ; 
 through the kidneys instead of building up the tissues. It may, in j 
 some cases, be necessary to stimulate the kidneys, to a certain extent. I 
 
 Calculi may be found in all glands, but more commonly in the j 
 urinary organs. They are found in all animals in the kidneys, 
 withers, bladder and urethra. They are called renal when in the 
 kidneys, and are generally in the pelvis of the kidney, but at first they 
 may have formed in the tubes and come down and lodged in the pelvis. 
 This may exist without any disease being present, but no doubt we , 
 occasionally meet with disease of the kidney, induration, enlargement, ■ 
 or tumours which may have been excited by calculi. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal shows uneasiness and colicky pains, which ' 
 pains, perhaps, disappear in a short time, and the animal is appar- 
 ently restored to health. There is straining in passing the urine, and ■ 
 after it is passed there is pain, and if it exists to any great extent, the 
 animal gradually falls off in condition, and if you examine the urine, ; 
 the true character may possibly be seen by the sediment which is : 
 deposited after standing for some time. It is more common in cattle i 
 than in horses. 
 
 Causes. — The exciting causes are the food and water. It is said that j 
 animals fed on turnips are more liable. Calculi are made up of car- 
 bonate of magnesia, phosphate of lime, etc. I have noticed that 
 where the water is strongly impregnated with the salts of lime the j 
 animals suffer more from this. Sometimes the animal may be in j 
 good condition and have calculi to a great extent — even remain in ■ 
 good condition until death. And it is possible that calculi may be '. 
 present for a considerable length of time before the symptoms become ; 
 well marked. The animal lies down, turns the head to the side, etc. j 
 Examine the condition of the urine, either chemically or by letting it ! 
 stand. 
 
182 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 Treatment. — Allay the irritation as well as you can by giving 
 mucilaginous drinks — as linseed tea, etc.— change the food and water, 
 and try mineral acids. Give from one-half to two drachms of 
 hydrochloric acid two or even three times a day, well diluted in water, 
 and, perhaps, give a moderate laxative. If it occurs in the urethra, it 
 is called urethral calculi. 
 
 Vesiciilie, or Cysts, iu the Bladder. — These vary in size. They 
 may be the size of a pea or smaller, or they may weigh several ounces. 
 They are caused by the character of the food. Horses highly fed upon 
 stimulating food, and those used for certain purposes, and not allowed 
 to urinate when nature demands it, are subject to it. The same 
 causes that produce renal calculi will produce cystic calculi. A foreign 
 body may produce a nucleus for them. They present different appear- 
 ances — sometimes white and hard, and composed of carbonate of lime, 
 and sometimes of a soft, pasty consistency. There may be a great 
 number or only one, and, in many cases, they consist principally of 
 carbonate of lime, but various things may enter into their formation, 
 and, being often of lime, they are more likely to exist in the limestone 
 districts. 
 
 Symptoms. — They are generally plain. After a time something is 
 noticed the matter with the animal, and irritation of the bladder is 
 produced, and there is difficulty in voiding the urine, which, when 
 passed, may be unnaturally white ; he is subject to colicky or 
 abdominal pains, which may pass off and again occur, when it again 
 falls into the neck of the bladder, and so retains the urine, which 
 causes pain. The action of the hind quarters is not quite natural ; 
 there is difficulty in urinating, and when urinating, the penis is pro- 
 truded to an enormous extent and hangs pendulous ; and perhaps the 
 urine is mixed with blood, or blood is voided after the urine is passed. 
 In all such cases examine per rectum, and feel the bladder, and perhaps 
 you may be able to detect it, and may be able to move it from side to 
 side ; but sometimes they are encysted, when you cannot move them. 
 
 Treatment. — It is possible, in the early stages, to relieve it by 
 regulating the diet and giving remedies to increase their solubility ; so 
 try hydrochloric or nitric acid ; hydrochloric is perhaps the best, 
 and if they are small they may be got rid of in this way. But in 
 some cases there is an excess of acid, then try bicarbonate of pot- 
 ash ; but if the calculus is large, the only remedy is by an operation ; 
 but do not operate unless it is of a considerable size and there are 
 well marked symptoms, then prepare, by a moderate diet. Give no 
 bulky food for a day or two, and have the bowels rather empty ; and 
 it is sometimes recommended to give a purgative, but I do not think it 
 is always necessary. There are various methods. At one time it was 
 recommended to cut into the bladder, but now it is done by cutting into 
 the urethra, ( r cutting through the neck of the bladder. I do not 
 think it is necessary to cut through the neck of the bladder. It may 
 be possible to perform it with the animal standing, but it is best to 
 throw and secure him and place him under the influence of chloro- 
 form, and elevate the hind quarters to some extent ; but perhaps be- 
 fore you throw him it is best to clear out the rectum by an injection 
 or with the hand. Secure him by rope, the same as for castration, 
 then insert the catheter up the urethra, up to the bladder ; then cut 
 down upon the catheter ; or, yoa can have an instrument made, and 
 slightly bent, for the purpose, upon which to cut. Williams recom- 
 mends cutting in the centre. I cut to one side, then withdraw the 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 183 
 
 catheter, then insert the forceps and get hold of the calculi ; but some- 
 times the after results are troublesome, and there is danger of injuring 
 the artery of the bulb, which, it is said, differs in its course in different 
 subjects. After treatment, syringe with tepid water ; stitch up the 
 wound and keep the animal quiet. The trouble sometimes is the dis- 
 charge of urine from the wound, and infiltration setting up irritation 
 and causing death. It is difficult to say just what to do in such cases. 
 I do not know but I would keep the catheter in, and allow the urine to 
 pass ; however, this is difficult to do in our patients. The operation 
 is called lithotomy. But, properly speaking, unless you cut the neck 
 of the bladder, you could scarcely call it this. 
 
 Lithotrispy is breaking down the stone, but owing to the great length 
 of the urethra in the horse, we cannot perform this. In the mare you 
 m'ay perform by dilatation, even without any cutting in some cases. Get 
 the forceps into the meatus urinrius ; insert them carefully and get 
 hold of and crush the calculus. 
 
 Sabulous Matter, — There is generally no great trouble in removing 
 this. Perhaps the proper thing is lithotrispy — just crush it in the 
 bladder. 
 
 Urethral Calculi may pass into the bladder and lodge there a short 
 time, pass out and lodge in the urethra, and may obstruct the passage, 
 and if not removed, will soon cause death by uraemic poisoning or 
 rupture of the bladder. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal strains violently when he attempts to urin- 
 ate ; the penis protrudes ; the bladder, and sometimes urethra disten- 
 ded ; and in many cases you can see the exact spot of the obstruction 
 by examining. The remedy is to endeavour to remove it by pressure, 
 or by inserting the catheter ; and if it is small, ic may pass down the 
 escape ; but if you cannot displace it by "the catheter, then you will 
 have to cut down the catheter and remove it. Bring the edges of the 
 wound together by a large suture, and keep the patient quiet ; regulate 
 the diet, and try the effects of hydrochloric acid. This is more com- 
 mon in cattle than horses, on account of the difference in the penis. 
 The treatment is just the same. 
 
 THE BLADDER A>D CASTRATIOIV. 
 
 Inversion of the Bladder is a serious condition. It may be dis- 
 placed both in the mare and the cow, and is generally the effect of 
 difficult parturition, but it is possible it may occur from other influ- 
 ences. There is a small tumour noticed to extend from the vagina ; 
 the ureters are brought back, and the urine dribbles down the posterior 
 part to a certain extent. The remedy is to bathe nicely and endeavour 
 to return it by manipulation and gentle pressure. But you may be 
 unable to do this, and gangrene may have taken place. An animal 
 may live for a long time in this condition, but if attended to in time 
 it can easily be reduced. The after treatment is to use opium, hot or 
 cold water — cold is perhaps preferable, after a time, as it is an astrin- 
 gent and contracts the parts. If the parts are gangrenous, you may 
 remove a portion, but the animal is comparatively useless, as the urine 
 has a tendency to dribble from the ureters. 
 
 Enuresis. — Incontinence of urine. The urine is not retained in the 
 bladder. This is applied to any condition of the bladder in which it 
 is unable to contain its contents. It may come from irritation of the 
 bladder, and is symptomatic of calculi, inflammation of the bladder, 
 
184 CADSKS, SYMPTOMS AND TKEATMENT OF 
 
 or due to partial paralysis of the hind quarters, which also affects the 
 bladder ; but paralysis does not always so affect the bladder, and you 
 may meet paralysis of the bladder, where the urine may be retained. 
 In all such cases examine as to the state of the blood, and find what is 
 the cause, and if due to general weakness, give a generous diet, mineral 
 tonics, and use cold water frequently, from a quarter to a half hour at 
 a time ; and if due to paralysis you may use nux vomica ; if due to 
 calculi, the remedy is to remove them. There are other names used 
 in connection with diseases of the bladder. Ischuria, truly speaking, 
 is retention, but it is used for both retention and suppression. Dysu- 
 ria is a painful discharge of urine, and stronger where the urine is 
 passed in drops. These are more symptomatic of disease than diseases 
 themselves. 
 
 Paralysis of the Bladder itself is sometimes noticed in the horse, 
 and generally proceeds from debility or exposure, but may be due to 
 some other influence ; over-distention may cause it, or nervous influ- 
 ence. It is more likely to occur in horses poorly kept. 
 
 Symptoms. — The bladder retains the urine, unless it is paralysis of 
 the neck ; if that is paralyzed, then the reverse is noticed ; but if there 
 is paralysis of the body of the bladder, it becomes distended to an 
 enormous extent, while the fibres of the neck retain their power of con- 
 traction, and the urine dribbles from the urethra, which may mislead 
 you, unless you make a careful examination as to the state of the 
 bladder. You might think it was a pure case of incontinence, but if 
 examined, the bladder may be found enormously distended. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the contents with the catheter, then syringe 
 the parts, first with tepid water, then gradually go from hot to cold ; 
 try the effects of tonics, especially nerve tonics, as nux vomica, and 
 it may be necessary to draw the water once or twice a day for several 
 days. 
 
 Hseniotiiria, or blood urine, may proceed from various causes, and 
 is symptomatic of other diseases, as calculi, or it may proceed from 
 injury to the urethra, kidneys, etc., and it has been said to proceed 
 from severe sprain of the loins, which causes rupture of some of the 
 vessels ; and such cases are serious, if the rupture is in the kidneys, 
 for the blood will set up irritation, and is apt to produce inflam- 
 mation. There may be blood in the urine, or the blood may be 
 passed immediately after urinating. In such cases examine per 
 rectum, and give an internal styptic, as acetate of lead, one scruple, 
 with powdered opium ; or, you may give the tincture of chloride of 
 iron. 
 
 Castration. — There are few countries where this operation is not 
 performed to any great extent. The best age for the operation is 
 when the animal is about one year old. There is some difference 
 of opinion about this ; but if it is done younger than this it may 
 prevent his growth to a certain extent, and in some cases it may be 
 advisable to keep him longer, to increase his growth, especially the 
 crest. The spring months, April or May, are the safest time for the 
 operation, after the animal has had a run of eight or ten days at 
 pasture, and his coat is shed. There are certain precautions 
 necessary before operation, which are well laid down in Williams' 
 works, and I endorse them generally. Do not operate upon a colt 
 that has been kept in an ill-ventilated place, but have the colt in 
 good condition, and the weather moderate, neither too hot or too 
 cold. He also says not to operate near any decomposed matter, 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 186 
 
 and have the hands and instruments thoroughly cleansed ; and it is 
 well to notice these, but you might operate without these and with 
 very bad surroundings, and have success ; but it is best to use these 
 precautions. If the horse is older than one year, then prepare him 
 for it by giving a moderate supply of food, and have the bowels 
 somewhat empty ; but it is a mistake to reduce him to any great 
 extent. There is no necessity for physic, as a general thing, unless 
 the horse was in a very gross condition ; but feed lightly, and give 
 but little bulky food. The difficulty that I have had with colts is 
 with those that have been kept in ill-ventilated parts. Before 
 operating, examine as to the state of the scrotum, whether both 
 testicles are down, or whether hernia exists. You can operate, 
 though, if hernia exists, but the operation would be slightly difficult. 
 There is great difference of opinion as to the manner of operating. 
 Secure, by means of ropes, in preference to any other ; the straps 
 that are used may be u°ed, if help is scarce ; but when help is plenty, 
 use the ropes. Some operate while the animal is standing, but it 
 requires some dexterity and practice. Cutting into the testicle 
 quickly subdues an animal. The most careful way is to throw 
 the animal. I recommend throwing him in most cases, at least. 
 After securing him, it is sometimes advisable to cleanse out the 
 sheath and penis by washing it with nice warm water and soap, 
 which tends to prevent swelling to some extent. The operation 
 may be done by compression, which is by the caustic clams, and 
 this is the way it is generally done in Canada and the United States, 
 and I believe there is no way more easy or simple. Take hold of the 
 testicle and make a keen incision, and expose the testicle, taking the 
 smallest first ; make the incision close to the raphe ; make a pretty 
 free incision, and allow the testicle to escape, then divide non- 
 vascular part of the cord, and then apply the clam ; however, some 
 apply the clam to all of it, and they use a certain amount of caustic, 
 as corrosive sublimate or biniodide of mercury, about one part of 
 corrosive sublimate, two of biniodide of mercury, and thirty or 
 forty parts of lard ; this destroys the parts more quickly. After 
 applying the clam remove the testicle, and keep the clam on for 
 twenty-four or forty-eight hours. This method is the one oftenest 
 used in this country, and with the greatest success. 
 
