QIIjp i. '&. 'Ml ICibrarg JJortIf (Earolina ^tat^ Hmoeraitij QK481 R8 S00827435 THIS BOOR IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. OfcU 61978 •i1989 NOV 2 6 1980 OEC 9)981 ^^^ 2 3 1995 Nov' ^.p^9?5\9?'D /ih lOOM'1-77 HANDBOOK THE TREES NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. PHOTO-DESCRIPTIVE, Bt ROMEYN BECK HOUGH, B. A. Author of "American Woods." ROMEYN B. HOUGH CO. Lowville. N. Y. 4^^^^-^ .1-^..^^ ---*~^ yi^^^v..^ LOWVIELE, N. Y.: PlliMSlIKl) KY THK AUTHOR, 1907. COPYRIGHT, Nineteen hundred and seven. By KOMEVX B. H0U(;H. TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER, I)K. FRANKLIN P.. HOUGH, WHO, AS THE I'lONKKR C( )M NHSSIONEK OF FORKSTRV, FH^ST STROVE TO AROUSE THE PUBLIC TO CHECK THE COURSE OF DESTRUCl ION OF THE AMERICAN FORESTS, AND ESTABLISH THE PRINCIPLES OF FORKSTRV, AND TO MY MOTHER, WHOSE INTEREST IN THE PLAN OF THIS IIANI)P.O(^K AND FNJOV^^•:N•^ IN ITS PROtlRESS HAVE BEEN AMONG THE PLEASURES OF ITS PREPARATION, IT IS MOST AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. PREFACE, It has been thought by the writer, and has frequently been remarked by others, that a series of carefully nuule photographic illustrations of the fresh leaves, fruits, leafless branclilets and typical barks of our various trees would be ajtpreciated alike by the professional botanist, the le-^s teclniieal nature stu|iecimens from lofty trec-to]i< are trivial ordeals (•om])ared with instances like these. Add to these vicissitudes the distribution of our trees, Lvl and the consequent necessity of beini;: in many places at about the same time, and it can be readily understood that the field work could not be accomplished in one or even two seasons. Indeed, it has required several more than that. Xothinji' but a love of the subject would fortify one with the required patience. The necessity of visitins; the trees in their native haunts is evident. This has brought me much in contact with the country folk in remote regions aud has been associated with many novel and generally pleasant experiences. The visit of an " outsider " ofttimes seemed as welcome an occasion to them as the opportunities of their respective localities, and often contact with them, were enjoyed by me, and I gratefully remember many acts of kindness in these hospitable people. Occasionally it was my good fortune to have the com])any of fellow botanists in the field and enjoy the benefits of their familiarity with the trees of their respective regions. Such was my experience in studying the interesting trees of Staten Island with Mr. Wm. T. Davis, for whose assistance I am very grateful. A rare treat I found in store when I dropped in upon Prof. C. D. Beadle, botanist, at Biltmore, N. C, and enjoyed a few days' sojourn with him working np certain species of the Alleghany Mountains, and to Professor and Mrs. Beadle I am under lasting obligation. For able counsel and assistance in many ways I am indebted to my good friend, Prof. Wm. Trelease, director Missouri Botanical Garden. To Dr. X. M. Glatfelter, whose familiarity with the Willows of Missouri was of material assistance to me, I am likewise grateful. So, too, to Mr. G. W. Letterman, with whom I made several visits to the valley of the Merrimac River, Mo. I wish to acknowledge favors extended by Mr. C. C. Laney and Mr. John Dunbar, of Rochester, Prof. C. H. Peck, of Albany, and Mr. J. G. Jack, of the Arnold Arboretum, in assistance to material illustrative of various species of Crata?gus of their respective regions. To Mr. E. P. Clapp, Rev. E. J. Hill, Dr. J. Schneck, ^Ir. H. X. Patterson, Prof. B. O. Longyear, Prof. ^Y. A. Buckhout, Prof. A. T. Erwin, Mr. V. R. Gardner, Mr."^ E. S. Steele, Mr. F. E. Boynton, :\rr. T. G. Harbison, Dr. R. M. Harper, :\Ir. B. T. Gault, :\Ir. F. K. Balthis, ]\lr. A. J. Johnson and 'Mr. J. C. Teas, I wisli also to extend thanks for assistance. Last, but by no means least, I gratefully acknowledge counsel and facilities extended in the use of herbarium material by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester, and Mr. G. B. Sudworth, Dendrologist of [he U. S. Forestry Service ; by Dr. J. X. Rose of the National Herl)arium, and by Dr. X. S. Britton, Director of the Xew York Botanical Garden. Data as to specific gravities of woods has been taken from the Report of Tenth Census of the United States, and represent in each case the average of two or more determinations with absolutely dry wood taken from different trees. LowviLT.E. X. Y., June 29, 1907. EXPLANATION OF THE PLAN OF THE HANDBOOK. In the illustrated portion two pages wliioli face each other are devoted to a species, practically all of the well-detined species within th<' area indicated being included. The few exceptions will be found mentioned after their respective genera. (See pages 418-457.) It will be observed that the background in the pictures of leaves, fruits and twigs are marked into squares. These are lines in all cases one inch apart; their deviation from that measurement, in the picture, indicating a propor- tional enlargement or reduction of the object, in order to make the phites of uniform size. On viewing the picture with the standard of measurement in mind the actual size of the object is at once evident. The trees selected as subjects for pictures of barks are generally of medium size, as showing the phase of bark most commonly seen, and are such as could be called characteristic examples. The measure placed upon the trunks before photograjdiing, to indicate size, is one foot in length, excepting wlien otherwise stated. On the outline maps the shaded areas indicate the regions over whieli the trees are distributed, as indicated by outlying representatives, as nearly as is generally understood. Within the limits of such areas there are often tracts, of greater or less extent, where the tree in question is not found, on account of unfavorable conditions of altitude, perhaps, or of soil, moisture, etc., or of other less evident reasons. Such limited tracts could not be easily indicated on our much reduced maps. It cannot be claimed of these maps that they are always absolutely perfect, as trees may sometimes be found outside the areas generally accredited to them. In view of further perfecting the maps, for future use, the author would be obliged for whatever data the observers of trees may have and find it convenient to send that would be important to have in this connection. The wood-structure i)ietures represent transverse sections (the end view of the grain) magnified uniformly about fifteen diameters. That is approxi- mately the magnification secured by a good simple magnifier. Such a glass is quite essential in identifying woods, by comparison, having first exposed the end of the grain with a shar]-) knife to reveal its structure. In rhe foot-notes, following the letter-press on the right-hand page, will be found such synonyms only as are used in recent works, Avhere the names there adopted differ from the names used in this work. " A. W.'' indicates AMERICAN ^YOODS, in which work tlic s])ecios is further considered, especially with reference to its woods, and in which actual specimens of same may be seen. The Koman numeral indicates the part (U- volume in which a species is found and the Arabic numeral its serial number. (See pages follow- ing the index at close of this volume.) [vii] KEY TO THE FAMILIES BASED MAINLY UPON FLOWERS. a Flowers unisexual, with ovules naked on the face of a scale : leaves parallel-veined (GumnospcrnHe), monoecious; ovules 2 or more with esich scale: stamens numerous; fruit a cone with imbricated scales or so modified as to resemble a berry. Coniferse ( j). 418). a' Flowers with ovules inclosed in a cavity — ovary — (Augio.sixrma'} and the parts of the flower in 4s or 5s; cotyledons 2 {Dicotyledons) ; flowers b Without a corolla (Apctalce), c Fnisexual and d Calyx absent or irregular if present ; flowers appearing e After the leaves, the staminate f From axillary buds on growth of the previous season, in drooping aments ; pistillate solitary or in few-flowered spikes terminating new shoots on the same tree; fruit a nut; leaves compound, deciduous Juglandacese (p. 423). f- From the axils of evergreen simple leaves, in erect aments ; fruit a wax-coated berry Myricacese (p. 424) . f^ Mostly from the axils of bud-scales at the base of new shoots and in g Drooping h Long-peduncled heads; the pistillate solitary or in pairs terminating shoots on the same tree Fagus, in Fagacese (p. 429), h- Slender drooping aments ; pistillate flowers from axils of leaves on the same shoots Quercus, in Fagaceae ( p. 430) . g- Erect axillary aments ; the pistillate at the bases of the same aments, Castanea, in Fagacese (p, 430), t' In heads arranged in terminal racemes. Liiquidambar, in Hamamelidacese (p. 437). e' Before or with the leaves f P"'rom axillary buds which are g Covered with one or more bud-scales h Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments and on different trees, Salicacese (p. 42.5). h- Staminate only in aments; the pistillate in slender terminal spikes on same tree Carpinus, in Betulacese. h^ In panicles, dioecious, without petals; leaves compound; fruit a samara. Fraxinus, in Oleacese. g= Naked — not covered with true bud-scales ; ovary superior ; fruit an elongated compressed drupe Ijeitneriacese (p. 425) . f- Tei-minating shoots of the previous season and g The staminate (only) remaining naked during the previous winter; the pistillate in spikes from lateral buds ; staminate aments h Simple; fruit a strobile., Betula, in Betulaceae (p. 428). h- Compound, 2-5 (usually 3) united at base; fruit resembling a hop. Ostrya, in Betulaceae (p. 428). g- Both staminate and pistillate remaining naked during previous winter, on same branchlets AInus, in Betulaceae ( p. 425)) . d- Calyx present and regular ; flowers appearing after the leaves ; dioecious ; calyx becoming enlarged and succulent in the compound fruit. Moraceae (p. 433). e= Perfect ; calyx present, regular ; ovary superior, 1-celled and usually 1-seeded ; flowers in fascicles or racemes before or with the leaves ; fruit a d Samara, winged e Nearly or quite all around Ulmus, in Ulmaceae (p. 432). e- Obliquely from one end and arranged in pairs. Acer, in Aceraceae (p. 446). d= Drupe Lauraceae ( p. 435 ) . b' With a corolla and that consisting of c Separate petals (Poli/pctalw) d Ovary superior e Flowers perfect and f Regular g Calyx consisting of three sepals ; stamens numerous ; pistils h Numerou.s, from an elongated rpcei)tacle ; ovary 2-()Vuled. Magnoliacese {]>. A'.W ) . hr Few, from a globose receptacle : ovary niany-ovulrd. Asiniina, in Anonacese (p. 435), [ix] X Key to the Families Based Mainly Upon Floweks. g- Calyx consisting of five sepals ; stamens h. Eight but four imperfect : flowers in autumn. Hamamelis, in Hamelidacese (p. 436). li- Numerous: pistil solitary and i Single-celled ; fruit a drupe. Prunus, in Rosacese (p. 440). i- Five-celled ; leaves deciduous ; fruit j Indehiscent, a dry nut-like drupe attached to a seed-leaf which serves as a parachute Tiliacese (p. 44S). j- Dehiscent, 5-valved capsule; leaves persistent. Gordonia, in Theacese (p. 449). g^ Calyx 4-5-lobed ; stamens as many as the petals and Alternate with the petals which are widely spreading. Euonymous, in Celastracese (p. 446). Opposite the petals which are hood-like and envelope them. Rhamnus, in Rhamnacese (p. 448). f- Irregular g Leaves pinnately compound or l)i(on)])ound ; fruit a legume. Lieguminosse (p. 441). g^ Leaves palmately compound; capsule with large nut-like seeds; some flowers unisexual by abortion Hippocastanacese (p. 447). e- Flowers polygamous ; fruit a f Samara g \Yiuged all around Ptelea, in Rutacese (p. 444). g^ With long oblique wing and borne in pairs. Aceraceae ( p. 446 ) . £• Capsule containing a solitary seed ; leaves pinnate. Xantlioxylum, in Rutacese (p. 443). f Drupe in terminal open thyrses. Sapindus, in Sapindacese (p. 447). e* Unisexual f Mostly dioecious and occasionally perfect ; fruit a g Samara; leaves pinnate.... Ailanthus, in Simarubaceae ( p. 444 ) . g'' Small dryish drupes in terminal thyrses or axillary panicles. Anacardiaceae (p. 444). g' Larger berry-like drupes in small axillary clusters or solitary. Ilicacese ( p. 44.") ) . f- Monoecious, in dense globose heads; leaves alternate, simple and palmately veined : fruit an akene Platanaceae ( p. 437) . d* Ovary inferior ; fruit e Drupaceous ; leaves Twice pinnate; styles and cells of ovary 4-."). Araliacese (p. 4r)0). Simple; styles solitary Cornaceae (p. 4.^0). e' A pome. .Pyrus, Sorbus, Crataegiis and Amelanchier, in Rosacese (p. 438). c' United petals d Ovary superior ; flowers perfect ; fruit a e Capsule with f Five cells and five valves. Rhododendron, Kalmia and Oxydendrum, in Ericaceae (p. 451). F Two cells septicidally dehiscent ; flowers blue. Faulownia, in Scrophulariacese (p. 457). e* Berry subtended by accrescent calyx. Diosperus, in Ebenaceae (p.. 453). e* Fleshy drupes in f Axillary fascicles Bumelia, in Sapotaceae (p. 452 1 . f= Loose terminal panicles Chionanthus, in Oleaceae (p.. 455). e* Dryish drupe ; leaves simple and f Alternate ; flowers in crowded axillary clusters. Symplocaceae ( i). 4.53 ) . f- Opposite ; drupe 4-winged Styraeeae ( p. 4.54 ) . e° Pod-like capsule; flowers bilabiate in conspicuous terminal panicles. Catalpa, in Bignoniaceae (p. 456). d' Ovary inferior ; flowers perfect ; corolla e Campanulate ; stamens 10; anther cells o])ening by a tei'minal pore; fruit a berry, Vaccinium, in Ericaceae (p. 452). e= I'otate : flowers in compound corymbs: fruit a blue diu])*- with flattened pit. Viburnum, in Caprif oliaceae ( p. 451 ) . e' Tubular-funnelform ; flowers in globose heads; leaves opjiosite or in whorls of 3. Cephalanthus, in Rubiacese (p. 456). THE NATIVE AND NATURALIZED TREES OF THE REGION OF NORTH AMERICA LYING NORTH OF THE NORTHERN BOUNDARIES OF NORTH CAROLINA, TEN- NESSEE, ARKANSAS AND OKLAHOMA AND EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, AND EXTENDING SOUTH- WARD IN THE APPALACHIAN REGION TO NORTHERN ALABAMA AND GEORGIA. WHITE PINE. Pinus Strohus L. Fig. I. Branch with mature cones bearing beads of pitch, i ; detached clusters of leaves, seeds, some detached from their wings, 3 : young cones in autumn of first year, 4. 2. Trunks of two trees in Adirondack region, N. Y. 3. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the NoRxiiEim States and Canada. The White Pino is one of the tallest trees of the forests of northeastern America, some- times attaining the height of 200 ft. with a long columnar trunk 3-5 ft. in diameter. Wiien growing in the open it develops a wide pyramidal head easily distinguished from all other I'ines by its bluish green line-needled foliage and the dark deeply furrowed bark with which the large trunks are vested. It once constituted the bulk of large tracts of forest, but being by far the most valuable timber tree of its range these tracts have been largely cleared away to meet the needs and wastes of a growing population, and now only occasional monarchs, towering head and shoulders above the surrounding forests of other growth, suggest the magnificance of the primeval Pine forests. Fortunately it is quick to reproduce itself and many tracts of land. where cultivation has been neglected, become quickly covered with its new second growth. The wood of the White Pine is the most valuable of the Pines for house finishing, window-sash, blinds, etc. It is light, soft, very easily worked, durable and of a liglit pinkish brown color with thin lighter sap-wood. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 24.02 Ibs.i Leaves in clusters of .''), with loose-scaled de- ciduous sheaths, very slender, 3-.5 in. long, pale bluish green with .■!-."> rows of ventral stomata, peripheral resin-ducts and a single flbro-vascular bundle ; branchlets smooth, reddish green. Flowers: staminate yellow, about Mt in. long : pistillate pinkish purple. erect, terminal, pedunculate. Fruit: cones become drooping and about half grown at the close of the first season. 4-10 in. long at maturity, long-stalked, cylindric and often curved, with thin unarmed scales and liberating their seeds in September : seeds about ^4 in. long, mottled and with large wings.- A. W., II, 49. For genus see p. ROCK PINE. ROCKY MOUNTAIN YELLOW PINE. Pinus ponderosa scopiilorum Eiigelm.^ Fig. 4. Branch with mature cones and young cones at the close of the first season, i ; a detached cone, 2 (Note it has broken away from branch within the base, leaving a few scales attached to branchlet) ; seeds and their wings, 3 ; detached terminal and branch buds, 4. 5. Trunk of forest tree with cones at base. For these specimen and photograph of trunk I am indebted to Prof. B. O. Longyear. Handbook of Trees of the Xortuekn States and Canada. The Yellow Pine of tlic Rocky Mountain region is usually a nu'diuui size tree of from 50-70 ft. in height with trunk from 1-2 ft. in diameter, but where conditions are par- ticularly favorable attains tlie heiglit of 100 to 125 ft., with trunk 3-4 ft. in tiiainetcr. The bark of the younger trunks is dark and fis- sured into rather firm scaly ridges but these flake ofi' with age and the bark of old trunks is more of a cinnamon-red color and broken into large scaly plates. It develops a distinct pyramidal head at first and by the gradual lengthening of the lateral branches finally a broad rounded top. It occupies well-drained uplands and mountain slopes, being particu- larly abundant in the Black Hills of Dakota, in northwestern Nebraska and on the mountains of Colorado at altitudes ranging from six to ten thousand feet. On the Colorado plateau of northern Arizona and New Mexico it forms vast and valuable forests. Its peculiarity in having leaves both in clusters of two and three is exceptional to the usual habit of the Pines. The wood is rather hard, heavy and strong and useful for lumber for general construc- tion purposes, interior finishing, etc. Leaves lioth in clusters of 2 and .'?, Z-6 in. lonar, rigid, with sheaths at first close and about % in. long but finally loose and shorter, stomatiferous all sides and containins 2 fibro-vascular bundles and 2-") resin-ducts within the iiarenchyma. Flowers: staminate about 1 in. lon-jr. Fruit: cones 2-4 in. Ions;, ovoid, deciduous above the lowest basal scales, somewhat ol>li(iue with scales tliick(>ned at apex and covered with slender sti'ongly recurved prickles : seed i/4 in. long with ample wing broadest in the center. 1. Syn. P. Scopulorum Lem. M^*.'. >^ LOBLOLLY PINE. OLD-FIELD PINE. ROSEMARY PINE. Piniis Taeda L. Fig. 6. Brarch with leaves, mature cones and young cones, with escaping seeds, 3. 7. Trunk of a large tree in Eastern Virginia. detached leaf-clusters, 2 ; cone Handbook of Trees of the Xorthebn States and Canada. The Loblolly Pine sometimes attains the height of 125 ft. with straight trunk 2 ft. in diameter and. wlien growing in the open, with spreading brantlii-s which form a rounded pyramidal head. Like several others of the soutiiern trees it extends uj) into the territory covered by this handbook only in the coast region, where its sondier tops of dark green are familiar objects along the borders of swamps and lowlands, in company with th- Short-leaf I'ine, 8weet and Sour fJums, Spanish, Pin, I^aurel and other Oaks. Moker- nut Hickory, etc. The wood is rather brittle, weak, coarse- grained and not durable, of a j^ellowish brown color and abundant lighter sap-wood. It is largely manufactured into lumber for interior finishing, general construction purposes and for the spars of vessels. The weight of a cubic foot when dry is 33.90 Ibs.i Leaves in clusters of 3. with close persistent sheaths, rather slender and stiff, dark green, 6-9 in. long, with large stomata on each face and two tibro-vascular bundles. Floircrs: staminate yel- low, crowded ; pistillate solitary or few together, lateral (below the apes of growing shoot) yellow, short-stalked. Cones S-.'t in. long, lateral spread- ing, subsessile, reddish brown : scales thickened at apex with prominent transverse ridges and spreading prickle. The cones often remain on the branches for a year after liberating the seeds. These are mottled, about i/4 in. long and provided with a large wing broadest above the middh'. 1. A. W., XI, 274. PITCH PINE. Pinus rigida Mill, Fig. 8. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, 1-3 ; seed-wings, clusters, 5. 9. Trunk of a forest tree near Washington, D. C. ; detached leaf- Handbook of Trees of the ISTorthern States and Canada. The Pitch Pine dopK not often attain a greater heiglit tlian 70 or SO ft. or a greater diameter of trunk than 2 or li ft. When grow- ing in the open fields it devek)[)s an irregular wide pyramidal or rounded head, its rough branche.s usually bristling with old tardily de- ciduous cones. Its trunk is vested in thick dark brown bark fissured into large plates which exfoliate in irreglilar friable scales. It is an abundant tree in rtiany localities of the northern states on sandy uplands which are too sterile for the support for most other trees. The wood of the Pitch Pine is of medium weight and hardness, with coarse conspicuous grain, resinous and of a brownish red color with abundant lighter sap-wood. i It is used for coarse lumber, flooring, sills, etc., and to eome extent for fuel and charcoal. A cubic foot, when seasoned, weighs 32.10 lbs. It is said that considerable tar, turpentine and lampblack have been derived from this tree. though the principal source of supply now is in other species. Leaves in clusters of .", with persistent sheaths. rigid, .3-5 in. long, dark green, with stomata on three faces, resin-ducts within the parenchyma, and 2 fibro-vascular bundles. Floipers: staminate numerous, yellow (rarely purple) ; pistillate lateral, usually in whorls of 2 or more, reddish green, with short stout stems. Cones 1-3 in. lone, lateral, often in whorls of several, ovoid, nearly sessile, with scales thickened at apex and pro- vided with curved rigid prickle ; seeds about 14 in. long, triangular with rounded sides and ample wing broadest below the middle. 1. A. W., II, 50. RED PINE. "NORWAY" PINE. Pinus resinosa Ait. Fig. 10. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, the former bearing considerable free pitch, I ; seeds, 2 ; detached leaf-clusters, 3. II. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 11 TliP Red Pino occasionally attains the height of 80 or 100 ft. with \nt>iu\ irregular pyramidal head and dark green foliage tufted in thick needles at the ends of its rough hranchlets. It is an upland tree, being found on dry sandy soil and is distinctly northern in its distribu- tion. Never forming exclusive tracts of forest of any size, it is scattered in open groves where conditions favor its development, and many of the slopes and ridges which overlook the lakes of the Adirondacks and New England are beautified by the presence of this tree. Its straight columnar trunks, rarely over 2 or .3 ft. in diameter, are vested in a reddisli brown bark (hence the name) fissured into broad irregular plates and ridges which flake off in irregular scales. The wood is moderately heavy and hard and is valued for the spars of vessels, piles, sills, and lumber for general construction purposes. A cubic foot of the dry wood weighs 30.25 Ibs.i The bark is occasionally used for tanning pur- poses. Leaves in clusters of 2 with persistent sheaths, rather slender. 4-6 in. long, bearina; stomata on the ventral faces containing peripheral resin- ducts and 2 flbro-vascular bundles. Flowem: staminate about Vj in. long, in ample clusters. dark purple ; pistillate subterminal. scarlet and with short stalks. Cotus subterminal, ovoid- conical, alxnit 2 ill. long, subsessile, thickened at the niundi'd aprx and unarmed ; seeds about V„ in. long. (•onii)n>ssi"(l. triatignlar-ovoid. mottled and with ample wing broadest below the middle and obliy in. long and widest near the middle. 1. Syn. P. Banksiana Lamb. 2. A. W., IV, 99. YELLOW PINE. SHORT-LEAF PINE. NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Pin us ecliinaia ^\'\\\} Fig. 14. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, 3 ; detached leaf-clusters, 4. 15. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. Handbook of Treies of the Northern States and Canad.^ 15 Til is valuable timber-tree occasionally at- tains the heij^ht of 100 ft., or soinewliat more, with irregular wide pyramidal or rounded head and straight colunuiar trunk .'5-4 ft. in thickness. Its bark is of a reddish brown color with wide irregular sealy plates and ridges. It is particularly abundant and well developed in the lower Mississippi basin and probably no other Pine produces as much lumber for use in the central-western states as this. The wood, as a hard Pine, is considered only second to that of the Long-leaf Pine in value, and in being somewhat softer and less resin- ous than that is preferred to it for many uses. It is rather heavy and hard, a cu. ft weighing 38.04 lbs., and of a reddish yellow color with thick ligliter sap-wood. It is largely manufactured into lumber for interior finishing and general construction purposes.2 Lvaics o-") in. long in clusters of 2 (occasion ally .■>» with persistent sheaths, rather slender, flexible, dark jii'een : branchlets rough. Flowem: staminate yellowish purple, about % in. long, in crowded clusters : pistillate pale rose-color, single or in whorls of 2 or 3 with stout stems. Cones oblong-ovoid, lVj-2 in. long, single or few to- gether, subsessile. lateral and with scales thickened at apex and having a prominent transverse ridge and weak i^rickle ; seeds round-triangular, about three-sixteenths in. long, mottled and with ample oblique wing broadest near the center. 1. Syn. Pill IIS III it is Michx. 2. A. W., Ill, 7.-.. JERSEY PINE. SCRUB PINE. Piiuis Virginiana Mill.-^ Fig. i6. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, 1-3, seeds, 4 ; detached leaf-clusters, 5. 17. Trunk of tree near Washington, D, C. Handbook of Trees of the ^ortiierx Si AND Can IT Tlie Jersey Pine is usually a tree of medium stature, rarely more than 40 or 50 ft. in height, or of greater thickness of trunk than 18 in. In the western part of its range, how- ever, particularly in southern Indiana, it sometimes attains twice the above dimensions. It develops a rather irregular wide rounded top of long and somewhat pendulous branches, though when young the trees are more of a pyramidal habit of growth. It is readily dis- tinguished by its short twisted leaves dis- tributed in pairs along its purple branchlets. The bark of trunk is dark reddish brown, rough with scaly irregular plates and ridges. The tree has little to recommend it from an orna- mental or economic standpoint, its chief point of merit being the facility with which it propagates itself and covers neglected worn out agricultural land with new forest growth. The wood is rather light, soft, not strong, brittle and of a light reddish brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 33.09 lbs. It is used for fuel and occasionally for lumber for general construction purposes. 2 Leaves in rpmote clusters of 2, with small per- sistent sheaths, 1 14 to 2Va in. long, dark green, stout, spreading, more or less curved and twisted, with many rows of stomata, 2 flbro-vascular bundles and resin-ducts in parenchyma : branch- lets flexible and distinctly purple in color. Flowers: staminate orange-brown, in crowded clusters : pistillate palo and rose color, single or ffw together, with long stalks lateral upon the branchlets. Cones few, narrow ovoid. 2-.''. in. long with scales thickened at apex and provided with a prickle ; seeds compressed ovoid, nearly 14 in. long and with ample wing broadest at about the center. 1. Syn. Piniis iiiops Ait. 2. A. W., IV, 98. TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. Pinus pungens Miclix. { Fig. i8. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, i ; seeds and detached scales of cone, 2 ; detached leaf-clusters, 3. 19. Trunk of tree with cones at base. Near Washington, D. C. Handbook of Trees of the ITorthekn States and Canada. 19 The Table-Mountain Pine deserves its name from being confined in its natural distribution mainly to the dry gravelly table-lands and slofKis of the Appalachian Mts., though it is found to be hardy and thrives well when planted outside of this limited range — over the middle and eastern states generally. To the northward it is local in its distribution and generally scattered among other trees such as the Yellow, Pitch and Jersey Pines, Oaks, Hickories, etc., but in the southern Alleghenies it forms nearly exclusive forests of considerable extent. It rarely exceeds 60 or 70 ft. in height or 2 or 3 ft. in diameter of trunk, and develops a wide rounded or often irregular top. The bark of trunk is a dark reddish brown color rough with irregular scaly plates and ridges. A character by which it is readily distinguished from all other eastern Pines is its massive cones armed with very thick curved spines, more suggestive of various species of the Pacific slope than are those of any other eastern species. Its wood is light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained and of a pale reddish brown color with thick lighter sap-wood. A cubic foot, when abso- lutely dry, weighs 30.75 lbs. It is little used excepting for fuel and charcoal. i Leaves in crowded clusters of 2, ; with short persistent sheaths, stout, s less twisted, with 2 flbro-vasciilar 1 resin-ducts in parenchyma ; branchli'ts brown and rough. Flowers: staniiuat loose clusters ; the pistillate long-stalked, lateral and generally in whorls of 2 to r> or more. Cones short-ovoid, 8-4 in. long, lateral and in whorls upon the branchlet, oblique at base, sessile and with scales, especially those of the outer side near base, much thickened, with prominent transverse ridge and armed with a strong flat curved prickle ; seeds rounded triangular, nearly V4 in. long, and with wings broadest near the center. 1. A. W., XII, 298. 4 in. Ion': ff, more or uidlos and ■;hort. dark p ^Sf \ ■, mR ^ :% S^S?* ■ Lf* ^nftnfl iij-- 1 1 1 1 1 J TAMARACK. EASTERN LARCH. Larix Americana Miclix.^ Fig. 20. Branchlets with fascicles of leaves and cones, i ; detached scale with its two seeds, 2 ; scattered seeds, 3 ; tip of branchlet showing solitary leaves on first season's growth, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 21. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. 22. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trek S OF TI IE XORTHEKN StATES AND CaNADA. 21 The Tamaiiuk is a beautiful tree not often over 00 ft. in height nor witli trunk more tlian 2 ft. in tiiit'kness. Its trunk is usually straight and columnar or slightly tapering, with scaly bark showing little tendency to become ridged and its top is usually of narrow pyramidal form with short horizontal branches and open airy foliage. It is distinctively a tree of swampy lands, venturing farther out on low lake shores antl quaking sphagnum bogs than any otiier tree excepting sometimes the Swamp Spruce and these regions it char- acterizes in summer with its pale green foliaga or lights up in autumn with its covering of bright yellow. To the northward in its range where it is very abundant, it is found also on well drained uplands forming in places ex- tensive tracts of open forest. \Yith the Black Spruce it forms the vanguard of the forests in the subarctic regions and there maintains tree-form battling with the elements while its companion is prone upon the ground but still engaged in the struggle. The wood, of which a cubic foot when dry weighs 38.86 lbs., is rather hard, heavy, strong and very durable in contact with the soil. It is of a light orange-brown color with thin lighter sap-wood and is valued for railway ties, posts, planks and lumber for interior finishing.2 Leaves very slondor. nuniprous. in fascicles on short lateral spurs, or singly on new slioots. -''4- II4 in. long, linear, triangular, pale green, turning yellow and falling in autumn. Flnirrrx appear with the leaves ; staminate yellow, subgloliosi' from leafless scaly buds : pistillate oblong witli rose-i-ed rounded scales, on lateral mostly leafy spurs. Conrs olilong. about % in. long on short peduncles and composod of aliout 12 thin concavi- suborbicular ])i'rsisti'nt scales aliout twice as long as their l)ra(ts : seeds almnt 's in. long, with light brown wing broadest at about the middle.^ 1. Syn. L. Uiiaclna (DuRoi) Koch. 2. A. \V., I, 2:5. ;■>. For genus see p. 420. BLUE SPRUCE. SILVER SPRUCE. Picea Parryana (Andre) Sarg.^ Fig. 2Z. Branchlets with leaves and mature cones, i ; detached scales, upper side (towards apex) showing seeds, 2; do, under side (towards stem), showing bract. 3: sterile branchlets. 4: branchlet from which leaves have been removed, magnified to show glabrous nature, persistent bases of leaves, etc., 5. 24. Trunk with foliage at base and 2-ft. rule. Rocky Mountains. Colo. 25. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Noethekn States and Canada. This beautiful Spruce is restricted in its natural home to the banks and vicinity of mountain streams of Colorado, Wyoming and Washington, between the altitudes of G500 and 10000 ft. In these localities it sometimes attains in the forests a height of 100 or ex- ceptionally 150 ft., with trunk 2-3 ft. in thick- ness and narrow often irregular open top. The isolated tree, however, especially in its youth, possesses a rare and unique type of beauty. Its branches grow out in symmetrical whorls of flattened sprays longest near the ground and successively shorter towards the top, forming a perfect and beautiful pyramid. This is farther enhanced by tlie massed foliage of silvery blue or tints ranging from that to a purplish blue or green, a single bed of seedlings presenting perhaps the entire range. Its beautiful form and color together with its hardiness make it one of the most valuable acquisitions for ornamental planting of recent years. The wood of the Blue Spruce is light, a cu. ft. weighing 23.31 lbs., soft, with satiny sur- face and suitable for the uses mentioned of the Red Spruce.2 Leaves rigid, 4-sided, from % in. on fertile branches to IV:, in. long on sterile, curved, spiny, acuminate, bluish green to silvery or dull green ; branchlets glabous. Floirers reddish yellow : pis- tillate with broad denticulate scales and acute bract. Fruit: cones subsessile, oblong-cylindrical, 2^4-4 in. long with glossy rhomboidal flexuose scales narrow and erose-dentate at the elongated apex ; seed % in. long with short wide wing.'' 1. Syn. P. pungens Engelm. 2. A. W., XI, 275. 3. For genus see p. 420. WHITE SPRUCE. Picea Canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P.^ Fig. 26. Portion of branch bearing cones, i ; seeds, 2 ; end of a sterile lower branchlet, 3 ; end of an upper sterile branchlet, 4 ; branchlet with leaves removed and magnified to show glabrous nature, persistent leaf-bases, etc., 5. 27. Trunk near Lake Placid, Adirondacks, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the l^ToRTHEiiN States axd Canada. 25 This handsome Spruce considerablj' re- sembles the Balsam Fir in habit of developing when isolated a symmetrical narrow pyramidal head of dense foliage, and then usually does attain a greater height east of the Rocky Mountains than 50 or 60 ft. When crowded in forests it attains a much greater height, sometimes even 150 ft., with straight trunk 3-4 ft. in diameter. Its bark is reddish brown, rough with irregular scales and its foliage has a marked and characteristic rank odor. In company with the Aspen, Canoe Birch, Balsam, Black Spruce, etc., it beautifies the banks of streams and lake shores of the far north, scarcely finding even in the climate of our northernmost states a temperature cold enough for its best development. The physical properties and uses of the wood of the White Spruce are quite the same as those of the Red Spruce. A cubic foot when thoroughly sea.soned weighs 25.25 lbs. 2 Leaves Mt-1 in. long, incurvod and crowded on the top of the branchlets, 4-sided with stomata on each side, glaucous green and witli stiarp rigid tips ; branchlets glaucous. Flowers appear in May, oblong-cylindrical ; staminate reddish yel- low ; pistillate greenish red with broad rounded entire scales and denticulate bracts. Coifs nodding, slender, oblong-cylindrical, nearly sessile. about 2 in. long, mostly falling in autumn ; obtuse at apex and with very thin nearly orbicular scales truncate or sometimes refuse and entire at apex ; seeds about % in. long with large wing oblique at apex. 1. Syn. Pica alia Link. 2. A. W.. IV, 100. ^..^.'■^ RED SPRUCE. Picea riibens Sarg.-^ Fig. 28. Branchlets with mature cones, i ; sterile lower branchlets, 2 ; detached scale, under side, 3 ; do, upper side, showing seeds, 4 ; separated seeds, 5 ; a terminal shoot, 6 ; branchlet magnified to show pubescence, 7. 29. Trunk and Rhododendron foliage in background. Alleghany Mountains, N. C. Handbook of Trees of the JSTort Sl'A'l'KS A.\l) (\\.\.\l The Red Spruce occasionally attains the height of 100 ft., with trunk from 2-4 ft. in diameter, but usually is considerably smaller. When massed in the forests it develops a straight columnar trunk vested in a rather thin irregularly scaly reddish brown bark and small horizontal branches. Isolated trees, ex- tending their lower branches farther out, downward and then curving gracefully upward, form a wide and rather open pyramidal top. It is one of the most abundant of the forest trees of northern New York and New England, where it is associated with the Hemlock, Beech, Yellow Birch, Sugar Maple, Butternut, etc. and in places forms quite exclusive tracts of forest. The wood is light, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 28.57 lbs., and moderately soft, but strong and elastic and is valued for lumber for general construction purposes, flooring, etc. and particularly for sounding boards for musical instruments. It is also extensively used for paper-pulp and its resinous exudation yields a large part of the Spruce Gum of commerce. 2 Leaves from %-% in. long, incurved, with acute callous tips, lustrous darl^ green with 4 rows of stomata above and 2 rows beneath on each side of midrib : branchlets stout, pulw'scent. Flowers open in May : staminate oblong-cylindrical ; pis- tillate oblong with reflexed and thin rounded scales and small bracts. Cones ovoid-oblong, lVi-2 in. long on short straight or incurved stalks, acute at apex with ri^id puherulous scales rounded and entire or slightly eroded at apex, green or purplish, mostly falling in autumn or early winter and liec'oming brown : seeds dark brown, about Vh in. long with wing broad and rounded above the middle. 1, Syn. P. rubra (Poir.) Diet. Ahi Poir. (in part). 2. A, W., I, 20. nigra BLACK SPRUCE. SWAMP SPRUCE. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.^ ( Fig. 30. Branchlets with cones, i ; scale of cone, under side showing bract, 2 ; do, upper side, showing seeds, 3 ; separated seeds, 4 ; end of a terminal shoot, 5 ; leafless branchlet enlarged ta show pubescence, etc., 0- 31. Trunk with spray of foliage at base. Near Lake Placid, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Xohtjip:rn States and Canada. 29 The Black Spruce in forest growth, where climate and conditions are most favorable, is found sometimes attaining the height of 80- 100 ft., with a trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter, but such conditions are only found in regions north of the United States where the climate is too severe for the endurance of most of our trees. This tre9 with the Tamarack marks the limit of tree growth in the far north and extends in range nearly across the continent, growing alike on bottom-lands and mountain slopes. Within the limits of the United States, however, conditions seem to be less favorable. Here it is confined to low bottom- lands, sphagnum swamps and the margins of ponds, where its dwarfed and picturesque narrow forms with gracefully curved branches and bluish green foliage are pleasing and characteristic features. It is found even growing to great age in the floating bogs about the shores of small lakes in northern Minne- sota and producing cones in abundance, even though no more than 2 or .3 ft. in height. The wood of the Black Spruce is light, a cu. ft. weighing 32.86 lbs., soft and useful for paper pulp and lumber w^hen of sufficient siz^.s Considerable spruce gum is also derived from this tree. Leaves usually %-% in. long, crowded and more or less curved, stiff and with sharp callous tips, blue-green with numerous stomata above and fewer beneath : branchlets pubescput. Floirrrs: staminate ol)!ong with reddish anthers ; pistillato oblong with thin reflexed scales and rounded eroso bracts. Fruit: cones ovate, persisting often 2 or more seasons, strongly reflexed upon the branch- lets, %-lV2 in. long, narrowing to a strongly in- curved stalk, with scales rounded and more or less erose-dpntate at anpx ; S(>Pds about l^ in. IfiTi-^ with ample pale brown wing widest above the middli\ 1. Syn. P. brcvifolia Peck. HEMLOCK. Tsuqa Canadensis (L.) Carr Fig. 32. Branchlet with leaves and cones, i ; scale of cone, ut)per side showing its seeds, scattered seeds, 3; branchlet with two leaves (upper and under surfaces) magnified, 4. 33. Trunk with spray of foliage at base, Lewis Co., N. Y. 34. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the N^orthern States and Canadj 31 The Hemlock is a handsome tree, sometimes attaining 100 ft. in heif^ht. with trunk 3-4 ft. in diameter vested in a dark ridged biuk." When growing apart from other trees it de- velops a rather open wide pyramidal top with outward curving or drooping branches, and the flat sprays of foliage are particularly light and graceful in appearance, of dark gree'i color above and showing in pretty contrast the whitish under surfaces when turned up by the winds. The beauty is enhanced in early summer bj' each branchlet being tipped with the delicate light green new shoots of the season. It was once one of the most abundant trees of the northeastern forest, but such is the value of its bark for tanning purposes that they have nearly all been destroyed, only scattering trees now remaining. It thrives on well-drained uplands and slopes of ravines usually in company with the \Yhite Pine, Red Spruce, IMaples, Beech, Yellow Birch, etc., though in places forming quite exclusive tracts of forest. The wood is soft, light (a cu. ft. weighing 26.42 lbs.) brittle and mainly used for coarse lumber for general construction purposes. The bark of the tree for tanning purposes has, until recent advances in prices of lumber, been considered its chief point of value. i Lrnves flat. oblong-linear, %-% in. long, rounded at apex, lustrou.s and centrally grooved above and whitish with a or 6 rows of stomata on each .side of midrib beneath ; branehlets rough with their persistent bases. Flowers appear in May : staminate light yellow ; pistillate pinkish green with broad laciniate bracts shorter than their scales. Cones ovate-oblong, Vi-% in. long, acute with sliort stalk, suborbieular scales and broad truncate laciniate bracts ; seeds about one- sixteenth in. long and wings about twice as long, broadest near the bases.- 1. A. W., I, 21. 2. For genus see p. 420. CAROLINA HEMLOCK. Tsuga Cawliiiiana Engelm. Fig. 35. Branch with leaves and open cones liberating seeds, i ; isolated seeds, 36. Trunk of tree, on Blue Ridge Mountains, N. C. Handbook of Treces of the IsTortheen States and Canada. 33 This rare tree is confined to the Blue Ridge of the Alleglieny j\lts., ranging in altitude from about 2000 to .^oOO ft., in company with the common Hemlock. Wliite Pine, various Oaks, Hickories, .Sugar Maple, Sour-wood, Silver- bell Tree, etc., or occasionally forming quite exclusive groves. It rarely e.vceeds 70 ft. in height or 2 ft. in diameter of trunk, and has rather compact pyramidal top and dark fur- rowed bark of trunk. It is so often confined to steep and almost inaccessible crags with roots intertwined among the rocks that we are led to infer that it alone is capable of maintain- ing a foothold in such localities, and that the other trees of the forest must have crowded it out from places of easier footing. It is a tree well wortliv of ornamental planting for which it is occasionally employed. Its wood is very similar to that of the com- mon Hemlock, a cu. ft. weighing 26.64 lbs., and applicable to the same uses though not abundant enough to be of commercial im- portance.! Leaves flat, linear, %-% in. long, petiolate, obtuse and often retiise at apex, lustrous dark green and with conspicuous central groove above, marked with white bands of 7 or 8 rows of stomata on each side of the midrib beneath and forming a flattish spra.v but not as flat as that of the T. canadensis. Floircrs: staminate purplish ; pistillate purple with broad ovate bracts about as long as the scales. Cones oblong. 1-1 V- in. long with short stalks and oblong oljtuse" fine but scarcel.v wood.v i)iilioruI(jus scales! widely spreading at maturity and ample l)riicts about half as long as scales; seeds about one-sixth in. long with large wing broadest near the base. 1. A. W., XII, 299. BALSAM FIR. Ahies halsamea (L.) Mill. Fig. 37. Branchlet with mature closed core hearing beads of pitch, i ; section of upper main stem of tree, with branchlet bearing disintegrating cones, and scattered scales and seeds, 2 (Note the very small bract) ; detached closed cones, 3 : sterile branchlets, 4 ; leafless branchlet magnified, 5. 38. Trunk showing blisters and trickling free pitch, above. 39. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook Tin OF TIIK XoK'TiiKKX States and Canada. This is a handsome tree of characteristic; aspect and rarely attains more than 75 ft. in lieiglit or with trunk more than 2^^ ft. in diameter. Its branches are arranged in whorls usually of from 4-(i, the longest at the liottom and the others successively shorter to a narrow pointed summit. The bark of all but the oldest trunks is abundantly supplicil with resin blisters which yield the Canada lialsain of commerce. Very different from the Frascr Fir this tree is a lover of bottom-lands ;nid moist slopes, and is of very wide distribu- tion. Its abundant spire-shaped tops indicate the location of swampy tracts in northern regions from the Atlantic nearly to the Pacific, and its soft fragrant branches can be gen- erally depended upon to furnish the favorite " balsam pillows " for campers throughout the forests of this vast range. Rarely forming ex- clusive forests of any extent, it associates with the Tamarack, Black Ash, Black Spruce, Arbor Vitae, etc. or where it is less common on up- lands with Beeches, Hemlocks, etc. Its wood, a cu. ft. of which when absolutely dry weighing 23.80 lbs., is occasionally sawn into lumber for boxes, etc., and of late is being used in the manufacture of paper.i Leaves about Vj in. long and acute, on cone- l)earin<; branches, and 1 in. or more and mostly rounded at apex on sterile branches. Flowers in May : pistillate with nearly orbicular purple scales smaller than the bracts which are obeor- date. serrulate with proiected slender tip. Cones li-4 in. long, oblong-cylindrical, rounded at tip generally bearing beads of free pitch with scales aliout twice as long as the bracts, or rarely with bracts somewhat longer than the scales.^ 1. A. W., I. 22. 2. For genus see p. 421. FRASER FIR. Ahies Fraseri (Piirsh.) Lindl. Fig. 40. Tip of main stem of tree bearing branchlet with mature cones, i ; branchlet with dis- integrating cone, 2 ; detached scales and seed, 3 (Note the large exserted bract) ; sterile branchlet, terminal, 4 ; do, from lower branch, under side, 5 ; same, upper side, 6 ; do, from near top of the tree, 7- 41. Trunk with spray of foliage at base. Great Smoky Mountains, N. C. Handbook of Trees of the jSTortiiern States Caxa 37 The Fraser Fir is a tree of medium size, usually 30-50 ft. in height, or sometimes 70 ft., with trunk l-2i/. ft. in cli.imeter. When sufficiently isolated it develops a distinct pyramidal top with whorls of long horizontal lower branches, those above successively shorter to the pointed apex. The bark of the younger trunks is copiously resin-blistered, that of older trunks becoming covered with thin yel- lowish gray papery scales, quite difl'erent from that of the Balsam Fir. One of the most re- stricted trees of eastern United States in dis- tribution it is found only at altitudes of from 4000 to 6000 ft. on the highest peaks of the Allegheny Mountains, clothing their dry sum- mits either with exclusive groves or in com- pany with the Red Spruce (called locally by the mountaineers "He Balsam" in distinction from this the " .Sf/ie Balsam") Mountain Ash, Yellow Birch, etc. This requirement in the Fraser Fir for dry localities is strangely dif- ferent from the love of the Northern Balsam Fir for wet low-lands. Its wood is light, a cu. ft. weighing 22.22 lbs. and seems to be but little used, perhaps due to inaccessibility though applicable to the uses mentioned of the other species. Its branches are popular for use in making balsam pillows.i Leaves flat, %-l in. long:, those of the sterile branches emarginate and those of the fertile acute at apex, dark Ki-ccn and centrally grooved above, silvery whito beneath witli S-12 rows of stomata. Flowers in May : staniinato reddish yelhiw : pis- tillate witli s<'ales much l)roader than hmg and shorter than the exserted pah' yelhiw-ijreen liracts. Cones mature in September, ovoid-oblong, 2-2 1{. in. long, darlf purple with scales wid(>r than long"and with long exserted pale yellow-green refiexed bracts, aristate at apex ; seeds abfiut % in. long with very wide wing oblicpie at apex. 1. A. W., XII, 300. BALD CYPRESS. Taxodiiitn di-stirltum (L. ) Rich. Fig. 42. Fruiting branchlet with closed cones, i section, 3 ; sterile branchlet from lower branches flower-buds, 5 ; branchlet in winter, 6. 43. Trunks and " knees " in St. Francis River swamp 44. \\'ood structure magnified 15 diameters. cone disintegrating, . 4. ; branchlet bearing ; scale ;lusters and seed in of staminate Handbook of Trbe»--of thk Xortiikrx States and Canada 39 This valuable and majestic tree occasionally attains the height of 150 ft. with a trunk 8 or 10 ft. in diameter. \\ hen young in develops a symmetrical pyramidal top with upturned branches and drooping branchlets, but the old forest monarcli.s are more like inverted pyra- mids in shape, witli wide and Hat or slightly rounded tops narowing down to long naked trunks. Its trunk is very wide and strongly buttressed at base, especially when growing in water or wet localities, and there it also sends up from its roots steeple-shaped projections known as " knees," the functions of which seem to be mechanical — to anchor the tree more firmly in the loose soil in which it grows. In the southei'n part of its rangL> it occupies vast tracts of swampy lands, either forming nearly exclusive forests or in company with the Tupelos, Sweet Gum, Water Locust, Red Bay, etc. To the northward it is less abundant and is found in Company with various swamp- loving trees. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 28.31 lbs., is one of the great resources of the southern states being highly valued for raihyay ties, posts, shingles, lumber for general construction purposes, etc. Its great durability, immunity from the attacks of parasites and non-liability to great shrinking or warping make it one of our most valuable woods for all wood-work exposed to the weather, for tank construction, cooperage, etc. Its value for the latter use is enhanced by its comparative freedom from coloring or flavor- ing ingredients. 1 Leaves %-% in- Ions;, thin, apiculatcd, rather light yellow green, deciduous and forming a fiat spray of which the branchlets are al.so deciduous : shorter scale-like leaves on flowering branches. Flowers: staminate in panicles 4.5 in. long; flower- buds nearly % in. long, purple at maturity. Cones subglobose, about 1 in. in diameter, usually few together at the end cf the b ranch. - 1. A. W., V, 110. '2. For genus see p. 421. ARBOR VIT/E. WHITE CEDAR. Thuja occidentalis L, I Fig. 45. Branchlets with mature cones, i ; scattered seeds, 2. 46. Trunk with branch at base. Adirondack region, N. Y. 47. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northekn States and Canada 41 The Arbor-Vitae is a tree commonly from 50-60 ft. in height and 2-3 ft. in diameter of trunk, or sometimes larger, and develops a wide-based pyramidal head when growing apart from other trees. It sometimes forms exclusive and dense forests in swampy locali- ties and along the banks of streams, but is oftener in company with the Black Ash, Swamp Spruce, Canoe Birch, Ked and Silver Maples, Tamarack, Balsam Fir, etc. It is abundant and of quite general distribution in sufficiently moist localities througliout the northern part of its range, but in the southern Alleghenies occurs only at high altitudes. The fragrant light wood of the Arbor-Vitte, of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 19.72 lbs., is highly valued in the con- struction of light boats, canoes, etc., and is one of the best woods within its realm for shingles, and from the slim forest-grown trunks of this tree more than any other come the fence posts and telegraph poles of the northeastern states and Canada. It is often planted for ornamental purposes and several nursery forms are found. Medicinal properties ar3 ascribed to its leaves. i Leaves of the ultimate branchlets scale-like, an- pressed, about Vs in. long apiculate and glandula:-. the 2 lateral rows strongly keeled and the other two rows tlat. forming a very flat branchlet. Flowers in April and May. inconspicuous ; stanii- nate yellow ; pistillate purplish green. Cones ma- ture in early autumn. hi-V^ in. long; seeds about Vs in. long with wings about as broad as the body.- !.♦ A. W., I, 24. 2. For genus see p. 421. ' iTMl^B^jf ^hHE ii 1 In^^Hff^'H " ^^ will ^P'.i^J l^jjl .^ jT ■ 'y«^^^^B^B ^^^^^K^r^^3i il COAST WHITE CEDAR. Chamwcyparis thyouJcs ( L. ) B. S. P.' Fig. 48. Sterile branchlet, i ; fertile branchlets with mature cones, 2 ; scattered seeds, 3. 49. Trunk of tree, near Seaford, Delaware. 50. Wood structure magnitied 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Xort St XI) Canada. 4^ This is one of the most beautiful as well as one of tlie most useful of the cone-bearing trees of eastern America, lifting its spire- shaped top to a height of 70 or 80 ft. and having a trunk commonly 2 ft. and occasion- ally 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. This is vested in a reddish brown fibrous bark which exfoliates lengthwise in thin strips, giving to old forest trunks a decidedly shaggy appearance. It occupies quite exclusively cold swamps in the coast region, particularly of New England soutli of iMassachusetts Bay, localities in New Jersey, etc., where it forms dense forests. Farther south it is oft-% in. long and lighter green ; buds naked. Floin is in very early spring, terminal, dioecious : staininatc with 10 or 12 stamens with rounded iMitirc coiHU'ct ivos and gen- erally 4 pollen sacs : pistillate with violet-colored acute and spreading scales. Fruit subglobosp. about Vi in. in diameter, dark blue with glaucous bloom, at maturity sweetish resinous flesh and usimlly 1 or '2 acute seeds; cotyledons. - 1. A. W., I, 25. 2. For genus see p. 422. JUNIPER. Jumpevus communis L. Fig. 54. Fruiting branchlets, i ; sterile branchlets, 2. 55- Small trunk with scattered leaves and spray of foliage at base. Near Bonaparte Lake Adirondacks, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Xortjiekx States and Canada. 47 The Juniper tliovigh generally only an humble shrub has the distinction of being the most widely distributed tree of the northern hemisphere. It is found not only ranging over the greater part of the North American continent but also central and northern Eu- rope, and Asia as far south as nearly to the Mediterranean and to the Himilayas, but only in very limited areas of this vast domain does it become a tree; in America only on the hills of a few counties of southern Illinois. It usually sends out a cluster of stems close to the ground and these curving upwards form a flat saucer-shaped bush, sometimes 20 ft. across and only 3 or 4 ft. high. When a tree it attains the height of 20 or 30 ft. with an irregular open head and short trunk sometimes 10-12 in. in diameter. Its wood is hard, but rather lig'it and easily worked, very close-grained, durable and of a light brown color with lighter sap-wood. In Europe it is sometimes used for fuel and in India burned as incense. In Europe its sweet- ish fruit is used as an ingredient of gin. Leaves in whorls of 3. spreading, V^-Vi in. long, often curved, rigid with sliarp tips, articulate at base, lustrous darlv green or bronze-green below, snowy wliite witli bands of stomata above ; buds scaly. Flowers in late spring, axillary ; stami- nate composed of 5 or 6 whorls each of 3 stamens bearing broad connectives and 3 or 4 anther-cells ; pistillate consisting of 3 ovules open at apex, alternate, with 3 minute fleshy scales and sur- rounded with a or 6 whorls of ternate scales. Fruit matures the third season, subglobose, about 1/4 in. in diameter, dark blue with bloom, sweet flesh and 1-3 bony seeds which are about Vs in. long, angled, and penetrated with rosin glands. <^\S^ BLACK WALNUT. Juglans nigra L. Fig. 56. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i; fruit in cross-section, moved, 3 ; a vigorous leaf, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 57. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y. 58. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. 2 ; nuts with epicarps re- Handbook of Trees of the Xortiiern States and Canada. 49 The Black Walnut attains the hei-jiit of 100 to 150 ft. in the forests, with a trunk 4-(J ft. in diameter, vested in a prominently ridged dark brown bark. When growing apart from surrounding objeets it develops a symmetrical rounded top of beautiful foliage. Once an abundant tree and constituting a considerable portion of large tracts of forest, particularly in the great Mississippi Basin, its valuable wood has caused its almost complete destruc- tion as a commercial product. The value of its timber was early recognized, as history tell us that it was an article of export to Eng- land early in the seventeenth century. Of late years new trees are being i)r,)pagated which eventually will in a measure take the place of the natural forests. The heart-wood is of a rich dark brown color, very durable in contact witli the soil, and highly prized for furniture, gun-stocks, interior finishing, etc. A cubic foot, when ab- solutely dry, weighs 38.11 lbs. Occasional '■ figured " trees are of almost fabulous valu '.i The nuts of this tree were an important artiJ3 of food with the Indians and are still gathered for domestic use and the local market. Leaves 1-2 ft. Ion,? with puberulont petioles and l.'>-2.'i ovate-lanceolate inequilateral leaflets, rounded or subcordate at base, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath ; petioles puberulent. Floirers (Ma.v-.Tune) ; staminate aments stout, 2-4 in. Ions; cal.vx with 6 nearly orbicular lobes, pubescent out- side ; bracts nearly ti'iangular, rusty tomentose ; stamens 20-.">0 ; pistillate in 2-r>-flowered splices, clandular-hairy t)racts and pale reddisli green plumose stigma. Fruit solitar.v or in clusters of 2 or 3, suliglobose, light yellow-green, papillose ; nut round-oval, compressed^ sculptured, 4-celled at base ; seed oily, edible.^ 1. A. W., II, 35. 2. For genus see p. 4r)3. BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT. OIL-NUT. Juglans cinerea L. Fig 59. Branchlet bearing leaves and cluster of fruit, i; fruit in cross-section, 2; dried nuts with epicarp removed, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 60. Isolated trunk in Blaci< River valley, Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Tkeks of II K X ORTIIKKX C'axada. 51 Tlie Butternut when growing in the open rarely attains a greater height than tiO or 70 ft., its short truni< sometimes ;j or 4 ft. in diameter soon dividing into a few large branches, which spread far out and make a wide symmetrical Hat or rounded top. In forests it sometimes attains the iieigiit of 100 ft. It prefers rich soil along the hanks of streams and on low liill-sides, commonly in company witli the Beech, Yellow Birch, Maples, Elms, Red Spruce, etc. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 25.46 lbs., not strong, of a gray-brown color and is valued for interior finishing, cabinet work, etc. Its sap is rich in sugar, and a fairly good quality of syrup is made from it, thougli it does not harden to form cakes; its bark possesses cathartic properties; its nuts make a delicious food, and the shucks are used for dying purposes. i Leaves 11-17 in. long, viscid-pubescent, with stout petioles and 11-19 oblong-lanceolate yellow- ish green rugose leaflets which are rounded and unequal at base, acuminate, finely serrate except at base, turning yellow in autumn and falling early. Flowers (May-.June) ; staminate aments 1 1/2-3 in. at first and elongating to .'5-5 in.: calyx yellow-green usually 6-lobed with rusty pubescent acute bracts ; stamens 8-12 with dark brown anthers and slightly Inln-d connwtivi's : pistillate in o-.S-tlnwcnd spikes with sticky glandular hairs, pointed calyx-lnhi's and l)right red pluiiKisc stiu'- mas usually not fully unfolding until after libera- tion of pollen. Fruit in racemose clusters of 12-.">. ovoid-oblong, IV2-2V2 in. long, sticky pubescent with rough deeply sculptured 4-ribhed nut, acuminat<' at apex. 2-celled at base, 1-celled above and containing a very oily edible seed. . .\. v\., I, It BITTER-NUT HICKORY. Hlcoria minima (Marsh.) Britt. Fig. 6i. Fruiting branchlet with leaf and fruit, i : nuts with epicarp removed, nuts in section and with shell partly removed, 3 ; leaf from vigorous shoot, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 62. Trunk of tree in Genesee River valley, N. Y. 63. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of tiik Xoktukkn States and Canaixx. The Bitter-nut Hickory when growing in the forests on moist bottom hinds occasionally at- tains the height of 100 ft., ami when growing apart from other trees develops a well rounded but often irregular top of handsome foliage. Its straight columnar trunk is sometimes 2 or 3 ft. in diameter and vested in a character- istic brownish gray bark with close scaly al- most reticulate ridges. It thrives best in low moist st)il in company with the Silver and Red Maples, Black Ash, Elms, etc., but is often found also on rolling uplands. Being very hardy and less fastidious than the other Hickories in conditions of soil in wliicli it j^rows, it is more uniform in its distribution and probably the most abundant representative of its genus. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 47. OG lbs., hard and strong and is valued for tool handles, agricultural implements, hoops, ox-yokes, etc., and makes an excellent fuel.'- Lcavcs 0-10 in. Ion;;, pubescent when young, with rather slender petioles, leflets 7-11, sessile, lanceolate to obovate, 2-6 in. long, thin and firm, usually unequal at base, coarsely serrate, long taper-pointed, dark green and glabrous above, pubescent beneath : winter buds bright yellow, compressed, with 2 pairs of valvate caducous scales. Floircis (May-.Iune); staminate aments 2-4 in. l(in;^. slis;htly pubescent ; calyx-lobes about e(|ual but middle one niirrower ; stamens 4; an- thers yelhiw, deeply ermarginate. Fruit subglo- bose to obovold, %-lVL' in. long with 4 sutures j)rominently winged from apex to about the middle ; husk thin, tardily dehiscent : nut thin- shell(>d. compressed, often broader than long; seed reddish brown, deeply rugose and very bitter. 1. Syn. Carya aiuara Xutt. 2. A. W., II, :m. 3. For genus see pp. 42;{-424. WATER HICKORY. Hi CO via aquafica (]\[iclix. f.) Britt. Fig. 64. Branchlet bearing leaves, i ; fruit with closed epicarp, 2 ; do, with epicarp partly removed, 3 ; isolated nuts, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 65. Trunk of tree in Red River valley. Ark. The bark is often more shaggy than here shown. H. )K or Trees of the Xortiiekx States and Canada. The Water Hickory is economically the least important of the Hickories. It is usually a small or medium-size tree from 50 to 70 ft. in heiyht, but in forests of the bottom-lands of the lower Mississippi valley it attains the height of 80-100 ft. with straight columnar trunk 2-2 V^ ft. in diameter, and narrow ir- regular top. When isolated it develops an oblong or obovoid top of long rigid branches of which the lowermost are drooping. As its name implies it is distinctly a water- loving tree, being confined mostly to low swamps in the southern states, inundated dur- ing a considerable portion of the year, in com- pany with the Planer tree. Swamp Privet, Water Locust, Water and Pumpkin Ashes, Cotton Gum, Red Titi, Cypress, Red Maple, etc. Its dark-colored angular nuts possess a kernel usually too astringent and bitter to be eaten, but I have seen a tree of this species in southeastern Arkansas yielding nuts of sweet delicious flavor. The wood of the Water Hickory is heavy, a cubic foot weighing 40.10 lbs., hard and brittle, suitable chiefly for fuel. In sectioning this wood we have found it to be permeated with numerous dark-colored flecks and streaks of some substance of such hardness as to turn the edge of the hardest steel - Leaves S-16 in. long, with slander scurfy-pubes- cent petiole and rachis and 0-1.^. lance-ovate leaf- lets the lateral more or less fa'cate, sessile, usually unequally wedge-shaped at base, acuminate. 2-5 in. long, thinnish. glandular-dotted, glabrous dark green above. Flowers: staminate aments glandular-pubescent ; calyx-lobes about equal. Fruit compressed, obovoid-ohlong. commonly ob- lique with winsred sutures, thin yellowish pubes- cent husk and flattened brown prominently ridged nut and very rugose tbin shell much convoluted and usually bitter kernel. 1. Cari/a aquatica Nutt. ■2. A. W., V, 11.J. PECAN. Ilicovia Pecan (Marsh.) Britt.^ Fig. 66. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i; nuts with open or removed epicarp, 2; valves of epicarp, 3 ; leafless branchlet in late autumn, 4. 67. Trunk with leaves at base. Near Fulton, Ark. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 57 The stately Pecan tree is tlie largast of tiie Hickories, attaining soinstimes in the forest a height of ItiO ft., wliea crowded together, with massive trunk 5 or ft. in diameter. When growing apart from other trees it de- velops a very hirge ovoid or obovoid rounded top, oftentimes seeming out of proportion to the size of its trunk. It prefers low rich ground in the neighborhood of streams subject to occasional inundation. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely drj', weighing 44.75 lbs., rather hard and very tough and tle.xible, though not con- sidered as valuable as that of the other Hickories. It is occasionally used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements and is ex- cellent for fuel. 2 Its delicious nuts, improved greatly by scle;'tion and cultivation, constitute its chief point of value and are an important article of commerce. For the production of these the tree is grown in extensive planta- tions. Leaves 12-20 in. long with 9-15 lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong falcate subsessile leaflets which are long-pointed, inequilateral and rounded or wedge-shaped at base : bud-scales few, valvate. Flowers in early June ; staminate in subsessile amenta, 3-.') in. long ; cal.yx with middle lobe linear and much longer than the oblong lateral lobes. Fndt in clusters ol .".11. ohlong-cylindric, pointed. 1-2 Vj in. lung, with pnuninent sutures and thin brittle husk splitting to the base; nut 1-2 in. long, pointed, with smooth thin brown shell with black markings, thin astringent dissepiments and delicious seed. 1. Syn. Carya olivaeformis Nutt. 2. A. W., XI, 267. 1 ^4.rid A:lf^j|#- P—- aC^i-Nce ^^ ,qn^ j r r^^'^ i p^ I y] T ^~/-' "■ e -^-> \ ^ , oH'o ri ,^ ^iV ^oto .' SL-I ^^ \ } *" iv_/AV7 M ^f- JL,^^ANS T^ ■^p-^r-y^^' '^ ^ ; " "F^-x-.^ -1 )r-^^^' **^ 3 / K 3 H '^'\ \ ^* 7 \J 'i '\. SHAG-BARK HICKORY. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt.