®ljp El. BiU ICibrarg 
 
 ^•^:-. 
 
 'i^ 
 
 SPECIAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 QKllO 
 £14 
 
\\ 
 
 127915 
 
 This book must not be 
 taken from the Library 
 building. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOTAN¥; 
 
 COMPRISING THE 
 
 NATIVE AND COMMON CULTIVATED 
 
 PLANTS, 
 
 NORTH OF MEXICO: 
 
 GENERA ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE ARTIFICIAL 
 AND NATURAL METHODS. 
 
 BY AMOS EATON, A. M., 
 
 Senior Prof. Rensselaer Institute ; 
 
 Member of the Institutes, Academies, Lyceums, and other Learned Societies in Philadelphia, New- York , 
 New-Haven, Albany, Troy, Utica, Detroit, &c. 
 
 IN THB PRESENT EDITION THE A0THOR IS ASSOCIATED WITH 
 
 JOHN WRIGHT, M. D., 
 
 Prof. Vegetable and Animal Physiology in Rensselaer Institute ; 
 
 Member of Yale College Natural History Society, Member and Official Lecturer in Troy Lyceum of 
 Natural History, and State Botanist in the Geological Commission of Michigan. 
 
 EIGHTH EDITION; 
 With the very valuable additions of the Properties of Plants, from Lindley's New Medical Flora. 
 
 That existence is surely contemptible, which regards only the gratification of instinctive 
 wants, and the preservatian of a body made to perish.— Xinneus. 
 
 TROY, N. Y.: 
 PUBLISHED BY ELIAS GATES, 
 
 Sold by O. Steele, Albany ; Grigg & Elliot, Hogan & Thompson, Thomas, Cowperthwait 
 
 & Co., Haswell, Barrington &. Haswell, Philadelphia; Collins, Keese & Co., 
 
 Robinson, Pratt & Co., D. Appleton & Co., F. J. Huntington & Co., 
 
 Wiley & Putnam, Gould, Newman Sc Saxton, New- York ; 
 
 C 0. Little & Co., Billiard, Gray & Co , Boeton; 
 
 Z Clark, Troy 
 
 1840. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1840, by the proprietor, Elias Gates, 
 iu the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern District 
 of New York. 
 
 N. TUTTLE, IriNTER. 
 
REV. ELIPHALET NOTT, D. D., 
 
 PRESIDENT OF UNION COLLEGE, SCHENECTADY, N. Y. ; PRESIDENT 
 OF R1SNSSELAER INSTITUTE, kC. &C. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 For the last ten years, the reputation and (it is hoped) the benefits of tliis 
 institution have been greatly promoted by your care and watchfulness over it, and by 
 your wide-spread influence. You are, therefore, entitled to the first place in the 
 memory of its teachers, T^fcnever their labors may take a form admitting of a 
 dedication. And as preceding' editions of this general system of North American 
 Botany have procured for it a fair name, and as this edition is much improved, both 
 in plan and execution, I have ventured to trust that you might deem it worthy of 
 some consideration. 
 
 I, therefore, in accordance with the desires of numerous graduates, students, and 
 my colleagues, dedicate to you, this (at least laborious) work on an important 
 branch of Natural Science, as a small testimonial of my, and their, grateful acknow- 
 ledgements. 
 
 AMOS EATON, Senior Prof, in the Inst. 
 
 Rensselaer Institute, Troy, N. Y. 
 April, 1840. 
 
 127015 
 
SPECIAL DIRECTIONS AND NOTICES. 
 
 Rules for correcting inistakes in this book.— The mistakes are few; but all books, 
 wherein errors cannot be corrected by the sense, ever did and ever will contain some 
 errors. 
 
 Classes and Orders. Compare them under the heads of genera and species. 
 
 Natural Orders. Compare them under the heads of species, and Jussieu's benti- 
 grade. 
 
 Genera. Compare them under the generic head, the head of species, and with 
 their etymologies. 
 
 Species. Compare them as they are often used under numerous different genera; 
 allowing for case and gender. 
 
 Technical terms, used in descriptions. Compare them with those in the Botanical 
 Dictionary, and thus approximate the truth, and then consider the context. 
 
 Running head. Correct these and analygous errors by common sense. 
 
 Until the species were printed as far as Malvaviscus, p. 314, it had not occurred, 
 that T. & G. should have been inserted where T. alone was inserted, also that T. 
 alone should have been inserted where T. & J. were inserted. 
 
 Rosa sabifolia should be Rosa rubiginosa. In this edition, as well as in former 
 editions, we use italic instead of greek letters, for the sake of economy. As Gr. is 
 always prefixed, no inconvenience can accrue. We exclude capitals, by using colons 
 in place of periods, in descriptions. Also exclude capitals, when specific names are 
 made of proper names. We have the authority of Persoon, where localities gave 
 specific names. Since his time more specific names are derived from names of bota- 
 nists, than from localities; consequently we have still higher motives of economy for 
 excluding capitals in these cases. No inconvenience attends this practice. 
 
 Avoid misconception in the late application of gymnospcnnia, by authors. All 
 seeds have a covering, called testa, tripple cuticle, &c. This is very manifest on the 
 peas and apple seed. It is said to be divisible into three coals. It has recently been 
 discovered that not only the seed, within described pericarps, are covered; but that all 
 seeds, excepting those of conifereae and cycadeae, have acheneous coats or tunics, 
 outside of the testa, which bear stigmas. Such coverings, with their seeds, are 
 called achenes; as of sunflower seed, borage, carrot, Indian corn. To avoid confusion, 
 such coverings should be called tunics, not fruits. Gijmnosptrmia should retain its 
 original application. Achitospermae (a, without; chiton, tunic; sperma, seed;) should 
 be applied to pines, cedar, yew, and sago. N. B. On p. 539, Wild, should b« 
 acheneous. 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 As about eleven thousand copies of former editions are in the hands of Botanists, 
 a descriptive preface is not required. A few extracts and references may, however, 
 be acceptable, on the origin and progress of this work. 
 
 In May, 1810, I made the first attempt in this country at a popular course of 
 lectures; with a view to make practical Botanists of young persons of all conditions 
 and pursuits. For this class I compiled a small elementary treatise. During that 
 course I received a letter from Dr. D. Hosack, (my teacher in 1802.) I make the 
 following extracts from that letter. 
 
 "New York, August 30, 1810. 
 " Dear Sir, 
 
 " I received yours of the 6th instant, and am happy to be informed of the progress 
 of the Botanical Institution at Catskill, under your direction. You have set an 
 example that, I doubt not, will be followed by many, if not most, of the Academies 
 throughout the State " 
 
 "You have adopted, in my opinion, the true system of education; and very properly 
 address yourself to the senses and to the memory, instead of the faculties of judgment 
 and reason, which are, comparatively, of slow growth. % * * * 
 
 To your pupils and their teacher, as first in the field, much praise is due. I doubt not 
 they will reap both pleasure and profit, as the reward of their enterprize. If I can 
 contribute to either, I shall be happy to do it, in any manner that you may suggest." 
 
 In 1816, I translated from Pursh, Persoon and Michaux, and made extracts from 
 other authors, sufficient to furnish materials for the first edition of the Manual of 
 Botany. I was favored with books and advice by Prof. Ives of Yale College; also 
 with books by Gov. Clinton, of New York. The first edition was published in a very 
 contracted form, by seventy-two students of Williams College, Mass., as no book- 
 seller would risk the publication. A thousand copies were published and ready for 
 use in June; and not a copy was left in market after six months. An enlarged edition 
 ■was ready in the spring of 1818. Now Ihe 8th edition is completed. 
 
 The following extract from the present publisher's circular will give all further 
 account of the progress of this work, which will be desired by readers. His circular 
 was issued February 1, 1840. 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 "To Botanists and their Pupils, who have contributed to, and patronized, the 
 Manual of Botant, through the seven preceding Editions:* 
 
 " Most of you remember, tliat the first spark of zeal for Botany, as an Academic 
 study, was the scintillation produced by legislative collision; when the question on 
 the purchase of Dr. Hosack's garden was agitated in the New York legislative assem- 
 bly. You will also remember, that this treatise was well-timed; by coming out when 
 we had Ito substitute in English. Bigelow's Boston Florula, and Muhlenburg's 
 Catalogue^Vere our only guides, until the learned work of Frederick Pursh appeared. 
 This being in Latin, it did not check the progress of the Manual. You all united in 
 its support, and carried it on by your liberal contributions, unto its seventh edition in 
 1836. For more than a year it has been out of the book market; though loudly called 
 for by you, and by those who have been accustomed to asking your opinions." 
 
 "Age, and declining vision, have admonished the author that he must call in the 
 aid of youthful zeal, with talented energies, to supply his loss by the waning of years. 
 He has been so fortunate as to succeed in associating Dr. John Wright with him in 
 this edition. He is a very zealous and accurate young naturalist. After some years 
 of ardent devotedness to the Natural Sciences at this institution, he had the benefit of 
 Professors Ives' and Silliman's instructions at Yale College. He has since been 
 united with Prof. Halljin the descriptive catalogue of Troy Plants. In the summer of 
 1838 he collected and reported, the plants of Michigan, as ofiicial Botanist to the State 
 Geological Commission." 
 
 '' Dr. Wright is now going through all the generic and specific descriptions; 
 correcting and modernizing the language, as far as may be done, without departing 
 from the original simplicity of manner, peculiar to this work. New, and well 
 authenticated discoveries, are also added by him. He has before him the works of 
 Lindley, Torrey, Darlington, Hooker, Beck, &c. The contributions of many friends, 
 in catalogues, letters, and rare plants, afford him many facilities." 
 
 Dr. Wright has now completed his labors to my entire satisfaction; and to the 
 satisfaction of those learned friends, to whom I have referred the sheets. To do even 
 tolerable justice to those Botanists, who have given me direct information by corres- 
 pondence and personal conversation, would require a volume. I should do violence 
 to my own feelings in naming one, without adding scores. It would too far extend 
 this volume, even to name published authorities in all the cases where I have quoted. 
 
 A word to Teachers. — To you I address a few lines, as a humble suppliant. 
 
 If you have any respect for yourselves or for human science, T beg that you will 
 never lend your aid in that public imposition, which has, within the last dozen years, 
 degraded and debased the study of Botany. I mean that of pretending to teach 
 Practical Botany by school lessons, without having each student hold in his hand a 
 system of plants and living specimens for perpetual demonstration. Botany must be 
 taught in the summer season only; unless the student studies in a green-house, 
 containing several hundred flowering species of plants. Even then, a winter course 
 is a miserable one. The student ought to collect in the field; but a collector may be 
 hired for about two dollars per hundred^ for four or five hundred species, if the class 
 amounts to twenty persons. In performing this duty, he collects and puts in press in 
 good order; the student furnishing paper and press. But all gentlemen students 
 should collect their own plants in the field. At any rate, it may be asserted 
 
 * These five last editions extended to two thousand copies each — and one of them 
 to two thousand five hundred. 
 
PREFACE. VU 
 
 confidently, that there is not a botanist in the world, and there can never be one, 
 who has not analyzed and prepared with his own hand, at least three hundred species 
 of growing plants. Few garden plants are fit for analysis. By rich culture they 
 become unnatural and monsters. See pages 8, 12, and 16. 
 
 The question may be asked, how can Botany be taught to those who cannot afford 
 to give three dollars, or more, for a full System of Botany. I would answer by 
 applying the same question to every branch of valuable learning; and I would answer 
 all of them by saying — it is dishonest to take the property of students, under the 
 pretence of teaching tlaem,. when you know that they cannot be taught by the means 
 put into their hands. Postpone the study of any science, until necessary books 
 can be procured. Time is worth more than books. Shall youth waste away, to 
 accommodate a teacher or book-maker 1 
 
 It is some times said, as a mere subterfuge, that Vegetable Physiology may be 
 studied without living vegetables. It is true, that pictures may be studied; so may 
 the picture of a blacksmith shoeing a horse, be studied. But can you become a 
 blacksmith by studying this picture?* 
 
 The new terms introduced in this edition, are no more than appeared necessary in 
 the present state of the science. They are so often repeated, that they appear 
 numerous at first sight. The whole will hardly amount to one dozen. The chief are 
 sepal, for the leaf of a calyx; palca, for inner chaff, or the petal of a grass flower; 
 glume, outer chaff, or calyx; which saves numerous repetitions of calyx-glume, 
 corol-glume, calyx-leaves, etc. Sepal expresses the same as " the leaf of a perianth 
 calyx;" palsa, the same as the valve of a corol; glume, the same as the valve of a 
 calyx. Achene, or akene, is used for what was formerly considered as one of the coats 
 of the testa, and the seed was considered as destitute of fruit. This covering ought 
 to be called a tunic, to avoid confounding it, in language, with what was formerly 
 considered as fruit. If we consider the achene as tunicated seed, as carrot, sunflower, 
 savory, et cetera, it will accord better with former language. Involucre is now used 
 instead of imbricated calyx, of sunflowers, lettuce, etc. See p. 78 to 84. 
 
 AMOS EATON. 
 
 Troy, N. Y., April, 1840. 
 
 * In the preface to the seventh edition, the proprietor gives notice of a system of 
 North American plants, prepared for common students, whose cost was less than a 
 dollar. A new edition will be in the book-market for summer schools. It is called 
 Botanical Teacher. All district schools may be conveniently taught with it, if 
 the teachers (and perhaps a few older students) have large systems. Plants may be 
 collected, analyized, and labelled by it, by the aid of teachers with large treatises; for 
 the plants are contained in it which are in large Floras. Experienced botanists 
 procure it for the pocket, when traveling on botanizing excursions. 
 
NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 
 NORTH OF MEXICO. 
 
 Number of native flowering genera . 
 Number of native genera of ferns 
 Number of common introdueed genera 
 
 Number of genera of the five lower orders of Cryptogaraia, published, 
 but not all proved to be }ialives 
 
 Total genera published, 
 
 1011 
 
 28 
 50 
 
 1089 
 
 236 
 
 1325 
 
 Number of native flowering species . . • 4637 
 
 Number of native species of ferns ... 99 
 
 Number of common introduced species . . . 350 
 
 Number of native flowerers, and ferns, and introduced . 5086 
 
 Number of species of the five lower orders of Cryptogamia, published, 
 but not all proved to be natives; neither is it probable that half of 
 
 our species have been determined . . . 900 
 
 Total species published, 5986 
 
 NUMBER OF SPECIES IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK, 
 Talcen from the Report of State Botanist, Torrey. Reported January 24, 1840. 
 
 Number of all flowering and flovverless plants, about 2400. "■''. 
 
 Number of flowering plants, about 1350; ferns, 53. Total 1403. ' 
 Number of mosses, about 150; fungi, 300; algae unknown. 
 Trees and shrubs, 277 (150 medicinal): ornamental herbs, 250 (140 exotic); 
 grasses, 116 (24 exotic); sedge grasses, 140, mostly carexes. 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 TO BE MADE BY STUDENTS, UNDEK THE DIRECTION OF A TEACHER, WHILE 
 STUDYING BOTANY WITH LIVING SPECIMENS. 
 
 For authors' names 
 
 •For time of flowering, color, &c. 
 
 For localities 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 15.16 
 
 For properties of plants 
 
 For diseases 
 
 For best authority for properties 
 
 Page. 
 31 
 32 
 32 
 
 Artificial classification 
 Natural classification 
 Genera of Fl. P. described 
 
 offerns 
 
 of lower orders 
 
 SUBJECTS OF THE BOOK. 
 11 
 
 17, 21, 539 
 
 33 to 94 
 
 94 to 96 
 
 97 to 110 
 
 Species of Fl. P. and ferns 111 to 485 
 
 of lower orders 487 to 530 
 
 Physiology 531 to 537 
 
 Index of English names 557 to 566 
 
 Dictionary 567 to 625 
 
AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS 
 
 FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. 
 
 [See Botanical Dictionary attached to this work.] 
 
 Classes, Okukks and Genera, are distinguished bj the organs of fructitication. 
 Elementary organs of fructification arc, 
 
 1. Calyx. The outer or lower part of the flower, generally not colored.* 
 
 2. Corol. The colored blossom, within or above the calyx. 
 
 3. Stamens. The organs immediately surrounding or adjoining the central one; 
 consisting of mealy or glutinous knobs, either sessile or supported on filaments. 
 
 4. Pistil. The central organ of the flower, whose base becomes the pericarp and 
 seed. 
 
 5. Pericarp, The fruit, whether pod^ shell, bag, or pulpy substance; 
 
 6. Tunic. The membranaceous covering of the seed; whether it is enveloped in 
 fruit, or naked. 
 
 7. Seed. The essential pai't, which contains the rudiments of a new plant. 
 
 8. Placenta. A cellular substance to which seeds are attached, and from which they 
 originate. 
 
 9. Receptacle. The base which sustains the other six parts, being at the end of the 
 flower stem. It is called torus, when a thickened mass. 
 
 ■^ SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE CaI.YX. 
 
 Every eal^ is ehher mnnophyUous, consisting of one leaf; or polyphyllus, Consistino- 
 of more than one leaf. The divisions of thecaly.t are called leaves, or seirments in old 
 authors; but they are called sepals by late authors, which is now adopted.' 
 
 1. Perianth. That cnlyx which adjoins and surrounds the other parts of the flower 
 as of the apple, rose, &c. When sepal is used, it always implies the leaf of a 
 perianth calyx. 
 
 About two-thirds of all plants have perianths. 
 
 2. Involucre. That calyx which comes out at some distance below the flower, and 
 not enclosing it. It is commonly at the origin of the peduncles of umbels, and 
 sometimes attached to other aggregate flowers. The common calyx of a compound 
 flower, is an mvolucre; as of tlie dandelion. 
 
 Involucres are either universal, placed at the origin of the universal umbel as in 
 sunflower, caraway, lovage, &c. ; or partial, placed at the origin of a particular 
 umbel, as in coryander: or proper, placed beneath a single flower. 
 
 3. Spathe. A kind of membrane which at first encloses the flower, and afler it 
 expands is left at a distance below it; as daffodil, onion, Indian turnip. 
 
 4. Glume. That lund of calyx which is composed of one, two, or three valves or 
 scales; commonly transparent at the margin, and often terminated by a long awn 
 
 * In the language of Botany, any part of a plant is not colored when it is green; as 
 the calyx of the apple is said not to be colored, because iLis green; and that of the 
 nasturtion is colored, because it is not green. 
 1 
 
 D. H. HILL LIBRARY 
 HoiA Carolina SJateCollfege 
 
2 AUXIHARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 or beard. All grasses have glums calyxes. Glumes are, physiologically, bracts; 
 but they are treated as leaves of tlu? calyi in the descriptions of gernera. For the 
 sake of precision in descriptions, the leaves or scales of the calyx are called glumes; 
 omitting the word calyx or scale. And the petals or scales of the corol, are called 
 paleas ; omitting the word corol. 
 
 5. Anient. An assemblage of flower-bearing scales, arranged on a slender thread or 
 long receptacle; each scale generally constituting the lateral calyx of a flower, as 
 in the willow, chesnut, pine, ttc. The hard scaly anient of pine trees, and the 
 like, is called strobile, or cone. 
 
 6. Calyptre. The cap or hood of pistillate mosses; resembling, in form and position, 
 an extinguisher set on a candle. Conspicuous in tlie common hair-cap moss. 
 
 7. Volva. The wrapper at first enclosing the pileus or head of a fungus, (toad-stool) 
 and which, after the plant has arrived to maturity, contracts and remains on the 
 stem at the root or foot of the stipe. Some toadstools have a red, (vtbnn) at the 
 edges of the cap or head, which was at first attached to the stem by the lower 
 edge. Some have a ring ( annvlusj on the stem, which was at first a part of the veil. 
 
 SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE CoROL. 
 
 Every corol is either monopetalous, consisting of one petal or flower-leaf; or poly- 
 petalous, consisting of more than one. 
 Monopetalous Corals are, 
 
 1. Bdl-form. Hollowed out within the base, and generally diverging upwards, as 
 Canterbury bells, gentian, &c. 
 
 2. Funnd-forni. With a tubular base, and the border opening gradually in the form 
 of a funnel, as the thorn-apple, morning glory. 
 
 3. Salver-form. Having a flat, spreading limb or border, proceeding from the top of 
 a tube, as lilac, trailing arbutus, &c. * ' 
 
 4. Wheel-form. Having a spreading border without atubs, oi;,witb an exceeding 
 short one, as borage, laurel, mullein. - i, 
 
 5. Labiata. A labiate corol is divided into two general .parts, somewhat resembling 
 the lips of a horse or other animal. „ 
 Labiate corols are either personate, (with the throat mutfled) as snap-dragon; or 
 
 ringent, (with the throat open) as mint, motherwort, catnip, monkey-flower. 
 Polypctalous Carols are, 
 
 1. Cruciform. Consisting of four equal petals spreading out in the form of a "cross, 
 as radish, cabbage, mustard, &c. 
 
 2. Caryophi/Ueus. Having five single petals, each terminating in a long claw, eliclosed * 
 in a tubular calyx, as pink, catch-fly, cockle, «S:c. »;• ,, . 
 
 3. Liliaceous. A corol with six petals, spreading gradually fioiu the baic, so as 
 altogether to exhibit a bell-form appearance, as tulip, lily, cVc. ' r 
 
 4. Rosaceutis. A corol formed of roundish spreading, petals without claws, or with 
 extremely short ones, as rose, apple, strawberry, A;c. 
 
 5. Papilionaceous. A flower which consists of a banner, two wings and a keel, as 
 pea, rlover, <Jtc., supposed to resemble a butterfly. 
 
 If a coiol agree with none of the above descriptions, it is called anomalous. 
 SuB-DivisioRs or THii Stamen. 
 
 1. Anther. The knob of the stamen, which contains the pollen; very conspicuous in 
 the lily, «S:c. Never wanting. 
 
 2. PpUen. The dusty, mealy, or glutinous substance contained in the anthers. Never 
 w'Sinting. 
 
 3. Filament. That part of the stamen which connects the anther with tiie receptacle, 
 calyx or pistil. Often wanting; generally thread-form when present. 
 
 SUB-DlVlSIONS OF THK PiSTIL. 
 
 1. Stigvia. The organ which terminates the pistil; very conspicuous in the lilly, 
 and hardly distinguishable in the filameut (silk) of the Indian corn. Never wanting. 
 
AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. S 
 
 2. Germ, ovarium. That part of the pistil which, in maturity, becomes the pericarp, 
 as in the cherry, pompion. Never wanting. It encloses the ovules, which are the 
 seeds vVhen mature. 
 
 3. Style. That part of the pistil which connects the stigma and the germ; very con- 
 spicuous in the lily; wanting in the tulip. 
 
 SujJ-DrVISlONS OF THE FliKlCARP. 
 
 1. Sillque. That kind of pod which has a longitudmal partition, with the seeds at- 
 tached alternately to its opposite edges, as radish, cabbage. 
 
 2. Legume. A pod williout a longitudinal partition, with the seeds attached to one 
 suture only, as the pea. 
 
 3. Capsule. That kind of pericarp which opens by valves or pores, and becomes 
 dry when ripe, as the poppy, which opens by pores and the mullein by valves. 
 
 4. Drupe. That kind of pericarp which consists of a tiiick fleshy or cartilaginous 
 coat, enclosing a nut or stone, as in the cherry, in which it is said to hejmlpj; and 
 in tlie walnut, where it is dry. 
 
 5. Achmc, (acine) a dry indeliiscent pericarp, small and seed-like in appearance; as 
 the ripened germs of the rose and crowfoot. A variety caryopsis, has the pericarp 
 so closely attached to tlie tunic, that they are scarcely separable: as Indian corn, 
 wheat, &.C. [see Gray, p. 22S.'\ A variety crcmocarp, consists of a pair of achenes 
 laterally attached; as of carrot, angelica. They are often in double pairs, »fec., as 
 in the steen-ciout, forget-me-not, hound- tongue, mother-wort, &c. 
 
 6. Pome. A pulpy pericarp without valves which contains within it capsules, or 
 carpels, as apples, quinces, &c. 
 
 7. Berry. A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds without any capsule, as currant, grape. 
 
 8. Pepone. A fleshy pericarp with a firm rind, and pulpy partitions, which often 
 almost disappear in ripening; as gourd, pumpkin, cucumber. 
 
 9. Strobile. An aoient with 'woody scales, as the fruit of the pine. 
 
 SfcB-Dl VISIONS OF THE SsEED. 
 
 J. Cotyledon. The thick fleshy lobes of seeds; very manifest in beans, whose coty- 
 ledons grow out of the ground in the form of two large succnllent leaves. Many 
 plants, as Indian corn, wheat, the grasses, .tc , have but one cotyiedos; mosses • 
 &c. none. The part or organ producing the new plant (performing the function 
 of. a seed) is called a spornle in all cryptogamous plants; as toadstools, mosses, «&c. 
 Cotyledons are incnmheut, when their backs are presented to the radicle; and accum- 
 bent when their edges are thus presented. 
 
 2' Embryo, corcle. The rudiment of the future plant embraced in the seed. It con- 
 sists of the radicle, which becomes the root; the plumula, which becomes the her- 
 bage; and the collet, or caulicuLus, which is a kind of neck uniting the radicle and 
 plumula, and becomes the part of most plants just at the surface of the earth 
 where the root and stem take their respective directions upwards and downwards. 
 
 3. Tegument, or integument. The covering or bark of the seed. The tunic. 
 
 4. Albumen. This is not found in all seeds. When it is present, it is the dense part 
 included between the tegument and embryo. It constitutes the chief of a kernel of 
 Indian corn, and of some other monocotyledonous seeds. But it is often small, 
 and is never present in peas or beans; the thick fleshy part of such seeds being the 
 rudiments of cotyledonous leaves, which e.\pand before the plumula ascends from 
 between them. 
 
 5. llilum, or umbilicus. ' The external mark, scar, or eye; being the place where the 
 seed is connected to the point or placenta, from which it grows. 
 
 Sub divisions of the Receptacle. ** " 
 
 1. Proper. That which belongs to one flower only. 
 
 2. Common. That which connects several distinct florets, as in the sun-flower, daisy 
 teasel. A common receptacle may be, 
 
 3. Racfiis. The filiform receptacle, connecting the florets in a spike, as in the heads 
 of wheat. 
 
4 AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 4, Columella. The central column in a capsule, to which tlie seeds are attached. 
 
 5. Spadix. An elongated receptacle, proceeding from a spathe, as Indian turnip. 
 
 General Divisions of Floweks. 
 
 1. Simple. Having a single flower on a receptacle, as in the quince, tulip, &c. 
 
 2. Aggregate. Having on the same receptacle several flowers, whose anthers are 
 not united, as teasel, button-bush. 
 
 3. Compound. Having several florets on the same receptacle, with their anthers 
 united, as sun-flower, china-aster. 
 
 4. Staminate. Having stamens only, as those in the tassels of Indian corn. 
 
 5. Pistillate. Having pistils only, as the fertile flower of the cucumber, • 
 
 6. Perfect. Having both stamens and pistils. 
 
 7. Neutral. Having neither stamens nor pistils. 
 
 8. Complete. Having a calyx and corol, as well as stamen and pistil. 
 
 Inflorescence. 
 The m,anner in which Flowers arc situated on Plants. 
 
 1. Whorl. In which the flowers grow around the stem in rings one above another, 
 as mother-wort, catnip. 
 
 2. Raceme. Having the florets on short undivided pedicels, arranged along a general 
 peduncle, as currants. 
 
 3. Panicle. Having some of the pedicels, along the general peduncle of the raceme, 
 divided, as in oats. A panicle contracted into a compact somewhat ovate form, as 
 in lilac, is called thyrse. 
 
 4. Spike. Having the florets sessile, or nearly so, on the elongated general recep- 
 tacle, as wheat, mullein. 
 
 5. Umbel. Having the flower-stems diverging from one place.V^e the braces of an 
 umbrella, bearing florets on their extremities, as cairot, dill, fennel. 
 
 6. Cyme. It agrees with the umbel in having its general-flower-stems spring from 
 one centre, but differs in having those stems irregularly sub-divided, as elder. 
 
 7. Corymb. In the corymb the peduncles take their rise from different heights along 
 the main stem; but the lower ones being longer they form neai^ a level or convex 
 top, as yarrow. 
 
 8. Fascicle. In general external appearance it resembles the umbel, but the foot- 
 stalks are irregular in their origin and sub-division, as sweet william. 
 
 9. Head. In this the flowers are heaped together in a globular form without pedun- 
 cles, or with very short ones, as clover. 
 
 Concentric Cylinders of Roots and Herbage. 
 
 The substance of Roots and Herbage consists of— 
 
 1. Cuticle. The thin outside coat of the bark, which seems to be without life, and 
 often transparent, Very conspicuous on some kinds of birch, cherry, currant 
 bushes, »tc. 
 
 2. Cellular integument. The parencliymous substance between the cuticle and bark, 
 generally green. Plainly seen in the elder, after removing the cuticle. 
 
 3. Bark. The inner strong fibrous part of the covering of vegetables. 
 
 4. Camb. The mucilaginous or gelatinous substance, which, in the spring of the 
 year, abounds between the bark and the wood of trees. 
 
 5. Wood. The most solid part of the trunks and roots of herbs and trees. 
 
 6. Pith. The spongy substance in the centre of the stems and roots of most plants, 
 Large \n the elder. 
 
 7. Medidlunj sheath. A cylinder surrounding the pith, made up of spiral vessels and 
 ducts, through which sap ascends. 
 
AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 ROOTS. 
 
 Roots are the descending parts of vegetables, and are annual, liennial, or perennial 
 They are of seven kinds. 
 
 1. Branching. Having tlie whole root divided into parts as it proceeds downwards, 
 as the oak, apple tree, &.c. 
 
 2. Fibrous. The whole root consisting of filiform parts, originating immediately 
 from the base of the stem, as many of the grasses. 
 
 3. Creeping. Extending itself horizontally, and sending out fibrous radicles, as 
 quack-grass. 
 
 4. Spindle. Thick at the top, and tapering downwards, as carrot, parsnip, «S:c. 
 
 5. Tuberous. Roots which are thick and fleshy, not of any regular globular form. 
 They are hnohbecl, as the potatoe; oval, as those of orchis; abrupt, as the birdsfoot 
 violet; or fascicled, as asparagus. 
 
 6. Bulbous. Fleshy and spherical. They are either solid, as the turnip; coated, as 
 the onion; or scalt/, as the garden lily. 
 
 8. Granulated. Consisting of several little knobs in" the form of grains, strung to- 
 gether along the sides of a filiform radicle, as the wood-sorrel. - 
 
 Herbage is all the plant except the root 3ind fructification. It includes stems, leaves 
 and appendages. 
 
 STEMS. 
 
 1. Tigc, or proper stem. The ascending herbage-bearing trunk or stem of all plieno- 
 gaiiious plants except the grasses, as the trunk of the oak, tl}e grape vine, the 
 mullein stalk. 
 
 2. Culm. The stalk or stem of the grasses, as wheat-straw, sugar-cane, &c. 
 
 3. Scape. That kind of flower-bearing stem which springs immediately from the 
 root, and is destitute of leaves, as dandelion. 
 
 4. Peduncle. The flower- bearing stem which springs from any part of the stem or 
 branches, as apple, cucumber, &c. 
 
 5. Petiole. The foot-stalk of the leaf. 
 
 C. Frond. Applied entirely to cryptogamous plants. It includes the herbaceous, 
 leathery, crustaceous, or gelatinous substance, from which the fruit is produced, 
 called the thalUis or hymcniuni, when it bears fruit as the receptacle. 
 
 7. Stipe. The stem of a fern, of a fungus, of compound egret, and of a pericarp, 
 when elevated from the receptacle; as of maiden hair, garden caper. 
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 Regular leaves never grow out side by side. The alternate position along opposite 
 sides, seems to be the real normal principle of arrangement, towards which all other 
 positions tend. Though we find them opposite and in wliorls, our best physiologists 
 ascribe this to the unequal developement (to which some plants are habitually sub- 
 ject) of the internodes ot'tlie axis. 
 * The leaves of exogenous (dicotyledonous) plants derive their spiral vessels from the 
 medullary sheath, which tlie structure of the ribs and veins greatly resemble. The 
 cellular integument and cuticle of the leaf are derived from that of the stem: and 
 become more or less expanded and attenuated. The veins of exogenousfleaves branch 
 oft' in various directions among the substance of the disk (made up of cellular integu- 
 ment and cuticle) called parenchyma. 
 
 Tlie leaves of endogynous plants (monocotyledonous) derive their spiral vessels 
 from bundles, diverging oft" as a sub-division of the general quantity of bundles con- 
 stituting the whole culm, which the slrbeture of the veins greatly resembles. Their 
 veins mostly extend from the base of the petiole to the apex, or to a kind of eorol or 
 edging which carries them on, in an united state, to the apex. 
 
 The petioles of some leaves become spiral climbers, as of the Clematis. In many 
 cases the leaf does not expand into a disk; but becomes two or more (rarely one) 
 branches of a climber, called a tendril, as grapes and peas. Sometimes the petiole 
 spreads into an enormous cup, as that of the Sarracenia, (side-saddle.) This cup is 
 called an ascidium, (bottle-leaf) (Greek, askos, the leathern bottle of the ancients^ 
 idios, peculiar or particular kind. ) 
 
t> AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 Kinds of leaves, as distiiiguished hij their form, surface, position, aggregation and duration. 
 In duration, leaves are ever(;reen, deciduous and caducous. 
 
 FORMS OF SIMPLE LEAVES. 
 
 1. Orhi.cular. Nearly circular, as the leaves of red clover, of cabbage, &c. 
 
 2. Ovate. Resembling the longitudinal section of an egg, thq base being broader 
 than the extremity. One of the most common forms of leaves. 
 
 3. Oml. Difleringfrom ovate, in having both ends equal in breadth. 
 
 4. Oblong. Tlie length more tlian twice llie breadtji, and the sides somevphat parallel. 
 
 5. Ohuvnle. Ovate, with the narrowest end towards the stem, as those of red clover. 
 .6. Cordate. Heart-shaped, the hind lobes being rounded, as lilac. 
 
 7. Olif.ardate. Cordate, with the apex or narrowest end towards the stem, as of wild 
 indigo. 
 
 8. Kidney form. Hollowed in at the base, with rounded lobes and rounded ends, as 
 mallows. 
 
 9. Lanceolate. In the form of the ancient lance, tapering from near the base to the 
 apex, and narrow, as the leaves of most of the willows, ot ribwort, »&c. 
 
 10. Linear. Continuing the same widtli through nearly the whole length; usually 
 pointed at one or bolji ends, as most grasses. 
 
 11. Awlform. Linear at the base and becoming more or less curved at the point. 
 
 12. Acuminate. Any kind of leaf terminating more or less suddenly in a point turned 
 towards one edge of the leaf. 
 
 13. Arroicform. Shaped like an arrow-head; diifering from cordate in having the 
 hind lobes more or less acute. «. 
 
 14. Halbertform. Hastate. Shaped like an halbert, as field-sorrel, creeping snap- 
 dragon. 
 
 15. Guitarform. Oblong, broadish near the base and contracted at the sides. 
 
 16. Lobed. Deeply parted, and the divisions large, with rounded sides or ends, as 
 the white oak. 
 
 17. Palmate. Resembling a hand with the fingers spread, as horse-chesnut. 
 \S. Pedute. Resembling a bird's foot. IP 
 
 19. Sinuate. Having the margin liollowed with deep sinuses or bays, as the white- 
 oak. 
 
 20. Pinnatifid. Divided transversely by deep incisions, not extending to the midrib. 
 
 21. Li/rute. Pinnatifid with the largest division at the apex, and diminishing from 
 thence to the Ijase, as hedge-mustard. 
 
 22. Runcinatc. Pinnatifid, with tlie divisions pointing backwards, as dandelion. 
 
 EUGES OF LEAVES. 
 
 23. Serrate. Having sharp notches resembling saw-teeth along the margin, and 
 pointing towards the apex, as those of clierry trees, roses, &c. 
 
 24. Toothed. Having projections from the margin of its own substance, which are 
 neither serratures, nor crenatures, as those of the blue-bottle. 
 
 2.5. Crenate. Having uniform notches on the margin of the leaf which incline to- 
 wards the apex, or the base, or neither, as gill-overground. 
 
 ENDS OF LEAVES. 
 
 2G. Eniarginatc. Notched at the termination of the midrib. 
 
 27. Rduse. Emarginale with a shallow sinus. 
 
 28. Obtuse. Having the apex of the leaf more or less rounded. 
 
 29. Acute. Terminating in an angle; that is, not rounded. 
 
 SURFACES OF LEaVES. 
 
 1. Hairy. Having distinct, straight hairs. 
 
 2. Downy. Covered vvith fine coiton-like down. 
 
 3. Sillaj. Covered with soft close-pressed hairs. 
 
 4. Bristly. Set vvith stiff hairs. 
 
 5. Ciliate. Edged with parallel hairs or bristles, resembling eye-lashes. 
 
 6. Nerved. Furnished with mid-nb-like fibres running from the base to the apex. 
 
 7. Veined. Having tendinous fibres variously branched. 
 
AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 POSITIONS OF LEAVES. 
 
 1. Decurrent. When the two edges of the leaf extend along the stem below the place 
 of insertion. 
 
 2. Clasping. Sessile with the base more or less heart-form, so as entirely or in part 
 to surround the stem. 
 
 3. iShcatlting. Willi the leaf prolonged down the stem, so as to cover it, in the 
 manner of the grasses. 
 
 4. Ptifoliate. Having the stem passing through the leaf. 
 
 5. Coiuiale. Leaves opposite, with their bases united. 
 
 6. Pdtatc. With the foot-stalk attached to the lower side of the leaf, so as to 
 resemble a sliield. 
 
 7. Opposite. Standing at the same height with base against base. 
 
 8. Wlwrled. Surrounding the stem in horizontal rings or rows. 
 
 y. Imbricate. Lying over each other like shirgies on a roof, so as to " break joints." 
 10. Fascicled. Growing in bunches from the same point, as leaves from white pine. 
 iL Radicle. Proceeding immea.ately Ironi the root. 
 
 COMPOUND LEAVES. 
 
 1. Ternatc. Having three leafets proceeding from the end of one petiole. 
 
 2. Biternate. Twice ternate; when the petiole is ternate, and each division bears 
 three leafets. 
 
 3. Triternate. Three times ternate, 
 
 4. Pinnate. With distinct leafets airanged on opposite sides of the same petiole. 
 6. Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. 
 
 6. Tripinnate. Thrice pinnate. 
 
 7. Interruptedly-pinnate. Having smaller leafets dispersed among the larger, as potatoe. 
 
 Leaves and appendages used in descriptions. 
 
 Stipules are rudimentary leaves and sometimes are transformed into real leaves, 
 with buds in their axils. They are generally appendages attached to the bases of 
 leaves, as of rose leaves. 
 
 Bracts (often called floral leaves) are generally near the origin of a flower and at 
 first surrounding or adjoining it. Biacts are at a small distance below the calyx, 
 when present. The chafls or husks of grass and corn, are strictly bracts; but in 
 descriptions they are treated as equivalent to calyxes and corols. 
 
 Thorn, an abortive indurated bud flxed on the wood. 
 
 Prickle, arises from the bark by expansions in minute spots. 
 
 Hairs, arise in the same manner: sometimes they yield an acrid liquid by compres- 
 sion, as of the nettle. 
 
 Gland, a roundish (generally minute) appendage on various organs of some plants. 
 
 Tendril, a flliform appendage by whicii some plants climb other plants, fences, 
 poles, «&c. 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK NUMERA.LS, AS USED IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 Before entering upon the study of the Natural Method, as well as of the Artificial^ 
 (and even before using the Botanical Dictionary), the student should be perfectly 
 familiar with those numerals wliich are perpetually used in composition. They are- 
 ilie following; and are applied to classes, orders, <lk.c. 
 
 Latin. Nos. Greek. Nos. Classes. 
 
 Unus, 
 
 1 
 
 IVlonos, 
 
 1 
 
 MoNANDRiA, 1 stamen. 
 
 Bis, 
 
 2 
 
 Dis. 
 
 2 
 
 DiANDRiA, 2 stamens. 
 
 Tres, 
 
 3 
 
 Treis, 
 
 3 
 
 Triaxdria, 3 stamens. 
 
 Quatuor, 
 
 4 
 
 Tettares, 
 
 4 
 
 Tetraxdria, 4 stamens. 
 
 Quinque, 
 
 .5 
 
 Pente, 
 
 5 
 
 Pentanoria, !"> stamens. 
 
 Sex, , 
 
 6 
 
 Ex, (pronounced 
 hex. ) 
 
 
 
 Hexakuria, G stamens. 
 
 Septem, 
 
 7 
 
 Epta, (pronounced 7 
 
 Heptandria, 7 stamens. 
 
 
 
 hepta. ) 
 
 
 
AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 Latin. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 Greek. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 Octo, 
 
 8 
 
 Okto, 
 
 8 
 
 Novern, 
 
 9 
 
 Ennea, 
 
 9 
 
 Decern, 
 
 10 
 
 Deka. 
 
 10 
 
 Undecem, 
 
 11 
 
 Endeka, 
 
 11 
 
 Duodecem, 
 
 12 
 
 Dodeka, 
 
 12 
 
 Tredecem, 
 
 13 
 
 Dekalreis, 
 
 13 
 
 Quatuordecim, 
 
 , 14 
 
 Dekatettares, 
 
 14 
 
 Quindecim, 
 
 J 5 
 
 Dekapenta, 
 
 15 
 
 Sexdeciin, 
 
 16 
 
 Dekaex, 
 
 i6 
 
 Septeindecim, 
 
 17 
 
 Uekaepta, 
 
 17 
 
 Octodeciin, 
 
 IS 
 
 Dekaokto, 
 
 18 
 
 Novendecim, 
 
 19 
 
 Dekaennea, 
 
 19 
 
 Vigiriti, 
 
 • 20 
 
 Eikosi, 
 
 20 
 
 Multus, 
 
 xMany 
 
 Polus, 
 
 21 
 
 Classes. 
 OcTANDiiiA, 8 stamens. 
 Enneanuria, 9 stamens. 
 Decanuria, 10 stamens. 
 IcosANDRiA, 20, and down to 10, on 
 
 calyx. 
 PoLYANDRiA, many, above 10, not on 
 
 calyx. 
 DiDYNAMiA, 2 longer than 2. 
 Tetradynamia, 4 longer than 2. 
 MoNADELPHiA, in 1 set by filaments. 
 DiADELPHiA, in 2 sets by filaments. 
 Syngenesia, united anthers. 
 Gynandria, stamens on pistil. 
 iVIoNOECiA, same root, not flower. 
 DioECiA, different roots and flowers. 
 Cryptooamia, stamens wanting. 
 
 The first ten numerals only are applied to the' classes set opposite to them. 
 See each class in the Dictionary. 
 
 ANALYSIS, FOR FINDING THE NAME OF A PLANT. 
 
 The art of searching out the name of. a plant is denominated the analysis of thef 
 plant. It is, in truth, an elegant illustration of the Analytic method of logic; as the 
 construction of a genus, order and alass, is of the SijnllietKul method. 
 
 When we analize a plant by the aid of the artificial system, our final purpose is to 
 ascertain the specific name, by which it is called by tiie first botanist, who published a 
 description of it. But in doing this, we trace it through several intermediate steps. 
 Species are grouped together under generic names; genera under orders; orders under 
 classes. By this arrangement much labor is saved. For example, we see the com- 
 mon wild strawberry, for the first time, and are desirous to learn its name. By com- 
 paring the proper organs with the description of the classes, we find it belongs with 
 the group of plants, which constitute a class, called Ir.osandria. This class is sub- 
 divided into orders, and we find our plant is to be referred to the order Polijgyiua. 
 Here we find the names of several genera, such as rose, the raspberry, the straw- 
 berry, the five-finger, the avens, &c. On comparing our plant with all the genera 
 under this order, we find it will agree with none but the strawberry. 
 
 On turning to the strawberry (under the botanical nawe fiagaria, (p. 246,) we find 
 there are several kinds of strawberry. Each kind is called a species, as the English 
 strawberry, hautboy strawbeiry, pine-apple strawberry, vi-ild strawberr}', &c. are 
 different species. On carefully comparing our plant with the descriptions of all the 
 species, we find it will agree with none brt the wild strawberry (virgiriiana.) Thus 
 we arrive at the generic name strawberry, (fragaria,) and the specific name wildf 
 (virginiana.) 
 
 At the right of the generic name, we find 92, the number of the order of Jussieu, to 
 which it belongs; and Rosa, the abbreviation of Rosaceae, Lindley's order. See p. 
 29, where we find 14 associate genera (as Vaspberry, five-finger, «&c. ) We also find 
 (at the same p. 24G) at the right of Rosa, four abbreviations. These are explained on 
 p. 31, thus: the general pro()erties are astringent, fruit refrigeient or cooling to the 
 feverish patient; and a specific febrifuge. If we wish to pursue its natural affinities, 
 we find the order Rosaceae in the table at pp. 18, 19, 20, and find its reference to p. 
 545, where this order and its associates are minutely dissected. 
 
 LINNEAN ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 
 
 The Linnean Artificial classes are founded upon the four following circumstances 
 of the stamens; nuiiilier, pnsition, rclatice length, and cviiiicriun. The first ten are 
 distinguished by the number of stamens; the elecenlh and twelfth by number and posi- 
 tion; the thirteenth anfiL fourteen th by number and relative length; the ffteenth, sixteenth, 
 and sccenteenth by connexion; the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth by position. 
 The last or twenty-first class, being a natural one, is not distinguished by any circum- 
 stance of the stamens. 
 
AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. . D 
 
 TJie first twelve classes are named by prefixing Greek numerals, expressive of the 
 number of stamens, to andkia; which is a Greek derivative, used metaphorically for 
 stamens. 
 
 The thirteenth and fourteenth classes are named by prefi.xing the Greek numerals, 
 expressive of the number of long stamens, to dynamia; which is a Greek derivative, 
 signifying power, importing that the longest stamens are most powerful. 
 
 The fifteenth and sixteenth classes are named by prefixing Greek numerals expreS'' 
 sive of the number of parcels in whicli tlie stamens are united by their filaments, to 
 the word auelphia; whicli is a Greek derivative, used to signify brotherhood. 
 
 The seventeenth class is named by prefixing stn, (a Greek derivative from sun,) 
 signifying togetiier, to genesis, a Greek derivative, signifying produced or growing 
 up. The name is intended to signify that the anthers grow up together, or in an 
 united state. 
 
 The eighteenth class is named by prefixing an abbreviation of gynia, a Greek deriv- 
 ative, used metaphorically to signify the pistil, to andria; as the stamen and pistil are 
 .united in tjiis class. 
 
 The nineteenth and tvventietli classes are named by perfixing Greek numerals ex- 
 pressive of tlie number of plants occupied by tlie stamens and pistils in order to com- 
 plete a species, to cecia, a Greek derivative from oikos, a house. The name is intend- 
 ed to signify, that the stamens and pistils inhabit the same or different tenements. 
 
 Tlie twenty-first class is named by prefixing crVpto. a Greek derivative, signifying 
 concealed, to gamia a Greek derivative,- used metaphorically for the strewing of pollen 
 from the anthers upon the stigmas of pistils. It is intended to signify, that ths 
 operation of strewing the fertilizing pollen upon stigmas, eo manifest in lilies, poplars, 
 Indian corn, &c., is concealed in plants of this class; though it is possible that such 
 operations are as regularly performed incryptogamous as in phenogamous plants. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. 
 
 Each class is subdivided into two or more orders. These subdivisions are founded 
 upon the number of styles (or stigmas when styles are wanting); the covering or ap- 
 parent nakedness of seeds; the relative lengths of pods; the comparison between disk 
 and ray florets of compound flowers; and the characters of preceding classes. The 
 orders of the class cryplogainia are distinguished by natural family Characters. 
 
 The orders of the first twelve classes are distinguished by the numbr of styles: and 
 named by prefixing Greek numerals, expressive of the number of styles to gvnia, a 
 Greek derivative, used metaphorically for style or stigma. The styles are numbered 
 at their origin on the germ. Their subdivisions above the germ are not taken into 
 view in determining the number of the order. Sometimes the style is wanting, leav- 
 ing the stigma to sit down upon the germ; in such cases the stigmas aie numbered in 
 determining the number of the order. 
 
 The orders of the thirteenth and fourteenth classes are but two in each. Those in 
 the thirleenth are named by perfixing gymno, a Gieek derivative, signifying naked, or 
 angio, a Greek derivative, signifying bag or sack, to spermia, a derivative signifying 
 seed. In the fourteenth, they are named by using a derivative from the Latin siliqua, 
 a pod, and from the diminutive of the same, sieicula. 
 
 The orders of tiie fifteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth classes, 
 are distinguislied by the characters of preceding classes, and assume the same names. 
 Therefore when a plant is found in either of these five classes, we inquire which 
 nearest preceding class it would fall into, if its particular classic character were 
 wanting. The answer to this inquiry gives the order. 
 
 The four first orders of class 17, are distinguished by comparing the disk and ray 
 florets. The first, second and third orders have perfect florets in the disk: the fourth 
 has staminate florets only in the disk. The first has perfect florets in the ray, the 
 second and fourth have pistillate, and the third has neutral. The fifth order has par- 
 tial perianth calyxes to all the florets: whereas none of the other orders have any but 
 the general calyx — the egret, when present, being a substitute for the perianth.' The 
 orders of this class are named by joining the word polygamia to an appropriate adjec- 
 tive. Polygamia is a Greek derivative, used metaphorically to signify numerous 
 organs for carrying on the process of strewing the fertilizing pollen upon stigmas. 
 The adjective cequaeis is used to signify, that the organs for furnishing pollen are 
 equalized, or duly proportioned to the stigmas to be fertilized; superflDa, that the 
 pistillate florets in the margin or ray are superfluous, each fertile floret of the disk 
 having stamens and pistils in due proportion; frcstranea, that the ray florets are 
 
10 AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 empty or vain, having no stamens or pistils; necessaria, that the ray florets are 
 necessary to tlie production of seedj the disk florets being all staminate; segregata^ 
 that the' Horets are disjointed, or separated from eacii other by partial calyxes. 
 
 •The orders of the twenlv-first class are distinguished by natural family characters; 
 this class embraces six natural families. The species of the five last of the families 
 Sre placed at the end of the plienogamia, at page 4S7. 
 
 OMITTED Cl^ASSES. 
 
 The classes of Linneus, called Dodocandria, Poly adelphia, and Polygamia. are omit- 
 ted: and their respective geneia are distributed among other classes. For the Dode- 
 candria is a small class and the charattpr variable. The Polyacfelphia is exceedingly 
 variable, and not necessary. The Pf)lygamia is inconstant in its character, and the 
 plants may be classed by their perfect flowers. 
 
 N. B. When a star(*) is placed before generic names at the end of an order, it is 
 to be understood, that though some species of these genera fall here by the rules of 
 the artificial system, yet that as no natural, genus must be divided, these stragglers 
 must be referred back to tiieir natural genera for descriptions. They may thus be 
 referred back by aid of the alphabetical arrangement of generic names, where the 
 species are described. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS FOR NEXT PAGE EXPLAINED. 
 
 Mon. monogynia, 1 §tyle, or sessile stigma, to each flower; Dig. digynia, 2 styles 
 or sessile stigmas to eajh flower; Tri. trigynia, 3: Tet. tetragynia, 4; Pen. penlagy- 
 nia, 5; Hex. hexagynia, 6; Hep. i)«plagynia, 7: Oct. octagynia, 8; Dec. decagynia, 
 JO; Pol. polygynia, over 10. In classes 15, 16, 18, ID, 20. preceding classes become 
 orders by their names and characters. Here. Mon. monandria: Dia. diandria; Tri. 
 triandria; Tet. tetrandria; .Pen. pentandria; Hex, hexaudria; Hep. he|)landria; Oct. 
 oclandria; Dec. decandria; Pol. polyandria: I\Ion. nmnadelphia. In class lo, Gym. 
 gyifinospermia; Ang. angiospermia. In class 14, Silic. siliculosa: Siliq. siliquosa. 
 In class 17, .'Eg. polygamia aequsrlis; Sup. polygamia superflua; Frus. polygamia 
 frustranea; Nee. prilygamia necessaria: Seg. polygamia segregata. In class *<il, Fil. 
 Filices, (ferns;) Alus. Alusci, (mosses;) Hep. llepticae, (liverworts;) Alg. Algae, 
 (seaweeds;) Lich. Lichens; Fun. Fungi, (mushroom, mould.) 
 
ACXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 II 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 
 
 Number of 
 Stamens. 
 
 Nuiiibcr and 
 Position. 
 
 C 1. MoxANDRiA, one stamen to each flower. 
 
 2. DiAiNUKiA, 2 stamens. . 
 
 3. Triandria, 3 stamens. 
 
 4. Tetrandria, 4 slamens. 
 
 5. PtNTANURiA, 5 stamens. 
 
 6. IIexandria, 6 stamens. 
 
 7. HtPiANURiA, 7 stamens. 
 
 8. OcTANPRiA, 8 stamens. 
 
 9. Enneandria, 9 stamens. 
 1^10. Deca.ndria, 10 stamens. 
 
 C 11. IcosANDRiA, over 10 stamens, on the calyx. Generally, about 20. 
 < 12. PoLYAXDRiA, over 10 stamens, not on calyx. Generally over 20, 
 
 and variable. 
 
 Number and 
 relative 
 Length. 
 
 13. DinvN A.MIA, 4 stamens, 2 of them longest. Flowers labiate. 
 
 14. Tetrauynamia, U stamens, 4 of them longest. Flowers cruci- 
 form. . 
 
 f 15. MoNADELPHiA, filaments united in one set. The stamens present 
 Connexion of | a columnar form, altogether. 
 
 the Slamens J 16. Diadelphia, filaments united in two sets; papilionaceous. Sta- 
 by filaments | mens may be in one set, if the flower is papilionaceous. 
 or anthers j 17. Syngenesia, anthers united; flowers compound. The filaments 
 
 ^_ are always 5, and separate. 
 
 fl8. Gynandria, stamens on the pistil, distant from the corol. Pollen 
 Position of j mostly glutinous; and most of the flowers contain nectaries. 
 Stamens rela--( 19. Monoecia, stamens in flowers separate from pistils, on the same 
 tive to the | plant. Pollen generally abundant. 
 
 Pistils. I 20. DioEciA, stamens in flowers separate from pistils, on separate 
 l^ plants. Pollen abundant. Pistillate plant generally most robust. 
 
 Invisible or S 21- Crvptogamia, stamens invisible, wanting or very caducous. This 
 Caducous, i^ class includes six natural orders. 
 
 ORDERS OF EACH CLASS. 
 
 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. oth. Gth. 7lh. 8th. 10th. 12th. 
 
 1 Mon. Dig. 
 
 2 Mon. Dig. Tri. 
 
 3 Mon. Dig. Tri. 
 
 4 Mon. Dig. Tet. 
 
 5 Mon. Dig. Tri. Tet. Pen. Pol. 
 
 6 Mon. Dig. Tri. Hex. Pol. 
 
 7 Mon. Tet. Hex. Hep. 
 
 8 Mon. Dig. Tri. Tet. 
 
 9 Mon. Dig. Tri. 
 
 10 Mon. Dig. Tri. Tet. Pen. Dec. ■ 
 
 11 Mon. Dig. Pen. Pol. 
 
 12 Mon. Dig. Pen. — Pd. 
 
 13 Gyi 
 
 Ano 
 
 14 Silic. 
 
 Siliq. 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 Tri. 
 
 
 Pen. 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hex. 
 
 17 iEq. 
 
 Sup. 
 
 Frus. 
 
 Nee. 
 
 Seg. 
 
 
 18 Mon. 
 
 Dia. 
 
 
 
 Pen. 
 
 Hex. 
 
 19 Mon. 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Tri. 
 
 Tet. 
 
 Pen. 
 
 Hex. 
 
 20 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Tri. 
 
 Tet. 
 
 Pen. 
 
 Hex. 
 
 21 Fil. 
 
 Mus. 
 
 Hep. 
 
 Alg. 
 
 Lich. 
 
 Fun. 
 
 Hep. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Pol. 
 
 Pol. 
 Pol. 
 
 16th. 
 
 Mon. 
 Mon. 
 
13 AUXILARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 FRUIT AND SEED, TAKEN IN CONNEXION. 
 
 The study of vegetable pliilosopliy requires a knowledge of natural alliances. After 
 the description of species in tiiis book, a concise view of the natural method is given, 
 sufficient for that purpose. It is not however intended for ascertaining the names of 
 genera, without the concurrent aid of the Linnean method. Many botanists consider 
 the artificial system in this respect preferable to the natural method; even if we 
 leave out of view the vast labor of arriving at a sutTicient knowledge of it. The 
 celebrated Hooker says, " The experience of nearly one hundred years has proved to 
 every unprejudiced mind, that no system has appeared which can be compared with 
 that of the immortal Swede (Linneus), for the facility with which it enables anyone, 
 hitherto unpractised in botany, to arrive at a knowledge of the genus and species of a 
 plant." 
 
 To prepare for the study of natural alliances of plants, as a necessary step towards 
 the study of vegetable physiology, the student must have distinct views of the parts 
 of seeds and fruit. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Beginning with the seed when mature, and yet enclosed in the fruit, we find it in 
 a kind of tunic, or an outer and inner sack, called primine and secundine. These are 
 not always separable. Fig. 1. c. points to the nucleus, a. to the primine, h. to the 
 secundine. e. is the point where the coats and nucleus are united by their constituent 
 organs. This point of union is called chalaza. At this point the seed grows to the 
 placenta. The nucleus and its coats, while in the growing state, constitute the ovule. 
 The ovule never has a stigma, but derives its fertilizing pollen tlirough its placenta, 
 by way of tiie stigma of its carpel (pericarp.) The pea is the ovule, the pod is its 
 carpel, the thickened edges of the pod at their meeting is the placenta, along which 
 the pollen is conveyed from the stigma for the use of the ovules: which pollen the 
 gtigma received from the anthers. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 The pod, which was at first a germ or ovary, is a single carpel, as Fig. 6, w^ith the 
 oyules along one edge, as o, along the placenta p. But when their pod was in the 
 
AUXILARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 13 
 
 bud (called its state of estivation) it was a leaf, with its edges meeting as at p. 
 These edges grew together and thickened into placenta. Here granulations were 
 formed, wiiicii became ovules, and finally seeds and their tunics. The midrib of the 
 ieaf r. extended upwards and became the pistil; its tip end became a moistened 
 jtigma, St. 
 
 The germ is often made up of a whorl of leaves; whose edges grow together, and 
 form several distinct carpels. Fig. 7. exhibits five separate carpels. This is apocarji 
 fruit. Their approximating folded edges present their separate lines of placenta, /n 
 bearing their respective ovules; o. also exhibiting the midrib of each leaf >•, which is 
 elongated into the st3'le and siigma st. The carpels marked c. exhibit their apocarpous 
 position; a. shows the opening between them. 
 
 The germ is also made up of a whorl of leaves, as in the last case: but unite in one 
 mass of fruit, as Fig. 8. Here ihe five lines of placenta, formed of the folded edges 
 of the leaves, grow together, and produce single columella of placenta, p. This is 
 called syncocaip fruit, because the carpels unite in one. The ovules surround the 
 columella, o, but the sides of the leaves become septae, s, and thus cut the fruit into 
 cells. These septae are truly double; but they grow so compactly, that they appear 
 to be single. The midribs sometimes unite so closely as to tbrm but one style and 
 one stigma, st. But this single style and stigma retain so much of the separate 
 character of their respective midribs, that they conduct the pollen to their respective 
 series of ovules by way of their respective lines of placenta, though united in a single 
 columella. In the apple, the five valve-like carpels, which are enveloped in a poma- 
 ceous mass, keep their styles distinct. 
 
 Fiff. 3. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 The size, proportion and distinctness among parts of carpels and ovules, are 
 remarkably difi^erent in different kinds of plants. But their analogies are astonishingly 
 constant, as far as they have been thoroughly investigated. The carpels of the 
 strawberry, Fig. 4, are very small, and stand in whorls around a fleshy, conical recep- 
 tacle. The rose has its carpels in a cup-form or tubular calyx. Fig. 3. These carpels 
 are called aikcnes, and are indehiscent. The crowfoot and virgin bower are examples. 
 
 When two aikenes are attached side by side, as the sunflower, artichoke and dande- 
 lion, angelica and carrot, they are called nikenes, variety crcmocurp. The same may 
 be applied to steen-crout, borage, and hound-tongue. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 barley, and many of the proper grasses, have an exceedingly thin membrane for a 
 pericarp; so that it can scarcely be separated from the cuticle of the seed. These are 
 called aikenes, variety canjopsis. -s 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 The ovules of peas, beans, and other of the same family — also of pinks, soap- wort, 
 and lychnes — also of radish, mustard, cabbage, cresses, and pepper-grass, and of 
 some other plants, curve round upon themselves, as Fig. 2. By following the order 
 
14 AUXILARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 of the letters, which are Bimilar in position to the fame of Fi^r. 1, with a pea in hand, 
 this form will be readily understood. The seeds or ovules of oranges, apples, &.c. 
 have tlieir tops, or foramens, d. turned to the placenta. These have a kind of stem- 
 like organ, called rap/ie, forming a ridge along tiie side of the seed or ovula, which 
 serves as the alem supporting the ovule, in this inverted order, from the placenta. 
 
 Placenta is parietal, or M'all-placenta, when it forms a Kind of side-wall ahoul the 
 ovules; as the germ (ovarium) of the violet. Fig. 5. a. points to the thick parietal 
 placenta — o. to the ovules. 
 
 These figures are sufficient to illustrate the most important parts of fruit and seed, 
 with genuine specimens, well selected. Teachers must be furnished with more exten- 
 sive ph}'siological treatises. Gray's I'^lenipnts is a convenient guide; but Lindley's 
 Introduction to Botany is more extensive, more elegantly executed, and fouifold the 
 expense. 
 
AUXILIARY EXPLANATIOiVS, 15 
 
 ABBREVIATIOxNS AND CHARACTERS.^ ' 
 Authors' names, who first determined a Genus or Species. 
 
 Ach. Acharius — A. Aiton — B. and Bart. Barton — Bk. Beck — B. Bridel — Bw. Bige- 
 •low — Br. Robert Brywn — Cates. Catesby — C. Curtis — D. Desfonlaines— Dc. De 
 Candolie — Dn. Darlinijtoti — Ds. Desveauz — E. Elliott — Ea. Ealon — Eli. Elirhart — 
 Fos. Foster— Gn. GiDelin— G. Gronovius— H. lledwig— Hn. Hoffii.an— Hr. L'Heri- 
 tier — Hk. Hooker — J. James — Ju. Jussieu — Jn. Jacquiii — L. Linneus — Lb. Lambert 
 — Lk. Lainarc!{— M. Muhlenberg— Mx. Michaux— Mn. Moenchausen— Mr. Murry— 
 N. Nuttall— Pall. Pallas— P. Persoon— Ph. Pursh— Pt. Poiret— Poit. Poilean— Pb. 
 Palisot de Beauvois— R. Rafinesque— Relz. Retezius— Rs. Roemer and Shultes— Rd. 
 Richard — S. Smiih— Scop. Scopoli^Sl. Spreiigel — Sr. Screber — Sy. Salisbury — Sw. 
 Svvartz — Sii. Schkuhr — Sz. Scliwintz — Sp. Sibshorp — T. Torrey — Tt. Tournefort — 
 Tr. Turton— V. Ventenant— VVh. VVahlenburg— VV. WiUdenovv— Wr. Walter— Wm.- 
 Waiigenheim— T. & G. Torrey and Gray. 
 
 Time of Flowering, Duration, Color, asd average Height. 
 
 Time ftf Floicering. 
 
 Ap. April— M. May— J. June— Ju. July— Au. August— S. Septemher— Oc. October. 
 
 Duration of Plants. 
 
 O annual — q biennial — ZC perennial—'^ woody. 
 
 Color of Carols. 
 
 r. red — p. purple — y. yellow — w. white — b. blue — blk. black — g. green. 
 
 Height of Plants. 
 
 A figure at the end of a specific description with i. signifies its most conimoii 
 
 Jheighl in inclies — wiih f. in feet. 
 
 LOCATION OF SPECIES. ^ 
 
 Species standing next to the generic name, grow North of the State of Virginia. 
 
 S. at the end of a specific description indicates that it grows South of the North 
 line of Virginia, as v;ell as Noith. 
 
 W. (capital) within the parenthesis after a species, indicates, that it grows West 
 of the Allegany range and its continuation through Ca3^uga Lake, &c. — also East of 
 the West line of Missouri and Arkansas.* 
 
 A. (capital) within said parenthesis, indicates that it is Alpine, or that it prefers 
 mountainous districtt. 
 
 L. (capital) within said parenthesis indicates, (Littoribus) that it prefers the sea- 
 shore. 
 
 O. (capital) within said parenthesis (Omnibus locis) that it is throughout the 
 Northern and Southern States. 
 
 Capitals set at the end of Specific Descriptions, indicating particular 
 Localities. 
 
 B. Boston, Mass. Bigelow. 
 
 C. Connecticut, particularly N. Haven. Ives, Tully. Eaton. 
 
 D. Detroit and N. W. Lakes. Cooly, Houghton, James. 
 
 F. West Chester Co., N. Y., particularly North Salem, Fairfield Co., Conn. Dr. 
 Mead. 
 H. Harrisburgh, &c. Allegany range in Vir.* and Penn. Aikin. 
 K. Kentucky, particularly Lexington. H. H. Eaton, Short, Peter. 
 La. Louisiana. 
 
 M. Maryland, particularly Frederick. Aikin. 
 Mch. M"ichigan. 
 
 N. Northampton, Amherst, Deerfield, Mass. Hitchcock, Cooley. 
 O. Ontario Co., particularly Gorham, Ac. Aikin. 
 
 * This limit is authorized by Drs. Short, Peter, Riddel!, and Lock. 
 
16 AUXILIARY EXl'LANATIONS 
 
 P. Pfiiladelphia and Chester. Darlington and Barton. 
 
 S — C South Carolina. 
 
 T. Troy, N. Y. The Eatons. Aikin. Hall, Wright. 
 
 V. Rutland Co., Vt.. and Washington county, N. Y. Eaton, Stevenson, Fitchv 
 
 W. Williamstovvn, Mass. Dewey, Eaton and Emmons. 
 
 Arctic, RocJnj Ml., and Oregon Species. 
 
 A. Arctic, growing near or within the Arctic circle. 
 
 R. On the Rocky Mt. or west of it: or between the Mt. and the States of Missouri 
 and Arkansas. The-!e distant localities will not embarrass the student; because a 
 solitary R. or A. will, at first glance, indicate, that such species are not to be 
 expected elsewhere. 
 
 Cal. California. 
 
 Remark. The districts about our N.W. Lakes, and about the S. W. region of N. 
 America, have been in a great measure deficient in recorded localities of plants. 
 The perilous and most disinterested labouts of iNuttall, in California: and the bota- 
 nical surveys of Dr. Houghton, Dr. Wright, and his diligent assistant Mr. G. Bull, 
 have supplied these deficiencies. 
 
 Numerous localities, and more numerous pi'omises, have been received, in answef 
 to a circular requesting such favors. But the slow progress common with publisiiera 
 of such works, seems to have induced scientific friends to expect a delay of a year or 
 two in the present case. After tendering- them sincere thanks for their kind feelings, 
 it is necessary to say, that the promptness and punctuality of the publisher and pro- 
 prietor of this edition, have defeated Jlieir good intentions, in most cases. 
 
 Localities given may appear to be unnecessarily minute and particular in some dis- 
 tricts, and unpardonably deficient in others. To equalize this matter is, surely, 
 exceedingly desirable; and great improvements in this are made yearly. Students are 
 requested to adopt the five following rules, both for their own convenience, and for 
 aiding the progress of tiie science. 1. Look for plants, whose localities are given, 
 in, or near the same latitude. 2. Near the same degree of elevation above tide- water 
 level. 3. On the same side of great mountain ranges; as the east side, or west side 
 of Allegany and Cal skill ranges, continued through Cayuga lake into Canada. 
 4. Near the sea shore, though in very different degrees of latitude. 5. At great dis- 
 tances down the course of rivers below known localities, through a belt of many 
 miles, on each side of such river. 
 
 But one method can ever make localities of plants, through our vast territory, even 
 tolerably full. That is the method proposed to Prof Ives of Yale College, and my- 
 self, in the summer of 1S16, by the amiable and lamented Dr. McBride; the particular 
 scientific friend of the celebrated Elliott, of Charleston, S. C. Natural History 
 Societies were to devote a secure place to the preservation of manuscript catalogues 
 of all collecting botanists. These catalogues were to be accessible to all, who com- 
 pile general or local tloras. A. E. 
 
17 
 
 LINDLEY'S NATURAL ORDERS, 
 
 [arranged alphabetically.] 
 
 Pirst column contains abbreviations of Orders. Second column present the numbers of 
 Jussieu's Natural Orders, which succeed this alphabetical list ; by which tluse may be 
 found, and t.lieir respective Genera. Third, t/ic names of Lbidlcy's Orders, and their 
 properties abbreviated. Fourth, the pages where each Order may be foundj according 
 to Lindley's arrangement of 1835. 
 
 Acanthacae. emet. ton — . - - . 
 
 Acerineae. sug. diu. cab. ^s. b. ast. feb. - - 
 
 Alismacea. sec-sti. amy. acr. - - . 
 
 Amarantaceae. cata. r. ton — . ... 
 
 Amarryllideae. stim. poi — . some poi-odo. 
 Ambrosiaeeae. ton. erne — . 
 
 Amygdalaceae. feb. pius-acid. ast. f. edi. b. ton. 
 Amyrideae. r. erne. diu. h. b. frag. res. gum. elat. 
 Anacardiaceae. f. h. poi. ton. tan. res. varnish. 
 Annonaceae. f. aro. b. bit-ton. - - . 
 
 Anthemideae. h. acr. f. res. sto- bit-ton. ase. cac. 
 Apocyneae. exp. dia. ton. r. bit. em. millc poi. 
 Araliaceae. r. res-ton. pec. exp. heal. cac. haem. 
 Aristolochiae. ath. nau-bit. r. ton+. con. sto. stim. - 
 Aroideae. acr. poi. some aro. stom. 
 Artocarpeae, or JVIoreae. edi. some poi. 
 Asclepiadeae. exp. dia. ton. pleu. pneu. milk poi. - 
 Asphodeleae. ton. exp. stim. ast. squill and onion 
 Astereae. ton. sec-sti. dia. r. edi. dem. ton. chamomile 
 Aurantiaceae. f. cool. sto. ref. feb. frag. acid. 
 
 Balsameae. cath. diu. - - - . 
 
 Begoniaceae. eme — . ast — . ton — . - - . 
 
 Berberideae. b. ast. r. ton-f . dye. f. ref. gel. 
 Betulineae. ast. sto. feb. - . . j 
 
 Bignoniaceae. dem. det — . - . 
 
 Boragineae. ton. vul. r. dem. dye. 
 Bromeliaceae. edi. ref sug. aro. pine apple. 
 
 Cacteae. cool. emol. cata. acid — . - - - 
 
 Callitrichinae. emo — . - - . . 
 
 Calycantheae. f aro. ton. .... 
 
 Campanulaceae. ton — . - - . . 
 
 Cappaiidea'. asc. sti. aper. 
 
 Caprifoliaceae. r. erne—, h, lax — . some ton. feb. 
 Carduaceae. sec-sti. ton. h. if nau. cath. r. eme. 
 Caryophylleae.* odo. dem. asc. 
 Cedreleae feb. ton. cab. stim. 
 
 * This order includes Alcinaceae and Silenaceae. 
 3 
 
 Aca. 
 
 39 
 
 Ace. 
 
 66 
 
 Ali. 
 
 13 
 
 Ama. 
 
 30 
 
 Amarr. 
 
 17 
 
 Amb. 
 
 55 
 
 Amy. 
 Amyr. 
 Ana. 
 
 92 
 94 
 94 
 
 Ann. 
 
 76 
 
 Ant. 
 
 55 
 
 Apo. 
 Ara. 
 
 47 
 
 59 
 
 Ari. 
 
 33 
 
 Aro. 
 
 7 
 
 Art. 
 
 98 
 
 Asc. 
 
 47 
 
 Asp. 
 
 Ast. 
 
 16 
 
 55 
 
 Aur. 
 
 70 
 
 Bal. 
 
 73 
 
 Beg. 
 Ber. 
 
 28 
 
 78 
 
 Bet. 
 
 99 
 
 Big. 
 
 40 
 
 Bor. 
 
 43 
 
 Bro. 
 
 15 
 
 Cac. 
 
 85 
 
 Cal. 
 
 88 
 
 Caly. 
 
 92 
 
 Cam. 
 
 52 
 
 Cap. 
 Capr. 
 Car. 
 
 64 
 
 58 
 54 
 
 Car. 
 
 82 
 
 Ced. 
 
 71 
 
 550 
 543 
 553 
 448 
 552 
 549 
 545 
 546 
 546 
 541 
 549 
 550 
 541 
 548 
 552 
 546 
 551 
 553 
 549 
 544 
 
 545 
 550 
 541 
 546 
 550 
 551 
 552 
 
 542 
 547 
 546 
 549 
 542 
 549 
 549 
 544 
 544 
 
18 lindley's natural orders. 
 
 Celastrineae. ton-catli. det. pial. - - - 544 
 
 Ceratopliylleae. emo — . cata — . ... 546 
 
 Chenouodiaceae. nut. lax. asc. beet sug. - - 548 
 
 Chrysobalaneae. ton — . dem. f. edi. - - - 549 
 
 Cichoraceae, sal. asc. asc. ano. - - - 545 
 
 CircasBa. - - - - - - 541 
 
 Ciiichoiieae. ton. ast. feb-}-. - - - 549 
 
 Cinerocephalae. sec. slim. r. eme. ... 549 
 
 Cistineae. stiin. ano. cut. ... 543 
 
 Coinmelineae. ton — . ..... 553 
 
 Conifereae. res. pec. b. la.Y. cou. con. - - 547 551 
 
 Convolvulaceae. r. oath. edi. jalap, h. cata. - - 549 
 
 Corymbeferae. sec-slim. r. enie. ... 549 
 
 Crasulaceae. h. niuc. lax. cool to tviii — . det. - 546 
 
 Cruciferae. asc. sal. lax. s. con. nut. pun. sti. - - 542 
 
 Cucurbitaceae. f. ref. lax. h. catli. em. - - 542 
 
 Cupulitereae. b. tan. ton. ast. f. nut. amy. tim. - - 546 
 
 Cycadeae. f. edi. pith. amy. sago. ... 551 
 
 Cyperaceae. fod. ton — . .... 553 
 
 Datisceae. ton. det. bit. - . . - - 547 
 
 Dioscoreae. ton. r. amy. edi. yam. ... 552 
 
 Dipsaceae. ton. teazle of fullers. ... 5-50 
 
 Droseraceae. ton — .- - . - - 542 
 
 Ebenaceae. f. edi, ton. b. ast-j-. feb. w. cab. - 549 
 
 Elaeagneae. ton. ..... 5.57 
 
 Elalineae. dem — . - - - - - 543 
 
 Empeterea. ton — . dem — . acr — . .... 546 
 
 Eupatorineae. sec-stim-f- eme. feb. cold.fev. - 549 
 
 Euphorbiaceae. r. ast. deob. some ole. arc. em. castor oil. 544 
 
 Ericeae. bit-ton. sed. aio. e-o. sto. - - . 548 
 
 Ficoideae. f. edi. nut-(-. lax. b. ton — . - - - 542 
 
 Fluviales. dem. a})plied to tumors ... 547 552 
 
 Fumariaceae. r. acr. bit. dia. aper. ... 54O 
 
 Gallacineae. ast. ton — . .... 
 
 Gentianeae. r. bit. ton-f-. .... 550 
 
 Geraniaceae. aro. ton. ast. .... 545 
 
 Gramineae. ton. far. tod. ..... 553 
 
 Grosseulariae. ref. feb. dysp. .... 541 
 
 Guttiferale. ton. ...... 
 
 Haemodoraceae. ton — . .... 
 
 Halorageae. ape. ton — . - - - . . 541 
 
 Hamamelaceae. ton — . some feb. ... 542 
 
 Helianllieae. sole-j-. sto. ton. .... 549 
 
 Heleotropieae. ton. test. .... 551 
 
 Hieraceae. sec-sti. ..... 549 
 
 Hippocaslaneae. ton — . lax — . ... 543 
 
 Hydrocliarideae. emol. ..... 552 
 
 Hydrocliarides. ton — . .... 552 
 
 Hydroleaceae. r. epis. bit-ton. .... 549 
 
 Hydropbylleae. asp. ton — . .... 55£ 
 
 Hypericineae. li. ast — . cath. feb — . ... 543 
 
 Ilypoxideae. ton — . . - . . 552 
 
 Ilicineae.* b. ton — . eme. ast. holly, cab. - - - 549 
 
 lUecebreae. ast — . - . - . . 544 
 
 Inulae. r. exp. ton. ..... 546 
 
 Irideae. g-r. acr. cat. ton. aro. dia. dysp. - - 552 
 
 * This is also Aquifoliaceae. 
 
 Gel- 
 
 95 
 
 Cer. 
 
 88 
 
 Che. 
 
 29 
 
 Chr. 
 
 92 
 
 Cic. 
 
 57 
 
 Cir. 
 
 88 
 
 Cin. 
 
 57 
 
 Gin. 
 
 54 
 
 Cis. 
 
 80 
 
 Com. 
 
 13 
 
 Con. 
 
 100 
 
 Coin. 
 
 44 
 
 Cag. 
 
 55 
 
 Cra. 
 
 83 
 
 Cru. 
 
 63 
 
 Cue. 
 
 97 
 
 Cup. 
 
 99 
 
 Cyc. 
 
 100 
 
 Cyp- 
 
 9 
 
 Dat. 
 
 98 
 
 Dio. 
 
 12 
 
 Dip. 
 
 56 
 
 Dro. 
 
 68 
 
 Ebe. 
 
 49 
 
 Elae. 
 
 24 
 
 E!e. 
 
 86 
 
 Ernp. 
 
 96 
 
 Eup. 
 
 55 
 
 Euph. 
 
 96 
 
 Ere. 
 
 51 
 
 Fie. 
 
 87 
 
 Flu. 
 
 7 
 
 Fum. 
 
 93 
 
 Gal. 
 
 83 
 
 Gen. 
 
 46 
 
 Ger. 
 
 73 
 
 Gra. 
 
 10 
 
 Gro. 
 
 85 
 
 Gut. 
 
 69 
 
 Hae. 
 
 18 
 
 Hal. 
 
 88 
 
 Ham. 
 
 78 
 
 Heli. 
 
 55 
 
 Helio. 
 
 43 
 
 Hier. 
 
 53 
 
 Hip. 
 
 66 
 
 Hydr. 
 
 88 
 
 Hydro. 
 
 , 22 
 
 Hydr. 
 
 44 
 
 Hydrop. 43 
 
 Hyp. 
 
 68 
 
 Hypo. 
 
 17 
 
 Hi. 
 
 95 
 
 111. 
 
 30 
 
 Inu. 
 
 55 
 
 Irid. 
 
 18 
 
lindley's natural orders, 19 
 
 Jasmineae. ton. sto. . - . . . 551 
 
 Juglandeae. b. cath. eme. f. ole. edi. - - 546 
 
 Juucagineaa. ton — . fod — . .... 553 
 
 Junceae. fod — . - - - . . 55'4 
 
 Labiatae. sto. car. ton. dia. bev. e-o. cool. Jla. col. - 550 
 
 Laurineae. arc. sto. b. & r. deob. asp. exp. - - 547 
 
 Legumenoseae.* f. nut. g-h. asc. ... 545 
 
 Lentibulariae. ton — . .... 550 
 
 Liliaceae. dia — . eino. ..... 553 
 
 Lineae. s. muc. dem-cata. b. flax. ... 543 
 
 Laosaceae. emo. slinging. .... 
 
 Lobeljaceae. acr-nar. eme-f-- exp. dia. - - 549 
 
 Lorantheae. ton — . ast. ..... 542 
 
 Magnoliaceae. aro-bit. rlic. .... 54I 
 
 Malvaceae, emo. muc. f. nut. ... 544 
 
 Marantaceae., amy. ..... 552 
 
 Melanthaceae. r. h. bit-ton. acr. ath. itch. - - 553 
 
 Melastoniaceae ton. ast. .... 542 
 
 Meliaceae. feb — . ton. stim. .... 544 
 
 Menispermea. ton. dia. dysp. s. nar. - - 448 
 Musaceae. f. edi. amy. banana. - . 
 
 Myoporineae. (See Bignoniae. ) ... 550 
 
 Myriceae. r. ast. f. producing wax. aro. ton. - - 546 
 
 Myrtaceae. f. aro. ton. 1. odo. b. ast. - - 542 
 
 Nelumboneae. r. amy. nut. .... 541 
 
 Nyctagineae. r. oath, eme — . ... 543 
 
 Nymphaceae. r. nar. sed. ast — . .... 540 
 
 Oleaciae. f. ole. emo. lax. ton — . o. edi. - . 551 
 
 Oiiagareae. ton — . ast — . emo. - . . . 541 
 
 Orchideae. r. amy. vis. aro. (salep) war. . - 554 
 
 Orobancheae. bit. ast. - . . . . 559 
 
 Oxalidea. aci. ref. ace. - . . . 545 
 
 Palmae. nut. ole. vin. amy. sago, cocoa. - . 553 
 
 Papaveraceae. e. off. ano-|-. some r. feb-f- poi. nar. 540 
 
 Pa — payaceae. ver. 1. sapo. f. edi. ... 543 
 
 Passifloreae. r. eme. pec. omam. ... 553 
 
 Pedalineae. emo — . dem. .... 559 
 
 Pbiladelpheae. f. h. ton. act. ... 542 
 
 Pliytolacceae. eme. nar. - . . . . 543 
 
 Piperaceae. con. acrid, war. sto. aro. Jlat. - - 547 
 
 Pistiaceae. acr — . turn. ..... 553 
 
 Piantagineae. lax. cool. dem. turn. ... 55Q 
 
 Piantaiieae. ton — . bit. ornament. ... 547 
 
 Plumbagineae. r. asc-(-. ajn. some ton. r. acr-cau. - .550 
 
 Podophylleae. r. cath-(-. .... 540 
 
 Polemoniaceae. ton — . h. nar — . ... 549 
 
 Polygaleae. r. sial. sud. exp. ast. rheu. - - . 543 
 
 Poiygoneae. 1. acr. amy. nut. lax. rubarb. cath. - 548 
 
 Pomaceae. r. & h. ton. f. ref. lax. ... 544 
 
 Pontedereae. ton — . .... 553 
 
 Portulaceae. muc. nut-lax. .... 544 
 
 Priir.ulaceae. sop. ast. sed. .... 543 
 
 Pyrolaceae. h. bit-ton. diu. healing. ... 543 
 
 Ranunculaceae. g-r. poi-|-. h. acr. epis. ver. some dra-eme. 540 
 
 Resedaceae. asc. ape. - - . . 542 
 
 Rhamneae. cath. r. hea. f. pec. bev. some juri-paste. - 544 
 
 This Order includes Mimoseae. Gum arabic, catechu. 
 
 Jas. 
 
 34 
 
 Jug. 
 
 94 
 
 Jun. 
 
 7 
 
 June. 
 
 13 
 
 Lab. 
 
 72 
 
 Lau. 
 
 27 
 
 Leg. 
 
 93 
 
 Len. 
 
 35 
 
 Lidi. 
 
 14 
 
 Lin. 
 
 82 
 
 Loas. 
 
 88 
 
 Lob. 
 
 52 
 
 Lor. 
 
 58 
 
 Mag. 
 
 75 
 
 Malva. 
 
 74 
 
 Mar. 
 
 20 
 
 Mel. 
 
 13 
 
 Mela. 
 
 90 
 
 Meli. 
 
 71 
 
 Men. 
 
 77 
 
 Mus. 
 
 19 
 
 Myo. 
 
 40 
 
 Myr. 
 
 99 
 
 Myrt. 
 
 89 
 
 Nel. 
 
 62 
 
 Nye. 
 
 32 
 
 Nym. 
 
 62 
 
 Olea. 
 
 34 
 
 Ona. 
 
 88 
 
 Orch. 
 
 21 
 
 Orob. 
 
 36 
 
 Oxa. 
 
 72 
 
 Pam. 
 
 11 
 
 Pap. 
 
 62 
 
 Papay. 
 
 97 
 
 Pass. 
 
 26 
 
 Ped. 
 
 40 
 
 Phil. 
 
 89 
 
 Phy. 
 
 29 
 
 Piper. 
 
 98 
 
 Pis. 
 
 7 
 
 PI a. 
 
 31 
 
 Plan. 
 
 99 
 
 Plu. 
 
 33 
 
 Pod. 
 
 62 
 
 Pol. 
 
 45 
 
 Poly. 
 
 93 
 
 Poly. 
 
 28 
 
 Pom. 
 
 92 
 
 Pont. 
 
 17 
 
 Por. 
 
 86 
 
 Prim. 
 
 35 
 
 Pjr. 
 
 57 
 
 Ran. 
 
 61 
 
 Res. 
 
 14 
 
 Rha. 
 
 95 
 
20 lindley's natural orders. 
 
 Rhizophorae. ast — . bit — . . . - - 542 
 
 Rhodoraceae. aro — . deob. (See Ericea.) - - 548 
 
 Rosaceae. f. conserves, ref. lax. r. ton. b. aro. ast. - 545 
 
 Rutaceae. acr. stini. 1. epis. bit. atii. - - 544 
 
 Salicariae. ast. acr. ..... 544 
 
 Salicineae. ast. ton — . dia. catb — . b. feb. - - 541 
 
 Sanguisorbeae. ton. ast. cool-bev. ast. - - - 545 
 
 Santalaceae. sed. ton. .... 545 
 
 Sapindaceae. f. det. r. ape. 1. poi. - - - 543 
 
 Sapoteae. b. ast. s. diu. f. ole. edi. s. feb. - - 543 
 Sarracenieae. cath — . erne — . .... 941 
 
 Saurureae. cath — . ast. .... 547 
 
 Saxifrageae. ast — . ton — .... 546 
 
 Sclerantaceae. ton — . .... 548 
 
 Scrophularineae. cath. eme. ast. abs. dro. pec. - - 550 
 
 Smilaceae. lax. dia. nar — . amy. . . ^ 552 
 
 Solaneae. nar-(-. f. & 1. poi. r. amy. nut. - - 551 
 
 Spigehaceae. g-h. ath-]-. cath. ver+. - - 550 
 Staphylaceae. cath. dem — . .... 544 
 
 Stellatae. ton. diu. dye. ast. ... 549 
 
 Styraceae. aro. sti. ast. res. benzoin. - - 549 
 
 Ternstromiaceae. bev. ton. nar. aro. sto. - - 543 
 
 Thymeleae. b. caus — . .... 547 
 
 Tiliaceae. muc.*«mo. cata. dia. con. lax. - - 544 
 
 Tropaeoleae. asc. far. con. .... 545 
 Turneraceae. emo. cata — . .... 543 
 
 Typhaceae. 1. used in arts, pollen ast. - - 552 
 
 Ulmaceae. ton, some muc. cata. lax. some bit-ast. - 547 
 
 Umbellifereae. sto. if odo. poi. if nau. r. edi. if not nau. 541 
 
 Urticeae. ton. b. stinging, rubifac. hop. res. sto. - 546 
 
 Vaceineae. f. res. lax. ref. gal. - - - 548 
 
 Valereaneae. r. ner-(-. sed. /;a<. h. bit-ton. ver. - - 550 
 
 Verbenaceae. h. dis. cata. aro. r. bit. - - 550 
 
 Violaceae. text. tine. off. cath — . - - - 542 
 
 Vitis. f. ref vin. sug. ase. . . - - 541 
 
 Wintereae. b. &, h. aro. spi. sto. b. stim. r - 541 
 
 Xanthoxyleae. aro. pun. stira-(-. sto. rhm. • 545 
 
 Xyrideae. fod — . ..... t 553 
 
 Zygophylleae. ton. war. sud. guaiacum. - r 545 
 
 Rhiz. 
 
 91 
 
 Rho. 
 
 67 
 
 Ros. 
 
 92 
 
 Rut. 
 
 81 
 
 Salica. 
 
 91 
 
 Sali. 
 
 99 
 
 Sang. 
 
 92 
 
 Sant. 
 
 25 
 
 Sapi. 
 
 65 
 
 Sapo. 
 
 78 
 
 Sar. 
 
 62 
 
 Sau. 
 
 98 
 
 Sax. 
 
 84 
 
 Sol. 
 
 30 
 
 Scr. 
 
 37 
 
 Smi. 
 
 12 
 
 Sol. 
 
 38 
 
 Spi. 
 
 46 
 
 Sta. 
 
 95 
 
 Ste. 
 
 57 
 
 Sty. 
 
 71 
 
 Ten 
 
 70 
 
 Thy. 
 
 25 
 
 Til. 
 
 79 
 
 Tro. 
 
 73 
 
 Tur. 
 
 88 
 
 Typ. 
 
 8 
 
 Ulm. 
 
 99 
 
 Umb. 
 
 60 
 
 Urt. 
 
 98 
 
 Vac. 1 
 
 50 51 
 
 Val. 
 
 56 
 
 Ver. 
 
 41 
 
 Vie. 
 
 80 
 
 Vit. 
 
 72 
 
 Win. 
 
 57 
 
 Xan. 
 
 94 
 
 Xyr. 
 
 13 
 
 Zyg. 
 
 81 
 
21 
 
 LINDLEY'S NATURAL ORDERS, 
 
 [arranged under jussieu's centigrade.] 
 
 Note. The five lower orders of Cryptogamia are omitted here; but are introduced 
 at page 487. 
 
 5. FiLicEs (polypods, breaks, &c.) Genera 28 — described at pages 118 to 120. 
 Secernant stimulanls. 
 
 6. Naiades. Genus 1. (Chara) — described at page 108. Nauseous and cathartic. 
 
 SECOND GRAND DIVISION. 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. CLASS FIRST. 
 Stamens belovj the pistil. Flowers suh-petaloid. 
 
 7. AROIDEAE. 
 A. Aroideae. 
 Prop, acrid. 
 Acorus, L. 
 Orontium, L. 
 Calla, L. 
 Arum, L. 
 Calladium, Vent. 
 Renssejaeria, Beck. 
 Ictodes, Bw. 
 
 B. JUNCAGINEAE. 
 
 Tonic and cathartic. 
 Triglochin, L. 
 Scheuchzeria, L. 
 
 C. Fluviales. 
 Feeble tonics. 
 
 Podostemum, Mx. 
 Najas, L. 
 Potamogeton, L. 
 Zostera, L. 
 Ruppia, L. 
 Caulinia, Willd, 
 Zanichellia, L. 
 
 D. PiSTIACEAE. 
 
 Stimulant, acrid. 
 Pistia, L. 
 Lemna, L. 
 
 8. TYPHAE. 
 A. Typhaceae. 
 Prop. Typha, L. 
 Sparganium, L. 
 
 9. CYPEROIDEAE. 
 
 A. Cyperaceae. 
 
 Farinaceous, nutritious, 
 
 sugary. 
 
 1. True Cyperaceae, 
 
 Cyperus, L. 
 Kyllinga, Mx. 
 Scirpus. 
 
 Dulichium, Pers. 
 Mariscus. Vahl. 
 
 2. Scirpeae. 
 Mapania, L. 
 Fimbristylis, Vahl. 
 Eriophorum, L. 
 Dichromena, Michx. 
 Fuirena, Liu fil. 
 Schoenus, L. 
 Rhynchospora, Vahl. 
 Vaginaria, Rich. 
 
 3. Sclerae. 
 Scleria, L. 
 
 4. Cariciniae. 
 Carex, L. 
 
 10. GRAMINEAE. 
 A. Gramineae. 
 
 Cattle fodder, farinaceous 
 food, tonic. 
 
 1. Agrostideae, (Field-grass 
 
 like.) 
 Agrostis, L. 
 Cinna, L. 
 Phleum, L. 
 Polypogon, Desf. 
 Muhlenbergia, Shereb. 
 Bracliyelytrunj. 
 Phalaris, L. 
 Trichochloa, Desf. 
 Alopecurus, L. 
 Crypsis, Lamk. 
 
 2. Paniccae. (Panic-grass 
 
 like.) 
 Milium, L. 
 
 Digitaria, Hall. 
 Paspalum, L. 
 Orthopogon, R. Br. 
 Tripsacum, L. 
 Piptatherum, P. de Beauv. 
 Pennisetum, Nutt. 
 Aulaxanthus, Ell. 
 Beckmannia, Jacq. 
 Panicum, L. 
 Ceresia, Pers. 
 Manisuris, L. 
 Cenclirus, L. 
 3. Avenaceae. Oats-like. 
 Stipa, L. 
 Eriocoma, Nutt. 
 Aira, L. 
 Trisetum, Pers. 
 Uralepsis, Nutt. 
 Danthonia, Dc. 
 Aristida, L. 
 Anthoxanthum, L. 
 Miegia, Pers. 
 Holcus, L. 
 ■Arurido, L. 
 Calamagrostis, Roth. 
 Pleuraphis, Tor. 
 Avena, L. 
 Arrhenatherum. 
 Hierochloa, Gmel. 
 Psamma, P. d. B. 
 4. Fcstacaceu. (Fesc-gras0» 
 
 like.) 
 Festuca, L. 
 Diarrhena, Mx. 
 Poa, L. 
 •Coix. 
 
 Trichodium. 
 Vilfa. 
 
22 
 
 ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JESSIEU. 
 
 Sesleria, Scop. 
 Briza, L. 
 
 Ceialochloa, P. de B. 
 Koeleria, Pers. 
 "Windsoria, Nutt. 
 Melica, L. 
 Dactylis, L. 
 Bromus, L. 
 Glyceria, R. Brown. 
 Uniola, L. 
 
 5. CIdor'uimc. (Hair-beard 
 
 like.) 
 Chloris, Swlz. 
 Atlieropogon, Muhl. 
 Monocera, till. 
 Oxydena, Nut. 
 Cyriodoii, Rich. 
 Eleusine, Gaert. 
 
 6. Hurdcaccae. (Barley-like. 
 Hordeuni, L. 
 Triticum, L. 
 .S^gilops, L. 
 Limnelis, Richard. 
 Secale, L. 
 Lolium, L. 
 RoUboiiia, L. 
 Elyinus, L. 
 Lepturus, R. Brown. 
 Nardus, L. 
 
 7. Saccka/ineae. (Cane-like. 
 Saccharuni, L. 
 Erianlhus, Michx. 
 Andropogon, L. 
 Sorghum, Pers. 
 GyiTitiopogon, L. de B. 
 
 8. Ori/zeiie. (Rice-like.) 
 Leersia, L. 
 Zizania, L. 
 Oryzopsis, Michx. 
 Oryza, VVilld. 
 Hydrochloa, P. de B. non 
 
 Hort. Brit. 
 Zea, L. 
 
 9. Bainhusnccae. (Reed- 
 
 like.) 
 
 CLASS SECOND. 
 
 Stamens surrmindinir the pis- 
 til, above its base. 
 Flowers petio led. 
 
 11. PALM^. 
 A. Palm^. 
 Food, oil, wine and tonic re- 
 medies. 
 Chamaerops, L. 
 Sabal, Ad. 
 
 12. ASPARAGI. 
 A. SmilacejE. 
 Diuretic and demulcent. 
 Smilax, L. 
 Streptopus, Michx. 
 
 Uvularia, L. 
 Asparagus, L. 
 Gryonia, Nutt. 
 Convallaria, L. 
 Trillium, L. 
 
 B. DlOSCOREAE. 
 
 Tititritiuiis, tonic. 
 Dioscorea, L. 
 
 13. JUNCI. 
 
 A: Al.lSMACKAE. 
 
 Stivndaling and acrid, 
 Sagitlaria, L. 
 Alisma, L. 
 
 B. Cmmelineae. 
 Feeble tonics. 
 Commelina, L. 
 Tradescantia, L. 
 ) C. Xyrideae. 
 
 Antiscorbutic. 
 Xyris, L. 
 Tripterella, Mx. 
 Apteria, N. 
 
 D. Junceae. 
 JVeak tonics. 
 Jiincus,i.-L. 
 Narthecium, Mohr. 
 Pleea, Michx. 
 Liizula, Dc, 
 )Eriooaulon. 
 
 E. Melanthaceae. 
 Poisonous, antiscorbutic. 
 Melanthium, L. 
 Helonias, L. 
 Zigadenus, Mx. 
 Tofielda, Huds. 
 Nolina, Mx. 
 Xerophyllum, Mx. 
 Varatruin, L. 
 
 14. LTLTACEAE. 
 A. Lillaceae. 
 
 Diuertics, emollients. 
 Tulipa, Willd. 
 Yucca, L, 
 Pol\'anthes. 
 Lilium, L. 
 Hemerocallis. 
 Calochortus, Pursh. ^ 
 Friitillaria, L. 
 Erylhronium, L. 
 
 15. BROMELIA. 
 A. BroSieliaceae. 
 Refrigerants, cathartics. 
 Tillandsia, L. 
 Agave, L. 
 
 16. ASPHODELI. 
 
 (liyacinlh-like.) 
 
 A. Asphodeleae. 
 
 Bitter stimulants; some areeX' 
 
 pectorants and absorbents. 
 
 Scilli, L. 
 Allium, L. 
 Hyacinthus, L. 
 Ornitliogalum, L. 
 Aletris, L. 
 Brodiaea, Sm. 
 Phalangium. 
 Asphodelus, L. 
 
 17. NARCISSI. 
 
 Marcissus. 
 
 A. Hypoxideae. 
 Feeble tonics. 
 Hypoxis, L. 
 
 B. Amaryllideae. 
 Stimidants, and some poison- 
 ous. 
 Amaryllis, L. 
 Galanthus, Willd. 
 Pancratium, L. 
 Crinum, L. 
 
 C. Pontedereae. 
 Weak tonics. 
 Pontederia, L. 
 Syena, Willd. 
 Heleranthera, Beav. 
 Schollera, Schrb. 
 
 18. IRIDES. 
 
 A. Haemodoraceae. 
 Tunic. 
 Dilatris, Ker. 
 Conostylis, R. Brown. 
 
 B. Ikiueae. 
 Slightly stimulating, some are 
 
 poisonous. 
 Iris, L. 
 Crocus, Ker. 
 Sysiriiichium, L. 
 Ixia, L. 
 Tigridia. 
 
 CLASS THIRD. 
 Stamens on the pistil or 
 
 STYLE. 
 
 Flowers petaloid. 
 
 19. MUSAE. 
 A. Musaceae. 
 
 Tonic. 
 
 20. CANNAE. 
 A. Marantaceae. 
 Nutritious, tanic, demnlcent. 
 Thalia' L. 
 Canna, L. 
 
 21. ORCHTDEAE. 
 
 A. Orcuideae. 
 Nutritions, emollient. 
 1. Neotlieae. 
 ■Goodyera, R. Br. 
 Neottia, Sz. 
 
ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JESSIEU. 
 
 2. Arethuseac. 
 Pogonia, R. ]5r. 
 Ajjltictruin, Nutt. 
 Triphora, iXult. 
 Listeria, R. Br. 
 Corallorhiza, R. Br. 
 Arelliusa, L. 
 
 3. Ophrydeae. 
 Orcliis, L. 
 Ilabenaria, R. Br. 
 Tippularia, Nutt. 
 
 Cranichis. 
 Thalia. 
 Cynibekium. 
 Plutanthera. 
 
 4 E/jidcndrene' 
 Epidendruin, L. 
 Bietia, R. & P. 
 
 5. Maluxidcae. 
 Malaxis, Swartz. 
 JMicroslylis, Ntitt. 
 Calypso, Salisb. 
 
 6. Cypripcdcac. 
 Cypripedium, L. 
 
 22. HYDROCHARIDES. 
 
 A. Hydrochauides. 
 Weak tonics somachat nutri- 
 tious. 
 Hydrocliaris, L. 
 Vulis-neria, L. 
 Serpicula, Muhl. 
 
 THIRD GRAND DIVISION. 
 
 DICOTELODONOUS PLANTS. Section first. Flowers apetalous. 
 
 CLASS FOURTH. 
 
 Stamens o\ the pistils. 
 23. ARISTOLOCHIAE. 
 
 A. Aristom)chiae. 
 I'oiiir and stimulating. 
 
 Aristolochia, L. 
 Asarum, L. 
 
 CLASS FIFTH. 
 Stamens around the germ 
 
 ABOVE the base. 
 
 24. KLiEAGNL 
 
 A. Elaeagseae. 
 Tonic. 
 Eleaghus, L. 
 Hippopliae. 
 Nysisa. 
 
 25. THYMELEAE, 
 A. Santalaceae. 
 
 Rffritrcrent, sedative. 
 Nvssa, L. 
 Hainiltoiiia, Muhl. 
 Thesium. 
 
 B. THYMELEAE, 
 
 Caustic, cathartic. 
 Dirca, L. 
 Daphne. 
 
 26. PROTEAE. 
 A. Proteae. 
 Weak tunics. 
 
 27. LAURL 
 A. Laurineae. 
 
 Aromatic, stomachic, icarm- 
 
 ing. 
 Laurus, L. 
 
 28. POLYGONEAE. 
 
 A. PoLYGONEAE. 
 
 Calkarlic. cooling. 
 Brunichia Gaert. 
 Calligonum. 
 Polygonum, L. 
 
 Rheum. 
 Rumex, L. 
 Oxyria, Hill. 
 Eriogonum, Michx. 
 
 B. Begoniaceae. 
 
 Bitter astringent. 
 
 29. ATRIPLICES. 
 
 A. Chenopodeae. 
 Nutritious, tonic. 
 
 Chenopodium, L. 
 Carnphorasina. 
 Salicornia, L. 
 Blitmn, L. 
 Kochia, Schr. 
 Atriplex, L. 
 Corisperiiium, L. 
 Beta. 
 Diotis, L. 
 Acnida, L. 
 Salsola, L. 
 Spinacea. 
 Polycnemum, L. 
 
 B. Phytolacceae. 
 Deolistruent, emetic. 
 
 Phytolacca, L. 
 Rivinia, L. 
 
 CLASS SIXTH. 
 
 Siamens heluw the oerm. 
 30. AMARANTL 
 A. Illecebreae. 
 Astringent. 
 Queria. 
 Siphonychia. 
 Stipulicida. 
 Polycarpon, L. 
 Soeflingia. 
 
 B. Amarantaceae. 
 Dieure/ic, nutritious. 
 Amaranthus, L. 
 Achyranthes, L. 
 Anychia. 
 Paroiiynliia. 
 Oplolheca, Nutt. 
 Gomphrena. 
 
 Iresine, L. 
 
 Celosia. 
 
 Philoxerus. 
 
 C. Sclekantheae. 
 Feeble tonic, 
 Scleranthus, L. 
 
 31. PLANTAGINEAE. 
 A. Plantagineae. 
 Emollient, astringent. 
 Plantago, L. 
 
 32. NYCTAGINES. 
 A. Nyctagineae. 
 
 Cathartic. 
 Boerhaavia, L. 
 AUionia, L. 
 Calymenia. 
 Mirabilis, Conradia, N. 
 
 33. PLUMBAGINES. 
 A. Pi.umbagineae. 
 
 Cathartic, tonic. 
 Statice, L. 
 
 CLASS SEVENTH. 
 
 Carols below the ircrm. 
 34. JASMINEAE. 
 
 A. Jasmineae. 
 Fragrant stomachics, tonics. 
 
 Jasuiinum. 
 
 B. Oleaceae. 
 Nutritions, tonic, febrifuge. 
 
 Olea, L. 
 Centaurella. 
 Syringa, L. 
 Ligustrum, L. 
 Fraxinus, L. 
 Chionanthus, L. 
 Ornus, Pers. 
 
 35. LYSIMACHIAE. 
 
 A. Primulaceae. 
 Some acrid, mostly feebly 
 tonic. 
 Primula, L. 
 
24 
 
 ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JESSIEU. 
 
 Trientalis, L* 
 Lysimachia, L. 
 Centunculus, L. 
 Androsace. L. 
 Hottonia, L. 
 Anagallis, L. 
 Sarnolus, L. 
 Dodecatheon, L. 
 Glaux, L. 
 
 Micranthemum, Michx, 
 B. Lentibulariae. 
 Scarcely tonic. 
 Pinguicula, L. 
 Utricularia, L. 
 
 36. PEDICULARES. 
 A. Orobancheae. 
 Astringent. 
 Orobanche, L. 
 Epiphegus, Nutt. 
 
 B. Rhinanthaceae. 
 Aromatic, tonic. 
 Rhinanthus, L. 
 Bartsia, L. 
 Melampyrum, L. 
 Pedicularis, L. 
 Euphrasia. 
 Juslicia. 
 
 Castilleja, Mutis. 
 Orthocarpus, Nutt. 
 Euchioma, Nutt. 
 
 37. SCROPHULARIAE, 
 
 A. Scrophularineae. 
 Acrid, poisonous, anti-scor- 
 butic. 
 
 1. Veroniceae. 
 Veronica, L. 
 Leptandra, Nutt. 
 
 2. Erinaccae. 
 Euchnera, L. 
 
 3. Scroplmlarinae. 
 Scrophularia, L. 
 Mimulus, L. 
 Schwalbea, L. 
 Herpestris, Gaert. 
 Limoselld, L. 
 Seymeria, Pursh. 
 Antirrihinum, L. 
 Gratiola, L. 
 Chelone, L. 
 Hemianthus, Nutt. 
 Capraria, L. 
 Digitalis, L. 
 Lindernia, L. 
 Pentstemori, Willd. 
 Collinsia, Nutt. 
 Gerardia, L. 
 Cliionanthus. 
 Gyninandra. 
 
 38. SOLANEAE. 
 
 A. SoLANEAE. 
 
 Poisonous fruit, not herbage 3. Ajugoideae. (Horsebalm 
 
 or root. like.) 
 
 1. Solaneac (Potatoe-like.) Ajuga 
 Solanum, L. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. 
 Androcera. 
 Physalis, L. 
 Datura, L. 
 Capsicum, L. 
 Nicotiana, L. ' 
 Lycium, L. 
 2. Verbasceae. (Mullein- 
 like.) 
 Verbascum, L. 
 Atropa. 
 
 39. ACANTHI. 
 
 A. ACANTHACEA. 
 
 Emollient, aromatic, ionic. Ocymum. 
 
 Molucella. 
 Teucrium, L. 
 Collinsonia, L. 
 Trichostema, L. 
 Ceranthera, Elliot. 
 
 4. Monurdeae. 
 Monarda, L. 
 Cunila, L. 
 Syiiandra, Nutt. 
 5. Ncpeteae. (Catmint-like.) 
 Leucas, R. Brown. 
 Lamium, L. 
 Nepeta, L, 
 Macbridea, Elliot. 
 Galeopsis, L. 
 
 Justicia, L. 
 Ruellia, L. 
 Elytraria, Michx. 
 
 40. BIGNONTAE. 
 
 A. Pedalineae. 
 •. Emollient. 
 
 Sesamum. 
 Martynia, L. 
 
 B. BlGNONIACEA. 
 
 Nutritious and tonic. 
 Bignonia, L. 
 Catalpa, Juss. 
 
 C. Myoporineae. 
 Astringent. 
 
 Avicennia, L. 
 
 41. VITICES. 
 A. Verbenaceae. 
 
 Dracocephalum, L. Bentb< 
 Glechoma, L. 
 Melissa, L. 
 Leonurus, L. 
 Stachys, L. 
 Marrubium, L. 
 Hedeoma, Pers* 
 Calamintha, Ph. 
 Scutellaria, L. 
 Clinopodiuni, L. 
 Salvia, L. 
 Prunella, L. 
 
 6. Ocymoideae. 
 Hyptis, Jacq. 
 
 43. BORAGINEAE. 
 A. Boragineae. 
 Emollient and astringents 
 Borago. 
 
 Dieuretic and moderately tonic. Li thospermum, L. 
 
 Verbena, L. 
 Lantana, L. 
 Callicarpa, L. 
 Zapania, Link. 
 
 42. LABIATEAE. 
 A. Labjateae. 
 Stomachic, tunic. 
 Boltania. 
 Lavandula. 
 Rosmarinus. 
 
 1. Mcnthoidea. (Mint-like.) 
 Lycopus, L. 
 Isanthus, Michx. 
 Mentha, L. 
 
 Symphytum, L. 
 Myosotis, L. 
 Pulmonaria, L. 
 Batschia, Gmel. 
 Echium, L. 
 Rochelia, L. 
 Anchusa. 
 Onosmodium, Mx. 
 Lycopsis, L. 
 Cynoglossum, L. 
 
 B. Heliothopiceae* 
 
 Astringent. 
 Heliotropium, L. 
 
 C. Hydrophylleae. 
 Emollient, feebhi tonic^ 
 
 TuUia. Hydrophyllum, L. 
 
 2. .SV/<2<remeae. (Savory-like. )Phacelia, Mx. 
 
 Satureja. 
 
 Tliymus, L. 
 
 liyssopus. 
 
 Rosmarinus. 
 
 Phryma. 
 
 Pycnanthemum, Mchx. 
 
 Origanum, L. 
 
 Nemophila, N. 
 Ellisia, L. 
 
 44. CONVOLVULL 
 A. ConvolVulaceae. 
 Roots mostly cathartic. 
 Convolvulus, L. 
 
ORDERS" OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU. 
 
 25> 
 
 Evolvuliis, L. 
 Iponiea. 
 
 Dichondra, Foist. 
 Cuscnta, ]j, 
 
 B. Hydroleaceae. 
 Tunic. 
 Hydrolea, L. 
 Diupensia, L. 
 
 45. POLEMONIA, 
 
 A. POLEMONIACEAE. 
 
 Scarcely tunic. 
 Polemonium, L. 
 Collomia, N. 
 Phlox, L. 
 Cantua. 
 Acerales. 
 
 46. GENTIANEAE. 
 
 A. Gentianeae. 
 I'ery tunic. 
 
 Gentiana, L. 
 Sabbatia:, Adans. ^ 
 Opliiorhiza. 
 Lisianthus, P. Br. 
 Obolaria, L. 
 Swerlia, L. 
 Exacum, L. 
 Houstonia, L. 
 Villarsia, Vent. 
 Frasera, Walt. 
 Bartouia, Ph. 
 Polypreinum, L. 
 Menjanthes, L. 
 
 B. SPIGELIACEAE. 
 
 Vermifugo, cathartic. 
 Spigelia, L. 
 
 47. APOCYNEAE. 
 
 A. ASCLEPIADEAE. 
 
 Acrid, stimulating, emetic, 
 sudui ific. 
 Podostigma. 
 Gonoiobus, Mx. 
 Enslenia, N. 
 Asclepias, L. 
 Avicennia. 
 Cynanchum, L. 
 Vinca. 
 
 Periploca, L. 
 Hbya. 
 
 B. Apocyneae. 
 Very acrid, febrifuge, emetic, 
 
 sudorific. 
 Apocynum, L. 
 Gelseminum, Ju. 
 Amsonia, Walt. 
 Echites, L. 
 
 28. SAPOTAE. 
 A. Sapote^:. 
 Food, diuretic, tonic. 
 Bumelia, Swtz. 
 
 CLASS EIGHTH. 
 
 CoROLS SURROUNDING THE 
 GERM, ABOVE THE BASE. 
 
 49. GUAICANAE. 
 
 A. Ebenaceae. 
 Nutritious, tonic. 
 
 Diospyros. 
 
 50. RHODENDRA, and 
 51. ERICAE. 
 
 A. Ericeae. 
 Diuretic, astringent. 
 1. Ericeae vcrue. (Heath- 
 like, or wintergreen-like. ) 
 Erica. 
 Pyrrocoma. 
 Laussurea. 
 Arbutus, L. 
 Mylocarium, W, 
 Elliotlia, Muhl. 
 Gaulllieria, l. 
 Clellira, l. 
 Menziesia. l. 
 Andromeda, L. 
 Cyrilla, i.. 
 Pickeringia, N. 
 S. Rhodoruceae. (Honey- 
 
 suckle-like. ) 
 Kalmia, l. 
 Rhododendron, l. 
 Ledum l. 
 Epigea, l. 
 Leiophyllum, Ell. 
 Bejaria, Mx. 
 Rhodora, l. 
 Azalea, l. 
 
 B. Vaccineae. 
 Astringent, tonic ; fruit 
 refrigerant. 
 Vaccinium, l. 
 Oxycoccus, P. 
 
 C. Pyrolaceae. 
 
 Tonic, diuretic. 
 Chimaphila. 
 Monotropa, l. 
 Pyrola, l. 
 Monotropsis. 
 Pteiospora, N. 
 
 52. CAMPANULACEAE, 
 
 A. COMPANULACEAE. 
 
 Mild tonics, those loith milky 
 
 juice are acrid. 
 Campanula, l. 
 Specularia, Hiest. 
 
 B. LOBELIACEA. 
 
 Acrid when they contain milk, 
 
 mostly poisonous. 
 Lobelia, l. 
 Clintonia, Doug. 
 
 CLASS NINTH. 
 
 CoROLS ON THE GERM, 
 
 ANTHERS UNITED. 
 
 CoMPOSITAE. 
 
 Tonic hitter, cecerncnt stimu-- 
 lanls, carrninitives, 
 
 53. CICHORACE^. 
 
 Secernent, stimulants, 
 
 anodynes. 
 
 Hieraceae. (Hawk^Veed- 
 like.) 
 
 Cichorium. 
 
 Hieraceum, L. — D. Don. 
 
 Prenanthes, l. 
 
 Lygodesmia, Don. 
 
 Taraxaceae. ( Dandelion- 
 like. ) 
 
 Leontodon, Schreb. 
 
 Tragopogon. 
 
 Troximon, P. 
 
 Apargia, Scop. 
 
 Lapsaiiia, L. 
 
 Lactuceae. (Lettuce-like.)- 
 
 Lactuca, L. 
 
 Sonchus, L. 
 
 Borkhaasia, Moench. 
 
 Schorzonera. 
 
 Ammobiuin. 
 
 Apogon. 
 
 Krigia. 
 
 54. CINEROCEPHALAE. 
 
 Secernent stimulant ; if 
 \nanseous, cathartic. 
 A. Carduaceae. (Thistle- 
 like.) 
 Chaptalia, Vent. 
 Carduus, L. 
 Centaurea, l. 
 Echinops, W. 
 Calendula, L. 
 Cnicus, L. 
 Sausurea, Dc. 
 Carthamus, W. 
 Brickellia. 
 Arctium, r. 
 Onopordon, t. 
 Cynara, W. 
 
 55. CORYMBIFERAE. 
 
 Tonics and secernent slimti' 
 la.nts, feb. sud, 
 A. Inulae. (Elicampane- 
 
 like.) 
 Elephantopus, l. 
 Liatris, l. 
 Pyrrocoma, Hk. 
 Pterocaulon, E. 
 Arnica, i.. 
 Gnaphalium, l. 
 Antennaria, R. Brown. 
 Tagetes. 
 
 0. H. HILL LIBRARY 
 
26 
 
 ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU. 
 
 Veinonia,L. 
 Baccharis, l. 
 Inula, L, 
 Erachyris. 
 Buphthalmum, l. 
 Espeletia, H. and B. 
 Gjinnoslylis, 
 Conyza, l. 
 Baltimora. 
 Chrysopsis. 
 Stokesia, le'Her. 
 Madia. 
 
 B.'AsTEREAE. (Star-flower- 
 like.) 
 Erigeron, l. 
 Diplopappus, Cassin. 
 Chrysocoma, l. 
 Aster, L. 
 
 Tripolium, Dod. Nees. 
 Euribia, Cassin. 
 Galatella, Cassin. 
 Boltonia, le'Her. 
 Townsendia, Hk. 
 Crinitaria, Cassin. 
 Solidago, L. 
 Bellis, L. 
 
 C. EUPATORINEAE. (BonS- 
 
 set like.) 
 Kuhnia, e. 
 Stevea, Con. 
 Tussilago, L. 
 Cineraria, l. 
 Nardosmia. 
 Enpatorium, l. 
 Polypteris. N. 
 Senecio, l. 
 }3(Ebera, W. 
 I\j'ikania, W. 
 Caealia, L. 
 Donia. 
 
 D. Heliantheae. (Sun- 
 
 ttower-like. ) 
 Hymenopappus, le'Her. 
 iMarshallia, Ph. 
 Melenium, l. 
 Zinnia, l. 
 Gallardia. Lk. 
 Coreopsis, Jacq. 
 Chrysogonuni, L. 
 Leptopoda, N. 
 Pedis, L. 
 Starkea. 
 
 Trichophyllum, N. 
 Blepharipappus, Hk. 
 f^clipta, L. 
 Siegesbeckia. 
 Bidens, i,. 
 Silphium, r,. 
 Balduina, N. 
 Melananthera, Mx. 
 Tetragonotheca, le'Her. 
 Heliopsis. 
 Helianthus, l. 
 
 Wyethia, N. 
 
 Rudbeckia, l. 
 
 Acmella. 
 
 Actinella. 
 
 Actinomeris. 
 
 Ageratum. 
 
 Dablia. 
 
 Calliopsis, Reichenb. 
 
 Polymnia, l. 
 
 Chrysanthemum, l. 
 
 Pyrelhrum, W. 
 
 E. Akthemiuf.ae. (May- 
 weed-like.) 
 
 Sparganophorus, Mx. 
 
 Anthemis, l. 
 
 Sanlolina, l. 
 
 Tanacetum, l. 
 
 Achillea, l. 
 
 Artemisia, l. 
 
 Omalanthus, Lessing. 
 
 Verbesina. 
 
 Matricaria. 
 
 F. Ambrosiacea. (Hog- 
 weed-like.) 
 
 Partheniumj l. 
 
 Xanthium, l. 
 
 Iva, Lr 
 
 Ambrosia, l. 
 
 CLASS TENTH. 
 
 COROLS ON THE GERM, AN- 
 THERS SEPARATE. 
 
 56. DTPSACEAE. 
 
 A. DlPSACEAE. 
 
 JFeak tonics. 
 Scabiosa. 
 Dipsacus, L. 
 
 B. Valerianeae. 
 Tonic, aromatic, vermifuge. 
 Plectritis, Dc. 
 Valeriana, L. 
 Patrinea, Juss. 
 Fedia. 
 
 Valerianella, Dc. 
 Phyilactis, P. 
 
 57. RUBIACEAE. 
 A. Stellatae. 
 
 Astringent, and a good 
 dye weed. 
 Rubia, L. 
 Galium, L. 
 
 B. CiNCHONEAE. (Peruvian- 
 bark-like.) 
 Powerful febrifuge, tonics. 
 1. Spenna eocene. 
 Spermacocea, Mayer. 
 Diodia, L. 
 Cinchonia. 
 
 2. Cephalantheae. (Button- 
 bush- like.) 
 Cephalanthus, I.. 
 
 3. Hedyotideae. 
 Hedyotis, L. 
 Anotis, Do. 
 
 4. Cinclionaea. 
 Pinkneya, Mx. 
 
 5. Psycholriaceae. 
 Chiococca, P. Br. 
 Psychotria, L. 
 Milchella, L. 
 
 58. CAPRIFOLIA. 
 A. Caprifoi.iaceae. 
 Astringent, fragrant. 
 I. Lonicereae. (Honeysuckle- 
 like.) 
 Xylosteum. 
 Triosteum, L. 
 Lonicera, R. and S. 
 Symphoricarpus, Dill. 
 Diervilla, Tourn. 
 Linnaea, Gron. 
 Symphoria, P. 
 
 2. ^amhucinea, 
 (ftder-like.) 
 Viburnum, L. 
 Sambucus, L. 
 
 3. Hedereae. 
 Hedera. 
 Cornus, e. 
 
 4. Hydrangeae. 
 Hydrangea, l. 
 Horlensia. 
 
 B. Lorantheae. 
 Astringent. 
 Viscum, L. 
 Arceuthobium, M. Bieb. 
 
 Section third. Floiccrspoly- 
 
 jjttalous. 
 
 CLASS ELEVENTH. 
 
 Stamens on the germ. 
 
 51). ARALIAE. 
 
 Stimulants. 
 
 Aralia, l. 
 
 Panax, L. ■- 
 
 60. UMBELLIFEREAE. 
 
 A. Umbelufereae. 
 Stomachic, or narcotic if nau- 
 seous. 
 
 1. Orthospcrmaeac. 
 (Fennel-like.) 
 Hydrocolyle, l. 
 Sanicula, l. 
 Zizia, Koch. 
 Coriandrum. 
 Bupleurum, l, 
 Seseli, L. 
 Angelica, l. 
 Carum. 
 
 Polytaenia, Dc. 
 Daucus, L. 
 Anethum. 
 
 / 
 
ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU. 
 
 27 
 
 Eryngium, l. 
 
 Sison. 
 
 Cnidium. 
 
 Arclieinora, Dc. 
 
 CEnanilie, l. 
 
 Cynosciadium, Do. 
 
 Cliaeropliyllura. 
 
 Osinorhiza. 
 
 Tliapsia, L. 
 
 Ferula, l. 
 
 Pastinaca, L. 
 
 Trepocarpus, N. 
 
 Eulophus, N. 
 
 Cyniopterus, Raf. 
 
 Apium. 
 
 Cicuta, L. 
 
 Helociadium, Koch. 
 
 Discopleura, Dc. 
 
 Leptocaulis, N. 
 
 Slum, L. 
 
 Uras[)erinum. 
 
 Cryplotaenia, Dc. 
 
 Ligusticum, l. 
 
 Thapsium, N. 
 
 Peucedanum, Koch. 
 
 Heracleum, l. 
 
 Aethusa. 
 
 2. Caiiipijlospcrmae. (Hem- 
 
 lock-hke. ) 
 Conium, l. 
 
 3. Codospermae. 
 Atrema, Dc. 
 
 CLASS TWELFTH. 
 Stamkns below the germ. 
 
 CA. RAX'JNCULACEAE. 
 
 A. Ranun'colaceae. 
 
 Acrid, c'lusiic, poisonous. 
 
 Tribe I. Cl.cmalidac. (Vir- 
 gin-bower-like.) 
 
 Atragene. 
 
 Clematis, l. 
 
 Cyrloihvncha. 
 
 T. 2. Aneinoneae. (Wild- 
 flovver-hke.) 
 
 Thalictrum, l. 
 
 Hydrastis, l. 
 
 Anemone, l. 
 
 Adonis, l. 
 
 Hepatica, l. 
 
 T. 3. Raiiunciilaceae. (Crow- 
 foot-like.) 
 
 Myosuris, l. 
 
 Ranunculus, l. 
 
 T. 4. HtUcborinae. Colum- 
 bine-like.) 
 
 Caltha, L. 
 
 Enemion, R. 
 
 Helleborus. 
 
 Trollius, L. 
 
 Aquilegia, l. 
 
 Delphinium, l. 
 
 Coptis, Sy. 
 
 Nigella. 
 
 Aconitum, l. 
 
 T. 5. Paeoneae. (Peony-like. 
 
 Actaea, l. 
 
 Xanthorhiza, l. 
 
 Ciniicifuga, l. 
 
 Paeonia, l. 
 
 Macrotys, R. 
 
 Hydropeltis. 
 
 Kectris. 
 
 62. PAPAVERACEAE. 
 A. Papaveraceae. (Poppy- 
 like.) 
 Narcotic, anodyne. 
 Papaver, l. 
 Platystemon. 
 Platystigma. 
 Sanguinaria, l. 
 Argemone, l. 
 JMeconopsis, Vig. 
 Glauciuni, l. 
 Chelidonium, l. 
 Chrysis. 
 Meconella. 
 
 B. NymphjEaceae. 
 Sedative and narotic. 
 
 ■ Nymphaea, S. 
 Nuphar, S. 
 
 C. Neh'mboneae. 
 Tonic and cathartic. 
 
 Nelumbium, Ju. 
 
 D. PoriOPHYLLEAE. 
 
 Cathartic. 
 Podophyllnm, l. 
 Jeffersonia, B. 
 
 E. SAriRACENIEAE. 
 
 Slightly cathartic. 
 Sarracenia, l. 
 Dendromecon. 
 
 63. CRUCIFERAE. 
 
 A. Cruciferae. 
 
 Antiscorbutic and nutritions. 
 
 T. 1. Fleurorhiteae. (Water 
 
 cress-like. 
 Cheiranthus, R. Brovvn. 
 Braya, Stermb. 
 Leavenworthia. 
 Lunaria. 
 Pachypodium. 
 Cardamine, L. 
 Visicaria, Lk, 
 Cochlearia, l. 
 Isatis. 
 Selenia, N. 
 
 Nasturtium, R. Brovvn. 
 Turiitis, l. 
 Dentaria, l. 
 Parrya, K. Brown. 
 Alyssum, l. 
 Tliysanocarpus, Hk. 
 Iberis, L. 
 
 Streptanthes, N. 
 Barbarea, R. Brown. 
 )Arabis, r,. 
 Camelina. 
 Crambe. 
 Phoenicaulis. 
 Draba, l. 
 Thlaspi, L. 
 Capsella, Vent. 
 Hutchinsia, R. Brown. 
 Cakile, i.. 
 T. 2. Notorhizcae. ( Pepper - 
 
 grass-like.) 
 Hesperis, l. 
 Stanleya, N. 
 Warea, N. 
 Coronopus. 
 Sysimbrium, l. 
 Senebiera, Poir. 
 Erysimum, i.. 
 
 Oreas, Cham and Schlecht. 
 Lepidium, l. 
 Platyspermum, Hk. 
 T. 3. Orthoploceae. (Mus- 
 tard-like.) 
 Sinapis, l. 
 Brassica, l. 
 Platypetalum. 
 
 T. 4. Diplecolobcae. 
 Subularia, l. 
 Eutrema. 
 Hynienolobus. 
 
 64. CAPPARIDES. 
 
 A. Capparideae. 
 Isorneris. 
 
 Cleome, l. 
 Crista tella. 
 Polanisia. 
 
 B. Resedaceae. 
 Tonic; used in dying. 
 
 Reseda. 
 Ellimia. 
 
 65. SAPINDL 
 C. SapindacejE. 
 
 Tonic or poisonous, 
 Cardiospermuai, l. 
 Sapindus, l. 
 Dodonaea. 
 
 66. ACERA. 
 
 A. Hippocasta.nae. Horse- 
 
 chesnut-Iike.) 
 Aesculus, L. 
 
 B. AcERINEi. 
 
 Sugary nutritious, tonic. 
 Acer. 
 Negundo. 
 
 67. MALPIGHIAE. 
 
 68. HYPERICA. 
 
ORDERS Of LINDLEY AND JDSSIEU. 
 
 A. HrpERicwEiE. (Johns- 
 
 wort-like.) 
 Cathartic and febrifuge. 
 Hypericum, l. 
 Ascyrum, i.. 
 Diodea. 
 
 B. DROsERACta:. (Sundew- 
 
 like.) 
 Slightly acrid, ionic. 
 Drose;a, l. 
 Dionaea, l. 
 
 69. GUTTIFERAE. 
 A. GdttiferejI:. 
 Cathartic, acrid. 
 
 70. AURANTIA. 
 
 A. TERNSTRojiiACEiE. (Tea 
 
 like. ) 
 Stomachic, tonic refrigerant 
 Thea. 
 
 Gorgonia, Ellis. 
 Stuartia, Cav. 
 
 B. AuRANTiACE^. (Orange 
 
 like.) 
 Stomachic, tonic, refrigerant. 
 Citrus. 
 Limonia. 
 
 71. MELIAE. 
 A. MELiACEa:. 
 Tonic. 
 Melia, t. 
 
 B. Gedrele^. (Mahogapy. 
 
 Febrifuge. 
 Swietenia, L. 
 
 C. SxYRACEffi. (Benzoin- 
 
 like.) 
 
 Stomachic, aromatic, astrin- 
 gent. 
 
 Styrax, L. 
 
 Hopea. 
 
 Halesia, L. 
 
 72. VITES. 
 
 A. VlTES. 
 
 Refrigerant, tonic, acid. 
 Ampelopsis, Mx. 
 Vitis, L. 
 
 73. GERANIAE. 
 
 A. Geraniace^:. (Gerani- 
 
 um-like. ) 
 Astringent, aromatic. 
 Geranium, L. 
 Pelargonium. 
 Erodiurn. 
 
 B. Oxalideae. (Sorrel-like. 
 
 Refrigerant, tonic. 
 Oxalis, L. 
 
 C. Tropaeoleae. 
 Tropaeolum. 
 J-iinyiantliPs. 
 
 D. Balsameae. 
 
 Scarcely caUiartic. 
 Impatiens, L. 
 
 A. VrotACE>!E. 
 Emetic, ionic. 
 Viola, L. 
 lonidium, Dc. 
 74. Malvaceae. (Mallows- B. CisTiNEiE. 
 
 like.) Stomachic, tonic. 
 
 A. Malvaceae. Heliantheuiurn. 
 
 Mucilaginous, all wholesome. Turnera. 
 
 Althea. 
 Malope, L. 
 Lavatera. 
 Sida, L. 
 Abutilon. 
 Gossipium. 
 Malva, L. 
 Malvaviscus, Dill. 
 Hibiscus, L. 
 
 75. MAGNOLTAE. 
 A. Magnoliaceae. 
 Tonic, fragrant. 
 Magnolia, l. 
 Liriodendron, l. 
 
 B. WiNTEREAE. 
 
 Stomachic, carminative^ 
 Illiciura, L. 
 
 76. ANNONAE. 
 
 A. Annonaceae. 
 Aromatic. 
 Porcelia. 
 Aunona, Adans. 
 
 ) 77. MENISPERMA. 
 
 A. Menispermea:. 
 Tonic, rarely narcotic. 
 
 Menispermum, l. 
 Scliizandia, Mx. 
 - Cissampelos, D. C. 
 Wendlandia. 
 
 78. BERBERIDES, (Bar- 
 berry-like.) 
 
 A. Barberidf.?:. 
 
 Refrigerant, tonic. 
 Berberis, l. 
 Leontice. 
 Vancouveria. 
 Achlys, Dc. 
 Dipl^ia, Mx. ■ 
 
 B. Hamamelideae. 
 Tunic. 
 
 Hamamelis, l. 
 Fothergilla, l. 
 
 79. TILIACE^. (Bass- 
 wood-like.) 
 
 ) A. Tiliace;e. 
 
 Emollient. 
 Tilia, L. 
 Corchorus. 
 
 80. CTSTI. 
 
 Iludsonia, t. 
 Lechea, l. 
 
 81. RUTACE^. 
 
 A. RUTACE^E. 
 
 Tonic. 
 Ruta. 
 
 B. Zygohpylle^. 
 Tribulus, l. 
 
 82. CARYOPHYLLE^. 
 
 (Pink-lit<e.) 
 A. .LiNEiE. (Flax-like.) 
 Emollient. 
 Linum, l. 
 
 B. CaryophyllejE. (Pinkr 
 
 like.) 
 
 Emollient. 
 
 1 . Sileneae, 
 Dianthus, l. 
 Silene, l. 
 Saponaria, l. 
 Agroslemma. 
 Bryophyllum. 
 Lychnis, l. 
 
 2. Alsincae. 
 Sagina, l. 
 Spergiila, l. 
 Arenaria, l. 
 Mollugo, L. 
 Merkia. 
 Slellaria, l. 
 Cerastium, l. 
 Micropelalon. 
 Fiankenia. 
 