 Actual Cautery was used until recently in England. The method is 
 just the same as by the clam ; secure the animal, get hold of the 
 testicle, etc., place the clam on the cord and secure it, then take hold 
 of the testicle and cut it off about one-half inch from the clam, then 
 take a piece of sponge and cleanse out the blood, then take a red 
 hot iron, letting it cool to a slight extent — grease it a little to prevent 
 it from adhering— and sear the artery and the other parts. Others 
 not only arrest the hemorrhage, but cut through the scrotum to the 
 testicle with the hot iron, apply the clam and cut the cord off 
 with the iron. I frequently use actual cautery in connection with 
 the caustic clam. 
 
 Ligature is another method, and I would oppose ligaturing the 
 whole cord ; but if only the artery ligatured, I cannot see any great 
 objection to it. Take hold of it with the bull-dog forceps and 
 ligature it either with silk thread or carbonized suture. Williams is 
 opposed to ligaturing. 
 
 Tortion is another method, which is not new, but a very old 
 method. For this it is necessary to throw the animal and expose 
 the testicle and cord, cut through the nonraascular part of the cord. 
 
186 CAUSES, SYMTTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 place the clam upon the vascular portion, having drawn the cord out 
 as you thought best (some are longer than others, so there can be no 
 rule laid down) ; having secured it, take the tortion forceps, apply 
 them carefully to the vascular part, about half or a fourth of an inch 
 from the clam ; secure them and watch that they do not slip ; then 
 twist it around, testicle and all, and it will take from fifteen to 
 twenty-five turns to remove it; twist it carefully and the last thing 
 that remains is the artery ; after removing it take a look at the 
 artery, and then remove the clam carefully, to see whether the 
 tortion has had the desired effect. About the only objection to this 
 is, it takes a little more time. Williams recommends placing another 
 clam upon the scrotum, to enable you to get hold of the testicle ; but 
 I see no need of it. 
 
 Ecraseiir is another operation, which I think will be the one used 
 in a few years, but I cannot speak of it to anv great extent from my 
 own experience. I operated upon three this way. I threw the 
 horse and placed the clam upon the cord before cutting it off, to see 
 the effect of it. There are also other methods, as scraping, bruising, 
 cutting out a portion of the epididymus, etc. But the simplest 
 method is the best, and if you have used any of the methods success- 
 fully, then continue the same. Although it is a simple operation, it 
 requires some practice, and the great danger in some cases, is pulling 
 the cord too much, or applying too much caustic, which irritates the 
 cord and sets up peritonitis ; and the great secret is in having the 
 animal in proper condition. Never operate upon any animal that is 
 not in good condition, or that shows any symptoms of influenza, 
 strangles, etc. 
 
 RESULTS OF CASTRATION. 
 
 Results of Castration, — They may be either normal or abnormal. 
 After the operation there is more or less swelling, and although it 
 may attain a great size, so long as the appetite is not impaired, or the 
 pulse affected, there is no danger ; but if the swelling takes on an 
 odematous character, the best relief is to scarify in two or three 
 places, then bathe with tepid water ; give a little exercise, and if he is 
 costive, perhaps, give a little laxative ; but if the colt is turned on 
 pasture this is not generally necessary. 
 
 Adhesion of the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea. It is 
 necessary to break down the adhesion, which can generally be done 
 with the finger or the end of the scalpel. When adhesion is present, 
 a greater amount of irritation follows than where there is no adhesion. 
 There may also be a slight pain after the operation, which may be 
 from the cord, colic, or slight irritation of the bowels from the 
 operation. If the animal cringes, lies down and rolls, it is best to 
 give an opiate — opium, one-half to one drachm ; or give hypodermic 
 injections. 
 
 Suppuration is another condition, and it is impossible to operate 
 without suppuration, more or less, and when suppuration takes place, 
 and healthy pus is discharged, the animal is considered safe ; and 
 when pus is not properly formed there is more danger. Pus may 
 form and not be healthy pus, and if there is unhealthy pus or serum, 
 and the pulse quickened, then there is irritation, and peritonitis may 
 result. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 187 
 
 Abnormal Results. — Suppose you have properly performed the 
 operation and let the colt up, and hemorrhage exists, which may be 
 from the spermatic artery, or from the veins of the scrotum, or from 
 the artery of the cord. When you cut through you are likely to 
 cut through convolutions of the £ft:tery, and so have three or four 
 ends, and you should see that you secure the right end. If 
 the hemorrhage is from the spermatic artery, it runs freely, 
 for this is the largest artery in the body that gives off no 
 branches. As to the way of arresting hemorrhage is from the 
 spermatic artery, there is no difference of opinion. If it is 
 very profuse and endangers the animal, throw him and endeavour 
 to get hold of the cord, which you can do easily, in many 
 cases. If a good opening has been made in the scrotum and tunica 
 vaginalis, put the finger well down and get hold of and gradually 
 bring the cord up and secure it in the way you think best. The best 
 way, perhaps, is to ligature it, or you may use the hot iron ; but if 
 you have difficulty in getting it, then endeavour to arrest it by styptics 
 and compression, by plugging with tow saturated with iron or acetate 
 of lead. However, there may be internal hemorrhage, but this is the 
 exception and not the rule, and I would recommend this, in some 
 cases, instead of throwing the animal. The plug should be left in 
 for twenty-four or thirty-six hours. Considerable swelling may 
 result, but there are generally no serious consequences from it. Cold 
 water to the loins, and to the parts, is also a method of arresting the 
 hemorrhage. I questioned, at one time, whether an animal in good 
 health, and one year old, would bleed to death from one cord, but I 
 am now convinced differently. I would prefer styptics in some 
 cases. Sometimes a secondary hemorrhage occurs from rupture of 
 the cord above the clam, but it is rare. 
 
 Hernia is another abnormal result, and it may exist previous to 
 the operation, or the operation may be performed and hernia not 
 noticed until the animal gets up ; and it is possible it may occur 
 during the operation. When hernia exists, prepare the animal and 
 use the covered operation — by cutting down and exposing the testicle 
 still in the tunica vaginalis; and place the clam over the testicle, 
 tunica vaginalis and all. If hernia takes place as soon as the animal 
 gets up, the operator is often blamed ; but it may occur during the 
 operation. If you should begin to operate, and hernia is present, 
 return the testicle and stitch up the scrotum, and do not operate at 
 that time. But if it occurs soon after the operation, as it often does, 
 so that the bowels protrude, even in some cases to the ground and are 
 trampled upon, then destroy the animal ; but if the bowels are not 
 injured, throw the animal — or he will perhaps lie down — secure him, 
 cleanse the intestines nicely and return them, and stitch up the 
 scrotum close to the inguinal ring, and apply a clam over the scrotum, 
 or if you have not a clam, ligature the scrotum for the time being, 
 bnt if the intestines are impaired, inflammation and peritonitis may 
 cause death. 
 
 Scirrhous Cord, or Champignon, may follow any method of ope- 
 ration, but is more likely to follow the caustic clam than any other, 
 for it is necessary to keep the clams on for some time ; after that 
 the cord perhaps protrudes, causing more or less irritation ; adhe- 
 sion takes place between the cord and the scrotum, but we scarcely 
 call it scirrhous cord, unless it becomes enlarged. If in three or 
 four weeks the cord protrudes and adheres to the edges of the 
 
188 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 wound, you can relieve it by breaking down the adhesions between 
 the cord and scrotum, in some cases, without throwing the animal ; 
 then bathe nicely, use astringents, etc., and it may be necessary to 
 break it down every day or two for several days, and bathe every 
 day with tepid water for some •time, and give a little exercise. 
 Sometimes the cord becomes enlarged by a fungoid growth, and, in 
 some cases the wound may entirely heal up, or there may be a 
 small opening left, through which issues an ichorous fluid, and it will 
 remain for a long time, even as long as the horse lives, if it is not 
 operated on. And the irritation is not confined to the cord alone, but 
 extends up toward the inguinal canal ; it becomes very vascular, new 
 growths are formed, etc. In such cases the animal suffers considera- 
 bly, there is difficulty in progression, he falls off in condition, and 
 sometimes there is profuse discharge of pus, after which the animal 
 seems relieved for some time ; but irritation is again set up, and the 
 same thing occurs. The remedy is to remove the diseased part of the 
 cord, and the sooner the better. If the animal has suffered, perhaps, 
 four or eight weeks, it is easily done. Open it up well and apply the 
 clam as close to the inguinal ring as possible, and cut the diseased 
 part off and secure the articles by ligature or by cautery — if by liga- 
 ture, leave the ends of the ligature long, so that they can be taken out 
 after a time ; and you often have to secure several vessels, and I pre- 
 fer a ligature. In some cases you might apply a clam and take it off 
 by torsion, or use the clams and sear the small vessels and ligature 
 the small ones ; keep him quiet, feed moderately, etc. But sometimes 
 it exists in the abdominal cavity, and then the operation is not 
 likely to be successful. 
 
 Peritonitis is a result of castration, and is more apt to occur in 
 colts. It may be due to the manner of the operation, or to a change 
 of weather ; but I think this is more likely to occur where the tunica 
 vaginalis is irritated. I have seen it where there was a large amount 
 of caustic, causing inflammation and peritonitis ; or, it may be due to 
 atmospheric influence ; the symptoms are sometimes deceptive. It 
 generally appears in about three or four days. In some cases the 
 scrotum swells but very little, and there is no discharge of healthy 
 pus, but there ia a discharge of bloody fluid ; the pulse is quick ; the 
 appetite gone; slight pains, not violent; he lies down, gets up and 
 casts a peculiar, anxious look at the abdomen ; gets up and stands 
 around in a dull, languid manner; the breathing is affected ; the pulse 
 sixty or seventy, and weak. It has a great tendency to extend over 
 the whole peritoneum. Give opium and digitalis, and counter-irrita- 
 tion, etc., and support the system as well as you can by stimulants, 
 gruel, etc. 
 
 Tetanus usually appears about eight or nine days after the opera- 
 tion, just about the time it begins to heal ; there may have been 
 changes m the system before this, but the symptoms were not devel- 
 oped. It may follow any operation, and, as a general thing, the 
 operator should not be blamed if the horse dies from some of these, 
 but he generally is. Tetanus may supervene a very trivial injury ; 
 cold weather, cold draughts and exposure in any way tends to bring it 
 on. There is an account given in our works of twenty-four horses 
 that were castrated, and were given a cold bath four times a day after 
 the operation, and sixteen out of the twenty-four died with tetanus ; 
 and I saw a case that I think was caused by the colt standing in a 
 stream. Keep the animal quiet ; apply fomentations, and endeavour 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC AMIMALS. 189 
 
 to induce suppuration. Give hydrocyanic acid, belladonna, etc.; treat 
 it just as a nervous fever ; give a generous diet and bromide of 
 potassium. 
 
 Amaurosis results, and is some1;jmes due to excessive hemorrhage ; 
 and if it is, the eyes will regain their natural condition as the system 
 gains strength. But it sometimes occurs through a sympathetic 
 nervous influence, and remains during life. 
 