^ Fig. 68. Branch with mature leaves and fruit, i : epicarp removed showing thick valves and nuts, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 69. Trunk of a tree near North Rush, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the jS'oetiieen States and Can. The Shag-bark Hickory is an important forest tree occasionally attaining or even sur- pussinjr the height of lOd ft., witli straight columnar trunk 2-3 ft. in (iianieter vested in a singular gray bark. This exfoliates in long hard plate-like stri])s, whicl!. hanging long at- taclied at their u])per enils, suggest an ap- pearance of shagginess; hence its name. When growing apart from otlier trees it develops an oblong or ohovoid top witli strong graceful upright branches, pendent lower branches anu clean handsome foliage. It thrives best on low hill-sides and along the banks of streams where it is commonly associated witli the Bass- wood. Maples, -Cottonwood, Oaks, other Hick- ories, etc. The wood of this tres is hard, strong and tough, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 52.17 lbs., and is highly valued for tool- handles, agricultural implements, baskets, for fuel, etc.. and it is this tree which yields the common small hickory nuts of commerce.^ Leaves 8-20 in. Urn;;, with ratlicr stout petioles and .") (rarely 7) leaflets which are ovate-lance- olate to obovate. rather cuiieate and iinecmal at base, acuminate, serrate, thick and tiini. dark Lcreen above, paler beneath ; bud-scales inibricated. the inner ones accrescent. Floinrs in May : stami- nate 4-5 In. lon^. in glandular-hairy aments ; middle lobe of ca yx narrow and much lunger than the rounded lateral lobes ; stamens 4 ; pistillate in 2-,"»-flovvered spik"S, rusty-tomentose. Fruit 1-S together. 1-21/; in. long, subglohose, depressed at apex, with thick husk splitting soon to the base ; nut whitish, compressed, more or less 4-angled, U-l in. long; seed with rich delicious flavor. 1. Syn. ('(infd alia Nutl. 2. .\. W.. II. ."C. BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY. KING-NUT. Hicor'm Jaciiiiosa (]\Iielix. f.) Sarg.^ Fig. 70. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2 The superposed branchlet is natural size: the other objects considerably reduced. 71. Trunk with leaves at base. Genesee River valley, N. Y. Handbook of Tkees of the Nokthern States and Canada. 61 This stately Hickory occasionally attains the height of 120 ft. and 3 or 4 ft. in diameter of trunk. When growing apart from other trees it develops an oblong or subovoid top with drooping lower branches and with large handsome leaves. Its truidv is vested in very much the same kiiid of sliaggy gray bark that i> seen on the Shiig-bark trunks, though tlie long scales as a rule do not curve outward as much as do those of that species. It is also more distinctly a tree of the bottom-lands ( for which reason it is sometimes called the Bot- l.):n Shell-bark) associating there with the Cottonwood, Hackberr_\-, Slippery Elm, Pep- peridg3. Sweet Gum, Swamp White and Burr Oaks, Black and Red Maples, etc. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when al)so- lutely dry weighs 50.53 lbs., is very similar to that of the Shag-bark in properties and valued for tool-handles, agricultural implements, etc. 2 The nuts are not considered quite as delicate as those of the Shag-bark in flavor and they do not generally command quite as higli a price in the trade. Leaves 12-24 in. lon^. the stout petioles often persisting late into tlie winter; leQets 7 ( i>x ceptionally H or 9(. oblong: lanceolate to ol)ov;it('. usually ol)li()ui' at l)asp (excepting the terminal), serrate acuminate at apex, dark green above, paler and pubi'srent lieneath. Floirrrs in May ; stami- nate with central calyx-lobe narrow and twice as long as the lateral ones. Fruit solitary or 2 or " tosether. ob'ons:. l^-2i'^> in. long with thick woody husk and comnressed thick-shelled yellowish white nut lVi-214 in. loi'- with prominent st.out point at base : seed bright b-nwn. rich and delicious. 1. Syn. Carya sulcata Nutt 2. A. W., Ill, 64. MOCKER-NUT HICKORY. ilicoiia alba (J..) l^ritt.^ Fig. 72. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, outer scales of the terminal bud are falling away. 73. Trunk of a tree at Biltmore, N. C. leafless brancklet in late winter, 2 The Handbook of Tkees or the Noethern States and Canada. 03 A tie:' sometimes attaining tlie lieiglit of yu or 100 ft. with trunk ;{ ft. in tliici in. long, fragrant when crushed, with stcllat(> pulioseent petioles and 7-0 oblong- lanceolate to ohovate acuminate serrate leaflets which are lustrous dark green above and paler and pubescent beneath : twigs tomentose ; bud-scales imbricated, the outer early deciduous, the inner tomentose and accrescent. Flowers in May ; staminate in stellate pubescent aments : calyx with central lobe linear and much longer than the lateral ones ; stamens 4 with red anthers : pis- tillate in 2-.")-flowered spikes. Fruit globose-oblong, 11/^-2 in. long, with thick husk splitting nearly to the base ; nut brownish white, variable in shape, 4-ridged with very thick shell and sweet seed. 1. Syn. Carya iovicntuna Nutt. ■1. A. W.. IV, 90. PIG-NUT HICKORY. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt.^ Fig'. 74. Branchlet with leaves and fruit and scattered specimens of the fruit, i : branchlet in winter, 2. 75. Trunk of a tree with leaves at base. Staten Island, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Southern States and Canad.' The Pignut Hickory in tlie forest attains the heigiit ot 80-100 tt. witli trunk sometimes 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. When in the open lields it forks rather low and develops an oblong or obovoid top with strong upright and pendulous often contorted branches. The bark of trunk is of a grayish color and finally be- comes rough with close scaly ridges. The tree inhabits uplands and ridges in al)undance. ospecially in tlie nortliern states, and is said to be found at higher altitudes than any of the other Hickories. The wood of the Pig-nut Hii/kory is hea\y. a cvibi" foot when absolutely dry weighing 51.21 lbs., strong and tov.gh and is used in the manufacture of tool-handles, agricultural im- plements, etc., and for fuel.^ The nuts are ex- tremely variable in quality, some being quite astringent and others of pleasant flavor. Leaves 8-12 in. long, glabrous at matiirlt.v and with 5-7 (rarely 9) leaflets which aro from oblong- lanceolate to obovate. rounded and mostl.v un- equal at base, sharply serratp. dark green above, paler beneath, the uppor much larger than the lowest : winter buds with S-K) imbricated scales, the outer falling early, the innermost accrescent and falling when about 1 in. long. Flo^vers in May : staminate aments 3-7 in. long ; calyx-lobes usually about equal but middle one narrower ; pis- tillate in 2-ii-fllowered spikes : stigmas yellow. Fruit obovoid-oblong or pyriform, usually com- pressed, with thin husk tardily dehiscent and smooth or somewhat angled brownish thick-shelled nut having astringent or edible seed. 1. Syn. Carya porcina Nutt. 2. A. W., Ill, 6.5. SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt^ Fig. 76. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; nut and valves of epicarp, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 77. Trunk of a tree near Richmond, Staten Island, N. Y. Handbook of Treks of the Nortiierx States and Caxad.^ 67 A forest tree attaining the height of 80 or 100 ft., witli shapely trunk 2-;5 ft. in (iianictcr, Nested in a rongii gray bark wliicli exfoliates in narrow jilate.s. When isolated from other trees it develops a full rounded or oblong top of upright and spreading topmost and lateral branches and lowermost pendulous. It in- habits mainly well drained slopes and liill- sides in company with the Pig-nut and Shag- bark Hickories, various Oaks, the Red Cedar, Dogwood, Sassafras, etc. The wood is firm, strong and tough and is used in tlie maiuifactiire of agricultural im- plements, tool-handles, etc., and makes ex- cellent fuel.- The nuts are sweet and of de- licious flavor but too small to be of commercial importance. Leaves 8-12 or 15 in. long, glabrous, with 5-7 sessile leaflets mostly 3-5 in. long, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, serrate, acuminate at apex ; winter buds with 0-8 scales, the innermost accrescent. Floioers in May ; staminate aments glabrous, middel lobe of calyx equalling or somewhat longer than the lateral ones. Fruit (ripe in September) subglo- bose or globose-oblong, less than 1 in. in length, with thin husk splitting to the base ; nut subglo- bose, slightly compressed with thin shell and sweet seed. Syn. Cnnja microcarpa Xutt odorutn Sarg. A. W., IV, 01. Hieoria (/lahr ('aNAI)A. 69 The Pale- leaf Hickory is a iiK'diuni si/A', not often iiiorc tl in height or 18 or 20 in. in thi which is covered with a grayi very rougli with [)roininent forest tree of laii 4(t or .')() ft. ckiu'ss of tr\ink sh hrowii hark, ■onnected scalv ridges. When growing apart from other trees it develops a rather narrow oblong top with up- right branches and pendulous lower branches. It inhabits well drained slope.s, sandy plains and rocky ritlges, sometimes fruiting when only a few feet in height. It is abun- dant in the southern part of its I'ange, par- ticularly the foothill region of the southern AUeghanies. Its wood is heavy, hard, strong and tough and excellent for tool-handles, agricultural im])lements and for fuel.- The nuts are sweet and edible. Leaves 6-10 in. long, with slender pubescent petioles and usually 7 (sometimes "i or !») leflets which vary from lanceolate to lance-obovate, ser- rate, acuminate, and when yoimg pubescent and covered beneath with silvery peltate scales and resin-globules, but at maturity glabrous dark groon above and yellowish beneath : winter l)uds small with fi-8 imbricated scales, the outer dotted with resin-globules. Floirers staminate in scurfy pubes- cent catkins, .">-7 in. long: central calyx-lobe much longer than the lateral ones. Fruit subglobose to pyriform. 1-1% in. long, compressed with tbin husk splitting nearly to the linso : nut sli;lilly angled, pale brown with thick shell and small sweet seed. 1. Syu. Hicuria iJuUiihi .Vshe. WAX MYRTLE. BAYBERRY. CANDLEBERRY. Myrica cerifera L. Fig. 80. Fruiting branchlets and detached leaves from vigorous shoots. 81. Trunk of a tree near coast of North Carolina. 82. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handboo] »F Trees of the Xoim TATES AN D CaX The Wax Myrtle is a slender tree occasion- ally attaineing the height of 30 or 40 ft. with usually crookfd or iiicliiuMl trunk 10-12 in. in diameter. When isolated from other trees it develops a rather narrow ohior.g top of small slender branches. It attains its largest size in the coast region of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states where it is a common tree. It is found in moist woods or encroaching upon the sand hills in the vicinity of the sea coast in company with the Yaupon, Wild Olive, Red Bay, Live Oak, etc., or, farther inland, in swamps and bottom-lands in company with the Sweet Bay, Loblolly Bay, Sparkleberry, Red Maple, Sweet-leaf, etc. Its iine-grained soft wood, of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 35.13 lbs., is little used, though suitable for use in turnery. Its fruit is sometimes gathered by the country folk and the waxy covering removed by heat- ing in water. Tliis is then gathered and cast into candles which when lighted burn with a distinctly bluish light. i Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, IVj-o in. long, cuneate at base and decurrent on the short petiole, acute, remotely serrate chiefl.v above the middle or entire, dark green above and paler beneath, fragrant with yellow resin glands. Flou-e7-s (March-April) dioecious: staminate aments V2-% in- long, cylindric : stamens few; pistillate aments oblong, shorter than the stami- nate. Fndt globose drupes, % in. or less in diameter, coated with bluish white was and tipped with base of style, ripening in early autumn and long persisting.^ 1. A. W., XI, 268. 2. For genus see p. 4124. CORK-WOOD. Lcilncrin Floridana (liapra. Fig. 33. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, i ; fruit m sectK. staminate (to the left) and pistillate (to the right). 84. Trunk of tree in swamp bordering St. Francis River, Mo. 85. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. branchlets m winter, 3 ; Handbook of Trees of the Nokthern States and Canada. 73 This curious and rare tree has the distinc- tion of producing wood which is the lightest^ in weight of all known woods. It is a small tree, only under the most favorable con- ditions attaining the height of 20 ft. with loose open head of few spreading branches and trunk .)-U in. in diameter. Few other trees are so strictly aquatic in distribution, as it thrives best in permanently inundated swamps and deep sloughs, where its roots are constantly wet. and to visit it one must go in a boat or wade through mud and water. Individuals growing in less permanently inundated locali- ties, where the water sujiply is less constant, plainly suffer the deprivation and hardly grow to the height of a man's shoulder. It attains its largest size in the swamps which border the St. Francis River of Missouri and Arkansas, growing in the shade of other swamp loving trees as the Bald Cypress, Cotton Gum, Planer Tree, Pumpkin Ash, etc. Separated from this locality by a long interval it appears again in the saline marshes of the Gulf coast of Florida near Appalachicola, where it was first found and made known to science. Far to the westward it is also found in the swamps along the Brazos River near Columbia, Texas. The trunks are vested in a smooth mottled gray l)ark slightly fissured at their bases, which are much swollen beneath the water line and usually bearing a mass of dark moss and rootlets. The wood is of a pale lemon yellow color with lighter sap-wood. It is lighter than cork in weight, having a specific gravity, as re- ported by Prof. Trelease, of 0.207, while that of common c(irk (the bark of Quercus siiber, etc.) is 0.240. It is occasionally used by fishermen for making floats for their nets. For botanical characters se? the ordinal and generic descriptions, this liciiii,' the only species. 1 1. For -.'mis se.' 1.. 41^.-, gI ijycJLrO-'-----*^ ^U--5^«'ku4^^' fiS,^, PEACH OR ALMOND-LEAF WILLOW. Salix ami/fjdaloides Ajiders. Fig. 86. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, of leafy branchlet, 3 : leafless branchlet in winter. 87. Trunk of tree near St. Louis, Mo. 88. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. detached catkins of empty capsules, 2 ; end Handbook of Tkees of the Northern States and Canada. 75 The Peach-leaf Willow is a handsome and distinct Willow, sometimes attaining the height of til) or 70 ft. with straiglit columnar trunk 2 ft. in diameter. When isolated from other trees it develops a rather narrow rounded top of upright ami spreading hnmchcs. and while the bark of trunk is ridged it is dis- tinctly smoother and with more appressed scales than is that of the Black U'iilow, a character especially noticeable on the larger branches. Its large pendent leaves are quite suggestive of those of the Peach and Almond trees and from that fact it receives its name. In company with the Black Willow, with which it apparently freely hybridizes, it grows along the borders of streams and low hike- shores over a large area. In distribution it is an almost exact complement of that of the I'.laek Willow, in that it is rarer in the east and more abundant westward as far as to the Rocky ^lountiiins at least, while the reverse is true of the Black Willow. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 28.10 lbs., soft and not strong, and used mainly for charcoal and fuel.i Lrarrs revoliite in the bud, 2-6 in. long, ovate- lanceolate to lanc(>olate. from cuneate to rounded at haso. finely siM-ratc, narrowing to a long slt'ndpr point ; lustniiis liirht gn-cn aliovc, pale and ghiu- cous beneath : petioles slender, elongated and with- out glands : stipules reniforni l)iU mostly fugacious. Floucrii appear with the leaves in tei-miual ameuts on leafy bi-aiichlets : scales yellow, villous l)oth sides. cadncS or 10 in. in thickness of trunk, which is vested in a dark brown bark rough with prominent firm ridges. It is often found fruit- ing as a shrub. It difTers from the Black Willow in distribution in that it is found more along the rocky or gravelly banks or beds of streams, where its dark colored bark and small crooked trunks are found so close to the rush- ini; waters that they are often bruised and battered by the passing flood-wood, while the Black Willow is found along the banks of still flowing streams of tlie bottom-lands, where the waters are less turbulent. Its geographic range is not yet well determined. Its wood is light, soft, not strong and of a reddish brown color with thin nearly white sap-wood.- Lvdvrs involute in the bud, 4-7 in. long, lance- olate to ovate-lanceolate, cuneate or rounded and the largest leaves sometimes cordate at base, lon'?- pointed. finely and unequally serrate, glabrous bright green above, somewhat pubescent and whitish beneath : the foliaceous stipules reniform, often V2 in. long : petioles short, without glands : winter buds small, brown, lustrous, branchlets hoary pubescent. Floirrrs: aments terminal on leafy branchlets, .3-4 in. long ; scales ovate, yellow, obtuse, villous ; stamens 3-7 with filaments hairy at base and yellow anthers ; ovary long-stalked with nearly sessile stigmatic lobes. Fruit capsules about Vi in, long, globose conical. 1. Svn. Snlix Wnrdi Bebb. Salix occidcutalis Koch. ■ 1!. A. W., XII, 200. BLACK WILLOW. Snlix nigra Marsh, Fig. 91. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, leaves from vigorous shoots, showing stipules, and leafless branchlets in winter. 92. Trunk of tree near St. Louis Mo. Handbook of Trees of the Xortiikrx States and Canada. 79 The Black Willow is the largest and most abundant of the American Willows, sometimes in the forest attaining a height of 120 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter, but these dimen- sions are attained only under most favorable conditions and it is usually a tree of less than half the dimensions above mentioned. When isolated it develops a rather irregular broad or round-topped head witli line hranchlets and drooping yellow-green foliag >. It commonly sends up clusters of crooked or inclined trunks from a common base. It is a tree of very wide distribution, skirting the low banks of streams and lake shores from the Atlantic nearly to the Pacific. It is very abundant in the Mis- sissippi valley and throughout the Atlantic states, and attains its largest dimensions in southern Illinois and in the Colorado River valley in Texas. The light soft wood is said to check badly in drying and is little used save for fuel and for charcoal. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 27.77 Ibs.i The bark is rich in tanning and is used in domestic practice in the treatment of fevers. Leaves involute in tho bud, lanceolate, some- times falcate (markedly so in var. falcatn) very Ions; attenuate often with curved tip, :>-(! in. loni,'. wedge-sliaped or rounded at base, finely serrate, glabrous light green altove. somewhat paler and sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath an i with the very short glandless petioles : winter buds small, about" % in. long. Floirrm expanding with the leaves : arnents l-.T in. long, terminal on short leafy hranchlets : scales yellow, rounded at apey. hairy on inner surface : stamens ."-7 with filaments hairV at base : ovary Ions-ovoid, stalked, and with thick nearly sessile' stigmas. Fruit (.Tune-.Tuly ) : cansules ovoid, gradually narrowing above the middle, about Vs in. lonsr. shovt-stalked. glabrous. S. tupra falcnta (Prush) Torr. is a form, with narrower "and more falcate leaves green both sides, ranging from Massachusetts to Ohio and Florida. 1. A. W., II, 45. SHINING WILLOW. GLOSSY-LEAF WILLOW. Sifi.r hid da ^Mnclil. Fig. 93. Portion of a branchlet bearing mature fruit, i ; detached capsules, 2 ; leaves of vigorous shoots, 3 ; brarchlet in winter, 4. 94. Trur.k of tree in Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Xoktiii:i;x Siates and Ca 81 The Shining Willow is a small tree attain- ing the height of 2'i ft. with a short trunk rarely 10 or 12 in. in diameter, but it is more often shrubby than arborescent in habit of growth. Its branches grow upright and out- ward forming a rather broad rounded top. II inhabits the banks of streams, lake-shores and swamps in company with the Glaucous and other Willows, Alders, etc. among which its shining bright green leaves may be quickly dis- tinguished. It is a spefies of quite wide dis- tribution and greater abundance in the north- ern part of its range than to the southward. Economically the species is of little import- ance, though its conspicuous Howering aments in early spring, and later its clean glistening foliage, give it value for planting in suitable localities for ornamental purposes. Leaves involute in tlie bud, lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, mostly long-acuminate, finely serrate, 2-6 in. long, coriaceous, covered with scattered pubescence when they unfold but finally glabrous, lustrous dark green above, slightly paler and with broad yellow- ish midribs beneath : petioles stout, puberulous. glandular at apex ; stipules small oblong or semi- cordate, glandular-serrate. Flowers aments termi- nating stout lateral leafy branchlets. erect, with thick tomentose peduncles ; scales pale yellow, rounded at apex, denticulate, glabrous above : the staminate short, stout and densely flowered ; stamens usually ~> with long free filaments, hairy at base ; pistillate ament more slender with elon- gated long-stalked glabrous ovary and nearly ses- sile emarginate stigma. Fruit capsule long ovoid, acute, much longer than the pedicel, lustrous and often long persistent after liberating the seeds. BRITTLE WILLOW. t'^ah.c fragilis L. Fig. 95. Portion of branchlet bearing mature fruit, i ; end of vigorous leafy shoot, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. y6. Trunk of tree in Albany, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Nortjiekn States and Canada. 8:i The Brittle Willow is a nativ(! of Kiirope and Asia, wheie it is (iiic of the most useful of the Willows in the production of valuable timber. It was early introduced into America and has become extensively mitnralized throughout the eastern states and Canada. It is a tree of very rapid growth, attainiiij^ a large size, sometimes 70 or 80 ft. in heiglit with trunk ',i or 4 ft. or more in thickness, covered with a rougli scaly-ridged gray hark. Its full rounded top of upriglit and spreading branches and clean foliage make it a desirable tree for ornamental planting in moist locali- ties, but its special value is for planting along the banks of streams to prevent erosion. This can be very easily accomplished by simply sticking stakes made from freshly cut branches into the moist soil in early spring- time. Soon they become clothed with foliage and in a surprisingly short time sturdy trees. The tree takes its name from the twigs being very brittle at base, a strong wind usually leaving the ground beneath a tree strewn with them. The wood of the Brittle Willow is very light, soft, tough and of a reddish brown color witli thick whiter sap-wood. Lumber is manu- factured from the tree in Europe and is said to be more durable than that of most of the Willows, but the use of the wood is confined in this country maiidy to fuel and charcoal, a large part of the charcoal used in the manu- facture of gunpowder coming from this source. The trees by being pollarded can be depended upon for successive crops of wood at regular intervals of a few years each. Lrarrs lanceolate, commonly .S-6 in. Ions, ciineate at base. Ions acuminate, slandnlar- serrate, glabrous both sides at maturity, dark green aliove, slightly paler beneath ; petioles '4-% in. long, glandular above; stipules fugacious; branehlets greeiiisb. Flowers appearing with the leaves on sliort leafy l)ranchlets ; scales deciduous; stigmas nearly sessile. h'niit capsules long-ooni- cal, glabious witli very sliort pediecls. SAND-BAR WILLOW. LONGLEAF WILLOW. Sali.v fluriafiUs ]S'iitt.^ Fig. 97. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; leafless branchlet in winter, 2. 98. Trunk of a tree near St. Louis, Mo. H \NDBOOK Tk KKS OF THE XoirniKKN States axd Ca.nad So Tlie Sand-bar Willow attains a maximum height of 60 or 70 ft. and trunk diameter of 2 ft., but on^y in a very limited portion of its vast area does it attain such dimensions. It is generally a small tree and often only a shrub 5 or ft. in heiglit. As a tree it de- velops a narrow top with upright and inclined branches, and its long narrow pendent leaves make it easily distinguishable. Comparatively rare and local in the east it is very abundant in the northern and western interior portions of the continent, covering the river banks and adjoining low-lands with great thickets of its llexible crowded stems. In these regions it is usually the first shrub or tree to spring up on the newly formed sand-bars, holding them with its strong roots and catching new deposits of silt, until the sturdy Cottonwoods can find foot- ing and develop their towering trunks. The wood of the Sand-bar Willow is soft and light, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigliing 30.72 lbs. and is little used save for liglit fuel and charcoal. -' Lrarm involute in the bud, linoar-lancoolate, 2-() in. long, si'adiially taporing to both ends, re- motely dentate with small glandular spreading teeth." glabrous. pubescent. yellowish green ; stipules small, deciduous petioles short and not glandular. Flowers ( .Vpril-May) aments on terminal short leafy branchlets. often branching, with pubescent peduncles or from axillary buds of same branches ; scales light yellow, villous ; stamens 2 with filaments slightly hairy at base ; ovary short-stalked with large sessile lobed stig- mas. Fruit capsules narrow-ovoid, glabuate. 1. Syn. .S'«//J- lonyifolhi Muehl. WEEPING WILLOW. NAPOLEON'S WILLOW. RING WILLOW. Salix Babylon ica L. Fig. 99. Portion of branchlet bearing fruit, i ; detached capsules, 2 ; tip of leafy branchlet, 3 leafless branchlet in winter, 4. 100. Trunk of tree near Rochester, N. Y. Handbook or Trees of the IN'orthekn States and Canada. S7 The Weeping Willow i3 a fainiiiar and singularly ornamental tree, and sometimes at- tains the height of 50 or 60 ft. with a short thick trunk from A-4 or 5 ft. in diameter. This is covered witli a smoothish grayish bark divided into shallow, firm and more or less reticulated ridges. It has been introduced into this country from eastern Europe and Asia and is naturalized in localities, ap- parently spreading mainly if not wholly by the distribution of its twigs. These falling upon the surface of a stream or lake float until they eventually find lodgement on the shore and when conditions are favorable take root and grow. The tree thrives best in moist soil and par- ticularly on the banks of quiet streams and ponds. Its trunk usually divides within a few feet of the ground into a few large branches which ramify and the ultimate branchlets, sometimes yards in length, droop and hang like a great natural portiere to the surface of the water. These great locks of branchlets, as the}' wave in the winds of a stormy day. give the tree a singular and striking appearance. Leaves linear-lanceolate, usual'y 3-6 In. long, cuneate at base, tapering to a long slender point, finely serrate, puljescent when .vouns; but finally glaljrous dark green above, pale beneath ; stipules small semicordate ; petioles usually '2 in. or less in length, glandular above ; branchlets olive-green, very long and slender. Floircrs appearing with the leaves in small slender aments with ovate- lanceolate bracts on lateral leafy branchlets. Fruit capsules narrow-ovoid .glabrous. A nimiber of varitios are recognizfd as : var. aurea Hort.. with yellow branchlets : var. an- nularis Eorbes, witli leaves curling back suggestive of rings; var. dolorosa Rowen, (Wisconsin WVep- Ing Willow) a hardy northnu furm with leaves very glaucous beneath, etc. YELLOW WILLOW. GOLDEN OSIER. Salix vitellina Koch.^ Fig. loi. Section of branchlet with mature fruit, i ; empty capsules, 2 ; tip of vigorous shoot, 3 leafless branchlet in winter, 4. 102. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Xortiieiin States and Canada. S9 This large and beautiful VVillOw, like the Brittle Willow, is an immigrant from the Old World, and so prolific is it and so adapted to our climatif conditions that it is now growing spontaneously on the banks of almost every stream that Hows through the populated regions of the middle and eastern states and Canada. Its bright yellow branches, especially conspicuous in early spring before the appear- ance of the leaves, are seen in greater abun- dance even than most of our native Willows. In size and habit of growth it is a noble tree sometimes attaining the height of 70 or 80 ft. Willi short thifk trunk :i-') ft. in diameter clotlietl in a dark gray bark rougli with promi- nent scaly ridges. It divides near the ground into a few large branches, which radiate out and form a rather irregular broad or rounded to]i. It is a favorite ornamental tree in moist localities and particularly adapted to planting along the banks of streams and dikes to pre- vent erosion. Sections of fresh branches merely stuck into the wet soil in early spring is all that is required. Soon these put out leaves and grow with surprising rapidity, as though cognizant of their mission and the" im- poitance of prompt action. In a few yeiirs they become large trees, sometimes increasing in trunk diameter at the rate of .3 or 4 in. in a year, and their roots firmly bind the soil together. The wood of the Yellow Willow is very light, soft, tough and of a light brown color with thick sap-wood. 2 Its chief use in this country is for charcoal and fuel, though adapted to other uses to which it is applied in its native land. Lrnrrs lanceolate, 2-5 in. long, tapering to base, long acuminate, flnply serrate, silky hairy both sides whpn young, glabrous at maturity and dark green aliove, paler and glaucous beneath ; stipules ovate-lanceo'ate, deciduous ; petioles '{i in. long or less, slightly if at all glandular ; branchlets glabrous, bright yellow or reddish tinted. Flowrrs ai)pearing with the leaves anients terminatim; lateral leafy branchlets, scales yellowish, falling before the ripening of tlie fruit ; stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit: capsul(>s narrow-ovoid, long- pointed, glabrous, with very short pedicel. 1. Syn. Salix alba var. vitvUina Koch. 2. A. W., II, 46. MISSOURI WILLOW. Salix Missouriensis Miielil.^ Fig. 103. Branchlet with mature fruit, i ; branchlet with vigorous leaves and stipules, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 104. Trunk of a tree near St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Teees of the North i:i,-.\ Siatks and Canada. 01 The Missouri Willow oi-casionally attains the height of 50 or (H) ft. with trunk from 10 to 14 in. in diameter. It develops a rather narrow rounded top of ujjright slender .smooth- barked branehes, and the bark of trunk is of a grayish color, thin and smooth or with low- firm ridges. It is a tree of limited distrii)ution and confined mainly to the low rich l)ottom- lands of the lower Missouri River, where it is found in company with the P>laek Willow, Sand-bar Willow, Peach-leaf Willow, the Sweet Gum, Green Ash, Red INIaple, etc. The wood is unimportant though sometimes used for charcoal. - Leaves involute in tlio hud. lanceolate to ob- lanceolate and occasionally ovate-lanceolate, .S-.") in. long, narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at base, acuminate, finely serrate with small gland-tipped teeth, pubescent afr first but finally nearly glabrous, darlt gi-een above, paler and often glaucous beneath ; petioles pubescent ; the persistent stipules semicordate, ofter Vj in. long : winter buds large and hoary-tomentose : hranchlets pubescent the first season. Floircrs unfold very early (February-March) on short hranchlets bearing small scale-like leaves ; staminate about 1 1/2 in. long: scales light green, hairy outside; stamens 2 with long glabrous free filaments : ovary glabrous, beaked, with very short style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit: a narrow cylindrical ovoid long-pointed capsule with slender stalk about as long as the scale. 1. Syn. Salix cordata var. vcstita Sarg. 2. A. W., XII, 297. GLAUCOUS WILLOW. Salix discolor Miiehl. 105. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, i; empty capsules, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 106. Trunk of tree with leaves at base in Black River valley, N. Y. Handbook of Treks of the Xoktiiehn States axd Canada. 93 The CJlaiinouM W'ilhiw rarely attains a greater lieiglit man '^1) or 2.') ft. or greater (liaiueter of trunk than 12 or 14 in., and com- monly is no more tlian a large shrub with numerous crooked stems fiom a common base. When it attains the stature of a tree it de- velops a rather wide rounded top with numer- oas upright or arcliing l)ranclies and short trunk. It is tlie common I'lissi/ Willoir in tlie parlance of chihhun. wlio liail with delight its enlarging hairy catkins as the first evidence of approaching spring, and gather hunches of its branches for home decoration. The tree is indeed at this season a handsome object, and when in full flower the luimming of numerous bees among its branches tells us that they find in its flowers their first harvests after their l.>ng winter's rest. It is an abundant species, growing along the banks of streams and low wet meadows in company with other Willows, Ashes, Arbor-VitiP, etc. Its wood is occasionally used for charcoal. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 26.50 Tjnrrft convolute in the hud. narrow oblong, or oblong lanceolate, 2-5 in. Ions, acute at both ends, remotely crenate-serrate, pubescent at first but finally glabrous thick and firm, davk green above, glaucous white beneath with l)road midribs ; stipules somicordate and commonly caducous : winter buds rather la" hairs : stamens '2. with IdU'j; glabrous lilaments ; ovary villous with short style and entire spn^ad- ing stiLrmas. Fniit capsules narrow vonical. pubescent and with Ion- point. COTTONWOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR. CAROLINA POPLAR. Po pill us deltoides Marsli.^ Fig. 107. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, i ; leafless branchlet bearing two flower-buds (the larger ones) and leaf-buds, 2; terminal of a vigorous shoot, showing angular nature, 3. 108. Trunk of tree on Genesee River bank above Rochester, N. Y. 109. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook ok Tkkks of the Xoktiii;i{.\ Statks and Canada. This stately tree is llic I;ir<;cst representa- tive of its gemis. soiiictiincs surpassing 100 ft. in heiglit. witli trunk ti-S ft. in diameter. It develops a full wide or roiuuli'd tciji with few massive branches, and these often spreading far out extend their drooping branches and shining dark green leaves over a ver^- wide area. It is confined to the rich moist soil of river bot- toms and the banks of streams and along those of the mid-continental regions it is the largest and most characteristic tree. East of the Alleghany Mountains it is less abundant and a smaller tree: still here and tliere con- spicuously large trees are found. The wood is light and soft, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 24.24 lbs., and is used for paper pulp, in the manufacture of lumber for packing cases and for fuel. Owing to ten- dency to warp and ditliculty in seasoning it i-. little valued for lumber. In early days, how ever, before railroads crossed the western plains the pioneer settlers found in the Cotton wood trunks material for building purpo-^i - from the rough stockade to the houses an ' buildings of their first villages.^ Leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, H-7 in. long, usual U abruptl.v acuminate at apex, truncate or slighiU cordate at base, crenati'-scrratc. entire at base, at tirst gummy with fragrant exudation but finalh lustrous dark green alxive. [laler beneath; petiole"-, long, slender, and laterally comiiressed. FJoim^ (.\pril-May) : aments short-stalked; staminatc stout and densely flowered, ;;-."> in. long ; stamens numerous: pistillate at first smaller but elongat ing as fruit ripens ; scales glabrous, laciniate Fruit with ovoid 2-4-valved capsules, which libei ates in May their crowded contents of small light brown seeds with cottony coma. P. deUfjiden m-eideiitdliy Kydb. is a western foim ranging from 8ask. to Xew Mexico with leaM s broader at base, longer-acuminate and mon coarsely toothed with yoiuig light yellow. 2 1. Syn. PopuUiH munilifera A 2. A. W., II. 4S. 5hinui!,, 3. For genus pp. 426-41 "S^^-S^ :^^,*»;>^i^^ - i» firs- i* -ws;'» LOMBARDY POPLAR. PopuJus nigra Italica DiiRoi.^ Fig. no. Branchlet with mature leaves. As staminate trees only are found in this country we are unable to illustrate the fruit. Leafless branchlet in winter. III. Trunk of tree near Lowville, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of Statp:.s and Ci 97 The Lombardy Pophir is tlie most distinct of tlie Foplais in hul)it of j^rowtli, and prob- ably no otlier introdiued tree lias been more widely planted for ornamental purposes. Its tall spire-sliaped tops are land-marks in al- most every populated region from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Canadian frontier to the Mexican huuiidaiy. and in some Euro- pean countries it is much more abundant than here. It is a tree of very rapid growth and. in our northern states, short-lived, but once planted it spreads by means of suckers and persists in the soil for generations, often be- coming a nuisance in its abundance. Its de- sirability, however, in landscape architecture, as for the relief of a monotonous sky-line, is undisputed. It sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. with short ridged and buttressed trunk 6-S ft. in diameter, and tliis latter measure- ment is hardly more tlum doubled in the width of its compact narrow top. Dotajiicajly the tree is a bone of contention. Its leaf and floral characters are so close to those of the European P. nigra L. that it is held by some to be a sport of that species, all existing trees having come from a certain one or few trees found growing somewhere naturally many years ago. This theory would seem to be sub- stantiated by the fact that in this country at least all of the trees are staminate, repro- duction being effected by its stoloniferous roots and fallen branches. The theory is mili- tated again.st by the fact that its new shoots are glabrous, while those of P. nigra are pubescent. For convenience we will consider it a sport of the P. nigia. It takes its name from the province of Lombardy in Italy, but its hardiness in far colder climates than that of Italy would indicate its origin in a more northern region. It is thought to have origi- nated in Afghanistan where it is said to grow naturally as a forest tre?. The botanical characters, so far as we are able to observe them l)y a study of the tree as we have it in this country — the st tminate only. — are apparently identical with those of tlic P. nigra, excepting its fastigiate habit of growth and glabrous new shoots. - 1. Syn. I'opuhis dilatata Ait. L'. For /'. iiiiira E. see p. 41.'7. ;{. A. w.. in. 7.:. LANCE-LEAF COTTONWOOD. Populus acuminata Eydb. J s J ^^^^^^^^^Li 7 in. long, cnncate or rarely rounded at base, aciiminatp, coarsely crenate-serrate excepting at base and apex which aro mostly entire, lustrous dark green above, dull green beneath ; petioles slender, terete, l-.S in. long. Flowers rather open loose aments ; stami- nate IV^--^ in. long; disk of flower obli(|ue saucei- shaped with numerous stamens : pistillate aments becoming .3-4 in. long, drooping : disk cup-siiaped ; stigma laciniate-ldhcd. Fruit in rather 1oo

olate to ovate-lanceolate. 2-?,V< in. long, rounded or cunpate at base. naiTowinii to an acute or blunt apex, finely serrate the entire leimtli (or coarsel.v serra*^'' on vi^onms sliootsi rather thin, slalu'ous. yel'ow-yreen aliove. paler l)eneatli. with broad midrilis ; i)etii>les i.,-'*i in. \imu: ij;ro(.veil al)ove but not lateiallv tlatteued. Floinis :n closely flowered ylalfons sliort-stalked anients : staminato with cun-shaned disk and li! 20 sta- mens : pistillate with cup-shaped disk and hroad- lobed stigmas. F>-iiif in ei'ect or inclined auK'iUs. •J .". in. long with broad-ovoid ci'owded sliort- pediceled capsules. BALM OF GILEAD. Populus candlcans Ait.^ Fig. 1 6. Mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 17. Trunk of a tree near Lowville, N. Y. Handbook of Tkees of the Xokthekx St: u Canada. 103 The Balm of Gilead when in its prime i» a beautiful large Poplar, attaining the height of 70 or 80 ft. or more witli broad and irregular spreading top. and trunk attaining a thickness of 3-G ft., vested in a rather thick firmly ridged gray bark at base, while the ujjper trunk and branches are covered with a smooth yellowish brown bark. In a wild state it is a rare tree and apparently quite local in distribution, but from early times it lias been a favorite tree for shade, and being very hardy was planted abundantly in the dooryards of country liomes throughout the northern states and Canada. It is a beautiful object at first with its large parti-colored heart-shaped leaves con- stantly fluttering from the slightest breezes. L'nfortunately it is a short-lived tree and early becomes decrepit. Then its dropping limbs make it unsightly and undesirable, but suckers generally spring up in abundance about it and eventually take its place, if allowed to do so, and in this way trees once planted continue to occupy the soil for a long time. The fra- grance of the stick}' buds and new leaves of this tree is so marked as to be detected sometimes at some distance from the tree, and attracts the bees to it in abundance after the sticky varnish on its buds. This they gather, pack onto their thighs and carry away to seal the crevices of their hives — the material called propolis by the bee-keepers. I -luive observed that goose-berry and currant bushes planted beneath the branches of this tree are not molested by the destructive currant-worm, tb.e emanations of the tree seeming to be distaste- ful or disastrous to them. According to Prof. L. H. Bailey, the Balm of (iilead was an im- portant lumber tree in tlie forests of .Michigan in early days. Tlie wood is soft, liglit. a cubic foot weigliiiiir •25.9.3 lbs. when absolut -ly dry. easily wovkel and suitable for tlie nianufactuif of boxes, pails, excelsior, etc. Leaves broad heart-shaped, ^>-Ct in. Ions;, acuminate, rather coar.sely erenate-senate and ciliate-nia!-- Rined, pnl>o.sci»nt when young lint finally sjlabrors dark srccn above, whitish, strongly rcticnlati'd ami soniPtimes rusty benputli : petioles nearly irni. and veins beneath commonly pnl)esciiit : hiids \;\i-^-- and covered with a sticky aromatic resin. Flmn is in pubescent aments, the scales fallinj; early ; stami'ns ir)-:;o; lobes of stiuma broad and larse Fniit capsuli's cniwrled en the stems, ovoid, _ valved and with sliort i)cdicels. 1. Syn. Populus bahfimifcru var. candiniu-i Gray. BALSAM POPLAR. Po pubis halsamifcra L Fig. 1 1 8. Branchlet with mature leaves j ind fruit, i ; leafless branchlet in winter, 2. 1 10. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., X. Y. Handbook of Trees of the T^ortiiern States and C 105 The Balsam Poplar sometimes attains in the forest a heiglit of 100 ft. and a trunk diameter of 5 or 6 ft. When isolated from oilier trejs it develops a rather narrow irregular pyra- midal open top of few large branches, and its parti-colored leaves, as their dark green upper surfaces and light under surfaces show suc- cessively as moved by the wind, make it a handsome object. It is distinctly a northern tree, thriving and attaining its largest size along the banks of the streams which are tribu- tary to the Mackenzie River in a climate too severe for tlie existence of most other trees. In those cold regions this is the largest and most characteristic tree. It is confined mainly to alluvial bottom-lands and borders of swamps, and in our northern states, where it finds its southernmost limit of distribution, is by no means as large a tree as it is to the northward. Its wood is soft and light, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 22.65 lbs., and in the region of the Great .Lakes and northern Michi- gan is used for paper pulp, and in the manu- facture of boxes, pails, etc.^ Leaves 0-6 in. long, ovate, rounded or broadly cuneate at base with crenate-serrate slightly thickened margin, acute or acuminate at apex, darlt glabrous green above, mucli paler and con- spicuously reticulated-veined and sometimes rusty beneatli : petioles long, terete ; winter buds large, taper-pointed and very resinous. Floiccrs (in April) ; scales of aments scarious, brown, lacine- ate lobed ; stamens 20.30 ; ovary ovoid, slightly, 2-lobed and with 2 large dilated stigmas. Fruit (ripe in May) with ovoid oblong 2-valved short- pedieeled capsules : capsules about V4 in. long. 1. A. W., IT, 47. SWAMP POPLAR. Populus lieteropliylla L. ig. 120. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, i : leafless branchlet in winter, 2. 121. Trunk of tree, with leaves at base, near Kennett, Mo. Handbook of Tkkes or the Noethekn States and Canada 107 The Swamp Poplar v.Ihto conditions are favorable for best (IcNclopiiiciit, in Uie lower Mississippi Valley, attains a height of 80 or 90 ft., with straight eoluninar trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter vested in a grayish brown bark with prominent scaly ridgas, and develops an open irregular top with few large branches. In the Atlantic states it rarely attains a greater height than 40 or 50 ft. Here it is rare and local and is confined to tlie borders of ponds and swamps more or less jiernuuiently in- undated. In the jMississippi basin it is mors abundant, and it is found in comiiany with the Honey and Water Locusts, jNIississippi Hack- berry, Swamp White Oak, Red and Drummond Maples, Sweet Gums, Tupelos, etc. The wood of the Swamp Poplar is of a grayish brown color with light sap-wood. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 25.48 lbs. It is manufa.'tured into lumber, under the name of Black Poplar, for interior finish- ing, etc.i Learea 4-8 in. loni, liroart ovate with petioles Ion? and terete, varyinj; from round to cordate at base, crenate, obtust' or subacute at apex, covered with whito woolly tomcntum at first but finally glabrous with brown Inids acute or obtuse, resin- ous. Floirrm (April-May) glabrous scarious flm- bricated scales, staniinate aments stout, densely- flowered, finally '2-'i in. Ions; and droopins : stamens 12-120; pistillate aments small, raceme- like, few-flowered witb short style : ovary ovoid, and thick 2 or ."^-lob^d sti'xmas. Fruit (ripe in May I witb ovoid-oblong oointod 2-:!-va1ved cap- sules, sliortor than or t><|uallins tbe pedicels. 1. A. W., IV. 07. QUAKING ASP. TREMBLING POPLAR. POPPLE. FopuJus tremulokles Miclix. i Fig. 122. Branchlets with mature and young leaves, i; isolated empty capsules, 2; a capsule and its actual contents, procured by confining the capsule at the time of opening, 3 ; branchlet in winter with cluster of flower-buds near tip, 4. 123. Trunk of tree in Essex Co., N. Y. Note the transition from smooth young bark to rough old bark. Handbook of Tkkes of Tin Xoir ATKS AND 109 The (Quaking Asp is usually a slender tree developing in the open a loose rounded top, and tlie trunk seldom more than 18 in. or 2 tt. in diameter, but in forests where it attains its largest size it grows to a height of 90 or 100 ft. with trunk sometimes 3 ft. in diameter. The l);irk of branches and young trunks is of a pale yellowish green color, or often nearly white, and on older trunks becomes fissured and divided into nearly black scaly ridges. A conspicuous feature of the tree is the constant igitation of its small rounded leaves, occasioned even by the sliglitest breezes, on account of their long flattened stems. It is a very useful tree in the economy of Nature in that its seeds, seeming possessed of an exceptional power of germination, are easily scattered by the winds, and it quickly covers forest lands recently deraided by fires with a fresh growth of little forest trees. In the shelter of these the tender seeds of more useful trees germinate and thrive, and eventually monopolize the soil, ungratefully crowding to the wall by their overpowering shade the slender Aspens which assisted them into existence. The v.ood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry Aveighing 25.13 lbs., soft and is used mainly in the manufacture of paper pulp and excelsior. 1 Lrnrrs ovate to suborbicular, W^-^ in. Ion?, rounded or subcordate at base, short acuminate at apex, with finely crenate and ciliate margin, glabrous: petioles very slender and laterally com- pressed; winter buds glabrous. Flomrrn 114-2 in. long : scales deeply .'5-.5-cleft into linear lobes fringed with gray hairs : staminato aments with disk entire, and 6-12 stamens ; stigmas 2 with linear lobes. Fruit (May-.Tune) capsules oblon-j conical. 2-valved : seed.s about l-.'?2 in. Ion;, obovate. 1. A. W., Ill, 72. LARGE-TOOTH POPLAR. ASPEN. Popidus gmndidentata Miclix. Fi^ 124. Fruiting branchlet with mature and young leaves, i-. ; isolated capsules, 3: tip of young shoot, 4 (Note the velvety pubescence as compared with the glabrous young leaves of P. tremnloides) ; branchlet in winter, 5. . , r ,11 v,..i. at h^<:P 125. Trunk showing the smooth young bark above and the furrowed older bark at base. Lewis Co., N. Y. Handkook of Tkees of X^ Sta- AM) CaXADA. Ill The Large-tooth Poplar rarely if over at- tains a greater height than 70 or SO ft. or 2 ft. in thickness of trunk. \\lu'ii sulliciently isolated from other trees it (Unelops a loose oval or rounded top of handsduic clciui foliaj^'o, always rustling witli the sli^ditest breeze, on account of the peculiar formation of petioK^s. ThL^ bark of branches and younger trunks is smootli and (if a grayish green color. Later it becomes fissured into rough firm ridg'.'s. It is found mostly on sandy slopes and the banks of streams in company with the Hemlock, Pines, Oaks, Maples, Shad-bush, Butternut, Red Spruce, etc. As with the (^)uaking Asp, its hardy seeds scattered widely by the wind quickly clothe with new verdure tracts of forest lands recently denuded by fires. Then protected by the shade of these seedlings the more tender seeds of more useful trees are able to germinate and grow. Its wood is light, a cubic foot weighing 28.87 lbs., soft and not strong and is used in the manufacture of excelsior, paper, wooden- ware and occasionally for 1 umber. i Leaves orbicular-ovate, .^-fi in. long, coarsely and irregularly dentate, from obtuse to rounded at base, stiort acuminate, densely wliite tomentose at first but finally glabrous, thin and firm ; petioles lonu', slender and laterally comin-essed : winter buds pnliernlous. Fhacrx: aments l-.S in long: scales with silky nale hairs and irregularly .5-7- eleft : stamens fi-12 : sti^rmas 2 with long filiform loi)es. Fruit ( May-.Iune) : capsules long-conic, 2- valved. about '/s in. long ; seeds dark brown, minute. 1. A. W., I, 18. WHITE POPLAR. ABELE. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR. Popuhis aiha L. Fig. 126. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i; isolated empty capsules, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 127. Trunk with leaves at base. Near Albany. N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Xorthekx States axd Caxa The W'liite Poplar is a native of central and southern Kmope, the corresponding latitudes of Asia, as far east us the Himalaya Moun- tains, and of northern Afriea. It was early introduced into this country for ornuniental purposes and has become naturalized in many localities throuiihout northeastern United States and Canada. It is a large tree some- times attaining the height of 100 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. or more in diameter, vested in a characteristic greenish gray and wliitish bark of branches and upper trunk, wliile that at the base of old trunks becomes deeply cleft into firm dark ridges. It commonly develops a large irregular open broad or rounded top. The contrast between the dark green upper surfaces of its leaves and the velvety white under surfaces causes a pleasing scintillating effect as tliey are agitated by the wind, and this gives to the White Poplar a peculiar ornamental value. The abundance of the trees about the sites of old countrj- homes attests its long popularity as an ornamental tree and its hardiness, but the rapidity and persistence with which it spreads, by means of its long stoloniferous roots, makes it in some places a nuisance. Its wood is light, soft, tough and of a red- dish yellow color with nearly white sap-wood, i Leai'es qnite varial>lp but commonly suborbicn lar or broad ovate, 2-4 in. long, obtuse or acutr at apex, truncate or cordate at base, irregularly dentate, sinuate-dentate or (especially on vigor ous shoots) palmately .^-.'j-lobed and with petiob's and branchlets white velvety tomentose at first, but many of the leaves becoming glabrate late in the season dark green above or by late summer often scurfy or nearly glabrous beneath, whilo those on vigorous shoots retain their white to- mentum beneath : petioles shorter than the blade ; branchlets and bud in winter white scurfy to- mentose. Floircru staminate aments IV2-- in. long (becoming 3-4 in. long) stout; pi'stillate aments more slender ; stigmas digitately lobed. Fruit: capsules ovoid-oblong, about 3-16 "in. long, 2-valved. Popiilii.t alba var. Rnllraiia (Bolle's Poplar) was found in Turkestan in IS".". They are trees with narrow pyramidal toi)s of fastigiate branches and are now extensively planted for ornamental piM-poses in the Atlantic states. They are con- .sidiM'ed as of greater ornamental value than is tlic typieal form. 1. A. W., IV, 96. 113 HORNBEAM. BLUE OR WATER BEECH. IRON-WOOD. Carpinus Carolinmna Walt. Fig. 128. Branchlet bearing leaves and fruit, i ; detached nutlets with their involucres, 2 ; leafy branchlet, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 129. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. 130. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Noktjikkn States and Canada. 115 The Hornbeam in the forest sometimes at- tains the heiglit of 30 or 40 ft. and a diameter of trunk of ItJ in. or 2 ft. vested in a thin very close and smooth bluish gray bark often mot- tled with lighter or darker tints. When iso- lated from other trees it develops a broad open head with numerous tough branches, the larger of which and the trunk are nuieli furrowed and ridged, suggestive of knotted sinews, on ac- count of which resemblance the Indians called it " Otantahrleweh," meaning " tlic lean tree." It grows on low moist bottom-lands in com- pany with the Holly, Sweet Bay, Swamp Bay, Gums, Red Maple, Water Locust, Prickly Ash, etc. in the south Atlantic states, where it is more abundant than northward and at- tains its largest size. In the northern part of its range it is a small tree with less sym- metrical and crooked trunks or often a tall shrub. Here it is commonlj' found along the banks of streams over whose waters it extends its many handsome sprays ol beautiful foliage and curious clusters of leaf-like fruit. The wood of the Hornbeam is heavy, a cubic foot when dry weighing 45.41 lbs., tough. strong and of a light brown color with abun- dant whitish sap-wood. It is used chiefly for fuel though suitable for tool-handles, and articles of wooden ware.i Leaves ovate-oblong, 2-.") In. long, acute or acumiDate, rounded or subcordate at base, sharplv and unequally .serrate with stout spreading teeth. often ine(|uilateral, pubescent and plicate at first but finally glabrous, dull green with deeply im- pressed veins above, paler and with tufts of "white hairs in the axils of veins beneath ; petioles slender, pubescent ; winter-lnuis ovoid, acute and somewhat incurved with niuncrous lii-own wliite- niargined scales. Floirrrs: staniinate aments 1-1 1.', in. long; pistillate 1/2-% tn. long with greeii scales and scarlet styles. Fruit nuts % in. lon^ with invoiucres with stout stallcs 1-1% in. long with middle lobe large and seirate on one side and one lateral lobe commonly wanting. - 1. A. W., II, 42. 2. For genus see p. 427. •. -^r ^ I^H r% ' ^ p r^ wm b{ mm \..ii t HOP HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. Osirya Yirgimana (Mill.) Koch. Fig. 131. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i : involucral sacs opened, to show nutlets, and detached nutlets, 2 ; branchlets in winter bearing young staminate aments and leaf-buds, 3. 132. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. 133. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkkks of the ]^ortheen States and Canada. 117 The Hop iloriibeain is a liaiidsome tree of medium size rarely over 60 or 70 ft. in height or 2 ft. in diameter of trunk. When isohited it develops a broad rounded top of many small tough branches, and wlien covered with its rich yellow-green leaves and pale hop-like fruit is a handsome object. The bark of trunk is rough with narrow loose elongated scales. It in- habits well-drained gravelly ridges and slopes and in tlie nortliern Atlantic states, where it is abundant and reaches its largest size, is as- sociated with the Beech, Sugar Maple, Yellow Birch, White and Cork Elms, Butternut, White Ash, etc. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 51.63 lbs., hard, tough, and is used in the manufacture of tool-handles and other small articles of wooden ware, for fuel, etc.i Lcav in. long with pubescent ciliate scales. Fruit ripening in May or .June in cylindri- cal strobiles 1-1 V2 in. long, with short tomentose peduncles and scales with :? about equal narrow lobes ; nutlet oval and about as wide as the ciliate wings. W., IV, 0.". SWEET BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. CHERRY BIRCH. Betula lenta L, Fig. 141. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; scales from cone and seeds, 2 and 3 ; branchlets winter, one bearing young staminate catkins, 4. 142. Trunk of tree near New York. Handbook of Tkees of the Nortiferx States axd Canada. 125 The Sweet Birch attains the height of 70 or SO ft., with a trunk diameter of from 2-5 ft., and when growing away from otlier trees de- velops a symmetrical ovoid or pyramidal top at first with many strong small branches, but finally roundeil or broad by the lengthening of the lateral branches. The bark of trunk is at first smooth and peels off transversely in thin strips, but finally becomes fissured with large and small irregular scales suggesting the bark of the Black Cherry, for which reason the tree is sometimes called the Cherry Birch. The darki;?ss of its color gives it the name of Black Birch and from the sweet aromatic flavor of its leaves and bark it is called the Sweet Birch. It flourishes on rich well-drained up- lands, and in early spring while the branches are bare of leaves and it is trimmed with its golden tassels of catkins, unloading their pollen on the lightest touch, it is a particu- larly handsome object. The wood is heavy, hard and strong, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigliing 47.47 lbs., and is valued in the manufacture of furniture, agricultural implements and general wooden ware, and for fuel.i -oblong, 21/j to 5 in. long, [X'x. rounded or cordate at serrate, silky pubesceut at lus shin ill.;- greeu above, ig th<' piMiiiinent veins be- Lrarf.s ovate to ovat( acute to acuminate at a base, sbariilv Ulleveillv tirst but. liiiall.v glai)r paler and iiubescent alo neath ; petioles .stout, hairy and grooved above. Flowers staminate generally in clusters. 1 in. or less in length and Vs in. thick and scales with free apiculate tips in winter, finally 3-4 in. long in .spring ; pistillate aments % in. long with greenish round-pointed scales and pink styles. Fruit: strobules erect ovoid-oblong, sessile, 1-1 V^ in. long, glabrous with lobes of scales about equal, lateral lobes divergent ; nutlet obovoid, broader than its wings. 1. A. ^Y.. IT. 44. YELLOW BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. Betula luiea Michx. Fig. 143. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i; cone scales, 2; seeds, 3; branchlet bearing leaves and young staminate catkins for next season's flowering, 4 ; branchlets in winter, two bearing young catkins, 5. 144. Trunk of tree, Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Tkees of the jSTortiikkx KS AM) ('ax AD The Yellow Bireh ia a large and important forest tree of the nortiieastern states and the eastern provinces of Canada, sometimes at- taining the height of 100 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. When isolated it develops a broad rounded top of many small straight- ish branches. Its peculiar bark is its most striking feature and distinguishes it from all other trees of the forest. The bark on its branches and smaller trunks is very smooth and lustrous silvery or golden gray, breaking finally as the trunk expands and rolling back in ribbon-like strips and curls, whicli long re- main attached rustling with every passing breeze. On very old trunks the character of the bark is quite diti'ercnt, as it is there rough with irregular plate-like scales. It inhabits rich moist uplands in company in our northern forests with the Beech, Sugar and Red ^Maples, Black and \Yhite Ash, White Elm, Hop Horn- beam, etc. Its wood is hard and strong, a cubic foot, when absolutely dry, weighing 40.84 lbs., and is highly valued in the manufacture of agri- cultural implements, wooden ware, etc., and furniture, occasional " figured " trees being especially valuable for the latter use. It is also one of the best woods of its range for fuel.i Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, ^l-'^ in. long, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded, obtuse or heart- shaped at ba.se, sharply doubly serrate, silky pubescent at first but finally glabrous dull green above, paler and with silky hairs on midrib and prominent veins beneath ; petioles slender, hairy ; branchlets at first green and pilose-pubescent but finally smooth. Flowers: staminate aments usually in clusters of 2-4. 3-3% in. long when fully ex- panded (%-l in. long in winter and % in. thick) with rounded scales ; pistillate aments about % in. long with acute pilose scales : styles pink. Fruit an erect, subsessile, pubescent oblonj? stro- bile, I-IV2 in. long with lobes of scales about equal, ciliolate and slightly spreading with obovate nutlet about as broad as its wings. 1. A. W., I, 17. SEA-SIDE ALDER. Ahius maritima (Marsh.) J\liielil. Fig. 145. Leafy branchlet in late summer, i ; do, hearing also mature fruit, 2 ; open strobiles and seeds, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 146. Trunk of tree near Seaford, Del. 147. Wood structure 'magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Xortherx States axd Caxai>a. 120 This curious and iiileiestiiig Aider is a small tree, occasionally attaining the height of 30 ft., with narrow toj) and slender branches and smooth-harked trunk .') or 6 in. in di- ameter. It is very distinct from all other Alders in several resi)ects. Its bright glossy green foliage is in strong contrast to the dull green of the other Alders, and its period of blossoming, instead of l)eing wiien the trees are leafless in early spring, as with the other species, is not until autumn: Then the effect of its golden catkins and handsome foliage together is very pleasing and gives the tree a peculiar ornamental value. Quite as different, too, as this tree is from the other Alders in its foliage and period of flowering is it in its distribution. The Alders are general!}' species of wide distribution, but this is limited to two small areas, one near the sea coast on the Delaware and Maryland peninsula and the other far inland on the banks of the Red River in Indian Territory. Its wood is light, a cubic foot weighing 31.14 lbs., soft and witli numerous large medullary rays. Leaves ovate-oblong to obovate, wcdge-shapod at base, usually acute or acumiuate at apex, re- motely and sharply serrate, scurfy pubescent when young but at maturity dark green and very lust- rous, pale and minutely glandular punctate be- neath. Flowers expanding in September, the staminate aments in racemes, lM>-2i^ In. long from the a.xils of the upper leaves ; the pistillate usually solitary from the axils of lower leaves. Fruit: strobile about % in. long with tbinnish crcnate-lobed scales and wingless oblong-obovate seeds liberated late in autumn of the year subse- (|uent to fertilization.' 1. For genus see p. 420. BLACK ALDER. EUROPEAN ALDER. Alnus ghdinosa (L.) Gtertii. Fig 148. Branchlet, with mature leaves and fruit, and young aments (both staminate and pis- tillate) for next season's flowers, i ; portion of cone with detached scales and seeds, 2 ; branchlet in winter bearing young staminate (the larger) and pistillate (the smaller) aments, 3 ; do, with leaf-buds only, 4. r- t 1 j x- ^r 149. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Staten Island, IS. Y. Handbook of Tkkes of the Xoktiikkn States and Canada. I'M The Black Alder is a naturalized tree found in various localities in the Atlantic states, particularly in southern New York and New Jersey. In its native home it is generall}' dis- tributed over Europe, western Asia and ndrthern Africa in moist localities, and at- tains a heiglit of from 50 to 70 ft. with a symmetrical pyramidal or when old roundel top, and with trunk 1-2 ft. in diameter. Beini: a vigorous growing tree of desirable qualitics for ornamental planting, particularly on law grounds, it was brought to America and planted for ornamental purposes, and being possessed of a hardy adaptable constitution it Beeds freely and grows spontaneously in suit- able localities. Few introduced trees of the ornamental value of this are so well suited to planting in very wet localities. Those are mainly Willows and Poplars and among them the straight smooth trunks of the Black Alder, with their symmetrical tops of hand- some foliage, have a very pleasing effect. They are not, however, very long-lived trees with us, and individuals are not found as large as those in their native land. In Europe the tree is of considerable com- mercial importance, as its soft straight- grained wood is easily worked and valuable in turnery, for wooden-ware, wooden-shoes, etc., and for carving. It is valued, too, for water pipes, pumps, piles, etc., and is largely used for charcoal and fuel. The bark and fruit are used in tanning leatlier and a yellow dye is made from the bark and leaves. The bark is also used in medicine, having astringent and alterative properties. Lravcs orbicular to obovate. 25 in. long, mostly obtuse at basf and retusc oi' rounded at apex, irregularly serrate-denlate. distinctly glutinous at first, glabrous dull green above, green and glabrous or pubescent on the veins beneath. Floirrm ap- pear in early spring before the leave.s ; staminate aments 2-."{ in. and the pistillate about '/. in. long. Fruit : strobile oblong-ovoid, i/i-% >n- long, with wingless seeds. BEECH. Fagus Americana Sweet. Fig. ISO. Fruiting branchlet with mature fruit, i : leafy branchlet. from same, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 151. Trunk of tree on Ijank of Black River, Lewis Co., N. Y. 152. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. open involucre, 3 : nuts Handbook of Trees of the Northerx States and Canada. VS. The Beech is one of tlie most distinct and beautiful trees of our eastern American forests, sometimes surpassing 100 ft. in heiglit and with straight columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in thickness vested in its trim smooth bluish gray bark. When isolated it develops a rounded or broad upright spreading top of many branches and slender branchlets. It in- habits rich well-drained uplands and slopes, in the north in company with the Sugar Majdc, Birches, Hop Hornbeam, Basswood, Hemlock, etc. and in the south is found along tlie borders of swamps and bottom-lands. It often in old age sends up many shoots from its roots which form a thicket about its base, and as tiie parent declines the fittest of these survive and grow into trees to take its jjlace. It is a beautiful tree at all times, each successive season of the year giving to it a peculiar charm, and not the least of these is its leaHess condition in winter. Its nuts form the chief article of food for many denizens of the forest and they are sometimes gathered and sold in northern markets. The wood, a cubic foot of which, when abso- lutely dry, weighs 42.89 lbs., is used in the manufacture of furniture, wooden-ware, plane- stoeks, etc., and for fuel.'