 CLASS THIRTEENTH, 
 Stamens surrounding the 
 
 germ. 
 83. SEMPERVIVE.E. 
 
 A. Crassulace/E. 
 Refrigerant, emollient. 
 
 Sempervivum. 
 Levvisia, Ph. 
 Tillaea, l. 
 Penthorurn. 
 Sedum, l. 
 
 B. GALLACINEiE. 
 
 Scarcely ionic. 
 Galax, L. 
 
 84. SAXIFRAG.F.. 
 B. Saxifrage;f,. 
 Astringent. 
 Saxifraga, l. 
 
ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU. 
 
 29 
 
 Leptarrhena, R. Brown. 
 Adoxa, L. 
 Tiarella, l. 
 Heucliera, l. 
 Ilea, L. 
 Parnassia, l. 
 Clirysosplenium, l. 
 Telliina, R. Brown. 
 Drummondia, Dc. 
 Mitella, l. 
 Lepuropetalon. 
 
 85. CACTI. (Prickly-pear- 
 like.) 
 A. Grossulariae. 
 (Gooseberry and currant.) 
 Rrfrigerants, tonics, emetics. 
 Ribes, L. 
 
 B. Cacteae. (Prickly-pear- 
 like.) 
 Refrigerants, demulcents. 
 Cactus. 
 
 86. PORTULACCE^. 
 
 (Purslane-like.) 
 
 A. Elatineae. 
 
 Scarcely tonic. 
 
 Crypta, N. 
 
 B. PORTUEACCEAE. (PurS- 
 
 lane-like.) 
 Emollient, scarcely tonic. 
 Portulacca, l. 
 Montia, l. 
 Talinum, l. 
 Claytonia, l. 
 Cal9.ndrinia. 
 Calyptridium. 
 
 87. FICOIDE^. (Fig-like. 
 A. Ficoideje. 
 Emollient, nutritions. 
 Mesembryanthemum. 
 Sesuvium, l. 
 Ficus, L. 
 
 88. ONAGRI. 
 
 A. Onagariae. 
 Emollient. 
 
 Epilobiuni, l. 
 Oenothera, l. 
 Isnardia, Dc. 
 Ludwigia. 
 Clarkia, Ph. 
 Gaura, l. 
 Jussiaea, i,. 
 
 B. Halorage^:. 
 Aperient, tonic. 
 
 Proseripnaca, l. 
 Myriophyllum, l. 
 Hippurus, L. 
 
 C. CiRCAEACEiE. (En- 
 chanter's shade.) 
 Feebly catliartic. 
 
 Circaea, l. 
 
 D. Callitrichin^. 
 Emollient, cooling. 
 
 Callilriche, l. 
 
 E. Ckratofhylle^. 
 
 Sub-tonic. 
 Cerratophyllum, l. 
 
 F. Hydrocharide^. 
 
 Sub-tonic. 
 Fuchsia. 
 Mentzelia, l. 
 
 G. Laoase^;. 
 Bartonia, N. & Ph. 
 
 H. TURNKRACE^U 
 
 Sub -ionic. 
 Turnera, l. 
 Touterea. 
 
 Horkelia, Cham. 
 
 Fragaria, i,. 
 Geum, L. 
 Sieversia, W. 
 Rubus, L. 
 Punica. 
 Dalibarda, L. 
 Dryas, L. 
 Sibbaldia, L. 
 
 2. Rosea. (Rose-like.) 
 Rosa, L. 
 
 3. Spiraeaceae. 
 Spiraea, L. 
 Purshia, Dc. 
 Gilleuia, Mn. 
 
 D. PoMACK^. (Apple-like.) 
 Refrigerant, aperient, tonic. 
 Aronia. 
 89. MYRTI. Mespilus. 
 
 A. PaiLADRLPHKiE. (Mock^ Pyrus, L. 
 
 orange-like.) Crataegus, L. 
 
 Tonic, aperient. Sorbus. 
 
 Philadelphus, l. Armeniaca. 
 
 Decuniaria, L. E. AwYGDALEiE. (Peach and 
 
 B. Myrtace^. (Myrtle- plum-like.) 
 
 like.) Astringent, febrifuge, seed 
 
 Aromatic, stomachic. and leaves often narcotic. 
 
 Myrtus. 
 
 90. MELASTOMiE. 
 
 A. Melastomacks:. 
 Astringent, refrigerant, 
 Rhexia, l. 
 
 91. SALICARIiE. 
 
 A. Sai.icari^. 
 Astringent, vulnerary. 
 Ammannia, l. 
 )Lythrum, l. 
 Cuphea, i.. 
 
 B. RHIZOPHOREiE. 
 
 Astringetit. 
 RJiizophora, l. 
 
 Prunus, L. 
 
 Aniygdalus. 
 
 Cerasus. 
 
 F. Chr¥sobalanf;e. 
 Sub-tonic and nutritious. 
 Chrysobalanus, L. 
 Floerkea, \V. 
 
 93. LEGUMINOS^. 
 
 (Pea-like.) 
 A. Leguminos.e. (Indigo 
 
 and clover-like.) 
 Nutritious, antiscorbutic, 
 aperient. 
 Curvembriae. (Radicles re- 
 flexed on (he Cotyledons. J 
 1. Fapilionaceae. (lobes of 
 
 the calyx distinct.) 
 Sophora, R. Brown. 
 Baptisia, Vent. 
 iVIedicago, L. 
 
 92. ROSACE^,. 
 A. Calycanthe^e. 
 Aromatic, sub-tonic. 
 Calycanthus, L. 
 B. Sanguisorbe^. (Burnet- Trigonella 
 
 like.) Indigofera, L. 
 
 Sanguisorba, l. Petaiostemum, M\'. 
 
 Polerium, l. Tephrosia, Persoon 
 
 Alchemilla, l. Robinia, L. 
 
 C- RosACEJE. Dolichos. 
 
 Astringent, refrigerant, febri- Astragalus, L. 
 
 fuge. Spartium. 
 
 1. Potentillea. (Five finger- Coronilla. 
 
 like.) Lespedeza, Mx. 
 
 Potentilla, l. Pisum, L. 
 
 Aphanes. Phaseolus. 
 
 Stylipus, Raf. Erythrina. 
 
 Agrirnonia, Tourn, Thermia. 
 
 Comarum. Crotellaria, L, 
 
30 
 
 ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU. 
 
 Hosackia, Benth, 
 Trifolium, L. 
 Vexillaiia, Ea. 
 Dalea, L. 
 Amorplia, L. 
 Sesbania, P. 
 Phaca, L. 
 Zornia, Gn. 
 Ulex, L. 
 Arachis. 
 Vicia, L. 
 Lalhyrus, L. 
 Lupinaster. 
 Virgilia, Lanik. 
 Genista, L. 
 Meli'.oUis, Tourn. 
 Psoralea, L. 
 Galactia, L. 
 Glycina. 
 Homalobus. 
 Kentrophyta. 
 Pitcheiia, N, 
 Glycirrhiza, L. 
 Colutea. 
 Cicer. 
 
 Oxytropis, Dc. 
 Centroseina. 
 Chapmannia. 
 Stylosanthes, Swtz. 
 Aeschyiiomene, L. 
 Hedysaruin, L. 
 Ervum, L. 
 Astrophia. 
 Lupinus, L. 
 
 Rectcmbriae. (Radicle 
 straight. ) 
 
 94. TEREBINTACEAE. 
 
 A. Amyrwem. 
 Amyris. 
 
 B. JOGLANDE/'E. 
 
 Cathartic, astringent. 
 Juglans, L. 
 Carya, N. 
 
 C. Anacardiack^. 
 Poisonous, acrid, astringent. 
 Rhus, L. 
 Slyphonia. 
 
 D. Xanthoxyle.e. 
 Xantlioxyluni. 
 Pitavia. 
 Ptelea. 
 
 G5. RHAMNI. 
 
 A. Cki.astkine.e. 
 Cathartic. 
 Celastrus, L. 
 Euonymus, L. 
 
 B. PcHAMNEiE. 
 
 Cutliartic. 
 Rhamnus, L. 
 Ceanolhus, L. 
 
 Or Staph YLACEiE. 
 Cnlkartic. 
 Staphylea, L. 
 
 D. Ilicine^. 
 Tonic, astringent. 
 Ilex, L. 
 
 Nemopanthes, R. 
 Prinos, L. 
 Myginda, Jacq. 
 
 CLASS FOURTEENTH. 
 
 2. Mimoscae. (Divisions of Flo" crs mostly apctalous. 
 tlie calyx and corolvalvate 96. EUPHORBEiE. 
 
 in aestivation. A. Euphokbiace^. (Spurge, 
 
 Darlingtonia, Dc. caper.) 
 
 Acacia, Necker. Tonic, irritating, stomachic. 
 
 Schranckia, W. Pacli^'sandra, JVIx. 
 
 Prosopis, L. Borya, VV. 
 
 3. Caesdlpincae. (Petals im-Pliyilanthus, L. 
 bricate in aestivation.) Acaiypha, L. 
 
 Cassia, L. Croton, JL. 
 
 Gledilschia, L. Tragia, L. 
 
 Agati. Jatropha, L. 
 
 Gymnocladus, L. Euphorbia, L. 
 
 Cercis, L. Crotonopsis, Mx. 
 
 Pomaria, Cav. Stillingia, L. 
 
 B. PoLYGAi-EiE. (Seneca Ricinus, L. 
 snake-root.) Buxus. 
 
 Stimulant, diuretic. B. Empetue*. 
 
 Polygala, L. Sub-tonic. 
 
 Krameria, L. Empetriim, L. 
 
 C. Fu.MARiACE^. Ceratiola, JVlx. 
 
 Diuretic, apcriejit,' diaphoretic. 
 
 Corydalis, Dc. 97. CUCURBITACE^. 
 
 Adluinia. A. Passifi,ork;e. (Passion- 
 
 Dielytra. flower.) 
 
 Fumaria, L. Fragrant, sub-tonic. 
 
 Passiflora, L. 
 
 B. Papayace^. (Papaw 
 tree. ) 
 Solvent, vermifuge. 
 Carica, L. 
 
 C CUCURBITACEJE. 
 
 Nutritious, re/ringerant, 
 cathartic. 
 Cucumis, L. 
 Cucurbita. 
 Melothria, L. 
 Sicyos, L. 
 Moinordica, L. 
 
 98. URTICEAE. 
 
 A. Urtice;e. (Nettle-like.) 
 Narcotic, tonic, anodyne. 
 
 Urtica, L. 
 Humulus, L. 
 Parielaria, L. 
 Boelimeria, W. 
 Cannabis, L. 
 
 B. Atrocarpe.e. (Poison 
 upas and Caoutchouc tree 
 are here. ) 
 
 Morus, L. 
 Madura, N. 
 
 C. DAT1SCE.E. 
 
 Broussonetia. 
 Datisca, L. 
 
 D. Sacrure^e. 
 Cathartic, 
 Saururus, L. 
 
 E. PiPERACEAE. (Pepper.) 
 Piper, L. 
 
 99. AMENTACE^. 
 A. Ulmaceae. (Elm.) 
 Emollient, tonic. 
 lUlmus. L. 
 Planera, Gmel. 
 Celtis, L. 
 
 B. Cupulifereae. (Oak.) 
 Quercus, L. 
 Coryius, L. 
 Castanea, Tourn. 
 Fagus, L. 
 C. Betulineae. (Birch- 
 like.) 
 Astringent, febrifuge, 
 stomachic. 
 Betula, L. 
 Oslrya, Mx. 
 Alnus, \V. 
 Carpinus. L. 
 
 D. Salicine.-f:. (Willow ) 
 Astringent, ionic, stomachic. 
 Salix, L. 
 
 Populus, L. 
 
 E. Platanaee. (Button- 
 
 wood.) 
 Tonic, aromatic. 
 Platanus, L. 
 Liquidambar, L. 
 
ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU. 
 
 F, Mtriceae. (Sweet-fern.) a. Cycadkae. (Sago-plant.)Pinus, L. 
 
 Aromatic astringent, 
 stomachic. 
 Myrica, L. 
 Comptonia, Gaert. 
 
 C. CONIFERE^. 
 
 Emollient. Thuja, L. 
 
 Cycas. Taxus, L. 
 
 Zuinia, L. Cupkessus, I„ 
 
 B. CoNiFEUE.'E. (Tines. Toneya. 
 Balsamic, stumaJdc, healing. 
 Juniperus, L. 
 
 31 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS OF WOBxDS, 
 
 U3ED FOU INDICATING THE 
 
 PROPERTIES OF PLANTS, OR OF PARTICULAR PARTS OF THEM. 
 
 Letters, b. bark, d. dry, c. extract, f. fruit, g. r^reen, h. herbage, o. oil or olifiant, 
 r. root, s. seed, w. wood; g. d. and e. are often joined to other abbreviafions, as 
 g-r. green root, d-h. dry herbage, e-o. essential oil. TJie signs, plus and minus, 
 express the degrees of strength; as ton-|-. strong tonic, poi — . weak poison. 
 
 abs— orbent. 
 
 dia— phoretic. 
 
 opi— ate. 
 
 aci— d. 
 
 dis — cutient. 
 
 pec— toral. 
 
 acr— id. 
 
 din— retic. 
 
 pru — ssic acid. 
 
 ale — oholic. 
 
 dra — stic. 
 
 poi— sonous. 
 
 amy— laceous. 
 
 dye — stulf, dying. 
 
 pti — san. 
 
 ano— dyne. 
 
 edi-ble. 
 
 pun — gent. 
 
 ant — idote. 
 
 enie— -tic. 
 
 ref— rigerent. 
 
 ath. anthelmintic. 
 
 emo — lient. 
 
 res— inous. 
 
 anm. antimiasmatic. 
 
 epi— spastic. 
 
 rub— ifacient. 
 
 ape — rient. 
 
 esc— arotic. 
 
 sal — ivary. 
 
 aro — matic. 
 
 exp — ectorant. 
 
 sap— onaceous. 
 
 ase. antiseptic. 
 
 fac — tory work. 
 
 sec— ernant. 
 
 asc. antiscorbutic. 
 
 far— inaceous. 
 
 sed — ative. 
 
 asp. antispasmodic. 
 
 feb— rlfuge. 
 
 sia — logogue. 
 
 ast— ringent. 
 
 fod— der for cattle. 
 
 sol— vent. 
 
 bal — sainic. 
 
 fom — enting. 
 
 sop— orific. 
 
 bev — erage. 
 
 fra— grant. 
 
 spi— cy. 
 
 bit— ter. 
 
 gar — gle. 
 
 sti — mulant. 
 
 cab — inet work. 
 
 gel — atinous. 
 
 sto— machic. 
 
 car — minitive. 
 
 gum — miferous. 
 
 sud— oritic. 
 
 carp— entry work. 
 
 hea— ling. 
 
 sug — ary. 
 
 cath — artic. 
 
 irr — itating. 
 
 tan — nin. 
 
 cata — plasm. 
 
 jel — ly- bearing, 
 lax— ative. 
 
 tes— ts for acids and ai. 
 
 cau — stic. 
 
 tiin — ber. 
 
 con — diment. 
 
 lot--ion making. 
 
 tin — cture. 
 
 coo — ling. 
 
 muc — iiaginous. 
 
 ton— ic. 
 
 cor— dial. 
 
 nar — cotic. 
 
 ver— mifuge. 
 
 cos— metic. 
 
 nau— seating. 
 
 vin — ous. 
 
 dem — ulcent. 
 
 ner — vine. 
 
 vis— cous. 
 
 deo— bstruent. 
 
 nut — ricious. 
 
 vul — nerary. 
 
 det— ergent. 
 
 odo — rjferous. 
 
 war — ming. 
 
32' 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS OF WORDS 
 
 USED rOR INDICATING THE 
 
 DISEASES FOR WHICH PLANTS ARE USEFULLY EMPLOYEE^ 
 [Sueh abbreviations are printed in Italics.] 
 
 ast — hma. 
 cac—hexy. 
 can — cer. 
 col — ic. 
 
 cons — umption.- 
 conv — ulsions. 
 cos — tiveness. 
 cou — gh. 
 CTa — mp. 
 era — up. 
 cyn — anche.' 
 (lea — fness. 
 diub — etes. 
 (liar — rhea. 
 (Iro — ^^psy. 
 dijse — ntary. 
 (iysp— epsidi. 
 dijsu — ria. 
 ej)i — lepsy^ 
 
 cru — ption. 
 cry — sipelas. 
 fai — nting. 
 j'ev — er of any kind. 
 fev-a. fever-ague. 
 Jla — tulence. 
 gan — grene. 
 gid — diness. 
 
 gout. . 
 
 hem — optesis. 
 hec — tic. 
 kic — cough. 
 hyd — rophobia. 
 
 itch, -c . 
 
 jau — ndice. 
 leth — argy. 
 oph — thalmia. 
 palp — i tat ion. 
 
 pal — sey. 
 
 pi — les. 
 
 ])le — urisy. 
 
 p7ie — umonia-. 
 
 qui — nsy. 
 
 ra — sh. 
 
 r're^umatism. 
 
 ric — kets. 
 
 tin — gworm. 
 
 St. V. St. vitus-dance- 
 
 sci — rrhous. 
 
 Scr — ophula. 
 
 sen— rvy. 
 
 tuiii — or. 
 
 tae — nia. 
 
 'die — ers. 
 
 vom — iting. 
 
 wor — ^His. 
 
 [C The properties of plants, and the diseases to which they are applied, are giveii 
 on higher authority in the part of this work where the species are described, and in 
 the alphabetical catalogue of Natural Orders, than under the hundred general orders 
 of Jussieu. 
 
 
NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS. 
 
 GENERA. 
 
 CLASS I. MONANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 Saucornia. Calyx fleshy; entire, 3 or 4 sided, obconic: corol 0: stamen in the 
 bottom of the calyx; style 2 cleft; utricle 1, vertically compressed, enclosed in the 
 calyx, (saphmire.) S. 
 
 Hipp0Ri.s. Calyx superior, obsolete, with a 2-lobed margin: corol 0: seed 1: stigma 
 simple: style in a. groove of the anther: germ crowned by the rim of the calyx, 
 (marestail.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Canna. Calyx double; outer one short, 3-cleft, permanent; inner one (or corol) 
 6-parted; one of the divisions reflexed: anther simple, attached to the margin of the 
 filament, which is petal-like and 2-lobed; style thick, club-form; stigma linear ob- 
 tuse; capsule muricate, 3-celled; seeds numerous and globose, (flowering reed.) 
 
 Thalia. Calyx double; outer one small, 3-sepalled, inner one (or petal) 5-partedt 
 anther simple, ovate, inserted into a depressed filament: style short, bent from the 
 anther: stigma perforated, depressed, ringent: capsule 2-celled, (in some species a 1 
 celled nut) (long stems.) 
 *Scirpus, Cyperus. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 Calhtriche. Calyx inferior, 2-sepalled: capsule 2-celled, membranaceous and mar- 
 gined: seeds 4, com])ressed: (flowers sometimes monoecious, and by some the calyx is 
 called the corol.) (water-starwort.) S. 
 
 Blitum. Calyx 3-cleft, or 3-parted, berry-like: corol 0: seed 1, immersed in the 
 calyx. (bUte.) 
 
 Southern. 
 CoRispERMUM. Calyx 2-parted or 2-sepalled: corol 0: seed 1, plano-convex, oval, 
 having an acute, circular margin. Stamens sometimes 5. (tickseed) S. 
 
 Calyptridium. Sepals 2, ovate, permanent, corol monopetalous, minute, diaphan- 
 ous, slightly 3-toothed at the apex — soon detached from the base and carried up, on 
 the summit of the elongated capsule: the capsule oblong-linear, many times longer 
 than the calyx, 1-celled, 2-valved, 6 to 10 seeded. 
 *Uniola, Saccharum. 
 
 5 
 
CLASS II. DIANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Mokogynia. 
 
 A. Carol 1-petalled, inferior, regular. 
 
 LiGusTRUM. Calyx- 4 toothed: corol with 4 ovate divisions: berry 1 or 2-celled, 2 
 
 to 4-seeded. (prim.) 
 
 Chionanthus. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-parted, with very long divisions: nucleus 
 of the drupe striate-fibrous. (fringe tree.) S. 
 
 Orkus. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-parted; divisions long, ligulate: stamens with 
 two barren filaments: fruit with a winged nut. (flowering ash.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 Jasmincm. Corol salver-form; 5 to 8-cleft: berry 2-seeded, each seed solitary, aril- 
 led, (jasmine. ) 
 Stringa. Corol salver-form 4-clefL: capsule 2-celled. (lilac.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Olea. Calyx small, 4-toothed: corol with a short tube, 4-cleft, segments ovate: 
 drupe 1-seeded, often with an abortive rudiment, (american olive.) 
 
 Elytraria. Calyx 4 or 5-parted. with the front segment cleft: corol 5-cleft, seg- 
 ments nearly equal: stamens with 2 barren filaments: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved; each 
 valve having half the partition attached to it. 
 
 B. Corol 1-petalled, inferior, irregular. 
 
 Veronica. Calyx 4-parted: corol cleft into 4 lobes, lower division smaller: cap- 
 sule obcordate. few-seeded, 2-celIed. (speedwell.) S. 
 
 Gym.nandra. See description m its order in Species part. 
 
 Leptandra. Calyx 5-parted, acuminate: corol tubular, 4-cleft, with one division 
 smaller: capsule ovate, 2-celled, opening at the top. (culver's physic.) S. 
 
 Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalled, sometimes with a 2-leaved calycle: corol 
 2-lipped, reversed, tubular, upper lip 2-lobed, under one equally 3-cleft: stamens 4, 
 (2 of them barren:) stigma 2-lipped: capsule 2-celled. (hedge-hyssop.) S. 
 
 Linder.nia. Calyx 5-parted, equal: corol reversed, tubular, ringent, the upper lip 
 very short, the lower one unequally 3-cleft, 2-keeled at the base: anthers cohering by 
 pairs, 2 stamens longer, forked, barren: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the partition par- 
 allel to the valves. S. 
 
 PiNGDicuLA. Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip 3-cleft, lower one 2-cleft: corol ringent, 
 with a spur at tlie base; limb 2-lipped, upper lip 3-lobed, lower one 2; throat con- 
 tracted: stamens and style short: stigma 2-lipped, covering tlie anther: capsule 1-cel- 
 led, many seeded, receptacle of the seed central, unconnected, (butter-wort.) S. 
 
 Hemianthus. Calyx tubular, border 4-toothed, cleft on the under side: corol with 
 the upper lip obsolete, lower one 3-parted, with the middle segment linear, or strap- 
 like and truncate, long, closely incurved: stamens with 2-cleft filaments, bearing the 
 anthers on the lateral branches: capsules 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded: seeds ovate, 
 shiningt 
 
 Catalpa. Corol 4 or 5 cleft, somewhat inflated, bell-form, calyx 2-parted or 2-sepal- 
 led: stigma 2-lipped: capsule cylindric, 2-celled. (catalpa tree.) <S'. 
 
 JusTiciA. Calyx simple or double, 5-parted: corol ringent, or nearly equal, upper 
 lip emarginate, lower one 3-cleft: anthers 1 or 2 on each filament: capsule 2-ceiled, 
 bursting with an elastic claw, partitions transverse, (iiialabar nut.) S. 
 
 Utricularia. Calyx 2-sepalled or 2-parted, equal: coral ringent, with a sub- 
 cordate palate, the upper lip bearing the stamens, the lower lip spurred: stigma 
 2-lipped: capsule 1 celled, globular, (bladder- wort.) iS'. 
 
 Soutlier7i. 
 Micranthemum. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4 parted, and somewhat 2-lipped, with the 
 upper one smaller than the rest: filaments incurved, shorter^than the coral: capsule 
 sub-globular, 1-celled, 2-valved, with many striate seeds. 
 
 C. Coral l-petalled, inferior, irregular. Fruit of 1 — 4 nut-like cells, enclosed 
 in Uie calyx. 
 Lycopcs. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed: corol tubular, 4-cleft, nearly equal, 
 1 division broader and «raarginate: stamens distant: nuts 4, retuse. (water hore- 
 hound.) fii. 
 
CLASS III. ORDER I. 35 
 
 MoNARDA. Calyx cylindrio, striated, 5- toothed: coral ringent, tubular, upper lip 
 lance-linear, involving the filaments, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed. (Oswego tea, moun- 
 tain mint.) >S^. 
 
 Salvia. Calyx tubular, striated, 2-lipped, upper lip 2 to 3-toothed, lower lip 
 2-cleft: corol ringent: filaments transversely or laterally affixed to a pedicel, (sage.) 
 S. 
 
 CoLr.iNsoNiA. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip 3-toothed; corol funnel-form, 
 unequal, under lip many-cleft, capillary: one perfect seed, nut one. (horse-balm.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 Rosmarinus. Corol ringent, upper lip 2-parted: filaments long, curved, simple, 
 with a tooth, (rosemary. ) 
 
 D. Corol superior. 
 
 Circ^a. Calyx 2-sepalled or 2-parted: corol 2-petaIled: capsule hispid, 2-celled, 
 not gaping; cells 1 or 2-seeded. (enchanter's nightshade.) S. 
 
 *Salicornia, Cunila, Schoenus, Scirpus, Verbena, Hedeoma, Lemna, Crypta. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 Anthoxanthum. Glumes 2, 1-flowered: paleas 2, accuminate, awned near the 
 base, (sweet vernal grass.) S. 
 
 Crypta. Peplis. Calyx 2-sepalled, inferior: corol 2 or 3-petalled, closed: styles 
 none: stigmas 2 or 3, very minute: capsule 2 or 3-celled, 2 or 3 valved: cells 4 or 5- 
 seeded: seeds sub-cylindric, striate, incurved, (mud-purslane.) The corol appears 
 like a capsule with an aperture at the top, when examined without a lens. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Erianthus. Glumes 2, valves nearly equal, villose at the base: paleas 2, unequal, 
 inner glume bearing a long awn near tlie summit. 
 *Holcus, Festuca, Saccharum. 
 
 Order III. Trigvnia. 
 
 Piper. Calyx 0: corol 0: berry 1-seeded: spadix simple, slender, covered with 
 little flower-bearing scales. 
 
 CLASS III. TRIANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 A. Flowers superior. 
 
 Fedia. Calyx 3 to 6-toothed, permanent: corol tubular, 5-cleft or 5-parted: nut 
 or capsule 2 or 3-celled: seed naked, or crowned with a tooth, (lamb-lettuce.) jS. 
 
 Iris. Calyx spathe 2 or 3-valved: corol (5-parted, divisions alternately reflexed: . 
 stigmas 3, petal-like: style short: capsule 3-celled. (flower-de-luce, iris or flag.) 
 
 DiLATRis. Lachnanthes. Perianth petal-like, hirsute outside, permanent, deeply 
 divided into 6 nearly equal parts: the third filament less than the rest: stigma 
 minutely 3-lobed, style declining: capsule globose, 3-celled. 
 
 Patrinia. Calyx with the limb truncate, or erect, very short, sub-5-toothed: corol 
 regular, obtusely 5-lobed not spurred: stamens 4, adnate to the tube of the bottom 
 of the corol, alternating with the lobes uppermost deficient, rarely 5; all then standing 
 together; stigma in a 3-cornered head: capsule 3-celled, crowned with the limb of 
 the calyx. 
 
 Plectritis. Calyx with the margin straight entire: corol with the tube short- 
 spurred at the base, gibbose before, limb 5-cleft 2-lipped: capsule 1-celied 2-winged. 
 
 Valerianella. Calyx with the limb toothed, permanent: corol not spurred, regular, 
 5-lobed: stigma sub-trifid: capsule 3-celled, subuiembranous crowned with the thick- 
 ened variably toothed limb of the calyx. 
 
 Valeriana. Calyx extremely small, finally enlarged into a feathery egret: corol 
 funnel-form, 5-cleft, base gibbose: seed 1: stamens, 1, 2, 3, and 4: exsert. (vale- 
 rian.) 
 
36 CLASS III. ORDER I, 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Crocus. Spathe radical: corol funnel-form, with a long slender tube: stigma deep 
 gashed, crested, (saffron.) 
 
 Sovthem. 
 
 Phyllactis. Involucre 1-leaved, sheathing: calyx marginal, minute: corol 3-cleft; 
 seed J: styles and stamens exsert. 
 
 Apteria. Calyx 0: corol monopetalous, wingless, bell-tubular with the margin 
 6-toothed, alternately smaller: capsule 1-celled, valveless: seeds numerous minute. 
 
 Tripterella. Calyx (or corol) tubular, prismatic, with winged margins, base 
 ventricose; limb 6-cleft, internal teeth covering the stamens: corol none: stigmas 3, 
 capitate: capsule 3-sided 3-celled, many-seeded: stamens included within the tube of 
 the calyx. 
 
 BoERHAAViA. Calyx tubular: margin entire: corol 1-petalled, bell-form, plaited: 
 nut 1, invested by the permanent calyx, naked or tubercled, 5-grooved, obconic: 
 stamens various in number, as 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 54, 32. 
 
 Calymenia. Allionia. Involucre perianth-like, 5-parted, permanent, 1 to 5- 
 flowered: perianth none: corol sub-campanulate, plaited, 5-parted; laminae emargi 
 nate, tube permanent: stamens exsert: seed 1, covered with a coriaceous membrane, 
 obconic, 5-furrowed. 
 
 IxiA. Spathe 2 or 3-valved, ovate, short: corol 6-parted or 6-petalled, sometimes 
 tubular: stamens straight or incurved: stigmas sub-filiform. 
 
 B. Flowers ivferior. 
 
 CoMMELiNA. Spathe cordate; sepals 3: corol 3-petalled, sub-equal: 3 barren fila- 
 ments — sometimes the whole (5 filaments bear anthers: stigma simple: nectaries 3, 
 cross-form, inserted on peculiar filaments: capsule sub-globose, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded 
 or empty, (day flower. ) S. 
 
 Xyris. Calyx a cartilaginous glume, 2 or 3-valved, in a head: corol 3-petalled, 
 equal, crenate: capsule 3-valved, many-seeded, (yellow eyed-grass.) S. 
 
 ScHOLLERA. Leptanthus. Spathe l-flowercd; corol long-tubular: border 6-parted, 
 with the stamens on the divisions: filaments equal. 
 
 Heteranthera. Calyx a 2 or 3flowered spathe: corol dull-colored, membrana- 
 ceous, with a long slender tube, border 4 to 6-parted: anthers 3, 2 of them attached to 
 the divisions of the corol, the other attached to the top of the style, and much larger: 
 Stigma sub-capitate, 1-sided: capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent at the angles. 
 This genus is intermediate between the class Triandria, and the class Gynandria. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Syena. Calyx deeply 3-parted (or 3-sepalled) acute, permanent: petals 3, roundish: 
 anthers oblong: stigma 3-cleft: capsule rendered acuminate by the permanent style, 
 1-celled, 3-valved. 
 
 Stipulicida. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol 5-petalled, entire, as long as the 
 calyx: style short, stigmas 3: capsule 1-celled 3-valved: seeds few, attached by fila- 
 ments to the receptacle. 
 
 PoLYCHNEMUM. Calyx 3-sepalled: petals calyx-like: capsule 1-seeded, membrana 
 ceous, not opening, covered by the calyx. Stamens vary from 1 to 5. 
 
 C. Flowers with glumes. Sedges. 
 
 Kyllinga. Spikelets 1-flowered: glumes 4, imbricated in 2 rows, compressed; the 
 2 lower ones are swollen and the upper one empty, the intermediate similar to 
 the upper and including a naked perfect flower: style bifid: no bristles under the 
 ovarium: seed lenticular, (bog-rush.) S. 
 
 SciBPus.* Glume 1-valved, 1-flowered, chaffy, scales imbricated every way, some 
 of them empty: styles filiform, caducous: ovarium single, naked, or surrounded with 
 hairs or bristles, (club-rush.) S. 
 
 ScHOENus. Spikelets sub convolute, acute; scales or glumes heaped in fascicles, 
 puter ones dry, shining, empty: ovarium roundish, naked: style caducous, (bog^ 
 rush.) <S. 
 
 *Trichophorum is united to this genus. 
 
CLASS. III. ORDER II. 37 
 
 Rhynchospora. Scales or glumes of the calyx fascicled into a spike, lower ones 
 empty: styles permanent at the base: bristles surrounding the base of the ovarium, 
 (false botr-rush.) &'. 
 
 ]Maris( us. Spikelets few-flowered: glumes imbricated in 2 rows, the lower empty; 
 stamens sometimes '2: style 3clefi: neither scales nor bristles below the ovarium: 
 seed triangular, (hedgehog-rush.) &'. 
 
 DuLicHiuM. Spikes sub-racemed, proceeding from the axils of the leaves: spikelets 
 linear-lanceolate, sub-compressed: scales or glumes somewhat 2-ranked, closely im- 
 bricated: styles very long, 2-cleft: germ with small bristles, rough backwards, (galin- 
 gale. ) iS. 
 
 CvPEKus. Scales imbricated 2-ways: ovarium without bristles: spikelets com- 
 pressed, distinct. .S'. 
 
 Eriophordm. Glume chaffy, 1-valved, imbricated every way into a spike: pericarp 
 beset round with very long dense wooly hairs, (cotton grass.) -S. 
 
 Fi'iRENA. Scales mucronate or awned, every where imbricate in a spike: pericarp 
 beset round with broad chatf-like scales, sometimes awned. These scales are called 
 valves of a corol by some, (umbrella-grass.) iS. 
 
 Cenchrus. Involucie aciniate, echinate, 3 or 4-flowered: glumes 2-valved, 2- 
 flowered, outer valve smallest: florets dissimilar; the outer staminate or neutral, the 
 inner i)erfect: style 2-cleft. (hedgehog-grass.) S. 
 
 LiMNETis. Spartina. Gluuie 2-valved, compressed, one of them keeled and longer 
 than the other: paleas (chaffs) 2-valved, awnless, unequal: flowers in unilateral spikes, 
 somewhat imbricated in 2 rows, (salt-grass.) S. 
 
 Oryzopsis. Glume 2-valved, lax, obovate: paleas coriaceous, cylindric-ovate, sur- 
 rounded with hairs at the base; valves 2, outer one awned at the tip: ovarium with 2 
 linear appendages, or one 2-parted: styles united in one, with 2 diverging or reflexed 
 stigmas, (mountain rice.) 
 
 FiMBRisTYLis. Scales imbricated on all sides into a spike: style ciliate, caducous, 
 bulbous at the base. JS'. 
 
 So2ditern. 
 
 Mapania. Flowers in heads, involucre 3-leaved: perianth none: paleas glumaceous, 
 6-valved, toothed, imbricate: stigmas 3: seeds enveloped in a 6-parted glume. 
 
 Vaginaria. Spike ovate, scales imbricated on all sides, acuminate: stigmas 3; 
 ovarium surrounded at the base with three scales and three bristles. 
 
 Narpus. Glume 1-flowered, 1-valved: palea 1, included in the calyx: stigma 1. 
 Flowers spiked, alternating and sessile, (mat-grass.) 
 
 MiEGiA. Arundinaria. Flowers polygamous panicled: glume 2-valved, many- 
 flowered, shoit and unequal: paleas 2, unequal, the larger one acuminate: style 
 very short, 3-cleft, plumose: nectary 3-parted, divisions lanceolate, acute, as long as 
 the germ: large, acuminate, (cane.) 
 
 Eriocoma. Glumes 2, 1-flowered; valves gibbous, compacted above, longer than 
 the palea, 3-nerved, cuspidate: paleas 2, roundish, coriaceous, invested with wool; 
 the outer valve terminated by a short 3-sided caducous awn; anthers bearded; pericarp 
 sub-spherical, large, (silk-grass.) 
 
 DicHROMENA. Spike in a head, involucred: scales imbricated on all sides into 
 crowded sessile spikelets, with the lower ones empty; style bristle-form, 2-cleft: no 
 bristles under the ovarium: pericarp sub-lenticular, sub-rugose, terminated by the 
 triangular permanent style. 
 
 *Juncus, Galium, Oryzopsis, Queria. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 A. Spikelets \-flowered: paleas wiUiout abortive rudiments of Jloioers at the base. 
 ( Glume and paleas different in texture. J 
 Leersia. Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed, glumes 0: chaffs compressed, awnless, 
 lower one much broader, boat-form, with prominent keel: scales ovate, membrana- 
 ceous, smooth: stamens! to 6. (cutgrass.) &'. 
 
 Paspalum. Ceresia. Glume in 2 membranaceous, equal, roundish, valves: paleas 
 awnless, cartilaginous, of tlie form of the glume; stigma plumose, colored; nectary 
 lateral: flowers in unilateral spikes. .S. 
 
 Milium. Glume 2-valved, herbaceous, ventricose: paleas 2, awnless, coriace- 
 ous, oblong, concave, shorter than the glume: seed 2-horned: nectary lateral: stig- 
 pias villose. (millet.) /5. 
 
50 CLASS III. ORDER 11. 
 
 PiPTATHERUM. Glumc membranaceous, loKgcr than the paleas: paleascartalaginous, 
 oval; lower valve awned at the tip; nectary ovate, entire: seed coated. 
 
 Stipa. Glume 2-valved, membranaceous: paleas 2-valved, shorter than the calyx, 
 coriaceous, sub-cylindric; valves involute, truncate: awn tenniual, very long, cadu- 
 cous, twisted at the base: seed coated, (feather-grass.) S. 
 
 Aristida. Glume 2-valved, membranaceous, unequal: paleas 2-valved, pedicelled, 
 sub-cyUndric: lower valve coriaceous, involute, 3-awned at the tip; upper valve very 
 minute or obsolete: nectary lateral, (bread-grass.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Saccharum. Glume involucred with long wool at the base, 2-valved: paleas 1 or 
 2-valved: stamens 1 to 3. (sugar-cane.) 
 
 (Glume and paleas of similar texture— Jioiocrs in spreading panicles.) 
 
 MuHLENBERGiA. Glumc 1 Or 2-valved, very minute, truncate, unequal: paleas 
 2-valved, base hairy, outer valve a<vned at the tip: seed naked, not furrowed, (drop- 
 seed-grass.) S. 
 
 Trichouium. Glume 2-valved, valves nearly equal, acute: keel scabrous, paleas 
 1-valved, awnless, shorter than glume: stigmas nearly sessile, sub-hispid, (thin- 
 grass.) S. 
 
 Agrostis. Glumes 2, nearly equal, sometimes longer, but often shorter, than the 
 paleas; the lower one longer, sometimes awned, often hairy at the base, enclosing the 
 seed, (redtop.) iS. 
 
 CiNNA. Glume 2-valved, compressed, nearly equal: paleas linear, compressed, 
 short-stiped, naked at the base: lower valve inclosing the upper, short-awned near the 
 
 tip- ' ... 
 
 Poi-YFOGON. Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered; valves nearly equal, terminating m a 
 bristle, shorter than the glume: the lower valve terminating in the bristle. 
 
 Trichochloa. Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered, very minute: paleas much larger than 
 the glume, 2-valved, naked at the base; lower valve convolute at the base, terminating 
 in a long awn not articulated. 
 
 Calamagrostis. Spikelets 1-flowered: glumes nearly equal, acute or acuminate: 
 paleas 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, suirounded with hairs at the base; lower 
 one acuminate, mostly awned below the tip; the upper one with a stiped pencil-form 
 egret at the base, (reed.) 
 
 (Glume and paleas of similar texture— Jloicers in compact panicles, often spike form. J 
 
 Psamma. Glume 2-valved, awnless: paleas shorter than the glume, surrounded with 
 hairs at the base: nectary lance-linear, longer than the seed: style 3-parted. 
 
 Cripsis. Glume 2-valved, oblong, keeled, membranaceous: paleas 2-valved, longer 
 than the glume, which it resembles in texture and form; nectary none: stamens some- 
 times but 2. 
 
 Alopecurus. Glumes 2, equal, generally connate at the base: paleas 1-valved, 
 utricle-like, cleft on one side, awned below the middle, (foxtail-grass.) (S. 
 
 Phleum. Glume hard, 2-valved, equal, sessile, linear, truncate, bicuspidate: paleas 
 enclosed in the glume, 2-valved, awnless, truncate, (timothy-grass.) &'. 
 
 Southern. 
 Ceresia. Flowers lateral, 2-rowed, under a wide membranaceous boat-form rachis: 
 
 B. Spikelets 1-flowered; paleas tcith 1 or 2 abortive rudiments of floicers at the base. 
 ( Glume and paleas of different texture.) 
 
 Cynodon. Glume 2-valved, lanceolate, spreading: paleas 2, longer than the glume: 
 the outer valve larger, and somewhat oval, and surrounding the inner one: rudi- 
 ment minute, pedicelled: scale truncate: spikes digitate and fascicled: flowers soli- 
 tary, (dwarf finger-grass.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Gymnopogon. Anthopogon. Glume 2, keeled, nearly equal, longer than the paleas: 
 paleas, nearly equal, having a straight bristle a little below the tip of the lower one: 
 rudiment awn-form. 
 
CLASS 111. ORDER II. 39 
 
 AuLAXANTHus. AuLAXiA. Glumcs 2, l-floweted, with the rudiment of a second; 
 valves equal, furrowed, the furrows villous. 
 
 C Giumes and palcas of similar iexlure. ' 
 
 Phalakis. Glumes 2, niembranancous, keeled, nerved, equal in length, including 
 the 2 pilose paleas: the paleas are shorter than the glumes, and coriaceous: rudiments 
 opposite, sessile, resembling valves: scale lateral. (ribbon-gras8, canary-grass.) S. 
 
 BiiACHVELYTKUM. Gluuies verj minute; one longish and acute, the other scarcely 
 perceptible: the lower palea terminated by a bristle twice as long as the glume. 
 
 SoutJiem. 
 
 Beckmannia. Glumes 2-valved, 1 or 2-flowered, valves somewhat obcordate, in- 
 flated, equal: paleas 2,included in the glume, valves unequal, the dorsal valve acumin- 
 ate-awned: one flower often abortive. 
 
 Orthopogon. Glumes 1-flowered; valves 3, awned, nearly equal; awns straight, 
 smooth, that of the outer valve longest. 
 
 C. Spikelets many-Jtowered. 
 (Flowers in panicles; paleas unarmed.) 
 
 Glyceria. Spikelets terete, elongated: glume many-flowered, shorter than the 
 florets; lower valve of the paleas membranaceous and somewhat herbaceous; upper 
 one somewhat conduplicate: scale lateral, connate: stigma decompound. 
 
 Uniola. Spikelets many flowered, flat. 2-edged, ovate: glumes 3 to 5; paleas 2, awn- 
 less, inner one smallest, concave on the back; outer one boat-form: stamens 1 to 3: ap- 
 pendages 2, somewhat 2-horned emarginate. (sea rush-grass.) S'. 
 
 Briza. Spikelets heart-ovate, many-flowered: glume boat-form, shorter than the 
 2-ranked florets: paleas ventricose; lower valve cordate, upper one orbicular, short, 
 (quake-grass.) S. 
 
 PoA. Spikelets oblong or linear, compressed, many-flowered: glume shorter than 
 the florets: paleas herbaceous, awnless, often arachnoid at the base; lower valve 
 scarious at the margin, (spear-grass.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Sorghum. Florets in pairs, one perfect, with 3 paleas and sessile; the other stam- 
 inate or neutral, and pedicelled. (broom-corn.) 
 
 C Flowers in panicles: paleas armed or mucronaie. J 
 ( Seeds free. ) 
 
 Arundo. Spikelets many-flowered: glumes 2, lanceolate, unequal; the lower florets 
 staminate and naked at the base; the others perfect on villous peduncles: paleas un- 
 equal, the lower one much longer with a long involute awn-like acumination. 
 
 KoELERiA. Glume 2 — 4-flo\yered, shorter than the florets: lower palea mucronate, 
 or with a short bristle a little below the tip. 
 
 Uralepsis. Glumes 2, scarious, 2 or 3-flowered: paleas 2, stiped; outer valve with 
 hairy nerves, much longer than the glumes and tricuspidate, with the middle cusp 
 longest, and terminated with an awn; inner valve short and arched: seed arilled: 
 florets alternate and distinct, both flowers and culm purple, (purple hair-grass. ) 
 
 VVijjDsoRiA. Tricuspis. Glumes 2, keeled, 1-nerved: scarious, acute or cuspidate: 
 paleas 2, outer valves having nerves with mucronate points, teeth between the points, 
 and ciliate below; inner valves mostly naked, emarginate: flowers closely imbricated 
 2- ways in a thick spike. 
 
 ( Seeds adnate. ) 
 
 Festuca. Spikelets oblong, more or less terete, at length compressed, acute at 
 each end: florets sub-terete: glumes unequal shorter than the lower florets, keeled, 
 acute: paleas lanceolate, the lower one acuminate or rounded at the extremity, 
 (fescue-grass.) »?. 
 
 Ceratochloa. Spikelets lanceolate, somewhat 2-edged, many-flowered: glume 
 shorter than the imbricate florets: lower palea compressed, mucronate below the tip: 
 upper valve somewhat conduplicate; styles 2 — 3-parted. 
 
40 CLASS III. ORDER II. 
 
 DiARRHENA. Glumes 2, very unequal, 2 to 5-flowered, rigid, upper valve 2-keeled, 
 very rough, acuminate-mucronate: paleas cartilaginous; inferior valve entire, broad; 
 superior one very short, eniarginate: seed coated, in length equal with the superior 
 palea: scale ovate, ciliaie. 
 
 Dactylis. Spikelets aggregated in unilateral heads, many-flowered: glumes shorter 
 than the florets, with a large one keeled, pointed: lower palea eniarginate, mucronale; 
 upper one sub-conduplicate. (orchard-grass.) S. 
 
 (Flowers inpanidcs; paleas more or less 2-cleft, and the loiccr one awned on the back 
 or a little below the tip. ) 
 
 Danthonia. Glumes 2 to 5-flowered, longer than tlie florets, cuspidate: paleas 
 bearded at the base; lower one 2-toothed, with a twisted awn between the teeth; up- 
 per one obtuse, entire, (wild oats.) 
 
 Trisetum. Glume 3 to 5-flowered, membranaceous, as long as the florets: lower 
 palea with 2 bristle-form teeth at the tip, and an awn below the teeth. 
 
 Bromus. Glumes 2, shoiter than the florets: spikelets terete-2-ranked, many- 
 flowered: outer paleas bifid, awned below the tip; inner one pectinate-ciliate, sub- 
 conduplicate. (chess, broom-grass.) »S'. 
 
 Arrhenatherum. Glumes membranaceous, 2-flowered, rather shorter than the 
 florets; lower florets bearing anthers, lower valve 2-cleft, awned below the middle; 
 upper floret perfect, lower valve cleft, unarmed, or with a short awn below the tip. 
 
 AvENA. Glumes 2; 2, 3, or many-flowered: paleas mostly bearded at the base, 
 lower one torn, with a twisted awn on the back: glumes membranaceous, and some- 
 what folicle-like: seed coated, (cats.) iS. 
 
 AiRA. Spikelets slender: calyx longer than the florets, glossy, 2-valved, 2 or 3- 
 flowered: paleas 2, lower valve gnawed or toothed, awned on the back below the 
 middle, (hair-grass.) /S. 
 
 D. Floicers in spikes. 
 
 LoLiUM. Spikelets sessile; to the lowest a glume of 1 valve, to the uppermost of 2 
 opposite valves: lower palea with a bristle, or mucronate point, at the end: upper is 
 membranous, bifid-toothed: scales with 2 unequal teeth: seed furrowed: spike com- 
 pound, (darnel-grass.) 
 
 Eleusine. Glumes awnless, keeled, 5 to 9-nerved, membranaceous, 4 to 6-flowered, 
 obtuse, unequal: inflorescence an unilateral digitate spike: paleas 2, awnless, mem- 
 branaceous, unequal; lower valve keeled, upper one concave on the back: seed trian- 
 gular, transversely rugose, (dogtail-grass.) .S'. 
 
 Triticum. Glumes 2, many-flowered, shorter than the spikelet, nearly equal, 
 beardless, or with one beard: paleas 2, one of them bearded from the end: seed 
 inclosed in the paleas, generally. Agropyron is expunged, and the couch-grass restored 
 to this genus, (wheat.) 
 
 Sec^le. Glumes 2, 2 or 3-flowered: spikelets sessile on the teeth of the rachis, 
 with the terminal floret abortive: glumes subulate, opposite, shorter than the florets: 
 lower palea long-awned. (rye.) 
 
 Elymus. Glumes in pairs, involucre-like, subulate: lower palea entire, mucronate, 
 or with a short bristle at the tip: spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis: 3 to 
 9-flowered. (lime-grass, wild rye.) iS. 
 
 Melica. Glumes 2, unequal, colored, obtuse, 2 to 4-flowered, and as long as the 
 florets; one or more of the upper florets abortive and incomplete: palea unarmed, 
 membranaceous: scales connate, truncate, fimbricate: seed free, (melic-grass.) S. 
 
 Athzrofogon. Spikes in unilateral racemes: glumes 2, membranaceous, 2-flowered; 
 inferior valve bristle-form: perfect floret 2-valved; inferior valve 3- toothed, or3-bristled; 
 superior valved bifid: abortive floret pedicelled, 2-valved, 3-bristled. (hairy-beard.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Sesleria. Glumes 2 to 5-flowered: paleas 2, toothed at the tip: stigmas sub- 
 glandular: flowers often purplish; base of the spike bracted or involucred. (moor- 
 grass.) 
 
 OxYDENiA. Spike panicled, filiform; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered, alternating on a 
 1-sided rachis: general glume permanent, 2-valved, accuminate-subulate, 1-nerved, 
 longer than the florets; paleas 2, small, caducous, obtuse, with or without awns: seed 
 roundish, naked, smooth, somewhat gibbous. 
 
CLASS III. ORDER III. 41 
 
 Chi.oris. Spikes digitate, one-sided : calyx '2-valved, 2 to 4-flowered ; valves keeled. 
 Flowers dissimilar, and the abortive florets pedicelled. 
 
 Aegilops. Glumes lateral, 2, mostly 3-flo\vered; valves coriaceous, broad, with 
 many rigid diverging awns: paleas 2, outer valve 2 or 3-awnedi spikes with the inter- 
 mediate ones barren, lateral ones perfect, sessile. 
 
 E. Flowers polygamous. 
 (In panicles. ) 
 
 Panicum. Glumes 2, 2-flowered ; the lower glume generally very small, and differing 
 in texture from the other: the lower florets abortive, 1 or 2-valved: the lower valve 
 resembling the glumes, the upper one membranaceous: peifect floret with cartilaginous 
 valves, unarmed, (cockfoot-grass, panic-grass.) S. 
 
 HiERocHLOA. Glumes 2, 3-flowered, scarious: lateral florets staminate, central 
 ones perfect and diandrous, rarely triandrous. 
 
 HoLcus. Glumes 2-flowered, membranaceous, boat-form, mucronate; panicle com- 
 pact: lower florets perfect, sessile, unarmed; upper ones ^staminate orneutral, pedi- 
 celled, awned near the middle of the back. 
 
 (In spikes.) 
 
 Pennisetum. Setaria. Inflorescence a compound cylindrical spike; spikelets 2 
 flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or more bristles: glumes 2, unequal, herba- 
 ceous: superior florets perfect, paleas cartilaginous, (bristled panic.) 
 
 Digitaria. Glumes I or 2, 2-flowered; the outer valve very small, or none; the 
 inmost of the length of the paleas, 2, oblong-ovate, awniess paleas: style very long; 
 spikes digitate, unilateral, linear: spikelets on short bifid pedicels, in pairs, lower floret 
 perfect, with coriaceous valves, (finger-grass.) «S. 
 
 Andropogon. Spikelets in pairs, involucred; the lower one staminate or neutral 
 on a bearded pedicel: glumes and paleas often very minute, or wanting: upper spike- 
 lets sessile, 1-flowered, perfect; glumes sub-coriaceous; paleas 2, shorter than the 
 glumes, membranaceous, lower valve generally awned. (beard-grass.) (S>. 
 
 HoRDEUJi. Spikelets 3 at eacli joint of the rachis, 1 or 2-flowered, all perfect, or 
 the lateral ones abortive: glume lateral, subulate: perfect flower with 2 paleas, lower 
 valve ending in a bristle: seed coated, (barley.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 MoNOCERA. Flowers in 2 rows on one side of the rachis; glumes 3, many-flowered; 
 valves awned below the tip. Perfect flowers have 2 paleas, unequal; the outer valve 
 awned below the tip. Neutral flowers have 2 awniess paleas. 
 
 Manisuris. Perfect flowers mixed with the staminate, glume 1-flowered, valves 2 
 unequal; outer one coriaceous, roundish, emarginate on one side of the base: paleas 
 2, smaller, included in the glume. Staminate and neutral have the glume uniform or 
 regular. 
 
 Lepturds. Rachis articulated, filiform: articulations single-flowered: glume grow- 
 ing to the rachis, 1 or 2-valved: valves simple or 2-parted. 
 
 RoTBOLLiA. Rachis fragile, articulated, cylindric, often filiform; articulations 2- 
 flowered or more: glumes lance-ovate, flat, 1 or 2-valved: paleas 2, smaller. 
 
 Pleuraphis. Central spikelets perfect, with glumes 1-flowered, wedge-obovate, 
 2-cleft, 5-bristled: lateral spikelets staminate; glume 2-flowered, with one valve bristl- 
 ed near the base. 
 
 * Stellaria, Anthoxanthum, Oryzopsis. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 MoLLUGO. Calyx 5-sepalled,, inferior, colored inside: corol 0: capsule 3-celled 
 3- valved, many-seeded. Stamens 3 to 5. (carpet-weed.) S. 
 
 MoNTiA. Calyx 2— 3-sepalled: petals 5, sub-connate at the base, 3 a little smallest: 
 stamens on the claws of the petals, mostly before the three smaller ones: styles short 
 reflexed: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Scarcely distinguished from "Claytonia! 
 
 Lechea. Calyx 3-sepalled: petals 3, linear: stigmas 3, plumose: capsule 3-celled 
 3-valved, with 3 inner valvelets: seed 1. (pinweed. ) aS>. 
 
 Proserpinaca. Calyx 3-parted, superior, permanent: corol 0: nut bony, 3-sided 
 3-celled, crowned by the calyx, (mermaid-weed.) S, ' 
 
 6 
 
42 CLASS IV. ORDER I. 
 
 SouUiem. 
 PoLYCARPON. Calyx 5-sepalled: petals 5, very short, emarginate, permanent: cap- 
 sule ovate, 1-celled, 3-valved. , . ^ „ • /tt , . 
 
 •Zanthoxylon, Siellaiia, Eriocaulon, Queria or Anychia, Stellaria(llolosteum). 
 
 Order IV. 
 
 Soulhern. 
 
 Pellimia. Sepals 4; petals 2, small, membranaceous, linear oblong; capsule depres- 
 sed, globose, 1-celled, somewhat 8-lobed, opening by a quadrangular cleft at the sum 
 mit; stigma sessile, seeds numerous very shining. 
 
 CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 A. Flowers superior. 
 
 ( 1-petalled. ) 
 
 Cephalanthds. Inflorescence in a head: general calyx none: proper calyx supe 
 rior minute, angular, 4-cleft: corol funnel-form: receptacle globular, hairy: capsules 
 2 to 4-partible: seed solitary, oblong, (button-bush.) /S*. 
 
 DiPSACUs. Common calyx involucre-like, many-sepalled: proper calyx 1-sepalled, 
 superior: receptacle chaffy: corol tubular, 4-cleft: nut 1, crowned with a wineglass- 
 form egret: inflorescence an ovate-head, (teasel.) 
 
 Galium. Calyx 4-toothed: corol flat, 4-cleft: fruit dry; nuts 2, roundish: (leaves 
 stellate.) (bedslraw.) .S'. 
 
 Spkrmacoce. Calyx 4-tootlied: corol funnel-form, 4-cleft: capsule 2-celled: seeds, 
 2, 2- toothed. S. 
 
 DioDiA. Calyx 2-cleft: corol tubular, funnel-form, 4-cleft: capsule 2-celled, 1- 
 seeded. S. 
 
 Hedvotis. Or.DENLANDiA. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted: corol funnel-form, 4-cleft, 
 or 4-petalled: capsule 2-celled, many-seeded; receptacle adnate to the partition. S. 
 
 Anotis. Calyx an obovate tube, 4-toothed: corol salver-form with a 4-lobed limb, 
 throat sub-glabrous: stigma sub-2-lobed: capsule I-celled, and 4 to 8-seeded, seeds 
 ovate sub-angled. 
 
 HousTONiA. Calyx half superior, 4-toothed or 4-parted: corol salver- form, 4 cleft: 
 capsule 2-celled, many seeded, opening transversely, (venus pride.) S. 
 
 MiTCHELLA. Calyx 4-toothed: corols 2 on each germ, tubular, limb 4-parted, 
 spreading, villose inside: stamens scarcely exsert: berry double, 4-seeded: stigmas 4 
 or 4-cleft. (partridge berry, checker berry.) S. 
 
 LiNNiEA. Calyx with the tube ovate: limb .5-parted, segments lanceolate-subulate: 
 corol turbinate, sub-campanulate, .5-lobed: stamens 4, sub-didynamous, included: 
 stigma globose; berry dry, small, globe-ovate, 3-celled, one cell only bearing perfect 
 seed, (twin flower.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ScABiosA. Common calyx many-sepalled; proper one double, superior: recep.tacle 
 chaffy or naked. (Flowers aggregate. ) (scabious. ) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 PoLYPREMUM. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-cleft, wheel-form, bearded at the orifice: 
 stamens included: capsule compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Allionia. Common calyx oblong, simple, 3-flo\vered: proper calyx obsolete: corol 
 irregular: receptacle naked. 
 
 RuBiA. Calyx 4-toothed: corol 4 or 5-cleft, bell-form: berries 2, one-seeded, (sta- 
 mens 4-5; leaves stellate. ) (madder. ) 
 
 (^-pdalkd.) 
 
 CoRNUs. Calyx 4-toothed: drupe with a 2-celled nut. Some species have a 4- 
 leaved involucre, (dogwood, false box.) S. 
 
CLASS IV. ORDER II. 43 
 
 LuDwiGiA. Calyx 4-parted, the divisions long, permanent: capsule 4-cornered, 
 4-celled, perforated at the top, many-seeded— (petals sometimes wanting.) (seed 
 box.) ^^ 
 
 ( Apctalous. ) 
 
 IsNARPiA. Calyx bell-form, 4-parted or 4-cleft, superior: capsule 4-celled, 4-cor- 
 nered, many-seeded, surrounded by the calyx, (water purslane.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Eleagnus. Calyx 4-cleft, bell-form, colored within; stamens alternating with the 
 divisions of the calyx (corol?) anthers sub-sessile: style short: drupe dry, 1-seeded, 
 marked with 8 furrows. 
 
 B. Floicers inferior. 
 (\-petaUed. ) 
 
 Plantago. Calyx 4-cleft: corol 4-cleft, reflexed: capsule 2-celled, opening trans- 
 versely: stamens exsert, very long, (plantain, ribwort. ) -S'. 
 
 Sanguisorba. Calyx 2-sepalled: corol 4-cleft, wheel-form, adhering to the germ so 
 as to appear as if superior; capsule 4-sided, (burnet sa.\ifrage.) S. 
 
 Centaurella. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted, close pressed, permanent: corol 4-cleft 
 or 4-parted, bell-form, permanent; stigma thick, glandulous, sub-bifid: capsule 1- 
 celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, (screw-stem.) I regret that I am compelled by supe- . 
 rior authority to substitute Centaurella for Bartonia, contrary to all rules for generic 
 names. 
 
 ExACUM. Calyx deeply 4-parted: corol 4-cleft: tube globose; capsule 2-furrowed, 
 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at ihe top; cells 2-seeded. 
 
 SwERTiA. Calyx flat, 4 or .5-parted: corol 4-parted, wheel-form, with nectariferous 
 pores at the base of the divisions: germ tapering to a poin'. style short, terminating 
 in 2 stigmas: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, acuminate, (false gentian.) 
 
 Frasera. Calyx deeply 4-parted: corol 4-parled, spreading; segments with bearded 
 glands in tiie middle: capsule compressed, sub-margined, 1-celled, 2-valved; seeds 
 few, imbricated, oval, with a membranaceous margin, (pyramid flower.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Lycium. Corol tubular, having the throat closed by the beards of the filaments: 
 stamens often 5; berry 2-celIed, many-seeded, (matrimony.) 
 
 Centunculus. Calyx 4-cleft: coral 4-lobed, tubular, permanent, border spreading: 
 stamens short, naked: capsule 1-celled, dividing into 2 hemispheres, man^'-seeded. 
 
 Calucarpa. Calyx 4-cleft: corol tubular, border 4-cleft: stamens exsert: berry 
 4-seeded. 
 
 (i-pclalled.J 
 
 Ammannia. Calyx bell-tubular, plaited, 8-toothed: petals 4, or none, on the calyx: 
 capsule 4-celled, many-seeded — (sometimes 2-celled and 8-stamened.) 
 (tooth-cup.) ,S. 
 
 Ptelea. Calyx 4-parted: petals 4, spreading: stigmas 2: samara compressed, 
 orbicular, 2-celled, 2-seeded. .S'. 
 
 Southerit. 
 
 Krameria. Calyx none: corol 4 or 5-petalled: nectary 4-leaved, two-shaped: 
 anthers perforated: drupe prickly. 
 
 ( Apdalous. ) 
 
 RiviNiA. Calyx 4-parted; permanent; berry 1-seeded; seeds lentiform, scabrous: 
 stamens 8, 4, 12. 
 
 Alchemilla. Calyx 8-cleft: segments spreading, alternately smaller: style lateral 
 from the base of the germ: fruit surrounded by the calyx, (lady's mantle.) 
 
 Ictodes. Sympujcarpus. Pothos. General calyx a spathe; spadix simple, covered 
 with flowers: perianth corol-like, deeply 4-parted, pern)anent, becoming thick and 
 spongy; style pyramid-form, 4-sided; stigma simple, minute: berries globose, 2-seeded, 
 inclosed in the spongy spadix-receptacle. (skunk-cabbage.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Camphorosma. Calyx pitcher-form, 4-parted, segments alternately larger: stamens 
 exsert; style 2-cleft: capsule 1-seeded, covered by the calyx. 
 
 *Convallaria, Cardamine, Prinos, Calymenia, Euouynnis. 
 
44 CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 Hamamei.is. Involucre 3-leavecl: perianth 4-sepalled or 4-cleft: petals 4, very long, 
 linear: nut 2-celled, 2-horned (witch hazel.) Flowers in autumn, and perfects its 
 seed the following spring. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Aphanes. Caly.x 2-cleft, alternate; segments minute: petals none: stamens mi- 
 nute: styles 2: seeds 2, covered by the converging calyx, one of them often abortive. 
 Stamens 1, 2, and 4. 
 
 *Sanguisorba, Cuseuta, Swertia, Oldenlandia, Gentiana, Morus, Juglans, 
 Thuja, Galium, Cuseuta. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 
 Il,EX. Calyx minute, 4 or 5-toothed: corol 4-parted, wheel-form: style 0: stigmas 
 4: berry 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. (holly.) 
 
 Nemopanthes, R. Flowers abortively dioecious or polygamous: calyx scarcely 
 conspicuous: petals 5, distinct, linear-oblong, caducous: germs liemisplieric, covered 
 with a viscous juice: style none: stigmas 4: berry 4-celied, l-seeded. Professor 
 Dewey defines this genus — Calyx none, or ideally conspicuous: petals 4, lanceolate, 
 sub-acute: stigmas sessile: pericarp 4-celled, 1-seeded: stamens 3 to 5; stigmas 3 to 5. 
 This description was written long before tliat of R. 
 
 Sagina. Calyx 4-sepalled: petals 4, often caducous: capsules 4-celled, 4-valved, 
 ipany-seeded. (pearl-wort.) >S. 
 
 Tillaea. Calyx 3 or 4-parted: petals 3 or 4, equal: carpals 3 or 4, two or many- 
 seeded. Sometimes there are 4 barren stamens, (pigmy-weed.) 
 
 PoTAMOGETON. Calyx (orgreen corol) 4-sepalled: petals 0: style 0; anthers sessile, 
 alternating with the divisions: nuts 4, 1-seeded, sessile: seeds 4. (pond-weed.) iS. 
 
 RuppiA. Calyx 0: corol 0: seeds 4, pedicelled. 
 
 Sojithern. 
 Myginda. Calyx small, 4-parted: corol 4-petalled or deeply 4-parted; stigmas 2 or 
 4: drupe globose, 1 seeded. 
 
 *Proserpinaca, Myriophyllum. 
 
 CLASS V. PENTANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 A. Flowers 1-peialled, inferior; seed-like nuts^ naked in the bottom of the calyx. 
 
 Rough-leaved plants. 
 
 PuLMONARiA. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled: corol funnel-form, with an open throat: 
 stigma emarginate: nuts roundish, obtuse, not perforated at the base. (Whole plant 
 smooth in this country, though rough-leaved in Europe.) (lung-wort.) -S'. 
 
 LiTHOsPF.RMUM. Calyx 5-parted, with acute keeled divisions: corol funnel-form, 
 with an open throat, border 5-lobed: stigma 2-cleft: nuts ovate, pointed, stony, not 
 perforated: stamens and pistils inclosed in the tube of the corol. (stone-seed or grom- 
 well.) S'. 
 
 OsosMODiuM. Calyx deeply 5-parted, segments linear: coral oblong, somewhat bell- 
 form, with the acute divisions converging, the upper part of the corol being ventricose 
 and half 5-cleft, throat open: anthers sessile, enclosed: styles e.xsert, nuts not perfo- 
 rated at the iiase. (Spikes revolute.) (false gromwell.) S. 
 
 EcHiuM. Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect: corol bell-form, obliquely and 
 unequally 5-lobed; tube short; throat naked; stigma cleft: nuts tubercled, not perfo- 
 rated at the base, (viper's buglcss.) 
 
 Myosotis. Calyx half 5-cIeft or 5-clefl: corol salver-form, curved, 5-cleft, vaulted, 
 the lobes slightly emarnrinate; throat closed with 5 convex converging scales: nuts 
 smooth or echinate.. (scorpion-grass.) 
 
 Lycopsis. Calyx 5-cleft: corol funnel-form; throat closed with ovate converging 
 scales: nuts perforated at the base. 
 
 *As the seeds of these plants have stigmas at their apexes, they are, according to 
 modern physiologists, not entitled to the name of jseed. 
 
CLASS V. ORDER I. 45 
 
 Batschia. Calyx about 5-cleft: corol ealver-form, with a straight tube longer than 
 the calyx; having a bearded ring within at the base; tliroat naked, or partly closed, 
 with rounded divisions: nuts hard and shining, (flilse bugloss.) S. 
 
 Ctnoglossum. Calyx 5-parted: corol short, funnel-form, vaulted; throat closed by 5 
 converging convex processes: nuts depressed, afiixed laterally to the style, (hound- 
 tongue.) §. 
 
 RocHELiA. Calyx 5-parted: corol salver-form, throat closed with converging scales: 
 nuts prickly, compressed, affixed latterly to the style. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 BoRAGo. Corol wheel-form, segments acute; the throat closed with rays: filaments 
 conniving: nuts rounded, closed at the base, rugose, inserted into an excavated base, 
 (borage.) 
 
 Anchusa. Calyx 5-parted: corol funnel-form, vaulted; throat closed: nuts marked 
 at the base, and their surface generally veined, (bugloss.) 
 
 SyMPHiTUM. Limb, or upper part of the corol, tubular-swelling; the throat closed 
 with the subulate rays: stigma simple: nuts gibbous, not pierced at the base, (com- 
 frey.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Heliotropicm. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed: corol salver-form, 5-cleft, with teeth or 
 folds between the divisions; throat open. (Spikes recurved, involute.) (turnsol.) 
 
 B. Flowers 1-petalled, ivferior. 
 (Capsule 1-cellcd.) 
 
 Anagallis. Calyx 5-parted: corol wheel-form, deeply 5-lobed: capsule opening 
 transversely, globose, many-seeded: stamens hairy, (scarlet pimpernel.) S, 
 
 Lysimachia. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted: corol wheel-form, 5-cleft: capsule 1-celled; 
 globular, 5 or 10-valved, raucronate: stigma obtuse: (In some species the filaments 
 are united at the base.) (loose-strife.) S, 
 
 Primula. Umbellets involucred: calyx tubular, 5-toothed: corol salver- form, 5- 
 lobed; tube cylindric: throat open; divisions of corol emarginate: capsule 1-celled 
 with a 10-cleft mouth: stigma globular. (primrose-cov;slip.) 
 
 DoDECATHEON. Calyx 5-cleft: corol wheel-form, 5 parted, reflexed: capsule oblong, 
 1-celled, opening at the apex: stamens on the inside of the tube short; anthers con- 
 verging: stigma obtuse, (false-cowslip.) 
 
 Menyanthes. Calyx 5-parted: corol hairy, funnel-form, 5-lobed, equal and spread- 
 ing: capsule ovate, 1-celled. 2-vaIved, with the seeds attached to the valves: stigma 
 2-cleft, capitate, (buck bean.) 
 
 Villarsia. Capsule 1-celled, 1 or 2-valved, many-seeded: corol wheel-form, 5- 
 lobed; divisions bearded at the base; margin inflexed, having 5 glandular nectaries, 
 alternating with the stamens: stigma 2-lobed. (spur-stem, heart water-shield.) S. 
 
 HoTTONiA. Calyx 5-parted: corol salver-form, 5-lobed: stamens on the tube of the 
 corol: stigma globular: capsule 1-celled, globose, acuminate, (feather leaf ) K 
 
 Samolus. Calyx 5-cleft, half superior, permanent: corol salver-form, 5-lobed, with 
 5 intermediate scales fencing up the stamens between them: capsule 1-celled, 5-tooth- 
 ed, many-seeded, (brookweed.) iS. 
 
 Sabbatia. Calyx 5 to r2-parted: corol wheel-form, 5 to 12-parted: stigmas 2, 
 spiral or coiled: anthers becoming revolute: capsule 2-valved, many-seeded, (cen- 
 taury.) S. 
 
 Hydrophylltjm. Calyx 5-parted: corol bell-form, 5-cleft with 5 margined, longi- 
 tudinal, honey-bearing grooves inside: capsule globose, 2-valved: stamens exsert: 
 filaments bearded in the middle: stigma 2 cleft, (water-leaf, burr-flower.) S. 
 
 Nemophila. Calyx 10-parted, alternate lobes reflexed: corol sub-cam panulate, 5- 
 lobed: the lobes emarginate, with margined nectariferous cavities at the base: sta- 
 mens 5, shorter than the corol, filaments naked: style 2-cleft; capsule fleshy, 1- 
 celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. Germ 1-celled, with two wall-like partitions, each bear- 
 ing two distinct germs or capsules; capsule 1-celled, with fleshy masses fixed to a 
 longitudinal axis, bearing the seeds on their inner surface. 
 
 Southern. 
 ErxisiA. Calyx deeply 5-parted: corol smaller, funnel-form, 5-cleft, naked within: 
 stamens not exsert; filaments smooth; anthers roundish: stigma 2-cleft: capsule 2- 
 celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded; seeds punctate. Capsule on the spreading calyx. 
 
46 CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 Androsace. Flowers in an involucred umbel: calyx 5-cleft, permanent: coro? 
 salver- form, 5-lobed, tube ovate, orifices glandular: capsule 1 -celled, globe-ovate, 5- 
 valved, many-seeded. 
 
 ( Capsule ^-celled — rardy 2-celled. ) 
 
 Phacelia. Calyx 5-parted: corol somewhat bell-form, 3-cleft, with 5 margined, 
 longitudinal, honey-bearing grooves inside: styles filiform; stigmas 2: stamens ex- 
 sert: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded; with partitions attached to the middle of 
 the valves. S. 
 
 Spigelia. Calyx 5-parted: corol funnel- form; border equally 5-cleft: anthers con- 
 verging: capsule twitined, 2-celled, 4-valved, many seeded. S. 
 
 Verbascum. Calyx 5-parted: corol wheel-form, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular: 
 stamens declined, hairy: capsules 2-celled, 2-valved; valves inflexed when ripened, 
 man3'-seeded. (mullein.) S. 
 
 Convolvulus. Calyx 5-parted, with or without 2 bracts: corol funnel-form, plaited: 
 stigma 2-cleft or double: cells of the capsule 2 or 3; each 1 or 2-seeded. 
 (bind-weed.) &*. 
 
 Ipom^a. Calyx 5-cleft, naked: corol funnel-form or bell-form, with 5-folds: stigma 
 globe-headed, papillose: capsule 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded, (cypress vine, morning 
 glory.) -S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 HvoscrAMUs. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft: corol funnel-form, 5-lobed, obtuse irregular: 
 stamens inclined: capsule 2-celled, covered with a lid. (henbane.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 NicoTiANA. Calyx urceolate, ^ub-tubn!ar, 5-cleft: corol funnel-form, 5-cleft, limb 
 plaited: stigma notched, capitate: stamens inclined: capsules 2-celled, 2 to 4-valved. 
 (tobacco.) 
 
 Ophiorhiza. Calyx 5-cleft: corol 5-cleft, funnel-form: germ 2-cleft: stigmas 2; 
 capsule mitre-form, 2-lobed, 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 BuMELiA. Calyx 5-parted: corol salver-form, deeply 5-parted: nectary (inner corol) 
 5-leaved: drupe 1-seeded. 
 
 LisiANTHUs. Corol tubular, ventricose; divisions recurved: calyx bell-form, keeled: 
 stigma in a 2-lobed head: capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 2-valved: seeds numerous, 
 sub-imbricate, surrounded with a very small membranaceous margin. 
 
 (Capsule 3 to ^-celled.) 
 
 Phlox. Calyx prismatic, 5-cleft or 5parted; segments converging: corol salver- 
 form, 5-lobed, with a tube somewhat curved: filaments unequal in length, attached to 
 the inside of the tube of the corol: stigmas 3-cleft: cells 1-seeded, seeds oblong, con- 
 cave, (lichnedia. ) S. 
 
 PoLEMONiuM. Calyx bell-form, half 5-cleft: corol bell-wheel-form, 4 or 5-lobed, 
 erect: stamens bearded at the base, on 5 valves, closing the bottom of the tube: stigma 
 3 cleft: capsule roundish, 3-celled, many-seeded; valves membrano-crustaceous: seeds 
 oblong, sub-triangular. (Greek valerian, false Jacob's ladder.) 6'. 
 
 DiAPENsiA. Calyx deeply 5-parted at tlie base, imbricated with 3 leaflets: corol 
 salver-form: limb fiat, 5-cleft: stamens compressed, crowning the tube of the corol; 
 stigmas 3: capsules 3-celled, 3- valved, many-seeded, (mountain-box.) iS. 
 
 Datura. Calyx tubular, angled, caducous, with a permanent orbicular base: corol 
 funnel-form, plaited: capsule 4-valved, 2-celled, and each cell half divided: generally 
 thorny, (thorn-apple.) S. 
 
 Azalea. Calyx 5-parted; corol tubular, half 5-cleft, somewhat oblique: stamens 
 on the receptacle, declined; stigma declined, obtuse, usually ending with 5 short 
 papillaB:i[capsule 5-celled, 5- valved, opening at the top. (wild honeysuckle.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 ViNCA. Corol salver-form, twisted, border 5-cleft, with divisions oblique, throat 
 5-angled: seed oblong: capsule follicle-like, erect, narrow: 2 glands at the base of the 
 ovary. 
 
 Southern. 
 CoLLOMiA. Calyx wineglass-form, large, 5-cleft, acute: corol funnel-form, with 5 
 short oval-oblong lob^: tube straight, long, slender: capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, with 
 3 obcordate valves; seed oblong, angular, with a mucilaginous covering. 
 
CLASS V. ORDER I. 47 
 
 Cantua. Ipomeria. Calyx 3 to 5-cleft: corol funnel-form: stigma 3-cleft: capsule 
 superior, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded; seeds winged. 
 
 ( Seed in a berry. J 
 
 Physalis. Calyx 5- toothed: corol bell or wheel-form; tube with 5 concave impres- 
 sions: anthers converging: berries 2-celled, contained in an inflated calyx: seeds nu- 
 merous, (winter cherry.) &'. 
 
 SoLANUM. Calyx 5 to 10-parted, permanent: corol bell or wheel-form, 5-lobed, 
 plaited: anthers thickened, partly united, with two pores at the top; beriy containing 
 many seeds, 2 to G-celled. (potatoe, nightshade, bittersweet. ) S. 
 
 NicANDRA. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments sagittate: 
 corol bell-form: stamens incurved: berry 3 to 5-celled, covered by the calyx. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Atkopa. Corol bell-form: stamens distant: berry globular, 2-celled, sitting on the 
 calyx, (deadly nightshade.) 
 
 Capsicum. Corol wheel-form: berry juiceless, inflated: anthers converging: calyx 
 angular, (red pepper.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Androcera. (Solanum.) Calyx inflated, 5-cleft, caducous: corol sub-ringent, 
 wheel-form, 5-clefl: stamens unconnected, unequal, declined, one larger and horn- 
 form; anther with 2 terminal pores: style simple, declined; stigma not distinct: berry 
 dry; seed without margins, rugose. 
 
 C. Flowers ] -pelalled, svperior. 
 ( Seeds in a capsule. ) 
 
 Campanula. Calyx mostly 5-cleft: corol bell-form, or wheel-form, closed at the- 
 bottom by valves bearing the flattened stamens: stigma 3 to 5-cleft: capsules 3 to 5- 
 celled, opening by lateral pores, (bell-flower.) S. 
 
 Specularia. Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated prismatic or long-obconic: corol wheel- 
 form, 5-lobed: filaments membranaceous, pilose, shorter than the anthers: style in- 
 closed, pilose; s'igmas 3, filiform: capsule long-prismatic, 3-celled, 3-valved. 
 
 Clintonia. Calyx superior, 5-sepalled, sub-equal: corol 2-lipped, lower lip wedge- 
 form, 3-lobed, upper one erect, 2-parted; stamens in the tube, connate incurved; an- 
 thers connate, two bristle-bearing at the apex: germ silique-form, triangular, contorted, 
 1-celled: capsule dr}', many-seeded. 
 
 Lobelia. Calyx Scleft: corol irregular, often irregularly slitted: anthers cohering, 
 and somewhat curved: stigma 2-Iobed: capsule 2 or 3-celled. (cardinal flower, 
 wild tobacco.) &'. 
 
 DiERViLLA. Calyx oblong, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts: corol 5-cleft, twice as long as the 
 calyx, funnel-form: border 5-cleft, spreading: stigma capitate: capsule oblong, 4-cell- 
 ed, naked, many-seeded, (bush honeysuckle.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 PiNCKNEYA. Calyx 5-parted, 1 or 2 of the divisions large, bract-like: corol long, 
 tubular; border re-curved: stamens exsert: capsule roundish, 2 or 4-valved, with con- 
 trary partitions: seed winged. 
 
 Chiococca. Calyx 5-toothed: corol funnel-form, equal: berry compressed, twinn- 
 ed, 2-seeded: seed oblong, compressed. 
 
 PsYCHOTRiA. Tube of the calyx ovate, crowned: limb short, 5-lobed, 5-toothed or 
 sub-entire: corol funnel-form, short, 5-cleft; throat bearded: stigma 2-cleft: berry 
 drupe-like. 
 
 C Seeds in a herrij. ) 
 
 LoNicERA. Caprifolium. Calyx 5-toothed: corol tubular, long 5-cleft, unequal: 
 stamens exsert: stigmas globose: berry 2 or 3-celled, distinct; seeds many, (trumpet 
 honeysuckle.) S. 
 
 Xylosteum. Calyx 5-toothed with 2 connate bracts: corol tubular; border 5 parted, 
 nearly equal: berries in pairs, united at their bases, or combined in one; 2-celled. (fly 
 honeysuckle, twin- berry.) 
 
 Symphoricarpus. Calyx globose, tubular; limb small 4 or 5-toothed: corol funnel- 
 form sub-equal 4 or 5-lobed: stamens a little exsert: stigma half-globose: germ adnate, 
 4-celled; berry crowned with the calyx. 
 
48 CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 Symphoria. Calyx small, 4-toothed, 2-bracted at the base: corol tubular, ehort, 
 5-cleft, sub-equal: stigma globose; berry ovate, small, crowned with the permanent 
 calyx, 4-celled, 4-seeded; (sometimes two of the cells are abortive. ) S. 
 
 Triosteum. Calyx permanent, of the length of the corol, 5-cleft, with linear divi- 
 sions: corol tubular, 5-lobed, sub-equal, gibbous at the base: stigma capitate, sub-5- 
 lobed: beiry 3-celled, 3-seeded. (feverwort, horse ginseng.) 6'. 
 
 Exotic. 
 MiRABiLis. Corol funnel-form, coarctate (compressed or narrowed) below: calyx 
 inferior: germ between the calyx and corol: stigma globular, (four o'clock.) 
 
 D. Floicers 5-petallcd, inferior. 
 (Seed in a capsule. ) 
 
 Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, minute, bearing the 4 long linear reflexed petals: stigma 
 capitate, 2-lobed: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; the valves bearing the 
 seeds, and having inflexed margins. & 
 
 Impatiens. Calyx 2-sepalled, deciduous; corol irregular, spurred: anthers cohering 
 at the top: capsule 5-valved, bursting elastically when ripe, (touch-me-not, jewel- 
 weed.) S. 
 
 Viola. Calyx 5-sepalled or deeply 5-cleft: corol irregular, with a horn behind: 
 (sometimes the horn is wanting or a mere prominence) anthers attached by a mem- 
 branous tip, or slightly cohering: capsule 1-celled, 3- valved. (violet.) &. 
 
 loNiDiuM. Ionia, (from Viola.) Calyx 5-sepalled, with bases extended: corol 
 somewhat 2-lipped, not spurred: stigma simple: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved; seeds on 
 the middle valve. 
 
 Claytonia. Sepals 2, or calyjt 2-parted, the leaves valve-like: corol 5-petalled, 
 •emarginate:.stigma 3-cleft; capsule l-celled, 3-valved, 3 to 5-seeded. (spring beauty.) 
 
 Ceanothds. Petals scale-like, vaulted: claws long, standing in the 5-cleft, cup- 
 form calyx: stigmas 3: berry or capsule dry, 3-grained, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 3-parted, 
 opening on the inner side. (New Jersey tea.) <S'. 
 
 EuoNYMUs. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, flat: corol flat, inserted on the outer margin 
 of a glandular disk: capsule 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved, colored; cells 2-lobed; seeds 
 calyptred or arilled. (spindle tree.) S. 
 
 Celastrus. Calyx 5-lobed, flat: corol spreading; capsule obtusely 3-angled, 3- 
 celled, berry-like; valves bearing the partitions on their centres; cells 1 or 2-seeded; 
 stamens standing around a glandular 5-toothed disk: style thick: stigma 3-cleft; seeds 
 calyptred or arilled. (staff tree, false bittersweet. ) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 GoMPHRENA. Sepals 5, colored, outer 3 conniving, keeled: petals 5, villose: nectary 
 cylindric, 5-toothed: capsule opening transversely, 1-seeded: style semi-bifid, (ba- 
 chelor's buttons.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Cyrilla. Calyx minute, sub-turbinate, 5-parted: petals 5, stellate: stigmas 2 or 
 3: capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, not opening; seed ovate, attached to the summit of a 
 columella by a filament. 
 
 Pickeringa. Calyx small, 5-parted, inferior: petals 5: anthers sagittate: style sim- 
 ple: capsule 1-celled, sub-globose, many-seeded. 
 
 Galax. Erythrorhiza. Solandra. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol twice as 
 lorigas the calyx, 5-petalled, affixed to the base of the stamens; anther-bearing tube 
 10-cleft, the 5 shorter segments bearing the anthers: stigma 3-lobed: capsule 3-celled, 
 3-valved; seeds many, affixed to the columella. 
 
 (Seed in a berry.) 
 
 Rhamnus. Calyx cup-form, 4 to 5-cleft: corol consists of scales fencing in, or op- 
 posite to, the stamens, and inserted on the calyx, (sometimes wanting:) stigma 2 or 
 4-cleft; berry 3 or 4-seeded, (sometimes polygamous or dioecious.) (buck-thorn, 
 dwarf alder. ) S. 
 
 ViTis. Calyx 5-toothed, minute: petals cohering at the tip, hood-like, withering: 
 styles 0: stigma obtuse, capitate: berry 5-seeded, globular, seeds sub-cordate. Often 
 dioecious, (grape vine.) »S'. 
 
CLASS V, ORDER II. 49 
 
 AiwPELorsis. Cissus. Calyx minute, 4 or Smoothed: petals reflexed, spreading, 4 
 or 5, unconnected above, calyx-like, caducous: germs surrounded with a glandular 
 disk; berry 2-celled, 2 to 4-seeded. (false grape, creeper.) <S. 
 
 Stypho^ia. Sepals 7 to 9, with bracteoies at the base: petals 5, oblong, slightly 
 unguiculate, of the same texture as the sepals, pubescent within near the base: style 
 short, stigma minute, 3-lobed: fruit a dry flattened drupe; nut compressed, long, 
 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
 
 E. Flowers o-petalled, superior. 
 
 RiBES. Calyx bell-form, 5-clefl, sometimes flat: corol and stamens inserted on the 
 calyx: style 2-cleft; berry many-seeded, (currant, gooseberry.) <S'. 
 
 Exotici 
 Hedera. Petals oblong; berry 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx: style simple. 
 (European ivy.) 
 
 F. Carols wanting^ 
 
 Thesium. Comandra. Calyx superior, half 5-cleft, with petal-like edging attached 
 to its margin: anthers adhering to the edging by means of filamentous tufts: nut or 
 capsule 1-seeded, covered with the permanent calyx, (false toadflax.) S. 
 
 Anychia. Paronychia. Queria. Sepals 5, united at the base, slightly concave, 
 sub-saccate at the apex, sub-mucronate on the back; petals none; stamens 2 to 5, 
 inserted on the base of the sepals; styles very short, distinct or united at the base; . 
 utricle enclosed in the calyx; 1-seeded. 
 
 Paronychia. Sepals 5, united at the base, persistent, cuspidate or rounded at the 
 apex, cucullate or concave at the summit: petal 0: utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the 
 calyx. 
 
 SiPHONYCHtA. Sepals 5, linear, petaloid above, cohering into a tube below, slightly 
 concave at the apex, unawned: nectaries 5: style filiform; minutely bifid at the apex: 
 utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the calyx. 
 
 Glaux. Calyx inferior, bell-form, 5-lobed, colored: capsule globose, acuminate, 
 1-celled, 5 valved, 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx: receptacle rounded and punc- 
 tured, (sea milkwort.) 
 
 Petalanthera. Calyx superior, 10-parted: anthers arrow-form, inserted under the 
 apex of petal-like filaments: style bears a sub-2-lobed stigma: capsule cylindrical, 1- 
 celled, 1-seeded. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Celosia. Sepals 3, like a 5-petalled corol: stamens united at the base by a plaited 
 nectary: capsule opening horizontally: style 2 or 3-cleft. 
 
 *Queria, Prinos, Polygormm, Ledum, Geniiana, Cassia, Passiflora, Lycium. 
 
 Order II. Dygynia. 
 
 A. Corol Upetalled, inferior. 
 
 [Plants yj'iih follicles are removed to class gynandria, order peniandria.^ 
 
 Gentiana. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft: corol with a tubular base, bell-form, without pores, 
 4 or 5-cleft: stigmas 2, sub-sessile: capsule 1-celled, oblong; columellas 2, longitudi- 
 nal: stamens but 4, when the divisions of corol are 4. (gentian.) 
 
 Cdsccta. Calyx 4 or 5'cleft: corol 4 or 5-cleft, sub-campanulale, withering: cap 
 sule 2-celled, dividing transversely at the base; seeds binate: stamens sometimes 4. 
 (dodder.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Gelseminum. Calyx 5-sepalled, very small: corol funnel-form, border spreading, 
 5-lobed, nearly equal: capsule compressed, flat, 2-partible, 2-celled: seeds flat, at- 
 tached to the margins of the valves. 
 
 Hydrolea. Calyx 5-parted: corol wheel-form or bell-form: anthers cordate, and 
 their filaments cordate at the base: styles long, diverging; stigmas head-peltate: cap- 
 sule 2-celled, 2-valved. 
 
 Dichondra. Calyx 5-parted; segments spatulate: corol short, bell-form, 5-parted: 
 stigma head-peltate: capsule sub-compressed, twinned, 2-celled, 1-seeded; seeds glo- 
 bose. 
 
 7 
 
60 CLAES V. ORDER II. 
 
 EvoLvuLUS. Calyx 5-partecl, corol bell- wheel-form, with sub-emarginate lobes: styles 
 2, deeply 2-cleft, with diverging capillary divisions: stigma simple: capsule 2-celled, 
 4-valved, 2 to 4-seeded. 
 
 B. Corol ^-petalkd. 
 
 DnuMMONDiA. Calyx obconic, tubular, adnale to the germ, tlie limb 5-cleft into tri- 
 angular lobes, valve-like, and at length reflexed: petals 5, pinnatifid, Iternating with 
 the lobes of the calyx: stigmas 2, spreading, 2-lobed: capsule 1-celled, 2 valved at 
 the apex, opening long before the seed is ripe. 
 
 Heuchera. Calyx inferior, 5-clefl: corol on the calyx; petals small: capsule 2- 
 beaked, 2-cel!ed, many-seeded, (alum-root.) (S. 
 
 Panax. Polygamous. Umbelled. Involucre many-leafed: calyx 5-toothed in the 
 perfect flower, superior: berry heart-form, 2 or 3-seeded: calyx, in Ihe staminate flower, 
 entire, (ginseng.; 
 
 C. Corol iranling. 
 
 Atriplex. Polygamous. Calyx 5-sepalled, or 5-parted, inferior; style 2-parted: 
 seed 1, vertical; fruit depressed. Pistillate flowers are intermixed, in which the calyx 
 is 2-sepalled or 2-parted. (orache.) iS'. 
 
 Chenopodium. Calyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, inferior: style deeply 2-clefl: 
 utricle thin, horizontal, invested by the calyx: seed 1, lens-like, (pigweed, oak of 
 Jerusalem.) &'. 
 
 Salsola. Perianth 5-cleft, permanent, enveloping the fruit with its base, and 
 crowning it with its enlarged limb: styles 2: embryo spiral, (saltwort.) S. 
 
 Ulmus. Calyx bell-form, withering; border 4 to 5-clefl: seed 1, enclosed in a flat 
 membranaceous samara. (Stamens vary from 4 to 8.) (elm.) -S. 
 
 Celtis. Polygamous. Perfect flowers have the calyx 5-parted: styles thickish, 
 spreading: drupe 1 -seeded: staminate flowers beneath the perfect ones, with 6-parted 
 calyxes: stamens often 6. (nettle-tree.) -S'. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Beta. Sepals 5: seed kidney-form, within the fleshy substance of the base of the 
 calyx, (beet.) 
 
 tiouthcm. 
 
 KocHiA. Calyx inferior, ^bell-form, 5-cleft, forming a permanent band around the 
 fruit, somewliat resembling 5 petals: corol none: styles short, stigmas 2 or 3, long 
 simple: seed incurveid. 
 
 Planera. Polygamous. Calj-x membranaceous, sub-cam panulate, 4 or 5-clefl: 
 corol none: stigmas 2, oblong, glandular, recurved: capsule (nut) sub-globose, mem- 
 branaceous, 1-celled, nut opening, smooth or scaly, 1 -seeded, not winged. 
 
 D. Plants idiich bear flowers in Umbels; corals superior and 5-petallcd: carpels two. 
 ( Carpels with. 3 ribs, nearly equal. ) 
 
 Hydkocotyle. Crantzia. Euigenia. Carpels 3-ribbed, flat; dorsal rib sometimes 
 obsolete; joining sides flat, linear: germ sub-orbicular or reniform, compressed laterally; 
 styles short: stigmas capitate; perianth none: petals entire, spreading: involucres va- 
 rious, (pennywort.) .S*. 
 
 Erigenia. Calyx with the margin obsolete; petals equal, entire, obovate, expanded: 
 style permanent, subulate, very long: fruit oval, somewhat compressed: the half-fruit 
 gihbously convex, 3 ribbed: j6ining edges narrow, flat, not edged with a margin. 
 
 CEnakthe. Carpels 3-ribbed, (rarely 5-ribbed;) styles permanent: germ oblong- 
 ovate, corticate, solid; apex denticulate: perianth slenderly 5-toothed: petals of the 
 disk, florets of the umbel, cordate-inflexed, sub-equal; those of the ray-florets large 
 and deformed: general involucre mostly wanting, (water dropwort.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 Carum. Seeds oblong-ovate, striate: petals carinate, emarginate, inflexed: invo- 
 lucre about 1-leaved. (caraway.) 
 
 ( Carpels prickly or hispid. ) 
 
 Sanicui.a. Carpels hispid, with hooked prickles: calyx 5-parted, permanent: um- 
 bel sub-simple, capitate: involucre few-flowered, (sanicle.) iS. 
 
CLASS V. ORDER 11, 51 
 
 Eryngium. Fruit oval-oblong, with cliafF-like scales, often hispid: calyx G-parted 
 permanent: petals oblong, inflexed at the apex and adnate at the base: flowers sessile, 
 capitate, intermixed with chaff: involucre many-leaved, sub-spinous. (sea holly.) S. 
 
 Daucus, Carpels striate on their joining sides; outer sides convex, having. hispid 
 ribs; involucre pinnalifid; flowers sub-radiated, abortive in the disk, (carrot.) .S'. 
 
 OsMouHiZA. Uraspermum. Calyx with the margin obsolete: petals ovate, scarcely 
 emarginate with a very short inflexed point: fruit elongated, alternate at the base, 
 acute-angled, in the tranverse section roundish: carpels with hispid angles and 5 
 acute ribs; commissure sulcate: general involucre 2 or IMeaved; partial ones 5-leaved: 
 the flowers all white with the central ones barren, and the outer ones fertile, (svveet- 
 cicilj-. ) This genus has run the round of Uraspermum, jMyrrhis, Chaerophyllum, 
 and Scandix. 
 
 Chaerophyllum. Uraspermum. Calyx with the margin obsolete: petals obovate, 
 emarginate, inflexed: fruit not beaked, lateially compressed: carpels with 5-obtuse, 
 equal ribs — lateral ribs margined: general involucre few-leaved; partial one many- 
 leaved: flowers white or reddish. 
 
 ( Carpels icitli 5 ribs, nearly equal, or none. ) 
 
 CicuTA. Carpels gibbous-convex: ribs 5, obtuse, converging, with intervening 
 tuberculate grooves and prominences: joining sides flat; germ sub-globose, corticate, 
 compressed laterally: calyx obsolete, 5-toothed: petals cordate inflexed; partial invo- 
 lucres 5 or 6-leaved, or wanting, (water hemlock. ) »S'. 
 
 Co.MUM. Carpels 5-ribbed: ribs at first crenate with flat intervals between them; 
 germ ovate, gibbous: perianth entire; petals unequal, cordate, inflexed: general invo- 
 lucre about 3 to 5-leaved; partial ones mostly 3-leaved, unilateral, (poison hem- 
 lock.) 
 
 EuLOPHUs. Calyx 5-toothed at the margin, deciduous: fruit subcontracted at the 
 side, ribs somewhat prominent: joining edges bearing 4 similar marginal wings: car- 
 pels crescent-like, plant glal)rous; umbel 10-rayed. 
 
 ZiziA. Margin of the calyx obsolete or very short-5-toothed* petals oval, tapering 
 into a long point: fruit contracted from the side, roundish or oval; carpels terete-con- 
 vex, a little flattish before. Flowers yellow. 
 
 In the UmbellifersB exotics are not designated. 
 
 Apium. Carpels convex externally; ribs 5, small, a little prominent: germ sub- 
 globose: perianth entire; petals equal, roundish, inflexed at the apex; involucre 1 to 
 o-leaved or wanting, (celery, parsley.) 
 
 Helosciadium. Calyx with a margin 5-toothed or obsolete: petals ovate, entire: 
 styles short: fruit compressed at the side, ovate or oblong, with lateral margins; car- 
 pels gibbosely or teretely convex, flattish before. Flowers white. 
 
 DiscoPLEURA. Calyx with 5 subulate permanent teeth; petals ovate, entire, folded 
 a little at the apex: fruit ovate, often paired; ribs always five: dorsal 3 filiform, ex- 
 sert, sub-acute; 2 laterals with a thick accessory margin; carpels teretish. 
 
 Leptocaulis. Calyx with the margin obsolete: petals ovate, entire: style short, 
 peruianent: fruit compressed at the side, ovate; carpels convex outside, flattish: fruit 
 covering bifid at the apex: stem terete, and leaves many-cleft. 
 
 SisoN. Ammi. Carpels 5-ribbed, ovate, solid; intervals convex; sides contracted; 
 general involucre wanting, and sometimes the partial also, (bishop weed.) S. 
 
 Cryptotaenia. Calyx with tiie margin obsolete; petals obovate sub-entire narrow- 
 ing into .an inflexed point; fruit contracted at the side, linear-oblong with a short 
 slender foot-stem and crowned with a straight style; and having many edging fillets, 
 concealed or nearly so; fruit covering bifid at the apex. Plant glabrous; leaves 3-cleft, 
 segments curve-tonthed. 
 
 SiCM. Carpels ovate, gibbous-convex, 5-ribbed, with 4 intervening grooves: germ 
 oblong-ovate, glabrous, compressed laterally: perianth obsolete: petals cordate, in- 
 flexed; involucres many-leaved, entire, (water parsnip.) S. 
 
 BuPLEURUM. Fruit ovate-oblong, gibbose, obtuse, with prominent, acute, abrupt 
 ribs, with flat interstices and contracted juncture: calyx none or scarcely any: petals 
 equal, broadish, involute; styles short. 
 
 Atrema. Teeth of the "calyx 5, acute, small, permanent; petals obovate, emar- 
 ginate, with sub equal inflexed divisions; fruit sub-didymous, sub-globose, ventricose, 
 marked with 5 prominent ribs. 
 
 CoRiANDKUM. Carpels sub-spherical; germ spherical: perianth 5-toothed: petals 
 cordate-inflexed, outer ones largest; involucre 1-leaved, or wanting, (coriander.) 
 
62 CLASS V. ORDER. III. 
 
 Carpels icith winged orfilletted margins; or thin dorsal fillet-like ribs. 
 
 Angelica. Carpels with 3 ribs on their baclis, and winged margins: intervals 
 between the ribs grooved: germ oyal, corticate; general involucre none, (angelica.) 
 
 Ferula. Calyx minute entire: petals oblong, sub-equal: fruit sub-oval, compressed, 
 flat, wing-margined: caipels with 3 dorsal lines; intervals and joining sides striate; 
 general involucre caducous, partial ones manj-leaved. 
 
 AiVETHUM. Carpels flat or convex, 5-ribbed: germ lenticular, compressed; calyx and 
 petals entire: involucres none, (fennel, dill.) 
 
 Archemora. Calyx with the margin 5-toothed: petals obcordate with inflexed 
 divisions: 'fruit compressed at the back; sides dilate into a membranaceous margin 
 rather broader than the seed. Leaves pinnatifid. No general involucre, but many- 
 leaved partial ones.. Flowers white. 
 
 Pastinaca. Carpels emarginateat the apex, somewhat winged; ribs 3 besides the 
 wings; intervals striate; joining sides 2-striate: germ oval, compressed: perianth- 
 calyx entire: petals entire, incurved, sub-equal: involucre none, (parsnip.) 
 
 Carpels with wing-like ribs. 
 
 Heraclecm. Carpels with winged margins, and 3 ribs on the back, obtuse, and 3 
 grooves on their outer sides, with tlie intervals dotted half way down; joining sides 
 flat, with 2 dots; germ oval, emarginate at the apex: petals emarginate, inflexed: 
 general involucre none, partial involucre 3 to 7-leaved: flowers somewhat radiated, 
 (cow parsley. ) 
 
 PoLVTiEN'iA. Calyx 5-toothed: petals oval, emarginate, with inflexed divisions: 
 fruit oval, compressed from its lenticular back, very glabrous with a smooth tumid 
 margin; a pair of dorsal fillets between the pair of carpels. 
 
 Feucedanusi. Calyx minute, 5-toothed: petals oblong, incurved, equal: fruit oval, 
 compressed, surrounded with a winged margin, having 5 striae on each carpel, and 
 elevated intervals, joining sides flat, (sulphur wort.) 
 
 Trepocarpus. Ca^x 5-toothed; teeth subulate: petals obcordate, with inflexed 
 margins: fruit pyramid-angled: commissure thick, furrowed in the middle, fiUetted 
 within. 
 
 Cymoptercs. Calyx minutely 5-toothed: petals round-oval, inflexed at the apex: 
 fruit sub-oval, compressed, 7or8-winged; wings undulated; joining sides naked. 
 Plant smooth, low, root perennial. Umbel with 4 to 6 short rays. Sub-polygamous. 
 
 Cynosciadium. Calyx with 5 permanent subulate teeth: petals sub-obovate, obtuse, 
 entire, flat: fruit oval-oblong or ovate, tapering to the apex— the slender foot is coni- 
 cal permanent, and the style is very short and reflexed; lateral margins two. Plant 
 glabrous: stem angled. 
 
 Seseli. Umbel globose: margin of the calyx 5-toothed: petals obovate: fruit oval 
 or oblong, crowned with a reflexed style. 
 
 Cnidium. Selinom. Carpel ovate, solid; ribs 5, acute, somewhat winged; inter- 
 vals furrowed, striate: general involucre wanting, partial, 1-leaved, or none. 
 
 Thaspium. Calyx 5-toothed at the margin: petals oval, tapering into long inflexed 
 apexes: fruit not contracted at the side, sub-oval; wings sub-equal filletted at the join- 
 ing edges; carpel terete. No general involucre, partial ones 3-leaved. 
 
 LiGUSTicuin. Carpels with 5 acute ribs and 4 intervening grooves: germ oblong, 
 corticate; general and partial involucres many-leaved, (lovage, ) iS. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 A. Flowers superior. 
 
 ViBCRNDM. Calyx 5-parted or 5-toothed, small: corol bell-form 5-clefl, with spread- 
 ing or reflexed lobes: stigmas almost sessile: berry or drupe 1-seeded. (snowball, 
 sheep-berry, high cranberry.) S. 
 
 Sambucus. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, small: corol sub-riKieolate, or sub-rotate, 5- 
 cleft: stigma minute, sessile: berry globose, 1-celled, 3-seeded. (elder.) S. 
 
 B. Flowers inferior. 
 
 Rhus. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5: berry 1-seeded, small, sub-globular, (sumac, 
 poison-ivy.) S. 
 
 Staphylea. Calyx 5-parted, colored: petals 5 on the margin of a glandular 5- 
 angled disk: capsules inflated, connate; nuts globular, having a cicatrice, 1 or 2 re- 
 
CLASS VI. ORDER I. 53 
 
 maining in each capsule, though several appear as rudiments while in bloom, (blad- 
 dernut.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 TuRNKRA. Calyx 5-cioft, funnel-form, often witli bracts at tlie base: petals 5 with 
 claws, inserted on the calyx: stigmas inany-cleft: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. 
 
 Lepuropetai-on. Culyx 5-parled: petals 5 resembling scales, inserted into the 
 calyx: cai)sule free near llie summit, 1-cclled, 1-valved. 
 
 LoEFLi.NGiA. Sepals 5 united at the base, subulate, cuspidate, the three exterior 
 with a seti-form appendage on each side near the base: petals 5, very minute, conni- 
 vent; stamens 3 to 5; styles 3, distinct or united below, sometimes almost none: cap- 
 sule 1-celled, many seeded. 
 
 Merkia. Sepals 5; petals 5, unguiculate, entire; styles 3; capsule sessile, inflat- 
 ed, depressed-globose and umbilicated, grooved, imperfectly 3-celled; 3-valved; seeds 
 numerous, minute. 
 
 Meconella. Sepals 3; petals 5 to 6; stamens 4 to 6; filaments membranaceous, 
 dilated upwards; anthers very short, the cells disjoined; stigmas 3, rarely 4, linear, 
 very short sessile; capsule 1-celled, pod-shaped, slender, 3 rarely 4 valved: valves flat, 
 1-nerved, dehiscent from the apex to the base; seeds numerous, smooth and shining, 
 sub-globose. 
 
 *Polygonum, Arenaria, Hypericum, Panax. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 
 Parnassia. Calyx inferior, permanent, 5-paited: corol 5-petalled: nectaries 5-fring- 
 ed, witli stamen-like divisions with globular tips: stigmas sessile: capsule 4-valved, 1 
 or2-celled: seed membranaceous-margined. (parnassus grass, flowering plantain.) 
 
 Order V. Pentagynia. 
 
 Aralia. Umbellets involucred; perianth 5-toothed, superior: petals 5: stigmas 
 sessile, sub-globose: (oblong) berry crowned, 5-celled; cells 1-seeded. (spikenard, 
 wild sarsapanlla. ) S. 
 
 Statice. Calyx 1-sepalled, entire, plaited, scarious, inferior; corol 5-petalled: cap- 
 sule 1-seeded, valyeless, covered with the permanent calyx, (marsh rosemary.) S. 
 
 LiNUM. Calyx 5-sepalled or 5-parted, permanent: corol 5-petalled, inferior, with 
 claws: capsule 5 or 10-valved, 10-celled: seeds solitary, ovate, compressed: filaments 
 spreading or united at tlie base, (flax.) S. 
 
 SiEBALDiA. Calyx lU-cleft, with tiie alternating segments narrower: petals 5, in- 
 serted in the calyx: styles attached to the germ laterally: nuts 5, in the bottom of 
 the calyx. &'. 
 
 *Spergula. Cerastium. 
 
 Order VI. Hexagykia. 
 
 Drosera. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-cleft, permanent; petals 5, marcescent: anthers 
 adnate: styles 6, or one deeply divided: capsule round, 1 or 3-celled, many-seeded; 
 valves equalling the number of stigmas, (sundew.) The leaves of all the species 
 are beset wiih glandular hairs resembling dew. <S'. 
 
 Order XII. Polygynia. 
 
 Myosurus. Petals 5, with tubular, honey-bearing claws: calyx spurred at the base. 
 Xanthorhiza. Calyx 0: petals 5: nectaries 5, pedicelled: capsule half 2-valved, 
 1-seeded: stamens 5 — 10. (yellow-root.) S. 
 
 CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 A. Flowers having a perianth and corol, without a spathe. 
 
 Tradescantia. Calyx inferior, 3-sepalled; corol 3-petalled; filaments with jointed 
 beards: capsules 3-celied, many-seeded, (spider-wort.) S. 
 
 Leontice. Caulophyllum. Calyx inferior, 3 to 6-sepalled, caducous: nectaries 6, 
 sub-reniform, fleshy, glutinous at the margin, attached to the claws of the petals: 
 
64 CLASS Vr. ORDER I. 
 
 seed naked, elevated on a stipe, after having burst its caducous pericarp. The seed 
 was formerly taken for a drupe, until Brown detected the error. (Poppooseroot.) S. 
 
 Vancouveria. Sepals G, oblong-, thin and membranaceous, with 3 — 9 bracteoles 
 at base, caducous; petals 0, reflexed; nectaries G, opposite the petals, linear spatulate: 
 ovary follicle-shaped, ovules numerous. 
 
 Berbeuis. Mahonia. Sepals inferior: petals G, with 2 glands at the claw of each: 
 style 0: berry 1-celled, 2 or 4-seeded: (stigma umbilicate: stamens spring up on being 
 irritated.) (barberry.) S. 
 
 Prinos. Calyx inferior, 6-cleft, small: corol wheel-form, 6-cleft or G-parted: berry 
 6-seeded: seeds nut-like, (winter-berry.) S. 
 
 Flcerkea. Sepals 3, inferior: corol 3-petalled, shorter: style 2-cleft: capsule blad- 
 der-like, 2 or 3-grained. (lalse mermaid.) 
 
 Cleome. Sepals 4, distinct, or sometimes more or less united below: petals 4: re- 
 ceptacle minute or nearly hemispherical: stamens sometimes 4, often unequal: pod 
 linear or oblong, sub-sessile or raised on a stipe. 
 
 Gynandropsis. Sepals 4, distinct, spreading: petals 4: receptacle linear, elongated: 
 stamens with the lower part of the filaments, adnate to the receptacle its whole 
 length; pod linear-oblong, raised on a long stipe, which rises from the top of the 
 receptacle. 
 
 Cristatella. Sepals 4, somewhat united at the base, spreading: petals 4, on fili- 
 form claws, fimbriate-tootlied, or laciniate, the two lower mucli smaller: receptacle 
 minute, bearing a conspicuous tubular and truncate petaloid nectary, between the ovary 
 and the upper sepal: stamens G to 14, filaments nearly equal, declined: ovary declined; 
 style filiform; pod linear-slipitate. 
 
 Isomeris. Sepals 4, united below, somewhat spreading, marcescent: petals 4, ob- 
 long, sessile, regular: receptac]^ fleshy, sub-hemispherical, produced into a small 
 dilated appendage on the upper side: stamens equal, much exserted: capsule large, 
 obovate elliptical, coriaceous, indehiscent, stipitate, crowned witli the very short sub- 
 ulate style: seeds several, very large, smooth. 
 
 Cleomella. Sepals 4, very small, distinct, spreading; petals 4, sub-spatulate, sub- 
 sessile: receptacle short, oblong: pod obovate-rhomboidal, 4 — G seeded, raised on a 
 filiform stipe. 
 
 So2ilhei-n. 
 
 TiLLANDsiA. Calyx 3-cleft, sub-convolute, permanent: corol 3-cleft, bell tubular: 
 capsule 1 to 3-celled: seed comose. 
 
 DiPHYLLiA. Sepals 3, caducous: petals 6, opposite to the divisions of the calyx: 
 anthers adhering to the filaments, with cells opening longitudinally: berry 1-celled: 
 seeds 2 or 3, roundish. 
 
 B. Floiccrs having a spathe or glume, icilhout a perianth. 
 
 Amaryllis. Corol superior, G-petalled, unequal: filaments unequal in proportion 
 or direction, declined, inserted in the throat of the tube, (damask lily.) S. 
 
 Allium. Spathe many-flowered: corol inferior, 6-parted, very deeply divided: 
 divisions ovate, spreading: capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded: (flowers in close 
 umbels or heads.) (leek, garlic, onion, cives.) S. , 
 
 Hypoxis. Glume-like spathe, 2-valved: corol superior, G-parted, permanent: cap- 
 sule elongated, narrow at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded: seed roundish, (star- 
 grass.) S. 
 
 Pontederia. Corol inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipped, with 3 longitudinal perforations be- 
 low: capsule with utricles, fleshy, 3-celled, many-seeded: 3 stamens commonly in- 
 serted on the tip, and three on the tube of the corol. (pickerel- weed.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Galanthus. Petals 3, concave, superior: nectaries (or inner petals) 3, small, emar- 
 ginate: stigma simple, (snowdrop.) 
 
 Narcissus. Corol bell-form, spreading, 6-parted or G-petalled, equal, superior: nec- 
 tary bell-form, 1-leaved, inclosing the stamens, (jonquil, daifodil.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Pancratium. Corol superior, funnel-form, with a long tube: nectary 12-cleft, 
 'bearing the stamens. 
 
 Brodi^a. Corol inferior, bell-form, 6-parted; filaments inserted in the throat of 
 ■the corol: germ pedicelled: capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 
CLASS VI. ORDER I. 55 
 
 Ckinum. Corol superior, funnel-form, half G-cleft; lube filiform; border spreadingf, 
 recurved; segments subulate, channelled: filaments inserted on the throat of the corol, 
 separate. 
 
 C. Floincrs having no calyx. 
 
 CoNosTYi.is. Corol more than half inferior, 6-cleft, permanent, with branching 
 hairs: anthers erect: style conic, 3-parted: stigma simple: capsule opening at top, 
 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. S. 
 
 Aletris. Corol superior, funnel-form, wrinkled, somewhat 6-clefl: tlie stamens 
 inserted at the base of its divisions: style 3-sided, 3-partible: capsule 3-celled, many- 
 seeded, half inferior, opening at the summit, when mature, (false aloe.) (S. 
 
 Agave. Corol erect, s,u])erior, tubular, or funnel-form: filaments erect, longer 
 than the corol: capsule triangular, many-seeded, (agave.) S. 
 
 Phalangiom. Corolinferior,G-petalled, spreading: filaments smooth: capsuleovate; 
 seeds angular. 
 
 Narthecium. Corol O-petalled, infeiior, spreading, permanent: filaments thread- 
 form, hairy: capsule prismatic, 3-celled; seeds many, appendaged, or long and slen- 
 der at both ends, (false aspiiodel.) 
 
 Ornithogalum. Corol G-petalled, inferior, erect, permanent, spreading above the 
 middle: filaments dilated, or subulate, at the base: capsule roundish, angled, 3-clleed; 
 seed roundish, naked, (star of Bethlehem.) iS'. 
 
 LiLiuM. Corol inferior, liliaceous, 6-petalled: petals with a longitudinal line from 
 the middle to the base: stamens shorter than the style; stigma undivided: capsule 
 sub-triangular, wiih the valve connected by hairs crossing, as in a sieve, (lily.) <''^'. 
 
 Erythronium. Corol liliaceous, inferior, 6-petalled; petals reflexed, having two 
 pores and two tubercle-form i:ectaries at the base of the three inner alternate petals: 
 capsule somewhat stiped; seeds ovate, (dog-tooth violet, or adder-tongue.) iS. 
 
 Uvularia. Corol inferior, G-petalled, with a nectariferous hollow at the base of 
 each petal: filaments very short, growing to the anther: stigmas reflexed (perhaps 
 on the divisions of the style): capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, 3-valved; with transverse 
 partitions: seeds many, sub-globose, arilled at the hilum. (bell-wort.) S. 
 
 Streptopus. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, sub-campanulate: stigma very short: berry 
 sub-globose, smooth, 3-celled: seeds few, not arilled at the hilum. (rose bellwort.) 
 S. 
 
 *Convai,laria. [Smilacina. Polygonatum. Dracjena.] Corol inferior, 6-cleft: 
 berry globose, ii-celled, spotted before ripening. (Solomon's seal.) S. 
 
 Asparagus. Corol inferior, G-cleft or G-parted, erect: the 3 inner divisions reflexed 
 at the apex: style very short; stigmas 3; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. (asparagus.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Polyanthus. Corol funnel-form, incurved: filaments inserted in the throat: stigma 
 3-cleft; germ within tlie bottom of the corol. (tuberose.) 
 
 Hyacinthus. Corol roundish or bell-form, equal, G-cleft; three nectariferous pores 
 at the top of the germ: stamens inserted in the middle of the corol: cells somewhat 
 2-seeded. (Ijyacinth.) 
 
 TuLiPA. Corol G-petalled, liliaceous: style none; stigma thick: capsule oblong, 
 3-sid<d. (tulip.) ' < 
 
 Asphodelus. Corol 6-parted, spreading: nectary covering the germ with 6 valves, 
 (king's spear, or as])hodei.) 
 
 Hemerocallis. Corol G-parted, tubular, funnel-form: stamens declined: stigma 
 sinall, simple, somewhat villose. (day-lily.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 YcccA. Corol inferior, bell-form, segments not nectariferous: filaments sub-clavate; 
 style none: capsule oblong: with 3 obtuse angles, 3-celled, opening at the summit: 
 seeds flat, (adam's needle.) 
 
 Frittillaria. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, bell-form, with a nectariferous cavity 
 above the claw of each: stamens of the length of the corol: seeds flat, (crown 
 imperial.) 
 
 Scilla. Corol 6-petalled, spreading, caducous: filaments thread-form, attached to 
 the base of the petals, (squills.) 
 
 '^I follow Dr. Torry with pleasure, in bringing back these three genera to the Con- 
 vallaria. 
 
56 CLASS VI. ORDER III. 
 
 D. Flowers incomplete; having perianth-like calyx or coral; hut neither in perfection. 
 
 Orontium. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered with florets: spathe 0: corol 
 6-petalled, naked: style 0: capsule bladder-like, 1-seeded. (tioaling arum.) &'. 
 
 AcoRUS. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered with florets; calyx 6-parted, 
 naked: corol 0; (or calyx none, corol 6-parted or 6-petalIed:) style none; stigma a 
 mere point: capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. (sweet flag. ) 8. 
 
 JoNcus. Glume or outer calyx, 2-valved: perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glume-like 
 permanent: stigmas 3: capsules 1 or 3-ceIled, 3-valved, many-seeded; seeds attached 
 to a partition in tiie middle of each valve, (rush-grass, bul-rush.) S. 
 
 LuzuLA. Glume, or outer calyx, 2-valved; perianth 6-leaved, glume-like: capsule 
 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded; valves without partitions, (false rush-grass.) /S*. 
 *Trientalis, Laurus, Lythrum, Corydalie, Polygonum. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Oryza. Glumes 2, J -flowered: paleas 2, adhering to the seed, (rice.) 
 
 Sovthern. 
 OxYRiA. Perianth simple, 4-sepalled, 2 inner ones largest: corol none: nut 3-sided, 
 with a broad membranaceous margin: stamens 2 to 6; stigma large, plumose. 
 
 Nectris. Cabomba. Calyx inferior, G-sepalled: corol none: carpels 3, not open- 
 ing. The calyx may be considered as 6-parted, and the 3 inner divisions are petal- 
 like, obtuse, and smaller. The capsule is bladder-like, 1 or 2-celled, 1 or 2-seeded. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 Melanthicm. Polygamous. Calyx none: corol wheel-form, 6-parted or 6-petalIed, 
 each part with 2 glands at the base: stamens from the lengthened claws of the petals: 
 capsule ovatish, somewhat 3-cleft at the apex, 3-celled: seeds membrane-winged, 
 numerous, (black-flower.) S. 
 
 ZiGADENus. Calyx 6-sepalled, spreading, with 2 glands above the narrow base of 
 each leaf: stamens inserted in contact with the germ; capsule membranaceous, 3- 
 celled, many-seeded. (Calyx is colored and corol-like.) (zigadene.) 8. 
 
 Veratrum. Polygamous or dioecious. Calyx 0; corol 6-parted or 6-petalled, ses- 
 sile, spreading, without glands: capsules 3-lobed, many-seeded. (The staminate 
 flowers have the rudiment of a pistil. ) (ilchweed, or swamp hellebore. ) 6'. 
 
 Helonias. Calyx 0: corol 6-parted or 6-petalled, spreading, glandless: styles dis- 
 tinct; capsules 3-celled, 3-horned, few seeded, (helonias.) iS*. 
 
 Xerophyllum. Corol wheel-form, deeply 6-parted: filaments contiguous at the 
 base: stigmas 3, revolute, sub-connate at the base; capsule sub-globose, opening at 
 the top into three fissures, 3-celled, each 2-seeded. 
 
 Tofieldia. Calyx 3-elefl or 3-sepalled, inferior: petals 6: anthers roundish; styles 
 vertical, short; capsules 3-lobed, lobes joined at the base, many seeded. /S. ^ 
 
 Schei'chzeria. Calyx 6-parted, inierior: corol 0: (or corol 6-parted and calyx 0:) 
 anthers linear: stigmas sessile, lateral: capsules 3-lobed, inflated, 1 or 2-seeded. . (less 
 flowering rush.) 
 
 Triglochin. Calyx 3-sepalled, inferior: corol 3-petalled, resembling the calyx: (or 
 a double calyx with 3 outer and 3 inner sepals) stamens 3 or 6: styles 0; stigmas 3 or 
 6, hairy: capsules 3 or 6-lobed, united above and separate at their bases, 1-seeded, not 
 opening, (arrow-grass.) /S. 
 
 Gyromia. Medeola. Calyx 0: corol deeply 6-parted, revolute: anthers slightly 
 attached to the filaments: style 0; stigmas 3, long-linear, revolute, spreading, sfightly 
 united at the base; berry 3-celled, cells 5 or 6-seeded; seeds compressed, 3-sided. 
 (Indian cucumber.) .S'. 
 
 Trillium. Calyx 3-sepalled, inferior, spreading: corol 3-petalled: styles 0; stigmas 
 3: berry 3-celled, many seeded, (false wake robin.) <S. 
 
 RuMEX. Calyx 3-sepalled: petals 3, valve-like, converging, (or calj'x 6-sepalled, 
 and corol none:) stigmas many-cleft; nut 1, naked, three-sided, (dock, field-sorrel.) 
 iS'. 
 
 Southern. 
 Sabal. Flowers perfect: spathes partial: filaments unconnected, thickish at the 
 base: drupe spherical, dry-cartilaginous: seed 1, indurated, (false fan-palm.) 
 
CLASS. VIII. ORDER I. 57 
 
 Chamaf.rops Flowers polygamous: spathe compressed; spadix branched: perianth 
 3-parted: corol o-petalled: filaments partly united: drupe 3-celled, two of them often 
 empty. The staniinate flowers grow on distinct plants, (fan palm.) 
 
 Calochoktus. Corol (j-parted, spreading; 3 inner segments larger, with the upper 
 side woolly, and marked near the base with a roundish smooth sjjot: filaments short, 
 inserted on the base of the petals: anthers arrow-form, erect: stigmas reflexed: cap- 
 sule 3-celled. 
 
 NoLiNA. Corol 6-parted, spreading; segments nearly equal: styles very short; 
 stigmas recurved: capsule 3-sided, membranaceous, 3-celIed, opening by a divisible 
 partition: seed 1, incurved, convex, abortive in 1 or 2 of the cells. 
 
 Order VI. Hexagynia. 
 
 Southern. 
 Wesdlandia. Menisperbium? Calyx G-sepalled: corol 6-petalled: (succulent?) 
 styles reclined: carpels 6, each with J compressed nut-like seed, (false moonseed.) 
 *Saururus (rarely.) 
 
 Order XII. Poltgynia. 
 Alisma. Calyx 3-sepaIIed: petals 3: carpels numerous, 1-seeded, not opening, 
 (water-plantain.) /S. 
 
 CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 Trientalis. Calyx 7-sepalled: corol 7-parted, equal, flat: berry juiceless, 1-celled, 
 many seeded: number of stamens variable, (chick-winter green.) 
 
 Aesculus. Calyx bell-form, 5-lobed: petals 4 or 5, expanded; limbs-ovate: fila- 
 ments recurved inwardly: carpels prickly. Leafets sessile or sub-sessile. 
 
 S. G. Pavia. Calyx tubulose: petals 4, erect, narrow: stamens straight: crapels 
 not prickly. 
 
 *Sabbatia. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 Frankenia. Sepals 5, united in a furrowed tube, persistent equal: petals 5, unguicu- 
 late, with appendages at the base of the limb; capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. 
 *Polygonum. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 
 Saururus. Flowers in an anient or spike, with 1 -flowered scales: corol 0: anthers 
 adnate to the filaments: carpels 1-seeded: stamens 6, 7, 8 or more, (lizard tail.) iS. 
 
 ' CLASS Vin. OCTANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 A. FLoicers superior. 
 Rhexia. Calyx pitcher-form, 4 or 5-cleft: petals 4, oblique, inserted on the 
 calyx: anthers declined, attached to the filaments behind, naked at the base: capsule 
 4-celled, within the calj'x, setose: seeds numerous, cochleate. (deer-o-rass. ) /S'. 
 
 Oi^NOTHERA. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, caducous; divisions deflected: petals 4, insert- 
 ed on the calyx: stigma 4-cleft: capsule 4-celled, 4-valved: seed not feathered,' afiixed 
 to a central 4-sided columella, (scabisb, or tree-primrose. ) &'. 
 
 Gaura. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled, ascending towards the upper side: 
 nut 4-cornered, 1-seeded. (virginian loose-strife. ) 6'. 
 
 Epilobium. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, or 4-sepalled: corol 4-petalled: capsule oblong 
 and of great length: seeds feathered, (willow-herb.) S. 
 
 OxYcoccus. Calyx superior, 4-toothed: corol 4-parted, the divisions sub-linear, 
 re volute: filaments converging; anthers tubular, 2-parted: berry many-seeded, (cran- 
 berry.) .S'. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Fuchsia. Calyx funnel-form, colored, superior, caducous; petals (or nectaries) 4, 
 sitting in the throat of the calyx, alternating with its divisions: stigma 4-sided-capi- 
 tate: berry oblong, 4-celled: seeds numerous, (ear-drop.) 
 
 8 
 
58 CLASS VIII. ORDER IV. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Clarkia. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled, S-lobed-crossform, with claws: 
 stamens 4, with roundish anthers, imperfect: stigma petal-like, 4-lobed: capsule 4- 
 celled. (false tree-primrose.) 
 
 B. Flowers inferior. 
 
 Menziesia. Calyx monophyllous: corol monopetalous, ovate: filaments inserted 
 on the receptacle; anthers awnless: capsules 4-celled, the partitions from the inflexed 
 margins of tlie valves: seeds many, oblong. S. 
 
 Acer. Polygamous. Sometimes hexandrous. Calyx 5-cleft: corol 4 or 5-petalled, 
 or wanting: samaras 2, united at the base, 1-seeded, often one rudiment of a seed, 
 (maple.) S. 
 
 DiRCA. Calyx 0: corol tubular; limb obsolete, unequal: stamens unequal, longer 
 than the tube of the corol: style filiform: berry or diupe 1-seeded. (The corol may 
 be taken for a colored calyx, (leather- wood.) S, 
 
 Jeffersonia. Calyx 4 or 5-sepalled, colored, caducous: corol 8-petalled: capsule 
 obovate, sub-stiped, 1-celled, dehiscent below the top: seeds many, oblong, arilled at 
 the base, (twin-leaf.) 
 
 Dodona:a. Sepals 4, deciduous: petals 0: style 1, filiform. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Erica, Calyx 4-sepalled, permanent: corol 4-cleft, permanent: filaments inserted on 
 the receptacle: anthers bifid: capsules membranaceous, 4 to 8-celled, the partitions 
 from the margins of the valves: seeds many in each cell, (heath.) 
 
 Daphne. Calyx 0: corol 4-cleft, withering, including the stamens: drupel-seeded, 
 (mezereon. ) •■ 
 
 TROPa:oLUM. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored, spurred: petals 4 or 5, unequal: nuts 
 leathery, sulcate. (nasturtion.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Elliottia. Calyx 4- toothed, inferior: corol deeply 4-parted: stigma capitate, 
 (false spiked alder.) 
 
 Amvris. Flowers perfect: calyx 4-toothed, permanent: petals 4, inferior, wedge- 
 fbrm, having claws, imbiicate in the bud: the 8 stamens all shorter than the petals: 
 germ 1-celled, sitting on a thickened disk-form receptacle; stigma sessile; drupe by 
 abortion, 1-seeded. 
 
 *iEsculus, Vaccinium, Gaultheria, Polygala, Populus. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 Chrtsosplenjum. Calyx superior, 4 or 5-cleft, colored: corol 0: capsule 2-beaked, 
 1-celled, man)'-seeded. (The terminal flowers in the European specimens are decan- 
 drous, but the plant is always octandrous in America, (golden saxifrage, water- 
 carpet.) S. 
 
 Order III. Trigvnia. 
 Polygonum. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, colored: corol 0: nut 1, angular, covered 
 with the calyx. Stamens and pistils vary in number. Tlie cal3TX in some species 
 might be taken foj a corol. (knot-grass, water pepper, buckwheat, hearts-ease.) S. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 Brunichia. Calyx tubular, inflated, 5-cleft; angular at the base and decurrent in- 
 to the dilated peduncle, becoming coriaceous: corol none: styles short: stigmas 2- 
 cleft: pericarp lobed: seed 1, ;5-sided. Stamens vary from 8 to 10. 
 
 Cardiospermum. Calyx 4-sepalled: petals 4: nectary 41eaved, unequal: capsule 
 membranaceous, inflated, 3-!obed, 3-celled: seeds round, marked at the hilum with a 
 heart-form spot, (heart seed.) 
 
 Sapindus. Calyx 4-sepalled: petals 4, glandular at the base: capsule 3-lobed, con- 
 nate, fleshy, inflated, 2 of them often empty: seed spherical, (soap-berry.) 
 *Myriophyllum. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 Exotic. 
 Bryophyllcm. Sepals 4: petals 4, connate into a cylinder: seeds many. 
 
CLASS X. ORDER I. 59 
 
 Southern. 
 Adoxa. Calyx inferior, 2 or 3-cleft: corol 4 or 5-cleft, apparently superior: berry 
 1-celled, 4 or 5-seeded, attached to the calyx. Flowers lateral, stamens 8 to 10. 
 
 CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 Laurus. Calyx 4 to 6-parted: corol 0: nectaries 3, each a 2-bristled or 2-lobed 
 gland, surrounding the germ: drupe 1-seeded. Stamens vary from 3 to 14, but they 
 are generally in two series of 6 each, witli 3 of the inner series barren— often dioe- 
 cious. The calyx may be taken for a corol. (sassafras, spice-bush.) <S. /# 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 Soutliern. 
 
 Eriogonum. Calyx wineglass-form, tubular at the base; border 6-cleft; segments 
 unequal, villose outside: corol none: nut 1, 3-sided, without margins, covered by the 
 calyx. Flowers involucred — no stipules. 
 
 Fleea. Calyx none: corol t)-parted, spreading; segments linear, acute: capsule 
 roundish, 3-angied, 3-celled; partitions obsolete: seeds numerous, minute, sub-terete 
 and caudate, attached to the margin of the valves. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 Ex'oiic. 
 Rheum. Calyx none: corol 6-cleft, permanent: imt 1, 3-sided, (rhubarb.) 
 *Lechea. 
 
 CLASS X. DECANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogyma. 
 A. Flowers pohjpetalous, irregular, (mostly papilionaceous. ) 
 Cassia. Calyx 5-sepalled: corol 5-petalled: anthers 3, lower ones beaked, and on 
 longer incurved filaments, legume membranaceous, (cassia.) >S?. 
 
 Baptisia. Podalyria. Calyx 4 or 5-cIeft half way, (sometimes 4-toothed) some- 
 what 2-lipped: corol papilionaceous; wings of the length of the reflexed banner; 
 stamens caducous; legume inflated, smooth, many-seeded, (wild indigo.) S. 
 
 Cercis. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous below: corol papilionaceous; wings longer than 
 the banner; keel 2-petalled: legume compressed: seed-bearing suture margined; seeds 
 obovate. ( judas-tree.) S. 
 
 Rhodora. Calyx 5-toothed: corol 3-petalled, or 2-petalled, with the upper one 
 deeply parted: stamens declined: capsule .5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top: par- 
 titions formed of the inflexed margins of the valves, (rhodora. ) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 SoPHORA. Calyx 5-toothed, bell-fonn, gibbose on the upper side: corol papihona- 
 ceous; wings of the length of the banner: legume with globular joints. 
 
 Thermia. Thf.rmopsis. Calyx somewhat bell-form, half 4-creft; the upper seg- 
 ment truncate and emargiiiate: corol papilionaceous, with petals about equal length; 
 banner reflexed at the sides; keel obtuse: legume many-seeded, compressed, falcate 
 tapering to the base. 
 
 V^irgilia. Calyx 5-cleft: corol papilionaceous, with petals of about equal length; 
 sides of the banner not reflexed: stigma beardless: legume compressed, oblong, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 Pomaria. Calyx turbinate, 5-parted, caducous: petals 5, with short claws, upper 
 ones concave, short: filaments hirsute below: stigma capitate: legume 1-celled, 2- 
 seeded. 
 