 (xianders and Farcy, — When this does appear, I think the infec- 
 tion had been in the system before the operation, and it is due to con- 
 tagium in some form or other. 
 
 Operating upon Originals. — I cannot speak from experience. 
 Prepare the animal, and make an incision as in other animals ; insert 
 the fingers, and if the testicle is in the inguinal canal, get hold of it 
 and draw it out, and take off with the ecraseur. If it is in the 
 abdominal cavity, it is more difficult, but several of our graduates 
 have performed the operation successfully. Some claim that they go 
 behind Poupart's ligament ; others pass the hand up the inguinal 
 canal and break through the peritoneum with one finger, and the 
 testicle will generally be found on the fundus of the bladder. How- 
 ever, the operation requires practice. 
 
 THE TESTICLES. 
 
 Inflammation of the Testicles. — This is not common in the lower 
 animals. The causes are injury of some kinder other — sometimes, in 
 a stallion, from a kick, or exposure to cold. It is caused in a bull in 
 the same manner, and occasionally from tubercular deposits, but 
 usually from direct injury. The symptoms are generally plain, and 
 your attention is usually directed to it. There is intense pain in the 
 early stage ; a slight injury to these organs sets up great pain ; and 
 when the whole organ is affected, the pain is intense, and they some- 
 times become enormously swollen in a very short time, and swelling 
 generally affords some relief; he walks with great difficulty, and it 
 increases the pain ; he will sometimes lie down and attempt to roll, 
 but generally continues standing; lying down increases the pain. 
 
 Treatment. — If in a valuable stallion, he is generally in high con- 
 dition, in which case it is necessary to give a good dose of purgative 
 medicine, or blood-letting may be necessary ; take six, eight or ten 
 quarts of blood ; or, instead of this, give aconite ; bathe at first with 
 tepid water and increase the heat, and bathe for several hours and 
 keep heat to the parts ; you can do this by means of a bandage over 
 the loins, kept in its place by means of a surcingle ; keep cotton or 
 cloths to the parts, and keep them supplied with warm water ; give 
 belladonna or laudanum. Local blood-letting is beneficial, but it is 
 difficult to perform in the horse. During the early stage the appe- 
 tite is entirely gone, and when he is relieved and the appetite 
 returns, he should be fed sparingly. Give diuretics freely ; sweet 
 spirits of nitre, iodide of potash, etc., which increases the action of 
 the kidneys, and stimulates the absorbents. If, after the irritation 
 subsides, enlargement of the testicles remains, use iodine, both inter- 
 nally and externally, which, it is said, if used for some time, will 
 reduce the size of the testicle. The treatment of the balls is similar, 
 but it is associated with tubercular disease. You may allay the irrita- 
 tion, but the animal will generally remain impotent. 
 
 Hydrocele Dropsy of the testicle and scrotum is most likely to take 
 
190 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 place frorr. injury, when the inflammation is prolonged, but not very 
 severe ; for when any serious membrane is injured, there is more or 
 less effusion ; the scrotum is enlarged, and you can feel the testicle, 
 which does not seem increased in size. The scrotum may be distended 
 by hydrocele, or hernia, and in gildings from an enlarged condition 
 of the cord. If there is much fluid present, you must puncture with 
 a small trochar— something like the one used in human practice. 
 After this give iodide of potassium internally and use iodine exter- 
 nally. It is recommended to inject the tunica vaginalis with iodine, 
 but there is danger of producing irritation. 
 
 Diseases of the Scrotum. — These can generally be traced to some 
 diseased condition of the spermatic cord, the result of castration — as 
 scirrhous cord, abscesses, fistula, etc. Scirrhous cord may come in 
 two or three weeks after castration, or it may come years after the 
 operation. Abscesses may be caused by a foreign body, or may be 
 due to the scrotum closing up before the cord is completely healed ; 
 matter is formed at the cord, it becomes dry, sets up irritation and 
 results in an abscess ; and when due to this, it generally appears about 
 three or four weeks after the operation. And it may be due to the 
 incision not having been made large enough. So I again recommend 
 a pretty large incision. It may come from a small piece of the iron 
 remaining in the wound, if actual cautery was used. Or it may be 
 due to a ligature setting up irritation, and the ligature should be left 
 long, so it can be removed. Abscesses generally seriously interfere 
 with the condition of the animal ; he is* gradually reduced in flesh ; 
 the swelling seems to involve other parts — sometimes it extends right 
 down to the hock, and sometimes you may think there is not much 
 matter, but it may be present and be two or three inches into it. The 
 best thing is to throw the animal and open it up pretty freely — you 
 may have to cut in three or four inches. Then keep it open, foment 
 the parts and feed the animal well. If you open them well and let 
 the matter escape freely, it generally effects a cure ; but they form 
 again and again. We are apt to treat them without opening them ; 
 but it is not the proper way. I believe horses are * sometimes lost by 
 this negligence and delay. After opening, inject well with tepid 
 ws.ter, and even with carbolic acid, and if he is debilitated, give tonics. 
 
 Injuries to tlie Penis, — This occurs to both geldings and stallions. 
 In tlie stallion it may be due to mal-address, causing irritation and 
 inflammation ; or being kicked when it is erected — this is very apt to 
 be followed by inflammation — striking with whip, stick, etc., and is 
 occasionally the result of exposure to cold. This sometimes occurs 
 with geldings until they are unable to retract it into the sheath, and 
 this is called 
 
 Piiraphymosis, and it is sometimes due to the muscular tissue 
 losing its power of contraction. This may be the case if a horse is put 
 to too many mares. But I will speak of that caused by injury. If 
 the penis protrudes for any length of time, the sheath restricts it, and 
 sometimes becomes enormously extended, and ulceration is likely to 
 follow if not relieved. 
 
 Treatment. — If it is of only one or two days' standing, try fomenta- 
 tions—warm water, in this case, perhaps, is preferable to cold, al- 
 though cold causes contraction of muscular fibres. In this case it is 
 so swollen that it could not be contracted, and the swelling must be 
 reduced some before ijb can be contracted, and, in some cases, it is 
 necessary to scarify it in two or three places, even, in some cases, 
 before trying the warm water. When scarified it will bleed, and you 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 191 
 
 should encourage the bleeding. I have seen cases where it would be 
 retracted from this treatment in five or six hours ; but in some cases 
 you may have to keep it up for twenty-four hours. It will generally 
 retract when the swelling is reduced, unless there is great injury to 
 the muscles ; and after it enters into the sheath, try cold water, and 
 I do not think it bad practice, in some cases, to put a stitch or two 
 through the sheath to keep it in for aa hour or two. In some cases it 
 is necessary to give constitutional remedies, and in nearly all cases 
 give diuretics, iodide of potassium and nitrate of potash. This may 
 result from the debility caused by strangles, influenza, etc., and the 
 treatment is similar. But it may lose the power of retraction in a 
 stallion from too frequent coition ; the muscles have been strained, 
 and so lost the power of contraction. Such a case requires a great 
 deal of time, and so long as he is in this condition he is useles ; but he 
 may completely recover after having been in this condition for a long, 
 time, even as long as twelve or eighteen months. If it is due to this 
 cause he is apt to be in high condition, and it is necessary to reduce 
 him some, but still feed him tolerably well ; give nutritious food and 
 some exercise ; apply cold water to the penis and peroneal space, and 
 use a suspensory bandage and keep it up, for hanging down tends to 
 increase the irritation. Try the effects of iron and nux vomica, etc., 
 to improve the condition. The penis is also sometimes the seat of 
 
 Warts and Growths, of various kinds, often prove troublesome 
 and painful, especially when urinating. They are more common in 
 the gelding than the stallion, and may result from the penis not 
 being properly protruded when urinating. Sometimes they are of 
 a malignant character, which generally ends fatally, sooner or later. 
 Your attention is generally directed to it, but in examining for 
 soundness it might be overlooked. If a horse is in health, and the 
 sheath is well developed, there is not much the matter with the 
 penis. But if he is debilitated and tucked up in the flanks, and 
 has a small sheath, there may be trouble. There may be ulceration 
 of the glans penis, from the causes I have mentioned. Get hold of 
 the penis, have it nicely washed in soap and water, and touch the 
 parts with nitrate of silver, carbolic acid, sulphate of copper, etc. 
 In case of warts, remove them with the knife, and if you think 
 there is danger of them growing again, touch with nitrate of silver, 
 or the actual cautery, and keep the parts clean. Sometimes the 
 penis is one solid growth of these, and in most cases it is necessary to 
 throw the animal. I do not think it bad practice if there is hem- 
 orrhage to touch with the hot iron ; and if the horse is in poor con- 
 dition, give tonics, good food, etc. Sometimes the glans penis is so 
 swollen that the only chance of saving the animal's life is by ampu- 
 tating the penis, which looks like a very formidable operation — but it 
 is not a very serious affair. First insert the catheter, and in cutting 
 bring it to a point and secure the arteries ; or you may, in some cases, 
 arrest the hemorrhage by using cold water, and if you can keep the 
 catheter in for a day or two, it is all the better, which will prevent 
 cicatrization, for if it occurs, you will have ursemic poisoning and 
 death — and this is the trouble I have had. But you can generally tell 
 whether this is taking place. In about nine or ten days, just when 
 you think it is about getting well, the urine is passed in a small 
 stream ; so that if you can keep the catheter in do so. Keep the 
 sheath clean and allay the irritation by astringents-. Some recom- 
 mend taking the warts off by ligature, but it is not best. 
 
192 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 URETHRA, ETC, 
 
 Stricture of the Urethra sometimes occurs. It is usually the 
 result of inflammation, but may result from injury. It is, perhaps, 
 oftener seen in cattle and sheep than in the horse, and may be associ- 
 ated with calculi. There is difficulty in urinating ; the urine passes 
 in a small stream. Inject with tepid water, with five or ten grains of 
 sulphate of zinc to the ounce, and endeavour to relieve by passing the 
 probang, if necessary ; but this cannot be done in cattle. 
 
 Phyinosis. — This results from inflammation, and is sometimes a 
 sequel of castration, from swelling of the sheath ; but so long as 
 there are no great symptoms of fever it is not very serious. But if 
 the pulse is quick and the appetite gone, it shows inflammation, and, 
 perhaps, internal inflammation as well ; or it may be the result of 
 growth within the sheath. This is more likely to occur in geldings, 
 because the penis is not protruded so freely as in the entire horse. 
 Make a careful examination, and if it is the result of castration, 
 scarifying and fomenting may relieve it ; but if it is from growths 
 remove them. Touch the parts with caustics— as sulphate of copper, 
 carbolic acid, nitrate of silver, etc. ; and if the animal is in poor con- 
 dition, build up the system, wash the parts carefully and use a little oil. 
 
 Ulceration of the Urethra is generally the result of injury, from 
 being kicked, getting over a partition in the stall, etc. Endeavour to 
 allay such an irritation as quickly as possible ; but if ulceration has 
 occurred, and a fistula is produced, then it is difficult to treat. Bring 
 the divided edges together and, if it is of long standing, scarify, and 
 then bring the edges together, and if you can keep a catheter in for 
 some time, it is best to do so; and sometimes it is impossible to relieve 
 it. The sheath, also, sometimes becomes dirty, and we have some- 
 times to attend to such cases. It may, if neglected, give rise to seri- 
 ous results ; and there may be a kind of sabulous matter in the 
 meatus urinarius, which, in some cases, may obstruct the passage of 
 the urine. But if it is small, perhaps the size of your finger, it is not 
 serious ; but if it obstructs the passage of the urine, then just remove 
 it and it affords relief ; then wash with a solution of carbolic acid, 
 chloride of lime, or sulphate of zinc. 
 
 Excoriation of the Penis. — This may occur in covering stallions, 
 which may be due to the manner in which the penis is handled, or it 
 may be due to the parts of the mare being small, or to serving a mare 
 too soon after parturition — some discharge from the mare affecting it. 
 Give a good dose of purgative medicine ; lessen the diet ; give diure- 
 tics, and bathe with cold water ; and give some mild astringent, but 
 be careful about anything strong, or you may lose the service of the 
 horse for a long time ; but it is not generally necessary to lay him up 
 more than two or three days. 
 