- Lraves ovate-oblong, .S-6 in. long, acuminate, wedge-shaped, rounded or cordate at base, coarsely serrate, a vein torniinaling in each tooth, pale green and silky toiucnlcisc when they unfold, but linally glabrous dark green above, paler and with hairs in the axils and on the midribs beneath : petioles short. Floivcrs appear after the leaves unfold. Fruit: nut about % in. long; involucre covered with many sleuder prickles, witb stout peduncles and persisting open upon the branchlets late into the wiuter.^ 1. Syn. Fagus ferruginca Ait. Fagus atro- punicea (Marsh.) Sudw. 2. A. W., I, 16. '.i. For genus see p. 420. CHESTNUT. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Fig. 153. Eranchlet bearing mature leaves and fruit the nuts. 2 : branchlet in winter, 3. 154. Trunk of tree in western North Carolina. 155. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. nvolucres (burrs) opening to hberate Handbook of Trees or the jSTorthern States axd Canada. 135 When growing in the forests the Chestnut tree attains the height of 100 ft. with straight columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. iti diameter vested in a grayish brown slia I low-ridged bark. It is in the open fields, however, tliat it shows best its noble form and proportions. Tliere it develops a very large broad or rounded head sometimes covering an area 100 ft. across with massive branches and sliort sturdy trunk sometimes 8, 10 or even 12 ft. in thickness. Its long handsome leaves iilways give it a peculiar charm. l)ut its beauty is greatly en- hanced in early sununer wlieii it puts out its great clusters of fragrant golden catkins. Tiiese are succeeded in a few weeks by its hardly less conspicuous pale green clusters of fruit, the precious nature of which is indicated by the forbidding barricade of sharp spines which effectually protects it until ripe, and then, opening, cast it out to be eagerly coveted by both man and beast. Chestnut wood, a cu. ft. of which when abso- lutely dry weighs 28.07 lbs., is very durable in contact with the soil and makes useful lumber for many purposes. It is also rich in tannin, which is e.vtracted and used for tan- ning purposes. 2 Leaves oblong-lanceolate. G-0 in. Ion?, cuneate, roundPd or olituse at base, pubescent at first. glabrous both sides and firm at maturity, diuk green above, paler beneath ; petioles short, stout. puberuloLis. Floirers: ( .lune-.Tuly) : staminate aments numerous, S-O in. long with stout tomen- toRp stems: androsynous amonts 2V>-^> in lonor. Fruit nut %-l in. long, much compipssed and 2-.] together in each invohuTp which is globose, about 2 in. in diameter, densely covered with prickles.' 1. Syn. Castanea vesca var. Americana Michx. 2. A. W., II, 40. o. For genus see p. 4.j0. '4- i^ 1 •:i^^ ^"^V iii^ ^8 mm . q&l Hjj^S^-.;^ Ill ■•'■j£.' 11 "7=^ s^SiS" CHINQUAPIN. Castenea pumiJa (L.) Mill. 157. Trunks of trees near Suffolk, Va. Handbook of Trees of the Xohthkkx Stat Can i:}7 The Chinquapin is a small tree and is otten found fruiting in abundance as a shrub. Under favorable conditions it attains the height of 40 or 50 ft. and a trunk diameter of 2 or 3 ft., but these dimensions are rare. Wlien isolated it develops a low broad rounded lup. similar tu tliat of the Chestnut, but nuuh smaller. It inhabits dry hillsides and uplands as well as rich bottom-lands and, like the Chestnut, is of greatest beauty when in early summer, after the close of the flowering season of nearly all other trees, it puts out its numer- ous fragrant yellow catkins. In Septend)er its well-guarded fruit, which it produces in abun- dance, is ripe and liberated, and this, though a small nut, is deliciovis in flavor and is oc- casionally gathered for market. The wood is similar to that of the Chestnut with very thin sap-wood, a cubic foot, when absolutely dry, weighing 36.69 lbs., and is used for fence posts, railway ties, etc.i Leaves narrow-oblong. 3-5 in. long, mostly acutp at apex, narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at base, coarsely serrate with slender pointed teeth, tomentose at first, at maturity glabrous dark green al)ove, whitish tomentose beneath : petioles short stout and branchlets the first season pubescent. Floirers (.Tune-.Tuly ) : staminate aments 2-6 iu. long, hoary-tomentose ; pistillate tlowers at the bases of the upper androgynous aments, sessile or nearly so. Print: involucres 1-1 1/^ in. in diameter, commonly in spike-like clusters, densely crowded with slender sharp spines outside, opening gen- erally by 2 or 3 valves and containing a single round-ovoid lustrous dark brown nut pointed and white-pubescent at apex, i/^-% In. long and con- taining a large sweet seed naked at apex with scars of abortive ovules. 1. A. W., XI. 272. RED OAK. Quercus rubra L. mature the following season). '59. Large trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y i6o. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Xortiiern States and Canadj 130 One of the commonest and largest of the Oaks of the Athmtie states, the Red Oak, in the forest sometimes surpasses 100 ft. in height with columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. or more in diameter, \\hen isolated from other trees it develops a wide rounded top with few large far reaching branches. It inhabits rich up- huuls, well drained slopes and river banks, in coiMp:iiiy with the White and Red Pines, Aspen, Balsam Poplar. Red Maple, etc., among which its sliinjng dark green foliage shows in pleas- ing contrast. Seeming jjossessed of a con- stitution hardier or more ada])talde than other Oaks it ranges farther north than any other species and is more abundantly grown in Eu- rope than any other American Oak. The wood of tiiis species, though inferior to that of the \Yhite Oak, is largely used for in- terior finishing, furniture, etc. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 40.70 Ibs.i Lrares oval to obovate. .5-0 in. Ion?, obtuse or rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex, pin- nately divided about half way to midrib witli oblique sinuses rounded at the bottom and tri- angular lobes broad at base and l-;^-toothed at ape.K with bristle-pointed teeth, at maturity glab- rous dark green above, paler and usually glabrous beneath. Flankers (MayJune) : staminate in pubescent aments, .*?-"> in. long ; calyx 4-5-lobed ; stamens 40: pistillate flowers with glabrous peduncles : styles elongated and spreading. Fruit, ripe in October, of the second year after flowering solitary or in pairs, with short stalk ; acorn oval with broad flat base, %-li/4 in. long, shell to- mentose inside, abortive ovules apical, acorn sub- tended by a very shallow saucer of closely im- bricated puberulous scales.- 1. A. W., I. 1.-.. 2. I-^or genus see pp. i:!0-4."n. SOUTHERN RED OAK. SCHNECK'S OAK. Qiiercus Texana Bnckl.^ Fig. i6i. Branchlet with leaves and fruit and young acorns, i ; branchlet in winter bearing younu acorns and leaf-buds. 162. Trunk of tree in Meramec River valley, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the Xortherx States axd Ca^^vda. 141 This tree in tlio ricli bottom-lands of the Wabasli River Imsin i> said to attain a lieiiiht of nearly 200 ft., witli sturdy buttressed trunk sometimes 7-8 ft. in diameter and 80-00 ft. to its l)ranches — dimensions which would make this one of tlie lari.'est of the American Oaks — but sueli a size is very exceptional, as it is usually a niucii smaller tree. It is com- mon alonjj; the banks of streams and bottom- lands of the ]\Iississi])pi basin in company with the Cottonwood. River Birch, Sour Gum, Sweet (Jum. llackberry. Coffee-tree, Red and Silver Maples, etc. In the extreme western part of its range it is sonu'times found fruiting as a large shrub. Its wood is considered by lumbermen as of better grade tlian that of the Northern Red Oak. It is applied to the same uses as that timber and is generally not distinguished from it in commerce. - Lriivrs ovate to broad oval, -i^-S in. long, trun- cate or broad wedge-shaped at base, deeply pin- natifid witb broad rounded sinuses and 5-9 spreading lobes narrow below and spreading and dentate at apex with bristle-pointed teeth, at ma- turit.v thin, firm and shining dari? green aliove paler and with tufts of whitish hairs in axils be- neath. Flowers: staminate in slender pubescent aments ; calyx 4-.5 with laciniately cut lobes; pistillate with short tomeutose peduncles, stigmas red. Fruit usually solij-ary, ses.^ile or with short stalks, ovoid, puberuloiis light brown acorn, V2-IV2 in. long, sometimes striated, 2-.'> times as high as the shallow or somewhat turbinate cup with thin closely appressed light brown tomentose scales. 1. Syn. Quercus Schvccliii Britt. 2. A. W. XII, 294. ■ ? • 1^ 1 V .*,. .,1V ■_; .„!»■.•». ■'1 , _: «-i PIN OAK. SWAMP OAK. Quercus jxdustris Miiencli. Fig. 163. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter bearing young acorns and leaf -buds, 2. 164. Trunk of tree near St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Can. 14; The Pin Oak occasionally attains the height of 70 or 80 ft. with trunk 2 or 3 ft. in diame- ter vested in a clo^e smootliisli bark. When growing in the open it develops an oblong or narrow rounded top of many upright and spreading brandies, the lowermost reaching downwards nearly to the ground. It is one of our most distinct and beautiful Oaks, witli its clear-cut. handsome leavesand smootli columnar trunks, and well worthy of more extensive planting for ornamental purposes. It natu- rally grows in deep rich soil of bottom-lands and the borders of ponds and swamps in com- pany with the Sour Gum, Sweet Gum. Red Maple, Swamp Poplar, Water Beech, Horn- beam, etc., but thrives well Avhen transplanted to dryer situations. The wood of the Pin Oak is used for in- terior finishing, shingles, clap-boards, etc., and in cooperage. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 43.24 Ibs.i Leaves obovate and broad oblong In outline, 4-6 in. long, pinnatifled with broad rounded sinuses and .5-7 spreading lobes wide near apex and usually each 2-.S-toothed and hristle-tippod, at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler and with tufts of pale hairs in asils beneath ; petioles slender. Flowers: staminate aments slender, pubescent, 2-."? in. long ; calyx lobes denticulate ; pistillate with tomentose peduncles and slpnder spreading bright red stigmas. Fruit: aeorns maturing second year, subglobose or nearly hemispherical, about % in. in diameter, with light brown shell, tomentose in- side and with thin saucer-shaped or slightly tur- binate cup with thin closely appressed puberulous scales. 1. A. W., IV, 04. HILL'S OAK. NORTHERN PIN OAK. Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. were taken from the type tree near Glenwood, Chicago, iu. E. J. Hill. Handbook of Trees of the Xorthern States 145 This interesting and distinct Oak has only recently been made known to science, through tlie keen observation of its discoverer whose name it bears. It is an Oak of medium size attaining the height of CO or 70 ft., with short trunk 2 or 3 ft. in thickness vested in smoothish or closely ribbed bark similar to that of the Pin Oak. Similar to the Pin Oak. too, is its habit of developing an oblong top of many upright and horizontal upper branches and drooping lower brandies, sending out many small branches near the ground. As these lowermost die in consequence of too much shade from those above, they break off and their bases persist for some time as stubs or pins about the trunk and, as Mr. Hill suggests, it is doubtless due to these that this and the southern Q. palustris are commonly called the Pin Oaks. Unlike the southern species, which inhabits mainly moist low-lands, this tree is rather an inhabitant of well-drained uplands, though sometimes found on the borders of ponds and in low woods. As its habitat is north of that of the other tree, the two ranges overlapping in the latitude of northern Indiana and Illinois. and this is already known as the Pin Oak, I suggest the name Northern Pin Oak as appro- priate to distinguish it from the more southern tree. Leaves oval to obovate-orbicular in outline, 3-7 in. long, wide-cuneate or truncate at base, deeply pinnately lobed with mostly 5-7 narrow repand- dentate bristle-tipped lobes and wide roundcri sinuses, lustrous green above, paler and glabrous or nearly so beneath : petioles slender, glabrous. 1-2 in. long. Flowers with spreading recurved styles. Fruit maturing the second year, solitary or in pairs, short-peduncled or sessile with mostly elliptical chestnut-brown acorns %-% in. long and half invested by the thick turbinate cup of thin Email puberulous closely appressed scales. Kl {Jmm 1 mms ^^f ^Sl kI fll^A^;--^' ^1 ^iH^ziriH^^^H 1 pt'?i,^i^V ' v^^i '■•'".'■' ''r'i'' 'A 'f^ .. ' SCARLET OAK. ^uercus cocclnea Mueiicli. Fig. 167. A leaf from vigorous shoot and fruiting branchlet, with mature and young acorns, i; branchlet in late winter bearing young acorns and leaf-buds, 2. 168. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. Handbook of Tkebs of the Kokthern States and Ca 147 The Scarlet Oak attains the lioight of 70 or 80 ft. with trunk diameter of 2 or 3 ft., cov- ered with a dark brown shallow-ridged bark; reddish internally. Its habit of growth when isolated from other trees is to form a rounded or oblong head often quite irregular and always beautiful in summer on account of its hand- some deeply-lobed leaves. But it is not until it takes on its brilliant autumnal colors thai its beauty and individuality are especially pro- nounced. Then the appropriateness of its name is at once evident, as it assumes a brilliant scarlet color, and' other tints of red, and re- tains them until late in the autumn after the leaves of many of its associates have withered and fallen. It is an abundant tree over a large portion of its range, particularly in the coast region, growing in sandy soil and on gravelly slopes and uplands in company with the Red, Black and other Oaks, the Pig-nut and Shag-bark Hickories, the Sweet Birch, Red Cedar, etc. Its wood is not distinguished from that of the Red Oak in commerce or in uses. A cu. ft. ■when absolutely dry weighs 46.15 Ibs.i Leaves broad obovate or oval in outline, trun- cate or obtuse at base, deeply pinnatifld with wide rounded sinuses and .5-9 spreading lobes, repand- dentate, with few spreading bristle-pointed teeth at the ends, reddish and pale pubescent at first, then light green and at maturity glabrous, lust- rous above, paler and soniPtimes hairy tufted in the axils of the veins beneath ; petioles long, slender. Flowers staminate aiuents slender, glab- rous ; calyx 4-r)-lobed : styles slender, recurved. Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs with usually short ovoid brown and occasionally striated acorns about half enveloped in a deep large turbinate cup with thin closely imbricated pointed scales. 1. A. W., Ill, 69. YELLOW OAK. BLACK OAK. QUERCITRON OAK. Qiiercus velutina Lam.^ Fig. 169. Fruiting branchlet, with mature and young acorns, i ; branchlet in winter, 170. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Biltmore, N. C. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 149 This abundant and widely distributed Oak constitutes a considerable portion of tlie Oak forests of the Atlantic states, frequently at- taining the height of 70 or 80 ft. and has been known to considerably surpass 100 ft. in height, with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. The bark of trunk is firmly ridged, dark brown or blackish outside and distinctly yellowish within. When growing apart from other trees it develops a rather wide rounded or oblong top of which a noticeable feature is its large lustrous leaves, particularly those of its lower branches. In autumn they assume tints varying from dull red to orange and brown. The wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 43.90 lbs., is not distinguished in commerce and uses from that of the Red Oak.- The inner bark yields tannin, a yellow dye, and is sometimes used in medicine. Leaves obovate to oblong in outline, .3-12 in. long, mostly obtuse but sometimes truncate or rounded at base, pinnately lobed generally to about the middle with round-pointed sinuses and usually 7 more or less oblique lobes sparingly mucronate- dentate at apex, broader at base and the terminal pair the largest, red at first then hoary-pubescent and at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent and hairy-tufted in the axils of the veins beneath. Leaves are sometimes found hardly distinguishable from those of the Scarlet Oak. Flowers: staminate aments 4-6 in. long with calyx pubescent and acute lobes : pistillate aments with short tomentose peduncles and red stigmas. Frtiit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked with stout ovoid brown and often striated and sometimes pubescent acorn. i/^-% in. long, almost half covered with the deep turbinate cup with thin light brown scarious margined scales, closely imbricated at the base and loosely so or somewhat spreading nearer the edgps of the cup. 1. Syn. Quercus tinctoria Bartr. 2. A. W., IV, 93. SPANISH OAK. Quercns digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Fig. 171. Branchlet, with mature and young acorns, and an assortment of leaves; leafless branch- let in winter. 172. Trunk of tree near Suffolk, Va. fLvNDBOOK OF TkEES OF THE KoRTIlEKM StATES AND CaNADA. 151 This interesting Oak is usually not more than 70 or 80 ft. in height or with trunk more than 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, but in tlie stately forests of the lower Ohio hasiii it occasionally attains 100 ft. in height with trunk 4 or 5 ft. in tliickness. When isolated it develops a wide rounded top of stitl' far-reaciiing liranches and stout branchlets. The drooping nature of the leaves give the tree a peculiar aspect which is at once noticeable and quite different from that of other Oaks. It is an abundant tree of the South Atlantic and Gulf states, extending up into the northeastern states only along the coast and in the Mississippi Valley. The name Spanish Oak is said to have been given to this tree by early Spanish settlers on account of a similarity in its leaves to those of an Oak they were familiar witl ^paln. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absohitely dry weighing 43.18 lbs., hard and strong and is used for the same purposes as the Eed Oak. Its bark also is rich in tannin. ^ Leaves variable, oblong to obovate, rounded or wedge-shaped at base and often irregularly deeply pinnatifid witli .3-7 oblique and often falcate or long and narrow entire or dentate and bristle- tipped acuminate lobes or sometimes witii merely S short-spreading lobes at apex, lustrous dark green above and gray or pubescent beneath. Flon-crs: staminate with thin scarious pubescent 4-.")-lobed calyx : stigmas slender, dark red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked acoin. about V, in. long and not more than one-third covered by the thin flat or tiirbinate shallow cui) covered with thin obtuse closely appressed s<»ali's. 1. Syn. Qtiercus falcaia Michx. 2. A. W., XI, 269. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. Quercus pagodcefolia (Ell.) Ashe. I?4- Trunk of tree with a spray of foliage at base. Near Mt. Carmel 111 Sche':^ ofr'caL:!, r' "' '" "=' "- '™* •^'"-'-^ '^^ -•^»' ^ '"^"«^ •» ^r. J. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 153 This beautiful and stately Oak attains the height of upwards of 100 ft. in forest-growth with straight columnar trunk 4 or 5 ft. in diameter. When isolati'il from other trees, as occasionally found on river banks where it has room for full development, its massive branches form a wide rounded toj), and its ample party- colored leaves as they display successively their dark-green and silvery-white surfaces, when agitated by the wind, make it a beautiful ob- ject. The bark of trunk is of a dark gray color fissured into rather narrow ridges of firm small scales. It is distinctly a tree of alluvial bottom-lands and the banks of streams subject to inunda- tion, reaching its greatest development in northern Mississippi and eastern Arkansas where it is a very valuable timber tree. The wood is heavy, hard, and strong and useful for interior finishing, furniture, agri- cultural implements, etc., nearly equaling in value the wood of tlie White Oak and is really one of the very best of tlie Red Oak group. Leaves oval to oblong in outline, 5-10 in. long, wide-cuneate, truncate or rounded at base, with 5-7 wide-based and often fakate narrow-pointed mostly entire bristle-tipped si)ieading lobes, at maturity lustrous dark green above, pale tomentose beneath ; branchlets tomentcse at first. Fniit short-stalked with short subglobose puberuious acorn about % in. in diameter and nearly half Invested by the flat or slightly turbinate cup of small puberuious scales. BLACK JACK OAK. Que re us Marihindiea Mnench.^ Fig- 175- Fruiting branchlet with mature and young acorns, 176. Trunk of tree on Staten Island, N. Y. ; branchlet in winter, 2. Handbook of Trees of the Northeen States and Canada. 15 The Black Jack Oak is a tree of medium size. Occasionally attaining the height of 40 or 50 ft., with a trunk rarely more than 18 in. or 2 ft. in thickness, and these dimensionb are at- tained only by trees which are especially favored by soil and climate. When isolated from other trees it develops a rounded dome- shaped or obovoid top with wide spreading lateral branches and drooping lower branches. It is a singular fact that it is limited in dis- tribution mainly to dry sandy barrens, the conditions there, which most trees cannot tol- erate, seeming to be what this tree actually requires for its existence. Rare or local and poorly developed in the northern part of its range it is abundant southward, particularly in the lower Mississippi Valley, where it attains its largest dimensions. Its singular dark green glossy leaves, tufted at the ends of the branch- lets, are pleasing and familiar objects within its range even to those who only casually observe trees. The wood of the Black Jack is hard and heav}', a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 45.64 lbs., and is little used except for fuel and charcoal, for which it is excellent. Leaves obovate, very broad and rounded and entire or more or less 3-Iobed and bristle-tipped at apex and rounded or cordate at the narrow base. When young stellate-pubescent above and rusty tomentose beneath, and at maturity thick and lustrous dark green above, yellowish and scurfy pubescent beneath ; petioles short, stout and pubescent. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy atnents ; calyx with 4-5 broad lobes ; anthevs apiculate : pistillate flowers with rusty tomentose peduncles. Fruit sessile or nearly so with sub- globose acorns puberulous near apes and half covered with the turbinate cup of rather thin loosely imbricated pubescent scales. 1. Syn. Quercus nictra Wang. WATER OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. Quercus nigra L.^ Fig. 177. Fruiting branchlet with both mature and young acorns, branchlet in winter, 3. 178. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. tip of a vigorous shoot, 2 : Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 157 The Water Oak, as its name implies, grows naturally only on the moist bottom-lands or on ridges in the vicinity of same, and attains the height of 70 or 80 ft., with columnar trunk 2-3 Mj ft. in diameter. When not crowded by other trees it develops a rather narrow oblong or sometimes wide rounded top with many branches. A near enough view to reveal the many forms and sizes of its leaves surprises one accustomed only to the northern oaks, which have leaves of generally more constant forms. Being a handsome tree, of rapid growth and easily transplanted, it is used extensively as a shade tree in the streets and parks of the cities and villages of the southern states. The wood of the Water Oak is hard and heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 45.14 lbs., and heretofore has been little used except for fuel and charcoal. ^ Leaves variable but mostly narrow-obovate, tapering gradually from the broad rounded and entire or more or less 3-lobed apex to a cuneate base ; or on vigorous or sterile branchlets the leaves are pinnately lobed about half way to the midrib with 3-7 short triangular oblique bristle- tipped lobes : linear-lanceolate leaves with inter mediate forms also occur, pubescent at first but at maturity glabrous and dark green above, paler and glabrous or with hairs in the axils of veins beneath, tardily deciduous during the winter. {•"lowers: staminate aments hairy, 2-8 in. long : calyx thin, pubescent, with 4 5 rounded lobes : pistillate with short thick tomentose peduncles : stigmas red. recurved. Fruit short-stalked with short globose ovoid or hemispheric acorn, about 1/2 in. long, rounded and pubescent at the pointed apex and scarcely half enveloped by the flat saucer-shaped cup having thin small closely im- bricated pale-pubescent s.a'es. 1. Syn. Q. aquatica Walt. 2. A. W., V. 118. WILLOW OAK. 'iiercus Phellos L. , Fig. 179. Branchlet bearing leaves and mature and young acorns, i ; detached acorns and cups, 2; ibranchlet in winter, 3. i 180. Trunk of tree on grounds of Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Handbook of Tkees of the ITorthekn States axd Canada. 159 This curious Oak in forests occasionally at- tains the height of 70 or 80 ft., and when isolated from other trees develops an ovoid or rounded quite symmetrical top with many slen- der branches. The trunks are sometimes 3 or 4 ft. in thickness, columnar and vested in a smoothish bark, somewhat roughened on old trunks by shallow longitudinal ridges. It in- habits the margins of swamps and streams and sandy uplands most abundantly in the south- ern states (though not in the immediate vicin- ity of the coast) and in the lower Mississippi basin. It is a handsome tree and especially curious to those whose familiarity with the oaks is limited to the broad-leaved species of the northern states. This tree to them seems to have the leaves of a willow and the acorns of an oak — a feature which gives it its com- mon name. Its wood is used to some extent for lumber and shingles, but mainly for fuel and charcoal. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 46. .57 Ibs.i Leave/I oblong-lanceolate 2%-5 in. long, acute at both ends with very short petiole and usually bristle-tipped, entire or with slightly undulate and revolute margins : revohitp in the bud and light green and pubescpnt when they unfold hut finally lustrous light green, paler and usually glabrous with pubescent midribs beneath. Floiiers: staminatp calyx yellow, pubescent. 4-.'i-lnhed : pis- tillate with short glabrous peduncles and slender recurved stigmas. Fruit sessile or with short stalks, usually solitary, with subglobose or hemis- pherical pale-pubescent nut and thin flat saucer- shaped cup enveloping only its base and covered with small thin closely imbricated scales. 1. A. W., XI, 271. LAUREL OAK. Quercus laurifolia Miclix. Fig. i8i. Fruiting branchlet bearing leaves an d fruit, I ; branchlet in winter bearing young 182. Trunk of tree on the border of Dismal Swamp, Va. Handbook of Trees of the jSTortiiern States and Canada. 161 This intei-esting and stately oak, when grow- ing among other trees in favorable localities, attains a lieigiit of 100 ft. with straight col- iniinar trunk ."5-4 ft. in diameter, clothed in i|uite sniDotl) bark, but fissured on old trunks into flat firm ridges. It is distinctly a tree of the lowlands of tiie Gulf and Atlantic coast regions reaching its northernmost point of dis- tribution in the Dismal Swamp of eastern Vir- ginia. There it is common along the border of the great swamp in company with the Over-cup Oak, Red, Loblolly and Sweet Bays, Carolina Ash, Sourwood, Water, Tupelo and Sweet Gums, White Cedar, etc. It is a beautiful tree with its laurel-like leaves and sturdy trunks and is deservedly popular as a shade tree in th,e southern states, where it is commonly planted and is usually <'alled the Waie?' Oak. The wood heretofore has been used mainly for fuel and charcoal, though siiitable for lumber for interior finish- ing, etc. A cubic foot when absolutely dry ^veighs 47.82 Ibs.i Leaves narrow-oblong to oblonsr-obovate, some- timps falcate, 2-4 in. long, cuneate at base, roiindpd or acute at apex, entire or on vigorous branches unequally lobed, at maturity lustrous ■dark green above, paler beneath : petioles short and stout. Flowrrt): staminate in reddish hairy aments 2-.'i in. long; pistillate with short stout glabrous peduncles. Fnrit sessile or nearly so, usually solitary with short ovoid to hemispherical nut. puberulous at apex about one fourth inclosed in a thin flat saucer-shaped cup with thin pale- piibeseent closely imbricated scales. 1. A. W., XII, 295. SHINGLE OAK. Quercus unhricaria Michx. Fig. 183. Fruiting l)ranchlet with both mature and young acorns, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. " 184. Trunk of tree near mouth of River des Peres, St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Tkees of the Xorthekx States axd C'axapa. 163 The Shingle Oak in tlie forest under most favorable eontlitioiis of growth sOnietinics at- tains a hei<;ht iif 100 ft., with straight columnar trunk ;5 or 4 ft. in iliameter. livit is u>ually nut more than 50 or f.O ft. in height. When isolated it develops an ublong or rounded top of numerous branches, and is ccmspicuous on account of its laige entire leaves, which are very difl'erent from these of all other American Oaks. It is a distineth- handsome Oak inhabit- ing both rich uplands and fertile bottom-lands, and is one of the most abundant Oaks of the lower Ohio basin and the state of .Missouri. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 40.92 lbs., hard and strong, and is used in interior finishing, furniture and to a considerable extent for clajiboards and shingles — a use from which it takes its name.i Lea res oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-G in. long, sometimes bristle-tipped, particularly when .vouny, aciTte or obtuse at apex and wedge-shaped or rounded at base, with entire or slightly undulate margins, coriaceous, reddish or yellowish green ami tonientose at first, at maturity very lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath with yellowish midribs and prominent veins ; petioles short, pubescent. Floicrrs staminate aments slender and numerous, hoary-tomentose, 2-.S in. long with yellowish pubescent 4-lobed calyx ; pistil with short tomentose peduncles ; stigmas recurved. Fridt solitary or 2 or .3 to- gether with short peduncles and subglobose dark brown or striated nut about Vj in. long and one- third inclosed in a flattish turbinate cup of small closely imbricated pubescent scales. 1. A. W., XI, 270. WHITE OAK. Querciis alha L. Fig. 185. Fruiting branchlet with scattered leaves and acorns, i ; branchlet in winter - the absence of young acorns with this and the subsequent species — the annual-fruitin-' oaks 186. Trunk of tree near Albany, N. Y. 187. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Note Handbook of Teees of the XoirniKux States and Canada. 105 Tlie White Oak i^ oiip of tliP most useful trees of the American forests, attaining uniler most favorable conditions when growing in the turest a height of 150 ft. and trunk 4-5 ft. in diameter. Wlieii isolated from otlier trees its liahit is to form a very broatl top of hrm, rigid horizontal branches and siiort thick trunk — the emblem of strength and solidity. It takes its name from the light color of the scaly ridged bark, the aptness of which is shown in the accompanying illustration. It is one uf the most common and generally distributed Oaks of the Atlantic states and Mississippi basin, growing alike on rich uplands and river bot- toms where not too moist, in company with several of the Hickories. Tulip-tree, Sweet and Sour Uums, Magnolias, Red and other Oaks, etc. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when aliso lutely dry weighs 4().35 lbs., is the standard of excellence among the Oaks and is used for fur niture-making, interior finishing, cooperage, tlu' manufacture of agriculutral implements, bas- kets, railroad ties, etc., and for fuel.i Leaves obovate to oblong, wedge-shaped at base, sinuate-pinnatifid with usually 5-7 broad, but sometimes narrow, oblique-rounded entire lobes. rpd and pale pubescent when they unfold hut finally .slabrous dark green above, paler beneath. 4-9 in. long, turning rich dark red in autumn withnring and hanging to the branches until lat" in the winter: petioles stout glabrous. Flnwrifi ■ staminate aments 121/2-4 in. long; calyx yellow pubescent: stamens (5 8: pistillate with broad in volucral scales and short dilated stigmas. FniH maturing the first autumn. spssi]i> or nearly so abortive ovules basal ; acorn avoid-oblong. lustrous, about % in. long and about '4 covered by tb'- fiattish hpmisnhpric tnmi'nto^p cup. warty 'b(>l(v with thickpnnd and nnitpd scales v>hich near th" rim are tbin arnl nii'mhranons. 1. A. W., II, 38. J^^'BO.^ I h: '■^ ^^^yf^ \OAK.i ^i-^__y^ SJi'-- /Jm w r^J~~ £;:^" "f/'^f; fsf'-J \\ ra / ^ ^^>^ ::i!:ij^^ , flM^ y fir: — ix_ >£2>A -cWj-^,^ j—^-<^\( ^ * j5 - -^ ^iOHIO/l-^ -COLO r J^s, V-^\] ^S^ ^ ^t^ •L.__jcC -^ i-. 2_C \iiu£^^-^ — ^, f^ / f ' "^4_j^ j Aft«/ r ~1>' '^*"^-5^ v\^ 4\^ f Jul . ■> \\ -^-y) \ -i-N POST OAK. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sarg.^ Fig. i88. Fruiting branchlet and an assortment of leaves and acorns, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 189. Trunk of tree near St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the NoRTirEKX States 167 The Post Oak is usually a tree of medium stature attaining a height of 50 or 00 ft., but in the exceptional forests of the Ohio basin it is said to attain a height of 100 ft. and ilS trunk a diameter of about 3 ft. When growing in the open fields it develops a rounded or obovoid top with stout branchlets and shining dark green foliage, which in autumn turns to various shades of yellow and brown. It is one of the most marked of our oaks in the peculiarity of its leaves, which, tufted at the ends of the branchlets in great star-shaned clusters, suggests at once tlie ajjpropriateness of Wangenheini's name, Q. sf el lata. It inhabits limestone ridges and sandy ])liins in company with the Black Jack. Red, Wliite and other Oaks, the Sassafras, Gums, Flowering Dogwood, Red Cedar, etc. Its heavy, hard and durable wood is valued in the manufacture of agricultural implements, casks, etc., and to some extent for furniture. It is also used extensively for railway ties, fence posts, etc.. and makes excellent fuel. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 52.14 Leaves broad-obovate. 4-8 in. Inne;. cuneate or lounded at base, deeply lyrate-pinnatifld with rsuall.v 5 (sometimes ."? or 7) wid'» diversent en- ti'-e or undulate rounded lohos. the central pair much the largest and iisuall.v notched, at ma- turity firm shinini dark green with scattered .stellate hairs above, grayish or ye"owish pubes- ppnt beneath : petiolps and midi-il)s puln'scont. Flotrrrs: staminate calyx ypllow with ."> laciniatoly cut lobes ; stigmas short, dilated. Fruit maturing tbe first year, sessile or nearly so ; acorn ovoid- oblong. 1/2 -1 in. long, about half inclosed by the {lemispheric cup. 1. Syn. Q. obtusiloha Michx. Q. stvUata Wang. 2. A. W.. IV, 92. BURR OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. (Jucrcus inacrocarpa Mielix. Fig. 190. Branchlet with mature fruit and leaves, i ; branchlet in winter, 2 : specimens from near Lexington, Ky. 191. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y. Handbook of Teees of the Nortiiebn States and Canada. 1C9 The Burr Oak has been known to attain tlie great height of 170 ft. and G or 7 ft. in diame- ter of trunk, in the magnificent forests of the Wabash Kiver basin — dimensions which make this one of the very hirgest American Oaks, but such trees are very uncommon. When isolated it develops an ovoid or rounded top with large branches and stout branchlets. As- sociate with its majestic stature the beauty of its party-colored foliage and its large acorns with mossy-fringed cups and we have one of the' most interesting trees of its genus. It in- habits almost exclusively rich bottom-lands, excepting the western part of its range, in company wath the Swamp White Oak, the Black and Silver Maples, Big Shelbark Hick- ory, Haekberry, Elms, etc. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry, weighing 46.45 lbs., tough and slrong.i It is fully equal in properties to that of the White Oak and usually not distin- guished from it in commerce. It is highly valued for ship building, furniture, interior finishing, agricultural implements, baskets, railway ties, fuel, etc. fjcnvrs oliovate to oblong. .5-9 in. long, mostl\ wpdge-shaped at base, deeply lyrate-plnnatifld with r>-7 lobes the terminal one the largest and irregularly crenate dentate, sometimes nearly en tire, lustrous dark green above and whitish pubi s cent beneath : petioles short. FJowcrs: staminati aments slender, 2-(t in. long ; calyx yellowish witli 4-6 lacinately-toothed lobes. Fruit solitary or lu pairs, sessile or with stalk shorter than thi petioles : acorn broad-ovoid, usually rounded or depressed at apes from % in. in length on northoin trees to 2 in. on southern trees, with usually thiiK tomentose cups, tuberculate below and with scab s near the rim prolonged into awn-like tips tcjrniin.,' a frin','cMl Iwirder. 1. A. W., II, 39. ill? ■' ' •♦• • ;;. - JH C ' '.'*-■ '■ " ^^IBk'^^^^^^^^I OVER-CUP OAK. Queirus Jyraia AValt. Fig. 192. Fruiting branchlet, i ; detached acorns showing laceration of cup, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 193. Trunk of tree in vicinity of Dismal Swamp, Va. Handbook of Teees of the Xoktherx Stat A.\i> C'axada. ITI The Overpup Oa\< is a tiPo Ordinnrily of medium statiiio. but rarely attains tlie height of nearly 100 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. In its distribution it is confined to swamps and low wet bottom-lands, often that are more or less inundated during the greater part of the year. Its associates in these localities are the Water and Laurel Oaks, Swamj) Bay. Tupelo Gum, Water Gum, Water Asli, River Birch, Cypress, etc. It is not often found isolated from other trees, but when so it has a handsome oblong or rounded top with more or less pendulous branchlets. The wood of the Overcup Oak is heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 51.80 lbs., hard, strong, and is durable in contact with the soil. These desirable qualities make it applicable to the same uses as those to which the White Oak is applied, from which it is not distinguished in commerce. i Lcavrs obovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at base, Ij-rate-pinnatifld or lobed to beyond the middle, with 5-9 entire or sparingly-toothed triangular oblique lobes the upper pair usually the larger and more divergent, shining dark green a1)0ve, white tomentose beneath. Flowers: staminate aments 3-6 in. long : calyx with 5 acute lobes. Fruit sessile or with short peduncles : nut mostly de- pressed globose and nearly or quite enveloped by the cup which is rather thin, hoary tomentose, with thick rugged united scales at the hase but gradually thinner towards the margin, which often splits irregularly. 1. A. W., XII, 293. SWAMP WHITE OAK. (J iicrciis jilatiuiouJcs (Lam.) Sudw.' Fig. 194. Fruiting branchlet with detached acorns and an assortment of leaves, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 195. Trunk of tree near Albany, N. Y. Handbook or Tkees of the Nortiieen States and Canada. 1' The Swamp White Cak is ii tree commonly eO or 70 ft. ill h.'i.^ht with trunk 2 or 3 ft. in thickness, hut Avhcn crowded hy other trees in forest growth has In-en known to attain tlie height of DO or 100 ft. The short stout trunks of isolated trees are sometimes or 8 ft. in thickness. Tlie tops of these are usu- ally broad or rounded, with numerous tortu- ous braiu-hes. and more or less pendulous hranchlets which often fringe the trunk above. As its name implies it inhabits the low grounds of bottom-lands growing in company with the Eed and Silver Maples, King-nut Hickory. Sweet and Sour Gums, Over-cup, Pin and Burr Oaks, Green and Black Ashes, etc. Its wood is heavy, hard and tough, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 47.75 lbs. and is applied to the same uses as that of the White Oak. no distinction being made between the two in commerce.- Lcnves obovate to obovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at base, rounded or obtuse at apex, coarsely sinuate-crenate with 6-8 pairs of primary veins or sometimes pinnately lobed with rounded entire lol)es, tomentose at first but at maturity dark green and lustrous above, whitish and more or less tomentose beneath; petioles stout %-l in. long. Flotccrs staminate aments 2-4 in. long with light yellow and deeply .5-9-lobed calyx ; pistillate with long tomentose peduncles and short red stigmas. Fruit commonly in pairs with peduncle 2-6 times as long as the petioles ; nut ovoid, %-l in. long, pubescent at apex and about one-third pnveloped by the hemispheric tomentose cup, some- times tuberculate at base but smooth near rim and with tips of scales free and contorted. 1. Syn. Qiterciis l)icoJoi- Willd. 2. A. W., Ill, 66. cow OAK. BASKET OAK. Que re us Mieliauxii j^ntt. Fig. 196. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 197. Trunk of tree in border of Dismal Swamp, Va. Handbook of Trees of the Xortherx States and Canada. 175 This large ami important Oak is one of the most valuable timl)er trees of the southern states, and in forests sometimes attains the height of lUO ft., witli columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter vested in a pale gray scaly ridged bark. It is one of our handsomest Oaks with its ample leaves showing alternately their glossy dark green upper surfaces and velvety white lower surfaces, as agitated by the wind. It is confined in its distribution mainly to low swampy grounds, rich bottom- lands and the borders of streams subject to frequent inundation, where it is found in com- pany with the Water nickor}\ Swamp Bay, Planer Tree, \Yater and Laurel Oaks, the Gums, Red ^laple. etc. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 50. 10 lbs., is liard, tough, strong and very durable in contact with the soil and is highly valued for furniture and interior finish- ing, cooperage, the manufacture of agricultural implements, fence posts, fuel, etc., and is con- sidered the best of our woods for the manu- facture of baskets.! Lcnrrs obovate. usually 4R in. long, broad, ob- tuse or roundi'd at basf. ai'Uto or acuminate, reiju- larly crfnatc-tootbcd. witb S-12 pairs of primary veins torminatins: in the teeth, rather thicli, lust- rous dark si'ccn above, whitish and velvety pubes- cent beneath. Floinrft: staminate aments slender, 3-4 in. Ions: ; pistillate with short tomentose pe- duncles and short red stigmas. Fruit solitary or in pairs, ses.sile or nearly so; nut 1-1% in. in length, ovoid-oblong and about 14 enveloped in the hoary-tomentose closely imbricated pointed scales, those near the base thick tuberculate. 1. A. W., V, IG. CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK OAK. Ouercus P tin us L. Fig. 198. Fruiting branchlet with an assortment of leaves and acorns, i ; branchlet in winter, z 199. Trunk of tree near Albany, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 17' The Chestnut Oak usually atiains a height of from 60 to 70 ft., l.ul in forests where conditions are especially favorable sometimes 100 ft., with trunk .3 or 4 ft in diameter vested in a dark firm broadly ridged bark. A tree of this species of exceptional thickness of trunk, as well as being famous from historic association, is the " Washington Oak," located on the east bank of the Hudson River near Fishkill. It is 7 ft. in diameter and the esti- mated age of the tree, based upon the known age of a fallen companion, is eight or ten centuries. 1 The Chestnut Oak inhabits well drained slopes, uplands and rocky ridges in company with the Shag-bark and Pig-nut Hickories, various Oaks, the Tulip-tree, etc. A cubic foot of its absolutely dry wood weighs 46.73 lbs., and is used for the same purposes as that of the White Oak.2 Its bark is used for tanning leather. Leai-cs from ohlong-lanceolato to obovate, ob- tuse, acute or acuminate at apex, from obtuse to subcordate at base, coarsely crenate, with 10 to 16 pairs of straight primary veins, glabrous dark green above, paler and puberulous beneath. Flojcers: staminate with 7-9 calyx lobes; pistillate with short dark red stigmas. Fruit single or in pairs with pedicels shorter than the petioles ; nut ovoid-oblong, lustrous brown, from 1-1 1/^ in. long and about half immersed in the thin pubescent cup which is somewhat roughened outside by the thickened centers and froe tips of its scales. 1. A. W., Ill, 67. CHINQUAPIN OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. YELLOW OAK. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Houba.^ Fig. 200. Fruiting branchlets and detached leaves and acorns, i and 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 201. Trunk of tree near North Rush, N. Y. Handbook of Tresis of the ^N^ortiiern States and Canad.' 170 The Cliinqunpin Onk is an alMimlant tn-P west of tlie All(',i;li('ny Maintains, and in tlic luxuriant forests of tlic W abasii River Valley of southern Indiana and Illinois has been known to attain tlic exceptional height of 100 It., with >trai;;ht cuhininar trunk 3-5 ft. in thickness above tlie wide buttressed base, but it is generally a much smaller tree and in the eastern part of its range uncommon and local in its distribution. Wlien growing apart from other trees it develops an oblong or rounded top of many branches, and its trunk is vested in a pale gray scaly-ridged bark. Its leaves very much resemble those of the Chestnut and in autumn turn to various tints of orange and red. Tlie wood is heavy, a cubic foot when thor- oughly dry weighing 53.63 lbs., strong and hard and is extensively used in cooperage, the construction of agricultural implements, furni- ture, etc., and for posts and railway ties. 2 Leaves lanceolate-oblon,?, to obovate, 4-S in. long, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex, etpially and coarsely serrate, with glandnlar-mucronatp teeth, dark green above, whitish pubescent beneath, the straight prominent veins terminating in the teeth : petioles slender. Flotcer.s: staminate aments pilose, 3-4 in. long, with yellow .5 fi-lobed calyx : stigmas short, red. Fruit sessile or short-pedunclate with lustrous brown short ovoid acorn %-% in. long and half invested by the hoary-tomentose hemispheric cup covered with small appressed scales : seed some- times edible. A division of this species has recently been suggested, and the name Q. Alexanderi Britt ap- plied to cover trees with leaves broader above the middle and acorns with rather shallow cups. but. inasmuch as both forms of leaves and acorns are often found on the same tree, the propo.sed new species would hardly seem to be valid. 1. Syn. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. 2. A. W., Ill, 68. LIVE OAK. Quercus Yirginiana Mill. Fid to subcordate at base and somewhat inequilateral, acute or acuminate, doubly serrate, at maturity firm, smooth, dark green above, pale pubescent bi-- neath. Flowers appearing in early spring before the leaves, in short few-flowered fascicles ; calyx- glabrous with "> obovate lobes. Fruit ripenin<; usually before the unfolding of the leaves, samara from 1/4-^! in. in length, long-stipitate, white- hairy especially on the thickened margin ; wings nariow and with protruded points incurved at apex. 1. A. W., XII, 289. SLIPPERY ELM. RED ELM. Ulmus puhescens Walt.-^ Fig. 212. Branchlet with mature fruit, young leaves and stipules, surrounded with mature leaves gathered later, i ; branchlet in winter, with leaf and flower-buds, enlarged. 213. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northeen States axd Canada. 189 The Slippery Klin attaii -or 70 ft. with str;uj,'lit ool more than 2 or 3 ft. in d lated the trunk divides vi- feet of the ground into .s the height of 60 niinar trunk rarely amcter. When iso- iially within a few I few large limbs which branch and develop into a graceful hroad-topped head, similar to that of the White Elm. Its larger rougher rugose leaves are features which readily distinguish it. It thrives best in the rich soil of bottom- lands and along the banks of streams. Here it is usually associated with the Burr and Swamp White Oaks, Black, Silver, and Re.l Maples, Hackberry, etc., but it is also found, though in smaller stature, on rocky ridges and slopes. Its fragrant mucilaginous inner bark is used in medicine and is also some- what nutricious, a fact which occasionalh' leads to the destruction by boys^ who sometimes literally skin it alive when once its identity is discovered. A cubic foot of the absolutely dry wood Aveighs 43.35 lbs. It is tough and strong and ■especially valued for the ribs of small boats and in the manufacture of agricultural imple- ments, for railway ties, etc.^ Lcarrs obovate-oblong. from obtuse to siibcord- ate and inequilateral at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, doubly serrate, thick, firm, rugose, darli green and very rough above, pale tomentose be- neath, especially in the axils of the veins ; buds obtuse or rounded, densely rusty tomentose. Floivcrs in crowded spreading fascicles with short pedicels : calyx 7-9-lobed ; stigmas reddish purple. Fruit ripening when the leaves are about hall grown, suborbicular. Vj-% in. long with tomentose ■cell and broad thin glabrous wings. 1. Vlmus fulva Michx. 2. A. W., I, 11. Rl 1 ii ■loli^^^l m ' "m l^y* #/^^^^^^H J \ ''*^M\ HH }^- M w^^^^^^^^^^^^l 1 j^l V^SF ^ MKiSF"i'i*tji:A'^v "•'.■'i' •■ % J i* ""7 MH mn 1 'i!3S B l^gl 1 PLANER-TREE. WATER ELM. PJanera aquaiica (Walt.) Gmel. Fig. 214. Branchlets with mature leaves in summer, i ; fruiting branchlet in spring with mature fruit and young leaves, 2; fruit with epicarp opened to display seed, 3; isolated seeds, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. 215. Trunk of tree in Red River valley, Ark. 216. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 191 The Planer-tree rarely attains a greater height than 30 or 40 ft. or thicker trunk than 18 or 20 in. It is distinctly a water-loving species, being confined in its habitation to de- pressions in bottom-lands and deep swamps which are inundated during a considerable portion of the year. In these localities, too wet for nearly all other trees, it holds undis- puted sway and presents a singular appear- ance, with its broad tops of irregular, contorted branches. As if by common agreement they seem determined to maintain this low habit of growth, even though it requires them to en- dure the shade of the taller trees about them which are constantly vieing with each other in reaching up to the light. The light soft wood, of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 32.99 lbs., is of little or no commercial value.i Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded and more or less inequilateral at base, coarsely crenate-serrate, subcoriaceous, dull dark green and roughish above, duller and with cim- spicuous veins beneath, and with slender puber- ulous petioles. Flowers in early spring with or before the leaves : calyx greenish, campanulate, 4-5-cleft : the staminate in fascicles from the axils of the outer scales of the bud on twigs of the previous season, short pedicelate ; anthers emargi- nate : the pistillate are perfect flowers. 1-3 to- gether, with longer pedicels from the axils of the leaves of the year ; ovary stipitate. slightly com- pressed : styles two, reflexed, papilose and stig- matic on inner faces. Fruit ripening in April, and oblong oblique coriaceous droupe, % in. Ions;. with short stipe, subtended by the calyx and tipped with the romnants of the style, ridged, and covered with fleshy pi-ocesses ; seed compressed ovoid with straitrht embryo, unequal thick coty- ledons, no albumen. - 1. A. W., V, 114. 2. For genus see p. 4312. /VVV2^y TT^-::^ bltB.^ \ IQVVA ?y Lp-t^^^SYip nZ^ ^ "^ ^ p^^^^ ^ ^ y M- t ^ ^-,; HACKBERRY. SUGARBERRY. Celtis occidentalis L.^ ^ Fig. 217. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, isolated pits, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5, 218. Trunk of tree in Meramac River valley, 219. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. fruit detached. fruit in section, 3 : Handbook of Trees of the North kkn States and Canada. 193 The Hackberry in the forests of the rich bottom-lands of me Ohio Kivcr basin some- times exceeds 100 ft in heipht and its trunk is sometimes 4 or 5 feet in diameter, but when in drj'er soil of regions more unfavorable to its growth it is a much smaller tree. When isohited it develops an ovoid or oblong top of many small branches and fine branchlets. It is abundant in the Mississippi bAsin, but in the northeastern states and Canada so uncom- mon or local in its distribution as not to be generally known by the country people when it is observed, and strange names are often given to it. Two large trees having considera- ble local celebrity as "Unknown Trees" (one near Palatine Bridge and the other near Schuy- lerville, N. Y. ) I have found upon examina- tion to be of this specie-^, and my father has told me of having had several similar ex- periences. The leaves of the trees of this species in the Black River valley of northern New York commonly show an interesting variegation in mid-summer and becoming more marked as the season advances. This I am informed by Dr. B. T. Galloway is due to a parasitic fungus, known as the PhyUosticta Veltidis E. & K. The wood is rather heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 4.5.40 lbs. and is used in the manufacture of furniture and agricul- tural implements, for fuel, fences, etc.^ J.rnrrs inequilateral, ovate, more or less falcate, rounded or cordate or tapering' and oblique at base, rnarsely serrate, thin, prominently reticulate, lisrht green and smooth or rousjhish above, paler and fflabrous or nearly so beneath. Floircrs as described for the genus. Fruit siihslobose or ob- long, about V4 in. Ions, with thick dark purple skin, yellowish flesh and smooth pit.^ Var. puDiUa Gray, is a shrubby form of the Southern states, through Missouri and westward, with small and more rugose leaves. 1. Including C. crassifolia Lam. and C. caiiimi Hat. Slime botanists consider these distinct, but tenable directive characters do not seem to exist. 2. A. W., I, 12. 3. For genus see pp. 4."2-4;i;i. MISSISSIPPI HACKBERRY. SUGARBERRY. Celt is Mississippie^isis Bose. Fig. 220. Branchlets with leaves and mature fruit, i ; detached fruits, from vigorous shoots, 4 ; branchlets in winter, 5. 221. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Red River valley. Ark. isolated pits, 3 ; leaves I!. X> K.N States and Canada. 195 This troe attiiitis the hci-ht of CO or 80 ft. iiiul in thickness of trunk 2 or .'! ft. It de- velops an open ol)lon<,' liead with more or less drooping lateral and lower branelies. and is always of interest to one seeing it for the first time on account of its singular iiglit gray smooth bark, covered at intervals with iiroiiii- nent excrescences and l)()>ses. It i> a Ir.iiidsdine tree, as it is found lianging o\rr the liordcr> of lakes and bayous of the lower .Mississippi valley in company with tlie Pricling justly appreciated is shown by the fact that it is being planted in the streets and parks of many of the southern cities and villages. The wood is ratlier heavy, a cubic foot when ab-solutely dry weighing 40. .)7 lbs., and is not distinguished in connnerce or uses from that of the C. occidentalism Leaves ovate tci ol)long-lancoolato. ine(]uilateral and often falcate, -S-nei-ved. from wedge-sliaped to rounded and very oblique at base, long taper- pointed, entire or with remote low sharp teeth, smooth dark green above, paler beneath. Floircrfi as described for the genns. Fndt small orang? brown drupes, i/s to Vi in. long, with thin flesh and reticulated pit. Var. letiridafo (Torr. i Sarg. is the Palo Rlanco of the Southwest, but not found within the area covered by this work. 1. A. VV., XI, i!65. WHITE MULBERRY. Morus alba L. Fig. 222. Branch with mature leaves and fruit, winter, 3. 223. Trunk of tree on Staten Island, N. Y. 224. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. an assortment of leaves, 2 ; branchlet in Handbook of Tbees of tiik Xortiieen States and Canada. 107 The White Mulberry, in that its leaves fur- nish the most valuable food known for the Silk-worm, has the distinction of being the tree about which more has been written than any other tree. I'^ion its existence, too, de- pend the cmi)loyment of vastly more people and capital than any otlier tree, and no other tree has been so exlcn^ively cultivated. It grows naturally in nurthcrn C'liina and Japan, hut has been ciuried into all countries where climatic conditions are favorable. As early as in the seventeentii century it was brought to America and until the outbreak of the Re- volutionaiy ^^'ar its propag:'.tion was en- couraged by the British government, as a basis for the establishment of silk production in this countr}'. Many thousands of trees were planted and great preparations made, but the value of labor here has always made it impossible to compete witli tlie Old World in silk production and the fortunes spent in early days were lost, but the White ^Mulberry tree remains as a last- ing monument to the departed hopes. The Wood of the White Mulberry is of sec- ondary importance, but is hard and dural)le and used to some extent for furniture, boat- building, etc.i Its fruit is edible and from that of a variety growing in Turkestan it is said a Hour is made. Lea res mostly ovate. 3-7 in. long, serrate, and en visorons shoots often with from 1-5 wide lobes. cordate or truncate at base, mostly acute at apex, thin, shinins: dark green above, 'duller beneath. Fruit maturing in .June or .Tuly, %-!% in. long, sweet and succulent, usually "white or pinkish tinted. Several varieties have originated in culti- vation, one with nearly black fruif.- 1. A. W., XII. liilU.' 2. For genus see p. 4-'!;;. RED MULBERRY, Morus rubra L. Fig. ^2s. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, i ; an assortment of leaves, _- • branchi winter, 3. 226. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley near Scotts Hill, N, Y. IIaxi)H()(i OK THE XoirniKiJN States and Canada. 199 Tlie Red Mulberry wlieii growing in the foi- est attains the height of from CO to 80 ft. anJ it sometimes 3 or 4 ft in diameter of trunk. When growing apart from the iiilluence of other trees it develops a eompait. broad, rounded top of many small branehes, and the short trunks of these isolated trees arc some- times thicker than the measurements above noted. It is a handsome tree with large dis- tinct leaves, on account of which it casts a dense shade, and is well worthy of being planted as an ornamental shade tree. It in- habits rich bottom-lands ami low hillsides wliich it enlivens in autumn with its bright pale-yellow autumnal garb. Its sweet juicy fruit, very much resembling a blackberry in appearance, is esteemed as one of our choice n;itive fruits, and some natural varieties, dis- tinguished on account of the abundance or size of fruit, are being propagated by horticul- turists. The fruit is eagerly devored by birds and other denizens of the forest and on the farm by poultry, etc. The wood is rather heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 45.41 lbs., moderately soft and very durable and is used in cooper- age and boat building, for fences, etc.' Leaves mostly orbicular-ovate, some .'>-.'")- lobed or with sinsle lobe on one side, from rounded to cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, ser- rate, dark green and rouyhish al)ove. pale pubes- cent and prominently reticulated beneath. The primary veins arcuate and united near the mar- gins : stipules lanceolate, pale or reddish green. Floirrrs: staminate spikes drooping, with stout puliescent peduncles ; stamens with flattened fila- ments tapering from liase to anther : pistillate spike smaller and with sliorter peduncles. Fruit purplish black when fully ripe, dblnn'j. averaging about one inch in length, juicy and delicious. 1. A. W., Ill, 63. For genus see p. 4: PAPER MULBERRY. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Fig. 22y. Portions of branches showing mature fruit, i ; leafy branchlet, . 228. Base of an old gnarled trunk at Suffolk, Va. 229. Trunk of a younger tree with leaves at base, near New York. 230. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. branchlets in winter, 3. Handbook of Trees of the Xohtiiekx States axd C. 201 The l*a])ei- Mulberry is an introduced tree from eastern Asia and the neigliboring islands. Introduced into this country for ornamental purposes it has cscajicd and become naturalized ill many h>ca]ities in tlie Atlantic states from Xe\\' York to Florida and as far west as ilis- souri. It does not often attain a greater height tlian 40 or 50 ft. but develops a wide- spreading rounded top of ample vigorous foli- age and short trunk 3 or 4 ft. in thickness. Tlie bark of young trunks is quite smooth and liandsomely reticulated Avith pale yellow lines. Old trunks commonly become singularly niiarlcd and convoluted. The tree is called Paper Mulberry from the fact that paper of very good quality is made in China and Japan from its inner bark. The tapa-cloth which is used extensively by the South Pacific Islanders is also a product of this tree, being made from the inner bark by maceration and pounding to remove the nou-fibrous portion. The wood is rather soft, light, coarse-grained and easily worked, but of no commercial im- portance in this country. 1 Lrarrs iisiinll.v nvatp. .S-S in. Intii;', not lobed and also (especia'l.v on .youn^' plants i variously 3-5- lobed oi- witli single lobe on one side all forp^s commonl.v on the same tree, cordate or rounded at base, acnrainate. serrate-dentatp. rough above, velvety tomentose beneath, long petiolate. Flowerx in middle sprin-i. staminate araents pedunrled. Fruit heads % in. across, with red exserted fleshy perianth. - 1. A. W., XI, 2G6. 2. For genus see p. 4.33. OSAGE ORANGE. Toxylon pomiferum Raf.^ Fig. 231. Branchlet bearing leaves and mature fruit, i; fruit in section, 2; isolated seeds, 3; section of branch with old branchlet, 4 ; a terminal branchlet of first season's growth, 5. 232. Trunk of tree with spray of leaves and fruit at base. Staten Island, N. Y. ^33- Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkeks of the Xoimii kkx Sia; 2or Tlie Osage Orange attains the height of oD or (JO ft. wlu'ii growing in the forest. W hen growing apart fnnii otlicr trees it has a short thick trunk from 18 in. to 3 ft. in diameter, and then divides into a few hirge linihs which send out nuiny coninionly curved branches and form a symmetrical rounded or dome-shaped top, with lower branches drooping nearly to the ground. The baik of trunk is deejily fur- rowed and of an orange brown color, and the stilt" brandies are beset with many short thick axillary spur like s])ines. Its lustrous leaves and good habit of growtli make it a desirable tree for ornamental purposes, for which use, however, the pistillate trees are preferable, as tlieir beauty is greatly enhanced in summer by their large conspicuous orange-like fruit. The Osage Orange is excellentlj^ adapted to use in hedges and is extensively planted for that purpose. Through this agency it has be- come widely naturalized, over a consideral)le portion of the Tnited States, though inhabit- ing naturally only the limited area shown on our map. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso lutely dry weighing 4S.21 pounds, very strong and durable, and is valued for railway ties, fence posts, the inibs of wheels, etc. Formerly it was a favorite wood witli tiie Indians, of the region in whicli it grows, for tlieir bows. and from this fact it is commonly called inthoso regions " Boictr.ood " or, by the French in habitants, " Bois d'Arc." - For botanical characters see description of the genus, this being the only species. 3 1. Syn. Madura auraiitiaca Nutt. 2. A. W., XII, 291. 3. For genus see p. 434. CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA. Magnolia acuminata L. Fig. 234. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated seeds, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 235. Trunk of tree, in northern Virgina. 236. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkej-:s of the ISTorthkkn States and Canada. 205 This tree, tlie northernmost an(i one of the largest representatives of the genus in America, attains in the forest the height of 80 or 90 ft. with straight columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter, vested in a grayish brown scaly-ridgtd bark. When isolated it develops a wide rounded pyramidal to]) and is always a tree of marked appearance on account of its large handsome leaves. It inhabits mountain slopes ami the gravelly baid in. long, and the thick obovate concave petals 2-ii.j in. long, the three of the outer row narrower than those of the inner. Fruit olilong. usually curved, gl.Tl>rous. dark red.- Var. cnnliild Sarg. is a form with broader leaves and moi'e bear! sbaped at l)a^e and siiiiiIIit yellow flowers, is found in cultivation and ap|)rn\iniated by wild flowers iu Soutli Carolina and Alabama. 1. A. W., I, 1. -. For genus see p. 434. Q^- ^ % v.^^ m Til — J-V- ^";M" qvvA VH l^^S^^-^ ^W"' %%^ T--^^ ^!^ /ill % JJANS^ MO Mr ^^ ~> ■yj p ^-f-j5v! f^^ y "^sT^o^ A-'< ^ "X : ^\ jms^ ala.^ ga. y v\ W^ >>- "i^ ^^^^^\\ ./- \i *-!( K^ ^ \i A-^... LARGE-LEAF MAGNOLIA. MagoJia macro phylla Miclix. Fig- 22,y. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; detached fruits showing escaping seeds. 2 : branchlet in winter, 3. 238. Trunk of tree with foliage of young shoots in background. Alleghany Mountains Tenn. Handbook TiiK Northern States and Canada. 207 Tliis singular iMuly attains a -r or its trunk a ,ui( to 2 ft., with tew \vicle-toi)ped lioad. forests ('(jinils it in Howers, or siir|ias> It inhabits tlit- i i( an at hasi. acute or obtuse at ajx'x. sclaliious dark s^ri'di above, paler beneath : buds .nlal)rous. piiriilisli preen. Floircrs white. fra'.;raut. S-lo in. across : sopals early deciduous : petals (Jit. siMeadinii. obovato-spatulate. longer than the s(>pals and those of the outer rank larger and broader than those of the inner. Fruit oblong, glabrous, .3-4 in. long, the carpels with long curved beaks; seed com- pressed. 1. A. W., XI, 251. SWEET BAY. Magnolia gJauca L. S/sltwfn;""n'it^:iHci;rlnd^ one closed and one with escaping seeds, i; for the next seaso^nf 3 ; branchlets fn wfnter 4 "'"' ^' " '' ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ showing ttower-bud 244- Trunk of a tree with leaves at base. Handbook of Trees of the N'ortuekn States and Canada. 213 This favorite tree in the forests of the south Atlantic and (.Uilf states attains tlie lieight of ,liU or 70 ft., with trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter fovered witli a brownish gray bark, whicii may be universally smooth or beset with scatteretl boss-like excrescences. When growing apart from other trees its hal)it is to form an oblong or rounded siiapely top. It grows in the low moist soil of swamps and about the borders of Pine-barren ponds, associated Avith the Loh lolly and Red Bays, Wild Olive, Evergreen Magnolia, Holly. Vaupon, Red Maple, etc. Farther northward it is a much smaller tree, and, at the extreme northern limit of its range, only a shrub. Such is its deserved popularity for orna- mental planting that its handsome party-colored leaves are familiar objects in almost every American city park, where the climate will permit, and when it fills the air in early sum- mer with the delicious fragrance of its pvire white flowers it is sure to attract admiration from every visitor. The light soft wood, which when absolutely dry weighs 31.38 pounds to the cubic foot, is occasionally used in the manufacture of wooden- ware, etc.i Leaves scattered on the branchlets, oblong to oval. .3-6 in. lon.sr, obtuse or acute at both ends, lustrous dark green above, whitish pubescent !)