 B. Floicers pohjpetalous, regular. 
 
 Pvrola. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5: styles longer than the stamens: anthers with 
 2 pores at tiie base bef jre, and the top after, the opening of the flower: capsule 5- 
 celled, dehiscent at the angles near the base, (shinleaf ) iS'. 
 
60 CLASS X. ORDER I. 
 
 Chimaphila. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5: anthers beaked, with 2 pores at the base 
 before, and at the top after, the opening of the flower: style immersed; stigma thick, 
 orbiculate: capsule 5-celIed, dehiscent at the angles near the summit, (prince's pine, 
 pipsissiwa. ) S. 
 
 Ledum. Calyx small, 5-toothed: corol flat, 5-petalled or 5-parted: stamens exsert; 
 anthers opening by 2 terminal pores: capsule 5-celIed, dehiscent at the base, 5-valved, 
 valves with approximating, inflexed margins: receptacle 5-lobed; columella 5-angled, 
 pedicelled: seeds numerous, winged. (Stamens sometimes 5: leaves downy.) labia- 
 dor-tea. ) 
 
 Leiophyllcm. Calyx 5-parted: corol flat, 5-parted or 5 petalled: stamens longer 
 than the corol, with lateral anthers opening longitudinally on their insides: capsule 
 5-celled, dehiscent at the top, 5-valved; valves ovate with margins inflexed, remote, 
 straight: columella subovate, terete, rugose: seeds small, not winged, (leaves always 
 glabrous.) (sleek leaf. ) /S. 
 
 Clethra. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol 5-petalled: style permanent; stigma 
 short, 3-cleft: capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, enclosed by the calyx. (Spiked.) (sweet 
 pepper-bush.) .S'. 
 
 Exotic. 
 ■' RuTA. Calyx 5-parted; petals concave: receptacles surrounded by 10 nectariferous 
 dots: capsule lobed. (Petals sometimes 4, and stamens 8.) (rue.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Mtlocartum. Calyx 6-toothed: petals 5; stigma capitate, 3-cornered, sessile: cap- 
 sule superior, somewhat corky, 2 or 3-winged, 3-celled. 1-seeded: seed subulate, 
 (buckwheat tree.) 
 
 Melia. Calyx 5-parted, smaH: petals 5: nectary cylindric, 10-toothed; teeth 2- 
 cleft at the points, orifice bearing the anther within: style cyhndric; stigma 5-rayed: 
 drupe globose: nut 5-celled, 5-seeded. (pride of china.) 
 
 Swietenia. (Cedrus Miller's Die.) Calyx small, 4 or5-cleft: petals 4 or 5: stamens 
 8 to 10, filaments united into a tube, toothed at the apex, bearing the anthers within: 
 style 1; stigma capitate: capsule woody, 5-celled: seed expanded into wings, (ma- 
 hogany tree.) 
 
 'Tribulus. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5, spreading: styles none; stigma partly 5-cleft: 
 capsules generally 5. gibbous sub-spinose, 2 or 3-seeded. (caltrops.) 
 
 Dion^a. Calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalled: petals 5: stigma fiinged: capsule roundisli, 
 gibbous, 1-celled, many-seeded. Petals sometimes 6. (venus fly-trap. ) 
 
 JussT^A. Calyx 4 or 5-parted. superior, permanent: petals 4 or 5, ovate: capsule 
 4 or 5-celled, 4 or 5-valved, oblong, cylindric or angular; many-seeded: seeds minute, 
 attached to an angular columella. Stamens sometimes but 8. 
 
 Prosopis. Calyx hemispherical, 4-toothed: petals 5, lance-linear, recurved at the 
 apex: filaments capillary, adnate at the base: stigma simple; legume long, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 LiM.vANTiiEs. Sepals 5, united at the base: petals 5, cuneiform, retuse, longer than 
 the sepals: ovaries 5; styles united into one, near!}' to the top. 
 
 LiMONiA. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, urceolate, niarcescent: petals 4 or5: stamens 8 to 10; 
 filaments dislinot, subulate; anthers cordate, oblong: receptacle elevated, forming a 
 short stipe to the ovary: style], stigma somewhat lobed: fruit orange-form, 4 or 5- 
 celled — or by abortive growth fewer: seeds solitary in each cell. 
 
 C. Flowers monopetalous. 
 
 Arbutus. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, minute: corol ovate, pellucid at the base; 
 border small, 5-cleft revolute: filaments hairy: berry 5-celled. (bear berry.) 
 
 EriG-5:A. Calyx double, outer 3-sepaIled, inner 5-parted; (or calyx 5-parted, with 
 3 bracts): corol salver-form; border 5-parted, spreading; tube villose within: capsule 
 5-celled, many-seeded: receptacle 5-parted. (trailing arbutus. ) 6'. 
 
 Gaultheria. Calyx inferior, double; outer 2-sepalled, inner 5-cleft: (or calyx 
 5-cleft, with 2 bracts;) corol ovate; border small, 5-cleft, revolute: filaments hairy: 
 receptacle lO-toothed; (or with a 10-pointed nectary:) capsule 5-celled, invested with 
 the inner-berry-like-calyx, (spicy wintergreen.) 8. 
 
 Vacciniuii. Calyx superior, 5-toothed or .^-parted: corol bell or pitcher-form, .5- 
 clefl, the divisions reflected: filaments inserted on the germ with the corol: berry 4 or 
 5-celled, many-seeded. (The foreign species are sometimes octandrous.) (whortle- 
 berry.) S. 
 
CLASS X. ORDER III. 61 
 
 Andromeda. Calyx 5-parted or 5-toothed, inferior: corol ovate, roundish, or sub- 
 cylindric, witii a 5-cleft reflexed mouth: capsule 5-celled, 5-vaIved, with partitions 
 contrary. (Stamens sometimes 8.) (wliite-bush, leather-leaf. ) »S'. 
 
 Kai.miv. Calyx .5-parted: corol wlieel-salver-form, with 10 horns beneath and 10 
 cavities within, containing the anthers until the pollen is mature: capsule 5-celled, 
 many seeded, (laurel.) )S'. 
 
 Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted: corol 5-clefl,, somewhat funnel-form and oblique: 
 stamens declining; varying from 5 to 10; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores: cap- 
 sules 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. (rosebay.) S. 
 
 D. FloiDcrs loithout a calyx; (or loitli a colored petal-like one) whole plant destitute 
 of green herbage. 
 
 MoNOTROPA. Corol confusedly polypetalous, permanent: petals 5 to 7, with necta- 
 riferous hollows at their bases: stamens sometimes 8; anthers 1-celIed, bilabiate: 
 stigma orbicular, umbilicate or depressed: capsule 5-celIed, 5-valved: seeds numerous, 
 invested with an arillus-like membrane, (bird's nest.) <S. Hypopithis returned. 
 
 Pterospora. Corol 5-parted: nectary ovate, with a 5-toothed reflexed margin, 
 enclosing tlie stamens: anthers 2-celled, 2-bristled, su"b-peltate; filaments flat: style 
 sliort; stigma capitate: capsule sub-globose, 5-celled. The nectary is considered as a 
 corol, and the corol as a calyx, by some, (albany beech-drops.) 
 
 Southern, 
 Monotropsis. Corol 5-petalIed, withering, ovate acuminate, close-pressed to the 
 nectary: nectary bell-form, fleshy; limb with 5 ovate-acute divisions: anthers clavate, 
 bag-like: germ 4 or 5-sided: stigma sub-globose. (Carolina beech-drops.) 
 *Geranium, Betula, JefFersonia, Asclepias, Portulacca, Lythrum. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 Hydrangea. Calyx 5-toothed, superior: corol 5-petalled, capsule 2-ceIled, 2-beak- 
 ed, dehiscent between the beaks, (hydrangea.) Vid. Hortensia. S. 
 
 Saxifraga. Calyx 5-parted, mostly half superior: corol 5-petalled: capsule 2-cel- 
 led, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks; many-seeded, (saxifrage.) iS. 
 
 TiARELLA. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol inserted on tlie calyx, 5-petalled; 
 petals entire, with claws: capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, one valve larger. Sometimes 
 tlie petals are more or less toothed, (mitre- wort.) &'. 
 
 MiTELLA. Calyx 5-cleft, permanent: petals 5 on the calyx, pinnatifid: capsule 1- 
 celled, 2-valved, valves equal, (false sanicle, currant leaf) 
 
 Teli.ima. Calyx adnate to the base of the germ, part free, inflated, ovate, 5-tooth- 
 ed, and part adhering, conic; petals 5 on the calyx, divided: styles distinct from base; 
 stigma sub-capitate, angled: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved at tlie apex. 
 
 Leptarrhen'a. Calyx 5-parted or cleft, witii the divisions greater or less and 
 scarcely adhering to the geim: corol with 5 petals, shortly unguiculate entire: sta- 
 mens stand alternately opposite to the petals and divisions of the calyx: anthers 1- 
 celled; pericarps in two, scarcely adhering at the base. Leaves leathery. 
 
 Saponaria. Calyx inferior, 1-sepalled, tubular, 5-toothed without scales: petals 
 5, with claws: capsule oblong, 1-celled. (soap-wort.) >S'. 
 
 Dianthus. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, 1-sepalled, with 4 or 8 scales at the base: 
 petals 5, with claws: capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, dehiscent at the top. (pink, sweet- 
 william. ) 
 
 ScLEKANTHUs. Calyx inferior, 1-sepalled, 5-cleft: corol 0: capsule very smooth, 
 indehiscent covered by the indurated tube of the calyx: stamens inserted on the calyx, 
 ^^knawel.) 
 
 *Chrysosplenium, Quercus. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 SiLENE. (CccuBALDS included.) Calyx tubular, inflated or cylindric, 5-toothed, naked 
 at the base: petals 5, with claws, mostly crowned at the tiiroat: ovary superior; cap- 
 sule 3-celled at the base, opening at the summit into 6 teeth. 
 
 Stellaria. Calyx 5-sepalled, inferior, spreading: petals 5, deeply cleft, mostly to 
 the claw, spreading: capsule ovate, 1-celled, many-seeded, 6-toothed at the top. 
 (starwort.) S. 
 
 h. 
 
62 CLASS XI. ORDER I. 
 
 Arenaria. Calyx inferior, spreading, 5-sepalled: petals 5, entire: capsule 1-ceVled 
 many-seeded, (sandwort.) S. 
 
 EmUc. 
 HoRTENSiA. Flowers deformed: floret solitary: calyx 5-toothed, minute; corol 5- 
 petalled: the gay flowers composing the cyme have a large colored, permanent, petal- 
 like, 5-sepalled calyx, and a minute caducous, 4 or 5-petalled corol: stamens 8, 10 oi' 
 11. (changeable hydrangea.) 
 
 *Castanea, Acalyplia, Jatropha. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 
 MicROPETALUM. Spergulastrum. Scpals 5, expanding: petals 5, minute, entire, 
 oflenjwanting: stigmas 4, sessile: capsule ovate, longer than the calyx, 4-valved. 
 (blind-starwort.) 
 
 Order V. Pentagynia. 
 
 Spergula. Calyx 5-sepalled, inferior: petals 5, entire: capsule ovate, 1-celled, 5- 
 valved: (stamens often 5.) (spurry.) S. 
 
 Cerastidm. Sepals 5: petals 5, 2-cleft, or emarginate: capsule 1-celled, dehiscent 
 at the top, 10-toothed. (mouse-ear chickweed. ) S'. 
 
 Agrostemma. Calyx 5-cleft, prismatic or tubular; coriaceous: petals 5, with claws; 
 border obtuse, entire: capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, opening with 5 teeth, (cockle.) 
 S. 
 
 Oxalis. Calyx permanent, 5-parted or 5-sepalled, inferior: petals 5, cohering by the 
 claws: capsule 5-celled, 5-cornered, dehiscent at the corners: seeds 2 or more in a 
 cell, covered with an elastic arilr stamens with 5 shorter, outer ones adhering at their 
 bases. This genus and the Linura might be removed to the class Monadelphia. 
 (wood soriel.) jS. 
 
 Penthorum. Calyx 5 to 10-cleft: petals 5 or 0: capsule 5-cuspidate, 5-celled; cells 
 divided transversely, many-seeded, (virginian orpine.) S. 
 
 Sedcm. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft: petals 5: 5 nectariferous scales at the base of the 
 germ: carpels 5. (live-forever, or orpine, stone-crop.) 
 
 Exolic. 
 Lychnis. Calyx 1-sepalled, oblong, 5-toothed: petals 5, with claws; the limb 
 somewhat 2-cleft: capsule 1 or 5-celled, with a 5-toothed opening, (campion.) 
 *Portulacca, Geranium, Drosera. 
 
 Order X. Decagynia. 
 
 Phytolacca. Calyx 0: corol 5-petalled or 5-cleft, calyx-like, inferior: berry 10-cel- 
 led, JO-seeded. By some authors the corol is called a calyx, (poke- weed.) 
 
 Horkelia. Calyx bell-form, half-10-clefl alternating divisions accessory: petals 5, 
 small: stamens inserted on the wall of the calyx: receptacle conic, dry, villose: car- 
 pels numerous; styles simple, articulated with the carpels, sub-terminal. 
 
 CLASS XL ICOSANDRIA. 
 Order L Monogynia. 
 
 Cactus. Calyx superior, many-cleft, imbricate: petals numerous, in many series, 
 the inner ones larger: stigma many cleft: berry 1-celled, many-seeded, umbilicate. 
 (prickly pear.) &'. 
 
 Bartonia. Calyx superior, 5-clefl: corol 10-petalled, inserted on the calyx: cap- 
 sule cylindrical, oblong, 1-celled, summit flat, valvular, the valves 3 to 7: receptacle 
 thick: seeds numerous, compressed, arranged horizontally in a double series.* 
 
 Prunus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, bell-form, deciduous: drupe ovate or oblong, very 
 smooth, mostly covered by glaucous powder, (called plumb bloom) fleshy: nut com- 
 pressed, acute at each end, smootii, with the margin sub-suloate. (plum.) iS. 
 
 Cerasus. Calyx bell-form, 5-cleft: petals 5: drupe globose or round-ovate, often 
 umbilicate, or sub-cordate, at the base; very smooth, without bloom, succulent: nut 
 sub-globose, smooth, (cherry.) 
 
 *This is not the Bartonia of former editions. That is now called Centaurella. 
 
Class xi. order xii. 63 
 
 Lythrum. Calyx bell-tubular, G, 8, 10 or 12-toothed, inferior: petals 5 or 6, 
 equal, on the calyx: capsules 2 to 4-cellecl, many seeded, covered, (milk willow- 
 herb.) A genus, Decodon, lias been taken from this. It is founded on the cells of 
 the capsule being always more than 2, and the teetii of the calyx being always 10, 
 and of a peculiar form. Elliot places tlie species vcrlic'dlatuiii under it. §. 
 
 CuPHEA. Calyx tubular-ventricose, 6 to r2-toothed, unequal: petals 6, mostly un- 
 equal, inserted on the calyx: capsule 1-celied, dehiscent longitudinally, with the 
 calj'x, follicle-like, 3-sided: seeds lenticular, (wax-bush.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Myrtcs. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals 5: berry 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded, 
 (myrtle.) 
 
 Amygdalcs. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5: drupe with a nut, perforated with 
 pores: flowers sessile, (peach.) 
 
 Akmesiaca. Flowers sessile: calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5: drupe fleshy, pubes- 
 cent; nut with one margin acute and the other obtuse, furrowed both sides, (apricot.) 
 
 PuNicA. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5; pome or berry many-celled, many seed- 
 ed: receptacle parietal: seed berried, (pomegrante.) 
 
 Souilicm. 
 
 *Calyx superior, 5-clefl, permanent: corol 10-petalled: capsule cylin- 
 drical, oblong, with a flat summit, 1-celled, 3 to 7-valved, walled up: receptacles in 
 3 to 7 fleshy masses, walled: seeds numerous, compressed, arranged in a double 
 horizontal series. 
 
 Mentzelia. Calyx5 cleft, superior, caducous: petals 5: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 
 cylindric, 3 to 6-seeded: top flat: seeds oblong, somewhat angular, arranged longitu- 
 dinally. 
 
 Decumaria. Calyx superior, 8 to 10-cleft: petals 8 to 10: capsule 7 to 9-celled, 
 many-seeded: seeds subulate, minute. 
 
 Philadklphos. Calyx 4br5-parted, superior, top-fonp: corol 4 or 5-petalled: style 
 4-cleft: capsule 4 or 5-celled, many seeded: seed arilled. (false syringa, or mock 
 orange.) 
 
 Chrysobalanus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5: style lateral: drupe prune-form; 
 nut 5-grooved, 5-valved, 1 -seeded. 
 
 PuRsHiA. Calyx tubular, cleft into 5 ovate, obtuse lobes: petals 5-obovate, ungui- 
 culate, inserted in the mouth of the calyx with 25 stamens: germ oblong, full, stiped, 
 glandular-pubescent, tapering into a subulate style: stigma pubescent, lateral, almost 
 as long as the style. 
 
 Order II. Digynia, to Order V. Pentagynia; or Di-pentagynia. 
 
 Agrimonia. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, invested with an outer lobed one: 
 petals 5: stamens 12: nuts 2, in the bottom of the calyx, (agrimony.) jS. 
 
 Crataegus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals 5: styles 1 to 5: berry mealy: cells 
 2 to 5, bony, (thorn-bush.) S. 
 
 Fothergilla. Calyx inferior, truncate, obsoletely crenate: corol 0: germ 2-cleft: 
 styles 2: capsules 2-lobed, 2-celled; cells bony: seeds solitary, (witch-alder.) S. 
 
 Sesuvium. Calyx superior, 5-parted, colored: corol none: capsule ovate, 3-celled, 
 opening transversely, many-seeded. S. 
 
 Aronia. Calyx superior, 5-toothed, or 5-parted; petals 5: fruit pomaceous; berry 
 5 or 10-celled; cells 1 or2-seeded: seeds cartilaginous, (shadflower, choak-beiry.) S. 
 
 Pyrcjs. Calyx-5-cleft, superior: corol .5-petalled: pome 5-celled, 2 or many-seeded; 
 cells cartilaginous and the compressed ovate seeds have cartilaginous coverings, (pear, 
 apple, quince, mountain ash.) S. Sorbus brought here by force. 
 
 Spir.^a, Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, spreading: corol 5-petalled; petals equal, round- 
 ish: stamens numerous, exsert: carpels 3 to 12, 2-valved within, each 1 to 3-seeded. 
 (steeple-bush, hard-hack.) S. 
 
 GiLEENiA. Calyx bell-tubular; border 5-toothed: corol partly unequal; petals 5, 
 lanceolate, tapering at the claws: stamens included: styles 5, contiguous: stigmas 
 capitate: carpels .5, connate at the base, ojiening on the inner side, each 2-seeded. 
 (indian physic.) S. 
 
 *See generic name, next to Tflweya, in the Species part. 
 
64 CLASS XII. ORDER I. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Mespilus. Calyx 5-clefl, superior; divisions generally foliaceous, serrate: corol 5- 
 petalled: styles 2 to 5: dri^pe or berry with from 2 to 5 bony cells, (medlar.) 
 
 Mesembryanthemum. Calyx superior, 5-clefl: petals numerous, linear, cohering at 
 the base; capsule fleshy, many-seeded, turbinate, (ice-plant.) 
 
 Order XII. Polygynia. 
 
 Rosa. Calyx urn-form, inferior, 5-cleft, fleshy, contracted towards the top: petals 
 5: carpels numerous, bristly, fixed to the side of the calyx within. A genus remark- 
 able for the multiplications of its petals, by rich culture, (rose.) S. 
 
 RoBi's. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: corol 5-petaIled; pistils numerous: berry composed 
 of many juicy 1-seeded acines, on a dry receptacle, (raspberry, blackberry.) S. 
 
 Dalibarda. Calyx 5-cleft, (8-cleft?) inferior: corol 5-petalled: styles long, cadu- 
 cous, 5 to 8: acines few, dry, adhering to the calyx, (dry strawberry.) <S'. 
 
 Dryas. Calyx 8 or 1'0-cleft, segments equal: carpels 5 to 8: with long plumose 
 awns. 
 
 Stylipus. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft; divisions equal: petals 5, oval, distant: sta- 
 mens permanent, on a glandular ring: seeds compressed, ovate, glabrous, with scat- 
 tered pubescence, sub-margined: receptacle columnar, villose, becoming elongated: 
 awns geniculate. 
 
 Geum. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 5 alternate divisions smaller: corol 5-petalled: car- 
 pels with a bent awn: receptacle columnar, villose. (avens, or herb bennet.) S. 
 
 SiEVERsiA. Calyx with a concave tube and 5-cleft limb, and 5 bracts outside: 
 petals 5: carpels numerous, caudate, disposed in a head; style permanent, , straight, 
 seed ascending. 
 
 BooTiA. Calyx inferior, 10-cieft, 5 alternate divisions lanceolate, having at the 
 base of the germ against them 5 nectariferous pits; corol 5-petalled: carpels awnless, 
 aflixed to a juiceless receptacle, (false avens.) S. 
 
 PoTENTiLLA. Calyx flat, inferior, 10-cleft; 5 alternate divisions smaller: corol 5- 
 petalled: petals roundish or obovate: carpels awnless, roundish, rugose, fixed to a dry 
 small receptable. (five-finger, cinquefoil.) S. 
 
 CoMARUM. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft; 5 alternate divisions smaller: petals 5, oblan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, half as long as the calyx: receptacle ovate, spongy, permanent, 
 villose. (marsh five-finger.) S. The habit of this genus differs sufficiently from the 
 Potentilla. 
 
 Frag ARIA. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft; 5 alternate divisions smaller: corol 5-petalled: 
 receptacle ovate, berry-like: acines naked, immersed in the receptacle, caducous, 
 (strawberry.) /Sf. 
 
 Calycanthus. Calyx 1-sepalled, pitcher-shaped, scaly, with colored petal-like 
 divisions; corol none; styles many, with glandular stigmas: carpels many in the suc- 
 culent calyx. (Carolina allspice.) S, 
 
 CLASS XII. POLYANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 TiLiA.. Calyx 5 or 6-parted, inferior, caducous: corol 5 or 6-petalled: capsule 5 or 
 6-celled, globular, coriaceous, dehiscent at the base; 1-seeded. Often 4 of the cells 
 are empty, (bass-wood.) S. 
 
 Corchorus. Sepals 4 or 5: petals 4 or 5, rather shorter than the sepals, inferior: 
 style very short, deciduous; stigmas 2 to 5: capsule pod-like or roundish: seeds com- 
 monly numerous in each cell. 
 
 Helianthemum. CisTus. Calyx 5-sepalled, superior, 2 of them smaller: corol 5- 
 petalled, rarely 3, sometimes abortive: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, opening at the top: 
 partitions contrary: seeds angular, (rock-rose, frost-plant.) S. 
 
 Hudsonia. Calyx tubular, inferior, unequally 5-parted; two of the divisions obso- 
 lete, colored: corol 5-petalled: stamens 15 to 30: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 1 to 3- 
 seeded. (false heath.) 
 
 PoRTULAccA. Calyx 2-cleft, inferior: corol 5-petalled: capsule 1-celled, opening 
 transversely: columella 5, filiform, (purslane.) N. 
 
 Talinum". Calyx inferior, 2 or 5-sepalled: corol 5 petalled: capsule 1-celled, 3- 
 valved, many-seeded: seeds arillate: columella globose, (talinum.) S. 
 
 Calandrima. Sepals 2, inferior, persistent, united at the base; petals 3 to 5 with- 
 out claws: stamens 4 to 15: style short, stigmas ^Biickish, short; capsule 3-valved, 
 many seeded; seeds turgid, smooth and shining. ^^^ 
 
CLASS XII. ORDER I. 65 
 
 CheuuonutM. Calyx 2-sepallecl, caducous: corol 4-petalIed: silique-like capsule 
 i-celled, 2-valved, linear: seeds crested, many, (celandine.) 6'. 
 
 PoLANisiA. Sepals 4, inferior, spreading; petals 4: stamens 8 to 32: receptacle 
 minute, often nectariferous: pod linear, sessile or nearly so. 
 
 Glaucium. Calyx 2-sepalled, caducous: corol 4-petalled: capsule 1-celled, linear: 
 seeds many, punctate. 
 
 Meconopsis. Calyx 2-sepalled, caducous: corol 4-petalled: style distinct; stigma 
 4 to G-rayed: capsule oblong, generally prickly, 1-celled, 4 to 6-valved; columella 
 slender. S. 
 
 Argemone. Calyx 3-sepalled, caducous: corol 4 to G-petalled: stigma sessile, 
 capitate, 4 to 7-lobed; capsule ovate, angular, 1-celled, opening at the top by valves; 
 columella linear: seeds spherical, pitted, (horned poppy.) iS. 
 
 Sanguinaria. Calyx caducous, 2-sepalled: corol about 8-petalled: stigma sessile, 
 twinned, 2-grooved: capsule pod-like, ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end; 
 valves caducous: columella 2j permanent, (blood-root.) S. 
 
 Podophyllum. Calyx 3-sepalled, minute: corol 5 to 9-petalled: stigma large, cre- 
 nate, sessile: berry 1-celled, crowned with the stigma, large, many-seeded: columella 
 one-sided, (wild mandrake.) <S'. 
 
 AcHLYs. Calyx 0: corol 0: flowers naked, disposed in a dense spike: stamens 
 numerous; anthers in pairsj globose, somewhat 1-ceIledj 2-lipped: stigma dilated 
 concave. 
 
 Actaea. Calyx inferior, 4 to 5-sepalled, caducous: corol 4 to 8-petalled: stigma 
 sessile, capitate: berry 1-ceIled: seeds many, half orbicular, (necklace weed, bane- 
 berry.) S. 
 
 Macrotys*. Calyx about 4-sepalled, becoming colored before expanding, caducous: 
 corol many minute petals, very caducous, or wanting: stigma simple, sessile, curving 
 towards the gibbous side of the germ: capsule 2-valved, dehiscent at its straight suture.* 
 (cohosh, black snake-root, bug-bane.) iS'. 
 
 Sarracenia. Calyx double, permanent, 3 and 5-sepalled: corol 5-petalled, cadu- 
 cous: stigma peltate, permanent, very large, covering the stamens: capsule 5-celled, 
 5-valved, many seeded, (side-saddle flower.) /S. 
 
 Nuphar. Calyx 5 or 6-sepalled: petals many, minute, inserted on the receptacle 
 with the stamens, nectariferous on their backs: stigma with a broad disk, and radiate 
 furrows, sessile: pericarp berry-like, many-celled, many-seeded, (water lily, or yellow 
 pond-lily.) <S. 
 
 Nymph^ia. Calyx 4 to 7-sepalled: corol many-petalled, petals about equalling the 
 length of the sepals attached to the germ beneath the stamens: stigma a broad 
 disk, marked with radiated lines: pericarp berry-like, many-celled, many-seeded, 
 (pond-lily.) 
 
 Papaver. Calyx 2-sepalled, caducous: corol 4-petalled: stigma a broad disk, with 
 radiating lines: capsule 1-celled, dehiscent by pores under the permanent stigma, 
 (poppy.) 
 
 CHRYSEis.t Receptacle dilated, salver-form; limb expanded, entire: calyx mitre- 
 form, deciduous: corol 4-petalled, inserted by the claws in the throat of the receptacle, 
 and bearing the stamens: capsule silique-form, 2-valved; seeds affixed to the margins 
 of the valves. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Thea. Calyx 5 or 6-sepalled: corol 6 or 9-petalled: capsule 3-seeded. (tea.) 
 Citrus. Calyx 5-cleft: petals 5, oblong: filaments dilated at the base, in several 
 parcels: berry 9 to 18-celled — Polyadelphous, (orange, lemon.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Bejaria. Befaria. Calyx 7-clefl: petals 7: stamens 14: capsule 7-celled, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 Lewisia. Calyx 7 to 9-sepalled: petals 14 to 18: stamens 14 to 18: style about 
 3-cleft: stigmas 2-clefl; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded; seeds shining. 
 *Jeffersonia, Taxus, Delphinium, Monotropa. 
 
 *I see no good reason for changing this name to Botrophis, according to Rafinesque. 
 Our plant does not agree with the description of Actsea or Cimicifuga, I have ex- 
 amined it in all stages of maturing, where hundreds were growing. 
 
 tEschscholzia. 
 
66 CLASS XII. ORDER XII. 
 
 Order II. Digtkia, to Order V. Pentagtnia; or Di-pentagtnia. 
 
 Delphinium. Calyx 0: corol 5-petalled, unequal: nectary 2-cleft, horned behind! 
 carpels 1 to 5, pod-like. By some the corol is considered as the colored calyx, 
 (larkspur.) S. 
 
 AcoNiTUM. Calyx 0: petals 5, upper one vaulted: nectaries 2, hooded, peduncled, 
 recurved: carpels 3 or 5, pod-like. By some the corol is considered as a colored calyx, 
 (monk's hood.) S. 
 
 Reseda. Involucre many-leaved, spreading: perfect flowers central, apetalous 
 spreading, surrounded by several petaloid, barren, flowers. 
 
 Aquilegia. Calyx 0: petals 5, caducous: nectaries 5, alternating with the petals, 
 and terminating downwards in a spur-like nectary: carpels 5, erect; acuminated with 
 the permanent styles, many-seeded. By some the nectaries are considered as petals, 
 and the corol as a colored calyx, (columbine.) S. 
 
 Enemion. Calyx 5-sepalled, petal-like, caducous: stamens with clavate filaments 
 and rough anthers: pistils 2 — 6, style of the length of the germ: carpels 2 to 6, stellate, 
 ovate, compressed: seed oval. A doubtful genus: but De Candolle requires very little 
 authority for a new genus. 
 
 Rhizophora. Calyx and corol 4-parted, inferior: stigmas 2: seed 1, clavate, long, 
 in a fleshy receptacle. 
 
 AscvRUM. Calyx 4-sepalled; 2 interior leafets cordate, larger; corol 4-petalled: 
 stamens with the filaments disposed in 4 parcels: styles 1 to 3: capsules oblong, 
 1-celled, 2-valved, included in the calyx leaves, (st. peter's wort.) S. 
 
 CiMiciFUGA. Sepals 4 or 5: petals 3 to 5, concave, or unguiculate (sometimes by 
 abortive growth fewer or none, if the genus Macrotys is included) carpels 1 to 8, 
 follicle-like, many-seeded. 
 
 Hypericum. Calyx 5-parted;.-divisions equal, subovate: corol 5-petalled: filaments 
 often united at the base in 3 or 5 sets: styles 2-5: capsule membranaceous, roundish, 
 with a number of cells equal to the number of styles. The bases of the filaments are 
 often in groups, when they are not united, (st. John's wort.) S. 
 
 Elodea. Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at the base: petals 5, deciduous, equal: 
 stamens 9 to 15, polyadelphous — parcels alternating with glands: styles 3, distinct: 
 capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-celled. 
 
 PiEONiA. Calyx 5-sepalled: petals 5: styles 0; stigmas 2 to 5: capsules pod-like, 
 many-seeded. Remarkable for the multiplication of petals by rich culture, (peony.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 NiGELLA. Calyx none: petals 5; nectaries 5, 3-cleft, within the corol: capsules 5, 
 convex, (fennel flower.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Calligonum. Calyx inferior, 5-parted: corol 0: filaments 12 to 16, united at the 
 base: germ 4-cornered; styles 4: nut with a many-winged ciest, 1-celled. 
 
 Platystigma. Sepals 2 or 3-pilose: petals 4 to 6: stigmas 3, sessile, oval, somewhat 
 spreading: capsule ovate, oblong, attenuate at the base, 3-valved, valves opening their 
 whole length: seeds smooth and shining. 
 
 Dendromecon. Sepals 2: petals 4: stamens numerous: stigmas 2, sessile: capsule 
 podshaped, furrowed; valves thick and coriaceous, almost woody, opening from the 
 base to the apex: seeds rather large and numerous, pyriform, smooth. 
 *Fothergillia, Juglans, Myriophyllum. 
 
 Order XII. Polygynia. 
 
 A. Perianth none. 
 
 Hydrastis. Petals 3, ovate (by some considered a colored calyx:) berry composed 
 of 1 -seeded acines. (orange-root.) S. 
 
 Clematis. Petals 3, 4, 5, or 6: seeds compressed: styles permanent, becoming long 
 plumose tails. (Some species are dioecious.) (virgin's bower.) By some the corol 
 is considered a colored calyx. ;S. 
 
 Atragene. Corol double, many-petalled; outer ones largest, inner ones nectary- 
 like, spatulate: carpels with pilose (or plumose) tails: (or petuls 4 to 6, with spatulate 
 nectaries alternating with the petals; and the outer filaments dilated.) (false virgin's 
 bower.) S. 
 
 Thalictrum. Petals 4 or 5: filaments very->l«)ng: carpels without tails, striate, 
 terete. (Some species are dioecious.) (meadow nre. ) S. The corol is considered a 
 coiored calyx by some. 
 
CLASS XIII. ORDER I. 67 
 
 Anemone. Involucre distant from the flower, of 3 divided leaves; sepals 5 to 15 
 petaloid; carpels numerous, mostly awnless, sometimes awned or caudate. 
 
 Troi.lius. Petals 5 to 15. caducous: nectaries 5 to 20, small, tubular at the base, 
 linear: carj)els numerous, ovnte, sessile, many-sep;ied. (globe flower.) By some the 
 nectaries are considered corols, and tlie coroi.s, calyxes. 
 
 CoPTis. Petals 5 or G, caducous: nectaries small, 5 or 6, cowled: carpels oblong, 
 5 to S, stiped, stellate, beaked, many-seeded, (gold thread.) By some the nectaries 
 are mistaken for corols, and the corols for calyxes. 
 
 Caltha. Petals 5 to 9, orbicular: carpels numerous (5 to 10,) many-seeded, com- 
 pressed, 1-celled, spreading: nectaries 0: (pistils variable in number.) (americao 
 cowshp.) S. By some the corol is mistaken for a colored calyx. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Helleborus. Petals 5 or more: nectary 2-lipped, tubular: carpels 5 or 6, many- 
 eeeded, crectish, compressed, (hellebore.) 
 
 B. Having a perianth. 
 
 Magnolia. Calyx 3-sepalled: corol 6 to 9-petalled: carpels numerous, imbricate on 
 a strobile-like spike, 2-valved: seeds arilled, pendulous on long cords, berry-like, 
 (magnola or beaver-tree.) S. 
 
 LiRioDENDRON. Calyx 3-sepalled: corol 6 or 9-petalled, liliaceous: seeds in a sub- 
 lanceolate samara, imbricate on a strobile-like spike, (tulip-tree, or whitewood.) S. 
 
 PoRCELLA. AsiMiNA. Calyx Ssepalled or 3-parted: petals 6, spreading, oblong- 
 ovate; the inner ones smallest: anthers sub-ses-^ile: stigmas sessile, obtuse: berries 
 several, sessile, ovate, obtuse, many-seeded; seed arilled. (custard apple.) iS'. 
 
 Hepatica. Calyx 3-sepalled, a little distance below the corol, entire: petals 6 to 
 9: carpels without tails, (liverleaf ) S. 
 
 Ranunculus. Calyx 5-sepalhd: petals 5, with claws, and a nectariferous pore or 
 scale on the inside of each: carpels without tails, naked, numerous, (crow-foot.) S. 
 
 Cyrtarhyncha. Sepals 5, petaloid; narrow, spreading; petals 5, narrow and un- 
 guiculate, the claws nearly the length of the lamina, with a projecting scaly callosity 
 at its summit: carpels collected into a spheroidal head. 
 
 Hydropeltis. Brasenia. Calyx (3-sepalled, somewhat converging; 3 or 4 inner 
 sepals longest: corol 0: stamens equalling the length of the calyx: carpels oblong, 
 somewhat fleshy, numerous, 2-celled, 1 or 2-seeded. The inner leaves of the calyx 
 are considered as petals, (water-shield.) S. 
 
 Nelumbium. Cyamus. Calyx 4 or 5-sepalled: petals 5 or more: nuts half im- 
 mersed in a truncate, obconic, very large receptacle, and crowned with a permanent 
 style, (nelumbo.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Sempervivum. Calyx 9 to 12 parted: petals 8 to 12; carpels 12, many-seeded: 
 stamens 16 or 20. (house-'.eek. ) 
 
 Adonis. Calyx 4 — 5-sepalled: petals 5 or more, without nectariferous pores: car- 
 pels awnless. (pheasant's eye. ) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Illicium. Calyx 6-sepalled: petals 27, in three series: carpels many disposed in a 
 circle, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Sometimes 6-petalled. (anisetree.) 
 
 Annona. Calyx 3-sepalled, thickened together at the base, concave, sub-cordate, 
 acutish: petals 6, thickish, inner smaller or none: anthers sub-sessile, at the apex, 
 angled, dilated, covering its receptacles: germs united into a sessile berry with the 
 back muricate, scaly or reticulate, pulpy within, having 2 one-seeded cells. 
 
 Platystemon. Sepals 3, pilose: petals 6: stamens numerous: ovaries 10 — 14 dis- 
 tinct; stigmas sessile; carpels 10 — 14, linear, indehiscent articulated or transversely 
 strangulated between each seed. 
 *Zostera. 
 
 CLASS XIII. DIDYNAMIA. 
 
 Order I. Gymnospermia. 
 
 N. B. The fruit of plants of this order (called naked seeds by Linneus) are now 
 considered as nuts. They are generally 4 in number, surrounding the base of the 
 style in a permanent calyx. 
 
68 
 
 CLASS XIII. ORDER I. 
 
 A. Calyx 5-cleft, with the divisions, or teeth, nearly equal. 
 
 Tedcrium. Corol deep-cleft on the upper side, and without an upper lip; lower 
 lip 3-cleft, the middle division rounded: stamens and pistils incurved; stamens exsert 
 through the cleavage on the upper side of the corol. (wood sage, wild germander.) 
 S. 
 
 Mentha. Corol nearly equal, 4-lobed; broadest division emarginate: stamens erect, 
 distant, (spearmint, peppermint.) S 
 
 _ IsANTHDs. Calyx somewhat bell-form: corol 5-parted; tube straight, narrow; divi- 
 sions ovate equal: stamens nearly equal: stigma linear, recurved, (blue-gentian.) 
 
 Hedeoma. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbose at the base, upper lip with 3 lanceolate teeth; 
 lower lip with 2 subulate ones: corol ringent: 2 short stamens barren, (pennyroyal.) 
 
 CuNiLA. C^-lyx cylindric, 10-stricjte, 5-toothed, throat villose: corol ringent; 
 upper lip erect, flat emarginate: 2 of the stamens usually barren and very short; thp 
 other two exsert: stigma unequally bifid, (dittany.) 
 
 Hyssopus. Corol with the under lip 3-parted, its intermediate divisions sub-crenate: 
 stamens straight, distant, (hyssop.) S. 
 
 Nepeta. Calyx dry, striate: corol with a longish tube: under lip with the middle 
 division crenate: throat with a reflected margin: stamens approximate, (catmint.) S. 
 
 JjAmium. Segments of the calyx subulate, spreading: corol with the upper lip en- 
 tire, vaulted; under lip 2-lobed; throat with a tooth at each margin, (dead nettle.) 
 
 Galeopsis. Calyx awned: corol with the upper lip sub-crenate, vaulted; lower lip 
 unequally 3-lobed, having 2 teeth on its upper side near the margin of the orifice, and 
 oppqsite to the sinuses dividing the lobes. (Flowering nettle.) 
 
 ' Stachys. Calyx with its divisions awned: corol with the upper lip vaulted; the 
 lower lip 3-lobed; the middle divisions largegt, emarginate; the lateral divisions reflex- 
 ed: stamens reflexed towards the sides after discharging the pollen, (wound-wort, 
 hedge nettle. ) S. 
 
 Verbena. Calyx with one of the teeth truncate: corol funnel-form, with a curved 
 tube; border 5-cleft, nearly equal: nuts 2 or 4, pericarp thin and evanescent; some- 
 times 2 stamens are barren, (vervain.) S. 
 
 Marrubium. Calyx salver-form, rigid, marked with 10 lines: corol with the upper 
 lip 2-cleft, linear, straight, (horehound.) S. 
 
 Glechoma. Calyx 5-cleft: corol double the length of the calyx; upper lip 2-cleft; 
 lower lip 3-cleft, with the middle segment emarginate: each pair of anthers approach 
 ing so as to exhibit the form of a cross, (ground ivy, gill-overground.) 
 
 Pycnanthemum. Involucre bract-like, many leaved; under small heads of flowers; 
 calyx tubular, striate: corol with the upper lip sub-entire; lower lip 3-cleft; middle 
 segment longer: stamens distant, nearly equal; cells of the anthers parallel, ^moun 
 tain mint.) 8. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Leonurus. Calyx 5-angled, 5-toothod: corol with the upper lip erect, villose, flat, 
 entire; lower lip 3-parted; middle division undiyided: lobes of the anthers parallel, 
 having shining dots, (mother-wort.) &'. 
 
 Lavandula. Calyx ovate, sub-dentate; bracts under-sluddecj: corol resupinate: 
 staptfens in the tube, (lavender.) 
 
 Ballota. Calyx salver-form, 5-toothed, 10-striate: corol with the upper lip con- 
 cave, crenate: nut ovate, 3-sided, (false mother-wort.) 
 
 Satureja. Calyx tubular, striate: corol with divisions nearly equal: stamens dis- 
 tant, (savory.) 
 
 Molucella. Calyx very large, bell or shell-form; margin repand spinose: corol 
 much smaller, in the bottorn of the calyx, (shell-flower, molucca balm.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Ajoga. Corol with the upper lip minute and 2-toothed: stamens longer than the 
 upper lip: anthers all reniform, 1-celled. 
 
 Synandra. Calyx 4-cleft: segments unequal, subulate, inclined to one side: upper 
 lip of the corol entire and vaulted; lower one unequally 3-lobed; tliroat inflated, naked: 
 upper pair of anthers cohering, with the adjoining cells empty: filaments downy. 
 
 Leucas. Calyx 10-striate, 6 to lO-toothed: upper lip a bearded helmet, entire; 
 lower one long, 3-cleft; middle segment largest: lobes of the anthers spreading: stig- 
 ma shorter than the upper lip. 
 
CLASS Xin. ORDER II. 69 
 
 Htptis. Calyx 5-toothed: corol 2-lipped; upper lip 9-lobed, lower one 3-lobed, 
 with tlie middle lobe calyx-like, involving the stamens and style until it becomes re- 
 flexed: stamens declined. 
 
 13. Calyx 2-lipped. 
 
 Climpodium. Involucre many-bristled, bract-like, under head-form whorls: peri- 
 anth 2-hpped: corol with the upper lip flat, obcordate striate, (field thyme.) 
 
 Origanum. Calyxes collected into a 4-sided strobile-like cone, with broad interven- 
 ing bracts: corol with the upper lip erect, flat, straight, emarginated: under lip 3- 
 parted, divisions nearly equal, (marjoram.) 
 
 Dracocephalum. Calyx sub-equal, 5-cleft: corol with the throat inflated; the up- 
 per lip concave, the middle division of the lower lip roundish, notched: stamens un 
 connected, (dragon-head.) S. 
 
 Prunella. Calyx with the upper lip dilated: filaments 2-forked, with an anther 
 on one of the points: stigma 2-cleft. (self-heal, or heal-all.) /S'. 
 
 Scutellaria. Calyx bell-form, finely dividing at the base; lips entire, the upper 
 one with a helmet-form appendage (or cap) on the back, deciduous: corol bilabiate, 
 upper lip vaulted, lower one dilated, convex; tube bent, exsert. (scull-cap.) S. 
 
 Trichostema. Calyx resupinate: corol with the upper lip falcate; the under lip 
 3-parted, with the middle division small, oblong: filaments very long-exsert, incuived 
 or coiled, (blue-curls.) ;S. 
 
 Phryma.* Calyx cylindric, upper lip longer, 3-cleft; lower lip 2-toothed: corol with 
 the upper lip emarginate: lower hp much larger: nut single, (lopseed.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Thymus. Calyx sub-campanulate, with tlie throat closed with hairs: corol with 
 .the upper lip flat, emarginate: lower lip longer, (thyme.) 
 
 Melissa. Calyx dry, flattish above, with the upper lipsub-fastigiate: corol with the 
 upper lip somewhat vaulted, 2-cleft; lower lip with the middle lobe cordate, (balm.) 
 
 OcYMUM. Calyx with the upper lip orbiculate, the lower one 4-cleft: corol resupi- 
 nate; one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided: outer filaments sending out a process from 
 .thebase. (sweet basil.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Macbridea. Calyx top-foim, 3-cleft, 2 segments large: corol 2-lipped; the upper 
 entire, the under 3-parted: anthers 2-lobed; the lobes srpeading, fringed with small 
 spines. 
 
 Calamintha. Calyx closed with hairs afler flowering: throat of the corol some- 
 what inflated; upper lip emarginate; lower one 3-parted, middle segment somewhat 
 emarginate, or entire. 
 
 Cer^nthera. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower one 2-cleft: 
 upper lip of the corol 2-lobed, the lower one 3-parted: stamens exsert; anthers hori- 
 zontal, awned at each end. 
 
 TuLLiA. (1) Calyx with the upper lip 3-toothed, lower one 2-toothed, teeth ap- 
 pendaged: corol 2-hpped, with the upper lip very entire, lower one 3-parted, middle 
 division largest. 
 
 *Lycopus, Monarda, Salvia, Collinsonia, Linnaea. 
 
 Order II. Agiospermia. 
 A. Calyx 2-cleft, or 2-sepalled. 
 
 Obolaria. Calyx bract-like: corol 4-cleft, bell-form: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, 
 many-seeded: stamens from the divisions of the corol nearly equal: stigma 2-cleft or 
 emarginate. (penny-wort.) S. 
 
 Castilleja. Calyx spathe-form, upper lip 2-cleft, lower one wanting: corol 2- 
 lipped: lower one very short, 3-cleft, with 2 glands between the divisions: capsule 
 2-celled. S. 
 
 *When the seed approaches maturity, the calyx closes upon it, which has induced 
 some authors to remove it to the next order. But the Scutellaria presents nearly thq 
 same character. Other genera approach it also, in this particular. It is, in my 
 opinion, an unnecessary innovation. 
 
 (1) By M. C. J^eayenworth, in honor of Dr. W. Tully, Prof. Botany, &c. \^ Ye^Ie 
 College. 
 
70 CLASS XIII. ORDER II. 
 
 B. Calyx i-cleft. 
 
 ScHWALBEA. Calyx tubular-inflated; upper division small; lower division large, 
 emarginate, or 2-tootlied: corol ringent, upper lip entire, arched; lower lip 3-lobed; 
 capsule ovate, compressed, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double partition; seeds many, 
 chaffy. (chatF-seed.) S. 
 
 EucHROMA. Calyx inflated, 2 or 4-cleft: corol 2-lipped; upper lip long-linear, em- 
 bracing the style and stamens: anthers linear, with unequal lobes, cohering so as to 
 form an oblong disk: capsule ovate, compressed, 2-celled: seeds numerons, sorround- 
 ed with an inflated membrane. S. 
 
 Bartsia. Calyx lobed, emarginate, colored: corol less than calyx; upper lip longest, 
 concave, entire; lower lip 3-cleft and reflexed: anthers with equal lobes, not cohering: 
 capsule 2-ceiled: seed angled, (painted cup.) 
 
 Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated: corol ringent; the upper lip mostly compressed; the 
 under lip spread, 3-parted: capsule 2celled, obtuse, compressed, (yellow coxcomb.) 
 
 Melampvruji. Corol with the upper lip compressed, the margin folded back; lower 
 lip grooved, 3-cleft, sub-equal: capsule 2-celled, oblique, dehiscent on one side: seeds 
 2, cylindric, gibbous, cartilaginous and smooth, (cow- wheat.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Lantasa. Flowers in a head; calyx obsoletely 4-toothed: border of the corol 4- 
 lobed, unequal, throat open: stamens within the tube: stigma hooked: drupes aggre- 
 gated; nut 2-celled, even, 2-seeded, 
 
 Euphrasia. Calyx cylindric: corol 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft; lower lip 3- 
 lobed, with the divisions 2-cleft: lower anthers lobed, spinose. (eye-bright.) 
 
 Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular, somewliat 4-cleft: corol 2-lipped, closed; upper lip 
 smaller, compressed; margin infiexed; lower lip concave, obsoletely 3-toothed, unex- 
 panded: lobes of the anthers unequal, spreading: capsule straight- ovate, 2-celled, 
 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 C. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, or o-toothed; plant without green herbage. 
 
 Orobanche. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft; segments often unequal: corol ringent: capsule 
 ovate, acute, 1-celled, 2-valved: seeds numerous: a gland beneath the base of the 
 germ, (broom rape.) S. 
 
 Epiphegus. Polygamous. Calyx abbreviated, .5-toothed: corol of the barren flowers 
 ringent, compressed, 4-cleft: lower lip flat; of the fertile flowers minute, 4-toothed, 
 caducous: capsule truncate, oblique, 1-celled, imperfectly 2-valved, opening on one 
 side, (beech-drops, cancer root.) 
 
 D. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-sepalled: plant with green herbage. 
 
 Zapania. Flowers capitate: calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-lobed; stigma head-peltate, 
 oblique: pericarp bladder-like, vanishing, connecting the two seeds, (fog-fruit.) S. 
 
 AvicENNiA. Calyx 5-parted: corol 2-lipped, the upper lip square: capsule coriace- 
 ous, rhomboid, 1-seeded, seed germinating within tiie capsule. 
 
 Herpestris. Calyx unequal, 2-bracted at the base: corol tubular, somewhat 2-lip- 
 ped: stamens included: capsule 2-valved, 2-celled; partitions parallel with the valves. 
 S. 
 
 LiMosELLA. Calyx 5-clefl: corol 4 or 5-lobed, equal; stamens approaching each 
 other by pairs: capsule 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, (mudwort. ) 
 
 Scrophularia. Calyx 5-clefl: corol sub-globose, resupinate; lips short, middle 
 division of lower lip reflexed: capsule 2-celled. (Generally a stamen-like organ is 
 attached to the corol.) Corol dull purplish, green, or brown, (figwort. ) >S'. 
 
 Bignon'ia. Calyx 5-toothed, cup-form, sub-coriaceous; corol bell-form, 5-lobed, 
 ventricose beneath: capsule silique-like, 2-celled: seed membrane-winged, (trumpet- 
 flower.) S. 
 
 Ruellia. Calyx 5-parted, often 2-bracted; corol somewhat bell-form, limb 5- 
 lobed: stamens approaching by pairs: capsule tapering to both ends, toothed, elastic- 
 ally dehiscent: seeds few. (ruel.) S. 
 
 BucHNERA. Calyx 5-toothed: corol with a slender tube, and the limb in 5 equal 
 divisions, the lobes cordate: capsule 2-celled. (blue hearts.) jS'. 
 
 Antirrhinum. Calyx 5-sepalled or deeply 5-parted; the two lower divisions re- 
 mote; corol personate or ringent, spurred, or with a prominent base; the throat 
 closed with a prominent palate: capsule ovate, 2-valved, dehiscent at the apex, with 
 reflexed teeth, (snapdragon, toad-flax.) fif. 
 
CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 71 
 
 CoLLiNsiA. Calyx 5-cleft: corol S-lipped, throat closed: upper lip 2-cleft; lower one 
 3-cleft: intermediate segment keeled, bag-like, and covering the declined stamens and 
 style: capsule globose, somewhat 1-celled and 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3, umbilicate. 
 
 Co.vRADiA. Calyx 5-cleft, foliaceous: corol monopetalous, cylindrical, sub-equal, 
 5-toothed at the apex, teeth retlexed: stamens 4, scarcely declined, sub-equal, long- 
 exsert: style very long: stigma minute: capsule short-ovate, 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Gerardia. Calyx 5 cleft or 5-toothed: corol sub-campanulate, unequally 5-lobed; 
 segments mostly rounded: capsule 2-celled, dehiscent at the top. (false-foxglove.) <S. 
 
 Pedicularis. Calyx ventricose, 2, 3, or 5-cleft or obliquely truncate: corol ringent; 
 upper lip arched, emarginate and compressed: capsule 2-celled, mucronate, oblique: 
 .seeds numerous, angular coated. (Leaves many-cleft.) (lousewort, high heall-all.) 
 ,S. 
 
 MiMOLUs. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed: corol ringent: upper lip folded back upon 
 its sides, lower lip with a prominent palate: stigma thick, 2-cleft: capsule 2-celled, 
 many-seeded; seeds minute, (monkey-flower. ) S. 
 
 Chei.one. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-sepalled, 3-bracted: corol ringent, inflated: the upper 
 lip emarginate-obtuse, under lip slightly 3-cleft; the rudiment of a smooth filament 
 between, and shorter than the two tallest stamens; anthers woolly; capsule 2-celled, 
 2-valved: seeds with membranaceous margins, (snake-head.) iS. 
 
 Pentstemon. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-sepalled: corol sub-ringent, inflated; the rudiment 
 of a bearded filament between, and longer than the two tallest stamens: anthers 
 smootii: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, ovate; seeds numerous, angular. (Taken from 
 the last genus.) (beard tongue.) S. 
 
 Martynia. Calyx 5-cleft: corol ringent, almost bell-form; capsule woody and 
 barked, vvith a hooked beak, 4-celled, 2-valved. (unicorn-plant.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Digitalis. Calyx 5-parted: corol bell-form, ventricose, 5-cleft: stigma simple or 
 bilamellate: capsule ovate, 2-celled. (Flowers racemed.) (foxglove.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Capraria. Calyx 5-parted: corol somewhat bell-form, 5cleft, nearly equal: cap- 
 sule 2-valved, 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Seymeria. Calyx 5-parled nearly to the base: corol bell-wheel-form, almost equal- 
 ly 5-lobed: stamens sub-equal, near the throat: anthers oblong, naked: style de- 
 clined: capsule inflated, ovate, acute, 2-celled, 2-valved, opening at the top. 
 
 Sesamum. Calyx 5-parted: corol bell-form, 5-cleft, with the lower lobe largest: 
 stamens with the rudiment of a fifth: stigma lanceolate: capsule obtusely 4-angled, 
 4-celled. (oily grain.) 
 
 *Catalpa, Gratiola, Elytraria. 
 
 CLASS XIV. TETRADYNAMIA. 
 Order L Siliculosa. 
 
 A. Pleurorhiza.* Seed loith the radicle on its side. Cotyledons flat, accumbent: 
 seed compressed, often margined. 
 
 LuNARiA. Silicle entire, oval, flat-compressed, pedicelled; valves equalling the 
 partition, parallel, flat: calyx consists of colored sack-like sepals, (honesty, or satin- 
 tlower. ) 
 
 Vesicaria. Silicle globose, inflated, with hemispheric valves; seeds more than 8, 
 sometimes margined: petals entire. 
 
 Alyssum. Silicle orbicular or oval, with valves flat or convex in the centre: seeds 
 2 to 4 to each cell: calyx equal at the base: petals entire; some of the stamens 
 toothed. 
 
 Draba. Silicle oval-oblong, many-seeded: valves flattish, parallel to the partition: 
 petals entire or bifid: seeds not margined: filaments without teeth: style none. Coty- 
 ledons accumbent. (whitlow-grass.) S. 
 
 Cochlearia. Silicle thick, rugose, many-seeded, 2-valved; valves gibbous, obtuse; 
 partition nearly parallel to the valves: calyx equal spreading: petals 2-parted: stamens 
 toothless: style short or none, (horse-radish, water-radish.) 
 
 'Gr. pleura (side) 'riza (root.) 
 
73 CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 
 
 Thlaspi. Silicle emarginate at the apex, valves keel-form, winged on the backs 
 cells two, many-seeded: petals equal: calyx equal at the base. Flowers wliite. 
 
 HuTCHiNsiA. Silicle oval, valves keel-form, wingless; cells 2-seeded, rarely more: 
 calyx equal: petals equal. 
 
 Iberis. Corel irregular, the two exterior petals longest: silicle emarginate, many- 
 seeded, (candy-tuft.) 
 
 Cakile. Silicle 2-jointed, compressed, upper joint ensiform or ovate: seed single 
 in each cell, upper one erect, lower one pendulous, often abortive. Includes Bunias.- 
 
 B. NoTORHizA.t Seed with the radicle nexer on the side; generalbj on the lack. 
 Cotyledons flut, inaimbcnt: seed ovate, not margined. 
 
 Camelina. Silicle obovate or sub-globose, valves ventricose, dehiscent with part of 
 the style: cells many-seeded: style filiform: seed oblong emarginate. 
 
 Platypetalum. Silicle oval, many-seeded; valves convex:', styles very short: calyx 
 a little spread: laminas of the petals dilated. 
 
 Oreas. Calyx equal at the base, lax: petals entire, unguiculate, equal: filament* 
 equal, not toothed: style very short, stigma capitate: silicle lanceolate, compressed^ 
 1-celled (having no partition) valves flatiish, marked at the middle nerve: seeds many, 
 with the umbilical cord elongated. 
 
 Platyspermum. Silicle oval, compressed at the back, flat, stigma sessiler seeds- 
 few, with broad margins. Scapes numerous, 1-flowered. 
 
 Ectrema. Silicle or rather silique ancipital, valves carinate: seeds not margined. 
 
 Lepidium. Silicle ovate or sub-cordate; valves keeled or rarely ventricose, dehis- 
 cent, cells 1-seeded: seeds somewhat 3-sided or compressed. (Cotyledons rarely 
 accumbent.) 
 
 Capsella. Thlaspi bursa-pastoris. Silicle wedge- triangular, valves keel-form, 
 not winged; cells many-seeded, (shepherd purse.) 
 
 Hymenolobus. Silicle ovate or elliptical, membranaceous; valves somewhat tumid ,- 
 slightly carinate, wingless, cells many-seeded: stigma sessile. 
 
 Thysanocarpus. Silicle obovate, ' plano-convex, broad-winged at both margins, 
 emarginate at the ap^ 1-celled, one-seeded: seed broad-obovate, pendulous. Flowers- 
 small, white. , •*• 
 
 IsATis. Silicle tfempressed, oblong, ligulate, valveless, 1-seeded: partition like lat- 
 tice work, (woad.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 CoRONOPUs. Silicle reniform, compressed, wrinkled; cells valveless, 1-seeded. 
 SuBCLARiA. Silicle entire, ovate: valves ovate, concave, (convex without:) stigma 
 sub-sessile: seed linear, 2-plaited. Cotyledons incumbent. 
 
 Order II. Siliquosa. 
 
 A. Plecrorhiza. Seed with the radical on its side. Cotyledon flat, accumbent: 
 seed compressed, often margined. 
 
 Cheiranthus. Calyx closed, two of the sepals gibbous at the base: petals dilated: 
 silique, when young, with a glandular tooth each side: stigma 2-lobed: seed flat, 
 sometimes margined, (stock-july-flower, wall-flower.) S. 
 
 Nasturtium. Silique teretish, abbreviated or declined: stigma somewhat 2-lobed: 
 calyx equal at the base, spreading: seeds small, irregularly in two series, without 
 margins. 
 
 Barbarea. Silique 4-sided, (and 2-edged) valves without any process at the apex, 
 concave-keeled: seeds arranged in a single series: calyx equal at the base. 
 
 Turritis. Silique linear, valves flat: seeds in each cell m a double series; calyx 
 converging erect: corol erect, (tower mustard.) 
 
 Arabis. Silique linear: valves flat, 1-nerved in the middle: seeds in each cell in 
 one series, oval or orbicular, compressed: cotyledons flat, (wall-cress.) 
 
 Pachypodium. Silique somewhat terete elongated, torulose on a short thick stipe: 
 seeds in a single series, oblong, scarcely marginal: calyx nearly erect, equal at the 
 base: glands 4, at the base of the stamens: petals narrow, on very long claws. 
 
 tGr. notos (back) 'riza (root.) 
 
CLASS XV. ORDER 111. 73 
 
 Cardamine. Siliqtie linear; valves flat nerveless, often bursting elastically with 
 tevolute valves: seed ovate, without margin, having a slender umbilical funicule. 
 (american water-cress.) 
 
 Uentari V. Calyx longitudinally converging: silique lanceolate, bursting elastically, 
 with flat, nerveless, revokite valves; the partition thick and fungus-like: stigma 
 emarginate; seeds in a single series, ovate, not margined. Funicule dilated: (Roota 
 sharp-tasted, fleshy, with tooth-like processes.) (tooth-root, trickle-root.) S. 
 
 Parrya. Silique broad-linear, valves more or less distinctly veined, flat; seeds 
 somewhat in two series, cuticle of the testa lax, margin broad: umbilical funicule 
 adnate to the partition above: lobes of tlie stigma approximate. 
 
 Phoemcaums. Calyx colored, nearly equal at the base; much shorter than the 
 entire unguiculate petals; silique ensiform, acuminate, flat, not opening elastically; 
 the cells about S-seeded; valves with a prominent central nerve; seeds large, in a 
 Bingle series, not margined. 
 
 LeavenWorthia. Calyx somewhat erect, equal at the base; petals equal, cunei- 
 form, truncate or emarginate; filaments distinct, toothless; silique sessile, oblong- 
 linear, compressed, somewhat inflated, and contracted between the seeds; valves 
 indistinctly nerved; style distinct or almost none; stigma minutely bidentate; seeds in 
 a single series, flattened, with a broad- winged margin; funicules free. 
 
 Streptanthus. Calyx erect, colored: petals dilated; having twisted, channelled 
 claws: glands none: stamens with filaments subulate, and thickened at the base: 
 silique very long, angled, compressed: seeds in one series, flat, margined: cotyledons . 
 accumbent. 
 
 B. Notorhiza. Seed icith the radicle never on the side, generally on the back. 
 Cotyledons flat, incumbent; seed ovate, not margined. 
 
 Hesperis. Calyx closed, furrowed at the base, shorter than the claws of the 
 petals: petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate: silique 4-sided, 2-edged> or sub-terete: 
 seeds not margined: stigmas forked, with converging apexes. Cotyledons flat, 
 (rocket.) 
 
 Sisymbrium. Silique teretish above the prominence, sessile: stigmas 2, sub-distinct 
 or connate in a head: calyx equal at the base: seed ovate or oblong: cotyledons flat, 
 sometimes oblique; stamens tootiiless. 
 
 Tropidocarpum. Silique linear or lanceolate-linear, compressed contrary to the 
 septum; valves somewhat carinate; septum very narrow, often incomplete; seeds 
 oblong, compressed, not margined; sepals equal at the base. 
 
 Erysimum. Silique 4-cornered: calyx closed: cotyledons flat, oblong. 
 
 Braya. Silique short, terete, torulose, terminated by the style or stigma: valves 
 sub-seinicylindric: stigma flattish; partitions split in the middle; seeds under six in 
 each cell: calyx equal at tiie base, divisions erect. 
 
 Stanleya. Silique teretish above the prominence, pedicelled: seeds oblong, teretish: 
 calyx spreading. 
 
 Wakea. Silique 2-celled, stiped, flat, with a seed-bearing margin both sides: seed 
 flattish, striate: calyx deflected, caducous, colored: petals with long claws, spreading. 
 
 Brassica. Calyx erect, converging: partition extending beyond the valves of the 
 silique; seed globose; glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between the 
 long stamens and calyx, (cabbage, turnip.) 
 
 SiNAPis. Calyx spreading: corol with strait claws: glands between the short sta- 
 mens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx: partition extending beyond 
 the valves of the sihque, ensiform: seeds in a single series. Cotyledons conduplicate. 
 (mustard.) 
 
 Raphancs. Calyx closed, setose: silique torose, terete, not opening by valves, 
 1 or 2-celled: glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between the long 
 stamens and calyx. Cotyledons conduplicate. (radish.) 
 
 CLASS XV. MONADELPHIA. 
 
 Order III. Triandria. 
 
 SisYRiNCHiuM. Spathe 2-leaved: perianth 0: corol superior, 6-cleft or 6-petalled, 
 tubular: style 1: stigma 3-clefl: capsule 3-celled. (blue-eyed grass.) <S. 
 
 10 
 
74 CLASS XV. ORDER XII, 
 
 Exotic, 
 TiGRiDiA. Spathe 2-leaved: perianth 0: petals 6, the 3 outer large: filaments united 
 into a very long tube: flowers spotted. 
 *Pistia. 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 
 Passiflora. Calyx 5-paited, colored: corol 5-petaIled, on the calyx: nectary, a 
 triple filamentous crown, within the petals: gourd-like berry, pedicelled. (passion- 
 flower.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Erodium. Calyx 5-sepalled; corol 5-petalled; nectariferous scales 5, alternating 
 with the filaments: carpels 5, 1-seeded, awned; beaked at the base of the receptacle; 
 awn spiral, bearded within. (Taken from the geranium.) (stork's bill.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Philoxerus. Calyx 5-parted: corol none: stamens united at the base into a small 
 entire cup, shorter than the germ: anthers 1-celIed: stigmas 2: bladder-like capsule 
 membranaceous, ] -seeded, valveless. 
 
 Achyranthes. Calyx double, membranaceous, permanent, outer 3-sepalled, inner 
 5-sepalled, unequal: stamens standing on the nectary, with segments between them: 
 capsule 1-seeded, covered by the converging calyx. 
 
 Oplotheca. Calyx double, outer 2-sepalled, scarious, convolute, truncate; shorter 
 than the inner — inner 1-sepalled, muricate, somewhat 5-cleft, with a dense down: 
 corol none: nectary cylindric, 5- toothed, bearing tlie stamens: stigma simple, capitate, 
 hairy; bladder- like capsule 1-seeded, inclosed in the calyx. 
 ♦Anagallis, Lysimachia, Linum, Petalostemon. 
 
 Order VII. Heptandria. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Pelargonium. Calyx 5-parted, upper divisions broader, ending in a capillary nec- 
 tariferous tube: corol 5-petalled, irregular; the two upper petals usually broader, with 
 colored veins: filaments 10, three of them usuallj' without anthers: carpels 5, each 
 l«eeeded, awned; some of the awns spiral, (stork geranium.) 
 
 Order VIII. Octandria. 
 Southern. 
 PisTiA. Spathe tubular-hooded, strap-like; corol none: filaments lateral; anthers 3 
 to 8: style 1: capsule 1 -celled, many-seeded. 
 *Polygala, Cardiospermum. 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 
 Geranium. Calyx 5-sepalled: corol 5-petalled, regular: nectariferous glands 5, 
 adhering to the base of the 5 alternating long filaments: carpels 5, 1-seeded, awned, 
 beaked at the elongated top of the receptacle; awn naked or smooth within, strait, 
 (cranebill, false crowfoot, herb-robert.) & 
 
 Southern. 
 Acacia. Mimosa. Polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed: petals 5: stamens 5 to 
 10, exsert: pod 1-celled, 2-valved. 
 
 Darlingtonia. Flowers perfect: petals 5, distinct: stamens 5 to 10, sub-exsert: 
 legume bivalve, juiceless, small-seeded, lanceolate-falcate: calyx bell-form, 5 to 7 
 toothed. 
 
 ScHRANKiA. Mimosa. Polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed: petals 5: stamens 
 8 to 10, exsert: pod 4-valved. 
 *Oxalis. 
 
 Order XII. Polyandria. 
 
 SiUA. Calyx simple, angular, 5-cleft; rarely with one setaceous bract: style many- 
 parted: carpels many, arranged circularly, 1 -celled, 1 or 3-seeded. (Pedicel articu- 
 lated under the apex. ) (Indian mallows.) S. 
 
CLASS XVI. ORDER XII. . 75 
 
 SPHiERALCEA. Calyx 5-cleft, with 3 setaceous bracts at the base: carpels numer- 
 ous, aggregated in a sub-globose head, 2-valved, 2 or several seeded. 
 
 Abutilon. Calyx 5-cleft, witliout bracts; carpels 5 or more, 2-valved; 3, raiely 
 4 or 6-seeded. 
 
 Alth.*:a. Calyx double; outer one 6 or 9-cleft: carpels many, arranged circularly, 
 1-seeded. (hollyhock.) 
 
 Malva. Calyx double, outer one 3-sepalled, inner one 5-cleft: carpels many, ar- 
 ranged circularly, 1-celled, 1-seeded. (mallows.) S. 
 
 Malvaviscus. Calyx surrounded by a many-leaved involucre: petals erect, convo 
 lute: stigmas 10: carpels 5, 1-seeded, sometimes sub-distinct, and often united in 5- 
 celled fruit. 
 
 Hibiscus. Calyx double, outer one many-sepalled; inner one about 5-cleft: stigmas 
 5: capsule 5 or 10-celled, many-seeded, (marsh mallows.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Lavateka. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft: carpels many, many-seeded, (tree- 
 mallows.) 
 
 GossYPiuM. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft: capsule 4-celled: seeds involved in 
 •wool, (cotton.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Malope. Calyx double, outer 3-sepalled: carpels 1-seeded, irregularly aggre- 
 gated. 
 
 Stuartia. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5: stigma somewhat 5-lobed, capitate: capsule 
 5-celled, 5-valved; cells 1 or2-seeded; seeds ovate, bony. 
 
 HoPEA. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5: stamens numerous, united in 5 groups: 
 style 1: drupe 3-celIed, with 2 of them often empty, (yellow-leaf.) 
 
 NuTTALLiA. Callirhoe. Calyx simple, 5-cleft: capsules numerous, 1-seeded, 
 united in a ring. 
 
 Styrax. Calyx bell-form, generally 5-toothed, inferior: corol 5 to 7-parted, on the 
 calyx: drupe? coriaceous, with 1 or 2, 1-seededn uts: stamens 6 to 16, on the throat 
 of the corol, united at the base; anthers oblong, linear, (storax tree.) 
 
 Halesia. Calyx 4-toothed, superior: corol 4-cleft: nut covered with bark, 4-sided, 
 2 or all the angles winged; 2 to 4celled, 2 to 4-seeded. (snowdrop tree.) 
 
 GoRDONiA. Calyx simple, 5-sepalled, connate at the base: style 5-sided; stigmas 
 5: capsule 5-celled, 5-valved: receptacle columnar: cells 2-seeded; seeds winged. 
 *Pinus. 
 
 CLASS XVI. DIADELPHIA. 
 
 Order V. Pentandria, to Order VIII. Octandria, or FENXocTAtrDRU. 
 
 CoRYDALis. Sepals 2, caducous: corol 1-spurred at the base: capsule pod-like, 2- 
 valved; few or many-seeded: style persistent. 
 
 FuMARiA. Sepals 2, deciduous: corol 1-spurred, or gibbous at the base: fruit a 
 1-seeded, sub-globose, nut: style deciduous, (fumitory.) S. 
 
 DiELYTRA. Sepals 2, deciduous: corol 2-spurred or saccate at the base: capsule 
 pod-shaped, many-seeded. 
 
 Adlumia. Sepals 2: petals united into a spongy persistent, monopetalous corol, 
 bi-gibbous at the base, 4-lobed at the apex: capsule pod-shaped, linear-oblong, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 PoLYGALA. Calyx 5-sepalled, permanent, unequal; 2 of them wing-like, larger, 
 colored: corol irregular, (or ratiier, calyx 3-sepalled, corol imperfectly papilionace- 
 ous:) capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Keelof tlie corol sometimes appendaged: 
 seeds hairy, (snake-root, milk- wort, low century, mountain flax.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Fetalostemon. Petals 5, nearly equal; 4 of them alternating with the stamens, and 
 uniting with them in a cleft tube: legume 1-seeded, included in the calyx. 
 ♦Gleditschia. 
 
76 CLASS XVI. ORDER. X. 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 
 A. Legiime wWiout transverse divisions or partitions; seeds numerous. 
 
 ( Stigma pubescent. ) 
 
 PiSDM. Calyx with the divisions leaf-like, about equal: banner protruding 2 foldss 
 style compressed, carinate, villose above: legume without down at the suture, (pea.) 
 
 Lathyrds. Calyx with the two upper divisions sliorter: style flat, villose above, 
 broader towards the top. (Stem mostly winged, leaflets 2 or more, terminated by a 
 divided tendril.) (sweet pea.) .S. 
 
 ViciA. Calyx emarginate above, 2-tootiied; 3 straight long teeth below: banner 
 emarginale: style bearded transversely on the lower side beneath the stigma, (vetch. ) 
 
 ^• 
 
 Ervum. Calyx 5-parted: divisions linear, acute, about equalling the corol: stigma 
 capitate, hairy on all sides, (Torrey;) glabrous, (Persoon:) legume oblong, 2 to 4- 
 seeded. (creeping vetch.) 
 
 AsTROPHiA. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft; the 2 upper segments a little shorter: 
 style flat, linear, pubescent along the inside: legume broadly-oblong, compressed, few- 
 seeded. 
 
 Vexillaria. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, the upper and lateral segments 
 triangular-ovate, acuminate; the inferior segment narrower: banner large, somewhat 
 orbicular, emarginate or bifid, not spurred on the back; keel small, sliorter than the 
 wings, incurved, acute, on very long claws: style longitudinally bearded or hairy, 
 more or less dilated at the apex: legume stipitate, linear or linear-oblong, flattish, to- 
 rulose, pointed with the base of the style: thickened along the sutures; the valves 
 nerveless and windless, (butterfly weed.) S. 
 
 Centrosema. Calyx short, broadly campanulate, 4 or 5-cleft: banner large, broadly 
 orbicular, with a short obtuse spur behind; keel semi-orbicular, scarcely shorter than 
 the wings, incurved, obtuse, on very short claws: stamens monodelphous, or partly 
 diadelphous: style glabrous, dilated at the apex; stigma barbulate: legume nearly 
 sessile, linear compressed, subulate with the style; somewhat thickened along the 
 sutures; the valvee marked on each side with a longitudinal nerve next the margin. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Orpbus. Styleslinear: corol long; calyx obtuse at the base; upper segments deeper, 
 and generally shorter, (bitter vetch.) 
 
 Phaca. Keel obtuse: style beardless; stigma capitate: legume 1-celled, somewhat 
 turgid; upper suture swollen and seed-bearing within. 
 
 (Stigma not pubescent.) 
 
 Phaseolus. Stamens nine connected and one separate: legume many-seeded; not 
 articulated: stigma not hairy: cotyledons thick, which ^re changed into succulent 
 leaves in germinating. 
 
 1. Sub Genus. Phaseolus (Euphaseolus.) Calyx 2-lipped, upper one 2-toothed, 
 lower one 3-parted: keel with the stamens and style spirally twisted: legume com- 
 pressed. . 
 
 2. S. G. Strophostyles. (1) Calyx 2-Tipped, upper one 2-toothed, lower one 3- 
 parted: keel with the stamens and pistils spirally twisted: legume terete. 
 
 3. S. G. Amphicarpa. (I) Calyx 4-toothed, teeth equal, sub-obtuse: style fili- 
 form, stigma capitate: germ with its base sheathed. 
 
 4. S. G. Rhynchosia, (1) Calyx 5cleft, somewhat 2-lipped: the separate fila- 
 ment geniculate at the base: style filiform: legume compressed, 2 seeded. 
 
 5. S. G. Wistaria. (I) Calyx somewhat 2-lipped; upper lip with 2 short teeth, 
 lower one in 3 subulate lobes: keel bicuspidate: a tubular nectary surrounds the stipe 
 of the germ. 
 
 6. S. G. Apois. (1) Calyx with 4 obsolete teeth; one acute, elongated under 
 the falcate keel, which bend back the top of the banner; stipe of the germ sheathed 
 at the base. 
 
 Remark. As Dr. Torrey has disposed of these sub-genera on a plan which almost 
 approves; they will not be alteied. 
 
 (1) Glycine, L. 
 
CLASS XVI. ORDER X. 77 
 
 Galactia. Calyx 4-toothed, 2-bracted: petals all oblong: banner broader, incum- 
 bent: anthers oblong: stigma obtuse: germ on a naked stipe: legume terete: seeds 
 many, roundish, (milky-way plant.) S'. 
 
 RoBiNiA. Calyx small, bell-form, 4-cleft, upper division 2-parted: banner large, 
 reflexed, roundish: legume compressed, elongated, many-seeded: seeds compressed, 
 small, (locust-tree.) S. 
 
 Astragalus. Calyx 5-toothed: keel of the corol obtuse; legume with a longitu- 
 dinal half-breadth partition, attached to one edge, incurved at the suture below, (milk 
 vetch.) S. 
 
 Tephrosia. (Galega.) Calyx without bracts, sub-equal, 5-toothed: banner of the 
 corol large, roundish, silky or pubescent, entire, reflex-spreading: wings keeled, obtuse, 
 adhering: stamens variously connected, monadelphia or diadelphia: style filiform, 
 stigma terminal: legume often sessile, flat-compressed, linear, many-seeded: seeds 
 compressed, (goat's rue. ) 
 
 Medicago. The keel deflected from the direction of the banner: legume compress- 
 ed, spiral, (lucerene clover, medick. ) &'. 
 
 HosACKiA. Bentliam. Calyx bell-form, 5-cleft: the spreading wings of the corol 
 almost equalling the banner; keel beaked: style filiform; stigma capitate: legume cy- 
 Jindric or sub-compressed, striate, smooth. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Coldtea. Calyx 5-cleft with the keel obtuse: style bearded on its back through its 
 whole length: legume inflated, opening on the upper suture at the base, (bladder 
 senna, bush locust.) 
 
 Soufker7i. 
 
 Indigofera. Calyx spreading: keel with a subulate spur both sides; legume linear, 
 small, terete or quadrangular, (indigo.) 
 
 Gi.YCYKRHizA. LiQuiRiTiA. Calyx tubular, equal, 5-parted, gibbous at the base: 
 banner erect, reflexed at the sides, including the otlier petals; wings spreading, keel 
 2-cleft: legume oblong, sub-ovate, compressed, generally hispid, 2 to 6-seeded. (Flow- 
 ers racemed.) (liquorice.) 
 
 OxYTROPis. Keel terminating above in a subulate appendage: legume with a longi- 
 tudinal half-breadth partition, attached to one edge; the upper suture inflexed. 
 
 Trigonella. Banner and wings sub-equal, spreading, resembling a 3-petalled 
 corol: legume often curved, compressed, (fenu-greek.) 
 
 Lupinaster. Calyx bell-form, 5-tootbed: teeth setaceous, one under the keel: stig- 
 ma hooked: legume terete, without joints. 
 
 B. Legume loithout transverse divisions or partitions; seeds few or single. 
 
 Melilotus. Flowers racemed; calyx tubular, 5-toothed: keel simple, shorter than 
 the wings and banner: legume rugose, longer than ihe calyx, or about as long. (Taken 
 from the trifolium.) (melilot clover.) >Sf. 
 
 Trifolium. Flowers sub-capitate: legume included in the calyx, not opening by 
 valves, 1 to 4-seeded. (Leaves always ternate.) (clover.) S. 
 
 HoMALOBUs. Calyx 5-toothed, keel obtuse: style short recurved: legume linear 
 or oblong, much compressed, several seeded, the sutures neither introflexed nor tumid; 
 funicule very long. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 DoLicHos. Banner with two oblong parallel callous processes at the base, compres- 
 sing the wings beneath them, (cowhage. ) 
 
 Dalea. Calyx half 5-clen;: corol partly papilionaceous; wings and keel adnate to 
 the undivided column of stamens: legume J -seeded, included in the calyx. 
 
 Psoralea. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed; lower segments mostly elongated; legume 
 the length of the calyx, 1 -seeded, somewhat beaked, valveless. 
 
 Kentrophyta. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, the segments nearly equal: ban- 
 ner oblong, reflexed; keel petals obtuse, cohering along the back, shorter than the 
 wings, ovate, membranaceous or leathery, 1 or 2 seeded. 
 
 C. Fruit or loment in several joints, or in a single seeded piece. 
 Hedysarum. Calyx 5-cleft: keel of corol transversely obtuse: loment many-joint- 
 ed; joints 1-seeded, truncate, compressed, generally hispid. Plants mostly with ter- 
 nate leaves, (bush clover.) S. 
 
78 CLASS XVII. ORDER I. 
 
 Lespedeza. Calyx 5-parted, 2-bracted; divisions nearly equal: keel of the ooroJ 
 transversely obtuse: legume lens-form, unarmed, 1-seeded. (Leaves always ternate. 
 Taken from tJie hedysarum.) (bush clover. ) S. 
 
 Aeschynomene. Calyx 2-lipped, lips toothed: stamens united in two equal parcels: 
 loment compressed, one suture straight, the other lobed; joints truncate, 1-seeded. 
 (false sensitive plant.) <S. 
 
 Stylosanthes. Calyx tubular, very long, bearing the corol, which originates higher 
 than the top of the germ: loment one or two-jointed, hooked, (pencil tiower.) S. 
 
 Chapmasnia. Flowers of 2 kinds? Sterile flower: calyx with 2-bracteoles at the 
 base: the tube very long and slender, the lowest tooth longest, and remote from the 
 others: banner roundish; keel boat-form, nearly as long as the banner, bifid at the 
 summit: stamens monadelphous, alternately longer; ovary sessile, with 2 or 3 ovules 
 always sterile: style filiform, very long; stigma capitate, minutely glabrous. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Coronilla. Calyx 2-lipped: petals with claws: loment teretish, jointed: flowers 
 in umbels: seeds generally cylindric. (coronilla.) 
 
 CicER. Calyx 5-parted, of the length of the corol, 4 upper divisions resting on 
 the banner: legume turgid, 2-seeded; seeds gibbose, raucronate. (chick-pea.) 
 Southern. 
 
 ZoRNiA. Calyx inferior, bell-form, 2-lipped: banner cordate, revolute: anthers 5 
 oblong and 5 globose: loment jointed, hispid. 
 
 Sesbania. Calyx 5-toothed: legume elongated (terete or linear) divided into many 
 cells (or loment joints) by transverse partitions. 
 
 Agati. Calyx campanulate, truncate, slightly bilabiate; the upper lip with 2, the 
 under with 3, short, obtuse, broad teeth: banner oval-oblong, shorter than the oblong 
 wmgs; keel large, falcate: stamens diadelplious, slightly protruded; the sheath with 
 large auricles at the base; legume short-stiped, linear, elongated, a little compressed, 
 many-seeded, much contracted, and with transverse partitions between the seeds, but 
 not jointed: seed oval. 
 
 D. Stamens united in one set. 
 
 Amorpha. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 4 or 5-cleft: banner ovate, concave: wings 
 and keel 0: legume 1 or 2-seeded, falcate, (false-indigo.) iS'. 
 
 LupiNus. Calyx 2-lipped: anthers 5 oblong and 5 roundish: legume coriaceous, 
 torulose. (lupine.) 6'. 
 
 Crotalaria. Corol with the banner cordate, large: keel acuminate, the membrane 
 formed by the united filaments, has a fissure on the back: style curved: legume pedi- 
 .celled, turgid, (rattle-box.) S. 
 
 Genista. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed, 2 upper teeth very short: banner oblong, 
 .*eflexed back from the pistil and stamens, (kneed-grass, dyer's broom.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Spartium. Calyx extended downwards; keel generally pendant: filaments adhering 
 to the germ: stigma villose lengthwise on the upper side: legume oblong, 1 or many- 
 seeded. (Spanish broom.) 
 
 Ulex. Calyx 2 6epalled, 2-bracted: stamens all united: legume scarcely longer 
 than the calyx, spinose. (furze.) 
 
 Arachis. Calyx 2-lipped: corol upside down: legume gibbous, torulose, veiny, 
 coriaceous, (pea- nut.) 
 
 Southern, 
 
 Erythrina. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, various: banner long-lanceolate: legume 
 torulose, many-seeded, (corol tree.) 
 
 Pitcheria. Calyx tubular; somewhat 2-lipped, 5-cleft, divisions subulate; upper 
 lip bifid, equal to the lower one: wings narrow, subulate, one-toothed: style filiform, 
 ascending; legume oblong, 2-seeded, scarcely exceeding the calyx. 
 ♦Baptisia, Cercis, Virgilia, Cassia. 
 
 CLASS XVIL SYNGENESIA. 
 Order I. Polycamia Aequahs. 
 A. Florets ligulate. 
 CicHORicM. Involucre surrounded with scales: receptacles naked or slightly veined: 
 egret sessile, scaly, shorter than the pericarp, (succory, or endive.) 
 
CLASS XVII. ORDER I. 79 
 
 Apargia. Involucre imbricate: receptacle naked, punctate: egret plumose, seesile, 
 unequal. (Taken frc^m the Leontodon.) (false hawk- weed.) 
 
 Lapsana. Involucre sub-cylindric, scaly from tiie few leaves at the base: receptacle 
 naked: the stony fruit oblong, tapering at tlie base: egret none. 
 
 Leontodon. Involucre double, imbricate, with flexible leafets: receptacle naked: 
 egret stiped. (dandelion.) &'. 
 
 Prenanthes. Heads few-flowered, nodding: involucre cylindric, with scales at the 
 base: akenes sub-terete, not beaked: egret in several series, scabrous: receptacle 
 naked, (white lettuce.) &'. 
 
 Lactuca. Involucre imbricate, cylindric, with the margin of the scales membra- 
 naceous; receptacle naked: egret simple, stiped: akenes smooth, (lettuce.) S. 
 Flowers mostly nodding. 
 
 Nabalus. Flowers nodding: involucre cylindrical, 5 to 12-flowered, with erect 
 scales in one series which bear small scales from the base. 
 
 Lygodesmia. Involucre 5-leaved, tubulated; furnished from the base with many 
 very short imbricate scales; leafets ligulate keeled, scarious at the margin: receptacle 
 scrobiculate: florets5: anthers 2-toothedat the base; bony akenes linear, compressed, 
 furrowed, simple at the apex: egret capillary; rays in various order, tooth-scabrous or 
 plumose. 
 
 SoNCHus. Involucre imbricate, swelling at the base: egret pilose, sessile: receptacle 
 naked, (swine thistle.) S. 
 
 HiERAciuM. Involucre imbricate, ovate: egret simple, sessile: receptacle naked, 
 punctate, or sub-pilose. (From white becoming yellowish.) (hawk-weed.) S. 
 
 Crepis. Involucre with scales at the base, scales laxish: receptacle naked: egret 
 pilose, sub-stiped. Beyond R. M. 
 
 Krigia. Involucre simple, many-leaved, receptacle naked: egret 5 to 8 mem- 
 branous leaves, with 5 to 25 scabrous, alternating bristles: receptacle naked, (dwarf 
 dandelion.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Tragopogon. Involucre simple, many-leaved: receptacle naked; egret plumose 
 and stiped. (goat's beard, vegetable oyster.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 BoRKHAUsiA. Involucre with scales at the base, becoming rib-furrowed, outer 
 scales loose: receptacle naked: egret stiped, pilose. 
 
 Troximon. Involucre oblong, conic, many-leaved: leafets unequal, imbricate: re- 
 ceptacle naked, puncticulate: egret sessile, pilose. 
 
 Apogon. Involucre 8-leaved, in a double series: receptacle naked: egret none. 
 
 B. Florets tuhulous; flotcer capitate. 
 
 Arctium. Involucre globose, with scales hooked at the apex: egret chaflT- bristly: 
 receptacle chaffy, (burdock. ) S. 
 
 Onopordon. Involucre imbricate, with sharp mucronate spreading scales: egret 
 pilose, scabrous, caducous: receptacle alveolate: akene transversely sulcate. (cotton 
 thistle.) 
 
 Cnicds. Involucre swelling, imbricate, with prickly scales: receptacle villose: egret 
 caducous, pluniose. (thistle.) S. 
 
 Carduus. Involucre ovate, imbricate with prickly scales: receptacle villose: egret 
 pilose, (comb-tooth thistle.) 
 
 Saussurea. Involucre sub-cylindric, scales imbricate, beardless: receptacle setose 
 or chafly: egret in two series; outer series short, filiform; inner long and plumose: 
 anthers cordate sub-entire; bony akenes glabrous. 
 
 PvRROcoMA. Egret in one series longer than the flower, fulvous, scabrous: limb 
 of the corol not distinct from the tube: involucre leaves in many series, lax; inner 
 leafets membranaceous entire, outer ones foliaceous spine-toothed. 
 
 LiATRis. Involucre imbricate, oblong: anthers entire at the base: akenes hairy, ob- 
 conic: egret permanent, plumose, colored: receptacle naked: (flowers purple. ) (gay 
 feather.) -S. 
 
 Vernonia. Involucre imbricate, ovate: egret double, exterior chaffy and short, in- 
 terior capillary: receptacle naked: stigma 2-clefc, shortish, (flat-top.) S. 
 Exotic. 
 
 Carthamus. Involucre ovate, imbricate with scales, ovatish-leafy at the apex: 
 egret chaff- hairy or none: receptacle chaft-bristly. ( false -safiron.) 
 
so CLASS XVII. ORDER II. 
 
 Ctnara. Receptacle bristly: involucre dilated, imbricate, scales with fleshy bases, 
 emarginate and pointed: egret plumose, sessile, (garden arliciioke.) 
 
 AMiwoBiuM. Sepals imbricated, colored, radiated: anthers with 2 bristles at the 
 base: chaffs of the receptacle distinct: egret a toothed edge. 
 
 Soullicrn. 
 
 Stokesia. Involucre follaceous, sub-imbricate: florets of the ray funnel-form and 
 irregular: receptacle naked: egret 4-bristled. 
 
 Stevia. Involucre cylindric, from a simple series of leafets: receptacle naked: 
 egret chaff'-bristled. 
 
 Brickellia. Involucre many-leaved, imbricate: receptacle naked, dotted: egret 
 hairy or scabrous: akenes nearly glabrous, 10-streaked. 
 
 C. Florets tubulous; floicer discoid. 
 
 Kdhnia. Involucre imbricate, cylindrical: egret plumose, sessile: receptacle naked t 
 akenes hairy, finely striated, (false boneset.) «S. 
 
 EuPATORiuM. Involucre imbricated (rarely simple) oblong: style long, cloven half 
 way down: egret pilose, scabrous, or rough papillose: receptacle naked: akenes 
 smooth and glandular, 5-stiiate. (boneset, thorough- wort, joe-pye.) S. 
 
 Mikania. Involucre 4 or 6 leaved, equal: 4 to6-flowered: receptacle naked: egret 
 pilose, (climing boneset. ) S. 
 
 Chrysocoma. Involucre imbricate, oblong or hemispheric: style scarcely exsert: 
 receptacle naked: egret pilose, scabrous: akenes hairy, (golden locks. ) .S'. 
 
 Cacalia. Involucre cylindric, oblong, somewhat scaly at the base: receptacle 
 naked: egret pilose. (Leaves mostly succulent, (wild caraway.) <S. 
 
 Sparganophorus. Involucre sub-globose, imbricate, with unequal scales recurve* 
 spreading at the tips: receptacle naked: akenium with the cup-like crown sub-cartila- 
 ginous, shining, (crown-cup.) S. 
 
 Hymenopapfcs. Involucre many-leaved, spreading; leafets sub-oval, colored: re- 
 ceptacle naked: egret chaffy, many-leaved (5 to 8?) segments very short, obtuse, 
 awnless. 
 
 PoLYPTERis. Involucre many-leaved, spreading; leafets sub-oval, colored: recepta- 
 cle naked: egret chaffy, about 12-valved; valves rigid and cuspidate, the length of the 
 akenium. 
 
 Melananthera. Involucre imbricate; leafets ovate, close-pressed, sub-equal: re- 
 ceptacle chaffy; scales keeled, the lower part embracing the florets: egret consisting 
 of 4 or 5 unequal, unarmed awns. 
 
 Marshallia. Involucre imbricate; scales sub-lanceolate, incumbent: receptacle 
 chaffy: egret 5, membranaceous, acuminate, nerveless scales. 
 
 Santoli.na. Involucre imbricate, hemispherical; scales keeled, having scarious 
 ;points: receptacle chaffy: egret none. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Aseratum. Receptacle naked: egret with 5 somewhat awned scales (chaffs:) leaves 
 of the calyx oblong, in a double row: corols 4 or 5-cleft. 
 
 Order II. Polygamia superflua. 
 A. Floicers discoid; the ray-florets being obsolete. 
 
 Tanacetum. Involucre imbricate, hemispheric: scales acuminate: rays obsolete) 
 3-cleft: egret somewhat marginal: receptacle naked. (Flowers corymbed.) (tansy.) 
 
 Omalanthus. Heads various in stamens and pistils in flowers surrounding in one 
 series; ia the rest perfect and fertile: bony akenes wingless, 4-cornered: egret crown- 
 ing and repand: corols of staminate and perfect flowers glabrous, flat-compressed, 
 2-winged, 3-crenate: rachis vvithout bracts. 
 
 Artemisia. Involucre imbricate, ovate, with scales rounded, converging: ray-flo- 
 rets subulate: egret 0: receptacle somewhat villose, or nakedish. (Flowers mostly 
 rounded.) (wormwood, southern-wood.) S. 
 
 Baccharis. Involucre-scales ovate, sub-coriaceous, imbricate, cylindric, bell-form 
 or ovate: pistillate and perfect florets intermixed: receptacle naked: egret pilose. 
 (Sometimes the flowers are dioecious.) (groundsel- tree.) S. 
 
CLASS XVII. ORDER ll. 81 
 
 CoNTiA. Involucre imbricate, witli scales eub-linear- ovate, or hesmispheric /and 
 Bub-scarious: egret simple, capillary: receptacle naked: florets of the ray with a 3- 
 clefl border, not composing a ray in appearance, (plowman's wort.) S. 
 
 Gnaphalium. Involucre imbricate, with the marginal scales rounded, scarious, 
 shortish, glossy, colored: receptacle naked: egret pilose or plumose, scabrous: florets 
 of the ray subulate, of the disk entire. Sometimes all the florets are perfect, (life- 
 everlasting.) S. 
 
 ANTEN^ARlA. Heads dioecious or sub-dioecious: rachis wholly without bracts: 
 egret in one series, in the staminate clavate at the apex; style either very simple or 
 shortly bifid. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Ptekocadlon. Involucre imbricate, with close-pressed, downy, sub-scarious scales: 
 receptacle naked: perfect and pistillate florets intermixed; the pistillate ones slen- 
 der; border 3- toothed: perfect oiies with a 5- cleft border: egret hairy, scabrous: 
 akenes angled, hairy. 
 
 B. Flowers radiate; the Ugulate raij-florets very manifest. 
 
 (Receptacle naked.) 
 
 TowNSENDiA. Ray florets ligulate, disk florets perfect, regular: leafets of the invo- 
 lucre imbricate in several series: egret in one series, short in the rays; chaff" subulate, 
 unequal; pilose in the disk, hairs enlongated somewhat scabrous. 
 
 Madia. Ray florets in one series: corol of the rays ligulate, with the laminae 
 longer than the tube: bony akenium erose, compressed, 4-sided, 4-ribbed: disk small, 
 epigynous. 
 
 Erigeron. Involucre imbricate, sub-hemispherical: egret pilose, double; outer 
 egret minute and chaffy: florets of the ray liriear, very narrow, numerous, (flea-bane, 
 pride- weed.) S. 
 
 Diplopappus. Rays in one series: egret in 2 series: corols of the disk regular: 
 bony akenium erose. 
 
 Incla. Involucre imbricate, generally squarrose; egret simple, scabrous, sometimes 
 a minute exterior chaffy one: anthers ending in 2 bristles at the base: ray-florets nu- 
 merous. Ray-florets always yellow, (elecampane.) 
 
 Aster. Involucre imbricate, the inferior scales generally spreading: egret simple, 
 pilose: receptacle often deep-pitted. Florets of the ray more than 10, except in soli- 
 daginoides, and a few other species: color purple or white, never yellow, (star-flower. ) 
 S. 
 
 Eurybia. Ray florets fertile: leafets of the involucre closely imbricate: disk her- 
 baceous, narrow at the apex: tube and limb of the florets of the disk severed: bony 
 akenium elongated, prismatic, glabrous or pubescent: egret simple, somewhat rigid, 
 permanent, scabrous: receptacle alveolate. 
 
 Galatella. Pistillate rays sterile: tlie leafets of the narrow involucre are narrow, 
 the herbaceous nerve under the apex not expanded: bony akenium cornered, densely 
 hirsute or herbaceous: egret somewhat rigid, dense, scabrous: receptacle torn-alveo- 
 late. 
 
 Seriocarpos. Leafets of the involucre broad, sub-cartilaginous at the base, closely 
 imbricate, abruptly herbaceous at the apex, and mostly spreading: florets of the disk 
 few, cylindrically conic; tube and hmb passing into each other: bony akenium short, 
 ob-pyramidal, dense, silky: egret simple, a little rigid, permanent: receptacle narrow, 
 alveolate, irregular. 
 
 Tripoi.ium. Leafets of the involucre interior ample, membranaceous, colored, 
 close-pressed; exterior decrease into the peduncle: bony akenium cunei-form, com- 
 pressed, somewhat glabrous: egret simple, capillary, dense, nodular-scabrous: recep- 
 tacle alveolate. 
 
 Solid AGO. Involucre oblong or sub-cylindric, with oblong, narrow, pointed, strait 
 scales, imbricate, closed upon the flower: ray-florets about 5, and fewer than 10; 
 lanceolate, 2-toothed, equal to, or shorter than, the involucre: filaments capillary, 
 very short: style thread-form, equalling the length of the stamens: stigma cleft' 
 spreading: egret simple, pilose, scabrous: receptacle furrowed with dots or punctures: 
 akenes oblong-ovate. (Yellow.) (golden rod.) >S. 
 
 Arnica. Involucre hemispherical, with the leafets equal, longer than the disk: 
 receptacle naked: egret simple, hairy: florets of the ray often without anthers. Ray- 
 florets yellow. S 
 
 11 
 
bZ CLASS XVII. ORDEa II. 
 
 Senecio. Involucre cylindric: leafets with withering, blackish tips, and a few 
 small ecalea at the base: egret simple, capillary, copious. Ray-florets Bometimes 
 wanting, (rag- wort, fire- weed.) S. 
 
 Cineraria. Involucre simple, many-leaved, equal: egret simple. S. 
 
 TussiLAGo. Involucre simple, swelling; scales equal, and equalling the disk, sub- 
 membranous: pistillate florets ligulate or without teeth: egret simple, sessile. (Some- 
 times polygamous.) (coltsfoot.) 
 
 Nardosmia. Heads sub-dioecious: Btaminate surrounded with one series of pistil- 
 late rays; pistillate homogamous: pistillate with ligulate corols: egret pilose, the 
 staminate less copious than the pistillate. 
 
 BoLTONiA. Involucre imbricate: florets of the ray numerous: receptacle conic, 
 punctate: egret consists of many minute bristles and generally 2-elongated bristles or 
 horns: akenium flat, margined, (false chamomile.) S. 
 
 Chrysanthemum. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, with the scales membranous 
 at the margin: egret none, or a narrow margin, (ox-eyed daisy, fever-few.) S. 
 
 Blepharipappus. Ray few-flowered, the corols broad wedge-form, deeply 3-cleft: 
 egret chaffy, about 8, linear acuminate, fringe-ciliate: rachis bracted. 
 
 Pyrethrum. Bony akenium, wingless, angled: egret crown-like, diameter of the 
 bony akenium about equalling it: flowers of the disk 5-toothed, thick, often flat-com- 
 pressed, 2-winged: rays ligulate-oblong; styles of the disk not branched. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Belli3. Involucre hemispherical; scales equal: egret 0: receptacle conical: ake- 
 nium obovate. (garden daisy. ) •■ 
 
 Tagetes. Involucre simple, 1-leafed, 5-toothed, tubular: florets of the ray about 
 5, permanent: egret 5 erect awns, (marigold.) 
 
 Matricaria. Involucre flat, imbricate, with scales having scarious margins: re- 
 ceptacle naked, terete: egret none. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Brachyris. Involucre cylindric-ovate, closely imbricate; scales agglutinated to- 
 gether; ray and disk florets about 5 to each: receptacle naked: egret very short, 
 chafly: glumes 5 to 8, permanent. 
 
 Crinitaria. Little head discoid, many-(or few-) flowered: rachis without bracts; 
 egret pilose in two series: bony akenium not beaked, compressed, silky. 
 
 Donia. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, squarrose, glutinous: ray-florets 30 or 
 more, (yellow:) receptacle naked, deep-pitted: egret consists of 3 or 4 caducous, 
 Bomewhat chaflfy, bristles. 
 
 BoEBERA. Involucre double; outer one many-leaved; inner one 8-leaved: recep- 
 tacle naked: egret pilose. 
 
 Tricophyllum. Involucre oblong-cylindric, many-leaved, equal: ray florets oblong: 
 receptacle naked: egret chaffy, minute, 5 to 8-leaved; leafets obtuse, awnless. 
 
 Chrysopsis. Involucre imbricated: (ray-florets mostly yellow;) anthers naked at 
 the base: receptacle naked: egret double; outer chaffy, minute: inner scabrous, 
 mp.ny rayed: akenium obovate, villose. 
 
 Pectis. Involucre 5-leaved: ray-florets 5: receptacle naked: egret 3 to 5 awns. 
 
 (Receptacle chaffy or hairy.) 
 
 Verbesina. Involucre many-leaved; leafets arranged in double series: florets of 
 the ray about 5: egret 2-awned. (crown-beard.) iS. 
 
 Anthemis. Involucre hemispherical; scales with scarious margins, nearly equal: 
 egret 0, or a membranous margin: florets of the ray more than 5: receptacle chaffs 
 flat, with a rigid acuminate apex: akenium crowned with a membranous border, or 
 egret, (may-weed, chamomile.) S. 
 
 Achillea. Involucre imbricate, ovate, unequal: egret 0: florets of the ray 5 to 10, 
 roundish, dilated. (Flowers corymbed.) (yarrow.) -S. 
 
 Espeletia. Involucre imbricate, sub-squarrose, foliaceous: corols of the pistillate 
 flowers scarcely toothed: leceptacle flat, chaffy: egret 0: akenes compressed, flattish, 
 somewhat 4-sided. 
 
 Heliopsis. Involucre imbricate, with ovate-linear lined scales: ray florets linear, 
 ra*ge: receptacle chaffy, conic; the chaffs lanceolate: akenes 4-sided: egret 0. (sun- 
 ray.) S. 
 
CLABS XVII. ORDER III. 83 
 
 Helenicm. Involucre 1-leaved, many-parted: e^et 5-ftwned chaffy leaves: recep- 
 tacle globose, naked in the disk, and chaffy in the ray only: florets of tho-ray haIf-3- 
 cleft: akenes villose. (Leaves decurrent.) (false sunflower.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Dahlia. Receptacle chaffy: egret none: calyx double, outer one many-kaved; 
 inner one 1-leaved, 8-parted. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 Zinnia. Involucre cylindric-ovate, imbricate: rays 5, entire, permanent; receptacle 
 chaffy: egret 2-erect awns. 
 
 Starkea. Involucre imbricate: receptacle hirsute: egret simple, sessile, scabrous. 
 
 EcLiPTA. Involucre many-leaved, sub-equal: disk-florets mostly 4-cleft: ray-florets 
 very narrow, numerous: receptacle bristly: egret none: akenes rugose, 2-edged, some- 
 what 4-sided. 
 
 SiEGESBECKiA. Outcr involucre 5-Ieaved, spreading: inner one many-leaved, 5- 
 angled, sub-equal; rays on one side of the flower only: receptacle chaffy; egret none: 
 akenes somewhat 4-sided. 
 
 AcMELLA. Involucre simple, leafets few; receptacle oblong, chaffy; akeneS 4-sided, 
 truncate at the summit, naked. 
 
 Tetragonotheca. Involucre 1-leaved, 4-sided, 4-parted, very broad: receptacle 
 chaffy: egret none. 
 
 AcriNELLA. Involucre many-leaved, sub-equal, flat: ray-florets (8 to 20) 3-toothed, 
 widening towards the extremity: receptacle naked, hemispherical: egret chaffy: 5 to 
 8-awned glumes. 
 
 BuPHTHALMUM. Involucrc leafy: egret marginal, 4-toothed or obsolete: akenes of 
 the ray margined, and sometimes of the disk, (ox-eye.) 
 
 Order III. Poltgamia frustranea. 
 
 Hei-ianthus. Involucre imbricate, sub-squarrose, leafy: receptacle flat, chaffy: 
 egret 2-leaved, chaff-like, caducous, (sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke.) S. 
 
 Rudeeckia. Involucie consisting of a double order of leafets or scales: receptacle 
 chaffy, conic: egret a 4-toothed margin, or 0. (cone-flower.) S. 
 
 Calliopsis. Bony akenium ob-compressed wholly bald, curved within, truncate at 
 the apex, narrowly 2-winged, disk minute epigynous; wings similar, colored, very 
 entire: styles of the disk with truncate branches, pencilled at the apex. 
 
 Wyethia. Involucre polyphyllous, sub-squarrose, foliaceous: receptacle chaffy, 
 flat: egret deformed, very short, chaffy, many-leaved, and solitary bristles in the disk 
 of the lateral plants. 
 
 BiDENs. Involucre with bracts at the base, nearly equal, with or without ray- 
 florets: receptacle flat, chaffy: egret consists of 2, 3, or 4 strong awns, with reflexed 
 and erect lateial prickles: akenes 4-cornered. (burr-marygold, beggar- ticks.) <S, 
 
 Coreopsis. Involucre double, both many-leaved (8 to 12:) inner ones many-leaved, 
 sub-coriaceous and colored: akenes compressed, emarginated, 2-toothed; receptacle 
 chaffy, flat: egret 2-horned. (tick-seed sunflower.) S. 
 
 AcTiNOMERis. Involucre simple, many-leaved, leaves sub-equal: rays remote elon- 
 gated, (4 to 8:) receptacle small, chaffy: the leafets embracing the margin of the 
 akenes: akenes compressed, margined; crowned with 2 permanent awns. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Centacrea. Involucre various, mostly imbricate, roundish: egret simple, various: 
 receptacle bristly; corols of the ray funnel-shape, longer, irregular, (blue-bottle, 
 blessed thistle. ) 
 
 Soulkem. 
 
 Leptopoda. Involucre simple, many-parted, rays 20 or more, 3-cleft, widening at 
 the top: receptacle naked, hemispherical: egret consists of 8 to 10 awnless chaff-like 
 valves. 
 
 Baldcina. Involucre imbricate, squarrose-leafy: ray-florets somewhat 3-clefl: re- 
 ceptacle hemispherical, horn-like, cellular: egret chaffy, awnless, erect, about 10- 
 leaved: akenes immersed in the receptacle. 
 
 Galardia. Involucre many-leaved, flat, sub-equal: rays 3-clefl, widening towards 
 the top: receptacle bristly, hemispherical: egret chaffy: leafets 8 to 10, awned. 
 
84 CLA6S XVIII. ORDER I. 
 
 Order IV. Poltgamia necessaeja. 
 
 SiLPHiuM. Involucre Bquarrose: scales leafy, broad: egret a 2-horned margin: re- 
 ceptacle chaffy: akenes compressed, obcordale, margined, 2-toothed. (ragged-cup.) 
 S. 
 
 PoLTMNiA. Involucre double; exterior 4 or5-leaved; interior 10-leaved; leafets con- 
 cave: egret 0: receptacle chaffy, (leaf-cup.) /S. 
 
 IvA. Involucre about 5-leaved or 5-parted; styles 2, long: akenes obovate, naked, 
 obtuse: receptacle hairy, or chaff-bristly: ray 5- flowered, (high-water shrub.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Calendula. Involucre many-leaved, equal: receptacle naked: egret none: akenes 
 of the disk membranaceous, (pot marygold.) 
 
 Southern, 
 
 Chaptalia. Involucre sub-imbricated, mapy-leaved: pistijlate florets in two series; 
 outer ones rayed; inner ones naked: disk florets 2-lipped: receptacle naked: egret 
 capillary. 
 
 Parthenium. Involucre 5-leaved: rays very small; receptacle chaffy, minute; outer 
 ecales dilated: akenes obovate, minutely 3-awned. 
 
 Chrysogonum. Involucre 5-leaved: receptacle chaffy: egret 1-leaved, 3-toothed: 
 akenes surrounded by a 4-leaved calycle. 
 
 Baltimora. Involucre cylindric, many-leaved: rays 5: receptacle chaffy: egret 
 none: akenes 3-sided. 
 
 GvMNosTYLUs. Involucrc many-leaved, the leaflets in a single series: pistillate florets 
 apetalous: akenes compressed, somewhat toothed at the summit, awned with the per- 
 rnaneht styles. 
 
 Order V. Polygyamia segregata. 
 
 Elephantopcs. Partial involucre, 4-flowered, florets 5-cleft, ligulate, perfect: 
 receptacle naked: down setaceous, (elephant- foot.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 EcHiNOPs. Proper involucre l-flowered: corol tubular, perfect: receptacle setose: 
 |?gret obsolete, (globe thistle.) 
 
 CLASS XVIII. GYNANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monandria. 
 
 A. Aniher adndte, siil-terminal, not caducous; masses of polUxi, (iffixcd by the 
 l>ase, and made up of angular particles. 
 
 Orchis. Corol ringent: lip broad entire, spurred at the base on the under side: 
 pollinia pedicellate: glands of the pedicels contained in one common little^ pouch. 
 
 Platanthera. Corol vaulted, lips narrow, entire, spurred at the base: cells of 
 the anther widely divided at their base, by the broad interposed stigma: pollinia pedi- 
 /pglled: glands of the pedicels naked. 
 
 IJabenaria. Corol ringent: lips dilated, toothed, lobed or fringed, spurred at the 
 base: pollinia pedicellate: glands of the pedicels naked, distant. 
 
 B. Anther parallel unth the stigma; not caducous: masses of poUen affixed to the 
 summit of the stigma, and made up of farinaceous or angular particles. 
 
 GooDYERA. Corol ringent-like, the 2 lower petals placed under the gibbous lip, 
 which is undivided above: style free: constituent particles of the masses of pollen 
 angular, (rattlesnake-leaf, scrophula weed.) S. 
 
 Neuttia. Corol ringent-like, the 2 lower petals placed under the lip, which is 
 beardless; interior petals converging: style wingless: constituent particles of the 
 masses of pollen farinaceous. (ladies' tresses.) S. 
 
 LisTERA. Corol irregular: lip pendant, 2- lobed: style wingless, minute, with the 
 anther inserted at its base: pollen farinaceous, (lily orchis.) S, 
 
 Southern. 
 Cranichis. Corol 5-petalJed, resupinate, sub-ringent: lip behind, vaulted: pollen 
 farinaceous. 
 
CLASS XVIII. ORDER V. 85, 
 
 C. Anther inserted, terminal, not caducous; masses of pollen farinaceons or angnlar. 
 
 PoGONiA. Petals 5, distinct, without glands: lip sessile, hooded, crested internal- 
 ^y: pollen ftirinaceous. (snake-mouth.) S. 
 
 Triphqra. Petals 5, distinct, equal and converging, without glands: lip upguicu- 
 late, cowled: styles spatulate, even flattened, wingless: pollen farinaceous, (three 
 bird orchis.) S. 
 
 Cymbidium. Calopogo.v. Petals 5, distinct: lip behind, (or inverted,) unguicu- 
 late: the lainina bearded: style free: pollen angular, (grass-pink.) S. 
 
 Arethusa. Petals 5, connate at the base: lip below, growing to the style, cowled 
 above, crested within: pollen angular, (arethusa.) /S'. 
 
 p. Antlier moveable^ terminal, caducous; masses of pollen at length becoming 
 wax-like. 
 
 TiPULARiA. Petals spatulate, spreading: lip entire, sessile, conspicuously spurred 
 below at the base: style wingless, lengthened, free: anthers in the form of a lid, per- 
 manent; masses of pollen 4, parallel, (limodore.) & 
 
 Malaxis. Petals 5, narrower than the lip, spreading ordeflexed; lip flattened, un- 
 divided, sessile, often exterior: style lengthened: masses of pollen 4, parallel, affixed 
 to the summit of the stigma. Flower turned upside down by the twisting of the ped- 
 uncle when the corol opens, (tway-blade.) &'. 
 
 MicRosTYLis. Petals 5, converging, one only deflexed; 2 inner ones filiform: lip 
 about equalling the petals in length, erect, sessile, concave, truncate, and 2-toothed 
 at the summit: style very minute: masses of pollen 3. (snake-mouth tway-blade.) 
 
 Corallorrhiza. Petals equal, converging; lip either unguiculate, or with an ob- 
 solete spur: masses of pollen 4, oblique, not parallel: style free, (corol root.) S. 
 
 Aplectrum. Petals equal, converging: lip unguiculate, not spurred or extended at 
 the base: masses of pollen 4, oblique, lenticular: situated below the summit of the 
 style, (putty root, Adam and Eve.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Bletia. Petals 5, distinct: Up sessile, cowled, somewhat spurred at the base: style 
 free: masses of pollen 4 to 8, 2-lobed. 
 
 Calypso. Petals ascending, 1-sided: lip inflated, spurred beneath towards the point: 
 style dilated, petal-like: masses of pollen 4. 
 
 Epidendrum. Masses of pollen 4, parallel, separated by a permanent partition: 
 each mass with a granulated elastic filament at the base: style united lengthwise with 
 the claw of the lip into a tube. 
 
 Order II. Diandria. 
 
 Cypripedium. Calyx colored, 4-sepalled, spreading: corol 0. (by some the calyx ig 
 called a corol:) nectary large, hollow, inflated: style with a terminal lobe, and petal- 
 like appendage on the upper side, (ladies' slipper.) S. 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 Plants bearing seeds in follicles; and pollen in masses, called pollinia. 
 
 Asclepias.* Petals 5, reflexed: nectaries 5, concave, erect, containing little horns; 
 each stamen with a pair of pendulous masses of pollen, suspended from the top of the 
 stigma: follicles smooth, (milk- weed, silk-weed.) S. 
 
 *Plants of this artificial order (Natural order Apocyneae of Jessieu) were placed 
 in class Pentandria, order Digynia, by Linneus. The celebrated James Edward Smith, 
 shewed us the propriety of removing them to the class Gynandria. Afterwards a 
 mistake, committed by that distinguished naturalist, Robert Brown, induced botanists 
 to continue them in the class Pentandria, without questioning his accuracy — a case 
 in point, showing the danger of great men's errors. The stamens certainly proceed from 
 the stigma only, in all stages of maturity, in the Asclepins syriaciis. This I know froni 
 careful observations made under a higli magnifying power for the last dozen years. 
 The naked masses of glutinous pollen resembling the same in the family of Orchi- 
 deae, may be worthy of our attention also. 
 
86 CLA6S SIX. ORDER I. 
 
 AcsRATES. Corol reflexed: nectary S-leaved; leafets concave, ehort, close- pressed 
 to the angles of the filaments: each stamen with a pair of pendulous masses of pol- 
 len: follicle smooth. Corol 3 or 4 times as long as the calyx, with purple tips. S, 
 
 Apocy.num. Corol bell-form: stamens with converging anlliers, proceeding from the 
 middle of the stigma and alternating with 5 nectaries: stigma thick, almost sessile; 
 follicles in pairs, long-linear, (dogbane, Indian hemp.) S. 
 
 Go.voLOBUs. Corol wheel-form, .5-parted: nectary simple, cylindric, somewhat 
 fleshy, 5-lobed, depressed; equal with tlie cases of the anthers, 5-angled, without 
 winged lateral margins or terminal membranaceous bristles: masses of pollen in 5 
 pairs, even transverse: follicles 2. (false choak-dog.) iS'. 
 
 Periploca. Calyx minute, 5-cleft, permanent: corol wheel-form, flat, 5-parted: 
 nectary pitcheiform, 5-cleft, putting out 5 threads, surrounding the stamens: style 1: 
 stigma capitate, 5-cornered: follicles in pairs, inflated: seed comose. (milk vine.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 HoTA. Corol 5-cleft: pollen masses fixed by'the base, conniving, compressed: stig- 
 ma depressed with an obtuse wart: follicles smooth: seeds concave. 
 
 SouViem. 
 
 PoDosTiGMA. Anatherix? Stigma on a stipe: masses of pollen 10, smooth, pendu- 
 lous: nectary 5-leaved; leaves compressed: corol bell-form: follicles smooth. 
 
 Enslenia. Calyx small, S-parted; permanent: corol 5-parted; segments converg- 
 ing, erect: nectary 5-parted, petal-like, divided almost to the base; segments truncate, 
 ■flat, each terminated by 2 central filaments: each stamen with a pair of penduloua 
 cylindric masses of pollen, suspended from the top of the conic stigma: follicles in 
 pairs, small. 
 
 Cynanchum. Calyx 5-toothed, small, permanent: corol wheel-form: nectary simple, 
 cylindric, 5 to 20-lobed, surrounding the orifice of the tube: each stamen with a pair 
 of pendulous masses of pollen suspended from the double stigma: folhcles in pairs: 
 seed comose. 
 
 EcHiTEs. Contorted. Calyx 5-parted, small: corol salver-form; border 5-cleft, 
 orifice naked: anthers rigid, acuminate, converging in the form of a cone, proceeding 
 from the middle of the ring-like 2-lobed stigma: follicles in pairs, very long and 
 straight: seed comose. 
 
 Amsonia. Calyx 5 parted: corol funnel-form, orifice closed: follicles in pairs, erect: 
 beed terete, naked, and obliquely truncated. 
 *Passiflora. 
 
 Order VI. Hexandria. 
 
 Aristolchia. Calyx 0: corol superior, 1-petalIed, ligulate, inflated at the base: 
 capsule 6-celled, many-seeded, (birthwort.) jS. 
 *Cleome. 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 
 AsARtJM. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 3 or 4-cleft, superior: corol 0: anthers pro- 
 ceeding from the middle of the filaments: stigma 6-cleft: capsule coriaceous, 6-celled, 
 crowned with the calyx, (wild ginger, or white snake-root. ) S. 
 *Calla, Arum, Zostera. 
 
 CLASS XIX. MONOECIA. 
 Order I. Mosandria. 
 
 ZosTERA. Calyx and corol 0: stamens and pistils in 2 rows on the side of a spadix: 
 spathe leaf-like. Staminate flowers with anthers ovate sessile, alternating with the 
 germs. Pistillate flowers with the germ ovate; style 2-cleft; drupe 1-seeded. (grass 
 wrack, sea eel-grass. ) <S'. 
 
 Caulinia. Staminate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: anthers sessile. Pistillate flowers 
 — calyx 0: corol 0: style filiform: stigma 2-cleft: capsule l-seeded. (Flowers axil- 
 lary.) (river nymph.) S. 
 
 Zan>'ichellia. Staminate flowers — calyx and corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 1-sepalled: corol 0: style 1, stigma peltate: little carpels about 4, each 1-seeded. 
 
 Chara. Staminate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: anthers globose, sessile. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: style 0: stigmas 5; berry 1-celled, many-seeded, (chara.) 
 
CLASS XIX. ORDEH III. 87 
 
 Euphorbia, t Involucre perianth-like, inflated, with alternating petal-like segments. 
 Staminate florets 12 or more, at the base of tlie stipe of the pistillate flower, each con- 
 sisting of an anther united to a pedicel by a fjlament. Pistillate flower central, single, 
 stiped; with 3 two cleft st3'les: cajisule 3-lobed. (caper, spurge.) .S'. 
 
 Najas. Staminate flowers — calyx cylindric, 2-cleft: stamen filamentous, long: an- 
 ther 4-valved; valves spreading. Pistillate flowers — calyx 0: style 1, with 2 stigmas: 
 nut 4-seeded. 
 
 Order II. Diandria. 
 
 PoDOSTEMi'M. Staminate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: stamens affixed to a pedicel. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: germ ovate: stigma 1, sessile: capsule 2-celled, 
 2-valved, many-seeded; seeds minute, (thread-foot.) S. 
 
 Lem.va. Staminate flowers — calyx 1-sepalled: corol 0: stamens seated on the base 
 of the gerniw Pistillate flowers — calyx l-sepalled: corol 0: style cj'lindric: stigma 
 funnel-form: capsule 1 -celled, 2 to 4-seeded. Always perfeclty monoecious in North 
 America, (duck-meat, water-flaxseed.) S. 
 
 *Salicornia, Hippuris, Callitriche, Calla, Platanus, Arum, Fraxinus. 
 
 Order III. Triandria. 
 
 « Typha. Ament cylindric, dense-flowered. Staminate flowers — calyx obsolete, 
 3-sepalled: corol 0: stamens 3 together, on a chaffy or hairy receptacle, united below 
 into one. Pistillate flowers — below the staminate: calyx 0: corol 0: seed J, pedi- 
 celled; the pedicels surroun(j|ed at the base with long hairs resembling egret, (cat-tail 
 or reed mace. ) /S. • 
 
 Sparganium. Ament globose. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-sepalled: corol 0. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — calyx 3-sepalled: corol 0: stigma 2-cleft: drupe juiceless, 1 or 2-seeded. 
 (burr-reed.) S. 
 
 Carex. Aments imbricate, (usually in cylindric spikes.) Staminate flowers — 
 glume single: corol 0. Pistillate flowers — glume single: corol inflated, monopetalous, 
 2-toothed at the apex: stigmas 2 or 3: nut 3-sided, enclosed in the inflated, permanent 
 corol, which becomes an utriculus-like permanent aril. Sometimes dioecious, (sedge.) 
 
 Scleria. Staminate flowers — glume 2 or 6-valved, many-flowered: paleas awnless. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx 2 or G-valved, 1-flowered, paleas none: stigmas 1 to 3: nut 
 colored, sub-globose, (whip grass.) &'. 
 
 Trifsacum. Staminate flowers — glume 2-flowered, outer one staminate, inner one 
 neutral: paleas membranaceous. Pistillate flowers — glume 1 or 2-flowered, covered 
 with a 1-leafed involucre perforated with hollows near the base: paleas with numerous 
 thin membranaceous valves: styles 2: seed 1. (sesame-grass.) <§. 
 
 CoMPTONiA. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric, with calyx-scales 1-flowered r 
 corol 2-petalled or none: filaments 2-forked. Pistillate flowers — spike or ament ovate: 
 corol 6-petalled, (the corol may be called a calyx:) styles 2: nut oval, 1-celled. 
 (sweet-fern.) <S'. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Coix. Staminate flowers — in remote spikes: glume 2-flowered, awnless: paleas 
 awidess. Pistillate flowers — glume 2-flowered: paleas awnless: style 2-parted: eeed 
 covered with the bone-like cal3'x. (job's tear.) 
 
 SotUhern. 
 Zea. Staminate flowers — glume 2-flowered, awnless: paleas awnless. Pistillate 
 flowers — glume 2-valved, (number of valves increased by cultivation:) style 1, very 
 long, filiform, pendulous: seed solitary, immersed in an oblong receptacle. (Indian 
 corn.) 
 
 Tragia. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-parted: corol none. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 5-parted: corol none: style 3-cleft; capsule tricoccus, 3-celled: seed solitary. 
 
 Manisuris. Somewhat polygamous. Staminate flowers— glumes 2, lanceolate, 
 flexuous: corol a mere rudiment. Pistillate flowers — glume 2-valved, the outer one 
 roundish, cartilaginous: corol 2-vdlved. In the perfect flowers tbere are 3 stamens, 
 2 styles, seed 1. In some the stamens, styles and nectaries are wanting. 
 
 *Momordica, Amaranthus, Melothria. Grasses of Class 3, Order 2, Sec. E., 
 vary into this order. 
 
 tSee Note under the Species in this work, under word Euphorbia. 
 
88 CLASS XIX. ORDER lY, 
 
 Order IV. Tetrakdria. 
 
 Eriocaulon. Involucre many-leaved; florets many, in an imbricate head: partial 
 perianth superior, 2 or 3-sepalled. Staminate flowers central, with monopetalous 
 cleft corols. Pistillate flowers marginal, ,with 2-petalled corols: stigmas 2 or 3: cap- 
 sule 2 or 3-celled, 2 or 3-lobed: pericarp 1-seeded, crowned with the corol. (pipe- 
 wort.) /S. 
 
 Alnus. Staminate flowers— ament composed of wedge-form, truncate, 3-flowered 
 receptacles: calyx a scale, 3-lobed: corol 4-parted. Pistillate flowers — calyx 2- 
 flowered scales, somewhat 3-clelt: corol 0: pericarp compressed, ovate, wingless, 
 (alder.) S. , . 
 
 BffiHMERiA. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted: corol 0: nectary 0. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: styles 2: pericarp 1-seeded, compressed. (Flowers in cylin- 
 dric spikes.) (false nettle.) S. 
 
 Urtica. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-sepalled: corol 0: nectary central, cyathiform. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx 2-sepalled, (2-valved:) corol 0: seed I, glossy, (nettle.) S. 
 
 Parietaria. Polygamous. Perfect flowers — calyx 4-clefl, inferior: corol 0: sta- 
 mens elastic: style 1: seed 1. Pistillate flowers — calyx 2-sepaIled: nut covered with 
 the dry elongated calyx, (pellitory.) iS. 
 
 MoRus. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted: corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4- 
 sepalled: corol 0: styles 2: calyx becoming berry-like: seed 1. (mulberry.) S. • 
 
 Exotic. 
 Buxus. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-sepalied: petals 3, \Kith the rudiment of a germ . 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-sepallea': petals 3: styles 3: capsule with 3 beaks and 3 cells: 
 seeds 2. (box.) 
 
 Souther7i. 
 
 Pachysandra. Calyx about 4-sepalled: corol none: filaments sub-clavate: styles 3: 
 capsules 3-horned, 3-celIed; cells 2-seeded. 
 
 DioTis. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-sepalled: corol none. Pistillate flowers — 
 calyx 1-sepalled, 2-horned: style 2-parted: nut 1, covered by the 2-horned calyx. 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 
 Crotonopsis. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted: corol 5-petalIed. Pistillate flowers 
 '^calyx 5 parted: corol none: stigmas 3, twice 2-cleft: capsule 1-seeded. (false 
 spurge.) S. 
 
 Amaranthus. Staminate flowers — calyx 3 or 5-sepalled, or deeply 3 or 5-parted: 
 corol 0: stamens 3 or 5. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as the staminate: styles 
 2 or 3: capsule 1-celled, opening transversely: seed 1. (amaranth, red cockscomb. ) 
 S. 
 
 Xanthium. Staminate flowers — involucre imbricate: anthers in contact, but not 
 united: corol 5-cleft, funnel-form: receptacle chaffy. Pistillate heads 2-flowered, in- 
 vested by a spinose involucre; pericarps distinct, 1 in each cell of the bilocular and 
 finally indurated, 2-bracted involucre: styles bifid, persistent, projecting through the 
 bracts of tlie involucre, (sea-burdock.) iS. 
 
 Ambrosia. Staminate flowers — in little heads of several florets, surrounded by a 
 1-leaved, lobed, or crenate involucre: calyx funnel-form, 5-lobed, hyaline: corol funnel- 
 form, 5-lobed, hyaline. Pistillate flowers — single or glomerate in heads; 1 to 5- 
 flowered, surrounded by several leafy bracts; florets each with a bract at the base: 
 calyx entire or ,5 to 10-toothed, persistent: corol closely contracted around the top of 
 the ovary and lower part of the style, minutely 5-toolhed, persistent: nut 1-seeded. 
 (hog- weed.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ScHiZANDRA. Calyx 9-sepalled: sepals in three series: corol none: anthers sub- 
 eessile, cohering at the tips: berries 1-seeded, inserted on an elongated, thread-form, 
 receptacle. 
 
 Order VI. Hexandria. 
 
 ZiZANiA. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same panicle; staminate spikelets 
 l-flowered; glumes none, or very minute rudiments: paleas 2, herbaceous, unequal, 
 lance-oblong, awnless: pistillate spikelets l-flowered, subulate: glumes none, or a 
 minute, truncate, cup-form rudiment: paleas 2, herbaceous, unequal, linear, nerved; 
 
CLASS XIX. ORDER XII. 89 
 
 lower one longer, terminating in a straight awn: styles 2: seed enveloped in the pli- 
 cate paleas. ( water oats. ) ^'. 
 
 Hydrochloa. Pistillate flowers — glumes none: paleas awnless. Staminate flowers — 
 glumes none: paleas 2, awnless: stigmas 2, very long: seed 1, reniform. 
 *Ce!tiS) Veratrum, Quercus, Betula. 
 
 Order XII. Poltandria. 
 A. Ste7ns not woody. 
 
 Ceratophtllum. Staminate flowers — calyx many-parted: corol 0: stamens 16 — 
 20, short, with tricuspidaie anthers. Pistillate flowers — calyx 6-sepalled or many- 
 parted: imbricated: corol 0: pistil 1, with the stigma nearly sessile, oblique: nut 1- 
 seeded. (horn wort.) 
 
 Myriophyllum. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-cleft: petals 4, caducous: stamens 4, 
 6, or 8. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate, excepting that the 
 calyx is often 4-sepalled: germs 4: style 0: stigmas 4, hairy: nuts 4, sub-globose, 1- 
 seeded. (water milfoil.) /S. 
 
 Sagittaria. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-sepalled: corol 3-petalled: filaments mostly 
 24. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as in the staminate: germs many: carpels 
 aggregate, 1-seeded, not opening, (arrow-head.) S. 
 
 Arum. Spathe cucullate, 1-leaved: spadix not entirely covered with the fructifica- 
 tion; being more or less naked above, with pistillate flowers beneath, and staminate in 
 the middle: (sometimes a few are staminate beneath:) berry mostly 1-seeded, gene- 
 rally cirrose-glandular beneath. (Indian turnip, wake-robin.) S. 
 
 Rensselaeria.* Spathe convolute: spadix covered with flowers, fertile at the base, 
 barren above: perianth none: berry 1-seeded. (spear arum.) 
 
 Calla. Spathe ovate, becoming expanded: spadix covered with the fructification: 
 stamens intermixed. Staminate flowers — calyx and corol 0: anthers sessile. Pistil- 
 late flowers — calyx and corol 0: berries 1-celled, many-seeded, crowned with the short 
 style, (water arum.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 PoTERiFM. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-sepalled: corol 4-parted: stamens 30 to 50. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate: pistils 2: berry from the indu- 
 rated tube of the corol. (burnet.y 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Caladium. Anthers peltate, many-celled, collected into a spike at the summit of 
 the spadix: style none: germs at the base of the spadix: stigma umbihcate: berry 1- 
 celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Pitavia. Flowers by abortion, diclinous: calyx 4-parted: petals 4, longer than the 
 calyx. Staminate flowers — stamens 8, the 4 opposite petals shorter; abortive ovaries 
 
 3 or 4, distinct, with the styles cohering above. Pistillate flowers — ovaries 4: styles 
 coalescing above: stigma 4-lobed: nuts 4, or by abortion fewer: 1-seeded. 
 
 B. Stems woody. 
 
 Quercus. Staminate flowers — ament loose: calyx sub-5-cleft: corol none: stamens 
 5 to 10. Pistillate flowers — involucre of numerous scales united into a cup: perianth 
 single, closely investing the ovary, 6-toothed: ovary 3-celled, 2 of them abortive: 
 style one, stigmas 2 to 5: nut or acorn 1-celled, 1-seeded, coriaceous, surrounded at 
 the base by the permanent indurated involucre, (oak.) S. 
 
 CoRYLUs. Staminate flowers — ament cylindrical, imbricate: calyx a 3-cleft scale; 
 stamens about 8. Pistillate flowers — involucre 2-parted, lacerated: stigmas 2: nuts 
 ovate, surrounded by and included in the permanent leaf-like involucre, (hazle-nut.) 
 