 Inflammation of the Urethra is also occasionally noticed, both in 
 horses and bulls, but is more common in dogs. There seems to be a 
 kind of gonorrhoea in the dog, somewhat similar to that in man. 
 Inflammation sometimes occurs in bulls, from jumping too violently 
 upon a cow. It may be due to contagious influence in the dog, and 
 there is said to be such a disease in the bull. In such cases act upon 
 the system by laxatives, diuretics, etc., and use sulphate of zinc. 
 Powerful astringents may suddenly arrest the discharge, but this 
 sometimes sets up constitutional fever, so I would recommend iodide 
 of potassium, nitrate of potash, etc., followed by iodide of iron, which 
 is excellent in the dog, and in any animal. 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIilALS. 193 
 
 PAKTURITION. 
 
 The Membranes that enclose the Foetns before Birth.— The ex- 
 
 ternal is the chorion ; the internal is the amnion, and between these 
 two we have the alantois, which is a kind of serous membrane, and 
 presents two portions — one in connection with the amnion, and the 
 other with the chorion. It contains the amoniotic fluid. It serves 
 to keep the foetus warm, and to protect the foetus and the mother ; 
 and in connection with the foetus, at an early period, there is what 
 is called the umbilical vessel, which, at birth, is hard to detect. 
 Then we have the placenta, by which the blood vessels of the foetus 
 and those of the mother are brought into close contact ; yet they do 
 not anastamose, but the changes take place in the blood by osmotic 
 influence. Then there is umbilical cord, which is formed of the two 
 umbilical or hypogastric arteries and the umbilical vein, covered by 
 a gelatinous matter. Then there is the urachus, which is in con- 
 nection with the bladder, and in after-life forms a ligament for the 
 bladder. The placenta in the mare is attached by villi. In the cow 
 it is attached by cotyledons, which are about sixty or seventy in num- 
 ber. The capillaries of the foetus and uterus come in close contact, 
 and so form these villi and cotyledons. They are little tufts attached 
 to the uterus. The period of gestation varies in different animals. In 
 the mare it is eleven months, in the cow nine months, in the ewe five 
 months, in the bitch sixty-three days, in the sow one hundred and 
 twenty to one hundred and forty days. But a mare may go even a 
 month longer than the time ; and a case is recorded where a filly had 
 a fold at twenty-two months old, and heifers at fourteen months old; 
 and a case is recorded of a mare having a foal at thirty years old. 
 Mares moderately kept and worked will breed longer than one kept in 
 opposite manner. Difference of temperature is also supposed to have 
 an influence. We are sometimes called to tell whether a mare or a 
 cow is pregnant or not, and a correct opinion can sometimes be given, 
 and in other cases a mistake is easily made. A mare generally be- 
 comes quieter in disposition, thrives better, and, after a certain period, 
 the belly becomes distended, and some mares may go eight or nine 
 months without showing this much. There are various ways recom- 
 mended to determine this. The stethoscope is recommended, by 
 which you can hear the foetal heart beat ; but you will be very liable 
 to make a mistake in this way. Another is to insert the hand into 
 the vagina and find out the condition of the os-uteri. But the best 
 way is to examine per rectum, and in any case where it is necessary to 
 give a definite opinion, examine in this way. As to the manner in 
 which a mare should be used during pregnancy, there is difference of 
 opinion. Keeping her in her natural condition is perhaps the best, 
 but it is necessary sometimes to work her, and so long as Mforked mod- 
 erately and not put to the waggon or cart, nor backed violently, there 
 is no great danger. Such is the case with farm mares, and parturition 
 is easier with them than those kept in the stable. There are certain 
 signs of immediate parturition ; the sacro-sceatic ligament changes to 
 a certain extent, and there is milk secreted; and when a wax appears 
 on the teat, parturition generally occurs in two or three days, and 
 often in twenty-four hours, and the water bag appears. The mare 
 usually lies down, but the cow sometimes stands during parturition. 
 It is sometimes best to be present to ligature the artery. Tie it about 
 an inch from the umbilical opening, and cut off about an inch from 
 the ligature. The natural presentation of the 'foetus is the fore feet 
 
 9 
 
194 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 and head protruding ; and when you are called and find the membranes 
 protruding, examine the parts, if you can, before rupturing the mem- 
 branes, and if all is right, delivery is generally easy ; and do not use 
 much force, but while the pains are present, use gentle force. But 
 there are abnormal or unnatural presentations. Sometimes the abdo- 
 men of the foetus is enlarged to an enormous extent, the result of 
 dropsy. Although the head and feet protrude in a natural way, it is 
 impossible for delivery to be accomplished without help. In such a 
 case return the fcstus to a certain extent, and see if there are any ab- 
 normal conditions. If it is dropsy, let the water out, either with a 
 long trochar, and canula, or make an incision in the belly and let the 
 fluid out. The foetus is not generally alive in such cases ; and if alive, 
 there is no use keeping it alive ; and you may meet a case of hydroce- 
 phalus, until the head is distended — until delivery is impossible. The 
 feet and nose are perhaps protruding, and by inserting the hand you 
 can feel the enlarged condition of the head ; then let the water out. 
 And there are other deformities, which, although the presentation be 
 natural, will give you trouble; and when you see a proper presenta- 
 tion and DO delivery, you may expect some difficulty, and hard work 
 and perseverance are necessary. And do not be hasty in giving a case 
 up, but make a careful examination, and find whether it is a fore leg 
 or a hind one, which seems an easy thing, but when it is covered by 
 the membranes it is not so very easy. We sometimes meet a case 
 where the labour pains are present to a certain extent, without any 
 signs of delivery. Make an examination, and if a mare is suffering 
 from pains previous to her time, give one to one-and-a-half ounces of 
 tincture of opium ; or the powdered opium, one to one-and-a-half 
 drachms. If the os-uteri is not dilated, use a little patience, and do not 
 resort to force too soon, but dilate the os-uteri ; and after you have 
 properly dilated it, delivery will take place ; but there are exceptional 
 cases. If the pains have been present for some time, then dilate the 
 os-uteri, and in some cases, inject with tepid water ; smear the parts 
 with belladonna and oil, or soap and water ; get one or two fingers in 
 and work away, and dilation will gradually take place just by the force 
 of the hand. If this fails, you will, in some cases, have to cut it, and 
 this is attended with more success in the cow than in the mare ; but, 
 in some cases, it is the only chance. Make the incision in the upper 
 part, but do not be in a hurry using the knife. We sometimes meet 
 with cases where the hind feet are presented, but this is not a very 
 difficult presentation. It is about second in the list, and it is rare 
 that it is accomplished with some assistance. Possibly the body is 
 turned on one side. The way to proceed is to examine closely, to see 
 what you have to deal with, and turn upon the belly, as nearly as pos- 
 sible, by making an assistant pull the feet while you get your hand in 
 beside the body and turn it over, and delivery can be accomplished. 
 Another condition is having the hind feet presented and the foetus 
 upon its back, when delivery cannot be accomplished without assist- 
 ance. Proceed to turn it upon the belly, if possible, by attaching a 
 rope and manipulating, and the fewer instruments used the better ; but 
 you will often find benefit from the rope, and it is best to raise the 
 hind parts a little, and while the rope is being pulled, endeavour to 
 raise the buttock of the foetus over the pelvic bones. Great damage is 
 done by pulling upon the foetus when in this position, and when you 
 use force pull upward. 
 
 Breech Presentation Proper is where the buttocks and hind quar- 
 ters are presented. It is very difficult, and if it is a powerful mare, 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 195 
 
 and the pains have been present for an hour or two, and by putting 
 the hand in you find the only thing protruding is the tail, then it is 
 difficult, and in some cases, it is impossible to deliver it without 
 cutting, and the way to proceed is to endeavour to get hold of the 
 hind legs, which is easier said than done. The crotch is useful to press 
 the foetus forward to some extent ; at the same time endeavour to get 
 the hind legs. Get a rope under the stifle and pull back some, and if 
 you can get the rope down to the fetlock and get one leg, you will 
 generally be able to get the other. Use force while the mare is strain- 
 ing. You may not be able to get the feet into position, when the only 
 chances are to cut the limbs off at the hock — that is, where the hocks 
 are protruding — and the best instrument is the chain saw, which I 
 would recommend you to have. Having removed the hock, put the 
 foetus forward, when you will be able to get the limbs. Another 
 method is embryotomy, or cutting away the foetus. Another way is 
 to make an incision just below the tail and remove the contents of the 
 abdomen, and by diminishing the size of the bowels you may be able 
 to deliver it. A hook is of use in this operation. If you fail in this, 
 then cut through to the brim of the pelvis and take off one hind leg. 
 This requires perseverance and hard work. Another false presentation 
 is where the fore legs protrude, and the head is turned back over the 
 shoulder. In such a case improperly applied force is of great danger. 
 In such a case apply a cord around the fetlock and push the foetus 
 back into the cavity and get hold of the head, and you may be able to 
 get a cord around the under jaw ; then push it back with the crotch 
 and straighten it out, and you will be able to deliver it. One of the 
 limbs may protrude and the other be back with the head, or the head 
 thrown down between the fore limbs. In such cases no amount of 
 force will be able to deliver it. Where the head is thrown down it is a 
 pretty difficult case. Push it back and endeavour to get hold of and 
 straighten the hand, and delivery will be easy. Another presentation 
 is the head protruding without the feet. In such a case the foetus 
 soon suffocates if relief is not afforded. Push it back into the cavity 
 and get hold of the limbs, and then deliver it. But if it is two or three 
 hours after the foetus has protruded, and it is dead and the head swol- 
 len, then disarticulate the head and attach a cord around the cervical 
 vertebra, then push it back and get hold of the fore feet and take it 
 away ; but do not be in too nluch of a hurry in giving up a case, and 
 use your head as well as your hands. As to medicines, there is benefit 
 in opium, chloroform, etc., and it is best sometimes to put the animal 
 under the influence of chloroform. Change the position of the animal, 
 elevate the hind quarters, etc. Sometimes we meet a case where the 
 side of the neck is presented and the feet turned upward. The best 
 way is to turn it and bring it into its natural position ; endeavour to 
 get a rope around under the head and a portion of the limb ; get an 
 assistant to pull, and get your hand in ; manipulate and you can gener- 
 ally turn it, but not always, and it is sometimes necessary to perform 
 embryotomy. Endeavour to sever the attachment of the fore extremity 
 from the trunk ; draw the leg out and make an incision as high up as 
 possible, and run the knife up the inside of the leg to the shoulder, 
 but do not ci^t the leg off about the knee, for it makes the case worse. 
 In some exceptional cases you may have to cut off the other leg. 
 Another is a back presentation. It is very difficult. When you ex- 
 amine perhaps you will find the loins or dorsal vertebrae presented, 
 and if the hind quarters are nearer than the fore, endeavour to make 
 it a breech presentation ; but if the fore quarters are nearer, try to 
 