(>- neath, thick, usually concave, and in the north deciduous in the autumn, but in the south per- sisting until spring. Flowers (May and June) creamy white, very fragrant, cup-shaped, about 2 in. across ; sepals obtuse, spreading ; petals short, broad, concave. Fruit irregular oblong, dark red, glabrous, from I14-2 in. long; seed about V4 in. long, compressed. \V.. Ill TULIP TREE. WHITE-WOOD. YELLOW POPLAR. Liriodmdroii TiiJipifcra L. Fig. 245. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, i ; cone disintegrating and detached samarae 2 ■ cone m transverse and longitudinal section. 3 ; end of vigorous shoot, showing leaves and large stipules, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 24$. Trunk of tree, Staten Island, N. Y. 247. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Treks of the Noj;tiii;k.\ Si 215 The Tiilip-trco is one of tlie very largest and of the most valuable trees of the Atlantic States. In the valleys of the streams tribu- tary to the Ohio Kiver and on the slopes of the Allegiianies individual> have been found to at- tain the height of from ir)() to IDO ft. with eulumnar trunks S or lU ft. in diameter, and free from branches to a height of from 80 to 100 ft. — trunks unsurpassed in grandure of colunui by those of any eastern American tree. While .sucli great trunks are exceptional still no eastern tre.es possess such uniformly straight clear trunks. It inhabits deep rich well drained soil but never forms exclusive forests. It is largely planted throughout the Eastern states as an ornamental shade tree and few trees equal it in value for this purpose. The young trees are of a pyramidal habit of growth but the older trees have an oblong head with rather short branches. They are handsome in summer with their clean-cut distinct leaves and tulip-like flowers, and in winter when their open cones are conspicuous on leafless branches and from which the twirling samarae are carried away by every gust of wind. The wood, of which a cubic foot weighs when dry 2(1. .3(1 lbs., is one of our most valuable woods for interior finishing, cabinet making, wooden-ware, etc.^ Lrnrcs glabrous, shinins dark green above, paler beneath, turning bright yellow in autumn. Floirrr.s tulip-like. IV2-2 in. deep. Fruit ripening in au- tumn iMit liberating the samara? mostly after the leaves have fallen.' 1. A. W., I, 2. 2. For genus see p. 435. PAPAW. Asiniina triloba (L.) Dunal. Fig. 248. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, one in section, i ; in winter, 3. 249. Trvink of tree in Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. 250. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. isolated seeds, 2 : branchlet I Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 217 Only under most favorable conditions does the Papaw attain the height of 30 or 40 ft. and is often only a large shrub. Its trunk is rarely more tlian from S-12 in. in diameter, though I have seen it measuring IS in. It com- monly grows in thickets occupying tiic ground exclusively, and is sometimes scattered as an undergrowth in the forests of rich bottom- huids. Ulicn isolated it develops a distinct pyramidal head. The bark of the trunk is of a dark brown color, thin and quite smooth, or sparingly fissured on old trunks. The handsome foliage of the Papaw, its beautiful flowers in early spring, and its curi- ous fruit in autumn, strongly recommend it for ornamental planting. The fruit when very ripe is delicious and nutritious and sold in considerable quantities in local markets in regions where the trees abound. The light wood, of which a cubic foot vi^eighs 24.73 lbs., is of handsome greenish and yellow tints when freshly cut, but is of no commercial importance. The fibrous inner bark was for- merly used for making cord for fish nets.i Leaves lance-obovate, 8-12 in. long, cuneate at base, abruptly acuminate or acute at apex, glabrous light green above, paler beneath. Flowers ap- pearing with the leaves, dark purple, l^/a in. across, with rusty tomentose peduncles ; sepals broad-ovate, densely dark-tomentose : petals at first small and green but finally purple when fully grown and 2 or 3 times as long as the sepals, nectiferous at base. Fruit cylindrical-oblong, ob- lique, 3-,5 in. long, single or clustered 2 or :i together with common peduncle, with smooth yellowish green rind, custard-like fragrant luscious flesh and oblong seeds about 1 in. long.- 1. A. \V., IV, 76. 2. For genus see p. 435. SWAMP BAY. Persea puhescens (Piirsh.) Sarc'.^ Fig. 251. Branchlet bearing leaves and fruit not quite fully grown, i (The neduncles are n^nallv IT.tlVrlTol.tr'''''''''' "°''''' "''^' '' ^^--^'^'^ auturiJ fro'm^t:rtheTave's IV' w^""}' °^ ^''^^ ^'^'^ '^?7^^ ''^ ^^^*=- Coast region of North Carolina. 253- Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Tki K.S OF Tin iii':i;.\ S'l 1I> 'I'lic Swamp T'.ay is a tree of niediimi si/e rar.'Iy iiiorr lliaii ;50 or 40 ft. in lK"i<;lit or with trunk more tlian P- ft. in tliicknos. witii straight hranclics and copious foliairc. It is contincd to tlic coast regions of tlic (Jiilf and Atlantic states but ran.ircs norlliwaiil into Niririiiia. where 1 liave seen it in the Dismal Swamp in comi)any with the liald Cypress, Ked Maj)le. Tupelo and Water (inms, Water Asji. Over cup and Laurel Oaks. etc. Furtlier south it is more abundant occurring' in pine- barren swamps, sometimes to the exclusion of nearly every other species. Tlie wood is rather heavy, a cubic ft. when absolutely dry weifrliinp 3i).S(i His., soft and strons:, and when found large enough applica- ble to the same uses as the Red Bay. 2 Liiimt oval to lanceolate, about eqiiall.v pointed at both ends, margin slightly revolute., tomentose wlien tliey unfold but when mature lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath, rusty tomentose on midrib and pi'imary veins, veins consiiicuons ; petioles stout, these and the new growth generally rusty tomentose. Flotrcrs with tomentose peduncles, from 1-8 In. long when fully grown ; calyx pale yellow with thick broad ovate pointed lobes, tomentose outside, pubescent inside, and those of the outer series about half as long as those of the inner. Fruit dark blue, from i.j to % in. long, with thin aromatic flesh.^ 1. I'crsiu CdioUncnsis var. palustris Chapman. ■2. A. W., V, 113. .'!. For genus see p. 435. — r-^ V ■>v\r o- _^^.. n. Oak ! $ tj" SC vvis.Y^LcJ r^^--5 /W <^£&>\ ' qvvA V_ ' ) /i-^"^ ? / •^c^;^ MO f AAi >>^ ["rsi/ALAlj^a.. X/^ / ^0 ■'■> ^^ 7 ^ A'\ RED BAY. Persea Borhonia (L.) Spreiig.^ Fig. 254. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, fruit in section and isolated seeds. 255. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Smiths Island, North Carolina coast. Handbook of Treks of tiik Xoktiierx States and Canada. 221 Tlie Bed Bw ranges from 50 ft., or less, to 7{i ft. in lieijjlit , witli stout erect braiiclies and furmin.i^ a syimiietrieal toj). It< Irunk is rarely more tlian ." or ;)'■_. ft. in diameter, and is vested ill a irray-hrown scaly ridged bark. It inhabits rieh moist soil along tlie borders of stjeams and swamps or oeeasionalh' drier sandy soil, associating with tlie Live. Water and Laurel Oaks, tlie ^'au])^n. Devil-wood. Laurel Ciicriy, C'iil)an Pine. etc. Tiiougli rarely seen in cultivation the Red Bay is uell wortiiy of being planted for orna- mental jHirposes. as it is one of the most beau- tiful eversreen trees of the American forests, with its brigiit green leaves and red-stemmed clusters of blue berries. A cul)ic foot of the absolutely dry wood weighs 40.07 lbs. Tt is of medium hardness and strength and of a reddisji brown color with tiiin sap-wood, an 1 is used in the manufacture of lumber for interior finishing, furniture, etc., and formerly for boat building. 2 Lriircs ol)lon2;-lanoeolatp, about equally pointed at l)oth ends, with entire I'evolute margins, pilose at first but at maturity lustrous brisht green above, paler and glaucous beneath, thick and firm, veins rather obscure and arcuate near the margin : pptioles and new growths puberulous or nearly glabrous. Flo)i'e);'i with glabrous peduncles mostly from V2-I in. long: calyx pale yellow. Fruit lustrous dark blue, about V, in. or less in diameter with thin flesh and red stems. 1. Pcrsra Carolinensis Nees. 2. A. \V.. XI. 204. SASSAFRAS. Sassafras Sa-ssafiris (L.) Karst.-^ I ¥\p 256. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, brachlets in winter, 4. ; isolated drupes, 2 ; same in section. 3 Handbook of Trkks of tiik jSJ'orthekn States and Canada. 223 The Sassafras is a tiro somotinios Su or 90 ft. in liciizht. Willi truiii^ from 4-G ft. in diuuie- ttT, but is usiiully a coii-iilerahly smaller tree and in tlie nortliern part of its range is re- duced t(i a sliruli. \\ lien isolated its stout con- torted brandies ramify and ultimately divide into a |ii-ofusion of brancliiets, formin.ir a dis- tinctly tIat-toi)ped irregular oblong head of characteristic aspect. It is a handsome tree at all seasons of the year; in the winter on ac count of the unobstructed view of its red brown furrowed bark and smooth green branch lets; in spring on account of tlie tufts of pale green velvety leaves and golden tlowers. sub- tended by enlarged showy bud-scales which terminate each branchlet; in summer on ac count of its rich green leaves of many shapes and sizes and retiirarifiua L. Fig. 262. Branchler with mature leaves and fruit, i ; fruiting head with empty capsules and scattered spurious seeds, 2 ; branch showing corky growth, 3 ; fertile and spurious seeds enlarged about two diameters, 4 ; smooth and corky branchlets in winter, s and 6. 263. Large trunk, in southeastern Missouri. 264. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Teees of the Norti This large and beautiful tree in the southern forests attains tlie hciglit of 100 to 140 ft. with straight cuhininar trunk 4 or 5 ft. in diameter. When isolated it develops a sym- metrical oblong-pyramidal top when young, but finally becoming broad and rounded. A pe- culiar feature, more marked in some trees than others, however, and often entirely wanting, is the growth of wing-like projections of the bark from its smaller branches. It tlirives best in the rich soil of bottom-lands where it is associated with the Red and Black Maples, the Sour, Water and Tupelo Gums, the Laurel and Water Oaks, various Ashes, etc. Few trees of the American forests equal the Sweet Gum in ornamental value, owing to its grand habit of growth and its beautiful star-shaped leaves, of a rich green in summer and con- spicuous in autumn on account of their crimson and purple tints. The wood, a cu. ft. of which when absolutely dry weighs 36.82 lbs., is rather soft, witli straight close grain, and is used in the nuuiu facture of wooden-ware, paving-blocks, lumber for general construction, etc., and is sometimes marketed under the absurd names — F!atiii M^alnut, California Red Gum, etc.i Lravps about orbicular in outline, deeply 5-7- palmately lobed with acute glandular-serrate lobes and pointed sinuses, cordate at base, lustrous bright green above and often pubescent in the axils of the leaves beneath, fragrant when bruised, purple-crimson in autumn ; petioles Ion? and slender. Flowem: staminate racemes erect, rufous tomentose. the lower b^ads sometimes stalked : pistillate beads Ions; pediinclate. droop- ing. Fruit: head 1 1 'A in. in diameter, liberating a few perfoet and many abortive seeds in autumn and swinging empty upon the leafless branches during the following winter.^ 1. A. W., Ill, 60. VDA. 227 For lus see p. 437. ^ 3 ^ m ALA^ GA. \y/ 1 \ t. V \ 1 ^^ SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD. BUTTON-BALL TREE. Plafanus occldentalis L. Fig. 265. Branchlet bearing mature leaves and fruit, i ; fruiting head separating, with scattered akenes and hairs, 2 ; branchlet from vigorous shoot showing stipules, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4 ; base of petiole showing cup-shape nature, 5. 266. Trunk of a large isolated tree, western New York. 267. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trkks of tiik XoirniERN States and Can. 229 I' larfjost 1 forests, vcr Ohio s to tlio liundnMl ilus stately tree is coiisuier^d V. (Icfidiioiis trtH' of till' Xortli Aincric;i In the rieli huttoiii-Iaii(h .if llic In and tlie .Missisdppi valh'vs it h.wc licight of one hundred and fifty to on and seventy-five ft. and its lniid< is some- times ten or eleven ft. in diameter ahovo its tapering base. Tiie trunk eommonly divides into two or three large secondary trunks, whieli raise its irregular or rounded head far above the tops of most of the neighboring trees; or it may have a single columnar trunk of great height but often cuived or leaning. A striking feature is the Avliitc bark of iis branches, and as its favorite abode is t'le banks of streams their winding courses may be traced from an eminence by the white branches of the Sycamores which line their banks. Quite as interesting as the bark of these whitewashed branches is that of the young trunks and the bases of large limbs, as it is pied of many colors, as shown in our picture, acctn-ding to the varying length of time the scales of outer bark have been off. The wood, of which a cubic foot weighs 30.40 lbs., is tough, strong, and very dilRcult to split, and is used in the manufacture of boxes, crates, butchers' blocks, etc., and when cut quartering makes a handsome lumber for in- terior finishing', furniture, etc.i Leaves wide-orbicular in lobed, with mostlj- broad sii lobes and wide sinuses ; stii 1 to H/i in. long. FUttn nsTiallv bearins; one but yuil : heads from 1-1 H ii litary on glal).-ous stem iincate or rounded at apex Olltl n(> pn mat ^l.V 3--.- mate -de itar uiiinate ull'S on vin-( run < shoots '.s- ; I isi Hat ' P' (luucles somi t'li es two beads. Q. m (Ii anie er. usually .■j-o m long : akenes A. \V., For ge see p. 43T FRAGRANT CRAB. Pyrus coronaria 1.} Fig. 268. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; fruit in branchlet in winter, 3. 269. Trunk showing bark of large tree, western New York 270. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. cross-section showing seeds. Hani)ik)ok of Tkkks of the i;.\ Sta' AM) Canada. -I'M This favorite trt'c atti.ins tlic lici-hi of 25-30 ft., with trunk rarely more tliaii 12-14 in. in diameter, and when isolated develops a broad top with rigid branches bearing many short branchlets terminating in sharp spur-like leaf- less tips. It inhabits rich, moist, but well drained soil, often in forest glades among taller trees. The beauty of its light pink flowers and their delicious fragrance, which is so marked as to actually perfume the surrounding atmosphere, are as noticeable as of the Narrow-leaf Crab. On account of these attractive features it is deservedly popular for ornamental planting in shrubberies and door-yards. Its attractiveness is not limited to the flowering season alone, for its fragrant fruit, pendent with long stems and persisting until autumn has tinted and removed many of its leave.'?, enhances its beauty. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 43.92 lbs., very close grain and useful in turnery for small articles of wooden-ware, tool-handles, etc.- The fruit is sometimes used for preserves and for making cider and vinegar. Leaves ovate to almost triangular, truncate, subcordate or sometimes tapering at base, acute or acuminate at apex, irregularly cut-serrate or sometimes lobed on sterile shoots, membranaceous, bright green aliove. paler and glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath ; petioles slender glabrous and with two glands near the middle. Ploirrrs very fragrant, iyj-2 in. across in .">-6 flowered umbels with slender pedicels ; calyx-tube tomentose with taper-pointed lobes tomentose inside : petals white or pinkish ; ovary hairy : styles united at base. Fruit shortened globose, 1-1 Vj in. in width, pale green, fragrant and with waxy surface. ^ 1. Sj-n. Mains coronarin (L.) Mill. 2. A. W., IV, 83. 3. For genus see pp. 438-439. 1 Milt Wsmmfv ■Hi 1 k.' 1 NARROW-LEAF CRAB. Pynis aiigiistifulia Ait.-^ Fig. 2/1. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 272. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. Handbook of TKEji:s of the ISTortiiei^x States and Canada. 233 The Narrow-leaf Crab is a small tree, occa sionally attaining the height of 25 or 30 ft., with a trunk S-10 in. in dianiftcr. WIkmi isolated it develops a broad top with r\'/\d branches armed with numerous short spur-like lateral branchlets. The bark of trunk is of a grayish brown color, rough, with narrow scaly ridges. It inhabits the banks of streams and rich well d; lined soil, often in the glades of forests of taller trees, when it can find sullieient light there, and in these regions its beautiful white and pink fragrant ilowers are especially jileas- ing as one happens onto them. Xo tree of the American forest produces flowers of more de- licious fragrance. Should one visit the locality in late summer a very dilTerent yet (juite as marked fragrance arrests his attention, per- haps when several yards from the tree. Xow it is from its small pale yellow apples, much more pleasing to the sense of smell than of taste, for they are very acerb, though sometimes used for preserves and cider. The wood, of which a cuV)ic foot when dry weighs 42.97 lbs., is hard and very clnsf^ grained and suitable for the manufacture of tool-handles, etc. Learnt oblong to oblons'-lanopolatr', mostly taper- ing or rounded at base, ai'ute or rounded and apiculate at apex, crenate-serrate, sometimes nearly entire, thicl^ish, darlf green above, paler and glabrous beneath : petioles slender. Floir-rs about 1 in. across, very fragrant, with slendu- pedicels in few-flowered cymes ; calyx lobes nar- row, tomentose inside : petals white or pink : ovary tomentose : styles distinct. Fruit flattened globose, about 1 in. in diameter, fragrant, yellow- green with waxy surface and very sour flavor. PRAIRIE CRAB. Pyrus loensi^ (Wood.) Bailey.^ Fig. 2yi. Mature leaves and fruit; leafless branchlet in late autumn. 274. Trunk of tree at Ames, Iowa. Handbook of Treks of X< iiKRiY States axd Canada. 235 The Prairie Crab is a small tree rarely if ever exceeding 20 or 30 ft. in height or 12 to 18 in. in diameter of trunk. It develops a spreading or rounded top of many rigid tor- tuous branches beset with numerous short lat- eral thorn-like spurs. From the sides of tiiese thorns Leaves and flowers appear, while the free tip is usually a very sharp rigid thorn. Like the other native apples its handsome flowers are characterized by a delicious fragrance, which makes the tree popular for planting in shrubberies and door-yards. In autumn its small yellow-green apples, with sur- face seemingly covered with wax or grease and of a strong characteristic fragrance, give it an ornamental value at that season, and later after the leaves have fallen. The attractive appearance and odor of the fruit, however, ends here, as in flavor it is too austere for most tastes to be edible, though the juice is sometimes used for making vinegar. The Bechtel Crab is a form recently intro- duced with large double rose-colored flowers. It is of signal merit for ornamental planting. The wood we have not examined, but it is said to be softer than that of tlie allied eastern species. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong, .3-4 in. long, broad-cuneate or rounded at base, acute or rounded at apex, crenate-serrate and on vigorous .shoots with short acute or rounded lobes, at maturity thick lustrous dark green above, tomentose be- neath ; petioles stout, pubescent. FInirers IV" in. across, in small clusters with pedicels and calyx tomentose. Fruit mostly 1-1 Vj in. in diameter, greenish yellow, fragrant, greasy and with stout stems mostly %-l in. lowx. 1. Jliihis Ioeii!?v? SOULARD CRAB. Pj/rus Soulardi Bailey. Fig. .75. Mature leaves and fruit; leafless branchlet in late autumn. 276. J runk of large tree, Ames, Iowa. IIandbooiv of Tkp:£S of TJIK XoRTirra;x S'i-atj:s axd ('.wad The Soiilard Crab is an interesting small tree resemliiin.i,' the c'oiuiiuni A|i|)k'-lrc(' in h.iliit of growth. Willi bruad rounded tuj. IS Id 2.") t't. in hfi-bt and trunk lO-l.-) in. in diiunctor. Thr bark of trunk is of a grayish brown color cov (■rod with small cdoscdy apprt'ssed scales, also rc^cndding the bark of the connnon Apple-trct'. It is of local distribution, being found in locali- ties in the ^lississippi River valley from Min- ncxita to Texas, and is considered by som<' writers to be a natural hybrid between the I'rairie Crab ( /'. lumsis) and the Con.unon .\pple {P. Mains), as it is found only in regions where both those trees abound and it presents characters intermediate between them. Its fruit is fairly edible, to one fond of tart apples, ami is useful for culimiry j)urposes. Its great hardiness commends it for culti- vation in the upper Mississippi valley where the climate is too rigorous for the more ten- der varieties of apples, and there a few named varieties are grown. It is said to have been first introduced into cultivation by James S. Sonlard of Galena. 111., after whom it has been named. Leaves large elliptical-ovate to oval. .^-5 in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at both ends, irregularly crenate-.serrate or slightly lobed. thick, rugose, glabrous above, tomentoso beneath : petioles stout, pubescent. Floirrrs in close wooly cymes. Fruit from 1 214 in. across, flattisii lengthwise with shallow basin, yellow or pink- cheeked and flesh sour but edible." 1. Syn. Malus Soulardi (Bailey) Britt. AMERICAN OR SMALL-FRUITED MOUNTAIN-ASH, Sorhus Americana Marsh. ^ Fig. 277. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit; branchlet in winter. 278. Trunk, northern New York. 279. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northekx States Axn Taxada. !39 The American Mountain-Ash is a slender tree rareiy more than 30 or 40 ft. in height or than 12 in. in diameter of trunk, and often reduced to a shrub. When away from the influence of other trees it develops .a rather narrow rounded top of slender branches and stout branchlets. It is one of the most beautiful trees of our northern forests, as is attested by the fact that it is more abundantly than any other tree, excepting the following species, transplanted from the forests to the door yards of country homes for ornamental purposes, where its handsome foliage is a constant delight. The large bunches of small white flowers which terminate its branchlets in early summer add greatly to its beauty and offer abundant nectar to the searching bees. In autumn, when the flowers of summer are succeeded by its ample bunches of red berries, it is even a more beau- tiful object, and its fruit, long lingering after the leaves have fallen, offers to the departing robin and bluebird their last repast before leaving for their winter homes. The wood is soft, light, a cubic foot weigh- ing 33.97 lbs., and verj' close grained but of little economic value. Ijcavcs tt-S in. long, with groon or reddish petioles, and 0-17 lanceolate taper-pointed leaflets, rounded or obtuse, entire and unerjual at base, sharply serrate above, subsessilo (excepting the terminal .leaflet) glabrous, dark green above, palor beneath ; leaf-buds glabrous glutinous. Flowers in May. 1/^-14 in. across, in dense broad cymes. "-'> in. across. Fruit subglobose, H in. in diameter.-' 1. Syn. Pynis Americana DC. 2. For genus see p. 430. LARGE-FRUITED MOUNTAIN-ASH. Sorhus scopulina Greene.'^ Fig. 280. Branchlet with leaves and fruit; fruit in seqtion and scattered seeds; branchlet in winter. 281. Trunk in western New York. 11 AA'Di; Ti OI'- ■IN-; X( i;x S-i ( 'axai 241 The Large-fruited Mountain-Ash is a hand- soiiie tree, sometimes attaining the height of ',iO ft. witli trunk 12 in. in diameter and vested in a smooth lustrous silvery gray hark. When isolated from other trees it develops a .sym- metrieal ovoid or rounded top. It is distinctly a horeal tree, heing at liomc along the borders of s\vam]is and streams and liy the springs on mountain sides of the far north, where tln^ beauty of its llmvers and fruit are unsurpassed by those of any otiier tree of those regions. The tree has long been considered identical with a northern Asiatic species, the F. mnihucifolia C. & S. (Elder-leaf Mountain- Ash) and has been so named in the books generally upon American trees. Its distinctness from that species, however, has recently been pointed out and it has been given the name S. scopuUna. Though considered by some as a variety of .S'. An>erica)ia its sjiecitic distinctness would seem to be clearly indicated by its larger and earlier flowers in smaller clusters, its large fruit and broader, more obtuse leaflets and hairy winter buds. It is a particularly beauti- ful tree in autumn, when bearing among its b]ue-gr(!>en foliage its nodding clusters of bright red fruit. The wood is light, a cubic foot weighing 36.94 lbs., soft and but little used. 2 Leaves usually 4-6 in. long with reddish-petioles, and 7-15 oblong-oval to ovate-lanceolate, sub- sessile leaflets, rounded or tapering, inequilateral and entire at base, sharply .serrate above, mostl.v ol)tuse or acute at apex, pubescent at first but at maturity glabrous dark bluish green above, paler and usuall.v more or less pubescent lieneath ; leaf- buds hairy. Floirrrit in latter part of .Tune, Vi-'Vs in. across, in pubescent cymes 2-4 in. broad. Fruit subglobose, bright red, from 14-% in. in diameter. 1. Syn. I'ynis sauibiu-ifolia C. & S. AincricaiKi var. iliconi Sarg. •2. A. W., IV. S4. Sorbus SERVICE-BERRY. SHAD-BUSH. SHAD-BLOW. JUNEBERRY. A)it('faiic]i icr Canadensis (L.) Med.^ Fig. 282. Mature leaves and fruit ; branchlets in late winter. 283, Trunk of medium-size tree, northern New York. 284. Wood structure showing pith-fleck, magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Teees oe the X( :rx States and Canada. 24-'> The Sorvicc-berry is usually a small Iroe but occasionally individuals are found 40 or 50 It. in height with trunk from 18 in. to 2 ft. in diameter, and oblonj^ or spreading rounded top with many small limbs and fine branchlets. It inhabits well drained slopes and uplands in company with the Quaking Asp, Hemlock, White and Red Oaks, Sugar Maple, Hackberry, etc., and in mid-spring, when its top becomes R veritable cloud of white flowers, it is one of the most beautiful and conspicuous objects in the regions in which it dwells. It is the sea- son then when the shad come up the rivers from the sea to spawn, and hence the association of its flowers with the shad in its names of Shad-bush and Shad-blow. In June and July its ripened fruit is eagerly sought by the birds and should they spare us any it is found to be juicy and delicious. The wood of the Service-berry, of which a cubic foot weighs when absolutely dry 48.85 lbs., is heav}', hard, very strong and close grained, valuable in turnery for the manufac- ture of tool handles and, under the name of " Lanee-wood," is used in the manufacture of fish rods.i Lrares ovate to ovate-ohlonsc. 2yj-4 in. long, mostly rounded or cordate at base, acute or acumi- nate at apex, finely serrate with lonj; pointed teetli, reddisli and covcn'd with wliite liairs when tiicy unfold, nt maturity ulalnous. darlc green nliove, paler lioncatli. tnrniiii; ycllnw in autumn ; )>f'ti<)les slender. Flotrtrs, wlicn tlie leaves are about l-l> grown, in erect or nodding glabrous racemes, 2i/o-4 in. long, with slender pedicels bf-aring each two silky deciduous bracts : calyx villous inside : petals narrow oliovate. Pniit siib- globose, 1.4-^/^ in. in diameter, dark purple, glaucous.' 1. Syn. .1. ISiifiiKiiiiinn (L. f.) deC. 2. A. W., Ill, .j9. .".. For genus see pp. 4;>9-440. COCK-SPUR THORN. NEWCASTLE THORN. Crakpf/iis Crus-(/aIli L. Fig. 285. Mature leaves and fruit ; leafless l)ranchlet in late autumn. 286. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base, near Albany, N. Y. 287. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. ITaxdbook of Tkkks of tiik Xortitkkx States axd Caxada. Tlie Cock-Spur Tliorn is ;i low wido-sprcad- ing tree with Inw^ tortuous liorizoutal or drooping and wry thorny liranclics. t'ormin,!,' ;i low broad top, sei(h)in more than "iO or 2.5 ft. in height. 'I'iie short trunk randy exceeds 10 or 12 ill. ill diameter and is n)iigli with scaly gray-brown liaik. It is one of tiie most strik- ing and ornamental representatives of its genus on account of its thick sliiiiing dark-green leaves. The luster of those is seldom tariiishcd by insect or hliglit. and they preserve a fresh- ness throughout the season which is unsur- passed by till' leaves of any otiier tree. T\\v ample bunches of handsome llowers ap])eir after the leaves are fully grown, and tlien t'lc tree is an object of rare beauty. It is perhaps more extensively planted both in this conntry and in Europe for ornamental piirjioses than any other American siiecics. excepting perliaps the Washington Haw. and it is also valiM'd for hedges. The name Newcastle Thorn lia-^ been given to it on 'account of its abundant use in hedges about Newcastle, Del. Its wood is heavy, hard, very finc-graineil and suitable for tool handles. ^ Lrnrrx mostly obovate. 1-4 in. long, cuneate and entire at base. aciUe or ronn and scarb^t in autumn : petiob^s stout. FJninrx opening in .Tune -■J in. in diametei- in many-flowered glabrous corymbs: cnlyx witli narrow obconic tube and linear-lanceolate entire or glandular-serrate lobes : stamens 10, anthers rose-colored : styles usuallv 2. hairy at base. Fruit maturing in October and often remaining on the branches until sn'in'i', subglobose or short-oblong, dull red with glaucous bloom, with dry flesh and usually 2 nutlets I4 in. long, rounded at ends and ridged on the back.= 1. A. \V., IV, s.-i. 2. For genus see p. 440. DOTTED THORN. Cratcegus punctata Jacq. Fig .88. Mature leaves and fruit; branchlet in late wmter. 289. Large trunk, Black River valley, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Xortkerx States axd (' The Dotted Thorn is one of the most abun- dant and widely distributed of the Thorns, their picturesque flattened tops dotting the dry slopes and pasture-lands of almost every land- scape of the northern Atlantic states. The tree is sometimes 25 or 30 ft. in height, usually with rigid horizontal branches which form a peculiarly flat top, and short ridged trunk 12-13 in. in diameter. The branches and trunk usu- ally bristle with an armament of rigid sharp thorns to a remarkable degree, and on account of these the sagacious shrike or butcher-bird, which abounds in our northern fields, almost invariably chooses a tree of this kind in which to build its nest. Here eff'ectually barricaded against cats and children it nests and rears its young in perfect safety, and vipon the thorns it finds places to impale its prey. The Dotted Thorn is a handsome tree when in flower in early summer, or when bearing its large red or yellow fruit in autumn, but its foliage often loses its freshness early on account of attacks of blight or insects. The wood is hard, heavy and close-grained and suitable for tool handles, etc. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 47.87 Ibs.i Leaves obovate. 2.3 in. long, cuneate and entire at base, rounded or pointed at apex, irregularly and often doubly serrate, incisely lobed on vigor- ous shoots, pubescent at first and at maturity firm glabrous gray-green with veins impressed above, paler and often pubest^ont boneatb. Floirrr.t in May, %-% in. broad in many-flowered compound corymbs; calyx witli narrow acute lobes puliescent inside : stamens 2(i witb rose-colored or yellow anthers : styles ."> white-bairy at base. Fruit ripe in Octolier. mostly snbglobose, i/^-l in. long, dull red (sometimes yellow i white-dotted, with dryish flesh and o nutlets ridged on the back. 1. A. W., Ill, 58. GREEN HAW. Cratcegus viridis L. Fig. 2go. Mature leaves and fruit : liranchlet in winter 291. Trunk of large tree, in southern Illinois. Handbook ov Tkkk.s of the A^oin Statks and Caxada. 1!) The Green Haw is a stiirfly representative of the genus, attaining tlie hciglit of from 'M)-'A5 ft. with broad or rounded intrieatidy branched top and clear trunl< I'J (u- IS in. in diameter. 'J'liis is often ridged and liuted and is vested in a pale gray or biownisli bark, which e.vfoliate- in small friable scales. It inhabits the ban!;s of streams, moist low-lands and lake-shores and is particularly abundant and well devel- oped along the bayous of the Mississippi river in the vicinity of St. Louis and southward. In these localities it is found in company with the Pecan, King-nut Hickory, Water and Honey Locusts, Forestiera, Pin and Shingle Oaks, Cottonwood, etc., and among them its full rounded top is one of tlie most attractive objects particulaily when in tlower or bearing its ripe fruit. Leaves mostly elliptic to lance-ovate or obovatc, IV^-o in. long, ciineate or abruptly contracted and entire at base, mostly acute or bluntly pointed at apex, irregularly serrate or serrate-dentate, some on vigorous shoots with shallow lobes, glabrous or with pale hairs in the axils beneath ; petioles slender 1-1 1/4 in. long. Flotcers in May, about % in. across, in many-flowered compound corymbs, with long slender glabrous pedicels ; calyx glab- rous, with narrow entire lobes ; stamens 20, an- thers pale yellow ; styles usually 5 with pale hairs at base. Fruit subglobose or somewhat obovoid, bright scarlet or orange, about H in. long or less, in drooping clusters with long slender stems ; flesh thin, nutlets usually .">. slightly ribbed on back-. ELLWANGER HAW. Cratcegus Elhcanf/eriana Sarg. Fig. 29J. Mature leaves and fruit ; branchlet in winter. 293. Trunk of type tree, Rochester, N. Y. I Handbook of Tukks of tifk X( AM) Canada. SHI The Ellwanger Haw, so far as now known, is (luite local in distribution, us it uppours to be confined mainly to Western New York, where it is common. It is a large and beautiful rep- resentative of its genus, attaining the height of from 25-30 ft., with lofty broad rounded top and clear trunk 12-18 in. in diameter. This is covered with a grayish brown bark which exfoliates in rather small friable scales. The tree from which the leaf and fruit speci- mens used for our illustration were taken, and whose trunk is seen in the bark picture, is the type tree of the species. It stands on the grounds of the Mount Hope Nurseries, owned by Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry, and was fit- tingly given the name of the senior member of the firm, whose upright character and lonu' career as a successful nurseryman have been of great benefit to his community and country. This particular tree is one of rare symmetry and beauty, with large handsome leaves, flower- and fruit, and for ornamental planting few if any of the otlier Haws surpass it. Lcai-cs oval, 21^-4 in. long, mostly broad- cuneate or rounded (on vi.s?oi-ous shoots sub- cordato) at base, acute at ai)ex, coarsely and ir^ regularly serrate-dentat(> and with sliort aeute lobes, membranous, dull-gri'i'u and scabrous al)ove. paler and nearly glabrcius bi'iiratti : pi'tiolcs slender and stipules Vj in. long, sometimes persisting till autumn on vigorous shoots. Flowcm in middle May, 1 in. in diameter, in many-flowered villose corymbs with short pedicels : calyx with lanceolate glandular-serrate lolies : stamens 10 (or sometimes S) with rose-colored anthers: styles ;;-.".. Fruit ripe and falling in September, siibglobose to ob- long, on slender glabrous p(>dieels. brigbt crimson, %-l in. long; nuts :i-^t. deeply grooved on bacli. qvvA MO. v-0 1 i I r 1 — — '< rtfj 'iLL.yii^!OHioH i HOLMES HAW. SCARLET THORN. Cmkecjus Jlohnesiana Ashe. Ficr ,94. Mature leaves and fruit ; branchlet in winter. " 295. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base, Rochester, N. Y. Ham. Ti [•: Xoi; riiKitx Staiks axh C'axada. 2r)3 The Holmes Tlioni is a beautiful large Thorn Bometimes 25 or 30 ft. in height with full rumul-spicadiiig lop anil a clear trunk 12-lS in. in (iiiuneler and sometimes 5-7 ft. to the branches. This is usually ridged and iluted and is covered with a gray or light brown bark which exfoliates in thin closely appresseu scales. Before the recent study and revision of the Crataegus tliis tree was called the Scarlet 'I'liorn and considered to be one of the many and various forms coniprehcnded in the species C. cocciiiea L. hi the revision this form has been given specilic rank and named after Prof. J. A. Holmes, State (Geologist of North Carolina. It is quite an abundant tree, occu- pying well-drained slopes and uplands, the bor- dei's of swamps, etc., and is a tree of highly ornamental value. Tiie wood is heavy, hard, very close grained and suitable for use in turnery. i Leaves oval to ovate, 2-4 in. long, rounded or l)roadl.v cuneate at base (subcordate on vigorous shoots), acute or acuminate, irregularly double serrate or with short lobes, thick and firm at maturit.v. smooth yellow-green above, 12-5 in. long ; petioles' slender, 1-1 V^ in. long. Flowers i/^-% in l)road. cup-shaped, in man.v-fiowered mostly glab rous compound corymbs with slender pedicels : caly.x narrow ohconic with acuminate glandular- serrate or entire lobes: stamms usually 5 (or 6-S t with large dark reddish anthers : styles .'!. Fruit ripening and falling in September, mostly short oblong or somewhat pear-shaped in drooping clusters with long slender stems, lustrous crimson 'o-% in. long with prominent erect or incurved gfandular serrate lobes ; nutlets .'!, prominentlv ridged on the back. W.. IV (as ilia ]..). WASHINGTON HAW. Crakegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Fig. 296. Mature leaves and fruit ; branchlet in winter. 297. Trunk of tree in Central Park, New York. Handbook of Trees of the ISTor- Stat 255 The Wasliington Haw is a beautifiil and clearly defined tree with slender thorns and marked individuality. It attains the height of 25 or 30 ft. at times, with lofty rounded or spreading top and a clear trunk 10 or 12 in. in diameter and (I or 7 ft. to the branches, or is sometimes only a large .spreading shruh. The bark of the trunk is of a grayish or pal(' brown color and exfoliates in thin small scales. It occupies the low moist but well drained soil of bottom-lands and the banks of streams, but is nowhere abundant in a wild state. It has, however, probably been more extensively planted for ornamental purposes than any other American species, and may have become naturalized in. localities outside of its native habitat indicated on the accompanying map. It is hardy at least as far north as New York. It is said to be even more extensively grown in Europe than in this country, having been introduced as early as in the seventeenth cen- tury and was named there. It has long been popular for hedges, as well as ornament, and is said to have received its common name from the fact that nearly a century ago it was introduced from the vicinity of Washington, D. C. into Chester Co., Pa., where it became popular and was extensively planted. Leaves broad-ovate to triangular. \y.2--V2 in. long, truncate to obtuse or wide-cordate and entire at base, mostly acute or acuminate, commonly with .'j-7 spreading pointed coarsely serrate lobes, thin and lustrous dark green at maturity, paler be- neath ; petioles long and slender. Flowers in early .Tune, in many-flowered glabrous corymbs, calyx with short lobes pubescent inside : stamens 20, rose-colored : styles '2-'>. hairy at base. Fruit ripening in October and persisting on the branches until si)ring. depressed globose, scarcely 14 in. in diameter, liriirhf red. the calyx-lobes falling away ; nutlets .'!-."), alioiit 's in. long. PEAR THORN. PEAR HAW. Cmta'fius (ometitosa L. i Fig. 298. Mature leaves, fruit and nutlets (the spotting of the leaves is abnormal) ; branchlet in winter. 299. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base. Near Rochester, N. Y. i Handbook of TreEvS of the Northerx States and Caxadj The Pear Thorn is a very distinct species, but not of large stature. It sometimes attains a height of 18 or 20 ft. with upright or spread- ing top of rigid tortuous branches and trunk 5 or 10 in. in diameter, or is often shrubby with several stems. The trunks are usually well armed with formidable thorns and cov- ered with rather smooth bark of pale gray or brown color and finally exfoliating in thinnish plate-like scales. It is of wider range than most of the American species, occupying low rich soil in localities from eastern Xew York to Kansas and from the Great Lakes to the southernmost slopes of the Alleghanies, but is not everywhere in this range abundant. West- ern New York and southeastern Missouri seem to be th? regions of greatest abundance. It is easily recognizable on account of its large membranous leaves about equally pointed at both ends and its ample upright clusters of small oblong or pear-shaped fruit, which it retains long after the leaves have fallen. In this late retention of its handsome fruit and in the brilliancy of its autumnal colors lie its chief points of ornamental value, for which it is occasionally planted in American and Eu- ropean gardens. Leaves elliptic to obovate-oblong, ."-.5 in. Ion?, cuneate and entire at base and decurrent on the short petiole, mostly acute at apex, .sharply den- tate or somewhat lobed above at maturity, thin- nish, scabrous or glabrous above, pubesc'«int be- neath ; petioles stout. Floiccrs in early .Tune, about 1/2 in. across in many-flowered to'mentose compound corymbs : calyx with narrow laciniato- serrulate lobes : stamens 20 : anthers pale rosf- colored : styles 2-5. Fruit ripens in October and persists nearly until spring, red. in erect many- fruited clusters, mostly pear-shaped or oblong, with reflexed calyx lob(>s ; stones 2 or .", broad rounded on the back and with two large ventral cavities. LONG-SPINE THORN. Crataegus macracantlia (Lindl.) Lodd. Fig. 300. Mature leaves and fruit : liranchlet in winter. loi. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base. Rochester. N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northekn States and Canada. 259 Tlie Long-spine Haw or Thorn is a tree of medium size for its genus, being sciiiuni more than 18 or 20 ft. in height, with rigid and often crooked branches forming a rather open and irreguhir top, and trunk G-S in. in diame- ter. This is vested in a pale brown or gray bark which exfoliates in small elongated scales. It inhabits the banks of streams and ricb slopes, more commonly of limestone forma- tion, and attracts the attention of even the casual observer on account of its nuu.crous very long chestnut brown thorns, which are rather slender, somewhat curved and often 3 or 4 inches or more in length. We cannot but wonder what may be nature's plan in equip- ping this tree with so much more formidable an armament than she has the other species. It is a tree of handsome rich foliage and is a very beautiful object when bearing its large clusters of pure white flowers, as it is also in autumn with its lustrous crimson fruit. Leaves broad-ohovate to oval. 2-4 in. long, ab- ruptly or gradually cuneate and entire at base, mostly acute or rounded at apex, coarst^ly and sometimes doubly serrate or with short pointed lobes, coriaceous at maturity and dull dark Kiicn with impressed veins above, paler and piiliiTuIous on the i)rominpnt veins and midribs bmeatli : petioles stout, margined above. Flo in is. May- .lune. % in. in diameter in many-flowered villose compound corymbs : calyx with bmi,'. narrow, acuminate lobes with dark glands : stamens usually 1') (or 8-12) ; anthers jmle yellow: styles 2-;>. tomentose at base; Fruit ripening in S(>p- tember in erect many-fruited clusters, subglobose. Ml in. in diameter, histrous crimson with serrated calyx-lobes reficxed and persistent ; nutlets 2 or .'5. prominently ridged on the back and with deep ventral cavites. mm:f/r:m^ ,. / "^'- f^Mj^mSm, m \ ' \:>" ' !^|^^^ Jpi mM j^iw i E%/'^^ ^tM^^^^ ^ to""- JK" W'^Jr'^^^ m wA S^^%M WB ^^^m - «. ;.^ ':J\' 1^>* Mi - ' W/^.^^'Va ©x; Mmkj- ^ ^^m 'fm. ^ffm Bir.oJ J, v' •** ' * V ■ miMmW^' r ''^ ^^m^& .^A ^ ^ " M ^'i^m-^ iefc-.-.-:.',. ™--.?5a ENGLISH HAWTHORf Crakegus Oxyacan 1 MAY. ^/m L. 1 ^> '^ r^ r ►V Klk (: r rn 1 ^^ fc^y^ : . ^-^^H r V I ^X^^ \ WMK ' -^ % ^ ^"HBmJ liSifeP 1 i Fig. 302. Mature leaves and fruit, fruit in section and nutlets ; branchlet in late autumn. 303. Trunk with leaves at base. Near New York. Handbook of Tbej:s of the ]^ortiiekn States axd C. 261 The English Hawthorn, or the iMay of Eng- lish literature, is the most widely distributed species of the genus, being found as a native distributed over the greater part of Europe ;iiid central Asia, whence it was introtluccd into America and is now naturalized in many localities in eastern United States. It is a species of medium stature, seldom more than 20 or 25 ft. in height, of rather upright habit of growth and with trunk 8 or 10 in. in diame- ter. This is more or less ridged and covered with a grayish brown bark of elongated, closely appressed scales. It has been extensively planted for ornamental purposes for centuries in all European countries and few plants equal it in popularity for hedges. So extensively is it grown in England that it is as prominent in the associations of country life there as are the nightengale and sky-lark, and the beauty of the " blossoming May " in spring time has made it famous in literature. It is particularly well adapted to hedge growth, as its many stiff branches armed with numerous sharp thorns make an etlective barrier. It was for that use and for ornamental planting that it was early brought to America. Here it does not seem to be entirely suited to our climatic conditions and has never won for itself the popularity it has in England. A few natural and several nursery varieties are found which vary widely from the normal type and some of these are of special orna- inentnl value. Among them are forms with d(juble white, red or variegated flowers, inci'^e 1 or variegated leaves, fastigiate or drooping habit of growth, etc., and in one the period of flowering is prolonged until autumn. In' Asia the tree is said to he cultivated for its fruit. Its wood is heavy, hard and very fine- grained, and is used in turnery. It is said to be the best substitute for Boxwood in wood- engraving. )ovntr oval jAdvca mostly broad-ovatf. 1-21-; in. Ions, wido-cuncatc or trtincatc and ontiro at liasc with 1-."! pairs of wide sprcadin',' lnhc^^. irrf'snlarly dentate or incisely serrate at apex, filahrous at maturity: stipules often prominent, semicordate. incisely dentate; petioles slender: liranehlets with numerous short thorns. Floirrrs aliout Vi in. iiroad white or pinkish, in many- flowered corymbs ; styles l-.*?. Fruit ohlons to suhglobose, %-l4 in. long: stones 1 or 2, when in pairs with 2 furrows on the inner side. Var. .rautJiovfirpn. Roem., has conspieuen-; y<'l- low fruit. Var. wniior/intn .Tacq.. ovi.rjnally de- scribed as a distinct species, has a single stone as shown in our illnstrat i< ii. .1^^% 4< \ SWEET CHERRY. MAZZARD CHERRY. PriniKs Avium L. I Fig. 304. Mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 305. Medium-size trunk. Staten Island, N. Y. 306. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the North: The Sweet or Mazzard Chorry is the most abundant of tlie introduced and naturalized Cherries. It is a much larger tree than the allied Sour Ciierry, sometimes attaining the height of from 50 to 75 ft. with rounded pyramidal top while young, having a central leader, but with age usually becoming wide- spreading. The trunks are vested in a smooth reddish brown laminated bark peeling ofT in transverse strips, and only on very large trunks, which are sometimes 2 or 3 ft. or more in diameter, does it lose its laminated character and show a tendency to low scaly ridges. Its native land is thought to be regions bordering on the Caspian Sea, but it is now widely naturalized throughout southern Europe and a considerable portion of eastern United States. The garden Cherries of which there are many kinds are derived almost without exception from this and the allied Sour Cherry. Those which have tlicir parentage in this species have generally distinctly sweeter fruit than the others and include the Black Tar- tarian, Bald Eagle. May Duke, Windsor, Na- poleon, etc. Varieties of the tree of special value for ornament rather than for fruit have been introduced, as forms having respectively very large leaves, pyramidial habit, pendulous branches, leaves variegated with yellow or white, double flowers, etc. From the fruit of tlie wild tree in Europe a cordial is made and from its tnmk exudes a useful gum. Its wood in Europe is valued for the manu- facture of furniture, musical instruments, etc., and in turnery. i Lrarcfi ovato-oblons. sli.Erhtly obovnto, mostly rounded at base and abruptly acuminate at apex, irregularly serrate, conduplicate in the bud and pubescent at first but finally thin, limp and drooii- incr. dull dark green above, pubescent at least on the veins beneath. Flnwrr.i expanding with the leaves, white, about 1 in. across in scaly umbels on short lateral spurs pedicels slender. Fruit depressed globular or heart-shaped, from yellow to dark red with generally juicy sweet flesh and globose pit.= 1. A. W., Ill, f^a. 2. For genus see pp. 440 441. ATE.s ANT) Canada. 263 SOUR CHERRY. PIE CHERRY. EGRIOT. Primus Cemsus' L. Fig. 307. Mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated pits, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 308. Trunk of tree. North Rush, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Xoktiierx States ■205 The Sour Cherry is a naturalized tree in the United States, having been introduced on ac- count of the value of its fruit, and has es- caped from cultivation. It is a low spreading or rounded tree, seldom more than 20 or 30 ft. ill height or with trunk more than 10 or 12 in. in thickness. The bark of young trunks is dis- tinctly laminate, but with age breaks up and exfoliates in thin curled scales, leaving a roughish, somewhat ridged inner bark. The native home of the Sour Cherry is thought to be the forests of northern Persia and Cau- casia, but it has become naturalized far out- side of these limits and is found growing spon- taneously in localities throughout the greatev part of Europe and in northern Africa and India, as well as in the United States. It is hardier than the allied Sweet Cherry, has smaller, more rigid and more upright leaves, its spreading top is generally without a centril leader and the bark of the trunk is less per- sistently laminate. Among the valuable garden cherries which have their origin in this species are the Amarelles, Early Richmond, Montmo- rency, etc., having a colorless juice, and the Morellos and Louise Philippe, etc., having a colored juice. They are all generally more tart in flavor than those of the P. Avium ori- gin and the trees hardier. There are also some forms of the Sour Cherry which are of special ornamental value, on account of double white or pink-tinted flowers or leaves variegated witli yellow or white. The normal characters are given below . The wood of the Sour Cherry is rather light, hird. brittle and of a light brown color with lighter sap-wood. Tliough of good qualities it i-; small and of no commercial importance in this country. 1 Leaves ovate to obovate, '21-2-4 in. Uincr. rounded or obtuse at base acute or abruptly acuminate unequally crenate-serrate, rather firm and thick, lustrous dark green above, paler beneath. Flowrvf: white, about 1 in. broad, appearing before or with the leaves in few-flowered very scaly sessile umbels from axillary buds on the growth of the previous season : calyx-lobes strongly reflexed. Fruit sub- globose or depressed globose, about V> in. in di- ameter (larger in cultivation) red. withtuit bloom. With juicy tart flesh and snbglobose pit. 1. A. W., IV, 82. PIGEON CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. BIRD CHERRY. WILD RED CHERRY. PrwKus Pennsiilvanica L. f. _i Fig. 309. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated pits, 2 ; leaves from sterile branch, 3 : branchlet in winter, 4. 310. Two trunks, in Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Treks of the IS'ortiii S'lA'iKS AND Canada. 267 Tho Pigeon Cherry is a small, handsome tree occasionally attaining the height of- 30 or 40 ft. and 10 or 12 in. in diameter of trunk, but is usually much smaller. It develops a rather narrow oblong top with slender upright branches. The bark of smaller trunks and branches is lustrous and of a rich wine color marked with prominent band-like lenticels and peeling off in horizontal strips. Few trees of northern regions equal it in beauty in early May, when each branchlet becomes a garland of delicate white flowers and tender bright green leaves, or in mid-summer when its flow- ers are succeeded by an abundance of small briglit red translucent long-stemmed cherries. It inhabits dry sandy soil, coming up in abundance from seeds scattered by the birds on forest tracks recently denuded by fires. Here, offering shade and shelter for the more tender seedlings of other and more useful trees. it vies with the Quaking Asp in hastening re- forestation. And then, as though its mission ended there, it dies as soon as its nurselings surpass it in size and really need the space it occupies. The wood is rather light, a cubic foot weigh- ing 31.30 lbs., soft and very close-grained but of little commercial importance. i Lrarrs oblong-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base and acuminate at apex, finely un(>(|ually ser- rato. slightly viscid when youns. smooth both sides at maturity, shinini;- srccn above, palm- be neath : pedicels slender, glandular above. Flo avis about 1/2 in. across in lateral 4-ri-tlowered umbels or corymbs with long pedicels. Fruit subglobose. about V4 in. in diameter, light red. translucent, with very tart iuicy flesh and oblong slightly com- pressed stone about .3-lG in. lony. 1. A. W., Ill, 55. CANADA PLUM. Prunus nigra Ait. i-ig. 311. Mature leaves, fruit and isolated pits, one in cross-section. 312. Trunk. Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Xorthern States and Canada. 209 The Canada Plum attains the heif^ht of 20 or 25 ft. and its trunk is occasionally 10 or 12 in. in thickness. It develops a broad or rounded top of many stiff and more or less contorted branches and small somewhat zigzag branch- lets. In the month of May its heretofore bare and blackened branches suddenly burst into a pro- fusion of flowers and is at once aswarm with myriads of bees, gathering their first harvest of the summer from its abundant nectar. At this season it is a beautiful and conspicuous object. Its orange and red fruit ripens in August and is valued both for immediate eating and for preserves and jellies. The quality of fruit varies considerably and some attention is being paid by pomologists to propagating and im- proving the better varieties. The Purple Yo- semite, Quaker and Weaver Plums are of this origin. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 43.17 lbs., hard and very close grained.i Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, mostly rounded or tapering at base, acuminate, unequally crenate- serrate, somewhat rugose, at maturity glabrous dark green above paler and prominently veined beneath ; petioles with dark glands near the leaf- blade. Floicers about 1 in. across in 3-4-flowered lateral glabrous umbels ; calyx lobes glandular- serrate and glabrous inside ; petals white, ovate- orbicular with short claws. Fruit oblong-ovoid, about 1 in. long, with thick yellow or reddish skin and oval compressed thick-walled pit, sharply and prominently ridged on the ventral edge and slightly grooved on the dorsal. 1. A. W., IV, 81. AMERICAN PLUM. WILD PLUM, Primus Americana Marsh. Fig. 313. Mature leaves and fruit, i; fruit in cross-section, 2; isolated pits, 3; branchlet from sterile shoot, 4 ; leafless branchlet in winter, 5. 314. Trunk. Southwestern Arkansas. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 271 The American Wild Plum tree attains the height of from 20 to 30 ft. and in regions most favorable to its growth a trunk diameter of 12 or 14 in., but is usually a considerahly smaller tree and is sometimes found fruiting as :i large shrub. It develops a symmetrical broad or rounded top of spreading and upriglil branches. Like the more northern Canada Plum it is one of the delights of early spring, wlicn cuv ered with its profusion of white flowers, and in mid-summer is quite as beautiful an object with its dark green leaves and red and yellow fruit. In quality of fruit it is variable, and pomologists have devoted considerable atten- tion to the propagation and improvement of the better sorts. The De Soto, Louisa, Itaska, Minnetonka, ets., are plums in cultivation of this origin. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 44.96 lbs., close-grained, hard and strong, but of no commercial importance.i Leaves ovate to obovate, 21^-4 in. long, nar rowed and rounded or tapering at base, acuminata at apex, sharply and sometimes doubly-serrati' nearly glabrous when they unfold and at maturity rugose, dark green above, paler and with pronii nent reticulate veins beneath ; petioles mostly glandless. Floircru when leaves are about half grown, in "J-i-llowered glabrous umbels: calyx lobes sometimes entire, pilose inside ; petals white, rounded with claw. Fruit subglobose or slightly elongated with tough acerb skin orange or red often with pale spots ; pit oval, rather smoothish and turgid and slightly ridged on the ventral side and obscurely grooved on the dorsal. Var. luiiata Sudw. is a form ranging from Missouri to Texas with onl)"seent under surfaces of leaves, calyx-lobes, iiedieels ami braiichlets. 1. A. W., XI, 257. WILD GOOSE PLUM. RIVER PLUM. Pnouis IwrfukoM Bailev. Fig. 315. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i; fruit in cross-section, 2; isolated pits. 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 316. Trunk (of var. IVaylandi) near Allenton, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 273 The Wild Goose Plum attains the height of 20 or 30 ft. with broad rounded top of rigid branches and trunk sometimes 10 or 12 in. in diameter. In localities it is found as a tall shrub forming thickets of considerable extent. It inhabits the low banks and islands of streams subject to annual inundation (for which rea- son it is sometimes called River Flum) in company with the Sycamore. River Birch, vari- ous Willows, Green Ash, Box-Elder, King-nut Hickory, Red-bud, etc. It is said that it takes its common name from the fact that one of the first noticed trees was grown from a stone taken from the crop of a wild goose. General orchard varieties are in cultivation, producing fruit of excellent quality. Among them are the Miner, Langston, Clinton, etc. (of var. Mineri) and the Wayland, Golden Beauty. Moreman, etc. (of var. Wai/landi) . The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and suitable for use in turnery. Lravcs ovate-lanceolate to ovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, long taper-pointed, closely glandular-serrate, pilose at first but at maturity glabrous, lustrous dark green above, paler and pilose in the axils of the prominent veins be- neath ; petioles with dark glands near the leaf- blade. Flowers when the leaves are about half grown, 1 in. or less across, in 2-4-flowered puber- ulous umbels : calyx with acute or rounded glandular-serrate lobes, pubescent both sides : petals white, rounded. Fruit subglobose or short- oblong, 1 in. or less in diameter, with thick tough red or yellow skin of pleasant flavor and with turgid stone prominently ridged on the ven- tral edge and grooved on th;' dorsal. CHICKASAW PLUM. Prunus augustifolia Marsh.^ 1 Fig. 317. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i : isolated pits, 2; branchlet in late autumn, 3. 318. Trunk in eastern Virginia. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 275 A small tree rarely over 20 or 25 ft. in height Avitli rather wide ruumiod top of spread- ing slt'nd,L'r hraiuhi'S, and trunk rarely more tliaii 8 or 1!) in. in diameter eovered with a thin dark brown bark rough with closely ap- pressed seales. It is often a shrub of but few feet in height forming thiekets of considerable extent. The fact that it is confined in its dis- tril)ution mostly to old fields and roadsides in tlie vicinity of human habitations suggests the thought that it may be an introduced tree, but from whence it is not known. Early set- tlers found it growing about the settlements of tlie Indians in the Soutli. among whom th-re was a tradition that it was brought from be- yond the Mississippi River. Its fruit is valued for immediate eating and for preserves and jellies and is regularly mar- keted in season in southern towns, commonly under the name of " mountain cherries." Vari- ous improved forms are sold by nursery houses but only suitable for the southern climate. Lrarcs lanceolate to lance-oblong. 1-2 in ]on^. mostly tapering at base, acute or apicuhUe at apex," sharply ser'rate, glabrous, lustrous bright green above, paler beneath and with short glabrdus or puberulous iietioles having two glands near the leaf blade. FJoirrrs small, about V:t in. across, expanding before the loaves in lateral 2-4-flowpred umbols, with slender glabrous pedicels : calyx glabrous with lobes pubescent inside ; petals white, rounded. Fniif ripening in early summer, sub- globose, about V. in. in diameter, lustrous red, without bloom, with thin skin, .iuicy sul)acid fl(>sb and turgid oblong thick-walled stone with thick rounded margins and somewhat grooved lu the dorsal suture. 1. Frunus Chicaaa Mlclix. ALLEGHANY SLOE. PORTER'S PLUM. Primus AUegJianiensis Porter. Fig. 319. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i; fruit in cross-section, 2; isolated pits, 3; branchlet in late autumn, 4. 320. Trunk (bearing 2-foot rule) near State College, Pa. For specimens and trunk picture the author is indebted to Prof. W. A. Buckhout. Handbook of Trees of the Northekn States The Alleghany Sloe is a small intricately branched tree, at best not surpassing 18 or 20 ft. in height or 8 or 10 in. in thickness of trunk, vested in a loose scaly bark. It is usually a straggling shrub forming in places extensive thickets and occupying alike low moist soil and well-drained slopes and limestone ridges. In distribution it is the most restricted of the Plums, being confined so far as now understood to central Pennsylvania, chiefly Tussey Mountain in Huntingdon Co., Bald Eagle Mountain and Valley and the Allegha- nies in Clearfield and Elk Counties. Occupy- ing the wildest places of these regions it escaped the notice of botanists until about thirty years ago. It is well worthy of cultivation in the garden both on account of its abundant flowers and small glaucous blue-black fruit which it produces in abundance. The fruit is of a pleasant subacid flavor and is gathered and used, in considerable quantities under the name of " sloes," by the country residents, for preserves, jellies, etc. It is quite probable that it will be improved by selection and cultiva- tion. Leaves obovate-elliptical, l^-S in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at base, acuminate at apex, sharply serrate, pubescent at first, finally puber- ulous, dark green above, paler and glabrous ex- cepting on veins beneath : petioles % in. long, puberulous. Flowers appearing in May with the leaves, Vi in. in diameter in 2-4-flowered umbels : calyx pubescent. Fniit ripens by the middle of August, suhglobose. about Vi in. in diameter, dark purple with bloom, on stout pedicels, with thickish skin, of jileasant subacid or austere fiavor and with turgid pit. *^^^**^V*^'- ^ "^■^ mk^ MAHALEB. PERFUMED OR ST. LUCIE CHERRY. Prunns Malmleh L. Fig 321. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; separated pits, 2; branchlet in winter, 3- ^22. Trunk with leaves at base and supporting the stem of a poison ivy vine, Rochester, N. Y. Handbook of Tkees of the Northern States and Canada. 279 The Mahaleb. Perfumed or St. Lucie Cherry properly descrvi's its imiue, " Perfumed " Chei;jy, as it lias fra<;rant foliage as well as fragrant Uowers, and its seeds, too, are fragrant, and so is its wood. It is a small tree sometimes attaining the height of 20 to 25 ft., with ratiier irregular obhjug or rounded top of short lateral branches and usually crooked or inclined trunk 8-10 in. in diameter. This is vested in a dark gray or brownish bark, rough with low irregular ridges and appressed scales. It is a native of middle and southern Europe and the Cau- casus, whence it is extensively imported into the United States as a valuable stock on which to graft garden cherries and has become natu- ralized in localities. Its small fruit is too austere and bitter to be edible, but it yields a violet dye and a fermented liquor is made from it resembling Kirschwasser. The seeds possess an agreeable flavor and odor, and a fixed oil expressed from them is used in per- fumery and among the Arabs is valued as a remedy against calculus in the bladder. The wood is heavy, hard, close-grained, of a dark reddish color and fragrant. It is known in Europe as the wood of St. Lucie and is valued by cabinet-makers and by the manufac turers of tobacco pipes and other small articles of wooden-ware. Tlu^ snuill rigid stems arc used for the stems of tobacco-pipes, walking- sticks, etc. Though a very interesting tree it is not commonly planted for ornamental pur poses in America and little use is made of here except as stocks for grafting purposes. Leaves broad-ovate to orbicular, mostly 1-2 in. long, rounded or slightly cordate at base, ab- ruptly acute at apex, finely crenate-serrate, firm, glaucous and fragrant : petioles slender, terete. Floivcrs May-.Tuno, small, scarcely i/(. in. across, white, fragrant and in umbels terminating short lateral branchlets. Fruit ripening in .Tuly, sub- globose. i;'{ in. in diameter, very dark red. with thin bitter flesh and slightly flattened pit. CHOKE CHERRY. Primus Virginiana L. Fig. 323. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; detached fruit, 2 ; pits, 3 : branchlet in winter, 4. 324. Trunk in Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Cana 2S1 The Choke Cherry is usually a tall shrub and only under the most favorable conditions does it become a tree liU to 30 ft. in height, with irregular rounded top and crooked or leaning trunk. This is rarely more than or 8 in. in diameter, and is vested in a grayish brown more or less mottled and rather smooth bark. It is abundant over a large part of its range growing in moist rich soil of river l)()ttoms and along fence-rows and road-sides, where its finger-like i-acemes of white Ihiwers make it a beautiful object in the nidiitli of ^lay, and its stems of dark red cherries when fully ripe offer refreshment to the wayfarer in the heat of midsummer. The fruit is used in making pies and jellies and is gathered for these uses and marketed in many Canadian towns. Its name is appropriately given in allusion to the consequence of attempting to eat the fruit when not thoroughly ripe, for it is then too astrin- gent to be easily swallowed. Leaves obovate to oval or oblong, narrow and rounded or tapering at base, abruptly acuminate or sometimes acute at apex, finely and sharply serrate with slender pointed teeth, glabrous and dull dark green above, paler and pubescent along the veins beneath. Floircrs Vi-% in. across in cylindrical racemes terminating leafy branchlets ; petals suborbicular. Fruit about % in. in di- ameter, shining dark or light red (rarely yellow) Eubglobose austere and astringent until very ripe then edible ; stone nearly globose, about Vi in. long. ^^^^H ^v • I..!,,- ^^^^^^H .^ ^H ^bt^l"' wr ^C^'] m >.^ jj^tfV^ ' PR h fS^ A r~ f^- ^ ..V- "''-,- - lu;^ r _ ■/, *':^^**mM r ^ '^"• rn^M . *. ^^iS- ■Il^v -^ •^'.^^•• ■l^v > «* ;lof/ -k'-' ^^-^^ HI :. *V .: 1 ? ■ -^x.*/ ^fs :Vi! ^'■hf:: : . ;My. *f",;. V ■ : ',^ ■ ^ ^ •It \^y^ y '- . ^* • .^^ -f ^^-^yS^ i^'Wrk ^-^•!:-J^ •- ■ --''(^xvV^ ._ " L^i f*** *" «i 9-^,' -'. ' -■'vA^ i^^ •■-,«>lA; ■y'MM'/^ ^"^^yK f^^m^- ''^^ ?^/ . ^ WILD BLACK CHERRY. Prunus serotina Ehrh. j 4 — -1 i- 1 % \j m f V i -t ■_ i f jf. m 1 .§ 1 1 — ! ^" hi" 1' * 1 1/ pp 1 « flti H - 4^^^^^^^^^^^^^ A-^ ^1 r 1 ^ 11 ^ ^' ^ 1 1 r Fig- 3-25- Branch with leaves and ripe fruit, i ; detached fruit, 2 ; pits, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 326. Trunk in forest in western New York. I Handbook of Trees of the jSTokthekn States and Ca 283 Tliis is one of tho most valunhlo troos of tlie American forests, sometimes attniiiiii^r tlie lieiyht of 80-100 ft., with stiai.