 Fagus. Staminate flowers — ament roundish: calyx 5 or G-cleft, bell-form: stamens 
 5 to 12. Pistillate flowers — 2 in an ovate muricate involucre: perianth urceolate, with 
 
 4 or 5 minute segments: ovary incorporated with the perianth: stigmas 3: nuts usually 
 2, included in the enlarged, coriaceous, muricate 4-cleft involucre, (beech.) iS'. 
 
 * This is the Arum virginicum of Linnaeus, from which Cooper constructed a'genus 
 Lecontia. As that name had been, given to another plant, Prof. L. C. Beck gave it 
 this name, as a small memento of the munificent patronage extended to the Natural 
 Sciences by the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer. 
 
 12 
 
90 CLASS XIX. ORDER XV. 
 
 Castanea. Polygamous. Staminate flowers — ament naked, linear: cord (orcalyi) 
 l-leaved, 5 or 6-parted: stamens 10 to 20. Pistillate flowers — usually 3, within an 
 ovate, squamose, or mucronate involucre: perianth urceolate, 5 or 6-cleft, having the 
 rudiments of 10 or 12 abortive stamens: ovary incorporated with the perianth: stigma 
 pencil-form, exserted, cartilaginous and rigid; nuts 1 to 3, included in the enlarged, 
 echinate, 4-lobed involucre, (chesnut.) S. 
 
 Betula. Staminate flowers— aments long, cylindric: scales ternate, the middle 
 one bearing the stamens. Pistillate flowers — aments ovate oblong: scales trifid, 3- 
 flowered: styles 2: nuts compressed, with a membranaceous margin: 1-seeded. 
 (birch.) S. 
 
 Carpinus. Staminate flowers — aments cylindric: scales ovate, acute, ciliate near 
 the base: anthers shghtly bearded at the summit. Pistillate flowers — aments oblong, 
 loosely imbricated, bracteate, with the flowers in pairs: scales unequally 3-lobed, 
 1-flowered, persistent, enlarging and becoming foliaceous: perianth urceolate, 6- 
 toothed, incorporated with the ovary: styles 2, united at the base; nut bony, ovate, 
 acute, sub-compressed, ribbed, (hornbeam.) S. 
 
 OsTRYA. Staminate flowers — aments cylindric: scales orbicular-ovate, acuminate, 
 ciliate: anthers conspicuously bearded at tiie summit. Pistillate flowers — aments 
 linear, loosely imbricated, bracteate, with the flowers in pairs: scales none, but a 
 membranous stipe or involucre enclosing each flower: perianth slightly urceolate, 
 sub-dentate, incorporated with the ovary: siyles 2, united at the base: nut lance- 
 oblong, somewhat compressed, included in the enlarged imbricated bladder-like sac. 
 (hop hornbeam.) <§. 
 
 Platancs. Staminate flowers — minute, in globose pedunculate heads; stamens 
 Intermixed with linear scales, Snthers adnate to the filaments. Pistillate flowers — 
 minute, in dense, globose pedunculate heads: scales spatulate: ovary filiform, clavate: 
 style wilh the stigma recurved: nuts numerous, terete, clavate, mucronate with the 
 persistent style, invested with pappus-like hairs at the base, (button-wood, false 
 sycamore.) S. 
 
 LiQuiDAMBAR. Staminate flowers — ament conic surrounded with a 4-leaved invo- 
 lucre: corol 0: filaments numerous. Pistillate flowers — ament globose, suriounded 
 with a 4-leaved involucre: scales l-leaved, pitcher-form, ^-flowered: styles 2: carpels 
 
 2, surrounded at the base by the scales, 1-celled, many-seeded, (sweet gum.) <S. 
 JuGLANS. Staminate flowers — ament imbricate: scales generally 5-parted: stamens 
 
 18 to 36. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-cleft, superior: corol 4-cleft or 4-parted: styles 
 1 or 2: drupe partly spongy: nut rugose and irregularly furrowed, (butter-nut, black 
 walnut.) S. 
 
 Carta. Staminate flowers — ament imbricate: scales 3-parted: stamens 3 to 8. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-cleft, superior: corol 0: styles 0; stigma disk-like, 4-lobed: 
 pericarp 4- valved; nut sub-quadrangular, even, (hickory, walnut. S.) 
 
 Order XV. Monadelphia. 
 
 A. Stems not woody. 
 
 Acaltpha. Staminate flowers — calyx 3 or 4 sepalled, or 3 or 4-parted: corol none: 
 
 stamens 8 to 16. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate: styles 3, 
 
 2-cleft: capsule tricoccous, 3-celled. (Having large bracts.) (three-seed mercury.) 
 
 s. 
 
 PgYLLANTHUs. Staminate flowers— calyx 5 or 6-parted: filaments united in a 
 column; anthers 3, and generally several barren filaments. Pistillate flowers— calyx 
 and corol like the staminate: nectary with a 12-angled margin: styles 3: capsule tri- 
 coccous. (le,af- flower.) S. 
 
 Melothria. Staminate flowers — calyx 1-sepalled, 3 to5-toothed: corol bell-form: 
 filaments 3. Pistillate flowers— calyx and corol as in the staminate, superior; style 
 1; stigmas 3: berry 3-celled, many-seeded, (creeping cucumber.) S. 
 
 MoMORDic\, Staminate flowers — calyx 5 or 6-cleft: corol 5 or 6-parted: filaments 
 
 3. Pistillate flowers — style 3-cleft: berry gourd-like, and bursting elastically; seeds 
 compressed, (balsam apple, wild cucumber.) 
 
 SicTos. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-parted: filaments 3. Pistil- 
 lat« flowers — styles 3-cleft: berry gourd-like, l-seeded. (single-seed cucumber.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Cdcumis. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-parted: filaments 3. Pis- 
 tillate flowers— calyx and corol like the staminate: stigmas 3, thick, 2- parted: fruit 
 
CLASS XX. ORD£R III. 91 
 
 a fleshy 3 to 6-celled pepo; seeds obovate, oblong, compressed, acute at the base, not 
 margined, (cucumber, musk-melon.) 
 
 CucuRBiTA. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-cleft: filaments 3. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate: pistil 3-cleft: fruit a fleshy, or 
 6ub-ligneous pepo, 3 to 5-celled; seeds thickened at the margin, obovate, compressed, 
 smootli. (gourd, squash, pumpkin, water-melon.) 
 
 RiciNus. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted: stamens numerous. Pistillate flow- 
 ers— calyx 3-parted: styles 3, 2-clefl: capsules echinate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. (palma 
 christi, or castor oil plant.) 
 
 Southeni. 
 
 Jatropha. Staminate flowers— calyx 5-sepailed, or wanting: corol funnel-form: 
 stamens 10, with every other one shorter. Pistillate flowers — calyx none: corol 5- 
 petalled, spreading: styles 3, 2-cleft: capsule 3-celled, 1-seeded. (physic nut.) 
 
 Stillingia. Staminate flowers — involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, or want- 
 ing: perianth tubular, erose: stamens 2 or 3, exsert. Pistillate flowers — calyx 1- 
 flowered, inferior: style 3-cleft: capsule 3-grained. (tallow tree.) 
 
 Croton. Staminate flowers — calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed: petals 5, or none: sta- 
 mens 10 to 15. Pistillate flowers — calyx 5-sepalled, or none; corol none: styles 3 or 
 6, 2-clefl: capsule 3-grained, 3-celled, 3-seeded. 
 
 B. Stems woody. 
 
 PiNcs. Staminate flowers — scales peltate: corol 0, each bearing 2 sessile 1-celled 
 anthers. Pistillate flowers — in strobiles or cones, scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered: 
 pistil 1: nut with a membranaceous wing, (perhaps more properly a samara,) cover- 
 ed by the oblong, imbricated, woody scales of the cone, (pine.) S. 
 
 Thuja. Staminate flowers — scales of the ament imbricate: anthers 4, sessile. 
 Pistillate flowers — ament a strobile: scales 2-flowered: nut 1, surrounded with a mar- 
 ginal wing, (arbor vitae.) .Sf. 
 
 CupREssus. Staminate flowers — ament ovate, imbricate: scales peltate: anthers 4, 
 sessile. Pistillate flowers — ament strobilaceous; scales peltate: 1-flowered; germa 4 
 to 8, under each scale: nuts angular, compressed, (white cedar.) S. 
 
 CLASS XX. DIOECIA. 
 Order II. Diandria. 
 
 Valltsneria. Staminate flowers — spathe ovate, 2-parted: epadix covered with 
 minute florets: perianth 3-parted. Pistillate flowers — spathe 2-cleft, 1-flowered: peri- 
 anth 3-parted, superior: corol 3-petalled; stigmas strap-like, 2-cleft: capsule valve 
 less, 1-celled: seeds numerous, attached to the sides, (tape-grass.) 
 
 Salix. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric: scales 1-fiowered, with a nectarifer- 
 ous gland at the base: stamens 1 to 6. Pistillate flowers — ament and scales like the 
 staminate: stigmas 2; generally 2-cleft: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved: seeds many, with 
 egret-like down, (willow.) S. 
 
 Fraxinus. Polygamous. Perfect flowers — calyx 0, or 3 or 4- parted: corol 0, or 
 4-petalled: pistil 1: samara 1-seeded, with a lanceolate wing. Pistillate flowers — 
 calyx, corol and pistils, same as perfect, (ash.) &'. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Borta. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-sepalled: corol none: stamens 2 or 3. Pistil- 
 late flowers — stigma capitate: berry 1-seeded. 
 
 Ceratiola. Calyx bud-like, imbricated with 6 to 8 scales: corol none: stamens 2, 
 exsert: stigmas unequal, (4 to 6) 2 of them larger: berry with 2 bony seeds, (horn- 
 bush.) 
 
 Order III. Triandria. 
 
 ^ Empetrum. Staminate flowers — calyx bud-like, imbricated with about 9 scales; the 
 . 3 innermost are petal-like: stamens long. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as in 
 the staminate: stigmas 9: berry 9-seeded; seeds bony, (crow-berry.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 Ficns. Common receptacle fleshy, (becoming the fruit);. enclosing the apetalous 
 florets; both staminate and pistillate, either in the same,* or in distinct individual!. 
 
92 CLASS XX. ORDER IV. 
 
 Staminate flowers — calyx 3-parted. Pistillate flowers — calyx 5-parted: pistill, later- 
 al: carpels covered with the closed, permanent, somewhat fleshy calyx, (fig-tree.) 
 
 Oeder IV. Tetranduia. 
 
 Mfrica. Staminate flowers — anient oblong: scales lunulate: stamens 4 to 6; antliers 
 4-valved. Pistillate flowers — scaly like the staminate: stigmas 2: drupe or berry 1- 
 eeeded. (bay-berry, sweet gale. ) S. 
 
 ViscuM. Staminate flowers— cal3'x 4-parted: corol 0: anthers sessile, adhering to 
 the calyx. Pistillate flowers— caly^ adnate to the ovary, with the limb entire or ob- 
 solete: petals 4 minute, superior: style 0: berry 1-seeded, globose: seed cordate: 
 (parasitic, adhering to the trees. ) (mistletoe.) /S'. 
 
 Arcenthobidm. Staminate flowers sessile: calyx 0: corol monopetalous, 2-3,- 
 rarely 4-parted, horn-fleshy; divisions ovate, concave, spreading: stamens 2, 3, 4; 
 anthers sessile: gerin 0; but in its place is a small gland, 2, 3, or 4-lobed. Pistillate 
 flowers — short-pedicelled: stigma sessile, small, obscurely lobed: berry terete, 1-seeded. 
 Plant leafless, parasitic, jointed. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Maclura. Staminate flowers — [not examined.] Pistillate flowers — calyx none: 
 corol none: style 1, filiform, villous: germs numerous, becoming berry-like aggre- 
 gate, many-celled, 1-seeded; seed obovate, compressed. 
 
 Broossonetia. Staminate flowers — ament cylindrical: calyx 4-parted. Pistillate 
 flowers — ament globose: calyx tubular, 3 or 4-toothed: germ becoming fleshy, clavate, 
 prominent; style lateral: nut 1, covered with the calyx, (paper mulberry.) 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 
 Nyssa. Perfect flower — calyx superior, 5-parted: corol 0: pistill: fruit a drupe, 
 nut 1-seeded. Staminate flowers — stamens 5 to 12, standing around a peltate gland, 
 (tupelo tree, pepperidge.) iS. 
 
 Hamiltonia. Perfect flowers — calyx sub-campanulate, superior, 5-cleft: corol 0: 
 nectary with a 5-toothed disk: stamens 5: pistill: fruit a drupe. Staminate flowers 
 like the perfect, except in wanting the pistil, (american oil-nut.) S. 
 
 Xanthoxylum. Staminate flowers^calyx 5-parted: corol 0: stamens 3 to 6. Pistil- 
 late flowers — pistils 3 to 5: carpels equal to the number of pistils, 1-seeded. (prick- 
 ly ash, or tooth-ache tree.) S. 
 
 AcNiDA. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted: corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 3- 
 parted: style 0: stigmas 3, sessile: capsule 1-seeded. (water hemp.) S. 
 
 HuMULOs. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-sepalled: corol 0: anthers with 2 pores at 
 the extremity. Pistillate flowers — scales entire, oblique, spreading: styles 2: nut 1, 
 within the leaf-like scale: infloresence strobile-form, (hop.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Cannabis. Staminate flowers— calyx 5-parted. Pistillate flowers— calyx 5-sepalled, 
 entire, gaping laterally: styles 2: nut 2-valved, within the closed calyx, (hemp.) 
 
 Spinacia. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted: corol 0. Pistillate flowers — styles 
 4: nut 1, within the indurated calyx, (spinach.) 
 Southern. 
 Iresink. Staminate flowers — calyx 2-sepalled: petals 5: nectaries 5 or 7. Pistil- 
 late flowers— stigmas 2, sessile: capsule many-seeded, becoming downy. 
 *Vitis. 
 
 Order VI. Hexandria. 
 Smilax. Staminate flowers — calyx 5 or 6-sepalled, inferior: corol 0: anthers ad- 
 hering to the filaments. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate: styles 
 minute; stigmas 3: berry 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. (green briar, Jacob's ladder.) S. 
 
 Dioscorea. Staminate flowers— calyx 6-parted: corol none. Pistillate flowers— 
 Btyles 3: capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, compressed: seeds 2, membranaceous. (Leaves 
 generally alternate.) (yamroot.) &'. 
 
 Gleditschia. Perfect flowers— calyx 6 to 8-parted, caducous, 3 or 4 of the outer 
 segments smaller: corol none: stamens 5 or 6 (rarely S:) legume long, flat, compres- 
 sed, 1 or many-seeded. Staminate flowers — calyx sub-turbinate, 5 lo S-parted, with 
 3 to 5 of the segments interior: stamens 6 to 8. (honey locust.) S. 
 *Helonias. 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER XV. 95 
 
 Order VIII. Octandria. 
 
 PoPCLUs. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric, scales torn: perianth turbinate, 
 oblique, entire, supporting 8 to 30 stamens. Pistillate flowers — ament and perianth 
 like the staminate: stigma 4 to (i-lobed: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; 
 seed with egret-like hairs. (Leaves having a tremulous motion.) (poplar, balm of 
 gilead.) iS. 
 
 DiosPYKos. Staminate flowers — calyx 4 to 6-cleft, dilated: corol pitcher-form, 4 to 
 6-cleft: stamens 8, 16 or 24; often 2 anthers to a filament. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 and corol like the staminate: stigmas 4 or 5: berry 8 to 12-seeded. (date plum.) S. 
 
 lIippoPHAE. Smepherdia. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted, caducous, tubular: 
 corol 0: stamens 8, enclosed, alternating with 8 glands. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4- 
 cleft, bell-form, superior: style 1: stigma oblique: berry 1-seeded. (sea-buckthorn.) 
 
 Order IX. Enneandria. 
 
 Serpicula. Udora. Elodea. The perfect flowers have 3 stamens only. Stamin- 
 ate flowers — calyx 3 parted: corol 3-petalled: stamens 9, 3 of them within. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 3-parted; tube very long: petals 3: barren filaments 3: capsule bladder- 
 like, 3 seeded; seeds cylindrical, (ditch-moss.) ;S. 
 
 Soutliem. 
 Hydrocharis. Staminate flowers — spathe 2-leaved: perianth 3-parted: corol 3- 
 petalled: styles 3, all abortive. Pistillate flowers — spalhe, perianth and petals, like 
 the staminate, and superior: stigmas 6, 2-cleft: stamens 2, barren; 3 nectariferous 
 glands: capsule 6-celled, many-seeded, (frog-bit.) 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 
 Gtmnocladus. Staminate flowers — calyx tubular, 5-cleft: corol 5-petalled. Pistil- 
 late flowers — same as the staminate: style 1; legume 1-celled, pulpy within: seecl 
 roundish, large and hard, (coffee-bean.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Carica. Staminate flowers — calyx minute or obsolete: corol 5-cleft, funnel-form: 
 filaments alternately shorter, enclosed in the tube of the corol. Pistillate flowers — • 
 calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-petalled: stigmas 5; berry (cucumber- form) grooved, l-cel-; 
 led, many-seeded, (false papaw tree.) 
 
 Order XII. Polyandria, 
 
 Menispermum. Staminate flowers-^-calyx 6-sepalled, somewhat 2-bracted cadu^ 
 cous: petals 6 to 9, glandular, minute, retuse: stamens 16, 20 or 24: anthers 4-lobed, 
 2-celled, adnate to the filaments. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the stamin- 
 ate: germs and styles 3 to 6: drupes or berries mostly soUtary, 1-seeded: nut wpoly, 
 lunulate, compressed, (moon-seed.) jS. 
 
 Datiscai Staminate flowers— calyx 5-sepalled: corol 0: anthers sessile, about 15. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx superior, 2-toothed: styles 3: capsules 3-angled, 3-horned, 
 1-celled, many-seeded, pervious, (false hemp.) 
 
 CvcAs. Staminate flowers — ament imbricated: scales spatulate, single: anthers 
 globose, sessile, on a scale. Pistillate flowers — spadix compressed, 2-sided: perianth 
 a scale. 
 
 Southern. 
 Zajiia. Ament a strobile. Staminate flowers- — scales obovate: anthers globose, 
 sessile upon scales, opening by a fissure. Pistillate flowers — scales peltate: corol 
 none: germs 2: styles none: berries 2, 1-seeded, 
 *Thalictrum. 
 
 Order XV. Monadelphia. 
 
 Juniperus. Staminate flowers — ament ovate, whorled: scales peltate: anthers 4 
 to 8. Pistillate flowers— calyx 3-parted: petals 3: styles 3: berry 1 or 2-seeded, con- 
 sisting of the unequal tubercles of the calyx. (Nut bony, 1-celIed, with balsamy 
 glands at the base.) (red cedar, savin.) S. 
 
"94 CLASS XXI. ORDER I. 
 
 Taxus. StamSnate flowers— scales 4 to G, imbricated: stamens many, 8 to 10; 
 anthers peltate, 6 to 8-cleft. Pistillate flowers — style 0: leceptacle cup-form, succu- 
 lent; fruit fleshy, open at the extremity, nutl-seeded. (yew.) 
 
 CissAMPELOs. Staminate calyx 4-sepalled: corol 0: nectary wheel-form: stamens 
 5, with connate filaments. Pistillate calyx 1-sepalled, round-ligulate: styles 3: 
 berry 1-seeded. 
 
 Soutficrn. 
 
 ToRREYA. Staminate flowers — ament, sub-globose at first, 'at length elongated: 
 •rachis naked, but when it becomes elongated, it is bracted at the base with dry scales, 
 imbricated 4 ways and many-flowered: scales bearing the stamens are pedicelled, sub- 
 peltate, halved, from hence bearing the 4-celled pendulous anthers. Pistillate flowers 
 — ament ovate, bracted at the base as in the staminate, but is one-flowered: ovulum 
 erect: seeds ovate, at the base bracted with dry scales not large; liie rest naked: testa 
 thick, outside fleshy and leathery, within fibrous: tegmen crustaceous, hard: albumen 
 ruminated: embryo sub-cylindrical, short: cotyledons connate, (florida yew-tree.) 
 
 CLASS XXI. CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 
 OrD£R I. FiLlCES. 
 
 A. Capsule having an elastic ring at right angles with its opening. 
 
 PoLYPODicM. Sori (or clusters of capsules,) round, scattered on various parts of 
 the lower surface of the frond: involucre none, (polypod.) iS. 
 
 AcROSTicHUM. Capsules numerous, covering the whole lower surface of the frond: 
 involucre none. (TJie fertile leaves differ in shape from the barren. This genus 
 should be examined in the young state: for the scattered fruit of their genera, by be- 
 coming confluent when old, often cover the frond.) (fork-fern.) S. 
 
 Hypopeltis. Fruit dots roundish, having a cup-form involucre beneath, divided into 
 5 or 6 irregular segments: capsules all sessile. 
 
 WooDsiA. Involucre beneath, perianth-form, with a hair-like margin: capsules 
 pedicelled, included within the involucre: fruit-dots roundish, scattered, (flower-cup 
 fern.) fir. 
 
 AspiDiuM.* Sori scattered, roundish, on various parts of the whole lower surface of 
 the frond: involucre a kidney-form or round membrane, fastened to the frond in or near 
 the centre of the fruit-dot, and opening on all sides, or to one side of the fruit-dot, 
 and opening on the other, (shield- fern.) S. (The involucre, when a little opened, 
 is often peltate.) 
 
 AspLENiuM. Sori in lines parallel to each other, situated exactly upon the second- 
 ary veins of the frond: involucres opening inwards. (By the secondary veins is meant 
 those of the middle part of the disk, not the larger ones at the margin or midrib. 
 The parallel lines of sori may stand obliquely with respect to the midrib, but their 
 direction must be parallel to each other.) (spleen-wort, walking-leaf) <S'. 
 
 ScoLOPENDRiuM. Sori in strait or zigzag parallel lines between the secondary veins 
 (or ribs) of the frond: involucre double, opening on the top of the lines of sori, and 
 folding down towards each side. (In the genus asplenium, the lines of sori lie across 
 the veins of the frond; but in this they are in line with the veins, and attached along 
 their sides or between them.) (caterpillar fern.) 
 
 Blechnum. Sori in uninterrupted lines running parallel to the midrib of the frond 
 on both sides: involucre opens inwards. (The fruit of this genus, when ripe, often 
 covers the whole lower surface of the frond, like the acrostichum; it must therefore be 
 examined in the young state.) (roman fern.) <S. 
 
 WooDWARDrA. Sori oblong or oval, arranged in regular rows on both sides of, and 
 parallel with, the ribs: involucre vaulted, and opening inwards. (When the leaves 
 have large segments, tiie sori are arranged along the midribs of the segments, (kid- 
 ney-fruit fern.) S. 
 
 Pteris. Sori arranged in a continued line along the very margin of the frond: in- 
 volucres opening inwards, being formed of the inflexed margins of the fronds. (When 
 the leaves are extremely small, the rows of capsules on opposite sides meet, and cover 
 the lower surface, (brake.) &'. 
 
 *The genus Athyrium is re-united to the Aspidium, in accordance with Dr. Terry's 
 views. The mere fastening of the involucre on one side of the fruit-dot, and openisg 
 on the other, not being sufficient for dividing a natural genus. 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER I. 95 
 
 Adiantum. Sori oblong, arranged along the margin of the frond: involucre ia 
 formed by turning back the margin of tlie frond over the sori, and it opens inwards. 
 (The lines of oblong spots are generally along that margin, which may be considered 
 the end of the loaf, or of the segments of the leaf) (maiden-hair.) S. 
 
 DicKsoNiA. Sori small, round, scattered at the margin of the frond: involucre 
 double; one part is formed of the tiiin margin of the frond, turned over upon the 
 fruit-dots, the other is from the frond on the inward side of the fruit-dots; each part 
 opening opposite to where it is fastened to tiie frond, (mountain fern.) S. 
 
 Cheii.Ainthes. Fruit-dots roundisli, punctate, distinct, situated at the margin of 
 the frond: involucre a roundish membrane, formed by turning over the margm of the 
 frond upon the fruit-dots, and opening inwards- (The margin is always crenate, and 
 each fruit-dot has its own involucre perfectly separate from the others.) (lip-fern.) S. 
 
 HYMENor'HYLLUM. Fruit-dots marginal: the capsule sessile, inserted on a common 
 cylindrical receptacle, within a 2- valved involucre of the same texture as the frond- 
 valves have; exterior free. S. 
 
 Onoclea. Fruit-dots indeterminate, presenting a berry-like appearance; capsules 
 covering the whole lower surface of the frond: involucre formed by turning in or roll- 
 ing back the margin of the leaf, which opens inwards, in maturity, towards the mid- 
 rib, or remains closed. (The fertile leaves are contracted, and narrower than the 
 barren ones.) (sensitive polypod.) iS'. 
 
 Struthiopteris. Capsules covermg the back of the frond very densely: involu- 
 cre scale-like, marginal, opening inwards. 
 
 Southern. 
 VrTTARiA. Fruit-dots linear continued longitudinally along the disk or towards the 
 margin of the frond: involucre double, uninterrupted; one opening outwards, the 
 other inwards. 
 
 B. Capsule without a ring — leing cellular-reticulate, pellucid, sub-striate, radiate 
 
 at the tip. 
 
 OsMUNDA. Capsules globose, pedicelled, radiate-striate or wrinkled, having a hinge 
 at the joining of the two valves, which resembles part of the jointed ring of annulated 
 ferns: the capsules either occupy the whole frond, to a limited extent, or a panicled 
 raceme. (The parts of the frond occupied by the fruit are always more contracted 
 than the barren parts.) (flowering fern.) .S'. 
 
 ScHiz^EA. Capsules top-form, partly opening by an oblong lateral pore; striate 
 longitudinally and radiately, situated upon the back part of a narrow spike-form ap- 
 pendage of the frond, surrounded with or interspersed among, bundles of hairs. (The 
 appendages, bearing tlie capsules, are generally digitate, and occupy the summit of 
 the frond.) (one-sided fern.) 
 
 Ltgodiusi. Capsules covered with a scale-like veil, in two series, radiate-striated 
 or wrinkled, opening on the inner side from the base to the summit; they are situated 
 upon spikelets which proceed from the margin of the frond, each capsule being hid 
 under a scale which falls off frequently in ripening; spikelets mostly unilateral, 
 (fringed fern, climbing fern.) & 
 
 C. Capsule loithout a ring — leing adnate at the base, sub-globose, coriaceous, not 
 
 cellular, somewhat 2-valved. 
 
 Ophioglossum. Capsules round, 1-celled, opening transversely; they are placed on 
 a somewhat jointed spike in two close rows, (adder tongue fern.) S. 
 
 BoTRYCHiuM. Capsules coriaceous, globose, 1-celled, smooth, adnate to each rachia 
 of a compound raceme, (panicle,) separate, valves 2, connected behind, opening trans- 
 versely, (grape fern.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 PsiLOTUM. Bernhardia. Capsulcs 3-grained, 3-celled; cells opening above: half 
 2-valved: fruit in spikes. S. 
 
 D. Sub-order, Apteres — without pinnate, pinnatifid, or other winged, leaves. 
 
 Ltcopodium. Capsules mostly kidney-form or roundish, 2 or 4-valved, opening 
 elastically; they are placed under separate scales in a spike, or sometimes in the axils 
 of leaves. (Very leafy, their stems being generally covered with 2, 3, or 4 rows of 
 narrow, simple, entire leaves, (ground-pine.) S. 
 
96 CLASS XXI. ORDER 1. 
 
 Equisetom. Fruit placed under peltate polygons, being pileus-like bodies, which 
 are arranged in whirls, forming a spike-form raceme; 4 to 7 spiral filaments surround 
 the seed (probably,) which resemble green globules. (Fertile plants mostly leafless; 
 the stems of all are jointed with toothed sheaths at eveiy joint, and usually longitudi- 
 nally striated and hollow.) (scouring rush, horsetail.) S. 
 
 IsoETEs. Capsules membranaceous, 1-celled, not dehiscent: fruit-dots heart-ovate, 
 immersed in a swelling, or tuberosity, at the base of the linear, sub-articulate, grass- 
 like frond; seed angular, attached to numerous cross-bars within the capsule, (quill 
 wort. ) 
 
 AzoLLA. Monoecious. Staminate? appendages by pairs, contiguous: involucre 
 sub-globose, resembling a 1-celled capsule: seeds numerous, naked. S. 
 
 Salvinia. Involucre imbricate, 4 to 9, connate, resembling a 1-celled capsule: 
 seeds inserted on a central receptacle. 
 
97 
 
 LOWER CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 
 Plants of the five lower orders of CRYPTOGAMIA, are not commonly made the 
 subject of analysis in schools. I have, therefore, removed the Genera, as well as the 
 Species, to the ends of their respective series. As they are quite as interesting and 
 instructive in a ph^'siological view, I shall give a lull account of each order, where I 
 treat of the Natural Method. 
 
 When the preceding paragraph was written for the 7th Edition, the author antici- 
 pated such progress in this department, as to enable him to give, in this edition, 
 numerous localities and popular remarks for the relief of students. But he is com- 
 pelled to confess his disappointment. As this is the only general system in English, 
 hitherto attempted, on the five lower orders of American Cryptogamia, it must serve 
 for the present. 
 
 ORDER II. MUSCI; 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO BRIDEL.* 
 
 First Division. Capsules without peristomes. 
 
 Sphagnum. Base of the calyptre remains attached to the capsule, after the upper 
 part has fallen off. 
 
 Phascum. Capsules terminal, without an opening. Calyptre bell-form, halved, 
 subulate, minute. 
 
 Gymnostomum. Capsules terminal. Calyptre cowled or halved, subulate, caducotis. 
 
 ScHisTiDiUM. Capsules terminal. Calyptre mitre-form, or bell-conic, split at the 
 base into many subequal divisions. 
 
 Anoectangium. Capsule lateral. Calyptre halved, subulate. 
 
 Second Division. Capsules with peristomes. 
 
 A. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome: fruit terminal. 
 1. Teeth solitary, free (disconnected) at the base, entire. 
 
 Tetraphis. Teeth of the peristome 4, pyramidal: calyptre mitre-form, split into 
 many divisions at the base. 
 
 Grimmia. Teeth of the peristome IG, pyramidal, easily reflexed: calyptre mitre- 
 form. 
 
 Weisisa. Teeth of the peristome 16, erectish, narrow, imperforate: calyptre halved, 
 subulate. 
 
 Trematodon. Teeth of the peristome 16, lance-linear, perforate: germ nodding, 
 with a long horn-like epophysis at the base: calj'ptre cowled. 
 
 2. Teeth solitary, free at the base, split from the apex towards the base. 
 DiCRANUM. Teeth of the peristome 16, indexed, 2-cleft, the divisions equal: calyp- 
 tre hood-form. 
 
 *Arrangcd, with few exceptions, according to the Methodus Muscorum A. Sam. 
 Eb. a Bridel. 
 
 Mosses may be gathered whenever the capsules have arrived to their usual size. 
 But they must be put in a closet, until tlie lids of the capsules become reddish-brown, 
 before they are examined. Then the lids may be removed, and the teeth examined. 
 
 13 
 
98 CLASS XXI. ORDER II. 
 
 Campylopus. Teeth of the peristome 16, 2-cleft, sub-perforate: caljptre mitre- 
 form, torn-fringed at the base. 
 
 Tkichostomum. Teeth of the peristome 16, split even to the base into 2, 3, or 4 
 parls, divisions fihform: calyptre halved, hood-form. 
 
 Calymperes. Teeth of the peristome 16, short, split; mouth closed by a 'spongy 
 membrane: calyptre large, mitre-form, involving the capsule: at length laterally split. 
 
 3. Teeth solitary, ticisted together like a rope at the top. 
 
 Barbdla. Teeth of the peristome 16 or 3'<i, capillary, somewhat connected at the 
 base, and spirally twisted at the lop; calyptre hood-form. 
 
 SvNTRicHiA. Teeth of the peristome 16 or !f2, twisted spirally in the form of a 
 spike, and arising from a bioad reticulate membrane: calyptre hood-form. 
 
 4. Teeth approach each other, or unite, in pairs. 
 
 DinvMODON. Teeth of the peristome 32, they approach each other in pairs, but 
 remain distinct: calyptre hood-form. 
 
 Splachnum. Teeth of the peristome 16, attached to each other in pairs so that 
 they can hardly be separated without lacerating their cuticles, reflexed, and at length 
 close pressed to the back of the capsule; the capsule has an apophysis: calyptre bell- 
 form, with a sub-lacerated base. 
 
 B. Mouth swrrounded by a double peristome (except 2 species of Orthotrichum; ) 
 fruit terminal. 
 
 Orthotrichum. Peristome s'ttigle or double. When single, the teeth are 16, ar- 
 ranged in pairs; after the falling of the lid they aie reflexed. When double, the outer 
 teeth are as when single, and the inner teeth are 8 or 16, linear, distant: calyptre 
 conic or bell-form, keeled, pilose upwards; rarely glabrous. 
 
 Ulota. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, arranged in pairs, after the falling of the 
 lid they are easily reflexed; teeth of the inner peristome are 8, linear, distant: calyptre 
 conic, smoothish, hairy above, often split into a fringe at the base. 
 
 Bartramia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, wedge-form; the inner peristome 
 consists of a membrane folded into 16 carinate plaits or folds; the divisions are bifid, 
 receiving the inflexed apexes of the teeth; calyptre hooded. 
 
 Bryum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute: the inner peristome 
 consists of a membrane, divided or folded by keel-like furrows, and extended into 16 
 broadish processes, with ciliate hairs interposed: calyptre hood-form: capsule equal. 
 
 Akrhenopterdm. Teeth of the outer peristone 16, broadish, acute: the inner 
 peristome consists of a keel-furrowed membrane, split into broad processes, with 
 ciliate hairs interposed: calyptre oblong, laterally sessile: capsule unequal, arcuate, 
 nodding. 
 
 M^?1UM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, ascending or erect, with very 
 long apexes arching outwards; the inner peristome consists of a membrane extended 
 into 16 perforated or forked divisions, ciliate hairs interposed? calyptre acutely conic: 
 capsule unequal, nodding. 
 
 TiMMiA. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acuminate: the inner peris- 
 toBje consists of a membrane torn into 16 divisions, opposite to the teeth, irregularly 
 perforated and anastomosing, rarely the divisions ate alternately free; calyptre late- 
 raJly fissile. 
 
 DiPLocoMiUM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16,. obtuse, short: the inner peristome 
 consists of 16 ciliate hairs approaching each other in pairs, not connected by any 
 membrane. 
 
 Meesia. Teeth of the outer peristom 16, short; the inner peristome consists of 
 ciliate hairs connected wholly by net work. 
 
 DiPHYSciuM. The outer peristome seems as if almost obliterated, it consists of 16 
 very minute scales surrounding the mouth of the germ; the inner peristome consists 
 of a conic truncate membrane, in 16 plicate folds, which alternate with the scales. 
 
 Buxbaumia. Peristome three. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, truncate, very 
 short, unequal, fugaceous: the two inner peristomes consist of sub-conical membrana- 
 ceous cylinders, constructed of filaments laterally adhering together, and torn at the 
 top: the innermost is the longest, folded in 16 plaits and dehiscent at the apex. 
 
 Funaria. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, cohering together at the apex and twist- 
 ed obhquely; the inner peristome consists of 16 membranaceous ciliae opposite to the 
 teeth, lying flatly. 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER lit. 99 
 
 C. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome: fruit lateral. 
 
 1. Teeth entire. 
 
 Pterioynandrum. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, erectish: 
 calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 
 
 Lasia. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, erect: calyptre hood- 
 form, pilose above. 
 
 2. Teeth split. 
 Leucodon. Peristome a membrane divided into teeth, each of which is split almost 
 to its base: calyptre hood-form. 
 
 D. Movth surrounded hj a double peristome; fruit lateral. 
 1. Teeth of the inner peristome free at the base. 
 
 Neckera. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free; cilia of the inner peris- 
 tome alternate with the teeth (rarely opposite;) calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 
 
 Cryphaea. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free; cilia of the inner peris- 
 tome alternate with the teeih: calyptre mitre-form, or conic, glabrous. 
 
 PiLOTRicHUM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free; cilia of the inner peris- 
 tome alternate with the teeth: calyptre mitre-form, or conic, hirsute. 
 
 2. Teetliof the inner peristome connected by a mcmJ/rane at the base. 
 
 Climacidm. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute; inner peristome consists of 
 cilia, arising from a very short membrane, which are united at the apex in pairs by 
 transverse bars. 
 
 Leskia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, subulate, inflexible; inner peristome 
 consists of a membrane extended into 16 linear uniform processes: calyptre hood-form. 
 
 Pterigophyllum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, lance-linear; inner peristome 
 consists of a membrane split into 16 linear uniform (rarely deformed) processes: 
 calyptre mitre-form, entire, glabrous. 
 
 Hypnum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute, leflexile; inner peristome consists 
 of a membrane extended into 16 processes, with smaller capillary ones interposed: 
 calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 
 
 3. Inner peristome without tectli or cilia. 
 Fontinalis. Teeth of the peristome iQ, broadish, acute, erect; inner peristome a 
 reticulate conic membrane. 
 
 E. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome; fruit arises from the duplicature of a leaf. 
 
 FtssiDENS. Peristome simple: teeth 16, 2-cleft, broadish, inflexed; the divisions 
 somewhat unequal diverging. 
 
 F. Mouth closed by a horizontal membrane. 
 
 PoLYTRTCHUM. Peristome very short; teeth 16, 32, or 64: mouth of the germ cover- 
 ed by a dry membrane, which is connected to it by the teeth of the peristome: 
 calyptre very small with a large villoseor hairy covering. 
 
 Catharinaea. Peristome very short; leetli 32 or 64; mouth of the capsule cover- 
 ed by a dry membrane: calyptre glabrous or hirsute, with scattering hairs. 
 
 ORDER III. HEPATICAE. 
 
 Blazia. Capsule 1-valved with no elevations of the seeds upon the columella (as 
 in Anthoceros) crowned with a tube opening outwardly at the apex. 
 
 Targionia. Perianth-like organ globose, arising from the under side of the ex- 
 tremity of the frond; at length opening vertically into two valves: capsule globose 
 sub-sessile, included in the perianth, opening irregularly at the extremity and filled with 
 spiral filaments. 
 
 Sphaerocarpus. Calyxes numerous, large, fascicled, in a minute frond, globe-tur- 
 binate, reticulate, sub-diaphanous, perforated at the apex including the capsule, which 
 is sessile at the bottom of the calyx, and spherical: seeds numerous, sub-globose 
 sharp-muricate: frond reticulate, sub-diaphanous, of the substance of the calyx and 
 very green. 
 
100 CLASS XXI. ORDER !V, 
 
 Cakpobolus. Capsules round-oblong, compressed, tapering;, cleft or dehiscent at 
 the apex: seeds minute, globose, free among eacli other: caly^ largish, 2-cleft: frond 
 round-oblong, with folds converging towards a centre; margins elevated, crenate. 
 
 RicciA. Capsules sub-globose, imbedded in ilie frond, not dehiscent; furnished 
 with a short tube, scarcely prominent, becoming brownish and perforated at the apex. 
 This aquatic genus has the habit of the most succulent and tender lichens. 
 
 Anthoceros. Capsules long, horn-form, subulate, longitudinally dehiscent into 2 
 valves when mature; imbedded and nourished in a linear tleshy receptacle: after the 
 opening of the capsule geeds appear attached to a columella. Around the fleshy re- 
 ceptacle (or perhaps calyx) within tiie substance of the frond, appear heaps of red- 
 dish bodies resembling anthers. The substance of the frond is made up of hexahedral 
 pells. In habit this genus resembles mosses. 
 
 Marchahtia. Receptacles pedicelled, radiate-lobed, disk-like or bell-form, with the 
 jnside downwards, to v/jiich the globose 4-valved capsules are attached, with their 
 apexes downward. The umbrella-like receptacle is elevated one or two inches by a 
 ptipe attached to the centre of its lower side, among tlie capsules and many pilose ap- 
 pendages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, furnished with a midrib, and beset with vil- 
 |ose roots on the under gide which attach themselves to stones in brooks, to damp 
 earth, &c. 
 
 JuNGEKMANNi*. CapsuIcs 4-valved, globoge, elevated by peduncles or stipes from 
 within a bell-form calyx. The fionds are made up of fjner leaves than those of the 
 Marchantia, and are often mistaken for mosses among which they generally gTo.v{. 
 
 ORDER IV. ALGAE. 
 
 ARRANGED ACCOKDHIG TO AGARDH. 
 
 Tribe I. Diatomeae. 
 
 Bodies of various forms, flat and crystalline, and separating into fragments. 
 
 PiATOMA. Filaments jointed, hyaline, rigid, simple, united in pairs longitudinally, 
 at length separating into articulations cohering by their alternate angles. 
 
 Tribe II. Nostochinae. 
 Individuals numerous, globular or filiform, suspended in a gplatine of a definite form. 
 Palmella. Minute or small, somewhat diaphanous gelatinous plants: filled with 
 solitary granules unmixed with filaments. 
 
 ALcyoNiDKiM. A spongy, fleshy, lobed frond, filled with granules. Marine. 
 NosTQC. Plants roundish or shapeless, gelatinous. Substance composed of curved, 
 moniliform, simple filaments, lying irregularly in a gelatinous nidus. 
 
 Rivularja, a gelatinous sub-globose frond, filled with filaments, radiating from a 
 common centre, continuous, placed on a globple, and marked with annulations inside. 
 
 Tribe III. Cokfervoideae. 
 
 FiUnncnls jointed cither cxicrnally or internally, separate, and not combined in any definite 
 
 form. 
 
 Trentep'holea. Filaments flexible, colored, bearing capsules, which generally 
 proceed from the last articulation which is inflated. Inundated or fluviatile. 
 
 Scytonema. Plant not gelatinous, coriaceous. Filaments short, forming dark 
 dense tufts, beaded internally, or filled with annular transverse bodies. On rocks or 
 inundated, rarely marine. 
 
 Mesogloia. Frond filiform, cylindrical, gelatinous, with compact, somewhat mo- 
 niliform branches radiating from a medullary pith, and bearing capsules. 
 
 Batrachospermom. Frond filiform, gelatinous, sending out from the primary fila- 
 ment moniliform gemmiferous branches. 
 
 Draparnaldia. Filaments green, jointed, very gelatinous. Ramuli pencillate 
 fascicled. Fructification — a granular mass in the articulations of the main filaments. 
 
 Syngbya. Filaments without a mucous matrix, freely floating, flexible, motionless 
 with a continuous tube, annulated inside. 
 
 Bangia. Filaments capillary, mostly simple, tubular, continuous. Fructification — 
 granules disposed in regular transverse series or strata. 
 
 Zygnema. Filaments jointed, simple, gelatinous, compressed, fragile, separating 
 at the joints. 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER IV. 101 
 
 MouGEOTiA. Filaments articulated, connected like a net, with irregularly placed 
 granules, and thecae attached to the angles of the meshes. 
 
 CoNFKRVA. Filaments uniform, jointed, membranaceous, simple or branched, 
 mostly green. Fructification — granules scattered in the articulations. Salt and fiesix 
 water. 
 
 Cekamium. Filaments jointed, sub-dichotomous, red, articulations veined or dia- 
 phanous. Fructification — capsules with an involucre of short ramuli. Marine. 
 
 PoLYsii'HONiA. Filaments jointed, longitudinally striated, with internal parallel 
 lubes. Fructification — double ovate capsules, and granules in swollen branchlets. 
 Marine. 
 
 EcTocARPUS. Filaments jointed, much branched, fuscous. Fructification — lanceo- 
 late pods or ovate capsules, solitary or racemous. Marine. 
 
 Sphacf.llaria. Filaments jointed, branciied, olivaceous, distichous or dichoto- 
 mous; apex of the branches sphacellate or hyaline, abrupt. Fructification is granules 
 in the modified apex, or capsule. Marine. 
 
 Tribe IV. Ulvaceae. 
 
 Frond, memhranous, continuous, tubular or flattened, never ribbed , herbaceous rarely pur- 
 ple: seed heaped or scattered granulations. 
 
 Vaucheria. Filaments dichotomous or irregularly branched, somewhat rigid. 
 Fructification — a granulated mass within the frond, and external dark vesicles vari- 
 ously sinuated. 
 
 CoDiUM. Frond spungy, of a determinate figure, formed of filaments densely 
 packed, which are tubular and continuous, and colored by a granular, green powder. 
 Coniocystas clustered at the surface of the frond. 
 
 SoLENiA. Frond tubular, membranous, with a striated, areolated surface. Seeds 
 very minute and compact. 
 
 Ulva. Root scutate. Frond plain, ribless, flabellaform or wedge-shaped, or linear 
 and diciiotomous. Fructification naked immersed — granules distributed in fours 
 throughout tiie frond. 
 
 I'oRPiiYRA. Frond flat, purple, with the membrane of equal texture. Fruit two 
 fold — first sori of oval seeds collected in a disorderly manner: second, two parallel 
 lines marked on each side by a globule. 
 
 Tribe V. Florideae. 
 
 Frond coriaceous, rarely membranaceoxis, flat orflliform, continuous, purple or pink: seeds 
 purple, included in capsules or clustered in dots. 
 
 Ptilota. Root scrutate. Fronds compressed or plane, pinnate. Fructification — 
 a cluster of naked granules., surrounded by a linear cleft involucre. 
 
 Rhouomela. Frond either flat or foljaceous, and somewhat ribbed or filiform. 
 Fruit two-fold; first lomenta filled longitudinally with globules of sporaceous matter, 
 second, capsules with a few pyriform seeds sessile in the capsule (blackish when dry.) 
 
 Chonhria. Frond continuous, gelatinus-cartilaginous. Fructification double — 
 naked granules immersed in the substance of the ramuli and external tubercles. 
 
 Sphakrococcus. Root scutate. Frond sub inernbranaceous or cartilaginous. Fruc- 
 tification unifi)rm — tubercles or capsules. 
 
 Halymenia. Frond flat or tubular, somewhat membranous. Fruit, dot-like tuber- 
 cles half immersed in the laminae of the frond. 
 
 Delesseria. Root scutate. Frond plane, membranaceous, with or without ribs. 
 Fructification double — tubercles and clusters of naked immersed granules. 
 
 Tribe VI. Fdcoideae. 
 
 Frond coriaceous, continuous, olite-green, flat orflliform: seed black, in capsules, 
 bordered or immersed. 
 Lemanea. Frond filiform, torulose, tubular. Cliains of seeds adhering to the inner 
 surface of the filament, pencilled, moniliform. In fresh water. 
 
 Charuaria. Root scutate. Frond filiform, of an olive color and cartilaginous 
 substance. Fructification — clavate, pyriform, concentric filaments constituting the 
 whole frond. 
 
 ScTTosiPHOX. Root scutate. Frond filiform, tubular, sub-coriaceous. Fructifica- 
 tion — naked pyriform granules covering the whole frond. 
 
102 CLASS XXI. ORDER. V. 
 
 Sporachnus. Root mostly scutate. Frond plane, with distichous branches, bear- 
 ing, in most instances, delicate pencil-like deciduous tufts of confervoid filaments. 
 ("Receptacles composed of concentric, clavate, articulated corpuscles.") 
 
 ZoNARiA. E,oot downy. Frond plane, ribless, flabelliform or wedge-shaped, or 
 linear and dichotomous. Fructification — adnate tubercles collected into parallel lines 
 on the frond. 
 
 Laminaria. Root fibrous. Stipes dilated into a plane frond. Fructification — 
 naked granules immersed and forming irregular groups in the frond. 
 
 LiCHiNiA. Fronds minute, tufted, greenish-black when growing. Fructification- 
 solitary tubercles with a poie, at length scutelliform. 
 
 FoRCELLARiA. Frond cylindrical. Fructification concealed in the swollen extre- 
 mities of the frond, capsules in the centre, and pyriform grandles in the circum- 
 feience. 
 
 Fucus. Root scutate. Frond plane or compressed,, (rarely filiform) dichotomous. 
 Fructification — tubercles contained in a common mucose receptacle, and filled with 
 seeds and filaments. 
 
 Cystoseira. Root scutate. Stypes cylindrical. Lower leaves plane; upper ones 
 filiform, furnished with pinnate vesicles. Fructification — tubercles in common recep- 
 tacles, the receptacles with several loculaments. 
 
 ORDER V. LICHENES; 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ACHARIUS. 
 
 Tribe I. Idiothalami. 
 
 Apothecia differing in color from the rest of the plant, and formed of a distinct 
 substance. 
 
 $ 1. ApoUiecia simple, entirely formed of a sub-reniform, pulverulent, or cartilaginous 
 
 substance. Homogenii. 
 
 ** Apothecia destitute of a raised margin. 
 
 Spiloma. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, and uniform. Apothecia 
 
 composed of minute bodies, collected into a compact, homogeneous, sub-pulverulent, 
 
 naked, and shapeless, colored mass. 
 
 SoLORiNA. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, lobed, separate beneath, and veiny or 
 fibrous, with down. Recept. adnate, roundish, not edged, covered by a colored 
 membrane, and containing a solid, cellular, bladdery parenchyma. 
 * *Apothecia with a raised border. 
 Lecidia. Plant various, crustaceous, spreading, adnate, uniform or foliaceous. 
 Apothecia scrutelhform, sessile, surrounded by a cartilaginous membrane; the disk of 
 the same nature as tlie raised border. 
 
 CALicroM. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia cup- 
 shaped, sessile or stipulate, cartilaginous, containing a compact pulverulent mass, 
 plane or convex, and forming a naked disk. 
 
 Gyrophora. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, or cartilaginous, peltate, mostly mono- 
 phyllous, free beneath. Apothecia sub-scutelliform, sessile, or adnate, covered with 
 a black cartilaginous membrane; the disk warty or plaited on circles, or bordered. 
 
 § 2. Apothecia sub-simple, included, formed of a single covering, containing a capsular 
 body or nucleus. Heterogenii. 
 Endocarpon. Plant crustaceous, adnate, of some determinate figure, or foliaceous 
 and peltate. Apothecia globose, concealed in the substance of the plant, surrounded 
 by a thin membrane, furnished with a slightly prominent orifice, and containing a 
 nucleus. 
 
 Tribe II. Ccenothalami. 
 
 Apothecia partly formed from the substance of the plants. 
 
 4 1. Apothecia included in loart-Uke processes, formed from the substance of the plant. 
 Phvmatoidei. 
 Thelotrema. Plant crustaceous, cartilaginous, plane, spreading; adnate, uniform, 
 with wart-like receptacles, furnished with a wide pore, and bordered. Apothecia 
 mcluded, and containing a nucleus within a double covering. 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER V. 103 
 
 PvRENULA. Plant crustaceous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. wart- 
 like, formed of the tliallus, enclosing or surrounding at the base a solitary thalamium, 
 with a simple, thick, papillose peritiiecinm, containing a globose cellular nut. 
 
 Variolaria. Plant crustaceous, plane spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia 
 wart-like, formed from the crust (resembling Soredia, ) sub-marginate, white, including- 
 a naked nucleus. 
 
 § 2. Apothecia scutelliform, stih-sessile, the disk of a peculiar color, different from the 
 border, which is formed from the crust, Discoiijei. 
 
 Urceolaria. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia shield- 
 like, the disk concave, colored, immersed in the crust; border formed froni the crust, 
 and the same color. 
 
 Lkcanora. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate; plane, uniform. Apothecia 
 shield-like, thick, adnate, and sessile, the disk plano-convex, colored; border thickish, 
 somewhat free, formed from the crust, and ilie same color. 
 
 Parmelia. Plant foliaceous, between coriaceous and membranaceous, spreading, 
 appressed, orbicular, lobed, and stellate, variously divided, fibrous beneath. Apothecia 
 shield-like, attached by a central point; the disk concave, colored, with a border 
 formed from the crust. 
 
 BoRRERA. Plant cartilaginous, branched, and lacinate; the segments free, chan- 
 nelled beneath, and cilliate at the margin. Apothecia shield-like, with a colored disk; 
 the border formed from the frond. 
 
 Cetraria. Plant cartilagino-membranaceous, ascending, or spreading, lobed, 
 smooth, and naked on both sides. Apothecia shield-like, obliquely adnate with the 
 margin, the disk colored, plano-concave; border inHexed, derived from the frond. 
 
 Sticta. Plant foliaceous, coriaceo-caitilaginous, spreading, lobed, free and pubes- 
 cent beneath, with little cavities or hollow spots. Apothecia shield-like, fixed by a. 
 cential point, the disk colored, plane; border formed from the crust. 
 
 Peltidea. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, spreading, sub-adnate, lobed, with woolly 
 veins beneath. Apothecia orbicular, adnate, on produced portions of the frond, the 
 disk colored: border very thin, formed from the frond. 
 
 Nephroma. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, membranous, expanded, lobed, beneath, 
 separate, and naked or viUose. Recept. resupinate, formed of tiie ascending length- 
 ened lobes of the thallus. Fertile laminae reniform. entirely attached to the ihallus 
 and its lower side, and surrounded by an elevated inflected margin. 
 
 Roccella. Plant coriaceous, cartdaginous, branched, lacinaled, round or flat, erect 
 or pendulous, woolly inside. Recept. shield-like, thick, growing into the thallus. 
 Fertile lamina forming a disk, plano-convex, colored, and cartilaginous, in the inside 
 hyaline, and of a similar nature, surrounded by a margin, which is elevated, sessile, 
 and as deep as the disk, and which contains a compact, black powdery moss, whick 
 is hidden within the substance of the thallus. 
 
 EvERNiA. Plant branched, lacinate, angular, or compressed, sub-erect, or pendu- 
 lous, with a central filament within. Apothecia shield-like, sessile, the disk concave, 
 colored; border formed from the frond. 
 
 3. Apothecia sub-globose, terminating Uie branches or podetia, or scattered sessile and 
 emarginate. Cephaloidea. 
 
 ♦Apothecia covered by the mass of fructification. 
 
 Cenomyce. General receptacle sub-cartilaginous, foliaceous, lacinate sub-imbricate, 
 free, (rarely adnate, uniform, or wanting.) Apothecia or podetia orbicular, immar- 
 ginate, at length capiluliform, bearing thick colored masses of fructification. 
 
 BjEomyces. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate. Ai)othecia on short, 
 soft, solid, simple podetia, capituliform, solid, emarginate, colored, convex, reflexed 
 at the margin. 
 
 IsiniuM. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia on 
 short, soft, solid, simple podetia, orbicular, convex, solid, terminal; the disk sub-im- 
 mersed, having a border formed from the substance of the podetia. 
 
 Stkreocaulon. Plant shrubby, cartilagenous, branched. Apothecia turbinate, 
 eessile, solid, plane above, at length sub-globose, with a border formed from the 
 frond. 
 
104 CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 
 
 * *Apothecia clothed with the substance of the frond, and containing a pulvendent mass. 
 Spaerophoron. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous within, solid, shrubby, branched. 
 Apothecia sessile, terminal, sub-globose, bursting irregularly, and containing a black, 
 globular, pulverulent mass. 
 
 Tribe III. Homothalami. 
 Apothecia entirely formed of the substance of the frond. 
 
 At-ECTORIA. Plant cartilaginous, sub-filiform, fibrous, and somewhat fistulose VVith- 
 in, branched, prostrate or pendulous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, sessile, bordered, 
 wholly formed from the frond. 
 
 Ramalika. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous, and nearly solid within, branched some- 
 what shrubby, mostly soderiferous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, sub-pedicellate and 
 ■sub-peltate, plane, bordered, wholly formed from the substance of the frond. 
 
 CoRNicuLARiA. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous and nearly solid within, branched, 
 shrubby. Apothecia orbicular, terminal, obliquely peltate, at length convex, sorae- 
 Tvliat inflated; the border dentate. 
 
 UsNEA. Plant much branched, filiform mostly pendulous, furnished within with a 
 bundle of elastic fibres. Apothecia orbicular, terminal, peltate, often ciliate at the 
 border. 
 
 CoLLEMA. Plant sub-gelatinous, homogeneous, crustiform, foliaceous, or some- 
 what branched, membranaceous or cartilaginous when dry. Apothecia shield-like 
 bordered, formed from the substance of the frond; the disk sometimes differing in 
 color when dried. 
 
 Tribe IV. Athalami. 
 
 Lichenes destitute of Apothecia, and whose fructification is unknown. 
 
 Lepraria. Whole plant crustaceo-pulverulent, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apo- 
 thecia unknown. 
 
 Tribe V. Pseddo-Lichenes. 
 
 Apothecia black, corenous, imbedded in a receptacle- Seeds in slender tubular cells, 
 
 lying in a pulp, not spontaneously emitted. 
 
 Opegrapha. Plant crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform. Receptacle ob- 
 long and elongated, sessile, covered with a cartilaginous dark membrane, enclosing a 
 solid parenchyma. Disk linear, edged on each side. 
 
 Verrucaria. Plant crustaceous, plane, expanded, adnate, uniform. Reopt. hemis- 
 pherical, roundish at the base, growing into the thallus, with a double perithecium; 
 exterior somewhat cartillaginous and thick, having alone a little pimple or perfora- 
 tion; inner very fine, and membranous. Kernel cellular. 
 
 PoRiSA. Plant crustaceous, cartilaginous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Re- 
 cept. wart-like, formed out of the thallus, and not margined. Thalamium imbedded 
 sn the substance of the wart, with a simple very thin perithecium, and a colored orifice 
 thicker at the surface of the wart. Kernel roundish, cellular. 
 
 Arthonia. Plant crustaceous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recpt. innate, 
 aessile of an irregular roundish figure, witliout an edge, covered by a somewhat car- 
 tillaginous membrane, and containing a solid uniform kernel. 
 
 Graphis. Plant crustaceous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. long, im- 
 mersed in the thallus, with a simple cartillaginous perithecium, which forms an edge 
 all around the linear kernel, which is naked at top and bottom, and cellular inside. 
 
 ORDER VI. FUNGI. 
 
 arranged according to fries of sweden.* 
 
 agaricinae. 
 
 Seed-bed distinct. Receptacle longer ok expanded, superior. 
 
 Pileate. 
 
 Recqitacle dilated, occasionally branched, having a tendency to an orbicular form. 
 
 Seed buds inferior. 
 Agariccs. Seed-beds in lamellae. Lamellae simple, parallel. 
 
 * According to Schwinitz, a system of Fungi and Lichens for Germany, Sweden, 
 &c., is a system for N. America; on account of their similarity. lam indebted to 
 Loudon for Fries' system; also for many other improvements in this order. 
 
 '$ 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 105 
 
 Canthahellus. Sefid-bed veined. Veins dichotomous, sub-parallel: Bomelimes 
 anastomosing. 
 
 Meuumus. Seed-bed veined. Veins flexuose, or forming very irregular pores. 
 Plants sessile, resupinate or effused. 
 
 ScHizoi'uvLLUM. Seed-beds in lamella?. LamelltB bifid lengthwise, revolute. 
 
 D.¥DALEA. Seed-bed sinuous, composed of anastomosing lamellae or flexuose elon- 
 gated pores. 
 
 PoLYPORUS. Seed-bed porous, not separable from the substance of the pileus, nor 
 the pores from each other. Pores sometimes lacerated in age. Pileus very rarely 
 witii a central stipe. 
 
 Favolus. Pores ample, with four or six angles resembling an honey-comb. 
 
 Boletus. Seed-bed tubular. Tubes separable from the pileus and from each other. 
 Pileus always with a central stipe. 
 
 FisTunNA. Seed-bed tubular. Tubes loose, the young ones closed. 
 
 HyDxNum. Seed-bed subulate, subulae loose. 
 
 SisTOTREMA. Pileus carnose, irregularly stipitate. Seed-bed composed of dentate 
 interrupted lamellaEe. 
 
 Phlebia. Seed-bed rugose, formed of long or confluenent papillte. 
 
 Thelephora. Plants with very few exceptions more or less adnate, thin, coriace- 
 ous, very rarely funnel-form. Seed-bed covering the outer surface. 
 
 ClavUa. 
 
 Receptacle longf simple, or branched, icith a tendency to a cylindricalform, not margined. 
 
 Seed-bed superior. 
 
 Clavaria. Plants carnose, cylindrical, simple or branched. Seed-bed smooth, oc- 
 cupying almost the whole surface, confluent with stipes. 
 
 Calocera. Plants branched or simple, cylindrical, homogeneous, corneous, gelatin- 
 ous, viscid. Growing on wood. 
 
 Geoglossum. Seed-bed shortj club-shaped, mostly compressed, stipitate. Stipes 
 elongated, smooth or hairy. Plants black or dull green. 
 
 Spatularia. Seed-bed club-shaped, separate, compressed, running down the stipes 
 on each side, bearing the asci at the upper end. 
 
 MiTRATA. Seed-bed clavate, ovate, closely surrounding, at the base, the stipe which 
 is distinct. 
 
 Typhula. Seed-bed thin, sub-cylindrical, persistent, terminating the capillary 
 stipes. 
 
 PisTiLLARiA. Simple contiguous, linear or clavate. Seeds emerging at the end. 
 
 Elvcllaceae. 
 Hymenium distinct, superior, margined. Receptacle urceolate or rejlexed, always inferior. 
 
 Morchella. Pileus lacunose, confluent with the stipes either at the margin or a 
 little above it. Seed-bed occupying the wJiole outer surface. 
 
 Verpa. Pileus conicle-deflexed, equal. Seed-bed smooth or rugose. 
 
 Leotia. Pileus ovate-conicle or orbicular, wholly occupied by the seed-bed, the 
 margin free but closely embracing the stipes. 
 
 Receptacle cupulate, equal. Seed-bed discoid, ichen young somcicliat closed, surrounded 
 by the margin of the receptacle. 
 
 Peziza. Pileus mostly carnose, sessile or stipitate, more or less cup-shaped at 
 length. Sometimes plane. Seed-bed occupying the disk. 
 
 Bulgaria. Cupula closed at first. Seed-lubes immersed with paraphyses, becom- 
 ing separate and bursting out. Gelatinous. 
 
 Ditiola. Seed-bed becoming plaited and deliquesecnt. Cupula open. Veil uni- 
 versal. Corky. 
 
 Cenangium. Seed-bed smooth, persistent, rarely deliquescent. Cupula closed, but 
 opening finally. Somewhat coriaceous. 
 
 Stictis. Seed-bed smootli, immersed. Cupula obliterated. Seed-bed persistent. 
 
 Treniellini. 
 
 Trf.mella. Receptacle gelatinous homogeneous, fructifying in all directions, 
 without papillae. Seeds nearly emerging. 
 
 14 
 
106 CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 
 
 ExiDEA. Receptacle gelatinous, homogeneous, covered on the upper surface only 
 by a papillose hymenium. Seeds emitted with elasticity. 
 
 Dacrymyces. Receptacle gelatinous, homogeneous, filled with assurgent flocci, 
 and seeds placed in layers inside. When you"gr compact, but finally deliquescent. 
 
 Agyrium. Receptacle spherical, smooth," compact, waxy, when humid, gelatinous, 
 finally crumbling away in seeds. 
 
 Hymenella. Receptacle flattened, adnate, smooth, like soft leather, very thin, 
 persistent. 
 
 Naematelia. Receptacle gelatinous, surrounding a compact heterogeneous nu- 
 cleus. Seeds emerging. 
 
 AcRosPERBiUM. Elongated, somewhat clavate, with a coat'of a similar substance, 
 distinctly fructifying at the end. 
 
 ScLEROTi0M. Sub-globose, or without regular form within, homogeneous, vesicu- 
 lose, carnose, or corneous. Sporules unknown. 
 
 Periola. Rootless, fleshy, covered entirely by a villose persistent coat. 
 
 Acinula. Rootless, smooth, with a distinct farinaceous granular coat. 
 
 Erysiphe. Sporangium epiphyllous, very minute, globose, furnished with white 
 radiating subjacent filaments, and containing sporuliferous bodies. 
 
 Phallus. Stipes issuing from a volva. Pileus furnished with large cells filled with 
 a sporuliferous shining substance. 
 
 Tuber. Envelope closed, marbled with veins inside. Sporangia stalked, scattered 
 among the veins. Subterraneous. 
 
 Rhizopogon. Envelope sessile, bursting with irregularity with anastomosing veins 
 inside. Sporangia sessile. Aboye ground. 
 
 NiDULARiA. Common peridium simple, flocculent, furfuraceous, disappearing. 
 Sporangia globose, with seeds in heaps in the middle. 
 
 Myriococcum. Peridium simple, flocculent, furfuraceous, disappearing. Sporangia 
 globose, with seeds in round heaps. 
 
 PoLYANGiuM. Pcridium simple, membranous. Sporangia oblong, filled with a 
 grumous mass. 
 
 CarpobolL 
 Envelope protruding a solitary separate sporangium. 
 
 Attractobolus. Peridium cupulae-form, with a lid. Sporangium fusiform, with 
 mucous seeds. 
 
 Thelebolus. Peridium sessile, urceolate-ventricose with an entire orifice. Spo- 
 rangium papillae-form with mucous seeds. 
 
 PiLOBOLUs. Stipes or receptacle pellucid, watery. Peridium a roundish vesicle, 
 bursting elastically, placed on the apex of the receptacle. 
 
 Sphaerobolcs. Peridium double, both stellate; the inner membranous by inver- 
 sion throwing out with elasticity a globose sporangium, bearing in the middle heaped 
 seeds. 
 
 Pyrenomycetes. 
 
 Envelope genuine, forming the receptacle. Seeds disposed in seed-tubes in regxdar rows. 
 
 Sphneriacei. 
 
 Sphaeria. Receptacle 0. Spherules sessile or slightly immersed. 
 LoPHiuM Perithecium vertical, compressed, dehiscing by a longitudinal some- 
 what closed cleft. Seed tubes crumbling away. 
 
 Cytisporei. 
 
 Sphaeronema. Perithecium opening by a pore, enclosing in a very thin bag some 
 mucous seeds, which burst forth and become indurated in a globose form. Naked. 
 
 Septaria. Cloud-like spots on dead leaves: seeds with partitions, or septa. 
 
 Cytispora. Cellular — many-celled; cells deformed, membranous, united at the 
 ends. Nucleus gelatinous, filled with sporules, propelled through the common elon- 
 gated orific. 
 
 Phoma. Nucleus grumous, enclosed in a tubercle. Seeds emitted by a simple 
 orific without regularity. 
 
CLASS XXT. ORDER VI. 107 
 
 Phacidiacei. 
 PerWiecmm finally bursting, with an open disk. Seed tubes erect, fixed. 
 
 DoTHiDEA. Nucleus enclosing immersed cellules. True perithecium obliterated. 
 Seed-tubes erect, remaining for a long time. 
 
 Rhytisma. Perithecium deformed, bursting into transverse fragments by means of 
 a flexuous crack. 
 
 Phaciueum. Receptacle 0. Perithecia sessile, depressed, bursting from the centre 
 towards the circumference in several acute segments. Sporuliferous cells elongated, 
 fixed. 
 
 Hysterium. Perithecia mostly oblong, black, corneous, bursting by a longitudi- 
 nal slit. Sporuliferous tubes erect. (Crust none. ) 
 
 Xylomacei. 
 Seed tubes obsolete. Seeds innate. 
 AcTYNOTHTRiCTM. Perithecium buckle-like, with radiating fibres covering the fusi- 
 form seeds. 
 
 Leptostroma. Perithecium uniform, without an orifice, but entirely separating 
 and exposing a very thin disk. 
 
 Trichospermi. 
 Envelope genuine, forming a receptacle. Seeds intermixed with flocci. 
 
 Lycoperdinei. 
 Envelope of a determinate figure, fleshy ichen young. Flocci copious. 
 
 Onygena. Sub-globose with a fibrous stipe. Peridium crustaceous, fragile, with 
 interwoven fibres. Sporules naked, compactly clustered. 
 
 TuLosTOMA. Globose stipitate. Involucrum none. Peridium opening by a bordered 
 pore in the summit. Sporules scattered in it. 
 
 Scleroderma. Sporangium globose or prolonged into a stipe. Peridium single, 
 coriaceous, mostly warty, bursting at the apex or sub-dehiscent. Seeds connected 
 into little contiguous distinct globules mixed with filaments, 
 
 Lycoferdon. Sporangium globose. Peridium single, membranaceous, scaly, with 
 warts or soft spines bursting irregularly at the apex, and containing a mass of seeds 
 and filaments. 
 
 BovisTA. Sporangium globose. Peridium double; the outer one adnate; cracking, 
 somewhat fugacious; inner one bursting at the apex, and containing a mass of fila- 
 ments and pedicellated seeds. 
 
 Geastrum. Globose sessile. Involucrum coriaceous, stellate. Peridium mem- 
 branous. Seeds on stalks from the first. 
 
 Tric/iocisti. 
 
 Envelope regular, when young pulpy. Seeds having numerous flocci scattered among 
 them. 
 
 Craterium. Peridium oblong, stipitate, operculate, containing a cellulose, fila- 
 mentuous, sporuliferous mass. 
 
 Stemonitis. Cylindrical or sub-globose. Peridium fugacious. Filaments forming 
 a reticulated mass, perforated by the stipes to which they are attached. Seeds inter- 
 mixed. 
 
 Cribraria. Globose stipitate. Peridium crumbling to pieces entirely or for the 
 most part. 
 
 Arscyria. Mostly cylindrical. Peridium fugaceous, except a small portion at the 
 base. Filaments abundant, reticulated, fixed at the base. Seeds intermixed. 
 
 Leangium. Minute sub-globose or irregular. Peridium single, membranaceous, 
 bursting into sub-regular, persistent, expanding segments. Filaments attached at the 
 base and surrounding a columella. 
 
 Trichia. Minute sub-globose or irregular. Peridium single, membranaceous, 
 bursting. Filaments involute, attached at the base, and expanding elastically. 
 
 Physarum. Sporangium minute, mostly stipitate sub-globose. Peridium single, 
 membranaceous, bursting and deciduous in distinct portions. Seeds mixed witii a 
 mass of filaments. 
 
108 CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 
 
 FuUginoidei. 
 Envelope somemhat deformed, sessile, when young pulpy, se^ds separated lyfiocd. 
 
 Lycogai,a. Sessile globose or sub-irreguj^r, pulpy when young. Peridium single, 
 fragile, variously dehiscent. Seeds mixed with a few filaments. 
 
 Spuwaria. Form irregular, roundish, effused. Peridium soft, at length membra- 
 naceous, fragile. Seeds contaii^ed in the folds of a branched, elongated, membra- 
 naceous, persistent process. 
 
 Liceoidei. 
 ^locci obsolete. 
 
 DicHospoRiuM. Flattened hemispherical. Peridium membranaceous, coated with 
 a layer of granules. Seeds in globoge masses. 
 
 LicEA. Peridium mernbranaceous, sessile, fragile, inclosing a pulverulent mass of 
 seeds unmixed with filaments. (No subjacent membrane.) 
 
 Mucoroidei. 
 Peridium formed offlocci loosely looven together, vanishing in the middle. Seeds in heaps. 
 
 MucoR. Peridium membranaceous, globose stipitate, pellucid, at length opake. 
 Pedicel simple or branched, tubular, articulated. 
 
 Thamnidium. Stipes branched at the base; branches bearing solitary globules at 
 their end. Peridium globose. 
 
 AscoPHORA. Peridium membranaceous, stipitate, bursting at length, turned inside 
 ont, convex and sub^persistent. Pedicel simple or branched, tubular, pellucid, arti- 
 culated. 
 
 Pensporia. 
 Persiporium thin, somewhat mernhranous, bursting. Seeds immersed, scarcely distinct. 
 
 EuROTiuM. Peridia membranous, sub-globose, with an articulated floccoge innatq 
 receptacle. Seeds naked in masses. 
 
 Hyphomycetes. 
 Cephalotrichi. 
 Receptacle distinct, covered over icilh fiocci, with seeds scattered among them. 
 Cf.ratium. Filaments very short, pellucid, simple, minute, attached to a membra- 
 naceous, phcate, simple or branched, filiform receptacle. 
 
 IsARiA. Filaments minute and pellucid, attached to an elongated, simple or 
 branched, clavate, carnose receptacle. 
 
 Stilboidei. 
 Fibres grown together upon the receptacle. Seeds enclosed in a separate naked head. 
 
 Stilbum. Minute. Stipes slender, bearing a little round solid head, which is 
 pellucid and semifluid at first, at length more dense and opake. 
 
 hiomycetes. 
 
 Fibres genuine, somewliat separated by divisions. Receptacle none. Upon putrescent 
 
 organic matter. 
 
 Byassacd. 
 
 Opake fibres, bearing seeds inside, ichen fertile jointed, when sterile contiguous. 
 Repel moisture. 
 
 ToRULA. Thallus composed of branched, rigid, fragile, moniliform, sub-opake 
 filaments, the articulations minute, globose. 
 
 MoNiLiA. Fibres numerous, erect, opaque, distinctly articulated, permanent. 
 Articulations ovate. 
 
 Racodium. Thallus composed of branched, decumbent, interwoven, persistent, sub- 
 opake filaments, among which are sometimes granules of moniliform filaments. 
 
 Cladosporium. Thallus composed of erect, rigid, sub-opake, jointed, simple or 
 branched, aggregate filarpents. Seed^ oyate, attached in a series to the filaments, 
 deciduous. 
 
n . 
 
 CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 109 
 
 Heltcospokium. Fibers erect, rigid, nearly simple, opake. Seeds spiral, remotely 
 jointed: some that are fugacious scattered among them. 
 
 OzoNuiM. Thallus composed of decumbent, branched, entangled filaments: pri- 
 mary ones thick, irregular; ultimate ones fine-jointed. 
 
 Mucedines. 
 Flocci pellucid, loitli dissepiments, hearing seeds on the outside. 
 
 Sepedonium. Thallus formed of entangled, filaments, spreading within putrefying 
 fungi. Seeds scattered, globose. (Bright yellow.) 
 
 AcREMONiuM. Thallus composed of decumbent, entangled, branched, pellucid fila- 
 ments. Seeds globose, solitary, pedicellate. 
 
 Sporotrichdm. Thallus minute, tufted or ejfpanded. Seeds scattered among the 
 branched, tubular jointed filaments. 
 
 Trichothecium. Filaments minute, branched, forming a tufted thallus. Seeds 
 scattered, sub-globose, didymous. 
 
 Bqtrytis. Thallus composed of decumbent, entangled, branched, pellucid filaments. 
 Seeds globose, solitary, pedicellate. 
 
 Aspergillus. Thallus composed of miriute, pellucid, scattered or tufted filaments, 
 apex of the main filament mostly clavate, on which is ahead of (often beaded,) 
 seeds. 
 
 Stachylidium. Thallus composed of tufted, pellucid filaments: sterile ones pro- 
 cumbent: fertile ones erect, whorled, with ramuU near the top, among which the 
 seeds are collected. 
 
 Penicillium. Thallus composed of tufted pellucid filaments: sterile ones procum- 
 bent; fertile ones erect, bearing a terminal pencil-like tuft of erect ramuli, to which 
 the seeds are attached. 
 
 Trichoderma. Seeds collected in the centre, free, the filaments woven into a web- 
 }ike covering, at length opening at the apex and discharging the globose seeds. 
 
 Phlyleriaceac. 
 Fibres spurious, contiguous, bearing seeds inside. Receptacle none. On living leaves. 
 
 RuBiGo. Fibres infundibuliform or clavate, twisted, situated in patches upon sickly 
 leaves. 
 
 Erineum. PeridesB flocciform, sub-diphanous, various, sub-simple, aggregate-ces 
 pitose, parasitic on living leaves. Seeds sometimes, but rarely evident. 
 
 Coniomycetes. 
 Seeds naked, iciihout any heirogeneous receptacle. 
 
 Tuherculariae. 
 Seeds naked, simple, scattered over the receptacle. 
 
 ExospoRicM. Dots one 3Cth of an inch in diameter, black, heaped, bursting beneath 
 the cuticle, bristly. 
 
 Entophytae. 
 Seeds naked, separate, loithout a receptacle. 
 
 FusiDiuM. Thallus plane, effused. Filaments short, branched. Seeds fusiform, 
 scattered. 
 
 PoLYTHRiNciuM. Black dots, which magnified, are roundish tufts of filaments, 
 smallest near the margin: filanjents semitransparent, clavate, articulated, erect, 
 simple. 
 
 Stilbospora. Black. Receptacle 0, or a pulverulent mass intermixed with naked 
 seeds, the whole bursting through tlie bark in the manner of a Stromatospheeria. 
 
 Sporidermium. Composed of long-linear or clavate, semi-opake bodies, level-top- 
 ped, transversely partitioned: under the eye black, on Thelephora, &c. 
 
110 CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 
 
 Hypodermia. 
 Parasites upon living plants. 
 Uredo. Epidermis of the leaf forming a pseudo-peridium. Seeds 1-celIed, free, 
 mostly globose. . . , , . 
 
 Aecidicm. Peridium membranaceous, bursting through the epidermis, and dehis- 
 cent at the apex, with a dentate or lacerate orifice. 
 
 PucciNiA. Epidermis of the leaf forming a pseudo-peridium. Seeds fixed by a 
 pedicel, one or many-celled. 
 
Ill 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS. 
 
 SPECIES, 
 
 ACCORDING TO AN ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THEIR RESPECTIVE GENERA. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abies, PiNus. 
 15 — 12. Abu'tilon. 74. Mai. muc. nut. 
 
 ■acicennae, Gaert. (1) (indian mallows, y. Ju. #.) leaves round-cordate, acuminate, 
 toothed, tomentose; peduncles solitary, shorter than the petioles: carpels 2 -awned, 
 truncate, inflated. Mich. 
 
 nvttuUii, T. (ZI-) leaves cordate, acuminate, softly pubescent, irregularly serrate; 
 peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. shorter than the petiole; carpels 8, pubescent, obtuse 
 and pointless, 3-seeded. Arkansas. 
 
 texeiisis, T. (HI) leaves cordate-ovate, acute, softly pubescent, serrate; peduncles 
 somewhat racemose at the upper part of the branches, 1-flowered; carpels 8, pubes- 
 cent, acute, erect, 3-seeded. Texas. 
 
 15 — 10. Aca'cia. 93. Leg. nut. asc. aper. 
 Soidhern. 
 farnesia'na, (black thorn. W. y. h.) spinous: leaves bipinnate; leafets 8-paired: 
 spikes globose, sessile. Flowers fragrant, legumes fusiform. 10 f. New Orleans. 
 lu'tea, Leavenworth. (W. y. Ju. 21-) unarmed, glabrous: leaves bipinnate: leafets 
 very numerous, oblong-linear: spikes sub-globose, solitary: peduncles axillary, very 
 long: legume obovate, large. Resembles Schrankia uncinata. 
 cool'eyi, Ea. (W. w. 21-) leaves bipinnate, very irritable: legumes linear: elongated, 
 smooth: spikes capitate. Described by Torrey, but not named. 
 
 19—15. Acal'ypha. 96. Euph. ton. irri. sto. 
 
 vir'ginica, (three-seeded mercury. O. g. Au. 0.) hairy: pistillate flowers at the base 
 of the staminate spike: involucres heart-ovate, acuminate, toothed: leaves short- 
 petioled, lance-oblong, remotely and obtusely serrate. Coarse and unsightly. Varies 
 nmch in the density of its leaves and in height. 10 i. <S'. 
 
 car 'uU Ilia' na, Wr. (O. g. Ju. 2X-) leaves on long petioles, lance-oval, acuminate, 
 acutely serrate, nerved, slightly cordate at the base: fruit-bearing branches 
 generally naked: capsule echinate. The existence of this species in the 
 Northern Slates is questioned. 18 in. S. T. P. O. 
 
 (1) Sida Abutilon. 
 Abutilon. Gr. a negative, bous cattle, (or aboulcs) unfit for cattle's food; though it 
 
 appears otiierwise. 
 Acacia. Gr. akakia, from aliaio to shaipen, in allusion to its thorny habit. 
 Acalypha. Gr. a not kalos agreeable and aphe to touch, disagreeable to handle. 
 
112 ACER, ACERATES. 
 
 8 — 1. A'cEU.* C5. Aceri. nut. ton. sug. 
 
 rubrum, (red maple, soft maple. O. r. Ap. ^.) leaves palmate, 5-Iobed, cordate at 
 the base, unequally gash-toothed, glaucous beneath, dividing incisions between the 
 lobes acute: flowers in fives, in sessile umbels, with long pedicels: germs glabrous. 
 50 f. S. Mich. 
 
 da'sycar'pum, (1) (white maple, silver maple. O. g-y. ^.) leaves palmate-5-lobed, 
 truncate at the base, unequally gash-toothed, glabrous and glaucous beneath, ob- 
 tusely sinuate: flowers glomerate; pedicels short: germs downy. 50 f. S- P. B. 
 T. Mich. 
 
 barbatum, Mx. (2) (hairy maple, w-g. Ap. >?.) leaves heart-ovate, short-3-lobed, un- 
 equally serrate, glaucous beneath, and hairy at the nerves: peduncles hairy, stamin- 
 ate ones branching, pistillate ones simple: calyx bearded within; wings of the cap- 
 sules erect. Small. 15 f. S. T. Y. 
 
 sacckari'num, (sugar maple, rock maple, hard maple. O. r-y. M. ^.) leaves palmate- 
 5-lobed, at the base sub-cordate, acuminate, obtusely sinuate, sinuate-toothed, 
 glaucous beneath: peduncles in a nodding corymb. Large tree. 50 f. S. Mich. 
 
 ni'grum, Mx. (sweet-tree, black maple. W. y. Ap. Tj.) leaves palmate 5-lobed, 
 cordate with the sinus at the base closed, lobes spreading somewhat sinuate-toothed, 
 downy beneath: flowers corymbed: capsules turgid, sub-globose. Large tree, af- 
 fording almost as much sugar as the last. 50 f. S. T. 
 
 striatum, Mx. (3) (striped maple, false dogwood, moose-wood. O. g. M. ^.) lower 
 leaves roundish, upper ones 3-cuspidate-acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous: ra- 
 cemes simple, pendant. Smajl tree, with a greenish-striped bark. 15 f. S. T. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 spicatum, Lk. (4) (mountain maple bush. A. y-g. M. ^.) leaves sub-5-lobed, acute, 
 toothed, pubescent beneath: racemes compound, erect. 15 f S. T. O. N. Mich. 
 
 macTophhyl'lum, Ph. (W. g-y. Ap. ^.) leaves digitate-5-lobed; sinus rounded, lobes 
 somewhat 3-lobed, repand-toothed, hairy beneath: racemes erect: filaments 9, 
 
 hirsute. 40 f West of Rocky Mountains. 
 
 cir'cina'tUTH, Ph. (W. ) leaves orbicular, sub-cordate at the base, 7-lobed, unequally 
 acute-toothed, glabrous both sides, nerves and veins hairy at the axils. 
 
 glabrum, T. & J. (W.) leaves roundish, 5 or 7-lobed, truncate at the base, lobes 
 acutely toothed, glabrous both sides: corymbs peduncled: fruit glabrous, with broad- 
 ovate diverging wings. R. 
 
 tripartitum, fi. (^'.) leaves sub-reniform-orbicular, 3-cleft or 3-parted, segments in- 
 cisely toothed, the middle one cuneiform, often slightly lobed, the lateral ones 
 somewhat rhomboid; racemes corymbose; fruit glabrous, with very short and broad 
 cuneate oval, diverging wings. A shrub with whitish smooth branches. Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 grandidentalum, N. (^0 leaves slightly cordate or truncate at the base, rather deeply 
 3-lobed; the sinuses broad and rounded, lobes slightly acute, with few sinuous 
 indentations; corymb nearly sessile, few-flowered, the pedicels long and nodding; 
 fruit glabrous, with small diverging wings. A shrub or low tree, with pale, smooth 
 branches and small leaves. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 18 — 5. Acer'ates. (5) 47. Asd. acr. stim. sud. 
 
 tir'idiflo'ra, Ph. (green milkweed, E. g. Ju. 21-) stem simple, erect, hirsute; leaves 
 lance-oblong, obtusish, sub-sessile, downy-hirsute both sides: umbels lateral, soli- 
 tary, sub-sessile, nodding, sub-globose, dense flowered: no little horn in the necta- 
 rines. Dry. 3 f. S. H. C. 
 
 Ian' ceola' ta, Ives. (E. g. Ju. 2i-) stem decumbent, hirsute: leaves lanceolate, acute, 
 sub-sessile: umbels hirsute, lateral, solitary, sessile, sub-globose, dense-flovvered, 
 nodding: no little horn in the nectaries. Dry sandy plains. A very distinct and 
 well defined species. 30 i. S. H. C. Mich. 
 
 lon'gifo'lia E. Mx. (E. w-r. M. 2/.) stem decumbent: leaves alternate, linear: umbels 
 lateral, erect: nectary very short: no little horn in tlie nectaries. 2 f. Mich. 
 
 *The species negundo now constitutes a new genus; which see in the species part. 
 
 cer. Lat. acer hard or sharp; pikes and lances being made of it. 
 
 cerates. Gr. a without and kerns horn; it having no nectary horn. 
 
 (1) eriocarpum, Mx. (2) carolinianum, Wr. (3) pennsylvanicum, W. (4) mon- 
 
 num, W. pennsylvanicum, Wm. (5) Asclepias, Gomphocarpus. 
 
ACERATES, ACONITUM. 113 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nultaWia'na, T. (W. g. 7i.) small, decumbent, hirsute: leaves oblong-ovate, scatter- 
 ed, acutish, short petioled; umbels terminal: nectaries entire, close-pressed: masses 
 of pollen short: no little horn in the nectaries. 6 i. This is the lanuginosa of 
 Nuttall. 
 
 obotuta, E. (E. If.) leaves 6bovate, obtuse, mucronate, tomentose on the under sur- 
 face: umbels sub-sessile, terminal and axillary. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 17 — 2. A'chille'a. 55. Anthe. sec- slim. ton. 
 
 miWefo'lia, (yarrow, milfoil. O. w. J. Zf.) leaves 2-pinnatifid, downy: the divisions 
 linear, toothed, mucronate: involucre and stem furrowed. 15 i. .Si. 
 
 ptarniica, (sneeze-wort. w. Au. 2{.) leaves linear, acuminate, equally and sharply 
 serrate, glabrous. Damp. 15 i. Y. Pun. sal. 
 
 sctacca, P. (W. w. Ap. 2i.) leaves bipini'ate; leafets setaceous-linear, mucronate, 
 pilose, crowded: corymb compound, fasiigiale. 18 i. 
 
 Suuthern. 
 
 iomentosa, W. (W. y. J. 21-) leaves 2-pinnatifid, villose; divisions crbwded, lance- 
 linear, entire: corymbs compound. 
 
 asplenifolia, V. (r. 21.) radical leaves 2-pinnatifid, cauline ones gashed with divisions 
 ovate, serrate-mucronate, obtuse. 
 
 12 — 1. AcHLYs. 78. Berb. ref. ton. 
 
 triphjlla, Do. {li.) leaves radical, long-petioled, terete: scape longer than the leaves, 
 erect: spike terminal. Fort Vancouver, Oregon. 
 
 Acfmaniherum, Agrostis. 
 
 15 — 5. Achyran'thes. 30. Amaran. diu. ast. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 repens, E. (1) (forty-knot. E. March. Zf.) stem prostrate, hairy; leaves opposite, 
 
 petioled, lanceolate: flowers in sessile, ovate, axillary heads. Charleston, S. C. 
 Jicoi'dca, W. (E. Ju. 7S-) stem creeping, glabrous: leaves broad-lanceolate, petioled: 
 flowers in spherical, pubescent heads. Charleston, S. C. 
 
 17 — 2. Acmel'la. 55. Helian. sec- stim. ton. 
 Southern, 
 repens, E. (E. y. S. Zf.) stem creeping: leaves lance-ovate, toothed, 3-nerved, sub- 
 pubescent: peduncles axillary and terminal, very long, 1-flowered. 18 i. 
 oc' culenta' lis? N. (E. ) stem creeping, sub-pubescent: leaves ovate, crenate, obsoletely 
 3-nerved, smooth, petioled, peduncle axilhiry, grooved: involucre minute. Resem- 
 bles a Rudbeckia. Peduncles 3 inches long. 
 
 20—5. Acni'da. 29. Cheno. ton. nut. 
 
 can'nahi'na, (water hemp. L. w-g. Ju. 0.) leaves lanceolate: capsules smoothish, 
 acute-angled. Damp or wet, both on salt marshes and inland. 3 f. &'. H. N. Mch. 
 
 ruscocar'pa, (w-g. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-oval: capsules rugose, obtuse-angled. Damp, 
 o. 
 
 12 — 5. Acom'tom. 61. Ran. acr. caus. poi. 
 
 uncina'tum, (monk's hood. W. b. J. Zf.) stem flexuose: leaves palmate, 3 to5-parted; 
 divisions rhomb-lanceolate, gash-toothed: u 
 vex, beaked. Cultivated. 2 f. S. M. P. 
 
 divisions rhomb-lanceolate, gash-toothed: upper lip of the corol lengthened, con- 
 
 Achillea. From a Greek physician, Acliilles, who used it in medicine. 
 Achlys. Gr. achlus shady places; growing in shady places. 
 Achyranthes. Gr. achuron chaffy and anthos a flower. 
 Acmella. Gr. acme, point, on account of the prickly taste of the leaves. 
 Acnida. Gr. a without and knide a nettle or sting; a stingless nettle. 
 Aconitum. Gr. akone a clift' or rugged rock, its place of growth. 
 (1) Gomphrena polygodoides, L.Illecebrum achyrantha, Wr. and puleginoides. Mi. 
 15 
 
114 ACONITUM, ACTINOMERIS. 
 
 napellus, (wolf's bane. b. J. 21.) leaves shining, 5-parted; the divisions 3-parted by 
 gashed incisions, sub-divisions linear: upper lip of the corol lanceolate, ascending, 
 2-cleft; spur strait, obtuse. 2 f. West of Rocky Mt. Cultivated. 
 
 nasutum, Sr. (W. ) nectaries erect, spur arched: helmet conic, beak bent down: 
 racemes sub-panicled; divisions of the leaves broadish. West of Rocky Mt. 
 
 columbianum, N. (21. w. b.) petals erect, with the spur arcuate; helmet narrow and 
 oblong: beak small and acutely projecting; stem attenuated; panicle small and 
 racemose; leaves palmate, 5 to 7-cleft; segments rhombic-ovate, acute, incisely 
 and sharply toothed; petioles very short. Oregon. 
 
 6 — 1. A'coRus. 7. Aroi. war. acr. aro. cat. ast. 
 
 calamus, (sweet flag, calamus. O. g-y. J. 2X.) spike protruding from the side of a 
 sword-form leaf-like scape. Water or wet. Root strongly aromatic. 2 f. S. O. 
 T. B. Mch. 
 
 21 — 1. Acros'tichum. 5. Fill. sec. stim. 
 Southern. 
 aureum, Mx. (forkfern. Ju. Zf.) frond pinnate; leafetsstiped, bases wedge-form, lance- 
 oblong, entire, acuminate; the upper ones fruit-bearing. Very large, 4 or 5 feet 
 high. 
 
 12 — 1. Actae'a. 61. Ran. acr. caus. poi. antis. exp. cat. 
 
 rubra, W. (1) (baneberry. O. w.*"M. Ti-) petals shorter than the stamens, acute; 
 pedicels of the hemispheric raceme less than the general peduncles when mature. 
 Berries red. Bw. MS. 2 f. &'. Mch. 
 
 alba, Bw. (necklace weed, white beads. O. w. M. 21-) petals equalling the stamens, 
 truncate: pedicels of the oblong raceme as large as the general peduncle, when 
 mature. Berries white. The leaves of both species are decompound. 2 f. Mch. 
 
 arguta, N. (Zf. W.) raceme oblong, sometimes divided towards the base, loose: pedi- 
 cels longer than flowers, filiform, scarcely thickened in fruit; petals oblong, obtuse, 
 shorter than the stamens; fruit sub-globose, red; leafets doubly and incisely serrate. 
 Oregon. 
 
 17^2. Actinel'la. (2) 55. Helian. sec. stim. ton. 
 Southern, 
 acau'lis, (W. y. J. 21.) pilose: scape l-flowered, naked: leaves linear-spatulate, en- 
 tire: rays 8 to 10: chaffs of the egret 5 to 7, ovate, short-awned. 6 i. 
 
 ActinocMoa, Atheropogon. 
 
 17. — 3. Actinome'ris. 55. Helian. sec. stim. ton. 
 
 squarro'sa, N. (W. w. y. Au. 2i-) stem erect, winged, pubescent and panicled above: 
 leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous: involucre spreading, loose: receptacle sub- 
 globose, at length squarrose. 3 f. iS. H. K. Mis. 
 
 So2ithcrn. 
 
 heiianthoi'des, (W. y.) leaves lanceolate, acute, serrate, UHder side white- villose: 
 corymb simple, compact. Stem winged. 
 
 alata, (E.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, opposite, decurrent. 
 
 pauciflora, N. (W.) simple? leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, serrulate, decurrent: pe- 
 duncles few-flowerad, long and naked. Florida. 
 
 Acorus. Gr. a without «& kore the pupil of the eye; it being once supposed good for 
 sore eyes. 
 
 Acrostichum. Gr. akros highest and stikos order, from the row of leafets at the top. 
 
 Actaea. From Acteon, a hunter of antiquity; or from Gr. aktaia, the elder, from its 
 resemblance to that plant. 
 
 Actinella. A diminutive of Actinea, of aktin a ray, from its wide spread rays. 
 
 Actinomeris. Gr. aktin a ray and meris a part, the flower being imperfect, with re- 
 spect to rays. 
 (1) brachypetala, Dc. ameiicana, Ph. spicata, Mx. pachypoda, E. (2) Actinea, 
 
 Galardia. 
 
ADIANTUM, AESCULUS- 115 
 
 Addia, Borya. 
 21—1. Adian'tum. 5. Fib. sec. stim. ton. pec. 
 
 pedatum, (maiden hair. O. J. 2i.) frond pedate, with pinnate branches; leafets halv- 
 ed; upper margin gashed — barren segments toothed, fertile ones entire: stipe cap- 
 pillary, very glabrous. Woods. 1 f. iS'. Mch. Makes cappellaire. 
 
 16 — 5. Adlumia. 93. Fum. diu. ape. dia. 
 
 ciJT/josrt, Raf. (chmbing colic- weed. O. y. w. J. $.) stem climbing, leaves cirrous: 
 racemes axillary, corymbed, nodding; corol monopetalous, gibbous both sides of 
 the base. S. Cultivated. This is the Corydalis fungosa of Kent. Mch. 
 
 12—13. Ado'nis. 61. Ran. acr. caus. poi. emm. 
 Exotic. 
 autumna'lis, (pheasant's eye. Au. 0.) flowers 5 to 8-petaIled: fruit sub-cylindrip: 
 pet9,ls erose, or emarginate. 
 
 8^4. Adox'a. 84. Saxi. ast. 
 Southern, 
 moschatel'lina, {t\ihero\is moschatel. W. g.) peduncles about 4-flowered: filaments 
 united in pairs at the base; anthers roundish. 
 
 3 — 2. Aje'gilops. 10. Gram. ton. far. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hystrix, N. (W. Zf.) spike squarrose, with long, recurved, divergent awns; glumes 
 smooth, generally 4-parted to the base; segments mostly 2-cleft, unequally 2-awn- 
 ed: spikelets about 4-flowered: dorsal valves of the paleas terminated by 2 or 3 un- 
 equal awns. 6 i. 
 
 16 — 10. Aeschtnom'ene. 93. Sega. ant. ap. nut. 
 
 hispida, W. (false sensitive plant, y-r. Ju. 0.) stem erect; stem and petioles tuber- 
 cle-hispid: leaves in many pairs; leafets linear, obtuse; stipules membranaceous, 
 half arrow-form; racemes simple, few-flowered: loments hispid. Wet. 30 i. S. 
 T. P. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 viscid'ula, (y. 21.) stem prostrate, slender, viscid-hairy: leafets 7 or 9, obovate: 
 peduncles generally 2-flowered: loment hairy; joints deeply notched. Sandy. 3 f. 
 
 glaber'rima, Poir, glabrous: stem erect, terete: leafets linear: 30 — 35 pair: pedun- 
 cles few flowered: legumes glabrous, punctate; 10 to 12 jointed, straight or round- 
 ish. Carolina. 
 
 7 — 1. Ae'sculus. 66. Hippo, ton. art. feb. gan. 
 
 glabra, (little buck-eye. W. y. w. M. ^.) leaves in fives, glabrous: corol 4-petalIed, 
 spreading; claws as long as the calyx: stamens longer than the corol: fruit spinose. 
 30 f. S. Lexington. Dr. Short. Mch. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 hippocas'tanum, (horse-chesnut. r. y. w. J. >;.) fruit prickly: corol 5-petalled: leafets 
 7, wedge-obovate, acute, toothed. Flowers speckled. 
 
 Adiantum. Gr. a not and diaino to moisten, from water sliding off" easily. 
 
 Adonis. From Adonis the favorite of Venus, who was reported to have been changed 
 
 into a flower. 
 Adoxa. Gr. a not and doxa glory, from its diminutive appearance. 
 Aegilops. Gr. digos, goat and o/;s appearance, from its roughness. 
 Aeschynomene. Gr. aischanomai to be bashful, on account of its sensibility. 
 Aeeculus. Lat. esca food; a term anciently applied to a differen^' ruit tree. 
 
no PAVIA, AGRIMONIA. 
 
 S. G. Pa' VIA. 
 Southern. 
 
 macTosta' chya, (W. w. Ap. >>,) stamens much longer than the 4-petalled corol: 
 raceme very long: leafets 5. By rivers in Georgia. 
 
 rubra, (b-r. ^.) stamens shorter than the 4-petalled corol: leafets 5, oblong-oval, 
 acute at both ends; petioles and leafets glabrous, with the axils of the nerves hairy 
 beneath. 
 
 kyhrida, (w-r. ^.) stamens shorter than the 3-petalled coroh petals glabrous: leafets 
 5, oblong-oval, acuminate at both ends, pubescent. Georgia. 
 
 fiava, (w-y. \.) stamens siiorter than tiie 4-pelalied corol: petioles hairy, flattish 
 above: leafets 5 to 7, oblong-oval, acute at both ends: the under side, and the nerves 
 on the upper side, hairy. Virginia. Kentucky. Very large tree. Dr. Short. 
 
 dis' color. Ph. (W. w. y. r. M. '^ ■) leaves in five divisions, acuminate at each end, 
 downy beneath, unequally serrulate: claws of the petals as long as the calyx: fruit 
 not awned. 4 f. 
 
 cali/oniica, N. (w. h, ) stamens longer than the corol; petals 4 to 5: panicles short 
 and dense; leaves in 5 divisions, divisions ovate-lanceolate or elliptical-oblong, 
 acuminate, sub-cordate or rounded at the base, serrulate, glabrous, paler and some- 
 what glaucous beneath. California. 
 
 5 — 2. Aethu'sa. 60. Umbel, ton. nar. if nau, poi. 
 
 Soulher7i, 
 
 divaricata, (fool's parsley, E. w. 0.) stem erect, slender: leaves biternate: segments 
 
 narrow-linear: umbels terminal, without involucres; partial umbels 3 to 5-flowered. 
 
 Fruit hispid. 
 lep'toplnjl'la, (W. r. w. 0.) leaves biternate, gashed; margin of the acute segments 
 
 entire: umbel 3-parted, sessile; partial umbels naked, few-flowered. ] f 
 pinna'ta, N. (1) (W.) leaves cut pinnate: segments distant, in few pairs, linear, 
 
 entire, terminal one very long: fruit oval-oblong. Arkansas. 
 cynapium, (E.) leaves all uniformly pinnate: leafets pinnatifid, shining. 
 
 Afzclia, Sevmeria. 
 
 Agathyrus, Sqnchus. 
 
 16—10. Agati. Legu. ant. aper. nut. 
 
 grandiflora. De\v. {h ) leaves abruptly pinnate, with numerous leafets: stipules 
 lanceolate, caducous: racemes axillary, 2 to 4-dowered, flowers very large; legumes 
 pendulous, a foot or more long. Southern Florida. Bit. ton. 
 
 6 — 1. Aga've. 15. Brom. ref. cath. 
 
 pirginica, (agave. W. y-g. S. 2i-) stemless: leaves with cartilaginous serratures: 
 scape very simple. /S'. P. K. 
 
 17 — 1. Ager'atum. 53. Helian. sec- stim. 
 
 piexican%tm, ( b. J. 0.) hispid: leaves cordate, ovate, crenate, rugose: corymb 
 
 compound: chaff's of the egret lanceolate, awned. Cultivated. From Mexico. 
 
 11 — 2. Agrimo'nia. 92. Rosa. ton. ast. ref. feb. gas. ves. 
 
 cvpato'ria, (agrimony, O. y. Ju. 2i-) cauline leaves interruptedly pinnate, the terminal 
 leafet petioled: leafets obovate, gash-toothed, almost glabrous: flowers sub-sessile: 
 petals rarely twice as long as the calyx: fruit hispid. 2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 Pavia. Lat. peacock, from its ocellate feathers. 
 
 Aethusa. Gr. aUhousa, beggarly, from its habit and appearance. 
 
 Agave. Gr. agavos, admirable, from its beautiful appearance. 
 
 Ageratum. Gr. a, without, gcras, old age, as it never changes color. 
 
 Agrimonia. Gr. agros a field and monos alone, from its being the chief of wild herbsj 
 
 in the opinion of ancient physicians. 
 
 (1) Cynosciadium. Dc. 
 
AGRIMONIA, AGROSTIS. 117 
 
 parviflo'ra, A. (dotted agrimony, W. y. Ju. 21.) cauline leaves pinnate: leafets mostly 
 lanceolate, serrate; terminal ones sessile; petals once and a half the length of the 
 calyx. P. Y. P. 
 
 striata, (W. 2S-) spikes wand-like: fruit reflexed, turbinate, furrow-striate: at the apex 
 appearing as if crowned, hispid. Canada. 
 
 Soiithcrn. 
 suaveolevs, (W. y. Ju. Zf.) stem very hispid: leaves interruptedly pinnate; leafets 
 numerous, narrow, lanceolate, acutely toothed, scabrous above, and pubescent be- 
 neath: fruit turbinate, smoolii at the base. 5 f. Wet. St. Louis. 
 
 10 — 5. A'grostem'ma. 82. Gary. em. ton. 
 
 githago, (1) (cockle, O. r. J. 0.) hirsute: calyx longer than the corol: petals entire. 
 -S. Mch. 
 
 Exotic, 
 corona'ria, (rose campion. Au. $.) tomentose: leaves lance-ovate: petals emargmate. 
 
 3 — 2. Agros'tis. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod. 
 
 stricta, W. (bent grass. E. J. 21') panicle elongated, strait: glumes equal: paleas 
 smaller than the glumes, unequal, with an awn at the base of the outer one longer 
 than the flower. Y. N. 
 
 tuLga'ris, S. (red-top. O. J. ![.) panicle with smoothish branches, spreading in matu- 
 rity: outer palea 3-nerved; stipule sliort, truncate. 18 i. Mch. 
 
 alba, (white-top, bonnet grass, O. J. ZC-) panicle with liispid, spreading, lax-branches: 
 outer palea 5-nerved: stipule oblong. 18 1. Var. dcxumbens, (florin grass,) stem 
 decumbent. This variety is comsidered as a distinct species by some, and called 
 stolonifcra. S. Mch. 
 
 lat' erifio' ra, Mx. (W. Au. 21.) culm erect, branched above, sending off" shoots at the 
 base: panicle lateral and terminal, dense; glumes acuminate: paleas longer than 
 the glumes, equal, hairy at the base, awnless. Root creeping. Leaves broad, with 
 scabrous margins and compressed sheaths. 2 f — mericuna, perhaps a synonym", is 
 too vague in its application to be retained. Var. fiUforinis, has a very slender 
 panicle, and the paleas nearly equalling the glume — sometimes the culm is sub-de- 
 cumbent. Swamps. ,Sf. Y. P. O. N. Mch. 
 
 sobolif'era, M. (Au. 2_f.) stems setiding off shoots, and sometimes decumbent, at the 
 base; but mostly erect, branched: panicle contracted, filiform, simple; branches com- 
 pressed: paleas longer than the equal glumes, hairy at the base, valves equal, awn- 
 less. mucronate. Resembles Var. fiiiformis of the lateriflora. Woods. P. Y. N. 
 
 temiiflo'ra. W. (W. Ju. 2_[. ) culm almost simple, hairy at the joints; branches, when 
 present, close-pressed: stipules obsolete: panicle contracted, with filiform branches: 
 paleas considerably longer than the glumes; the lower valve with an awn twice as 
 long as the flower. 3 f Woods. .S'. P. N. Mch. 
 
 sylvatica, T. (A. 2_[.) culm erect, mucli branched, diff"use, smooth (glabrous?) stipule 
 lacerated: panicle with filiform branches: paleas longer than the glumes, with awns 
 thrice as long as the flower. The difl'usa. M. 3 f 
 
 com/iressa, T. (S. 21-) whole plant glabrous: culm erect, compressed, simple: panicle 
 oblong, sub-contracted, with capillary branches: glumes equal, shorter than the 
 paleas, acute: paleas sub-obtuse, smooth (glabrous?) at the base. Stem sending oiF' 
 shoots at the base. 18 i. Swamps in sandy plains. Y. 
 
 sero'tina, T. (S. 21.) culm filiform, much compressed: leaves narrow, keeled, erect: 
 panicle attenuated; branches capillary, erect, with alternating branchlets: glumes 
 unequal, half as long as the awnless paleas. 18 i. Swamps in sandy plains. 
 
 juncea, Mx. (Oc. 21.) leaves strait, erect, setaceous, convolute: panicle long-pyra- 
 midal, whorled: flowers awnless; glumes half as long as the paleas. The indica 
 ofM. 2f S. P. Y. 
 
 virginica, (S. 2/?) culms sub-cespistose, numerous, procumbent at the base and assur- 
 genl above: leaves dichotomous, involute, rigid: panicles lateral and teiminal, 
 
 Agrostemma. Gr. agros a field, and stemma a garland, from its beauty. 
 Agrostis. Gr. agros a field, it being eminently an occupant of fields. 
 (1) Lychnis. Do. 
 
118 AGROSTIS, AIRA. 
 
 Bpike-foim — kterai ones concealed: glumes equal, and about equalling the paleas. 
 No stipules; stamens minute. Has been mistajsen for pun gens. Sandy. S. M. 
 
 longifolia, T. (2i-) panicle contracted, spiked, generally concealed: paleas much 
 longer than the glumes, sub-equal, glabrous, without spots or awns: leaves filiform, 
 very long, recurved at the tips, Torrey intioduces this species to conjoin the sup- 
 posed two species inzoliita and aspera. 3 f. Sandy. N. 
 
 clandes' tina, SI. (W. S. 2X.) panicle spiked, partly concealed: paleas unequal, much 
 longer than the glumes, hairy and spotted, slightly awned: leaves very long, rigid: 
 stipule bearded. 2 f. Sandy. S. P. N. T. 
 
 spi'ca-ven'ti, W. (bent-grass. J. 0.) panicles spreading: awn of the outer palea 
 straight, stiffly erect, very long. P. 
 
 canina, W. (brown bent-grass. Ju. 2_[.) culm prostrate, sub-ramose: glumes elongated: 
 paleas with recurved awns on their backs. Wet. These two last species, Pursh 
 says, were introduced. 
 
 cryptandria, T. & J. (W.) panicle pyramidal, with spreading, sub-alternate branches, 
 hairy at the axils: flowers sub-racemed, unarmed: lower glumes very short: upper 
 one as long as the nearly equal paleas: sheaths bearded at the throat. 3 f. Very 
 abundant at Buffalo. Aikin. 
 
 Sotithern. 
 
 arachnoides, E. (Ap. 2X-) stem erect: panicle long, slender: glumes scarcely longer 
 than the paleas; the outer palea with a long weak spider web-like awn on the back. 
 6i. 
 
 tricliopodes, E. (F. S.) panicle long, diffuse; capillary: paleas equal; the outer one 
 with a short awn: leaves linear, flat. 3 f. Stipules long, membranaceous. 
 
 dispar, Mx. ( W.) erect, large: panicle loose, somewhat in a whorled pyramid, many- 
 flowered: glumes unawned, with the outer valve largest, and one of the inner very 
 small. 
 
 pauciflora, Ph. (Ju. If.) panicle with filiform, 1-flowered branches: paleas awned, 
 twice as long as the unequal glumes, hirsute: sheaths villose. 18 i. 
 
 airoides, T. & J. (W. ) panicle pyramidal, with branches somewhat in pairs, spread- 
 ing; naked at tiie axils: flowers solitary, unarmed; glumes unequal, mostly shorter 
 than the nearly equal paleas: sheaths bearded at the throat. 
 
 £a£spilo'sa, T. &J. (W. ) caespitose: culm branched, somewhat incurved: leaves 
 involute, sub-dichotomous, pungent: panicle coniracted: flowers awned. 4 i. 
 
 brevifolia, N, (W. ) leaves much shorter than the solid, compressed, cespitose culms: 
 panicle with alternate, close-pressed racemes: glumes equal, about half as long as 
 the paleas. 1 f. 
 
 3—2. Ai'ra. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod. 
 
 Jlexuosa, (hair-grass. O. J. 2f.) panicle spreading, trichotomous: branches flexuose: 
 
 glumes a little shorter than the florets, and about the length of the awn: leaves 
 
 setaceous: culm nearly naked. 20 i. .S'. 
 £aespitosa, (J. 2X-) panicle diffuse: florets about the length of the glumes: awn short, 
 
 straight: leaves flat. Wet. 18. i. . P. W. Mch. 
 ■arislulata, T. (Au. 7i-) panicle capillary, spreading: branches whorled and flexuose: 
 
 glumes 2-flowered, shorter than the florets: superior floret pedicelled; outer palea 
 
 truncate, laciniate, with an awn a little below tlie middle, scarcely exsert. 3 f. 
 
 Onondaga lake. jS. 
 pumila, Ph. (J. 21.) panicle small, fastigiate, few-flowered: pedicels short: florets 
 
 awnless, obtuse, twice as long as the glumes: valves with membranaceous margins: 
 
 leaves flat, smooth: culm erect, scarcely longer than the leaves. 1 i. In close 
 
 tufls. P. 
 
 Southern, 
 capillacea, Lk. panicle capillary,- very large, diffuse: florets not awned, longer than 
 
 the glumes; one on a footstalk. 8 i. 
 oUusata, Mx. (March. If.) leaves flat: panicle contracted: flowers smooth, obtuse: 
 
 inner glume obliquely truncate. 2 f. P. W. Y. 
 agualica, W. (water hair grass. M. 2i.) panicles spreading, half-whorled: flowers 
 
 beardless, obtuse, smooth, longer than the glumes: leaves flat: culm creeping. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Aira. Gr. deadly instrument; but no poisonous plant is now included in the genus, if 
 ever. 
 
AJUOA, ALLlUiVI. 119 
 
 13 — 1. A'jUGA. 42. Lab. ton. sto. 
 
 cha'maepVOnjs, W. (bugle, y. J. f^.) leaves 3-cleft: flowers axillary, solitary, shorter 
 than the leaves: stem diffused. 
 
 4 — 1. Alchemil'la. 92. Caly. aro. ton. 
 
 alflina, (lady's mantle. A. w. 21.) leaves digitate, serrate at the extremities, white 
 satiny beneath. Mts. N. Plampshire. 
 
 6 — 1. Ale'tris. 16. Asph. sti. ton. ex. sto. rhu. 
 
 farinosa, (false aloe, unicorn root, false star grass. W. y. 2X-) steniless: leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, withering at the tips; scape with alternate pedicelled, mostly farinaceous- 
 flowers. This plant grows plentifully in Brimfield, (Mass.) Here the inhabitants 
 use the root as a tonic, which at the same time serves as a moderate cathartic. 
 The root is intensely bitter. Meadows. S. C. D. N. K. Michigan. 
 
 aurea, Mx. (yellow star-root. y. Ju. TJ.) flowers sub-sessile, short-tubular, sub-cam- 
 panulate; fertile corols rugose, very scabrous; leaves lance-ensiform, acute. ;Sf. 
 P. Y. 
 
 6 — 13. Alis'ma. 13. Alizm, stim. acr. hyd. 
 
 planta'go, (1) (water plantain, mad dog weed. O. w. Ju. 2X-) leaves ovate or heart- 
 ovate, obtuse or abruptly acuminate, 5 to 9-nerved; fruit 3-cornered: flowers 
 whorled. Var. parvifloni, flowers smaller: leaves about 5 or 7-nerved. Difference 
 scarcely sufficient for a variety. Wet and water. »??. Michigan. 
 
 natans, W. (L. Ju. 2i.) leaves ovate, obtuse: peduncles solitary. Water or wet. 
 
 4 — 1. Allio'nia. 32. Nycta. cat. 
 Southern, 
 otata. Ph. (W. Au. §J.) stem diffused, dichotomous: leaves ovate, .a little scabrous or 
 naked: flowers terminal, fascicle-racemed, involucre half 5-cleft; divisions round, 
 acutish, net-veined. 
 muUiflora,'?.&,5.{'W.) pulverulently pubescent: leaves broad-cordate, acute, very 
 entire: involucre 7 or 8-flowered, 5-clefi: flowers sub-pentandrous: stamens scarcely 
 exsert. Flowers very large. Near Rocky Mt. 
 
 6 — 1. Allium. 16. Aa^h. stim. exp. abs. 
 
 canaden'se, (meadow garlic, W. M. Ti-) scape naked, terete; leaves linear: head 
 bulbiferous. 18 i. S. P. O. T. W. N. K. Michigan. 
 
 vinede, (field-garlic. W. p. J. 210 cauline leaves rounded, fistulous: umbels bulbife- 
 rous: stamens alternately tricuspidate. 8 i. T. Y. P. K. 
 
 tiiflorum, (mountain leak, W. A. M. 21.) scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves: 
 leaves lanceolate, nerved: umbels few-flowered. 
 
 cer'nuuin, Roth. (W. r. Ju. 21.) scape naked, quadrangular, umbelliferous; leaves 
 linear, nearly flat: umbels cernuous: stamens simple: germ 6-toothed. 18 i. S. 
 M. H. K. Michigan. 
 
 tricoccum, A. (tliree-seed leek. W. A. w. J. 2£.) scape naked, nearly terete: leaves 
 lanceolate-oblong, flat, smooth: umbel globose: seeds solitary. P. W. N. K. Mi- 
 chigan. 
 
 Exotic, 
 cepa, (garden onion, Ju. 2i-) scape naked, swelling towards the base, longer than the 
 
 terete leaves. 
 fistuLosum, (welch onion. Zf.) scape naked, equalUng the terete ventricose leaves. 
 
 Ajuga. Gr. a privative and zugon a yoke, not paired. 
 Alchemilla. So called because it was celebrated by the alchemists. 
 Aletris. Gr. aeliar, meal; its corol being lined with meal. 
 Alisma. From the Celtic, alls, water: its place of residence. 
 AUionia. In honor of Allioni, an Italian botanist. 
 Allium. Gr. alco to avoid on account of its disacrreeable odor. 
 (1) trivialis Ph. 
 
120 ALLIUM, ALTH.BA. 
 
 schanopra' sum, (cives. Ju. 2^.) scape naked, equalling the leaves which are terete- 
 filiform. 
 
 olera'ceum, (striped onion. Zf.) stem terete-leaved, bulb-bearing: leaves scabrous, semi- 
 terete, sulcale beneath: stamens simple. 
 
 asculo'jdcum, (shallot. Ju. 2i.) scape naked, terete: leaves subulate: umbels globose: 
 stamens tricuspidate. 
 
 porrum, (leek. Ju. 2X.) stem flat-leaved, umbelliferous: stamens tricuspidate: leaves 
 sheathing at the base. 
 
 sativum, (garlic. Ju. 71.) stem flat-leaved, bulb-bearing: bulb compound; stamens tri- 
 cuspidate. 
 
 fragrans, (false snow-drop. w. M. 2X.) scape terete: leaves linear, keeled, obtuse, 
 contorted: peduncles naked; stamens flat. 
 
 senescens, (false narcissus, 21.) scape naked, 2-edged: leaves linear, convex under side, 
 smooth: umbel round: stamens subulate. 
 
 Sonthem. 
 
 striatum, Ph. (W. w. March. Zf.) scape naked, slightly 3-angled: leaves linear, con- 
 cave, streaked on the back: corol expanding: stamens simple, included. 
 
 mutabile, Mx. (g-r. M. 21-) scape terete: leaves linear, flat; umbel many-flowered: 
 stamens simple, included: seeds solitary. 2 f. 
 
 stellatum, leaf linear, channelled, keeled under side: flowers in fastigiate umbels, 
 numerous: spathe acute: the 3- outer petals shorter, sub-obluse: capsule turbinate 
 3-sided: cells 2-seeded. 
 
 angulosum, (W. 2i-) scape naked, 2-edged: leaves linear, channelled, sub-angular be- 
 neath: umbel fastigiate. Damp. 
 
 19—4. Al'kus; W. (1) 99. Betu. ton. gar. 
 
 incana, W. ( ^ .) leaves oblong, acute, pubescent beneath: axils of the veins naked: 
 stipules lanceolate. P. 
 
 undulata, W. (2) (waved alder. Muh. says it grows in New-England. T) .) leaves ob- 
 long, acute, rounded at the base: petioles and veins hairy beneath; axils of the 
 veins naked: stipules ovate-oblong. 
 
 serrulafa, (alder, O. r-g..'Ap. ^.) leaves.obovate, acuminate: veins and their axils hairy 
 beneath, stipules oval, obtuse. 9 f. S. Mich. 
 
 glutinosa^ (Ap. ^.) leaves round-wedge form, obtuse, glutinous: axils of the veins 
 downy. D. N. ^ 
 
 glauca, Mx. (A. March. ^ .) leaves obwng, acute, doubly serrate, glaucous beneath; 
 axils of the veins. naked: stipules naked. Called black alder. 
 
 3 — 2. ALOPtcuRus. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod. 
 
 pratensis, (meadow grass; foxtail, W. J. 2i.)culm erect, smooth: spike cylindric: 
 paleas as lojig as the glumes. T. P. Y. N. 
 
 geniculatus, M. (3) (floatyig foxtail. W. Ju. H.) culm ascending, geniculate; spike 
 cylindrical: glumes a little connate at the base, hairy on the back and margin: pa- 
 leas truncate: styles free. 18 i. /S. Wms. C. N. O. T. Y. Mich. 
 
 Alsinc. Stellaria. 
 15 — 12. Althje'a. 74. Mai. muc. cat. 
 
 offlcina'lis, (marsh-mallows, r-y. Ju. Zf-) leaves downy, oblong-ovate: obsoletely 3- 
 lobed, toothed. 6 f. P. B. Cultivated. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ro'sea, (hollyhock. $ .) stem erect: leaves rough, heart-form, 5 to 7-angled; crenate. 
 Jicifolia, (fig-hollyhock. ,J.) leaves 7-lobed, sub-palmate, obtuse. 
 
 Alnus. Derived from the Celtic al near, Ian river side — Lat. alnus. 
 Alopecurus. Gr. alopcx a fox and oura a tail. 
 Althaea. Gr. alllia, to cure, from its many excellent properties. 
 (l)Betula, L. (2) crispa. (3) aristulatus, Mx. 
 
ALYSSUM, AMBROSIA. 121 
 
 14 — 1. Alys'sum. 63. Cruc. ant. nut. 
 
 hyperbo'reum, W. (VV.) stem herbaceous: leaves hoary, toothed; stamens 4, 2-forked. 
 Canada. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 saxatUe, (basket of gold. y. >>.) stem woody, panicled: leaves lanceolate, very sof\, 
 repand. 
 
 19 — 5. Amaran'thus 30- Amaran. ast. 
 
 atbus, W. (white coxcomb, W. g-w. Ju. 0.) glomerules axillary, triandrous: leaves 
 obovate, retuse; stem 4-cornered, simple. Common garden weed. 18 i. Y. P. C. 
 
 grte'cizans, W. (W. g. Au. 0.) glomerules axillary, triandrous: flowers 3-cleft: leaves 
 obovate, emarginate: stem teretish, branching. P. T. 
 
 oZem'ceus, (pot amaranth. Ju. 0.) glomerules axillary, branching: leaves wrinkled, 
 oblong, very obtuse, emarginate. Sometimes the flowers are pentandrous. 18 i-2 f. 
 C. W. Y. P. N. 
 
 hy'hridus, W. (W. Ju. %.) racemes pentandrous, doubly compound, heaped together, 
 erect: leaves ovate-lanceolate. P. C. Y. B. N. Mich. 
 
 panicula'tus, W. (Ju. 0.) racemes pentandrous, triply-compound: branches spread- 
 ing, pubescent: leaves ovate, lunceolate. P. 
 
 retrojkx'us, W. (rough amaranth. O. Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, triply-compound, 
 compact, erect: branches pubesent: leaves ovate, undulate. 
 
 hypochondria' CVS, W. (spleen amaranth. Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, compound, 
 compact, erecl: leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate. Leaves red. (False prince's- 
 feather.) P. Cultivated. 
 
 spinosus, W. (Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, terminal, compound: axils spinose. P. 
 
 pu'milus, R. (dwarf amaranth, g.) glomerules axillary: flowers pentandrous: calyx 
 5-sepalled, concave: leaves ovate, obtuse^ smooth and fleshy, sometimes retuse. 
 Scarcely twelve inches high. Y. C. 
 
 sanguin'eus, (g. Ju. 0.) flowers pentandrous, in decompound, erect, clustered ra- 
 cemes: leaves ovate-lanceolate. C. 
 
 blitum, (g. Ju. 0.) racemes triandrous, sub-spiked: flowers Ssepalled; leaves ovate, 
 retuse: stem spreading, or prostrate. B. 
 
 Exutic. 
 
 meliinchol'ims, (love-lies-bleeding, r. 0.) glomerules axillary, peduncled, roundish; 
 
 leaves lance-ovate, colored. 
 tri' color, (three-colored coxcomb. Ju. 0.) glomerules sessile: leaves lance-oblong, 
 
 colored. 
 lividus, (lead amaranth. Ju. 0.) glomerules triandrous, sub-spiked, roundish: leaves 
 
 oval, retuse: stem erect. 
 
 6 — 1. Amakyl'lis. 17. Ama. sti. poi. eme. 
 
 atamasco, (atamasco lily. w. &, r. J. 2X-) spathe 2-cleft, acute: flower pedicelled: 
 corol bell-form, sub-equal, erect: stamens declined. S. P. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Jormosis' sima, (jacobea. H.) spathe 1-flowered: corol ringent-like: petals declined. 
 
 19 — 5. Ambro'sia. 55. Amb. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 trifda, W. (great bitter-weed. O. g-y- Au. 0.) bristly, rough: leaves 3-lobed, serrate; 
 
 lobes oval, lanceolate, acuminate: fruit 6-spined, beneath the apex. From 5 to 8 
 
 feet high. Mich. 
 datior, W. (hogweed, Roman wormwood. O. Ju. #.) leaves doubly pinnatifid, 
 
 smoothish: petioles long, ciliated: racemes terminal, panicled: stem wand-like. 
 
 1 to 4 f. S. Mich. 
 
 Alyssum. Gr. alusso, to be mad, from its being supposed to cure mental maladies. 
 Amaranthus. a, not, and maraino, wither, from the durability of the flowers. 
 Amaryllis. From the nymph Amaryllis, mentioned in Virgil. 
 Ambrosia, a, primitive, and brotos, mortals, it being the food of the gods. 
 16 
 
123 AMBROSIA, AMORPHA. 
 
 artemisifolia, W. (S. 0.) leaves doubly-pinnatifid, hoary beneath, at the summit pin- 
 natifid: racemes terminal in threes: branches level-topped. <S. Y. P.. 
 
 panicuUita, W. (J. 0.) leaves glabrous, doubly pinnatitid, piniiatifid at the summit: 
 racemes terminal, solitary: branches level-topped. P. 
 
 heterophylla, W. (S. 0.) cauline leaves pinnatitid, sub-toothed, petioled; on the up- 
 per branches lanceolate sessile: petioles long ciliate: racemes terminal, solitary: 
 stem panicled. P. 
 
 bidenta'ta, Mx. (W. Ju. -^.) very hirsute: leaves closely sessile, simple, oblong, one- 
 toothed on each side above the spreading base: fruit 4-cornered, 4-spined below the 
 ape.x. 
 
 acantliicarpa, H. ( ) very branching, hispid with rigid rough bristles: leaves 
 
 bipinnatifid with linear segments: racemes terminal: fruit everywhere covered with 
 long rigid subulate spreading spines. Columbia river. 
 
 Southern, 
 hispi'da, Ph. (w. 0.) white-hispid on all parts; leaves 2-pinnatifid: divisions gashed; 
 
 racemes sub-panicied, terminal. Flowers large. 1 f. 
 tomentosa, N. (W. H.) leaves 2-pinnatifid, under side white-downy: spike solitary. 
 
 18 !• 
 
 Amelancliier, Aronia. 
 
 ^melius. EcLiPTA. 
 
 4 — 1. Ammann'ia. 91. Sali. ast. vul. irr. 
 
 romos'ior, (w-p. Au.) stem erect, thick, sub-terete: leaves lanceolate, dilated at the 
 base; lower flowers compactly whorled. Salt meadows. 6 i. Y. C. 
 
 hu'milis, Mx. (w-r. Au. 0. $.) stem procumbent at the base, branched, slender, 
 quadrangular: leaves lanceolate, slender at the base: flowers solitary. Stem led. 
 6i. P. - 
 
 Ammi. Sison. Discopleura. 
 
 17 — 1. Ammobium. 53. Cicho. sec-stim. 
 
 alatum, ( w. Z{.) stem winged: leaves oblong, undulate, decurrent. Culti- 
 
 vated. From N. Holland. 
 
 Ammyrsine. Leiophyllum. 
 
 16 — 10. Amor'pha. 93. Leg. nut. antis. aper. 
 
 frulicosa, (Var. emarginata, T. ) (W. Ju. \.) smooth sub-arborescent: leaves petioled, 
 emarginate: spikes aggregated, long: calyx hoary, pedicelled, one of the teeth acu- 
 minate, the rest obtuse: legume few-seeded. 6 f. iS. P. K. 
 
 glabra, (^.) somewhat woody, glabrous: leaves oval-oblong, lowerones distant from 
 the stem: calyx glabrous, with four teeth obtuse, and one acuminate, banner glan- 
 dular outside: legume few-seeded. 
 
 canescens, N. (lead plant. W. b. fpl) somewhat woody, white-villose: leafet^ near 
 each other, sub-sessile, oval-ovate, mucronate: spikes aggregated: flowers sub-ses- 
 sile: teeth of the calyx equal; ovate, acute. 18 i. Galena, Mich. 
 
 Sou^em. 
 
 jmbes'cms, Ph. (w. J. Tj ?) small shrubby; leaves on very short petioles, obtuse at each 
 end, hairy: spikes long, panicled, hairy: calyx sub-sessile with acuminate teeth. 
 3f. 
 
 nana, N. (W. p-b. M. \.) leafels sub-ovate or oval, mucronate and smooth: spikes 
 solitary and aggregated: flowers pedicelled: teeth of the calyx setaceously acumi- 
 nate: legume 1-seeded. On grassy woodless hills. 9 i. 
 
 earoliniana, (broom, Tj. Ju. b.) nearly glabrous; leafets elliptical or oblong, petiolate 
 dotted, the lowest pair approximate to the stem: flowers on very short pedicels: 
 
 Ammannia. in honor of John Ammann, a Russian botanist. 
 Ammobium. Gr. aminos, sand, bio, to live — it growing naturally in sand. 
 Amorpha, Gr. a, priv. and morphe, shape, from the absence of wings and keel of the 
 corol. 
 
AMORPHA, ANAOALLIS. 133 
 
 calyx villose on the margin; teeth short; the two upper obtuse, the three lower 
 longer and commonly equal, acuminate, or subulate arislate. N. Carolina. 4 to 5 f. 
 
 californica, N. ( ^. May.) pubescent, leafets elliptical oblong, obtuse, rather distant, 
 conspicuously dotted with brownish glands beneaih; petioles furnished with minute 
 glandular scales, stipules broad, and membranaceous; spike short and solitary: teeth 
 of the villose calyx all acute and short; bracts lanceolate, acuminate. California. 
 A shrub. 
 
 lavigata, N. (>^.b.) glabrous and very smooth; leaves large, leafets distant, elliptical- 
 oblong, attenuated below; the conmion petioles short; stipules minute: bracts 
 rather long and subulate, caducous: calyx very glandular, the teeth acute; the 
 three lower ones longer and acuminate; banner about the length the of calyx: 
 legume 1 -seeded. A large shrub. Arkansas. 
 
 paniailata, T.{\. p.) whole plant canescently-tomentose, except the upper surface 
 of the leaves, which are nearly glabrous and shining; leaves on distinct petioles, 
 leafets 7 to 8 pairs, elliptical-oblong, large, petiolale, very obtuse, and often emar- 
 ginate at each end, dotted and prominently veined beneath, spikes numerous, vir- 
 gate in a large, nearly naked, exserted branching panicle; flowers sub-sessile; teeth 
 of the glandular and tomentose calyx unequal; the two upper triangle-ovate, and 
 shorter, the three lower triangular-subulate: banner one-third longer than the calyx, 
 truncate. Arkansas, Texas. 
 
 5 — ]. Ampelop'sis. Mx. 72. Vit. ton. acr. 
 
 quinquefolia, Mx. (1) (false grape, creeper. O. w. Ju. T>.) leaves in fives, toothed: 
 stem rooting, chmbing. S. Mich. 
 
 Amphicarpa. Phaseolus. 
 
 18 — 5. Amso'nia. 47. Ascl. acr. stim. em. sud. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 latifolia, Ph. (W. b. Ap. 21.) stem glabrous: leaves lance-oval, upper ones acuminate, 
 
 pubescent on the under surface of the nerves. 2 f. 
 salicifulia, Ph. (b. M.) Stem smooth: leaves lance-linear, acute at each end, very 
 
 glabrous. 
 anguslifolia, Mx. (b. Ap.) stem hairy: leaves narrow-linear, numerous, erect, hairy. 
 2 f. 
 
 11 — I. Amyg'dalus. 92. Amyg. acr. ton. poi. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 persica, (peach, r. M. ^.) serratures of the leaves all acute, flowers sessile, solitary. 
 
 15 f. Putamen with prusic acid. 
 nana, (flowering almond. \>.) leaves ovate, tapering to the base, sharply serrate. 3f 
 
 8 — 1. Amy'ris. 94. Amy. cath. ast. aro. 
 Sotithern, 
 floridana, (w. \.) leafets 1-paired, with a sessile terminal leafet, ovate, entire, obtuse, 
 glabrous: flowers sub- panicled: berry sub-globose; tapering at the base. In West 
 Florida. 
 
 Anabasis, Salsola. 
 
 5 — 1. A^AGAL'LIs. 3.5. Prim. acr. ton. epi. 
 
 areensis, (red chickweed, scarlet pimpernell, r. J. 0.) stem spreading, naked, pro- 
 cumbent: petals entire, flat, with hairs at the margin. & C. P. T. Y. B. 
 
 Ampelopsis. Gr. ampelos, the vine, and ops, appearance, from its resembling the 
 
 grapevine. 
 Amphicarpa Gr. amphi, both, and karpos, fruit, it producing fruit above and below 
 
 ground. 
 Amsonia. Named by Walter. Probably in honor of a friend. 
 Amygdalus. Gr. amugdalos, the almond tree, which belongs to this genus. 
 Anagallis. Gr. anagcLas, to laugh, from its supposed exhiliarating qualities. 
 