106 CAUSES. SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 make it a natural presentation. You may be able to turn it with the 
 crotch, but if you can not change it, then perform embryotomy. Cut 
 through the vertebral column the best you can, and use the chain saw ; 
 get into the thoracic cavity and get the contents of the abdomen out, 
 but it is a very difficult case. Another condition is where the whole 
 four legs, or perhaps three of them, or a fore and a hind one are pre- 
 sented. It can not be delivered in this way, and you must endeavour 
 to make it a natural or breech presentation. It you endeavour to 
 make it a breech presentation, get a rope around the hind leg ; if you 
 intend to make a natural presentation, get the rope on the fore leg. 
 Then use the crotch, and turn it. In the case of twins you may meet 
 with difficult presentations, but when they are twins they are not 
 usually so large as where there is but one. You may meet with breech 
 presentation where the hind limbs of both are presented, or the fore 
 limbs of both. I saw a case where they were coming belly to belly. 
 The remedy in such a case is to push one back into the cavity and 
 effect a delivery of the other. And you may meet with many presen- 
 tations different from the ones I have mentioned. The first thing is 
 to make an examination ; the second, to use force if necessary ; and 
 the third is, to persevere in it. Sometimes the foetus dies, and the 
 liquids in connection with it escape, and the parts become dry, and 
 delivery is assisted by injecting with tepid water. Some recommend 
 oil ; I prefer tepid water. And sometimes decomposition sets in, and 
 the foetus and the vagina of the mare swell greatly ; perhaps the mare 
 can not get up ; the pulse is almost imperceptible, and it is best to 
 destroy the animal. This seldom occurs, only after a great deal of 
 force has been used. Sometimes you will meet a case where the foetus 
 is carried for a long time over the time, and it is said that the mother, 
 in such a case, may conceive again ; but if the foetus carried is in the 
 uterus, and not in the tubes or in the abdomen, conception can not 
 take place. I saw a case of a cow that seemed to be pregnant for 
 seven or eight months About the eighth or ninth she decreased in 
 size, and about four months after the usual time of calving I examined 
 and found the uterus but slightly enlarged. I dilated it with my hand 
 without any great amount of force. But, in such cases, I believe there 
 is a certain union between the foetus and the uterus, which has to be 
 broken down. In this case I worked five or six hours, until I was tired 
 out, and thought better to desist for the time, and make another 
 attempt ; then in five or six days I returned and worked five or six 
 hours, using the hand and a knife carefully, and again left it, and 
 again returned and removed it entirely, and the cow recovered com- 
 pletely, but I do not know that she was ever again in calf. A cow 
 will stand a great amount of cutting and carving, if you do not in- 
 jure the uterus. In such cases your arm will suffer considerably 
 from the acrid properties of the fluid, not that it is of a poisonous 
 character, but eruptions may come on the arm and be painful ; and 
 sometimes we hear of a practitioner dying from the effects of it ; but 
 I do not think it is caused by any poison, but by the irritation se^. 
 up ; erysipelatous or phlegmonous inflammation is set up, although 
 it has been said that it was due to the poison of the decomposing 
 matter. A mare should be carefully used after difficult parturition ; 
 keep her nice and warm, and bathe nicely with warm water, to allay 
 the swelling. I believe some cases are lost by carelessness after 
 parturition, as by allowing the animal to lie on the cold ground, 
 which sets up inflammation of the womb. But keep warm, give an 
 opiate, sweet spirits of nitre or alcoholic stimulants, and if there is 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 197 
 
 no irritation after a day or two there is no great danger. Sometimes 
 the entire membranes are retained after parturition, and it is called 
 retention of the placenta; more properly, perhaps, retention of the 
 foetal membranes. It is more common in the cow, and also in the 
 sheep, than in the mare. There is a difference of opinion as to 
 what should be done in such cases. I think it is best not to be in 
 too much of a hurry in removing it in such cases by force, especially 
 in the mare. In most cases it comes away in from five to fifteen 
 minutes up to eight or ten hours. There are certain remedies re- 
 commended, as savin, laurel, bi-sulphite of soda, etc. I do not 
 think powerful remedies are called for, but in the cow regulate the 
 diet and give from two to eight ounces of Epsom salts, with some 
 gentian and ginger, perhaps given in two doses ; keep her warm, 
 give nice food, and the after-ljirth will, in most cases, come away. 
 But if this fails you must remove it, and do not allow it to remain 
 too long. But so long as it does not decompose to any great extent, 
 there is no great danger ; but when it does decompose, it may give 
 rise to septicaemia. It is j^enerally easily taken away. Just get 
 hold of the membranes with one hand, then insert the other hand 
 into the uterus and break down any adhesions with your fingers. 
 In the mare it is removed in the same way. After removing it, sup- 
 posing it had remained in for eight or ten days, inject the uterus 
 with tepid water, and after this with a weak solution of carbolic 
 acid, feed well and keep her comfortable. There is a more serious 
 result than this, which is inversoin of the uterus. This is very 
 serious, and not uncommon, and is more frequent in cows than in 
 mares, and the treatment is more successful in cows. It is most 
 likely to occur in weak and debilitated animals. In those fed upon 
 poor food the ligaments of the uterus become more than naturally 
 relaxed. In the mare it is similar, and is a very serious condition, 
 and is seldom treated with success. If it is only partially inverted, 
 it is not so serious; but if it is complete, you can notice the uterus 
 protruding, which is a large, reddened, swollen mass, and the foetal 
 membrane may be attached to it. If it is complete in the cow she 
 does not stand long, owing to the weight, and when she does lie 
 down she may not be able to get up. The uterus becomes dirty 
 and exposed to the cold. The proper thing is to cleanse and return 
 it, which is difficult, but it can be done. If the foetal membranes 
 are attached, remove them carefully ; bathe the parts nicely, and it 
 is recommended to scarify, but you must be exceedingly careful 
 about scarifying. As well as tepid water, bathe with laudanum and 
 water (but before it is necessary to put a large cloth, as a 
 table-cloth, under the parts); then endeavour to return it, which is 
 easier done when the cow is on her feet ; so, if you can, get her on 
 her feet, and if you cannot do this, turn her upon her back. There 
 is difference of opinion whether to begin at the fundas or neck to 
 return it, but if you cannot do it one way try the other. Then 
 there is another difficulty, and that is to get it in position after it is 
 returned ; but endeavour to carefully unfold it, and then give 
 opiates, or stimulants — some recommend one, some the other. And 
 it is necessary to keep it in by some means — elevating the hind 
 quarters is of benefit, and there are various pessaries recommended. 
 A good one can be formed by covering a piece of wood with cloth or 
 chamois skin, pass this in and secure it in some way ; a bottle has 
 been recommended, but it may get broken, and a piece of wood the 
 shape of a beetle makes a good one. Secure and keep it in by ropes 
 
198 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 or straps. Another way is to put three or four stitches through the 
 vulva — the animal can urinate through the lower opening. And 
 there are various trusses which are of benefit in some cases, but I 
 think the pessary the most successful. It is a good plan to press 
 upon and get the back to bend down. Some recommend, and I 
 have tried, inserting a big pin through the skin on the back, and 
 put twine around it, which causes the back to bend. This is similar 
 and more troublesome, but not so common, in the mare. You may 
 meet a case where the uterus is gangrenous. Then do not return 
 it, but you may endeavour to save the life of the animal by remov- 
 ing it, which is sometimes successful. And in some cases it is best to 
 place the animal under chloroform, then tie a cord around it as close 
 to the OS-uteri as possible, then cut the parts off and arrest the 
 hemorrhage. Some recommend using the ecraseur, taking one-half, 
 one-third, etc., at a time ; then keep her quiet. If she is weak, as she 
 is apt to be, give stimulants, but I do not know whether it is juecessary 
 to operate on a mare. I never knew a mare to recover. Another con- 
 dition is prolapsus, or inversion of the vagina, both before and after 
 parturition, and is more common in cows than in mares. Poor keep- 
 ing is a common cause ; another cause is an impacted state of the 
 rectum ; or standing in a stall higher in front than behind. By ex- 
 amining you can tell the difference between this and inversion of the 
 uterus, and sometimes the uterus protrudes at the same time. If 
 due to a compacted state of the rectum, clear out the rectum, 
 and it is generally easily returned. Remove the cause, elevate the 
 hind parts, and you can use a truss of some kind, and if the animal 
 is in poor condition, give a generous diet, tone up the system, etc. 
 The treatment after parturition is just the same as before parturition, 
 and it may protrude for some time before parturition without doing 
 much harm. In some cases it may be advisable to put a suture 
 through the lips. Astringents, acetate of lead and water, have been 
 recommended. After cleansing use cold instead of warm water, 
 which tends to contraction. But if there is irritation I prefer warm 
 applications. If the uterus is lacerated, stitch it up and then en- 
 deavour to return it. It is recorded that some have recovered. I 
 never saw a case recover. 
 
 D[SEASES AFTER PARTURITION. 
 
 Milk, or Parturient, Fever, which differs from parturient apoplexy. 
 Any case of parturition produces more or less fever, the pulse is 
 slightly quickened, the temperature elevated, etc. Parturient fever 
 usually accompanies the secretion of the milk. There is a great 
 amount of blood in the system which goes to the milk, and milk fever 
 is an invariable sign of a good milker. 
 
 Symptoms. — The pulse increases some ; the udder becomes tender 
 and slightly swollen, the swelling extending along the belly, and 
 sometimes between the fore legs — and even in some cases before 
 parturition; the breathing is slightly quickened; the mouth hot; 
 and when the milk is properly secreted there is no danger to be 
 apprehended. Although it is simple, we are sometimes called to 
 treat it, and sometimes the symptoms are premonitory symptoms of 
 parturient apoplexy. It exists moi'e in well bred animals than in 
 others. 
 
DISEASES OK DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 199 
 
 Treatment. — Regulate the diet ; give good food ; give about eight 
 ounces of Epsom salts and an ounce of saltpetre, dissolve in a quart 
 of water, and follow it by a few doses of diuretic medicine. If the 
 udder is swollen and hard, foment and hand-rub it, and, in some 
 cases, use some simple ointment, as calamine ointment ; stimulants 
 are generally unnecessary. If it continues too long, give a few doses 
 of iodide of potassium. It is a simple febrile affection. Give but 
 little food for twenty-four or thirty hours. 
 
 Pu»'pliral Fever, of which there may be different kinds — a par- 
 turient peritonitis, in which the peritoneum and uterus are inflamed, 
 and, perhaps, the large nerves of the parts involved. Another serious 
 condition is that in which the brain is the principal seat of the dis- 
 ease, but the spinal cord is involved. This is called parturient apop- 
 lexy. There is another form in which the spine is the principal seat 
 of the disease, and the large nerves going from the spine to the poste- 
 rior extremity of the body are affected, causing loss of power, and in 
 post mortems there is sometimes effusion into the peritoneal cavity. 
 I will first speak of 
 
 Parturient Peritonitis, but the inflammation is not generally con- 
 fined to the peritoneum alone, but it also affects the uterus, and we 
 have a low fever, and in post mortems we find diffuse inflammation of 
 the peritoneum, and more or less in the uterus. The vessels going to 
 and coming from the uterus are affected, and the nerves are thickened 
 to a certain extent. It may occur at any age and follow any case of 
 parturition, but it is generally the result of bad usage, either before or 
 after parturition. Animals exposed to the cold, or having been driven, 
 are more liable to it. 
 
 Symptoms. — It usually shows itself the second, third or fourth day 
 after calving. The supply of milk is impaired more or less ; the 
 urine is coffee-coloured, and it usually attains its intensity in from 
 six to ten hours. The symptoms are somewhat like parturient 
 apoplexy ; she paddles with the feet when walking ; looks at the sides ; 
 lies down, and, in some cases, is not able to get up — (when a cow 
 becomes affected by urinary or abdominal diseases she is generally 
 very helpless) — she will moan, stretch out the neck, lift the head and 
 look at the flanks ; respiration increases ; the mouth, muzzle and 
 horns hot, and the temperature of the body is increased ; constipation 
 is present, and if any feces are passed they will be hard and covered 
 with mucous ; and there may be a discharge of a brownish-coloured 
 fluid from the vulva ; power is lost, and you are apt to think it is 
 apoplexy. But there are no cerebral symptoms developed, and there 
 is more pain present. It is a very fatal complaint. 
 
 Treatment. — Give sedatives and opiates. At one time purgatives 
 were recommended, but I do not use them as freely as I used to do, 
 and do not recommend giving large doses of purgative medicine. 
 But it is good to give a slight laxative, and opiates do not act so well 
 in cattle, but give opium and belladonna. Some recommend blood- 
 letting in the early stages ; but if the cow is down, and effusion has 
 taken place, blood-letting should not be practised. Attend to the care 
 of the animal, and get her well on the breast, and if the bowels are 
 costive give injections, and if feces are passed freely it seems to give 
 relief. Draw the urine with the catheter if it does not come away. 
 Use counter-irritation, which must be stronger for cattle than horses, 
 and sometimes use a little croton oil. Sometimes this prevails as an 
 enzootic disease, due to the manner in which they are kept and the 
 weather. 
 