^lit columnar sealy-harked trunk ;!-.-> ft. in tliiektic-s. When isolated it develojjs an oblong or rounded top of slender rigid branches, and growing alike on dry gravelly slopes and moist intervales it is one of the chief elements of many tracts of forests of the Appalachian regions. Its llowers appear later than those of otlier re|)reseiita- (ives of the geiuis (hence tlie specilic name, from a Latin word meaning late) and when its leafy top is trimmed with its many nod- ding racemes of small wliite Ihiwers it is a highly ornamental tree. Its fruit, when fully ripe is of pleasant vinous flavor and is often used in making rum, and the aromatic bark is valued as a flavoring, as a tonic and sedative medicine. The wood of wliich a cubic foot weighs 30.28 lbs. is strong, ratlier hard and very close grained and one of our most valuable woods for furniture making and interior finishing.^ Leaves oval or oblona: to lanco-obovate. 2-.^) in. long, tapering or rounded at base, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved teeth, glabrous, thick lustrous dark green above, paler beneath, with slender petioles bearing red glands. Floirrrs opening when the leaves are nearly grown, 14 in. across in erect or nodding racemes 4-6 in. long, terminating short leaf.v lirancblets ; calyx with short lobes, persistent : petals obovate. Fruit sob- globose and somewhat lobed, %-V^ in. in di- ameter, reddish black with juicy purple flesh of vinous flavor and stone about Vi in. long pointed at apex. 1. A. W., II, 29. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE. Cercis Canadensis L. Fig. z^?- Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 328. Trunk with stems of poison ivy vines. Red River valley, Ark. 329. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkees of the Northern States and Canada. 285 The Red-bud is a small tree, sometimes in forest growth attaining a height of 40 or 50 ft., but when isolated does not attain so great a height and then develops a low wide flat- topped or a rounded head. The trunk is rarely more than 10-12 in. in diameter, clothed in a grayish or reddish brown scaly bark. It inhabits the banks of ravines and rich bottom-lands, sometimes forming an under- growth in forests of taller trees, and in early spring its abundant pink llowers make it a beautiful object. Associating as it does with the Flowering Dogwood and flowering at the same season of the year, one rarely sees a more beautiful tloral medley than that pre- sented by these two trees, a bank of Red-bud flowers making a beautiful setting for the large white flower-heads of the Dogwood. In sum- mer its glossy round heart-shaped leaves are unsurpassed in attractiveness by the foliage of any other tree, and it is justly popular for ornamental planting. The wood, of which a cubic foot weighs 39.G.5 lbs., is of a yellowish brown color with thin sap-wood, and is of little commercial import- ance. Leaves cordate-orbicular, 3-5 in. long and broad, truncate or cordate at base, obtuse or acute at apex, entire, thickish, lustrous above, hairy in the axils of the veins beneath, bright yellow in au- tumn. Flowers about % in. long, in sessile um- bels : corolla pink purple. Fruit: pod 2%--iV2 JQ- long, short stalked in the calyx : seeds oblong, Vi in. long! 1 F genus see pp. 441-442. COFFEE-TREE. Gymnocladus dioicus Kocli.^ Fig. 330. Branch with leaf and mature fruit, i ; pods open and in section, 2 and 3 ; branchlet xn winter, 4. 331. Trunk of tree near Allenton, Mo. i32. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. ' Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 28Y The CofTectree, or as it is commonly called the Kentucky t'dH'cc-ticc, sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. and in tlic forests with straight colinmiar trunk 2-4 ft. in thickness covered with a grayisli bark, rough with firm prominent scales. In the open it de- velops a rather wide ohovoid top. conspicuous in summer on accoinit of its graceful airy foliage and perhaps intersper.sed with its great brown pods. On the approach of winter its manner of shedding its large bicompound leaves suggested to tiie common mind the er- roneous idea that it is shedding also its twigs and its appearance then, when leafless, has given rise to the name Shtnip-trcc. It is con- fined in its distribution to low rich bottom- lands in company with the I^lack Walnut, Buckeye, Ked-bud, Hackberry, Slippery Elm, Honey Locust, Oaks and Hickories, but is no- where abundant. Its common name. CofTee- tree. is given to it because its seeds in eirly days were used to some extent as a substitute for coffee. The wood, of which a cu. ft. when abso- lutely dry weighs 4.3.21 lbs., is heavy, strong and viTy durable, aiul is useful for posts, rail- way ties, furniture, etc- Lrnrcfi larcjo. 2-:^>-ft. long, with strong petioles and 1()-1S pinn;p each bearing 10-14 ovate mem- braneous neai-Iy glabrous leaflets. Flnirrrs stami- nate flower -eliistevs :V() in. long; the pistillate 10-112 in. Ion',' with lonser pedicels. Fruit pods mostly 4-10 in. lon-i. lV?-2 in. broad, remaining closed on the brnnchlets late into the winter with sweet pulp and seeds % in. across.^ 1. Syn. Gunnioflnihis- Caiiadcsix Lam. HONEY LOCUST. Gleditsia triacantlios L.^ i Fig. 333. Piece of branch bearing leaves and fruit, the leaves being mostly " asleep " (i. e., with leaflets closed together, as they do at night), i ; portion of pod with side removed, 2; leaf with leaflets spreading apart as they do in day-time, 3 ; large branching thorn, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 334. Trunk near St. Louis, Mo. 335- Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the !N"orthebn States and Canada 280 The Honey Locust attains the height of from 75 to 140 ft. when fjrowing in tlie forests, and when isolated develops a broad rounded or lofty Hat-topped head with drooping lateral branches and of very characteristic aspect. Its trunk, commonly 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, excep- tionally 5 or ft., is vested in a dark gray bark witli closely appressed firm scales. It usually bears a rigid sharp 1-3-pointed glossy purple-brown thorn above tlie axil of each leaf. and the trunk and bases of the large branches often bristle with very formidable branching thorns, but trees are occasionally met with in which the thorns are nearly or entirely absent. It inhabits chiefly moist bottom-lands in com- pany with various Oaks and Hickories, the Black Walnut, Hackberry, Buckeye, etc.. and although growing naturally only west of the Alleghanies and in the Mississippi valley h:i3 become widely naturalized outside of its origi- nal range. It is extensively planted for orna- mental purposes, hedges, etc. From its incon- spicuous flowers the bees gather much honey. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 42 lbs., strong and very durable and is used for railway-ties, posts and in the manufacture of agricultural implements. 2 Leaves 7-10 in. long with 7-10 pairs of leaflets or 4-8 pairs of pinna' with piiliescent petioles and rachises. the leaflets short-stalkod. oblons-lance- olate, inequilatoral at liase. obfiiso or rounded at each end. crennlatc. lustrous dark irrccu above. paler and often pubescent on the uiidiibs bcnoatli. Floirrrx (June) from axils of the leaves of tlie previous season, green and rich in honey, the staminate in dense and sometimes clustered race- mes, the pistillate in few-flowered and usually solitary racemes. Fruit pods, linear, 10-18 iii. long, shining dark brown and usually contorted and twisted in short racemes and containing numerous hard oval compressed seeds separated by a sweetish succulent pnln " 1. Sometimes spelled Glcditschia. 2. A. W., II, 28. 8. For genus see p. 412. WATER LOCUST. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh.^ Fig- 336. Piece of branch with leaves and fruit, " asleep," 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 337. Trunk in southern Illinois near St. Louis. fruit opened, 2 ; isolated seeds, 3 ; leaf Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 291 The Water Locust attains a height of 50 orl 60 ft. and its short trunk is sometimes 2 or Sj ft. in diameter. It divides usually within a few feet of the ground into several branches forming a bushy rounded top more or less flat- tened above, with contorted spiny branches. Sometimes the trunk also is beset with for- midable great rigid branching thorns. The bark of trunk is thin, firm, rough with small corky excrescences and is sometimes sparingly scaly. It inhabits only deep swamps, the bor- ders of sloughs and low river banks subject to long inundation, in company with the But- ton-bush, Forestiera, Planer-tree, Bald Cypress, Water and Tupelo Gums, various Willows, etc. and is most abundant and of largest size in the lower Mississippi valley. The wood, of which a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 45.76 lbs., is heavy, hard and strong, of a reddish brown color with thick pale yellow sap-wood. - Leaves 5-10 in. long with .5-7 pairs of pinnate or bi-pinnate pinnae of .".-12 paiivs of ovate to ob- long leaflets, usually oblique at base, rounded at apex, finely crenate-serrate, thick and firm, lustrous dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers appearing in June in slender elongated racemes. Fruit: pods lustrous brown, thin, 1-2 in. long, in pendent racemes, oblique-ovate, pointed at both ends, with long slender stalk, without pulp and containing a solitary (or sometimes 2) flat sub- orbicular yellow-brown seed % in. in diameter. 1. Sj'n. Glcditsia monospernia Walt. 2. A. W.. V. 109. YELLOW-WOOD. GOPHER-WOOD. VIRGILIA. Cladmstis lutea (Michx.) Koch. Fig. 338- Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; pod with side removed, of dehiscence, 3 ; isolated seeds, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 339. Trunk in cultivation in northern New York. 340. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. others showing method Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 293 The Yellow-wood is one of the rarest as ■well as one of the most beautiful trees of the American forests. It attains the height of from 50 to (iO ft. with trunk from 1 to 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, vested in a thin smooth gray- ish beech-like bark, showing in delicate streaks the lighter inner bark as the outer becomes fissured in growth. Its short trunk usually divides within a few feet from the ground into few large branches, which ramify and form a graceful broad or rounded top, when unob- structed by surrounding trees. It grows natu- rally in rich well-drained soil, and mainly on lime-stone ridges along the banks of the streams which carry the waters from the west- ern slopes of the Alleghany mountains into the Ohio River. Its desirable habit of growth, its ample clean foliage little affected by blight or insects, and its long stems of pure white flowers, showing in beautiful contrast among its rich green leaves, make it a very desirable tree for ornamental planting. This fact was recognized a centur}' ago by its discoverer who sent its seeds to Europe, and it now lends its charm to almost every European collection. In this country, too, it is a favorite ornamental tree proving to be hardy as far north as north- «rn New York and Ontario. The wood is rather light, a cubic foot when •absolutely dry weighing 39.12 lbs., hard and strong, the heart-wood being of a clear yellow color when freshly cut. but soon changing to brownish, and the thin sap-wood is nearly white.i A yellow dye is made of the heart- wood. For botanical characters see generic descrip- tion, this being the only species. 2 1. A. W., XII, 280. 2. For genus see pp. '412-443. LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST. Rohinia Pseudacacia L. Fig. 341. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, some showing process of dehiscence; branchlets in ■ winter, 3. 342. Trunk of tree at North Rush, N. Y. 343. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Xorthekx States a>;d Canada. 295 This favorite tree attains the height of 70 or 80 ft. with a trunk diameter of 3 or 4 ft. and when isolated from the influence of other trees develops a rather narrow oblong top with more or less contorted sinuous branches. Us natural home is thought to be limited to the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains as indi- cated on our map, but on account of its valua- ble wood, the delicacy and beauty of its grace- ful foliage and fragrant flowers it has been probably more extensively planted both in this country and Europe for ornament and use than any other North American tree, and being pos- sessed of a hardy adaptable constitution it has become widely naturalized throughout eastern United States and Canada. Several nursery varieties are found in cultivation. The wood of the Locust is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 45.70 lbs., hard, strong and very durable, and highly valued in ship-building, for fence posts, in turnery and especially for treenails. Medicinal prop- erties (tonic, purgative and emetic) are found in the bark of the roots. i Leaves 8-14 in. long with glalirons petioles and stipules finally spiny and persistent, 7-0 ovate- oblong or oval leaflets, 1-2 in. long, rounded at both ends and emarginate and mucronate at apex. thin, glabrous, dull dark green above, paler and pubescent on the midrib beneath ; stipels linear, caducous : branchlets glabrous or nearly so. Flowers in late spring, white, in loose puberulous racemes, 4-5 in. long, very fragrant and nectifer- ous ; pedicels about V2 in. long ; calyx gibbous, the lowest lobe acuminate and longest ; petals white, standard blotched with yellow beneath. Fruit: pods 2-4 in. long, purplish, maturing in late autumn and persisting on thp leafless branch- lets late into the winter: seed .'i-K; in. Ion";.' 1. A. W., IV, 80. 2. For genus see p. 443. CLAMMY LOCUST. Rohinia vlscosa Vent. Fig. 344. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 345. Small trunk with leaves at base. : half of pod with seeds, Staten Island, N. Y. branchlet in winter, 3. Handbook of Trees of the Kortherx States and Canada 20' The Clammy Locust is a small tree, only under the most favorable conditions attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. and 10 or 12 in. in diameter of trunk. Such individuals are rare as it is usually not of half that size and often only a large shrub, spreading, as do other representatives of the genus, by underground stems and forming considerable thickets. As an isolated tree it has a rather open oblong top with slender branches. Its branchlets and all new growths are covered with a shining sticky exudation and viscid hairs, by which it may be readily recognized. Its native home is restricted to the high slopes 01 the Alleghany Mountains, in the in- teresting forests where only are found the Rhododendron, Kalmia, Witch Hazel, Moun- tain Holly, etc., in tree forms, and there it is by no means common. On account of its handsome foliage and flowers, however, it has been widely planted for ornamental purposes throughout eastern United States and Europe and has become naturalized in many locali- ties, as far north in this country at least as the Canadian frontier. Its wood is similar to that of the Yellow Locust, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 50.44 lbs., but is not of commercial import- ance. Leaves 10-12 in. long with slender sticky {ilandular-hispid petioles, ll-i!l ovato-obloni^ nearly glabrous petiolulate leaflets from 1-2 in. in longth, rounded at base, rounded or pointed and mucronate at apex : stipules subulate and somo- times delicate spines : stipels very small and slender ; branchlets and all new growths glandular hispid. Flou-crs (June) in rather dense oblong axillary racemes, not fragrant, rose-colored, the standard marked on inner face with yellow blotch. Frtiit: pods. 2-Zy2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, thin gladular hispid with reniform seeds about Vs in. long. PRICKLY ASH. TOOTH-ACHE TREE. Xanthoxylum Clara-Herculis L} I Fig. 346. Branchlet with mature leaves and clusters of fruit, i; scattered empty capsules and seeds . • branchlet bearing prickles in winter, 3. They do not all bear pnck es the first season. 347.' Trunk with leaves and small prostrate trunk at base. Red R.ver Valley, Arkansas- 348. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Caxad.' 209 The Prickly Ash is a small tree rarely at- taining the height of 40 or 50 ft. with trunk 12-18 in. in diameter, but usually is much smaller and often shrubby. Its tendency when isolated is to develop a broad roundeJ top of many spiny branches, and its peculiar bluish gray bark of trunk is sure to attract attention. This is smooth and studded with scattered barnacle-like corky bossess, each tipped with a thick sharp spine which, however, finally falls away. A fancied resemblance ia these spiked trunks to the club of Hercules has sug- gested its specific name, and the hooked spines of its branches have given it its apt collo- quial names " Wait-a-bit " and " Tear-blanket," while its pungent bark has given it the name " Sting-tongue " among the southern negroes. This property, too, as a source of relief in tooth-ache has caused it to be known as Tooth-ache tree. Its wood is light, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 31.51 lbs., soft, close-grained and of little value. Its bark, however, is highly valued among the southern negroes for the medicinal properties mentioned of the genus. 2 Leaves ii-15 in. long, tardily deciduous, glabrous, with more or less spiny petioles and 3-9 pairs of ovate-lanceolate, often falcate, subcoriaceous leaf- lets, rounded and oblique at base, acute or acumi- nate, shiny above, dull beneath, crenate-serrate. Flowers appear after the leaves in large terminal compound cymes : sepals minute, persistent : petals oval, greenish, %-Vi in. long: stamens .'> with slender exserted filaments ; pistils .3 or 2, with sessile ovaries and short styles bearing 2- lobed stigmas. Fruit mature in early autumn with oblique-ovoid pitted 1-seeded capsule, the seed after dehiscence hanging outs^ide. Var. fruticosinn Oray, is a shrubby form in western Texas with short often .^-foliate pubescent leaves and blunt coriapeons leaflets.' 1. Syn. Fagara Clava-Hcrculis (L.) Small. 2. A. W., V, 106. 3. For genus see p. 443. WAFER-ASH. HOP-TREE. P tele a trifoliata L. K Fig- 349- Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit ; leafless branchlet in winter. 350. Large trunk with leaves at base. In cultivation in New York. 351. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tke.es of the Northern States and Canada. 301 The Wafer Ash is more often a shrub thin a tree, but is occasionally found attaining the height of 20 or 25 ft. with broad or rounded top, and trunk sometimes 10 or 12 in. in diame ter. I have seen it in southern Ontario witli a short trunk 16 in. in diameter, but such a Bize is very exceptional. Its dark green tri foliate leaves and conspicuous bunches of light green wafer-like fruit make it an ornamental object in late summer, and in winter, it is hardly less conspicuous on account of the fruit which persists seared and dry upon its naked branches long after the leaves have fallen. The flavor and odor of its leaves and bark when bruised is very similar to that of the hop for which it is sometimes used as a sub- stitute in brewing beer, and it is from th-.it fact that it takes its name Hop-tree. The wood is rather heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 51.84 lbs., hard and close-grained. 1 An extract from its bark is sometimes used as a tonic in medicine. Leaves with 3 subsesslle ovate to oblong leaflets, varj'ing from rounded to cuneate at base, acumi- nate at apex, remotely crenulate, pubescent at first but flnall.y lustrous dark green above, glandu- lar-dotted beneath. Flowers in mid-summer, of disagreeable odor. Fruit flat, similar to that of an elm but larger-winged all around in dense clusters and ])ersisting on the branches nearly all winter. - 1. A. W., IV, 77. 2. For gonus see p. 444. AILANTHUS. TREE-OF-HEAVEN. Aihnthus glandulosus desf. Fig. 352. Branch bearing mature leaxes and fruit, i , detached samars, 2; branchlet in winter, 3- 353. Trunk in southern Ilhnois, opposite St. Loui^. 354. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. i Handbook of Trees of the Northeen States and Canada, 303 The Ailanthus is a handsome naturalized tret sometimes attaining, in its native land, the height of 80 or 100 ft. with ratlier loose open top and trunk 2 to 3 or more feet in thickness. Its large plume-like leaves are familiar objects in the door-yards and parks of many of our eastern towns, giving a tropical apptnirunce scarcely equaled by any other tree of like hardiness. Nor is its ornamental value in lute summer often surpassed by any ntlicr tree, when it? frond-like foliage is interspersed with large bunches of brilliantly colored fruit. It is par- ticularly well adapted to planting for shade and ornamental i)urposos, being a hardy treo of very rapid growth and little affected by the dust and smoke of cities. For this purpose, however, only the pistillate trees should be used as they are of greater ornamental value and their flowers are free from the objection- able ordor found with the staminate flowers. Those to most people are ill-scented and their pollen is said to aggravate catarrhal troubles. The native habitat of the Ailanthus is China and Japan, where an excellent quality of silk is made from a worm which lives upon its foliage. It is widely naturalized in eastern United States. The wood is of medium hardness and of •coarse open grain. i Leaves 12-.''>0 in. long, with l.'?-41 stallied leaf- lets which are from ovate to lanceolate oblons;, 2-4 in. long, rounded or subcordate at base, acumi- nate, entire but with 3-4 glandular teeth at base. Flowers (.Tune) yellowish-green, in panicles of tea 1 ft. or more in length ; stamens villous at base. Fruit samaras about 1% in. long, spirally twisted. - 1. A. W., I, 4. 2. For genus see p. 444. AMERICAN SMOKE-TREE. CHITTAM-WOOD. Cotinus Amencanus Niitt.-^ Fig- 355- Branchlet with leaves, fruit and plumose sterile pedicels (an herbarium specimen), i assortment of fresh leaves, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 356. Trunk, near Carthage, Mo. 357- Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkejks of the N(j The American Smoko-trcc is a larger tree than the European species, as it sometimes attains tlie height of 30 or IJf) ft., with a clear iniuk 12-14 ill. in tliickncss and linn s])reading branches. The trunk divides at S or 10 ft. honi tlicgioiind into a few largr l.ranciies, whicli form a hroad open tup. Tiic l.aik of trunk is of a grayish color and very rough with thin oblong somewhat imbricated scales. It is one of till- rarest American trees, being found on rocky slopes singly or in small groves scat- tered among other trees in the limited re- gions indicated on the accomi)anying map. The Venetian tree with its beautiful plumose bunches of sterile pedicels and fruit, making its top suggestive of a puff of smoke or spray, is a familiar object in ornamental shrubberies. It is a tree vastly improved by selection and propagation upon its native condition, and the American tree, while now less profuse in its display of " smoke." than the European tree may be susceptible of like improvement, while it has the additional advantage of greater Kize and more ornamental foliage. The wood is rather light, a cu. ft. weighing when absolutely dry 40.04 lbs., soft, durable and of a light yellow or orange color and very thin white sap-wood and is used locally for dying orange color. - Leaves oval to obovate. 4-0 in. long, thinish. mostl.v pptiolato but the lowermost of the season's {growth subsessile. decurrent on the petioles, rounded or emarginate at apex, entire, glabrous, dark green above, naler and pubescent on the midribs beneath. Flnirrrs (April-Ma.v» Vs. in. across greenish, in panicles ."-C. in. long. Friiil drupelets about Vs in. lon^ and prf)duced sparingly among the plumose steril pedicels.' K-.N- S'l -VND CaNADJ 30^ 1. Syn. Rhus cotinoides loides (Nutt.) Britt. 2. A. W., XT, 256. o. For genus see p. 44rt. Nutt. Cotinus cnti STAGHORN SUMACH." Bhus hirta (L.) Sudw. Fig. 3S8. Branchlet with leaves and fruit 359. Trunk in St. Louis, Mo. 360. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. detached drupelets, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. Handbook of Trees of the Nobthekn States and Canada. 307 The St;il low-green, in terminal dense comnound panicles, stamlnate pan'eles much the largest : branchlets velvety pnboscent. FD'it drunps about Vs in. in diameter, globose, covered with Crimson acid hairs and massed in comn.ict nanicles vi-iiicb are conspicuous du'-inT the eiiMre winter al the ends of 1hi> velvely branchlets.' 1. Rhus typJiina L. 2. A. W., I, 5. '•i. For genus see p. 44.">. DWARF SUMACH. RliKS copalUna L. Fig. 361. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; detached drupelets, 2; branchlet in winter, 3- 362. Small trunk on Staten Island, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Noktiiern States and C^ :;()0 The Dwarf Sumach, as its name implies, is a small tree at best and iiiucli more commonly ji shrub than a tree; still it sometimes attains the height of 25 or 30 ft. with trunk 8 or 10 in. in diameter. This is j,'enerally more or less leaning and divided into a few large branches, ultimately forming a wide spreading top. Tl is an abundant species covering dry gravelly slopes often to the exeliision of nearly every- thing else. Us singular and beautiful leaves, with rachises winged between the leatlets. give it an individuality at once reeogni/.able. and its bunches of crimson fruit add not a little to its ornamental vahu'. In autuiini it is brilliant in various tints of red jind purple. The wood is light, a cubic foot weighing 32.8(i lbs., soft and of a greenish brown color with lighter sap-wood. Tlie bark and leaves are rich in tannin and the fruit similar in l)r<)perties to tiiat of tlie Stag-horn Suniacli. Lciins di'ciduous. piuiiati'. (i-S in. lonj;-. witli pubescent petiole and rachis, tlie latter winjicd between the leaflets ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate ti> oblong, subsessile, entire or remotely serrate towards the apex, acute or acuminate, lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath. Flowers in midsummer, about Vs in. across, yellow- green, in short dense pubescent terminal itanicles. 4-6 in. long; the pislillate c<,usid..rably smaller. Fruit in compai-t .Teci ..r Udddini; cliistry of its brilliant red and orange tints '^ il()ul)led by reflection in their waters, and the beauty of such a scene is rarely forgotten. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry, weighing 27.30 lbs., tough and of a golden yellow color streaked with tints of brown and green and witli cl(>ar white sap- wood." Lrnrrs 7-14 in. long and with T-l.T short-petio- late ovate-oblong or obovate entire leaflets {tlio terminal one often 2 or o-lobed) obtuse or acute and nnoqual at liase and mostly acuminate at apex. lnstr(i\is dark green above, paler and prominently veined beneath. Fhiirirs (.tune) yellow-green, VU in. across, in long loose axilary panicles. Fruit ripens in Sei>tember and often hangs from leafless branches in the winter, in long loose panicles: drupe compressed globose, about Vi in. in di- ameter, shining ivory white or grayish ; stone striated. 1. Syn. JOii ■itcuata deC 2. Drs. Seward and Wakelev, of Orange, N. J., tell me that they find in the fluid extract of Orindclia rohiista an almost infallible remedy against the poisoning of Poison Sumach, Ivy, and the allied species. They administer it both as an internal remedy (in doses of one drop everv two hours) and as a topical applicant. \'^.*'-JLA |^j| m jPWM^HBIJ' "i ■^ >."^f k\ ^Khmm 'm "^m m 1 '-5? w ■ §§ ^^"-•^i*^. >^.^i .'^^^■' 48 1^^^ AMERICAN HOLLY. Ilex opaca Ait. Fig. 365. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; detached fruit and nutlets. 366. Large trunk in eastern North Carolina. 367. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Noktiiekn States and Canada. 313 The Holly is a beautiful evergreen, whose leaves and bright berries add to the cheer of Christmas-time in almost every home through- out the land, and are familiar objects to many who do not have an opportunity of seeing a growing tree, though a common object in the forests of the Southern States. There it at tains the height of 40 or 50 ft. with a narrow pyramidal top of many horizontal or drooping lateral branches and a smooth-barked trunk occasionally 2 or 3 ft. (rarely more) in diame- ter. It occupies well-drained slopes and bottom- lands in company with various Oaks and Hick- ories, the Red Cedar, Whitewood, Magnolias, Hornbeam, etc., rarely if ever forming exclu- sive forests. Few trees equal it in ornamental value, especially in late autumn and winter, when its associates are mostly bare and leaf- less and its bright red berries show in strong contrast to its dark green leaves. But alas! with many a fine tree its beauty causes its downfall, so great is the demand for its sprays for Christmas decoration. The wood is light, a cubic foot weighing 36.26 lbs., tough, close-grained and nearly white, and is valued in turnery, in cabinet- making, ete.i Leaves persistont, elliptical to obovato, spiuy- tipped and with few spiny teeth or occasioually entire, thick, coriacious, dull dark green and cen- trally grooved aliove, paler, yellowish green and pubescent beneath. Flowers in the spring, from the axils of the new leaves or scattered at the base of the growth, the staminate in .3-9-flowered cymes, the pistillate singly or 2-3 together ; calyx acute, cilliate. Fruit: drupe subglobose, i/4 in. in diameter, red or rarely yellow ; nutlets pronii nently ribbed.^ 1. A. W., Ill, 52. 2. For genus see p. 44.". CASSENA. DAHOON. Ilex Cassine L.^ Fig. 368. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated fruits, 2 ; nutlets, 3 ; tip of vigorous shoot, 4. 369. Trunk of tree in Okefenokee Swamp, Ga. < Handbook of Trees of the Nokthebn States and Canada. .315 Tlie Cassena is a beautiful small tree of the coast regions (if tlif soutlicru Atlantic and Gulf Slates, oeeasioiially attaining,' tlie iieight of 20 or 30 ft. with Ijioatl rounded top and trunk sometimes 12 or 18 in. Iti diameter, or is often no more than a large slirub. It grows mainly in the humid soil of swamps and about the borders of pine barren ponds in company with the Cypress. Ogechee Lime. Gums, Sweet Bay, Water and Laurel Oaks. Water Hickory, Planer-tree. etc. Rare in the northern part of its range it becomes common southward, reach ing its largest size and abundance in southern Alabama, Georgia and Florida. Iti these re- gions it is often known as Hcnilcrson-icood. Its wood is light, a cu. ft. wlien absolutely dry weighing 29.i).'> lbs., tough, close-grained, easily worked and of a ilear ereamj' white color. - Insistent. oblanceolatc Lcirrs ■^-■.\ in. 1 larjiinati or o.vovaie. IK', ciincatc at base. ol)tuse or acute or (sometimes rounded or retuse) at apex with revolute and entire margins or vei'y re- motely and sliarply aiipressed serrate near apex, thick, shining darlc green above, paler and pubes- cent on midriljs beneath : petioles short, stout and usually pubescent. Flowers white,, scarcely 14 in. broad, in hairy pedunculate clusters from the axils mainly of the leaves of the year, the staminate 3-9-flowered and the pistillate usually .3-flowered. common peduncles nearly 1 in. long ; calyx lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit red drupes ripening in au- tumn and persisting tuitil spring. suI)gl(il)ose, 14 in. in diameter; nutlets promini'mly ribbed. 1. Syn. Ilex Dahoon Walt. 1'. A. W., XII, 276. Sj W' <;Wo h "-^c;-" n-' ^ a. f^^P;,^ j^f j MO. % 3;^ iVS MlSsfy'ALAf GA ^y/ \/ Vj ^-\ i \J ^-^ YAUPON. Ilex vomitoria Ait. Fig. 370. Branchlets with mature fruit : scattered fruits and nutlets. 371. Trunk of small tree in eastern North Carolina. Handbook ok Treks of tjik ^^)ktiikkn States and Canada. 317 riie Yau[)(jii is a small tree occasionally iiUixining the lu'ij,'lit of 20 or 30 ft., with dense top of many branches and usually more or less inclined trunk from G to 10 or 12 in. in di ameter. It is often shrubby, sending up several trunks from a common base. It is confined to the immediate vicinity of the coast, seeming to rccjuire the intluence of the sea breezes in order to maintain its existence, excepting in the lower Mississippi valley where it ventures farther inland. It is a tree of rare beauty in autumn and winter, when its brilliant red berries and handsome dark shining green leaves on livid branchlets are sought for Christmas decorations. The leaves of the species possess strong emetic properties, as implied in both the specific name and one of the vernacular ?iames — Enwtic HoUi/, — which was a fad known to the Indians in early days. From these leaves they made their " black drink " which was used both as a medicine and cere monial drink, and to partake of it they jour neyed from far inland to the coast at regular intervals. The wood is rather heavy, hard, close grained and of a creamy white color, suitable for use in turnery, for inlaid work, etc. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 45.31 lbs. Lcai-es persistent, elliptical or oblong. 1-2 in. long, obtuse at both ends, crenate, coriaceous, lustrous dark green above, paler beneath : petioles sliort (about Vs in.) and thick. Flowers in glab- rous cymes from the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the staminate short-peduneled and sevoral-flowered ; tlie pistillate 1 or 2-flowered and sessile. Fruit rijiening late in autumn, subglo- bose. bright rod. about M in. in diameter, often in great abundance and i)prsisting until spring with stems about V4 in. long : nutlets obtuse at both ends and prominently ribbed. 1. Syn. Ilex Cassine Walt. SWAMP HOLLY. DECIDUOUS HOLLY. llr.r (Jccidua Walt. Fig. i72. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, i ; nutlets, 2 ; branchlet from vigorous shoot, 3 : branchlet in winter showing persistent fruit stems at base, 4. 373. Trunk of tree in Red River valley. Ark. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 319 The Deciduous Holly throughout most of its I range is only a shrub, but in localities west | of the Mississippi, particularly in Arkansas, it becomes a small straggling tre<' occasionally 'iii ft. in height, with crooked or inclined trunk 6 or 8 in. in diameter and covered with a smooth pale gray more or less mottled bark, it inhabits swampy places overhanging the borders of lakes and streams in company with the Red-bud, Prickly Ash, Soapberry, Missis- sippi Hackberry, Rusty Nannyberry, Rough- leaved Dogwood, Cypress, etc. In such localities in Autumn it is one of the most beauti- ful objects of these interesting regions, par- ticularly after the leaves have fallen and its conspicuous red fruit persists long upon its leafless branches. Its wood is rather heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 46.24 lbs., hard, close- grained and creamy white in color. Leaves deciduous, lance-obovate or spatulatp, l%-3 in. long, cuneate at base, acute, obtuse or emarginate at apex, erenate, glabrous dark green above, paler and pubescent on the midribs beneath and the petioles ; and branchlets silvery gray. Flotcrrs (May) mainly on growth of the previous season, mostly in pairs, with slender pedicels, without bractlets, those of the staminate about Vo in. long and those of the pistillate shorter : calyx lol)es triangular. Fruit ripening in early autumn and often persisting until spring. Va in. in diameter, red. depressed globose with pedicels scarcely % in. long : nutlet ribbed. MOUNTAIN HOLLY. LARGE-LEAF HOLLY. Ilex inonticola Gray. Fig- 374- Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; leaves from vigorous shoots, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 375. Trunk of tree on Alleghany Mountains in North Carolina. PIandbook of Treies of the ISToRTiiEKN States and Canada. 321 The Mountain Holly, as its name implies, is quite different from the other Hollies in being distinctly a mountain-loving tree, in the high Alleghanies of North and South Carolina and Tennessee it attains its largest size, here some times growing to the height of 30 or 40 ft. with slender branches forming a narrow pyra- midal top and trunk sometimes 10 or 12 in. in uiameter. The bark of trunk is of a brownish gray color slightly roughened witli lenticels. Excepting in these high altitudes it is usually slirubby. Quite as distinct as it is from other Hollies in habitat is it also in its large leaves, which are more suggestive of those of a Plum than of a Holly, and in its somewhat larger fruit. It is a handsome tree and would doubtless be popular for ornamental planting were it not for the fact that its beauty is evanescent, as it drops both its leaves and its fruit early. The wood is Iica\y. hard and strong, fine- grained and nearly white but not of commercial importance.! Liaves deciduous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, .3-."i in. long, obtuse or acute at base, acuminate or acute at apex, sharply serrate with slender pointed teeth. membranaceous, prominently arcuate veined, glabrous dark green above, paler and some- what glabrous on the prominent veins beneath : petioles slender, about i/. in. long. Flowers in June, in few-flowered cymes at the ends of short «pnrs on the growth of the previous season, or solitary on the new growth : calyx lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit subglobcise. scarlet, sometimes nearly % in. in dinnuliT: nutlet prominentlv ribbed. 1. A. W., XI. 2.-.2. i ^^ \P^^^ r^ ii-i- IrCo' °"'°^-^^ -^^fir^ W \^s \ ■ \ ) ""^ WAHOO. BURNING-BUSH. Euonijmiis at ro pur pi ire us J acq. Fig. 3-6. Mature leaves and fruit, i (the former showing mildew and scale j ; fruit in various stages of dehiscence, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 377. Trunk of a large tree in eastern Tennessee. 378. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. HaNDHOOK of TkKKS ok TIIK NoH rilKlf.N SlAl'KS Canada. 323 Tlie interest iiii,' W'alioo is a small tree, only under the most favorable conditions attaining the height of 20 or 25 ft. with a trunk (i to 8 in. in diameter, vested in a smoothish mottled gray bark. When isolated from other trees it develops a wide fiat top of slender spread ing branches. Trees of this species, liowever. are rare and confined mainly to the southern and western parts of its range. Klsewhere it is usually a shrub rather than a tree. Its quite ordinary foliage and flat unassum- ing flowers scarcely attract attention during the summer season, but on the ap))roac]i of autumn, when its leaves assume a jjale yellow color and its singular scarlet j)urple fruit dan- gles from each branchlet, it is an object of conspicuous beauty, and we see in it tlien the aptness its occasional names " HKniiiig-bunh " and *' Hleeding-heart Tree," as its opening fruit reveals its blood-red contents. The wood is rather heavy, a en. ft. weighing when absolutely dry 41.08 lbs., hard and close- grained. Ltdns d('ci(hii)iis. mostly oblon,!,'. l!-.") in. Ion.:;. taperinj? at liasc and ai-iuninate or acute at aiiex. finely crenati'-scrratc. rather thin, pubescent, paler beneath : petioles aljout % in. long : branchlets usually more or less 4-angred. Floirrrs about i/. in. across in 7-1.5-flowered trichotomous cymes with slender peduncles ; petals purple, obovate, un- dulate ; anthers purple. Fruit ripe in October and often persisting into the winter about % in. across, deeijjy .■!-4-lobed, smooth, light purple ; seed about Vi in. long and covered with a thin scarlet aril.' 1. For genus see p. 44(1. SUGAR MAPLE. HARD MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE. Acer Saccharimi Marsh. ^ Fig. 379. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit and a detached lll{^^°jj^i ^'^,\;\' ""'' It remained all winter and was photographed when about to partake ot a breakfast. 381. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the N^oktiiekn States and Canada. 325 The stately Sugar .Maple in the forest some- times attains the hoiglit of 100 ft. or more with trunk from :i to 5 ft. in diameter, and when isolated develops a distinctly ovoid or in very old trees a broad rounded lup of many branches and dense foliaye. it is without doubt the most valuable hard-wood tree in America, taking into consideration the abun- dance of maple sugar it produces, the choice figured woods and the valuable plain wood excellent in manufactures and for fuel and rich in potash. It is abundant on well-drained uplands, particularly northward, in company with the Beech, Yellow Birch, Hemlock, Black Cherry, etc., and sometimes forms almost ex- clusive forests. Its clear sweet sap is gathered in early spring and evaporated to make the maple sugar, 12 or 13 quarts of sap making a pound of sugar, and 3— t lbs. to a tree being an aver- age yield. I have made 23 lbs. in one season from a single tree tapped but once, which is an exceptionally good record that I have never known surpassed. The Bird's-eye and Blister Maple are almost exclusively and the Curly Maple largely products of this ti-ee — unac- countable freaks in the development of indi- vidual trees. A cu. ft. of the wood when absolutely dry weighs 43.08 lbs.-* Leaves "o-lobed with rounded sinuses and acuminate sparingly sinuate-toothed, lobes, heart- shaped or rounded at base, pubescent at first and at maturity glabrous dark green above, paler be- neath, turning yellow and scarlet in autumn. Flowers appearing with the leaves in hairy ses- sile droopiug corymlis with long slender greenish yellow pedicels : calyx cainpaiiiilate ; corolla none. Fruit ripening in autniiui : samaras glabrous, with slightly divergent wings nearly 1 in. long.^ Var. Ifiii/elii Rebd. is a form commonly found in the southern states, and rarely in the northern, with firm thick I'.-lobed leaves having open rounded sinuses and entire acuminate lobes. 1. Syn. Acer saccharin tint Wang. A. harhafiun Michx. 2. A. W., I, 7, la and 7b. 3. For genus see pp. 440-447. BLACK MAPLE. Acer nigrum Michx. Fig. 382. Leaves and fruit. Note the presence of a few small stipules. They are occasionally much larger. Branchlet in winter. 383. Trunk of tree in Black River valley, N. Y. HAXDr.ooK OF Trkks or the; I^oktiikk.v Statk Taxada. The Bhick Maple, like the Sui^'ur ^laplc. is a stately tree attainiiii: Hk- liciylit of 8(1 or 100 ft. with trunk :i or 4 II. in (liainctcr. and :ilso wiien isolated d('Vci(i|)s a distinct ovuid top of npriyht hrancli<-.. nnd lhcs<" gradually bend- ing outward in;ikc in old a^'c a l)road rounded top. With tlic country folk generally no dis tinction is made i)et\veen tiii- and the true Sugar .Maple, and its sap is likewise u.sed in sugai-niaking. i)ut to the observer its droo))ing concave leaves and other holanical features iinlieate its (list inct lU'ss. It tiirives best in the rich soil of rivcr-bol toni- in company with llie Silver and Hed .Maples. l5o\ Klder. Swamp White Oak. Kingnnt Hickory, etc. Like the Sugar Maple it is a fasorite shade tree owing to its abundant foliage, which in autumn as- sumes gorget)us scarlet, orange and yellow tints. The \\of)(l is hard, heavy and strong, similar to that of the Sugar :\iaple and a))plied to the saine uses. A cubic foot when absolutely dry Aveighs 43.09 lbs. Lrarrs mostly ."^-lobed (occasionally r>-lobed) with broad short and generally acuminate lobes, •cntiro or slightly nndnlnted. cordate at base with lobes sometimes overlapping, tiimentose at first but at maturity glabrous dull dark green above, yellow-gr(H>n and pubescent at least on the veins beneath, firm and with drooping sides ; petioles stout and generally bearing stipules at the en larged base. FJoircrx appearing with the leaves in subs(>ssile haii'y pendent corymbs with slender pedicels 2-.'{ in. long: caly.x campanulate ; corolla none : stamens 7-8 : ovary pilose. Fruit ripening in autumn : samaras glabrous, with finite divergent wings nearly 1 in. long. *™w W.h;i - .;» M ^ ^ '1 M ■ .' f' m i H ' •' 1 1 m 'i 1 1 MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Acei' spicatiwi Lam. i Fig. 384. Branchlet with pair of leaves and fruit, i ; detached leaves and samarse, 2 ; section of small branch showing mottled bark, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 385. Trunk of tree in Lewis Co., N. Y. A Handbook of Trees of the N'orthekn States and Canada. 329 The Mountain Maple is the most diminutive of our eastern Maples, as it rarely if ever at- tains a greater size than 25 or 30 ft. in height with a trunk 6 or 8 in. in diameter, and ia commonly rather a large shrub than a tree. It is rarely ever found isolated, as it seems to require the moist rich loam and shade of the forest, and docs not grow naturally away from them. It is probably tlie most abundant of the shrubs and small trees that clothe the banks of mountain streams and overhang their spark- ling waters throughout the northern states and Canada. Their comely leaves and upright stems of pale flowers are as intimately asso- ciated with these retreats in early summer as the songs of the Hermit-Thrush and Catbird which live within their shade, and in autumn it is an object of special beauty, its orange and red leaves being only surpassed by the brilliancy of its drooping clusters of scarlet keys. The wood is little used save as an humble contribution to the wood pile for fuel. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 33.22 Leaves palmately .1-lobed or slightly 5-lobpd, cordate or truncate at base the acute or acumi- nate lobes coarsely crenate-serrate with pointed teeth, membranous, conspicuously reticulated, glabrous above, pubescent beneath ; petioles slender, reddisb. Flnirrrs (.Tune) about 14 in. in diameter in erect many-tlowered long-stemmed pubescent compound racemes ; calyx greenish yel- low ; petals linear-spatulate, yellow and longer than tbe calyx lobes : stamens 7-8, exserted in tbe staminate flowers ; ovary hoary tomentose ; style columnar. Fruit: sameras glabrous with broad divergent red wings and fully grown by mid- summer. STRIPED MAPLE. Acer Pcnnsylvanicum L ( Fig. .i86. Section of small branch showing striped bark and branchlet with leaves and frui detached samarse and leafless branchlet in winter. 387. Large trunk with small one to the left. Lewis Co., N. Y. f Handbook of Trees of the IS'oktjiern States and Canada The Striped Maple, although a larger tree tlian tlie Mountain Maple, with which it is ^'enerally associated, only occasionally attains the height of 30 or 40 ft. with a trunk 8 or 10 in. in thickness, and i- ( ftcii a lar^ic shiul). Tliis also is a shade-loving tree. l)cing found scattered through forests of the Sugar Maple, Yellow Birch, Beech, Hemlock, Red Spruce, Butternut, etc., hut is occasionally found iso lated. liaving then a ratlier wide or rounded top of upright and spreading branches. Its handsome large leaves and gracefully drooping stems of yellow tlowers. borne on smootli striped branches of rare coloration, overhang the waters of nearly every forest-covered nio)intain stieam witliin il'^ range, and in northern regions are eageijy devoured by moosf and deer, for which rca-'on it is some times called the Moosr-inxxL Itp wood is of a ricli i)iidnd is then a very conspicuous and beautiful object. The swelling of its buds in late winter is one of the first evidences of approaching spring, and its early flowers open and offer their abundant nectar as early as it is warm enough for the bees to visit them. Even before the leaves appear in southern regions the tree is gorgeous Avith its crimson full-grown sa- maras, though in northern regions they do not attain full size until after the leaves ap- pear. The wood is extensively used in manufacture of furniture, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 38.50 lbs., and a considerable portion of the Curly INIaple of commerce comes from this tree.i Maple sugar is also made from its sap though as the sap is not as sweet as that of the Sugar Maple it requires more to make a pound of sugar. Leaves 2-6 in. long, .■J-.'i-lohcd. with sliallow afuti" sinuse.s and irregularly doubly serrate acute or acuminate Iol)es, truncate or subcordate at base, pubescent at first, at maturity glabrous green above, whitish and mostly glabrous beneath, bright scarlet in autumn ; petioles slender. Flnirers in earliest spring before the leaves, scarlet or yellow- tinted, in lateral fascicles; petals ohlong-liucMr ; ovary glabrous. Fruit on drooping pedicels 2-4 in. long, divergent, glabrous, nearly 1 in. long. Var. tridens Wood- is a form in coast region from N. .T. to Fla. and Tex., having leaves mostly smaller, more obovate, narrow and cuneate or rounded at base, ."^-lobed (or lateral lobes sonn'- (imcs suppressed) dark green above, much liirbicr and glaucous beneath, thickish ; fruit smaller, sometimes yellowish. 1. A. W., Ill, 53. 2, Syn. A. Carolinian inn Walt. BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. Ace?' Negundo L.^ Fig. 393. Mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter from staminate tree, 2 ; do, from pistillate tree, 3. They are sometimes less glaucous than here shown. 394. Trunk of isolated tree, near St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Tkees of the Northern States and Canada. 337 The Box-Kldor attains a hoijiht of from 50 to 75 ft. with ratlier widc-sproading top and short trunk 2-4 ft. in diameter. It raii>;es from the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains to the limits of tree growth on the western planes. Occupying the banks of streams, lake shores and low bottom-lands, it is one of the most generally distributed and abundant trees throughout all this range, but is rare east of the Alleghanies. Its handsome foliage, rapidity of growth and unusual ability to withstand drouth make it very popular for planting as a shade-tree in the cities and towns of mid- continental regions, where it ornaments the streets and door-yards of many homes. Several nursery varieties have appeared which have won popularity both in this and European countries. The wood of the Box-Elder is light, a cu, ft. when absolutely dry weighing 26.97 lbs., soft, close-grained, easily worked and is used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, lumber for in- terior finishing and paper pulp. 2 From its sap sugar is sometimes made. Lcavrs 8-5-foliato with ovate to oval leaflets, from cuneate to subcordate and entire at base, re- niotely and irregularly serrate or lobed above, tomentose at first l)Ut at maturity green above, paler and hairy in the axils beneath, thin, turninj; yellow in the autumn. Floinrs dioecious, very small, appcarin',' before the leaves, yellowish green : the staminate in fascicles with very slender pedicels 1-2 in. long : the pistillate In" narrow racemes. Fruit: samaras, glabrous, 1V'>-'- in- long, somewhat incurved, in drooping racemes 6-8 in. long, falling in autumn but stems commonly- persisting until sprin".. Var. CaIifor»ica (T. & G.) Sarg., is tri-foliate with more coarsely dentate leaflets, pale tomentose b(>neath. 1. Syn. Negundo acer aides Moench. 2. A. W., Ill, 54. HORSE CHESTNUT. JEsculus Hippocastanum L. Fig. 395. Branch with mature leaves and fruit and opened capsules beneath, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 396. Trunk of tree with leaves beneath. Staten Island, N. Y. 397. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Nokthern States and Canada. 339 The Horso-Chestnut has long been one of the most popular shade trees of both Europe and America. Its native home is said to be south- ern Asia, from the Himalaya iMts. to (Jreece, from whence it was introduced into this coun- try about the middle of the 18th century, and it has become naturalized in many places. It is one of the largest trees of its genus, some- times attaining the height of 75 or 80 ft. with trunk 2 or 3 ft. in diameter. Its formal round pyramidal top is one of the most familiar ob- jects among the trees of the parks and street- sides of all the eastern cities, and few trees equal it in beauty when, in the month of ]\Iay, its dome of tender green handsome leaves is beset with showy pyramids of white flowers mottled with red. Many garden varieties have appeared; as forms with variegated and lacini- ate leaves, red-tinted and double flowers, etc. It is said that the bitter principle of the fruit can be removed with fresh water and it is then palatable and nutritious. The bark is rich in tannin and is used in medicine. The light close-grained wood is suitable for the uses for which the Fetid Buckeye is applied. In Europe it is employed as blind wood in cabinet making, for moulds, etc.i Leaves with petioles 4-7 in. long and .''i-T (usually 7) sessile obovate leaflets, cuneate at base, abruptly acuminate, irregularly crenate- (lentate, rugose, thin and nearly glabrous. Flowers in pyramidal rather denso thyrses, white spotted with yellow and purple. Fruit subglobose, 2-.S in. in diameter, covered with spines ; seed 1-1 Vi in. long with large hilum.- 1. A. W., I, 6. 1.'. For genus see j). 417. OHIO BUCKEYE. FETID BUCKEYE. JEsculus ghhra Willd. Fig 308 Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 399. Trunk with 'tern of large grapevine. Meramec River valley, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the North kkx States and Canada. 341 Tliis is a nu'(iiun;-si/.:> trei^ rnrrlv at tain in'.' a jri-eattr lici.yhl than T.") ft. Tune» perfect, about % in. broad, in pubescent umbels or some solitary on peduncles from Vs to % in. long ; calyx .5-lobed ; petals 5, enveloping a short stamen. Fruit subglobose, % in. in di- ameter, ripening in early autumn, black and sweetish when fully ripe and containing 2-4 closely coherent nutlets rounded on back. ' 71 ^ "i ^ ^ict^ ^ k%. _iJ£6 ^y^ qvvA 4- 10 n^: w *^ -TOK iNS. -'^ z. ^^ % vfrvt- > -.^ ^^ ^ / 4 n;^ ^f '\S^:> ■^ C^, ^^ k ,"^\ i Ws^laV GA. "Vy/ v-V ^ 1^ .>lM #"■ ^ vK t. \( r M ^^ \ 1 V ^^. BASSWOOD. Tilia Americana L. Fig. 410. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, shoot, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 411. Tree in Black River valley, N. Y. 412. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. ; nutlet in section, 2 ; leaf from vigorous Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 351 The Basswood is one of the most abundant and useful trees of eastern United States and Canada. In forest growtli it has been known to attain the height of 125 ft. with straiglit columnar trunk 3 to 4 ft. or more in diameter. When growing apart from otlier trees it de- velops a full ovoid or rounded top very un- brageous on account of its many branches and large leaves. It inhabits preferably rich moist but well drained slopes and bottom-lands, and is a handsome and favorite tree at all seasons of the year. It is especially so in midsummer when it dangles amid its ample foliage numer- ous clusters of j'ellow fragrant flowers, which perfume the atmosphere for some distance about the tree and offer an abundance of nec- tar from which the honey bees make their choicest honey. In autunm we see in the Bass- wood a unique plan of nature to aid in the scattering of its seeds. Each cluster of a half dozen or so seeds is furnished with a special seed-leaf, which serves as a parachute and so retards their fall that the wind has an op- portunity to carry them some distance away before striking the ground. The wood is light, a cu. ft. weighing 28.20 lbs., soft and tough and largely used for fur- niture, carriage-building, wooden ware, etc.i The fibrous inner bark furnishes valuable bast for mats, cordage, etc. Leaves obliqiioly oval, 5-10 in. Ions, cordate at base, abruptly "acuminato, sharply glandular- serrate, thick, glabrous, dull dark green above, paler and glabrous or hairy in the axils of the veins beneath. Ploirers with pedunculate bract .*?-.") in. long, cymes drooping : sepals pubescent ; petals slightly longer than the sepals and the scales. Fruit globose-oblong, %-% in. in diameter, rufous- tomcntose.^ 1. A. W., I, 3. 2. For genus see pp. lt8-4-10. LOBLOLLY BAY. Gordonia Lasianthus Ell. Fig. 413- Branchlet with mature leaves and empty capsules after the discharge of the seeds. 414. Tree with leaves at base. Near Rocky Point, N. C. 415- Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Xorthern States and Canada. 353 The Loblolly Bay sometimes attains the height of 70 or 75 ft. with rather slender trunk rarely over 18 or 20 in. in diameter, and usually considerably smaller. I have seen it in fruiting condition both as a shrub no more than shoulder high and as a tree of its largest dimensions in the same locality. As an iso- lated tree its habit is to form a rather nar- row compact head, and it is particularly a handsome object on account of its bright ever- green leaves and conspicuous flowers. A strik- ing feature is its grayish or reddish brown bark of trunk fissured into long broad rounded ridges, quite diflFerent from the barks of other trees with which it is associated. It inhabits low rich bottom-lands and the borders of swamps in company with the Red Maple, Sweet Bay, Swamp Bay, Evergreen Magnolia, Titi, Devil-wood, Gums, Loblolly Pine, etc. The wood is light, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 29.46 lbs., soft, not strong, and easily worked. i The bark contains tannin and is sometimes used for tanning purposes. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong, nearly sessile, cuneate at base, bluntly acute at apex, appressed serrate, lustrous dark green above, 3-6 in. long. Flowers opening for several weeks commencing in July, 2-.3 in. in diameter, with red peduncles 2-.3 in. long, thickest above ; sepals ciliate, pubescent outside; petals white, about 1% in. long, pubescent outside; ovary pubescent; style short. Fruit: pointed ovoid capsules, persisting after liberating their seeds. = 1. A. W., V. 102. 2. For genus si'c p. 4 i'K % ^ S2^ M ~T^.^ — IX. ^3^-S '^'^* 5" r'r-^^^f^ \C x-^ ^ --H .Lt U'oj^;y^T^ W T- ^olo I "> ^ vl r~^ ] m5- Sc^t-^ \ -:^T ^ ^ 5 Y \) ■■BH -tK-irm iJt^9Jf\litit ^Ity xtj^jjurmrrTfUi WSSBfmsmf^^^^'^^^S^^^fi^^SSS ^^SM^S^^ cmm^mm !?^5f!4^rfi5 ,%:S^:^i'i V.Vrj^V- j^sy^jufc VrJ-yy^^j^'^'':- i -ll-i .'"W * «*.^\^^*W tm ;%V.'V.>l-*v;' • * >«"-c;«"'^ ■«.'• V > .'aZjs;* a. «r»' -- .;^r:^^^^?*#^.i:y^<..*^r:.- HERCULES CLUB. ANGELICA TREE. Aralia spinosa L. Fig. 416. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit greatly reduced and branchlet in winter about natural size. 417. Small trunk with foliage at base. Staten Island, N. Y. 418. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the ISTorthern States and Canada. 355 The Hercules Club is a small tree, rarely if ever attaining a larger size than 30 or 35 ft. in height with trunk G to i) inches in diameter and it is often much smaller. It is commonly a vigorous shrub sending up branchless stems from a single base or from stolomferous' roots. When it attains the stature of a tree it puts out a few spreading branches and forms a rather flat-topped head. Its beautiful great leaves are tlie largest of all leaves in the re- gipns in which it grows, though their many small leaflets are commonly mistaken to be leaves and the leaf-stems branchlets. In keep- ing with the great size of its leaves are the enormous bunches of innumerable small flowers succeeded by small blue berries. Tlie leaf- stems, the great twigs, branches and even the smaller trunks are beset with many sharp stout curved prickers, warning away intruders who might but for these pluck its royal leaves and flower clusters or break its brittle branches. It is justly popular for ornamental planting and no shrubbery is considered well equipped without it. Its wood is light, very soft and brittle and a large hollow pith-column occupies the centre of the trunk.! Leaves at the ends of the branches, bipinnate, 2-4 ft. long with Ions; stout petioh>s armed with prickles ; loaflots broad-ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate, dark green above, paler and often with prickles on midril)s lieneath. Floirrrs (July) about Vh in. across, in many small umbels, ar- ranged in a compound terminal panicle sometimes 3 or 4 ft. long : style distinct. Fruit ripe in August, 3-5-angled, subglobose, % in. long, black with purple juice.^ 1. A. W., I, 8. 2. For genus see pp. 449-450. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Corn us Horida T.. Fig. 419. Branchlet bearing mature leaves, fruit and young flower-buds branchlet in winter showing flower-buds, 3 ; do, showing leaf-buds, 4. 420. Trunk with leaves at base. Staten Island, N. Y. 421. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. isolated nutlets, 2 Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 357 This favorite tree occasionally attains the height of 35 or 40 feet with trunk 12 or 18 inches in diameter, and when away from the influence of other trees develops a low spread- ing intricately branched top. It inhabits rich well drained soil along the banks of stream.- and often thrives in the shade of other trees. These localities it enlivens in early spring with its showy flower clusters strangely suggestive of so many separate flowers. It is especially effective when seen against a mass of the flow- ers of the Red-bud, with which it is often associated and which flowers at the same sea- son. The Dogwood is again in evidence in autumn on account of the splendor of its red and purple garb and long-stemmed close clus- ters of .shining red berries. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot weighing .'50.41 lbs., hard, strong, very close-grained and admirably adanted to use in turnery, the handles of tools, etc. It is the wood used almost exclusively by metal-spinners for forms who purchase it from supply houses by the pound. Its bitter bark, particularly of the roots, is used in medicine on account of its astringent and aromatic properties.! Leaves mostly in clusters at the ends of the branchlets, ovate to oval, cuneate at base, acute or abruptl.v acuminate at apex, entire or obscurely crenate-toothed, thickish, dark green and with scattered hairs above, pale and puberulous be- neath with prominent arcuate veins ; petioles short. Flowers greenish yellow in dense heads surrounded by four large white or pinkish (rarely red) petal-like bracts from buds formed the pre- vious season, conspicuous during the winter, and enveloped by the bracts. Fruit bright searli^t berries in close heads, with mealy flesh and thick walled, 1-few-grooved stone. = 1. A. W., IV, 88. 2. For genus see p. 4.">(t. BLUE-FRUITED DOGWOOD. ALTERNATE-LEAF DOGWOOD. CornKs alternifolia L. Fig. 422. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated nutlets, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 423. Trunk of large tree, about i ft. in diameter, in Lewis Co., N. Y. 424. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkees of the Northern States and Canada. 359 This is a small northern tree, occasionally under most favorable conditions, attaining tlie height of 25 or 30 ft. with trunk G to 8 or exceptionally 12 inches in diameter, and is com- monly a tall shrub. It inhabits rich well- drained soil along the borders of forests, par- tially cleared land and fence rows, where its peculiar habit of ramification easily distin- guishes it from its associates. It puts out horizontal and upward inclined strightish branches with many upturned branchlets on the upper side and but few if any beneath. This feature is best seen when the tree is leaf- less and it is then quite as interesting an ob- ject as in summer, when it is conspicuous on account of its flat sprays of foliage inter- spersed with clusters of white flowers, or later red-stemmed clusters of blue berries. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot weighing 41.73 lbs., hard and verj' close-grained, adapted to use in turnery, etc.i Leaves mostly alternate and clustered at the ends of the branchlets. ovate to oval, ?y-'> in. long, wedge-shaped or somewhat rounded at base, long- acuminate, obscurely crenulato. pale tomentose at first, but at maturity thin, dark greon and glab- rous or nearly so above, pale and appressed pubes- cent beneath, with prominent arcuate veins ; petioles slonder. pubescent. Flowers (May-.Iune) creamy white, about % in. long in loose com- pound terminal cymes : petals narrow, rounded at apex and reflexed. Fruit a subglobose blue drupe. V.t in. in diameter, depressed at apex, tipped with the remnant of the style, in loose red-stemmed clusters ; flesh thin and bitter and short ovoid somewhat pointed 2-celled thick-walled nutlet with many longitudinal grooves. 87. A. W. IV, ROUGH-LEAF DOGWOOD. Cornus asperifolia Miclix. Fig. 425. Mature leaves and fruit, i: isolated nutlets, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 426. Large and small trunks with leaves and fruit at base. Red River valley. Ark. Handbook of Trees of the ^N'ortiiern States axb Canada. 361 The rvou in. long, cunoate or sometimes rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex, entire, pubescent at first but finally thick, firm and lustrous dark green above and more or less pubescent beneath. Flowers ap- pearing when the leaves are nearly full grown on slender pubescent peduncles from Va fo nearly 2 in. long, the staniinate in many-flowered and the pistillate in fi'w-tlowercd heads. Fruit ripening in Octdhei', U-M (II- more in each cluster, ol)Iong, blue- black with thin juicy sour Hesh and ovoid or oblong slightly flattened stone having 10-12 low longitudinal ribs.^ 1. Syn. ]\lijssa multiflora Wang. 2. A. W., I, 9. o. For genus see p. 450. WATER GUM. SOUTHERN GUM. Nyssa hiftom Walt.^ Fig. 430. Mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated pits, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 431. Trunk of a forest tree in Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Ha]n-dbook of Trees of the Xorttierx States axd Caxada. 305 The \\'ater Gum attains the height of from 50 to 75 ft., with trunk xisually tapering from an enhirged base. It develops a rather narrow top of many small spreading branches, and, as its name implies, it is confined in its distribu- tion to the immediate vicinity of the water. It occupies deep swamps and the margins of ponds and streams in company with the Cotton Gum, Cypress, ^^'ater, I.aurel and Over-cup Oaks, Titi, Planer-tree, Forestiera. etc. In autumn it is a conspicuous object on account of the purple and red tints assumed by its foliage. Its wood is fine-grained, light, tough and diflicult to split and work on account of its contorted and twisted fiber. It is applicable to the same uses as the wood of tlie Sour Gum. A forcible anecdote was once told the author to illustrate the crooke.Iness of the grain of this wood. It was tt) the efTect that " An Irishman was up a gum-tree one day when it was struck by lightning, and he had time to climb down before the liglitning reached the ground, because it had to follow the grain." The truth of the story was not vouched for. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate and oblong, cuneatp at baso, ol)tusp or acute (occasionally acuminate) at apex, entire, tomentose at first Init finally lustrous dark sreen al)ove, paler bi^n(>atli ; petioles stout. Floircrfi (when l(>aves are nearly grown) on slender hairy peduncles, 1-1 1^ in. long': the pistillate flowers usually in pairs. Fruit in pairs or oecasionally solitary, %-% in. long, dark blue with juicy acid flesh and distinctly flattened and ribbed stone. 1. Syn. yyssa u;iy is fiuiiili;ir as a slinil) to most liooplf. who iic'vi'i- think of it as a tire, but ill the Allc-,'haiiy .Mountains, of Teiim'ssw and .\'(jrth and South Carolina, it becomes a bushy round-topped tree, 30 to 40 ft. in height, witli f'rooiire to be long remembered. The wood is fine-grained and hard, but rather brittle, and useful in turnery for tool-handles, etc. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs :i!».28 Ibs.i JjcaviK ohlons-Iancoolato. olilanceolatp or oblonj;. 