 (1) Hedera quinquefolia, L. Cissus hederacea, P. Vitis quin. Lk. 
 
124 ANCHUSA, ANDROMEDA. 
 
 Anantherix. Podostigma. 
 
 Anatherum. Andropogon. 
 
 5 — 1. Anchu'sa. 43. Bora. emol. ast. 
 
 Exolic. 
 
 officinalis, (buglos. y. Zf.) leaves lanceolate: spikes imbricate, one-sided: bracts ovate. 
 
 Andrewsia. Centaurella. 
 
 5 — 1. An'droce'ra. N. 38. Solan, acr. poi. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lohata, N. (W. J. %.) prickly, hirsute: leaves in pairs, lobe-pinnatifid: segments 
 obtuse, obsoletely crenate, undulated: racemes lateral, many-flowered. The Sola- 
 num heterandrum of Ph. 
 
 10 — 1. Androm'eda. 51. Eric. ast. din. 
 
 hypnoides, W. (moss-bush. Au. ^.) leaves imbricate subulate, glabrous: peduncles 
 solitary, terminal, l-9owered; corol nodding, globose-bell-fbrm. Small, creeping. 
 White Hills. 
 
 mariana, W. (W. J. ^.) leaves oval, entire, sub-acute at both ends, glabrous, 
 leathery, paler beneath: flower-bearing branches almost leafless; peduncles fasci- 
 cled: corol ovate-cyhndric: c^lyx leafy: antliers beardless: capsule ovate, and 
 resembling the form of a pine-apple. One variety has narrow lanceolate leaves. 
 S. P. Y. 
 
 polifolia, Mx. (W. wild rosemary. A. r-w. M. ^.) leaves linear-lanceolate, convex, 
 revolute, white-glaucous beneath and hoary-glaucous above: flowers aggregate, 
 terminal: corol sub-globose: anthers bearded towards the top. One foot high. Wet. 
 T. D. B. N. Mich. 
 
 artorea, W. (sorrel tree. W. w. Ju. h.) branches terete; leaves oblong, acuminate, 
 mucronate-serrate, glabrous: panicles terminal, many spiked: corol ovate-cylindric, 
 pubescent: anthers linear, beardless. About 40 feet high, with acid leaves. S. 
 P. Charleston, S. C. 
 
 panicvlata, M. (1) (white bush, pepper bush. O. w. J. \ .) pubescent: leaves obovate- 
 lanceolate, acute, sub-entire: flower bearing branches terminal panicled, nakedish: 
 glomerules peduncled: corol sub-globular, pubescent: anthers obtuse, beardless. A 
 shrub running into several varieties — flowers small. S. 
 
 racemosa, W. (W. w. J. '^.) leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, membranaceous, 
 glabrous: spikes terminal, one-way, elongated, simple or branched: bracts linear, 
 acute: corol cylindric: calyx acute, with bracts at the base: anthers doubly 4- 
 bearded at the apex. A middling sized sliruh, odoriferous. Wet. S. P. Y. K. 
 
 cnbjculuta, W. (leather leaf O. w. M. ^ .) leaves lanceolate-oblong, obsoletely ser- 
 rulate, sub- revolute, with scaly dots, rust-colored beneath: racemes terminal, leafy, 
 turned one way: pedicels short solitary, axillary: calyx acute, 2-bracted at the 
 base: bracts broad-ovate, acuminate: corol oblong-cylindric. Wet. 2 f. &. T. 
 Mich. 
 
 Soulhern. 
 
 augustifolia, (E. Ap.) leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, with scaly dots: bracts 2 and 
 minute, acute: racemes terminal, leafy, secund: peduncles solitary, axillary. 
 
 nitida. W. (E. w. r. March. ^.) very glabrous: branches flexuous, 3-angled; leaves 
 oval, acuminate, entire, 3-nerved: peduncles clustered, 1 -flowered, axillary: corol 
 cylindrical; anthers at the base 2-hornod. 5 f. Charleston, S. C. 
 
 rhornboidnli?, P. (E.) flower-bearing branches 3-angled: leaves rhomboid and lanceor 
 late, entire, glabrous, terminated by a gland: peduncles clustered, axillary. 
 
 axillaris, (E. w. March. ^.) leaves oval-lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, lucid, with 
 spiny serratures: racemes axillary, closely flowered: corol oblong-ovate: anthers at 
 the summit, 2-horned. 3. f. 
 
 Anchusa. Gr. agchousa, to strangle, because as some say it strangles serpents. 
 
 Androcera. Gr. aner, (andros,) stamen, and keros, a horn, in allusion to the coni- 
 form appearance of one of the anthers. 
 
 Andromeda. From Andromeda the daughter of Cepheus, who was, like this plant, 
 confined in a marsh. 
 (1) Lyonia paniculata, N. ligustrinae, L. 
 
ANDROMEDA, ANDROPOGON 125 
 
 acuminata, Ph. (E. w. Ap. Tp.) very glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, tapering towards 
 the apex and acuminate, nearly entire, coriaceous, reticulate: racemes axillary: 
 corol cylindrical: anthers unawned, gibbous near the base. II f. 
 
 floribunda, Ph. (E. vv. M.) very glabrous: leaves oblong ovate, acute, slightly serru- 
 late, coriaceous: racemes secund, axillary, and forming terminal panicles. 
 
 ferruginea, (w. J. T^.) shrubby: leaves coriaceous, distant on long petioles, ohovate, 
 generall}' obtuse, entire, with dust-like scales, and veiny beneath: pedicels aggre- 
 gate, 1-flowered, axillary: corol globose: anthers unawned. Sand. 4f. J\ew 
 Orleans. 
 
 rigida, Ph. (J. T^.) leaves crowded, on short petioles, lanceolate, acute at both ends, 
 scaly and tomentose beneath, without veins: pedicels aggregate, axillary, 1- 
 flowered: corol nearly globose: anthers unawned. 18 f. 
 
 Jrondosa, M. (w. M. ^.) pubescent: leaves obovate-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, to- 
 mentose; flower-bearing branches paniculate, leafy: corol globose: anthers awned. 
 4 f. 
 
 speciosa, {w. ^.) leaves oval-obtuse, mucronate, crenate, reticulate: racemes naked, 
 aggregate: corol campanulate: anthers 4-awned. 4 f. 
 
 tetragona, (W. w. M. >).) leaves imbricate, keeled, naked at the margin: peduncles 
 axillary, solitary, filiform, 1-flowered: corol nodding, bell-form. 
 
 stelteriajia, H. ( ) stem filiform, j)rocumbent; leaves 4-6: rays linear, very spreading, 
 obtuse: keel flat above with the back obtuse: peduncle short terminal, sub-solitary 
 curved: cal3'x 5-sepalled; corol broad, bell-form; style ovate-acuminate; anthers 
 awned, two very long. R. 
 
 lycopodioidcs, H. ( ) stem filiform, diffused, vaguely branched; leaves 4-ways, close- 
 ly imbricate, ovate, short, thick, obtusely keeled; peduncles somewhat in pairs, 
 axillary: corol campanulate. R. 
 
 (upressina, H. ( ) stem sub-erect, very branching sub-pinnately: leaves 4-ways, 
 close pressed, imbricate, broad lanceolate, keeled: peduncles lateral, solitary. 
 
 3 — 2. Andropo'gon. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 scoparius, Mx. (broom-grass. O. Au. 2^.) spikes simple, lateral and terminal, pedun- 
 culate, in pairs: rachis hairy: abortive floret neuter: valves awned. purpurascens. 
 W. S. Mich. 
 
 virginicus, (bent grass. W. 2i-) culm compressed: superior leaves and sheaths smooth: 
 spikes short, 2 or 3 from each sheath, partly concealed at the base: rachis sub-terete: 
 abortive flower a mere pedicel without valves: perfect flowers monandrous. P. Y. 
 H. M. C. Mich. 
 
 furcatus, W. (forked spike. O. Au. 2X.) spikes digitate, generally by fours: abortive 
 flower staminiferous, avvnless, resembling the perfect one, the awn of which is sub- 
 contorted. iS. Mich. 
 
 macrourus, Mx. (indian-grass. S. Zf.) spikes fasciculate, in dense lateral and terminal 
 fastigiate panicles: flowers monandrous: awn straight: abortive floret without 
 valves. ;S'. P. Y. B. N. 
 
 nutans, (1) (beard-grass. O. Au. 2X.) panicle oblong, branched; nodding spickelets by 
 pairs: glumes hairy, rufescent: awn contorted. Mich. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 secundus, E. (S. 2_f.) panicle sparingly branched, erect, secund: peduncles 3-flower- 
 
 ed; staminate flower subulate, villous: the perfect sessile one, with one valve very 
 
 villous. 
 ciliatits, E. (W. S. 21-) panicle oblong, terminal: branches glabrous: flowers in pairs: 
 
 glumes hairy: paleas ciliate, with a contorted awn. 3 f. nutans? P. 
 melano carpus, (S.) spikes clustered: flowers solitary, with an involucre: awn very 
 
 long. 3 f 
 ternarius, Mx. (A.) branches remotely alternate, 3-spiked: spikes conjugate; hair of 
 
 the involucre shorter than the glume; flowers triandrous. 
 argenteus, E. (Oc. 21.) panicle long, slender; branches solitary, and in pairs: spikes 
 
 conjugate, longer tlian the sheath, covered with white silvery hairs. 
 
 Andropogon. Gr. aner (andros,) a man, and pogon, a beard, from a fancied resem 
 blance in the little tuft of hairs upon the flower, to the beard of a man. 
 (1) avenaceus, M.x. 
 
126 ANDROPOGON, ANEMONE. 
 
 vaginatus, E. (Oc. 21.) panicle slender, close pressed; spikes solitary, conjugate, 
 shorter than the sheaths: flowers in pairs; the perfect one awned; the awn straight, 
 scabrous. 
 
 tetrastachyus, E. (Oc.) panicle slender, erect: spikes solitary, 4-cleft: flowers in pairs; 
 the perfect one awned; leaves hairy. 3 f. 
 
 bicornis, W. ( ) spikes conjugate, panicled; panicle bracted, corymbed, fastigiate: 
 flowers ternate, a wnless; middle one perfect, sessile; lateral one neutral, pedicel- 
 led; ciliae of the rachis very long. 
 
 Mlaucus, T. (W.) smooth, glaucous: culm sub-simple: joints smooth: panicle terminal, 
 
 •^ much exsert, oblong; spikes alternate, crowned: awns long, twisted: abortive floret 
 neuter unarmed, 1-valved. 2 f. 
 
 5 — 1. Androsa'ce. 35. Prima, acr. ton. 
 Southern. 
 
 .occidentalis, ?h. (W. 0.) very slenderly pubescent: leaves (or involucres) oblong- 
 spatulate, entire: perianths angled: capsule shorter than tlie calyx. 
 
 >cannata, T. & J. (w. J. Zf.) leaves crowded, lance-ovate, acute, entire, keeled; mar- 
 gin ciliate: umbels few-flowered; leafets of the involucre linear-oblong: corol ex- 
 ceeding the ovate calyx; divisions obovate entire. James' Peak. 
 
 septenirionalis, (W. =^.) leaves lanceolate, toothed, glabrous, shining: perianth angled, 
 
 shorter than the corol. 
 
 12 — 12. Anem'one.* 61. Ranun. acr. cau. poi. taenia. 
 
 virginiana, (wild-flower, thimble weed, O. g-w. Ju. 21.) stem dichotomous: leaves in 
 threes, ternate, upper ones opposite: leafets gash-lobate and serrate-acute: pedun- 
 cles solitary, 1-flowered, elongated: carpels oblong, wooly, mucronate, in heads. 
 18 i. <S. Mich. 
 
 uconitifolia, Mx. (I) (O. W. J. If.) stem dichotomous: radical leaves palmate; cau- 
 line leaves sessile, clasping, 3-cleft; the lower ones ternate, with the lobes acute- 
 lanceolate, gash-serrate; peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. carpels in globose heads, 
 naked, subulate-beaked. Flowers large. 1.5 i. .S*. Mich. 
 
 memorosa, (low anemone, wood anemone. O. r-w. M. Zf.) stem 1-flowered: cauline 
 leaves in threes, ternate: leafets wedge-form, gash-lobed, toothed, acute, corol 5-6- 
 petalled: carpels ovate, with a short style, hooked. A variety, qulnquefulia, has 
 lateral leafets deeply 2-cleft. 6 i. 8. R. Mich. 
 
 ■narcissifiora, W. (\V. w. Ap. Zf.) flowers unibelled, involucred: radical leaves palmate 
 many-cleft, gashed; divisions linear; involucres sessile, gashed; umbels few- 
 flowered: pedicels longer than the involucre. Canada. 
 
 ■cuneifolia, Vh. (2) (w. Ap. Zf.) stem 1-flowered, involucred: leaves ternate; leafets 
 sessile, wedge-form, truncate-crenate at the apex: involucre 3-leaved: corol 5- 
 petalled: carpel head-globose, acuminate, wooly. 
 
 patens, W. (M. p. Zf.) soft-silky: late leaves 3-parted or 3-nerved; segments wedge- 
 form, gash 3-cleft, lobes lance-linear: involucre linear, many-cleft; flowers erect; 
 calyx 5 or 6-sepalIed, bearded, with long awns. Rocky Mts. Upper (-anada. 
 
 nlpina, (W. w. Zf.) silk-villose: leaves long-petioled, biternately pinnatifid: leafets 
 with linear acute divisions conforming to involucres: flowers erect: sepals 6, spread- 
 ing, bearded with long awns. Rocky Mts. 
 
 ^aldensis, (W. b. ZT.) leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy, ternate-parted,"with segments 
 3-parted with linear obtuse divisions, short-petioled, conforming to involucres: 
 petioles and scape villose: flower solitary: sepals 6 — 8 spreading obtuse, sub-pilose 
 outside. R. 
 
 deltoidea, (W. w. Zf.) leaves ternate; leafets rhomboid, entire or trifid, gash serrate, 
 acute, (leafets and involucres sessile:) sepals 5 or 6, obovate. W. of Rocky Mis. 
 
 richardsoni, Hk. (W. Zf.) sub-pilose leaves reniform, 3 — 5-parted; lobes subtrifid, 
 acutely toothed; involucre-like leaves round- wedge-form, sessile, 3-cleft and toothed: 
 
 Androsace. Gr. aner, (andros,) a man, and sakos, a shield, so called from the large 
 
 round hollowed leaf of the common Androsace. 
 Anemone. Gr. anemos, the wind, from its opening its flowers in the windy days of 
 
 spring. 
 
 * Species A. thalictroidcs, is returned to the genus Thalictrum. 
 
 U) pennsylvanica, L. (2) paryiflora, Hk. 
 
ANEMONE, ANOTIS. 127 
 
 sepals 6, spreading: fruit compressed, glabrous; styles long, deflexed, hooked. 
 Rocky Mts. Hudson Bay. 
 multijidfi, (w. r. y. 21- ) pilose leaves 3-parted; segments wedge-form, in 3-parted 
 linear acute divisions; involucre-like leaves pelioled: sepals 5 to 8, sub-coriaceous, 
 oval, silky outside. Canada. Rocky Mis. 
 
 Exotic, 
 hortensia, (garden anemone.) radical leaves digitate: divisions 3-cleft; cauline ones 
 ternate, lanceolate, connate, sub-divided: carpels wooly. , 
 
 Southern, 
 caroliniana, W. E. (1) (W. w. March Zf.) leaves ternate: leafets notched and serrate: 
 
 involucie3-leaved, each 3-cleft: sepals 14 to'20, oval; the outer one sub-coriaceous. 
 waltcri. Ph. (21-) radical leaves palmate, long-petioled: scape long, erect, 1-flowered: 
 
 petals 3: root tuberous. 
 
 Anemone. Hepatica. 
 5 — 2. Ane'thum. 60. Umb. stom. aro. con. col. 
 Exotic, 
 graveolens, (dill.) fruit compressed: plant annual. 
 foeniculum, (fennel.) fruit ovate: plant perennial. 
 
 5 — 2. Angel'ica. 60, Umb. stom. sti. sto. root acr. 
 
 triquinaia, Mx. (2) (angelica. O. w. Au. Zf.) stem terete, pubescent above: leaves 
 ternate, very smooth; partitions quinate: leafets oblong; ovate, equally serrate: 
 lower ones 2-lobed at tlie base. 4 f. S. Mich. 
 
 atropurpurea, (high angelica. O. g-w. J. 2i.) stem smooth, colored: leaves ternate; 
 
 partitions sub-quinate; leafets ovate, acute, gash-serrate, sub-lobed; 3 terminal ones 
 
 confluent: petioles very large, inflated. Wet meadows. Root purplish. This is 
 
 k the true aromatic angelica. 4 f. <S'. Probably synonymous witli the last. Tully. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 lucida, {21) leafets equal, ovate, gash serrate: radical leaves 3-pinnate, cauline ones 
 2-pinnate. 18 i. Canada. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 axchangelica, (archangel. ^.) leaves with the odd terminal leafet lobed. N. W. 
 
 Coast. 
 gmelini, stem glabrous terete: leaves gash-ternate, segments 3-parted with the lobes 
 
 ovate, serrate, cuneate at the base: leaves of the involucels nearly equalling the 
 
 flowering umbels. N. W. Coast. 
 
 12 — 12. Anno'na. 76. Ann. aro. 
 
 glabra, (Ju. i-j. T>.) calyx large, bell-form: leaves lance-ovate, glabrous: peduncles 
 2-flowered, opposite to the leaves; fruit subcoriic, obtuse, smooth. 16 f. Ever- 
 green tree. Carolina. 
 
 4 — 1. Ano'tis. 57. Cinch, feb. ton. 
 Southern, 
 lanceolata, Dc. ( ) glabrous: stem erect, 4-cornered, corners subalated: leaves 
 
 sessile lanceolate, acute: stipules lanceolate membranaceous: corymbs trichotomous 
 terminal. 
 rotundifoUa, Dc. ( W. 2_C.) stem prostrate, branching, branches 4-cornered: leaves 
 sub-orbicular, short petioled; stipules very small; flowers axillary. 
 
 Anethum. Gr. aiio, upward, and theino, to shoot from its quick growth. 
 Angelica. Lat. angelica, angelic, from the supposed virtues of its root and seeds. 
 Anotis. Gr. a, without, notos, vapor or humor, on account of growing on high frozen 
 
 mountains. 
 
 (1) tenella. Ph. (2) Ferula canadensis. See Ferula. 
 
128 ANTENNARIA, APARGIA, 
 
 17—2. AsTEN^rA'RiA. 55. Inula, ton. sec-sti. 
 A sub-genus of Gnaphalium, which see. 
 
 17 — 2. An 'THEMIS. 55. Helian. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 arvensis, (corn chamomile, W. w-y. J. ^.) receptacle conic, chaff lanceolate: akenes 
 crown-margined: leaves 2-pinnate, sub-divided; segments lance-linear: stem and 
 peduncles pubescent; leaves somewhat distant; flowers few. Scarcely odorous. 
 Introduced. 8 i. T. Y. O. P. 
 
 cotuUi, (mayweed. O. w. J. 0.) receptacle conic, chaff bristly: akenes naked: leaves 
 2-pinnate, leafets subulate, 3-parted: flowers smaller than the last, more numerous, 
 very odorous. Introduced. 10 i. S. Mich. 
 
 Exotic, 
 nobilis, (chamomile, w. Au. 2i.) leaves 2-pinnate; leafets 3-parted, linear-subulate, 
 sub-villose: stem branching at the base. Fragrant. In 1820 1 saw this plant grow- 
 ing wild very extensively, in cultivated fields in Pittsfield, Mass. 4 i. 
 
 Anthcricum, Narthecium. 
 
 Anthopogon, Gvmnopogon. 
 
 2 — 2 An'thoxan'thdm. 10. Gram. far. ton. odor. 
 
 odoratum, (sweet vernal grass. O. M.Z(.) spike oblong-ovate; florets sub-peduncled, 
 shorter than the awn. An American variety, allissimum, is larger, and of a darker 
 green. Ives. An elegant substitute for the Leghorn grass. Dewey. 10 — 18 i. S. 
 
 13 — 2. An'tirrhi'num. 37. Scro. acr. ton. ant. 
 
 €toin«, W. (creeping snap-dragon, y. Ju. 0.) procumbent pilose: leaves alternate, 
 hastate, entire: peduncles solitary, very long. P. T. 
 
 linaria, (snap-dragonj toad-flax. W. y. Ju. If.) erect, glabrous: leaves scattered, 
 lanceolate-linear, crowded together: spikes terminal, dense-flowered: calyx glabrous, 
 shorter than the spur. Flowers large. Naturalized. 1 — 2 f. T. P. B. N. 
 
 canadense, W. (flax snap-dragon. W. w-b. J. Z(.) rising in a curve, glabrous, sim- 
 ple: leaves scattered irregularly, erect, narrow, linear, obtuse, remote: flowers ra- 
 cemed: scions procumbent. Flowers small. S. C. Y. T. P. B. N. Mich. 
 
 Exotic. 
 trianthopliOTum, (three-birds..) leaves whorled, lanceolate, 3-nerved: stem decumbent: 
 acemes terminal, few-flowered. Flowers large. 
 
 5 — 1. Anychia. Amar. ast. ton. 
 
 dichotoma, Mx. (fork duckweed. O. w. Ju. 2X- ) stem dichotomous, very branching, 
 spread; leaves oval, lanceolate-glabrous, erect. About 6 or 8 inches high, very 
 slender: branches axillary: leaves obtusish: flowersmostly longer than the stipules. 
 
 baldwinia, T. (0. ) stems branched from the base, diffusely procumbent; leaves 
 lanceolate, acute at each end, ciliate-scabrous: stamens 5. Florida. 
 
 Anychia, Queria. 
 
 17 — 1. Apar'gia. 53. Cicho. ann. sec-sti. 
 
 xiuiumnalis, W. (1) (false hawkweed. y. J. 21-) scape branching, scaly: leaves lanceo- 
 late, runcinate-pinnatifid, smoolhish. Naturalized. N. B. Newfoundland. 
 
 Antennaria. In allusion to the awns of the egret, which resembles the Antennae of 
 
 some insect. 
 Anthemis. Gr. antlios, flower, because of the abundance of its flowers. 
 Anthoxanthum. Gr. antlios, a flower, and xanlhos, yellow, from the spikes inclining 
 
 to that color in maturity. 
 Antirrhinum. Gr. anti, like, and rhis, rhinos, nose, because the corol resembles the 
 
 snout of some animal. 
 Apargia. Gr. apargia, probably the name for the succory. 
 
 (1) Leontodon. 
 
AFARGIA, APOGOX. 129 
 
 Southern, 
 orontium, W. (Ju. 0.) erect, branching, hairy: leaves alternate, lanceolate: flowers 
 
 sub-spiked: involucre digitate, longer than the tailless corol. E. P. 
 tenellum, Pii. (W. b. Ju. ^.) small, simple, glabrous: leaves opposite, linear, acute; 
 
 flowers axillary, short-peduncled: involucre bell-form. 
 
 4 — 2. Apha'nes. 92. Rosa. ref. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 arvensis, (parsley-piert. M. 0-) ^^'^^^s 3-parted: divisions 3-cleft, hairy: flowers ax^ 
 illary, glomerate: monandrous. 
 
 Apios, Phaseolus. 
 
 5 — 2. A'piUM. 60. Umbel, stim. sto. aro. col. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 petrosellnum, (parsley. Ju. (J.) cauline leaves linear: involucre minute. 
 gratcokns, (celery. Ju. $.) stem channelled: cauline leaves wedge-form. 
 
 18 — 1. Aplec'trum. (1) 21. Orch. em. nut. in salep. 
 
 hyemale, W. (putty root, Adam and Eve. Wi g-p. M. 21-) leaf single, radical, lance- 
 oval, many-nerved: lip 3-cleft, not produced at the base. C. N. K. Mich. 
 
 18 — 5. Apo'cynum. 47. Apocy. acr. erne. sud. diu. 
 
 androsacmjfolium, (dog-bane. O. r-w. Ju. 2i.) stem erect and branching: leaves ovate, 
 glabrous: cymes lateral and terminal: tube of the corol longer than the calyx, with 
 a spreading li'.nb. 3 f. Leav(?s downy when young. iSi. Mich. bit. eme. 
 
 cannabVnum, Mx. (2) (Indian hemp. O. g-y. J. 71.) stem erect and branching: leaves 
 oblong-oval, hoary beneath, and downy when young, (more or less glabrous in 
 maturity:) cymes lateral and terminal; pubescent when young, (more or less gla- 
 brous in maturity:) tube of the corol about equal to the calyx, with an erect limb. 3 f. 
 
 Jnjpericifulium, A. (3) (St. John's dog-bane. W. ^-vf. Ju. 2_(.) stem erectish and branch- 
 ing: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, mucronate; lower ones sub-cordate at the base; 
 cyme-panicles mostly shoiter than the leaves: tube of the corol about equal to the 
 calyx. 3 f. P. Y. O. N. T. Mich. ton. eme—. 
 
 Remark. Dr. Torrey says he follows R. Brown in the species of this genus, in 
 which he finds some confusion. Brown seems to have forced in an additional species, 
 not found in nature. See Darlington, page 31. The two first species have lately 
 been much used in the cure of diseases, under the name, Wandering Milkweed, by a 
 peculiar class of practitioners, called Thompsonians. 
 
 17—1. Apo'gon. 53. Cicho. sec- stim. 
 Southern. 
 
 humilis, E. (y. Ap. 0?) stem branching, glabrous: radical leaves oblong, harrow, 
 
 sub-ovate, sessile: cauline ones strap-form, acute, entire, sessile, slightly glaucous: 
 
 flowers terminal, sub-umbelled. G— 12. i. S. 
 bjrntum, N. (W. y. %.) glabrous glaucous: leaves deformed entire, or petioled runci- 
 
 nate, with remote divisions, cauline ones clasping: stem sub-divided, few-flowered: 
 
 involucre glabrous: flowers sub-umbelled. 6 i. 
 
 Aphanes. Gr. a, priv. phainomai, to appear, from the low stature of the plant. 
 
 Apium. Celtic apon, water, from the habitation of some species. 
 
 Aplectrum. From Gr. «, without, d^wA plectra , a spur, from the form of the corol. 
 
 Apocynum. Gr. upo, far from, and kiion^ (kunos,) a dog, it being supposed destruc- 
 tive to those animals. 
 
 Apogon. Gr. «, without, andi pagan, beard. 
 
 (I) Corallorhiza. (2 & 3) pubescens. Br. 
 
 17 
 
130 APTERIA, ARABIS. 
 
 3—1. Apte'ria. N. 13. Xyrid. asc. poi. 
 
 selacea, N. (W. w. «& p. 0.) stem with minute, ovate, remote scales: flowers, spikes 
 with bifid branches. 6 i. St. Louis and in Florida. 
 
 12 — 5. Aquile'gia. 61. Ran. acr. cau. poi. 
 
 canadensis, (wild columbine. O. r. & y. Ap. 2_C.) horns strait: stamens exsert: leaves 
 
 decompound. Growing frequently in crevices of rocks. 15 i. Mich. 
 brecistyla, Hk. (W.) sub-pubescent; spur incurved, shorter than the limb: stipe short 
 
 inclined: stamens rather shorter than the coral. Upper Canada. 
 hptocera, N. (y. J.) calyx straight, very long, slender, divisions acute large, much 
 
 longer than the stamens and styles: stem few-flowered: divisions of the leaves 
 
 wedge-form, gash 3-cleft. R. 
 formosa, Fis. (If- r.) spur stiaight, much longer than the limb: sepals lanceolate, 
 
 acute, 3 times the length of the petals; style as long as the sepals. Oregon. 
 
 Exotic, 
 vulgaris, (garden columbine, J. Z£.) horns incurved, leafy: stem and leaves glabrous: 
 leaves decompound. The nectariferous horns become numerous by culture; one 
 hollow horn within another. 15 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 coerula, T. & J. (W. b. J. 21-) hc^rns straight, about twice as long as the limb of the 
 petals: stamens and styles shorter than the corol; nectaries acute: segments of the 
 leaves deeply lobed. 18 i. R. 
 
 14 — 2. Ar'abis. 63. Cruc. asc. nut. 
 
 sagittata, (wall cress, w. J. #. Q.) leaves sub-dentate, rough, with the pubescens 
 often branched; radical ones ovate or oblong, attenuated into a petiole; stem-leaves 
 lanceolate, sagittate-cordate: pedicels as long as the calyx: siliques straight and 
 erect. 18 i. C. 
 
 laevigata, (1) (W. w. M. If.) stem-leaves linear, oblong, sagittate, smooth: lower 
 ones obovate: pedicels erect: siliques very narrow and long, at length pendulous. 
 2 f. O. T. D. C. 
 
 canadensis, W. (2) (sickle pod. O. w. J. Z(.) stem leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, 
 narrow at the base, pubescent: pedicels pubescent, reflexed in the fruit: siliques 
 pendulous, sub-falcate, nerved. 2 f S. T. P. 
 
 alpina, W. (w. 21-) sub-diff"use, branching: leaves many-toothed, villose, lanceolate, 
 acute: radical ones sub-petioled: cauline ones heart-clasping: pedicels longer than 
 the sub-glabrous calyx. Upper Canada. Said to have been found near Troy. 
 
 rtptans, W. (Ju. K..) leaves roundish, entire, hirsute; having creeping shoots. P. Y. 
 
 stricta, Hk. (Bristol wall cress, w. Zf.) radical leaves oblong, tapering to the base, 
 sub-lyrate-pinnatifid, hispid, with ramose hairs; cauline ones few, lanceolate, some- 
 what tapering to the base; petals oblong erect, obtuse, twice as long as the glabrous 
 calyx: silique elongated, erect. Canada, Troy? 
 
 petrea, H. (O. w. A. $.) stem erectish or diffused, glabrous: radical leaves rather 
 long-petioled, entire, toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline ones lanceolate sub- 
 petioled, entire or toothed: petals obovate unguiculate; siliques exsert-spreading. 
 Hooker says this our A. lyrata is the European A. petrea, which I here adopt. 
 
 dentata, T. (0. w. Ap.) stellately pubescent: radical leaves obovate, tapering at the 
 base into a petiole as long as the limb, irregularly; sharp toothed; cauline ones, 
 oblong, clasping: flowers minute: petals spatulate, scarcely longer than the calyx; 
 silique short, spreading, on very narrow pedicels, pointed with a nearly sessile 
 stigma; stem branched from the base. Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi. 
 
 ambigua, D. (#•) leaves nearly glabrous, the radical ones sinuate-lyrate; middle ones 
 oblong-oval and toothed, attenuate at the base; the uppermost linear-oblong and 
 entire: stem nearly simple: silique somewhat erect, two inches long. Unalaschka, 
 Sitcha. 
 
 Apteria. Gr. a, without, pteris, wing; from the wingless corol. 
 Aquilegia. Lat. aquila, an eagle, its nectaries resembling eagles' claws. 
 Aiabis. From Arabia, this genus being first used by physicians of that country. 
 (1) TurritislcevigataW. (2) falcata Mx. 
 
ARACIS, ARBUTUS. 131 
 
 rupestris, N. (0.) more or less hirsute; radical leaves oblong spatulate; cauline ones, 
 
 lanceolate, clasping, sparingly toothed: petals twice as long as the calyx: eilique 
 
 very long and narrow. One and a half to two feet high. Oregon. 
 spatliulata, N. (2X. May. w. ) hirsute, somewhat cespitose: leaves spreading, about twice 
 
 the length of the calyx; siliques rather short, diverging, pointed with a distinct 
 
 slender style. 4 inches high. High hills of the Platte. 
 heterophylla, N. (0.) nearly smooth, radical leaves spatulate, toothed; upper ones 
 
 linear, sessile, entire: siliques long and spreading: petals linear-oblong, exceeding 
 
 the calyx. Maine, New Hampshire. 
 sparsijhra, N. (p. ) somewhat pilose toward the base, much branched: cauline leaves 
 
 oblong, clasping, entire; flowers minute; siliques very long, flat, spreading. Rocky 
 
 Mountains. 
 puberuUi, N. (2/.) somewhat cespitose, more or less pubescent with dense stellate 
 
 hairs; leaves entire, linear-lanceolate, sessile; siliques flat, straight, pendulous: the 
 
 pedicels about twice the length of the sepals: seeds with a slight margin: stem a 
 
 span high. Oregon. 
 microphylla, N. (p. ) smoothish and somewhat cespitose: leaves linear, rather acute; 
 
 cauline ones very few, sessile; stem filiform, very few-flowered: silique long, flat, 
 
 spreading. Rocky Mountains. 
 canescens, N. (If. p. ) cespitose, densely and canescently pubescent with stellate 
 
 hairs: leaves entire, linear, dense, crowded about the root; those of the stem much 
 
 snialler, sessile: silique, broadly linear, flat, nearly straight, pendulous, acute; 
 
 stigma sessile. A span high. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Arabis Cardamine. 
 16 — 10. A'rachis. 93. Leg. nut. asc. ape. 
 Exotic. 
 Aypo^£Ea, (pea-nut, false ground-nut. ^.) stem pilose, procumbent: leaves pinnate, 
 abrupt: flowers axillary. Peduncles become elongated, and deposit fruit under 
 ground to ripen. T. 
 
 5 — 5. Ara'lia. 59. Aral. stim. res. 
 
 spinosa, W. (shot-bush, angelica tree. W. w. y-w. Au. ^.) woody: stem and leaves 
 thorny, leaves doubly pinnate; leafets slightly serrate: panicles very branching: 
 umbels numerous. 5 — 10 f. S. P. H. 
 
 Mspida, Ms. (bristle-stem sarsapilla. A. w. J. ^.) low, sub-shrubby: stem and 
 petioles rough with bristles: leaves doubly pinnate: leafets ovate, gash-serrate, 
 unarmed, glabrous: umbels with long peduncles. Neglected fields. 20 i. T. M. 
 N. Mich. Sud. col. 
 
 racemosa, W. (spikenard. O. w. J. 2X0 branches spreading: petioles 3-parted, the 
 partitions 3 to 5-leaved; leafets often heart-form: branchlets axillary, leafy: umbels 
 many, sub-panicled, leafless above. Damp. 4 f. iS'. Mich. fra. pec. 
 
 nudicaulis, W. (wild sarsaparilla. O. w. M. 2i.) hardly a proper stalk, 1-leafed; the 
 leaf twice ternate, or once, and quinate: leafets oblong-oval: scape naked, shorter 
 than the leaf; umbels few. Woods. 1.5. 24 i. »?>. Mich. ton. res. 
 
 erinacea, (L. ) stem very spinous: leaves sub-palmate, very acute, lobes gashed; petioles 
 and nerves spinous: the little umbels globose, disposed in racemes. 
 
 10 — 1. Ar'butus. 51. Eric. diu. ast. 
 
 uva-ursi, W. (1) (bear-berry, kinnikinnick. O. w-r. M. ^.) stem procumbent: leaves 
 wedge-obovate, entire: berry 5-seeded. Dry, barren sand-plains, &c. Very abun- 
 dant about the great lakes. Schoolcraft. T. N. R. Mich, nar- ton. 
 
 lauTJfolla, W. (W. ^.) leaves oblong, acuminate at both ends, acutely serrate, gla- 
 brous: racemes axillary, 1-sided, sessile, solitary. 
 
 Arachis. Gr. arakos, a kind of rooting plant, used by the ancients: after which thia 
 
 was named, as it produces its fruit under ground. 
 Aralia. A name of an unknown Canadian. 
 Arbutus. Lat. arbutus, Pliny's name for the wild strawberry-tree. 
 
 (1) Arctostaphylos. SI. 
 
132 ARBUTUS, ARENARIA. 
 
 menziesii, Ph. (W. T-.) becoHiing woody: leaves broad-ovate, entire, glabrous, having 
 long petioles; racemes axillary and terminal, panicled, dense-flowered. 
 
 tomentosa, Ph. (W. T^,) becoming woody: blanches hispid: leaves oval, acute, sub- 
 cordate at the base, white-downy bonealli, having shoit petioles: peduncles axillary, 
 of the length of the leaves, bearing Jiead-racemes: flowers bracted. 
 
 filpina, (strawberry-tree, w. M. ^-.) stem procumbent; leaves obovate, acute, rugose, 
 serrate: racemes terminal. Canada. 
 
 5 — 2. Archemo'ra. go. Umb. sto. or nar. if nau. 
 
 pmbigJia, Ph. (water drop-wort, W. w. Au. 2|.) leaves gash-pinnate, 3 — 5 pairs, 
 acute, leafets lance-linear, often falcate and mostly entire: fruit ovate: stem smooth. 
 3—5 f. Y. P. Mich. Probably rigida. 
 
 rigida, (W. yv. S. Zf.) leaves gash -pinnate, smooth; leafets lance-oblong entire, or 
 with remote teeth: stem lerete, striate. 2 — 4 f. P. Y. Mich. 
 
 fricuspidatum, (Ju. Zf.) leaves gash-pinnate, lower leafets lanceolate, upper ones obo- 
 vate. 2-3 f. 
 
 20 — 4. Arceutho'bium. 58. Lora. ast. 
 
 oxycedris, M. Bieb. (false mistletoe.) leafless; very branching, branches opposite; 
 obtusely 4-cornered: flowers terminal, sometimes lateral, very small. Resembles 
 the Salicornia in its articulated branches. Parasitical, growing on the Pinus pon- 
 derosa. R. 
 
 17 — 1. Arc'tium. .54. Cardu. sec- stim. cat. if nau. 
 
 lappa, (burdock. O. r. Au. 2i.) cauline leaves heart-form, pelioled, toothed: flowers 
 panicled, globose: involucre smooth. Mich. lihe. gout, h bit- cat. 
 
 10 — 3. Arena'ria. 82. Cary. emol. ton- 
 
 serpyll^olia, W. (thyme-leaved sand-woit. W. w. Ju. 0.) stem dichotomous, spread- 
 ing: leaves ovate, acute, sub-ciliate: calyx acute, sub-striate: petals shorter than 
 the calyx. 5 i. .S'. P. H. O. C. T. Mich. 
 
 glabra, Mx. (w. O. 2^.) very glabrous, sub-erect, filiform, many stems: leaves sub- 
 ulate-linear, flat, spreading: pedicels 1-flovvered, elongated, divaricate: sepals oval, 
 obtusish, smooth, shorter than die petals. 4 — 6 i. iSliawangunk, White Mts. N. 
 
 stricta, Mx. (W. A. w. M. 2|-) glabrous, erect, many stems: leaves subulate-linear, 
 erect: panicles few-llowered: petals much longer than the calyx, which is oval- 
 lanceolate, apparently striate. Dry. 6 — 12 i. N. T. D. Jl. Mich. 
 
 squarrosa, Mx. (w. Ju. Z(.) turfy: lower leaves scaly-imbricate, channelled, glabrous: 
 stems few, very simple: flowers few, terminal, erect: petals much larger than the 
 roundish calyx. 6 i. Y. 
 
 thymifolia, Ph. (Labrador. L. ^.) stem dichotomous, diffuse: leaves oval, sub-acute; 
 peduncles alternate, axillary, soHtary, elongated: calyx acute: petals of the length 
 of the calyx. 
 
 macrocarpa, (W. 2i.) cespitose: leaves crowded, linear-subulate, flat; margin ciliate: 
 peduncles terminal, l-tlovvered: sepals linear: petals ovate, twice as long as the 
 calyx; capsule thrice as long as the calyx. 
 fasciculata, W. (0.) sub-glabrous, cespitose: stems straight-erect: leaves subulate, 
 pungent, striate: flowers dense-fascicled: calyx subulate, striate: petals very short. 
 Canada. 
 
 laricifolia, W. (W. 2X-) pubescent, cespitose-many-Btemmed: leaves setaceous: little 
 stems 1 to 3-flowered, erect: sepals linear, sub-hirsute, half as long as the petals. 
 Canada. 
 
 juniperina, W. (W. 210 sub- pubescent, erect, many-stemmed: leaves subulate, some- 
 what 3-sided, pungent: panicle terminal, dichotomous, many-flowered: sepalslance- 
 ovate, striate, mucronate, about half as long as the petals. Newfoundland. D. 
 
 Archemora. Gr. arche, the conqueror, moros, fool, on account of its poisoning those 
 
 who are foolish enough to eat it. Called fool's parsley. 
 Arceuthobium. Gr. arkeuthos, juniper tree; bius, life, on account of its living on the 
 
 juniper or cedar trees. 
 Arctium. Gr. arctos, a bear, from the rough bristly fruit. 
 Arenaria. Lat. arena, sand, from its native soil. 
 
ARENARIA. 
 
 133 
 
 propinqua, Ilk. (W. 2X.) cespitose, glandular-hair j: leaves linear-subulate, acute, 
 3-nervecl: calyx acute, 3-nerved, scarcely longer tlian the petals, and sliorter than the 
 capsule. Probably the verna is a variety of this. Rocky Mts. and west of them. 
 
 rubella, Hk. (W. 21-) stems cespitose, numerous: peduncles terminal, pubescent, 1- 
 flowered: leaves linear-subulate, obtuse, 3-nerved: petals lance-oval, and shorter 
 than the 4-valved capsule, or the lanceolate acute 3-nerved calyx. II. 
 
 rossii, Hk. (W. 21-) very glabrous: leaves 3-sided-subulate. obtusish, beardless, nerve- 
 less, scarcely equalling the flower: peduncles 1-flowered, elongated: petals oblong, 
 somewhat exceeding the obsoletely 3-nerved calyx. R. 
 
 franklinii, Douglas, (W. Zf.) branches erect, level-topped, numerous, fragile: leaves 
 shining, subulate-setaceous: flowers fascicled: divisions of the calyx subulate, 
 scarious: broad-nerved, exceeding the oblong petals. W. R. 
 
 buxifolia, Hk. pubescent: leaves ovate-oblong, sessile: stem creeping: peduncles 
 dichotomous, somewhat 2-flowered: divisions of the calyx linear, short, obtuse, 
 membranaceous at the margin; petals scarcely longer than the calyx: capsule ovate, 
 obtuse, equalling the calyx. Canada. 
 
 laterijlora, Hk. (sand-wort. W. w. J. 21.) minutely pubescent: stem erect, slender, 
 simple or fork branched: leaves oblong, oval, obtuse, ciliate, spreading: peduncles 
 lateral and terminal, elongated, 2 to 4-flowered; pedicels alternately hracted: divi- 
 sions of the calyx oval, obtuse nerveless: about half as short again as the corol. 
 6— lOi. N. T. R. Hudson's Bay. Mich. 
 
 peploides, Hk. (sea chickweed, Ju. 21.) glabrous: leaves ovate or oblong, acute, fleshy: 
 flowers sub-solitary, short-peduncled: divisions of the calyx obtuse, exceeding the 
 corol. 8 — 12 i. Lower Canada, Labrador. Y. 
 
 obtusa, T. (1) W, A. 21.) cespitose, many-stemmed: leaves linear-subulate, obtusish, 
 keeled, a little 1-sided: slem simple, mostly 1-flowered: peduncles with glandular 
 hairs: nectaries oblong-obtuse, 3nerved: petals about twice as long as the calyx: 
 capsules ovate, shorter than the calyx. D. 
 
 congesta, N. (2j:.) cespitose, glabrous; leaves long linear-subulate, pungent: flowers 
 in roundish heads, with crowded membranous bracts: sepals ovate, membranaceous 
 obscurely 3-nerved, about half the length of the oblong petals: stem simple, a 
 foot high. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 hooJceri, N. ( ) stem branched from the base, cespitose, 3 inches high, fastigiate- 
 pubescent: leaves subulate-setaceous: flowers fascicled: sepals lanceolate-subulate,, 
 1-nerved, membranaceous, rather shorter than the oblong, obtuse petals. Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 nardifolia, Ledeb. (2{.) cespitose: leaves fascicled, linear-setaceous, very narrow, 
 mucronate, glabrous: stems erect, glabrous, 1 to 3-flowered: petals obovate, longer 
 than the very obtuse, ovate 5-nerved sepals. Arctic Sea-shore. 
 
 pungens, N. (2i.) cespitose: minutely glandularly pubescent: leaves subulate, chan- 
 nelled, pungent, the lower ones squarrousely imbricated and crowded: flowers few, 
 sub-pannicuiate: sepals lanceolate, obscurely 3nerved, longer than the oblong-ovate 
 petals. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Imella, N. (-§.) erect, slender, somewhat branched from- the base: leaves filiform, 
 subulate, acute: peduncles minutely glandular-pubescent: petals oblong, nearly 
 twice the length of the acute 3-nerved shortish sepals. Oregon, Arkansas. 
 
 greenlandica, Spren. (2X. Ju. Aug.) cespitose, glabrous; stems two, decumbent at the 
 base, ] to o-tiowered: leaves very narrow, linear, obtuse: pedicels filiform, nearly 
 erect: petals obovate-cuneiform, entire or with a sligiit notch, twice the length of 
 the rather oblong, very obtuse, membranaceously-margined, nerveless sepals. Green- 
 land to i\. Y. 
 
 hirta, Worm. (21.) leaves linear-subulate, obtuse 2-furrowed, minutely hirsute^ 
 stems 2 to 3-flowered: sepals 3-nerved, acute, shorter than the capsule: petals ob- 
 long, a little shorter than the calyx. 3 i. Green. 
 
 ciliate, Lin. ( ) leaves ovate or obovate, bullate-rugose, more or less nerved and 
 ciliate: stems procumbent: sepals lanceolate, acute, nerved shorter than the petals, 
 as long as the ovate 6 valved capsule. Green. 
 
 macrophyUd, Hk. ( ) stem slender, erect, dichotomously branched: leaves spreading, 
 lanceolate, acute at eacli end, glabrous: peduncle terminal or lateral, 2 or 3-flower- 
 ed: sepals ovate, sharply acuminate, longer than the petals and capsules. Oregon. 
 
 (1) arctica of Hk. Rocky Mts. James. 
 
134 ARENARIA, ARISTOLOCHIA. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 patula, Mx. (W. ![■) pubescent: stems filiform, panicled, many-flowered: leaves se- 
 taceous: subulate, spreading: petUls sub-emarginate, longer than the acute striate 
 calyx. K. 
 
 pitcheri, N. (0.) erect and slender, glabrous, fastigiately branched, few-flowered: 
 leaves linear-filiform, obtuse, not fascicled: peduncles slightly glandular-pubescent: 
 petals oblong, somewhat exceeding the lanceolate, strongly rive (sometimes three) 
 nerved sepals. Texas, Arkansas. 
 
 ■brevifolia, N. (^. w.) glabrous, not cespitose; stems filiform, erect, simple, 2 to 3- 
 flowered: leaves minute, erect, lanceolate, subulate, nerveless: sepals oblong, ob- 
 tuse, with scarious margins, about the length of the 3-nerved capsule: petals obovate- 
 oblong, nearly twice the length of the calyx. 2 to 4 i. Georgia. 
 
 18—1. Arethu'sa. 21. Orch. nut. emo. 
 
 ibulbosa, W. (arethusa, r. J. Zf.) leafless: root globose: scape sheathed, 1 -flowered- 
 calyx with the superior divisions incurved: lip sub-crenulate. Flowers large, sweet- 
 scented. Damp. T. N. Mich. 
 
 Arethusa, see Triphora and Pogonia. 
 12 — 1. Argemo'ne. 62. Papa. s. nar. ano. cat. h. diu. 
 
 -.mexicana, W. (Prickly poppy, y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnatifid, gashed, spinose: flowers 
 axillary. Var. albiflora, leaves pinnatifid: flowers large. S. P. H. Platte river. 
 
 3 — 2. Aeis'tida. 10. Gram. far. ton. > 
 
 .dichotoma, Mx. (beard grass, poverty grass. O. S. ^. Z[.) cespitose: culm dichotom- 
 
 ous: flowers racemose-spiked: lateral awns very short, intermediate ones contorted. 
 
 8—12 i. 
 .stricta, Mx. (Zf-) culm and leaves straight, erect: leaves pubescent: raceme long, 
 
 somewhat spiked, crowded: awn twice as long as the paleas, spreading. 3f. S. P. 
 
 Mich. 
 jpurpurascens, (S. Tl-) culm filiform, erect, simple: leaves very narrow, flat: flowers 
 
 in a long-spiked panicle: awns nearly equal, twice the length of the paleas. 2 f. <S. 
 
 Southern, 
 .spiciformis, E. (S. 21-) flowers crowded together, somewhat spiked: the middle awn 
 
 villous at the base. 3 f. 
 .gracilis, E. (S. 2X-) stem very slender: flowers in spikes: spikelets few-flowered, 
 
 somewhat remote, appressed: lateral awns short, erect; the intermediate ones long- 
 er, expanding. 1 f. 
 .Lanosa, M. (S. 2i-) panicle erect, appressed: flowers in racemes: glumes longer than 
 
 the paleas: sheaths of the leaves woolly. 2 — 4 f. 
 oligantha, Mx. (J. Zf-) culm straight, sub-ramose: leaves convolute-filiform: flowers 
 
 solitary, distant: awn long, divaricate. &'. P. 
 jfasciculuta, T. (W.) culm filifoim, erect, branched: leaves narrow, flat, smooth: 
 
 panicle long, sub-spiked: flowers in fascicles: glume shorter than the paleas: awns 
 
 nearly equal, spreading, longer than the flower. 
 jtaUens, (W.) panicle few-flowered, pedicelled, alternately 2-flowered, approximate; 
 
 awn capillary, very long: leaves filiform. 
 tuberculosa, N. ( ) culm erect, dichotomous, joints tumid, with small tubercles in 
 
 the axils: panicles rigid: glumes keeled, with long subulate points: paleas stiped; 
 
 awns smooth, convolute. 3 f. 
 
 18 — 6. Aristolo'chia. 23. Aris. ton. stim. asp. ano. 
 
 sipho, Hr. (birthwort. W. w. J. ^.) leaves heart-form, acute: stem twinijig: pedun- 
 cles 1-flowered, furnished with an ovate bract: corol ascending; limb3-cleft, equal. 
 A very high running vine, with large leaves: flowers yellowish brown. P. K. 
 
 Arethusa. From the celebrated fountain of that name near Syracuse, or from one of 
 
 the Hesperides. 
 Argemone. Gr. argema, the cataract, a disorder of the eyes, which it was said to cure. 
 Aristida. Lat. arista, an awn, characteristic of the genus. 
 Aristolochia. Gr. aristos, best, and locheia, parturition. 
 
ARISTOLOCHIA, ARONIA. 135 
 
 serpentina, (W. p. J. IfO leaves heart-form, oblong, acuminate: stem zigzag, ascend- 
 ing; peduncles radical: lip of the corol lanceolate. (The Virginia snake-root.) There 
 is a variety with very long, narrow leaves. Tonic and diaphoretic. Bw. P. Y. D. 
 O. H. K. Ant-poi. res-bit. sto. 
 
 Southern, 
 tomentosa, Sims. (A. g-y.) stem twining: leaves roundish-cordate, downy beneath: 
 
 corol villous; border 3-cleft, nearly equal. 
 hastata, N. (A.) stem flexuose, simple, erect: leaves somewhat cordate, hastate, 
 
 acute: flowers on scapes: lip of the corol ovate. 
 
 11 — 1. Armenia'ca. 9iJ. Pom. ref. ape. ton. 
 Exotic, 
 vulgaris, (apricot, fp.) leaves sub-cordate; stipules palmate. Var. precox, (early 
 apricot,) fruit small, yellow. Var. /?ersicoi</es, (peach apricot,) fruit sub-compressed. 
 dasycarpa, (black apricot. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate: petioles glan- 
 dular: drupe globose, pubescent. 
 
 17 — 2. Ar'nica. 55. Inu. ton. sec- stim. 
 
 midicaulis, (y. J. >>.) hairy: radical leaves decusssate and opposite, oblong-oval, sub- 
 dentate: stem nearly leafless, divided at the top into several l-flowered branches. 
 VV^oods. 18 i. 
 
 doronicum, W. (A. y. Ju. Tj .) leaves remote, toothed, woolly-hirsute beneath; radi- 
 cal ones petioled, oblong, narrow at the base; cauline ones alternate, lance-oblong: 
 stems one flowered. 7 i. 
 
 plantaginea, Ph. (A. y. Ju. Zf.) glabrous: leaves entire, glabrous both sides, acute, 
 3-nerved; radical ones lance-spatulate, terminating in a narrow petiole at the base; 
 cauline ones oposite, lanceolate, sessile: stem l-flowered. 7 i. 
 
 maritima, W. (W. ^.) leaves lanceolate; lower ones serrate: stem leafy, many- 
 flowered. 
 
 SoutJiern, 
 
 fulgens, Ph. (W^. y. Ju. 21.) hairy; radical leaves lanceolate, obtusish, tapering to 
 the base: petioles 3-nerved: cauline leaves opposite, remote, linear; stem l-flower- 
 ed. 1 f 
 
 claytoni, Ph. (E. y. Ju. T;'.) hirsute; radicalleaves decussately opposite, oblong-ovate, 
 sub-dentate; stem somewhat leafless; top divided into l-flowered peduncles. 2 f. 
 
 11 — 5. Aroni'a. 92. Pom. ref. ape. ton. 
 
 botryapium, P. (1.) (shad-bush, june-berry. O. w. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong-oval, cuspi- 
 date, glabrous when mature, (when first expanded lanceolate and downy:) flowers 
 racemed: petals linear: germs pubescent:? segments of the calyx glabrous without, 
 and hairy within. 8—30 f. Mich. 
 
 sanguinea, (2) (bloody choak-berry. W. w. M. ^.) leaves oval, obtuse at both ends, 
 mucronate; serratures very slender: racemes few-flowered: calyx glabrous: petals 
 linear, obtuse. 3—6 f. T. B. Mich. 
 
 ovalis, P. (3) (medlar bush. w. M. ^.) leaves round-oval, acute glabrous: flowers ra- 
 cemed: petals obovate: germ, and segments of the calyx, pubescent. Var. of 
 
 botryapium? T. Mich. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ainifolia, N. (W. M. >>.) smooth: leaves loundish, upper part toothed, pinnately 
 
 nerved, sub-glaucous beneath: raceme simple, elongated. Fruit black and sweet. 
 
 Armeniaca. From Armenia, whence it was brought. 
 
 Arnica. This is said to be a variation ofptarmica, derived from Gr. ptairo, to sneeze. 
 
 Others derive it from Gr. ars, (arnos,) a lamb, the leaf of this plant resembling 
 
 the coat of the lamb. 
 Aronia. Gr. aronia, the medlar tree. 
 
 (1) Pyrus botryapium, W. Mespilus canadensis, L. Amelanchier, Med. (2) Py- 
 rus sanguinea. Ph. (3) Mespilus canadensis. Var. obovalis, Mx. Crataegus spicata, 
 Lk. 
 
136 ARRHENATHERUM, ARTEMISIA. 
 
 3 — 2. Arrhenath'erum. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 avenaceum, (J. 2X.) panicle equal, nodding: awn as long again as the flower: culm 
 
 geniculate, smooth: root nodose. 3 f. 
 pennsylvanicum, (Ju. 2{.) panicle attenuated: branches short, alternate: awn twice 
 
 as long as the florets: seeds villose. 
 
 Southern, 
 hentuckiensis, T. (W. Zf.) branches of the panicle fascicled, not alternate: upper 
 floret has the superior valve furnished with a short awn a little below the tip. 
 
 17—2. Artemi'sia. 55. Anth. ton. sec- stim.sto. dysp. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (wild wormwood. O. w. y. Au. 2{.) sub-decumbent, scarcely pubescent: 
 leaves flat, linear-pinnatifid: branchlets spike-flowered: flowers sub-hemispheric: 
 involucre scarious. Receptacles smooth. 3 — 4 f. Mich. 
 
 caudata, (W.? L. S. 21.) stem snnple, herbaceous, much branched, pyramidal: radical 
 and cauline leaves bipinnate, pubescent, upper ones pinnate, with sub-setaceous, 
 alternate, divaricate, somewhat convex segments: flowers pedicelled, erect, globe- 
 ovate. 2 f >S. 
 
 chineiisis, W. (W. S. 2i.) hoary: lower leaves wedge-form, obtuse, 3-Iobed; upper 
 ones linear, obtuse: flowers globose, peduncled, nodding. 
 
 spWuimea, Ph. (S- ZC-) small, silky-pubescent: lower leaves linear, upper ones pin- 
 natifid; divisions few, linear, a^ute: flowers racemed, short-peduncled, hemispheric: 
 involucre scarious. 
 
 gnaphaluides, N. (W. S. If.) white-dbwny: stem simple, herbaceous: leaves lance- 
 linear, sub-entire, downy both sides: flowers raceme-glomerate, pedicelled, nodding, 
 involucre oval-o»blong: the pistillate florets 6 or 7. 2 f. Mich. 
 
 vulgaris, (W. mugwort. common tansey. S. Zf.) leaves downy beneath; cauline ones 
 pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, sub-toothed, acute; floral ones undivided, linear- 
 lanceolate: flovveis sub-sessile, oblong erect: involucre downy. R. 
 
 lona-ifolia, N. (W. Zf. & >?.) stem simple: leaves mostly entire, lance-linear, acumi- 
 nate; margin refle.xed; under side white-downy: floweis cylindric-ovate, erect, in 
 sessile conglomerate racemes, ludoviciana? N. R. 
 
 indica, aro. asp. W. (Zf. fp.) somewhat woody: erect, raceme-panicled, ovate; panicle 
 leafy, spreading, racemes before flowering pendulous; florets naked; outer scales of 
 the Involucre leafy acute; inner ones membranaceous obtuse: leaves ash-tomentose 
 beneath; inferior ones pinnatifid, upper ones trifidj top ones simple, divisions lance- 
 
 ' olate, inferior sub-dentate or gashed. Canada. 
 
 purshiana, Bess. (Zf. ^.) ascending,whitish; heads in an ovate panicle, which is leafy 
 and straight; florets naked, leafets white beneath: cauline leaves lance-cuneate 
 mucronale, entire. A. R. 
 
 douglassii, Bess. (Zf.) sub-fruticose, straight, whitish: heads in spiked hemispheric 
 panicles; panicle sub-foliaceous, florets naked, scales of the involucre oval, inner 
 ones scarious at the apex, leafets whitish beneath: cauline leaves lanceolate acute 
 entire. R. 
 
 arctica, Bess. ( ) cespitose: heads raceme-spiked, glomerate globose; peduncles 
 wooly at the tip; florets sub-pilose at the apex: scales of the involucre fuscous 
 scarious above: leaves somewhat silky, cut-pinnate below, trifid above, divisions of 
 the radical ones tri-quinate, of the upper ones undivided, linear, obtuse. A. 
 
 lindLeyana, Bess. ( ^ . ) whitish above, spike with panicled sub-hemispheric heads, erect: 
 florets naked; scales of the involucres scarious at the apex, outermost foliaceous; 
 leaves sub-linear white-tomentose beneath. R. 
 
 hookeriana, Bess. (Zf- t-) erect: heads thyrse-panicled, globose, nodding, scarcely 
 leafy: heads white-woolly with scales scarious at the margin, rounded: leaves 
 whitish, cauline ones pinnatifid, divisions and floral leaves lance-linear acute. R. 
 
 glomerata, H. ( ) densely cespitose silky-villose: branches short, closely foliate: 
 leafets short, 3 — 5-cleft-palmate, divisions short-acuminate, lower ones sessile, cau- 
 line ones broad-petioled: flowers capitate, receptacle naked. A. 
 
 caespilosa, Bess. (L. ) heads raceme-spiked, glomerate, globose: peduncles wooly at 
 the apex; florets fine-hairy above; scales of the involucre fuscous, scarious, a little 
 
 Arrhenatherum^ Gr. arrlien, stamen, and aiheros, beard of chaff. 
 
 Artemisia. From Artemisia, the wife of Mausolus, or from Artemas, a name of Diana. 
 
ARTEMISIA, ARUM. 137 
 
 Wftolly on the back; leaves somewhat ^ilky, radical ones lorlg-petioletlj cauline ones 
 cut-pinnate below and trifid above, divisions of the lower 3 — 5-gash-cleft, of those 
 below undivided linear obtuse. A. 
 
 mickavxinna, Bess. ( ) herbaceous heads in globose racemes, nodding: stem very 
 simple: florets naked, lateral scales of the glabrous involucre scarious, shining: 
 leaves white downy beneath, pinnatifid, divisions of tlie lower ones gash-toothed, 
 those of the upper and floral ones lance-linear. R. 
 
 prescottuma, Bess. (21- ^ • ) heads in globose spikesj sub-erect, on very simple branches; 
 florets naked; scales of the involucre scarious at the margin, shining: leaves whitish 
 beneath, revolute at the margins, pinnatifid or3-clefl: divisions diverging; divisions 
 and leaves linear-filiform at the summit. R. 
 
 chamissoniana, Bess. ( ) herbaceous; heads large, in globose racemes: stem very 
 
 simple: florets chiefly peduncled at tlie base and hairy at the apex: leaves sub- 
 glabrous, lower ones bi-pinnatifid and petioled, upper ones pinnatifid and sessilej 
 divisions lance-linear, somewhat gash-toothed. R. A. 
 
 cana, W. (W. S. 2i.) hoary; leaves long, lance-linear, acute, nerved, whitish both 
 sides; lower ones wedge-form, acutely 3-lobed: flowers oval, in glomerules; axillaryj 
 sessile. R. 
 
 frigida, W. (W. Oc. 21.) leaves hoary, pinnate; leafets 3-parted, linear, acute: floral 
 ones pinnate, 3-parted; stem ascending: flowers globose, nodding. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 pontica, (romari artemisia.) leaves downy beneath; cauline ones bipinnate; leafets 
 linear: branches simple: flowers roundish, peduncled, nodding. 
 
 absinthium, ton. sto. (wormwood. 21.) stem branching, panicled: leaves hoary, radical 
 ones triply pinnatifid: divisions lanceolate, toothed, obtuse; cauline ones 2-pinna- 
 tifid, or pinnatifid: divisions lanceolate, acutish; floral ones undivided, lanceolate* 
 Naturalized in most mountain districts of New England, gozit. dysp. epi. 
 
 abrotanum, ath. (southern-wood. 2{.. and Tp.) stem straight: lower leaves bipiunatei 
 upper ones capillary, pinnate: involucre pubescent, hemispheric. 
 
 Soulher7i. 
 
 Santonica, W. (W. S. 21.) cauline leaves glabrous: branches undivided: spikes 1-sided, 
 reflexed; flowers sub-sessile, 5-florets. 
 
 eampestris, W. (field wormwood. W. S. 2X.) cauline leaves setaceous-pinnate, gla- 
 brous; radical ones pinnate, with 3-cleft hoary divisions: Stem procumbent, branch- 
 ing, wand-like; flowers ovate, peduncled. 
 
 biennis, W. (W. ^.) leaves glabrous; radical ones 3-parted-pinnate: lower cauline 
 ones pinnatifid; upper ones linear, undivided: stem straight: flowers roundish, sub- 
 sessile, erect. 
 
 serrata, N. (W. 2X.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; margin serrate; upper 
 side smooth, under White-downy: flowers panicled, erect: involucre small, dyliri- 
 drical-ovate. 5 f. - 
 
 columbiensis, N. (wild sage. W. Z[. ^.) canescent, leaves lance-linear, acute, flat, 
 hoary both sides, entire: flowers oblong, glomerate, axillary, sessile, all perfect. 
 10 f. Highly aromatic. 
 
 cernua, pum. N. (1) (W. 11.) stem much-branched: radical leaves 3-cleft; lower ones 
 lacinated, hoary, pubescent when young: upper ones entire, lance-hnear, smooth: 
 racemes panicled, nodding: florets pedicelled, sUb-globose, inclined: involucre 
 scarious. 8 f 
 
 ludomciana, N. (W. 2i.) stem simple: lower leaves sub-gash-pinnatifid; upper ones 
 lanceolate, entire, hairy above, downy beneath: flowers ovate, erect, sessile: invo- 
 lucre pubescent: panicle simple. 2 f. 
 
 nuitaUiana, Bess. (21. ^.) heads in a globose panicled raceme: outer scales of the 
 involucre linear-oblong, margined: stem erect: panicle spreading: lower leaves gla- 
 brous, cauline ones undivided at the base and trifid, divisions and branches lanceo- 
 late acute. Red River. 
 
 19 — 2. A'rOm. 7. Aroi. acr. exp. r. amy. if dty. 
 dracontium, W. (green-dragon, W. J. 7i.) stemless: leaves pedate; leafets lanceo 
 
 Arum. Formerly aron, supposed to be an ancient Egyptian word. 
 (1) dracunculoides. L. dracunculus, Ph. 
 
 18 
 
138 ARMM, ASCLEPIAS 
 
 late-oblongj entire; spadix subulate, longer than the oblong-convolute spathe. River 
 alluvion. 12—18 i. P. T. N. O. M. Mch. poi— . if green. 
 
 atrorubens, W, (brown-dragon. M. Zf.) steinless; leaves lernate; leafets ovate, acumi- 
 nate: spadix cylindrical: spathe sessile, ovale, acuminate, spreading horizontally- 
 above. Spathe dark-brown: disagreeable smell. P. 
 
 tripkyllum, W. (Indian turnip, wild turnip, wake robin. O. p. g. & w. M. 2|.) sub- 
 caulescent: leaves lernate; leafets ovate, acuminate: spadix club-form: spathe ovate, 
 acuminate, peduncled, with the laminse as long as the spadix. One variety, virens, 
 has a green spathe; another, a<fo/?H/7>tt/-eM/n, has a dark- purple spathe; another, a^ 
 bum, has a white spathe. 1 — 3 f. Wet. J\lch. r. dried, amy-sago. 
 
 Southern. 
 quinatum, N. (21.) stemless: leaves quinale, lanceolate, acuminate. 
 walteri, (Ap.) stemless: leaves sagittate, triangular: angles divaricate, acute. 
 
 3 — 2. Arun'do. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 phragmites, Linn, (reed-grass, If. Aug.) spikelets 3 to G-flowered: glumes shorter 
 than the florets: paleas awnless; the lower linear lauceolate with a long slender 
 acumination, which is involute and resembles an awn. Mich. P. communis. 
 
 Southern. 
 aroides, Mx. (2X.) P^"''^'^ ^"^'^O''^'"^^''^^' incurved: glumes 2-flowered, glabrous, un- 
 equal: paleas membranaceous, of the length of the glumes: hairs equalling the 
 paleas: leaves flat, scabrous. 
 
 18 — 12. AsARUM. 23. Aris. ton. stim. exp. pec. 
 
 canadense, (1) (white snakeroot, wild ginger, false colt-foot. O. g-p. M. 21.) leaves 
 
 broad kidney-form, in pairs: calyx woolly, deeply 3-parted; divisions sub-lanceolate, 
 
 reflected. Root aromatic and stiinulent. Bw. .S. Mch. 
 virginicum, W. (M. 2i-) leaves solitary, round heart-form, glabrous, leathery: flowers 
 
 sub-sessile: calyx glabrous above, short bell-form. Leaves speckled, smooth. S. 
 
 P. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ari/olium, (p. March. H.) leaves sub-hastate, cordate: calyx urceolate, border 3- 
 clefl, converging, pubescent within. 
 
 18 — 5. AscLE'riAs. 47. Ascl. acr. eme. stim. jjle. cat. jme. 
 I. [.caves opposite. 
 
 syriaca, (common milkweed, swallow wort. O. w-p. Ju. 2X-) stem very simple: leaves 
 lanceolate-oblong, gradually acute, downy beneath: umbels sub-nodding, downy, 
 flowers in large close clusters, sweet scented— pollinia are fly-traps. 3 — 5 f. iS. 
 Mch. 
 
 obtusifolia, Mx. (2) (W. p. J. 2f.) leaves chspmg, oblong, round-obtuse, sometimes 
 mucronate, waving: umbel terminal, long-|)edimclod, many-flowered, glabrous; the 
 horn of the nectary exsert. Flowers large. 2 — 3 f. K C. P. Y. Mch. 
 
 phytoLaccoidcs, Ph. (6. w-g. Ju. 21.) stem erect, simple: leaves broad-ovate, acute, 
 glabrous, paler beneath: nectaries truncate, internal margin 2-loothed: umbels 
 lateial and terminal, long-peduncled, nodding. The horn of the nectary is very 
 long and slender. 'M'. S. Mich. 
 
 periplucafolia, N. (3) (w-g. Ju. 2S-.) leaves sub-sessile, somewhat distant, lance-ovate, 
 narrowing upwards, very aculf, .smooth on both sides, margin rough: unjbels most- 
 ly 2, naked, lateral: root round-tuberous: segments of the neclanes oblong-linear. 
 2 f. ^^ Y. 
 
 Arundo. Lat. arundo, a reed, from areo, to dry, because it soon becomes dry. 
 Asarum. Gr. «, without, and sairo, to adorn; not being used in ornamental cha[)lets 
 
 by the ancients. Boerhaave. 
 Asclepias. Asclepias is the Greek name of the Acsculuiiius of the Latins, the god of 
 
 medicine. 
 
 (1) carolinianum, Wr. latitolium. Sy. (2) purpnrascens, VVr. (3) acuminata. 
 Ph. cordata, Wr. laurifblia, Mx. 
 
ASCLEPIAS, ASCYRUM. 139 
 
 amotna, W. (W. p. Ju. TJ.) stem simple, a little liaiiy on two sides: leaves sub-ses- 
 sile, oblong-oval, pubescent beneath: terminal umbels and nectaries erect, appendages 
 exsert. D.ujip. ,S?. C. Y. P. 
 
 jiuqjurasnns, \V. (p. Ju. 21-) stem simple, leaves ovate, villose beneatli; umbels 
 erect; liorn of nectaries resupinate. Siiades. 2 f. .S'. Y. N. Mcli. 
 
 jndchra, "\V. (r. Ju. ZT.) leaves lanceolate, hairy under side: stem divided towards the 
 top: umbels erect in pairs. Flowers small: bark very sliowy. 
 
 varie<rata, W. (1) (W. w. Ju. 7X-) stem simple erect: leaves ovate, petioled, rugose, 
 naked: umbels sub-sessile, pedicelled, tomentose. The umbels dense. S. Y. P. 
 N. 
 
 incarnata, W. (O. r. Ju. Zf-)^^^"^ erect, downy, branching above: leaves lanceolate, 
 sub-downy both sides; umbels mostly double at their origin: the little horn of the nec- 
 tary exsert. A variety vidchra, is more liairy. Var. gtnhra, almost glabrous: with 
 two opposite longitudinal hairy lines on the stem: leaves glabrous, with rough mar- 
 gins, midrib glandular below. Perhaps a distinct species. Aikin. Var. alba, has 
 white flowers. Damp. 3 f -S. Mich. 
 
 parvifiora, (2) (w. Ju. 2_f-) smoothish; stem weak, erect, simple: leaves petioled, 
 oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, membranaceous: umbels terminal, lax flowered; 
 pedicels capillary. The bark is a good substitute for flax. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 quadrifolia, Ju. (O. \v. p-w. M. 21.) stem erect, simple, smooth: leaves ovate, acute 
 or acuminate, petioled: those in the middle of tlie stem are largest, and mostly in 
 fours: umbels 2 to 4, terminal, lax-flowered: pedicels filiform. Flowers small and 
 sweet scented. 18 i.— 2 f. 6'. Shades. T. 
 
 2. Leaves not opposite. 
 
 rcrticiUafa, Mx. (dwarf milkweed. O. g-p. w. Ju. Zf.) stem erect, very simple, mark- 
 ed with lines, and small pubescence: leaves very narrow-linear, straight, glabrous, 
 whorled, scattered: horn of the nectary exsert. 2 f iS'. Mich. 
 
 tiibcrosa, W. (buttelly-weed. colic-root, pleurisy-root, white-root. O. y. Ju. ZC-) stem 
 erectisli, at the top spreading-branched, very rough-haired: leaves scattered, oblong- 
 lanceolate, rough-haired: umbels terminal, sub-corymbed. A variety decumbens, 
 has a decumbent stem: leaves sub-linear, hirsute; another Var. co?-</ate, has broad 
 cordate leaves. Cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant. Bw. 18 i. — 2 f. S. Mich. 
 
 pavpcrcuh, Mx. (r. g. M. 2^.) leaves linear, lanceolate, very long, remote, glabrous, 
 with the margin pubesceyt: umbels few- flowered. 3 — 4 f. N. Jersey. 
 
 F^outhem. 
 
 connivens, Baldwin, (J. H.) leaves oblong, oval, nuicronate. slightly hairy, sessile: 
 leaves of the nectary usually long, incurved, coiinivent at the summit. J — 2 f 
 
 tomeutosa, E. (IS.) leaves oval, lanceolate, acute, tomentose: umbels sessile, with 
 the horns exsert. 1 — 2 f 
 
 amplexicaulis, Mx. (p. w. Ap. 2{.) very glabrous: stems decumbent: leaves sessile, 
 cordate, strongly veined, glaucous, appressed: umbels terminal and axillary. 1 to 
 2f. 
 
 nivea, (Ju. 2X-) leaves ovate, lanceolate, nearly glabrous: umbels erect, lateral, soli- 
 tary: stem simple. 
 
 an'titstifolia, E. (g. w. M. 2X-)leaves scattered, strap-shaped, slightly pubescent: um 
 bels solitary, terminal; horns included. 8 — 18 i. Cliarleston, S. C. 
 
 cinerea, Wr. (J. 11.) leaves long, linear, opposite: umbels few, terminal, naked: horns 
 short. 3 f 
 
 speciosa, T. & J. (W. ) slenderly tomentose: leaves heart-ovate, obtuse, opposite, 
 short-petioled: umbels axillary, terminal and solitary: nectaries erect, lanceolate, 
 straight, acute; horn short, incurved, compressed. Flowers very large. 
 
 12—3. AscYRUM. 68. Hyp. cat. feb. 
 
 crux-andreic, W. (3) (W. petcr's wort. y. Ju. ^.) many stems, diffuse: leaves sub- 
 lanceolate-oblong, obtuse: corymb terminal: flowers sub-sessile, 2-styled: stem 
 sub- terete, 2 feet high: petals narrow. \'zr. amrustifolimn, W. leaves oblong linear, 
 crowded: flowers lateral and terminal, erect, 2-bracted near the base; styles 1 or 2, 
 connivent: larger sepals acute, oval-ovate. Sand. 8 i. S. P. Y. 
 
 Ascyrum. Gr. a, without, and skuros, rough, on account of its sleekness. 
 (1) hybrida. Mx. (2) perennis, Wr. debilis, Mx. (3) multicaule, Mx. 
 
140 PORCELTA, ASPIDIUM. 
 
 SouOiem. 
 
 (implexicaule, Mx. (Ap. y. Zf.) erect, sparingly branched, with the branches compress- 
 ed: leaves ovate, oblong, clasping: outer sepals cordate: styles 3 to '4. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 pumihnn, Mx. (March, y. 2|.) stem small, simple, quadrangular: leaves oval, obtuse, 
 fascicled: pedicels long, (half an inch) reflexed: styles 1 or 2, Georgia. 
 
 slans, Mx. (1) (W. K) stem woody, winged, straight, branches straight: leaves 
 oval-ovate, obtuse, glaucous: inner sepals heart-orbicular: stamens united at the 
 base: styles 2. K. 
 
 fnicrosepalnm, T. (March, Ap. ) stem nearly terete, much branched: leaves very 
 small, oblong-linear, crowded: flowers erect, on long peduncles: sepals much 
 shorter than the obovate unqual petals: styles 3, long, distinct. 1 f. Flowers 
 large. Georgia and Florida. 
 
 Asimina, Porcelia. 
 
 6 — 1. Aspar'agus. 12. Smil. diu. dem. edi. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 officinalis, (asparagus. Ju. 21.) stem herbaceous, unarmed, sub-erect, terete: leaves 
 
 bristle-form, soft: stipules sub-solitary. Naturalized in the northern and southern 
 
 (Jistricts. 4 f. C. P. B. 
 
 G — 1. AsPHottf'Lus. 16. Asph. stim. exp. abs. 
 Exotic. 
 
 luteus, (asphodel, king's spear. 2X.) stem leafy; leaves 3-sided, striate. 
 T-amosus, {21.) stem branching, naked: leaves ensiform, carinate, smooth. 
 
 21 — 1. Aspi'dium. 5. Fil. sec-stim r. ath. 
 1. Frond ternate. 
 
 cicutarium, W. (2) (If.) leafets pinnatifid; divisions acuminate, sinuate-pinnatifid, 
 entire: the lower and outer divisions of the sides elongated: fruit dots in rows. P. 
 
 2. Frond pinnate. 
 
 aQTOstichoidcs, W. (3) (O. J. to Au- 21.) leafets lanceolate, sabre-form, acute, ciliate- 
 serrate: on the upper side eared and dagger-pointed, on the lower side wedge-form 
 at the base; the upper fruit bearing ones smaller: stipe and rachis chaffy; fruit-dots 
 solitary, but at length becoming coniluent. Mich. 
 
 Iqncastriensc, M. (VV. Zf.) frond pinnate; divisions nearly opposite; segments tri- 
 angular-ovate, acutely serrate: stipe naked. Rather long and narrow. Fructifica- 
 tion chiefly confined to the upper divisions, and in large blackish dots. Wet Mea- 
 dows. West Cambridge. Bw. 
 
 3. Frond suh -pinnatifid; involucre [indusium] halved, kidney-form. 
 
 fioveboracensc, W. (4) (Ju. If-) frond pinnate: leafets linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid, 
 divisions oblong, obtusish. sub-entire, ciliate; fruit dots marginal; stipe smooth, 
 Damp woods. N. W. Y. T. P. O. C. Mich. 
 
 cristatuni, W. (W. Z(.) frond lanceolate-ovate, glabrous, pinnate; leafets sub-cordate- 
 oblong, pinnatifid; divisions oblong, obtuse, tooth-serrate; stipe chaffy. A variety, 
 callipteris, largish: leafets alternate, divisions oblong, unequally appressed-serrate: 
 frond bearing the fruit, at the top. P. Y. O. 
 
 Asparagus. Gr. spnrasso, to tear, on account of the strong prickles, with which 
 
 some of the species are armed. 
 Asphodelus. Gr. «, privative, sphaUo, to excel, as none excelled it in beauty. 
 Aspidium. Gr. aspis, a small shield, from the shape and position of the involucres. 
 
 (1) Hypericum tetrapetalum, Lk. (2) Polypodium cicutarium, L. appendicula- 
 tum, Sw. (3) Auriculatum, Sh. Nephrodium acrostichoides, Mx. N. B. Linneus 
 placed the genus Aspidium under the genu? Polypodium. (4) Nephrodiuirj ^.helyp- 
 teroides. 
 
ASPIEIUM, ASTLENIUM. 141' 
 
 4. Frond douhlij or triply pinnate, involucre halved, kidney-form. 
 
 aculeatiim, W. (A. Au. 2i-) frond doubly pinnate: the lesser leafets ovate, sub-sabre- 
 form, acute, da^rger-serrate, the base of the upper ones truncate, of the lower ones 
 short wedge-form: the upper ones bear the fruit: stipe and rachis chafty. V. 
 
 viarginale, W . (1) (O. Ju. 2i-) frond doubly pinnate: lesser leafets oblong, obtuse, 
 decurrent, crenate; more deeply crenate at the base: fruit-dots marginal: stipe 
 chafiy. 2—3 f K 
 Jilix-vias, W. (W. Ju.) frond doubly-pinnate; lesser leafets oblong, obtuse-serrate; 
 serratures beardless: fruit-dots of the middle-rib approximate: stipe and rachis 
 chaffy. 3 or 3 feet liigh. A variety, erosum, lesser leafets erose-serrate, more 
 remote. Rocky hills. iS. AV. N. P. Y. 
 
 intermedium, 'W . (J. Z{.) frond doubly-pinnate: lesser leafets linear, gash-pinnatifid; 
 divisions at the apex sub-mucronate-serrate: stipe chaffy. Resembles the next 
 species in many respects. P. W, T. O. Mich. 
 
 spinulosum, W. (W. Ju. Zf.) frond doubly-pinnate; lesser leafets oblong: decurrent, 
 running together, gash-toothed; divisions mucronate-serrate: stipe chaffy: involucre 
 glandular. Large. W. P. T. 
 
 dilatatum. W. (2) (Ju. If.) frond doubly-pinnate: lesser leafets oblong, distinct, gash- 
 pinnatifid; divisions mucronate-serrate: stipe chafJy: involucre smooth. Leaves 
 more compound, larger and broader than the filix-feinina. S. P. O. 
 
 goldianum,T. (W. Ju.) frond broad-ovate, smooth, bipinnate; divisions lanceolate,, 
 pinnatifid; segments oblong, obtuse, with remote uncinated serratures; the lowest 
 decurrent on the rachis: fruit-dot near the central nerve; stem chaffy. 2 f. 
 
 5. Frond doubly or triply pinnate; involucre attached to one side of the fruit- dot. 
 These come under the Athyrium of Roth. 
 
 ■thehjpteris, (snuff-box fern. W. Ju. Zt'.) frond pinnate; leafets lance-linear, pinnatifid, 
 glabrous: divisions ovate, acute, entire: fruit-dots marginal contiguous, at length 
 confluent. P. Y. Mich. 
 
 bulbiferum, (W. Ju. 21.) frond bipinnate, lance-oblong: leafets opposite, oblong, ob- 
 tuse, serrate; lower one pinnatifid: rachis bulb-bearmg: fruit-dots roundish. P. Y. 
 \V. O. Mich. 
 
 asplenoides, (W. Ju. H.) frond bipinnate: leafets lance-linear, gash-serrate; serratures-- 
 2 or 3-toothed; terminal ones more acute: fruit-dots oblong, lunate. Tall. P. Y. 
 O. C. B. New England, Mich. 
 JUix-femina, (Ju. If.) frond bipinnate: leafets lance-oblong, gash-serrate: serratures 
 2 or 3-toothed, acutish: fruit-dots oblong, straight. Tall. P. Mich. 
 
 angustum, (Ju. Zt'.) frond bipinnate; leatets lanceolate, gash-serrate, sub-bidentate: 
 lower one elongated above: fruit-dots oblong, sublunate. C. Y. W. P. 
 
 atomarium, frond bipinnate: leafets decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid; divisions 
 toothed: fruit-dols scattered. About a span high. P. 
 
 tenue, (W. Jn. U.) bipinnate: leafets ovate, decurrent, toothed: fruit-dots solitary, 
 near the teeth of the leafets. Small. Rocks. S. P. Y. T. O. Mich. 
 
 rufidulum, (J. 21.) frond bipinnate: leafets chaff-bristly beneath, oblong, obtuse, cre- 
 nate, coadunate; fruit-dots at length confluent. Small. In tufts on rocks. 4 to 8 L 
 C. Y. W. P. T. Mich. 
 
 21 — L Asple'kium. 5. Fil. sec-stim. 
 
 rliizopliyllum, W. (walking leaf O. Ju. Zf.) frond lanceolate, stiped, sub-crenate^ 
 heart-form ears at the base: apex very long, linear-filiform, rooting. Var. pinnati- 
 fduin, leaves with the crenatures so deep as to become sub-pinnatifid. Barton. 
 Woods. T. Mich. 
 
 .augustifolium, W. (3) (swamp spleenwort. W. Ju. Z[.) frond pinnate: leaves alternate, 
 upper ones sub-alternate, linear-lanceolate, sub-iepand; base of the upper ones 
 truncate, of the lower ones slightly rounded. 2— 3 f W. Y. P. O. Mch. 
 
 Asplenium. Gr. a, without, and spleen, the spleen, because it was used in curing 
 
 the spleen. 
 
 (1) Nephrodium marginale, Mx. (2) Nephrodium cristatum, Mx. (3) pyc- 
 piQcarpon, SI. 
 
142 ASTLEMUM, ASTER. 
 
 ebenum, W. (1) (ebony spleenwort. O. Ju. 21.) frond pinnate; leafets sessile, lanceo 
 late, serrulate, cordate at the base, auricled above. 6 — 10 i. Rocks and dry 
 places. 
 
 melanotaulon, W. (2) (Ju. Zf.) frond pinnate: leafets roundish, obtuse crenate, at the 
 base wedge-form: stipe particolored: stem black, polished. 3—5 i. B. C. W. Y. 
 P. T. H. Rocks. Mch. 
 
 thelijp(eroidcs,W. (3) (silvery spleenwort. O. Ju. 2(.) frond pinnate: leafets sessile, 
 lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid; divisions oblong, obtuse, obtusely serrate: 
 fruit- dots parallel, at length confluent. 2 f. W. T. P. O. C. Mch. 
 
 ruta-muraria, W. (dwarf spleenwort, W. Ju. 21- ) frond bipinnate at the base, simply 
 pinnate at the apex, obtusely denticulate. Rocks. I — 2 i. W. Y. T. P. Mich. 
 
 montanum, W. (4) (W. Ju. 21.) frond glabrous, bipinnate: leafets lanceolate, pinna- 
 tifid; divisions 2 or 3- toothed. 2 f. W. T. 
 
 17 — 2. As'ter. 49. 55. Ast. ton. sec-slim. 
 1. Leaves entire. 
 
 hyssopif alius, W. (star flower. W. w. y. p. Au. to Oc.) leaves linear-lanceolate, 3- 
 nerved, punctate, acute: margin scabrous: branchlets level-top-corymbed, compact: 
 rays about 5-flowered: involucre imbricate, twice as short as the disk. 12 to 24 i. 
 high. S. Y. C. 
 
 solidaginoides . W. (5) (W. w. Au. 2X.) leaves linear-lanceolate, obsolete-3-nerved, 
 entire, obtuse; margin scabrous: branches level-top-corymbed: flowers sessile, ag- 
 gregate: rays 5-'flowered: invofucre shorter than the disk, imbricate; scales oblong, 
 obtuse, close-pressed, sub-reflexed at the apex. About 2 feet high: scales of the 
 involucre white, with green tips: rays long and white. S. 
 
 ledifolius, Ph. (6) (wood aster. O. y. w. S. and Oc. 2S-) leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 tapering to the base, without nerves, roughish,revolute margin; branches corymbed: 
 branchlets filiform, 1-flowered, nakedish: involucre lax, imbricate, twice as short as 
 the disk: leafets very acute: rays about 20-flovvered. A variety, unifurus, {7) has 
 a very simple stem, bearing but one flower. About a foot high; sometimes the 
 leaves have a small indenture on each side. 
 
 rigidus, W. (8) (p. y. Au. H.) leaves linear, mucronate, sub carinate, rigid; margin 
 fough-ciliate; the cauline leaves reflexed; the branch ones spreading, subulate: 
 stem erect, somewhat branched above; branchlets 1-flowered, corymbed: involucre 
 
 1^ imbricate, twice as short as the disk: scales obtusish, carinate; rays about 10- 
 "^ flowered, reflexed. Hardly a foot high. -S'. N. H. C. T. Y. Mch. 
 
 linarifolius, W. (9) (W. p. y. Au. 21.) leaves thick-set, nerveless, linear, mucronate, 
 dotted, carinate, rough, stifl". those on the branches recurved: stem sub-decumbent: 
 branches level-topped, 1-flowered: involucre imbricate, of the length of the disk. 
 A little lower than the preceding species, and flowers smaller: stem rough, purplish. 
 S. N. 
 
 graminif alius, Ph. (p. Au. 2X-) leaves narrow-linear, nerveless, punctate, glabrous, 
 erect: terminal branchlets nakedish, 1-flowered: involucre lax, nearly equalling the 
 disk. 6 i. T. N. 
 
 Unifalius, W. (flax-leaved star-wort. W. S. 2X-) leaves linear, without nerves, dotted, 
 rough, reflexed-spreading: branches level-top-corymbed, leafy: involucre imbricate, 
 short: rays abotit equal to the disk. About 18 or 24 inches high. /S. N. P. 
 
 subulatus, Mx. (sea aster. L. Au. 21.) very glabrous, small-flowered: stem panicled: 
 branches many-flowered: leaves linear-subulate: involucre cylindric: ligulate florets 
 of tlie ray minute. Salt marshes. 5'. C. B. 
 
 foliolosus, A. (10) (Au. IS.) leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, acuminate: 
 stem pubescent, panicled, erect: branches few-flowered: involucre imbricate: scales 
 linear, acute, close-pressed. Flowers small; hardly distinct from the next species. 
 S. P. 
 
 tennif alius, W. (W. w. Au. 2X0 leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends: mar- 
 gins hispid: stem glabrous, branching, erect; branchlets 1-flowered: involucre im- 
 bricate; scales oblong, acute, lax. S. Y. C. 
 
 Aster. Gr. aster, a star, from its radiated appearance. A large, neglected genus. 
 
 (1) trichomanoides, Mx. (2) trichcmanes, Mx. (3) acro.stlchoides, Sw. (4) Ad- 
 iantum nigrum, Mx. (5) Conyza linifolia, L. (6) nemoralis, A. (7) uniflorus, 
 Mx. (8) linarifolius, in Bank's collection. (9) Inula linarifolia, N. (10) cordifo- 
 lius, Mx. 
 
ASTER. 143 
 
 dumosus, W. (O. w. y. Au. 21.) leaves linear, glabrous; those of the branchlets are 
 the shortest: branches panicled: involucre cylindric, closely imbricate. A variety 
 called tiulaceus, has pale violet rays, and a pubescent stem. Another variety, alius, 
 has white rays, and a glabrous stem. Flowers small. S, Y. N. 
 
 ericoides, W. (W. w-y. Au. 21.) leaves linear, very glabrous; those of the branchlets 
 subulate, approximate; cauline ones elongated: involucre somewhat scurfy: leaves 
 acute: stem glabrous. Flowers small. .S. 
 mullijlunis, W. (O. w-y. Au. to iNov. 21-) leaves linear, smoothish: stem very 
 branching, diffuse, pubescent; branchlets one way: involucre imbricate; scales 
 oblong, scurvy, acute. Probably a variety of the last. S. Mich. 
 
 paludosus. W. (VV. y. Au. Nov. Zf.) leaves sessile, subulate, glabrous, with the mar- 
 gins scabrous: peduncles few, 1-flowered: involucre squarrose, the lower scales 
 leaf like. 12—18 i. S. 
 
 Jlexuosus, N, (I) (L. y. w-p. Au. Zf-) very glabrous: leaves subulate-lineai, some- 
 what fleshy, sub-reflexed; stem slender, very branching; branches and branchlets 
 spreading, bristle-form, 1-flowered: scales of the peduncles divaricate, subulate: 
 involucre imbricate, scales close-pressed, acute. Resembles the last: flowers 
 smaller. Salt marshes. S. 
 
 concolor, W. (W. r-b. Au, If.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, white pubescent both sides: 
 stem very simple, erect, pubescent: raceme terminal: involucre imbricate, scales 
 lanceolate, silky, close-pressed. About a foot high: ray and disk colored alike. S. 
 Y. P. 
 
 cornifolius, M. «& W. (W. w. Au. 21') glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, 
 short petioled; margin rough: stem glabrous: panicle few-flowered; branches 2- 
 flowered; involucre sub-imbricate. 
 
 humilis, VV. (2) (W. w. Au. 2X.) leaves sub-rhomboid, oval-lanceolate, acuminate at 
 both ends, sub-petioled, glabrous; margin hispid: corymb divergingly dichotomous, 
 nakedish, few-flowered: involucre las-imbricate: rays 8-flowered. About a foot 
 high. Flowers large. -S'. P. T. O. Mich. 
 
 amygdidimis, Mx. (3) (O. w. S. Zf.) leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, acumi- 
 nate; margin rough: stem simple, level-top-corymbed: involucre lax- imbricate; 
 scales lanceolate, obtuse. Rays large. &'. Mch. 
 
 salic.if alius, A. & W- (4) (r-b. Au. 21.) leaves linear-lanceolate, sub-entire, glabrous: 
 
 stem glabrous, panicled at the top: involucre lax-imbricate: scales acute, spreading at 
 their tips. 4—6 f. Flowei middle-sized. Y. T. O. N. 
 
 aestivus, W. (b. Ju. to S. 2i.) leaves lanceolate, sub-clasping, tapering to the apex; 
 margin rough: stem brandling from its base, erect, hispid; branchlets pilose: invo- 
 lucre scaly: scales lax, linear, acute, equal. About 2 feet high: the flowers re- 
 sembUngthe last. Y. T. 
 
 nova-angliae, (O. b-p. Au. H.) leaves linear-lanceolate, pilose, clasping, auricled at 
 the base: stem sub-simple, pilose, straight and stiff": flowers sub-sessile, terminal, 
 crowded: scales of the involucre lax, colored, lanceolate, longer than the disk. Jn 
 rich soil it grows 10 feet high: flowers large. S. Mich. 
 
 cyancus, Hn. (.5) (W. b-p. Au. ZX-) leaves linear-lanceolate, clasping, smooth: stem 
 wand-like-panicled, very glabrous; branches |racemed: scales of the involucre lax, 
 lanceolate, equalling tiie disk, inner ones colored at the apex. '6 — 4 f. Flowers 
 many and large. This is the handsomest of all asters. »S'. T. N. 
 
 phlugifolbts. W. (6)(VV. w. p. Au. Zf.) leaves lanceolate, heart-form, clasping, pu- 
 bescent beneath, rough margin: stem very simple, pubescent: panicle terminal, lax, 
 few-flowered: scales of the involucre lax, imbricate, lanceolate. From 18 to 24 
 inches high. Y. T. 
 
 2. Leaves mure or less cordate and ovate, serrate or toothed. 
 
 undulatys, (7) (W. S. 21.) stem leaves heart-oblong, clasping, undulate, scabrous, 
 toothed near the summit: branches of the panicle expanding, few-flowered: involu- 
 cre sub-squarrose. Flowers large. 3 f iS. C. N. 
 
 sagiltif alius, Wedem. (b. Zf.) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, sessile, serrate in the 
 middle; radical ones oblong, heart-sagittate, serrate, petioled: stem glabrous, 
 branching, scales of the involucre lax, imbricate, lanceolate. S. 
 
 (1) sparsiflorus, Ph. (2) infirmus, Mx. divaricatus, W. cornifolius, L. probably a 
 variety of cornit'ulius. (3) umbellatus, A. Inula amygdalina, N. (4) praealtus. Lb. 
 (5) lubricaulis, Lb. spurius,'W. nova-angliae, A. (6) amplexicaulis, Mx. (7) diver 
 sifolius, Mx. patens, W. 
 
144 ASTER. 
 
 ■diversifolivs, Mx. (1) (y. p. S. Z[.) leaves nearly entire, undulate, pubescent, sub- 
 scabrous; lower ones cordate, ovate, with winged petioles: upper ones lance-oblong: 
 panicle loose, the branches slender, racemose. 3 f. S. T. N. Mch. 
 
 paniculatus, A. (O. b-p. Au. to Nov. 21-) leaves ovate lanceolate, sub-serrate, petioled, 
 glabrous: radical ones ovate-heart-form, serrate, rough, petioled; petioles naked: 
 stem very branching, glabrous; branclilets pilose: involucre lax, sub-imbricate- 2 — 
 4 f. Flowers smallish, numerous. .S. Mch. 
 
 ■cordifolius, L. (W. w. S. 7i-) leaves heart-form, pilose beneath, sharp- serrate, petiol- 
 ed: petioles winged; stem panicled, smoothish: panicles divaricate: involucre lax, 
 sub-imbricate. Flowers small. T. N. Mch. 
 
 €orymbosus, A. (W. w. Au. Zf.) leaves ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate, smoothish; 
 lower ones heart-form, petioled; petioles naked: stem glabrous, level-top-corymbed 
 above: branches pilose: involucre oblong, imbricate: scales obtuse, very close- 
 pressed. 12 — 14 i. Flowers rather large. T. N. Mch. 
 
 macrophyUus, A. (W. w-b. Au. 2i.) leaves ovate, petioled, serrate, rough; upper ones 
 ovate-heart-form, sessile; lower ones heart-form, petioled; petioles sub-margined: 
 stem branching, diffused; involucre cylindric, closely imbricate: scales oblong, acute. 
 1—2 f. Flowers largish. S. T. N. 
 
 ■adnatus, ( p.) scabrous; small leaved: leaves heart-oblong, acute, entire, adnate 
 above the middle of the stem; radical ones oblong: branches elongated, about 1- 
 flowered. Alabama. 
 
 3. Leaves lanceolate and ovate, lower ones serrate. 
 
 /implexicaulis, W. (2) (O. b. S. Zf.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute, clasping, heart-form, 
 serrate, glabrous: stem panicled, glabrous; branchlets 1-2-flowered: scales of the 
 involucre lanceolate, closely imbricate. Flowers middle-sized. 
 
 jjrenanthoides, W. (W. b. 2_(.) leaves clasping, spatnlatc-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate 
 in the middle, heart-form at the base: branchlets pilose; scales of the involucre 
 lanceolate, scurfy. W. Y. P. 
 
 lavi^atus, W. (O. r-p. S. to Nov. It-) leaves sub-clasping, broad-lanceolate, sub- 
 serrate, smooth: stem very branching, glabrous; branchlets many-flowered: scales 
 of the involucre lanceolate, lax, nearly equalling the disk. /S. P. Y. 
 
 versicolor, W. (y-w. Au. 21.) leaves sub-clasping, broad-lanceolate, sub-serrate, gla- 
 brous; radical ones serrate in the middle; stem very branching, glabrous; scales of 
 the involucre lanceolate, lax, shorter than the disk. Flowers many and large, 
 elegant. -S'. P. Y. 
 
 mulabilis, W. (p-y. Au. to Oc. IS.) leaves sub-clasping: upper ones lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, entire; lower ones lanceolate, at the base narrow, serrate; branchlets wand- 
 like: involucre shorter than the disk, lax: stem glabrous. Y. N. 
 
 Imcis, W. (W. b-p. S. to Nov. li-) leaves sub-clasping, remote, oblong, entire, shin- 
 ing; radicle ones sub-serrate: branches simple, 1-flowered: involucre imbricate, the 
 leafets somewhat wedge-form, acute, thickened at the apex: stem glabrous, angu- 
 lar. Y. V. 
 
 concinnus, W. (b-p. S. to Nov. 21.) leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping: lower ones 
 sub-serrate, glabrous: stem simple, panicled at the top: involucre closely imbri- 
 cate. P. 
 
 j)uniceus, (O. p. Au. to Nov. 2X-) leaves clasping, lanceolate, serrate, roughish: branches 
 panicled: involucre lax, exceeding the disk, the leafets linear-lanceolate, sub-equal: 
 stem hispid. A variety, purpureus, (3) seven feet: stem deep purple. Another 
 variety, rvfusccns, (4) tall; from green becoming redish. From 3 to 10 feet high: 
 flowers large. Damp. S. O. 
 
 novi-belgii, (W. w-p. Au. 2_C.) leaves sub-clasping, lanceolate, glabrous, rough at the 
 margin; lower ones sub-serrate, branches sub-divided: involucre lax-imbricate, the 
 leafets linear-lanceolate: stem terete, glabrous. Y. C. N. 
 
 hellidijlorus, W. (r. y. 1[.) leaves clasping, narrow-lanceolate, scabrous above, sub- 
 serrate beneath: stem very branching: scales of the involucre lanceolate-spreading. 
 C. 
 
 spectabilis, W. (b. Au. 24^.) leaves lanceolate, roughish, sub-clasping: lower ones ser- 
 rate in the middle: branches corymbed: leafets of tlie involucre lax, foliaceous, 
 somewhat wedge-form, acutish, scurfy. About 2 feet higli: flowers large. P. 
 
 (1) undulatus, W. tardifolius, Wr. (2) pennsylvanicus, Lb. (3) amoenus. Lb. 
 (4) hispiduB, Lb. 
 
I 
 
 ASTER. 145 
 
 serotinus,W. (b. S. 2i.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, glabrous; margin 
 rough; lower ones serrate: branches corymbed, glabrous; branchlets 1-flowered: 
 scales of tiie involucre lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. About three feet: flowers 
 large. T. 
 
 tardijlonis, W. (b. Oc. Zf.) leaves sessile, serrate, glabrous, spatulate-lanceolate, 
 tapering to the base, deflected at the margin and both sides: branches divaricate; 
 involucre lax, the leafets lanceolate-linear, sub-equal, glabrous. Flowers not middle 
 size. Y. 
 
 llandtis. Ph. (p. Oc. 21.) leaves somewhat clasping, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 serrate, glabrous: stem branching in a pyramid form: branches axillary, racemed, 
 scarcely longer than the leaf: peduncles downy, not winged; involucre lax, sub- 
 equal, shorter than the disk. Flowers largish. Canada. 
 
 acunnnatus, Mx. (w. S. 2_f.) leaves broad-lanceolate, narrow and entire at the base, 
 unequally serrate above, long-acuminate: stem simple, ilexuous, angular: panicle 
 divaricately dichotomous; scales of the involucre loose, linear, leaves large. A 
 variety, called elutior, has a higher stem: panicles manj'-flowered and leafy. Ano- 
 ther variety, pvntilus, has a lower stem: corymb-few-flowered, naked, scarcely 
 higher than the leaves. Commonly 12 inches high; and upwards; flowers middle 
 size. Probably a variety of prenanthoides. -S. P. W. N. 
 
 conyzoidts, W. (I) (O. \v. Ju. IX-) leaves oblong, 3-nerved, narrow and acute at the 
 base; upper ones sessile, sub-eniire; lower ones petioled, serrate: stem simple, 
 corymbed at the lop: involucre cylindric, scurfy: rays 5, very short. About 20 
 inches high: flowers small. 
 
 nxuiiflorus, N. (r. Zf.) stem simple, smooth: leaves sessile, lance-ovate, sub-acuminate, 
 sharply-serrate; upper side scabrous: corymb simple, few-flowered: peduncles hairy 
 or naked, l-9owered: involucre imbricate; scales ciliate. 
 
 radula, W. (w. S. H.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, rugose, very rough: 
 stem erect, angular, simple: corymb terminal: involucre imbricate: leafets lanceo- 
 late, obtusish, somewdiat scurfy. Flowers mid-size. P. 
 
 strictus. Ph. (2) (y-r. S. 2X.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, serrate, rough: stem 1 
 or few^-flowered above: scales of the involucre imbricate, close-pressed, oblong, 
 acute, nearly equalling the disk. Four to seven inches high: flowers middle sized. 
 
 tradcscanti, W. (3) (w-p. Au. IS.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile, glabrous: branches 
 wand-like: involucre imbricate: stem terete, glabrous, 3 to 4 feet high: flowers 
 small. Mich. 
 
 recurvatus, W. (4) (b. S. IS.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, tapering to the base: 
 lower ones serrate in the middle: stem branching, glabrous, recurvate: scales of the 
 involucre lax, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, sub-equal. Resembles the last. 
 
 junceus, A. (r. Au. Zf.) leaves lanceolate-linear, sessile, glabrous; lower ones sub- 
 serrate; those of the branchlets lanceolate: stem panicled, glabrous: branches wand- 
 like: involucre imbricate. 2 — 6 f. S. Y. 
 
 dracunculoides ^ W. (5) (w. S. 7S-) leaves linear-acuminate, entire; lower ones linear- 
 lanceolate, sub-serrate: branches corymbed: involucre imbricate: stem smoothish. 
 About 3 or 4 feet high. S'. Y. 
 
 miser, W. (W. w. S. IS.) leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, glabrous: involucre 
 imbricate; leafets acute: florets of the disk and ray equal: stem sub-villose. Y. O. 
 C. T. Canada. Mich. 
 
 cminens, VV. (y. r. S. ZfO leaves lance-linear, acuminate, scabrous at the margin; 
 lower ones sub-serrate: stem panicled: branchlets 1-flowered; involucre lax-imbri- 
 cate, with lanceolate leafets. T. Mich. 
 
 simplex, W. (w. y. 21- ) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous at the margin; cauline 
 ones serrate at the apex; those of the branches entire: stem glabrous, panicled at 
 the apex: involucre lax-imbricate, with linear-subulate leafets. 
 
 polyplujllus, AV. (w. y. r. IS.) leaves linear, mostly entire; radical ones oblong, sub- 
 serrate: stem very branching, hairy: involucre lax-imbricate. C. 
 
 lanceolutus, W. (w. p. Au. 2X-) leaves lance-linear, sessile, mostly entire, glabrous: 
 lower ones lanceolate, sub-serrate: stem branching, diff'ase, very glabrous; involucre 
 imbricate, with lanceolate somewhat spreading leafets. C. 
 
 fragilis, W. (w. If.) leaves linear, acuminate, entire; radical ones oblong, serrate; 
 
 (1) marylandicus, M.\. Conyza asteroides, L. (2) biflorus, M.\. (3) vimineus, 
 Lb. (4) salicifolius. Lb. (5) arlemisiflorus. Lb. 
 19 
 
146 ASTER. 
 
 branches coryinb-panicled: involucre imbricate, with close-pressed scales: stem 
 very glabrous. 2 f. 
 
 coUlnsii, N. (W. ) fine haired, rough: leaves uniform, wedge-oblong, serrate, tor- 
 tuous-spreading: corymb compound: involucre cylindrical witli close-pressed oblong 
 scales: rays about 5- dowered. West Florida, Ware. 
 
 atews, Aikin. (p. y. 2{.) involucre sub-ovate; scales linear acutish, reflex-spreading 
 towards the apex: rays numerous, narrow: receptacle flat, sub-alveolate, naked: 
 akenium oblong, minutely pubescent: egret pilose; hairs finely scabrous: leaves 
 ovate, slenderly acuminate, tapering to the petiole, sharp serrate, scabrous above, 
 glabrous and j)aler beneath; serratures sub-mucronate; upper leaves lanceolate, 
 sub-entire; petioles winged, clasping: stem angled, flexuous, glabrous below, pubes- 
 cent above: corymlied-panicle terminal, loose; peduncles bracted, about 1-llowered. 
 Flowers large; rays lilac-purple, disk yellow, becoming brownish: stem sometimes 
 decumbent: root fibrous: dark shady grounds, on borders of streams, &c. Height 
 12 to 20 inches! 
 
 shurlii, Boot. (b. O. IS.) flowers in a spreading panicle: leaves nearly glabrous 
 above, scabrous and sparingly pilose beneath: radical leaves heart-oblong, pubescent 
 when young, remotely and deeply crenate; oauline leaves mostly on long ciliate 
 petioles, entire, cordate-lanceolate; floral leaves ovate and lanceolate, sessile minute 
 and entire: stem branching above. Oliio and Ky. Riddell's catalogue. 
 
 oolcntangiensis, Riddell. (b. O. 2/.) panicle terminal, elongated, few- flowered: leaves 
 acuminate, scabrous above, rough and pubescent beneath; radical leaves long pe- 
 tioled, ovate, obliquely cordate., remotely serrate; lower cauline leaves lanceolate, 
 remotely serrate, on winged petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, half clasping, entire: 
 stem simple, strigose. Uolentangy river. O. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 chinensis, (china aster. 0.) leaves ovate, thickly toothed, petioled; cauline ones ses- 
 sile, at the base wedge- form; floral ones lanceolate, entire: stem hispid: branches 
 1-flowered: involucre foliaceous. A variety has \ery full flowers, various-colored, 
 and very short rays. Cultivated. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tortifolius, Ms. (Au. 2i.) leaves cuneate, obovate, acute, entire pubescent, twisted, 
 expanding: flowers nearly sessile, aggregate: scales of the involucre linear-lanceo- 
 late, close-pressed. 2 f. 
 
 grandiflorus, W. (p. y. Oc. 21..) leaves sub-clasping, linear, subulate, rigid reflexed, 
 with the margin ciliate and hispid: stem hairy; branches 1-flowered: involucre 
 squarrose; the scales linear-lance(jlate. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 exilis, E. (p. y. S. 2i.) very glabrous: stem slender, tall, somewhat branched: leaves 
 very long, linear, subulate: head in racemes: scales of the involucre lance-linear, 
 half as long as the ray. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 racemosus, E. (p. y. S. 11.) leaves lance-linear, sub-pubescent beneath, margin sca- 
 brous: branches slender, long: heads nearly sessile crowded towards the summit of 
 the branches. 2 f 
 
 squarrosus, W. (b. y. S. !(•) leaves very numerous, sessile, ovate, acute, reflexed, 
 rigid, margin hispid: stem branching, hairy; branches 1-floweied: scales of the 
 involucre lanceolate, hairy, loose. 2 f. 
 
 reticulatus, Ph. (w. Au. Z(.) leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, acute at both ends, 
 hoary and tomentose, 3-nerved, reticulately veined beneath: flowers racemed: scales 
 of the involucre very acute. 3 f 
 
 virgatus, E. (b-p. S. 2i-) leaves lance-linear, clasping, very glabrous: stem sub- 
 branched: branches virgate, erect: heads racemose: scales of the involucre very 
 acute, slightly squarrose. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 carolinianus, Wr. ( W. p. Oc. Zf.) stem shrubby, flexuous, much branched, pubescent: 
 leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to each end; scalesof the involucre lance- 
 linear, very pubescent, sub-squarrose. 10 — 12 f 
 
 suradosus, JVIx. (p. y. Oc. 21.) stem simple, pubescent towards the summit: leaves 
 ob-lanceolate, acute, sub-serrate, scabrous above; upper ones small: flowers few, 
 large: scales of the involucre oblong, ovate, reflexed, very pubescent. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 diicoideus, E. (p. S. 2i>) stem erect, sub-villose: leaves spatulate-ovate, acute, serrate, 
 hairy, pale beneath: scales of the involucre subulate, villose, loose, sub-squarrose; 
 florets of the ray none. 2 — 3 f. 
 
ASTER, ASTRAGALUS. 147 
 
 scaher, E. (p. y, S. 2f.) lower leaves petioled, oblong, cordate, acute, entire; upper 
 ones sessile, clasping, lance-ovatc, tapering to an acute point; all the leaves sca- 
 brous, undulate: panicle loose, long; the branches racemose. 3f. 
 
 dichotovivs. E. (\v. p. y. Oc. Zf.) leaves sessile, oval, obtuse, pubescent: corymb sub- 
 dichotomous: branches naked, long. 2 f. 
 
 ohovatus, N. (w. y. M. 21.) leaves sessile, oval, or obovate, obtuse, sub-rugose, very 
 pubescent: corymb paniculate: scales of the involucre closely imbricate. 3 f. 
 
 canescens, Vh. (1) (W. p Au. 2i.) white pubescent: leaves linear: panicle corymbed, 
 very branching, leafy; involucre imbricate, very acute, longer than the disli. 
 
 pauciflorus, N. ( VV. w. Au. 2S-) stem simple, 3 to 6-fiovvered: leaves linear, smootii, 
 those of the stem subulate, and somewhat clasping: peduncles axillary and termi- 
 nal, about 1-flowered: involucre and peduncle viscidly pubescent. On the margin 
 of salt springs. 10 i. 
 
 inontanus, N. (W. A. p-b. ) leaves lance-linear, sessile, entire, silk-villose, obsoletely 
 3-nerved: stem erect, slender; branches ]-tloweied: involucre hemispherical, with 
 lance-Hnear, acute, erect leafets. Mich. 
 
 oblongifuLius, N. (VV. p. 2i.) stem and leaves finely scabrous: leaves mostly lance- 
 oblong, somewhat clasping, not hairy: stem with sub-fastigiate few-Howered 
 branches: involucre hemispherical, with squarrose, acute, oblong-linear leafets. 
 1 f. 
 
 sparsiflorus, Mx. ( ) sub-glabrons: leaves linear, entire, reflexed: stem slender, 
 much branched; branches expanding, setaceous, 1-flowered: scales of the involucre, 
 close-pressed. L. 
 
 heterupliijUuSjW. (VV. 7S-) leaves glabrous; cauline ones ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate, 
 deeply serrate, entire at the apex; those of the branches oblong ovate, sub-serrate; 
 those of the branchlets lanceolate, minutely reflex spreading: stem panicled, gla- 
 brous: involucre closely imbricate. 
 
 adulterivus, W. (W. y. p. 71-) leaves clasping, lanceolate; lower ones sub-serrate, 
 glabrous; those of the brandies linear, squarrose: involucre squarrose, shorter than 
 the disk; scales wedge-linear. 
 
 peregrinus, Ph. (W. p-b. If.) leaves sessile, remote, lance-oblong, gradually acute, 
 glabrous: stem erect, sub-simple, glabrous, hirsute towards the top, and 1 to 3- 
 flowered at tlie suminit: scales of the involucre lance-linear, villose, very acute, 
 lax, of the length of the disk: rays numerous. 
 
 gracilis, N. (\V. b. 2i.) leaves lance-oblong, remotely gash-serrate, acute, somewhat 
 clasping, nearly smooth, with scabrous margins: stem minutely hairy, corymbed 
 at the top: peduncles filiform, 2 and 3-flowered; lateral pedicels longer: involucre 
 cylindric, squarrose-imbricated, with linear-oblong, sub-acute scales. Rays about 
 12, longer than the involucre. 1 f. 
 
 albus, N. (2) (W. w. Au. 2_f.) simple: flowers fastigiate-corymbed: peduncles (flower- 
 bearing branches) nearly naked, one-flowered: leaves lance-oblong, entire, scabrous, 
 attenuated below. 1 f. 
 
 16 — 10. Astrag'alus. 93. Leg. nut. ape. aso. gum."* 
 
 secundus, Mx. (3) (one sided milk vetch. A. p. Ju. 21.) caulescent, procumbent: leaf- 
 ets ovate, pubescent: spikes peduncled: legumes one-way, straight, accuminate 
 both ends, pedulous. Canada. 
 
 canadensis, W. (woolly milk vetch. W. y. Ju. Zf.) caulescent, diffuse: leafets (21) 
 glabrous both sides: legume sub-cylindric, mucronate. On the islands near Troy. 
 30 i. S. P. Y. T. R. Mich. 
 
 purshii, II. (y. J. 2|.) very hirsute: stem short, diffused: stipule lanceolate, acumin- 
 ate: leafets 6 to 8-pairs oblong: peduncles half as long as the leaves: flowers lax head 
 racemed, spreading; bracts linear-subulate, twice as long as the pedicels: calyx 
 long membranaceous: wings tapering and equalling the banner: germ sub-sessile, 
 linear, very hairy. R. 
 
 drummoiidii, H. (y. & w. 21-) erect: stem furrowed: stem leaves and peduncles be- 
 neath with short hairs: stipules ovate and very acuminate: leafets 13 to 15-paired, 
 oblong, obtuse, tapering into the petiole: peduncles longer than the leaves: racemes 
 
 Astragalus. Gr. astragalos. This was a name given by the Greeks to one of their 
 leguminous plants, but it is not known to which. 
 (1) biennis, N. (2) Inula, N. (3) labradoricus. Ilk. 
 *Gum tragacanth is produced from some species. 
 
148 ASTRAGALUS. 
 
 long lax: bracts subulate, longer than the pedicels: calj'X black-hirsute: legumes 
 Btiped, one-sided, cylindric, a little falcate. A. 
 
 alpinus, Ph. (I) (A. p. Ju. 21.) caulescent, procumbent: flowers pendulous, racemed: 
 legumes acute at both ends, hairy. R. Canada. 
 
 pauciflorus, Hk. (W. p.) decumbent, hoary, prossed-pilose: stipules opposite, lower 
 ones entire: leafets in 3 to 5 pairs, oblong, acute: peduncles a little shorter than 
 the leaves, 2 to4-flowered; flowers small in lax racemes: bracts pedicelled: teeth 
 of the white-hairy calyx equalUng the tube. Rocky Mt. Drummond. 
 
 adsurgens, Hk. (W.) elongated, prostrate or ascend'ing, somewhat glabrous: leafets 
 in 8 to 12 pairs, oblong: stipules ovale, acuminate, membranaceous: peduncles 
 longer than the leaves: spikes oblong: flowers erect; banner one third longer than 
 the wings: legumes straight, erect, somewhat 3-sided. Rocky Mountains, and 
 west of it. 
 
 sucatmbens, Doug. (W.) hirsute in all parts: stem procumbent, flexuose, ramose: 
 stipules small, acuminate; leafets in 5 pairs, obovate: racemes capitate: legumes 
 falcate. West of Rocky Ml. Flowers large. 
 
 diaplmmis, Doug. (W.) prostrate, difluse: leafets in 5 to 9 pairs, obovate; flowers 
 capitate, lax: bracts minute, acuminate: legumes falcate, sub-reflexed, diaphan- 
 ous. West of Rocky Mt. Flowers small. 
 
 lentisinosus, Doug. (W.) prostrate, sub-glabrous: leafets 8-paired, obovate: legumes 
 ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, curved and inflated at the base. Rocky Mt. and 
 west of it. 
 
 inflcxus, Doug. (W.) diffuse, prostrate, downy villose: stem flexuose: leafets 9 or 10 
 paired, obtuse, legumes ovate, ^ovvny, curved. West of Rocky Mt. 
 
 irlareosus, Doug. (VV. b-p.) depressed, downy: stem short (.5 inclies): leafets linear- 
 oblong, in 6-pairs: calyx long-cylindric, with black hairs. West of Rocky Moun- 
 tains. Flowers large. 
 
 IfLznuinni, (2) (W. b. J. 2i-) stem diffuse and ascending, grooved.- cauUne bracts 
 membranaceous, acuminate: leafets sub-pubescent, oblong, C to 8 pairs: peduncles 
 axillary and terminal, much longer than the leaves, thick grooved, in sub-oval 
 crowded spikes: bracts acuminate: legumes oblong, pubescent when young. 1 f, 
 R, 
 
 caryo carpus, H- (p. Zf.) stem many-edged, prostrate and ascending, sub-hirsute with 
 close-pressed hairs: stipules distinct, ovate acute; leafets 9 to 12 paired, oval: pe- 
 duncles shorter than the leaves: racemes capitate, lax: legumes inflated-nut-form, 
 ridgy, mucronate, glabrous, many-seeded: calyx densely hirsute. A. 
 
 moUissimus, T. & J. ( W. y-w. 2i.) almost stemless, erect, silk-downy: stipules not 
 attached to the petioles, opposite to the leaves: leafets 11 to l4 pairs, ovate-oblong, 
 mucronate: peduncles larger than the leaves: flowers in spikes, erect: legumes ob- 
 long, curved, glabrous. 
 
 leptopliyLlus, N. (Y. J. If.) erect glabrous; leafets linear, remote: racemes oblong: 
 peduncles longer than the leaves: legumes glabrous. R. 
 
 mortoni, N. (y. 21.) sub-glabrous, erect: leafets (i to 8 pairs, oblong-obtuse: racemes 
 dense-flowered nodding, peduncled, about equalling tiie leaves: germs villose. R. 
 
 glaber, Mx. (w. Ap.) caulescent, glabrous: leafels numerous, small, oval, slightly 
 fringed: spikes 3 to 6-flowered, on long peduncles: pods distant, terete, incurved. 
 2 f 
 
 obcordatus, E. (JLi. w.) glabrous: leafets small, 15 to 19 in number, obcordale: pedun- 
 cles long, bearing 8 to 12 flowers at the top. Stem decumbent? 
 
 galegaoides, N. (W. w.) stem sub-erect: leafets about 21, lance-oblong, sub-pubescent 
 beneath: peduncles axillary, longer tlian the leaves: spike crowded: flowers pedi.^ 
 celled, one-sided: legumes stiped, pendulous, 3-sided, inflated, smooth: calyx hair}', 
 with subulate segments: strong-scented. The 7Y;r;e7nosMs, Ph. 2f. 
 
 hyjjo glottis, (W. M.) stem .procumbent: leafets oblong: spikes ovate, peduncled, 
 longer than the leaves: legumes erect, ovate, channelled. Perhaps anorlhern plant. 
 Red River. 
 
 vagintitus, Dc. (p. & w.) erect, pubescent: stipules united together and opposite: leaf- 
 ets lance linear: peduncles longer than the leaves: flowers densely spiked, nodding: 
 legumes linear, straight. A. 
 
 gradlis, N. (W. M. Zf.) pubescent: stem slender, erect: leaves sub-sessile; leafets 
 oblong-linear, 13 to SI, remote: racemes peduncled. longer than the leaves: legume 
 very short, nodding, oval-ovate, somewhat 3-sidcd, hairy, 1-celled: teeth of the 
 
 (1) Phac^, Hk. (2) adsurgens? Hk. 
 
ASTRAGALUS. 149 
 
 cal}'x minute. 2 f. Nuttall says it is the /ereeZ/j^s of Pursh, which is called Ervum 
 multiflorum by the same author in one place, and Dalea parviflora in another. 
 
 micrantkus, N. (W. b. M.Q- 2i-) liecumbent: leafetf? oval, emaruinate, glabrous: pe- 
 duncles about l2-flowered, longer than the petioles: legumes falcate, 2-keeled, gla- 
 brous: seeds truncate. 7 i. 
 
 goniatus. N. (p.) decumbent, nearly glabrous: stem angular: leafets 7 — 10 pairs, linear 
 oblong, obtuse: stipules linear-lanceolate: peduncles longer than the leaves: spikes 
 capitate: bracts oblong, shorter than the villous calyx: teeth of the calyx subulate, 
 as long as the tube; legumes oblong, triquetrous, bicarinate, clothed with long 
 white hairs, a little longer than the caij'x. 4 i. Legume 4 i. long. Rocky Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 missouriensis, N. (M. v.) steniless: leafets lance-ovate, silky-silvery: scapes equalling 
 tlie leaves: flowers in heads: bracts lanceolate, of the length of the silky calyx. 
 Missouri. Oxytropis argenlata is a synonyme. 
 
 argopliyllus, N. (p.) villous with long white silky hairs: cespitose: stem short and 
 decumbent: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous: leafets 7 — 8 pairs, 
 lanceolate-ovate and acute; or obovate and obtuse: peduncles shorter than the 
 leaves: racemes short, loose, somewhat capitate, 3 — S flowered: bracts long and 
 subulate: flowers pedicellate: calyx tubular; teeth subulate, about one third the 
 length of the tube: legume hirsute, oblong, with a broad curved point, transversely 
 wrinkled, tiie lower suture slightly introliexed. Kocky Mountains. 
 
 shortianus, N. (w. ) slemless, canescent, with appressed shining hairs: leafets 5 — 7 
 pairs, roundish-elliptical or ovate, very obtuse: stipules ovate, obtuse: peduncles 
 shorter llian the leaves: raceme oblong: calyx cloj^ed with white hairs, with rather 
 long subulate teeth: legume lai-ge and turgid, cymbiform, with a short curved point, 
 black and transversely wrinkled. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 plattensis, N. (p.) st.em.s numerous, nearly prostrate, hirsute with whitish spreading 
 hairs: stipules broadly ovate, acute: leafets 8 — 12 pairs, elliptical or oblong: pedun- 
 cles shorter than the leaves: racemes short: bracts about twice as long as the pedi- 
 cels: calyx pilose, with darkish hairs, oblong: legume thick and fleshy, broadly 
 ovate, acuminate, somewhat compressed, pilose. Plains of the Platte. A. caryo- 
 carpus Torr. is a synonyme. 
 
 trichocalyx, N. ( ) stems numerous, decumbent, somewhat pilose, with appressed 
 hairs: stipules lanceolate: leafets 10 — IG pairs, ellipiical-oblong, obtuse: peduncles 
 about the length of the leaves: racemes short and crowded: bracts a little longer 
 than the pedicels: calyx densely villose, with mostly whitish hairs; the teeth subu 
 late, scarcely half the length of the tube: legume thick and somewhat fleshy, gla- 
 brous, finely wrinkled transversely. Arkansas, Texas. 
 
 pachycarpus, T. ( ) procumbent, diffuse, canescently hirsute with appressed hairs: 
 stipules ovate, acuminate: leafets 8—16 pairs, elliptical and oblong-obovate: pedun- 
 cles much shorter than the leaves: bracts lanceolate, scarcely as long as the short 
 pedicels: legumes ovate, coriaceous, very turgid and dilated laterally, somewhat 
 curved, with a short beak, inflexed at each suture, 2-celled, slightly wrinkled trans 
 versely. 6 — 10 i. branched. Arkansas. 
 
 distorttis, T. (May. b. ) scarcely pubescent, prostrate: leafets 8 — 12 pairs, oblong or 
 obovate, sometimes elliptical, usually emarginate: peduncles longer than the leaves: 
 spikes roundish or oblong, 10 — 20-flowered, loose: calyx clothed with blackish 
 hairs; the teeth broad, acuminate, about half the length of the tube; legumes 
 oblong, somewhat inflated, often somewhat twisted, abruptly pointed, scarcely 
 reticulated; upper suture slightly inflexed; the lower one deeply sulcate. 8 to 15 i. 
 Arkansas, Texas. 
 
 Icptucarpns. T. (April, p-b.) erect or assurgent, branched from the base, somewhat 
 pubescent: leafets 6 — 8 pairs, cuneate-elliptical, refuse: stipules lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate; peduncles longer than the leaves: spikes ovate, few-flowered, loose: bracts 
 subulate, lather minute: calyx campanulate; the teeth subulate, shorter than the 
 tube: legumes linear, verv narrow, elongated, membranaceous, glabrous, 2 celled; 
 ll_12-s"eeded 1 f Texas. 
 
 reflexus, T. (p.) assurgent: stem and lower surface of the leaves hairy: leafets 6—7 
 pairs, cuneate-obovate, emarginate: stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute: peduncles 
 longer than the leaves: spikes ovate, few-flowered; the flowers spreading: bracts 
 minute: calyx campanulate; the teeth subulate, longer than the tube: legumes 
 ovate-oblong, ratlier acute, reflexed, thick and coriaceous, corrugated transversely, 
 glabrous, 2-celled: the upper suture nearly straight and prominently ridged, the 
 lower deeply reflexed; cells 3— 4-seeded. 1 f. Texas. 
 
160 ASTRAGALUS, ATRAGENE. 
 
 multicaulis, N. (w-p.) canesrent: stems much branched from the base and cespilose: 
 leafet8 3 — 6 pairs, mostly obovate, obtuse: stipules ovate, membranaceous: racemes 
 3 — 5-flowered, shorter tliaii llie leaves: bracts subulate; calj^s campanulate; the 
 teeth broadly subulate, as lonir as the tube: legumes oblong, very hairy, much 
 curved, acute, inflated, partly 2-celled, the upper suture sulcate. 4 — 5 i. 
 
 o'regumis, N. ( ) dwarf and decumbent, canescent with appressed hairs: leafeta 
 
 17 — 21, broadly obovate or obcordate: stipules membranaceous: peduncle terminal, 
 very short: spike somewhat capitate: bracts linear, more than half the length of the 
 blackish villose calyx: teeth of the calyx about one-third the length of the tube. 
 6 i. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 jiavus, N. (y. ) somewhat canescent with appressed hairs, diffusely branched and 
 decumbent: leafets 2—5 pairs, oblong or lanceolate-linear, rather acute, nearly 
 glabrous above: stipules united opposite the leaves: peduncles longer than the 
 leaves: spikes at length elongated and loose: calyx campanulate: the teeth subulate, 
 nearly as long as the tube: legumes mostly included in the calyx, oblong-ovate, 
 much compressed contrary to the sutures, with a broad and rather deep furrow 
 below, partly 2-celled. C — 8 i. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 spicatus, N. ( ) pubescent, erect: leafets about 10 pairs, elliptic-oblong, obtuse: 
 
 stipules ovate, acuminate: peduncles rather longer than the leaves: spikes oblong: 
 bracts ovate, about the length of the pedicels: flowers reflexed: teeth of the calyx 
 short, the upper ones widest: legumes cylindrical-oblong, terete, pubescent, with a 
 short, subulate point. Kocky Mountains. 
 
 trislis, N. ( ) somewhat pubescent, dwarf and decumbent: leafets 8 — 10 pairs, 
 
 obovate-oblong, glabrous above: stipules ovate-lanceolate: peduncles stout, shorter 
 than the leaves: spikes oblong, dense, the flowers reflexed: bracts oblong-lanceolate, 
 nearly as long as the blackish villose calyx: teeth of the calyx short, triangular: 
 ovary villose, straight. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 leucopliyUus, T. ( ) canescent, erect, tall: leafets 14 — 18 pairs, oblong-linear, 
 rather acute: stipules small, subulate: peduncles twice as long as the leaves: spikes 
 oblong, dense; the flowers erect-spreading: bracts subulate, a little longer than the 
 pedicels: teeth of the calyx subulate, about one-third the length of the tube. 
 Cahfornia. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 glaux, (milk-vetch. 0.) caulescent, diffuse; the little heads peduncled, imbricate, 
 ovate; flowers erect: legume ovate, callous, inflated. 
 
 depressus, (trailing vetch. 21- ) sub-caulescent, procumbent: leafets obovate: raceme 
 shorter than the petiole: legume terete, lanceolate, leflesed. 
 
 16 — 10. AsTR0PHi.\. 93. Legu. ape. ant. nut. 
 
 liltoralis, N. (Z(.) silky pubescent: leaves pinnate small; leafets in 2 or 3 pairs, linear- 
 spatulate: racemes about 5-flowered: seeds globose, brown. 
 
 3 — 2. Atherop'ogon. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 apludoidcs, M. (1) (hair-beard. W. S. H-) spikes short, numerous, (20 to 40,) re- 
 flexed downwards: cnhn terete, glabrous, geniculate: leaves hairy at the base: 
 sheaths hairy. 1 f 8. P. T. Mich. 
 
 oligostachyum, N. (W. 21.) spikes 2 or 3, sub- terminal, many-flowered: glumes and 
 paleas pilose; outer palea 3-awned, the 2 lateral awns shorter and arising near the 
 middle of the valve— neutral valve 3-awned. 10 i. S. 
 
 Atliyrum, Aspidium. 
 
 12 — 12. Atrag'ene. 6J. Ran. acr- cau. poi — . 
 
 americana, Sims. (2) (false virgin-bower, b-p. M. If.) stem climbing, 6-angled: 
 leaves in fours, ternate, with climbing petioles: leafets glabrous, heart-ovate, acu- 
 minate: carpels caudate, with awns plumose? T. N. 
 
 Atheropogon. Gr. a^Aer, a bristle, a.nd pogon, a beard, its awns being very scabrous. 
 Atragene. Gr. Athragene, a name adopted by Theophrastus for our Clematis vitalba. 
 
 DeCandolle. f J f 
 
 (1) Chloris curlipendula, Mx. (2) pennsylvanica, M. Clematis, verticillaris, Do. 
 
ATRAGEXE, AVENA. 151 
 
 Columbiana, N. (b. Mar.) peduncles 1-flowered: leaves opposite, triple-gashed; leafets 
 ovale, acute, obsolctely crenale: divisions of calyx ovale acuinuiate, with stamens 
 about twice as long. il. 
 
 5 — 2. Atre'ju. CO. Unib. sto. nar. if nau. 
 
 americana, (1) (W.) stem furrowed: leaves many-cleft into linear divisions: umbels 
 5 to 8-rayed. Red River. 
 