200 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
 
 Parturient Apoplexy. — This disease principally affects the brain 
 and spinal cord, due, in most cases, to a congested state of the brain, 
 in which it differs from parturient peritonitis, and, in some cases, it 
 involves the sympathetic system, which has a great deal to do with 
 certain diseases, and it may be influenced in various ways. There are 
 various theories brought forward in regard to it. It was thought to 
 be due to a specific poison in the blood, which would produce the dis- 
 ease in other animals ; it is also said to be due to the arteries of the 
 brain in cattle differing from those of the horse. But these are not 
 tenable. Another is that the sympathetic system has something to 
 do with it. This is tenable. When a cow is in good health and the 
 secretions going on in a natural manner, parturition is easily accom- 
 plished, and there is a large amount of blood in the system which is to 
 go to the milk, and, instead of going there, it is thrown back upon the 
 system, to a certain extent, influencing the sympathetic system. It is 
 due, generally, to a plethoric condition — those affected are those in 
 perfect health. Prof. Williams' theory is a good one (Williams' Veter- 
 inary Medicine, page 462). Post mortems usually reveal lesions of the 
 brain and spinal cord. There is, even, effusion into the ventricle some- 
 times, and the spinal cord is sometimes reddened. There are other 
 conditions, but they are generally incident to the condition of the ani- 
 mal before death. There may be hypostatic congestion of the lungs or 
 liver. The most noticeable characteristic is the rapidity of its develop- 
 ment. An animal may appear in perfect health, and be dead in four or 
 five hours. It appears from the first to the third day after calving, 
 and the sooner it appears the more fatal it is. Another peculiarity is, 
 it seldom or never follows an abortion, while parturient peritonitis 
 does ; and it does not occur in very young cows, but is most likely to 
 attack a cow in her prime It follows difficult parturition, when force 
 has been used, or where there was hemorrhage from the womb, and 
 seldom occurs in an animal in poor condition. 
 
 Symptoms. — Perhaps the first noticed is, the cow does not give as 
 much milk as she should ; the urine depressed and the bowels con- 
 stipated ; fever takes place, and all the secretions are affected, and 
 perhaps there are no other symptoms, and if you are called to a case 
 in which there is not the milk expected, and the above symptoms, 
 then look out for it, and give something to prevent it. There may be 
 but little pain, and the thermometer will reveal a slight increase in 
 temperature. When the well-marked symptoms appear the cow 
 moves first one and then the other leg, paddles, as it is called, when 
 she walks, lies down, gets up and lies down again, until, perhaps, she 
 can not get up ; then, perhaps, dashes the head violently, throwing it 
 up over the shoulder, which seems to be a favorite position ; then she 
 may, perhaps, become comatose, the pupil dilated, and the breathing 
 stertorious ; the pulse forty, fifty or sixty, and almost imperceptible ; 
 there is but little feeling, and death soon occurs. In other cases the 
 symptoms are not so rapidly developed, and such are more easily 
 treated. It is generally easily diagnosed, but you may make a mis- 
 take in the early stage of the disease. 
 
 Treatment. — There are many remedies recommended, and, I think, 
 in the early stage, before the animal gets down, that abstraction of 
 blood is beneficial ; but there is difference of opinion here, therefore I 
 recommend taking blood, and, as well as that, give a pretty good dose 
 of purgative medicine — from one to two pounds of Epsom salts— and 
 give injections ; but if partially or completely comatose, do not take 
 blood, but give stimulants — as sweet spirits of nitre, nitrate of potash, 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 201 
 
 etc., and a dose of purgative medicine ; give injections ; draw the urine ; 
 turn her from one side to the other ; bed well and make her as comfort- 
 able as possible, and if comatose, put cold water or pounded ice to the 
 head. Tieat the same as sun stroke. A case may recover after being 
 comatose for five or six hours. While comatose you must be careful 
 in giving medicine, for it may pass into the trachea and cause suffo- 
 cation. In such cases, try the stomach pump, or the small tube, and 
 get stimulants into the stomach, or use hypodermic injections of 
 ether, etc. In the early stages give bromide of potassium in pretty 
 large doses ; keep cold to the head, and inject freely with soap 
 and water ; keep her clothed, and attend to the general comfort of 
 the patient. If the animal shows signs of recovery in about twenty- 
 four hours, feed sparingly, and give nux vomica if the nervous system 
 is affected. It is easier prevented than cured, and if a cow is 
 so affected and cured, she is more liable to be affected again, and if 
 in any cow you suspect it, restrict the food before parturition and 
 give one-half or pound of Epsom salts, and give diuretics or hypo- 
 sulphite of soda. This sometimes occurs before parturition, but 
 not often, and is easily prevented. Do not give much food for 
 some time after parturition ; do not even allow her upon luxuriant 
 pasture, but turn upon a poor pasture. Croton oil, calomel, etc., have 
 been recommended, but I do not think they should be used. 
 
 Parturient Paralysis makes its appearance about the third or 
 fourth day after calving, and it is not so serious as apoplexy. The 
 spine is sometimes affected, and sometimes just the large nerves. 
 Loss of power is the principal symptom. There is paddling action ; 
 the animal falls or lies down and can not get up ; perhaps the secre- 
 tion of milk is impaired ; if you prick her with a pin there will be 
 sensation but no motion. Regulate the diet ; give a laxative ; stimu- 
 late the loins with the ammoniacal liniment, mustard, etc. An old 
 and perhaps a good way is to cover the loins with a blanket, and take 
 a warm smoothing iron and rub over the outside. If it continues too 
 long, use the galvanic battery, and, in some cases, afte* live or six 
 days the animal will get up as well as ever. Or she may knuckle at 
 the fetlocks for some time ; then try strychnine, and apply a strych- 
 nine liniment to the loins — but not too much at a time, or you may 
 cause poisoning. 
 
 Mammitis, Inflammation of the Udder, Garget, etc, is inflam- 
 mation of the mammary glands, which may occur with other 
 diseases, as from inflammation of the womb, irritation of the stom- 
 ach. It occurs usually in the milch cow, but it may occur in the 
 heifer. It occurs in two forms, which differ some from each other, 
 but I do not know that the treatment differs much. In one form the 
 skin and membranes under the skin are affected ; in the other, the 
 glandular substance is affected. It may be circumscribed, or it may 
 extend and involve the deep-seated structures. 
 
 Symptoms. — The udder is hard, hot and tender, and is accompanied 
 by constitutional fever, which is, in many cases, ushered in by shiv- 
 ers ; the animal begins to breathe rapidly, and you might think it was 
 some disease of the respiratory organs ; the pulse is quickened ; the 
 appetite more or less impaired, and cessation of rumination ; the 
 bowels may be constipated, or there may be diarrhoea, but the febrile 
 state of the system is apt to produce constipation. But some irritant 
 may be present, and may have had something to do in causing the dis- 
 ease. When this disease involves the deep-seated structures, suppu- 
 
202 CAUSEH, SYMPTOMS AN1> TREATMENT OF 
 
 ration and a scirrhous condition are produced, which destroy the secre- 
 tion of the milk. 
 
 Causes. — Irregular milking is a common cause, which irritates the 
 glands and causes inflammation. It is also produced by changes of 
 temperature, exposure to colds, etc., and sometimes results from par- 
 turient apoplexy, due to the manner in which she lies, pressing upon 
 the udder, etc., or it is due to the sudden changes in temperature, as the 
 hot days and cool nights of September ; standing in wet, dirty stables ; 
 exposure to wet, etc. Inflammation of the glandular substance may 
 terminate in resolution, but it is likely to terminate in resolution, but 
 it is likely to terminate in ulceration and destruction of the gland ; 
 but if it is circumscribed and is opened in time, it may impair it but 
 little. A common termination is fibrous degeneration or scirrhous 
 condition. 
 
 Treatiuent. — If in the early stage, give two or three ounces of 
 nitrous ether, with one to one and a half ounces of nitrate of potash, 
 followed by aconite. Use warm fomentations and keep them up 
 for some time, then dry well and use the camphorated liniment ; 
 or you may put a bandage to the parts, having holes for the teats ; 
 pad it with wool, cotton, etc., and pour in warm water. A hot 
 poultice is an old and very good remedy, but in cold weather poul- 
 tices, etc., are not best, but apply liniments, and wool, tow, etc., 
 warmed at the stove and applied to keep heat in the parts, should 
 be used. Some use cold water, but I think warm is preferable — 
 better to relieve pain— and if the pain is very great, use anodynes, 
 as belladonna, laudanum, arnica, etc. If it has terminated in sup- 
 puration it is best to let it out through the teat by means of an 
 ordinary concealed bistoiiri, by pushing it up the teat. But if it is 
 circumscribed and points, open at the prominent part. Sometimes a 
 part becomes scirrhous or gangrenous, and it may be necessary to 
 remove a part of it. Have the animal well kept ; give tonics if the 
 animal is weak. It is necessary to milk the cow occasionally, which 
 adds to the irritation, but you may overcome this by means of a teat 
 siphon, allowing the milk to drain off. If there is a slight induration, 
 without much change, then use iodine ointment, and possibly iodide 
 of potassium internally. 
 
 AZOTURIA, ETC. 
 
 Azoturia, Partial Paralysis, is a dietetic disease, a hypernitro- 
 genous condition of the blood, and of the system generally. There 
 is partial or complete loss of power of the hind limbs, although the 
 nerves are not altogether affected ; but it is due to spasms of 
 the muscles of the loins and the tissues in connection, and affects 
 the kidneys more or less. It was called hysteria, and was supposed 
 to be peculiar to mares only. Another term is enzootic htematuria ; 
 another is hajmogloburia. It attacks a horse that has been working, 
 then stood in the stable and fed well upon nutritive food, which pro- 
 duces a large amount of albumen in the blood in particular, and in 
 the system in general ; and then the horse is taken out and exercised. 
 The result is an increased oxidation of the albumen, and it is changed 
 into various compounds, causing an excess of urea and hippuric acid, 
 producing spasms and contractions, especially of the large muscles 
 and tissues of the loins, producing loss of motor power. And when it 
 attacks the psoas muscles it is more severe than when it attacks the 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIiFALS. ZUiJ 
 
 gluteal muscles. This condition extends further than the muscles, in 
 some cases, and in some cases even the covering of the spinal cord 
 may be affected, the sheathes of the nerves and the kidneys also, 
 arresting the secretion of the kidneys in the early stage. The faster 
 the work the more serious will be the attack. It is more common in 
 the winter months, as the animal is kept in the stable, well fed, for a 
 time, then taken out and worked. 
 
 Symptoms. — Suppose a case : A horse is taken from the stable and 
 trotted out half a mile to three or four miles ; he becomes sluggish, 
 perspires more freely than he should : then well-marked stiffness appears 
 in connection with the muscles of the loins. If stopped, the breathing 
 is noticed to be increased, the pulse quick and weak, and the loins, in 
 many cases, are hard and tense ; the bowels, in some cases, aretympantic. 
 In aggravated cases the symptoms become more severe ; he drops on the 
 hind quarters, staggers, and perhaps falls ; he may lie down, get up and 
 lie down, etc., until he is not able to get up any longer : or he may 
 suddenly falter during a drive, as if he had picked up a nail. But if the 
 above symptoms are also present, and you are informed that the horse 
 was standing in the stable for some time, it is likely to be azoturia. 
 The ears and legs cold, pain in the parts, and colickly pains. But in 
 some cases the symptoms are not so well developed, and if allowed to stand 
 fifteen or twenty minutes it will show itself by stiffness. The urine is of 
 a dark red colour, and contains an excess of urea, and, in some cases, 
 albumen. If the urine is allowed to stand, a sediment is thrown down, 
 and nitric acid will precipitate nitrate of urea. Azoturia is often mistaken 
 for inflammation of the kindneys. Post mortems reveal the muscles 
 affected— soft and flabby, of a darkish red colour — the kidneys slightly 
 congested ; there is dark urine in the bladder, and hypostatic congestion, 
 which is, perhaps, due to the position the animal has occupied. If the 
 animal is properly treated in time the symptoms will disappear in from 
 four to ten hours, and in two or three dajs the animal will be well. 
 Your prognosis will be based upon the severity of the symptoms. If the 
 animal is unable to rise, there is great pain, the pulse quick and full, it is 
 unfavourable. I believe it is sometimes combined with irritation of 
 the bowels ; but although the patient is down, and the pulse is not full 
 and bounding, but just quickened some, and no great pain, the prognosis 
 is favourable. 
 