4-1i; in. hirm. ariiti' at both ends, revolute in th(> liiul. fcrruiriiious tonii'nt()S(> at first but at ma- turity lustrous dark tjrccn aliovc, pah-r Ijcneatli. thick and stiff. Fhnrcfs ( .Uini'-.ruly i in lti-ii4- tlowered umbels 4-r> in. across, witli slender pink viscid-pubescent pedicels siiriu.uinf; from the axils of the scales of the inflorescence buds : caly.x-. lobes oblong, rounded : corolla canipanulatc, gib- bous posteriorly, about 1 in. long-, varying from rose-color or purplish to white, cleft to the middle lobes rounded, the upjier one yellow spotted in- side. Fruit capsule oblong-ovoid. % in. long. 1,'laiHlulai-hispid. opening and liberating its seeds in autumn and persisting during the following winter. - 1. A. -W 1*. For genus Xll. 2.S4. p. 4.- ^Hl 1 H 1 P m ^ M 1 rat ^m m 1 m 1 MOUNTAIN LAUREL CALICO-BUSH. Kahnia lati folia L. Fig- 437- Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, the next season, 2. 438. A burly forest trunk. Highlands, N. C. 439. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. branchlet with leaves and flower-buds for Handbook of Trees of the T^Tortiikk-x States and Caxada. 371 The Mountain Laurel, like tlie Rhododendron with which it is eominonly assoc^'iated, is gen crally a shrub rather than a tree, exci^pting in the heart of the Alleghany Mountains. In that interesting region, which alone affords condi- tions sutliciently favorable for the aborescent development of several of our American trees, the Mountain l^aurel is found occasionally .'50 or 40 ft. in height, with compact rounded top of ridged branches. Its trunk is usually crookeil or inclined, and is sometimes 18 or 20 in in diameter. To the northward it pre- fers low rich bottom-lands, but in the southern part of its range, where it is more abundant, it extensively occupies rocky slopes, forming in places dense thickets, and is widely dis- tributed as an undergi'owth in deciduous forests. In flowering time it is the Rhodo- dendron's only peer in beauty of floral dis- play, and it has become deservedly popular for ornamental planting. The wood is fine-grained, rather hard and brittle, and useful in turnery. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 44.62 Ibs.i Honey gathered from flowers of this species is said to be poisonous, at least to some extent, to per- sons eating it, though apparently not to the bees. Lrarcs persistent, alternate, opposite and in threes, conduplicate, elliptic-lanceolate to ol)lonL;, acute at both ends, pubescent at first but at ma- turity lustrous dark green above, paler beneath, thick. lisid. Floinrs (May-.Tune). about % in. in dianiiMcr. numerous in compound and crowdi'd terminal cmymbs. .".-(J in. across ; jtedicels sl(>nd(M', erect, glandular, pubescent : corolla white or pinkish and delicately penciled above. Fruit a depressed-globose glandular capsule, three-six- teenths in. in diameter with persistent calyx aid style.= 1. A. 12. Er W., XI, ■ genus 259. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD. O.ri/dendnon ar})orc}nn (L.) DC. \ 5, • Fig. 440. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit and (to the left) a cluster of empty capsules R,.\, of the preceding season, i ; leaf from vigorous shoot, 2 : branchlet m winter, 3. ^ Js 441. Large forest trunk at Biltmore, N. C. ^'-"^ 442. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook Trkj- S OF TIIK X^ States and Canada. 37' Tlie Sorrel-tree is a liandsome and interest- ing tree, occasionally in tlie fore.->t attaining t le lieiglit of 50 to 70 ft. or more, witii long clear trunk IS or 20 in. in diameter. When iso- lated it develops a rather irregular narrow- oblong top, with spreading and drooping branches. It occupies mainly well drained slopes and ridges, in company with various Oaks and Hickories, the Sugar JNlaple, Sweet and Sour Gums, the Silver-bell Tree, Yellow Buckeye, etc., and attains its largest size on the lower slopes of the Alleghany ^Mountains. Farther east, as I have found it along tlie borders of the Dismal Swamp in Virginia, it is a small slender-stemmed tree, often with inclined trunk, and there thriving in moist soil. It i^ a distinctly ornamental tree in summer, with handsome foliage and large tenninal bunches of tiny cup-shaped white flowers, and in autumn with its bright scarlet foliage. It takes its name from a slightly acidulous flavor of its leaves and hranchlets, which are tonic, refrigerant and diuretic in properties. The wood is fine-grained, rather hard and heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 46.48 lbs., and is useful in turnery, for tool-handles, etc.i Lcarrx altornato, (l minute reflexod lobes ; stamens lo. the filaments wider than the anthers : disk thin ; ovary ."i-celled with columnar style and capitate stigma : ovules numerous, am- phitropous. Fndt a Ti-celled ovoid pyramidal ca))sul<'. witli remnants of persistent style and calyx, locnlicidally ."i-valved : seeds numerous, the testa pointed at Ixith ends.= 1. A. W., XII, 28.!. 2. For jjentis see p. 4."n'. ^ iXM f acute reflexed lobes : stamens 10, with hairy filaments. Fruit ripo in October, subglobose, V4 in. in diameter, sbininu' black.^ 1. Syn. Batodcndron arhon 2. A. W., XI, 258. 3. For genus see p. 452. Nutt. WOOLLY BUMELIA. CHITTIM WOOD. BUCKTHORN. GUM-ELASTIC. Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers, Fig. 446. Branchlets with leaves and nearly mature fruit, lets in winter, 4. 447. Trunk of an isolated tree. 448. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. detached fruits, 2 ; pits, 3 ; branch- Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Cj Tlic Woolly Binni'lia is a small or modium- sizc tree, occasionally attaining the height of 50 or GO ft. and 2 or .'5 ft. in thickness of trunk. \Mien isolatetl from other trees it de- velops a rounded or oblong rather open top, of rigid branches, more or less spinescent with thick sharp spines. The bark of trunk is of a brownish gray color, reticulated with firm prominent ridges. To the northward in its range it inhabits usually well-drained gravelly or sandy soil, in company with the Post, Black-Jack. Chin- qun]iin and other Oaks, Mocker-nut and Shag- bark Hickories, Blue Ash, Red-bud, etc., but in the south it occupies moist low-lands, as well as the drier uplands. A gum exud^'s from it when wounded which gives it the name Gum- elastic. It is a clear viscid substance, some- times used domestically. Its wood is rather hard and hea\y, a cubic foot weighing when absolutely dry 40.7 S lbs., tough, smooth-grained and of nuirked charac- teristic sti-ucture.i Leaves mostly obovate or oblanceolate, 1-2% in. long, narrow, cuneate at base, rounded or bluntly pointed at apex, woolly tomentose at first but at maturity dark green and glabrous above and densely tomentose beneath as are the short petioles and all new growth, tardily deciduous. Floinm (.Tuly-.Vtigust) in usually scveral-fiowered fascicli'S with pedicels alxmi 's in. long: calyx with obtuse or munded lolics : staiiiinodia ovate, acute denticulate. Fruit dnun'. black. Y_. in. or less In length ; seed oblong, rounded at apex, about Y4 in. long.- Var. ri(/i in. in diameter, pale orange, often with red cheek.s, glaucous, subtended by the enlarged calyx, persistent into the winter ; seeds oblong, flattened. = 1. A. W., Ill, 61. 2. For genus see p. 4.53. SWEET-LEAF. HORSE-SUGAR. SympJocos tindoria (L.) L'Her. Fig. 452. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i : detached fruit, 2 : fruit in section. 3 ; l)ranchlets in winter, the one to the left showing flower-buds and the other leaf-buds only, 4. ( Xote segmented pith.) 453. Trunk with leaves at base. 454. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. H VNDBOOK OF 1 REKS OF THE NojrriiKKx States and Canada. 381 The Sweet-leaf is a small tree occasionally attaining the height of 80 or 40 ft. with rather wide open top of slender branches, and a trunk 8 or 10 in. in diameter. Like the Sparkleberry and Wax .Myrtle, with which it is associated, it loves the shade of the forest, and in these localities, so sliiit away from sun- light that we almost wonder at its existence, its handsome foliage is as singular as its abode. Each branchlet is upturned and bears near its tip a clu.ster of drooping spreading leaves. Its identity can be at once detected by the segmented pith of its branch lets and the agreeable somewhat sweetish flavor of its leaves. It inhabits rich well-drained but moist soil of the forests of the south Atlantic and Gulf states, from the coast to an altitude of about ,3,000 ft. on the Alleghany Mountains, and is especially a pleasing object in early spring, when its puts out its whorls of delicate fragrant flowers, at the time when its old leaves of the preceding season are withering and falling to the ground. Its light soft fine-grained wood is easily worked and would be useful in turnery, a cubic font weigliing, when absolutely dry, 33.19 Ibs.i The leaves and fruit yield a yellow dye and tlie bitter roots have tonic properties. L(-% in- broad, frequently .".-winged with persistent calyx at base, compressed body and wing pinnately veined. 1. Syn. Fruxin 2. A. W., XII, ( iiUit!jt of the twigs constitute a character by whicli it may be easily recognized. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot, when abso- lutely drj% weighing 44.77 lbs., rather hard and strong and is used in the manufacture of floor- ing, agricultural implements, etc.i Leat^rs 8-12 in. lo lanceolato short-pet iol equal Iv loiuuii'd or natc, 'closi'ly scrrato niaturity slabrous, dt and glabrous or haii veins beneath. Ploin ealyx almost obsolete : corolla none : sU with dark purple oblons anther-cells. Fruit linear-oblong. 1-2 in. loni/,i, not often surpassin-j; 40 or .')() ft. in iieij^lit ur 12 or 15 in. in tliickness of triiiil;. and wlie i not crowded by other trees develops an op 'ii synimetrical ovoid or rounded top, of stoiil spreading branelies. Its hark is of a dark gray color, fissured in rather narrow soniewh it reticulate ridges, \-ery niucli resembling that of the White Asii, as it does also in the (|uaiity of its wood and other characters, excepting tlie amount of pubescence of its foliage and branch- lets. It inhabits the rich well-drained soil of slopes and the banks of streams, or occasionally low-lands, of the foot-hill region of the Alle- ghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to North- ern Georgia and Alabama. For its discovery we are indebted to Prof. C. D. Beadle, Botanist at the Biltmore forest estate of Mr. Geo. \\'. Vanderbilt, where it is a common tree, and he has appropriately given it the name of the estate. Its wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough and of a pinkish brown color, with abundant lighter sap-wood, and is suitable for the uses to which the White Ash wood is applied.! Leaves 10-1.5 in. long, with 7-0 ovate or ovatr oblons; to lanceolate somewhat falcate loni;- petiolulate leaflets, o-7 in. long, obtuse or rounded at base, acuminate, with entire or ob- scurel.v denticulate margins and at maturit.v firm dark green above, paler and pubescent especiall.v on the veins beneath : branclilets velvety pubescent. Flowers early in May. in rather compact pubcsci-nt panicles. Fruit: samaras li/4-l% in. long, liuear or linear-spatula te with wing 2 or .3 times ;is long and ver.v sliehtl.v deeurrent upon tlie nearly terete narrovvly elliptic seed-bearing portion. 1. A. W., XII, 287. GREEN ASH. Fnixiniis lanceolata Borek.^ Fig. 469. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 470. Trunk of isolated tree. Meramec River valley, Mo. Handbook' ok Thki: II'' 'I'lIK X(Mriiii:i;.\ Si AM) Canada. 395 This liiuidsoiiu' treo riirolv attuiiis a greater size tlian (iO-TO ft. in liei-,'ht, and 2-3 ft. in diaiiu'tor of trunk. When isohited it develops a broad roiuuh-d top, of slender spreading brandies. It inhal)its tiie bani-!> oblong-lanceolate to ovate petiolulate leaflets, cuneate at base, acumi- nate at apex, usually sharply serrate at ma- turity, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides or slightly lighter beneath ; branchlets gray, terete, glabrous with pale lentieels. Floircrx dioecious, without petals. Fruit samara, 1-2 in. long, with terete body tapering from the base, tipped with a spatulate or lanceolate wing de- current about half way down the body. 1. Syn. Fraxinus viridis Michx. f. FriLrunof Pciinsyhunica van. lanccolata Sarg. I.'. A. W.. XI, 262. RED ASH. Fraxlniis PennsiiJvanlca Marsh.^ Fig. 4/1. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 472. Trunk of isolated tree. Staten Island, N. Y. 11 i)K OF Treks of the Xortiierx States and Canada. 397 Tlip Red Ash is a lice of iiicdimii sizf. litrt'ly ;»tt:iiniiig a j-icatcr lici.ylit tliaii 4(l-(i(» ft. or a greater thickness of trunk tlian 2 ft. Wlien isolated from other trees it deveh)i)s a broad- ovoid or somewluit pyramidal top siinihir ti) that of the White Ash, whieli it also resembles in eliaracter of bark. It inhabits low rich bottom-lands and the margins of swamps and streams, in company with the Hackberry, Elms, Swamp, Pin and Water Oaks, Bitter-nut Hickory, Red and Silver Maples, Sweet and Sour Gums, etc. It is not generally distin- guished by tlie common people from the White Ash, which, however, is more a tree of up- land regions and a tree of more vigorous growth and ornamental character. The Red Ash is said to take its name from the reddish color of the inner bark of the branches. The wood is rather light, a cubic foot when close of- flie first season. Floircr.s dioecious, petals wantinj; ; stamens sul>- tended by the persistent calyx. Fnilt: samai'a. 1-2 in. long, with -slender teret(» tapering l)ody. margined al)ove by the thin decurrent linear or spatulate wing which about eciuals it in length. 1. Syn. Fraxinus piibr 2. A. W., II. 31. Eam. PUMPKIN ASH. Fraxuius profunda Bush. I'iii. 473. Eranchlet with mature leaves and fruit and leafless branchlet in winter. 474. Trunk in swamp bordering St. Francis River, Mo. Small Cypress knees in background. Handbook of Treks of the Xoir AM) CaXAI).' 300 The Pumpkin Ash is a hirge tree as found in the swampy bottom-lands of caster. i Arkansas and southeastern Missouri, where it attains the height of 100 ft. or more, with columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter above its wide base. It inhabits deep swamps, the banks of sloughs and streams of eastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri, and of the valley of the Appalachicola River in western Florida. It occupies these localities, inundated during a considerable portion of the year, in company with the Bald Cj^press, Leitneria, Cotton and Water Gums, Planer-tree, Swamp Poplar, Water Locust, etc. The singular name, Pumpkin Ash, by which it is popularly known, i.^ said to be given to it on account of its wide swollen base which gives it stability in the soft miry ooze in which it grows. The oc- currence of the Pumpkin Ash, Leitnaria and certain other Floridian species in southeastern ^Missouri and eastern Arkansas indicates a" interesting extension of the Floridian flora into those regions which is noteworthy, espe- cially as few, if any, of these species have been found in the intermediate regions. Leaves large, 9-18 in. long, leaflets 7-9, lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate and usually inequilateral, entire or nearly so. rounded or cuneate at base, acuminate, hairy tomentose at first, at maturity dark green and nearly glabrou.s above, pubescent beneath : branchlets and all new growths densely pubescent. Flowers dioecious, the staminate with a campanulate obscurely 4-toothed calyx ; sta- mens 2-.'i ; pistillate calyx larger, deeply 4-lobed, accrescent and persistent. Fndt: samaras, linear-oblong, 2-8 in. long with wing deeurrent to below the middle of the terete thick seed -bearing portion. FRINGE-TREE. OLD-MAN'S-BEARD TREE. Chloitaiitlius Yii'f/iiilca 1.. Fig. 475. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; detached fruits with pits exposed, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 476. Trunk, with leaves at base, of a transplanted tree in New York. 477. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northekn States and Canada. 401 The beautiful Fiinoje-tree rarely attains a greater size tlian 23 or 30 ft. in height and 8 to 10 in. in diameter of trunk, and is often a shrub sending up several stout spreading stems from a common base. When isolated it develops a low roundetl or oblong top of tortu- ous branches. It inhabits rich moist soil of sheltered ravines and the banks of streams, and is a tree of singular beauty in May and June, when its light green foliage is inter- spersed with numerous tassel-like or fringe-like flowers of snowy whiteness, very different from the flowers of all other trees. There are several names by which the tree is known, as Old Man's Beard, Grandfather Graybeard, Sunflower Tree, Snow-flower Tree, Flowering Ash, etc., all alluding to its singular flowers. On account of these and its hand-. 4 iS^-V:' ■'• »■ - " - ■'- COMMON CATALPA. Catalpa Catalpa Karst.^ Fig. 481. Branch with mature leaves branchlet about natural size. 482. Trunk of isolated tree. 483. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters and fruit, much reduced, and isolated seeds and winter Handbook of Trees of tub Noktiikkn AXT) (\\NADA. 40; The Common Catalpa rarely attains a greater heiglit than 50 or GO ft., and its short stout trunk is sometimes 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. Its habit is to form a wide rounded top, of few spreading crooked branches and thick up right branch lets. It is late in spring, after the leaves of most of the trees are well along, when this tree opens its buds and unfolds its ample leaves, and these are soon after fol- lowed by its beautiful pyramids of llowers. which are scarcely equaled in size and at tractiveness by those of any other American tree. As we contemplate the mas.s of heart- shaped leaves interspersed with these great jnramids of handsome flowers we do not wonder that it is extensively planted for orna ment both in this country and in Europe. Through this agency it has become widely naturalized throughout eastern United States, far outside of its native habitat. The limit of its natural range cannot be determined with certainty, but its supposed limits are indicated on the acompanying map. The wood is soft, coarse-grained and durable, and valued for fence-posts, rails, etc. A cubic foot, when absolutely dry, weighs 27.88 lbs. 2 Leaves broad-ovate, 6-12 in. long, cordate at base, acute or acuminate, entire or witli 1 or 'J lateral lobes, strons-scented, pale tomentose at first, at maturity light green and glabrous abo\-e. paler, pubescent and with dark glands in the axils of the veins beneath ; petioles terete and nearly as long as the blades. Floiccrs numerous in large panicles, S-10 in. long and broad ; corolla nearly 2 in. in length, and 1 Mi in. broad cam- panuiate, white thickly spotted within on lower side with yellow and iiurple ; lower lobe entire. Fruit: capsule KM'O in. long, 14-Mt in. thick, thin- walled : seeds about '4 in. wide with gray wings terminating mostly in pointi^d tufts of hairs.^ 1. Syn. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. 2. A. W., IV, 89. ;{. For genus see p. 4.")0. 1 '''^ m ^-^v:V>;;. r ^^jKI 1 p" ■ : M '^> '''■■ \-K "'*~', '■•;- ,< ■' i.. 1S.U-.// ■:■¥ ^'-^-^ -:. lfe^.W ■ HARDY CATALPA. WESTERN CATALPA. CATAWBA-TREE. Catalpa speciosa Warder. Fig. 484. Branch with mature leaves and fruit, i ; a capsule opening to liberate seeds, 2 ; detached seeds, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 4S5. Trunk of a small tree in St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the IN'okthern States and Canada. 407 The Hardy Catalpa, in the fertile bottom- lands of the lower Ohio basin, has been known to attain the height of 120 ft., when growing in the forest, witii straight coliiiunar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter, but it is usually a con- siderably snuiller tree, and when isolated from others develops a broad top of spreading branches. It is quite as handsome a tree as the Common Catalpa when in flower, and, though the pyramids of flowers are smaller and of fewer flowers, the individual flowers are distinctly larger. Like the other species, too, its long capsular pods swing from its leafless branches long after the leaves have fallen, and, when they open and liberate their light buoyant seeds, the wind has opportunity to carrj' them far from the parent tree before striking the ground. Its light wood, of which a cubic foot, when absolutely dry, weighs 25.96 lbs., is exceed- ingly durable in contact with the soil, and is proving to be one of the most profitable trees to grow, at least in the middle west, for fence- posts, railway ties, telegraph poles, etc. Large plantations of the trees are being planted espe- cially for these uses. Leaves broad-ovate, 8-14 in. long, cordate at base, long-pointed, entire or with 1 or 2 lateral lobes, not unpleasantly scented, at maturity glabrous dark green above, pubescent and with dark glands in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers in few-flowered panicles, 5-8 in. long and broad; corolla campanulate, about 2% in. wide, sparingly spotted with yellow and purple within, lower lobe emarginate. Fruit: capsule 8-2(( in. long. %-% in. thick, thick-walled; seeds about % in. wide with light brown rounded wings terminat- ing in a mostly wide fringe of hairs. j^-V \ BUTTON-BUSH. BUTTON-WILLOW. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. I Fig. 486. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, i ; fruit-head disintegrating and scattered akenes, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 487. Trunk of tree near Lake Kirkendall, Red River valley, Ark. 488. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 409 The Bottom-bush throughout the greater part of its vast range, extvuding from the Atlantic to the Pacific, could only be called a shrub, rarely becoming a small tree in favor- able situations. In southern Arkansas and eastern Texas, however, it sometimes attains the height of 40 or 50 ft., with an irregular top of crooked spreading or upright branches and a clear often leaning trunk 1 ft. in diameter. It inhabits the borders of sluggish streams, swamps and bayous, venturing farther out into the water than most of its neighbors. In southern Arkansas, where it attains its largest dimensions, it is found skirting the borders of river-bottom ponds, in company with the Swamp Privet, Planer-tree, Water Locust and various Willows. In these regions it is com- monly called the Button Willow — a name given to it on account of the company it keaps rather than any relationship to the true Willows. Its bark is rich in tannin, and is said to pos- sess medicinal properties. Leaves ovate to oval, 4-7 in. long, rounded or cuneate at base, acute or acuminate, membrane- aceous, entire, dark green above, paler and with prominent light yellow arcuate veins beneath ; petioles stout, 14 to % in. long and between them are small triangular stipules. Flowers white, very fragrant and nectiferous, in panicled heads about 1 in. in diameter ; calyx longer than the ovary ; anthers nearly sessile and discharging their pollen before the flower opens. Fruit in heads % in. or less in diameter.' 1. For genus see p. 456. PAULOWNIA. PRINCESS-TREE. Paulownia tomentosa (Tliimb.) Bailey. Fig. 489. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, and (to the right) empty capsules, i; fruit in longitudinal section to show placentae and seeds, 2 ; do, in cross-section, 3 ; an open capsule liberating its many small seeds, 4 ; cluster of flower-buds for the next season's flowers, 5 ; branchlet in winter cut to show segmented pith, 6. 490. Trunk with empty capsules at base. 4QI. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 411 The Paulownia is a beautiful tree, intro- duced into this country from China and Jap.in for ornamental purposes, and has become thor- oughly naturalized in localities, where the climate is not too severe. It is wide-spreading in habit of growth, its short thick trunk, some- times 2-3 ft. in diameter, usually dividing within a few feet from the ground into few large branches, which form a wide and often flat-topped open head, if there is sufTicient room for lateral development. It is a remarkable tree at all seasons of the year. When leaHess, in winter, it bears large upright) clusters of naked llower-buds, which developed the previous season to open early in the following spring, with the unfolding of the velvety young leaves, and then become so many beautiful pyramids of long blue flowers. These are delightfully fragrant, and the whole atmosphere for some distance from the tree is redolent with their perfume; but, alas! their duration is far too short, and the ground within only a day or two is strewn with their withering corollas. In summer the tree is at- tractive on account of its big heart-shaped leaves, which cast an abundance of shade. After these fall, in the autumn, the clusters of fruit-pods, suggestive of so many miniature bishop's miters, open and liberate to the winds innumerable small filmy-winged seeds. The clusters of empty blackened pods then persist and rattle on the leafless branches during the following winter or longer, when they detract somewhat from the ornamental value of'the tree unless removed. Such is the j'early pro- gram of the Paulownia in climates south of about the latitude of New York City, which limits the boundary of its naturalization. Farther north its flower-buds usually winter- kill, but it can be and often is grown as an ornamental foliage ])lant as far north as Montreal. For this use it is generally cut liack to the ground every yeur, excepting a single shoot, and this puts out great leaves a foot or two across, and sometimes attains a height of 10 to 12 ft. or more in a single season, presenting a peculiarly tropical ap- pearance. The wood of the Paulownia is soft, light, easily worked, yielding a satiny surface, and of a purple brown color with thin sap-wood. It is highly valued in Oriental countries. 2 1. Syn. Pauloicnia inipvrialis S. & Z. 2. A. W., XII, 288. .1. For genus see p. 4.S7. BLACK HAW. SWEET HAW. SHEEP-BERRY. STAG-BUSH. Vihurnum pruni folium L. j w, . . 1 P 1 1 •• •L^S^'J ~^ *^Mffefi^ ^ ^r RUSTY NANNYBERRY. SOUTHERN NANNYBERRY. Viburnum rufidulum Raf.^ f Fig- 495- Vigorous branchlet with leaves only, i; branchlet with leaves and fully grown fruit; but still green in color, 2 ; fruit in section, 3 ; isolated pit, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 496. Trunk of tree in coast region of North Carolina. Handbook of Tkees of the I^orthern States and Canada. 415 The Rusty Nannybeny is the largest Ameri- can representative of the genus, attaining the heiglit of 40 ft., with a trunk sometimes 12 or 18 in. in diameter, but it is generally a smaller tree and is sometimes slirubby, sending u|i from the ground se\eral steins. The bark of trunk, like tliat of tiie other arborescent \'iburnunis, is fissured into more or less pro- nounced squares, by a transverse checking of its prominent longtitudinal ridges. When isolated it develops a rather wide ir- regular open to]), and, with its ample shining leaves and large Hower clusters, it is a tree of unusual beauty in spring-time; and hardly less so later in autumn, when bearing its conspicu- ous fruit. It is well worthy of being planted for ornamental purposes, in parks and private grounds, and has been found to be hardy as far north as INIassachusetts. The wood is fine-grained, heavy and hard, but, as is the case with the northern Nanny- berry, the Ilea rt- wood possesses such a strong, disagreeable odor as to render it undesirable for most uses, even if it were procurable in quantities. The disagreeable odor of the wood is communicated to the smoke when burning.- Lcarcfs ovnl to elliptical and obovate, rounded or obtusi" at base and mostly obtuse or occasionally acute at a|i('X. finely and shari)ly serrate, at ma- turity ('(iriaieous lustrous dark sreen above, paler and with rufous hairs on midrib and prominent veins lioneatli and the wide grooved and margined petioles. J-'loirtrs 14 in. in diameter, in com- pound rusty-pubescent cymes .sometimes .") or t! in. across. Fruit, ripe in October, oblong, blue with glaucous bloom, about i/^ in. long, in few-fruited clusters with drooping red stems ; stone flat, nearly orbicular. 1. Syn. Vihia-ninn rcfofnmentoHum Small. NORTHERN NANNY-BERRY OR SHEEP-BERRY. Viburnum Lentago L. ^L i jfc^BII^^^BP^^biBijS^K 'i^^^B ': v^'^^^i • • \ "^W^ ^ V ^ • • 1 * ■.^v>. in 1 1 i_ ^ • m ^^^v. ■ J m ^ I ' IL ^ 1 M^ ^ ,^. r fL ■ r] T -•^ *'^^ Pig. 497. Branch with leaves and mature fruit, i ; isolated pits, two in section, 2 ; branchlets with vigorous leaves, 3 ; branchlets in winter, 4. The two large uppermost buds are flower-buds ; the others leaf-buds. 498. Trunk of a tree in Lewis Co., N. Y. Cattle rubbing against this trunk have broken off most of the square plates commonly found on the bark of this species. Handbook of TrelEs TIIK XoKTlIKK'X StATKS .VXD TaXADA. 4T The Northern Nanny-bprry is at best a small tree, only under most favorable conditions at- taining the height of 25 or 30 ft., with trunk S or 10 in. in diamctor, and is commonly only a shnil). When isolated from other tnvs it develojjs a wide rounded top with tough tortu- ous branches. The bark of trunk is of a dark- brown color and fissured into prominent ridge-;, which are more or less divided by transvers(! fissures. It iiiliahits the banks of streams, margins of swamps and low rich bottom-lands, or sparingly hill-sides where there is an abun dance of moisture, and in these localities, in the month of .May, its lustrous green leaves and large clusters of small white flowers arc sure to elicit admiration from even the casual observer. Its blue-black fruit in autumn pre sents a new phase of beauty, which the country children consider as also of utility, for they delight in eating the sweet fruit. It is then that the appropriateness of its names — 11 //(/ Raisin Tier and Sweet-berry — is apparent. The wood is fine-grained, hard and heavj', a cubic foot weighing 45.51 lbs., and the yellow ish brown heart- wood is of very disagreeable and remarkably persistent odor, suggestive of the odor of rancid butter. Lrarrs ovate to oval, 2V2 to ."> in. lonj,'. mostly rounded at base and acuminate at apex, sharply serrate, at maturity lustrous dark .urccn above, yellowish liTccii and with minute lilack dots he- neath : petioles wide, .grooved al)(iv<'. the lower- most wavy margined, riifoiis-tomentose. Flowers 14 in. broad in several-rayed cymes, 3-.") in. across. Fruit ripe in September, oblong, on drooping pedicels in red stemmed clusters with thick blue- black glaucous skin : stone very flat oval or orbicular. r \ { ?'~7r- SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA REPRESENTED IN THIS WORK WITH ANALYTICAL KEYS LEADING TO THE SPECIES. CLASS I. GYMNOSPERM^. The class of plants known as Gi/miiuspcniiw is of very ancient origin, being represented among the fossils of the Silurian Age and most numerously among those of the Triassic. It is now represented by not more than 'four hundred and fifty species, which have the following characters in common : They are flowering plants in which the ovules or seeds are borne naked upon an open scale (not inclosed in an ovary) and are trees and shrubs mainly with resinous juice, chiefly parallel-veined leaves and stems, consisting of bark, wood and pith, increasing in thickness by annual layers of the wood externally and of the bark internally. It consists of three families, viz. : Comferce, Genetacecc and Cycaclaccw. the latter two being confined chiefly to tropical and south temperate regions. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. A family of trees and few shrubs with resinous juice and cell-walls of wood marked with circular discs. It is of greatest economic value and world-wide distribution, but chiefly in north temperate regions. Among its representatives are trees, notably the Sequoias, which are considered to be of the greatest longevity of all living organisms. It consists of thirty-one genera of which thirteen are represented in the United States. Leaves narrow or scale-like, clustered or alternate, parallel-veined and generally persistent: buds scaly. Flowers in catkins or solitary with an involucre of enlarged bud-scales, unisexual and monajcious (dioecious in Jnniperus) destitute of calyx and corolla; anthers 2-celled ; pistillate flowers bearing on the inner face of each scale 2 or more ovules and becoming in Fruit a woody cone or rarely a. berry or drupe; seeds often winged, with coat of two layers; embryo axial in copious albumen ; cotyledons 2 or several. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Scales of cones in the axils of persistent bracts, numerous, spirally arranged and each bearing at its base above 2 seeds {Ahietinece) . b Cones requiring 2 years to mature ; leaves needle-shaped in 2-5-leaved axillary fascicles (solitary in one species) sheathed at base with membranous scales, persistent. Pinus. V Cones maturing in one season ; leaves o In many-leaved fascicles on lateral spurs, deciduous Lai'ix. c^ Solitary, scattered, persistent and linear or 4-sided ; cones d Pendent and scales persistent on the axes ; branchlets rough with woody persistent bases of the leaves e Leaves sessile, 4-sided or flattened above and stomatiferous all sides or above only. Picea. e^ Leaves petiolate, flattened and stomatiferous below only Tsuga. d^ Erect on the branchlets and scales falling away from persistent axes at maturity ; leaves leaving flat or depressed leaf-scars Abies. a^ Scales of the cones without bracts b Numerous, spirally arranged and forming a woody cone; leaves linear (sometimes scale- like ) alternate ( Taxodiw) and deciduous Taxodium. b- Few, decussate; leaves decussate or in 3-ranks and often of 2 forms {Cupressinew) ; fruit a c Woody cone ; leaves all scale-like ; cones [4181 Handbook ok Tk'kks ok tiik Xoktiikkx Staths axd (/axada. 419 d Ohlonj;;; scales S-lL*. ohloiij;. ciicli bearing 2 (■(luall.v li-wiiiKcd sinds. Thuya, d- Sul)j;lul)(iM>, Willi [n'ltatc scales each bearing- '2 seeds and inaturiui; in diic season. Cliaiusecyparis. c- Berry, fuinicd by the coalescence of the Hesliy scales of the Hower. . Juniperus. THE PINES. (Jknus PIN US L. The Pines are trees and a few shrubs of the northern hemisphere and chiefly of temperate regions. INIany of its represenlativ(>s are of grealesl economic value. About eighty species are recognized of which Ihii'ty-four are natives of the I'liiled States, ten being represented in the northeastern states. Lcarcs evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in flusters of 2-~) together (solitary in one species), from the axils of scale-like primary leaves each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. FloicerH appearing in spring, moncp<'ious. Sterile fiuwcr.s in catkins, clustered at the base of the shoots of the season: stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; anther-cells, 2. opening lengthwise: pollen grains triple. Fcrlilc fioircrs in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated, carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair of inverted ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone formed of the imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at tlie apex, persistent, when ripe dry and spreading to liberate the two nut-like and usually winged seeds ; cotyledons 3-12 linear. The name is a Latin word from Celtic i)iii or pcit. a crag. KEY TO THIO GENERA. Leaves in clusters of a Five : cones with thin unarmed scales P. Strobus. a- Three; cones with scales tiiickened at apex and armed witli a prickle; cones b Subterminal and deciduous above the basal scales c Four to six inches long, heavy; buds brow^i P. ponderosa scopulorum. c- Six to ten inches long, not heavy; buds white P. palustris. b^ Lateral and symmetrical ; cones c Long-ovoid with stout prickles: leaves G-9 in. long.. P. Taeda. C" Ovoid with slender prickles ; leaves Three to five inches long P. rigida. Six to eight inches long P. serotina. a' Two : cones b Subterminal ; scales thickened and unarmed P. resinosa. b- Lateral ; scales c I'narmed, or with very weak or deciduous prickles; cones small, incuived. P. divaricata. c- Armed with d Slender prickles ; leaves e Three to four in. long P. ecliinata. «?- One to two in. long P. Virginiana. d- Very thick stout spines P. pungens. For .v/K'C(c.s' sec pp. 2-19 and the foUoiriiif/ : Long-leaf Pine, /'. />f/?».s7/(.s Mill. An important timber tree of the southern states and has been reported as occurring very sparingly as far north as .southeastern Virginia. Leavc.t 8-18 in. long, dark green, densely tufted at the ends of the branchlets, arranged in o s. with persistent sheaths. Floirers: staminate rose-purple; pistillate close to the apex of the shoot. Fruit: cones cylindric-ovoid, (J-10 in. long, somewhat curved, subsessile, with scales thickened' near apex by a transverse ridge and bearing a short recurved prickle : cones deciduous within the base, a few basal scales being left attached to the stem ; seeds about y.j in. long with long wing very oblique at apex. Pond Pine. /*. serotina Michx. A tree of the southern states requii'ed to be mentioned here only fiom the fact that its northerinnost representatives are said to have been found im southeastern Virginia, where, however, it is very scarce. Leares in 3 s. 0-8 in. long, rather slender, glaui-ous. stomatose all sides. Fruit: cones latei'al. subglobose to ovoid. 2-2Vo in. long, subsessile. scales thickened at apex and bearing a miiuite prickle: seeds about ^s in. long, including witig -'i in. long. THE LARCHES OR TAMARACKS. Ckms LARIX. Adansox. A genus of nine species of trees of northern and mountainous regions of the northern iiemisphere prodticin;; duralih' and valuable lumber and other products. Three representatives are North .\ i-ican. two inhabiting tlie western side of the continent and one the eastern. L anther- cells : pistillate with S-12 opposite scales each with 2 erect ovules. Cones small, ovoid-oblong, maturing the first season, with few thin oblong leathery scales thickened at apex and only the 2 or :'> middle pairs fertile: seeds usually 2 at the base of each scale, oblong, compressed and usually with lateral wings not united at apex: cotyledons 2. 'J'liui/d is the ancient Greek name of some coniferous tree and applied by Linnaeus to this genus. For species sec pp. 'I'l-.'il. THE COAST CEDARS. Genus CMAM.T:CYPARTS Spach. inous juice, fragi'ant )ranclilcts deciduous. (1 Formosa, with man; x'cies two are confined to the Pacific and oi Tall ev(>rgre( n i)yrami(lnl trees with flat opei fan-lik(- si)ra.\s with some of tl known c inlined t . North Ame rica. .lajian the gardi ncr's art Of tlu' Noi th America the Atla itic coast regions. vail lahJe wood, foliage in A lalf dozen species are v a inormal forms due to 422 Angiospeem.e. Leaves very small, opposite, in four ranks, scale-like and appressed or more spreading on older twigs and subulate on vigorous sterile shoots. Floirer.s in early spring, minute, monoecious, terminal, the two sexes on different branchlets ; staminate oblong with several decussate stamens having ovate connectives decreasing in size from below upwards, and each bearing usually two globose anther-cells : pistillate subglobose with decussate peltate scales each bearing two to five erect ovules. Coins small, globose, erect, maturing the first season but persisting on the branchlets after discharging their seed, with thick peltate scales having central bosses or points and each bearing at its base one to five erect compressed laterally- winged seeds ; cotyledons two. The name is from Greek roots meaning " a low Cypress." For species see pp. JJ-.'/.j. THE JUNIPEUS. Genus JUNIPER L. Evergreen trees and shrubs of tlie northern hemisphere having pungent aromatic juice, generally fibrous bark and very durable light odorous wood. About thirty-five speciees are known. In the New World they are distributed from the Arctic Circle to the highlands of Mexico. Lower California and the West Indies in eleven arborescent species and one or two shrubby. Two only of the arborescent and one of the shrubby species are found in north- eastern I'nited States. Leaves of two sorts, viz.. opposite, scale-like, with gland-like disk and appressed in four ranks, or subulate and free in whorls of three, sessile, sharp-pointed, without gland, convex below, concave and stomatiferous above — both forms sometimes on the same plant. Floircrs small, dioecious or sometimes monoecious, oblong, terminal or axillary, the staminate yellow, with peltate scales each bearing 2-G globose anther-cells attached to its base; the pistillate consisting of 2-6 opposite or ternate fleshy pointed scales each {tearing one or two erect ovules. Fruit berry-like by a coalescence of the fleshy scales of the llower, blue-black or red with white bloom, smooth or marked with points of the flower-scales, closed or open, containing usually one to six bony wingless seeds and requiring one to three years to attain maturity ; coty- ledons 2-t'). J iiiii/icrus is the classical Latin name of the Juniper. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaves of 2 kinds, both scale-like and subulate ; flowers terminal ; buds naked Maturing its fruit in autumn of the first season J. Virginiana. Maturing its fruit in autumn of second season J. seopulorum. a' Leaves all subulate ; flowers axillary ; buds scaly J. cominunis. For species see pp. 44 4^ «"f? ^''<" foUoiritif/: AVestern Red Cedar. J. seopulorum Sarg. A tree very similar to the eastern Red Cedar but with somewhat larger fruit, containing usually 2 seeds and maturing at the close of the second season. CLASS II. ANGIOSPERM^. In distinction from the class of plants known as the Gi/miwspermcB we now take up Class II, the Angiospermee, which includes all other Flowering Plants. Its representatives are thought to be of more recent origin than tho.se of the Gymnospermce and are characterized by having flowers in which the ovules are borne in a closed cavity (the ovary) which becomes the fruit at maturity. The Class is divided into two subclasses, viz.. Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. The former are plants in which the embryo contains a single cotyledon or seed leaf, the leaves are parallel-veined, the parts of the flower are in 3s and the stems consist of a mass of soft, pith-like tissue (parenchyma) permeated with wire-like bundles of woody tissue (fibro- vascular bundles). The Palms. Yuccas, etc.. are tree representatives of this subclass, all being confined to warm climates. Subclass 2. DYCOTYLEDONS. Tiiese are plants in which the embryo contains two cotyledons, the leaves are netted- veined. the parts of the flower are mostl.^' in 4s or 5s and the stems consist of bark, wood and pith, increasing by annual layers of wood inside the baik. They comprise by far the greater part of the flowering plants including all of the trees of northern temperate regions excepting those of the class Gymnospcrmo'. The subclass is divided into Apctahr. Polypctuhr and GamopetaUp, which we will take up in order. Division 1. APETALii:. Flowering plants in which the corolla and also the calyx sometimes is wanting. Handbook of Tkkes of tiii-> Xokiiikrx Statks axd Caxada. 42o WALNUT FAMILY. JUGLANDACE^. A family of six genera and aixmt tliirty-live species of important trees with aromatic l)nii< and watery jnice. nuistly of tiie wanner pai'ts of tiie north temperate zone. Two genera are represented in the I'nited States. Lcurcs alternate, dociduons. odd-pinnate, with long grooved i)etioles exstipulate, the leaflets sessile or nearly so excepting the terminal one which is usually long-stalked. Iloirrrs inoncpcious. opening after the unfolding of the leaves ; the starainate in long drooping lateral aments on the growth of the previous season : calyx ',i to (i-lobed, each in the axil of and adnate to a bract ; stamens several with short distinct filaments and longitudinally dehiscent ^uithers ; pistillate in spikes or solitary terminating the new growth, bracteate and usually two-hiacteolate : calyx o-r>-lobed ; ovary inferior and 1-celled or incompletely .'i-4-celled and containing a solitary erect orthotropous ovule: style short with 2 plumose stigmas. Fruit a i)ony incompletely 'J-4-ceIled nut inclosed in an indehiscent or 4-valved exocarp ; seed without aUiunien. large, solitary. "J-lohed. fleshy and very oily ; cotyledons 2-lobed, corrugated or .sinuose : radicle minute, superior, at apex of nut. KEY TO TUK (iENEHA. Husk of fruit indehiscent: nut mostly sculptured: staminate aments simple: pith segmented. Juglans. Husk 4-valved: nut not sculptured: staminate aments branched: pith not segmented. Hicoria. THE WALNUTS AND BUTTERNUTS. Genus Jl'GLAXS L. Trees with dark colored durable lieait-wood. furrowed bark, stout branchlets. laminated ]iifh and edible nuts. Ten species are known, four of wliich are natives of the I'liited States, two of the northern Atlantic states, one of the southwestern states and one of the Pacific •coast region. Lvaveft with stout pubescent petioles and 11-17 subsessile. oblong-lanceolate leaflets which are mostly from 2 to 4 inches long, rounded and unequal at base, finely serrate except at base, acute or acuminate and clammy pubescent at least when young, rugose above : leaf-buds superposed. Flan-cm staminate in thick drooping cylindrical aments 3-5 in. long or more ; calyx usually (i-lobed. light yellowish green, puberulous outside: stamens 8-40 with nearly se.ssile dark brown anthers : pistillate flowers in few-flowered spikes at the ends of the shoots of the season with villous laciniated involucre : calyx 4-lobed ; petals 4. alternate with the sepals and adnate to the ovary: pistil with very short stylo: two plumose stigmas and usually 2-celled ovary. Fruit globose or ovoid with fibrous somewhat fleshy indehiscent exocai'p and an ovoid or flattened globose hard thick-walled rugose or sculptured indehiscent endocarp (nut) which is 2-4-celled at base: seed deeply .lobed. The name is of Latin derivation meaning nut of Jove. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Fruit subglobose, papillose (not viscid) : leaflets 1.1-23 J. nigra. Fruit pointed-ovoid, viscid-pubescent: leaflets 11-17, viscid-pubescent J. cinerea. For species sec pp. .'/S-Sl. THE HICKORIES. Genus HICORIA Raf. The Hickories are cDufined to tiie temperate regions of eastern North America ranging from tlie valley of the St. I.awreiK c Uiver to the liighlaiids of Mexi.-o. There are about a dozen six'cies. all iieiiig found within the T'liited States excepting one. Their wood is very strong. tl(>xiiile and more valuable than any other woods for certain uses. They have smooth gray bark wlieii young, but with age become fissured into hard i)lates and scales. Tlie branches are tough and (lexibl(> and the pith solid. Ijcans with thick and firm ovate to oliovate leaflets, increasing in size from lielow up- wards, often glandular-dotted, usually unecnial at base, and acuminate at apex, .serrate, veins commonly forking near the margins. Ffoirers: staminate aments slender, droojiing and usually in threes with common peduncle from the axils of leaf-scars at the base of the shoots of the season or in clusters from buds in the axils of leaf-scars near the summit of the growth of the iirevious sea.son, the lateral branches from the axils of iiersisteiit bracts; talyx 2-31obed. adnate to the bracts; stamens ."MO with ovate-obhmg hairv anthers; pistillate flowers sessile, in mostly 2-lf>-flowered terminal spikes : calyx unetiually 4-lobed : stigmas short-papillose. Fruit subglobose. oblong, ovoid or pyriform. with husk (epicarpt woody at maturity and separating more or less completely into 4 valves, the sutures alternate with 424 JUC4LANDACE.E, MyRICACE.E. those of the uut aud falling away at maturity: nut with bony crustaceous shell (endocari> ) , 4-celled at base, li-t-elled at apex; seed lobed aud variously groove^ oily and usually edible. sometimes bitter. • ' ^ The name is from the popular name which is of American Indian origin. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Bud scales few, valvate : sutures of fruit winged, lateral leaflets more or less lanceolate and falcate. b Nut compressed and kernel usually bitter; shell Sinooth and pale H. minima. liiiuosc, angled, chocolate-color H. aqiiatica. b- Nut not compressed ; seed edible H. Pecan. a= Bud-scales numerous, imbricated ; lateral leaflets slightly if at all falcate, broader : sutures not prominent (or slightly so in H. rillosa) b Husk of fruit usually thick, splitting to base c Bark exfoliating in long loose plates — shaggy; nuts whitish thick-shelled Leaflets mostly 3-5 and nut rounded at base H. ovata. Leaflets mostly 7-9 and nut pointed at base H. laciniosa. c- Bark in close rough ridges, not shaggy; leaflets 7-!); foliage fragrant and stellate- pubescent; nut usually 4-ridged and with thick brownish shell. . H. alba, b- Husk of fruit thin and usually not splitting freely to the base. c Fruit nearly globose and nut snuill with thin shell and bark of old trunks exfoliating in long narrow strips Nut little flattened; middle lobe of stamiiMte calyx short H. microcarpa. Nut much flattened ; middle lobe of calyxSong H. borealis. c' Fruit obovoid or pyriform with smooth thick-shelled nut ; bark close Foliage glabrous or nearly so ^ . . H. glabra. Foliage provided beneath with silvery peltate scales H. villosa.' For species see pp. 52-69 and the foUoivinci : NouTiiERX Hickory. H. borealis Ashe. This is a name recently given to certain small Hickories found on dry uplands in Michigan near the Detroit River, which are allied to H. iiiicrocarjia. but differing from it mainly in having a longer middle lobe of the staminate calyx and fruit more flattened, with very thin rugose husk usually not splitting. The extent of their distribution is not yet determined. SWEET GALE FAMILY. AIYRICACE.E. Small aromatic trees and shrubs with astringent bark and of about f<^y species grouped in two genera only one of which is arborescent. They are of wide distribution throughout the temperate and warmer regions of both hemispheres. Leans simple, alternate, mostly resin-dotted and fragrant, revolute in the bud, persistent; buds small and scaly. Flowers in early spring in oblong araents from the exils of the leaves of the previous year, dioecious or monoecious, solitary in the axils of bracts; perianth want- ing : staminate with 4 to several stamens inserted on the base of the scale with slender filaments united at base; anthers erect, introrsc. 2-(i'11im1. Idnuitudinally dcliisccnt : pisliliate flowers single or in pairs, with 1-celled ovary. slKut style. l2 filiform stigmas; ovule solitary. erect, orthotropous. Friiit a small subglobose drupe covered with waxy exudation ; seed erect with straight embryo, iilano-convex cotyledons and no albumen. THE BAYBERRIES. Genus AIYRICA L. Trees and shrubs of about seven species are represented in America and of these three only are trees. One is confined to the Pacific coast region and the other two are inhabitants of southeastern United States, one of these extending northward into Virginia or in shrubby form farther north. Leo res serrate, dentate or entire, exstipulate, mostly resin-dotted. Floircrs: ovary subtended by 2-4 short bractlets. Fruit a small drupe covered with waxy exudations. The name Miirica, thought to come from a word meaning to perfume, is the ancient Greek name of some fragrant shrub, and applied by Linnaeus to this genus. Fur speeies see pp. 70-7]. CORK-WOOD FAMILY. LEITXERIACE^. Small trees and shrubs of a single genus and species, with exceedingly light wood, of southern United States and the valley of the St. Francis River in southeastern Missouri and the valley of the Brazos River in Texas. Lea res ,S-S in. long, deciduous, alternate, petiolate. involute in the bud, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, firm, rugose-reticulate, at maturity lustrous bright green above villous pubescent below as are the petioles and branch- IlAxnaooK OK Tkkks of the XoRTiiKirx Statks AM) ("axaka. 4L^"> lets. Floiccrs (lia'rious in ci'^ct tomeutose aim-iits. cxpiuMlinji hcfoiv ihe leiives: staminate anients about 1 in. long mav the ends of the brandih'ts: perianth wanting stamens ."J-TJ, inserted on the bases of the seales, with distinct lilauients and oblong introrse 2-eelled longi- tudinally dehiscent anthers: pistillate anients sniallci'. with perianth consisting of small scales: ovary superior, 1-celled. with an elongated llatteueed recurved style, stigmatic on inner face: ovult^ solitary, laterally attached, ascending. Fruit an elongated compressed dry drupe, solitary or 2 or 'A together, with thin-walled nutlet: seed flatteened with oblong blackish hiluni. tlesliy albumen, erect end)ryo and flat cordate cotyledons. THE CORKWOOD. Gkxus LEITXERIA Chapmax. The geiuis is (•liara(teriz(>d as above and contains a single sjiecies. It was named after Dr. K. F. Leitner, a Cerman naturalist who was killi'd in Florida during the Seminole war. For six'cies scv pj). 7 .'-7.?. WILLOW FAMILY. SALICACE^. Trees and slind)s with soft light Wdod. brittle twigs, bitter bark and of wide distribution, chielly of the northern lieinispliere. They are grouped in two genera, having the f(dlow!iig characters in common : Leaves deciduous, simple, alternate anAwith stipules (sometimes minute and caducous i . Floirers dioecious, appearing in early sprin^before the leaves, in aments. from axillary buds, a single small flower appearing in the axil of each scale of the anient, perianth wanting: stamens 2-mauy. subtended by a disk and with intror.ee 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent : pistil 'with short style, 2-4-lobed stigma and 1-celled ovary having 2-4 parietal placenta* and numerous anatropous ovules. Fruit a 1-celled 2-4-valved ovoid capsule, bearing numerous minute seeds surrounded by long silky white hairs and containing short radicle, flat cotyledons and no allnimen. KEY TO THE GENERA. Scales of the aments entire : stamens 2-10 and buds with a single scale Salix. Scale of the aments incised; stamens numerous and buds with several scales. .. . Populiis. THE WILLOWS. Genus SALIX L. Tree;- and shruv.J'of Kid or 170 species of wide distribution throughout the northern and a few in the southern hemisphere. They grow generally along the banks of streams and in low moist soil from the Arctic regions to the tropics. Numerous natural hybrids also occur. About TO species are found in North America and of these 21 are recognized as trees ^f which 9 or 10 species are found in the northeastern states. Besides these we have two or three natualized arborescent species. Lcares commonly lanceolate but ranging from obovate to linear: petioles short, some- times glandular at apex and more or less covering the bud : stipules oblique, serrate, large and persistent (especially so on young shoots) or small and deciduous: winter buds covered with a single scale of two coats, the inner thin and membranous. Floirers in aments with entire or glandular dentate bracts and disk gland-like, minute and nectiferous ; stamens 2-12 (mostly 2) inserted at the base of the scale, with slender and mostly free filaments and small oblong anthers : pistillate aments usually erect or spreading ; ovary sessile or short stipitate with short style, 2 short more or less recurved 2-cleft stigmas and containing 4-S ovules on each of the 2 placentas. Fruit an acuminate capsule dehiscent by 2 recurved valves: seeds minute, dark brown. The name is the ancient Latin name of the genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Stamens .3-7, with filaments hairy at base: aments terminating leafy branchlets and with light yellow caducous scales b Petioles not glandular : leaves c Pale or whitish beneath, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate With longer petioles mostly V> in. or more long S. amygdaloides. With very short petioles mostly less than i/, in. long S. longipes. c' fJreen beneath, narrow-lanceolate, long-pointed : petioles short ... S. nigra. V I'etioles glandular: leaves taper-jiointed Lustrous dark green above, pale beneath, tliickish and finely serratt'. S. lucida. Dull dark green (not lustrous) above, pale beneath, thiniiisli and more coarsely serrate. S. fragilis. huicc.)lat.> and reniotciv dent i.-ulate : S. fluTiatilis. a* Stamens usuallv 2. b Anirnts both terniin il an( axillary : leaves 1 fil'iments hair\- at baM- bi-ai'ts veil iw. cachu b' Aments terminal on atera bianchlets 426 Salic ACE^. c Capsules glabrous ; leaves d Oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex S. balsamifera. d- Linear-lanceolate ; branchlets long and pendent S. Babylonica. d^ Lanceolate to oblanceolate ; branchlets not pendent, e (ilabrous Bright or reddish yellow : leaves glaucous beneath S. vitellina. Light brown ; leaves silky pubescent S. alba. e- Brownish pubescent S. Missouriensis. c- Capsules hairy : style short ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong, acute Glabrous and glaucous beneath ; branchlets usually glabrous ; pedicel of ovary shorter than the scale S. discolor. Pubescent beneath; branchlets pubescent; pedicel of ovary longer than scale S. Bebbiana. For sijccics sec pp. 7Jf-93 and the foUoulng : Balsaji Willow." tSalix haJsamifcra Barr. A species of boreal distribution ranging from about the latitude of Mt. Washington northward and usually shrubby, but in the vicinity of Ft. Kent, Me., has been found to attain the height of '25 ft. with trunk 12-14 in. in diamater. It is characterized as follows : Leaves elliptic to ovate, 2-4 in. long, rounded or subcordate at base, usually acute or obtuse at apex, finely glandular-serrate, thin at first, finally rigid, glabrous, dark green above, paler, glaucous and prominently reticulated beneath ; stipules usually none ; petioles slender Vy in. or less in length. Floirers : aments expanding with the leaves on leafy -bracted branchlets, the stamiuate dense ; stamens 2, with free filaments ; pistillate rather loose ; scales rose-colored, villous, persistent ; style very short. Fruit capsules narrow-ovoid, long-stalked. White Willow. Salix alba L. A large European tree willow sparingly escaped in this country and differs from the >S'. vitelUna mainly in having more ashy gray and silky pubescent leaves, which gives a whitish effect to its foliage, and more brownish branchlets. Var. coenilca Koch., also occasionally found, has more glabrous dull bluish green leaves and olive branchlets. Bebb Willow, ^alix Bebbinana Sarg. {S. rostrata Rich.). A large shrub or small bushy tree, occasionally 25 ft. in height, with a trunk or 8 in. in diameter, ranging from Pennsyl- vania to the Arctic regions, and from the St. Lawrence River to Alaska, and in botanical characters is close to *S'. discolor (see pp. 92-93) but differs in having leaves uusally tomen- tose or pubescent beneath ; pedicel of the ovary longer than the scale and branchlets pubes- cent. THE POPLARS AND COTTONWOODS. Gkxus POPULUS L. Trees of usually large size, rapid growth, with scaly and usually resin-coated buds and hark pale at first but furrowed when old and rich in tannin. The sticky resin of these buds is gathered by honey bees for sealing crevices in their hives, the material which bee-keepers call " propolis." About twenty-five species are recognized of which approximately half are natives of North America ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Arctic Circle to the tropics. The Poplars are the oldest known dicotyledonous plants, being represented among the fossils of the cretaceous formations. Leaves lance-ovate to orbicular or deltoid, involute in the bud, usually with long stalks more or less laterally compressed causing their easy agitation by the winds ; stipules small and caducous ; branchlets terete or angled ; winter buds pointed, more or less resin-coated and covered with several thin imbricated scales. Flowers expanding with or before the leaves in stalked drooping aments which elongate while maturing, with thin obovate stipitate fimbriated caducous scales, more crowded on the staminate aments ; pistillate aments with broad cup-shaped, usually oblique, stipitate and persistent disk ; stamens 4-60. with short free filaments : anthers purplish ; ovary sessile with short style and entire digitate or broadly 2-4-Iobed stigma. Fruit maturing often before the full growth of the leaves, in usually drooping racemes and with subglobose to ovoid-oblong capsules subtended by the persistent disk and dehiscent by 2-4 recurved valves; seeds small, brown and provided with abundant cottony hairs. The name is the ancient Latin name of the Poplar. KFA' TO THE SPECIES. a "Buds coated with a sticky resin ; leaves b Broadly deltoid, acute or acuminate at apex Very wide-cordate to truncate at base ; buds large P. deltoides. Yerv wide-cuneate to truncate at base; buds comparatively small. P. dilatata. b' Rhombic-lanceolate, green both sides, long-pointed P. acttminata. V Ovate-lanceolate, green both sides, short-petiolate P. angustifolia. IIaA'DKOOK of TkKKS of TllK JSOKTUKKX StATKS AM) C'aXADA. 427 b' Bi-oad-ovate, t-ordato al liasc. i)al(' or rusty bcucatli P. candicans. It* Ovate, pale or rusty hcufnth. rounded or \vi-green involucre formed from the enlarged bract .nnd bra pointed deciduous scales nl the base of each of which are 2 flowers each surrounded with a tubular persistent accrescent involucre: calyx adnate to the ovary ; style 2-branched. Fniit an ovoid flattened pointed nutlet, inclosed in an enlarged pale membranous closed sac formed by the enlarged involucre and these together forming a strobile very much resembling a hop. suspended by a slender stem. Osinja is the classical Latin name of the European species. For species see pp. 116-111. THE BIRCHES. Gexus BETULA L. The Birches constitute a considerable and important part of the fores-ts of the Northern Hemisphere of both the Old and the New Worlds. Althougii a few are shrubby species most of them are large and handsome and often aromatic forest trees, some of excep/tional ornamental value with more or less laminate and resinous bark, very tough slender twigs and copious watery and slightly saccharine sap. Leaves serrate, dentate, or sometimes incisely lobed. usually thin, from scaly pointed sessile buds; stipules scarions and fugacious. Floircrs unfolding with or before the leaves; the staminate in pendulous often clustered sessile aments whiili form the previous season and remain erect and naked during the winter at or near the ends of the branchlets and rapidly develop expanding their golden flowers in early spring; scales broad-ovate with the two lateral flowers adnate to their bases; calyx membranous, usually 4-lobed ; slaniens 2 with short 2-parted filaments, each filament bearing and anther-cell; pistillate aments small oblong or cylindrical, usually iiediincled, termin.nting short lateral 2-leaved branchh>ts and with closely imbricated 3-lobed iiersisient aiciescent scales; calyx wanting; pistil with compressed sessile ovary and 2 si)rea(ling peisistcnt styles stigmatic at the apex. Fru'tt erect, inclined or pendulous strobiles with thin woody o-lobed scales and 3 laterally winged nutlets to each scale and these with the scales falling away from the central axis of the strobile at maturity. Betula is the classical name of the Birch-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Branchlets. etc.. not aromatic: strobiles b Cylindrical, with long slender peduncles-: wings broader than nutlet : scales c I'ubeseent, lateral lobes iiroad and recurved ; bark not easily separable into layers : leaves with long slender petioles, long acuminate and Deltoid, wide and mostly truncated at base, bright green B. populifolia. Ovate, mostly rounded or wedge-shaped at base, dull blue-green.. B. coerulea. c' Glabrous with spreading lateral lobes: leaves mostly ovate and rounded at base; bark creamy white and separating freely into layers B. papyracea. b' Oblong, slender, peduncled, mostly erect and lobes of scales linear-oblong: leaves acute. B. nigra, a- Branchlets and inner bark aromatic ; strobiles oblong-ovoid, subsessile, erect ; wings not broader than nutlet ; leaves sharply b Serrate : scales of stobiles short glabrous and with rounded lateral lobes : bark dark brown and scaly B. lenta. b' Doubly .serrate, scales longer and with oblong lobes ; bark yellow or silvorv and laminate. B. lutea. For species see pp. 118-121 and the foUowiuf/: Blue Birch, Betula coerulea Blanch. A small tree occasionally .30 ft. in height with trunk 8-10 in. in diameter recently described as found in .southevn' Vermont and northern Maine and may be found elsewhere in New England. It resembles the B. populifolia but is said to differ in having leaves rather ovate in outline, more cuneate at base and with dull bluish green upper surfaces. The bark of trunk is described as being more lustrous and of a l)inkish white color. i Ha^'dbook ok Tkkks ok thk XoKTiiKR.N Statks a\d Caxada. 429 THE ALDERS, (ii-xus AI.XLS (J.kktn. The Alilcrs nrc ticvs ainl sliiulis of Mlxiut Iwriily simh-Ics with astrinj^cnt bark and durablo wood, iiiliabitin.i;- the iiortli tciuin'ralc regions ol' botli hciiiisplicrrs, and ransin^' anionj; the mountains of tii«' -New World into thr tro|iics. Nine s|..'ci<'.s arc natives of Noi-th Amrrica of whicli six are rocognizcd as 1 ifcs, live of these inhabiting the Tacitie slope, and olie is a h)cal species of the Athuitic states. besides these there is also one species from the Old World uatiifalized in localities in the Atlantic states. Leaves serrate or dentate and falling in autumn without change of color: buds naked, stipitate. Floicers both kinds in cymose stalked aments which ajipear during the i)revious season and. remaining dormant during the winter, develop in early spring before the leaves, or. in one American species, in late summer: staminate aments pendulous with peltate scales, o-(i flowers in the axils of each scale and each subtended by minute bractlets : calyx 4-par1e(l ; stamens usually 4, with short simple filaments: pistillate aments ovoid-oblong, erect, with thick scales and in the axils of each are two flowers without perianth and subtended each by '2-i minute bractlets: ovary sessile 2-celled : styles 2. Fruit: nutlet small, compressed, tipped with the remnants of the style and bearing latei-al wings which are sometimes i-educed to a mere membranous border, 2 nutlets in the axils of each scale: scales thick woody, erose or o-toothed at apex and persistent, forming a strobile. Allium is the ancient Latin name of the Alder. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Leaves oblong, lustrous bright green above: aments expanding in autumn. ... A. luaritima. Leaves orbicular-obovate. dull green and glabrous; aments expanding in very early si)ring. A. glutinosa. For species see pp. 128-131. BEECH FAMILY. FAGACE/E. Trees of great economic value and some shrubs of wide distribution, mainly throughout the northern hemisphere. There are nearly 400 known species grouped in six genera, five of which are represented in North America. Of these one is generally distributed throughout the United States, two others are represented in the Atlantic states only, and the remaining two are confined to the I'acific slope. Leaves alternate, petioled, pinniveined and with narrow caducous stipules. Floircrs monoecious, small : the staminate in aments or heads with 4-8-lobed calyx and 4-20 stamens with slender distinct filaments and introrse 2-eelled anthers opening lengthwise: pistillate flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters or spikes subtended by a scaly involucre which becomes woody in the fruit : calyx 4-8-lobed. adnate : ovary 3-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell, but usually only one ovule of one of the cells maturing, and as many linear styles as there are cells of the ovary. Fruit a nut subtended or enveloped by an involucral covering and with a coriaceous or bony exocarp, 1-celled by abortion and containing a single membranous-coated seed without albumen : cotyledons fleshy ; radicle short, superior. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Nut sharply triangular: staminate flowers in globose long-stalked heads Fagus. a= Nut gloi)ose and more or less flattened at base: staminate flowers in aments: nut Inclosed in a prickly dehiscent burr : aments 'suberect Castanea. Subtended by a scaly, woody involucral cup Quercus. THE BEECHES. Genus FAGUS L. Trees with smooth giay bark, hard close-grained wood and long pointed buds. About (inality of the nuts. For species see jip. I.l.i-Lll. i30 Fagace^. THE CHESTNUTS. Genus CASTANEA Adams. Trees and shrubs of the iiurtheni hemisphere, with astringent watery juice, ediiile nuts and very porous wood and of great economic value. Four or five species are known and of these two are trees of eastern United States and on'e a shrub of the southern states. Leaves convolute in the bud, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate and with straight veins terminating in the teeth. Floivcrs appearing after the leaves, monoecious; the staminate in interrupted erect axillary ameuts, several fiowers together in the axils of small caducous bracts; calyx campanulate, pale yellow, puberulous, with G lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens l(l-2(). with long exserted filiform filaments and small yellow anthers, pistillate flowers mostly at the bases of the upper staminate (androgynous) aments, sessile, and usually 2 or 3 together, surrounded with an involucre of many acute green bracts ; calyx urn-shaped and with 6 minute sterile stamens ; ovary G-celled, with G spreading white linear styles and 2 ovules in each. Fruit maturing in autumn, nuts 1-3 together, with a globose mostly 4-valved woody burr-like involucre, very prickly witli stiff branching spines outside and velvety pubescent inside; nut flattened by mutual cdniprcssion. slioi-t. oxoid. pointed and tipped with the remnants of the style, with chestnnt-lirown cDrinccous shell, lustrous below, pubescent above and with large pale scar at base; seed solitary by abortion and marked by the abortive ovules at apex, large, starchy and of delicious flavor. Castanea is the classical name of the Chestnut-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Xuts 2-3 in an involucre, compressed: leaves green and glabrous both sides. ... C. dentata. Xuts solitary, not compressed ; leaves pale tomentose beneath C. puinila. For species see pp. I3'f-J37. THE OAKS. Genus OUERCUS L. Trees and shrubs of nearly 300 species of the north temperate regions and high altitude^; of the tropics. From its representatives come some of our best hard woods, barks extensively used for tanning purposes and the corks of commerce. The acorns of many species are an important article of food for hogs, etc., and in some countries also for man. Oak-galls of commerce develop on the branches of certain species and many dyes and other products may also be recorded among the products of the genus. About fifty Oaks are natives of tlie United States and more than half of these are found in the Atlantic states. Leaves deciduous or persistent, arranged in five ranks, pinnately veined and often pinnately lobed, sometimes entire and sometimes variable on the same branch ; stipules scarious and caducous or occasionally iicrsisti'ut. Flowers appearing with or before the leaves; t!ie staminate in clustered slender ditidping catkins, from axils of the leaves or bud-scales of the previous year or leaves of the iinscut year, a single flower in the axil of each caducous scale of the ament ; calyx yellowish green, campanulate, deeply G-lobed ; stamens 4-12, with filiform exserted filaments and yellow anthers ; pistillate flowers solitary or in few-flowered spikes from the axils of the leaves of the year, each flower subtended by a caducous bract and two bractlets ; calyx urn-shaped, with tube adnate to the ovary, and limb of G short lobes ; ovary mostly 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell and 3 short or elongated styles, each flower nearly enveloped by a scaly imbricated accrescent involucre. Fruit and ovoid-oblong or subglobose 1-celled nut (acorn) maturing in 1 or 2 years, with coriaceous shell having large circular scar at base. I'.'.ch uiit snbti iidcd (ir more or less enveloped in a woody cup of imbricated and more or less united scales; seed solitary and bearing abortive ovules at base or apex; cotyledons usually plano-convex and entire. Qucrcus is the ancient Latin name of the Oak-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Acorns maturing in autumn of the second year; shells hairy inside; abortive ovules at apex ; stamens 4-6 ; styles elongated ; leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, deciduous (Black Oaks) b Leaves pinnately lobed. convolute in the bud and c Green both sides ; cup of acorn d Saucer-shaped, shallow and wide ; cups e %-l in. wide, rather thi mostly lineav or iriangular lobes Q. digitata. Cuneate, ovate or oblong with 5-11 mostly falcate lobes. ... Q. pagodtefolia. b= Leaves ."i-.l-lobed near the apex or entire, obovate or spatulate Wide-obovate, cuneate, rusty pubescent beneath Q. Marilandica. Spatulate-obovate, glabrous Q. nigra. b' Leaves usually entire and lanceolate to oblong, involute in the bud and Linear-oblong, acute at both ends, glabrous Q. Phellos. Oblanceolate to oblong, shining dark green above, paler and glabrous ixMieatli. Q. laurifolia. Oblong-lanceolate to oblong or ovate, pubescent beneath Q. imbricaria. a^ Acorns maturing in the autumn of the first year; shells glabrous inside; abortive ovules basal; stamens (!-8 ; styles short (White Oaks). b Leaves pinnately lobed or lyrate-pinatifid with lobes rounded at apex (not bristle-tii)ped> deciduous c Glabrous beneath, obliiiuely ."J-U-lobed and conduplicate in the bud : cup shallow. Q. alba, c' Pubescent beneath and stellate pubescent above, usually .")-lobed, convolute in the bud. Q. minor, c' White tomentose beneath Lyrate-pinnatifid ; cup fringed with free ends of scales Q. niacrocarpa. Deeply 5-!>lobed : cup not fringed and nearly inclosing the nut Q. lyrata. b- Leaves coarsely crenate-toothed o Fruit with peduncles much longer than petioles Q. platanoides. o Fruit with peduncles shorter than or about equal to the petiole: leaves whitish tomento.se beneath Bark scaly whitish Q. Michauxii. Bark firmly ridged, gra.vish brown Q. Prinus. b' Lea s-es coarsely repand-serrate, lanceolate to obovate ; Tall trees Q. acuminata. Shrubs or very small tre(>s Q. prinoides. b* Leaves mostly entire, thick and evergreen Q. Virginiana. For species sec pp. 138-181 and the foUoirinri : Bear Oak, Barren Oak or Scrub Oak, Q. nana Sarg. (Syn. Q. iliei folia Wang.. Q. pnuiila Sudw. ». This is an inti'icately branched shrub ranging from Maine to Virginia, chiefly coastwise, occupying sandy barrens and hillsides and sometimes forming vast and almost impenetrable thickets. Mr. Wm. T. Davis has found it on the Pine Barrens of New Jersey assuming the habit of a small wide-topped tree 18 or 20 ft. in height with trunk it or 6 in. in diameter. It is characterized as follows: Leans mostly obovate, 2-."> in. long with 3-7 (usually .5) short spreading bristle-tipped lobes, cunenle. inoic or less imbesceut at first, at maturity thick firm lustrous dark green above, whitish iiuIms< ciit lieneatii: petioles short. Flotrers staminate aments hairy, often persisting late into the summer: pistillate flowers with red recurved stigmas. Fruit borne in great abundance, mostly solitary or in i)airs. sessile or nearly so : acorns globose-ovoid, about I/2 ^^- long and half invested by the usually turbinate cup of small closely imbricated scales. ScRfs Chestnut Oak. Q. prinoides Willd. A shrubby oak distributed from Maine to Xoi'tli Carolina and westward into Nebraska, Kansas and Texas, occupying rocky slopes and drv sandv ujilands and is usuallv only a stolaniferous shrub from 2-.") feet in height. West of the Mississippi Kiver it sometimes assumes a tree-like habit of growth but only attaining a height of 10 or ^~> ft. with trunk 4 or 5 in. in diameter. In botanical characters it closely resembles Q. aeaniiiiata. but with smaller and more remotely lobed leaves and shorter petioles, and acorns with deeper cups and more turgid scales. Gray Oak, Q. horcalis Michx. f. (also Q. anihiiiua iNIichx. f . ) . A large tree, occasionally found from Ontario and QucIim- to the mountains of North Carolina, bearing leaves like Q. rubra and fruit like Q. i-itft-inca. It is considered by some a distinct species and by others, and i)robably more correctly, only an aberrant form of Q. rubra. Many natural hybrids are found among the Oaks, some of which have been named and described by early botanists ns d'«tiiict species. TheM- i-aritv and local distribution, however, and occurrence only in localities where certain other Oaks whose characters they more or less share in common occur seem conclusive evidence of hybridizatiini. The following cases have been noted : Q. RudJcini Britton = Q. MariJaudira X ^,>. I'hdlos. Q. Briftoni W. T. Davis = Q. Marilandica X Q. nana. Q. hctcrophi/Ha .Michx. = Q. Phellos X Q. rubra. Q. Leana Xutt. = Q. imbricaria X Q. relutinn. (). tndcntala Kngelm. = O. i iii h'-icaria X Q. Marilandica. Otlier liybrids liave l,eeii r,,uni>. liU-lUo. MULBERRY FAMILY. MORACE^. Trees, shrubs aiul herbs of over nine liundied species, generally willi milky juice and natives of temperate and tropical regions. Tlicy are grouped in fifty-four genera of which four are represented in Xoi'th American trees, three being indigenous and the fourth a naturalized species. Leaves conduplicate or involute in the bud. petiolate. alternate, deciduous, with caducous stipules inclosing the leaf in the bud. Floirrrs monoecious or diwcious. small, in ament-like spikes or heads, from the axils of caducous bud-scales or of the lower leaves of the shoots of the season; calyx 3-5-lobed or parted; corolla none; stamens 1 to 4. inserted on the bases of the calyx-lobes; ovary superior, 1-2-celled ; styles 1-2; ovules solitary, anatropous and pendulous. Fruit an aggregation of drupelets, each inclosed in the thitk fleshy calyx. KEY TO THE ({EX ERA. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in spikes: leaves dentate and lobcd : compound fruit oblong Morus. Staminate flowers racemose; pistillate capitate Leaves crerwite-serrate, velvety and on vigorous shoots, lobed Broussonetia. Leaves entire, glabrous, not lobed Toxylon, THE MULBERRIES. Genus AIORUS L. Trees of eight or ten species, with milky juice and mostly of the lroi)ical and noi-th temperate regions of both hemispheres. Two are indigenous to the United States, one being found along the Mexican frontier and the other in most of the Atlantic states. A third is a species introduced from .Japan and eastern Asia and extensively naturalized in easteiu T'nited Srates. Leaves serrate-dentate and sometimes 3-5-lobed or mitten-shaped, all forms often on the same tree. 3-nerved at bas-e. Flowers small, appearing with the unfolding of the leaves ')v soon after; the staminate in cylindrical, pedunculate ament-like spikes; calyx deej ly i-lobed ; stamens 4, opposite the cn.lyx lobes, inflexed in the bud, straightening out elastically ( thereby scattering the pollen ) and becoming exserted ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, longitud- inally dehiscent ; pistillate flowers sessile, in shorter compact spikes ; calyx 4-parted. with thick persistent lobes enveloi)ing the flattened ovoid ovary which is crowned with two white spi'eading stigmas. Fruit a blackberry-like aggregation of drupelets { sinrarii). each tijiped U'ith the remnants of the styles and formed by the nutlet enveloped by the succulent enlarged and colored calyx ; seed pendulous with curved embryo and scanty albumen. Morus is the ancient Latin name of the Mullx rriz-tne. KEY TO THE SPECTES. Leaves rough abo\'e, pubescent beneath ; fruit purjilc M, rubra. Leaves glabrous or nearly so both sides ; fruit usually white M. alba. For species see jip. HXl'-tHH. THE PAPER MULBERRY. Gi-xus r.ROUSSOXETIA \'i:xt. Trees and shrub-; of three or four species with milky juice and natives of eastern Asia, >ne si)ecies beir.g widt ly naturaliz-d in eastern riiited Stales. Leaves both alternate and ojjposite. (Mitire or toothed, serrate, witlioiit lo')(>s or variously 1-5-lobed, petioled. 3-nerved at base. Floinrs dMccious. stamin;ile in cylimli-ical nodding ament-like spikes; calvx 4-i)art(>d ; stamens 4; pislillale ll.iwers capitate wiiji tubular iierianth. stalked ovary ami 2-cleft style. Fruit in a glnbulai- head and nutlet exserted with enlarged red lleshv stipe and i)erianth. Named in honor of 7'. .V. V. lirt.ussonct. a French naturalist. For sj,e(i; after the unfolding of the leaves, consi)icuous, cup-sliaped, somewiint fragrant : sepals three, spreading or refiexed. concave, greenish white and tarly deciduous; petals C) in li rows, erect, falling early; stamens with filaments about y., as long as the linear 2-celled extrorse anthers; pistils closely massed together on the elongated receptacle; flattened, with wide style, stigmatic at the acuminate recurved apex ; ovules 2, susi)ended from the vcuitral suture. Fruit a narrow erect light brown cone, consisting of the flattened samara'-Iike indehiscent 4-ribbed carpels which sejiarate from the axis when ripe; seeds usually 2, suspended in the small cavity at the base of the samara ; embryo minute at the base of fieshy albumen. The name is from two (Jreek words meaning lilij or fulii) and tree. For species see pj). 21'i-2l'). CTJSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. AXOXACE^. Trees and shrubs of about fifty genera and five hundred and fifty species, with generall.v aromatic properties and mainly of the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New. Two .genera only are represented in Xoi-th America, one in .southern Florida and the A\'est Indies and the other in the eastern states. Liarvfi deciduous, alternate, entire, petiolate, pinnately-veined, conduplicate in the bud, without stipules. Floircrs solitai-y. perfect and mostly axillary; sepals three, valvate in the bud; petals six in two series; stamens numerous on an elevated rounded receptacle with very short filaments and 2-celled introrse anthers adnate to the thick fleshy truncate connective ; pistils few on the summit of the receptacle ; ovary 1-celled, containing from one to manj- anatr()i>ous ovules. Fruit fleshy, baccate, formed by the ripening of the single or several united i)istils ; seed inclosed in an aril, large, anatropous, with thin lustrous brown crustaceous coat and minute embryo at the base of ruminate albumen. THE PAPAWS. Genus ASIMIXA Adanson. Small trees or shrubs emitting an unpleasant odor when bruised and confined to eastern North America. Six or seven species are known, of which all are shrubby and confined to the South Atlantic and (iulf states except one, which is a small tree entitled to consideration here and the only representative of the Custard Apple Family extending far outside the tropics. Lcarcs membranaceous. Floucrs mostly from the axils of the leaves of the previous season, nodding, pedunculate, of a purplish color and disagreeable odor ; sepals green, ovate, smaller than the petals, concave and early deciduous ; petals six, imbricated in the bud, accrescent, hypogenous prominently reticulated, the three outer petals alternate with the seijals, sp'.eading and larger than the three inner which are opposite the sepals and erect ; stamens closely massed together, anther-cells separate on the connective ; pistils few from the summit of the receptacle, with styles slightly recurved and stigmatic on the inner side above ; ovules several, horizontal, in two ranks on the ventral suture. Fruit baccate, oval or oblong, smooth ; seeds comjiressed and with large hilum at base. The name Asimina is Latinized from the Indian name, asiiiiiii. of the Papaw. For sprcirs xrr pp. 216-211. LAUREL FAMILY. EAURACE.E. Aromatic trees and shrubs of about fort.\- genera and nine hundrt'd species of wide distribution throughout the trojiical and a few in the temjierate zones. Six genera, of which two ar(> shi-ubb.v. are i-e|)i-(^s(>nt(Hl in North Anu'rica. one on the Pacific sloi)e and three in the Atlantic states. Leaves alteiMiate, simple, pellucid-punctate, usually thick, without stipules. Floirers small, regular, yellowish green, jjcrfect, polygamous, dicrcious or monoecious, usually fragrant; calyx 4-(!-parted, the .sepals imbricated in the bud in two series; corolla none; stamens 1(1-12. ilistinct and inserted on the base of the calyx in threi> or four series of three each, those of the fourth series st(>rile ; anthers 4-celled opening 1).\ uplifted valves; ovary superior, 1-celled, 4oG Lairace.e. Hamamei.idack.e. containing a single anatropous ovule suspended from the apex of the cell ; stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit a one seeded drupe or berry; seed with thin testa, erect embryo and radical between the thick fleshy cotyledons. KEY TO THE GENERA. Leaves persistent, coriaceous, entire: flowers perfect; calyx-lobes persistent.... Persea. Leaves deciduous, rather thin, entire or 1-3-lobed : flowers di(Pcious Sassafras. THE BAYS. Genus PERSEA G.ertx. f. About fifty species are recognized of this genus, all excepting one natives of the western hemisphere. Three are species of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast regions, two ranging north- ward into Virginia. Leaves persistent, rigid, coriaceous, pinnately-veined, revolute in the bud. Floirerx perfect, appearing in spring in two or three-flowered pedunculate cymes, corymbs or panicles from the axils of the leaves of the year, with two bracted pedicels : calyx campanulate. per- sistent, those of the outer series shortest; stamens 12. about as long as the inner sepals, those of the innermost series sterile and gland-like, and in our species the anthers of the third series extrorse and those of the others introrse ; ovary subglobo.se. glabrous, terminating in a slender club-shaped style with discoid terminal stigma. Fruit a subglobose or oblong drupe subtended by the enlarged persistent calyx and with thin flesh ; seed globose, pendulous, with testa separable into two coats. Persea is the classical name of some oriental tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Branchlets and petioles tomentose ; peduncles mostly elongated P. pubescens Branchlets and petioles glabrous or nearly so: peduncles mostly short P. Borlionia. For species see pp. 2LS-221. THE SASSAFRAS. Genus SASSAFRAS Nees and Eberm. Trees with pleasant aromatic properties, deeply furrowed bark and smooth green mucilaginous twigs. They are natives of eastern North America and China, those of the latter region, so far as now understood, being indistinguishable from the American species. Leaves deciduous, membranaceous, involute in the bud, ovate to oblong and entire or with an oblique lobe on one or both sides, conspicuously reticulate-veined, cuneate at base, with arcuate veins, pilose at first but finally glabrous dark green with veins depressed above, paler beneath, mucilaginous. Flowers appearing with the leaves at the ends (.f (he branchlets. pedunculate, in pilose clustered racemes, from the axils of the inner accrescent bud scales, with slender pedicels from the axils of deciduous bracts : calyx with <; snbequal spreading lobes, yellowish green ; stamens 0, with elongated bright yellow filaments, those of the inner series "bearing near their base each 2 orange-colored stalked glands : anthers oblong, orange- colored, introrse, those of the pistillate flowers small and usually sterile : ovary ovoid, green, glabrous, with long style and capitate stigma. Fruit a globose oblong lustrous dark blue drupe subtended by the red obscurely lobed calyx and enlarged end of the pedicel and having thin flesh with smooth brown oblong pointed seeds. The name is said to be that used by the early French settlers in Florida. For species see pp. 222-223. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY. HAAIAMELIDACE.^. The Witch-Hazel family consists of trees and shrubs of about eighteen genera and thirty-five species of eastern North America, Asia, Madagascar and South Africa. Three of the genera, two of which are arborescent, are represented in North America. Leaves simple, deciduous, alternate, petiolate. with stipules. Flowers perfect or unisexual : calyx 4-lobed and with tube coherent to the ovary or none ; petals 4 and perygenous or none : stamens 4 or 8 or numerous with 2-celled introrse anthers : ovary compound formed by the union below of 2 carpels, 2-celled and with 2 subulate styles ; ovules 1 or many, anatropous and suspended from an axile placenta. Fruit a woody 2-beaked capsule dehiscent at the summit ; seeds 1 or several with large straight embryo and scant albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. Leaves pinnately veined : flowers perfect : fruit a 2-celled capsule Hamainelis. Leaves palmately lobed ; flowers unisexual ; fruit a globular head of consolidated cajisules. Liquidambar. IIa.NDIJOOK Ol'^ Tlv'KKS OK TilK XoKTIlKHN RtATES AND CaNADA. 437 THE WITCH-HAZELS. Ckxus IIAMAMKLIS L. Small trees and slii-uhs (if thi'cc species, one of eastern I'liited States, one of central China and one of China and .Jaiian. Lciircs obovate to oblon,;;, iindnlati>-crenate. iniMniilateral at i)ase, involute in the hud. with veins conspicuous beneath; stipules infoldinj,' the bud. /•Voht/.s- appear in autumn in the American species in r5-flo\vered clusters from the axils of the leaves, perfect, each sub- tended b.v 2-S acute bracts : cal.vx 4-parted, persistent and adnate to base of the ovary ; petals 4,' strap-shaped, spirally Involute in the bud, hyposenous. alternate with the sepals; stamens S in 2 rows on marsin of receptacle, those opposite the calyx-lobes fertile, the others small and abortive; filaments very short; anthers oblong, opening by valves; ovary H-celled, each containing a single ovule ; styles 2. subulate, sijreading, stigmatic at apex. Fruit a woody capsule, 2-4-lobed at ai)ex, loculicidally dehiscent and wlien ripe forcibly discharging its seeds which are lustrous brown, oblong, pointed, cotyledons foliaceous. The name is from two ({reek words alluding to the flowering of the tree at the same time as the rijtening of the fruit of the previous season. For si)ccics see pp. 22'f-225. THE SWEET GUM. Gexls LIOUIDAMBAR L. Tlie Li(|uidaml)ars are large trees of about four species with balsamic juices, scaly bark and branchlets often corky-winged. Only one species is indigenous to the United States. The family is characterized as follows : Leaves palmately-lobed, long-petiolate, serrate, plicate in the hud ; stipules pale, lanceolate, caducous; buds scaly. Floicers small, naked, monoecious, rarely perfect, the staminate in subglobose heads arranged in terminal racemes, each head surrounded by 4 caducous bracts, the pistillate in solitary long-stalked heads from the axils of upper leaves ; stamens numerous with filaments shorter than the oblong longitudinally dehiscent anthers ; pistillate surrounded by long-awned scales in globular heads, calyces obcouic confluent and with limbs nearly obsolete, .itamens 4, small and usually abortive ; ovary partly inferior, with long recurved persistent style stigmatic on inner side; ovules numerous. Fruit a globose woody head consisting of the united capsules which are tipped with the incurved enlarged persistent free beak-like styles, dehiscent by 2 valves at the summit and liberating 1 or 2 developed com- pressed wing-angled seeds with many that are abortive. The name is from Latin and Arabic words meaning fluid amber, in allusion to the fragrant balsamic exudation of these trees. For species see pp. 226-2,27. PLAHE-TREE FAMILY. PLATANACE.^ Lindl. The Plane-tree family consists of trees with watery juice, zigzig branchlets, and bark of trunks and larger branches exfoliating in large irregular scales. It consists of a single genus. Leaves deciduous, alternate, palmately S-T-lobed, from cordate to broad wedge-shaped at base, leaves and all new growth stellate-pubescent when young, with long petioles enlarged af base and inclosing the bud, plicate in vernation and in autumn mostly turning brown and withering on the branches before falling; stipules large, foliaceous and sheathing the branchlet OH \ igorous sterile shoots, but thin scarious and caducous on flowering shoots. Floivers niome ions, appearing with the unfolding of the leaves, minute in unisexual pedunculate gliii)ose heads; the staminate heads axillary; calyx of o-(i minute sepals; petals .'i-(i. scarious and twice as long as the sepals; stamens as many as the sejials and opposite them with very short filaments and elongate 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally and with truncate con- nective ; pistillate heads terminal, sometimes one or more heads sessile on the side of the ))eduncle and often encircling it; sepals 8-15; petals of same number but larger; pistils 3-(x sujierior, \\\Xh persistent straight hairs at base and narrowing to a long curved style stigmatic on the ventral side; ovules 1-2, orthtropous, attached to the side of the cell. Fruit a sub- globose head of club-shaped crustaceous 1-seeded akenes tipped with the persistent style and surrounded at base with bristly hairs; seed oblong and containing a straight embrj-o and fleshy albumen. THE PLANE-TREES. Genus PLATA XUS L. A genus consisting of f. or 7 s])ecies widely distributed in North America, eastern Europe fni;l southwestern Asia. Three an> North American, on(> of the .\tlantic states, one of the I'ncific sloiie and one of southwestern United States and Mexico. For characters see description of the family, this being th(> only genus. The naiue is de/ived from a (Ireek word meaning l)ri)itd in allusion to their broad leaves. Fin- si::vi,s .v,r pp. .US 22 ((> in Cercocorpus) imbricated in the bud: stamens numerous, .distinct and inserted with the petals on a disk lining the calyx-tube : anthers small, 2-celled. introise (extrorsc in Vauqiwlenia) longitudinally dehiscent: pistils 1-many : ovary 1-celled with generally two anatropous ovules in each cell ; seeds mostly without albumen. KEY TO THE GEXEKA. St. Fruit a pome, consisting of an enlarged and succulent calyx-tube and ovary with papery or iiorny carpels: stipules free from the petioles (Tribe Fomoidcw) . b Carpels papery at maturity and c As many as the styles d Leaves simple ; flowers in simple cymes Pyrus. d- Leaves palmately compound; flowers in compound cymes Sorbus. XT Carpels becoming twice as many as the styles; flowers in racemes: leaves simple. Amelanchier. b" Carpels horny at maturity ; leaves simple Crataegus. a- Fruit a drupe ; ovary superior. 1-celled. with single terminal style (Tribe Pruiiouh ariable. but that of wild seedling trees usually small and more or less austere. Apple. P. Mains L. — MaUis Malus (L.) Britton. The native land of the Apple is supposed to be southeastern Europe and western Asia. It has been in cultivation from very 1 1 A.xuncu Xui; TJi i;i;.\ Staiks and ("anai^a. 4-'Ut eailv tiin.^s ami is now plnnlr,! in all tcmi.."ralc n-iiuni^. its fniit hayint; Immmi vastly iini'n.vod iiDoii its natural condition, and it has escaped and become commonly naturalized tliroujiliout ensterii I'nited States and Canada. The trees atta n a heisht of from ;'.(»-r)0 ft., with wide spreading branches aiul the trunk sometimes 2 or :; .t. in diameter. The close-j,'rained hard wood is valued in turnery for certain uses. Lcurcx ovate to oval, mostly rounded or cordate •It base acute or acuminate, irregularly serrate, gray-tonientose at first (as are all new "lowtiis"). at maturitv glabrous dull green above, more or less pubescent beneath and soft in texture- petioles stout. Floircr.s appearing with the leaves, white or more or less pink- Hushed " 1-'* in. across, in close clusters with stout woody pedicels ^-iVi in. long: calyx tomentose. Fruit very various in size and quality, that of seedling trees not true to the larents and generally inferior. SiHKiuvx Crab, ri/nts pniuifolia Willd. ( ). white, spreading, rounded, with short claw: stamens numerous: ovary inferior with usually .'? carpels, H distinct stvles and truncate stigmas: ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Fruit a small red berry- like pome with thin flesh, papery carpels and containing in each cell 1 or 2 pointed erect seeds with smooth cartilaginous coat : cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, with no albumen. KEY TO THE SPECIES, a Leaflets glabrous above and Long acuminate : fruit 1/4 in. or less in diameter S. Americana. A coiynibs 4-C. in. across. Fruit about 1/. in. across. THE SERVICE-BERRIES. Genus AMELAXCHIER Medic. Trees and shrubs witli slender branches and long-pointed buds covered with closely imbricated scales, the innermost of which are accrescent. They are of extensive distribution througlioul the north temperate legions of both hemispheres. Three arborescent species are known in Xortli America, two of whicli are found in the Atlantic states and the third in the PacifK- coast region and eastward to Lake Superior. Lai(x deciduous, simiile. alternate, petiolate. serrate or entire. i)innately-veined. con- duplicate in the bud - stipules linear, pink and caducous. Flowers in racemes with slender bibracteohite i)edice!s ; calvx with campanulate tube, adnate to the ovary, and five narrow acute reflexed persistent lobes; disk green, nectiferous ; petals five, elongated, white, with short claws- stamens numerous inserted on the rim of the calyx tube with subulate iiersistent stvles and oblong anthers; ovary inferior with 5 cells each partly divided by a false partition; stvles 2-.") united and pubescent below, spreading above, and with truncate stigmas; ovules erect. 2 in each cell. Fruit a small berry-like subglobose ixniie. purplish or blue when ripe and crowned with the calvx lobes and remnants of the filaments, with juicy pleasantly flavored fruit and membranaceous carpels: seeds Fi-lO. oblong, compressed, with brown coriaceous testa, straight embryo and no albumen. Till' name is llie inipiilar name of the European species in Savoy. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaves sharply serrate and Ovate to ovnt(>-ol)l(Hig. acute to acniniiiate .-it apex. Oblong to elliptical, acute to rounded at ap A. Canadensis. A. obovalis. Leaves coarsely dentate towards the rounded anex A. alnifolia. For species sec pi). 2Ji2-2-'i.i and the foUouin;/: 440 ROSEACE^. Lo.NG-LEAF or SwAMP Sekvice-berry, .4.. obovalis (Michx.; Ashe. A small tree or i^hrub found iu swamps and moist localities of northern states and northward. Leaves obloug to broad-elliptical, iVs-^ in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at base, acute or rounded at apex, finely serrate, whitish wooly when they unfold, nearly glabrous at maturity. Flowers in dense racemes IVo-^Vij in- long, at lirst hairy but becoming glabrous; petals about % in. long. Fruit depressed globose, Vs iu. in diameter, from red to dark purple, glaucous. Western Service-berry or June-berry, A. ahufolia Xutt. A small tree of the Pacific coast region ranging eastward to Manitoba and northern Michigan, but is only a shrub east of the Rocky Mountains. It is characterized by having thickish broad elliptical to suborbicular leaves obtuse to truncate and coarsely dentate at apex, and short rather dense racemes. THE HAWS OR THORNS. Genus CRAT^GUS L. The Haws, Thorns. Hawthorns or Thorn-apples, as they are variously called, are gen- erally low wide-spreading trees or shrubs, with very strong tortuous branches armed with stiff sharp thorns (though sometimes unarmed), with somewhat zigzag branchlets and usually with dark or gray scaly bark. They are mostly confined to north temperate regions, with the bulk of distribution in eastern United States. Twenty years ago scarcely a score of species were recognized in America and fewer abroad, but it was thought that many of the species presented almost innumerable forms. Within the past few years much attention has been paid to the subject, and now the list of named species numbers more than six hundred. The validity of many of these, however, is extremely problematical, as observers working in different localities have made observations and assigned names quite independently of each other, and when the studies have been more extended and results compared, doubtless many of the names must be relegated to synonymy. The value of certain characters, too, upon which to determine specific rank, are matters of controversy, and can only be determined by more extensive observation and agreement. Extensive experiments are being conducted, notably at the Arnold Arboretum, under the direction of Prof. C. S. Sargent, to determine how far seedling plants will present the characters of their parents, and the results will be looked upon with much interest. Due to the present unsettled condition of the subject it is impossible to present the genus with the completeness accorded the other genera, and it lias been decided to take up and illustrate only a few of the most distinct or common species, defining them as outlined by I'rof. Sargent. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, simple, petiolate, generally serrate, and often also lobed, especially on vigorous shoots, deciduous : stipules caducous or on vigorous shoots often foliaceous. Floicers in simple or compound corymbs terminating short lateral leafy branch- lets, lowermost pedicels of a cluster often from the axils of leaves : calyx obconic with .5 acute reflexed mostly persistent lobes and tube adnate to the carpels: petals .">, white and l)inkish, spreading and inserted on the throat of the calyx ; stamens normally 5 in one row and alternate with the petals or 10 in 5 pairs, or 15 in 2 rows, those of the outer row in pairs, or 20 in 3 rows, or 25 in 4 rows ; filaments subulate, incurved ; anthers pale yellow to nearly white, or from pink to dark rose and purple ; ovary inferior, 1-5-celled with ] or 2 ovules in each cell: styles 1-5, distinct, persistent. Fruit a pome from short globose to oblong or i)ear-shaped, mostly from red to yellow (sometimes blue or black) with 1-5 bony carpeis united below and each containing usually a single erect compressed seed. The name is from the Greek word for strength, referring to the toughness of the wood. For species see pp. 2'i't-261. THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES. Genus PRUXUS B. & H. Trees and shrubs with peculiar l)itter astringent properties, many containing prussic acid and exuding a gum from the bark when wounded. They are of general distribution throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere and many repre- sentatives are of great economic value. There are about one hundred twenty species of which some twenty-five or thirty occur in the United States, eighteen of these being arborescent. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate. conduplicate or convolute in the bud. deciduous or persistent, serrate (sometimes entire): petioles often glandular: stipules small, caducous; winter buds with closely imbricated scales, the innermost accrescent. Flowers regular, perfect; calyx inferior, deciduous, with 5 lobes imbricated in the bud and thin annular disk; II.\XIJBOOK OK TlIKKS OF TlIK XoRTHKI.'.X StATKS AM) ('aXAI)A. 441 pi'tals n. wiiitt'. siji-oadiiig. dccidiKnis : stamens nuiiicidiis. iiiscrtrd willi ilie pdals on the calyx, with fi'ee iilifuria fUaiiiciits and oval 2-seeded antluM-s : i)istil sisi iuct ; flowers in long loose panicles Cladrastis. b- I)iadeli)hous ; pod thin and flat : stiiniles spinesceiit Robinia. THE RED-BUDS. Gkxu.s CERCIS L. Small trees and shrubs etiolate petioles . m ■ml ranaceous, c •aducous. 442 Leguminos.e. I'loircrs appearing before or with the heaves in short lateral fascieles, on the gi-o\vth of previous seasons or even the trunk ; calyx oblique-campanulate. 5-toothed ; corolla somewhat papilionaceous with 5 rose-colored unguiculate petals, those forming the keel the largest and not united, the standard smaller than the wings and inclosed by them in the bud: stamens 10. distinct, declined, with filaments enlarged and pilose at base; anthers alike, oblong, versatile; ovary with short stipe : style filiform with capitate stigma : ovules numerous, in 2 ranks, attached to the dorsal suture. Fruit a linear oblong flat pod, acute at both ends, margined along the upper suture, reddish purple and 2-valved at maturity, with thin reticulate valves ; seeds oblong, compressed, with reddish brown crustaceous testa, straight embryo and scant horny albumen. The name is the ancient Greek name of the Old World Judas-frcc. For siiccicH sec pp. 2S-'i-2S.'). THE COFFEE-TEEE. Genus GYMXOCLADUS Lam. Trees, with stout branchlets and large pith, of two species, one of eastern North America and the other of southern and southwestern China. Learcs deciduous, bipinnate, wnth single leaflets in i)lace of the one or two pairs of li)wermost pinna> ; stipules caducous ; branchlet.s thick with large pith and 2 small impressed buds in each axil. Flowers regular, dioecious or polygamous, in terminal racemes, greenish white ; calyx elongated, tubular. 10-ribbed. with 5 narrow nearly equal acute lobes ; petals 4-5. oblong, equal, pubescent, rather longer than the calyx lobes, spreading ; stamens 10 and inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk bearing the calyx tube, shorter than the petals, distinct, with pubescent filaments alternately of different lengths and uniform introrse longitudinally dehiscent anthers ; pistil sessile with short style and oblique 2-lobed stigma, rudimentary or wanting in the staminate flowers; ovules numerous. Fruit a large thick ■oblong subfalcate 2-valved coriaceous pod. tardily dehiscent and containing several seeds with pulp between : seeds suborbicular, flattened, with long funicles, thick horny testa, thick ■orange-colored cotyledons and thin horny albumen. The name is from two Greek words meaning naked branch. For species see pp. 286-287. THE HONEY LOCLTSTS. Genus GLEDITSIA L. Trees of about eight or ten species of eastern United States, Asia. Japan and tropical Africa. Of these three are native of North America, one limited to a small region in Texas, another inhabiting mainly the lower Mississippi basin and southeastern states, and the third is now distributed over most of the Atlantic states. Leares evenly pinnate or twice pinnate or with some of the pinnte replaced by simple leaflets often fascicled, deciduous : leaflets subsessile and irregularly crenulate : stipules small, caducous. Flowers regular, polygamous, small, green or white, in axillary or lateral some- times fascicled spike-like lacemes with minute caducous bracts: calyx campanulate with 3-5 nearly equal lobes ; petals equal and of same number as the calyx lobes : stamens C.-IO, inserted with the petals on the edge of the disk, distinct, erect, with free filaments and uniform anthers : ovary nearly sessile ; style short with terminal dilated stigma : ovules 2 or many. Fruit a flat pod. long-linear, many-seeded and indehiscent, or short-ovate and dehiscent; seeds suborbicular or oblong, flattened, attached by long funicles ; embryo surrounded with horny albumen. The generic name (which is sometimes spelled Gleditsehia) is in honor of Prof. J. G. Gleditsch, a German botanist of the ISth century. KF.Y TO THE SPECIES. Pods linear, many-seeded and somewhat twisted or coiled G. triacanthos. Pods oblique, oval, mostly 1-seeded G. aquatica. For species see pp. 288-2H1 . THE YELLOW-WOOD. Genus CLADRASTIS Raf. Trees of a single species of limited natural distribution in the Atlantic states, but widely planted for ornamental purposes. They have yellowish heart-wood, somewhat watery juice and smooth bark. Another tree (Mdoekia Auiurcusis Kupr. I, of eastern Asia and Japan, is referred by some writers to this genus, but by others is considered to be generically distinct. Learcs deciduous, odd-pinnate, with stout terete petioles enlarged at base and few large entire short-stalked leaflets ; buds small, naked superposed and formed within the base of the petiole. Flowers white, papilionaceous, in terminal panicles or racemes: calyx narrow- campanulate. 5-toothed : petals with suborbicular reflexed standard and those of the keel incurved and distinct : stamens 10. distinct, with slender filaments and uniform versatile anthers; ovary subsessile. linear and tipped with slender incurved style with terminal stigma; I Handbook of Tkej^s ok'-j-hk Xourii i;i;.\ Sr.vrKs and ('a.xada. 44:3 ovules sovcrnl. sus])tMiil(Ml. l-'niil ;i .ulnhinus coiniircssi^d liiK'.'ir m.-iruiiuMl tardily dehiscent Jeguine, coiilaiiiiiiir few d iloii.ir coiniiressed seeds with slender I'liiiicle ami no ali)iiinen. Name forineii I'ldui (Jreck roots meaning brittle brandies. For Hpvr\es sec pp. 2!t2-27. RUE FAMILY. RUTACE.^ Juss. An important family of trees and shrubs with pungent or aromatic properties, widely distributed throughout warm and temperate regions, especially of the Old World, and most abundant in South Africa and Australia. About eight hundred eighty species, grouped in one hundred ten genera, are recognized, but only five of the genera are represented in the I'nited States, this number including Citrus (the Bitter-sweet Orange, etc.) of Florida. Leaves compound (sometimes simple) usually glandular-punctate, without stipules or -with stipular spines. Floircrs I'egular. perfect or unisexual, generally in cymes ; calyx with T}-."> lobes imbricated in the bud ; petals 3-5, hypogynous or perigynous, imbricated in the bud ; stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, distinct or united below and inserted on the receptacle ; " anthers introrse, longitudinally dehiscent ; pistils 2-5, separate or united, sessile or stipitate, the styles usually united and ovary containing 2 pedulous anatropous or amijhitropous ovules. Fruit usually a capsule but in other cases a samara or drupe; seed with horny or crustaceous coat and containing an axile embryo in fleshy albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. Fruit a 2-valved capsule : leaves pinnate Xanthoxylum. Fruit a samara winged all around ; leaves trifoliate Ptelea. THE PRICKLY-ASHES. Genus XANTH0XYLU:\I L. Trees and shrubs of about one hundred species, with prickly twigs and of wide distribu- tion in troi)i(al and temperate regions. Five species are found in the United States of which one is n shrub and the others small trees mainly of the southern states. The bark, especially of the roots, of all the repi-esentatives of the genus contains active stimulant and tonic pro]i- •erties and is used in the treatment of rheumatism, to excite salivation and to relieve toothache. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, the leaflets generally opposite, obli(iue at base and entire or crenulate. Floirers small, whitish or greenish, in axillary or terminal pedunculate cymes; sejjals 4-.") or obsolete: petals 4-."> : stamens 4-5 and alternate with the petals: pistils 2-5. obli(ine. stipitate; ovaries distinct, 1-celled, 2-ovuled : style short, slender and connivanr. Fruit a capsule with two thickish valves and containing 1-2 oblong seeds with smooth black shining crustaceous testa, and often hanging fi-om the open carpel at maturity susjiended by a slender funi(h>: cotyledons foliaceous. The name is from two Greek words meaning i/ellou- irood. For .yxciis srr PI,. .!!IS-.>;)!). 444 Anacakdiace.e. THE WAFEa-ASKES. Genus PTELEA L. Small trees or shrubs without prickles and with bitter bark. Five or six species are known, all natives of the United States and :\Iexico, one only being arborescent and that widely distributed throughout central and eastern United States. Leaves usually 3-foliate, long petiolate and without stipules: leaflets conduplicate in the bud, ovate or oblong, entire or serrate, pellucid-punctate. Flowers greenish-white. i)()lyuaiii()us, in compound terminal cymes; calyx with sepals 4-") or wanting; petals 4-5. iiiiinicniiMl ; stamens of same number and alternate with them with subulate filaments, pilose :ii Ikisc and shorter in the pistillate flowers; pistil superior, stipitate, with compressed, 2-:i-celled ovary, short style and 2-3-lobed stigma. Fruit an indehiscent 2-o-celled samara, surrounded by a broad reticulate wing (or rarely wingless) : seed pointed at apex, rounded at base and with coriaceous testa. The name is the ancient Greek name of the Elm. given to this genus on account of a resemblance in the fruit. For species see pp. 300-301. QUASSIA FAMILY. SIMARUBACE^ DC, Trees, shrubs and a few herbs with generally bitter milky juice and confined mor.tly to tropical regions. About one hundred) forty-five species, grouped in twenty-eight genera, are known. Of these one arbdrescent genus (Simaruba) is indigenous to the United States in subtropical Florida. Another (Ailanthus) is extensively naturalized throughout eastern United States and Canada. Leaves generally alternate and pinnate, not glandular-punctate, without stipules. Floicers mostly in axillary racemes or panicles and dicrcious or polygamous, regular; calyx 3-5-lobed or parted, imbricated in the bud; petals 3-5 (rarely wanting), hypogenous ; disk annular or elongated ; stamens as many as the petals or twice as many, with distinct filaments each with a scale or hairs at base and inserted under the disk ; anthers 2-celled introrse ; pistils composed of 2-5 united carpels each of a single cell and containing a single anatropous ovule; style 1-5. Fruit a drupe or samara. THE AILANTHUS. Genus AILANTHUS Desf. Large handsome trees with pale bark and of two or three species, natives of China, the East Indies and Australia and represented in the United States by a single naturalized species. Leaves simple, altrenate, deciduous, odd-pinnate, with numerous somewhat oblique sub- entire leaflets. Flotvers small, in large terminal panicles ; calyx with 5 short lobes ; petals 5, valvate, spreading; disk hemispheric, 10-lobed ; stamens 10 (only 2 or 3 in the pistillate flowers); ovary deeply 2-5-lobed ; styles 2-5, united. Fruit sameras usually 2-5 together, linear-oblong, with membranous veiny wing and cell containing a solitary compressed seed at about its center. The name is from the native Mallaca name of the tree — AiUiDto. meaning Tree of Heaven. For species see pp. 302-303. SUMACH FAMILY. ANACARDIACE.E Lindl. Trees and shrubs with resinous or milky juice, of about fifty genera and four hundred species mainly of warm or tropical regions. Three genera are represented in the trees of the United States. Leaves mostly alternate and without stipules; branchlets terete and with large pith. Floicers small, re^ulnr, polygamous. dir .s/)cc/c.s- ficc jjp. -lO '/-.io.'). THE SUMACHS. Genus RHl'S L. Trees, shrubs and climbing xini's of about one hundred twenty s])ecies. nativ<>s mainly (if the warmer parts of the north and south temperate regions. Som(> am of great economic value, as those producing the lacquer and vegetable wax of Japan, tannin, etc.. and several possess poisonous properties. Sixteen or seventeen species are natives of the United States of which about a half dozen .may be considered as trees. Leaves lostly unequally pinnate and deciduous, a few simple and persistent, alternate. Floircrs mostly dioecious in compound axillary or terminal panicles; calyx mostly .~)-cleft or parted and persistent ; petals spreading and longer than the cal.vx-lobes ; stamens ."J. alternate \\ith the petals and inserted with tliem under the margin of the annular disk ; pistil solitary. sessile, with three terminal styles. Fruit a subglobose drupelet mostly in th.vrses with thin are trees. The characters are those given of the family. The name is the anei.Mit (ireek name of the lIoUii ()(ik of southern Europe. KEY TO THE SrECTES. a Leaves evergreen, tliii-k : nutlets ribbed; leaves. Spiny-toothed I- opaca. Entire or remotely serrate I- Cassine. Coarsely crenate !• vomitoria. 446 Ac ERACEuTi. a- Leaves deciduous, thinnish ; nutlets ribbed ; leaves Small, obovate to oblauceolate-oblong, creuate I. decidua. Large, ovate to obloug and lanceolate, serrate I. monticola. For iipccies sec pp. 3l.i-S21. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. CELASTRACE^ Lindl. Trees, shrubs and climbnig vines of about three hundred fifty species of tropical ami temperate regions and grouped in forty genera. Four genera are represented among the tre?s of the United States, mainly southern. Leaves simple and with stipules small and caducous or none. Flowers regular, generally perfect, in axillary clusters and mostly with jointed iiedicels ; calyx 4-5-lobed or parted, imbri- cated in the bud. persistent ; petals 4-."), spreading, imbricated in the bud : stamens 4-."). inserted on the disk with 2-celled introrse antliers loiiL^itudiually dehiscent : ovary 2-.5-celled with 1 or 2 anatropous ovules in each cell (G sub-hoi'izontal in (Uinotia). Fruit a fleshy 2-4-celle(l dehiscent capsule or drupe; seed furnished with a colored aril, containing copious albumen and foliaceous cotyledons. THE WAHOO OR BURNING BUSH. Genus EUONYMUS L. Small trees and shrubs of about fifty species mainly of the northern hemisphere and most numerous in southern Asia and .Japan. Four species of \'shich one is arborescent are natives of the United States. Learrs opposite, petiolate, entire or serrate; stipules caducous. Floirrrs generally per- fect, in few-flowered cymes, from the axils of the lower leaves of the season, greenish or purple; calyx 4-5-lobed; petals of same number, spreading and inserted beneath the thick 4-lobed disk; stamens as many as the i)etals, alternate with them and inserted on the disk; filaments very short; anthers with 2 lells. sineading below; ovary 4-ceIled with short style or none and dei)ressed stigma; ovules usu.illy 2 in each cell. Friiil a 4-lobed and 4-celled capsule, fleshy, smooth (in the American species) or winged; longitudinally dehiscent; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, ascending and surrounded by a red aril. The name is the classical Greek name of a European species. Fur Impedes see pp. 322-323. MAPLE FAMILY. ACERACE^ St. Hil. Trees and a few shrubs with generally watery and saccharine sap and of wide distribution^ It consists of two genera, Acer and Diptcronia, the former largely represented in America and the latter a genus of a single species in China. Leaves deciduous, opposite, long-petiolate, simple and palmately lobed or pinnate, usually without stipules; winter-buds scaly, the innermost scales accrescent. Flowers regular, poly- gamous or dicpcions. in axillary or terminal fascicles, cymes or racemes; calyx generally .^-parted, imbricated in the bud; petals of same number or none; disk thick, annular, lolied ; stamens 4-12. usually 7-8. hy])ogeiinus with anthers 2-celled. intiorse. the (ells opening longi- tudinally; ovary 2-lobed. 2-(elled, compressed, wing-margined: styles 2. inserted betwi'en the lobes and stigmatose on their inner surfaces; ovules 2 in each cell, anatropous or amphitropous, attached to inner angle. Fruit a ])air of long-winged and usually 1-seeded samaras joined at base ; wings papery, thickened on the outer margin ; seed usually solitary, compressed, ascend- ing, without albumen ; cotyledons thin, folded. THE MAPLES. Genus ACER L. The genus consists of about seventy-five species widely distributed over the northern hemisphere, only one species in Sumatra and .Tava extending south of the equator. About thirteen species are represented in North America most of them having sweet sap, from which sugar can be made, and several producing valuable lumber. Acer is the classical name of the Maple-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaves simple and palmately veined and lobed ; flowers appearing b After the leaves from terminal buds; fruit ripening in autumn c Without petals, in long-pedicelled tassel-like corymbs ; leaves thick Pale beneath, glabrous, nearly flat and lobes coarsely undulate-dentate. A. Saccharuni. Green beneath ; concave and pubescent below ; lobes undulate or entire. A. nigriiin. c^ With petals ; flowers in Erect racemes; leaves coarsely serrate-dentate A. spicatum. Drooping racemes; leaves finely and often doubly serrate. A, Peiinsylvaiiiciini^ 1Ia.\1)]!()OK of TkkKS ok TJIK XolMIlKKX StATKS A.\L) ("a.xada. 417 h' Bt'fon^ tilt' Ifiivcs i:i \ci-.v early sprins, in fascicles from lat.Tal huds : fruit riijciiiiit; in early sunuiicr c Flowers subsessilc without petals; ovary tonieiilose : leaves deeply lobed. A. saccharinum. c^ Flowers with pedicels and petals; overy -lal.rous; lea\-es not deeply hjlied aud (Jlahrous or nearly so beneath A. rubrum. White-tonientose beneath A. Drummondii. a' I'iunately compound ; flowers diu'cious A. Negundo. For fii)cci-lobed with short broad acute or acuminate nearly entire lobes, cordate oi' rounded at base, thick iind densely hoary- tomentose beneath, as are the petioles and all new growth. Flowers scarlet, in dense lateral clusters, expandins before the leaves, with pedicels and iK>tals. Fruit ripening in .March oi- Ainil with or before the expanding of the leaves, bright scarlet samaras l^A-^VL' in- '""« ^vit!l wings 1/3-% in. broad aiid with slender pedicels 1-2 in. long. HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY. HIPPOCANTANACE^ T. and G. Trees and a few shrubs with ill-scented bark, large branchlets aud buds, and of al)out eighteen species natives of North America and Asia and grouped in two genera, Ac.vc»/h.s and BiUUi. the latter a genus of Mexico and Central America. Leaves deciduous, opposite, petiolate, digitately compound, with 3-0 serrate leaflets, and without stipules. Floirers appearing after the leaves, conspicuous, polygamous, in show\ terminal cymes or panicles, only the lowermost flowers generally fertile; pedicel jointed: calyx campanulate with .I unequal lobes, imbricated in the bud : petals 4-5, unequal, clawed : disk hypogenous. annular; stamens r»-S, usually 7. unequal with elongated filiform filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent ; ovary sessile. 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; style slender, elongated, curved, and with terminal stigma. Fruit a coriaceous 8-valved 1-2-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent ; seeds large, round or irregularly himispherical with smooth shining brown coat, large pale hilum, large thick unequal cotyledons, 2-leaved plumule and remaining underground in germination. THE BUCKEYES AND HORSE-CHESTNUT. Genus ^SCULUS L. A genus of ten or twelve si)ecies of which four native and one naturalized are represented among the trees of America. Tl!(» characters are those of the family. The name is the classical name of a kind of oak and transferred to this genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Flowers white; winter buds resin-coated; leaflets mostly 7....... A. Hippocastanum. a- Flowers yellow ; winter buds not resin-coated : leaflets mostly o ; stamens Longer than petals ; capsules spiny at least when young A. glabra. Shorter than petals ; capsules quite smooth A. octandra. For species see pp. J.i.S-J'/.?. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. SAPIXDACE.^ R. Br. Trees, shrubs and a few \ines with watery juice and chiefly confined to the tropics of the Old World. Over a thousand species are known grouped in about twenty genera. Of th.> arborescent genera four are reiiresented in the United States, all southward. Lea res alternate in the American representatives, petiolate, pinnately or palniately com- pound, without stipules. Floirers regular or slightly invgular, ])olygamous, diipcious ; calyx 4-r)-lobed or divided, imbricated in the bud; petals 4-."i. imbricated; disk annular, fleshy; stamens usually H-IO inserted on the disk : anthers introrse, 2-celled. longitudinally dehiscent : ovarv solitary, with 2-4 lobes and cells or entire; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell; styles terminal. Fruit a drupe or capsule with small solitary se(>d and containing no albumen. THE SOAPBERRIES. Gi:xrs SAPIXDIS L. Trees and shrubs of wide distribution mainly in tropical i-egions and most abundant vi Asia. Their fruits contain a saiionaceous juice which makes a lather in water, like soap. for which they ar(> sometimes used as a substitute. The horny seeds of some species are used for beads and buttons. About forty species are known of which three are found in southern United States, one ranging as far north as southern Missouri. 448 TiLIACE.E. Lcarcfi mostly pinnate, deciduous. Floircrs small, with short pedicels, in ample racemes or panicles : sepals 4-5, unequal : petals of same number and alternate with the sepals, each usually with a scale at its base inside and inserted under the edge of the disk ; stamens 8-10 irsi'rted ou the disk, eciual, usually with hairy filaments included in the perfect fiowers but much longer and exserted in the staminate flowers : anthers versatile : ovary ascending and 3-celled with a single ovule in each cell ; style columnar, short, and 2-4-lobed stigma. Fruit a l-o seeded drupe-like berry, subglobose or 2-3-lot)eu ; seed one in eacn carpel, obovate, with smooth testa and hilum surrounded with silky hairs. The name is from sni)o and fiuhis, meaning Indian soap. For species see pp. S'l'iSli-'). BUCKTHORN FAMILY. RHAMNACE^ Dumort. Trees and shrubs with watery bitter juice and of about five hundred seventy-five specie;;, grouped in forty-five genera. They are natives of warm and temperate regions, and six of the genera have arborescent representatives in the Ignited States, Rhanuiiis only being represented in the northeastern states. Leaves simple, mostly alternate and often .S-nerved : stipules small mostly deciduous. Floicers small, greenish, mostly perfect; calyx -l-H-lobed valvate ; jiefnls 4-.'i inserted on the calyx; disk annular and lining the calyx-tube or none; stamens oiijiusite the petals and in- serted with them on the edge of the ileshy disk; anthers introrse, versatile; ovary superior, 2-."i-celled with 1 anatroi)ous ovule in each cell ; style columnar with terminal stigma. Fruit a drupe or drupe-like, tipped with the remnants of the style ; seed usually with albumen. THE BUCKTHORNS. Genus RHAMXUS L. Trees and shrubs with bitter bark and often spinescent branches, of about seventy species, inhabiting chiefly northern temperate and tropical regions. Five or six species are indigenous to the United States and at least one or two others are naturalized from Europe. Leaves mostly alternate and deciduous or persistent, petiolate, conduplicate in the bud. Floirers perfect or polygamous in small axillary cymes, racemes or panicles ; calyx campanu- late. 4-i")-lobed ; petals 4-.5-emarginate and hooded around the stamen or none ; stamens 4-.T with very short filaments; ovary ovoid, free from the disk: style .3-4-cleft or lobed. Fruit a druiie with succulent flesh and 2-4-nutlets each containing a single erect grooved seed with large foliaceous cotyledons and scant albumen. The name is the classical Green name of the European Buckthorn. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaves opposite, with P> or 4 pairs of arcuate veins running lengthwise ; nutlets grooved, R. Cathartica. a" Leaves alternate, with (J-IO pairs of veins running to margin : nutlets smooth. Flowers and fruit in short-peduncled umbels R. Caroliniana. Flowers and fruit in sessile umbels R. Frangula. For species see pp. 3.'f6-3Ji9 and tJie folloirinr/: Alder Buckthorn, Rhamnus Frangnla L. A small tree or shrub of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia, occasionally planted in this country for ornamental purposes and has run wild in localities. It is very similar to the R. Caroliniana, differing chiefly in having rather smaller more obtuse leaves and flowers and fruit in sessile umbels. LINDEN FAMILY. TILIACE.T: Juss. Trees, shrubs and herbs of about one hundred thirty-fi\-e genera and two hundred forty- five species, chiefly tropical and more numerously repfesented in the southern hemisphere than in the northern. Three genera are represented in North America of which the following only is arborescent. Leaves simple, deciduous, mostly alternate and sti])ules small and caducous. Flou-ers regular, perfect, generally in cymes or panicles; sepals mostly •"», valvate, deciduous; i)etnls of same number and hypogenous, rarely more : stamens numerous ; pistil solitary, sessile, 2-ltt-celled ; ovules mostly anatropous ; style terminnl columnar; stigma capitate. Fruit ijrupaceous or nut-like ; seeds in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous. THE LINDENS OR BASSWOODS. Genus TILIA L. The Basswoods are widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, none, however, being found in western .\ni(>rica or central Asia. They are gen- erally trees of great economic importance in the production of a soft valuable wood, a fibrous Haxddook ok Tkkks of the Xortiikkx Statks and C'axada. 449 inner bark and honey and iicrfuinc from their flowers. Ahonl twenty siiecies aro known five or six of which are found anionn' the trees of eastern North America. Tjcdvcft defi(hioiis. loiiii-petiolate. mainly cordate and obliqne at base, acute or acuminr.-te. serrate. Fhnrcra li.iiht yellow, very fragrant and nectariferous in pedunculate axillarv cvmes. each iHMluncle furnished with a large pale floral membranous bract to which it is adnate for about half its length : sepals H ; petals 5, imbricated in the bud. yellowish white stamens in .' clusters each cluster (in the American species) united with a i)etal-like scale opposite each petal, the filament filiform and forked at the apex, each fork bearing an extrorse half-anther; ovary H-celled, each cell containins- 2 anatropous ovules; style columnar and with o spreading stigmatic lobes. Fruit nut-like, dry, woody, 1-celled and containing 1-2 amphitropous seeds; cotyledons palmately H-lobed. The name is the classical name of the Euroi)(>an L'uuJi n. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaves green and iriabrous beneath T. Americana. a- Leaves whitish and Tomentose beneath T. heteropliylla. Stellate pubescent with tufts in the axils of the veins Ix'tieath T. Michauxii. For species sec pp. 3-jO-3')1 and ihc foJloiciurj: White BASSWOOn, T. hcicrnplnjUa Vent. A large tree ranging from southern X. Y. to Fla.. particularly of the Alleghany Mts. Lcares ovate-oblon? to oval. il-lO in. long, cordate or truncate and oblique at base, abruptly acuminate, serrate, at maturity thin, dark si'een above, whitish and tomentose beneath ; branchlets glabrous. Floircrs with pedunculate bract 4-5 in. long, decurrent nearly to base. Fruit oblong to subglobose, about % in. long, rusty- Tomentose. MiCHAUX Basswood. T. Michauxii Xutt. Similar to the above and often confounded with it and with T. puhcscens Ait. of the southern coast region. Its distribution, apparently ex- tending from the vicinity of Montreal. Canada, to the Gulf states, is not well understood, Leaves broad-ovate, mostly cordate and very oblique at base, short acuminate or acute at apex, serrate, at maturity rather firm, glabrous dark green above, whitish stellate pubescent with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath. Flotcers floral bract pedunculate,, spatulate- obovate. decurrent to within %-% in. of the base of the peduncle. Fruit subglobose, about % in. in diameter, hoary-tomentose. TEA FAMILY. THEACE^E DC. Trees and shrubs of about one hundred and sixty species, grouped in sixteen or seventeen genera, and confined chiefly to the tropics of the New World and southern and eastern Asia. The most important genus is CameUla, yielding rhe tea of commerce and shrubs with beautiful flowers. Leaves alternate without stipules. Floiiers showy, regular, perfect; sepals and petals .j, imbricated in the bud, hypogenous ; stamens numerous with 2 longitudinally dehiscent cells ; ovary mo'^tly .S-H-celled and stigma o-5-lobed. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled caspule ; seed with large cotyledons and no albumen. THE LOBLOLLY BAY, ETC. Genus GORDOXIA(L) Ell. Trees and shridjs of about a dozen species mainly of southeastern Asia. One species is represented in the flora of southeastern United States. Another tree, the Franklinia, by some considered a species of this genus, is more properly considered the type of another genus of that name. Leaves alternate, evergreen, coriaceous. Flowers long-stalked and solitary in the axils of the leaves; sepals unequal, silky, concave, rounded and persistent; petals white, obovate, slightly united at base, concave ; stamens numerous with short filaments inserted on ."> fleshy disks each adnate to the base of a petal ; anthers introrse, yellow ; ovary sessile with elon- gated style. H-lobed and stigmatic at apex ; ovules 4 in each cell, anatropous. Fruit a woody pointed ovoid loculicidally dehiscent capsule ; valves 5. entire ; seeds usually 4 in each cell ; jiendulous. compressed and an oblong wing at the tip. Named in honor of .James Gordon, a London nurseryman of the 18th century. For species see pp. 352-35.i. GINSENG FAMILY. ARALIACE^ Ve^t. Trees, shrubs and herbs of about four hundred fifty species, grouped in thirty-two genera, and widely distributed throuiihout tropical and to a lesser extent temperate regions. A single arborescent species is native to rhe flora of eastern United States. 29 450 COEXACE^E. Leaves deciduous, alternate or verticillate, compound, petiolate. mostly with stipules. Floicers in racemose or panicled umbels or heads, 5-numerous ; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; petals sometimes united ; disk epigynous ; stamens as many as the petals, alternate with them, and inserted on the disk : ovary 1-several-celled. each cell containing a solitai-y anatropous pendulous ovule ; styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Fruit baccate ; seeds with thin testa, small embryo 'and abundant albumen. THE HERCULES-CLUB, ETC. Genus ARALIA L. Spiny trees, shrubs and herbs of about thirty species about a half dozen of which aro natives of North America, the remaining of Asia. Of the American species one only is arbor- escent. Leaves pinuately or ternately decompound, the petioles enlarged and clasping at the base. Flowers mostlv perfect, small, greenish white: pedicels pointed; calyx-lobes minute, valvate : petals imbricated in the bud ; .stamens with filiform filaments and oblong introrse, 2-ce]l(Ml anthers longitudinally dehiscent: ovary inferior, mostly 2-r)-celled, styles of same number, dehiscent or united at base. Fruit a 2-.5-seeded berry laterally compressed or 3-5-angled and tipped with the remnants of the styles and calyx-lobes and containing 2-5 compressed seeds with straight radicle and oblong cotyledons. The name is of obscure derivation. For species see pp. 354-355. DOGWOOD FAMILY. CORXACE^ Link. The Dog-wood Family consists of trees and shrubs of about sixteen genera and eighty-five species mainly of north temperate regions. Two genera have arborescent representatives in North America. Leaves deciduous, simple, variously arranged and without stipules. Flotvers regular, in cymes, heads, or solitary ; calyx adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-."i-toothed or none : petals 4-r> or none ; disk epigenous"; stamens as many as the petals and inserted with them on the margin of the disk ; anthers introrse. 2-celled with a solitary anatropous suspended ovule in each cell. Fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe ; seed oblong with foliaceous cotyledons and copious albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. Flowers perfect, arranged in fours ; leaves mostly opposite Cornus. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, petals 5, very small or none; leaves alternate Nyssa. THE DOGWOODS OR CORNELS. Genus CORNUS L. Trees and shrubs of about forty species widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone and one species in Peru. Sixteen or seventeen species are found in North America of which four are arborescent. Leaves deciduous, mostly opposite. Floicers perfect, small, in cymes or heads, the latter with an involucre of showv white bracts in some species; calyx with 4 small lobes, valvate in the bud ; disk epigenous : petals 4. valvate ; stamens 4, alternate with the petals exserted and with slender filaments ; ovary 2-celled, each cell containing a single ovule, with simple columnar style and capitate or truncate stigma. Fruit an oblong drupe with thin flesh and bony or crustaceous 2-celled and usually 2-seeded stone. The name is from the Latin coma, horn, alluding to the hardness of the wood of som*? "' *^^ ''''''''■ KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Flowers greenish, in dense heads with 4 large white involucral bracts ; fruit red. C. Florida, a- Flowers white, in loose cymes, without bi-acts Fruit blue ; leaves smooth above C. alternifolia. Fruit white ; leaves scabrous above C. asperifolia. For species see pp. 356-36L THE TUPELOS. Genus XYSSA L. Trees of five species of which four are natives of eastern North America and the remain- ing one of southeastern Asia. They produce very fine grained tough wood, with contorted fiber and annual rings indistinctly indicated. The fruit is very tart and is sometimes used in conserves. i Haxdhook oi-- Tkkks of tiik Xortttkkx States and Canada. 