 5—2. A'triplex. 29. Chen. nut. ton. 
 halimus, W. (orache. \.) leaves alternate or opposite, oblong-sub-rhomboid, entire. 
 
 hortcnsis, (fjardcn orache. Ju. -0.) stem erect, heibaceous: leaves triangular, 
 toothed of an uniform color: calyx of the fruit ovale, netted, entire. 3 f. Y. C. 
 
 laciiiiata, W. (L. J. 0.) stem erect, herbaceous: leaves triangular, deep-toothed, white 
 beneath: calyx of tiie fruit rhomboid, 3-nerved, denticulate. S. C. 
 
 areniiria, N. (2) (sand orache. Ju. 0.) stem herbaceous, spreading: leaves entire, ob- 
 long-ovate, sub-sessile, white-silvery beneath; upper ones acute or acuminate: 
 flowers axillary, glomerate: calyx of the fertile flowers muricate, dentate, retuse. 
 Stem reddish, angular, very branching; about a foot high. iS. Y. 
 
 patula, (spreading orache. W. Ap. 0.) stem herbaceous, spreading: leaves triangular- 
 hastate, smooth above, irregularly toothed; upper ones entire: fruit bearing calyx 
 sub-muricate on the sides. Perhaps a variety of lachduta, T. 6*. C. B. N. 
 
 hastata, W. (Ju. 0.) stem erect, herbaceous: leaves triangular-hastate, deeply tooth 
 ed, uniform colored: calyx of the fruit sinuate-toothed: middle tooth elongated. 
 Perhaps introduced. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 angvstifolia, (L.J. 0.) stem herbaceous, divaricate: lower leaves hastate, slightly 
 toothed; upper ones lanceolate, entire: calyx of the fruit lance-hastate, entire. 
 
 canescens, N. (W. M.) dioecious, dusty-whitish; stem shrubby, diff"use: leaves oblong- 
 linear, entire, obtuse, tapering towards the base; young leaves acute. 3 f. Calli- 
 gonum canescens of Pursh. 
 
 argentca, N. (W. Q,) stem herbaceous, erect: leaves deltoid, sub-cordate, sub-obtuse, 
 entire, white-dusty and shining both sides: fruit somewhat peduncled, oval, com- 
 pressed, obtuse, acutely toothed at the margin. ] f. 
 
 5 — I. A'tropa. 38. Solan, poi. r. f. & h. nar-|-. 
 Exotic, 
 belladonna, (deadly nightshade, w-y. Zf.) stem herbaceous, brachiaie: leaves ovate, 
 entire. Berries black and poisonous. 
 
 3 — 2. Aulaxan'thus. 10. Gram, far- ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cUiatuB, E. (S. K?) stem erect: leaves linear, ciliate: panicles slender, compact. Sand. 
 
 2 f. 
 rvfus, E. (Au.") stem erect: leaves very glabrous: panicle large, slightly compressed: 
 hairs on the glumes reddish yellow. Perhaps a variety of ciLlatus, E. 
 
 Aulaxia, Aulasan'thds. 
 3—2. Ave NA. (3) 10. Gram, far- ton. 
 
 praecox, (dwarf oats. J. ^.) panicle in a dense raceme: florets as long as the glumes: 
 awnexsert: leaves setaceous. Sand. 4 i. E. Ithaca. 
 
 Atrema. Gr. a, without, and trema, a hole, or atrenia, quietly, tranquilly. 
 
 A triplex. Lai. utripltx, from its dark color. 
 
 Alropa. From Atropus, one of the three fates, from its deadly qualities. 
 
 Aulaxanthus. Gr. uulax, a. farrow, and anthos, Aower. 
 
 Avena. Lat. aveo, to covet, because cattle are so fond of it. 
 
 (1) Coriandrum americanum, N. (2) patula? M. (3) See Danthonia. 
 
153 AVENA, AZALEA. 
 
 moUh, Ph. racemes somewhat in a compact spike: glumes 2-flowerecl; flowers awn ed 
 and'beardless— awns straight, of tlie length of the flowers: leaves and culm with 
 soft pubescence. r- a :, a ^ 
 
 striata, Ph. (A.) panicle compact, few-flowered; glumes o-tlowered; flowers longer 
 than the glumes, almost beardless: valves outwardly striate, with a long awn upon 
 the back: seed naked. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 saliva, (oats. J. #.) panicled: glumeg 2-seeded: seeds smooth, one of them awned. 
 First discovered in the island of Juan Fernandez. A variety is awnless, and has 
 black seeds. 
 
 sterilis, (animated oats. Ju. ^.) panicled: glumes about 5-flowered: florets hairy, the 
 middle ones awnless. When dry, the heads are set in motion, if moistened, by the 
 untwisting of the awns. 
 
 elatior, (J. U-) panicle sub-contracted, nodding: glume 2-flowered; florets perfect, 
 sub-awnless, staminate awned: culm geniculate, glabrousi root creeping. Intro- 
 duced. 
 
 13 — 2. Avicen'nia. 45. Polom. ton. 
 
 Soutlicm. 
 
 lomerdosa, W. (mangle. ^ .) leaves oblong, obtuse, tomentose beneath. Flowers in 
 sub-sessile clusters. 20 f. ^ 
 
 5 — 1. Aza'lea. 50. Eric. diu. dem. 
 
 procumhens, W. (tiailing honeysuckle, r. Ju. h.) leafy-flowered: branches diffuse, 
 procumbent: leaves opposite, elliptic, glabrous: margin revolute: corol bell-form, 
 glabrous: filaments enclosed, equal. Flowers small: resembles Ledum buxifolium: 
 all tlie other species resemble the Rhododendron, to which Don annexed them. 
 3_4 i. N. White Mts. 
 
 calendulacca, Mx. (r. & y. Ap. ^.) sub-naked-flowered: leaves oblong, pubescent 
 both sides, and when full-grown become rough-haired: flowers abundant, large, not 
 viscous: teeth of the calyx oblong: corol with a hirsute tube sliorter than its divi- 
 sions. A variety, Juinwiea, has a flame-colored flower; another, crocea, has a saf- 
 fron-colored flower. 4 f P'. 
 
 cancscens, Mx. (A. N. r. J. ^.) sub-naked-flowered: leaves obovate-oblong, pubescent 
 on the upper side, and downy beneath; nerves not bristle-bearing: flowers not vis- 
 cous: tube of the corol scarcely shorter than its divisions: teeth of the calyx very 
 short, round-obtuse: stamens scarcely exsert. S. Catskill mountains. 
 
 arborcscens, (r. 'H.) flowers leafy: leaves obovate, sub-obtuse, smooth both sides, 
 glaucous beneath, ciliate on the margin; nerve almost smooth: flowers not viscous; 
 tubes longer than the segments: calyx leafy, with oblong acute segments: filaments 
 exsert. 1 5 f. 
 
 kispida ?h. (A. w. r. Ja. fp .) flowers leafy: branches straight, very hispid: leaves 
 long-lanceolate, hispid above, smooth beneath, glaucous botii sides, nerve bristly 
 beneath: margin ciliate: flowers very viscous: tube scarcely longer than the seg- 
 ments: teeth of the calyx oblong, rounded: filament exsert. 12 f 
 
 nudiflora, W. (I) (early honeysuckle, pinxter blomachee. O. r. M. >;.) sub-naked- 
 flowered: leaves lancoolate-oblong, or oval, smooth or pubescent, uniform-colored; 
 nerves on the upper side downy, and beneath bristly; margin ciliate: flowers abun- 
 dant, viscous; iheir tubes longer than their divisions: teeth of the calyx short, 
 oval, sub-rounded: stamens very much exsert. A variety, coccinea, has scarlet 
 flowers and lanceolate leaves; another ruiilans, has deep-ied flowers and minute 
 calyx; another, carnea, has pale-red flowers, witli red bases and leafy calyx: ano- 
 ther, alba, has white flowers, with a middling calyx: another, papUionacca, has red 
 flowers, with the lower divisions white, calyx leafy; another, partita, has flesh- 
 colored flowers, 5-parted to tiie base: another, polijandriu, has rose-colored flowers, 
 with from 10 to 20 stamens. Woods. 2 — Q^ 
 
 Avicennia. In honor of Avicenna, an Arabic physioian of repute. 
 
 Azalea. G,r. azaleas, dry, from jts rcsUlence in dry and .sandy situations, or Hie brittle 
 
 dry nature of its wood. '•_. ;, 
 
 (1) penclymeuoides, Mx. 
 
AZALEA, BOLLOTA. 153 
 
 niiida, (swamp honeysuckle, swamp pink. w. J. ^.) leafy- flowered: branches smooth- 
 ish: leaves few, oblanceolate, sub-mucronate, leathery, glabrous both sides, and the 
 upper side shining; nerve bristle-bearing beneath; margin revolute-ciliate: flowers 
 viscous; tube a little longer than the divisions: calyx very short: filaments exsert. 
 Leaves dark-green. Swamps. C. Y. 
 
 tiscosa. W. (white honeysuckle. W. \v. J. ^.) leaf}'- flowered: branches hispid: 
 leaves obloiig-obovate, acute, botli sides glabrous and one-colored: nerve bristle- 
 bearing; margin ciliate: flowers viscous; tube twice as long as the divisions: teeth 
 of the calyx very short, rounded: filaments scarcely longer than the corol. Flowers 
 very sweet-scented. 5 f B. N. 
 
 glauca, Lk. (fragrant honeysuckle, w. J. Tp .) leafy-flowered: branchlets hispid: 
 leaves oblanceolate, acute, both sides glabrous, and glaucous beneath; nerve bristle- 
 bearing, margin ciliate: flowers very viscous; tube of the corol twice as long as its 
 divisions: calyx very short: filaments about equal to the divisions of the corol. 
 Rather lower than tiie other species: flowers abundant. Perhaps a variety of vis- 
 cosa. S. P. 
 
 Southern. 
 bicolor, Ph. (r. w. M. '^.) naked flowered: leaves obovate, covered on both sides with 
 fine whitish hairs; the nerve not bristly: flowers small, not viscid; the tube scarcely 
 longer than tbe segments of the corol: calyx very short; one of its segments nar- 
 row, and 4-times longer than the rest: filaments longer than the tube: smaller 
 branches hairy and hispid. 2 — 8 f 
 
 21 — 1. Azol'la. 5. Fill, sec-sti. 
 
 caroliniana, (VV. 0.) leaves distichous, imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading. 
 Floating leaves, reddish beneath. Lake Ontario, Cayuga Marsh. 
 
 B. 
 
 17 — 2. Bac'charis. 55. Inu. ton. e. feb. 
 
 Jialimifolia, Mx. (groundsel tree. w. S. ^.) leaves obovate, gash-toothed above: 
 panicle compound, leafy: fascicles peduncled. The whole shrub covered with 
 white powder. Sea coast, and river alluvion. 6—12 f. S. Y. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 angustifolia. Ms. (L. S.) very glabrous: leaves linear, very entire: panicle compound, 
 
 many-flowered. S — 10 f. 
 sessilijiora, Mx. (S.) leaves smooth, cuneate-obovate, toothed near the summit: heads 
 
 axillary, sessile, scattered: scales of the involucre rufous at the tips. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 17 — 3. Balduin'a. 55. Inu. ton. sec-sti. 
 
 SouthcTTi. 
 
 tiniflora, N. (y. Ju. Z[.) stem 1-flowered, simple, pubescent: leaves narrow, obovate, 
 
 entire: egret as long as the akenium. 2 f 
 multiflora, N. (y. S. If'?) stem branching, many-flowered, glabrous: leaves linear; 
 leaves of the involucre acuminate: egret short, cup-form. 30 i. Elliott considers 
 these two species as belonging to diflerent genera — the latter he proposes to call 
 Actinospermum. 
 
 13 — 1. Ballo'ta. 42. Labia, stim. ton. 
 Exotic. 
 nigra, (false motherwort, false hoarhound. 2X-) Naturalized, and grows wild about 
 New Haven. Leaves heart-form, undivided, serrate: sepals acuminate. Ives. C. 
 
 Azolla. Gr. azo, to make dry, olio, (ollumi) to kill; in allusion to its withering sud- 
 denly, when removed from a marsh, &c. 
 
 Baccharis. From Bacchus, to whom the original plant (probably by Dioscorides) 
 was dedicated. 
 
 Balduina. In honor of Dr. Wm. Baldwin, of Savannah, Geo. 
 
 Ballota. Gr. hnlln, to send forth, and ous, (otos) the ear, its sprouts resembling two 
 ears. 
 
 20 
 
154 BALTIMORA, BARBAREA. 
 
 Balsamorhiza, Espeletia. 
 17 — 4. Baltimo'ra. 55. Inu. sec-sti. 
 Southern, 
 recta, W. (y. Ju. -^.) scabrous: stem dichotomous: leaves opposite, ovate, acumi- 
 nate, serrate, petioled. It is doubtful whether this grows north of the West India 
 Islands. 
 
 10 — I. Bapti'sia. V. (1) 93. Leg. r. & h. asc. cat. eme. dye. 
 
 tinctoria, (wild indigo. O. y. Ju. H.) very glabrous and branching: leaves ternate, 
 sub-sessile; leafets wedge-obovate, round-obtuse, (becoming black in drying:) sti- 
 pules obsolete, oblong, acute, much sliorter than the petioles: racemes terminal: 
 legumes ovate, long-stiped. 2 — 3 f. (S*. Mich. 
 
 ccETulea, Mx. (2) (spiked indigo weed. W. b. Ju. 71.) glabrous: leaves ternate, short- 
 petioled; leafets oblong-wedge form, obtuse: stipules lanceolate, acute, twice as 
 long as the petioles: racemes spiked, elongated: legumes acuminate. S. C. H. 
 Canandaigua. 
 
 alba, W. (W. w. J. Zf.) branches spreading: leaves ternate, petioled: leafets lance- 
 olate, wedge-form at the base, obtuse, rnucronate, glabrous: stipules subulate, 
 shorter than the petioles: racemes terminal. 2 f. D. Mich. 
 
 leucoyhaea, N. ( r-y. ) Description not received. See Addenda. Mich. 
 
 Southern. 
 perfoUata, M. (y. Ju. 2_C.) very glabrous: leaves perfoliate, oval, entire, glaucous: 
 
 flowers axillary, solitary, legumes sub-globose, inflated. 
 lanceolata, Wr. (y. Ap. 21-) pubescent: leaves ternate, cuneate, lanceolate obtuse: 
 
 flowers axillary, solitary; the terminal ones racemed. 1 — 2 f. The uniflora of Ph. 
 
 Florida. 
 villosa, Wr. (y-w. J. Zf.) leaves ternate, lanceolate, hairy: stem and calyx villose: 
 
 stipules linear: racemes terminal. 
 mollis, Mx. (Zf.) stem, leaves, and calyxes, minutely hairy: leaves ternate; leafets 
 
 lance-rhomboid: stipules leafy, lanceolate: racemes in terminal spikes: teeth of the 
 
 calyx acute. 
 bracteata, M. (W. w. Ap.) pubescent: branches spreading: leaves ternate, petioled; 
 
 leafets lanceolate: racemes axillary, reclined: bracts large, broad-subulate, perma- 
 nent. 2 f The Icucopluee? N. 
 simplicifolia, Croom. (y. J. Zf.) leaves siuiple, rhomb-ovate, obtuse, glabrous, without 
 
 stipules: stem angular: legumes pedicelled. Florida. 
 sphaerocarpus, N. (W. y. 21-) very glabrous: leaves sessile; leafets lance-oblong and 
 
 ovate, obtuse: stipules subulate, minute: legumes very short, sub-globose: spikes 
 
 long, terminal. Arkansas. 
 viicrophylla,, N. (y. Zf-) leaves simple, sessile, round-cuneate; upper ones clasping: 
 
 stipules roundish: flowers axillary, solitary: legumes short, sub-globose. Florida. 
 
 14 — 2. Barbare'a. Br. 63. Cruc. asc. nut. 
 
 vulgaris, (3) (water radish, water rocket. O. y. M. ZC-) lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, 
 with the terminal lobe roundish; upper leaves obovate, toothed. Banks of rivers. 
 Wet lands. 
 
 precox, Br. (4) (winter cress. ZJ!.) lower leaves lyrate, with a termimal ovate- 
 
 lobe, upper ones deeply pinnatifid, with linear oblong terminal-lobes. Canada. C. 
 
 11 — 1. Barto'nia. 88. Laoas. ton — . 
 
 la£vicaulis, H. (W. J. w.) petals 5: stamens 5, petalloid: bracts 0: stem very smooth, 
 seeds winged. R. 
 
 Baltimora. In honor of Lord Baltimore, the settler of Maryland. 
 Baptisia. Gr. hapto, to dye, as it is often used as a color. 
 Barbarea. So named from its being called the herb of St. Barbary. 
 Bartonia. In honor of Dr. B. S. Barton, of Philadelphia. 
 
 (1) Podalyria, W. Sophora, Wr. (2) austrahs, W. (3) Erysimum barbarea, L. 
 (4) Erysimum precox, S. 
 
BARTONIA, BELLIS. 165 
 
 parvijlora, Dg. ( ) petals 5: stamens 5 — 7, petaloid: bracts 0: stem scabrous: 
 
 seeds winged. R. 
 albicaulis, Dg. (y. ^.) petals 5, obovate, small: stamens petaloid, or none: bracts 
 
 none: stem very smooth, sliining, white. R. 
 
 Bartonia, as changed to Centaurella. 
 13—2, Bart'sia. 36. Rhinan. ton—. 
 
 pallida, (white painted cup, A- w-y. Au. 21.) leaves alternate, linear, undivided; upper 
 ones lanceolate; floral ones sub-oval, sub-toothed at the summit; all are 3-nerved: 
 teeth of tha calyx acute. White-hills. 
 
 acuminata, Ph. (W. 7i.) leaves alternate, long-linear; floral leaves ovate, long-acumi- 
 nate, 3-nerved, all undivided: flowers shorter than the bracts: teeth of the calyx 
 acute. 
 
 tenuifolia, Ph. (W. y. Ju. If.) very hirsute; leaves alternate, linear, gash-pinfiatifid; 
 divisions filiform: bracts (yellow,) membranaceous, oblong, obtuse, tooth-hastate 
 at the base on each side, longer than the flowers: calyx short, hairy, with subulate 
 teeth. 1 f. 
 
 alpina, W. (p. Zf.) leaves opposite, ovate, sub-cordate, obtuse-serrate, rugose: an- 
 thers hirsute. 6 i. 
 
 gymnandra, W. (W. b. Zf.) leaves sub-opposite, ovate', crenate; a pair of radical ones 
 petioled: spike oblong; the whorled bracts compact. 7 i. 
 
 Note. The coccinea is removed to Nuttali's new genus, Euchroma. 
 
 5 — 1. Bat'schia. 43. Bora, pec — . 
 
 eanescens, (puccoon, false bugloss. W. y. Ju. 24^.) whitish-villose: leaves all oblong: 
 calyx very short: divisions of the corol entire. A red substance covering the root 
 is the puccoon paint of the Indians. S. P. H. N. Mich. 
 
 gmelini, Mx. (W. r-y. Ap. 2I0 hirsute: floral leaves ovate: segments of calyx long 
 sub-lanceolate. Dry woods. 10. — 16 i. iS. Mich. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 longiflora, N. (W. y. Ju. 2_f-) hirsute, erect; leaves approximating, long-linear: mar- 
 gin reflexed: fascicles fastigiate: tube of the corol sub-pentangular; border flat, with 
 fringed crenatures. 
 
 decumbens. N. (W.) hirsute: stem decumbent: segments of the calyx and leaves linear: 
 flowers scattered: lobes of the corol fi'inged-crenate, shorter than the tube. 
 
 3 — 2. Beckman'nia. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 Southern, 
 crucaeformis, Ju. (W. Ju.) panicle 2-rowed, 1-sided, linear: glumes 1 or 2-flowered, 
 with scarious margins: stigma hirsute. 
 
 Befaria, Bejaria. 
 
 12 — 1. Beja'ria. 50. Eric. diu. ast. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 racemosa, Ph. (w-r. J. T^.) leaves lance-ovate, glabrous: flowers raceme-panicled, ter 
 
 minal: stem hispid. 3 f. Sand^ 
 
 17—2. Bel'lis. 55. Ast. sec-sti. 
 Exotic. 
 permnis, (daisy, w. & p. Ap. 11.) leaves obovate, crenate: scape nalied, l-flowered. 
 Grows wild in cultivated fields in Pittsfield, Mass. 
 
 Bartsia. In honor of Dr. Bartseh, a friend of Linneus. 
 
 Batschia. In honr of J. G. Batsch, of Jena, author of several valuable botanical books. 
 
 Beckmannia. In honor of Prof Beckmann, a German botanist. 
 
 Bejaria. In honor of Bejar, a Spanish botanist. 
 
 Bellis. Lat. bellus, handsome, from its appearance. 
 
156 BELLIS, BETULA. 
 
 Sovthern. 
 integrifoUa, Mx. (W.) caulescent; spread-branched: leaves entire; lower ones obovate; 
 upper ones lanceolate: leafets of the involucre very acute and acuminated with a 
 hair. 
 
 6—1. Ber'beris. 78. Berb. f. jel. ref. r. ton. dye. 
 
 vuUaris, (I) (barberry, y. M. Tj.) branches punctate: prickles mostly in threes: 
 leaves obovate, remotely serrate: flowers racemed. N. Y. C. P. B. Canada. 
 
 pinnata, (W. y. Ap. Tj.) sarmentose, unarmed: leaves pinnate; leafets mostly in 
 three pairs, oblong, rapand-toothed, veiny: petals 2-toothed. The aquifolium. Ph. 
 
 nervosa, Ph. (W. y- Ap. ^.) sarmentose, unarmed: leaves pinnate; leafets 6-paired, 
 ovate-oblong, repand-serrate, somewhat 5-neryed: petals entire. R. 
 
 aqulfolia, H. K. (2) (W. ) leaves in 2 and 3 pairs, lower pair distant from the base 
 of the petiole; leafets ovate, near each other, spine-toothed, cordate at the base, 1- 
 ijej-ved: racemes erect, dense: filaments 2-toothed. 
 
 canadensis, Ph. (M. Ju. ^ .) branches yerrucose-dotted, with short tripple spines: leaves 
 spatulate-oblong, remotely serrate, willi somewhat bristly teeth: racemes sub- 
 corymbose, few-flowered: petals emargiuate: berries sub-globose or oval. 2 to 3 f, 
 yiiginia, Georgia. B. vulgaris of Walter is a synonym. 
 
 Berckemia, Rhamnus. 
 
 Rernhardia, Psilotum. 
 
 5—2. Be'ta. 29. Chen. nut. sug. h. lax. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 vulgaris, (beet. g. Au. $.) flowers heaped together: lower leaves ovate. 
 
 cida (white-beet, scarcity. (J.) flowers in threes: radical leaves petioled, cauline ones 
 
 sessile: lateral spikes very long. 
 
 19 — 12. Be'tula. 99. Betu. b. aro. ton. h. sug. cab. 
 
 popy.lifolia, W. (3) (white birch, poplar birch. Ju. ^.) leaves deltoid, long-acuminate, 
 unequally serrate, very glabrous: scales of the strobile with rounded lateral lobes: 
 petioles glabrous. 30—40 f. T. V. Y. N. C. 
 
 excelsa, (4) (tall birch, yellow birch. O. J. fp .) leaves ovate, sjcute, serrate: petioles 
 pubescent, shorter tiian the peduncle? scales of the strobile with rounded lateral 
 lobes. 70—80 f. Mich. 
 
 rubra, Mx. (5) (red birch. M. ^.) leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly serrate, acute, pubes- 
 cent beneatli, base entire: pistillate ament ovate: scales villose: divisions linear, 
 equal. 70 f Excellent cabinet timber. S. 
 
 papyracea, W . (G) (paper birch, canoe birch, h .) leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly 
 serrate; veins liirsute beneath; petiole glabrous: pistillate anient peduncled, nod- 
 ding: scales with lateral, short, sub-orbicular lobes. Has a paper-like bark, of 
 which the Indians construct canoes. Y. VV. T. N. Mich. 
 
 Imta, W. (7) (spicy birch, cherry birch, black birch. O. M. f; .) leaves heart-ovate, 
 eharp-serrate, acuminate: nerves and petioles pilose beneath: scales of the strobile 
 glabrous, with obtuse equal lobes having elevated veins. Large tree, wliose wood 
 is much like mahogany; very sweet scented. 80 f S. b. tan. Russia leather. 
 
 glandulcsa, (scrub birch. M. >>.) branches glandular-dotted, glabrous: leaves obovate, 
 serrate, at the base entire, glabrous, sub-sessile: pistillate ament oblong, scales 
 half-3-cleft: fruit orbicular, with a narrow margin. 2 — 8 f. Very abundant in the 
 marshes about Stockbridge, Mass. It seems to be intermediate between Betula 
 and AInus. Y. P. T. Mich. 
 
 nana, (dwarf birch. M. ^.) very small and glabrous: leaves small, wedge-orbiculate, 
 gash-crenate, net-veined beneath: scales of the ament deeply 3-parted, divisions 
 oblong, fruit oblong, nearly wingless. Swamps. Canada. N. 
 
 Berberis. Obscure: Berheris, according to Golius, is the Arabic name of this plant. 
 Beta. Gr. letter Beta, which its seed resembles, or from Celt, belt, meaning red. 
 Betula. Beta is the Celtic word for the Birch, betula, Lat. 
 
 (1) canadensis, N. (2) mahouia, N. (3) acuminata, Eh. (4) lutea; Mx. 
 (5) lanulosa, Mx. nigra, L. (6) papyrifera, Mx. (7) nigra, Wm. carpinifoha, Eh. 
 
BETULA, BLECHNUM. 157 
 
 pu'mUa, W. (1) (dwarf birch. O. J. T^.) branches pubescent, dotted; leaves orbicular- 
 obovate, petioled, dense-pubescent beneatli: pistillate ament cylindric. 2 — 3 f. 
 Y, P. C. N. 
 
 17 — 3. Bi'dens. 55. Arte. irr. sal. dia. 
 
 cemua, (water beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. O.) flowers sub-rayed, drooping: outer invo- 
 lucre longer than the flower: leaves lanceolate, sub-connate, toothed. One variety, 
 minima, has sessile leaves and erect flowers and akenes: another variety, coreopsis, 
 has serrate, opposite, clasping leaves. Mich. 
 
 chrysanlhemoides, W. (2) (daisy beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. O.) flowers rayed, drooping, 
 rays erect, longer than the sub-equal involucre: leaves oblc^ng, tapering to both 
 ends, toothed, connate. Flowers large: 2, 3 or 4 awns to an akenium. Wet. (S. 
 
 tripartita, (three-fingered beggar-ticks. Au. 0.) flowers discoid; outer involucre longer 
 than the flower: akenes with 3 awns: leaves 3-cleft. 3 f. Swamps. Bigelow 
 finds this species near Boston; probably we have labelled it by some other name. 
 frondosa, (burr marygold, cuckold. O. y. Ju. 0.) flowers discoid: outer involucre six 
 times as long as the flower: leafets ciliale at the base: lower leaves pinnate; upper 
 ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate. S. Mich. 
 
 connaia, W. (3) (y. Ju. 0.) flowers discoid: outer involucre thrice as long as the 
 flower: cauline leaves ternate; lateral leafets connate; floral ones oblong lanceolate. 
 8. P. Y. C. N. 
 
 pibsa, W. (Ju. 0.) flowers discoid: outer involucre of the length of the inner: lower 
 leaves pinnate; upper ones ternate; leafets oblong, a terminal lanceolate one twice 
 as long as the rest. S. P. 
 
 bipinnaUi, (hemlock beggar-ticks, y. Ju. 0.) flowers sub-rayed: outer involucre of the 
 length of the inner: leaves doubly pinnate; leafets lanceolate, pinMtifid. S. Y. P. 
 C. H. N. 
 
 leckii, T. (water marygold. Au. y. Zf.) submersed leaves capillary, divided into many 
 parts, dichotomous: flowefs erect, terminal, solitary. Flowers radiate. A new 
 species discovered in a pond near Schenectady, N. Y., by Dr. Lewis C. Beck, and 
 named by Dr. John Torrey, in honor of the zealous and persevering discoverer. 
 Sodus Bay. Mich. 
 
 gracilis, T. & J. (W. y.? H.) very glabrous: leaves pinnate-5-cleft; divisions narrow- 
 linear, entire: stem sub-ramoiis, erect: flowers terminal, solitary, long-peduncled, 
 discoid: bracts half as long as the involucre. S. 2 f. 
 
 petiolata, N. ( 0.) glabrous: leaves simple, petioled, narrow; lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate at both ends, serrate: flowers discoid: outer involucre middling. Mich. 
 
 13 — 2. Bigno'nia. 40. Bign. h. fom. 
 
 radicans, (trumpet flower. O. r. & y. Ju. '^.) leaves pinnate: leafets ovate, toothed, 
 acuminate; corymb terminal; tube of the corol thrice as long as the calyx: stem 
 rooting. Most beautiful climbing.shrub. One va.neiy,Jlammca, has yellow-scarlet 
 flowers; another variety, toccmea, has bright scarlet flowers. Cultivated. S. P.H. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cTucifera, W. (y-r. J. ^ .) leaves conjugate, cirrose; lower ones ternate; leafets heart- 
 ovate, acuminate: racemes axillary: stem muricate. K. 
 
 capreoLata, W. (r. March. Tp.) leaves conjugate, bearing tendrils, the lower ternate; 
 leafets ternate, cordate, acuminate: racemes axillary: stem roughened. A vine. 
 Woods. K. Florida. Probably same as crucisrcra. H. H. Eaton. 
 
 Bignonia, Catalpa. 
 
 21 — ]. Blech'nu.m. 5. Fill, sec-sti. 
 
 boreaiis, (roman fern. Au. 7i.) barren frond pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, obtusish, 
 parallel: fertile frond pinnate; leafets linear, acuminate. 
 
 Bidens. Lat. Us, two, and dens, tooth, from the seeds being surmounted with two 
 
 teeth. 
 Bignonia. In honor of Abbe Bignon, a friend of Tournefort. 
 Blechnum. Gr. Blechnon, one of the Greek names of the fern. 
 
 (1) nana, Kalm, not W. (2) Coreopsis perfoliata, Wr. (3) chrysanthemoides, 
 Mx. 
 
158 BLECHNUM, BCEHMERIA. 
 
 Mumdatum, {71') frond pinnate; leafets lanceolate, tapering to both ends, at the base 
 decurrent, sharp-serrate. I do not know that we have a Blechnum in the northern 
 district. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 virginicum, (virginian blechnum.) frond pinnate; leafets many-cleft, lanceolate, ses- 
 sile, semipinnatifid, acute; divisions obtuse, quite entire. Of the height of the Poly- 
 podium filix-mas. Virginia and Carolina. 
 
 radicans, (root-leaved blechnum.) frond bipinnate; leafets lanceolate, crenulate, sessile, 
 slightly concurrent at the base, serrate with a very fine callus, acuminate, more 
 veined beneath: lines of fructification next the nerve, interrupted. Virginia. 
 
 17 — 2. Bleph'aripap'pus. 55. Heli. sec-sti. 
 
 glandulosus, H. ( ) hispid: leaves broad-linear; upper ones and the involucres with 
 
 black pedicelled glands: chaffs of the egret elongated, having long hairs at the base: 
 
 bony akenes of the ray naked, bald. 6 — 8 i. R. 
 ecaber, H. ( ) leaves narrow-linear, scabrous: involucres sub-pubescent, without 
 
 pedicelled glands: all the akenes bony and villose: chaffs of the egret shortish, 
 
 chiefly fringed-ciliate above. R. 
 
 Blefilia, Monarda. 
 
 18—1. Blet'ia. (1) 21. Orch. nut. em. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 aphylla, N. (y. r. Au. 2f.) leafless: scape terete, scaly, tapering near the summit; the 
 
 scales ovate, alternate: lip without a spur. 18 i. 
 eerecunda, N. (Ju. 2lC.) radical leaves broad-lanceolate, plaited, nerved: scape many- 
 flowered: inner petals converging: lip inflated, with an emarginate border, crisped, 
 furrowed, ath. diu. 
 
 1 — 2. Bli'tum. 29. Chen. ape. ton — . 
 
 eapitatum, (strawberry blite, Indian strawberry. W. r. J. 0.) heads in a terminal 
 
 spike, not intermixed with leaves: leaves triangular-hastate, toothed. 15 i. S. T. 
 
 B. N. Mich. 
 virgatum, (slender blithe. W. r. J. #.) lateral heads scattered, top ones leafy: leaves 
 
 triangular-toothed. P. O. 
 maritimum, N. (sea blithe. L. g. S. Til) calyx membranaceous: clusters axillary, 
 
 spiked, naked; leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, gash-toothed. Salt marshes. 
 
 2— 3f. Very branching. Y. 
 
 Southern, 
 chcnopodioides, N. (W. ^.) leaves sub-hastate-triangular, sub-dentate, tapering to 
 both ends: glomerules axillary, leafy: seeds distinct, punctate, not berried. Dry. 
 
 17 — 2. Boebe'ra. 55. Eupa. sec-sti. 
 Southern, 
 chrysanthemoidns, W, (W. y. Au. 0.) stem panicled: leaves opposite, sub-pinnate, 
 glabrous, acute. 
 
 16 — 4. Bcehme'ria. 98. Urti. vis-acr. 
 
 cylindrica, W. (2) false nettle. O. g. Ju. 21-) leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
 toothed, glabrous: flowers sub-dicecious: staminate spikes glomerate, interrupted; 
 pistillate spikes cylindric: stem herbaceous. Damp. IS i. S. 
 
 Blepharipappus. Gr. hlepharis, eyelashes, pappus, down; the egret resembling the eye- 
 lashes. 
 
 Bletia. In honor of Louis Blet, Spanish apothecary. 
 
 Blitum. Gr. hliton, insipid, and Celt, hlith, meaning the same. Relating to the fruit. 
 
 Boedera. In honor of Boeder, a Russian botanist. 
 
 Boehmeria. In honor of BfBhmer, a German botanist. 
 (1) Cjmbidium. (2) Urtica cylindrica, L. 
 
BCEHMERIA, BOTRYCHIUm 159 
 
 lateriflora^ (Ju. 21.) leaves alterntae, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough- 
 flowers glomerate, lateral: stem herbaceous. Leaves 3-nerved, and on long peti- 
 oles. iS. P. 
 
 3 — 1. Boerhaa'via. 32. Nyct. ast-cat. 
 SotUhern. 
 erecta, (w. p. J. 71.) stem columnar, trichotomous, rough below, smooth above: 
 flowers in corymb-panicles. 
 
 17—2. Bolto'nia. 55. Aste. sec-sti. 
 
 asteroides, (false aster, w-r, Au. If.) leaves very entire; flowers long-peduncled: 
 akenes oval,glabious, sub-awnless. S. P. 
 
 glastifoiia, (false chamomile, w. Ju. 21- ) lower leaves serrate: flowers short-pedun- 
 cled: akenes obcoidate, apparently winged, pubescent: awns of the egret two, of 
 equal length with each other. Resembles Anthemis cotula. S. P. 
 
 Southern. 
 diffusa, E. (w. y. S. Til) leaves lance-linear, margin scabrous: panicle difiuse, many- 
 flowered: akenes obovate, emarginate, slightly winged: egret two long awns. 2f. 
 
 BoOtia, PoTENTILLA. 
 
 Remark. Dr. Wallich has dedicated a new splendid East Indian genus to Mr. Boot: 
 and Hooker says this plant may be returned to the genus Potentilla, under the specific 
 name, arguta, a European species. 
 
 5 — 1. Bora'go. 43. Bora, ast-pti. pec. 
 Exotic. 
 officinalis, (borage, b. Ju. 0.) leaves alternate: calyx spreading. 
 africana, (0.) leaves opposite, petioled, ovate: peduncle many-flowered. 
 
 17 — 1. Borkhau'sia. 53. Card, sec-sti. 
 
 grandifiora, N. (W. y. 0.) sub-cauline, with fine hairs: leaves lyre-runcinate, with 
 lobes gashed-acute, sometimes sub-entire: stem very short: peduncles sub-solitary, 
 very long, 1-flowered. Arkansas; found by Dr. Z. Pitcher. 
 
 Suutlicrn. 
 caroliniana, N. (y. March. ^?) leaves lance-oblong, glabrous, rarely toothed, some- 
 times pinnatifid: stem erect, few-flowered: peduncles long. 2 f. 
 
 20 — 2. Bo'rya. 96. Euph. cath. em — .poi — . 
 
 Southern. 
 
 poTulosa, Mx. (dotted borya. L.) leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, sessile, coriaceous, 
 
 dotted under side; margins revolute. 
 acuminata, Mx. leaves lance-oval, tapering at each end, pelioled, membranaceous, 
 slightly serrulate. 
 
 Botrophis, Macrotrys. Raf. 
 
 21 — 1. Botry'chium. 5. Fili. sec-stim. ton — . 
 
 fumarioides, W. (1) (grape fern, moon wort. J. 2i.) scape naked; frond glabrous, 
 
 Boerhaavia. In honor of Boerhaave, the celebrated physician. 
 
 Boltonia. In honor of Js. Bolton, a British naturalist, and artist. 
 
 Bootia. In honor of Francis Boot, of Boston, a very accurate botanist. 
 
 Borago. Lat. corrupted from bar, heart, and ago, to effect, it being supposed to cheer 
 
 the spirits. 
 Borkhausia. In honor of Mr. Borkhausen, a distinguished German botanist. 
 Borya. In honor of the botanical traveller, M. Bory de St. Vincent. 
 Botrychium. Gr. hotrus, a bunch of grapes, referring to the fructification which 
 
 resembles this. 
 
 (1) Botrypus lunarioides, Mx. Osmunda biternata, Lk. 
 
160 BOTRYCHIUM, BRAYA. 
 
 radical, 3-parted, 2-pinnate; leafets lunate, crenate: spikes pinnate. jS?. P. Y. 
 Grafton, N. Y. Avery. Mich. 
 
 oMiquum, W. (J. Ju.) scape below, l-fronded: frond sub-biternate; leafets oblong- 
 lanceolate, serrulate, dilated at the base, unequally heart-form: spikes doubly pin- 
 nate. Perhaps only a variety of the last. P. 
 
 dissutum, {.].) scape below, l-fronded; frond 3-parted, 2-pinnatifid; divisions linear, 
 2-parted, at the apex 2-toothed. S. P. Y. C. 
 
 vinriniaim., W. (1) (rattlesnake fern. O. J. Ju.) hirsute: scape in the middle fronded: 
 frond sub-ternate, 3-parted, 2-pinnatifid; leafets gash-pinnatifid; divisions obtuse, 
 sub-3-toothed: spikes 2-pinnate, divaricate. Large. S. Mich. 
 
 gracile, Ph. (J.) glabrous: scape in the middle, fronded: frond 3-parted, 2-pinnatif5d; 
 divisions gash-sub-pinnatifid, acute, sub-toothed: spikes slender, pinnate, erect. 
 Smaller. Var. of the last? C. Y. W. P. T. 
 
 simpfea;, Hitchcock. (J.) glabrous: scape below, l-fronded: frond simple, 3-lobed or 
 3-cleft: segments unequal: spike sub-compound, interrupted unilateral: capsules 
 sessile. Sori the size of mustard seed. Grows in dry hilly pastures, about three 
 or four inches high. Vid. Amer. Jour. Sci. vol. 6, p. 10.3. N. 
 
 Boyldnia, Saxifraga. 
 
 3—2. Bra'chyely'trum. 10. Gram. far. ton—, fod. 
 
 crcctiim, P. (false dropseed. A. Ju. 21.) pubescent: culm strong, simple; panicle with 
 few branches. Taken from tl*e Muhlenbergia. The specific name, aristacium, has 
 been substituted by some. ;Sf. C. O. H. N. Mich. 
 
 17 — 2. Brack y'ris. N. 5.5. Inul. sec-sti. ton. 
 
 Suuthcrn. 
 
 sarothrnc, Ph. (2) (W. y. If.) stems numerous, angled, scabrous, naked below, 
 corymbed above, branches few-flowered at the top: leaves linear, close-pressed, 
 obsoletely 3-nerved, scabrous both sides. Taken from Solidago. The specific 
 name, eulhamiae, is substituted by some. 7 i. 
 
 Br achy sternum, Pycnanthemum. 
 
 Brasenia, Hydropeltis. 
 
 14 — 2. Brassica. 63. Cruc. asc. ase. nut. emo. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 orientalis, (perfoliate cabbage. $.) leaves heart-form, clasping, glabrous; radicle ones 
 
 entire: silique 4-sided. 
 napus, (kale or cole. $.) root caulescent, fusiform: leaves smooth; upper ones heart- 
 lanceolate, clasping; lower ones lyrate- toothed. (Rape.) Nuttall supposes this 
 species grows native in ledges of rocks near Aikansas. 
 rapa, (turnip. ^.) root caulescent, orbicular, depressed fleshy: radical leaves rough; 
 cauline ones very entire, smooth. Var. rutabaga, has a turbinate, sub-fusiform 
 root. 
 oleracea, (common cabbage, including all the varieties caused by culture. $.) root 
 caulescent, terete, fleshy: leaves smooth, glaucous, repand-lobate. In sour-crout 
 a most excellent anti-miasmatic, and a defence in cases of epidemics. 
 
 41 — 2. Bray'a. 63. Cruc. asc. nut — 
 
 alpina, Hk. (W. 2f.) leaves glabrous: scape scarcely leafy: bract-bearing, racemes 
 capitate. R. 
 
 Brachyelytrum. Gr. hrachus, short, and elutron, sheath, from its short calyx. 
 Brachyris. Gr. brachus, short, and ucheiron, a chaffy scale; the egret being short and 
 
 chaffy. 
 Brassica. Obscure: some say from Gr. brasso, to boil, it being used as a pot-herb; 
 
 others derive it from Celt, bresic, signifying cabbage. 
 Braya. Named by Dr. Hoope, after Count Bray, a German patron of science. 
 
 (1) Osmunda virginica, L. Botrypus virginicus, Mx. (2) Solidago sarothffi, Ph. 
 
BRAYA, BROUSSONETIA. 161 
 
 glabella. Rich, (w. p.) leaves glabrous: scape mostly leafy: fruit-bearing racemes 
 lax, long. A. 
 
 17 — ]. Brickel'ma. 54. Card, sec-sti. ton—. 
 
 cordifolia, (p. Au.) lower leaves cordate, acuminate, dentate, pubescent; upper ones 
 obtuse: involucre many-flowered: corol tubular, B-cleft: stamens attached to the 
 corol: akenes long, hairy: receptacle naJied and dotted. 
 
 3 — 2. Bkiz'a. '10. Gram. far. ton — . 
 
 media, (quaking grass, rattle snake grass? J. 71.) panicle erect: spikelets heart-ovate, 
 about 7-flovvered: glumes smaller than the flowers. 1 f. Probably introduced. 
 Bw. C. ^ 
 
 maxima, (rattle snake grass? %.) spikes cordate, with 17 florets in each: glumes 
 chesnut brown. 
 
 G — 1. Brodi^'a. 16. Asph. sti. exp. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 grandiflora, S. (W. Ap. ZT.) umbels many-flowered: flowers pedicelled: stamens al 
 ternate, with membranaceous margins. Called Missouri hyacinth. 
 
 3 — 2. Bro'mus. Gram. far. ton. cath — . 
 
 secnlinus, W. (chess. O. J. 0.) panicle nodding, spikelets ovate, compressed: glumes 
 naked, distinct: awns shorter, subulate, straitish-zigzag. Probably from Europe; 
 common in rye and wheat fields. Florets about 10 in each spikelet: leaves some- 
 what hairy. -S. Mich. 
 
 ciliatiis, W. (1) (W. 21.) panicle nodding: spikelets oblong, compressed, 6 to 8- 
 flowered: florets awned at the margin, ciliate-villose: sheaths and both sides of the 
 leaves sub-pilose: culm bearded at the joints. S. Woods. Y. O. W. P T C 
 N. Mich. 
 
 puhescens, M. (broom-grass. W. J. 2i-) ^^'"1 ^^'ry below: joints brown: stipules very 
 short: panicle at length nodding, pubescent: glumes less than paleas, 8 to J2- 
 flowered: paleas pubescent, one valve awned beneath the apex. Var. ciliatus has 
 a ciliate valve in each palea; 8 to 10-flowered. Var. canadensis, has one very hairy, 
 7-nerved valve to each palea, and a short bristle. Y. V. P. O. M. N. Mich. 
 
 purgans, W. (Au. W. Zf.) panicle nodding-, spikelets lanceolate, terete: florets awn- 
 ed, pilose; awns erect: leaves glabrous both sides, their sheaths pilose. S. Y 
 W. P. Mich. 
 
 mollis, S. (W. Ju.) panicle erect, compact: peduncles ramose: spikelets ovate, florets 
 imbricate, depressed, nerved, pubescent: bristle straight, nearly as long as the 
 paleas: leaves with short hairs. Y. N. 
 
 Southern, 
 altissimus, Ph. (W. J. 2X.) panicle nodding, spikelets oblong, about 6-flowered: florets 
 pubescent: outer valve 3-nerved, with a short awn: leaves and sheaths glabrous: 
 culm glabrous, very tall. 7 f. 
 
 20 — 4. Broussone TiA. 98. Datis. nar. ton. ano. 
 Exotic, 
 papyrifera, (paper mulberry, M. ^.) leaves sub-cordate, lobed or undivided: roots 
 sending off suckers. 20 f. Dn. 
 
 Brickellia. In honor of Dr. Brickell, of Savannah. 
 Briza. Gr. hritho, to nod or hang down; alluding to the spike. 
 Brodisea. In honor of James Brodie, an eminent Scotish botanist. 
 Bromus. Gr. hromos, wild oats, also any food for inan or beast. 
 Broussonelia. In honor of Broussonnet, a French naturalist of distinction. 
 (1) canadensis, Mx. 
 
 21 
 
162 BRUNNICHIA, BUPLEURUM. 
 
 8—3. Brunni'chia. 28. Poly, ton-cath. dia. s. far. 
 Southern, 
 cirrhosa, (A. Zf.) climbing: leaves cordate, acute, glabrous, entire: panicles terminal: 
 bracts ovale, mucronate. 
 
 8 — 4. Bryophyllum. 83. Cras. det. ref. ast— . 
 Exotic, 
 calycinum, (leaf-plant, sprout-leaf r-g. Ju. 7i.) leaves remarkably thick and succu- 
 lent, crenate-serrate, oval; petiole channelled above; leafets in pairs: flowers long- 
 cylindric, pendulous. 
 
 13 — 2. Buchne'ra. .37. Scro. acr. asc. poi — . diu. sal. 
 
 americana, W. (blue-hearts. O. b. Au. 21.) stem simple: leaves lanceolate, sub-den- 
 tate, rough, 3-nerved: flowers remote, spiked. In the herbarium this plant be- 
 comes black. 1 f &'. P. y. O. Mich. 
 
 5 — 11. Bcme'lia. (1) 48. Sapo. ton. nut. diu. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hjcioides, Ph. (g-w. M. ^ .) spinous, erect: leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth both sides. 
 Fruit a drupe. Wood hard and heavy. 
 
 reclinata, Ph. (J. ^.) spiny, spreading: sterile branches spreading: leaves small, 
 obovale, very smooth. 
 
 lanuginosa, (g-y- J- ^;'.) spiny: branches expanding, hairy: leaves lance-oval, woolly 
 under side. 10 f 
 
 tenax, (g-v. h.) spiny: leaves lance wedge-form, mostly obtuse, silk-downy beneath. 
 25 f Charleston, S. C. 
 
 oUongifolia, N. (W. ^.) spiny: leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 
 hairy beneath: flowers conglomerate, sub-sessile, numerous: segment of the nec- 
 tary 3-clea. 18 f 
 
 17 — 2. Buphthal'mum. 55. Inul. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 fruiescens, (ox-eye, y. J. ^.) leaves opposite, wedge-lanceolate, fleshy, whitish; peti- 
 oles 2-toothed: stem shrubby. 2 f Charleston, S. C. 
 
 angustifolium, Ph. {![.) leaves alternate, linear, border, near the summit, entire, gla- 
 brous: involucre of acute, lanceolate, leafets. 
 
 sagitlatum, Ph. (W. y. J. 21-) tomentose: radical leaves long-petioled, oblong, 
 sagittate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved; cauline ones oblong, tapering into the petiole: 
 stem about 3-flowered: outer leafets of the involucre longer than the disk. 
 
 5 — 2. Bupleu'rum. 60. Umb. stom. nar — . 
 
 ranunculoid.es, ( ) radical leaves linear-lanceolate; cauline ones clasping, cordate- 
 oblong, striate: involucre sub-3-leaved unequal; leafets of the involucels 5, ovate, 
 mucronate, nerved, distinct. R. Behrings straits. 
 
 Exotic. 
 rotundifolium, (thorough wax. y. J. 0.) leaves simple, perfoliate: involucre none. 
 One of the few umbelliferous plants with simple leaves. 2 f. Cultivated. 
 
 Brunnichia. In honor of Brunnich, a Danish naturalist. 
 Buchnera. In honor of John Godfrey Buchner, a German botanist. 
 Bumelia. Gr. boumelia, the name given by the Greeks to our common ash. 
 Buphtlialmum. Gr. bous, a bull, and ophthalmos, the eye, from the resemblance of its 
 
 flower. 
 Bupleurum. Gr. bous, ox, plcuron, rib or side, alluding to the stiffstriated leaves of some 
 
 species. 
 
 (1) Sideroxylon, Mx. 
 
BUXUS, CACTUS. 163 
 
 Burmannia, Tripterella. 
 
 I 
 
 19—4. Buxus. 96. Euph. ton. iri. stom. 
 Exotic. 
 sempervirens, (box. >:.) leaves ovate, petioled, somewhat hairy at the margin: anthers 
 ovate, arrow-form. Var. mtgustifolia, leaves lanceolate. Var. suffniticosa, leaves 
 obovate, stem hardly woody. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cahomha, Nectris. 
 17 — 1. Caca'ha. 55. Eupa. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 suaveolms, W. (wild carraway. W. w. Au. 2X-) stem herbaceous: leaves petiolate, 
 hastate-sagittate, serrate, glabrous, green on both sides: flowers corymbed, erect: 
 involucre many-flowered. 3 — 4 f. jS. P. 
 
 atriplicifolia, W. (orache caraway. W. w. Au. 2X-) stem herbaceous, leaves petioled, 
 glabrous, glaucous beneath; radical ones cordate, toothed; cauline ones rhomboid, 
 sub-2-toothed both sides: flowers corymbed, erect: involucre 5-flowered. Flowers 
 small. S. P. Mich. 
 
 reniforrnis, W. (W. w. Au. 21.) stem herbaceous: leaves petioled, glabrous beneath, 
 pilose at the veins: radical ones heart-kidney-form, repand- toothed; cauline ones 
 toothed, at the base wedge-form, entire: corymbs level-topped: involucre many- 
 flowered. 5—10 f. P. 
 
 tuberosa, N. (W.) root tuberous: stem herbaceous: leaves petioled, ovate, obtuse, 5- 
 nerved, entire: flowers corymbed, sub-fastigiate: involucre naked, 5-flowered, 5- 
 leaved: leafets carinate. Flowers nearly white. 4 — 6 f. Natchez. Mich. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ovata, Wr. (w. S — Oc.) stem herbaceous: leaves ovate, obtuse: obtusely toothed, 
 
 nerved, slightly glaucous beneath: the lower ones petioled: involucre 5-leaved, 
 
 5-flowered. 3—4 f. 
 lanceolaia, N. (y. w.)stem herbaceous: leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute at each end, 
 
 remotely toothed, nerved, slightly glaucous beneath: involucre 5-leaved, 5 flowered. 
 
 4— 6f. 
 
 11 — 1. Cac'tus. 85. Cact. ref. ton — . cat — . 
 
 opuntia, L. (1) (prickly pear. W. y. J. Zf.) proUferous: articulations compressed, 
 ovate: bristles fascicular. The plant appears like a series of thick succulent leaves, 
 one growing from the top of another. <S. F. C. P. Y. Dry rocks, Catskill, 
 Hudson, N. Haven. 
 
 Exotic, 
 phyllanthoides, Dc. (leaf-flowered prickly pear. r. Oc.) branches (leaf-like) ensi-form, 
 compressed, obovate with spreading rounded teeth: spines few, setaceous, longer 
 than the woody covering. 2 f. Jamaica. 
 
 Southern, 
 viri'parus, Ph. (1) (W. r. Ju. 2S-) roundish, manifold or cespitose: tubercles cylindric, 
 
 bearded, grooved and proliferous above the furrows. 
 mammillaris, L. (W.) tubercles ovate, terete, bearded: flowers scarcely exserted: 
 
 berries scarlet, about equal with the tubercles. 
 Jerox, N. (W. y. & r. Ju.) proliferous; articulations large, nearly circular, spiny: 
 
 spines double; larger ones radiate, persistent: fruit dry, spiny. 
 fragilis. N. (W.) proliferous: articulations short, oblong, somewhat terete, fragile: 
 
 spines double: flowers solitary, small: fruit dry, spiny. 
 
 Buxus. Gr. puxos, of puhazo, to thicken or make hard, from the density of its wood. 
 Cacalia. Gr. kakalia, a name given by Theophrastus to a mountain plant with large 
 
 whitish leaves. 
 Cactus. Gr. kaktos, the ancient name for the prickly pear. 
 
 (1) Mammillaria. Dc. 
 
164 CACTUS, CALLA. 
 
 cylindricus, (W. p. T>.) very branching; terminal branches consiting of long cylindri- 
 cal articulations: surface reticulated with decussate furrows. 
 
 14 — 1. Cakile. G3. Cru. asc. nut — . 
 
 amcricana, Scopoli. (sea-rocket. L. p. Ju. 0.) leaves wedge-oblong, obtuse, sinuate- 
 toothed: joints of the silicle 1-seeded: upper ones ovate, acute. Plant fleshy co- 
 rymbed. Canada, Michigan, New Haven. C. edentula is a synonym, also Bunias 
 maritima. 
 
 19—12. Caladium. 7. Aroi. acr. poi. irr. 
 
 elaucum, E. (J. $•) stemless: leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate, acuminate; lobes ob- 
 long, obtuse: spathe cucuUate, the summit oval lanceolate, white, longer than the 
 epadix. 12—15 1. S. 
 
 3 — 2. Cal'amagros'tis. 10. Gram. far. ton — . fod. 
 
 coarctata, T. (1) (Ju. 2I-) panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate: glumes a little 
 
 longer than the paleas, carinate: palea longer than the egret, awned a Uttle below 
 
 the tip. Resembles Agroslis glauca. 3 — 5 f. S. P. 
 canadensis, (reed-grass. Au. 2i.) panicle oblong, loose: glumes scabrous, pubescent, 
 
 as long as the paleas: paleas awned on the back: hairs at the base equalling the 
 
 valves: culm and leaves smoot]:(i 3 — 4 feet high. 
 hrecipilis, (S. Zf.) panicle diffuse, capillary: glumes unequal, shorter than the paleas, 
 
 bearded at the base: paleas equal, awnless, hairy: hairs very short. 3— 4 f. 
 
 13 — 1. Calamin'tha. 42. Labi. stom. ton. dia. 
 Soidhcrn. 
 
 ncpeta, W. (r-w. J. 21.) pubescent, very brandling: leaves ovate, obtuse, sub-serrate; 
 
 whorls peduncled, dichotomous-corymbed, longer than the leaves: down or wool of 
 
 the calyx prominent. 
 grandifiora, Ph. (r. Ju.) suffruticose: leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, smooth: whorls 
 
 many -flowered, on short peduncles, shorter than the leaves. 12—18 i. 
 
 12 — 1. Calandrinia. 86. Port. em. ton — . 
 
 menzicsii, Hk. (p. ) caulescent; leaves linear-spatulate; tlie lower ones on long 
 peduncles, witli the margins naked; the upper ones glandulose-ciliate: sepals 
 acutely carinate, glandulous, ciliate on the margins and keel: flowers peduncled, 
 axillary. 2 lo 4 i. Oregon, California. 
 
 speciosa, Linn. (p. ) glabrous, difl^use: leaves spatulate, acute, attenuate into a 
 petiole; flowers racemed: peduncles shorter than the bracts: petals longer than the 
 calyx. 4 to 5 i. North California. 
 
 maritima, N. (M. r. ) glaucous: leaves all in a radical cluster, obovate-spatulate, 
 thick and fleshy, somewhat petioled, obtuse: stems scapiform, diff"use: flowers in a 
 Bub-corymbose raceme: pedicels longer than the bracts: petals longer than the 
 broadly ovate, acute, sepals. California. 
 
 17 — 4. Calen'dula. 54. Card. oar. sec-stim. 
 
 officinalis, (pot marygold. y. #.) akene keeled, muricate, incurved. 
 
 Cakile. An Arabian name of the Sea-rocket. 
 
 Caladium. A name used by Rumphius for some kinds of Arum. 
 
 Calamagrostis. Gr. kutamos, a reed and agrostls, grass, from its partaking of the na- 
 ture of both. 
 
 Calamintha. Gr. kalamos, a. reed, and mintha, mint, its appearance and smell 
 uniting both. 
 
 Calandrinia. Gr. hnlos, beautiful, andiiov, lilUe man, or stamen. 
 
 Calendula. Lat. cakndot, the first day of every month, from its flowering monthly. 
 (1) cinnoides. B. — canadensis, N. — Arundo stricta, SI. glauca M. 
 
CALLA, CALTHA. 165' 
 
 19 — 12. Cal'la. 7. Aroi. acr. poi. 
 
 pabistris, W. (water arum. O. w. J. Zf.) leaves sub-roundish, lieart-form, acute: 
 spathe ovate, cuspidate, spreading wlien mature. Grows in wet places. 
 
 Exotic, 
 •aihiopicaf (negro arum, egyptian lily.) leaves sagittate-cordate: spathe cucullate; 
 spadix with staminate flowers above. 
 
 4 — 1. Cal'hcak'pa. 41. Verbe. diu. ton. aro — . 
 Southern. 
 cmericana, W. (r. J.) leaves serrate, tomentose underneath. 3 — 4 f. 
 12 — 4. Cal'ligo'num. 28. Poly. cat. ref. 
 Southern, 
 canescens, Ph. (W. J. ^.) dioecious, pulverulent tomentose: leaves lanceolate: 
 flowers in axillary glomerules, spiked towards the ends of the branches; fruit 
 winged; veing of the wings crowned with teeth. 
 
 17 — 3. Calliopsis. 55. Heli. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 atldnsoniana, Reich. (2X-) leaves very glabrous; radical ones bipinnatifid; cauline ones 
 pinnate with linear spatulate divisions: florets of the ray often spotted at the base, 
 irregularly 3-lobed. R. 
 
 CaUlrhoe, Nuttallia. 
 
 1—2. Cal'htri'che. 88. Calli. ton — cat—. 
 
 verna, var. intermedia, W. (1) (water chickweed, or starwort. O. w. M. ^.) upper 
 leaves spatulate-obovate; lower ones linear, obtuse and emarginate, flowers polyga- 
 mous: margin of the capsule obtuse. 1?. C. F. 
 
 autumnalis, L. (Au. S. 0.) leaves all linear, 1-nerved, truncate or emarginate: cap- 
 sules with an acute margin: flowers all perfect. C. P. Y. N. 
 
 terrestris, R. (2) (Ju. 0.) procumbent, diffuse: leaves oblong, uniform, rather obtuse; 
 capsule grooved on the margin. Y. C. 
 
 6 — 3. Ca'lochor'tds. 14. Lilia. diu. cmo. 
 
 lutcus, N. (y. Zf.) stem forked, about 2-flowered: leaves setaceous short: flowers large, 
 inner petals much largest, glabrous at the apex, spotted: ciliate at the base, a mark 
 in the claws of the downy petals. Root bulbous. R. 
 
 Southerji. 
 elegans, Ph. (W. w. & p. 7X-) scape nearly 3-flowered, shorter than the single leaf: 
 petal woolly within. 
 
 Callopogon, Cymbidium. 
 
 12—12. Cal'tha. 61. Ran. edi. lax. 
 
 palustris, W. (american cowslip, marsh mar3^gold. O. y. Ap. 21-) stem erect: leaves 
 cordate, sub-orbicular, acute-crenate: sepals 5 or 6, broadij' oval. Var. intcscrrima, 
 leaves wholly entire; floral ones sessile, obscurely crenate: petals obovate. Var. 
 parnassifolia, stem 1-flowered, 1-leaved: leaves all petioled, broadly reniforai, 
 
 Calia. Gr. hallos, beauty, from the elegance of the flowers. 
 
 Callicarpa. Gr. hallos, beauty, and harpos, fruit, from the elegance of the fruit. 
 
 Calligonum. Gr. hallos, beauty, and gone, joint, implying a beautiful jointed 
 
 structure. 
 Calliopsis. Gr. kalas, beautiful, opsis, seeing, or to look at; the flower being beautiful. 
 Callitriche. Gr. hallos, beauty, and trix, (trichos,) hair, alluding to the floating 
 
 leaves. 
 Calochortus. Gr. hallos, beautiful, rhortos, fodder, meaning that it is good for cattle. 
 Caltha. Gr. halnthns, a basket, from the shape of its corol, or, of chalhos, brazen, 
 
 yellow, from its color. 
 
 (1) heterophylla, Ph. aquatica, Bvv. (2) brevifolia, Ph. 
 
166 CALTHA, CALYPSO. 
 
 sharply toothed: sepals elh'ptical. Var. flabdlifolla, stem procumbent: leaves all 
 
 petioled, broadly reiiiform, the lobes widely spreading. 12 — 18 i. 
 asarifoUa, Dc. ( ) stem nearly erect, l-flo\vered: leaves reniform-crenate, with the 
 
 sinus obtuse, crenate: sepals 6 or 7, oval. Unalaschka. 
 nrclica, R. Brown, (y.) stem creeping: leaves reniform, repandly crenate, obtpse: 
 
 carpels imbricated: stigma persistent with the apex, rounded: stamens 20 or more, 
 
 with the anthers linear. Coast of the Arctic Sea. 
 ■leptosepala, Dc. ( ) stem 1-leaved or naked, mostly 1-flowered: radical leaves on 
 
 long petioles, ovate-cordate, obscurely crenate: sepals 8 to 10, oblong: pistils 8 to 
 
 15. A span high. R. M. 
 ''biflora, Dc. ( ) stem with a single leaf, 2-flowered: radical leaves petioled, reni- 
 form, crenate, with a very broad sinus: sepals oblong. N. W. Amer. 
 .natans, Dc. (w. Z[.) stem procumbent, floating: leaves heart-renifoim, crenate; lobes 
 
 approximate; behind obsoletely crenate, before dentate: divisions of the calyx oval; 
 
 • capsules with a straight beak. Canada. 
 
 Southern, 
 isagittata, Dc. (W. vv.) scape 1-flowered: leaves ovate, obtuse, entire, heart-sagittate 
 at the base, with inflexed auricles above: divisions of the nectary 9; pistils 13 to 15. 
 
 11 — 12. Caltcan'thcs. 92. Caly. aio. ton — . 
 
 laesiga'U:s^ W. (p. M. ^.) segments of the calyx lanceolate: leaves oblong or oval, 
 gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both sides: branches 
 straight, erect. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Jloridus, V/. (-Carolina allspice, p. M. ><.) divisions of the calyx lanceolate: leaves 
 broad-oval, acute, tonientose beneath: branches spreading. Florida. Cultivated. 
 3—7 f. 
 
 .inodorus, E. (A. p- Tp.) segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, pubescent: leaves 
 lanceolate, scabrous and shining on the upper, smooth on the lower surface: 
 branches spreading. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 .glaums, VV. (J. \ .) segments of the calyx lanceolate: leaves lanceolate, long-acu- 
 minate, glaucous beneath: branches spreading. 6 — 8 f. 
 
 3—1. Calyme'nia. (1) 32. Nyct. cat—. 
 
 ■dlhida, Wr. (Ap. ^.) leaves opposite, oblong, lanceolate, sub-scabrous: peduncles 
 opposite, solitary and clustered: involucre 5-cleft. 
 
 aiijctaginia, Mx. (W. Ju. 21-) stem erect: leaves broad-cordate, acute, glabrous: pe- 
 duncles Golitary^- fruit-bearing calyx sub-hirsute, much smaller than the broad invo- 
 lucre. Resembles Mirabilis. 
 
 linearis, Ph. (W.) stem erect, terete: leaves linear, somewhat fleshy: flowers ra 
 cemed: pedicels aggregated: stamens very exsert. 
 
 hirsuta, Ph. (W.) stem erect, angled: leaves lanceolate, nerved, hirsute both sides: 
 involucre very hirsute, sub-3-flowered. 
 
 decumhens, N. "(W. r. J.) stem round, decumbent: leaves entire, narrow, sessile: 
 peduncles axillary. Missouri. 
 
 18 — 1. Calyp'so. 21. Orch. nut. emo. 
 
 americana, Br. (W. p.) lip narrowed, sub-unguiculate at the base; spur half 2-clefl, 
 exceeding the lamina; divisions acute: peduncle longer than the germ. 
 
 horealis, Ph. (p. r. J. 2X.) radical leaf single, round-ovate, nerved: scape 1-flowered, 
 sheathed. -S. Mich. 
 
 Calycanthus. Gr. kahix, a calyx, and anthos, a flower, the calyx resembling a corol. 
 
 Calymenia. Gr. kalux, a calyx, and timen, a membrane, on account of the mem- 
 branous calyx, by which the genus is distinguished. 
 
 Calypso. Gr. kalii^to. to conceal, referring to the stigma being covered: or from the 
 goddess Calypso, wiiose habitation was inaccessible. 
 <1) Allionia, Mx. 
 
CALYFTRIDIUM, CAMPHOROSMA. 167 
 
 1 — 2. Calyptridiuim, 86. Port. erno. ton — . 
 
 monandrnm, N. (0. r.) plant depressed, densely branched, glabrous: radical leaves 
 lanceolate-s^)atulate, obtuse, thick and succulent, in a loose cluster: sepals slightly- 
 unequal, with scanous margins: corol minute: capsule compressed, pod-shaped, 
 somewhat recurved; valves membranaceous. California. 
 
 Calysiegia, Convolvulus. 
 14 — 1. Cameli'na. 63. Cru. asc. nut — . 
 
 saii'va, P. (wild flax, mad-wort. y. J. 0.) silicle obovate, pyriform, margined, tipped 
 with the pointed style; leaves sub-entire, lanceolate, sagittate. J8 i. T. C. P. 
 Petersboro, on Klein, Hoosick, N. Y. Avery. 
 
 barbareaefolia , Dc. ( ) silicles globose: leaves oblong, pinnatifid, obtusely auricled 
 at the base: stem villose at the base. R. 
 
 5 — 1. Campan'ula. 52. Camp. ton. diu — . cat — . 
 
 roiundifolla, W. (flax bell-flower, hair-bell. O. b. J. Zf.) glabrous: radical leaves 
 heart-reniform, crenate; cauline ones linear, entire: panicle lax, few-flowered: 
 flowers nodding. Radical leaves wither as soon as the flower expands. 1 — 2 f. & 
 Mich. 
 
 amplezicaulis, Mx. (1) (clasping bell-flower. O. b. M. 0.) stem simple, erect: leaves 
 ■h€art-form, crenate, clasping: flowers axillary, sessile, glomerate. 12 — 18 i. iS. 
 Mich. 
 
 •americana, W. (W. b-w. Au. 2J.-) leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate; lower 
 ones sub-cordate, with the petioles ciliate: flowers axillary, nearly sessile, in a ter- 
 minal leafy raceme: corol sub-rotate: style essert. Cultivated. 2 f. P. Mich. 
 
 erinoides, M. (2) (prickly bell-flower. VV. w-b. J. 0.) slender: stem simple, angular; 
 angles, and the margin and nerve of the leaves, with reversed prickles: leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, glabrous on the upper side: peduncles tew; those on the top of 
 the stem flexuose; axillary ones 1-flowered, filiform. 12 i. C. N. T. Mch. 
 
 nidda, (W. b. Ju. 74..) very glabrous: radical leaves oblong-spatulate, coriaceous, car- 
 tilaginous-crenate; cauline ones lance-oblong, sub-entire: flowers racemed: corol 
 bell-wheel-lorm. 7 i. 
 
 uniflara, L. (W) pubescent: radical leaves round-obovate; cauline ones lance-linear, 
 somewhat toothed: stem about l-9owered. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 medium, (canterbury bells, w. b. Au. ^.) capsule 5-celled, covered: stem undivided, 
 erect, leafy: flowers erect. 
 
 speculum, (venus' looking-glass, b. Au. 0.) stem very branching, difl"use, leaves ob- 
 long, sub-crenate: flowers solitary, often destitute of the scales at the base. 
 
 lanuginosa, (rough bells. ) woolly hispid: leaves ovate, rugose, crenate, tapering 
 into the petiole: stem simple: flowers sub-sessile, erect-spreading. 
 
 ■uriicaefolia, W. (nettle-leaved bell-flower. Au. p. 21.) stem angular hispid: leaves lance- 
 ovate, coarsely serrate: peduncle axillary, l-flo\vered, nodding: calyx hispid. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 divaricata, Mx. (b. Au. If.) leaves lanceolate, acute, with large serratures, glabrous: 
 panicle expanding: flowers nodding. 2. f. 
 
 4—1. Cam'phoros'ma. 29. Clieno. ver. nut. asc. 
 Southern, 
 glabra, P. (L. 21.) leaves somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, unarmed. 
 
 Calyptridium. Gr. kalupter, cap, idios, fitting, as the corol fits the capsule. 
 Camelina. Au old French name, said to allude toils being the companion of flax, 
 
 linum, or chamEe-liiunn, dwarf flax. 
 Campanula. Lat. campanula, a little bell; alluding to the shape of the corol. 
 Camphorosma. Lat. Camphora, camphor, and Gr. osme, smell, from its odor. 
 
 (1) perfoliata, L. (2) apaianoides, Ph. flexuosa'? Mx. 
 
168 CANNA, CAPSICUM. 
 
 1—1. Can'na. 20. Mara. nut. asc. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Jhc'cida, Roscoe, (1) (y. J. 21-) interior limb of the corol 3-cleft; segments flaccid. 
 
 2-3 f. . . , p , 
 
 angustifolia, W. (r. Au. Zf.) leaves petioled, lanceolate, ribbed: interior limb of the 
 corol 8-cleft; divisions straight, emarginate. 
 
 20—5. Can'nabis. 98. Urti. nar. ano. ton. s. nut. for fowls. 
 Exotic, 
 sativa, W. (hemp. g. Au. 0.) stem pilose: leaves petioled, digitate; leafets lanceo- 
 late, serrate, pilose: staminate flowers solitary, axillary: pistillate ones spiked. 
 4 — 10 f. Grows spontaneously. T. 
 
 5 — 1. Cantua. 45. Polem. ton — . 
 
 longiflora, T. & J. (W.) very glabrous: leaves slenderly pinnatifid: flowers terminal, 
 lax-corymb-panicled, peduncled: tube of the corol very long, tubular; divisions 
 orbicular, slenderly acuminate: style exsert. 
 
 punffens, T. & J. (W.) leaves irritable, digitate, sub-fascicled; divisions subulate, 
 pungent: divisions of the corol obovate, obtuse. 
 
 Southern. 
 coronopifoUa, W. (O. r. & y. Ju. ^?) leaves pinnatifid: flowers terminal, peduncled, 
 
 in loose racemes: corol thrice as long as the calyx. 2 — 3 f. 
 Jloridana, N. ( $.) glabrous: leaves cut-pinnate, capillaceous: flowers in lax-racemes: 
 
 corol tubular, narrow below, limb one-fouith as long as the tube: calyx abbreviated; 
 
 divisions setaceous. Florida. 
 aggreguJta, Ph. (W. r. J. Q.) pubescent: leaves slenderly pinnatifid; flowers terminal 
 
 and lateral, somewhat in heads, sub-sessile: divisions of the corol narrow, oblong, 
 
 gradually acute: style included, very short. 
 parviflora, Ph. (W? b. J. 0.) pubescent, diff"use: leaves pinnatifid; divisions long- 
 linear: peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, terminal, and opposite to the leaves: corol a 
 
 little longei than the calyx. 
 
 13—2. Capra'ria. 37. Scro. acr. poi. 
 
 pusitlu, T. & J. (W. w. 0.) hairy: leaves opposite, cordate, repand-toothed, petioled: 
 peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles. 
 
 Southern, 
 multifida, Mx. (W. g-w. Ju. 0.) erect, viscid-hairy: upper leaves three in a whorl, 
 
 many-cleft: pedicels solitary. K. 
 lijlura, M. (E. 2X-) leaves alternate, ovate, serrate: flowers in pairs. 
 
 Caprifollum, Lonicera. 
 
 14 — 1. Capsella. 63. Cru. ant. nut. 
 
 bursa-pastoris, (shepherd's purse. O. w. M. 0.) hirsute: (sub-glabrous by growing in 
 rich soil;) radical leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 5 — 1. Capsicum. 38. Sola. h. poi. f. & s. sti-f. 
 Exotic. 
 annuum, (guinea pepper, red pepper, cayenne pepper, y-g. w. Au. 0.) stem herba- 
 ceous: peduncles solitary. From South America. 10 — 18 i. Sti-f. heat. leth. 
 gout, dysp.fia. cpi. 
 
 Canna. From the Celtic word can; signifying a reed or mat. 
 Cannabis. Gr. kannubis, hemp: the Arabic name is ganeb. 
 Cantua. The Peruvian name of this plant. 
 Capraria. Lat. capra, a goat, those animals being fond of it. 
 Capsella. Lat. capsa, box or casket, from the casket-like form of the silicle. 
 Capsicum. Gr. hapto, to bite, from its qualities. 
 (1) angustifolia, Wr. 
 
CAPSICUM, CARDUUS, 169 
 
 Soulkern. 
 
 baccatunt, 1j. (bird pepper. ^.) stem smooth; peduncles in pairs. Southern States, 
 or Florida; 
 
 14 — 2. Cardam'ine. 63. Cruc. con. asc. diu. epi. 
 
 htUidrfolia, L. (daisy-leaved watercress. W. w. Z[.) leaves simple, round-ovate, 
 entire; petioles very long: flower-bearing stem of the length of the leaves. R. 
 
 tbres, Mx. (w. J. 2|.) small, erect, ramose; leaves all sub-lyrate-pinnatifid: silique 
 short, terete, acuminate. New England. Ph. 
 
 rotvndifoLia, Mx. (1) (W. A. w. M. Zf.) leaves sub-orbicular, nearly entire, smooth, 
 petiolate: stem simple, weak; procumbent; 9—15 i. Whitehills; S. R; N. 
 Mch. 
 
 pratensisj W. (field water-cress. O. r-p. M. If.) simple, glabrous, erect: leaves pin- 
 nate; radical leafets roundish, toothed; cauline ones lanceolate, sub-entire: racemes 
 sub-corymbed. Mch. 
 
 hirsuta, (M. ^.) leaves pinnate, hairy; leafets of the radical ones roundish, petiolate; 
 those of the upper ones oblong, sub-sessile: petals oblong: siliques erect. P. R. 
 Mch. 
 
 purpurea, H. (p;) sub-glabrous, radical and cauline leaves ternate, or quinate, with 
 the lateral leafets round-oval, acute: terminal ones round-cordate, 3-toothed: petals 
 net- veined: bracts sessile at the base of the lower pedicels, cuneate, 3-toothed. 
 R. 
 
 (mgulata, H. (r. Zf.) leaves petioled, ternate, rarely quinate-pinnate; radical ones 
 
 roundish; eaulines ones ovate or lanceolate, angle or gash-lobed, glabrous. R. 
 digitata, Rich, (w-p.) leaves digitately pinnate: divisions sessile, linear, very entire: 
 style short, scarcely more slender than the silique: stigma capitate. A. 
 
 bligospcrrila, N. (^. w. ) somewhat hirsute: leaves pinnate, petiolate; leafets reni- 
 form or obovate, conspicuously petiolulate, lobed or toothed; the central segments 
 often 3-lobed: siliques in terminal fascicles, broadly linearj acute, erect, few-seeded: 
 pedicels about one- sixth as long as the siliques. 1 f. Oregon. 
 
 iudovicianu, Hk. (w. ) stems branching from the base, erect or diffused; leaves 
 
 pectinately pinnatifid; segments oblong or linear, toothed: siliques rather erect, 
 broadly linear: style none: seeds orbicular, margined. Georgia to Arkansas. C; 
 tirginica and sisymbrium ludovicianum are synonyms. 
 
 Southern, 
 spathnlatui Mx. (w. A. Ql) small: stems decumbent: root leaves spatulate, pubescent; 
 
 cauline ones narrow, cuneate, entire, toothed: pods loosely divaricate. 6 — 12 i. 
 vlnUifida, Ph. (2X-) hairy, branching: leaves interruptedly pinnate; leafets 2-pinnatifidj 
 
 with roundish gashed divisions: silique short. 
 
 8 — 3. Car'diosperm'um. 65. Sapin. ton. r. ape. 
 
 Southern. 
 haicacabum, W; (O. Au. 0.) glabrous: leafets incised and lobed; the terminal one 
 
 rhomboidal. 
 
 17 — 1. Carduus. .54. Card, sec-stim. if nau. cat. 
 
 ptctinalus, W. (comb thistle, meadow thistle, p. ^ ) unarmed: leaves decurrent, lan- 
 ceolate, pectinately pinnatifid: peduncles almost leafless, terminal, very long, about 
 i-flowered: flowers nodding, often discharging the pollen: scales of the involucre 
 linear , spreading. ' 
 
 Cardamine. Gr. hardia, the heart, and damad, to tame, from its fancied carminative 
 
 qualities. 
 Cardiospermum. Gr. hardia, the heart, and sperma, seed, from a mark at the base of 
 
 the seed. 
 Carduus. A name applied to prickly plants, from their being used to card wool; and 
 
 card is derived from kuard. Celtic. 
 , (1) Arabis rhoraboidea, P.? 
 
 22 
 
170 
 
 19—3.' Ca'rex. 9. Cype. far. nut. and fod— . 
 
 Remarks. Tlie Monograph of North American species of Carex by Schweinitz, 
 edited by Torrey, is a work of very great merit; such as was to be expected from 
 these gentlemen. But Prof. Dewey has made the Carex a subject of study for 18 
 years; and appears to me to have brought this very ditficult genus down to the 
 capacities of those learners for whom this Manual was compiled. I shall therefore 
 adopt his Caricography, as published in the 7th, Sth, 9th, 10th, Uth, 12th, 14th, 
 25th, 26th, 27th, and 28th vols, of Silliman's Journal, with a few trivial alterations. 
 
 I. Stigmas two. 
 A. Spikes dioecious, 
 wormskioldiana,* Hor. (mountain sedge. A. J. 2^.) spike single, simple: leaves flat: 
 fruit-bearing spike sometimes with 3-stigmas, oblong, acute, cylindric, densely im- 
 bricate: fruit ovate and sub-ovate, short beaked, hairy, equalling the ovate acute 
 scale. White Mts. Oakes. 5 i. Probably the dioica. S. 
 
 B. Spikes dioecious and androgynous. 
 
 exilis, Dewey, (M. IS.) spike single, slender: leaves 3-sided, bristly: fruit bearing 
 spikes staminate below, somewhat dense flowered, simple: fruit lance-ovate, con- 
 vex both sides, diverging, serrulate or scabrous at the margin; scale a little longer 
 than the fruit, ovate, acute. 16 i. Wet. Var. squamacea, has the spike androgy- 
 nous and longer, and numerousLstaminate flowers. 
 
 sterilis, W. (barren sedge. M. Zf.) spikelets in fives, sessile, approximate: fruit ovate, 
 acuminate or somewhat beaked, 2-clefi, 3-sided-compressed, scabrous at the margin; 
 equalling the ovate acutish scale. 8 i. Vv et. S. N. 
 
 bromoides, Sh. (M. 21.) spikelets many, alternate, oblong, erect, the uppermost 
 staminate below, the others pistillate, androgynous above and below, and staminate 
 in the middle, or the middle ones staminate below: fruit erect, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 scabrous, nerved, bifid, half as long as the lance-ovate scale. 14 i. Wet. S. 
 C. T. N. Mch. 
 
 C. Spikes androgynous. 
 
 1. Stamens at the summit of the spikelets. 
 
 cep}Mlophora,'W. (head sedge. M. H-) spikelets ovate, densely aggregated, somewhat in 
 fives, threes, or sevens, bracted: fruit ovate, acuminate, compressed bifid, margin 
 scabrous, nearly equalling the small scabrous-cuspidate scales. 20 i. Woods. /S. 
 W. Y. B. P. T. C. N. Mch. 
 
 rosea (Sh. M. H-) spikelets somewhat in fours, alternate, lemotish, sessile; lower 
 one with a long setaceous bract: fruit lance-oblong, convex above, margin scabrous 
 2-toothed, diverging, about twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. 12 i. Moist. 
 Var. radiala, has its spikelets distant, about 3-flowered, with little setaceous bracts, 
 and very narrow leaves. 6 i. S. T. N. 
 
 retroflexa, M. (O. M. H.) spikelets about in fours, alternate, ovate, sub-approximate, 
 sessile, bracted: fruit ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, margin glabrous or scabrous, reflex- 
 spreading, about equal to the ovate acute scale. 1 f. Woods. <Si. 
 
 muhknberghii, Sh. (W. 21.) spikelets alternate, somewhat in fives, obtuse, approxi 
 mate, staminate above: fruit ovate, compressed, nerved, 2-cleft, margin scabrous, 
 sub-divergent, a little shorter than the ovate scale. 15 i. Mountain woods. <S. 
 P. C. N. 
 
 stipata, M. (O. M. H-) spike decompound; spikelets numerous, oblong, aggregated, 
 bracted: fruit lance-ovate, terete at the base, plano-convex, scabrous at the margin, 
 nerved, bifid, diverging, about twice as long as the lance-ovate scale. 2 f. Wet. 
 S. Mch. 
 
 midtiflora, M. (M. 2£.) spikes alternate, approximate, bracted, sessile; spikelets ob- 
 long-ovate, obtuse, bracted, conglomerate: fruit ovate, acuminate, compressed, 
 densely imbricate, bifid, 3-nerved, diverging, a little smaller than the ovate-cuspi- 
 date scale. 20 i. Moist. Var. microsperma, has the fruit but little compressed or 
 acuminate, and very small. S. C. T. P. O. N. 
 
 Carex. From Lat. carere, to want, the upper spikes of these plants bemg constantly 
 without seeds, consisting only of staminate flowers. 
 * For synonyms, see Silliman's Journal, and the annals of the N. Y. Lyceum. 
 
CAREX. 171 
 
 sparganoides, M. (M. 2i.) spikelets somewhat in eights, ovate, somewhat distant, 
 bracted: fruit ovate, compressed, scabrous at the margin, diverging, acuminate 
 2-toothed, twice as large as the ovate, mucronate scale. 20 i. <S. C. O. . 
 
 disper'ma, Dewey. (O. M. 1[.) spikelets somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, erect 
 lower one bracted: fruit ovate, obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, glabrous, twice as 
 long as tlie ovate, acute, sub-mucronate scale. 10 i. Wet woods and mountains, 
 near Williams college. Mch. 
 
 setacea, Dewey. (W. J. U-) spikes sessile, alternate, approximate, bracted; spikelets 
 ovate, obtuse, conglomerated, bracted: fruit lance-ovate acuminate, compressed, 
 bifid, somewhat diverging, about equal to the lance-ovate awned scale. 2 f. High 
 wet ground. C. Mch. 
 
 panictilata, (M. 2i.) spikelets sometimes dioecious, fuscous, ovate, condensed into a 
 panicle: fruit lance-ovate, acuminate, gibbous, nerved, 2-toothed, ciliate-serrate at 
 the margin, glabrous at the base, a little shorter than the ovate, acute, acuminate 
 scale. 2 f. Damp. N. Mch. 
 
 decomposita, M. (W.)]'spike decompound or panicled; spikelets androgynous, upper 
 ones staminate, alternate, crowded together, very many have two stigmas: fruit 
 ovate, 3-sided, short-beaked, or acutish, small, black, glabrous, about equalling the 
 white ovate acuminate scale. 
 
 teretius' ada, Gn. (Zf.) spike twice or thrice compound, dense, somewhat pointed: 
 spikelets clustered: fruit spreading, gibbous: stem roundish. Sometimes dioecious 
 or polygamous. Wet. N. Mch. 
 
 muricata, (A. M. 21.) spikes compound; spikelets some wliat in sixes, ovate, sessile, 
 approximate; often the lower ones are remotish: fruit ovate or oblong-ovate, acu- 
 minate, plano-convex, diverging, bifid, scabrous at the margin, twice as long as 
 the ovate scale, or equal to the lance-ovate one. 1 f. Woods, fences, &c. 
 Var. cephaloidea, Dewey, has spikelets aggregated, somewhat in fives, closely ses- 
 sile: fruit ovate, twice as long as the scale. 
 
 chordorrhiza, W. (2i-) spikelets aggregated into an ovate head, somewhat in fours and 
 fives: fruit ovate-acuminate: leaves of the culms close-pressed: culm sub-ramose 
 at the base: root procumbent, often lising above ground, which gives the ramose 
 appearance to the general culm, (or the creeping root) upon which the upright and 
 ascending culms are'inserted. Found on St. Lawrence river, nearOgdensburg. The 
 above description is translated from Persoon's synopsis, with some additions taken 
 from a specimen presented to Prof J. Hall, by Dr. Cravve, the discover of this 
 locality. This is an European species mentioned by Prof. Dewey, as being found 
 on Columbia river; from whom we are to expect an improved description soon. 
 
 incurva, Lightf spikelets androgynous, staminate at the apex, aggregate in a globe- 
 ovate head: fruit ovate, sub-conic, terete, sub-rostrate, entire at the mouth, a little 
 longer than the acute, ovate scale. 2 i. R. 
 
 stenophylla, Whl. spikelets aggregated in a sub-globose head, staminate above: fruit 
 longish, ventricose, plano-convex, nerved, margin serrulate: mouth 2-toothed, 
 about equalling the ovate, acute scales. 3 — 6 i. R. A. 
 
 2. Stamens at the base of the spikelets. 
 
 bicolor, Al. (2X.) spikes in threes, ovate, sub-sessile, erect: fruit obovate, obtuse, sub- 
 compressed: scales ovate, obtuse. 6 i. Labrador. 
 
 loliacea, (Zf.) spikelets in threes, rather distant, minute, few-flowered, sessile: fruit 
 oval or ovate, obtuse, sub-compressed, spreading, nerved, entire at the orifice, 
 about twice as long as the acute, ovale scale. S. 
 
 deioeyi, Sz. (J. Z[.) spikes somewhat in threes, sessile, ovate, alternate, somewhat 
 distant, the upper one without bracts: fruit lance-oblong, beaked, acuminate, 2- 
 forked, plano-convex, sub-scabrous at the margin, a little longer than the lance- 
 oblong, hyaline, short-awned scale. 3 f. Slender and often procumbent. Rocky 
 woods. N. Mch. 
 
 trisperma, Dewey. (J. 21.) spikelets in threes, alternate, remote, sessile, ovate; upper 
 one without bracts: fruit oblong, acute or beaked, plano-convex, entire al the ori- 
 fice, many-nerved, sub-scabrous at the apex, somewhat spreading, longer than the 
 oblong, acute, hyaline scale. 20 i. Wet. N. Mch. 
 
 scopariu, Sh. (M. 2X-) spikelets alternate, ovate, sessile, in fives; lower one with 
 caducous bracts: capsule lanceolate, nerved, glabrous, erect, longer than the lance- 
 olate acuminate scale. 20 i. Wet. Spikelets tawny. «S. C. O. B. P. N. 
 
172 CAREX. 
 
 lagopodioides, Sh. (M. 2X.) spikelets crowded, numerous, Bcales smallish: capsules 
 oval-oblong, flqttisli-convex, acuminate, spreading, membrane-margined: orifice 
 2-tootiied. 2f. Wet. S. N. 
 
 strammea,\V. (straw sedge. M. Zf.) spike compound; spikelets somewhat in sixes, 
 ovate, oblong, alternate, sessile, sub-approximate: fruit broadrovate, roundish, 
 compressed, winged, ciliate-serrate, beaked, nerved, 2-toothed, a little longer than 
 the lance-ovate scale. 18 i, Moist. Vai. brevior, Dewey, fruit short-obovate and 
 beaked, scarcely longer than the scale. Var. minor, Dewey, spikelets obovate, 
 and fruit with seriulate wings, small. T. N. Mch. 
 
 foena, M. (2i-) spike compound; spikelets ovate, aggregated above: fruit ovate, acu- 
 minate, scabrous margmed, 2-toothed, about equal to the lance-oblong scale. 2 f. 
 Wet. S. Pennsylvania. 
 
 cristata, Sz. (J. 2i.) spikelets sessile, 6 to 14, closely aggregated, globose, bracted: 
 fruit oblong-ovate, compressed, diverging, winged, beaked, acuminate, bifid, con- 
 cavo-convex, ciliate-serrate at the margin, longer than the lance-oblong scale. 2 f. 
 Moist. C. T. M. O. Mch. 
 
 stdhduta, Sr. (W. M. 2_f.) spikelets about in fours, ovatish, somewhat remote, ses- 
 sile: fruit ovate, sub-acuminate, compressed, sub-bifid, scabrous at the margin, 
 diverging and retlexed, a Uttle longer than the ovate obtusish scale. 10 i. Wet. 
 T. B. O. N. Mch. 
 
 scirpoides, Sh. (W. M. 2X.) spikelets in fours, sessile, ovate, obtuse; lower one bract- 
 ed: fruit ovate, cordate, comj)ressed, beaked, scabrous at the margin, longer than 
 the ovate, acute scale. 10 i. JtVet Often very small. S. T. N. Mch. 
 
 purta, Gn. (O. M. If.) spikelets in fives, sub-approximate: scales sub-equal: fruit 
 round-ovate, acutish, somewhat convex and obtuse angled; flat beneath, and round 
 above: orifice 2-toothed. 20 i. Wet woods. Probaoly includes the canescens. 
 Mch. 
 festucacea, Sh. (M. 21.) spikelets sessile, alternate, ovate, approximate, .5 to 8-bract- 
 ed: capsules roundish-ovate, beaked, winged, striate, 2-ioothed, ciliate-serrate at 
 the margin: larger than the lance-ovate, inucronate scale. 2 f. Moist. S. C. 
 T. P. N. Mel). 
 
 ten'era, Dewey. {M. 2i-) spikes about in fives, obovate, remotish, alternate, sessile, 
 slender below; the lowest bracted: fruit ovate, compressed, beaked, subulate, 
 nerved, ciliate-serrate, larger than the lance-oblong scale. 2 f. Moist. N. Mch. 
 
 opalis, Good, spikes androgynous, staminale at the base, about in sixes, oval, ses- 
 sile, sub-approximate: fruit ovate-oval, compressed, acuminate: membrane, mar- 
 gined, bifid at the mouth, equalling the long ovate scale. 12 — 20 i. R. 
 
 3. Stamens at the apex of the highest and lowest spikelets — tlie middle spUidets xchoUy 
 staminnte. 
 
 siccata, Dewey. (J. 2/.) spikes compound; terminal spikelets obtuse; lower ones 
 mostly in fours, ovate, acutish: fruit lance-ovate, acuminate, compressed, scabrous 
 at the margin, bifid, nerved, about equal to the lance-ovate scale. 15 i. Sand. N. 
 
 D. Stumcns and stigmas on separate spikes. 
 1 . Sta.minate spikes single. 
 
 fiovae angliae, S^ (A. .T. 2i-) staminate spike short, slender, arising from the same 
 base with the upper fruit-bearing one: pistillate spikes 2 or 3, somewhat remote, 
 sessile, ovale, alternate, few-flowered, bracted: fruit somewhat 3-sided-oval, sub- 
 ventricose, ribbed, beaked, minutelv pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, mu- 
 cronate scale. 7 i. On Saddle xMt. 3000 feet high. C. N. 
 
 (lureq,, N. (W. M.2i.) slaminate spike short peduncled, without bracts: pistillate spikes 
 in threes, oblong, lax-flowered, sub-peduncled: spikelets exsertly peduncled, sub- 
 approximate, bracted: fruit obovate or pear-form, obtuse, nerved, sub-ventricose, 
 entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate, acute or short-mucronate scale. 6 i. 
 Wet. This is Sohweinitz's pyriformis. Dewey. C. Mch. 
 
 saxat'ilis, (A. 1[.) spikes oblong, erect: scales obtuse: pistillate spikes about in threes, 
 alternate, upper ones ovale, sessile, lower ones sub-oblong, short peduncled, 
 bracted: fruit ovate-obtuse or oblong-oval, sub-compressed, orifice entire, sub- 
 pubescent, about equalling the ovate, obtuse scale. This includes the higelowii and 
 compacta? V. W. Hemlock woods. Vermont. 
 
CAREX. 173 
 
 Br. ( ) spikes distinct, staniinate one solitary, rarely in pairs, erect, 
 oblong; pistillate ones sub-binate: peduncles erect, oblong, sub-dense-flowered: 
 fruit ovate, convex, short beaked, 2-lobed at the mouth, longer than the black 
 ovate acutish scale. 6 i. R. 
 
 2. Slaminate spikes two or more. 
 
 acuta, (W. M. 2X0 staminate spikes numerous or one, oblong erect — upper one 
 peduncled, and the rest sessile and short: pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, 
 oblong, cylindric, often recurved, sessile; the lower one peduncled, often staminate 
 at the apex, lax or dense-flowered: fruit oval, compressed, acutish, glabrous, with 
 the aperture entire and protruded, a little shorter than the lance-oblong scale. 2 f. 
 Var. erecta, Dewey, pistillate spikes two, erect, sessile, straight, short-cylindric. 
 Var. sparsiflora, Dewey, pistillate spikes oblong, sub-sessile, lax, flowers scattered. 
 S. C. T. P. N. Mch. 
 
 pespitosa, (O. M. 2i.) staminate spikes sometimes solitary, erect, oblong; lower ones 
 sessile: pistillate spikes in threes, oblong-cylindric, somewhat dense-flowered, 
 sessile: often staminate at the apex: fruit oval and obovate, convex both sides, 
 obtuse, glabrous, with the orifice entire and protruded, a little longer than the 
 oblong obtuse scale: scale green with brown margins. 18 i. Var. ramosa, one, 
 two, or three spikes branch off from the lower spike. jS. C. Mch. 
 
 fiquat' His, Wh. (M. If.) staminate spikes numerous, or one, erect: pistillate spikes 
 short-peduncled, cylindric, about in threes, thick-clavate above, dense-flowered, 
 sub-erect, sometimes staminate at the apex: fruit oval and sub-lens-form, glabrous, 
 with the aperture entire and protruded, about equal to the ovate acutish scale. 2 f. 
 Wet. Mch. 
 
 ^stricta, Gn. (M. 21.) staminate spikes somewhat in pairs, erect, oblong, about 3-sided: 
 pistillate spikes about in threes, cylindric, erect, often staminate at the apex, 
 acutish above: the lower one short-peduncled: fruit ovate, compressed, acutish 
 glabrous, with a protruded entire orifice, a little longer than the oblong acute scale. 
 15 i. Wet. Resembles acuta. C. N. T. 
 
 frinita, Lk. (O. M. H.) staminate spikes two (sometimes one) lax, often with scat- 
 tered fruit; pistillate spikes rarely witli three stigmas, somewhat in threes, oblong- 
 cylindric, peduncled nodding, tapering below, often staminate above: fruit ovate, 
 sub-inflated, somewhat ;3-sided, sliortly beaked, glabrous, with the orifice entire, 
 about one third as long as the oblong, linear, scabrous-awned scale. Var. paleacea, 
 pistillate spikes mostly in fours, flagelliform, recurved: scales cuspidate. Var. 
 gynandra, pistillate spikes pendulous; fruit about half as long as the scale. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 TF. Stigmas three. 
 E. Spikes androgynous. 
 1. Stamens at tlic summit. 
 (Spike simple.) 
 polytrichoides , M. (M. 2|.) spike terminal, oblong: fruit somewhat in fives, oblong, 
 alternate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, emarginate. twice as long as the ovate, obtuse 
 (rarely mucronate) scale. 10 i. Wet. Is the offiwis of the Arctic region a variety 
 of this? C. W. T. N. Mich. 
 leucoglocliin, Eh. (J. 21.) spike about 4-flowered: staminate flower mostly solitary; 
 fruit lanceolate, 3-sided-terete, much reflexed, hardly twice as long as the lance- 
 oblong scale. 6 i. Wet. 
 fraseri, Sims. (A. 1[.) spike cylindric: fruit globe-ovate-triangular, entire at the 
 
 orifice, striate, longer than the oblong scale. 1 f 
 ursina, Dewey, spike single, staminate below, globose, dense-flowered: fruit ovate, 
 lenticular, compressed, smooth, a little longer than the round-ovate scale. 3 i. A. 
 
 (Spikes several.) 
 ovata, Rudge. (Canada.) spikes in fours and fives, ovate, dense-flowered, peduncled, 
 pendulous, bracted: fruit ovate, compressed, acuminate, bifid, equal to the ovate, 
 acute scale. C. 
 
 (One radical peduncle, or more, single-spiked.) 
 wildenowii, Sh. (W. J. 21.) stems 1 to 3 from the same root: one spike staminate 
 
174 CAREX. 
 
 above, ovate at the base: fruit 3 to G, globe-ovate, beaked, sub-inflated, somewhat 
 3-sided; scales ovate, acute, inferior, filiform, very long, much longer than the 
 spike — sometimes the staminate spike is distinct. 10 i. Dry woods. ^. P. Y. 
 pedunculata, M. (Ap. 2X-) spikes about in fives, 3-cornered, distant, long-peduncled: 
 fruit obovale, 3-sided, recurved at the apex, commonly glabrous, a little longer than 
 the oblong or obovate, mucronate scale. 6 i. Woods. T. N. 
 
 2. Stamens at the base of the spikes. 
 
 squarrosa, (21.) spikes one, two, or three, oblong-cylindric: fruit imbricate, ovate with 
 a long beak, 2-toolhed, spreading horizontally, glabrous and sub-squarrose, longer 
 than the lanceolate scale. Var. typhinoides, (Dewey) spike long-cylindric, tapering 
 above, mostly in pairs, often approximate. S. C. P. T. M. Mch. 
 
 atrata, (A. 2^.) spikes somewhat in fours, oblong-ovate, somewhat nodding, terminal 
 one androgynous, staminate below; upper ones crowded, sessile; lower ones some- 
 what distant, peduncled, round-oval, compressed, glabrous, short-beaked, witha 
 2-lipped aperture, a little shorter than the oblong, acutish, black scale. 1 f. S. 
 
 F. Terminal spike androgynoiis, pistillate at tfie summit: the others wholly pistillate. 
 
 cirescens, M. (green sedge. M. 2i.) spikes in threes, oblong, erect, alternate; upper 
 one peduncled, beneath staminate; the rest bearing fruit, sub-sessile, bracted: fruit 
 ovate, obtuse, ribbed, pubescent, nearly equal or exceeding the ovate, pubescent, 
 mucronate scale. 20 i. Wet*Upland. Var. costata, has its fruit strongly ribbed, 
 and its outer sheaths purplish-brown — leaves more numerous and larger. C. P. N. 
 Mch. 
 
 carltonia, Dewey, spikes in threes, ovate, sessile, approximate; upper ones androgyn- 
 ous, lower ones staminate: fruit ovate, acutish, plano-convex, smooth, entire at 
 the mouth, equalling the ovate atutish scale. 12 i. A. 
 
 arctica, Dewey, spikes siib-ternate, ovale-cylindric sessile; lower one peduncled, brac- 
 ted, upper one staminate below: fruit ovate, plano-convex, obtuse, very shoit- 
 beaked, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate obtuse scale. 8 i. A. 
 
 hirsuta, W. (W. M. If.) spikes in threes, oblong, alternate, erect; upper one short- 
 peduncled and staminate below; the rest sub-sessile, leafy-bracted: all approximate, 
 dense-flowered: fruit 3-sided-ovate, nerved, obtuse, entire at the aperture, about 
 equal to the ovate, acuminate, glabrous scale. Var. pedunculata, T. has oblong- 
 Cylindric, peduncled spikes, and slightly pubescent leaves. <S'. P. Y. C. T. N. 
 
 l&uz^au?Hti, Wh. (W. J. 21.) spikes distinct or androgynous, about in fours; upper 
 spike staminate, often androgynous, peduncled, clavate, fruit-bearing above; the 
 rest fruit bearing, oblong, somewhat remote, sessile, bracted, sometimes with but 2 
 stigmas: fruit oblong-ovate and obovate, obtuse, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, glabrous 
 at the sub-entire orifice, equalling the oblong, mucronate scale. 18 i. Wet. <S. 
 P. C. N. Mch. 
 
 piridula, Mx. (1) (21.) spikes about in threes, oval, sessile, approximate; terminal one 
 androgynous, staminate below; lower ones axillary: fruit ovate, 3-sided, glabrous, 
 acuminate, about equalling the ovate acuminate scale. 1 f. Damp. Hudson's 
 Bay. 
 
 formosa, Dewey. (M. 21-) spikes oblong, thick, one-sided, in fours, distant, exsertly 
 peduncled, nodding, upper ones staminate below: fruit oblong, 3-sided, sub inflated, 
 acutish at both ends, with a sub-entire or 2-lobed orifice, twice as large as the ovate, 
 acute scale. Yellowish green. 15 1. Wet. N. Mch. 
 
 gracillima, Sz. (2) (M. 2i-) spikes long, slender, distant, lax-flowered, in fours, ex- 
 sertly peduncled; upper one staminate below, all bracted: fruit oblong, 3-sided, 
 obtuse, with an oblique, somewhat 2-lobed orifice, larger than the oblong, obtuse, 
 short-awned scale. 20 i. Moist. T. O. N. Mch. 
 
 torreynna, Dewey, not Sz. (3) (M. 21.) fructiferous spikes somewhat in threes, oblong, 
 with scattered flowers, remote, exsertly peduncled, sub-pendulous: fruit oblong, 
 somewhat tapering at the base, 3-sided-inflated, nerved, acutish, short-beaked, with 
 a 2-lobed orifice, about equal to the oblong, scabrous-awned scale. 18 i. N. 
 
 fuliginosa, Sh. (A. Zf.)spikes oblong, somewhat in fours; terminal one androgynous, 
 staminate below; lower ones exsertly peduncled, nodding: fruit oblong, mucronate, 
 bifid at the apex, longer thaq the oblong scale. T. 
 
 (1) triceps, E. (2) digitalis, T- & Sz. (3) davisii, T. 
 
CAREX. 176 
 
 vahlii, Sclik. (M. ) spikes sub-ternate, upper one androgynous, oblong, lower one 
 staminate. tlie rest pistillate, ovate or oblong, sub-i)eduncled, short-bracted: fruit 
 round-oval, somewhat 15-sided, entire at the mouth, greater than the ovate or oblong 
 sub-acute scale, tj — 10 i. K. A. 
 
 G. Sfaminaie spike simple. 
 1. Pistillate spikes sessile, or with enclosed peduncles. 
 
 pubcscens, M. (W. M. 2{.) spikes distinct: staminate spike 3-sided, sub-sessile: pistil- 
 late spikes in threes, oblong, sub-lax-llovvered, erect, bracted, lower one peduncled: 
 fruit ovate-3-sided, beaked with a sub entire orifice, pubescent, a little larger than 
 the ovate-oblong, mucronate, keeled scale: leaves and culm pubescent. 18 1. Moist. 
 C. P. N. T. JVlcii. 
 
 vcstita, W. (M. ZT.) staminate spike is sometimes accompanied with a smaller one, 
 cylindric-oblong, upper one elongated, peduncled: pistillate spikes in pairs, ovate- 
 oblong, sessile, sub-approximate, bracted, sometimes staminate above: fruit ovate- 
 oblong, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, short beaked, bifid, pubescent, a little longer 
 than the ovate-oblong, acutish, sub-mucronate scale. 2 f. Wet. S. C. T. IN. 
 
 varia, J\I. (O. Ap. 21.) staminate spike erect, short or long: pistillate spikes in threes, 
 ovate, sessile, sub-approximate, few-flowered: fruit oval-inflated or globe-3-sided. 
 acuminate-beaked, bifid ! rough-|)ubesceiit, about equal to the ovate, acuminate scale. 
 10 i. Dry woods. Var. pcdicellatu, (Dewey,) has the pistillate spikes sliort-pedun 
 cled, erect, and the lower bract leafy. Numerous variations in height, «fcc. are com 
 mon to this plant. S. Mch. 
 
 marginala, M. (Ap. 2S-) staminate spike erect, peduncled, somewhat 3-sided: pistil 
 late spikes in pairs, ovate, sub-sessile, sub approximate, few-flowered: fruit globe 
 ovate, short beaked, somewhat 2-toothed, tomenlose, about equalling the ovate-acu 
 minate, or oblong-mucronate scale. 15 i. Dry woods. »S'. C. B. N. T. Mch 
 
 fiava, (M. 2X.) spikes distinct; staminate spike somewhat 3-sided, from the same base 
 with the pistillate, and short-peduncled; pistillate spikes in threes, ovate-oblong 
 approximate, peduncles inclosed: fruit ovate, densely-imbricate, 2-toothed, ribbed 
 reflexed with a curved beak, larger than the lance-ovate scale. 18 i. Wet upland 
 P. W. C. M. B. N. T. Mch. 
 
 bnlduinid, Dewey, spikes distinct; staminate, solitary, cylindric, with a 3-nerved 
 bract; pistillate ones in pairs or threes, 3-stigmas, ovate, roundish: upper ones ses- 
 sile, extreme top ones often staminate, lower peduncle long, exsert: fruit ovate, 3- 
 sided, sub-inflated, glabrous, nerved, long-beaked, 2 toothed, about twice as long as 
 the ovate acutish scale. 1 — 2f 
 
 oederi, Eh. (M. 21-) spikes distinct, or androgynous, or both; staminate spike erect; 
 pistillate spikes about in fours, aggregated, sub-sessile, bracted, somewhat oblong: 
 upper androgynous spike staminate above or below, or both: fruit sub-ovate, inflated, 
 nerved, 2-tootlied, with a subulate straitish beak, a little longer than the ovate scale. 
 8 i. Wet. Mch. 
 
 tentaculata, M. (O. M. Zf.) spikes distinct; staminate spike sub-sessile, bracted; pis- 
 tillate spikes in paiis, or in tlirees, oblong, cylindrical, bracted; upper one sessile, 
 the rest with short inclosed peduncles: fruit ovate, inflated, long beaked, 2-toothed, 
 nerved, glabrous, diverging, closely compressed, twice as long as the small, ovate, 
 rough-mucronate scale. 18 i. Wet, olten forming bogs. S. Mch. 
 
 coUinsii, N. (A. M. 2J.) spikes distinct; staminate spike "erect; pistillate spikes some- 
 what in threes, sessile or with enclosed peduncles, distant, few-flowered: fruit sub- 
 late or somewhat inflated-lanceolate, long, beaked, reflex-spreading, glabrous, with 
 an entire orifice, more than thrice as long as the lanceolate scale. 1 f This is 
 Dewey's mirhauxii, which he yields to Nuttall, and adopts his name. It is the 
 subulata of Mx. not of Muhlenberg. S. 
 
 folliculala, (O. M. 2/.) spikes distinct; staminate spike oblong, peduncled; pistillate 
 spikes somewhat in pairs, approximate, few-flowered, erect, sub-peduncled; the 
 lower one sometimes remotely and exsertly peduncled: fruit conic-ovate, acuminate, 
 beaked, 2-tootl)ed, large, very glabrous, nerved, inflated, diverging, thrice as long 
 as the ovate cuspidate scale. 20 i. Wet. 8. Mch. 
 
 xanthophysa, Wh. (M. 2i.) spikes distinct; pistillate spikes thick, about in threes, 
 distant, lax-flowered, ovate, peduncled, inclosed or exsert, leaf-bracted: fruit oblong, 
 inflated, large, beaked, diverging, 2-forked at the orifice, longer than the lance- 
 ovate, sub-awned scale. 2 to 5 f. Elevated wet ground. Var. nana, Dewey, 
 
176 CAREX. 
 
 has pistillate spikes in pairs, sub-approximate, and the fruit twice as long as the 
 scale. 1 f. Var. minor, is like the last, but is still smaller, and has the pistillate 
 spikes aggregated. P. N. Mch. 
 
 lupuUna, M. (O. M. If.) slaminate spike erect, slender, sub-sessile: pistillate spikes 
 in threes and fours, ovate-oblong, very thick, or oblong-cylindric, short-peduncled, 
 erect, dense-flowered, approximate; lower one exsertly peduncled and sometimes 
 distant: fruit ovate-conic, inflated, long and conically beaked, bicuspidate, nerved, 
 glabrous, about thrice as long as the lance-ovate, acuminate scale. 3 f. Wet* 
 Var. pulijslachia, T. has the pistillate spikes in fives, long-cylindric; lower one re- 
 mote and long-peduncled. /S. Mch. 
 
 davisii, Dewey. (M. 2i-) spikes distinct; staminate spike sessile, short; pistillate 
 spikes in pairs or in threes, approximating the staminate, ovate, sessile, few-flower- 
 ed; often a radical one long peduncled: fruit globe-3-sided, tapering at the base, 
 beaked, pubescent, with an oblique aperture, about equalling the ovate scale: culm 
 decumbent. 8 i. Dry hills and woods. N. 
 
 nigro-marginata, Sz. (M. Zf.) spikes distinct; staminate spike sessile; pistillate 
 spikes in pairs, ovale, sessile, closely approximating the staminate: culms (or pe- 
 duncles) radical, long, somewhat in threes, arising from the same root: fruit ovate, 
 somewhat 3-sided, conic-beaked, 2-toolhed, pubescent, equalling the ovate acutish 
 scale. Scales dark brown, with green keels. Hills. 6 i. 
 
 ^oUccta, Dewey, (A. M. 2X.) slaminate spike erect, lax-imbricate, slender, sub-pedun- 
 cled; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, ovate, few-flowered, bracted; lower one 
 short-peduncled: fruit ovate, beaked, somewhat 2-toothed and pubescent, a little 
 longer than the ovale, acute -scale. 15 i. In small bogs in mountain swamps. 
 Mch. 
 
 supina, spikes distinct; staminate one solitary: pistillate ones somewhat in pairs, 
 roundish, sub-sessile, approximate, smooth, with a 2-lobed mouth about equalling 
 tlie ovate scale. 6 i. A. 
 
 schkuhrii, W. spikes distinct: staminate onepolitary; pistillate one sub-binate, sessile, 
 approximate roundish, small flowered: fruit obovate, short beaked, globe-3-sidedj 
 scarcely equalling the acute ovate scale. A. 
 
 parn/ana, spikes distinct; staminate one solitary; erect, eylindric; pistillate ones in 
 twos or threes, oblong, eylindric, dense flowered, erect; lower one peduncled, 
 bracted: fruit obovate, flat, convex, obtuse, smooth, scarcely beaked, a little longer 
 than the ovate, acute or mucronate scale. 18 i. A. 
 
 2. Pistillate spikes exserthj peduncled. 
 
 plantaginea, Lk. (W. Ap. 2J.-) staminate spike erect, peduncled; pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in fours, oblong, with flowers somewhat scattered, erect, remote, exsertly 
 peduncled: fruit oblong, oval-3-sidedi sub-cuneiform, tapering at both ends, curved 
 back at tiie apex, entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-cuspidate scale; leaves 
 very broad, ensiform. Stem 3-sided; sheaths reddish-brown towards the base: 
 leaves radical, green through the winter. Often mistaken for the next species. 
 18 i. «. N. T. Mch. 
 
 iinceps, Sh. (O. M. Z(.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes oblong, short-peduncled; 
 pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-filiform, erect, alternate, with scattered 
 flowers; peduncle 2-edged; upper spike sessile, and the rest somewhat remotely and 
 exsertly peduncled: fruit oVal-inflated, elongated at the base, tapering at the apex, 
 alternate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, striate, curved back at the membranaceous 
 or entire orifice, a little longer than the oblong, nuicronate or ovale, acute scale. 
 Stem acutely triangular and often 2-edged above. "Woods. 1 f. -S. Mch. 
 
 alba, Haenke. (W. If.) staminate spike peduncled; pistillate ones in pairs, about 5- 
 flowered: bracts sheathing, membranaceous, hyaline: fruit globe-ovate, striate, 
 beaked, obliquely truncate. 10 i. Var. setifolia, (Dewey,) has bristle-form, slen- 
 der, somewhat stiffly-erect leaves, till near maturity. Rocky soil. Pownel, Vt., 
 and Goat Island at Niagara FaUs. T.N. Mch. 
 
 oligocarpa, Sh. (M.) spikes distinct; staminate spike without bracts; pistillate spikes 
 in threes, somewhat fi-flowered, oblong, distant, peduncles long and lax: fruit ovate 
 3-sided, alternate, glabrous, nerved, curved back and short-beaked at the apex, 
 entire at the orifice a little longer than the ovate scale. 1 f Woods and hills. 
 Var. vnn-i'leckii, Sz. has the spikes longer, peduncles shorter, fruit more remote and 
 smaller, with scales half as long. T.N. 
 
CAREX. 177 
 
 cotloidea, Sh. (1) (M. 21-) spikes distiucl; staminate spike oblong, peduncled; pistil- 
 late spikes in pairs or in threes, oblong-, remote, erect, sub-dense-flowered, bracted; 
 upper one sub-sessile: fruit oblong, oblusish, glabrous, nerved, somewhat diverging 
 with an entire orifice, a little longer than the ovate subulate scale. Dewey says, 
 this is thegranularoidesof Sz. 1 f. Moist. S. C. P. T. N. Mch. 
 
 granulans, M. (VV. M. 21.) staminate spike erect, sub-peduncled; pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in threes, cylindric, dense-flowered; upper ones sub-sessile, often ap- 
 pro.ximate; lower ones e.xserily peduncled: fruit round-ovate, recurved at the apex 
 and short-beaked, entire, nerved, hardly twice as long as the ovate, acuminate 
 ecale. 1 f. Wet upland. -S'. N. Y. Mch. 
 
 Scabrata, Sz. (M. ZT.) spikes distinct; staminate spike 3-sided, peduncled; pistillate 
 spikes somewhat in fives and remote, exserlly peduncled, cylindric, alternate, sub- 
 erect, furnished with long leafy biacts: fruit oblong-ovate, beaked, sub-ventricose 
 and bifid, scabrous, longer than the scale: scale lance-ovate, acummate, sub-ciliate 
 at the margin, and scabrous at the apex. 18 i. Wet. F. T. N. ftlch. 
 
 blanda, Dewey, (2) (M. Z(.) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect, peduncled, 3- 
 sided; pistillate spikes somewhat in ilirees, oblong, cylindric, with flowers scattered, 
 alternate, bracted; upper one sub-sessile; lower one with a lung "i-edged peduncle: 
 fruit oval or obovate, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, recurved and entire at the apex, 
 scarcely longer than the ovate, scabrous-nmcronate scale. 1 f. Dry woods. N. 
 
 laxiflora, Lk. (M. Zf-) spikes distinct; staminate spikes oblong, slender, rarely bracted; 
 pistillate spikes in threes, lax-flowered, remote, erect; upper one with a short 
 and inclosed peduncle; lower one exsertly peduncled: fruit ovate or oblong-ovate, 
 sub-obtuse, glabrous, ventricose, nerved, somewhat 3-sided, wirh an entire orifice, 
 a little longer than the ovate-mucronale and scabrous scale. 15 i. Damp woods 
 and meadows. S. T. P. N. Mch. 
 
 ustuluta, Wh. (A. 2i-) staminate spike oblong, recurved; pistillate spikes in pairsj 
 oval, nodding: fruit ovate, beaked; acuminate, flattish both sides, black, 2-toothed 
 at the orifice, about twice as long as the ovate scale. Labrador. 
 
 Jlezuosa, Sh. (M. Z{.) spikes distinct: staminate spike filiform; pistillate spikes in 
 fours, filiform, flexuose, nodding: flowers scattered: peduncles long: fruit lance- 
 oblong, somewhat 3-sided, alternate glabrous, beaked, bifid, hardly twice as long 
 as the lance-ovate scale, ftloist woods and meadows. 18 i. &'. B. P. N. 
 
 venusta, Dewey. ( ) spikes distinct; staminate one solitary cylindric; pistillate 
 
 spikes in threes, long-cylindric, peduncle sub-lax-flowered, long-peduncled and 
 exsert: fruit cone-ovate, terete 3-sided, nerved, scabrous-pubescent, 2-toothed; 
 about twice as long as the obtuse ovate scale. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 sylvatica, Hd. (M. 2i.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes slender, short-peduncled; 
 pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, filiform, with scattered flowers, remote, nod- 
 ding, long-peduncled; fruit ovate, 3-sided, glabrous, sub-ventricose, somewhat 
 long-beaked, bifid, scarcely exceeding the ovate, mucionate, membranaceous scale. 
 Moist woods and meadows. 15 i. N. Mch. 
 
 digitalis, M. (W. M. 2X.) spikes distinct; pistillate spikes in threes, alternate, lax- 
 flowored, with long, filiform, nodding peduncles: fruit oval 3-sided, obtuse, nerved, 
 glabrous, longer than the ovate, acute scale. C i. Wet. iS. P. 
 
 castanea, Wh. (doubtful as an American.) spikes staminate and pistillate, distinct; 
 pistillate spikes thickish, short, sub-dense-flowered: peduncles long-exsert, recurved^ 
 bracted, lax-sheathed, leafy, distant; scales short: fruit oblong, slender, divergent, 
 with a 1-lobed orifice: leaves hirsute. 
 
 tcashingtonia* Dewey. (3) (A. J. IS-) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect; pistillate 
 spikes oblong, cylmdric, sub-sessile, sub-remote, erect: flowers somewhat scattered: 
 fruit oval, acute at both ends, compressed, short-beaked, glabrous, with one entire 
 orifice, about equalling the oblong-ovate, acutish scale. 1 f. Damp. Found on 
 the White Mts. N. H. near the summit of Mt. Washington, by Prof Barratt. 
 
 halseyi, Dewey. (M. If.) staminate spike remote from the pistillate, accompanied with 
 one or two smaller, arising near its base; pistillate spike solitary, (rarely another 
 with stamens at its top,) interposed between it and the staminate one; oblong 
 cylindric, erect, sub-lax-flowered: fruit oval-ovate, short beaked, somewhat 3-sided, 
 
 *Prof Dewey will excuse me for shortening some of his personal and geographical 
 names by substituting genitives. In this case, I believe, the adjective may be pro- 
 perly made Washingtonia, &c. 
 
 (1) granularoides, Sz. (2) conoidea, M. (3) nigra, Sz 
 23 
 
178 CAREX. 
 
 inflated, nerved, glabrous, oblique at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate, 
 acutish scale. 18 i. Wet upland. N. 
 
 tctanica, Sh. (M. 21.) staminate spike peduncled; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, 
 remote; lower one long-peduncled: fruit obovate, recurved at the apex, entire at 
 the orifice, longer than the ovate, obtuse scale. 10 i. Moist meadows. Dewey 
 saj's, some mistake must have been made about this species; but it must remain as 
 it is fijr farther examination. S. P. Y. W. N. 
 
 panicca, (ZI-) spikes distinct, stigmas 3; staminate spike solitary ; pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in pairs: peduncles sub-exsert, remolish, lax-fiowered; lower ones long- 
 peduncled; fruit sub-globose, obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little larger than the 
 acutisii ovate scale. 12 i. B. Supposed by Dr. C. Pickering to have been intro- 
 duced from Europe. 
 
 trraijana, Dewey. (ZT-) spikes distinct; staminate ones solitary, oblong: fruit bearing 
 spikes with three stigmas to the style, somewhat in pairs, oblong cylindric sub-lax 
 flowered, peduncle exsert: fruit ovate, oblong, sub-inflated, somewhat 3-sided, ob- 
 tuse or acutish, mouth entire, longer than the obtuse oblong scale. S. Utica. 
 
 3. Pistillate spikes peduncled and scarcely 
 
 miliacea, M. (M. 2_(.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes elongated, slender; pistillate 
 spikes in threes, elongated, cylindric, somewbat slender; upper one sub-sessile, 
 the rest peduncled; all bracted, and nodding: fruit ovate-3-sided, glabrous, some- 
 what beaked, sub-bifid or entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong, emarginate 
 or obcordate, scabrous-awned ^ale. Wet. iS. P. N. Mch. 
 
 umljellata, Sh. (M. 7S-) spikes distinct; staminate spike short, with a long peduncle; 
 pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, one often sub-sessile and near the staminate, 
 the rest sub-radical, exsertly peduncled, all ovate and sub-umbelled: fruit ovate, 
 acute at both ends, beaked, sliortiy 2-toothed, pubescent, equalling the lance-ovate 
 scale. 1 to 4 i. In small tufts on dry hills. Var. vinna, (Dewey.) has one sessile, 
 ovate, pistillate spike at the base of the staminate, with two or three radical pedun- 
 cles, each bearing a pistillate spike, as in the common one. N. T. Mch. 
 
 miliaris, Mx, (A. Zf-) spikes distinct; staminate spilce pallid, long-peduncled: pistil- 
 late spike sessile, oval, fuscous: bracts setaceous, short: fruit sub-spherical, smooth. 
 Canada marshes. 
 
 pallescens, (21.) spikes peduncled, sub-cylindric, nodding: bracts somewhat clasping, 
 leafy and distant: fruit oval, very obtuse, terete: culm erect: staminate spike 
 lanceolate; pistillate ones in threes. 1 f. N. T. 
 
 oakes'ii, Dewey. (A. J. 21-) spikes distinct; staminate spike short- bracted, oblong, 
 slender; pistillate spikes somewhat in pairs, ovate, distant, bracted; lower one 
 sub-peduncled: fruit ovate, somewhat 3-sided, sub-inflated, neived, short beaked, 
 glabrous, entire at the orifice, a little longer than the lance-ovate scale. 1 f. 
 Mch. 
 
 hystericina, W. (O. M. 2i.) spikes distinct; staminate spike 3-sided, bracted, pe- 
 duncled; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, alternate, somewhat distant, foblong, 
 cylindric, bracted, nodding; upper one with an inclosed peduncle, the rest exsertly 
 peduncled, and tbe lower one long-peduncled: fruit ovate, glabrous, inflated, some- 
 what 3-sided, beaked, nerved, with a 2-cleft orifice, twice as long as the oblong, 
 emarginate, scabrous-mucronate scale. Plant yellowish-green, spikes becoming 
 brown. 20 i. Wet. Often mistaken for the tcntacvlata. S. Mch. 
 limosa, (VV. J. Z[.) spikes distinct; staminate spike witliout bracts; pistillate spikes 
 somewbat in pairs, ovate or oblong, somewhat long-peduncled: flowers somewhat 
 scattered, pendulous, remotish: fruit oval, compressed, very short-beaked, entire at 
 the orifice, about equalling the ovate-cuspidate and lance-ovate or oblong scale. 
 1 f. Bracts witli very short brovvnish sheaths. Var. irii^ia, has sub-cylindric 
 spikes, and long-acuminate, dark red pistillate scales. Var. variflora, has sub- 
 linear spikes, loose-flowered, witli subcircinal, pistillate scales. Var. livida, has 
 shorter peduncles, few-flowered, oblong-pistillate scale about equal to the fruit, 
 and obtusish, with sub-ovate-oblong fruit, and sub-incurved leaves. Var. oblonga, 
 (Dewey) has spikes somewhat long-cylindric. Alpine. This species is the ^er^^i- 
 cularis of Mx. Dewey. N. Mch. 
 Itua, Wahl. ( ) spikes distinct; staminate one oblong, solitary; fruit-bearing ones 
 oblong, with peduncles exsert, pendulous, sub-distant: fruit oval, 3-sided-depressed, 
 short-beaked, entire at the mouth, equalling the ovate-oblong, obtuse scale. 6—10 i. 
 A. 
 
CAREX. 179 
 
 pseudo-cyperus, (O. M. li.) staminate and pistillato spikes distinct; staminate spike 
 peduncled; pistillate spikes pediincled, cylindric, thick, pendulous: bracts some- 
 what clasping, long-leafy, sub-approximate: scales setaceous; fruit oblong, acumi- 
 nate-beaked, retlexed, 3-sided, nerved, bicuspidate. 3 f. In clusters. Wet. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 hitclicocLii, Dewey. (A. M. 2S-) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect, peduncled; 
 pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, erect: flowers few and scattered: lower spike 
 remote: fruit somewhat 3-sided-oval, inflated, alternate both sides, recurved at the 
 apex, striate, with a short truncate beak and aperture, about equalling the oblong 
 or ovate-mucronate scale. 20 i. Mountain woods. N. 
 
 verna, (JM. Zf.) staminate spike erect: pistillate spikes in pairs, ovate-oblong, approx- 
 imating, sub-peduncled: fruit oval, somewhat 3-sided-acute, pubescent, a little 
 shorter than the oblong-ovate, sub-mucronate scale. 6 i. Rocky hills. 
 
 H. Staminate spikes tioo or more. 
 
 trichocarpa, M. (M. 21-) staminate spikes somewhat in tlirees, erect; lower ones ses- 
 sile, rarely androgynous; pistillate spikes in threes, erect, long-cylindric, slender, 
 sub-remote, sub-lax-flowered, essertly peduncled, excepting that the lowest is 
 nearly inclosed: fruit lance-ovate, sub-conic, inflated, nerved, beaked, 2-forked, 
 dense pubescent, about twice as long as Uie lance-ovate scale. 2 f. Wet. Var. 
 turbinata, (Dewey.) has the staminate spikes with oblong, mucronate, tawny 
 scales: and the pistillate spikes with the upper ones nearly sessile, or with inclosed 
 peduncles; and the fruit conic, inflated. S. N. Mch. 
 
 larrattii, T. (L. Zf.) staminate spikes somewhat in pairs: pistillate spikes somewhat 
 in threes, oblong-cylindric, nodduig, distant, upper one bearing stamens: fruit 
 oblong, somewhat 3-sided, short-beaked, sub-scabrous, entire at the mouth, a little 
 shorter than the lance-ovate, sub-obtuse scale. 1 f. 
 
 Jiliformis, Gn. (W. Zf.) spikes sub-sessile, oblcing: bracts short-sheathed, leafy, re- 
 motish: capsules long-oval, villous, with a •2-forke(l beak; leaves convolute. Sta- 
 minate spikes one or two lanceolate; scale of the fruit oblong, with a yellow nerve 
 — pistillates with green nerved scale. 2 f. N. T. Mch. 
 
 <impullacca, Gn. (ZT-) spikes short-peduncled, cylindric, thick, lax; staminate spikes 
 numerous: bracts clasping, leafy, distant; scales lanceolate: fruit sub-globose, 
 inflated, setaceous-beaked, larger than the scale, diverging: culm obtuse angled: 
 leaves narrowish, with incurved margins. Staminate spikes three or more, O. N. 
 T? Mch. 
 
 vesicaria, (W. M. ZT-) staminate spikes distinct, somewhat in threes, erect; upper 
 one peduncled, the rest sessile; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, cylindric. al- 
 ternate, erect, dense-flowered; upper ones sessile, lower ones sub-peduncled: fruit 
 oblong-ovate sub-terete, inflated, subulate-beaked, spreading, nerved, glabrous, 
 bi-cuspidate, scarcely twice as long as the ovate-cuspidate scale. 2 f. Wet. N. 
 T.? 
 
 luUata, Sh. (M. Zf.) staminate and pistillate spikes distinct; staminate «pikes in 
 threes, longish, upper one peduncled, lower one bracted; pistillate spikes in pairs, 
 exserlly peduncled, oblong, cylindrical, somewhat nodding: fruit ovate, globose, 
 inflated, erect, glabrous, ribbed, witii a sub-hispid 2-forked beak, twice as long as 
 the lanceolate scale. 2 f. Wet bogs. Var. cylindracr.a, (Dewey) has long pe- 
 duncled staminate spikes, and long cylindrical pistillate spikes, sub-dense-flowered: 
 fruit long beaked. S. O. N. Mcli. 
 
 schweinitzia, Dewey. (.T. Zf-) spikes distinct; staminate spikes in pairs, upper one 
 long, slender, peduncled; pistillate spikes in fours, oblong, cylindric, sub-approxi- 
 mate, with inclosed peduncles, somewhat pendulous, with long leafy bracts: fruit 
 ovate-oblong, tapering above, beaked, inflated, 2-forked, nerved, glabrous, longer 
 than the lanceolate, subulate, sub-setaceous scale. 10 i.. Wet, sandy. 
 
 retrorsa, Sz. (W. M. Zf.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes somewliatin threes, upper 
 one long peduncled, slender, the rest short, small, often fruit-bearing at the base» 
 sessile; pistillate spikes somewhat in fives, oblong, cylindric, approximating, sub- 
 fascicled, with leafy bracts and peduncles inclosed, lower one often very remote, 
 with long inclosed peduncles: fruit ovate, inflated, beaked, 2-forked, nerved, re- 
 flexed; twice as long as the lanceolate scale. 2 f. In clusters. Wet, O. T. 
 Mch. 
 
 peUila, M. (W. M. Zf.) staminate and pistillate spikes distinct; staminate spikes in 
 pairs, oblong, lower one sessile and bracted; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, 
 
180 CAREX. 
 
 cylindric, erect: fruit oyate, short-beaked, bicuspidate, somewhat 3-sided, hairy, 
 about equal to the lance-ovate, awned scale. 20 i. Wet. (S>. T. N. Mch. 
 
 laaistris, W.. (W. M. 2i-) spikes distinct; staminale spikes somewhat in fours, erect, 
 lower ones sessile; pistillate spikes in i)airs or in threes, fruit oblonor, cylindrical, 
 erect, perved, glabrous, a little longer than the lance-oblong scale. 3 f. Wet. iS. 
 N. 
 
 oligosperma, Mx. (21.) staminate spikes many; pistillate spike one, globular, sessile: 
 fruit turgidly ovate, largish, few, acute: leaves involute-rushlike. Canada. 
 
 longiroslris, T. (VV. M. 2X.) spikes distinct; staniinate spikes in threes, short, upper- 
 one peduncled, middle one sessile, lower one peduncied and furnished with an pvate, 
 cuspidate bract; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, cylindiic, pendulous, with 
 scattered flovveis somewhat distant, with long e.xsert peduncles, bracted: fruit ovate, 
 sub-globose, inllated. glabrous, long-beaked and bifid, a little longer than the lan- 
 ceolate or ovate-cuspidate scale. 2f M'oods on river banks. Ki^ 
 
 Arctic region. "Tj ^• 
 
 [These species having been found in high northern latitudes in America, they are set 
 by tliemselves. Probably many of tliem may be found farther south. 7 preceed- 
 ing spec, marked A. should have been inserted below.] ; 
 
 1. Stigmas two. 
 
 dioica, (A. 2i.) spike single, sim4jle, dioecious, raiely androgynous, staminate above, 
 oblong; pistillate spike oblong or ovate, sub-derise-flowered: fruit oval-ovate, con- 
 vex both sides, nerved, erectish, serrulately margined above, equalling the ovate 
 scale. 9 i. Var. davuUiua, iias serrulate or hispid leaves. C. 
 
 remota, (A. M. 21.) spikelets androgynous, staminate below, numerous, oblong-ovate, 
 sub-sessile; lower ones distant with long, leafy, linear bracts beneath: fruit ovate, 
 acuminate and bifid, or plano-convex and sub-bifid, a little longer than the lance- 
 ovate scale. 18 i. Woods. 
 
 concolor, Br. (A. 21-) staminate spike solitary; pistillate in pairs or in threes, erect, 
 sub-sessile: fruit oval, mucronate, entire, smooth: scales all about the samp color, 
 obtuse: culm smootli: bracts auricled. 
 
 cryptocarpa. Meyer, spikes distinct; staminate ones above somewhat in threes and 
 partly sessile; pistillate ones with 2 stigmas, somewhat in threes, cylindric, pe- 
 duncled, and sometimes staminate above: fruit obovate, convex both sides, short- 
 beaked, entire at the mouth, la-nce-oblong, twice or thrice smaller than the scale. 
 2f R. 
 /estiva, Dewey, spikes wit]? 2 stigmas, androgynous, above pistillate, somewhat in 
 sixes, oyate. densely aggregated in a head: "fruit ovate-oblong, beaked at the apex, 
 serrulate, bifid, plano-cgnvex, longer than the ovate, acutish scale. 6 — 10 i. A. 
 
 petnsata, Dewey, spikes with 2-stigmas, androgynous, below staminate, somewiiatin 
 fours, ovatp-oblong, cylindric, sub-sessile, approximate: fruit broad-lanceolate, 
 acute at both ends, beaked or acuminate, bifid, subulate at the mouth, longer than 
 the broad-ovate, sub-obtuse scale. 4—8 i. R. 
 
 rnarinti, Dewey, spikelets androgynous with 2 stigmas, below staminate subternate 
 approximate sessile, the lowest bracted: glumes all fuscous ovate-obtuse: fruit ovate 
 sub-ianceolate, acutish plano-convex, a little longer than the scale. 4 — 6i. A. 
 
 fiookeninn, Dewey, spike compound, spikelets androgynous, 2-stigmas above staminate, 
 below sub-remote, ovate, sessile, niany bracted: fruit lance-ovate, scabrous-beaked, 
 sub-divergent plano-convex 2- toothed a little shorter than the lanceolate-ovate cuspi- 
 date scale. 12—18 i. A. 
 fukicoma, Dewey, spikes androgynous, with 2 stigmas, above staminate, confert- 
 aggregate, somewhat in fives, small fruit ovate, obtuse, compressed, smooth, a little 
 longer than the broad-ovate obtuse scale. 4 i. A. 
 