 Treatment. — In an ordinary case I recommend a slight stimulant ; 
 give sweet spirits of nitre ; cover the body well and induce copious per- 
 spiration, and give a good dose of purgative — from six to twelve drachms 
 of aloes — and give injections ; apply counter-irritation to the loins. 
 Some object to this, but I think hot water is beneficial. Immerse a 
 blanket in hot water and place it over the loins and cover it with dry 
 blankets. Or, if you cannot apply this, take a liniment and rub in as a 
 shampoo over the loins ; or mustard may be used, but do not use any- 
 thing that will blemish ; and, if necessary, draw off the urine, which is 
 often retained in the bladder. After treatment, carefully use sedatives — 
 aconite and carbonate of soda. There is great thirst and the animal 
 should have plenty of water, in small amounts at a time, with, perhaps, 
 ju;t the chill taken oft", and keep the animal as comfortable as possible, 
 and turn him from side to side as necessary, and, where there are signs 
 of amendment, try to get him upon his feet, even if he only stands fifteen 
 or twenty minutes. It is best to take the shoes off if the animal is kick- 
 around much ; and, in some cases, you may use slings. It is a disease 
 that is generally satisfactory to treat. If a horse was stopped and not 
 driven any further, when the symptoms are pieseut.it would notgfnerally 
 
^04 
 
 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT Of 
 
 become serious ; but I do not know whether the horse, after recovering, 
 is more liable to another attack or not ; but when recovering, and the 
 appetite is good, if he is allowed to eat too much, it is more apt to 
 return. Nitrate of potash is another remedy, but I prefer one to one and 
 a-half ounces of carbonate of soda each day for several days. Blood- 
 letting is recommended, and, if taken in the early stages, it is, possibly, 
 beneficial. Sedatives are not demanded if the pulse is weak and amrao- 
 niacal stimulants are not generally advisable. Do not push opium too 
 far, but if there is much pain give belladonna or hypodermic injections of 
 morphia, and, unless the animal is suffering great pain, do not give 
 opiates. I saw a case combined with spasms of the diaphragm. This 
 proves serious. Give anti-spasmodics ; the other treatment is the same. 
 When he lies down the spasms are increased, and respiration is more 
 difficult, and death may result from asphyxia. 
 
 Metritis, Inflammation of the Uterus.— In the mare this is in- 
 flammation of the substance of the womb — it is endo-metritus when 
 confined to the lining membrane. It is usually a sequel of parturition 
 when prolonged, or where force has been used. But there are other 
 causes — as exposure after foaling, lying on damp ground, etc., and these 
 are common causes of it when it is not due to parturition. 
 
 Symptoms. — It usually occurs in three or four days after parturition. 
 There is uneasiness and pain; the back is arched--straining— and, in 
 some cases there is a dark red fluid passes from the vagina. In some 
 cases she will lie down, moan, and occasionally cast anxious glances to 
 the abdomen ; the pulse quick and wiry, the mouth hot, the ears cold or 
 alternately cold and hot ; cold sweats, perhaps, appear behind the 
 shoulders and in the flanks, and the vulva may be swollen ; the urine is 
 passed often and in small quantities, and the symptoms may be more 
 aggravated, apd the animal may die in two or three days. This disease 
 may extend and involve the peritoneum, but not so apt to do this as in 
 cows. 
 
 Treatment. — Allay the action of the heart by Fleming's tincture of 
 aconite, ten to fifteen drops ; combat the pain by opium or hypodermic 
 injection of morphia, and keep her comfortable ; if cold, clothe nicely ; 
 counter-irritation to the loins is recommended — as mustard, hot cloths, 
 or a newly -flayed sheep-skin ; but do not keep the sheep-skin on too long, 
 perhaps twenty-four hours will do, and keep the parts warm after taking 
 it ofi'— and give injections. It is also recommended to inject the uterus, 
 and you may put laudanum in the water. Give a purgative — ten or 
 twelve ounces of oil, which is preferable to aloes. Treat it about the 
 same as inflammation of the bowels. Keep her extremely warm. If 
 there is a discharge from the vagina, inject first with tepid water, then 
 with a solution of sulphate of zinc, or carbolic acid, one part to forty or 
 fifty of water. 
 
 Leuehorrhoeaj or Whites. — This is met with in old debilitated 
 mares, especially after they cease to breed. There is a white, g'airy dis- 
 charge from the uterus, which looks like curdled milk. It sometimes 
 accumulates in the uterus and then comes away in large quantities, and 
 there is a foetid smell ; the animal gradually becomes debilitated. Dis- 
 ease of the ovaries may produce it, but it is most likely to occur from 
 debility. It is common in well-bred cattle, and may be associated with 
 tubercular disease in cattle. 
 
 Treatment. — Use both local and constitutional treatment. First inject 
 the uterus with warm water, and then with cold water — and one of the . 
 best preparations is carbolic acid, about one to forty, which may, in some 
 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 205 
 
 cases, be increased' I have used it as strong as one to sixteen, but do 
 not keep up the use of this strong lotion, but after one injection use the 
 weak solution ; give general tonics — iodide of potassium, iodide of iron, 
 etc. Percival recommends acetate of lead, 1 drachm ; opium, 1 scruple : 
 turpentine, 2 ounces. But the best, perhaps, is the iodide of iron, iodide 
 of potassium, etc. In cattle, it is similar, but if it is associated with 
 tubercular disease, the animal will be unfit for breeding purposes. 
 
 Barreiiuess may be due to contraction of the os-uteri. Apply bella- 
 donna, and dilate by means of the fingers and catheters. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE OVARIES. 
 
 Enlargemeuts— Ovarian Tumours are generally of an encysted 
 character. They are more likely to occur in mares that have had several 
 colts, but they may come in any from faulty conformation. 
 
 Symptoms are not very plain. It may exist to a great extent without 
 extending the abdomen. The mare is supposed to have slight attacks of 
 colic, but the symptoms differ from some colic. The pain continues per- 
 haps a half hour or an hour, the pulse is not materially affected, and the 
 symptoms gradually disappear ; the mare is usually irritable, falls off in 
 condition, and may have a tucked up appearance ; the tumour may pass 
 around some of the intestines and cause strangulation — causing the 
 ordinary symptoms of strangulation. If there is slight irritation in con- 
 nection with the generative organs, and these symptoms are present, 
 make an examination fcr rectum, and if it is any great size you can 
 detect it. There may be a slight discharge from the vagina. There can 
 not be much done by way of treatment in the mare. I would recom- 
 mend iodine, iodide of potassium, etc., and you may deem it worth trying 
 an operation, but it is not generally successful. 
 
 Vaginitis is generally the result of difficult parturition. Give a laxa- 
 tive and iodide of potassium, and you may use some slight astringent. 
 Allay the irritation. 
 
 Abscess on the Vulva, caused by some irritation. Open up and let 
 the matter out. If she is in good condition, give a laxative ; if in poor 
 condition, give nutritious food. 
 
 Partial Closure of the Lips of the Vulva, may occur in the cow 
 after difficult parturition. The lips may grow up until you could scarcely 
 introduce the ordinary director. It is best treated by opening up, and, 
 if seen in the early stage, you can do this with the fingers ; then use a 
 pledget of tow to keep the lips from uniting. Allay the irritation ; 
 apply lotions, etc. 
 
 Ovariotomy. — This, like everything else, requires practice. It is 
 frequently performed in pigs, by cutting into the flank on either side, 
 remove the ovaries, secure the vessels and treat as a wound. It is best 
 to get a dead animal and examine as to the position of the ovaries, 
 etc., before operating on a living animal. Cattle are sometimes operated 
 on They take on flesh more rapidly after the operation. It has been, 
 and is still, recommended to splay milk cows four or five months after 
 calving, and it is said that they will give milk for four or five years and 
 take less food. It was advocated in Scotland some twenty-five years ago, 
 but I think it proved a failure. But lately it has been practiced and 
 recommended, especially in the southern part of the United States. 
 One way of operating is to cut into either side, the same as in the pig. 
 
206 DISEASES OP DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Another is to cut into the abdomen. The way it is now performed is to 
 pass the hand into the vagina, dilating it carefully (but it cannot be per- 
 formed until the animal is from six to twelve months old), make your 
 incision through the walls of the vagina about one and a half or two 
 inches from the os-uteri, get the fingers through and get hold of the 
 ligament of the ovaries and pull them down and remove them. The 
 ecraseur is, perhaps, the best mode of removing them. First examine 
 a dead animal and operate for experiment. The ovaries were removed 
 from a mare by one of our students, and she lived for several days, and 
 was getting along nicely, when she was taken to the dissecting room. 
 
 Perpetual Bulling is due to an abnormal condition of the ovaries, 
 and, in well-bred cattle, to tubercular disturbance. The best treatment, 
 perhaps, is ovariotomy. It sometimes occurs in the mare. A good seda- 
 tive, in some cases, may allay the irritation. 
 
 The Clitoris may be enlarged or lacerated, due to irritation of some 
 kind or other. Use local and constitutional remedies ; touch with nitrate 
 of silver, carbolic acid, etc. If there is an enlargement remove it. 
 
 Melanotic Tumours may be present, especially in a white mare 
 They are a kind of black tumour, and may be in other parts also. 
 