451 Leaves alternate, petiohito, condupllc-ate in the bud. Floucru small. ^I't'enish, pulygamo- dioeoious, in capitate clusteis (or tlio fertile ones sometimes solitary j with slender peduncles, from the axils of the lower leaves or of caducous bracts, the staminate flowers numerous;' calyx minutely r»-lobed ; petals ."», minute and thick or none: stamens "(-1.1 in the staminate flowers, exserted and inserted with the petals on the ed^e of the entire or lobed disk : pistillate flowers sessile at the end of the peduncle, few together, bracted ; stamens inclndecl : ovary 1-2-ceIled and style elouKated. slender, curved and stigmatic towards the apex on one side. Fruit an oblonjf or ovoid drupe with thin tart juicy flesh and thick-walled horny compressed ridged or winged stone ; embryo straight. Xi/nfia is the name of a water nymph an genus because of its species growing in wet i)lac(>s. KEY TO THE SPE('IES. a Leaves entire : fruit l(>ss than "i in. long Stone little flattened and indistinctly ribbed N. sylvatica. Stone distinctly flattened and prominently ribbed N. biflora. a' Leaves remotely dentate; fruit 1 in. or more long: stone with acute ridges. N. aquatica. For spceics srr pp. ^IIJ-.IGI. Division 3. GAMOPETAL,.aE. Plants with petals more or less united, or sometimes separate or wanting. HEATH FAMILY. ERICACEAE DC. A large and interesting family of trees and shrubs of world-wide distriljution in tropical and temperate regions. A few over a thousand siiecics are known, grouped in about sixty genera. Of these twenty-one genera are found within the I'nited States, seven having arbor- escent representatives. Leaves alternate, sim])le, and without stipviles. Flowers regular, perfect; calyx free from the pistil, 4-5-lobed ; corolla regular, hypogenous. l-lobed or parted (exceptionaliy 4-lol)ed or somewhat 2-lipped) imbricated; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla and mostly free ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, each cell opening by a terminal pore commonly prolonged and bearing an appendage: ovary superior (inferior in Vaeeinium), 4-10-celled, with numerous anatropous o^■ules : style simple, columnar and with capitate stigma. Fruit a cap- sule, drupe or berry: seeds with small embryo and albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Fruit a septicidally dehiscent capsule ; leaves persistent ; flow'ers in Terminal clusters; corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; leaves revolute Rhododendron. Axillary clusters; corolla H-lobed saucer-shaped and containing pouches: leaves flat. Kalmia. a' Fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule: flowers in terminal panicles: leaves deciduous. Oxydendrum. a" Fruit a berry; anther-cells prolonged: corolla campanulate or ureeolate, white: leaves deciduous Vaeeinium. THE RHODODENDRONS. Genus RHODODENDROX L. Small trees and shrvihs with bitter astringent properties and showy flowers, of some over one hundred and fifty species of eastern and southern Asia and the adjacent islands and North America. They are largely grown for ornamental purposes and many garden varieties have been produced by hybridization and selection. Of tlie eight species found in tht> T'nited States one is arborescent on the Atlantic coast region and another rarely on the Pacific slope. Learrs clustered at the ends of the branchlets, persistent and coriaceous with revolute entire margins ; midribs broad, petioles stout. Floicers in terminal corymbs or umbels from (erminal scaly cone-like buds: calyx Jj-lobed or parted, persistent: corolla campanulate with .'> nearly regular lobes: disk fleshy, lobed: stamens usually 10 and somewhat une(iual. declined and spreading; filaments pilose at base and attached to the backs of th(> anlluM-s: ovarv ."t-celled with slender exserted ])ersistent style and many anatropous ovules in each cell attached to the axile placenta. Fruit a woody capsule, r>-20-valved, septicidally dehiscent from the summit and containing many seeds with coat laciniated at the ends. The name is from Greek words meaning Rose-tree. For species see pp. 36S-,lllfl. THE LAURELS. Genus KAE^TTA E. Small trees and shruiis of (i or 7 si)ecies, all of which are found in tli(^ I'nited States excei)ting one. which is a native of Cub.a. TIk- following one sp(>cies is the only arborescent reiiresentatixe. 452 Sapotace.t.. Leaves evergreon, coriacpous, entire, short-petiolate. Floirers mostly axillary in umbels, with slender pedicels from the axils of persistent bracts : calyx o-parted, imbricated in the bud. persistent ; corolla 5-lobed. saucer-shaped, pink, purple or white, and containing ten pouches with keels extending from the pouches to the lobes and sinuses ; stamens 10. shorter than the corolla, with oblong anthers retained in the pouches of the corolla until the flower opens, then liberated by straightening of the elastic filiform filaments causing a discharge of the pollen : disk 10-lobed ; ovary subglobose, 5-celled, with filiform exserted style and capitate stigma ; ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous, attached to an axile placenta. Fruit a sub- globose crustaceous. 5-celled capsule, obscurely 5-lobed tardily septicidally dehiscent from the persistent axis ; seeds minute.subglobose, embryo in fleshy albumen. :>r Kalm, a Swedish botanist For species see pp. 370-371. per The name is in honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist of the 18th century THE SOTJE-WOOD OR SORREL-TREE. Genus OXYDENDRU^I de C. A genus of a single American species of the south Atlantic and Gulf states and the lower Mississippi basin. They are trees with roughly furrowed bark, somewhat acidulous juices and twigs with segmented pith. Leaves deciduous, revolute in bud. petiolate, narrow-oblong, about equally pointed at both ends, subentire or denticulate, lustrous dark green above, paler and with yellowish veins beneath. Floivers (in summer) in terminal unilateral racemes, with bibracteolate pedicels; sepals 5, persistent; corolla ovoid-cylindric white, puberulous, with 5 miunte reflexed lobes; stamens 10. with broad filaments and nai rower linear anthers opening by clefts; ovary ovoid, 5-celled, with numerous amphitropous ovules and thick exserted style having terminal stigma. Fruit a 5-augled, 5-celled, ovoid-pyramidal capsule, tipped with the remnants of the style, loculicidally dehiscent, and at maturity liberating numerous elongated seeds pointed at both ends. The name is from two Greek words referring to a slightly tart flavor of the leaves. For species see pp. 372-373. THE BLUEBERRIES, ETC. Gexus VACCIXIU^I L. This genus consists of shrubs (some epiphytal) and a few small trees with slender branch- lets and many of its representatives with edible fruits. They are of wide distribution in the north temperate and boreal regions and at high altitudes within the tropics. About one hundred and twenty-five species are known, of w^hich twenty-five and several varieties are North American. Only one of these is arborescent. Leaves alternate and mostly small. Floirers small, white or pink, with bibracteolate pedicels, in axillary racemes or clusters or rarely solitary ; calyx 3-5-lobed. valvate, persistent and the tube adnate to the ovary ; corolla gamopetalous. epigynous, mostly urn-shaped or cam- panulate, 4-5-lobed, imbricated ; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its base under the edge of the thick disk : filaments short ; anthers awned on the back and cells prolonged upwards into tubes opening by terminal jiores ; ovary 4-5-celIed or imperfectly 8-10-celled ; style filiform, erect, with terminal stigma : ovulfs numerous, anatropous. attached to inner angle" of the cell. Fruit a berry 4-5 or 8-lU-celled containing many compressed seeds with minute embryo surrounded with fleshy albumen. The name is the classical Latin name of the European Bilherry. For species see pp. 37.'f-375. SAPODILLA FAMILY. SAPOTACE.E Reichenb. Trees, shrubs and vines with milky juice and of wide distribution throughout the warmer regions of the globe, some species producing valuable timbers or fruits and one producing the gutta percha of commerce. The family consists of about 400 species of 35 genera, of which 5 genera are represented in the trees of the United States, all subtropical excepting Bumelia. Leaves alternate or sometimes clustered, simple, entire, pinnately-veined, mostly cori- aceous, petiolate. without stipules. Floicers small, regular, perfect, in axillary clusters ; calvx of 5-8 persistent sepals, imbricated; corolla hypogenous. 5-S-cleft with an internal lobe-like appendage staminodium at each sinus and a short tube ; disk none ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them inserted on the tube ; anthers 2-celled, subextrorse. longitudinally dehiscent ; pistil with ovary sessile, usually 5-celled, with simple style and terminal stigma, and containing a solitary anatropous ovule. Fruit a berry with persistent calyx at base and tipped with remnants of the style, usually 1-seeded, the seed containing a large straight embryo with or without albumen. Haxdbook of Tkkes of the Xortiikrx States and Canada. 4r)3 THE BUMELIAS. Genus BUAIELIA S\v. lith more or less spiniscent branchlets and of about 20 species, here, 5 being found wilhin the United States and four of these Small tre es and shi natives of the western h are small tree Leaves alternate on vigorous shoots or clustered on spur-like lateral branchlets, conibipli- cate in the bud, oblanceolate to obovate, elliptical, more or less silky tomentose beneath, short petiolate. Floirers with slender pedicels, in crowded axillary fascicles; calyx subcamjianulate, with 5 unequal lobes ; corolla campauulate, white, 5-lobed, the rounded lobes and their append- ages equal: stamens with short filiform filaments and sagitate anthers; ovary conical, ovoid hirsute with simple pointed style stigmatic at apex. Fruit an oblong, obovoid, or sub- globose black drupe, solitary or few together, with thin flesh and large seed having a thick smooth light brown crustaceous testa, basal hilum, large straight embryo with thick fleshy cotyledons and no albumen. The name is the classical Greek for the Ash-iree transferred to this genus. KEY TO THE SrECIES. Leaves i)eneath, pedicels and calyx tomentose B. lanuginosa. Leaves beneath, pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so B. lycioides. For si)cri(S sec pp. 376-377 cnul ihr follou-iiuj: SsiooTii OR Buckthorn Bumelia, B. lycioides (L.) Gaertn. f. An interesting small tree of the southern states, ranging sparingly as far north as into southern Virginia and southern Illinois. Leaves mostly oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, I'l/i-l in. long, cuneate at base, usually acute or acuminate at apex, glaucous bright green above, paler and glabrous (or somewhat pubescent at first) and finely reticulate beneath, thinnish, deciduous; petioles about V2 in. long; branchlets glabrate and mostly unarmed. Floirers (in midsummer) in crowded gfabrous fascicles, pedicles about I2 in. long; calyx glabrous. Fruit oblong to subglobose, black, about Y2 in. long. EBONY FAMILY. EBENACE.5: \'ent. Trees and shrubs of wide distrilnition mostly in tropical countries and of about 275 species grouped in ~i genera. The following single genus is represented in the United States by 2 species — one widely distributed in the Atlantic states and the other in Texas and northern Mexico. Leaves simple, alternate, entire and without stipules. Flou-crs small, mostly dioecious or polygamous, solitary or in cymes, axillary, regular ; calyx 3-T-lobed. inferior, persistent ; corolla with 3-7 convoluted lobes, deciduous ; stamens more numerous than the lobes of corolla and inserted on its tube, with short filaments and erect introrse anthers ; disk none ; ovary superior, several-celled, with l-.^ suspended ovules in each cell ; styles 2-8. Fruit a berry subtended by the enlarged persistent calyx and containing oblong seeds with small axile embryo and copious albumen. THE PERSIMMONS. Genus DIOSPEROS L. This genus, consisting of about IGO species widely distributed in tropical regions and most abundantly in southern Asia, is the most important of the family. Some of its representatives yield the ebony of commerce and others valuable fruits. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, and without stipules. Flon-ers diipcious, polygamous, or rarely perfect, regular, solitary or in cymes in the axils of the leaves of the season ; calyx in- ferior, B-7-lobed. iiersistent and commonly accrescent ; corolla hyi)ogenous, regular. 3-7-lobed. the lobes convolute in the bud : disk none : stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube, some imperfect in the pistillate flowers ; filaments short and anthers 2-celled, introrse ; ovary several-celled with usually 2 anatropous suspended ovules in each ceil; styles 2-S. Fruit a berry with from 1-several seeds; seed with axile embryo in fleshy albumen. The name is from two Greek words meaning the wheat or food of Jove. For species sec pp. 37S-.370. SWEET-LEAF FAMILY. SYMrLOCACE.^ Miers. A family of the following single genus of trees and shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules; buds scaly. Floirers regular, mostly perfect and yellow, in axillary or lateral clusters; calyx .")-lobed. cami)anulate. the tube adnate to the ovary; corolla deeply ."t-lobed. with imbricated lobes; disk none; stamiMis ntniierous. more or less "united at base into clusters, with long filiform filaments and small 2-celled anthers ojiening laterally; ovary 2-.'')-celled with simi)l<> style, terminal stigma and usually 2 anatroi)ous ovules suspended in each cell. Fruit usually a dry drupe crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, thin flesh and one bony stone: embryo straight in fleshy albumen. 454. Oleace.e. THE SWEET-LEAF OR HORSE SUGAR. Genus SYAIPLOCOS L'Her. The genus Symplocos comprises about 180 species, so far as known, chiefly of the tropical regions of America, Asia, and Australia. One inhabits southeastern United JStates ranging as far north as southern Delaware. For characters see description of the family, this being the only genus. The name is from Greek roots referring to the fact that the stamens are united ior/ctlier in clusters. For species sec pp. 3S0-381. STORAX FAMILY. STYRACE.^. A. DC. Trees or sln-ubs with more or less stellate or scaly pubescence and confined to the warmer regions of the globe. About 75 species are known grouped in 7 genera. Two genera are rep- resented in the United States and of these the following one is arborescent. Leaves alternate, simple, pinnately veined and without stipules. Flotccrs regular, perfect: calyx more or less adnate to the ovary : corolla gamopetalous or polypetalous, with 4 or 8 lobes or petals ; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla or more, adnate to the tube and arranged in a single series : anthers introrse : ovary 2-.")-celled, with slender simple style and terminal stigma; ovules anatropous. Fruit a drupe with thin dry flesh, sometimes winged; hard and mostly 1-seeded stone containing straight embryo and copious albumen. THE SILVER-BELL TREES. Genus MOHRODENDRON Britt. Trees and shrubs of the southern Atlantic states of North America and comprised in three species of which two are arborescent and 1 shrubby. One of the former ranges as far north as southern Illinois. Leaves deciduous, oval to obovate-oblong, membranaceous, denticulate. Flowers bell- shaped, in fascicles or short racemes, with slender drooping pubescent bracteolate pedicels from the axils of the leaves of the previous year ; calyx tube obconic, 4-ribbed, tomentose. adnat.:* to the ovary and with short 4-toothed limb ; corolla epigynous. 4-lobed or divided, thin and white : stamens S-IB, with flat filaments more or less united at base and slightly adnate to the base of the coi'olla : ovary 2-4-celled, with an elongated style, terminal stigma and 4 ovules in each cell, tlic upper ascending and the lower pendulous. Fruit a dry oblong, 2-4 winged, drupe, l-4-C('ll('(l. tipped with the style and calyx teeth and containing a thick-walled bony stone : embryo terete, axile. Named in compliment to Dr. Chas. Mohr. botanist and author of the Flora of Alahama. etc. For species see pp. 382-383. OLIVE FAMILY. OLEACE^ Lindl. Trees and shrubs widely distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions, particu- larly of the northern hemisphere, and some of great economic value. There are about 20 genera and 500 species. Five genera are indigenous to the T'nited States and of these four have arborescent i-epresentatives. Leaves mostly opposite, simple or compound and without stipules. Floicers perfect, di(X'ci- ous or polygamous, regular and in panicles, cymes or fascicles ; calyx inferior, 2-4-lobed or none ; corolla of 2-4 petals or none ; disk none ; stamens 2-4 with short filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers, dehiscent usually by lateral longitudinal slits ; ovary superior, 2-celIed with 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in" each cell ; style simple. Fruit in the American arborescent rejiresentatives a samara or berry with pendulous seeds containing straight embryo and fleshy albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Fruit a samara: leaves compound; flowers mostly unisexual and without petals. Fraxinus. a' Fruit a drupe : leaves simple Flowers dioecious, mostly apetalous, appearing before the leaves Chionanthus. Flowers perfect with 4 linear petals, appearing after the leaves Forestiera. THE ASHES. Genus FRAXINUS L. Trees and shrubs of about 40 species with tough wood, stout branchlets having large pith and obtuse or rounded scaly buds, the terminal one the largest. It is of wide distribution in north-temperate regions and within the tropics on the islands of Cuba and Jamaica. About 16 IIaxdbook of Tkeks of the XoirniEKX States \yu Canada, 455 species nro rmiiiil wilhin tin- T'nitcd States, all arborescent though one is more commonly a shrub than a tree. Leans (Icciduous, odd-iuiniatcly coinpound. ix'tiolate; leaflets cnn(lui)licate in the burl and usually srrrate. Fluiicrii in early sprin.ij. ivi>in the axils of the leaves of the previous season, mostly (li(ecious or polygamous (occasionally perfect) in fasciculate panicles; calyx small, canipanulate or none: corolla 2-4-parted or none; stamens usually 2 with short terete filaments and large oblong anthers opening by lateral slits; ovary mostly 2-celled \vith single style and 2-lobed stigma. Fruit a samara, with terete or somewhat flattened and usually 1-seeded body and terminal wing ; seed elongated, pendulous. Fraxiiius is the ancient Latin name of the Ash-frcc. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Samara with seed-bearing portion flattened and wing extending the entire length b r>ateral leaflets sessile; calyx in the fertile flowers none F. nigra. h- Lateral leallets stalked: calyx present Samara obo\ate to spatulate ; twigs terete F. Caroliniana. Samara elliptic to spatulate ; twigs 4-sided F. quadrangulata. a- Samara with seed-bearing portion subterete : wing not extending to base; leaflets stalked:, calyx present in fertile flower b Wing almost entirely tin-minal — slightly if at all decurrent on body c Leaves and branchlets glabrous or nearly so F, Americana. c- Leaves ben(\ith and branchlets pubescent F. Biltnioreana. V Wing decurrent somewhat on sides of body but not to base c Wing of samara spatulate d IJranchlets and !ea\es glabrous or nearly so; leaves green beneath. F. lanceolata. d- Branchlets and petioles velvety pubescent Samara less than 2 in. long : calyx small F. Pennsylvanica. Samara mostly 2 in. long or more ; calyx enlarged F. profunda. c^ Wing of samara long-linear F. Darlingtonii. For species see pp 38.'i-399 and the foUoicing: Darlington Asir. F. Darlincjtomi Britt. This is a little known species d(»scribed from material from Lancaster, Pa,, and is similar to the F. lanceolata and F. Peiiusi/lrauira. with foliage and twigs pubescent or glabrate and samara 2-3 in. long with linear wing decurrent upon the seed-bearing portion one third to one fourth its length. THE FRIXGE-TREES. Gexus CHIOXAXTHUS L. Trees or small shrubs of two species one of the middle and southern United States and the other of China. Leaves simple, deciduous, opposite, conduplicate in the bud. Flowers perfect or poly- gamous, white, in loose drooping panicles from the axils of the leaves of the preceding s?ason : calyx small, 4-parted, inferior, persistent : corolla of 4 linear white petals slightly united at base : stamens 2, inserted on the base of the corolla, with very short terete filaments and ovate apiculate anthers; ovary ovoid with short columnar style and thick fleshy 2-lobed stigma: ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit an ovoid or oblong drui)e tipped with the remnants of the style, nearly black thick skin, dryish flesh and usually 1 but sometimes 2 or .'! thitk-walled crustaceous stones. The name is from two Greek words meaning snow-flower. For species see pp. .'ftiO-.'/Ol. THE FORESTIERA. Genus FORESTIERA Pom. (ADELL\ P. Br.) Shrubs or small wide-branching trees of about fifteen species natives of America. Six or 8 species are found in the southern United States, one of these only attaining the dignity of a tree, and that ranging as far north as southern Illinois. Leaves simjile. op])Osite. deciduous or rarely evergreen, and usually small. Floirers small and mostly polygamous, yellowish or greenish, dio'cious. aijpearing before the lea\-es in fas- cicles or racemes from scaly buds in the axils of the leaves of the jirevious year: calyx witli very short tube and 4-.~ unequal lobes : corolla none or with 1 or 2 deciduous petals : stan-'e:is 2-4 with extrorse anthers: ovary ovoid. 2-celled. with slender style and thick usually 2-lobe(l stigma and 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Fritit a druiii> with 1 or 2 seeds with membranous testa and fleshy albumen. The name is in compliment to M. Forestier. a French physician. For specie s see pp. .'fO^-'iHi. 456 Kubiace.t;. TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY. BIGXOXIACE.^ Pers. Trees, shrubs, flimbing vines and a few exotic herbs mostly with large showy flowers and widely distributed in tropics with a few representatives in temperate regions. About ~)()0 species are known grouped in nearly 100 genera. Of the five genera represented in the United States 3 are arborescent, one of the southwestern states, another of Florida and the third of the Atlantic states. Leaves simple in the arborescent representatives in the United States mostly opposite and without stipules. Flowers perfect, large, showy and_ more or less irregular ; calyx hypogenous, bilabiate: corolla hypogenous. somewhat bilaliiate, ."i-luhiMl. imbricated in the bud: stamens 2 or 4 inserted on the' base of the corolla with iutnusi' Ll-ccllcd anthers longitudinally dehiscent; stamiuodia 1 or 3 : ovary 1 or 2-celled. with simiilc slender li-lubed style, stigmatic at the apex: ovules numerous, anatropous and horizontal. Fruit a pod-like 2-valved capsule or berry and seeds without albumen. THE CATAIPAS. Genus CALTAPA Scop. Trees of tonic and diuretic properties with stout terete branchlets large pith and soft durable wood. Seven species are known of which two are natives of eastern United States and the others of eastern China and the West Indies. Leaves opposite or in whorls of three, long-petiolate. involute in the bud, entire or spar- ingly lobed. deciduous. Flowers in showy terminal compound panicles or corymbs : calyx splitting irregularly into two lobes in opening: corolla thin and membranaceous, oblique with broad campanulate tube and 2-lipped ij-lobed limb, the lobes spreading and with crisi^ed mar- gins : stamens 2, ascending under the anterior lip of the corolla, with glabrous divergent anther- cells and flattened arcuate filaments, staminodia 3, rudimentary, filiform : ovary, 2-celled, with long filiform style. 2-lobed stigma and ovules inserted in several rows on the central placenta. Fruit an elongated nearly terete pod-like capsule loculicidally dehiscent, persisting during the winter : seeds numerous.' flat, oblong, with broad lateral fimbriated wings ending in white hairs : cotyledons broader than long. The name is the Cherokee Indian name of one of the American species. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Flowers about IVj in. wide, in many-flowered panicles; lower lobe entire.... C. Catalpa. Flowers about 2i/i> in. wide, in few-flowered panicles; lower lobe emarginate.. C. speciosa. For species see pp. JfO-'t-IfOl. MADDER FAMILY. RUBIACE.E B. Juss. Trees, shrubs and a few herbs of about •j.^'iO species grouped in some 3.10 genera. They are chiefly natives of tropical regions and comprise several species which yield products of great economic importance, such as coffee, quinine, ipecac, madder, etc. Lea vex simple, opposite or verticillate. entire, mostly with stivnile> and turnMis black in drying. Flowers regular, perfect: calyx 4-."i-roothed or lobed and with tube adnate to the ovary: corolla 4-.~)-lobed. stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them and inserted on the tube with filaments free or united at base and introrse 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally : disk epigynous : ovary 1-10-celled with slender style and ovules 1 to many in each cell. Fruit a capsule, drupe or achene : seeds with membranaceous coat and without albumen. THE BUTTON-BUSH. Genus CEPHALAXTHUS L. Shrubs and small trees of about a half dozen species of North and South America and Asia, one only inhabiting the United States. Leaves both opposite and verticillate. netiolate. deciduous. Flowers veHow or whUe, sessile in the axils of glandular bracts in dense ^lobular pedunculate nanicled heads: calyx tube obpyramidal its limb with four or five short lobes : corolla tubular funnel-form with four short lobes : stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla with very short filaments and oblong-sagitate anthers : ovary 2-celled with a solitary pendulous ovule in each cell and a long filiform exserted style bearing a capitate stigma. Fruit dry, obpyramidal. 1-2-seeded ; seeds oblong with a white aril at the apex and cartilaginous albumen. The name is from two Greek words indicating that the flowers are iu heads. For species see pp. 408-Jt09. I Handbook of Trees of tpie Xoktiiekn States and Canada. 457 FIGWORT FAMILY. SCOPHULARIACE/E Lixdl. This family consists chiefly of herbs, but some shrubs and trees, and is of very wide dis- tribution. About 2,500 species are known, grouped in Km genera. Leaves various, without stipules. Flowers mostly perfect, complete and irregular : calyx inferior, variously cleft or divided, jiersistent ; corolla gamopetalous, irregular, with imbi'icated lobes; stamens 2-.'), didynamous or nearly equal and inserted on the corolla nlternate with its lobi's : anthri's 2 or 1-celIed : iiistil solitary with slender style, entire or _2-lobed stigma and mostly L'-ct'lled ovary containing anatropous or amphiti'opous ovules on axile placenta?. Fruit a capsule usually containing luimorous seeds with small embryo in copious albumen. THE PAULOWNIA. Genus PAULOWXIA Sieb. & Zucc. This is a genus composed of possibly two or three species of Asiatic trees but is generally known only by the single species P. iniperialis S. & Z., now naturalized in America. Leaves opposite, long-petioled, mostly 5-8 in. long larger on vigorous shoots, broad-ovate, cordate, acute or short acuminate, entire or with a single short-pointed lobe on each side, vel- vety pubescent especially at first; long-petioled, branchlets with segmented pith. Fld dru])e \\ith thin sweet or acidulous flesh and a single stone which in the American si)eci(>s is dark brown, coriaceous and much flattened. The name is ancient Latin name of one of the European species. For species see pp. Jf 12-411. GLOSSARY. Abortion. Inipt'ifcct or iioii-cU>vol()|)iiuMit of a part. Acliene or akenc A dry, lianl. l-ti-llcd and 1-seeded indeliiscciit fruit. Acuminate. Tapering to a rather long point. Acute. \\'ith a short sharp point. Adnate. Closely united or growing to (liter- ally " born with ") . ^Estivation. The arrangement of the parts of a ilower in the bud. Albumen. Nutritive material surrounding the embryo in some seeds. Albumenous. Furnished with albumen. Alternate. Xot opposite: applied to leaves and Ho\\ers. Anient. A spike of unisexual flowers, each subtended by a bract; a catkin. Amphitropous. Said of a straight ovule or seed when half inverted. Anatropous. Said of straight ovules or seeds when inverted, the micropyle being near the liilum. Androgynous. Said of an infloresence com- posed of both staminate and pistillate flowers. Angiospermous. Having seeds borne in a closed jiericarp. Anther. The portion of a stamen which con- tains the pollen. Anthesis. The time of the opening of a flo\\'er. Apetalous. Without petals or corolla. Apiculate. With a short pointed tip. Arciuite. Curved. Aril. An appendage growing a,l)out tlie hilum of a seed. Aristate. Terminating in an awn or bristle. Articulated. Joined by a more or less easily separable joint. Ascending. Growing upward. Auriculate. Furnished at base with ear-like lobes. Attenuate. Long-tapering. Awn. A bristle-like a])pendage. Awned. Furnished with awns. Axil. The upper angle l)etween the leaf and the stem or branch which l)ears it. Axillary. Of or from the axil. Axile. Situated in the axil. Baccate. Berry-like with llcsliy pulp. Berrv. A fruit with wholI\ puipv pcritarp. Bifid. 2-cleft. Bipinnate. Twice pinnatcly C()m|)oui)d. Bract. Altered scale-like leaf of an infir- escence. Bractlet. Diminutive of bract, a secondary bract. Bract eatc. Furnished with bracts, liracteolate. Furnished with bractlets. Caducous. Falling \ery early — ^ earlier than deciduous. Calyx. The outer of the two series of lloral envelopes. Calyx-tube. Tiie tube formed by the union of the sepals. Canipamilate. Ik'll-sliapcd. Campylotrojjous. Said of an ovule or seed which is curved, so that the micropyle and hilum are near together. Canescent. Hoary with a whitish pubescence. Capitate. Forming a head. Capsular. Pertaining to a capsule. Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit formed from two or more carpels. Carinate. Having a keel-like medial rirous. Glabrous. Sniootii — without hairs or rough- ness of any kind. Gland. Secreting cell or group of cells or a protidierance resembling same. Glandulai-. Supplied with glands. Glaucescent. Becoming or nearly glaucous. Cilaucous. Furnished with a bluish or whitish bloom, as seen on the cabbage leaf. Globose. Spherical or nearly so. Gymnosperm. (adj. Gymnospermous) A plant having naked ovules or seeds not inclosed in an ovary. Gyncecium. The pistil or pistils collectively. Gynophore. The stipe or stalk of a pistil. Habit. The form or general appearance of a plant. Habitat. The area over which a species is found. Hastate. Shaped like an arrow-head but with lobes directed outward. Head. A dense cluster of sessile or nearlj' sessile Howers. Heart-wood. The mature and usually darker colored central portion of an exogenous trujdc. Hilum. The scar or place of attachment of an ovule or seed. Hirsute. Covered with rather coarse stiff hairs. Hispid. Covered with bristly stiff hairs. Hoary. Covered with tine grayish pubescence. Hybrid. A cross between two species. Hypogenous. Growing from beneath the ova ry. Imbricated. 0\'erlap[)ing like the shingles of a roof. Imjierfect. Applied to flowers indicates that either pistils or stamens are lacking. Incised. Cut into rather deeply. Included. Said of stamens which do not pro- ject beyond the perianth. Incomplete. Ajiplied to flowers in which one or more of the four sets of floral organs are wanting. Incumbent. I-^yi'ig upon, as the radical against the back of a cotyledon. Indehiscent. Not opening at maturity. Induplicate. With edges folded inward. Inecpiilateral. I nequal-sided. Inferior. Said of an ovary when it is adnate to the calyx-tul)e. Inflorescence. The arrangement of a flower- cluster. Innate. Said of an anther when it is seated, as it were, on the end of a filament. Internode. The ])ortion of a stem between the points from which the leaves grow. Interpetiolar. Between the petioles. Introrse. Facing inward. Invoiucrate. Furnisjied with an involucre. Involucre. A whorl of bracts subtending a flower. Involute. The sides rolled inward. Irregular. Said of flowers in wliich similar ])arts differ in size or form. Keel. A central ridge: also the united an- terior petals of a i>apilionac(Mui.s flower. Key. A dry winged indehiscent fruit; a samara. Laciniate. Cut into long irrcgiilur teeth. Lamella. A thin Hat scale or plate. Lamellate. Composed of lamellae. Laminate. Consisting of plates. Lanceolate. Lance-shaped, wide below and tapering to apex, but narrower than ovate. Leaflet. One of the small blades of a com- pound leaf. Legume. A simple dry fruit, composed of a single carpel and dehiscent usually along both sutures; a pod, as of the Pea. Leguminous. Producing legumes. Lenticel. Small lens-shaped corky growths seen in young barks. Lenticular. Lens-shaped. Lepidote, Bearing small scurfy scales. Ligulate. Strap-shaped, or provided with ligules, descriptive of corollas, etc. Limb. The expanded part of a petal or sepal. Linear. Descriptive of a narrow leaf with margins approximately parallel, as a blade of grass. Lobe. A prominent division of an organ. Lobed. Divided with rather deep sinuses. Loculicidal. Said of capsules which open into the cell along the dorsal suture. Loment. A pod constricted between the seeds. Lyrate. Lyre-shaped; said of pinnatifid leaves where the terminal segment is largest. :\Iarcescent. Withering but still persisting. JNIedulla. The central pith-column of exogen- ous stems. ]Medullary-rays. Lines of specialized cells of woods radiating from the pith-cohunn to the bark, Micropyle. The orifice of an ovule or the corresponding point of a seed. ?tlidrib. The main central rib of a leaf; the mid-vein, ^lonadelphous. Stamens with filaments united. Moniliform. Resembling a string of beads. Monocotyledonous. With a single cotyledon, ^lonoecious. With stamens and pistils on the same plant but in different flowers, ^lonopetalous. With petals united. Mucro. A small abruj)t ti]i. Mucronate. Furnished with a mucro. Muricate. Rough with short rigid ])oints. Naturalized. Said of introduced plants which are rejiroducing by self-sown seeds. Nectar. A sweet secretion in flowers, which becomes honey after being gathered by bees. Nectariferous. Bearing nectar. Nectary. An organ secreting nectar. >serve. A simple or unbranched vein. 462 Glossary. Node. The place on a stem where tlie leaves appear. Nodose. Knotty. Nut. A hard 1-celled, 1-seeded indehiscent fruit. Nutlet. Diminutive of nut. Obconic. Inversely conical. Obeordate. Inversely heart-shaped. Oblanceolate. Inversely lanceolate, i. e., broader towards the apex. Oblique. Slanting or with unequal sides. (H)long. Longer than broad, with sides ap- proximately parallel. Ubovate. The inverse of ovate, i. e., broader towards the apex. Obovoid. The inverse of ovoid. Obtuse. Bluntly pointed; greater tliau right angle. Opposite. Said of leaves or leaflets arranged in pairs on opposite sides. Orbicular. Circular. Orthotropous. Descriptive of a straight erect ovule with hilum at one end and micropyle at the other. Oval. Broadly elliptical. t)vary. The ovule-bearing portion of a pistil. Ovate. Applied to leaves, etc., which are egg- shaped in outline, broader towards base. Ovoid. Egg-shaped, applied to solids. Ovule. The embryonic seed. Ovuliferovis. Bearing ovules. Palmate. Hand-shaped, with lobes or leaflets radiating from apex of petiole like fingers. Panicle. A compound raceme. Paniculate. Arranged in panicles. Papilionaceous. Butterfly-like, descrijitive of flowers of the Pea family. Papillose. Rough with minute blunt projec- tions. Parietal. Pertaining to the wall, as of an ovary. Parted. Divided but not entirely to base. Pectinate. Pinnatifid with narrow close comb-like teeth. Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower in a flower-cluster. Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel. Peduncle. The stalk of a flower-cluster or of a solitary flower. Pedunculate. Borne on a peduncle. Peltate. Shield-shaped. A flat organ at- tached by a central stem. Perennial. Lasting from year to year. Perfect. Said of flowers which have both stamens and pistil. Perfoliate. Said of leaves through which the stems seem to pass. Perianth. The calyx and corolla of a flower collectively. Pericarp. The matured wall of an ovary. Perigynous. Said of an ovary united with the perianth a portion of its length. Persistent. Remaining long attached to the organs supporting them ; as leaves attached over winter, or calyx-lobes after the flower- ing season. Petal. One of the divisions of a corolla. Petaloid. Resembling or colored like a petal. Petiolate. Having a petiole. Petiole. The stalk or stem of a leaf. Petiolulate. Having a petioule. Petioule. The stalk of a leaflet. Phyllodium. A specialized petiole resembling or performing functions of a leaf. Pilose. Hairy with long soft hairs. Pinna, (pi. Pinnae) One of the first divisions of a bipinnately compound leaf. Pinnate. Said of compound leaves with leaf- lets arranged on opposite sides of a stem — the rachis. Pinnatifid. Pinnately c.eft to the middle or farther. Pinnule. A secondary pinna. Pistil. The central organ of a perfect flower in which the seeds are produced. Pistillate. Provided with a pistil. Placenta. The portion of the interior of an ovule which bears the ovules. Plicate. Said of leaves folded or plaited (like a fan) in the bud. Plumule. The bud or terminal of an embryo. Pollen. The fertilizing grains or element of the stamen. Polliniferous. Bearing pollen. Polygamous. Bearing both perfect and im- perfect flowers. Polypetalous. Having separate petals. Pome. A fleshy fruit resulting from the de- velopment of an ovary and an adnata calyx-tube, as the apple. Posterior. Said of the side of an axillary flower towards the axis. Prickle. A small spine growing out from the bark. Procumbent. Trailing or resting on the ground. Puberulent or Puberulous. With very short fine hairs. Pubescent. Covered with short soft hairs, i. e., pubescence. Pulvinate. Cushion-shaped. Punctate. Bearing translucent or colored dots or pits. Punctulate. Minutely punctate. Putamen. The hard part of a stone-fruit; a pit. Raceme. A form of flow-er-cluster where the flowers are arranged with pedicels of about equal length on an elongated axis, as in the currant. Racemose. In racemes. Rachis. The central axis of a compound leaf or of a spike or raceme of flowers Radial. Said of a longitudinal section of a stem when on the radius. Radicle. The portion of an embrj-o below the cotyledons. Ramification. Branching. Ray. A branch of an umbel; also the mar- ginal flowers of an inflorescence when dis- tinct from the inner flowers. Receptacle. The portion of a flower bearing tne sepals, petals, etc. Recurved. Curved backward. Reflexed. Bent abru])tly backward. Reniform. Kidnev-sliaped. Glossa 463 Repand. With slightly wavy marffin. Reticulate. Netted. Ketiorse. Turned backward. Retuse. With very shallow notch at apex. Revolute. Rolled backward from the sides. Raphe (or Rhaphe). The rid;,'e conneetin,:f the hilum and chalaza of an analrdjimis or aniphitropous ovule. Ringent. Said of the gaping mouth of a two-lipped corolla. Rostrate. With a beak-like tip. Rotate. Said of a corolla with fiat round limb; wheel-shaped. Rugose. Wrinkled. Ruminate. Said of an albumen which looks as if it had been chewed. Runcinate. Incised with segments directed backward. Sagittate. Of the shape of an arrow-head. Salver-shaped. Said of a corolla with slender tube and abruptly expanded flat limb. Samara. A simple dry indehiscent winged fruit. Scabrous. Rough. Scarious. Membranous, thin and dry; not green. Secund. Said of a raceme where flowers are borne on one side of the rachis. Sepal. One of the divisions of a calyx. Septicidal. Said of a capsule opening along the partitions between the cells. Serrate. Having saw-like teeth directed for- ward. Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate. Sessile. Without stalk. Setaceous. Bristle-like. Setose. Covered with bristles. Setulose. Covered with minute bristles. Simple. Of one piece, i. e., not compound. Sinuate. With markedly wavy margin. Sinus. The cleft or space between two lobes. Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula ; abruptly wide at apex and narrow below. Spicate. Arranged in a spike. Spike. An elongated tiower-cluster with sessile or nearly sessile flowers. Spine. A sharp woody outgrowth from a stem. Spinose. Covered with spines. Spinule. Diminutive of spine. Spinulose. Covered with spinules. Stamen. One of the male or pollen-bearing organs of a flower. Staminate. Said of flowers which bear stamens without pistils. Staminodium. A sterile stamen. Standard. The upper dilated petal of a jiapilionaci'ous flower. Stellate. Star-shaped. Stigma. The portion of a pistil which re- ceives the pollen and through which fertil- ization is eflected. Stigmatic. J5elonging to or of the nature of a stigma. Stipe. The stalk-like supj)ort of some pistils. Sterile. Not productive of spores or seeds. Stipel. An appendage of some leaflets cor- responding with the stii)ules of a leaf. Stipitate. Having a stipe. Stipvilate. Having stipules. Stipules. Api)endages on either side of a leaf at the base of the pctiitle. Stolon. A runner or pros) rate branch root- ing at the nodes. Stoloniferous. Bearing stolons. Stoma. (pi. Stoniata) A little mouth or breathing pore in the e])i(Iermis (cliiclly of the leaves) through which trans])iration occurs. Stomatiferous. Bearing stomata. Striated. Striped lengthwise. Strobile. A cone. Style. The part of a pistil connecting the ovary and stigma. Sub-. A prefix indicating somewhat; as sub- cordate, somewhat cordate, etc. Subulate. Awl-shaped. Suffrutescent. Somewhat shrubby. Suffruticose. Diminutively shrubby. Sulcate. Furrowed or grooved. Superior. Said of an ovary growing above or free from the calyx. Symmetrical. iSaid of a flower in whicli there is the same number of parts in each set of organs. Syncarp. A fleshy multiple fruit. Tangential. Said of a wood section when made lengthwise of the grain and tangen- tial to the rings of growth. Tegmen. The inner lining of a seed. Terete. Columnar; circular in cross-section. Ternate. Arranged in threes. Testa. The outer covering of a seed. Thyrsoid. Like a thyi-sus. Thyrsus. A campact panicle; as a bunch of grapes or lilac flowers. Tomentose. Densely pubescent ; covered with tomentum. Tomentulose. Diminutive of tomentose. Tomentum. Dense matted hairs. Torose. Cylindrical with contractions at in- tervals. Torulose. Diminutive of torose. Torus. The receptacle of a flower. Tortuous. Considerably bent or twisted. Trachte. The ducts or canals in wood. Tracheids. Wood cells. Ti-ansverse. Said of a wood section when nuide across the grain or axis of a log. Tri-. In composition, thrice or three. Triandrous. Having three stamens. Trichotomous. Three forked. Trifoliate. Having three leaflets. Tru!icate. Ending abrui)tly, as if out off. Tuberculate. Covered with rounded i)roiec- tions. Tumid or Turgid. Swollen. Turbinate. Top-shapi'd. L'mbel. A form of flower cluster in which the pedicels radiate frt)m the same point, similar to the rays of an umbrella. I'mbellate. Borne in umbels. I'ml'ellet. A secondaiy umbel. l'nd)o. A projection or boss. I mbonate. P>earing an umbel. I'lululate. With waw niarj^in. 464 Glossaey, rnguiculate. Contracted into a claw. Uni-. In composition, one; as unisexual, oi one sex, etc. Urceolate. Urn-shaped. Utricle. A bladder-like organ; a small 1- seeded fruit with a bladder-like pericarp. Valvate. Said of sepals, etc., which are in contact along their margins only (not over- lapping) in the bud. Valve. One of the parts into which a capsule splits. Vascular. Possessing ducts or vessels. Vein. One of the branches of the framework of a leaf. Veinlet. A branch of a vein. \ enation. The arrangement of veins. Neutral. Pertaining to the anterior or inner face of an organ; opposed to dorsal. \'entricose. Inflated on one side. Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the bud. \^errucose. Covered with wart-like eleva- tions. Versatile. Said of an anther attached at al)0ut its middle and swinging freely. \'erticil. Same as whorl. Verticillate. Arranged in a whorl. Villous or Villose. Covered with long soft not matted hairs. Virgate. Slender or wand-like. \'isci(l. Sticky, glutinous. \Vhorl. An arrangement of three or more leaves or branches radiating in a circle from the same node. ^^'ing. A thin filmy expansion. INDEX. The accepted botanical names are in heavy-face type, synonyms in italics, names of families and more comprehensive groups in Roman small capitals and common names in lower-case. AbpU>. 112. Abies, 4L'l. balsainea, .34. Fraseri, 3G. niijra, 27. Acer, 44c.. harhatum. 32o. VnroliuidHum. 335. dnxiiiarituin. .333. Negundo, 336. nigrum, .'!2. glutinosa, 130. maritima. 128. Amelanchier, 4.30. alnifolia, 440. liotri/ajniiw. 24.3. Canadensis. 242. obovalis, 440. Amygdahix Pcrsica. 441. Anacardiace.t;. 444. Angelica-tree, 354. Angiosperm-e. 422. Anonace.5=:. 435. Apetal-E. 423. Apple. 4.38. Aquifoliaoe-E, 445. Aralia, 450. spinosa. 354. Aralia CE.'E, 440. Arbor-ViriP. 40. Ash, Black, .384. Rhie, 388. Biltmore, .302. Darlington, 455. Green, 304. Hoop. 384. Pricklv. 208. Pumpkin, 398. Red, .300. Water. .380. Aiimina. 435. triloba, 210. Asp, Quaking. 108. Aspen, lio. Balm of Gilead, 102. Balsam, 34. lie, 37. She, 37. Bass wood, 350. Michaux, 449. White, 449. Batodendron arboreuni. 375. Bavberrv. 7(^. Bav, LobloUv. 352. Red, 220. Rose, 368. Swamp, 218. Sweet, 212. Beech, 132. Blue, 114. Water, 114. l-?eech Family, 429. Betula, 428. coerulea, 428. lenta, 124. lutea, 120. nigra, 122. pd/nndfid. 121. papyrifera, 120. populifolia, 118. Betulace.e. 427. , BIGNO^•IA(■E.E, 450. Bilsted, 220. Birch, Black, 124. Blue. 428. Canoe, 120. • Cherry, 124. Gray,' 118. 126. Old-field, lis. Paper, 120. Red, 122. Riyer, 122. Sweet, 124. AVater, 122. AYhite, 118. Yellow, 120. Birch Family, 427. Bleeding-heart Tree, 323. Bois d'Arc, 203. Bow-wood, 203. Box-elder, 330. Broussonetia, 4.33. papyrifera, 200. Buckeye. Fetid. 340. Ohio. .340. Sweet. 342. Yellow, 342. Buckthorn. 370. Alder, 448. Common. .340. Purging. .340. Yellow. 348. Buckthorn Family, 448. Bumelia, 453. lanuginosa, 376. Woolly, 370. Burning-bush. 322. Butternut. 50. Button-ball Tree. 228. [4651 ^\ 466 Index. Button Willow, 408. Button wood, 228. Calico-bush, 470. Candleberry, 70. Caprifoliace.k. 457. Carpinus, 427. Caroliniana, 114. Carya alba. .lit. umara, '>?> aqtiatica, ~>~>. iiiicrocarpa. G7. oUvaformis, 57. porcina, 05. sulcata, 01. to)ii('iitosa, 03. Cassena, 814. Castanea, 480. dentata, 1.84. pumila, 180. vcsca var. Americana, 135. Catalpa, 450. hiynonioides, 405. Catalpa, 404. Conmion, 404. Hardy, 400. speciosa, 40<}. Western. 400. Catawba-ti-ee. 40(5. Cedar, Coast White, 42. Red. 44. White, 40. Celastrace.e, 440. Celtis, 4.82. canina, 108. cra.ssifoUa. 108. Mississippiensis, 194. occidentalis, 102. Cephalanthus, 45t). occidentalis, 408. Cercis, 441. Canadensis, 284. Chamsecyparis, 422. spliK roidi'd. 43. thyoides, 42. Cherry. Bird, 200. Choke, 2S(i. Indian. 84S. Mahal.'h. 278. Mazzard, 2<}2. Perfumed, 278. Pigeon, 206. Pin. 260. St. Lucie, 278. Sour, 264. Sweet, 262. Wild Black, 282. Wild Red. 260. ■'.hestnut, 184. Horse, .8.88. Chinquai)in. 1.86. Chionanthus, 4.55. Virginica, 400. Chittim-wooil, .804. Cladrastis, 442. lutea, 292. Coffee-tree, 286. COXIFER.E, 418. CORMACE.?;. 4.50. Cornus, 4.5((. alternifolia, 858. asperifolia, 800. florida, 850. Cork-wood, 72. (^rk-wood Family, 425. Cotinus, 445. Americanus, 304. cotinoides, 305. Cottonwood, 94. Lance-leaf, 98. Narrow-leaf, 100. Crab, Fragrant, 280. Narrow-leaf, 232. Prairie, 234. Siberian, 439. Soulard. 230. Crataegus, 440. cordata, 2.54. Crus-galli, 244. Ellxirangeriana, 2.50. Holmesiana, 252. niacracantha, 258. Oxyacantha, 20(!. punctata, 24t!. tomentosa, 25(J. viridis, 24S. Cucumber-tree, 204, 206. Far-leaf, 210. Long-leaf, 210. Cupressus thyoides, 43. Custard-Apple Family, 435. Cypress, Bald, 38. Dahoon, 314. Diosperus, 453. Virginiana, 378. Dogwood. Altcniate-leaf, 358. Blue-fruited. 8.58. Flowering, o5(). Rough-leaf. .800. Dogwood Family, 450. Dycotyledons, 423. Ebenace^e, 4.53. Ebony Family, 453. Egriot. 204. Elder. Box, 336. Elm, Cork. 184. Red, 188. Rock, 184. Slippery, 188. Water, 182, 190. White, 182. Winged, 186. Elm Family, 432. Ericac'e.k. 451. Euonymus, 440. atropurpureus, 322. Fagus, 429. Americana, 1.82. (itropKiiirea. 1.83. frrniniuea, 1.88. Fagace.?-:. 429. Fagara Clara-Hervnlix, 299. Farkleberry, 374. •Figwort Family, 457. Fir, Balsam, 34. Eraser. 80). Forestiera, 402. acuminata, 402. Fraxinus, 454. Americana, .890. Biltmoreana, .■J92. Caroliniana. 8S(). Darlingtonii, 45.5. lanceolata, .894. nigra, .8S4. Pennsylvanica, 896. yar. hnieeolafn, 39.5. plahjrarpa, .887. profunda. 89S. piih(src,is. .897. quadrangulata, .888. sa nihil, -if alia. .885. riridi.'i. .".05. Fringe-trrr. 400. Gamopetal.i:, 451. Index. 467 (Jinsi'iif; Family, 440. Gleditsia, 442. aquatica, 290. tiiunosjK rina, 2!)1. triacanthos, 288. (iopluT-wood. 2U2. Gordonia, 44! >. Lasianthus, '.^^>^2. (irandfatlu'i- Gra.v4)('anl, 401. (JiHii, California Kod, 227. Cotton. 3GG. Red. 220. Sour. 302. Southern, 364, Sweet, 220. Tupelo, 300. Water, mi. Cum-Elastic. 370. Gymnocladus, 442. dioicus, 280. (iYMNOSPERM.*:, 418. Ilaokberrv, 192. Mississippi, 194. Hnhxia tifnipfcra, 383. Hamainelis, 4.'>7. Virginiana, 224. Hamamelidace.e, 430. Haw, Black. 412. F^llwanger. 250. Green, 248. Holmes, 252. Pear. 250. Sweet, 412. Washinston. 254. Hawthorn, English, 200. Heath Family, 451. Hemlock, 30. Carolina, 32. Henderson-wood, 315. Hercul.'s Club, 354. Hicoria, 423. alba, 02. aquatica, 54. borealis, 424. glabra, (>4. \ar. odorata, 07. laciniosa, 00. microcarpa, 0(5. minima, 52. ovata, 't!'^. pallida, 09. Pecan, 50. villosa. 08. Hickory. Riji ShelMxirk, 00. Kitter-nut, 52. Moker-nut, 02. Northern, 424. Pale-leaf. 08. Pis-nut, 04. Shaff-bark. 58. Small-fruited, 00. Water, 54. HlPPOCASTANACE.^. 447. Holly, American, 312. Deciduous, 318. Lnrge-leaf, 3'>0. Mountain. 320. Swamp. 318. Holly Family. 445. Honevsuckle Familv, 457. Hon-IIornbenm, 428. Hop-tree, 300. Hornbeam, 114. Hop, 110. Horse-Chest nut, 3.38. Horse-Chestnnt Familv, 447. Horse-Sugar, .380. Iluckicberrv, Tree, 374. Ilex, 445. Cassine I.., 314. Cd.'^sinc Walt., 317. Ihihoon. Walt., 315. decidua, 3 IS. monticola, 320. opaca, 312. vomitoria, 310. Ilicack.k. 445. Iron-wood, 114, 110. .Tudas-trce, 284. Juglans, 423. cinerea, 50. nigra, 48. JUCILANUACK.K, 423. Juneberry, 242. Juniper, "40. Juniperus, 442. communis, 40. Virginiana, 44. Kalmia, 451. latifolia, 370. King-nut. •>(>. Larix, 420. Americana, 20. hiricina, 21. Laurel Family, 435. Laurel. Great, 308. Mountain, 370. Laurace.e, 435. Leguminos.e. 441. Leitneria, 425. Floridana, 72. Lieitneriacese, 425. Li^nden Family. 448. Liquidambar, 4.37. Styraciflua, 220. I(!. oqiiatica, 365. aquatica, 366. biflora, 364. multi flora, 363. sylvatica, 362. ' uniflora, 367. Oak, Barren. 431. Basket. 174. Bear. 431. Black, 148. Black Jack, 154. Burr. 168. Chestnut, 176, 178. Chinquapin, 178. Cow, 174. Duck, 1.56. Gray, 431. Hill's. 144. Laurel. 160. Live. 180. Mossy-cup, 168. Northern Pin. 144. Over-cup. 170. Pin, 142. Possum. 156. Post, 166. Quercitron, 148. Red. 138. Rock. 176. Scarlet. 146. Schneck's, 140. Scrub, 431. Scrub Chestnut, 431. Shingle. 162. Southern Red. 140. Spanish. 1.50. Swam]), 142. Swamp Spanish. 152. Swamp White, 172. Water. 1.56. White. 164. Willow. 1.58. Yellow. 148. 178. Oil-Nut. .50. Old Man's Beard Tree, 401. Oleace-t;, 4.54. .jrange. Osage, 202. Olive Family. 4.54. Osier. Golden, 88. Ostrya, 42S. Virginiana, 116. Oxydendrum, 452. arboreum, 372. Pa paw. 216. Paulo wnia, 410, 4.57. i)nj)vri(ilifs. 411. tomentosa, 410. Peach, 441 Pea Family, 441. Pear, 438. Pecan, 56. Pepperideg. 362. Persea, 436. Borbonia, 220. ('(iroliiicusis. 221. ('(iroliui iisi.s var. industris, 219. pubescens, 218. Persimnuiii. ',:'>1S. Picea, 42(!. aWd. 25. hrcrifolia. 29. Canadensis, 24. Mariana, 28. Parryana, 22. piuKjcns, 23. rubens, 26. ritlra. 27. Pine. Gray, 12. Jack. 12. Jersey. 16». Loblolly. 6. Long-leaf, 419. North Carolina. 14. Northern Scrub. 12. Norway. 10. Old-field. (■). Pitch, 8. Pond, 419. Rock, 4. Rocky Mountain Yellow, 4. Rosemary. 6. Scrub. 16. Short-leaf, 14. Table-Mountain, 18. White, 2. Yellow, 14. Pine Family. 418. Pinus, 419. Btinkfiiana. 1.3. divaricata, 12. echinata, 14. inoiiK. 17. VI it is. 15. palustris, 419. Ponderosa scopulorum, 4. pungens, 18. resinosa, 10. rigida, 8. scopiilonim. 5. serotina, 419. Strobus, 2. Taeda. . acuminata, '.IS. alba, 112. angustifolia, H">. balsaniifera, l'l4. var. <(ni(licans, 103. candicans, 102. deltoides, 94. occideiitalis, 9."). dUntittii. !)7. grandidentata, 110. heteropliylla, 100. )n())iiHf(r(i_. 9."). nigra, 427. Italica, 9(i. tremuloides, 108. Prickly-Ash. 29S. Princess-tree. 411*. Privet. Swamp, 402. Prunus, 440. AUeghaniensis, 270. Americana, 27(>. angustifolia, 274. Avium, 202. Cerasus, 204. Chi, as,,. 27.";. Mahaleb, 278. nigra, 2(i8. Pennsylvanica, 2(i0. Persica, 441. serotina, 282. Virginiana, 280. Pteicii. 444. tiifoliato. 300. Pulse Family, 441. Pyrus, 438. Americana, 230. angustifolia, 232. communis, 4.38. coronaria, 230. loensis, 234. Malus, 438. prunifolia, 4.39. mtuinirifoliu. 241. Soulardi. 2:*.0. Quassia Family. 444. Quercus, 4.".i!. acuminata, 178. alba, 104. amhidiKi. 431. (KiiKiticd Walt., l."7. hirolor. 173. borealis, 431. Brittoni, 4.".1. coccinea, 140. digitata. 1."i<». ellipsoidalis, 144. fair,, til. I.'l. heterophylla, 431. ili,-if.,lia. 4:'.l. imbricaria, HVJ. laurifolia. 10(;. l. pubescens, 188. raccinoxa. 185. Thomasi, 184. Umbrella-tree. 206. 208. Vaccinium, 452. arboreum, 374. Viburnum, 457. Lentago, 41(j. prunifolium, 412. nfotoiiuntosum, 415. rufidulum, 414. Virgilia. 302. Wafer-Ash. 300. Wahoo. 322. Walnut. Black, 48. Satin, 227. White, 50. Walnut Family, 423. Way thorn, European, 346. White-wood, 214. Wild-Kaisin-Tree. 417. Willow, Almond-leaf. 74. Balsam, 426. Behh. 426. Black. 78. Brittle, 82. Glaucous, 92. Glossy-leaf, 80. Long-leaf. 84. Long-stalk, 76. Missouri, 90. Napoleon's, 86. Peach. 74. Pussv, 93. Ring. 86. Sand-bar, 84. Shining. 80. Ward. 76. Weeping, 86. White. 426. Yellow, 88. Willow Familv. 425. Witch- Hazel. 224. Witch Hazel Family. 4.36. Xanthoxylum, 443. Clava-Herculis, 298. Yaupon, 316. Yellow-wood, 292. ROMEYN B. HOUGH. AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER, LOTVVILLE, N. Y. lltB AMERICAN WOODS is a publication on tlie trees of tlie [Jnited States, more particularly with reference to their woods, and illustrated by actual specimens of the same, showing both heart and sap-wood. The specimens are transverse, radial and tangential sections, about 2x5 in. in size and sutRciently thin to allow the transmission of light, wherebj' characteristic structure, tints, etc., are beautifully shown. They are a revelation to those who hare not had opportunity of examining and comparing woods in transmitted light and are a surprise even to experienced wood-workers. The sections are mounted in durable card-board pages, labeled with technical, English, German, French and Spanish names, and an accompanying text gives information as to botanical characters, distributions, physical properties and uses of the woods, medicinal i)rop- erties of the trees or its products, etc. The mounted specimens and text go togetlier in a neat book-like clasped cover and all can be kept on a shelf or table like an ordinary vohmie. Twenty -five species are rep- resented in each Part (or volume) and all of the im- portant species of the United States and Can- ada are designed toberei)resented in the yeries of of fifteen Parts. Ten Parts have been issued and are now read}- for delivery, cov- ering most" of the species of north- ern States and Canada and of the Pacific slope. The other Parts are to be issued as promptly as can be, two being now in advanced jtreparation. The woods used in the publishing of AMERICAN WOODS and for vwv mounts for stereopticon and microscope I make it my per- „ . . , , X , sonal dutv to collect, m order tliat I may be positive of authenticities and secure good, tvpical material. AMERICAN WOODS is of special interest to all who have to do with woods, in whatever way, or are admirers of woods, to nature students, etc., and is being ordered for both jiublic and private libraries and museums, and for school and private use, wherever an authoritative work is required. Prici': |.").()0 per Part, in clotii imitation morocco binding, and ^T.-'O in half morocco. Samples of the specimen pages. 25 cts. each. Package of seventy-five unmounted wood- sections, illustrative of five kinds of woods, for class use, $1.00. <^*: ■ i i * S 111 4l III A Volume of American Woods displayed. Note that the pages in which the specimens are mounted are separable to facilitate examination and comparison. The open text and cover, which contains all, are shown in the forePTOund. WHAT CRITICS SAY OF AMERICAN WOODS. "Exceedingly valuable. A work where plant-life does the writing and no one can read without thinking." Gr. A. Parker, Hartford, Coun. "However much you may have observed and admired the familiar trees, you have much to learn of their beauty and character if you have not studied them in the light of this remarkable publication, a marvelous exhibition of the ine.xhaustible wealth of beauty in form, color and texture which is buried m the woods." Dr. ^Vendell Prime, Edr. N. Y. Observer. "A truly unique and novel publication. Have exam- ined it with greatest interest." Dr. J. M. Buckley, Edr. Clirlstlau Advo- cate. " I know of nothing so well cal- culated to make young people fall in love with trees."— E, H. Rus- sell, Principal Normal Scliool, AVorcester, Mass. "You must be working more in the interest of mankind generally than for yourself, to furnish so much for so small a compensation." — C. H. Baker, C. E., Seat- tle, Wasli. "This is a unique and beautiful publication for which the lovers of nature owe a great debt to Mr. Hough." "Ingenuity has rarely done more for the schoolroom." — Dr. E. A. AViiisltip, Edr. Journal of Education. "The price I consider very reasonable for such high class work." Geo. I,. Fleltz, Detroit, Miclt. " A contribution of rare value to American science." The Manufacturer and Builder. " Your pamphlet and wood sections are very valuable to engineers and others who have to do with woods." Prof. G. E. Swain, O. E., Institute of Tech- nology, Boston, Mass. "The sections are marvels of mechanical dexterity . . . most interesting." New York Times. " A valuable accession to any library or parlor." The Express, Buffalo, N. Y. "Beautiful — literally one of nature's own books." Teachers' Institute, IVew York. "The work is most valuable and the price is reason- able." Prof. C. E. Bessey, Univ. of Nebraska. " Send me four copies of every part you issue." Dr. Chas. SchaefTer, Philadelphia, Pa. "First class in its line. It will be of service to me in my profession as architect." F. E. Field, .Architect, Providence, R. I. " Have seen nothing of the kind at aH equal to it " Dr. Edw. J. Nolan, Philadelphia, Pa. " Has been universally admired by the many who have seen it." Prof. J. A. Newton, Yale University. "Can not show my appreciation better than by sub- scribing for an additional copy." Prof. Geo. L. Goodale, Harvard Univ. " An admirable work and I hope you will be encour- aged by a heavy subscription list." Prof. Thos. Meehan, Gerniantown, Pa. "Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful are your sections " J. F. Rothrock, State Forester of Peun. " Allow me to express my great pleasure and surprise at the mgenious device." Rev. John H. Vincent, President of Chau- tauqua Assembly. "Should be in every cabinet of natural history " ^U^^*.^"*****"' Master of High School, Providence, R. I. ' " Each part seems more beautiful than the last " J. E. Horton, White Plains. " The teacher could scarcely have a more useful work of reference. ^\:.^.' Jackman, Pres. Committee of Sixty, Chicago. ' ' *' It ought to be introduced in every public school." Prof, L,. M. Underwood, Columbia Univer- sity, " II is gotten up in : great value." A. B. Poland, Instruction. 1 artistic manner and will prove of N. J. State Supt. Pub. Each fresh issue of your wonderful sections of Amer- ican Woods seems more perfect and e.xquisite than the last, and we would not do without them for twice their cost. My teacher of Botany makes constant use of them to the great delight and advantage of her two hundred pupils. The perfection of the individual sections is only equaled by the ingenuity of their mounting, and we find less injury by much handling than occurs to most illustra- tive specimens in any department of science. I very much hope that you will find encouragement to go on, and I renew my long-standing order for every fascicle you issue. E. H. Russell, Prin. State Normal School, Worcester, Mass. "We can not too highly commend the educational value of this choice series." Education, Boston, Mass. " One of the most beautiful and unique works we have examined." Popular Educator, Boston, Mass. "Valuable . . . can not fail to be of the greatest practical assistance." Review of Reviews. "The lantern slides have been received, and they are equally handsome with many other things you have pre- pared." ^ W. P. Wilson, Director Philadelphia Com- mercial Museum. " A very concisely stated and illustrated descriptive te.xt. The specimens, as things of beauty, are greatly to be prized . . . and give the clearest possible insight. The work is valuable and unique." The Boston Globe. "In connection with the beauti- ful and skilfully prepared sections . . . the descriptive part is es- pecially valuable and will prove of great assistance to these who have not studied botany in determining each species of tree." Industrial American. "Every high school and college should be provided with a set. The author goes into the forest of the land and brings every variety of the woods to you in the most con- venient and presentable form and then tells you all about them. The student is given an extraordinary opportunity." School Board Journal. " A many-sided treat is in store for everybody who has not seen the arrangement of Avu-ricaii ll'oods. Every teacher should see these to bring a fresh interest and stimulant to children. You will feel a new thrill of pride in your native trees." Primary Education. " Impossible to commend too highly. No better addi- tion to a school library can be made." C. W. Bardeen In Tlie School Bulletin. "Every school in the country, from the primary to the college should own this work." Art Education, " Of greatest value in the school-room as well as lor the home." ' Tlie School Journal. "Impossible to commend it too highly. About it there is nothing to criticise." Will. T. Hornaday, in Recreation. FURTHER EVIDENCE OF MERIT. A large proportion of the schools and colleges at which AMERICAN WOODS and our other preparations have been shown have patronized us. The same is true of public and private libraries. As soon as Part I, AMERICAN WOODS, appeared it was ordered by the New York State Department of Pub- lic Instruction for all of the Normal Schools of the Stale. The Regents and the Department of Public Instruction of the State of New York approve AMERICAN WOODS and will "duplicate" on its purchase by the schools and public libraries of the State. AMERICAN WOODS has been placed on the supply- lists for the schools of New York, Boston and every other city where it has been shown. PREPARATIONS OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON. These are transverse sections, from 1-4UI) to 1 (iijd iii. tliii-k, luouiitt'il brtwefii ;4l;i^s of standard stereopticon slide form, 3 1-4x4 ill. in size, the section covering a oirculur area generally 2 :i-i in. in diameter. They enable a display of wood struc- tures to an audience in a most satisfactory manner, projected from nature itself. No one who uses tlie stereopticon should fail to try these valu- able mounts. W*e have a large series. Price: 50 cts. each; 40 cts. each in quantities of twenty- five or more; sample 2h cts. PREPARATIONS OF WOODS FOR MICROSCOPE. These are transverse, radial and tangential sections, mostly 11 '200 in. thick, stained with methyl-green and mounted in Canada balsam. Of these we have also a large series, the value of which is appreciated Ijy those who have micro- scopes and are prepared to look into the wonderful mi- nute structure of woods. It is the possession of our large stock of these mounts that has enabled us to include in the plan of the HANDBOOK the photo-micrographs of wood- structures. Price: 50 cts. each; 40 cts. each in quantities of twenty- five or more; samj^le 25 cts. VIEWS OF ISOLATED TREES showing halnts of growth. Our field work gives us excellent opportunities to make negatives illustrative of this interesting subject, and we have already a consider- able series which we are constantly adding to as we find suitable sul)jects. AVe have also a large series illustrative of the FLOWERS OF TREES. These have been photographed while fresh, even liefore their wilting, against a measured back-ground to indicate size, as per |i!;iii adopted with pictures of leaves, fruits and branchlets in Stereopticon Preparations of Woods. ByRonieyn B. Hough B. A. Lowville, N. Y. i':i-'Cr-.?:.:. ^■?^-r^. I ^fi^fagrSI^ ::|4li3^ mf^^ m ili^M^ w QL iercusat.ra.l. WHITE OAK A Stereopticon Mount. Natural Size. I MICROSCOPE. i RpMEYN B. HOUGH, !^^ publisher |"americ4n woods,' ' QUEBCUS obtusiloba, m ichx Post Oar. the HANDBOOK. It is a choice series covering most of the species of northeastern United States and Canada. We are prepared to fur- nish both photographs and stere- opticon views of the isolated trees and flowers, as well as the leaves, fruits, leafless branchlets ami barks, which are shown in the HANDBOOK. Prices: C o n t a c t-p r i n t photo- graphs (5x7 or 5x8 in.), mounted, 25 cts. each; unmounted, 20 cts. each; stereopticon views, 50 cts. each; 40 cts. each in quaa titles of twenty-five or more; samples 25 cts. A Microscope Mount. Natural Size. WOODEN CROSS-SECTION CARDS FOR ALL FANCY AND BUSINESS PURPOSES. It was found, in the early experiments in sectioning and preparing specimens for AMERICAN WOODS, that the transverse sections of certain woods were of surprising strength and smoothness, and suitable for cards for commercial purposes. Wooden Cross Section Cards Variously Printed and Decorated. Their printing qualities, with either type or plate, were found to be unsurpassed by any paper and they were admirably adapted to hand-decorating with oil or water-colors, India- ink work, etc., as the oil or ink would strike directly in instead of flowing sideways. Upon trying the trade with them we found the demand at once to be so great as to neces- sitate equipment for turning them out in considerable quantities, and we are now supplying them to both domestic and foreign trade. The intrinsic interest in them, even inviting exam- ination with a magnifier, is not of course found in any bristol-board, and generally insures their preservation, while ordinary cards are soon lost sight of or destroyed; hence their value as an advertising medium. ihey are prized for persr/nal and advertinng cards, name cards, invitations, dinner cards, announcements (particularly of wooden-weddings and Arbor-day exercises), menus, etc. We are prepared to furnish them in large range of sizes, both blank and printed to order; also hand-decorated, as gift cards, etc. Samples and prices furnished on request. Special circular relating to HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA, with sample pages, furnished on request. ? <^ ^ < I o E^S O a ^ _ t:r i-i.os. ^ < w S ! 2 F ■ ^ ^ s H o ; < ^ ^ •^ r^ 00 00 00 p cr to \o P D- — o o o p o- ?" > ~ p o- z ; . _ C 1 lO OJ ■P Ol en — w P cr 1 NET PRICES OF WOODEN CROSS-SECTION CARDS PER HUNDRED. No. 7 No. 8, T« or ~h. No, 9, 8a or Sh . No. 10, du or 9b. |0.5() . .60 . .70 No. 11. 10a or 10/' iJiO.'JO [ No. 15 $1.7.5 No. n. 11a or lift 1 .00 No. 15a 2.00 No. 13 1 .25 No. 15ft 2. .50 No. 14 1 .50 i No. A 1 .25 Discoxiits fill' QiKnititics. 2.000 to . ,000, 80^, 5,000 to 20,000, On orders of 800 to 1,000, 10,';;; 1,000 to 2,000, 207 40;?; 25,000 and upwards. 50^. Cards neatlj' printed to order, type-work, at 25 cts. per 100 or fraction of a hundred more tiian list i)rice, when but one line is recjuired, as personal cards, etc.; 5 cts. per line extra for adilitional matter. Prices for printitiij with steel or copper plate furnislied on request. ^^-c--^-?^: MANCHESTER, INDIANA