 II. Stigmas three. 
 
 mutica, Br. (A. 2£.) staminate spike solitary, with obtuse scales; pistillate spikes in 
 threes, distant erect: peduncles sub-exsert: fruit oval, not awned, smooth, longer 
 than the ovate, mucronate scale: leaves and bracts flat. 
 
 affiinis, Br. (A. 21.) one spike androgynous, slaminateaboye, few-flowered, lax: scales 
 lanceolate, acute, the bottom one awned: leaves flat. 6 i. 
 
^>3^ 
 
 CARAX. 181 
 
 attcnuata, Br. (A. 21.) one spike androgynous, staminate above, dense; pistillate ones 
 few-rtowcreil, about in threes: scales all obtuse. 
 
 jiUfolia, N. (A. 2i.) one spike androg^ynous, staminate above, sub-cylindric, acute: 
 fruit sub-y;l()bose, entire at the orifice, willi a reluse scale: leaves filiform, involute, 
 subulate. 4 i. This has been seen by Nuttali in Missouri hills, as well as in the 
 Arctic region. 
 
 media, Br. (A. H.) spikes androgynous, staminate below, in threes, sub-sessile, ap- 
 proximate: fruit ovate, beaked, yery glabrous, longer than the obtusish, ovate scale. 
 
 misandra, Br. (A. 2/.) spikes somewhat in threes, oval, peduncled, pendulous, ajter- 
 nate or rarely sub-umbellcd: terminal one androgynous below, or rarely all over 
 staminate: fruit lanceolate, acuminate, 2-toothed, denticulate at the apex, longer 
 
 • than the ovaI, obtusish scale. 6 i. 
 
 richardsonii, Br. (A. 2X.) staminate spike solitary, peduncled, erect; pistillate spikes 
 in pairs, sub-sessile, approximate, with enclosed peduncles: fruit ovate, obtuse, 
 pubescent, w^ith an ovate acute scale: culm very scabrous. G i. 
 
 concinna, Br. (A. If-) staminate spike sessile, cylindrical, oblong; pistillate spikes in 
 threes, sub-sessile, approximating: fruit 3-sided-obovate, very short beaked, 2- 
 toothed, hispid pubescent, about twice as long as the obovate scale. 4 i. 
 
 cnpilliris, (A. 2i.) staminate spike solitary, peduncled, small; pistillate spikes some- 
 
 ' what in threes with long exsett peduncles, nodding, oblong, with few scattered 
 '^ flowers: fruit oval, beaked, acuminate at both ends, oblique at the orifice, scarcely 
 twice as long as the ovate or oblong, obtuse, caducous scale. 6 i. 
 
 podocarpn, Br. (A. If-) staminate spike solitary; pistillate spikes in pairs, oblong, 
 pendulous: fruit oval, very short-beaked, entire, smooth; seed pedicelled: lower 
 leaves abbreviated. 
 
 aristata, Br. (A. Zf.) staminate spikes in pairs or many; pistillate spikes somewhat 
 in threes, cylindric, distant, short-peduncled: fruit very glabrous, nerved, long- 
 beaked, deeply bifid; scales awned: leaves villose beneath and on the sheaths. 
 
 petricosa, Dewey, spikes somewhat in fours, 3-sligmas, terminal ones androgynous, 
 staminate above; lower ones exsertly peduncled: fruit lanceolate, smooth, acute, 
 open at the mouth, shorter than the ovate-oblong obtusish scale. 10 i. R. summit. 
 
 membranacea, Hk. spikes distinct; staminate ones somewhat in twos, oblong-cylin- 
 dric, with scales from the membranaceous divisions; pistillate ones with 3-stigmas, 
 cylindric, somewhat in twos, the very uppermost staminate sessile, lower one often 
 peduncled, all densely fruit-bearing, sessile and black: fruit ovate sub-quitretrous 
 ventricose short-beaked, 2-lobed at the mouth, longer than the ovate obtuse scale. 
 12 i. A. R. 
 
 spectabilis, Dewey, spikes distinct, staminate one solitary oblong cylindric; pistillate 
 ones somewhat in pairs, with 3 stigmas ovate-cylindric exserlly peduncled, sub-re- 
 mote erect, lower one long-pednncled; leaf-bracted: fruit ovate, obtuse, nerved, 2- 
 lobed at the mouth, very short-beaked, a little shorter than the lance-oblong mu- 
 cronate scale. 8 — 12 i. A. 
 
 lanceaia, Dewey, spikes distinct; staminate one solitary or in threes, cylindric, erect; 
 pistillate ones somewhat in pairs, with 3 stigmas, cylindric erect sub-approximate 
 peduncled, sub-lax-flowered bracted: fruit ovate obtuse plano-convex, scarcely beak- 
 ed smooth, shorter than the broad ovate lanceolate scale. 12 i. A. 
 
 jiigricans, .Meyer, spike smgle, above staminate, with 3 stigmas, dense: scales oblong, 
 obtose: fruit dense, sub-divergent, ovate, somewhat 3-sided, acute beaked, equal- 
 ing the oblong, obtuse scale. 4 — 6 i. R. 
 
 redowskinna, Meyer, spike single, dioecious, oblong: fruit linear-oblong, both ends 
 tapering, smooth, mouth 2-lobed, hyaline, about twice as long as the ovate obtuse, 
 scarious-margined scale: culm smooth, setaceous leaves in threes, f) — 8 i. A. R. 
 
 backana, Dewey, spike single, above staminate; fruit with 3 stigmas, globe-ovate, 
 sub-cone-beaked, fuscous, few, mouth scarious, very smooth, a little longer than the 
 ovate, acute, membranaceous scale. 4 — 6 i. A. 
 
 drummondiana, Dewey, spike single, cylindric above, densely staminate, often solitary, 
 staminate with 3 stigmas: fruit obovate, subtriquelrous, below flatnerved, smooth, 
 short-beaked, alternate, and few-flowered, mouth closed, about equalling the ovate 
 obtuse scale. 4 i. R. A. 
 
 podocarpoTi, B. spikes distinct, staminate solitary ovate, pistillate with three stigmas 
 binate oblong-ovate, sub-lax-flowered pendulous bracted: fruit oval compressed, 
 very short-beaked, entire, smooth sub-pedicelled,a little longer than the ovate obtuse 
 scale (or emarginate and rcsteed.) 10 — 16 i. R. A. 
 
182 CAREX, CARPINUS. 
 
 Southern. 
 I. Stigmas two. 
 
 muskingumensis,Si{J. 21.) spike compound; spikelets androgynous, staminate be- 
 low. oval-oblong, acutisli at both ends, somewhat in eights, approximate: fruit 
 lanceolale, conjpressed, nerved, winged, glabrous, acuminate, 2-loothed, more than 
 twice as long as the lance-ovate scale. 30 i. Wet. 
 
 Jloridana, Sz. {IS-) spikes distinct; staminate spike solitary, sessile, small; pistillate 
 spikes somewhat in fours, aggregated, ovate, sessile, bracted, lower one often sub- 
 remote: fruit oval, somewhat tapering at the base, compressed, plano-convex, 
 beaked, shortly bifid, equalling the ovate-oblong, scabrous-cuspidate scale. G i, 
 Florida, Le Conte. — Sz. says the terminal spike is staminate above. 
 
 II. Stigmas three. 
 
 dasycarpa, M. (M. 21.) spikes distinct; staminate spike sub-sessile, small; pistillate 
 spikes somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, oblong, 'alternate, lower ones sub- 
 peduncled: fruit 3-sid€d-ovate, or oblong, villose, nerved, longer than the ovate 
 acuminate scale. 1 f. 
 
 ellioUii, T. (1) (Ap. 21.) staminate spike solitary, long bracted; pistillate spike's in 
 threes, roundish, upper ones sessile, and the highest one staminate at the apex, the 
 lowest one long-peduncled and nodding: fruit ovate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, 
 with small punctures, nerved, Jong-beaked, 2-forked, much longer than the ovate, 
 obtuse scale. 2 f Wet sand. 
 
 glaucesccns, E. (Ap. 2^. ) staminate spike solitary, cylindrical, peduncled; pistillate' 
 spikes somewhat in threes, peduncled, cylindric. at length pendulous: fruit ovate, 
 3-sided, compressed, glaucous, beaked-bifid, about equalling the ovate, emarginate, 
 mucronate scale. 2 f Wet sand. 
 
 verrucosa., M. (M. 21^.) staminate spikes many or one; pistillate spikes somewhat in 
 fives, erect, C3'lindric, staminate above, axillary, the lower one exsertly peduncled: 
 fruit ovate, compressed, somewhat 3-sided, short-bifid, shorter than the ovate, sub- 
 emarginate, mucronate scale. 3 f 
 
 cherokeen'sis, Sz (W. 21.) staminate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-cylindric, upper 
 one larger and peduncled; pistillate spikes in fours, cylindric, sub-lax-flowered, dis- 
 tant, with long essert peduncles, stamiuate above: fruit ovate, glabrous, somewhat 
 3-sided and compressed, nerved, long-beaked, bifid, a little larger than the ovate, 
 long-acuminate scale. 1 f 
 
 gigantea, Rudge. (Ap. 21.) staminate spikes many or one; pistillate spikes in threes, 
 cylindric, sub-lax-flowered, remote; upper one sessile, lower ones exsertly pe- 
 duncled: fruit globe-ovate, conical, long-beaked, nerved, inflated, glabrous, bifid, 
 spreading, twice as long as the oblong-ovate or lance-ovate scale. 2 f. Wet. 
 
 Remark. Students should be directed to examine the species of Carex when they 
 have passed flowering, and before the fruit is quite ripe. The best time is when the 
 fruit has arrived to its full size, but the seed has not yet become hard. 
 
 20—10. Ca'rica. 97. Papay. h. & s. ver. h. f. edi. 
 
 Southertu 
 
 papaya, (O. g. Ju. V>.) leaves palmate, 7-lobed, middle lobe sinuate; divisions oblong 
 acute: staminate flowers corymbed. 20 f 
 
 19—12. Carpi'nus. 99. Betul. ast. feb. sto. 
 
 amcricana, W. (1) (hornbeam, blue beech. O. g. M. h.) leaves oblong-ovate, acumi- 
 nate, unequally serrate: scales of the strobile 3-parted, the middle divisions with a 
 lateral tooth. 20— 40 f. S. Mch. 
 
 Carica. According to Linneus, because a native of Caria. 
 Carpinus. Celtic, car, wood, andjain, head, the wood being used for yokes. 
 (I) virginiana, Mx. 
 
 (1) castanea, E. 
 
CARTHAMUS, CASSIA. 183 
 
 17 — 1. Car'thamus. 54. Card, sec-sttra'. if nati. cat. 
 Exotic. 
 
 tmotorius, (false saffron, safflower. y. J. 0.) leaves ovate, entire, serrate-aculeate. 
 1—2 f. 
 
 €»eruleus, (blue saffron, b. 2^.) stem about 1-flowered-.. lea,ves lance-ovate, spine- 
 toothed. 
 
 5—2. Ca'kum. 60. Umb. ston^. aro. 
 
 Exotic. 
 cami, (caraway, w. M. ^.) stem branching: leaves with ventricose sheaths: partial 
 inTolucre none. 2 f 
 
 19—12. Ca'rya. 94. Jugl. cat. ast. 
 
 tomenlosa, Mx. (1) (white-heart hickory. W. Ap. ^.) leafets about 9, lance-oblong, 
 acuminate, 'slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, scabrous; terminal one sub-pelioledi 
 araeuts filiform, tomentose: fruit sub-globose, smoolii; pericarp very tliick; nut 
 somewhat G-angled; putamen thick, hard; nucleus agreeably tasted. 6'. T. Y. P. 
 
 aibtL, L. (2) (shag- walnut, shag-bark liickory. O. M. ^.) leafels about 7, long-peliol- 
 ed, lance-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, villose beiiealli; the terminal leafet* 
 sessile; ament filiform glabrous; fruit globose, a little depressed: nut compressed, 
 oblique. kS'. M-ch. 
 
 sulcata^ W. (3) (shell-bark hickory. W. Ap. >).)leafets about 9, oblanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, serrate, pubescent beneath; the terminal leafets sub-sessile, tapering to the 
 base: fruit roundish, 4-keeled; nut sub-globose, a little compressed, smooth, long- 
 mucronate. 60—80 f . -S'. P. T. Mch. 
 
 atnara, Mx. (bitter-nut, O. Ap. ^.) leafets about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply 
 serrate, glabrous both sides; the terminal leafets short-petioled: fruit sub-globose, 
 with the sutures prominent above: nut smooth, sub-globose, mucronate; putamen 
 easily broken; nucleus bitter. <S'. JNlch. 
 
 porcina, Mx. (pig-nut, broom hickory. O. M. ^.) leafets about 7, lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, serrate, glabrous both sides; terminal leafets sub-sessile: fruit pear-form or 
 globose: nut smootJi; putamen very thick and hard; nucleus small. Van obcor- 
 data, (4) has an obcordate nut. Var. Jicifoniiis, has the fruit turbinate and nut 
 oblong. 70— Sa f. S. Mch. 
 
 Soutliern. 
 
 aquaiica, Mx. (O. Ap. Tp.) leafets about 11, narrow, obliquely lanceolate, acuminate,, 
 sub-serrate, glabrous, sessile: fruit peduncled, ovate; sutures 4, prominent: nut 
 roundisii, compressed; putamen thin; nucleus bitter. 40 — 50 f 
 
 myristicarformis, Mx. (Ap. ^.) leafets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, gla- 
 brous; terminal ones sessile: fruit oval, rugose, scabrous: nut oval, slightly acumi- 
 nate, furrowed, very hard. 
 
 oUvapforiiiis, VV. (pecan-nut. W. Ap. ^.) leafets numerous, (13 — 15.) lanceolate, 
 sub-falcate, serrate; petioles not in pairs; fruit oblong, .4-sided: nut olive-shaped, 
 smooth. 
 
 10 — 1. Cas'sia. 93. Leg. nut. ape. d-h. cat. feb. 
 
 marilandica, (wild senna. W. y. Au. If.) somewhat glabrous: leaves in 8 pairs, lance- 
 oblong, mucronate: flowers in axillary racemes, and in terminal panicles: legumes 
 linear, curved. An excellent mild cathartic. I3w. River alluvion. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 T. diu. cat. as best senna. Mch. 
 
 Carthamus. From its Arabic name gortom, signifying to paint, on account of the 
 
 fine color yielded by the flowers. 
 Carum. From Carias, where it is indigenous. 
 
 Carya. Gr. karua, the walnut, of Intra, headlike, round, from the shape of the fruit. 
 Cassia. An ancient name from Heb. kasian, to tear off, it being stripped off the tiee, 
 
 for market. 
 
 (1) alba, W. (2) compressa, W. squamosa, Mx. arb. (3) laciniosa, Mx. arb. 
 mucronata, Mx. (4) These two varieties are the species obcordata and glabra of VV. 
 
184 CASSIA, CATALPA. 
 
 chammcrista, (cassia, partridge pea. W. y. Ju. 0.) somewhat glabrous: leaves linear, 
 in many pairs, the glands on the petioles sub-pedicelled: two of the petals spotted: 
 legumes pubescent. A most elegant plant. 8—16 i. Dry sand, &c. 12 i. S. 
 C. T. y. P. B. P. Harper's ferry. Chicago. 
 nictitaiis, (wild sensitive plant. W. y. Ju. 0.) spreading, pubescent: leaves in many 
 pairs, linear; glands of the petioles pedicelled; peduncles short, supra-axillary, 2 or 
 3-flowered: flowers pentandrous. Tlie leaves of this species, and of the ckammcrista, 
 possess a considerable degree of irritability. 12 i. .S*. Y. P. C. O. T. N. 
 Juscicidata, (y. Ju. 0.) somewhat glabrous: leaves at the summit in 9 pairs: gland 
 sessile near the middle of the petiole, fescicles many-flowered, lateral: petals and 
 .stamens of the same color: legumes glabrous, ascending, arched. S. Y. P. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 senna, (egyptian senna, false senna, y. Ju. Q.) leaves in pairs: petioles glandless: 
 legume repiform. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tora, W. (W. y. Ju. 0.) glabrous: leaves in 3 pairs, obovate, ciliate: terminal ones 
 largest; a subulate gland between the lower pair: peduncles few-flowered, axillary; 
 legumes curved. 3 f. 
 
 occidentuUs, W. (y. M. 2i- ^0 glabrous; leaves in 5 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, scabrous along the edges: peduncles clustered, lew-flowered, axillary: legumes 
 compressed, falcate. 12 — 18 i. , 
 
 ligustrina, W. (y. Ju. Au. If. ^T) pubescent; leaves in 7-pairs, lanceolate; exterior 
 ones smallest; peduncles terminal, somewhat paniculate: legume oblong slightly 
 falcate. 6 f. 
 
 linearis, Mx. (y. J. 2£.) glabrous: leaves in 5 or 6-pairs, ovate, acute: peduncles axil- 
 lary, few-flowered: legume terete. 
 
 procumbens, W. (y. J. 0.) leaves in many pairsj without glands: stem procumbent. 
 Flowers smalh 
 
 aspera, M. (W. L. S. 0.) strigose, rough:^ leaves in many pairs, linear, lanceolate, 
 ciliate: peduncles few-flowered, above the axils: stamens 9 — 7: three longer than 
 the rest. 1— 3 f. 
 
 19 12. Casta'nea. 99. Cupu. emo. ton. f. nut. 
 
 vesca, Var. americana, (chesnut. g. J. >-.) leaves lance-oblong, sinuate serrate, with 
 the serratures nmcronate, glabrous both sides. Large tree. 60 f. /S. N. T. 
 Y. C. Mch. 
 
 pumila, (chinquapin, g. J. ^.) leaves oblong, acute, mucronatej serrate, with wljite 
 down beneaih. Small tree. &'. P. M. D. Florida. 
 
 Southern, 
 nana, M. (1) (M. Tp.) leaves oval-lanceolate, rather obtuse, mucronately-serrate, 
 shining on the upper surface, slightly tomentose beneath. 1^2 f. 
 
 13^ — 2. Castille'ja. 36. Rhin. aro. ton. 
 
 occidentalism T. & J. (W. 71.) stem simple, pilose: leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowing 
 towards the apex, minutely pubescent, entire, acutish: flowers spiked, sessile: corol 
 scarcely exceeding the calyx; bracts 3-cleft; divisions erect. 
 
 Castilleja, Euchroma. 
 
 2 — 1. Catalpa. 40. Bign. nut. fom. ton. 
 
 cordifolia, Duham. (2) (M. w. & y. ^.) leaves simple, cordate, entire, by threes: 
 flowers in panicles. 40 — 50 f «S'. O. P. C. Troy, cultivated. 
 
 Castanea. From Castanea, a city of Thessaly, whence chesnuts were first brought, 
 
 and hence tiiey were called kastanon. 
 Castilleja. In honor of Castillejo, a Spanish botanist. 
 Catalpa. The Indian name of this plant. 
 
 (1) alnifolia. N. (2) syringaefolia, Ph. Bignonia catalpa, W. 
 
CAULINIA, CEANOTHUS 185 
 
 19—1; Cauli'nia. 7. Fluv. ton—. 
 
 Jiexilis, (water knot-grass., Au. 0.) leaves in sixes, toothed at the apex, spreading. 
 Immersed in ditches. &c. S. T. Y. P. C. N. Mch. 
 
 frag^ilis, (S. Q.) leaves in threes or opposite, linear-subulate, recurved, aculeate- 
 toothed, rigid; Immersed. S. P. 
 
 5 — 1. Ceano'thus. 95. Rham. h. ast. sto. 
 
 americana, (New Jersey tea. O. w. J. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, Serrate, 3-nerved, 
 pubescent beneath: panicles axillary, long-peduncled, sub-corymbed. S. Var. 
 tardijhra, leaves lieart-ovate,' downy berieath: pahicled with elongated thyrse. 
 Mch. 
 
 ovalis, Bw. (1) (w. fp.) leaves oval, with glandular serratures, 3-nerved; nerves 
 pubescent beneath: panicle corymbose, abbreviated. Canada. Lake Champlain. 
 
 san^uinca, Ph. (\V. w. M. T^.) leaves obovatp, serrate, pubescent beneath: panicle 
 axillary, compact, short-peduncled; pedicels aggregate. 3 f. 
 
 oregamis, N. (w.) leaves broadly ovate, sub-cordate, mostly obtuse, serrate, mem- 
 branaceous, somewhat pubescent beneath: thyroid corymbs in lateral panicles: 
 fruit small, globose, obtusely 3-lobed, without pulp. 4 — 12 f. Oregon. 
 
 velidiims, Doug. (w. ) branches somewhat pendulous: leaves orbicular, elliptical, or 
 elliptical-ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate, glandularly crenate-serrulate, coriaceous, 
 glabrous and shining above, velvety canescentand strongly 3-ribbed beneath: pani- 
 cles axillary, elongated on rather long peduncles. 3 — 8 f. Oregon. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 microphjlla, Mx. (w. Ju. T^.) leaves very small, obovate, nearly entire, clustered, 
 glabrous: racemes corymbose, terminal. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 Sei-pyllifoiia, N. ( ) branches filitbrm: leaves small, elliptic-ovate, serrulate, obtuse; 
 peiioles and nerves strigose beneath: panicles pedicelled, axillary, few-flowered: 
 flowers conglomerate. 
 
 iticanus, T. (w.) branches short and very thick, minutely canescent, leaves broadly 
 ovate, obtuse, mostly sub-cordate, coriaceous, crenate-serrulate, minutely velvety 
 abovCj wliitish and canescent beneath: clusters sub-sessile, axillary and terminal'. 
 California. 
 
 hbsuliis, iV. ( ) somewhat spiny and almosthirsute; particularly the young branches: 
 leaves cordate-ovate, glandularly-serrate, nearly sessile, rather obtuse: panicle 
 terminal, elongated, leafy; disk obscurely pentangular: protuberances of the ovary 
 small. 
 
 oligantfius, N. (h, w. ) stem and branches villose: leaves elliptical-ovate nearly 
 glabrous above, villose beneath, gldndularly serrulate, rather obtuse: panicles lateral 
 andtermhial, very shorty few flowered, naked or leafy, towards the base, persistent: 
 disk pentangular: ovary with 3 protuberances at the angles, nearly as large as 
 itself. California. 
 
 Ikyrsiflorus, Eschs. (^.b.)stem straight and erect, with angular branches: leaves 
 ovate-oblong, obtuse, rather thickj strongly veined beneath, glandularly serrate, 
 glabrous or slightly hairy above, canescent beneath and slightly pubescent on the 
 veins: flowers in ovate or oblong very dense clusters, on long, more or less leafy^ 
 axillary and terminal peduncles. A small tree. California. 
 
 divaricalus, N. (Ap. \. b.) somewhat thorny, nearly glabrous: leaves elliptical-oblong 
 or oblong-ovate, lucid, somewhat obtuse, minutely and glandularly serrate, pubes- 
 cent beneath: flowering blanches divaricate: leafy thyrse interrupted^ rather 
 loose: ovary sub-globose, without protuberances. California. 
 
 spinosus, N. (p.w. b. ) glabrous: branches thorny: leaves cuneate-oblong, or oblong, 
 obtuse or emarginate, lucid, entire, or obscurely glandularly serrate towards the 
 apex: flowering branclilets divaricate, leafy: thyrse oblong: ovary sub-globose, 
 without protuberances. California. 
 
 cuneatus, N. (March. ^. w.) branchlets pubescent: leaves fascicled from numerous 
 very short lateral blanches, apparently opposite, thick and coriaceous, narrowly 
 oblong-cuneiform, entire, obtuse, glabrous above, whitish and minutely tomentose- 
 
 Caulinia. In honor of F. Cavolini, a Neapolitan botanist. 
 
 Ceanothus. Gr. keanoUios, of Gr. keo, to prick, anotheii, above, because it pricks at 
 
 the extreme parts. 
 
 (1) ovatus E)c. 
 
 24 
 
186 CEANOTHUS, CALTIS. 
 
 canescent beneath: flowersin lateral, pedunculate, nearly simple, umbels: fruit with 
 3 projecting appendages at the summit. 6 — 10 f. California. 
 
 macr carpus, N. i^-) branchlets canescent with a rustj-colored pubescence: leaves 
 alternate, rather crowded, sometimes a little fascicled in the axils, thick and coriace- 
 ous, obovate-cuneate, entire, often emarginate, glabrous above, whitish and minutely 
 tomentose-canescent beneath: flowers in lateral pedunculate nearly simple umbels: 
 fruit very large, with 3 projecting horn-like appendages at the summit. 3—6 f. 
 California. 
 
 verrucosus, N. (w. ) branches verrucose and somewhat canescent with a rusty-colored 
 pubescence: leaves alternate, approximate or crowded, very thick and coriaceous, 
 rouiidish-obovale or cuneate oval, often emarginate, the younger ones sometimes 
 obscurely serrulate, glabrous above, minutely tomentose-canescent beneath: umbels 
 axillary, few-flowered, naked: fruit with minute protuberances at the angles. Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 rigldus, N. (Ti. Marcii. b.) young branches pubescent: leaves opposite and crowded, 
 euneate-obovate, mostly retuse, thick and coriaceous, mucronately crenate-toothed, 
 glabrous above, somewhat canescent beneath: umbels axillary and terminal, few- 
 flowered, sessile: pedicels at length elongated: ovary with 3 protuberances. 6f. 
 California. , 
 
 dentatus, T. (w.) branches tomentose with. rusty hairs: leaves much crowded and 
 fascicled, coriaceous, oblong-cuneiforin, retuse, toothed, with revolute margins, 
 more or less hairy on both sides: peduncles elongated, nearly terminal: thyrse 
 oblong, of numerous umbel like fascicles; ovary with 3 protuberances at the sum- 
 mit. California. .. 
 papiUosus, T. ( b. ) branches tomentose: leaves narrowly oblong, much crowded, 
 fascicled in the axils, densely and softly tomentose beneath, glandularly denticulate 
 on the margin: peduncles aggregated: clusters somewhat capitate: ovary triangular, 
 the angles projecting at the summit. California. 
 
 5 — 1. Celas'trus. 95. Celas. cat-sti. 
 
 scandcns, W. false bittersweet, staff tree, red root. O. y-w. J. ^.) stem twining: 
 leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate: racemes terminal and axillary. Retains its scarlet 
 berries tiirough the winter. JVIch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lullata, W. (w. Ju. ^.) unarmed: leaves ovate, acute, entire: panicle terminal. 20 f. 
 Virginia. 
 
 5 — 1. Cklo'sia. 30. Amar. diu. nut. 
 Exotic, 
 crislatn, (cockscomb, r. J.) leaves ovate, acuminate, stipules falcate: common peduncle 
 striated: spike oblong, compressed. 
 
 5 — '2. Ctb'Tis. 99. Ulmo. emo. ton. 
 
 occidentalism W. (nettle tree, pompion berry. W. w. M. \ .) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 equally serrate, except near the base; scabrous above, rough-haired beneath: fruit 
 solitary. Var. integrifolia, leaves entire: bark of the tree not rimose. 20 f. S. 
 T. N. 
 
 crassifoUa, W. (hag-berry, hoop ash. W. w. M. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, un- 
 equally serrate, unequally cordate at the base, sub coriaceous: peduncles about 2 
 flowered. 20 f 6*. Y. T. P. B. 
 
 pumila, Ph. (1) (W. g. M. p.) leaves ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at 
 the base, smoothish on both sides; the younger ones only pubescent: •peduncles 
 mostly 3- flowered: fruit solitary. Berries brown and glaucous. 6 f. &'. 
 
 retiadata,T. & J. (W. h.) leaves broad-cordate, pubescent, sub-coriaceous, some 
 what entire, obtosish, unequal at the base, papillose-scabrous above, reticulate, pro- 
 minent veins beneath: peduncles 1-floweied. 
 
 Celastrus. Gr. kelasiros, a tree of which pails were made, of kelu, a dart. 
 Celosia. Gr. /.:eZos, singed; from the appearance of the flowers. 
 Celtis. One of the names anciently given to the Lotus. Pliny. 
 (1) occidentalis. Var. pumila, M. 
 
CENCHRU.S, CKNTROSEMA. 187 
 
 3 — 1. Cen'chrus. 10. Gram, far-ton. 
 
 eckinatvs, L. (burr grass, hedge-hog grass. Ju. Au. O.) spike vvitli the flowers ap- 
 proximated: involucre sub-globose, villose: culm compressed. Erect or procumbent. 
 Sandy soil. 1 — 2 f. <S'. Var. tribvluides, W. (L.) spikes and margins of the 
 sheaths while-pubescent. 1 f. S. P. Y. N. H. D. Mch. N. W. Lakes. 
 
 17 — 3. Centau'kea. 54. Card. sec. sti. feb. 
 Exotic. 
 
 cyanus, (blue bottle, b. w. r. J. 0.) scales of the involucre serrate: leaves linear, 
 
 entire; lower ones toothed. Naturalized, ti — 3 f. 
 jacea, (knapweed, p. Ju. It.) leaves lanceolate, entire; radical ones sub-dentate: 
 
 branches angular: involucre scarious. Naturalized. 
 bencdkla, (blessed thistle, y. J. 0.) scales of the involucre doubly armed with spines, 
 
 woolly, bracled: leaves somewhat dccurrent, toothed, spiny. Naturalized. 
 solstitiaUs, (St. Barnaby's thistle, y. Ju. 0.) involucre palmate-spinose, solitary; 
 
 spines straight: leaves hoary, lance-linear, decurrent, entire; radical ones lyrate. 
 
 Naturalized. 
 nigra, L. (black knapweed, p. Au. 71.) scales of the involucre ovate, with an erect 
 
 capillary fringe: lower leaves lyrate-angular; upper ones ovate. Naturalized. 2f. 
 calcidapa, (O.) scales of the involucre somewliat doubly spinous, sessile: leaves 
 
 pinnatifid, linear, dentate: stern pilose. 
 centaurivin, (great centaury. ZT-) leaves pinnate, glabrous; leafets sharply and doubly 
 
 serrate, decurrent: involucre smooth. 
 scabiosa, (scabrous centaury. Zf.) leaves pinnatifid, roughish; divisions lanceolate, 
 
 spreading, acute pinnatifid at the base: involucre ciliate. 
 suaveolens, (yellow sultana. Q.) leaves lyrate ])innatifid: involucre smooth. 
 moschata, (sweet sultana. 0.) leaves slightly pinnatifid; lower divisions mostly entire: 
 
 involucre smooth. 
 
 Southern. 
 americana., N. (W. 0. or ^.^stem somewhat brandling, sulcale: leaves sessile; lower 
 ones oblong-ovate, repand-toothed; upper ones lanceolate, acute: leafets of the in- 
 volucre furnished with recurved pinnate appendages: peduncles tjiick at the apex. 
 4— 6f. 
 
 4 — 1. Centaurel'la. 34. Olea. ton — . fob. 
 
 paniculata, M. (1) (screwstem. O. w. Ju. Q.) stern sub-ramose, 4-sided, and becom- 
 ing spirally twisted: j)eduncles opposite, lower ones ramose. Stem almost leafless. 
 Damp. 5 — 6 i. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 vema, Mx. (2) (w. March. »0.) stem simple, few-flowered, (1 — 3:) corol thrice as long 
 
 as the calyx: style as long as the germ. 4 — 8 i. 
 aestivalis, Ph. (Ju. 0.) stem simple: peduncles opposite, simple; divisions of the 
 
 corol spatulate, abruptly acute, thrice as long as the cal3'x: style the length of the 
 
 germ. 3 — 4 i. 
 
 16 — 10. Centro'sema. LF.gu. nut. asc. ape. 
 Southern. 
 
 mrginiana, Bentham. (Ju. Aug. v.) glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stem very slen- 
 der, angled, twining: leaves trifoliate; leafets varying from oblong-ovate to linear, 
 reliculalely veined: peduncles rather shorter than the leaves, 1 to4-flowered: seg- 
 ments of the calyx linear- subulate, much longer than the tube, somewhat exceed- 
 
 Cenchrus. Gr. hi^chros, millet, this plant resembling millet. 
 
 Centaurea. From Chiron, the centaur, who used it to cure a wound caused by the 
 
 poisoned arrows of Hercules. 
 Centaurella. A diminitive of Centaurea. 
 
 (1) autumnalis, Ph. Bartonia paniculata, Muh. tenella, Pii. Sagina. virginica. 
 W. Andresoria paniculata. B. (2) vernalis, Ph. 
 
188 CJSNTROSENA, CERASTIDM. 
 
 ing the ovate, acuminate bracteoles, tiie 2-upper united at the base: legumes nar- 
 rowly linear, very long. Virginia, to Florida and Louisiana. 
 plumieri, Benthani. ( ) stem Irutescent, the branches puberulent: leafets broadly 
 ovate, with a short obtuse acumination, broadly rounded at the base, rather coria- 
 ceous, glabrous: peduncles 2 to 3-flowered, shorter than the petiole: bracteoles 
 coriaceous, obtuse, entire, about twice the length of the calyx, very short: legume 
 thick. New Orleans. 
 
 4 — 1. CENTUN'cutus. 35. Primu. acr — . ton—. 
 
 lanceolatus, M^. (bastard pimpernel. O. r. March. 0.) leaves lanceolate, oval and 
 obovate, acute: floweis axillary, sessile: stem prostrate. 2 — 3 i. 
 
 minimus, N. (W. Ju.) stem simple or with a single branch, sub-angplar: leaves al- 
 ternate, spatulate- ovate, acute: flowers sub-sessile. Often pentandrous. 4 — 6 i. 
 
 4 — 1. Cephalan'thus. J37. Cinch, ton. feb. like per. b. 
 
 ffccidentnli$j L. (button bush, pond dogwood. O. w. Ju. Ip.) leaves opposite and in 
 threes, oval, acurpinate. Inflorescence a round head. Swamps. Var. jnibescens, 
 has the leaves and bianchlets pubescent. 4 — 8 f. S. Mch. 
 
 13 — 1. Cer*n'thera. 42. Labi. stom. ton. 
 
 Soiithern. 
 
 linearifolia, E. (r-w. S. ^.) stem glabrous, branching: Ipaves opposite, linear, some- 
 times clustered: racemes terminal: peduncles opposite. J2. i. 
 
 10 — 5. Ceras'tiuji. 82. Gary. emo. 
 
 pylgatum, L. (mousp-ear, chickweed. O. w. Ap. ^.) hirsute, viscid, cespitose: leaves 
 ovate: petals oblong, about equal to the calyx: flowers longer than the peduncle. 
 6—10 i. 8. Mch. 
 
 viscosuj\i, L. (sticky chickweed. W. w. J. ^.) hairy and viscid, spreading: leaves 
 lance-oblong: flowers shorter than their pedicels; petals obovate, scarcely longer 
 than the calyx. 4-6 i. .S'. P. Y. T. D. C. B. Mch. 
 
 alpinum, L. (A. ^y. .1. Zf.) leaves lance-oval: panicle dichotomous, few-flowered, 
 bracted: capsule oblong, recurved. 6 i. 
 
 nutans, R. (1)(W. w. J. -^.) viscid, pubescent: stems erect, striate: leaves elongat- 
 ed, distant, oblong-linear, acute; radical ones spatulate: petals oblong, 2-cletlt at 
 the apex, longer than the calyx: peduncles at length much longer than the flower. 
 6—12 i. .S. P. Y. R. O. D. 
 
 oMoncrifuUiim, T. (W. w. J. If.) cespitose, pubescent; stems erect, terete: leaves 
 lanceolate-oblong, sub-acute, shorter than the joints: flowers terminal, shorter 
 than their pedicels: petals obovate, bifid at the tip, twice as long as the calyx. 
 6—12 i. D. T. 
 
 arvcnsK, W- (W. w. J. 2{.) pubescent, cespitose: leaves lance»Jinear, obtuse, ciliate 
 at the base, shorter tiian the internodes: petals obcordate, twice as longas the calyx: 
 sepals obtuse. 6 i. P. T. R. 
 
 l/ructuUum, R. ( ) pubescent: stem weak, cylindric: leaves oblong, sub-mu- 
 
 cronate: flowers erect, dichotomous, with ovale, acute bracts: petals nearly equal- 
 ling the calyx: capsules erect, without nerves. Pennsylvania. Doubtful. 
 
 stellar oidcs, Mocino. ( ) stem erect, about 3-flowered: leaves oblong, acuminate: 
 pedecels 1-flowered, terminal: sepals lanceolate: petals semibifid, twice the length 
 of the calyx. Nootka Spund. 
 
 Centunculus. Lat. ceutunculus, a diminutive of cento, a threadbare garment, perhaps 
 
 alluding to its worthlessness. 
 Cephalanthus. Gr. kephale, head, and anthos, flower, alluding to the inflorescence. 
 Ceianliiera. Gr. kcrus, horn, and anthos, flower: anthers bearing horns. 
 Cerastium. From Gr. keras, horn, an allusion to the cornute form of the capsule of 
 
 many species. 
 
 (1) glutinosus, N. longepedunculatum, M. 
 
CREASTIUM, (iERASUS. 189 
 
 beeringianum, Cham & Schlecht. (21.) hirsute, viscous above: stems decumbent and 
 leafy at the base: the flowering ones erect, elongated and few-leaved: leaves oblong, 
 rather acutisii; flowers at length nodding: sepals elliptical, acute: petals and cap- 
 sule half as long again as the calyx. 8 i. Kotzebue's Sound. 
 
 rigidum, Ledeb. ( ) hirsute: stem erect, simple below, dichotomous towards the 
 summit: leaves oblong, acute: peduncles elongated: sepals lanceolate, acute: petals 
 bifid, longer than the sepals: capsule oblong, smooth, more than twice the length 
 of the calyx. Unalaschka. 
 
 12 — L Cerasus. 92. Amyg. h. b. s. feb. poi. (prus. acid.) 
 
 virginiana, (!) wild cherry, rum cherry, cabinet cherry. O. w. M. f-.) racemes erect, 
 elongated: leaves cval-oblong, acuminate, unequally serrate, glabrous both sides: 
 petioles generally bearing 4 glands. In open fields the limbs of this tree spread 
 out hito an elegant oval top; but in dense forests it grows to a very great height, 
 with a tew contracted branches. 30 — 60 f. S. Rich. Pnnnis, rirginiana. 
 
 scrotina, (2) (clioak cherry. O. w. J. >?.) flowers in lax racemes: leaves oval, short- 
 acuminate, opake, doubly and acutely serrate; mid-rib bearded on each side to- 
 towards the base; petiole with 2 glands. This and the preceding species have been 
 confounded by many botanists. T. 10 — 20 f. iS'. Prunus, scrotina. 
 
 canadensis, (w. (?.) flowers in racemes: leaves glandless, broad lanceolate, rugose^ 
 sharply serrate, pubescent both sides, tapering into the petiole. S. P. Canada. 
 Prunus, canadensis. 
 
 oboraia, Bw. (3) (w. M. ^.) racemesi' spreading: leaves obovate, acute, very sharp- 
 serrate, glabrous. Fruit red, bitter and astringent. A large shrub. K. Mch» 
 Prumts, obovata. 
 
 eviarginata, Doug, ( ) racemes corymbose; pedicels elongated, both the pedi- 
 
 cels and segments of the calyx ovate, obtuse, reflexed, glabrous: leaves oval, mi- 
 nutely tooth-serrate, glabrous; acute and biglandulous at the base; obtuse and often 
 emarginate at the apex: fruit globose. 4 — 8 f. R. Pninus, cmarginala. 
 
 mollis, Doug. ( ^.) racemes shortish: racemes and calyx down-hairy (segments 
 
 reflexed) leaves obovate-oblong, crenate, pubescent beneath: fruit ovale. R. Pru- 
 nus mollis. 
 
 pennsylvanica, A. (4) (W. w. M. f^ .) flowers sub-corymbed: pedicels elongated: 
 leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, erose-denticulate. smooth: petioles with 2 glands: 
 branches punctate. 8 — 12 f. S'. P. Y. B. N. Mch. Prunus, pennsylcanica. 
 
 pijgmaa, W. (american sloe. O. w. M. T-.) umbels sessile, aggregated, few-flowered: 
 leaves oval-ovate, acute, glabrous both sides, siiarply serrate, 2 glands at the base. 
 3 — 4 f. S. Prunus, pygmmi. 
 
 pubtscens. Ph. (5) (M. >^.) umbels sessile, aggregated, few-flowered: peduncles and 
 calyx pubescent: leaves short-oval, serrulate: drupe spherical. 2 — 3 f. Prunus, 
 pubescens. 
 
 pu'mila, (w. M. ^ .) umbels sessile, aggregate, few-flowered: calyx acute: branches 
 wand-terete: leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrate above, the under sides pale. 2 — 3 f. 
 S. p. W. N. Prunus, punula. 
 
 dcpressa, Ph. (sand cherry. W. w. M. ^.) umbels sessile, aggregate: few-flowered- 
 calyxes obtuse: branches angled, depressed, prostrate: leaves wedge-lanceolate, 
 
 remotely serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; fruit ovate. Is this the pumila? P. 
 T. N. D. Canada. Prunus, deprcssa. 
 
 ? Susquehanna, W. (w. M. ^.) "peduncles solitary: leaves obovate-oblong, glaucous 
 beneath, serrate, entire at the base. P. Prunus, susquchanna. 
 
 Uttoralis, Bw. (6) (beach plum. L. w. M. ^.) umbels crowded, few-flowered; pe- 
 duncles and calyx sub-pubescent: leaves oval, acute, serrate, with the veins pubes- 
 cent beneath. The size and color of the fruit is subject to considerable variation. 
 Bw. Prunus, Uttoralis. 
 
 cerastfera, W. (w. M. ^.) peduncles.solitary; leaves oval, glabrous: fruit pendant: 
 branches almost thornless. Prunus, cerasifera. 
 Exotic. 
 
 cerasus, (garden cherry, w. r. ^.) umbelsub-peduncled: leaves lance-ovate, glabrous, 
 conduplicate. Prunus, cerasus. 
 
 (1) rubra, A. CerasuS; Mx. (2) virginiana. Miller. (3) serotina, Ph.? (4) lan- 
 eolata, W. borealis, Ph. Cerasus borealis, Mx. (5) sphaerocarpon, Mx. (G) 
 sphaerocarpa, Mx.? 
 
190 CERASUS, CHAEROPHyLLUM. 
 
 padus, (bird cherry, w. M. ^.) flowers racemed, lax: leaves doubly serrate, sub- 
 rugose, petioled, with 2 glands. Prunus, padus. 
 
 avium, (small bird cherry, w. h.) umbels sessile: leaves lance-ovate, pubescent be- 
 neath, condu plicate. Prunus, avium. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 caroliniana, W. (1) (ve. Ap. ^.) flowers racemed: leaves perennial, lahce-oblong, 
 mucronate, serrate and entire, glandless, smooth. Middle size tree. Florida. 
 Prunus, caroliniana. 
 
 sempcrjlorens, W. (W. M. Tj.) racemes leafy, pendulous: calyx serrate: leaves ovate, 
 serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base. Small shrub. Prunus, semperjlorens. 
 
 hirsuta, E. (Ap. ^.) racemes straight: leaves oval, serrulate, glandless? under sur- 
 face, calyx, peduncles and petioles hirsute. 3 — 4 f. Prunus, hirsuta. 
 
 fumbellata, E. (w. Mar. h .) umbels terminal, many-flowered: leaves lanceolate, .sub- 
 acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, with 2 glands at the base: calyx pubescent. Pru- 
 nus, umbellata. 
 
 20 — 2. Ce'ratio'la. 96. Empet. ton — . 
 Southern, 
 ericoides, W. (Au. T^.) branchlets partly tomentose: leaves verticillate, narrow, 
 linear, smooth. An evergreen shrub. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 3 — 2. Ceratochlo'a. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 unioloides, Ph. (Ju. §. or 21.) panicle nodding, spreading; spikelets oblong-lanceo- 
 late, compressed,. 6 to 8-flowerd; florets acuminate, unarmed: sheaths bearded at 
 the throat, the lower ones hairy: root fibrous. S. 
 
 19 — 12. Ceratophyl'lum. 88. Cerat. ton — . 
 
 dfimer'sum, W. (hornwort. W. Ju. 21.) leaves Sin a whorl, diehotomous in two pairs, 
 tooth-spined on the back: flowers axillary: fruit 3-spined. Y. P. C. F. 
 
 fubmersum, L. (W. Zf.) leaves diehotomous in three pairs: fruit without spines. 
 In water. 
 
 10 — 1. Cer'cis. 93. Leg. asc. ape. 
 
 canadensis, (red-bud, judas tree, r. M. >.-.) leaves round-heart-form, acuminate, villose 
 at the axils of the nerves: stipules minute: legumes short-stiped. Var. pubcscens, 
 fias roundish acute leaves, pubescent beneath. 15 — 30 f. iS'. Y. P. O. Canada. 
 Sandusky, Ohio. Mch. 
 
 3—2. Cere'sia. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 fluitans. P.. (W. Oc. 0?) stem creeping and ascending, generally floating: leaves 
 
 scabrous: spikes numerous: glumes white, dotted, somewhat hairy. J — 3 f. K. 
 
 Ceropegia, Cynanchum. 
 
 5 — 2. Chaerophyllum. GO. Umbel, sto. nar. if nau. 
 
 procumbens. Lam. (M. Q.) stem procumbent: leaves decompound; divisions lanceo- 
 late, rather obtuse: umbels about 3-rayed; fruit smooth, shining. Var. boscii, stem 
 sub-hirsute, erectish: leaves tripinnaie. Carolina. S. P. O. M. K, Uraspermum 
 procumbens of the 7lh edition. 
 
 Ceratiola. Gr. keration, little horn, alluding to the stigma. 
 
 Ceratochloa. Gr. kcras, horn, and chloe, grass, referring to the appearance of the 
 
 seed. 
 Ceratophyllum. Gr. keras, horn, and phidlon, leaf from the numerous horned divisions 
 
 of the leaves. 
 Cercis. Gr. kerkis, shuttle, from the resemblance in the shape of the legume. 
 Ceresia. In honor of the goddess Ceres. 
 Chaerophyllum. Gr. chairoa, (of chairo) rejoicing, p/ndloa, a leaf, from the pleasant 
 
 odor of the leaves. 
 
 (1) lusilamea, Wr. 
 
CHAMEROPS, CIIEILANTIIES, 191 
 
 Chaetanthera, SotiDAGO. 
 6 — 3. Ghamaerops. 11. Palm. edi. ton. 
 Soviltern. 
 
 sermla'ta, W. (Ju. T-.) ciiudex creepinjr: stiucs sliarply serrate: fronds plaited palmate. 
 
 Fronds 2 f. 
 hystriz, Fiaz. (1) (Ju. ^.) caudex creei)ing; stipes intermingled with long thorns: 
 
 fronds plaited, palmate. Fronds 4 — 5 f. 
 palmetto, W. (Ju. Tp.) caudex arborescent: stipes unarmed: spathes doubled: fronds 
 
 plaited, palmate. Fronds 5 — 6 f. Florida. 
 
 16 — 10. Chapmannia. 93. Legu. nut. ast. 
 
 florulana, T. (M. y. ) stem erect or somewhat assnrgent, sulcate, hirsute and viscid: 
 leafets 2 or 3 pairs, elliptical-oblong, mostly retuse: stipules very small, subulate, 
 membranaceous: racemes few-flowered, somewhat paniculate: flowers bracted: 
 calyx hispid; tube slender: petals nearly equal in length with short claws; wings 
 oblong, scarcely toothed at the base: ovary oblong: style nearly straight, exserted. 
 2 — 3 f. Florida. 
 
 17—4. Chaptal'ia. Vent. 54. Card, sec-stim. if nau. cat. 
 
 SoutheTn. 
 
 integrifolia, Mx. (2) (p-w. J. ZT.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, and obovate, retrorsely 
 denticulate, tonjentose, and silvery beneath: scape naked, l-flowered: flowers nod- 
 ding. Pursh says the leaves are ovate-oblong, entire. 
 
 19 — 1. Cha'ra. 6. Naia. nau. cat. 
 
 vvlrra'ris, W. (feather-beds. O. Ju. 0.) stem and branches naked at the base; branch- 
 lets terete; joints leafy: lea%'^s oblong-subulate: bracts shorter than the berrv. 
 Odour disagreeable. Pords and ditches mostly stagnant. & 
 
 foliosa, W. (3) (W. Ju. C--) stem naked, papillose above; branchlets terete, leafy at 
 the base and in the joints: leaves linear: bracts shorter than the berry. In clear 
 water. -S'. P. N. 
 
 Jhx'ilis, W. (W. An. $.) stem translucent, naked: branchlets jointless, leafless, 
 compressed: beiries lateral, naked. Ponds in Stockbridge. jS. P. N. 
 
 huviilis, Riddell. (g. Au. 0.) stem calcareous, solitary and branching: branchlets 
 8 to 10 in a whorl, (involucre none.) about equalling the internodes (| of an inch): 
 branchlets toward the summit bearing 1 to 2 thecae. 2 — 3 i. Resembles foliosa. 
 Old River. 
 . subulosa, Riddell. (g. Au. 0.) stem with a few erect branches, sub-sulcale, papillose; 
 branchlets 8 to 10 in a whorl without an involucre, half an inch long; internodes 
 near an inch long: the calcareous incrustation on the stem unusually thick. Var. 
 spiralis, stern spirally sulcate. 18 i. Dayton, O. 
 
 glabra, M. (Ju.) whole plant glabrous. /S. P. 
 
 S^outhtrn. 
 
 capitata, E. (A.) stem and branches terete, glabrous; joints leafy: fruit in heads: 
 bracts a little longer than the berry. 
 
 Chamajrops. Gr. chamai, on the ground, and rojjs, a shrub, from its habits and size; 
 
 or altered from Gr. chamaidrops, dwarf-oak. 
 Chaptalia. In honor of M. Chaptal, a French naturalist and chemist. 
 Chara. Gr. chaird, to rejoice, because it is the delight of the water, or that it 
 
 delights in water. 
 
 (1) Sabal hystrix, N. (2) Tussilago, Mx. W. C. tomentosa, Ph. Perdicium 
 semiflosculare, Wr. (3) squamosa, D. 
 
192 CHEILANTHESj CHENOPODIUM 
 
 21 — 1. Cheilan'thes. 5. Fil. sec-stim. 
 
 vesti'ta, W. (lip-fern. 2X.) frond doubly pinnate, hairy both sides: leafets pinnatifid; 
 
 divisions oblong, obtuse, entire: stipe and racemes rough-haired. Small, on rocks. 
 
 & P. H. 
 
 Southern, 
 dealbata, Ph. (W. Ju. 2J!.) frond triply pinnate: leafets oval, distinctly crenate or 
 
 emarginate at the apex, whitish beneath. 
 
 14 — 2. Cheiran'thus. 63. Cru. asc. nut. 
 
 pallasii, Ph. (W. r. Ju. $.) stem simple, terete, somewhat glabrous: leaves glabrous, 
 
 lanceolate-linear, tapering, repand-toothed. 
 capitatus, Douglass. (W.) roughish: leaves lance-linear, long-tapering at the base, 
 
 leaves and stem strigose: flowers dense-corymbed: silique thrice as long as the 
 
 pedicel. Rocky Mts. and west. 
 
 Exotic, 
 chciri, (wall-flower. J. 21.) leaves lanceolate, acute, glabrous: branches angled: stem 
 
 somewhat of a woody texture. 
 /enestrtdis, (waved wall -flower. ^.) leaves crowded together in a head, recurved, 
 - undulate: stem undivided. 
 an'miiis, (stock july-flower. Ju. 0.) leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, obtuse, hoary: 
 
 silique cylindric, with an acute apex. 
 in'cuniLs, (bromplon stock, bron»pton queens. $.) leaves lanceolate, entire, obtuse, 
 
 hoary: silique truncate, compressed at the apex: stem somewhat of a woody 
 
 texture. 
 
 12 — 1. Chelidonium. 62. Papa, nar-ano. acr-sti. diu. sud. 
 Exotk. 
 majus, W. (celandine, y. M. 71-) umbels axillary, peduncled: leaves alternate, pin- 
 nate, lobed. Naturalized. 
 
 Chelidonium, Meconopsis. 
 13 — 2. Chelo'jne., 37. Scrop. acr-poi. asc. 
 
 glabra, (1) (snakehead. O. w. & r. Ju. 21-) leaves opposite, lance-oblong, acuminate, 
 serrate: spikes terminal, dense-flowered. Var. alba, leaves sub-sessile: flowers 
 white, yar. jmrpiirca, leaves short-peiioled: flowers purple. Var. lanccolata, leaves 
 lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sessile, pubescent beneath: segments of the calyx 
 oblong. Some authors make a species ohliqua, which they say, has all the leaves 
 opposite, and that the glabra has the lower leaves alternate — sed quere?-^Damn. 
 Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hj'oni, Pli. (p. Au. 2i.) glabrous, branching: leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, serrate: 
 spikes terminal: flowers clustered. 
 
 latifulia, M. (r. Au.) glabrous: leaves broad, ovate and oval, serrate, abruptly acumi- 
 nate, tapering at the base, petioled: flowers crowded, bracts and calyx ciliate. 2 f. 
 
 5—2. Chenopo'dium. 29. Chen. edi. ton. lax. 
 
 rhomb' if o' Hum, M. (W. J. -^.) leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, repandly toothed: 
 racemes axillary, erect, leafless: bracts minute inflexed. 
 
 Cheilanthes. From Gr. chcilos, lip, and antlios, flower, in allusion to the lip-like form 
 
 of tlie involucre. 
 Cheiranthus. From Gr. cheir, the hand, and anthos, flower, relating to the form of 
 
 its blossoms. 
 Chelidonium. Gr. chelidon, a swallow, this plant being in flower about the time that 
 
 this bird appears. 
 Clielone. Gr. chclone, a tortoise, from the shape of the helmet of this genus. 
 Chenopodium. Gr. chen, (chenosj a goose, and pous, (podosj a foot, from the 
 
 sinuate leaves of some species. 
 
 (1) obliqua, W. 
 
CHENOPODIUM, CttlONANTttUS. 19S 
 
 album, L. (green pig-weed. O. g. Ju. #.) leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose, entire behind, 
 
 the upper ones oblong, entire, seed smootii. Var. viride, leaves lance-rhomboid, 
 
 siniiate-tootlied: racemes ramose, sub-foliaceous: stem very green. 2 — 4 f. Mch. 
 hybridum, L. (W. Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate: racemes 
 
 branching, somewhat cymose, divaricate, leafless. Var. simplex, stem simple, 5- 
 
 angled: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, coarsely repand-toothed: spike simple, terminal, 
 
 naked. 2—3 f. S. C. F. B. N. Mch. 
 rubrum, L. (red pig-weed, red goose foot. r-g. Ju. 0.) leaves rhomboid-triangular, 
 
 deeply toothed and sinuate: racemes erect, compound, leafy. 2 — 3 f. C. O. B. 
 
 T. N. Mch. 
 ambrosioides, L. (sweet pig-weed. W. g. Ju. 0.) leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed: 
 
 flowers in interrupted sessile clusters; on slender, axillary, leafy branches. Sweet 
 
 scented. 1—2 f. -S. Mch, 
 botnjs, L. fra. exp. (oak-of-jerusalem. O. g. J. 0.) leaves oblong, sinuate: racemes 
 
 naked, many-cleft. 12 i. S. Mch. 
 anthelininticum, L. (wormseed. W. g. An. Zf.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed: 
 
 spikes long, interrupted, leafless. Odour strong. 12 — 24 i. S. Y. C. P. T. F. 
 
 atii-|-. exp. 
 ghmcum, L. (21.) leaves oblong, repand, glaucous beneath: spikes simple, naked, 
 
 glomerate, axillary, terminal. 
 mariti'mum, L. (sea pig- weed. W. L. g. Au. 11.) leaves subulate, fleshy, semi-terete: 
 
 flowers glomerate, axillary. 18—24 i. .S^. C. P. Y. 
 murdlc, W. (Ju. 0.) leaves ovate, unequally toothed, acute, shining: racemes 
 
 branching, cymose, leafless. T. C. 
 bonus' henricus, L. (english mercury, g. J. 1[.) leaves triangular, sagitate, entire: 
 
 spikes compound, leafless, axillary and terminal, erect. 
 
 Exotic, 
 scopariuvi, (summer cypress.) leaves flat, lance-linear, margin ciliate: flowers glome 
 rate, axillary. 
 
 Southern, 
 sub' spica' turn, ^ . (W.) stem 4-angled: lower leaves hastate-ovate, bidentate, acute f 
 upper ones sub-lanceolate: racemes glomerate, simple, terminal. 
 
 10 — 1. Chi'maphi'la. Ph. (!) 51. Pyro. ton. diu. stom. scro/". c?ro. 
 
 mnculdfa, L. (spotted winter-green. W. w. Ju. ZC.) leaves lanceolate, rounded at the 
 base, remotely serrate, marked with long spots: scape 2 or 3-flowered: filaments 
 woolly. 
 
 umbelldta, W. (prince's pine, bitter wintergreen. O. r-w. Ju. H-) leaves serrate, 
 uniformly green, wedge-lanceolate, with an acute base: scape corymbed: filaments 
 glabrous. Both species are tonics and diuretics, and resemble in their effects the 
 Arbutus uva-ursi. Bw. Mch. 
 
 .5 — 1. Chiococ'ca. 57. Cinch, feb. ton. 
 Southern, 
 racemosa, W. (y-w. Ju. fp.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute, flat: racemes axillary, pedun 
 cled, simple. Var. floridana, leaves ovate, scarcely acuminate; racemes simple, 
 rather longer than the leaves. Florida. 
 
 2 — 1. Chionan'thus. 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc. 
 mrginiciis, W. (fringe tree, snow drop tree. W. w. M. >>.) panicle terminal, trifid: 
 
 Chimaphila. Gr. cheima, winter, and phdos, lover, from its sempervivent character. 
 Chiococca. Gr. clilnn, snow, and Icokkos, berry, from the color of the fruit. 
 Chionanthns. Gr. chiov, snow, and anllios, flower, from the whiteness of the corol. 
 
 (1) Pyrola, L. The Chimaphila was long united to the Pyrola. Though they 
 possess strong botanical affinities, they differ quite as much in habit, and sensible, as 
 well as medicinal properties, as other genera of the natural order Ericae. Suolm 
 divisions of the Linnean genera, where the "natural genus gives the characters," 
 ought to be adopted. But divisions founded on any artificial character, however 
 constant and decisive, injure the science. 
 
 25 
 
 h- 
 
194 CHIONANTHUS, CHRYSEIS. 
 
 peduncles 3-llowered: leaves acute. Var. montanus, leaves oval-lanceolate, coria- 
 ceous, glabrous: panicle dense: drupe oval. Var. maritimus, leaves obovate-lance- 
 olate, membranaceous, pubescent: panicle very lax: drupe elliptic. Berries purplish 
 blue. S. Y. P. M. H. 
 
 Chironia, Sabbati.v. 
 
 3 — 2. Chlo'ris. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 Southern. 
 
 pctraea, Sw. (sea-side chloris. L. Ju. 2X-) spikes by fours, digitate, straight, erect; 
 flowers imbricate, glabrous, unawned; exterior glume awned: stem compressed. 
 Grows in soils exposed to the influence of salt water. Charleston, S. C. 
 
 sccun'dus. Ph. (1) (W. 11-) glabrous, leaves linear: spike elongated, one-sided: spike- 
 lets solitary and deflexed after defloration: glumes linear-lanceolate, very acute. 
 
 Chloris, Eleusine. 
 
 Chondrilla, Borkhausia. 
 
 Chondrocarpus, Hydrocotyle. 
 
 17—2. Chrysanthemum. (2) 55. Heli. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 leucan'thcmum, W. (ox-eyed dais^^, white weed. O. w. J. Zf.) leaves clasping, lanceo- 
 late, serrate, cut-toothed at the base: stem erect, branching. 12 — 20 i. <S. 
 
 arcticum, W. (W. p-w. Zf-) radical leaves 3-parted, gash-toothed; cauline ones 
 wedge-form, 3-parted, obtuse. 12 i. S. 
 
 integrifolium, Rich. (w. &y. 1[.) dwarfish, hairy: leaves linear, very entire: stem 
 almost leafless, 1 -flowered. A. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 parthenium, (feverfew, y. »& w.) leaves petioled, compound, flat; leafets ovate, gashed: 
 
 peduncles branching, corymbed: stem erect. 
 carinatum, (three-colored daisy, r. w. Au. -^.) leaves bipinnate, fleshy, glabrous: 
 
 scales of the involucre carinate. 
 coronarium, (garden chrysanthemum, p. w. r. Au. 0.) leaves bipinnatifid, acute, 
 
 broader outwards: stem branching. 
 
 12—1. Chyseis. (3) G2. Pap. nar. ano. 
 
 califurnica Lind. (y. ) stem branching, leafy: torus obconic: calyx ovoid, with a 
 very short abrupt acumination: petals bright yellow, with an orange spot at the 
 base. S. Oregon. Eschscholzia. 
 
 So7Uhem. 
 
 crocea Lind. (y. ) stem branching, leafy: torus funnel-form, with a much dilated 
 limb: calyx obconic, with a long acumination: flowers orange yellow. California. 
 E crocGci. 
 
 cacspitosa, Lind. ( ) stems short, leafy at the base: segments of the sub-radical 
 leaves linear, somewhat dilated and cuneiform: peduncles elongated, erect: torus 
 tubular, with scarcely any limb: calyx attenuate at the apex into a long acumina- 
 tion. California. E. cespitosa. ^ , . ^ . , , „^, . ,. , 
 
 tenuifolia Lind. ( ) stems short, leafy at the base: segments of the suo-radical 
 leaves 'linear-subulate: peduncles elongated, erect: torus tubular, with a very short 
 limb- calyx rather obtuse, acuminate. California. E. tenuifolia. 
 
 hypecoides, Lind. ( ) stems elongated, branched, leafy: segments of the leaves 
 short, linear-cuneiform: torus tubular, with scarcely any limb: calyx with a short 
 acumination. California. E. hypecoides. 
 
 Chloris. Gr. cidoros, green, from its color. ^ „ ,• , 
 
 Chrysanthemum. Gr. chnisos, golden, and anthos, flower, from the yellow disk. 
 (1) CynoBurus, Ph. (2) Pyrethium. (3) Eschscholzia. 
 
CHRYSOBALANUS, CHRYSOPSIS. 195 
 
 11 — 1. Chrysoba'lanus. 92. Chry. ton — . nut. 
 Southern. 
 oblongifoUus, Mx. (w. i. \.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, entire, 
 glabrous, shining: flowers panicled: fruit oblong. "Mx. ob.serves that it varies with 
 the leaves woolly and hoary on the under surlUce." Elliot. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 17 — 1. Chry'soco'ma. 55. Aste. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 virgata, N. (goldy locks. L. y.) herbaceous, smooth: leaves narrow, linear: stem 
 branching; branches corymbed, fastigiate, virgate: scales of the involucre glutinous, 
 appressed. 18 i. Y. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nudata, Mx. (y. S. 2i.) radical leaves spatulate, lanceolate; cauline ones linear, scat- 
 tered: corymb compound, fastigiate: involucre oblong. 3 — 4-flowered. 2 f. 
 
 grave' olens, N. (1) (W. y. Oc. ^.) leaves linear, 3-nerved, smooth, impunctate: 
 branches whitish, tomentose: flowers corymbed, fastigiate, crowded: involucre 
 angular, smooth, 5-flo\vered. 6 — 8 f. 
 
 nauseosa, Ph. (W. y. Oc. 21-) flower peduncled: inolucre and leaves woolly pubescent: 
 leaves narrow-linear: corymb somewhat lax: involucre lax, 5-flowered; inner scales 
 divaricate, glabrous. 
 
 solidiiginoides, N. (W. y. ^.) rays oblong, ligulate, about 2 fertile ones: involucre 
 very small: leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, tapering below. A smooth shrub 
 considerably branched. 
 
 Chrysoma, Chrysocoma. 
 
 17 — 4. Chry'sogo'num. 55. Hal. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 virginianum, W. (y. J. 21.) low, woolly villose: leaves oval dentate, narrowing into 
 
 the petiole. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 17 — 2. Chrysop'sis. (2) 55. Inu. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 mariana, W. (W. y. Au. 2X.) villose: leaves sessile, lance-oblong, tapering to the 
 
 base, obtuse, glandular-toothed, lower ones petioled, serrate: peduncles axillary, 
 
 corymbed, glandular-hairy. J 2 — 18 i. ^S. 
 falcata, Ph. (y. S. 21.) woolly: leaves sessile, linear, very acute, sub-falcate, spread- 
 ing, nerves hairy both sides: peduncles few, axillary corymbed: involucre and 
 
 peduncles villose. 5 — 6 i. S. 
 graminifolia, Mx. (y. S. Zf.) silky, leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, nerved: 
 
 corymb compound: stem leafy towards the summit. Var. tenuifolia, silky or woolly: 
 
 leaves narrow-linear, shining: stem few-flowered: scales of the involucre srlabrous. 
 
 2 f. S. 
 scahra, Ph. (W. y. Oc. 2X- or $.) hispid-pilose, very scabrous: radical leaves oval, 
 
 toothed, petioled; cauline ones cordate, ovate, se.ssile: flowers in panicles. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 S. 
 argentPM,, P. (y. 2X-) silky: leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, erect, entire, acute, zigzag: 
 
 corymbed sub-compound, erect: scales of the involucre flat, pubescent. 2 f. iS. 
 ericoides, T. &. 3. (W. y.) stem branching below; branchlets elongated sub-simple, 
 
 1-flowered: leaves subulate, imbricate, appressed, hispid, and ciliate. 5 — G i. 
 cuBspitosa, N. (y. Ju. If-) glabrous, small, with many stems, brandling at the base, 
 
 scape-like, 1-to 4-flowered: leaves rigid, lance-linear, acute, very entire: scales of 
 
 the involucre oval, acute, scarious at the margin. R. 
 acaulis, N. (A. y. J. 21.) caespitose, scabrous, almost stemless: leaves crowded, 
 
 lance-oblong, about 3-nerved, very acute: scape nearly naked, about 1-flowered: 
 
 divisions of the involucre lance-oblong. R. 
 
 Chrysobalanus. Gr. chrusus, golden, and halanos, a plum or cherry, from the fruit. 
 Chrysocoma. Gr. ehriisos, golden, and home, hair, from its appearance. 
 Chrysogonum. Gr. chrusos, golden, and gone, corner or joint. The bught yellow 
 
 flowers are usually produced in the bends of the stems. 
 Chrysopsis. Gr. cliruaos, golden, and ops, appearance, from its general color. 
 
 (1) dracunculoides. Ph. (2) Inula, L. 
 
196 CHRYSOPSIS, CICHORIUM. 
 
 alpina. N. (p. J. If. ^.) sub-caespitose: small stems numerous, snb-lanceolate, 1- 
 flowered: leaves small, oblongs, acute, somewhat scabrous and imbricate, approxi- 
 mate: flowers peduncled: scales of the involucre acute. 
 
 coronopifolia, N. (Ju. 0.) leaves gash-pinnate, divisions with a tapering apex: in- 
 volucre squarrose: plant somewliat glabrous, small, branching, sub-decumbent: 
 branches 1-flowered. R. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pinifolia, E. (y. S. Oc. 2i-) very glabrous: stem rigid: leaves linear, crowded, rigid: 
 corymb large; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 trichophylla, N. (y. Au. 21-) hairy: leaves oblong, obtuse, very entire, somewhat 
 clasping, scqirous on the margin: corymb simple, scales of the involucre very 
 narrow, glandular. 12 — 18 i. \ 
 
 gossyp'ina, Mx. (y. S. If.) woolly, hoary: leaves sessile, oblong, spatulate, obtuse, 
 very entire: corymb fastigiate. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 denta'ta, E. (y. S. Zf.) lanuginous: leaves cuneate, obovate, obtuse, deeply toothed: 
 upper ones oblong, oval, entire: corymb simple. 2 f. 
 
 divaricata, N. (y. S. H.) leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate: stem hispid: panicle 
 divaricate: peduncles and involucre viscid-pubescent, 2 f. 
 
 villosa, Ph. (1) (W. y. 2i-) hirsutely villose: leaves sessile, entire, linear-oblong, 
 acute. ciJiate below; margin scabrous; branches sub-corymbose: flowers fastigiate. 
 
 pilosa, N, (W. y. 0.) soft-hairy, erect, leaves linear-oblong, acute, sub-sessile, 
 wedge-form at the base: flowers few, peduncled, sub-fastigiate; scales of the invo- 
 lucre linear acuminate. Found in Arkansas, by Dr. Pitcher. 
 
 hyssopifolia, N. (W. y. Zf.) glabrous; leaves scattered, short, linear: involucre sub- 
 squarrose, with unequal divisions: branches fastigiate, 1-flowered, sub-corymbed. 
 9 i. 
 
 Note. The following species of Aster, according to Nuttall, belong to this genus. 
 A. linnrifoVms, L. llnifulius, W. dichotomous, E. albus, N. obovatus, N. humilis, W. 
 amygdaliniis, Lb. 
 
 8 — 2. Chry'sosple'sium. 84. . Saxi. ast. 
 
 opposiiifolium, (gplden saxifrage, water-carpet. O. y-r. M. Zf.) leaves opposite, 
 roundish, slightly crenate, tapering for a little distance to the petiole.'* In rivulets, 
 springs, &c. Mch. 
 
 altemifolium, L. (M. Zf.) leaves 9,lternate. Perhaps only a variety of the first. 
 
 16—10. Ci'cER. 93. Leg. asc. ape. f. nut. 
 
 arie'tinum, (chick-pea. 0.) peduncle 1-flowered: seeds globose, gibbous: leafets 
 serrate. 
 
 17 — 1. Cicho'rium. 53. Cich. sec. d-r. stim. asc. bev. 
 
 in'tybus, L. (succory or endive. O. b. Ju. TX.) flowers axillary, in pairs, sessile: 
 leaves runcinate. Mch. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 endivia, (garden endive, b. ^.) peduncles axillary, in pairs; one long, 1-flowered, 
 the other short, about 4-flowered: leaves oblong, denticulate. Var. crispum, has 
 fringed leaves and solitary flowers. 
 
 Chrysosplenium. Gr. chnisos, golden, and splen, the spleen, it being supposed effica- 
 cious in tiie diseases of the spleen. 
 
 Cicer. Lat. cicer, a bean, or other kind of pulse; from Gr. kikus, force, on account of 
 its presumed medical qualities. 
 
 Cichorium. The Greek name is kichore, probably from the old Egyptjem word chi- 
 kourgcli. 
 
 * Dr. Tuljy says our plant is E, amcricana, and not oppositifolia. 
 (1) Amellus, Ph. 
 
CICUTA, CINNA. 197 
 
 5 — 2. Cicd'ta. 60. Umb. Btom. ornar. if nau. e-r. poi+- 
 maculata, W. (O. \v. Ju. 7i-) senatures of tlie leaves mucronate: petioles membra- 
 naceous, 2-lobed at the apex. Damp. 3—6 f. ^'. Mch. 
 hdbifera, W. (W. w. Au. 2X-) leaves ternate and biternate, bulbiferous: leafets 
 linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed. Wet. 2—3 f. T. W. C O. F. 
 D. R. Mch. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 virosa, (water hemlock. 21-) umbels opposite to the leaves: petioles margined, obtuse; 
 leafets ternate, acutely serrate. Root containing a yellow juice. 
 
 12 — 4. Cimicifu'ga. 61. Ran. acr. cau. poi. 
 
 Remark. The three genera, Actaea, Cimicifuga, and Macrotrys, continue to in- 
 terchange their species, according to the diiferent views of botonists. 
 
 cordifolia, Pursh. (w.) leaves biternate; leafets broadly-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed: ovaries 
 1 to 3 glabrous: petals spatulate, bifid: follicles oblong, sessile. Carolina. Actaea 
 cordifo liu , synonym. 
 
 data, N. (w.) leaves biternate; leafets cordate, lobed, incisely toothed, pubescent be- 
 neath: ovaries 2 to 3-glabrous: petals none: follicles oblong, sessile. Oregon. 
 Macrotrys /6irf«/fl is a synonym. 
 
 americana, Ms. (w.) leaves triternate; segments ovate; the terminal 3-parted or 3- 
 cleft, incisely lobed, cuneiform or sub-cordate at the base: ovaries 2 to 5-stipitate, 
 glabrous: petals concave, sessile, nectariferous at the base, 2-lobed: follicles obo- 
 vate. on slender stipes. North Carolina. Actaea podocarpa, is iisynonyme, E, 
 
 Cimicifuga. Actaea, Macrotrys. 
 5 — 1. CiKCHONiA. 57. Cinch, feb. ton. 
 
 Gen. Char. Cal. 5-toothed: corol salver-form, with a 5-parted limb: anthers linear, 
 included: capsule crowned by the calyx: seed girted by a torn wing. Jesuit's bark. 
 
 See species in the Addenda. Not being indigenous, nor cultivated, (but a very im- 
 portant genus) it is referred to the addenda, for the species and properties. 
 
 17 — 2. Cinera'ria. 5.5. Eupa. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 heterophylla. Ph. (ashwort. y. M. 2X.) downy: radical leaves long-petioled, obovate- 
 spatulate; also ovate, acutish and pinnatifid; cauline ones 2 — 3, linear, pinnatifid: 
 flowers corymbed. 8 i. P. 
 
 canadensis, \V. (W. 2i.) villose: leaves pinnatifid, sub-villose; divisions sinuate: 
 flowers panicled. 
 
 Sout/iern. 
 
 integrifolia-, var. minor, (1) W. (mountain flea-wort. W. y. Au. 2X0 woolly-tomen- 
 „ $tose: stem simple: lower leaves spatulate, sub-dentate; upper ones narrow-lanceo- 
 late, very entire, erect: flowers somewhat umbelled. 
 
 3—2. Cin'na. (2) 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 arundinacea, W. (indian reed. W. Au. ZT-) S^'^'^'"'^"^- panicle large, many-flowered, 
 capillary: leaves broad-linear: one valve somewhat awned below at the apex. 2 — 
 5 f. -S'. V. W. Y. C. M. N. P. D. T. Mch. 
 
 Cimicifuga. Lat. cimex, a bug, fugo, to drive: in allusion to its supposed quality. 
 Cicuta. Lat. ciccnta, the hollow stem or internodes of plants, applied to this genus. 
 Cineraria. Lat. cincres, aslies, from the appearance of the leaves. 
 Cinna. Gr. kinna, from kein, to burn, to heat, from a supposed quality of the original 
 
 species. 
 
 (1) Senecio tomentosus, Mx. (2) Agrostis, Lk. Ph. 
 
198 CIRCAEA, CLAVTONIA. 
 
 2—1. Circaf.'a. 88. Circ. emo. 
 
 lutetia'na, var. canadensis, L. (enchanters night shade. O. Ju. w. Zf.) stem erect: 
 leaves ovate, remotel}' toothed, opaque, smooth. 1 — 3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 alpina, L. (O. r-w. Au. 2I-) stem branched, glabrous, often procumbent: leaves broad- 
 cordate, membranaceous, acutely tootlied, shining. (5 — 8 i. 6'. Mcli. 
 
 Circium, Cnicus. 
 
 207—15? Cissam'pelos. 77. Menis. ton. nar— . 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pauciflora, N. (W. ^.) herbaceous; very glabrous: leaves ovate-cordate, acute, 7 — 9 
 
 nerved: peduncles about 2-flo\vered and axillary; Howers perfect. Found in W. 
 
 Florida by H. B. Croom, Esq. and Dr. Loomis. 
 
 Cissus, Ampelopsis. 
 CisTUS, Helianthemum. (frost plant. ) 
 
 Remark. In former editions, it was stated under Cistus, that this plant sent out 
 broad, thin, curved, ice crystals, an incli in breadth, from near the root, for about 
 twenty days in December. This phenomenon has often been observed in the sand 
 plains two miles north of New Haven, Conn. 
 
 12 — 1. Cit'rus. 70. Auran. stom. ton. ref. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 medeca, W. (lemon tree. w. J. fp.) leaves ovate, acuminate, with linear wingless 
 
 petioles. Var. limon, (lime tree) bears smaller fruit, which is almost round. 4 — 
 
 10 f. 
 
 aurantium, W. (Orange tree. w. f?.) leaves oval, acuminate, with the petioles winged 
 
 or margined. 
 limella, f. yields burgamot- 
 limonum, yields citric acid. 
 
 8 — 1. Clark'ia. 88. Onag. emo. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pulchella, Ph. (W. r. p. J. $.) stem erect, terete, somewhat branching above: leaves 
 alternate, linear entire, glabrous: flowers axillary towards the top of the stem, sub 
 sessile, large. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 5 — 1. Clayto'nia. 86. Port. emo. ton. 
 
 rirginica, L. (spring beauty. O. w. r. A. IJ.) leaves linear-lanceolate: petals obovate, 
 retuse: sepals somewhat acute: root tuberous. Var. latifolia, T. (2) leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate: sepals obtuse. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch. 
 
 asarifolia, Bongard. (.r ) cespitose: leaves veiny, the radical ones on long petioles, 
 somewhat reniform: cauline sessile, broadly ovate, obtuse; pedicels solitary or 
 ternatP, bracted: petals 2-cleft, red. Sitcha. 
 
 parviflora, Doug. (r. w. ) radical leaves numerous, linear-spatulate, 3-nerved, with 
 anatomosing veins, on long petioles; the cauline pairs united into one oval per- 
 foliate, veiny leaf: raceme simple or somewhat compound, with a single bract. 
 Oregon. 
 
 Circaea. After the enchantress Circe, who is said to have used it in incantations. 
 
 Cissampelos. Gr. kissos, ivy, ampetos, grape vine; partaking of the nature of both. 
 
 Cistus. Gr. kistus, from kisic, a box or capsule. The capsules of the genus are box- 
 like. 
 
 Citrus. Gr. kitria, the lemon or citron tree. 
 
 Clarkia. In honor of Gen. Clark, the companion of Lewis across the Rocky Mts. 
 
 Claytonia. In honor of John Clayton, author of Flora Virginica. 
 
 (1 ) Helianthemum, Ju. (2) C. caroliniana, Mx. spathulaefolia, Ph. spatulata, 
 
 4th Ed. 
 
CLAYTONIA, CLEiMATIS. 199 
 
 spaifiuUita, Doug. ( ) cespitose, minute: radical leaves numerous, narrowly sub] 
 spatulale-Init'iir: caiiline ones ovate, acute, sessile: raceme solitary, 1-bracteate: 
 petals entire, scarcely exceeding the calyx. North West Coast. 
 
 aqnatica, N. (w. ) ccsjjiiose, decumbent, stoloiiiferous: leaves opposite, spatulate or 
 obloiiff-obovate, attenuate bolow, obtiisish: racemes axillary, peduncled, simple, 
 few-tiowered; petals obovJite, entire, more than twice the length of the calyx. 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 faireUuris, Bonirard. (w.) stems cespitdse, flagelliform, here and there producing 
 fascicles of leaves and rootlets: leaves oval, attenuate into a short petiole, veiny; 
 petals more than thrice the length of tlie calyx, bifid, the lobes obtuse. Sitcha. 
 
 parvifulia, Mocino. (r. Au.) stems branching from the base, filifoim, ascending: leaves 
 succulent; tiie radical ones revolute, obovate-spatulate, acute; the cauline linear- 
 spatulate: racemes terminal, few-flowered: pedicels filiform, bracteate: petals oblong, 
 entire, thrice the length of the calyx. Nootka. Oregon. 
 
 linearis, Doug. ( ) stems branching: l^eaves very narrowly linear, obtuse: racemes 
 terminal, one-sided, the lowest pedicel bracteate: petals entire, longer than the 
 calyx. Oregon. 
 
 dicliotoma, N. ( ) low, almost cespitose, much branched: leaves very narrowly 
 linear, acute, sheathing at the base: racemes terminal and axillary: llowers 1-sided, 
 nodding: pedicels about the length of the flowers, the lowest one bracted: petals 
 emarginate, scarcely longer than the calyx. Oregon. 
 
 diffusa, N. (w-r.) stems ditfusely dichotomous and procumbent: leaves veiny, broadly 
 
 ^ ovate or deltoid, abruptly attenuate into a petiole, acute: racemes very numerous, 
 terminal and lateral, sub-corymbose, 5 — 9-flowered: pedicels slender, at length 
 recurved, the lowest one bracteate: petals emarginate, a little longer than the calyx. 
 Oregon. 
 
 Souihem. 
 
 lanceolata, Ph. (W. w. J. If.) leaves lanceolate; cauline ones ovate, sessile: raceme 
 solitary elongated: sepals short, obtuse: petals wedge-form, 2-cleft: root tuberous. 
 
 alsinoidcs, Sims. (W. w. J. 0.) radical leaves spatulate-ovate; cauline ones ovate, 
 distinct: racemes somewhat in pairs: flowers secund: bracts ovate and linear: pe- 
 tals emarginate: root fibrous.' 
 
 pctfoliata, Donn. (W. w. M. 0.) radical leaves spatulate-rhomboid: cauline ones 
 roundish, perfoliate: raceme sub-solitary, without bracts; root fibrous: petals emar- 
 ginate. 
 
 caroliniana, Mx. (Ap. ) leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, sub-spatulate at the base, 
 or abruptly decurrent into a petiole; radical ones very iew, spatulate: pedicels 
 slender, nodding: sepals and petals very obtuse. Canada to Carolina. 
 
 ezlgua, T. ( • ) cespitose: radical leaves numerous, narrowly linear; cauline pair 
 lanceolate or linear, somewliat dilated at the base, sub-connate, usually as long as 
 the solitary few and loosely-flowered raceme: petals obcordate, oblong, more than 
 twice the length of tiie calyx. California. 
 
 gypsopliiloidcs, Fisch. and Meyer, (r.) glaucous: radical leaves very long filiform; 
 cauline pair mostly connate on one side: raceme simple, ebracteate: petals nearly 
 linear, emarginate, thrice the length of the calyx. California. 
 
 tcnuifolin, T. ( ) stems numerous, filiform: leaves narrowl}' linear; the radical ones 
 
 insensibly decurrent into long petioles; cauline pair sessile, slightly connate on one 
 side at the base, much longer than the sessile 1-bracteate sub-umbellate raceme: 
 petals oblong, longer than the calyx. Califurnia. 
 
 12 — 12. Cle'matis. 61. Ranu. r. acr. poi. g-h. epis. rub. 
 
 virginuma, (virgin's bower, traveller's joy. O. w. Ju. ^.) climbing: leaves ternate: 
 leafets ovate, sub-cordate, gash-toothed and lobate: flowers panicled, dioecious. 
 15—20 f. S. xMch. 
 
 viorna, W. (leather flower. W. b. J. ^.) climbing: leaves compound and decom- 
 pound; leafets lance-oval, acute at butli ends, trifid and entire: flowers solitary, 
 bell-form: petals thick, leathery, acuminate. S. P. 
 
 ochroleuca, Ilort. Kew. (1) (w. & y. J. 2i-) erect, simple, pubescent: leaves simple, 
 
 Clematis. Gr. klema, a twig or runner; from its habit. 
 (1) sericea, Mx. 
 
200 CLEMATIS, CLEOME. 
 
 ovate, entire; young ones and calyx silky: flower terminal, peduncled, solitarv, 
 nodding. 12 i. S. P. Y. 
 
 douglassii, Hk. (W. ) stem erect, simple, 1-flowered, flowers nodding: leaves 
 
 pilose, twice tripinnatifid; divisions linear, obtusisli. R. 
 
 wyethii, N. (J. Zf.) vvoolly-hairy: stem erect, simple, with a single nodding flower: 
 leaves somewhat gasli-bipinnate, with the divisions 3-gashed and lance-linear, taper- 
 ing, rarely gash-acutish: flowers deep brown within. 14 — 18 i. R. 
 
 ligusticifolia, N. (w. ) plant somewhat pubescent: flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioe- 
 cious: leaves pinnate and ternate; leafets oblong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceo- 
 late-cuneale, incisely toothed and trifid: petals and stamens equal in length: car- 
 pels with long plumose tails. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Jlammula, (sweet virgins bower. Tp.) lower leaves lanciniate; upper ones simple, en- 
 tire, lanceolate. 
 
 viticelta, (purple virgin's bower, p. Jn. 2i.) climbing: leaves compound and decom- 
 pound: leafets oval, sub-lobate, entire: petals obovate, spreading. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 holoseri'cea, Ph. (w. ^.) climbing: leaves divided, ternate; segments oblong-lanceo- 
 late, entire, pubescent on both sides: corymbs trichotomous, few-flowered, dioe- 
 cious: petals linear, longer thac the stamens. Whole plant silky. 
 
 crispa, W. (p. Ju. ^.) climbing: leaves pinnate and ternate; leafets diviaricate, 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-lobed or entire: flowers solitary, bell-form; petals acumi- 
 nate, revolute; margins undulate: awns of the carpels subulate, naked. 
 
 ajlindrica, Sims. (p-b. Ju. h .) climbing: leaves pinnate, decompound; leafets ovate, 
 acute at each end, glabrous, simple, petioled: peduncles terminal, solitary: corol 
 nodding, cylindrical: petals coriaceous, undulate: awns of the carpels plumose. 
 
 reticulata, Wi. (W. p-r. Ju. ^.) climbing: leaves pinnate in 4 pairs; leafets ovate, 
 obtuse at each end, all entire, petioled, membranaceous, reticulately nerved on 
 both sides: flowers solitary, petals coriaceous: awns of the carpels plumose. 
 
 ovata, Ph. (ZT-) erect, simple: leaves ovate, gradually acute, short-petioled, glabrous, 
 reticulate-nerved on both sides: lower ones sub-cordate: peduncle terminal, solitary, 
 1-flowered: plumose awns very long. 
 
 lineariloba, Dc. peduncles 1-flowered: petals very acute: leaves divided, pinnate, 
 glabrous; leafets entire or 3-parted. 
 
 baldioinii, T, ( ) erect, simple or a little branching, slender, slightly pubescent: 
 leaves varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire, or 3-cleft, or lobed; the 
 lobes linear, often slightly laciniate: peduncle terminal, elongated, 1-flowered: 
 flower cylindrical-campanulate: carpels with very long plumose tails. Florida. 
 
 drummondii, T. ( ) flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioecious; leaves pinnate, 
 silky-villose beneath, sparingly hirsute on the upper surface; leafets rhombic-ovate, 
 incisely 3-lobed, lobes acute: sepals 4, oblong: carpels villose, with very long 
 capillary plumose tails. Texas. 
 
 parviflora, N. ( ) smooth; leaves pinnate and ternate; leafets obovate, obtuse, 
 mostly 3-lobed, the lobes short: flowers axillary, approximated, on short peduncles: 
 carpels smooth, with slender plumose tails. Upper California. 
 
 lasiantka, N. ( ) pubescent; leaves ternate, broadly ovate, obtusely cuneiform at 
 the base: leafets incisely toothed, the terminal one 3-lobed or trifid: flowers dioe- 
 cious, solitary, on 2-leaved aggregated branchlets: sepals cuneate-oblong, spread- 
 ing, villose on both surfaces. Upper California. 
 
 pitched, T. ( ) peduncles 1-flowered: leaves pinnate, coriaceous, reticulated; leafets 
 2 to 4 pairs, ovate, mostly obtuse, undivided or 3-lobed; branch leaves simple, 
 ovate: sepals coriaceous, a little longer than the stamens: carpels with a short 
 pubescent tail. Arkansas. 
 
 plunkenetii, D. C. ( ) peduncles 1-flowered: leaves ternate, glabrous; leafets elliptic 
 or obovate, entire, obtuse: flowers dioecious, erect. Described by D. C, from 
 specimens of Catesby, in Bank's herbarium; supposed to be from America. 
 
 Clematis, Atragene.* 
 * Clematis is made to comprehend the Atragene by Decandolle. 
 
CLEOME, CNICUS. £01 
 
 6 — 1. Cleo'me. 64. Capp. ver. sed. rub. 
 
 lutea, Hk. ( y. ) heibaceous sub-glabrous: leaves with 5 leafets; leafets lanceo- 
 late acute: sllique lanceolate acuminate, with the style glabrous, of the length of 
 the stipe. R. 
 
 integrifoUa, T. (J. Au. p. r. 0.) somewhat glaucous: leaves 3-foliolate; leafets lance- 
 olate, entire, sub-mucronate: sepals united to the middle: petals with very short 
 claws: pods oblong-linear compressed, much longer than the stipe. Oregon. 
 
 aurea, T. (J. Au. y. Q.) glabrous: leaves 3 to .5-foliolate; leafets oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute at each end, entire: petals oblong-elliptical, nearly sessile; stamens equal: 
 pods linear, longer than the stype. Oregon. 
 
 Soxdhern. 
 scrrulata, Pli. (W. p-w. Au. 0.) glabrous: leaves ternate; leafets lanceolate, obso- 
 letely serrulate: raceme elongated, bracts lineai: stamens G. 3— 4f. 
 
 6 — 1. Cleomj:li.a. 64. Capp. acr. ver. 
 
 mexicana, Dc. (W. y.) stem herbaceous, branching, smooth, unarmed: branche* 
 obtusely angular: leaves terete, smooth, petioled; leafets lanceolate, acutish, entire: 
 racemes corymbose, termmal. Mexico, Texas. 
 
 10 — 1. Cle'thra. 51. Eric. diu. ast. 
 
 alnifolia, W. (spiked alder, sweet pepper bush, white bush. w. Au. ^.) leaves wedge- 
 obovate, acute, coarse-serrate, glabrous, both sides one color: racemes spiked, sim- 
 ple, bracted, hoary-tomentose. 4—8 f .S'. Y. C. P. F. B. N. 
 
 Soiitheni. 
 
 tomentosa, Lk. ( w. Au. Tp.) leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, sub-serrate, white to- 
 nientose beneath: racemes spiked, simple, bracted, villose tomentose. 2 — 4 f. N. 
 Orleans. 
 
 scabra, P. ( w. Ju. 1^ .) leaves broad- wedge-obovate, acute, coarse serrate, scabrous 
 on both sides; serratures uncinate; racemes spiked, sub-panicled, bracted, sub to- 
 mentose. 
 
 paniailatfi, W. (w. .Tu. T .) leaves narrow- wedge-lanceolate, glabrous on both sides, 
 acute, serrate; serratures acuminate: panicle terminal, racemose, vvhite-tomentose. 
 
 acuminata, Mx. (A. w. Au. h.) leaves oval, acuminate, serrate, glabrous on both 
 sides, glaucous beneath: racemes spiked, bracted, white-tomentose. 
 
 13 — 1. Clinopo'dium. 42. Labi. stom. ton. 
 
 rulgare, W. (field thyme. O. r. w. Ju. 2X-) flowers in head-form whorls: bracts 
 setaceous, hispid: leaves pilose above, remotely toothed: stem simple. 2 f. 
 
 Clintonia, Convallaria 
 
 5 — 1. Clinto'nia. 52. Lobe. acr. poi — . 
 
 elesans, Doug. (b. 0) procumbent, glabrous: stem angled: leaves sessile, ovate, 3- 
 nerved: flowers axillary solitary: germ long-acuminate. The middle of the lower 
 lip spotted with white. R. 
 
 17—1. Cni'cus. (1) 54. Card, sec-stim. ton — . 
 lanceolaius, L. (common thistle. O. p. J. $.) leaves decurrent, hispid, pinnatifid: 
 
 Cleome. Gr. kleio, to shut up, a name given it by Linneus. The original plant of 
 
 this name resembled Sinapis. It is badly applied. 
 Clethra. Gr. klStlira, the name for the alder, to which, in its leaves, this bears some 
 
 resemblance. 
 Clinopodium. Gr. kline, bed, and podos, foot, the whorls resembling the feet of the 
 
 ancient truckle beds. 
 Clintonia. In honor of Gov. De Witt Clinton, the patron of Natural Science and 
 
 public improvements. 
 Cnicus. Gr. knizd, to sting, alluding to the prickles. 
 
 (1) Carduus, L. in some of his works. Circiura, Mx. 
 26 
 
203 CNICUS, CNIDIUM, 
 
 divisions 2-iobed, divaricate, spinose: involucre ovate, with spider-web-like pubes- 
 cence: scales lanceolate, spinose, spreading. 2 — 4 f. S. Mch. 
 
 altis'simus, L. (1) (tall thistle. O. w-p. Au. 2X-) leaves sessile, lance-oblong, scabrous, 
 downy beneath, toothed, ciliate; radical ones pinnatitid: involucre bracted, ovate; 
 scales lance-ovate, spinose, close-pressed. 3 — 8 f. S. 
 
 arven'sis, W. (2) (canada thistle. O. p. J. 2X.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, ciliate, 
 spinose: stem panicled: involucre ovate, mucronate; scales broad-lanceolate, close- 
 pressed; margin woolly. 2 — 3f. 
 
 horridulus. Mx. (3) (w-y. Ju. $.) tall: leaves sessile, pinnatifid, acutely-gashed, very 
 spinose: bracts terminal, 1-flowered, many-leaved; leafets very spinose, spines 
 in pairs: involucre unarmed. 2 — 3 f. S. Y. P. B. 
 
 muticus, Mx. (p. Ju. $.) leaves all pinnatifid, woolly beneath: divisions sub-lanceo- 
 late; acute, a little spinose: branches at the summit many, nakedish, 1-flowered: 
 involucre globose; scales not spinose. 3 — 4 f. /S*. Y. P. D. N. 
 
 discolor, M. (O. p. Ju. $.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy beneath; 
 divisions 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose: involucre globose, witli spider-web-like pu- 
 bescence; scales ovate, close-pressed, with spreading spines at the tips. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 virginianus, W. (A. p. Ju. 2^.) stem simple: leaves sessile, lanceolate, hoary-tomen- 
 tose beneath, remotely toothed; teeth spinous: flowers solitary: involucre globose; 
 scales mucronate, appressed, carinate. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 odoratus, M. {'^) {t. Ju. $ .) woolly: stem 1 to 3-flowered: leaves clasping, lance- 
 oblong, pinnatifid; segments irregularly lubed. ciliate, tipped with spines; colour 
 similar both sides: involucre lafge, sub-globose, naked; scales close-pressed, lance- 
 olate, acuminate, spinose. 1—2 f. P. Y. O. B. F. T. Mch. 
 
 glutinosus, Bw. (p. Au. <J.) leaves pinnatifid, segments divaricate: involucre ovate; 
 scales unarmed, glutinous. 4 — 6 f. B. T. Mch. 
 
 undidatus, N. (VV. r-p.) leaves clasping, pinnatifid-sinuate, undulate; segments bifid, 
 spiny; both sides toinentose: involucre sub-globose; scales lanceolate mucronate. 
 1—2 f. S. 
 
 pitcheri, T. (W.) cottony-pubescent: leaves very long-linear, pinnatifid (almost pin- 
 nate) sub-decurrent; radical ones sheathing the base of the stem; leafets very 
 remote, linear, terminated with slender spines; terminal leafets broadest, some- 
 times branching: involucre globose; scales lanceolate, keeled, spinose; spines 
 reflexed. First found by Dr. Zina Pitcher on the great sand banks of Lake Superior. 
 IVIy specimen was collected by Dr. E. James, at Lak-^ Huron, from which 1 made 
 this description, not having seen Dr. Torrey's. It is 18 inches high. D. Mch. 
 
 glaber, N. (p. Ju. Zf.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, all over smooth: segments spinose, 
 acute, lower ones sub-decurrent: involucre ovate, glabrous; scales spineless, short- 
 mucronate, obtusely carinate: stem much branched. 4 — 6 f &'. Y. 
 
 remotifoj,ius, H. ( ) stem striate, with spider-web-down, chiefly below: leaves 
 sessile half-clasping, deeply pinnatifid, lax-hairy above, wool hair)' beneath; seg- 
 ments remote, lanceolate, with sinuate spinose lobes beneath: panicle few-flowered: 
 scales of the involucre numerous, lax-linear, outer ones terminated with a spine. 
 3— 5f. R. 
 
 foliosus, H. ( ) stem erect, strong, striate, a little woolly: leaves erect, numerous 
 above, longer than the flowers, lance-linear, irregularly tooth-sinuate with spines, 
 unequal, ciliate, scarcely hirsute above, spider-web downy beneath, pale: flowers 
 large, glomerate, in the axils of the upper leaves: scales of the involucre linear 
 close-pressed, egret very abundant. R. 
 
 Southern, 
 repandus, Mx. (p. Ju. Zf.) leaves amplexicaule, narrow, oblong, obtusely sub-sinuate, 
 with numerous small spines, lanuginous: flowers solitary; scales of the involucre 
 lanceolate, erect, spinous. 2 f. 
 
 5 — 2. Cni'dium. (5) 60. Umbel, poi. 
 
 canadense, Mx. (w. Ju. 21-) stem angular, flexuous: leaves bipinnate; leafets many- 
 parted, segments lanceolate. 8. C 
 
 Cnidiuni. Gr. knidion, the herb orache, which this plant resembles. 
 
 (1) virginianus, Wr. repandum, Mx. (2) Carduus, S. Serratula. W. (3) spi- 
 nosissimus, Wr. Serratula discolor, Lk. (4) pumilus, N. (.5) Selinum, L. 
 
CNIDIUM, COLLIICSONIA, 203 
 
 atropurpurcum, Lk. ( p. J. Z[.) radical leaves sub-cordate, simple, serrate; oauline 
 ones ternate; leafets ovate, acute, sub-cordate; middle one pelioled: partial invo- 
 lucre dimidiate, 3-leaved. Pursh says all the leaves are ternate. 2 — 3 f. S. C. 
 H. M. 
 
 14 — 1. Cochlea'ria. C3. Cruc. g-r. sti. diu. dia. rub. exp. cpi. dro. 
 
 fmestrata, Br. stem simple: leaves ovate-deltoid; petiole broad. (Arctic region.) 
 aquatica, Ea. (1) (water horse-radish, w. J. 1[.) leaves all pinnatifid; lower ones 
 
 doubly and finely pinnatifid. Grows in Pittsfield, Mass., in water and wet grounds. 
 
 Manifestly indigenous; but perhaps a variety of armoracia. Oswego river. 
 ohlongifoliu, Dc. ( ) silicles roundish, half as long as the pedicels: cauline leaves 
 
 oblong entire, or toothed sinuate, sessile, uppermost ones short auricled. . A. 
 anglica, Dc. ( ) silicles globe-oval, reticulate veined, half as long as the pedicels: 
 
 radical leaves petioled, ovate, entire; cauline ones oblong. A. 
 siliquosa, Dc. ( ) silicles lance-oblong, pointed with the permanent style half 
 
 as long as the pedicel: leaves oblong, entire, pubescent, tapering at the base. R. 
 danica, Dc. ( ) silicle sub-oval, of the length of the pedicel: leaves all petioled, 
 
 deltoid. A. 
 spathulata, Schlecht. ( ) stellately pubescent: silicic globe-oval: leaves spatulate, 
 
 coarsely toothed, acute, veiny. A. 
 tridacUjlites, Dc. ( ) silicles globose-ovate: cauline leaves with a single tooth on 
 
 each side. Labrador. 
 grcenlandica, L. ( ) silicles ovate, as long as the pedicels: radical leaves petioled, 
 
 reniform, entire; cauline ones few or more. Greedland. 
 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis, (scurvy-grass, w. J. H-) radical leaves roundish; cauline ones oblong, 
 
 sub-sinuate: silicles globose. 
 armoracia, (horse-radish, w. J. If.) radicalleaves lanceolate, crenate; cauline ones 
 gashed. Naturalized. 
 
 Coelcsiina, Eupatorium. 
 
 19—3. Co'ix. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 Exotic, 
 lachryma, (job's-tear. Ju. 0.) culm semi-terete above: flowers naked: fruit ovate. 
 12—18 i. 
 
 13—2. CoLLiNs'iA. N. 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc. 
 
 verna, (collinsia, tall pink. W. b. M. 0.) leaves opposite and whorled, obtuse, en- 
 tire: peduncles axillary, whorled, single-flowered. 12 i. <S. Mch. 
 
 minima, N. (w. & b. A. p. 0,) leaves opposite, wedge-oblong, obtuse, sub-denticu 
 late: calyx about half as long as the divisions of the corol. 1 — 2 i. R. 
 
 2 — 1. Collinso'nia. 42. Labi. stom. ton. 
 
 canadensis, (horse-balm, rich-weed, archangel. O. y. Ju. ?_(.) leaves heart-ovate 
 broad, glabrous: teeth of tJie calyx short-subulate: panicle terminal, compound! 
 Var. cordata, leaves broad -cordate, upper ones entire. Var. ovata, leaves ovate, 
 attenuate at the base, all serrate. Strong scented, not unpleasant. 1 — 3 f. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 Sojithcrn* 
 
 scabra, Ph. (r-y. Au. 21.) leaves small, ovate, sub-cordate, somewhat hairy: teeth of 
 the calyx short, subulate: panicle terminal, simple: stem hairy, rough. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 Cochlearia. Gr. koch'ias, snail, from the coiled form of the fruit of some species; or 
 
 from the spoon shape of the leaves. 
 Coi.x. Gr. koix, a name applied to one of the palm leaved trees by Theophrastusj 
 
 which it resembles. 
 Collinsia. In honor of Z. Collins, Esq., of Philadelphia. 
 Collinsonia. In honor of John Collinson, a patron of botany in England. 
 
 (1) natans? Hk. 
 
204 COLLINSONIA, COMPTONiA. 
 
 ovaUs, Ph. (y. Au. Zf.) leaves oblong-oval, acute at each end, glabrous: petioles 
 long: teeth of the calyx short: panicle terminal, simple, naked: stem glabrous. 
 
 tubcrosa, Mx. (y. S. 21-) leaves somewhat rhomboid-oval, acute at each end, glabrous: 
 teeth of the calyx setaceous, longer than llie tube: puuicle compound, lealy: stem 
 branching, somewlial hairy. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 anisata, Sims. (A. y. Au. 21.) leaves ovate, cordate, rugose, glabrous; nerves pubes- 
 cent beneath: teeth of the calyx linear, nearly as long as the tube: panicle leafy, 
 compound, pubescent: flowers tetrandrous: stem brandling, pubescent. 
 
 punctata, E. (y. S. 21.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at the base, pubes- 
 cent and doited beneath: panicle compound. 2 — 6 f. 
 
 verticillata, Bald. (M.) leaves verticillate, oval and acuminate. Var. purpurasceus, 
 flowers purplish; panicle short. 1 f. 
 
 5 — 1. Collo'mia. (1) 4.'). Pole, ton — . 
 
 Southern. 
 
 linearis, Cav. (W. w-p. J. 0.) sub-pubescent: leaves oblong-linear, sub-lanceolate; 
 floral ones ovate-lanceolate, acute: bracts and calyx viscid. 4 — 12 i. 
 
 Colpodium, Agrostis. 
 
 16 — 10. Colute'a. 93. Legu. cat. asc. ape. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 arborescens, (bladder senna, y. ^,) leaves pinnate; leafets oval, retuse: banner gib- 
 bous, abbreviated. 
 
 vesicaria, (senna herb. y. Ju.) leaves pinnate; leafets ovate: stem herbaceous, decum- 
 bent, viilose: legumes orbicular, inflated. 
 
 Cornandra, Thesium. 
 
 Comaropsis, Dalibarda. 
 
 11—12. Co'marum. (2) 92. Rosa. ast. ref. feb, ton-f. 
 
 palustra, W. (marsh five-finger. W. p. Ju. 21-) leafets in threes, fives and sevens, 
 serrate: stipules growing to the petioles and sheathing: flowers axillary and ter- 
 minal: stem rooting. An active astringent. 18 i. 8. T. N. C. Mch. 
 
 3 — 1. Commeli'na. 13. Comm. ton — . 
 
 angnstifolia, Mx. (day-flower, b. Ju. 21.) assurgent, weak, somewhat glabrous: leaves 
 lance-linear, very acute, flat, glabrous; sheaths sub-ciliate: bracts (or involucres) 
 peduncled, solitary, short-cordate. 12 i. S. P. H. Mch. 
 
 virginica, L. (3) (VV. b. Ju. li-) stiffly erect, all over pubescent: leaves long-lanceo- 
 late; sheaths red-bearded at the throat: bracts (or involucres') sub-sessile, lateral 
 and terminal: calyx petal-like, 3-sepalled, nearly equal. 2 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 communis, L. (W. b. Au. 0.) corol unequal: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute: stem 
 creeping, glabrous. K. 
 
 19 — 3. Compto'nia. 99. Myri. aro. ast. stom. sec-sti. 
 
 asplenifolia, A. (sweet fern. O. g. Ap. \ .) leaves long-linear, alternately crenate- 
 pinnatifid. 18 — 48 i. S. In rocky situations. Mild astringent and tonic. Bw. 
 Mch. 
 
 Collomia. Gr. knlla. gluten, referring to the seed. 
 
 Colulea. Gt. koloutca, a tree which dies if it is mutillated; from kolouo, to cut off. 
 
 Comarum. Gr. komaros, the ancient name for the strawberry tree, which the fruit 
 
 of this plant resembles, 
 Commelina. In honor of the brothers Comnielin, two Dutch botanists. 
 Comptonia. In honor of Bishop Henry Compton, a cultivator of exotics in England. 
 
 (1) Taken from Phlox. (2) Potentilla, T. (3) Hirtella, Vahh 
 
CONIUM, CONVALLARIA. 205 
 
 5—2. Co'nicm. go. Umbe. *tom. e. nar. 1, nau. rub. poi. 
 
 maculatnm, L. (poison hemlock. O. w. Ju. Zf.) stem very branching, spotted: leaves 
 very compound: caipels striate. Var. crispattihini, loaves crisped: ultimate divisions 
 acuminate, or terminated in a bristle. 2 — 4 f. >S'. Not probably introduced; for 
 I have seen it in a wild state in numerous Alpine districts in New Hampshire, Ver- 
 mont, Massachusetts, &c. 
 
 6 — 1. Co'nosty'lis. 18. Haem. ton. 
 
 americana, Ph. (1) (weed-grass, y. Ju. U-) corol woolly within; scape coryrab- 
 panicled: leaves grass-ensilbrm, glaucous: filaments equal. 12 — 18 i. /S. Y. 
 
 13—2. CoNRADiA. 32. Nyct. ton— . cat— . diu. cebs. <//o. 
 
 fuschsioides, N. ( If.) glabrous: leaves petioled, lanceolate, lyre-pinnatifid, lobes 
 denticulate outside: calyx foliaceous, divisions essert, denticulate. 4 f. Resembles 
 Gerardia quercifolia. 
 
 6—1. Convalla'ria. 12. Smil. stim. acr- . 
 
 1. Corol deeply A-parted, spreading: stamens 4; berry 2-celled. ( Floicers in a terminal 
 
 raceme. ) Majanthemum, D. 
 
 hifolia, L. (2) (dwarf solomon seal. O. w. J. li.) stem with two heart-oblong, sub- 
 sessile, glabrous leaves: raceme simple, terminal: flowers tetrandrous. Var. trifolia, 
 stem 3-leaved. 4 — 6 i. Mch. 
 
 2. Corol 6-parted, spreading: filaments divergent, attached to the base of the segments, 
 
 { Floicers in a terminal raceme. ) Smilacina, D. 
 
 stellata, L. (W. w. M. 21.) stem with alternate, clasping, oval-lanceolate leaves: 
 raceme simple, terminal. 8—18 i. N. T. C. Mch. 
 
 trifolia, L. (W. w. J. 2X.) stem about 3-leaved: leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 
 contracted at the base: raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. 6 — 10 i. D. P. 
 T. N. Mch. 
 
 ciliata, D. (w. Zf.) stem arched: leaves alternate, sessile, ovate, ciliate: panicle ter- 
 minal, crowded. 6'. Canada. 
 
 racemosa, L. (spiked solomon seal. O. y-w. M. If.) stem with alternate leaves: leaves 
 sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent: flowers in a terminal raceme- 
 panicle. 18—24 i. S. Mch. 
 
 3. Corol sub-campanulate, deeply 6-parted: style elongated: berry 2-celled, many-seeded, 
 
 Dracaena, D. «fe W. 
 
 borea'lis,W. (wild lily of the valley, dragoness plant, g. y. J. If.) sub-caulescent: 
 leaves oval-obovate; margin ciliate: scape pubescent: umbel few flowered, sub- 
 corymbed, sometimes proliferous; pedicels naked, nodding, fi — 10 i. T. Mch. 
 
 umhelluta, Mx. (A. w. Ju. 21.) leaves radical, oblong-oval, witli the margin and keel 
 ciliate: scape pubescent: umbel terminal: pedicels bracteate. Torrey says, keefnot 
 ciliate; flowers greenish-yellow. 8 — 12 i. <S. 
 
 4. Corol 6-cleft, cylindric: filaments inserted, on the upper part of the tvbr: berry 3-eelled: 
 
 cells 2-seedcd. ( Floicers axillary. J Polvgonatum, D. 
 
 mulliflora, L. (giant solomon seal. W. w. Ju. 71-) stem terete: leaves alternate, clasp- 
 ing, oblong-ovate: peduncles axillary, some of them many-flowered. 2 — 3 f. .S?. 
 
 Conium. Gr. koneion, from knos, a cone or top; so called because it produced giddi- 
 ness in those who drank it. It is the Greek name for poison liemlock. 
 
 Conostylis. Gr. konos, cone, and slutus. a style, from their form. 
 
 Conradia. Named in honor of S. W. Conrad, late Prof. Bot. Un. Phil., now N. Y. 
 State geologist, in the department of Palaeontology. 
 
 Convallaria. Lat. convallis, a valley, its usual place of growth. 
 (J) Helonias tomentosa, M. (2) Smilacina canadensis, Ph. 
 
206 CONVALLARIA, CONVOLVULUS. 
 
 biflora. Wr. (1) (g-y, J. 2S-) Btem terete, fsmooth: leaves alternate, sessile, elliptic- 
 lanceolate, 3-nerved: peduncles axillary, solitary, few-flowered. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 pubesccns, W. (O. w. M. 21.) stem teretish, furrowed: leaves alternate, clasping, 
 ovate, pubescent beneath: peduncles axillary, about 2-flowered. 18 i. S. 
 
 candlicututa, W. (A. clasping solomon seal. w. Ju. 21.) stem channelled; leaves alter- 
 nate, clasping, oblong, margin pubescent: peduncles axillary, about 2-flowered. 
 jS*. B. 
 
 latifuUa, (J. 2X-) stem angled: leaves sessile, ovate, acuminate: peduncles 1 or many- 
 flowered. 4 f. -sr. P. H. 
 
 Jdrta, Lk. (2/.) stem angular, hispid: leaves alternate, somewhat clasping, ovate, 
 abruptly acuminate: peduncles axillary, 3-flowered. 
 
 Southern, 
 maja'lis, W. (lily of the valley. W. A. w. J. 21.) scape naked, smooth: leaves oval- 
 ovate. Virginia- Cultivated. 
 
 5 — 1. Convolvulus. 44. Conv. r. cat. or lax. 
 
 repens, L. (2) (field bind- weed. O. w. & r. J. 2X0 twining: leaves sagittate, with'the 
 apex acute and tiie lobes truncate, entire (some obtuse:) bracts acute, longer than 
 the calyx and shorter than the middle of tiie corol: peduncle angled, exceeding the 
 peliole. /S. Mch. 
 
 arvensLS, L. (3) (bind-weed. W. w. J. 21.) stem climbing or prostrate: leaves sagit- 
 tate; lobes acute, spreading; peduncles about 1-flowered: bracts minute, acute. 
 
 panduratiis, Mx. (mechoacan, wild potatoe vine, man of the earth. W. w. & r. Ju. 
 2/-) twining, pubescent: leaves broad-cordate, entire or lobed, guitar- form: pedun- 
 cles long: liowers fascicled: calyx glabrous, awnless: corol tubular- bell-form. A 
 mild cathartic, and resembles rhubarb in its effects. Bw. Y. P. O. H. M. 
 
 spithameus, L. (4) (dwarf morning glory. W. w. J. 2|.) erect: leaves oval, or oblong, 
 sub-cordate, pubescent: peduncles l-flowered, generally longer than the leaves. 
 9—12 i. ,S. D. P. T. B. Mch. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 batatus, (sweet potatoe, Carolina potatoe, w. Ju. 2|.) creeping, tuberous: leaves cor- 
 date, hastate, angular-lobed, 5-nerved, smoothish: peduncles long: flowers fasci- 
 cled: corol sub-campanulate. Cultivated, nut. lax. 
 
 ft-ico^or, (3-colored bind-weed. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-ovate, glabrous; stem declined: 
 flowers solitary. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 purpureus, Ph. (5) (common morning glory. W. b. p. J. 0.) pubescent: leaves cor- 
 date, entire: peduncles 2 to 5-flowered: pedicels nodding, thickened: divisions 
 of the calyx lanceolate: capsules glabrous. Cultivated. Grows west of the Miss. 
 Mch. 
 
 machrorhizvs, Mx. (6) (W. w. J. If.) pubescent: leaves cordate, entire and lobed, 
 rugose-plaited, downy beneath: peduncles 1 to S^flowered: flowers sub-campanulate: 
 root very thick. 
 
 tcnellus, (G) (W. w. Ju. 2X.) stem prostrate: leaves elliptic, mucronate, sub-cordate: 
 peduncles many-flowered, longer than the leaves: style 2-parted. 
 
 aquaticus, Wr. (8) (w. J. 2|-) stem prostrate: leaves oblong-ovate, nearly sessile: 
 peduncles generally 3-flov/ered, three times as long as the leaves: style 2-parted. 
 
 obtusilobus, Mx. (y. &. w. S. 2i.) stem prostrate: leaves thick, sinuate, lobed, emar- 
 ginate; lobes rounded: peduncles 1-flowered. 
 
 catesbijanus, Ph. (p.) twining, tomentose: leaves oblong, sagittate, acuminate: pedun- 
 cles 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves: bracts oval, obtuse, longer than the calyx. 
 
 Convolvulus. La.t. convolos, to twist together, from the twinings of the stalk. 
 
 (1) angustifolia, Ph. (2) sepium, W. L. (3) sagittifolius, Mx. E. speciosus, 
 Wr. (4) Calystegia tomentosa? Ph. C. staus? Mx. (5) Ipomea, Ph. (6) Ipo- 
 meajalapa. Ph. Ipomea, Mx. C. jalapaT L. (7) trichosanthes, Mx. Ph. (7) tri. 
 chosanthes, Mx. patens, Ph. 
 
CONVOLVULUS, COREOPSIS. 207 
 
 paradoxa, Ph. (w.) prostrate, tomentose: leaves oblong, cordate-sagittate, acute: 
 peduncles 1-flovvered, longer tlian tiie leaves: bracts linear, remote from the flowers: 
 calyx naked, glabrous, acuminate. 
 
 slierardi, Ph. (0.) prostrate, pubescent: leaves elliptic, retuse ateach end, mucronate: 
 flowers solitary, nearly sessile. 
 
 tumnifoiius, (b. S. 0.) twining: leaves cordate, acuminate, hairy: flowers clustered. 
 
 17 — 2. Cony'za. 55. Inul. ton. sto. sec-stim. 
 
 marylfmdicaj Mx. (1) (marsh flea bane, ploughman's wort. p. Au. 0.) herbaceous, 
 pubescent: leaves sessile, broad-lanceolate, acute, serrate: serratures at the apex 
 cartilaginous: corymbs terminal, fastigiate, condensed, almost leafless: scales of the 
 involucre subulate-mucronate: florets short. 12 — 20 i. iS'. Y. P. B. F. 
 
 bifroHS, W. (y. Ju. 2i.) sub-glutinous: leaves clasping, spatulate-oblong, acute, ser- 
 rate: corymbs of the panicle glomerate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 camphora'ta, Ph. (W. p. Au. Zf.) herbaceous, sub-pubescent: leaves petioled, ovate- 
 lanceolate, vety acute, somewhat repand denticulate, dentures glandular: corymbs 
 terminal and axillary, shorter than tiie leaves: scales of the involucre acute, about 
 equal to the florets. Marylandica? 3 f. K. 
 
 angustifolla, N. ( ) herbaceous, dusty-pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub-denticu- 
 late, acute, tapering at the base: flowers dense, corymbed. South Carolina. 
 
 Conyza, Pterocaulon. 
 12—12. Cop'tis. 61. Ranu. r. bit-ton+. 
 
 irifolia, Sy. (2) (gold thread. O. w. M. 2iO scape 1-flowered: leaves ternate. Roots 
 long, filiform, golden yellow. Tonic bitter. Bw. 2 — 4 i. 8. 
 
 asplcnifolia, Sy. (VV. 2i-) leaves biternate; leafets sub-pinnatifid: scape 2-flowered. 
 
 occidentnlis, N. (false-gold-thread, y. 21.) evergreen: leaves gasii 3-lobed, or obsoletely 
 3-leaved, sub-coriaceous: scape very short, about 3-flowered. Synonym Chryso' 
 coptis occidentalis. 
 
 18 — 1. Co'rallorhi'za. (3) 21. Orch. an. amy. emo. 
 
 tBema, T. (4) (coral root. w-y. M. Zf-) petals linear-lanceolate, spreading: lip oblong, 
 without spots, bi-dentate at the base, apex recurved, ovate; spur obsolete, adnate. 
 5—6 i. Mch. 
 
 odontor/iiza, W. (coral-teeth, dragon's claw. W. p. w. Ju. Zf.) lip entire, oval, ob- 
 tuse; margin undulate or a little crenate; spur obsolete, adnate to the germ: cap- 
 sule sub-globose. T. Rare. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 multiflora, T. (4) p. Ju.) scape many-flowered, (15 — 30): lip cuneafte-oval, 3-parted, 
 recurved, spotted: spur conspicuous, adnate. 12 — 20 i. T. D. Mch. 
 
 Corallorfdza, Aplectrum. 
 12 — 1. CoKCHORUs. Till. b. emo. f. & 1. asp. 
 Southern, 
 siliquosus, L. ( ) branching: leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, equally serrate: cap- 
 sules pod-shaped, linear, 2-valved, nearly glabrous. Alabama. 
 
 17 — 3. CoREOp'sis. 55. Heli. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 1. Leaves opposite and undivided. 
 
 rosea, N. (tickweed. y. r. M.) small, smooth: stem simple: leaves linear, entire; axils 
 
 Conyza. Gr. konis, dust, its powder being used to kill fleas: or from Gr. konops, a 
 
 gnat. 
 Coptis. Gr. koptS, cut off", from the leaves appearing as if cut. 
 Corallorhiza. Gr. kornlLion, coral, and riza, root: its roots resembling coral. 
 Coreopsis. Gr. koris, bug, and opsis, appearance, the seed resembling that insect. 
 
 (1) camphorata, M. (2) Helleborus trifohus, L. (3) Cymbidium, W. (4) in- 
 nata, Br? 
 
VO COREOPSIS. 
 
 leafy: flowers few, long-peduncled, dichotomous, terminal; rays unequally 3- tooth- 
 ed. 1 f. S. P. Y. 
 
 2. Leaves opposite, divided. 
 
 trichosperma, Mx. (y. Ju. ,J-) glil^i'^us; dichotomous: leaves opposite, quinate-pin- 
 nale, lanceolate, serrate: outer leafets of the involucre ciliate-serrate; rays entire: 
 akenes wed^'e-form: about 4-toothed. 2 f. <S'. Y. T. R. D. Mcli. 
 
 trip'teris, W. (tickseed sunflower. A. y. ZT.) glabrous: leaves pelioled, lanceolate, entire; 
 radical ones pinnate; cauline ones ternaie: rays entire: akenes obovate, naked at 
 the apex. P. T. D. Mch. 
 
 3. Leaves alternate. 
 
 dichotoma, Mx. (1) (y. S. %.) stem glabrous, nakedisli and dichotomous above: 
 leaves mostly alternate undivided, entire, narrowing into the petioles; akenes 
 obovate, 2-bristled, scabrous, witli a lorn margin. 2 — 3 !'• »S'. Y. Mch. 
 
 aspcra, Ph. ( ) leaves lanceolate-linear, rough; upper ones alternate; lower ones 
 opposite: stenj 1-flowered. 
 
 palmnta, N. (W. y. ) stern simple, 1 — 3-flowered: leaves sessile sub-coriaceous, pal- 
 mate-3-lobed; margin scabrous: double involucre 8-parted: akenes oblong-elliptic, 
 naked. 12 i. D. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 1. Leaves opposite undivided. 
 
 lan'ceola'ta, L. (y. S. 21-) leaves sessile, lanceolate-linear, entire, ciliate: peduncles 
 long, naked: akenes orbicular, scabrous, winged, 2-tpothed at the summit, emar- 
 ginate. 
 
 crassifolia, A. (O. y. J. 21-) leaves obovate-oblong, entire, tapering at the base, 
 hirsute: peduncles long, hirsute at the base. 
 
 arguta, Ph (y. 2i-) glabrous: leaves petioled, ovate, lanceolate, gradually acuminate, 
 acutely serrate; pedunclesaxillary and terminal, dichotomous-corymbose. 
 
 latifolia, W. (A. y. Au. 24!.) leaves ovate, acuminate, crenale-toolhed: teeth mucron- 
 ate: petioles sliort: rays entire: akenes cuneale, oblong, without wings, naked at 
 the summit. 
 
 oemleri, E. (y. Au ) leaves broad-lanceolate, sessile, acute at each end, entire: pedun- 
 cles axillary and terminal, dicliotomous-corymbose. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 linifolia, N. (W. y. 2i-) very glabrous: leaves opoosite entire; radical ones oval- 
 oblong; cauline ones linear, short, cbtuse: stem furrowed, 4-sided: akenes with 2 
 bristles. 
 
 ohlongifolia, N. ( TJ.) a little hirsute: stem trichotomous, few-flowered: leaves 
 opposite, entire, wedge-oblong, obtuse: peduncles very long: rays sub-toothed and 
 entire: akenes wedge-oblong naked. 
 
 2. Leaves opposite, divided. 
 
 aristata, W- (O y. Au. U-) pubescent: leaves quinate, pinnate; leafets serrate: rays 
 entire, broad, oval: akenes cuneate-obovate, 2-awned; awns long, divaricate. 
 
 puhcscens, F.. (y. Au. It.) pubescent: leaves quinate, pinnate; leafets lanceolate, 
 obtuse, entire; lateral ones small: leaves of the exterior involucre ovate-lanceolate: 
 rays undulate? egret 2 leaved, subulate, pubescent. 2 f 
 
 auricvlata, (W. A. y. S. 71-) pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, oval-lanceolate, entire; 
 lower ones ternate: exterior involucre deeply divided: rays 4-toothed: akenes obo- 
 vate, roundish, 2-toothed at the summit. Var. diversifuiia, E. hairy: radical leaves 
 ternate, leafets round; cauline ones ternate, leafets obovate; upper leaves spatulate- 
 lanceolate: akenes roundish, denticulate, 2-toothed at the summit. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 senifulia, W. (A. y. Au. !(•) pubescent: leaves sessile, ternate; leafets lanceolate, 
 entire: rays entire: akenes cuneate. Var.rigida, N. leafets linear-lanceolate; mar- 
 gin scabrous: exterior involucre about 12-leaved. 2 — 3 f 
 
 aurca, W. (y. 2X.) leaves serrate; radical ones 3-parted; cauline ones 3-cleft or entire, 
 lanceolate-linear. 
 
 trifida, Lk. (y. 21.) glabrous: leaves 3-cleft, subulate, fascicled: peduncles terminal, 
 1-ilowered: rays 3-cleft: stem somewhat llexuous. 
 
 (1) gladiata, Wr. 
 
COREOPSIS, CORNUS. 209 
 
 tettuifolia, W. (A. y. S. 2/0 glabrous: leaves opposite, sessile, ternate; leafets com- 
 poundly many-parted: segments linear, entire: disk one colored. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 verlicillata, VV. (A. y. Au. 2/0 smooth: leaves opposite, sessile, ternate or quinate; 
 leafets linear-lanceolate^ entire: rays acute: akenes obovate, somewhat 2-toolhed. 
 2— 3f. 
 
 mitis, W. (y. Au. ^.) glabrous: leaves bipinnatifid; leafets linear, serrulate: leaves 
 of the external involucre linear, serrulate: akenes oblong, 2-awned. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 involiicrata, N. (W.) leaves opposite, cut-pinnate: leafets in fives, lance-linear, acu- 
 minate, gash-serrate: outer leafets hispid, longer than the involucre: akenessub- 
 glabrous and scarcely 2-toothed. Collected by Dr. Pitcher, in Arkansas.. 
 
 ambiguii, N. (W. ) leaves opposite, gash-pinnate; leafets 3 — 5, sub-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, gash-lobed, or somewhat entire: outer leafets glabrous, about equalling 
 the involucre; akenes soinewiiat glabrous, short- toothed. Alabama. 
 
 icratji, N. ( ) very glabrous: leaves cut-pinnate, sessile; upper ones 3-cleft; upper- 
 most ones simple; divisions lance-linear, entire, acute: rays elongated: disk of one 
 color. 
 
 stdlata, N. ( ) glabrotis: leaves sessile, cut-tcrnate, entire; leafets broad lance- 
 olate, thin, tap&ting to both ends; rays entire: akenes wedge-oblong. 
 
 3. Leaves alternate, 
 acuta. Ph. (y. ^ .) leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, toothed, somewhat hairy: flowers 
 
 corymb-panicied. 
 procera, VV. (y. ZfO leaves elliptic, acuminate, serrate, petioled, veined, decurrent; 
 
 lower ones verticillate; uppei- ones alternate. 
 angustifolia, W. ( y.) leaves hnear-lanceolate, entire, smooth: rays oblong, 3-clefl; 
 
 middle segment largest. 
 nudata, N. (r. ) stem sub-simple; summit dichotomous: leaves subulate, linear, remote, 
 
 glabrous: rays somewhat 3-toothed: akenes naked. 2 — 3 f. 
 tinctoria, N. (W. y. &, p.) radical leaves sub-bipinnate: leafets sub-oval, entire, 
 glabrous; caulinG ones sub-pinnate; leafets linear: rays 2-colored: akenes naked. 
 1— 4f. 
 
 5 — 2. Corian'drum. 60. Umbe. stom. aro. 
 Exotic. 
 sativum, S. (coriander, w. J. ^.) fruit globose: calyx and style permanent; 
 1 — 2. Coriosper'mum. 29. Chen, ton — . 
 
 hyssopifolium, W. (O. Au. ^.) spikes terminal: leaves linear, without nerves. Unarmed. 
 Var. americanum, N. spikes terminal and axillary: leaves nerved, subulate-mu- 
 cronate. /S. 
 
 4 — 1. Cor'nus. 58. Capb. r. ast. feb. ton. asc. r. dye. 
 
 canadensis, L. (dogtvood, low cornel. O. w. M. 2/.) herbaceous: leaves at the top 
 
 whorled. veiny: involucres ovate, acuminate: fruit globose. 4 — 8 i. ,S. Mch. 
 suecica, (2X.) steiji herbaceous, somewhat branching: leaves all opposite, sessile, ovate, 
 
 nerved almost from the base: umbel peduncled: involucral leaves exceeding the 
 
 tlowers: drupes globose. Canada. 
 jiorida, L. (false box, dogwood tree. w-y. M. Tp .) leaves ovate, acuirtinate: involucral 
 
 leaves 4, rarely 5 or 6, very large, somewhat obcordate: fruit ovate. 15 — 30 f. .9, 
 
 T. B. D. F. N. Mch. 
 sericea, W. (1) (red osier, red-rod. O. w. J. h.) branches spreading; branchlets 
 
 woolly: leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, rusty-pubescent beneath: 
 
 cymes depressed, woolly. Var. uervata, leaves tapering to the base, unequal, veins 
 
 beneath very prominent. Berries bright blue. 8 — 12 f S. 
 sanguinea, L. (2) (common dog-wood. W. w. M. >-.) branches straight: leaves 
 
 ovate, pubescent, both sides colored alike: cymes spreading. Berries dark-brown: 
 
 anthers yellow. 8—12 f. S. T. Canada. 
 
 Coriandrum. Gr. Jcoris, bug, from the odor of the plant reminding one of those 
 
 insects. 
 Coriospermum. Gr. koris, bug, and sperma, seeds, from a fancied resemblance. 
 Cornus. Lat. cornu, horn, from the wood being hard like horn. 
 
 (1) lanuginosa, Mx. alba, Wr, rubiginos?., Eh. (2) Dielitra, Hk. 
 27 
 
210 CORNUS, CORYDALIS. 
 
 circin'ata, Hr. (1) (O. w. J. Tp.) branches warty: leaves broad-oval, acuminate, 
 white-downy beneath: cyme depressed. 6^8 f. S. Mch. 
 
 alba, W. (2) (white dog-wood. O. J. \-.) branches recurved; branchlets glabrous: 
 leaves ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath: cymes depressed. Berries bluish- 
 white. 10 f. <S'. I\Ich. 
 
 paniculata, Hr. (3) (bush dog-wood. O. w. J. ^.) branches erect: leaves ovate, 
 acuminate, oblong, tapering to the base, pubescence close-pressed, hoary beneath: 
 flowers in a thyrsed cyme. Berries white, globular-llattened. 8 — 12 f. iSf. Mch. 
 
 stricta, H. (4) (O. w. Ju. Tr.) branches straight: fastigiate: leaves ovate, color 
 green botli sides, glabrous when mature, a little downy beneath when young: pani- 
 cled cyme convex. 8 — 12 f. iS. 
 
 alternifolia, (W. w. M. ^.) branches warty: leaves alternate, ovate, acute, hoary 
 beneath: cymes depressed, spreading. Berries purple. 18 f. »S'. T. 
 
 Exotic. 
 mas'cula, (cornelian cherry. IVI. T).) umbels equalling the involucre. 
 
 Southern. 
 asperifolia, Mx. (W. w. J. ^.) branches erect, pubescent: leaves oval-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath. 4 — 10 f. 
 