208 
 
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 213 
 
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INDEX 
 
 Abnormal Growths from Tracheotomy 27 
 
 Abscesses 17 
 
 " of the Turbinated Bones 17 
 
 in the Rectum 165 
 
 " of the Vulva 205 
 
 Albuminuria 180 
 
 Amaurosis 66 
 
 Anasarca 60 
 
 Anchylosis 80 
 
 Aphthae 149 
 
 Ascites 167 
 
 Atrophy of the Brain 48 
 
 Azoturia 202 
 
 Barbs 148 
 
 Barrenness 205 
 
 Biliary Calculi 174 
 
 Bile Stones 174 
 
 Bladder, Sabulous Matter-in 183 
 
 " Cysts in 182 
 
 " Inversion of 183 
 
 " Paralysis of i84 
 
 Blood, Composititon of 5 
 
 Blown 167 
 
 Bleeding of the Nose 19 
 
 Bone, Disease of 79 
 
 Bony Tumours 48 
 
 Brain. Softening of 48 
 
 ' ' Atrophy of 48 
 
 ' • Bony Tumours in 48 
 
 " Hypertrophy of 48 
 
 Melanotic deposits in 48 
 
 Breakdown 119 
 
 Broken Wind 25 
 
 Bronchitis in Horses 24 
 
 " in Cattle 29 
 
 Filaria in Cattle .*. 29 
 
216 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Bronchocele 17 
 
 Bruises of the Feet 138 
 
 of the Knee 117 
 
 Bursal Enlargement in the Heck 129 
 
 Calks 136 
 
 Calculi 181 
 
 Biliary 174 
 
 " Salivary 152 
 
 " Urethral 183 
 
 Canker 135 
 
 Capped Elbow 114 
 
 Hock 127 
 
 Caruncula Lachrymalis, Enlarged 70 
 
 Caries 80-85 
 
 Castration 184 
 
 Castration, Results of 186 
 
 " " Adhesions 186 
 
 " " Amaurosis i8g 
 
 " Champignon 187 
 
 " Glanders and Farcy 189 
 
 Hernia 187 
 
 Peritonitis 188 
 
 " " Scirrhous Cord , 187 
 
 Suppuration ." i86 
 
 Tetanus 188 
 
 of Originals 189 
 
 Cataract 65 
 
 Catarrh in Horses 15 
 
 in Cattle 27 
 
 Cerebritis 45 
 
 Cerebral Tumours ■. 48 
 
 Cerebro-spinal Meningitis 52 
 
 Choking 1 50 
 
 Chorea 53 
 
 Colic, Flatulent 156 
 
 " Spasmodic i55 
 
 Collar Galls 113 
 
 Concussion of the Brain 47 
 
 Spine 48 
 
 Congestion of the Lungs 19 
 
 Conjunctivitus 62 
 
 Costiveness 160 
 
INDEX. 217 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Constipation i6o 
 
 " in Cattle 171 
 
 Contagious Diseases 70 
 
 Contraction of the Back Tendons 118 
 
 " Sheath of the Tendons 119 
 
 Convulsive Ergotism 54 
 
 Cough, Chronic . . • • 18 
 
 Coronitis 132 
 
 Corns 133 
 
 Croup 17 
 
 Crusta Labialis 40 
 
 Curb 128 
 
 Cystitis 180 
 
 Cysts in the Bladder 182 
 
 Deafness 78 
 
 Diabetes Insipidia 178 
 
 Diaphragm, Lesions of 26 
 
 " Rupture of 27 
 
 ' ' Spasms of 26 
 
 Diarrhoea 160-161 
 
 " in Cattle 171 
 
 Disease ; 3 
 
 Dislocation of the Fetlock 122 
 
 Patella 124 
 
 Diseases of the Air Passages in Cattle 27 
 
 Diuresis 178 
 
 Dose Table 208-213 
 
 Dropsy , 167 
 
 Duramater, Thickening of 48 
 
 Dysentery 162 
 
 Dyspepsia 154 
 
 Ear, Diseases of 78 
 
 " Canker of 79 
 
 Ectropium 68, 69 
 
 Eczema, Simple 38 
 
 Rubrum 39 
 
 Ejection 169 
 
 Elephantiasis 59 
 
 Encephalitis 43 
 
 Enchondroma 83 
 
 Enlargements on the Shoulder iii 
 
 10 
 
218 
 
 Entropium 
 
 Enteritis in Horses 
 
 " in Cattle 
 
 Enuresis 
 
 Epilepsy 
 
 Epistxis 
 
 Eye 
 
 Eversion of the Eyelids 
 
 False Quarter 
 
 Filaria Oculi 
 
 Fistula 
 
 " of Stenos' Duct 
 
 Flux 
 
 Fractures 
 
 Fracture of the Acetabulum 
 
 " " Astragalus 
 
 " " Basilar Process of the Occiput 
 
 " " Condyle of the Femur 
 
 " " External Orbital Process 
 
 " " " Tuberosity of the Femur 
 
 " Femur 
 
 " Fibula 
 
 " Frontal Bones 
 
 " Humerus 
 
 •' Hock 
 
 " Knee Joint 
 
 " '* Lower Jaw 
 
 Metacarpal Bones 
 
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 Nasal Bones 
 
 Occipital Bones 
 
 *' " Oscalcis 
 
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 Oscorona 
 
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 " Ospedis , 
 
 Parietal Bones 
 
 " Patella 
 
 " " Pelvic Bones 
 
 ■" " Posterior Iliac 
 
 " Pubes and Ischium 
 
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 " " Shaft of the Ilium , 
 
INDEX. 219 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Fracture of the Symphysis Pubes 88 
 
 " Tibia 91 
 
 " " Trochanter Major gi 
 
 Tuberosity of the Ischium 89 
 
 " Zygomatic Process 93 
 
 Fraenum Linguae, Injuries to 147 
 
 FragiHtas Ossium 82 
 
 Fungus, Bleeding or Cancerous 66 
 
 Fungoid Growths in the Bladder 180 
 
 Garget 201 
 
 Gastro Enteritis 152 
 
 Gid 51 
 
 Glancoma 68-70 
 
 Glanders, Chronic 74 
 
 ' ' Acute 76 
 
 Glands, Parotid 151 
 
 Glossitis 148 
 
 Grain Sack 168 
 
 Grease 37 
 
 Gut Tis 167 
 
 Haemoturia 184 
 
 Hair Balls 169 
 
 Head and Neck, Diseases of 105 
 
 Hemiplegia 49 
 
 Hemorrhage of the Lungs 19 
 
 Hepatitis 172 
 
 Hernia 162 
 
 Diaphragmatic 165 
 
 Scrotal 163 
 
 Umbilical 164 
 
 Ventral 164 
 
 Hoven 167 
 
 Hydrocephalus 5° 
 
 Hydrocele i8g 
 
 Hydrophobia « 55 
 
 Impaction of the Rumen 168 
 
 " " Manyplies i6g 
 
 Imperforate Anus 166 
 
 Injuries to the Abdomen no 
 
 " " Axis 85 
 
 " Back Tendons 118 
 
 Cervical Vertebrae 83 
 
220 
 
 PAGE. 
 ■ 206 
 
 86 
 
 113 
 
 123 
 
 ■ 109 
 
 106 
 
 105 
 
 115 
 
 87 
 
 Pectoral Muscles i lo-i 13 
 
 Injuries to the Clitoris 
 
 " Dorsal Clitoris . . 
 
 " Elbow Joint 
 
 " Gluteal Muscles. . 
 
 " Groin 
 
 from being Halter Cast . . 
 to the Head and Neck . . 
 
 Knee Joint 
 
 Lumber Vertebrae 
 
 Perinaeual 
 
 Psoae Muscles 
 
 Semilunar Cartilages 
 
 Shoulder Joint 
 
 Tendons of the Knee 
 
 Indigestion, Acute 
 
 " Chronic 
 
 Inflammation, Signs of 
 
 ' ' Definition of 
 
 of the Bladder 
 
 " Involving the Pleura 
 
 of the Hip Joint 
 
 " Kidneys 
 
 " Hock 
 
 " " Liver 
 
 Lungs 
 
 Inflammation of the Membrana Nictitans 
 
 Palate 
 
 " " Pharnyx 
 
 " . " Trachea 
 
 " " True Digestive Stomach 
 
 " Udder 
 
 " " Urethra 
 
 " " Testicles 
 
 Influenza 
 
 Interfering 
 
 Intestinal Concretions 
 
 Intussusception 
 
 Inversion of the Eyelids 
 
 Ischuria 
 
 Jaundice. 
 Kidneys 
 
 Inflammation of 
 
 no 
 125 
 125 
 112 
 116 
 152 
 154 
 9 
 7 
 180 
 
 22 
 122 
 177 
 125 
 172 
 
 21 
 
 68 
 149 
 149 
 
 27 
 171 
 201 
 201 
 189 
 
 29 
 121 
 159 
 159 
 
 69 
 179 
 
 173 
 
 177 
 177 
 
INDEX. 221 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Knee Sprung . .' 121 
 
 Knuckling 121 
 
 Lachrymal Ducts, Disease of 69 
 
 Malformation of 69 
 
 Lampas 144 
 
 Laminitis, Acute 131 
 
 Chronic 132 
 
 Laryngitis in Horses 15 
 
 Cattle 28 
 
 Leucorrhoea 204 
 
 Lice, Poultry 43 
 
 Lips, Laceration of 148 
 
 Liver, Diseases of 171 
 
 " Atrophy of 174 
 
 " Congestion of 171 
 
 " Functional Disorders of 174 
 
 Inflammation of , 172 
 
 Rupture of 173 
 
 Scirrhous Induration of 174 
 
 Lymphatic System 58 
 
 Lymphangitis 58 
 
 Mallenders 39 
 
 Mange 41 
 
 " in Cattle 42 
 
 " in Dogs 42 
 
 " in Horses 41 
 
 Mammitis 201 
 
 Megrims 47 
 
 Melanotic Tumours 206 
 
 Melanotic Condition of the Eye 70 
 
 Metritis 204 
 
 Milk Fever 198 
 
 Mollifies Ossium 83 
 
 Mouth, Diseases of 148 
 
 • ' Foreign Bodies in i47 
 
 Mud Fever 3^ 
 
 Myopia 7° 
 
 Nasal Gleet 16 
 
 Polypi 17 
 
 Navicular Disease 138 
 
 Navicularthritis 138 
 
 Necrosis 81 
 
'222 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Nephritis 177-17S 
 
 Nervous System 44 
 
 Nettle Rash 39 
 
 Oesophagus, Stricture of . 150 
 
 " Dilitation of 150 
 
 Open Joint 116 
 
 Ophthalmis, Periodic 63 
 
 " Simple 62 
 
 Organs of Respiration 14 
 
 Osteo Sarcoma 81 
 
 '•* " in Cattle 95 
 
 Osteo Parosis 95 
 
 Ostitis 79 
 
 Osteophytes 100 
 
 Over-Reach 1 36 
 
 Ovarian Tumours 205 
 
 Ovariotomy 205 
 
 Partial closure of the Vulva 205 
 
 Paraphymosis 190 
 
 Paralysis 49 
 
 " Partial 202 
 
 of the Lips 50 
 
 Parturition 193 
 
 " Presentations in 194-198 
 
 Diseases after 198 
 
 Parturient Fever 198 
 
 " Apoplexy 200 
 
 Paralysis 201 
 
 " Peritonitis 199 
 
 Penis, Injuries to 190 
 
 " Excoriations of 192 
 
 Paraphymosis of 190 
 
 Phymosis of 192 
 
 Peritonitis 188 
 
 Perpetual Bulling 206 
 
 Pharyngitis in Cattle 28 
 
 Pharnyngeal Polypi 1 50 
 
 Phlebitis 107 
 
 Phymosis 192 
 
 Pink Eye or Epizootic Cellulitis 31 
 
 Pleurisy 22 
 
 " Results of 23 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia in Horses 24 
 
INDEX. 223 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia Contagiosa in Cattle 72 
 
 Pleurodynia 26 
 
 Pneumonia 21 
 
 Poll Evil 10.5 
 
 Polyuria 178 
 
 Pumiced Foot 132 
 
 Pricks 135 
 
 Puritis 40 
 
 Protrusion of the Rectum 166 
 
 Ptyalism ... 152 
 
 Puerperal Fever 199 
 
 Punctures 134 
 
 Purpura Hemorrhagica 32 
 
 Quittor 137 
 
 Rabies 55 
 
 Rickets 82 
 
 Ringbone 99 
 
 Ringworm 43 
 
 Roaring 18 
 
 Rot in Sheep 174 
 
 Rupture 162 
 
 of the Colon 165 
 
 " Rectum 165 
 
 Saddle Galls 109 
 
 Salivary Glands 151 
 
 Sallenders 39 
 
 Sand Cracks 1 36 
 
 Scab in Sheep 42 
 
 Scours, White 170 
 
 Scratches 36 
 
 Scrotum, Diseases of 190 
 
 Sesamoiditis 120 
 
 Sheath, swelling of 60 
 
 Shoulderslip no 
 
 Sidebones 100 
 
 Seedy Toe 13S 
 
 Slavering 152 
 
 Sore Shins . 98 
 
 Spasms of the Larynx 19 
 
 Spavin, Bone 1 00 
 
 " Bog 126 
 
 Speedy Cut 116 
 
 Spleen 175 
 
224 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Spinitis 48 
 
 Splenic ApoplexN' 176 
 
 Splenitis 175 
 
 Splint 96 
 
 Sprain of the Metacarpal Ligament iiS 
 
 " " Back Tendons 118 
 
 " " Flexor Tendons 118 
 
 " " Gastrocgnemis Muscles 129 
 
 Hock 129 
 
 Inferior Sesanoid Ligament 120 
 
 " Metacarpal Ligament 118 
 
 Muscles below the Stifle 125 
 
 " " Vastus Muscles 125 
 
 Spring Hock 127 
 
 Stiffness of the Neck and Back 108 
 
 Stomach, Diseases of 152- 
 
 " Rupture of 154 
 
 Stomatitis Contagiosa 41 
 
 Strangles 33 
 
 Stricture of the Intestines 159 
 
 String-halt 51 
 
 Sturdy 51 
 
 Strongy lus Equinea 67 
 
 Sunstroke 46 
 
 Sweeney no 
 
 Tabes, Mesenterica 59 
 
 Teeth 141 
 
 Irritation of 144 
 
 " Caries of 146 
 
 Testicles, Inflamation of 189 
 
 Testicles, Dropsy of • 189 
 
 Tetanus 56 
 
 Thickening of the Membrane of the Nose 18 
 
 Thoroughpin 126 
 
 Thrombus 108 
 
 Thrush 133 
 
 Thyroid Glands 17 
 
 " Hypertrophy of 17 
 
 Tongue, Injuries to 147 
 
 Tread 136 
 
 Tuberculosis in Cattle 28 
 
 Tumours in the Nose 17 
 
 Tympanites 167 
 
INDEX. 225 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ulceration of the Arytenoid Cartilage i8 
 
 " Tibia 129 
 
 Urethral Calculi 183 
 
 Urethra, Inflammation of 192 
 
 Stricture of 192 
 
 " Ulceration of 192 
 
 Vaginitis 205 
 
 Variola 70 
 
 Equinea 71 
 
 Vaccinea 72 
 
 Vertigo 47 
 
 Villitis 132 
 
 Volvulus 1 59 
 
 Vomiting 169 
 
 Warbles in Cattle . . 44 
 
 Warts 40-191 
 
 Windgalls 122 
 
 Wolf Teeth 147 
 
 Wounds, Definition of 103 
 

 %j^; 
 
 J^ 
 
 JAN 1 1 201 
 
 JUN82 
 
 N. MANCHESTER, 
 INDIANA 46962