 16 — 10. CoRONiLLA. 93. Legu. asc. nut. ape. 
 
 varia, W. (r-p. Ju. 1[.) herbaceoas, diffuse, glabrous: stipules small, acute; leafets 9 
 to 13, oblong, mucronate, lower ones of the stem near each other: umbels IG to 20- 
 flowered: legumes erect. 4 f. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 omerus, (coronilla. y. ^.) stem angled, woody: peduncles about 3-flowered: claws of 
 
 the petals about thrice as long as the calyx. 
 glauca, W. (y. M. \.) leafets 7, very blunt: stipules lanceolate: umbels 10 or 12- 
 
 flowered: peduncles longer than the leaves. Remarkably fragrant during the night 
 
 and almost scentless during the day. 3f. 
 
 14—1. CoRONo'pus. 63. Cruc. asc. nut. 
 Southern. 
 
 rueUii, S. (w. Ju. 0.) silicle entire; margin muricate: style prominent: corymb few- 
 flowered. ~ .-. 
 
 didyma, S. (swi.ie's cress. W. Ju. O-) silicles emarginate, in pairs, reticulate, rugose: 
 style obsolete: corymb many-flowered. 1 — 2 f Charleston, S. C. 
 
 16—5. Cory'dahs. (5) 93. Fuma. diu. ape. dia. 
 
 glauca, P. (6) (O. y. r-g. J. S-) corol 1-spurred: stem branching, erect: leaves glau- 
 cous; cauline ones biternate; raceme sub-corymbed: bracts minute: silique linear, 
 thrice as long as the peduncle. 1—4 f S. Mch. 
 
 au'rea, W. (VV. y. M. 0.) stem branching, diffuse: leaves doubly-pinnate; leafets 
 divided, lance-linear, acute at both ends: racemes oneway: bracts lanceolate: 
 silique linear, thrice as long as the peduncle. 8—12 i. .S. P. Y. K. D. Mch. 
 
 scoideri, Hk. (W.) leaf sub-solitary, thrice quadripinnate, longer tlian the sub-simple 
 raceme; leafets obliquely oval or oblong, decurrent: bracts oblong, longer than the 
 pedicel. R. 
 
 macrophylla, N. (r. Zf.) raceme simple, shorter than the bitejnately pinnate leaves: 
 leaves linear-oblong, straight: bracts linear, longer than the pedicels. Oregon. 
 
 Coronilla- IjHt. coronillo, a little crown or wreath, from the appearance of the corymb 
 
 of flowers. 
 Coronopus. Gr. korone, a crow, and pous, foot; tlie leaves are deeply cut and 
 
 resemble a bird's foot. 
 Corydalis. Gr. konidaU'is, was an ancient name for the Fumitory, from which genus 
 
 this has been separated. 
 
 (I) tomentuosa, Mx. ruglosa, Lk. (2) stolonifera, Mx. (3) racemosa, Lk. (4) fati- 
 giata, Mx. sanguinea, Wr. (5) Fumaria. L. (6) sempervirens, L. 
 
CORYDH^IS, CRATAEGUS. 211 
 
 pauciflora, P. (2X.) cauline leaves 2 or 3, below the middle of the etem, ternately or 
 biternately divided; segments obovate: bracts oyate, acute: raceme crowded, few- 
 flowered.' R. A. 
 
 Corydalis, Adlumia, Dilytra. 
 19—12. Cour'Lus. 99. Ciipu. f. ole. ton. ton. 
 
 americana,^Vr. (hazle-nut. O. Ap. fp .) leaves roundish, cordate, acuminate: involucre 
 
 roundish-campanulale, larjjer than the sub-globose nut: border dilated, coarsely 
 
 serrate. 3—5 f. -S*. Mcli. 
 rostraia, W. (beaked hazel. O. Ap. !p.) leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate: stipules 
 
 lance-linear: involucre of the fruit bell-tubular, 2-parted; divisions gash- toothed, 
 
 elongated beyond the nut into a beak. 2 — 3 f. iS'. 
 
 Exoiic. 
 avetlana, (filbert. Ap. fp.) stipules oblong, obtuse: involucre of the fruit campanulate, 
 spreading at the apex, torn-toothed: leaves round-cordate, acuminate. Var. 
 maxima, has a gash-toothed involucre: nut depressed-ovate. 
 
 14 — 2. Ckam'be. 63. Cruc. asc. edi. diu. 
 Exotic. 
 maritima, ( w. If.) stem and leaves smooth; leaves sinuate, undulated, glaucous: 
 root perennial, fleshy: flowers large, corymbed, panicled: silique 2-jointed. Culti- 
 vated for its early shoots, which are used as a substitute for asparagus. 
 
 18—1. Ckani'chis. 21. Orch. nut. emo. 
 Southern, 
 multiflora, E. ( ) root fascicled, villous: leaves oval-lanceolate, sub-sessile: scape 
 many flowered, pubescent towards the summit: inner petals connivent; hp vaulted, 
 acuminate. 
 
 Crantzia, Hydrocotyle. 
 
 11 — 5. Cratae'gus. 92. Poma. ref. ape. ton. 
 
 coccinm, L. (thorn-bush. O. w. M. fp.) thorny: leaves long-petioled, ovate, acutely- 
 lobed, serrate, glabrous: petioles and pubescent calyx glandular: flowers pentagy- 
 nous. Var. viridis, has iance-ovate leaves, sub-trilobate: stem unarmed. Var. 
 flexuosa? Sz. having flexuous, spreading branches. A specimen Irom Rainy Lake 
 was examined by Schweinitz, after it was past flowering. Mch. 
 
 pyrifolia, A. (pear-leaf thorn. O. w. J. ^.) thorny or unarmed: leaves oval-ovate, 
 gash-serrate, somewhat plaited and rather rough-haired: calyx a little villose; 
 leafets lance-linear, serrate: styles 3. S. 
 
 cordata, E. (1) (w. J. >■.) thorny: leaves heart-ovate, pinnatifid-lobed, angled, 
 glabrous: petioles and calyx without glands: styles 5. S. P. 
 
 dliplica, W. (2) (M. ^.) thorny: leaves oval, unequally serrate, glabrous: petioles 
 and calyx glandular: divisions of tiie calyx obtuse: berry globose, .^^-celled. S. 
 P. Y. 
 
 glandulosa, W. (W. w. M. ^.) thorny: leaves wedge-obovate, angled, glabrous, shin- 
 ing: petioles, stipules, and calyx glandular: berries oval, 5-celled. iS'. P. 
 
 parvifolia. W. (3) (low thorn, w. JVI. ^.) thorny: leaves obovate, deeply serrate, 
 entire at the base, tomentose: calyx gashed; flowers solitary: styles 5. 3 — 6 f. S. 
 Y. Charleston, S. C. 
 
 punctata, W. (4) (common thorn tree. w. M. ^.) thorny or unarmed: leaves wedge- 
 obovate, sub-plicate, glabrous, serrate: calyx villose: divisions subulate, entire. 
 Var. rubra, has red berries. Var. aurca, yellow berries, with dark specks. iS. 
 D. F. T. Mch. 
 
 Adlumia, (asyn. of Coryd.) Gt. a, without, lumen, dirt, a supposed cleanser. 
 
 Corylus. Gr. korus, a helmet or cap, alluding to the enwrapping calyx. 
 
 Crambe. Gr. krambe, cabbage. 
 
 Cranichis. Gr. krancion, a helmet, referring to the vaulted lip. 
 
 Crataegus. Gr. kratos, strength, from the firmness of the wood. 
 
 (1) populifolia, Ph. (2) prunifolia, Lk. (3) tomentosa, Mx. (4) crus- 
 galli, Du. Roi. 
 
2121 CRATAEGUS, CRISTA'^ELLA. 
 
 enis-galli, W. (1) (thorn tree, cock-spur thorn. O. w. M. ^.) thorny: leaves wedge- 
 obovate, sub-sessile, shining, leathery, serrate: corymbs compound: leafets of the 
 calyx lanceolate; sub-serrate: styles 3. Var. sptoif/cns, leaves very shining. Var. 
 pyracantMfolm, leaves lance-oblong, sub-cuneiform. Var. salicifolia, leaves lance- 
 cuneiform. Var. linearis, leaves lance-linear; spines few, shortish;, fruit yellow: 
 styles 1 or 2. Var. nana, leaves lance-oval, paler beneath: branchlets often downy. 
 Berries small, red. iS. Is not this a Mespilus? Dc. 
 
 pruuifolia, (2) ( ^.) leaves broad, ovate, iinequally serrate, gUbrous; petioles 
 sub-glandular: lobes of the calyx glandular, serrate: peduncles and calyx sub-vil- 
 lose. Fruit 2-celled. 
 
 latifolia, ( ^.) leaves obovate, unequally serrate, sub-plicate, nerves sub-villose 
 beneath: stipules and lobes of the calyx linear, sub-dentate: corymbs villose. Fruit 
 oval, red. 
 
 fiava, W. (yellow-berried thorn. M. ^.) thorny: leaves wedge-obovate, angled, gla- 
 brous, shining: petioles, calyx and stipules glandular: flowers sub-solitary: beriiea 
 turbinate, 4-ce}led. 8—10 f. S. V. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 oxyacantha, (quickset, hawthorn, w. M. h.) leaves obtuse, somewhat 3-cleft, serrate, 
 glabrous; peduncles and calyx somewhat glabrous: segments of the calyx lanceo- 
 late, acute: styles 2. Naturalized. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lucida, E. (A. 1^.) thorny: leayes-wedge-obovate, crenate, coriaceous, lucid: corym,bs 
 simple, few-flowered: styles 5. 10 — 12 f 
 
 turhinata, Ph. ( ) unarmed, glabrous: leaves wedge-obovate, notched, serrate: 
 corymbs few-flowered: pedicels short: fruit turbinate. 
 
 arborcscens, E. (w. March, h.) unarmed: leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, deeply 
 serrate, glabrous above; nerves hairy beneath: corymbs many-flowered: ealyx 
 hairy; divisions subulate, entire: styles 5. 20 — 30 f. 
 
 piridis, L? {h.) thorny: leaves sub-sessile, spatulate-ovate, with round lobes, serrate, 
 glabrous: calyx glabrous; divisions with glandular serratures. 
 
 spathula'ta, Mx. (W. w. Ap. \ .) somewhat thorny: leaves clustered, (base long, 
 tapering,) 3-cleft, lobed, crenate, glabrous: corymbs many-flowered: calyx gla- 
 brous; divisions ovate, entire. 12 — 15 f 
 
 apiifoliu, Mx. (3) (W. w. Ap. h.) thorny: leaves deltoid-ovate, notched and lobed, 
 hairy; lobes deeply serrate: calyx hairy; divisions serrate: styles 2. 4 — 12 f. 
 
 populifolia, Wr. (W. w. Ap. fp .) thorny: leaves ovate, sub-truncate at tlie base, 
 acute-serrate, somewhat lobed; petioles sparingly glandular: styles 5. 
 
 caroliniana, E. ( Ip .) leaves cordate, cuneate, entire, (dentate? ) 3 to 5-lobed; peduncles 
 bracted: calyx somewhat leafy. 
 
 17—2. Crin'itaru. 55. Aste. sec. ton. stim. 
 viscidiflora, H. ( >>.) very glabrous: leaves lance-linear, rigid, very entire a,?d 
 
 acute, 1-nerved and narrow at the base: flowers level-corymbed: peduncles folior. 
 lose: involucre cylindric, with glutinous leafets and 5 florets; leafets imbricate, 
 oblong, outer ones smallest. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 6—1. Cri'num. 17. Amar. stim—. poi— . 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ^mericanum, A. (W.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, very glabrous at the margin; apex 
 
 compressed-unguiculate: flowers pedicelled: tube shorter than the limb. 
 
 Cristaria, Malva. 
 
 G — 1. Cristatel'la. 64. Capp. ver. asc. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 erosa, N. (J. Ju. w.) stamens 12 to 14: petals white; lamina of the lower ones laci- 
 
 niately parted: sepals acute. Arkansas. 
 
 Crinitaria. Ld.t. crinitus, hairy; the egret being profusely pilose. 
 Crinum. Gr. krinon, a name applied to the lily and other showy plants. 
 Cristatella. Lat. a little crest. 
 (1) lucida, Wm. hyemalia, Wr. (2) Mepilus, Poir. (3) oxycantha, Wr. 
 
CRISTATELLA, CROTONOPSIS. 21S 
 
 jamesii, T. (y. ) etamens 6 to 9: petals pale yellow; lamina of the lower ones pal- 
 piately finibriate-cleft: sepals obtuse. Arkansas, Texas. 
 
 Cristatella, Cleome. 
 
 Critonla. Kuhnia. 
 
 3 — 1. Cro'cus. is. Irid. stim. exp. ton. ast. cat. 
 
 Erotic. 
 
 officinalis, (saffron, y. ZfO leaves linear, witli revolute margins: stigma exsert, with 
 long-linear segments. Van sativus, has violet corols. 
 
 16 — 10. Crotala'ria. 93. Leg. nut. asc. ape. 
 
 sagittalis, Mx. (rattle-box, y. Ju. 0.) hirsute, erect, branching: leaves simple, lance- 
 oblong: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent: racemes opposite to the leaves, 
 about 3-flowered: corol less than the calyx. S. C. N. F. B. Y. P. 
 
 parvijlora, W. (1) (y. J. 0.) hirsute, erect, branching: leaves simple, lance-linear: 
 stipules above decurrent, with two short teeth: racemes opposite to the leaves: 
 corol smaller than the calyx. S. P. Y. 
 
 Jkxuosa, ( ^.) leaves obovate, sharply toothed, hairy both sides: corymbs small, 
 downy: branches flexuose. Fruit yellowish: spines long, becoming blackish. 
 Carolina. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pvalis, Ph. (y. Ju. 0.) hirsute, diffuse, branching: leaves simple, oval, petioled:. upr 
 per stipules scarcely decurrent, short: racemes opposite to the leaves, long: corol' 
 as long as the calyx. 12 i. 
 
 laevigata, Ph. (2) (Ju. 0.) glabrous, erect, simple: leaves lance-oblong: stipujes. 
 lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent; racemes opposite to the leaves, 3-flowered,. 
 
 Crotalaria, Baptisia. 
 
 19 — 15. Cro'ton. 96. Euph. ton. irr. stom. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 maritimum, Wr. (3) (Ju. fp.li.) leaves oval or acute, sub-cordate, obtuse; pale. 
 
 above, hoary beneath: branches tomentose: pistillate spikes few-tiowered. Var. 
 
 rfionanthogyiiuin, spikes dichotcmous: pistillate flowers solitary, pedicelled. 2 — 3 f.: 
 urgyrantliemum, Mx. (Ju. 2X. & T^.) leaves entire, obtuse, obovate: racemes terminal, 
 
 short, many-Howered: calyx pedicelled, silvery. 
 glandulosum, L. (Ju. 0.) leaves oblong, serrate, hairy beneath; base nearly entire, 
 
 bearing two glands: stem trichotoinous: spikes in the division of the stem. 
 ^ipticum, N. (W. 0.) stellate pubescent: leaves elliptic-ovate, (older ones obtuse) 
 
 smooth and green above: flowers conglomerated: styles 3, bifid. 
 capitatum, Mx. (W. 0.) wooUy-toinentose: leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, entire and* 
 
 rounded at the base; both sides tomentose: fertile flowers at the base of the spike- 
 lets: slaminate ones capitate, crowded. 
 
 19 — 5. C^.OTONOp'sis. 96. Euph. ton. ver. stom. 
 
 linearis, Mx. (4) (W.J. 2X-) stem erect, dichotomous-branching: leaves stellate- 
 pubesceni above, covered with silvery scales beneath. 12 — 18 i. iS. 
 
 Crocus. Gr. krohos, saffron, which some say is from the Hebrew; others from Cro- 
 cus, who was metamorphosed into this plant, according to Mythology. 
 
 Crotalaria. Gr. krotalon, a rattle. The pods of this genus are inflated, and rattle 
 when shaken. 
 
 Croton. Gr. krotoa, a tick, from the form of the seed. 
 
 Crotonopsis. So called from its resembling the Croton- 
 
 (1) A variety of sagittalis, Mx. (2) Purshii, Dc. (3) disjunctiflorum, Mx. 
 (4) argentea, Ph. 
 
214 CRYI'SIS, CUOURBITA. 
 
 3—2. Cryp'sis. Lk. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 virginica, W. (1) (S. 21.) spikes oblong, tliick-lobed: stem procumbent, geniculate; 
 joints numeroas, approximate: leaves involute, rigid; pungent. S. Y. P. 
 
 SoutJiem. 
 squarrosa, N. (W. ^.) stem decumbent, branching: capituli squarrose, few-flowered: 
 leaves short, rigid, pungent. 
 
 2—2. Cryp'ta. 86. Elat. ton—. 
 
 minima, (2) (mud purslane, w-g. S.) stem dichotomous, decumbent, striate: leaves 
 wedge-oval or obovate, opposite, sessile, entire, papillose above, with very minute 
 stipules: flowers axillary, sessile, solitary. P. T. Very abundant on the shores 
 of the Hudson, between high and low water mark, about a mile below Albany. 
 
 5 — 2. Cryptotae'nia. 45. 60. U.-nbe. ston?,. nar. if nau. 
 
 canadensis, (3) (O. w. J. 2X.) the lower umbels originate from the axils of the upper 
 leaves: fruit oblong, stem glabrous: leaves ternate, smooth; leafets rhomb-ovate, 
 acute, gash-toothed. 1 — 2 f. Mch. 
 
 Cucubalus, SiLENE. 
 
 19—15. Cu'coMis. 97. Cucur. edi-f. ref. s. diu. f. &h. cat. 
 Ezotic. 
 
 colocynthis, (bitter apple. -^.) leaves many-cleft: fruit globose, glabrous. Fruit very 
 bitter, poi. cath. 
 
 anguira, W. (prickly cucumber.) leaves palmate-sinuate: fruit globose, echinate. 
 
 anguinis, (snake cucumber. 0.) leaves lobed: fruit cylindric, very long, smooth, 
 contorted, plaited, 
 
 melo, W. (muskmelon. y. Ju. 0.) angles of the leaves rounded: fruit oblong, toru- 
 lose. Sweet-scented, lax. 
 
 sativus, W. (cucumber, y. Ju. 0.) angles of the leaves straight: fruit oblong, sca- 
 brous. Brought from Asia. lax. 
 
 19 — 15. Cucur'bita. 97. Cucur. edi-f ref s. ole & diu. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ovifera, W. (egg-squash. ^.) leaves cordate, angled-5-lobed, denticulate, pubescent: 
 
 pepo with fiUet-like stripes lengthwise. 
 verrucosa, (W. club squash, y. J. 0.) leaves cordate, deeply 5-lobed; middle lobe 
 
 narrowed at the base, denticulate: pepo clavate, a little warty. 
 melu'pepo, W. (flat squash, y. J. 0.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, denticulate: 
 
 pepo depress-based, swelled at the margin. 
 pejw, W. (punipkin. y. Ju. Q-) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, denticulate: pepo 
 
 roundisii or oblong, smooth, Var. potiron, has the fruit more or less flattened. From 
 
 Asia. 
 citruUus, W. (watermelon, y. Au. #.) leaves 5-lobed: the lobes sinnate-pinnatifid, 
 
 obtuse: pepo oval, smooth. Fruit watery, often striped. From Africa and the 
 
 south of Asia. 
 lagenaria, W. (gourd, calabash, w, Au. 0.) leaves cordate, round-obtuse, pubescent, 
 
 denticulate, with 2 glands at the base on the under side: pepo clavate, somewhat 
 
 woody. 
 
 Crypsis. Gr. krupsis, concealment, from the floweis being hidden in the sheath of the 
 
 leaf 
 Crypta. Gr. krvpto, to conceal, the stamens being concealed in the capsular calyx. 
 Cryptotaenia. Gr. kruptos, concealed, tainia, fillet, in allusion to concealed edgings 
 
 to the fruit. 
 Cucumis. Lat. cucumis, said to be derived from the Celtic cuce, a hollow vessel. 
 Cucurbita. Lat. cucurbita, a vessel, derived likewise from Celtic cuce, a hollow 
 
 vessel; a cucurbit. 
 
 (1) Agrostis virginica, W. (2) Peplis americana, Ph. (3) Sison canadensis 
 L. Sison trifoliatum, Mx. Uraspermum. N. 
 
CUCURBITA, CYMOTTERUS. 215 
 
 Southern? 
 foetidissima, Kunlh? (1) (W. Ju. 7X>) stems procumbent, sulcata: leaves alternate, 
 long-petioled, somewhat erect, triangular-cordate, scabrous, glaucous, thick; mar- 
 gin sinuate, undulate: fruit globose, smooth, sub-sessile: tendrils trichotomous. 
 
 13 — 1. CuNtLA. 42. Labi. stem. ton. 
 
 mariana, L. (dittany. W. r-b. J. 2X.) leaves ovate, serrate, sessile: corymbs axillary 
 and terminal, dichotomous. Diaphoretic, Bw. 5'. Y. P. H. F. M. Highlands. 
 
 Cunila, Hedeoma. 
 
 11—1. Cu'pHEA. 91. Sali. ast. vul. 
 
 tiscosissima^ (wax-bush. W. p. J. ^.) viscous: leaves opposite, petioled. ovate-ob- 
 long: flowers with 12 stamens, lateral, solitary: peduncles very short. -S. Wash- 
 ington CO. Stevenson. V. P. H. M. K. 
 
 19 — 15. CupREs'sus. 100. Coni. e. hea. ton. exp. 
 
 thyoides, W. (white cedar. O. M. >-.) branchlets compressed: leaves imbricate four 
 
 ways, ovate, tubercled at the base: strobile globular. S. 
 disHcha, W. (W. Feb.) leaves distichous, flat, deciduous: sterile florets paniculate, 
 
 leafless: strobile spherical. S. 
 
 5 — 2. Cus'cuTA. 44. Conv. h. cat. 
 
 4imericana, W. (dodder, love-vine. O. w. Au. 0.) flowers peduncled, umbelled, 5- 
 cleft: stigma capitate. A bright yellow leafless vine, twining around other weeds, 
 in damp places. Mch. 
 
 europeaj (flax -vine. E. w. Au. 0.) flowers sub-sessile: stigma acute: stamens 4 or 5. 
 
 Cyamus, Nelumbium. 
 20—12. Cy'cas. 100. Cycod. emo. amy. pith. 
 
 Remark. This plant is inserted because it is a genus much distinghished in Vege- 
 table Physiology for its naked seeds; and its being intermediate between the Pines 
 and Ferns. 
 
 Exotic. 
 circinalis, (sago plant,) frond pinnate; leafets lance-linear, acute, 1-nerved, flat. East 
 Indies. 
 
 18 — 1. Cymbid'ium. 21. Orch. nut — . emo — . 
 
 pHlchellum, Sw. (2) (grass pink. O. r. Ju. Zf.) radical leaves ensiform, nerved: scape 
 few-flowered: lip erect, slender at the base: lamina spread: di«;k concave, bearded. 
 Var. graminifolia, leaves 1 to 2 lines broad; bracted ones acuminate. 12 — 18 i. 
 S. Mch. 
 
 5 — 2. Cimop'terus. CO. Umbe. stom. nar. if nau. 
 
 glancus, N. (y. A. p. 21.) stem stipe-form or none: leaves twice cut-pinnate, seg- 
 ments sub-pinnatifid; teeth somewhat oblong, apiculate: peduncles shorter than 
 the leaves: involucre and involucels halved. JR. 
 
 Cunila. Gr. konile, the ancient name for the pennyroyal. 
 
 Cuphea. Gr. kuphos, crooked or gibbous; alluding to tlie capsules. 
 
 Cupressus. Gr. kud, to bear, and parisos, equal, alluding to tlie regularity of its 
 branches, or from latpros, the Greek name of the island Cyprus. 
 
 Cuscuta. Modern Gr. Lassuta, perhaps from /{ussvo, to sew together; or from an 
 Arabic word. The ancient name of a parasitical plant. 
 
 Cycas. The name of a little palm of Etiiiopia. It is now applied to a Chinese plant, 
 the pith of wliich is manufactured into tlie srigo of the shops. 
 
 Cyinbidium. Gr. kumbe, a iittle boat, referring to the shape of the li[). 
 
 Cymopterus. Gr. kunia, a wave, pteris, a wing; tiie wings of the fruit being undu- 
 lated. 
 (1) Silene. Cucumis? perennis, James. (2) Limodorum, tuberosum, L. Callopo- 
 
 gon pulchellus, Br. 
 
.216 CYMOPTERUSj CYNOSCIADIUM. 
 
 terebinthinus, Doug. ( ) glabrous: root thick, fusiform, from which ooies a viscid 
 resinous gum: leaves triply-pinnalifid, glaucous: divisions short, linear, acute: pe- 
 duncles long: general involucre 0; leafels of the partial involucres linear, short,- 
 the half fruit with 5 broad, undulating wings. R. A. 
 
 glomerata, Dc. (W. w. J. 21.) polygamous; smooth; low: stem sub-decumbent: 
 leaves cut-biternate; lobes short; obtuse, decussate; petioles long: umbel short, 
 4 to 6-rayed: involucre 0; involucels halved, 5 to 7-parted. 
 
 18 — 5. Cynan'chum. 47. Ascle. acr. etim. erne. sud.i 
 
 Soiithern. 
 
 angustifolium, M. (1) (L. y-g. Ju. 1[.) twining: leaves linear, entire: flowers um- 
 
 belled: peduncles the length of the leaves: divisions of the calyx Mnear. 
 ■laevi, Mx. (2) (W. p. J. 2i-) shoots somewhat glabrous: leaves sub-conoid-cordate', 
 gradually acute, nerved, pubescent beneath: flowers glabrous; divisions of the corol 
 oval-oblong, obtusish: follicles smoolli. 
 .scoparium, N. (E. g-y. ^.) stem twining, striated, naked, (excepting young branches:) 
 branches opposite: leaves linear, remote: umbels sessile, small floweied. 
 
 17 — 1. Ct'nara. 54. Cardu. sec-stim. if nau-cat. lax. 
 
 Exotic; 
 
 .•tardunculus, (cardoon. 2X0 leaves spiiiose, all pinnatifid: scales of the involucre ovatf. 
 
 ■scolymus, (garden artichoke. 2X)Jeaves sub-spinose, pinnate: scales of the involucre 
 
 ovate. Naturalized. 
 
 3 — 2, CYNo'noN. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 •dactylon, P. (3) (An. 21-) creeping: spikes digitate, (4 — 5) spreading: keel of the 
 glume scabrous: leaves hairy on the margin and base: sheaths hairy. 1 f. S. 
 
 5 — 1. Cynocjlos'sum. 43. Borag. r. 1. emo. ast. 
 
 wffidnale, (hound-tongue, tory-weed. O. p. .1. $ .) very soft pubescent: leaves broad 
 lanceolate, sessile: racemes panicled. Mch. 
 
 ■amplezicaule, Mx. (4) (wild comfrey. W. w. & b. J. 21.) very hirsute: leaves oval- 
 oblong; upper ones clasping: corymbs terminal, leafless, long-peduncled. S. F. 
 W. M. H. V. O. P. N. D. Mch. 
 
 Southern, 
 .sylvaticum, S. (green-leaved hound-tongue, b. Ju. ^.) nakedish: leaves spatulate- 
 
 lanceolate, shining, scabrous beneath: racemes scattered. 
 ,pilos^im? (W. w. M.) hairy: radical leaves spatulate-oblong; cauline ones lance- 
 
 'Oblong, obtuse: flowers axillary, sub-spiked, secund. 
 
 5 — 2. Cynoscia'dium. 60. Umbe. stom. nar. if nau. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 digitatum, Dc. (5) (W.) leaves cut-palmate, segments 3, linear, very entire: fruit 
 
 ovate, tapering to the base in a neck. Arkansas. 
 tpinnatum. See iEthusa. 
 
 Cijnosurus, Eleusine, Chloris. 
 Cynthia, Krigia. 
 
 Cynanchum. Gr. kuon, (kunos) dog, and agcho, to strangle, having the same mean- 
 ing as Apocynum. 
 
 •Cynara. Linneus says it is from kuon, (kunos) dog, on account of the stiff", hard 
 spines of the involucre, which resemble the teeth of a dog. 
 
 Cynodon. Gr. kuon (kunos) dog, odous, tooth, probably referring to the acute corol. 
 
 Cynoglossum. Gr. kuon (kunos) dog, and glossa, tongue, from the resemblance of 
 the leaves. 
 
 Cynosciadium. Gr. kuo7i (kunos) dog, haiadas, hell: supposed to be destructive to 
 dogs. 
 (1) Ceropegia palustris, Ph. (2) Gonolobus, Mx. (3) Digitaria, E. Panicum, L. 
 
 t(4) virginicum, L. (5) CEnanthe digitata, N. 
 
eypERUs. 217 
 
 3—1. Cype'rus. 9. Gype. far. nut. sug. 
 
 injkxus, M. (1) (W. Au. ^ ?) umbel 2 to3-rayed, or conglomerated and simple: invo- 
 lucre 3-leaved, very long: spikelets collected into ovate heads, oblong, 8-tlowered: 
 glumes squarrose at the tip. 2 — 3 i. S. V. Y. B. N. Canada. 
 
 Jlavesccns, L. (yellow grass. O. Au. Zf.) spikelets linear-lanceolate, in fascicles of 
 3 to 4: glumes obtuse: style 2-cleft and lenticular: involucre 3-Ieaved, longer than 
 the spikes. 6—8 i. 5'. 
 
 castaneus, Bvv. (2) spikelet^ ovate-lanceolate, involucre three-leaved, longer than the 
 umbel. 
 
 nuttaU'ii. T. (W. L. Au. If.) culm acute-triangular: umbel radiated or sub-sessile, 
 loose; rays short: involucre 4-leaved; two leaves longer: spikelets linear-lanceolate, 
 compressed, acute: -stamens 2: style 2-cleft: nut oblong-obtuse, compressed. 
 5—12 i. Peekskill. 
 
 diandrus, T. (S. Z[ ) culm slender, obtuse triangular: umbel sessile, or 1 — 2, rayed: 
 involucre 3-leaved; two of the leaves longer than the umbel: spikelets lanceolate- 
 oblong, much compressed, many-flowered, (14 — 16): glumes margined, acutish, 
 keeled: stamens 2: style 2-cleft: nut oval, compressed. 8 — 12 1. B. N. Mch. 
 
 de?itatus, T. (3) (S.) umbel compound, (6 to 10-rayed:) involucre 3-leaved, longer 
 than the umbel: Spikelets 3 on each ray, alternate-ovate, compressed, 8-fiowered: 
 glumes acute, nerved, spreading at the points: nut triquetrous. 1 f. B. N. 
 
 zrythrorhVzos, (4) (Au.) umbel decompound: involucre 3 to 6-leaved, long: spikes 
 alternate, linear, liorizontal: about 12-flowered, nearly terete: style 3-cleft: nut 
 triquetrous. 1 f. A beautiful grass. T. K. M. 
 
 tenuis, Sivi. (21-) spikes lanceolate, acute, 10 to l7-flowered: umbel simple: involucre 
 3 to 4-leaved: longer than the rays: root tuberous. 8 i. 
 
 pJajmalodcs, M. (W. Au.) umbel simple or decompound: involucre 3 to 9-leaved: three 
 of the leaves very long: peduncles compressed: spikelets distichous, linear; lower 
 ones branched, about io-flowered; sides rather convex: glumes oblong, obtuse: 
 radicles tuberous at the extremities. 1 f P: T. O. H. Mch. 
 
 comjjresstis, L. spikes digitate, somewhat in foursj lanceolate: glumes mucronate, 
 broad, membranaceous. 3 — 8 i. jS. La. 
 
 rircns, Mx. culm acute-triangular: umbels decompound: spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 
 capitate: involucre very long. 1 — 2 f Sf. C. 
 
 mariscoidcs, E. (W. Au.) umbel simple or 1 to 2-rayed: spikelets capitate, linear, 
 7 to 8-flowered: glumes loose, obtuse. 8—12 i. S. B. O. H. P. N. T. D. M. 
 Mch. 
 
 odoratus, L. (Au.) spikejets corymbed, subulate, remote, distichous: glumes some- 
 what distant: smaller umbels very spreading, about the length of their involucres. 
 
 Si. 
 
 Jlamco'mis, Mx. (W.) culm triquetrous; umbel compound: spikes linear-lanceolate, 
 
 7-flowered, (10 to 12-tlowered, E.); glumes obtuse: involucre long, reflexed. S, 
 
 T. C. S— C. 
 articulaius, Vahl (Ju. ?'.) stem columnar, naked, jointed, erect, 3 — 6 f S. 
 kilU.ngaeoi'des, Vahl. (J.) head globose: spikes oblong, convex, about 8-flowered: 
 
 involucres 4-leaved, and with the keeled leaves loose. S. 
 strigosns, E. (W. S.) spikes oblong, loose; spikelets subulate, expanding, a little 
 
 remote: small involucres generally Wanting; partial umbels. with alternate rays. 
 
 2—3 f S. C. B. P. N. T. Mch. 
 alternijhrus, Sz. (W. 2X.) spike corymb-umbelled, compressed, central, sub-sessile; 
 
 spikelets distichous: florets alternately distant: glume broad-ovate, keel mucronate. 
 
 If D. Mch. • ■ 
 
 minimus, W. ( ) culm capillary, terete: spikes solitary or in pairs: involucre 
 
 1-leaved. 
 
 Soiithern. 
 poaeformis, Ph. (VV. Ju.) spikes oblong, flattened, corymb-iascicled: fascicles sessile 
 
 and peduncled: involucre 3-leaved, very long. 8 i. N. 
 Jascimlaius, E. spikelets ovate-oblong, many-flowered, in terminal fascicles: involucre 
 
 2-leaved, and with the leaves linear, very narrow. 6 i. 
 
 Cyperus. Gr. hiparos, a small, round vessel, which its roots resemble. 
 
 (1) uncinatus, Ph. ('2) flavescens, Var. castaneus. Ph. (a) parviflorus, M. 
 (4) tenuiflorus, L. strigosus, Sw? 
 
 28 
 
218 
 
 CYPERUS, CYRTORHVNCHA. 
 
 autumnalis, Vahl. (Ju.) spikes linear, terminal, digitate, somewhat in threes: umbel 
 as long as the 2-leaved involucre. 
 
 vtgctus, Vahl. (Ju.) stem slender, obtusply 3-angled: umbels decompound; spikelets 
 oval, in compact globose heads: involucre very long. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 formosus^ Vahl. (W. 2i-) spikelets ov-ate, lanceolate, capitate: involucre about 6- 
 leaved, very long, scabrous at the margin. 
 
 filiculmis, Vahl. spikelets linear, in globose heads, expanding: umbel about 1-rayed: 
 involucre 2-leaved, with the stem setaceous. 
 
 Jilicinvs, Vahl. (Ju. 21.) spikelets linear-lanceolate, somewhat remote, loose-imbri- 
 cate: involucre 3-leaved, longer than the umbel, witli tlie leaves loose. 
 
 gracilis, M. (S. Q.) stem slender, acutely 3-angled: leaves 3-angled: umbels com- 
 pound; spikelets linear-lanceolate. 12 i. S — C. 
 
 tdragaitus, E. '( ) spikes oblong, cylindric: spikelets somewhat 4 angled, few- 
 
 flowered: small involucre wanting. 2— '3 1". 
 
 distans, Vahl. ( ) spikes distichous; spikelets filiform, expanding: florets distant: 
 umbel straight. 
 
 speciosus, Vahl. (S.) spikes corymbed; spikelets subulate, distichous: partial umbels 
 shorter than the small involu>cres: ochrSas 2-awned: stem acutely angled. 2 — 4 f. 
 S-C. 
 
 enslen'ii, Ph. (Au.) spikes corymbose, oblong, branching at the base, naked; spikelets 
 numerous, divaricate, crowded, linear, about 6-flowered: valves oblong, striate: in- 
 volucre 8-leaved, as long as the umbel. 
 
 18 — 2. Cyprip^'dium. 21. Orch. r. amy. emo. diu. 
 
 candidum, M. (white ladies' slipper. W. w. M. If.) stern leafy: leaves lance-oblong: 
 lobe of the style lanceolate, obtusish: lip cdmpressed, s'hort.er than the lanceolate 
 petals. P. JVIch. 
 
 parciflorum, Sy. (1) (common ladies' slipper. W. y-g. M. 2X0 stem leafy: lobe of 
 the style triangular, acute: outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate; inner ones linear, 
 contorted; lip shorter than the petals, compressed. 8. Y. P.C. V. T. 
 
 puhescens, W. (2) (yellow ladies' slipper. VV. y. M. 21.) stem leafy: lobe of the style 
 triangular-oblong, obtuse: outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate; inner ones very 
 long, linear, contorted; lip compressed, shorter than the petals. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 T. O. P. D. F. N. M. Mch. Produces Salep. 
 
 spectabile, W. (3) (gay ladies' slipper. W. w. & p. J. 2X0 stem leafy: lobe of the 
 stvle oval-cordate, obtuse: outer petals broad-oval, obtuse; lip longer than the pe- 
 tals, not split before. 18 i. S. W. T. Y. N. P. F. C. V. D. O. Maine. M. Mch. 
 
 acaule, A. (4) (low ladies' slipper. W. w. & p. M. 2X0 scape leafless, 1-ilowered: 
 leaves radical, in pairs, oblong, obtuse: lobe of the style lound-rhomboid, acumi- 
 nate, deflexed: lip longer than the lanceolate petals, split before. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 T. C. B. O. F. D. P. N. M. Mch. 
 
 artednum, A. (w. r. g. M. 2X.) stem leafy: lobe of the style orbicular, obtusish; pe- 
 tals 5; the two lower ones lance-linear, deflexed; the two lateral linear spreading; 
 upper one ovate-oblong, acute; lip of the length of the petals, ob-conic before, sac- 
 cate. 6 i. Canada, Maine. Damp. P. 
 
 5 — I. Cykil'la. 51. Eric. diu. ast. 
 Southern, 
 racem'ifiora, L. (5) (w. J. \.) leaves lanceolate, cuneate at the base, coriaceous, 
 ve.-y smooth: petals thrice as long as the calyx. 15 f. Sandy woods, Carolina. 
 Charleston, La. 
 
 Cyrilla, Pickeringa. 
 
 12 — 12. Cyrtorhyncha. 61. Ranu. acr. poi. 
 
 ranunculina, N. (y. J. 2f.) leaves somewhat coriaceous and shining; radical ones on 
 
 Cypripedium; Gr. kvpris, Venus, a.nd podion, slipper, from the form of the nectary. 
 
 Cyrilla. In honor of Dr. Cyrilli, an eminent botanist of Naples. 
 
 Cyrtorhyncha. Gr. kurtos, curved, rngchos, beak; in allusion to the incurved subu- 
 late stigma. 
 (1) calceolus, Mx. (2) flavescens-. Redout, calceolus, Wr. (3) canadense, Mx. 
 
 album, A. reginae, \Vr. (4) humile, W. (5) Carolinian a. Ph. Itea cyrilla, AV. 
 
CYRTORHYNCHA, DALIBARDA. 219 
 
 long petioles, the sub-divisions pinnatifid; lobes entire, or 2 or 3-toothod. A span 
 high. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Cytissns, Genista. 
 
 D. 
 
 3 — 2. Dac'tylis. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 gloincrata, L. (cock's foot grass. W. J. 21- ) Panicle secund, o'lomerate: leaves cari- 
 nate. 2—3 f. ^'. T. C. B. F. P. N. AI. S. C. 
 
 17 — 2. Dah'lia. 55. Helia. ton. sec-sti. sud. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 supcrflua, (P. Ju. to Nov. Zf.) rays fertile: petiole winged; leafets smooth beneath. 
 
 6 f. Mexico. Should be pronounced, Daulia. Eng. 
 frustrahia, (r. S. lo Nov. Z(.) rays barren: petiole wingless; leafets roughish beneath. 
 6 f. Mexico. Var. coccinca, (scarlet daily) racliis of leaves winged: leafless, ovate; 
 acuminate, serrate, shining, and smooth beneatli: outer calyx reflex^d. Var. au- 
 rantia, (orange daily) racliis of leaves naked: leaflets ovate-acuminate, serrate, 
 roughish beneath: outer calyx spreading. Var. bUea, (yellow daily) leaves pin- 
 nate, leafets linear, pinnatifid toothed. 
 
 16 — ^10. Da*lea. 93. Legu. nut asc. ape. 
 
 ornatum, Doug. (1) (W. ) spike oblong-cylindric: bracts longer than the villose 
 calyx: leafets in 2 or 3 pairs, oval-oblong, glabrous. R. 
 
 formosa, T. & J. (W. p. \ .) suffruticose, very branching, glabrous: leafets some- 
 what in 5 pairs, wedge-oblong, retuse, black punctate beneath: spikes lax, few- 
 flowered, short-peduncled: bracts ovate, shorter than the calyx: ealyx plumose- 
 villose. 
 
 jamesii, T. (p. y.) whole plant silky: leaves trifoliate; leafets obovate, very obtuse 
 
 Soulkeni, 
 
 aurea, N. (W. y. Ju. 2i.) erect: spikes dense, cylindric: bracts rhomboid-ovate, as 
 long as the calyx: calyx woolly-villose: leafets (about 9) obovate, pilose be-neath. 
 2 f. Louisiana. 
 
 laxijlora, Ph. (W. w. Ju. 2i-) somewhat glabrous: stem very branching above: 
 branches lax, elongated: spikes panicled, elongated, with remotish enneandrous 
 flowers: bracts roundish, rnucronate, keeled: calyx silky-villose: leaves about 4 
 pairs, linear. 6 f. Louisiana. 
 
 alopecuroidcs, W. (2) W. b. Ju. 0.) spikes oylindric, peduncled, terminal, silky, 
 crowded: bracts about as long as the calyx: leaves 6 to 12 pairs, oval, (toothed 
 near the summit:?) retuse, niucronate. 1 f. Mississippi. 
 jamesii, T. (p-y.) whole plant silky: leaves trifoliolale; leafets obovate, very obtuse: 
 stipules spiny: spikes oblong, sessile: calyx deeply cleft; segments setaceous, plu- 
 mose, longer than the vexilluni; keel longer than the wings. Oregon. Psoraiea, 
 jamesii. 7th edition. 
 
 lanuginosa, N. ( p. ZX- ) decumbent, canescently tomentose: leafets 4 to G pairs, 
 obovate-cuneate, emarginate, glands few, large: spikes elongated, rather loose: 
 bracts ovate, with along acuinination: teeth of the cal}'x plumose, subulate, dilated 
 at the base, as long as the tube. Arkansas. 
 
 D-xlea, Astragalus. 
 
 11 — 13. Dahbar'da. (3) 92. Rosa. ast. ref-feb. r. stom. 
 
 •pens, Lk. (4) (spice. root, false violet. W. A. w. J. 2i.) villose: having ere 
 shoots: leaves simple, cordate, crenate: peduncles 1-flowered. T. Cat. Mt. and '. 
 
 Dactylis. Gr. dactulos, a finger, in allusion to the shape of its spikes. 
 Dahlia. In honor of Dahl, a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linneus. 
 Dalea.. In honor of Samuel Dale, an J^nglisli botanist. 
 Dalibarda. In honor of M. Dalibard, a French botanist. 
 
 (1) Petalostemon, Hk. (2) cliffbrtiana, V\i. Pctalostemon, do. Dalea linnaci, 
 Mx. (3) Comaropsis, Do. (4) violacoides, Mx. Rubus dalibarda, W. 
 
2SiO DALIRARDA, DATURA. 
 
 fragaroides, Mx. (1) (dry strawberry. W. y. M. 21.) leaves ternate; leafets wedge- 
 form, gash-serrate, ciliate: peduncles inany-flowered: tube of the calyx obconic. 
 5—8 i. T. O. Hanover, N. H. Mch. 
 
 Southern, 
 lohata, Bald. (y. M. Zf-) hairy: leaves nearly round, cordate, lobed-crenate, ciliate; 
 stem somewhat naked: peduncles many-flowered. 5 i. 
 
 3 — 2. Dantho'nia. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 spicata,W. (2) (wild-oats. W. Ju. 2i.) panicle simple, appressed; spikelets 7 to 9, 
 about 7-flowered: outer palea hairy: leaves subulate: lower sheaths hairy at the 
 thioat. 18^24 i. C. O. M. N. T. D. M. Mch. 
 glumosa, Mx. (3) (Ju.) culm erect: raceme compound; branches 2 and 3-flowered: 
 * spikelets 9 to 13, 8 and 9-flowered, somewhat shorter than the glumes: paleas very 
 unequal, outer lanceolate, densely villose on the margin, bristly, 2-cleft at the apex, 
 with a central twisted awn; inner valve ciliate, much shorter. >S'. Y. 
 
 8- — 1. Daph'ne. 25. Thym. cau — . cat — . 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 meze'rcum, (mezereon. r. &. w. M. ^.) flowers sessile, cauline, in threes: leaves 
 
 lanceolate. Var. rubra, has red flowers. Var. alba, has white flowers. 4 f. 
 odo'ra, (sweet mezereon. vv. Ap. \.) having many flowers in little terminal heads: 
 leaves scattered, lance-oblong, glabrous. 3 f 
 
 15 — 10. Darlingto'nia. (4) 93. Leg. asc. ape. ton. 
 
 intermedia, T. «fe J. (W. 2_C.) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous: leaves 8 or 9 pairs; 
 leafets 20 to 24 pairs, oblong-linear, with glands between the lower leaves; little 
 heads solitary, axillar}', peduncled: legumes ialcate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 brach/ioba, Dc' (W. 2X-) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous: leaves 6 to 8 pairs; leafets 
 16 to 24 pairs, linear, with glands between the lower leaves: little heads solitary, 
 axillary, peduncled; legumes shortish, lanceolate. Kentucky, Slc. 
 
 glanduLo'sa, Dc. (W. 2i-) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous; leaves 12 to 14 pairs; 
 leafets 20 to 30 pairs, linear, with glands between all the leaves; little heads soli- 
 tary, peduncled, axillary: legumes laleate. Tennessee. 
 
 20—12. Datis'ca. 98. Dati. nar. ton. ano. 
 
 /wT-to, W. (false hemp. y. 21-) stem hirsute: leaves pinnate; leafets running together 
 at the base. Flowers small, panicled. P. 
 
 5 — 1. Datu'ra. 41. Sola. poi-{-. nar. 1. esc. conv, cpi. ast. 
 
 stramo'nium, L. (green thorn-apple. O. w-b. Au. Q.) pericarps spinose, erect, ovate; 
 
 leaves ovate, glabrous, angular-dentate. S. Mch. 
 tat'vla, L. (purple thorn-apple. O. b. Ju. 0.) pericarps sninose, erect, ovate: leaves 
 
 cordate, glabrous, toothed. This species is considerecT only a variety of the first 
 
 bv some botanists. Stem reddish. &. M. Mch. 
 inetd, W. (W. w. J. 0.) leaves cordate, nearly entiie, pubescent; pericarps prickly, 
 
 globose, nodding. Naturalized about N. Haven. 
 
 Datithonia. In honor of M. Danthoin, a French botanist. 
 
 Daphne. After the nymph Daphne, in allusion to Ler change into a laurel, which 
 
 some species of this genus resemble. 
 Darlin^tonia. In honor of Dr. William Darlington, of Pennsylvania, author of 
 
 Flora Cestrica. 
 Datisca. Probably from Gr. daiusso, to devour, because it spreads rapidly, and 
 
 destroys other plants. 
 Datura. An alteration of the Arabic name tatorak. About Goa and Canara it is 
 
 called DatuTO. 
 
 (1) Dryas trjfoliata, Pallas. (2) Avena, L. (3) seiicea, N. Avena, L. 
 
 (4) Acacia, Mimosa. 
 
DATURA, DELPHINIUM, 221 
 
 ceraiocaulon, Ort. (w. Ju. 0.) leaves ovate, lanceolate, wavy, beneath hoary: stem- 
 dichotomous, cornute: pericarps obovate, pendulous. 
 
 5 — 2. Dau'cus. 60. Umbe. stom. r. nut. cata. ulc. 
 
 caro'ta, W. (carrot. W. w. J. $.) carpels hispid: petioles nerved underside; divisions 
 of the leafets narrow-linear, acute. 2 — 3 f. Naturalized and cultivated. 
 
 pusiUus, Mx. ( ) stem relrorsely hispid:' leafets with the segments very small, 
 linear-lanceolate: umbels small: carpels muricate, with S-crested ribs. Var. viicro- 
 phijlluf (W) stem sot't-villose: leaves with gash-linear segments. 16—18 i. P. R. 
 Carolina. Red River. 
 
 fnicruplnjUus, Dc. ( ) stem with soft hairs at the base turned backwards: leaves 
 cul-bi-pinnate, villous; segments cut into linear divisions: leafets of the involucre 
 pinnatifid, about equalling the small crowded umbel: pricides of the ovate fiuit 
 about equalling its breadth. R. A. 
 
 DcCodoH, LXTHEUM. 
 
 11 — 1. Decuma'ria. 89. Phil. ton. ape. 
 Southern. 
 
 harhara, W. (decumary. w. Ju.) Jeaves ovate-oblong, acute at each end, slightly 
 
 -serrate. 
 sarmentosa, W. (J.) leaves ovate, acute, rounded at the base, serrate at the top. 
 
 Charleston, S. C. Florida. 
 alata, stem compressed: leaves pinnate, confluent, ribbed, linear, entire. In the sea. 
 
 12 — 2. Delphin'ium. 61. Ranu. acr. cau. poi. dra-eme. h. cos. 
 
 exaltatum, W. (1) (W. A. b. Ju. Zf.) petioles not dilated at the base; leaves flat, .3- 
 cleft below the middle; lobes wedge-form, 3-cleft at the apex, acuminate; lateral 
 ones often 2-lobed: racemes straight: spur longer than the calyx. 2 — 4 f. S. P. 
 R. M. 
 
 azureum, M. (2) (W. b. M. 2{.) petioles slightly- dilated at the base; leaves 3—5- 
 parted, many-cleft; divisions linear: racemes straight: petals densely bearded: 
 flowers sliort pedicelled. 2'f. S. K. 
 
 zires'ccns, N. (W. g-w. If.) pubescent; nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the Scalycine 
 petals, inner laminae densely bearded: leaves 3-parted; divisions linear, sub-trifid, 
 lower ones divaricate. 8 — 12 i. S. D. 
 
 simplex, Douglass (W.) pubescent: petioks dilated at the base; leaves 3-parted, with 
 deep linear divisions: racemes simple, straight: petals bearded; spur straight, 
 longer than the limb. Rocky Mt. and west. 
 
 hicolor, N. (y. »t b. Ap. Zf.) small; somewhat villose; few-flowered: leaves digitate, 
 5-parted; lobes 3 — ,5-cleft, divisions linear, ?hort: bracts undivided: petals shorter 
 than the calyx; lower ones hairy: spur curved, of tlie length of the calyx. R. 
 
 pauciflorum, N. (b.) somewhat hirsutely pilose: petioles scarcely dilated; leaves reni- 
 fonn, lobes bifid or trifid, linear and entire: bracts simple, minute: raceme 3 — 5- 
 flovvered: spur subulate, straight, about the length of the oblong-acutish petals: 
 stigmas and styles smooth: root grumous. Oregon, Rocky Mts. 
 
 depaiiperatuin, N. (b. y.) lower part of the stem glabrous; upper part and the carpels 
 densely villose: petioles scarcely dilated; leaves renitbrm 5-parted; the lobes 2 — 
 3-cleft, obfong and rather broad: bracts simple, minute: raceme 1 — 5-flowered: 
 spur subulate, straight, longer than the oblong, obtuse petals: stigmas and styles 
 pubescent: root grumous. Oregon. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 consolidum. (larkspur. W. b. Ju. ^.) nectaries 1-leaved: stem sub-divided. Natural- 
 ized. 4 f. 
 
 Daucus. The Greek name of the carrot. 
 
 Decumaria. Lat. decuma, or decema, tenth, in allusion to the division of the flower 
 
 and fruit into tenths. 
 Delphinium. Gr. delphin, the dolphin, because the nectaries are like the head of that 
 
 fish. 
 
 (1) tridactylum, Mx. urceolatum, Ju. (2) carolinianum, Wr. 
 
222 DELPHINIUM, DENTARIA. 
 
 staphisagrium, (b. Ap. $.) nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the petals: leaves palmate, 
 
 with obtuse lobes. 2 f. 
 ajacis, (rocket larkspur, b. Au. C--) nectary 1-leaved: stem simple. 2 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tricorne. Mx. (W. b-w. M. 2i-) petiole scarcely dilated at the base, glabrous: leaves 
 5-parted; divisions 3 — 5-cleft, segments linear: nectary shorter than the corol: car- 
 pels arched, expanding from the base. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 californkum, T. (b.) petioles dilated at the base; leaves palmately 3 — 5-cleft; divisions 
 incisely 3-lobed: raceme strict, and with the flowers, pubescent: spur as long as the 
 calyx, incurved; limb of the superior petals notched; lower ones 2-cleft, densely 
 bearded on the inside; the claw furnished with a minute spur-like process at the 
 base. California. 
 
 mmincum, Don. (b. Ju. Aug.) petioles scarcely dilated at the base; leaves flat, 3-part- 
 ed; segments cuneiform, obtuse, 3-lobed, mucronate; uppermost ones linear, un- 
 divided or 3-parted: racemes loose, velvety: limb of the inferior petals bifid at the 
 summit; spur straight, as long as the sepals: ovaries silky. 1 — 3 f. Texas. 
 
 variegatum, T. (b. y.) pubescent: petioles dilated at the base; leaves 3-parted; divi- 
 sions cuneiform, many-cleft, with the lobes linear and rather obtuse: raceme few- 
 flowered: spur scarcely as long as the sepals; lower petals orbicular-ovate, 3-lobed, 
 with the middle lobe small, sparingly bearded. 1 — 2 f California. 
 
 nudicaule, T. (p-r.) leaves all radical, on short petioles, 3-parted; lobes obovate-cunei- 
 form, the lateral ones 2-lobed, terminal one somewhat 3-lobed: scape racemose, 
 loosely flowered; pedicels elongated: spur straight, longer than the broadly ovate 
 sepals; upper petals a little exceeding the calyx, lower ones 2-cleft, with a minute 
 spur-like process at the base. 12 — 18 i. California. 
 
 12—2. Dendromecon. 62. Papa. e. nar. ano. ast. acid. 
 Soutliern. 
 rigidum, (Benth. y. T).) glabrous, branching: leaves rigid and coriaceous, articulated 
 with the stem, lanceolate or oblong, cuspidate, acuminate, strongly reticulate, 
 denticulate on the margin: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, flowers large. A shrub. 
 California. Poppy tree. 
 
 14 — 2. Desta'kia. 63. Cruc. asc. nut. r. con. 
 
 diphylla, Mx. (tooth-root, trickle, pepper-root. W. w. M. Zf.) stem 2-leaved: leaves 
 
 ternate, ovate-oblong, unequally gash-toothed: root toothed. 6—8 i. S. R. T. 
 
 O. F. N. V. M. Mch. 
 laciniata, W. (1)(W. w. M. 21.) leaves in threes, ternate; leafets 3-parted, segments 
 
 oblong, gash-toothed: root tuberous, moniliform. 8 i. S. T. Y. D. N. M. O. P. 
 
 C. Niagara. M. Mch. 
 heteroplnjlla, N. (W. p. w. J.) stem 2-leaved: leaves ternate, petioled; leafets linear, 
 
 sub-lanceolate, acute, entire; margin rough, ciliate: radical leafets ovate oblong, 
 
 coarsely gash toothed. Very small. Always one radical leaf with a long petiole. 
 
 P. 
 maxima, N. (W. p. !(.) leaves numerous, alternate, petioled; leafets ternate, sub- 
 oval, gash-toothed; lateral, ones lobed: axils without glands: racemes lateral and 
 
 terminal. 12 — 18 i. 
 macrocarpa, N. ( ) root fibrous and tuberous: radical leaf 3-foliolate, the leafets 
 
 reniform and lobed; cauline leaf solitary, 3-parted, the segments entire, obtuse: 
 
 silique very long. Oregon. 
 
 Southern, 
 multifida, M. (p.) stem 2-leaved; leafets many-parted: segments linear, somewhat 
 
 acute. 10 i. 
 tenella, Ph. (W. p. Au. 21-) stem 2-leaved: leaves distant, sessile, ternate; leafets 
 
 linear-oval, entire: petals wedge-form. 
 integrifolla, ( ) rhizoma tuberous: tall and rather robust: radical leaves bifoliate, 
 
 leafets roundish oval; cauline 3, alternate, 3-parted or trifoliolate; divisions linear- 
 
 Dendromecon. Gr. dendron, tree, mekon, poppy. 
 
 Dentaria. Lat. dens, a tooth, because the roots are furnished with projecting angles, 
 
 which resemble the molar teeth of quadrupeds. 
 
 (1) concatenata, Mx. 
 
DENTARIA, DICHONDRA. 223 
 
 oblong, acute, entire: siliques rather short, on long pedancles: petals very large, 
 la— 18i. Upper California. 
 californica, N. ( ) rather robust: leaves trifoliolate; cauline ones alternate; leafets 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, creiiate or incisely denticulate, acute: siliques lanceo- 
 late-linear, rather long. 12 — 18 i. Upper California. 
 
 Dcsmodium, HEDYSAEUiM. 
 
 Diamorpha, Seddm. 
 
 10 — 2. Dian'thus. 82. Cary. emo. 
 
 armcria, L. (pink. k. Ju. ^.) flowers aggregate, fascicled: scales of the calyx lance- 
 olate, villose, equalHng the tube. I f Introduced. New Jersey. C. B. 
 
 repens, W . ( ) stem 1 -flowered: calycine scaler 2, ovate lanceolate, acuminate, 
 
 a little shorter than the calyx: petals toothed: leaves linear, glabrous. N. W. 
 Coast. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 barbatus, (sweet william. r. & w. Ju. Zf.) flowers fascicled: scales of the calyx ovate, 
 subulate, equalling the tube: leaves lanceolate. 
 
 caryophyllus, (carnation, r. »&. w. Ti.) flowers solitary: /scales of the calyx sub- 
 rhomboid, very short: petals crenate, beardless: leaves linear-subulate, channelled. 
 By rich culture, the stamens mostly change to petals. 
 
 chinensis, (china pink. Ju. 0.) flowers solitary: scales of the calyx subulate, spread- 
 ing, leafy, equalling the tube: petals crenate: leaves lanceolate. 
 
 plumarius, (single pink. r. «& w. Zf.) flowers solitary: scales of the calyx sub-ovate, 
 very short and obtuse, awnless: corol many-cleft, with the throat hairy. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 caroUnianus, Wr. ( ) flowers aggregate: peduncles long: scales smaller than the 
 halved tube. 
 
 5 — 1. Diapen'sia. 44. Hydr. ton. 
 
 lapponica, W. (1) (A. w. Ju. 2X.) cespitose: leaves spatulate, glabrous: flowers pe- 
 dunculate: anthers oblique, awnless. White hills. Bw. 
 
 cuneifolia, Sy. (2) (A. w. J.'^.) creeping: leaves lance wedge-form, pubescent below: 
 flowers sessile: anthers horizontal, beaked at the base. S. Y. White hills. 
 Peck. 
 
 3 — 2. Diarrhe'na. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 americana, M. (W?Ju. 21.) culm erect, almost naked, slender, slightly compressed, 
 scabrous above: sheaths sub-pubescent: panicle raeemed: branches few-flowered, 
 appressed: spikelets about 2-flowered: florets diverging. H. Mch. 
 
 5 — 2. Dichon'dra. 44. Conv. r. cate. 
 
 Soiitlierii. 
 
 caroliniensis, Mx. (p. J. Z[-) pubescent: leaves reniform-emarginate, one-colored: 
 calyx villose, ciliate. Creeping. La. 
 
 Dicliroma, Dichromena. 
 
 Dianthus. Gr. Dis. (Dios) Jupiter, and antlios. flower; so called from the fragrance 
 
 and elegance of the genus. 
 Diapensia. An ancient Gr. name of the Sanicle, as a vulnerary. 
 Diarrhena. Gr. dis, two, arrene, rough, alluding to the two rough keels on the upper 
 
 chaff's. 
 Dichondra. Gr. dis, two, and ckondros, a grain; from the double nature of the cap 
 
 sule. 
 
 (1) obtusifolia, Sy. -(2) Pyxidanthera barbulata, Mx. 
 
224 DICHROMENA, DIGITARIA. 
 
 3—2. Dichro'mena. 9. Cype. far. fod. ton. 
 
 ieucocepli'ala, Mx. (An. 2i-) involucre somewhat 3-leaved, white at the base: head 
 white. 1 f. C. Charleston, S— C. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ciliata, Ph. (Ju.) involucre and leaves clliate at the base: spikelets oblong, tapering. 
 latifolia, Bald. (J. 2i.) involucre many.-leaved, large, with the leaves white: heads 
 compressed: leaves very long, loosely sheathing the stem'. 9 — 18 i. 
 
 21—1. Dickso'nia. 5. Fill. sec. stim. 
 
 pilosiuscula, W. (I) (fine haired fern. Ju. 2£.) frond bipinnate: leaves decurrent, ovate 
 oblong, pinnatifid; divisions somewhat 4-toothed: fruit dots solitary: rachis pubes- 
 cent: stipe glabrous. 2 — 3 f. S. C. P. H. 
 
 16—10. DiELYTRA. (2) Legn. bit. deni. 
 
 cucullaria, Dc. (colic- weed. O. y. w. M. Zf) corol 2-spurred: scape naked: raceme 
 
 simple, 1-sided: nectaries divaricate, of the length of the corol: style enclosed. 8^ 
 
 12 i. S. R. Mch. Corydalis cucullaria. W. H. 
 formosa, Dc. (A. r. M. H.) scape naked: raceme somewhat compound, nodding, 
 
 many-flowered; nectaries very short, incurved: style extended: rogt tuberous. 
 
 6—10 i. S. V. O. N. Canada JVIch. Corydalis furmosa, Ph. 
 canadensis, Dc. (g-w. p. April.) spurs short, rounded; wing of the inner petals pro- 
 jecting beyond the summit: raceme simple 4— G-tiowered. Canada to Kentucky. 
 
 Corydalis canadensis, Goldie. 
 saccata, N. (r.) spurs short, very obtuse, saccate; wings of the inner petals scarcely 
 
 projecting: raceme somewhat" compound, few-flowered: stigma triangular, entire: 
 
 leaves numerous: rhizonia creeping. Oregon. 
 lachenaliaefolia, Dc. (p.)snurvery short and obtuse: scape 3— 4-flowered: pedicels 
 
 longer than the calyx: leaves many-cleft, with linear very acute lobes. Islands 
 
 N. W. America. 
 
 5 — 1. DiERviLLA. 58. Cape. ast. fra. 
 
 canadensis, M. (3) (bnsh honeysuckle. O. y. J. >>.) peduncles axillary and terminal, 
 dichotomous, 2^-flowered: leaves ovate, serrate, .acuminate. 2-^3f. &'. Mch. 
 
 13 — 2. Digital'is. 37. Sed. h. abs-f. diu-f . feb-j-. dro. cpi. ast. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 purpurea, (foxglove, p. Ju. i^.) sepals ovate, acute: corol obtuse; upper lip entire: 
 
 leaves lance-ovate, rugose. 
 intermedia, (p. Ju.) sepals lanceolate, equal: corol slightly pubescent; upper lip 
 emarginate, 2-cIeft, leaves pubescent at the margin and base. Flowers in Sept. in 
 A. P. Pleartt's garden, 1838. 
 
 3 — 2. Digita'ria. 10. Gram. far. fod. 
 
 sanguinalis, Scop, (finger-grass, crab-grass. W. S. 0.) spikes numerous, fascicled, a 
 little spreading: leaves and sheaths somewhat' hairy; spikelets oblong; florets pu- 
 bescent on the margin. 1—2 f. 8. C. T. O. F. P. N. V. M. Mch. S. C. . 
 
 Dichromena. Gr. dis, two, and chroma, color, alluding to the variegation of white 
 
 and green in the corol. 
 Dicksonia. In honor of James Dickson, a distinguished Cryptogamic botanist of 
 
 Great Britain. 
 Dielytra. Gr. dis, two, elutron, outer wing. 
 
 Diervilla. In honor of M. Dierville, a French surgeon who discovered it. 
 Digitalis. Lat. digitule, a thimble, or finger of a glove, from the resemblance of the 
 
 flowers. 
 Digitaria. Lat. digitus, a finger, the spikes being digitate or finger like. 
 
 (1) pubescens, Sh. Aspidium punctilobum? W. Nephrodium punctilobium, Mx. 
 (2) Corydalis, Dc. (3) lutea, Ph. humilis, P. tournefortii, Mx. Lonicera diervilla, L. 
 
DiClTARIA, DIOSt'YROS. 225 
 
 glabra, R. »fc S. (W. Au. 0.) spikes digitate, sub-alternate (3 — 4,) spreading: leavea 
 and sheaths sinootli: spikelets ovate, crowded: glumes equal to the abortive floret, 
 both hairy. 1 f. C. H. 
 
 serotina, Mx. (W. 2f.) decumbent: leaves and sheaths very pubescent: spikes numer- 
 ous, setaceous: spikelets all pedicellate: inferior glume very minute. 12 — i8 i. 
 S. C. T. 
 
 filiformis, E. (W. Au. t^-.) culm erect, filiform: leaves somewhat glabrous: spikes 2 — 
 4, filiform, erect; spikelets in threes, all pedicellate: glumes as long as the abortive 
 floret, pubescent. 12— 18i. .S'. Y. T. C. M. N. M. L. C. Mch. 
 
 paspaloides, Mx. (Au. 0.) spikes in pairs, sub-villose at the base: rachls broadish, 
 glabrous: flowers solitary, imbricate two ways, glabrous: leaves spreading; sheaths 
 glabrous, villose at the neck: culm creeping. S. Y.P.N. 
 
 'S — 1. Dila'tris. is. ITaeni. ton. dye. 
 
 iinctoria, Ph. (1) (red-root, y.' Ju. ZfO petals lanceolate, downy outside: panicle co- 
 rymbed, downy: leaves long, naked, linear. 2 f. iS. 
 
 4 — 1. Dio'urA. 57. Cinch. feb4-. ton. 
 
 virginica, W. (w. Au. Zf.) glabrous: stem procumbent, nearly terete: leaves lanceo- 
 lite: corol glabrous within: fruit oblong, glabrous. S. Charleston, S— C. 
 
 Soiitliern. 
 tetrago'na, "Wt. (w. M. 7S.) stem procumbent, somewhat angled, nearly glabrous: 
 
 leaves cordate-ovate: stipules subulate. S — C. 
 hlrsuta, Ph. (w. S. 2[.) hirsute: stem procumbent: leaves lanceolate: stipules nearly 
 
 setaceous. Perhaps a variety of the last. E. S — C. 
 teres, Wr. (2) (W. .Ju. #.) stem terete, procumbent: leaves lanoe-linear: lobes of 
 
 the stipules setaceous, longer than the fruit: corol bearded within: fruit ovate, 
 
 pubescent; crowned with the 4 lanceolate lobes of the calyx. 4 — 12 i. S. P. Y; 
 
 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 10 — 1. Dion^e'a. 68. Dros. acr — . ton — . 
 
 Southern. 
 
 muscipula, W. (venus' fly-trap. w. Ju. ![.) radical leaves, with terminal ciliate 
 
 appendages, somewhat resembling a rat trap; this is suddenly closed on being 
 
 irritated. 
 
 20 — 6. Diosco'rea. 12. Dios. nut-ton. amy. 
 
 vUlosa, L. (3) (yam root. J. IS-) leaves alternate, opposite and whorled, cordate,- 
 acuminate, pubescent beneath, 9-nerved; lateral nerves simple: stem climbing. iS'. 
 P. Y. C. B. F. D. Owego. S. C. M. Mch. 
 
 quaternata. Wr. (4) (J. ZC-) leaves verticiilate by fours, and alternate, cordate, acu- 
 minate, glabrous, 7 to 9-nerved; lateral nerves divided. Stem climbing. P.M. 
 
 20 — 13. Diospy'ros. 49. Eben. f. edi. ton. b. ast-(-. feb. w. cab. 
 
 vlrginiana, (persimmon, seeded plum. vv-y. JNI. h.) leaves ovate-oblong, acuminata, 
 glabrous, reticulate-veined; petioles pubescent: buds glabrous. Var. puhescens, 
 leaves oblong, acute, pubescent beneath; petioles long: fruit bearing i'cw seedsj 
 This is made a distinct species by Pursh. /S'. Y. P. F. C. O. S. C. M. ebony 
 
 Dilatris. Gr. dis, double, and latris, servant or attendant, because Bergius found twb 
 
 long, and one short stamen. 
 Diodia. Gr. diodos, way or passage; in allusion to its growing by w'ay sides. 
 Dionaea. From Dione, a name of Venus, from the elegance and delicacy of its 
 
 flowers. 
 Dioscorea. In honor the Greek botanist, Dioscorides. 
 Diospyros. Gr. Dios, Jupiter, inApuros, fruit, from the excellence of the fruit. 
 
 (1) heritiera, P. Lachnanthes, E. (2) Spexmacoce diodea, Mx. (3) panicu- 
 lata, Mx. (4) glauca, M. 
 
 29 
 
226 DIOTIS, IJIRCA. 
 
 19—4. Dio'tis. 29. Chen. Ion—. 
 Southern, 
 lanata, Ph. (W. J. '/.) all over hoary-tomenlose: stem flexuous: glomeiules of the 
 spikes very crowded. 
 
 6—1. Diphvll'ia, 78. Berb. ref. ton—. 
 
 - Southcni. 
 eytnosa, Mx. (A. w. J. 2_f.) very glabrous: leaves sub-palmate, angularly lobed, sei- 
 rate: lobes ucuminale: cyme many-flowered. 
 
 17 — 2. DiPLui'Ar'pus. 55. Aste. ton. sec-sti. 
 
 albus, Lind. (W. y. w.) leaves lance-linear, sub-entire, scabrous, base long, narrow 
 below, petioled: stem simple, corymbed, scabrous, branchlets somewhat 1-tlowered, 
 sub-aphyllous: leafets of the involucre oblong-linear, sub-glabrous, obtuse. D. 
 
 cancscens, H. ( ) hoary pubescent: leaves lance-linear, very entire; very narrow 
 
 at the base below, long petioled: stem simple, corymbose: branchlets 1-fiowered, 
 long, leafy: leafets of the involucre narrow, very acute, hirsute-.scabrous. A. 
 
 grandiflorus , H. ( ) canescent: stem sub-decumbent, branching below the base: 
 leaves linear-oblong below, spatulate: branches mostly simple, one-tiowered, na- 
 kedish: leafets of the involucr^narrow, very acute, hirsute-scabrous. R. 
 
 incaims, Lindl. ( p- ) wholly whitish: leaves linear, soft, distant, acute, finely 
 mucronate: branches long, corymbose, forming a head; apex naked: leafets of the 
 ovate, glandulous involucre linear, in manj^ series, outer ones squarrose. 2i f. 
 A. 
 
 filifolms, H. ( y. ) hoary: leaves all linear-filiform: branches long, sub-corymbose, 
 1-flowered: leafets of the involucre imbricate, narrow, acute, pubescent-scabrous: 
 egret white. 10—12 i. R. 
 
 linearis, H. ( ) low: stems sub-caespitose, erect, simple, apex nakedish, 1-flower- 
 ed: leaves all linear-filiform, sub-spatulate, flower terminal: leafets of the involu- 
 cre narrow, pubescent-scabrous: egret yellow. 4 — 6 i. R. 
 
 pinnatifidus, H. ( y. 2_f.) stems numerous from the same root, erect, much branched 
 above: corymbs many-flowered: leaves sub-bipinnatifid, segments narrow-linear, 
 mucronate, with terminal hairs: leafets of the involucre linear subulate, mucro- 
 nate, pubescent. R. 
 
 hiitpidus, II. ( y. ) wholly hairy, hispid with spreading hairs: leaves oblong-spatu- 
 late, Jiarrow at the base, sub-petiolud: branches subrcorymbose: leafets of the in- 
 volucre narrow, acute, somewhat glabrous: egret downy. A. 
 
 4 — 1. Dips'acus. 56. Dips, ton — . 
 
 sylvcslris, L. (wild teasel. O. b. Ju. ^'.) leaves connate, and opposite, sinuate: chaff 
 straight: head involucred. 3 — 4 f. &'. 
 
 Exotic, 
 fidlo'num, (teasel, w. Ju. (^' .) leaves sessile, serrate: chaft" hooked. 3 — 6 f. 
 
 S — 1. Dui'cA. 25. Thym. b. cat. 
 
 palustris, W. (leather-wood, moose-wood, american mezereon. W. y. Ap. \.) leaves 
 oval: flowers axillary, 2 or 3 in a hairy bud-like involucre. Small bush; bark very 
 lough. 1-5 f. ;S'. T. C. O. F. D. r. N. V. M. 
 
 Diotis. Gr. dis, double, and ous, (otos ) ear, from the two appendages which exist 
 at the base of the florets. 
 
 Dipliyllia. Gr. dis, double, and yhviiun, leaf, because the plant has two leaves. 
 
 Diplopappus. Gr. diploos, douiile, pappus, woolly flower or egret, on account of the 
 egret being in a double series. 
 
 Dipsacus. Gr. dipsakos, teasel, also diabetes. It is from dipsa, thirst; as the dia- 
 betes excites thirst, and the teasel was used as a remedy. 
 
 Dirca. Gr. dirka, a fountain or wet place, its usual place of growth. 
 
discoplf,(;ra, draba, 227 
 
 5 — 2. Discopi.eu'ra. (1) GO. Umbe. stom — . 
 
 capillacea, Dc. (bishop weed. w. Au. Q.) erect or procumbent: umbels 3to lO-rayed; 
 
 leafets of the invohicre 3 to 5, almost all trifid. Wet. Carolina to Boston. C. N. 
 nuttttlUi, Dc. (45.) erect: umbels with 20 rays: leafets of the involucre mostly 5— 
 
 6; involucel o-leaved, about equalling the little umbel. Red river. 
 
 Ti — 1. Dodeca'theon. 35. Prim, nar — . 
 
 meadia, W. (false cowslip. W. p. M. 21-) leaves oblong-oyal, repand- toothed: um- 
 bels many flowered, lax: brcicts oval. Woods near rivers. 8 — 10 i. jS. P. H. 
 M. Chicago. 
 
 integrifoLium, Mx, (W. b. J. Ti-) leaves sub-spatulate, entire: umbels few-flowered, 
 straight: bracts linear. P. 
 
 8 — 1. DouoNAEA. 65. Sapin. f. det. acr. nar. sap. 
 fioiithcrn. 
 viscosa, L. ( ) leaves viscous, ovate-oblong, cuneiform at the base. St. Augus- 
 
 tine, Florida. 
 
 16 — 10. DoLicHos. 93. Leg. ath-f. irr-f. 
 
 mulliflorus, T. (p. w. Zf.) stem twining pubescent: leaves orbicular, short acuminate, 
 nearly glabrous when mature: racemfes axillary,, densely spiked, many-flowered, 
 about as long as the petioles. 5 — 10 f. Arkansas, Georgia. 
 
 purpureuSf L. (wild cowhage. p. 0.) twining: stem glabrous: petioles pubescent: 
 corol with spreading wings. P., La. 
 
 Exotic, 
 pniriens, (cowage, or cowitch. p. %.) twining: leaves hairy beneath: legumes in ra- 
 cemes: valves slightly keeled, hairy: peduncles in threes. Legumes covered with 
 stinging hairs, ath-j-. 
 
 Southern, 
 luteolus, W. (w-y. Ju. C«-)chmbing, pubescent: leafets ovate, acuminate: peduncles 
 longer than the leaves: .spikes short, somewhat capitate: banner broad, reflexed; 
 wings rhomboidal. 4 f. 
 
 - 17 — 2. Don'ia. 55. Eupa. ton. sec-stim. feb. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 squarrosa. Ph. (W. y. Aw. IS-) herbaceous: leaves clasping, serrate: scales of the 
 
 involucre filiform at the apex, squarrose, revolute. Whole plant viscous. 3 — 4 f. 
 lanceolata, W. ( ^.) glabrous: leaves half clasping, linear-lanceolate, cut-serrate: 
 
 scales of the involucre filiform, straightish. Arkansas. 
 jinhesccns, JV. ( ,^ ?) leaves clasping, oblong-ovate, acute, sharply serrate: branches 
 fastigiate, pubescent, somewhat l-flowered. Arkansas. 
 
 Doronicum, Arnica. 
 14 — 1. Dra'ba. 63. Cruc. asc. edi. ase. 
 
 caroliniana, Wr. (2) <W. w. Ap. %.) flower-bearing stems naked: leaves oval acute, 
 very hirsute: silicles long-linear, glabrous, approximate. 1 — 2 i. S. Y. C. 
 
 glabella, Ph. (0.) scape about 2. leaved, erect: leaves lance-spatulate, somewhat 
 glabrous: raceme dense-flowered: silicle lance-ovate, acute. 
 
 Discopleura. Gr. diskos. disk, pleura, side, in reference to the fruit. 
 
 Dodecatlieon. Gr. dodeica, twelve, and theos, divinity. An old name renewed by 
 
 Linneus on account of its beauty. 
 Dodonaea. In honor of Dodoens, an old botanist. 
 Dolichos. Gr. doUrhog, long; so called from its long stem. 
 Donia. In honor of .John Don," an acute Scotch botanist. 
 Draba. Proliably from tlie Gr. drasso, to sneeze, from the effect it has on the nose 
 
 when eaten. 
 
 (1) Sison. Ammi, Mx. (2) umbellata, M. hispidula, Mx. 
 
incana, W. (J. $.) cauline leaves hoary, numerous, with interwoven stellate hairs: 
 silicle oblong, oblique, mucronate with a very short style. R. 
 
 ffrabhans, Mx. (1) (^V. M. $.) stem leufy, rarely branched: radical leaves wedge- 
 lanceolate; cauline ones lanceolate, acute: silicles acuminate with the permanent 
 style. /S'. P. New England, Canada. 
 
 alpinu, L. (S. Ap. Zf.) scape naked, simple: leaves lanceolate, entire, spreading: pet- 
 als sub-einargiiiale. R. 
 
 kirta, L. (rough whitlow grass, w. Ap.) scape few or 1-leaved: leaves oblong, acute, 
 dentate somewhat hirsute: silicle oblique, pediceljed. R. 
 
 glaciaUs, Ilk. (W. y. ) scape naked; leaves Jance-linear, rigid, entire, radiate-hairy: 
 petals twice as long as the calyx: silicles long-racemed, oblong-ovate: style short. 
 Rocky Mts. 
 
 algida, Dc. (L. y.) flaccid: scape short, naked, spread-pilose: leaves oblong, flat: 
 leaves and calyx pilose; hairs mostly simple: silicles sub-corymbed, elliptic, gla- 
 brous. 
 
 pligosperma, H. (w.) scape naked, sub-pubescent: leaves erect, rigid, linear, ciliate, 
 somewhat shining on both sides, but especially towards the apex, stellately pubes- 
 cent: petals twice as long as the fine haired calyx: silicles pubescent, long-racemed, 
 elliptic, acute at both ends, 4 — 8-seeded: style | as long as the silicle. A. 
 
 pauciflora, H. (y. ) scape leafless: scape and pedicels pilose: leaves lanceolate, very 
 entire; hairs simple and forked: petals spatulate, scarcely longer than the hirsute 
 calyx: germ glabrous. A. 
 
 Tfiicropttala, H. (w.) scape leafless; scape and pedicels pilose: leaves broad lanceo- 
 late, somewhat veiny, entire ;''hairs forked and simple: petals narrow-spatulate, 
 scarcely exceeding the sub-pilose calyx: silicles elliptic: stigma sessile, emarginate. 
 A. 
 
 muricclla, Dc. (w.) scape naked, velvety leaves oblong, entire, stellately pubescent; 
 bluish- velvety: silicles lance-oblong, glabrous. A. 
 
 ohlongatci, Dc. ( ) scape naked, sub-hirsute, with woolly pubescence: leaves cespi-^ 
 tose, oblong-linear, entire; ciliate and velvety silicles oblong-oval, velvety. A. 
 
 con/mhosa, Dc. ( ) scape naked, finely hispid: leaves densely cespitose, oblong, 
 tapering to the base, ciliate and sub-hispid: silicles oval, corymbose, finely hispid. 
 A. 
 
 rupeslris, Br. ( ) scape naked or 1-leaved, pubescent: leaves oblong-spatulate, sub- 
 hirsute and ciliate: silicles oblong, pubescent or glabrous: style very short; stigma 
 emarginate. R. Probabh- identical with D. niraiis. W. 
 
 lapponica, Dc. ( ) scape naked, very glabrous: leaves lanceolate, very entire, fine- 
 haired: silicles lance-ovate, pedicelled and very glabrous. A. 
 
 steUata, Dc. scape 1-leaved, pubescent: leaves oval-oblong with short stellate pubes- 
 cent down: pedicels fine-haired: siliques oblong. A. 
 
 laevipcs, Dc. ( ) scape naked or 1-leaved, pubescent: leaves ovate with short stellate 
 pubescent down: silicles long-linear, pedicelled, very glabrous. R. 
 
 crassifolia, Graham, (w. y.) scape naked or 1-leaved: pedicels and calyx very glabrous: 
 leaves linear-spatulate, sub-fleshy, witii simple ciliate hairs: petals letuse at the 
 apex, a little exceeding the calyx. R. 
 
 confusa, Dc. ( ) stem leafy, sub-ramose, short-velvety with stellate pubescence: 
 leaves oblong, sub-dentate: silicle oblong, pubescent, longer than the pedicel. R. 
 
 ■^nalaschiaiKi, Dc. stem leafy with simple pubescence: leaves ovate-oblong, entire, 
 pubescent: silicles oblong, finely hirsute: petals twice as long as the calyx, limb 
 pbovate, emarginate. A. 
 
 aurca, Vahl. (A. y.) pubescent: stem erect, leafy: leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, 
 acute, entire or dentate: corymbs terminal and axillary: silicles lance-oblong, 
 pubescent, three times as long as the pedicel: petals emarginate: style rather long. 
 R. 
 
 lutea, Gilib. (y.) pubescent: stem ramose, leafy: leaves oval; cauline ones lanceolate, 
 dentate: silicles elliptic-oblong, glabrous, about 30-seeded, about one third as long 
 as the pedicel. A. 
 
 vmralis, L. (w.) pubescent: stem ramose, leafy: leaves broad ovate; cauline ones 
 cordate, sub-amplexicaule, deeply toothed: silicles oval-oblong, about 16-seeded, a 
 little shorter than tbe pedicel. 
 
 densifuUa, N. ( ) densely cespitose, in somewhat globose tufts: leaves closely 
 imbricated, oblong-linear, strongly ciliate, and hirsute with nearly simple hairs: 
 
 (1) Arabis, F. 
 
, DRABA, DROSERA. 229 
 
 ecapes naked, hirsute: sllicle ovate, pubescent; with a style about one third its 
 length: cells mostly 2-seeded. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nemoralis, W. (W. y. M.) sparingly branched: radical leaves spatulate-oblong; cauline 
 ones sessile, or clasping, ovate, sub-dentate: sllicle pubescent. 
 
 ramosissima, Desv. (Ap M. w.) puberulent: stems numerous: leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late, remotely and sharply laciniale-tootlied: racemes corymbosely paniculate: 
 silicles lanceolate, attenuate at each end, j)ubescent: style one fourth the length of 
 the silicle. Virginia, Kentucky. Alyssum dentatum in 7th edition. 
 
 cuneifolia, N. (w. M. A.) hirsute-pubescent: stem branching below: leaves sparingly 
 toothed; radical ones spatulate-oblong; cauline ones few, oblong-ovate, somewhat 
 attenuate at tlie base: racemes ratlier elongated in fruit: silicles oblong-lanceolate, 
 minutely hispid, twice as long as the pedicels: petals emarginate. 3 — 8 i. Mis- 
 souri, Arkansas, West Florida. 
 
 platycarpa, T. (w.) canescently hirsute with branching hairs: stem branching below, 
 the branches leafy: leaves remotely toothed; radical ones obovate; cauline oblong 
 closely sessile: racemes elongated in fruit: silicles obovate-oblong, minutely hispid, 
 shorter than the pedicels: i)elals emarginate. 3 — 8 i. Texas. 
 
 hrachycarjia, N. (w.) minutely pubescent, simple or branched: radical leaves 
 roundish-ovate, petioled; cauline oblong or linear, minutely toothed or entire: 
 racemes many-Bowered, strict, elongated in fruit: siliques oval, glabrous, about the 
 length of tlie pedicels: cells 5 to G-seeded: style very sliort, petals entire. 
 
 micrantim, N. (w.) stem leafy and hispid below, naked and smooth above: leaves 
 cuneate-obovate, hispid, entire: silicles linear, minutely hispid, much longer than 
 the pedicels. St. Louis, Arkansas. 
 
 terna, L. (w. M. A. 0.) scapes naked: leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed: petals 
 2-parted: silicles elliptical. Canada to Virginia. Erophila ameiicana and vulgaris, 
 D. C. 
 
 Draha, Erophila. 
 
 Dracaena, Convallaria. 
 
 13 — 1. Dracoceph'alum. 42. Labi. stom. ton. 
 
 tirginianum, W. (dragon-head. W. p. An. 2+-) spikes elongated, with the flowers 
 crowded: bracts subulate: teeth of the calyx nearly equal, siiort: leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, serrate. 1 — 2 f. S'. P. Niagara Falls. 
 
 dcnticuLatinn, W. (1) (VV. p. in. 71.) spikes elongated, with remote flowers: bracts 
 subulate: teeth of the calyx nearly equal: leaves obovate-lanceolate, toothed above. 
 
 P- 
 
 variegatum, Vent. (2) (W. p. J.) spikes short, square: bracts ovate, acuminate, as 
 .long as the calyx; teeth of the calyx somewhat unequal: leaves closely sessile, 
 oblong-lanceolate, toothed near the summit. H. 
 
 Exotic, 
 canariensc, (balm of gilead herb.) flowers spiked: leaves ternate oblong. 
 
 Sunthcrii. 
 cordaium, N. (W. b. J. Zf.) stem and petioles pubescent: leaves cordate, obtusely 
 
 crenate, somewhat hirsute above: spikes second; pedicels 2-brarted. 
 parcifloTuni, N. (W. w. Ju. Q .) flowers verticillate, sub-capitate: leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, deeply serrate, ])elioled, bracts foliaceous, ovate, ciliate, serrate: serratures 
 mucronale: teeth of the calyx unequal, scarcely shorter than the corol. 
 
 Dracontluni, Ictodes. 
 
 .5 — 0. Drose'ka. GS. Dros. acr. ton — . 
 rotundifolia, (sun-dew. O. y-w. Au. 2i.) scape simple: leaves nearly orbicular, nar 
 
 Dracocephalum. Gr. drakou, a dragon, and kephile, head. A name applied in the 
 
 same sense as Lamium, Galeopsis. 
 Drosera. Gr. drosos, dew, from the moisture which exudes from the leaves. 
 
 (1) Prasium purpureum, Wr. (2) Prasium incarnatum, Wr. 
 
230 DROSERA, KOHITES. 
 
 rowed at the base; petioles long, downy. Var. capillaris, leaves spatulate. Wet 
 
 01 damp. 4 — 8 i. »S. Mch. 
 longifulia, (1) (W. y-w. Ju. Zf.) sub-cauline, many-leaved: leaves slenderly spatulate 
 
 (or obovate and long petioled;) petioles naked; peduncle (or scape) naked. Wet. 
 
 3— G i. .S'. T. P. Y. C. B. N. D. Mch. 
 Jiliformis, R. (2) (p. J. 24!.) scape sub-ramose, terete, glabrous: leaves very long, 
 
 fililorni: styles 6 to 9. Wet. 1 f. Y. C. B. 
 linearis, Goldie. ( 2X.) leaves linear, obtuse: petals very long, naked: having a 
 
 few-flowered scape: calyx glabrous. Lake Simcoe, in Canada, and Vermont. 
 
 Doubtful. R. D. Mch. 
 anglica, Huds. ( ) leaves linear-spatulate, erect; petioles elongated: seeds with an 
 
 ariliiform testa. N. W. Coast. 
 
 Soutliern. 
 brevifolia, Ph. (w-r. J. H.) very small: scape rooting, simple: leaves short, wedge- 
 form, scarcely petioled: petals oval. 
 
 5 — 2. Drcmmondia. 84. Cist. stom. ton. 
 
 mitelloides, Do. (y. Zf.) leaves radical, petioled, cordate, orbicular, lobed, doubly 
 crenate: scape erect, long, spike racemed. R. 
 
 11—12. Dry'as. 92. Rosa. ast. ref. feb. 
 
 integrifolia, Vahl. (3) (A. w. Ju. 2f.) small-leaved; leaves ovate, acute, cordate at the 
 
 base, very entire, flat, white-tornentose beneath: peduncles one-flowered. White 
 
 Hills. 
 octopetala, W. (mountain avens. A. w. Ju. 2_[.) leaves ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, 
 
 rugose, white-tomentose beneatii: peduncles one-tiowered. 
 drummonilii, Rich. (y. ) leaves elliptic, sub-attenuate at the base, crenate-serrate; 
 
 under side and prominent veins white-tomentose: segments of the calyx ovale. 
 
 A. R. 
 
 3 — 1. Dun'cHicM. (4) 9. Cype. far. nut. sug. 
 
 spatha'ceum, Rd. (galingale. O. g-y. Ju. Zf.) stem columnar, 3-cornered above: 
 leaves pointing in three directions: spikelets spreading, somewhat 6-flowered, sub- 
 ulate, in axillary racemes. Var. canadense. spikelets few, erect, somewhat 10- 
 flowered. 1— 2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 17 — 5. Echi'nops. 54. Card, sec-stim. 
 Exotic, 
 sphwoccph'alus, (globe-tliistle.) leaves pinnatifid: stem branching. 
 
 18 — 5. Echi'tes. 47. Apoc. acr. feb. erne. sud. 
 Southern, 
 difformis, Wr. (w-y. M. Au. 2J..) climbing: lower leaves nearly linear; upper ones 
 oval-lanceolate, acuminate: raceme corymbed: stamens included. Charleston, 
 S— C. Florida. 
 
 Drummondia. In honor of Drummond, an eminent Scotch botanist, who made 
 numerous discoveries in the botany of N. America. 
 
 Dryas. Named by Linneus from tlio Dryodes, sylvan goddesses, to whom the oak 
 ( dnis) was sacred: the leaves resembling those of tiie oak. 
 
 Dulichium. Gr. du (duo) two. and lichen, scab or scale, in allusion to the two- 
 ranked scale-like glumes. 
 
 Ecliinops. Gr. ecfdnos, a hedghog, and opsis, appearance, alluding to its round, 
 prickly heads. 
 
 Echites. Gr. echis, a serpent, on account of the twisting form of its shoots. The 
 origmal plant was a kind of Clematis. 
 (1) americana, M. (2) tenuifolia, M. (3) tenelia, Ph. (4) Sclioenus, L. 
 
 Scirpus, Mx. Cyperus, W. 
 
ECHIUM, ELLIMIA. 231 
 
 5 — 1. EcHi'uM. 43. Borag. emo. ast. 
 
 vulirare, L. (viper's bugloss, blue thistle, b. Ju. ^.) stem tuberciilatc-hispid: cauline 
 leaves lanceolate-hispid: spikes lateral: slainens exsert. 2 — 3 f. (S*. Y. M. P. 
 F. C. B. H. Esopus. 4 
 
 17 — 2. Eclip'ta. 55. Ileli. ton-stim. feb. sud. 
 Southern. 
 
 erccta, W. (w. Ju. 0.) erect, dichotomous, strigose: leaves lanceolate, attenuate at 
 the base, rarely serrate: peduncles by pairs, long: involucral leaves ovate, acumi- 
 nate. Ciiarleston, S. C. 
 
 prociimbens, Mx. (AV. \v. J. O?) decumbent or assurwent: leaves long, lanceolate, 
 attenuate at the base, sub-serrate: involucral leaves lanceolately acute: disk flo- 
 rets 4-cleft. 1—3 f. K. Harper's ferry. M. S. C. 
 
 brachijpo'da, Mx. (W. Ju. S.) prostrate, divaricate: leaves lanceolate, sparingly ser- 
 rulate: peduncles solitary and paired, short; involucral leaves oval-lanceolate: disk 
 florets 5- cleft. 
 
 4 — 1 El^ag'nds. 24. Elae. ton — . 
 
 argmtea. Ph. (W. J. K) unarmed: leaves undulate, oval-oblong, rather acute, cover- 
 ed with silvery scales: flowers aggregate, (sub-solitar}'. Ph.) nodding. /S. 
 
 Eleocharia, Scirpus. ' 
 
 17 — 5. Ele'fhanto'pus. 55. Inul. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 caroUnianus, (1) W. (elephant's foot. W. r. Au. !(..) radical and cauline leaves ob- 
 long, narrowed at the base, pilose on both sides: stem erect, pilose, leafy. 2 f. 
 S. P. Charleston, S. C. M. 
 
 Southern. . 
 
 nudicaulis, E. (2) (r. Au. If-) radical leaves oval lanceolate, crenate, serrate, sub- 
 scabrous, hairy beneath: stem hairy, rough, nearly naked. 1—2 f. S. C. 
 
 3 — 2. Eleusi'ne. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 indica, Mx. (3) (dog-tail grass, wire grass. W. Ju. 00 spikes straight, erect, in 
 pairs or quarternate: rachis linear: spikelets lanceolate, about 5-flovvered: culm 
 compressed, declined. «— 12 i. &'. Y. P. C. H. M. T. Mch. 
 
 Soutlicm. 
 crunia'ta, E. (4) (Ju. O. O.) spikes quarternate, expanding, mucronate; spikelets 
 about 3-flowered: exterior glumes awned: outer paleas very acute. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 3 — 4. Ellim'ia. 64. Rese. ton. 
 
 Sottilicrn. 
 ruderalis, N. (Q. vv. ) glabrous: leaves linear, crowded, somewhat succulent: flowers 
 in short and slender spikes: seeds black, narrow-reniform. California. 5 — 6 i. 
 
 Eleusine, Oxydenia. 
 
 Echium. Gr. cchis, a serpent, from tlie seed resembling a viper's head; or, from the 
 
 spotted stem, not unlike a snake's skin. 
 Eclipta. Gr. ekleipo, to be deficient, alluding to its wingless seed; by which it is dis- 
 tinguished from Verbesina. 
 Eiffiagnus. Gr. ckia, the olive; the tree having a striking resemblance to the olive 
 
 tree. 
 Elephantopus. Gi. ehphas, elephant, and povs, foot; from the form and position of 
 
 the leaves of one species. 
 Eleusine. A name of Ceres, who was considered as protecting the cultivation of 
 
 nutritious grasses. 
 EUimia. Gr. elleimma, defective, part of the floral organs defective. 
 
 (1) scaber, Mx. (2) carolinianus, Var. simplex, N. tomentosus, Ph.? 
 
 (3) Cynosurus, L. (4) Chloris raucronata, Mx. 
 
232 ELLIOTTIA. EMPETRUM. 
 
 8 — 1. Elliot'tia. 51. Eric. diu. ast. 
 Southern, 
 racemosa, M. (w. J. ^. ) leaves alternate, lanceolate, mucronate, entire, short petioled, 
 pubescent and slightly glaucous beneath: racemes terminal. 
 
 5 — 1. Ellis'ia. 43. Hydr. emo. ton — . 
 
 Southern. 
 
 mjctelca, L. (1) (W. w. & b. J. 0.) stem decumbent, branching, leafy, brittle: leaves 
 
 alternate, petioled, pimiatifid, roughish: ilowers solitary. G — 8 i. 
 ambigua, N. (VV. b. M. 0.) stem decumbent, branching, glabrous, somewhat glau- 
 cous: leaves hirsute, lyrate-pirmatifid, sub-sessile; divisions sub-lanceolate, angu- 
 larly toothed or lobed: racemes lateral and terminal. 4 — G i. 
 
 12 — 5. Elod'ea. G8. Hype. ast. 
 
 mrginica. N. (Ju — Au. p. 2_f.) leaves sessile, clasping: stamens united below the iiiid- 
 dle. Canada, to Florida and Louisiana. Hypericumvirg. L. 
 
 peliolata, Ph. (p. Au. S. 11.) leaves attenuated into a petiole: filament united above 
 the middle. New Jersey to Arkansas. Hypericum Syn. Wr. 
 
 Elodea, Hyp£ricum, Serpicula. 
 3 — 2. El^mus. 10. Gram, far-ton. 
 
 virginicus, L. (wild rye. W. Ju. Zf.) spike erect, compressed; spikelets in pairs, 2 — 
 
 3-flowered: florets smooth: involucral bracts lanceolate, nerved. 3— 4 f. <S. T< 
 
 P. C. B. F. N. D. INIch. K. M, S— C. 
 canadensis, L. (W. Au. !{.) spike nodding at the extremity, patulous; spikelets 3 — 
 
 5-flowered: florets hairy: involucral bracts linear-subulate. Va.i: glaucif alius. (2) 
 
 leaves glaucous. Var. penchdus, spikes pendant. Is this the philadelphicus. Phi 
 
 3—4 f. S. T. C. N. Mch. 
 vUlosus, M. (,linie grass. W. Ju. 21.) spike a little nodding at the extremity, patulous: 
 
 rachis and florols hispid, pilose: spikelets geminate, 2 — 3-tlowercd: bracts linear, 
 
 pilose-ciliate, 2-nerved, shorter than the florets. 2—3 f. T. C. O. F. N. M. Mch. 
 hystrix, L. (hedgehog grass. W. Ju. 2X-) spike erect; spikelets diverging: involucreO. 
 
 3 f. T. C. O. N. B. P. M. Mch. 
 striatus, W. (W. Ju. Z(.) spike erect; spikelets 2-flowered, awned, hispid, in pairs: 
 
 bracts linear, nerved, awned, rather exceeding the spikelets: leaves and sheaths 
 
 glabrous. 3—4 f. S. B. D. 
 
 ^ Southern, 
 europeus, L. (Ju. Ti.) spike erect; spikelets 2-flowered, awned, as long as the smooth 
 involucre. 
 
 2 — 1. Elvtra'ria. 39. Acan. emo-aro. ton. 
 Soiithern, 
 virgata, Mx. (J. If.) leaves entire near the summit and with the nerves underneath 
 somewhat smooth: scales under the flower ovate, villous along the margin. 12— 
 18 i. 
 
 20 — 3. Empe'trum. 96. Empe. ton — . 
 
 nigrum, Mx. (black crowberry. A. ^.) procumbent: brvinchlets glabrous: leaves im- 
 bricate, oblong, glabrous, with a revolute margin. Whiteiiills. D. 
 
 Elliottia. In honor of Stephen Elliott, author of a " Sketch of the Botany of S. 
 
 Carolina and Georgia." 
 Ellisia. In honor of John Ellis, author of several botanical dissertations. 
 Elymus. Gr. ciiio, to fold up, alluding to the sheath which incloses the ear, in some 
 
 of the original species. 
 Elytraria. Gr. dutron, a scale, having reference to the scaly sheaths of its stem. 
 Empetrum. Gr. en, in, and pctron, a stone, referring to its habitation. 
 
 .(1) Polemonium, L. (2) philadelphicus, Sw. 
 
 ^t 
 
EMPETRUM, EPILOBIUM, 238 
 
 conradii, T. ( 'f'.) stem erect, branching: leaves with revolute edges meeting back 
 on the midrib. 8 i. Pine barrens, N. Jersey. Exhibited before N. Y. Lyceum, 
 by Dr. Torrey, Nov. 1835. I have not seen his written description. 
 
 12 — 2. — 5. Ene'mion. Raf. 61. erne. sud. poi. dra-cat. 
 
 bitematum, (W. 2{.) leaves ternate. Probably the species of an old genus. Lex- 
 ington, Kentucky. 
 
 18—5. Enslen'ia, 47. Ascl. acr. stim. 
 
 Southern, 
 ed'bida, N. (W. Ju. y-w. 71.) twining: stem marked with an alternating pubescent 
 line: leaves opposite, smooth, cordate-ovate, somewhat acuminate, sinuate at the 
 base: corymbs axillary, many-flowered, long peduncled: pedicels and calyx pubes- 
 cent. 
 
 18—1. Epiden'drum. 21. Orch. g-r. bit. d-r. sto. 
 Soutliern. 
 conopsmm, Ai. (y. Au.) stem simple: leaves lanceolate, rigid, lucid, perennial: spikes 
 erect: lamina of the hp 3-lobed; middle one retuse: inner petals narrow. Parasitic. 
 
 10 — 1. Epigae'a. 51. Eric. diu. ast. 
 
 repens, L. (trailing arbutus. W. r. & w. Ap. h . ) stem creeping: branches and petioles 
 very hirsute: leaves cordate-ovate, erjtire: corol cylindric. T. C. F. P. V. 
 
 Epifagas, Epiphegus. 
 
 8 — 1. Epilobium. 88. Onag. erno. 
 
 spicatum, Lk. (1) (willow herb. O. p. Ju. 2(.) leaves scattered, lance- linear, 
 veiny, glabrous; flowers unequal bracted: stamens declined. 4 — 6 f. Mch. 
 
 opacum, hehm. { ZC-) stern erect, pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, narrow-lanceolate, 
 sub-entire, opakely veined: flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled; style reflexed 
 glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 12 — 18 i. R. A. 
 
 latifolium, L. (p. Ju. Zi-) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, nearly entire, pubescent, with- 
 out veins: flowers unequal. Var. telrapetalum, leaves narrow, lanceolate, entire: 
 stem low. R. 
 
 coloratum, M. (2) (O. r-p. Ju. 21-) stem terete, pubescent, leaves lanceolate, serru- 
 late, pelioled, opposite: upper ones alternate, glabrous, red veined. Var. tetrairo- 
 num, has the stem 4-cornered pari of its length. 3 — 4 f. iS. Mch. 
 
 Uneare,"* M. (3) (w. & r. Ju. 2i-)stem terete, pubescent, wand-like, branched above: 
 cauline leaves opposite, branch-leaves alternate, linear, very entire: flowers few, 
 terminal, long peduncled. 1 — 2 f. Mch. 
 
 moUe, T. (W. w-p. Au. Zf. ) densely and softly pubescent: stem terete: leaves ob- 
 long-linear, sessile, very entire; lower ones opposite, upper ones alternate: flowers 
 pedicelled, sub-terminal, regular. 12 — 18 i. F. N. Mch. 
 
 palustre, W. (marsh willow-herb. O. p. Ju. li.) stem terete: leaves sessile, lanceolate, 
 sub-denticulate: stigma undivided. Damp. S. W. P. N. 
 
 alpi'num, L. (A. w-r. Au. Z[.) stem simple, sub-terete, 1 or 2-flowered: leaves oppo- 
 site, oval, entire: flowers sessile. 1 — 3 i. Whitehills. 
 
 origanifolium, Lk. (r. w.) stem creeping at the base, somewhat glabrous, nodding at 
 
 Enemion. Probably the name of an obsolete genus. 
 Enslenia. In honor of A. Enslen, a researcher in American botany. 
 Epidendrum. Gr. epi, upon, and dendron, a tree, alluding to its parasitical growth. 
 Epigaea. Gr. epi, upon, and ge, the earth, the stem growing flat upon the ground. 
 Epilobium. Gr. cpi, upon, and lobos. a. poA; the flowers growing upon the end of a 
 pod-like capsule. 
 
 (1) angustifolium, W. (2) laevigatum, Le Conte. (3) oliganthum, Mx. rosma- 
 rinifolium. Ph. squamatum, N. 
 "This and the two following species are probably synonyms of the same plant. Aikin. 
 30 
 
234 EPILOBIUM, EQUISETUM. 
 
 the apex: leaves sub-petioled, ovate, denticulate, upper ones acuminate: stigma 
 undivided, clavate: capsules peduncled, glabrous. 6 — 12 i. R. 
 
 glandulosum, Lehm. (w.) stem simple, creeping at the base, angled, glabrous: leaves 
 sessile, lance-ovate, sub-decurrent, acute, glandulous-denticulate: flowers erect: 
 stigma clavate: capsules sessile, angled, very slenderly pubescent. A. R. 
 
 tetraguiium, L. ( ) stem 4-cornered, erect, branching: leaves lance-oblong, serru- 
 late, decurrent: flowers erect: stigma clavate: capsules short pedicelled, finely 
 pubescent. R. A. Canada. 
 
 minulum, Doug. (r. 0.) stem sub-erect, terete, finely pubescent, branching: leaves 
 alternate, lance-oval, obtuse, sub-entire, pellucid-punctate: flowers nodding, minute: 
 stigma clavate: capsules short pedicelled, reflex-curved, somewhat glabrous. 
 R. A. , 
 
 luteum, Ph. (W. y. ZC.) stem 4-cornered, somewhat glabrous: leaves opposite; upper 
 ones alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate: peduncles axillary, alternate, 
 elongated: divisions of the calyx narrow, as long as the petals: style exsert; stigma 
 thick, 4-lobed. 
 
 densum, R. ( ) hairy: leaves near each other, scattered, sessile, lance-linear, 
 nearly obtuse, nerved: panicles peduncled: bracts oblong. 
 
 lepiopltyUum, R. ( ) stem branching, sub-scabrous: leaves alternate, sub-sessile, 
 linear narrow, entire, glabrous, 1-nerved, acute, narrowed at the base: flowers 
 axillary, solitary, peduncled. Dense woods in Penn. and Md. 
 
 divaricatum, R. ( ) stem branching, glabrous: branches spreading; leaves opposite, 
 petioled: petals lanceolate, acute, glabrous, unequally toothed. 
 
 tenellum, R. ( ) stem filiform"^ sub-simple: leaves opposite, glabrous, sessile, nar- 
 row-linear, entire, acute, 1-nerved: flowers few, terminal, peduncled. Penn. 
 
 Epipactis, Listera. 
 12—2. Epiphe'gus, N. (1) 36. Orob. ast. 
 
 virginianus, (2) (beech drops, cancer-root. O. y. p. Ju. Zf.) stem very branching: 
 flowers alternate, distant: calyx short, cup-form, shorter than the capsule. The 
 whole plant is yellowish-white, or brown, and of a naked appearance. 8 — 12 i. 
 S. Astringent. Bw. Mch. 
 
 Epimedium. Caulophyllum. 
 21 — 1. Equise'tdm. 5. Fili. sec-stim. 
 
 arvense, L. (horse-tail. O. Ap. If.) barren stems with simple branches: the branches 
 
 scabrous, 4-sided: fructification simple: sheaths cylindric, gash-toothed; teeth acute. 
 
 8 i. S. 
 
 hycma'le, L. (scouring rush. W. Ju. It.) stem erect, very scabrous, bearing spikes at 
 
 the apex: sheaths 2-colored. withering at the base and apex: teeth with caducous 
 
 awns. 2—3 f. -S. T. C. B. O. V. 
 syli-aiicuni, L. (W. Ap. 2,^) barren and fertile stems doubly-branched: branches 
 
 scabrous, deflected, 4-sided; branchlets somewhat 3-sided. <S. T. 
 limosnm, T. (W. Ju.) steins branched upwards, with the branches about 12 in a 
 
 whorl, simple, pentagonal, smooth. 2 — 4 f. 
 scirpoides, Mx. (O. Jn. 21.) stem simple, ascending, glabrous, filiform, bearing a 
 
 spike at the top: sheaths 3-toothed; teeth withering, with caducous awns at the 
 
 apex. 3 — 6 i. 
 ul,i"ino'sum, M. (IT.) stem erect, round, furrowed, nearly smooth, somewhat 
 
 branched: branches from the middle joints unequal: sheaths serrate above; teeth 
 
 even, acute, black. P. Y. W. C. B. 
 palustre, W. (W. J. 21-) stem simply ramose, glabrous, sulcate; branches pentagonal, 
 
 bearing spikes at their apexes. Y. C. 
 torreyanum, Stewart. (Zf-) stems branched: branches thick, roughish, hexagonal, 
 
 close-pressed to the stem: spike terminal. Perhaps not a distinct species. Y. 
 
 Epiphegus. Gr. epi, upon, sindphegas, the beech, it being parasitical on that tree. 
 Equisetum. Lat. equus, a horse, and seta, hair, alluding to the fine branches of all 
 
 the species: or its general resemblance to the tail of a horse. 
 
 (1) Orobanche, L. (2) americanus, N. 
 
 *« 
 
ERIANTIIUS, ERIGERON'. • 235 
 
 2—2. Erian'thus. 10. Gram. far. ton. sug— . 
 Southern. ' 
 
 alopecur aides, L. (1) (p. S.ZC.) hair-like involucre much longer than the glumes: awns 
 
 straight. 6—10 f. 
 hreviburbis, Mx. (p. S. If.) panicle somewhat spreading: hair-like involucre shorter 
 
 than tlie glumes: awns straight. 3 — 5 f. 
 strktua, Bald. (p. Au.) involucre very short, or none: panicle closely appressed: 
 
 branches remote: peduncles 2-flowered: awns straight, twice as long as the glumes. 
 
 4—6 f. 
 contorlus, Bald. (Oc. Zf.) hairy involucre as long as the glume; inner valve of the 
 
 paleas eared: awns spirally twisted. 
 
 8 — 1. Eri ca. 51. Eric. diu. ast. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 pubescens, (downy heath, r. M. ) corol linear, pubescent, with the limb erect: capsule 
 
 glabrous: leaves fringed. 
 tel'ralix, {h.) anthers awned: corol ovate: style enclosed: leaves in fours, ciliate: 
 flowers in heads. 
 
 Eri^enia, Hydrocotyle. 
 
 17 — 2. Eri'geron. 55. Aste. ton. sec-stim. feb. sud. 
 
 alpinum, W. (p. Ju. ![.) villose: stem generally 1-flowered: involucre villose: rays 
 spreading: leaves lanceolate, obtusish. 2 i. 
 
 bdUdi/oliuin, W. (2) (robert's plantain. O. b. & w. M. If.) hirsute, hoary: radical 
 and lower cauline leaves obovate, sub-serrate; uppei ones few, distant, lanceolate, 
 sessile, entire: stem 3 — 8- flowered: rays long. 12 — 18 i. S. Mch. 
 
 purpureum, W. (O. p. Ju. Z(.) pubescent: leaves oblong, toothed, clasping; upper 
 ones entire: peduncles thickened, corymbed; lower ones elongated: scales of the 
 involucre hairy on the keel: rays twice as long as the involucre. 2 f. »S'. 
 
 compositum, Ph. (W. w-r. Jn. 21-) pilose, somewhat stemless: radical leaves long- 
 petioled, thrice 3-parted; divisions Imear, divaricate; cauline leaves linear, gene- 
 rally undivided: stem naked above: 1-flowered. 8 i. 
 
 phikiddptdcum, VV. (O. b-p. Au. H.) pubescent: leaves wedge-oblong, rarely gash- 
 toothed; cauline ones half-clasping: stem weak, simple, corymbed above: peduncles 
 elongated, 1-flowered: rays capillary, twice as long as the hemispherical involucre. 
 1—3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 strigosum, W. (O. w. Ju. $.) strigose-pilose: leaves lanceolate, tapering to both 
 ends; in the middle are a few coarse teetli, or often entire: flowers corymbed-pani- 
 cled. 2— 3f S. Mch. 
 
 hcterojilnjllum, L. (3) (W. w. J. $.) radical leaves round-ovate, deeply toothed, pe- 
 tioled; cauline ones lanceolate, acute, serrate in the middle: corymb terminal. 
 2— 3f. C. N. D. Mch. 
 
 nervosum, W. (4) (y. w. Ju. If.) white pubescent: leaves lance-linear, very entire, 
 silky, nerved: flowers panicled. 
 
 hys'sopifo'litiin, Mx. (y. Ju. 21.) stem panicled, with sterile branches, a few of them 
 protracted mto naked peduncles: leaves linear, glabrous, ciliate: rays much longer 
 than the cylindric involucre. 
 
 canadmsc, (L. colt's tail, Hea-bane, pride-weed. O. w. Ju. ^.) stem hispid, panicled: 
 leaves lance-linear, ciliate: involucre cylindric: rays crowded, short. Var. grandi- 
 fiuni'in, rays yellowish, flowers very large, short peduncled, crowded, terminal and 
 axillary. Var. pusillum, low, smoothish: leaves lance-linear, entire, scabrous 
 along the margin. This last variety is made a distinct species by Mr. Nuttall. 4 i. 
 —3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 Erianthus. Gr. erion, wool, and anthos, flower, referring to the hairy involucre. 
 Erica. Gr. ereiico, to break, in allusion to the brittle branches of the plant. 
 Erigeron. Gr. er, the spring, and geron, an old man; because some species become 
 
 old in the beginning of the season. 
 
 (1) saccharoides, Mx. Anthoxanthum giganteum, Wr. Andropogon, L. Sac- 
 charum giganteum. Ph. (2) pulchellum, Mx. (3) Aster annuus, L. (4) stri- 
 gosum? E. 
 
236 ERIGERON, ERIGONUM, 
 
 Southern, 
 
 pumUum, N. (1) (W. w. 2£.) hirsute: stem simple, 1-flowered: leaves linear, entire, 
 sessile, without nerves: involucre hirsute. 4 — 5i. 
 
 nudicauk, Mx. (w. y. J. 21.) glabrous: radical leaves lance-spatulate, acute, slightly 
 toothed: stem simple, nearly leafless, long: terminal corymb few-flowered: rays 
 as long as the involucre. 2 f. 
 
 quercifolium, Lk. (b. w. Ju. 2^.) finely pubescent: leaves lanceolate, acute; radical 
 ones somewhat lyrate, coarsely toothed; upper ones entire: stem sub-simple, few- 
 flowered (3) at the summit: rays twice as long as the involucre. Elliott thinks 
 this and the philadelphicum may be the same. 8 — 10 i. 
 
 longifoLium, Lk. (y. Au.) very glabrous: stem virgately panicled; branches straight: 
 leaves very long-linear, straight: involucre ovate: rays scarcely longer than the in- 
 volucre. Does it belong to this genus? E. 
 
 ambigvum, N. (w-y.) pubescent, somewhat scabrous: leaves linear; lower ones 
 slightly serrulate: flowers small, generally in pairs, axillary and terminal: involucre 
 hemispherical. 18 i. 
 
 asperum, N. (W. w. Au.) hirsute-scabrous: stem slender, about 2-flowered, leaves 
 lanceolate, qcute, entire; involucre hemispherical. 12 i. 
 
 glabellum, N. (W. w-b. Au. 2i-) leaves lance-lmear, smooth, acute; radical ones 
 long-petioled, lance-spatulate, nerved; stem pubescent above, 3 — 5-flowered: invo- 
 lucre pubescent. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 divaricatum, Mx. (W. Au. 0.) decumbent, divaricate-branching: panicles sub-fasti- 
 giate; leaves subulate: florets qf the disk 4-cleft. 
 
 19 — 4. Eriocau'lon. 13. June. ton. 
 
 pellu'cidum, Mx. (pipe-wort. W. g. Au. 71.) scape very slender, about 7-striped: 
 leaves linear-subulate, channelled, glabrous, pellucid, 5-nerved, reticulate: head 
 small, globose: scales of the involucre oval-obtuse. Grows in water. 6 — 12 i. 
 D. T. C. M. Mch. 
 
 decangulare, Mx. (2) (tall pipe-wort. w. S. If.) scape lO-striped: leaves ensiform, 
 glabrous: heads large, depressed-globose: scales of the involucre ovate, acute: 
 chaff" of the receptacle mucronate. 3 — 4 f S. P. Y. S — C. 
 
 fiavidulum, Mx. (Ju. 0. or 2i.) scapes numerous, about 7-furrowed, sub-pubescent: 
 leaves short, subulate-ensiform: head convex; scales of the involucre roundish. 2 
 _4 i. S. 
 
 gnaph'idoides, Mx. (3) (Ju. 2J!.) scape sub-compressed, with 10 grooves: leaves short, 
 subulate, ensiform, glabrous: heads hemispheric-convex: the involucre consists of 
 shining scarious, oval, round-obtuse scales. 10 — 14 i. S. Sheffield, Mass. 
 
 Southern, 
 villosum, Mx. (M. S. 2X.) scapes numerous, compressed, about 4-furrowed, villous: 
 leaves short, subulate, linear, hairy: head small, spherical: corol nearly black. 
 12 i. Charleston, S. C. 
 
 3—1. Erioco'ma. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 membranacea, Ph. (4) (W.) leaves convolute-filiform, glabrous: panicle lax: pedicels 
 
 flexuose: glumes membranaceous, 3-nerved, long acuminate: paleas shorter than the 
 
 glumes, silky-villose, hairs exceeding the paleas: awn naked, straight, a little 
 
 longer than the glumes. 
 
 9 — 2. Eeigo'num. 28. Poly. cat. coo. lax. 
 
 parvifoUum, S. (W.) calyx naked: cauline leaves petioled, alternate, ovate, revolute, 
 shining above, rusty tomentose beneath. 
 
 Eriocaulon. Gr. erion, wool, a.nd kaulus, a stem; in allusion to the velvety stem of 
 
 some species. 
 Eriocoma. Gr. erion, wool, and kome, a lock of hair; from the hairy corol. 
 Erigonum. Gr. erion, wool, and o-owe, the knee, the stem of this plant being woolly 
 
 at the joints. 
 
 (1) umflorum, W.'? hirsutum, Ph. (2) serotinum, Wr. (3) decangulare, 
 
 Wr. compressum, Lk. (4) cuspidatum, N. Stipa, Ph. 
 
ERIGONUM, ERODIUM. ^37 
 
 latifolium, S. (W.) calyx naked: cauline leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, undulate, 
 white downy above, white- woolly beneath; petioles clasping. 
 
 tenellum, T. «fe J. (W. Zf.) stem dichotomous, naked, slender, very glabrous: branches 
 elongated, bearing fascicles of flowers at their extremities: flowers very minute: 
 divisions of the calyx roundish, obtuse, glabrous: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, white- 
 downy beneath, (both sides when young) pubescent above. 12. i. 
 
 umbdlatum, T. »fc J. (W. 2X0 stem naked, simple: peduncles elongated, (about in 
 sixes) umbelled, bearing a single involucre at the apex: calyx glabrous: divisions 
 obovate narrow at the base, obtuse: leaves obovate-spatulate, woolly beneath, some- 
 what glabrous above. 8 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tommtosum, Mx. (Ju. 7i-) leaves oval, wedge-form at the base, glabrous above, 
 white-downy beneath; cauline leaves in threes and fours: fascicles of flowers axil- 
 lary solitary, sessile, 2 f Charleston, S— C. Florida. 
 
 serictuin, Ph. (1) W. y. Ju. 2_f.) stem simple, naked: flowers fascicled, in terminal 
 umbels, peduncled: umbel involucred: divisions of the calyx oblong, acute, silky- 
 lanate: radical leaves petioled, lance-oblong, villose above. 
 
 paucijlorum, Ph. (W. w. 2i.) stem simple, leafy at the base: umbel few-flowered: 
 flowers sub-sessile: leaves lance-linear, hoary-tomentose on both sides. 
 
 3 — 1. Erioph'oruji. 9. Cype. far. nut. sug. 
 1 . Spike solitary. 
 
 alpbium, L. (2) (Au. 2£.) culm triquetrous, somewhat scabrous, naked: leaves very 
 short, subulate: spike oblong: woolly hairs crisped, few. 8—10 i. Whitehills. 
 
 virginatum, L. (3) (Ju. 21.) culm terete below, obtusely-triangular above, smooth and 
 rigid; sheaths inflated: spike oblong-ovate: glumes scarious: wool straight, dense. 
 12 i. N. V. T. 
 
 2. Spikes numerous. 
 
 polysta'chjon, L. (4) (cotton grass. W. Ju. 2i.) leaves flat, triquetrous at the extremi- 
 ties: culm nearly terete: spikes nodding: peduncles scabrous. 18 — 24 i. Y. V. 
 F. P. O. C. B. N. D. 
 
 virginicum, L. (moss-crop, J. 2i-) culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangular 
 above: leaves flat, very long: spikes clustered, eiect, sub-sessile: involucre 2 — 3- 
 leaved. Var. gracile, culm very slender, leaves almost filiform. 2 — 4 f. S. B> 
 N. W. C. Y. T. P. D. 
 
 angustifulium, Roth. (J. 2i.) culm somewhat triangular: leaves channelled, trique- 
 trous: peduncles very smootii. Var. mcgastacliyon, culm somewhat triangular, 
 short: involucre longer than the umbel: spikes peduncled, very large. Dr. Torrey 
 thinks the E. angustif'oUum, of Wiild: is not found in this country, and the one so 
 called by authors is a variety of the E. polystacliyon. C. T. B. 
 
 15 — 5. Ero'dium. 73. Geran. ast. aro. 
 
 cicutarium, W. (hemlock geranium. W. Ap. p. 0.) stem prostrate or diff'used, rough- 
 haired: leaves gash-pinnate; segments sessile, gash-pinnatifid: peduncles double, 
 many-flowered: petals unequal. Var. bipinnatum, W. caulescent, diffuse: segments 
 pinnatifid, with linear lobes. 6 i. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ciconium, (stork-bill geranium. O.) peduncles many-flowered: leaves pinnate; leafets 
 pinnatifid, toothed: petals oblong, obtuse: stem ascending. 
 
 Eriophorum. Gr. erion, wool, and pliero, to bear, because the seeds are covered with 
 
 a long down. 
 Erodium. Gr. erodios, a heron, because the fruit resembles the head and beak of that 
 
 bird. 
 
 (l)flavum, N. (2) hudsonianum, M.\-. Trichophorum, Ph. (3) cespitosum, Ph. 
 (4) tenellum, N. angustifolium, Bw? 
 
2S8 ERODIUM, ERYSIMUM. 
 
 TOOSfAa^Mm, (musk geranium. 0.) peduncles many-flowered: leaves pinnate; leafets 
 sub-petioled, oblong, gash-toothed: petals equalling the calyx: stem procumbent. 
 
 16 — 10. Erv0m. 93. Legu. asc. ton — . 
 
 Mrsutran, W. (I) (creeping vetch. L. p. J. 0.) peduncles many-flowered; legumes 
 hirsute, 2-seeded: leafets Unear, cruncate. C. Y. 
 
 Ervum, Vicia. 
 
 5 — 2. Eryn'gidm. 60. Umbe. stem, or nar. if nau. 
 
 4iquaiicum, Ju. (2) (button snake root. W. w-b. Ju. Z(.) leaves ensiform, fringed with 
 soft spines; floral leaves undivided, very short. 3 — 4 f. S. P. S — C. K. Mcli. 
 
 virginiamim, Lk. (3) (g. & b. Ju. 2_C-) very tall: leaves long-lanceolate, serrate: 
 involucre much longer than the heads: chaff 3-cuspidate. 4 — 6 f. S. P. Y. C. 
 
 .ovalifoliuvi, Mx. (4) (sea-holly. W. L. b. Ju. Z{.) leaves spatulate-ovata, irregularly 
 toothed: heads shorter than the involucre; chaff equally 3-cuspidate. 2 — 3 f. jS. 
 P. Y. S— C. 
 
 diffusum, T. & J. (W. w? 0.) stem dichotomous-branched, diffuse: leaves all digi- 
 tate-palmate; divisions oblong, gash-serrate, spinous: little heads sub-globose: 
 leafets of the involucre 4 to 6, 3-cleft, gash-serrate, longer than the heads: geim 
 squamose. 6 — 8 i. R. 
 
 petiolatum, H. ( ) stem dichotomous above: leaves with parallel nerves, lanceolate, 
 attenuated into a long petiole, jemotely ciliate-spinose: upper ones narrow, sessile; 
 leafets and clialFs of the involucre subulate, ciliate-spinose, rigid, twice as long as 
 the little globose head. R. 
 
 americanuni. Wr. ( ) leaves entire; radical ones roundish; cauline ones lance- 
 ovate, trifid at the summit: stem procumbent. Carolina. 
 
 Sojiihciii. 
 /(B'tidum, W. (Ju. 21.) radical leaves lanceolate, serrate; floral leaves many-cleft: 
 stem dichotomous. 1 f. 
 
 aromat'icum, Bald. (S. Oc. 21-) stem leafy: leaves cuspidate, pinnate, 3-cleft at the 
 summit, cartilaginous along the margins: involucre 5-leaved; leaves 3-cleft: chaff 
 3-pointed. 9—10 i. 
 
 gracile, Bald. (Ju. C;J-) leaves petioled, oval, entire: stem branching, slender: heads 
 numerous, very small: involucre 2-leaved, 3-cleft, linear. K. 
 
 plukcntei, E. (w-b. J.) leaves long, linear-lanceolate, serrate: involucre 8-leaved, 
 longer than the head; leafets dissected; chaff" 3-awned. 2 f. 
 
 prostralum, N. ( W. ![.) surculus creeping, filiform: leaves petioled, ovate, not prickly, 
 membranaceous— some entire and others having teeth and lobes increasing from 
 the base: little heads axillary, peduncled, ovate: leaves of the involucre .5, oblong- 
 linear, entire, deflexed: chaffs linear, small, sometimes none: calyx papillose with 
 vesicles. Arkansas. 
 
 baldicini, Sr. (W. ) leaves petioled, oval: stem very branching, slender, oflen 
 prostrate: little heads numerous, minute: leafets of the involucre twice 3-parted; 
 lobes linear, somewhat toothed at the base. Florida. 
 
 14 — 2. Ery'simum. (-5) 03. Cruc. asc. ase. 
 
 lanceolatum, Hk. (W. ) pubescence two-parted, close-pressed, every where rough 
 and white: stem sub-simple: leaves lance-linear, lower ones mostly toothed: claw 
 longer than the calyx: pod long, erect: stigma eniarginate. Canada. 
 
 elalum, N. (y. ^ .) somewhat scabrous: the hairs on the stem fixed by the middle, on 
 the leaves 3 to 4-parted: stem tall and simple: radical leaves usually runcinate; 
 cauline lanceolate, remotely denticulate, attenuated at each extremity. Oregon. 
 3—5 f 
 
 Ervum. Lat. ervum, from eruo, to pluck out, because it was troublesome in fields. 
 
 Eryngium. Gr. eni^rgion, the name of a prickly plant, which Dioscorides declares 
 to be a specific against flatulence, from crcii^o, to eruct. 
 
 Erysimum. Obscure: it is said to be from Gr. cruo, to draw, because it makes blis- 
 ters, and is a cure for the sore throat. 
 (1) Vicia mitcheIIa,R. (2) yuccifolium, Mx. (3) aquaticum, Mx. (4) vir- 
 
 gatum, Lk. iategrifolium, Wr. (5) Sisymbrium of Authors. 
 
ERYSIMUM, ESI'ELETIA. 239 
 
 parriforum, N, (y. ^ or 21.) canescent and scabrous: stem low and simple: leaves all 
 
 linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly entire: siliques erect: petals scarcely 
 
 longer than the calyx. 2 — 4 i. Rocky Mts. 
 pumilum, N. (y. Q.) somewhat scabrous: leaves linear, all entire: siliques flatly 
 
 4-sided, very long erect: pedicels very short: stigma small, nearly entire: petals 
 
 longer than the calyx. 2—4 i. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 cheiranthoides, ( g. ) leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, somewhat scabrous, green: 
 siliques erect, spreading, twice as long as the pedicels; stigma small, sub-sessile. 
 Flowers small. Virginia, Louisiana. D. 
 
 asperum, (W. ) leaves linear-oblong; lower ones tooth-runcinate, all scabrous 
 pubescent: siliques spreading; style sliort and thick. Missouri. 
 
 arkansanum, N. (y. |^.) sliglilly roughened with appressed hairs, which on the stem 
 are fixed by the middle, and on the leaves 3-parted: stem simple: leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, runcinately and sinuately toothed, attenuate at the base: siliques elon- 
 gated, nearly erect, tapering at the summit: stigma 2-lobed. \\ — 3 f. Arkansas. 
 Texas. 
 
 grandiflorum, N. (y. March.) dwarfish, slightly roughened, with appressed, forked, 
 or stellate hairs: leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, entire or somewhat angularly 
 lobed towards the base: petioles long and slender: flowers in capitate corymbs: 
 siliques very long, somewhat torulose: stigma conspicuously 2-lobed. 3 — 6 i. 
 Upper California. 
 
 Erysimum, Sisymbrium, Barbakea. 
 
 16 — 10. Erythri'na. 93. Legu. asc. ape. 
 Exotic. 
 crista-galli, (coxcomb evergreen, r. M.'h.) leaves ternate: petioles prickly, glandular: 
 stem unarmed. 
 
 Southern. 
 herbacm, W. (r. M. If.) small: leaves ternate; leafets rhoraboidal, glabrous: spikes 
 very long: stem herbaceous: prickly. 2 — 4 f. Florida. S — C. 
 
 6 — 1. Erythro'nium. 14. Lili. g-r. exp. sti. 
 
 americanum, S. (1) (dog-tooth violet, adder's tongue. O. y. Ap. 2X.) leaves lance- 
 oval, maculate: petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the point; inner ones 2-dentate 
 near the base: style clavate; stigma 3-lobed. (Stigmas 3, Elliott.) 6 — 8 i. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 albidum, N. (W. b-w. Ap. 2i.) leaves elliptical-lanceolate, not punctate: petals linear- 
 lanceolate, obtuse; inner ones without dentures, sub-unguiculale: style filiform: 
 stigma 3-cleft, lobes reflexed. 6 — 8 i. S. K. Near Albany. Rare. 
 
 bractcatum, Boott. (A. y. J. 21- ) scape bracted, shorter than the leaves: leaves lanceo- 
 late, very unequal: style clavate: stigmas united? Vermont. 
 
 grandiflorum, Ph. (W. w-y. J. 21.) petals lanceolate, sub-unguiculate, acute: germ 
 oblong: leaves linear-lanceolate. A species not satisfactorily defined. N. 
 
 Erythrorkiza, Galax. • 
 
 EschschoUzia, Chrtseis. 
 
 17 — 2. Espele'tia. 55. Inul. ton. sec-sti. 
 
 amplexicaulis, N. (y. 21'.) glabrous, shining: radicalleaves very long, lanceolate; cauline 
 
 ones clasping, sub-lance-ovate, acute: stem somewhat 3-flowered: akenes elliptic, 
 
 compressed. R. 
 helianlhoides, N. ( 7X.) villose: radical leaves very long, petioled, heart-hastate, 
 
 oblong, acute; cauline leaves lanceolate, long, petioled: stem somewhat 1-flowered: 
 
 leafets of the i.nvolucre smallish, lanceolate, acuminate. R. 
 
 Erythrina. Gr. Sruthros, red, from its scarlet flowers. 
 
 Erythronium. Gr. eruthros, red, in allusion to the color of the flower and leaves. 
 Espeletia. Gr. esper, evening, leitos, common. — Sed quero. 
 (1) lanceolatum. Ph. longifolium, Pt. dens-canis, W. 
 
240 EUCHROMA, EUPATORIUM. 
 
 13—2. Euchro'ma. 36. Rhin. aro. ton. sti. 
 
 .eoccin'ea, W. (painted cup. W. y. & r. J. $.) leaves alternate, linear, gash-pin- 
 natifid; divisions linear: bracts dilated, generally 3-cleft, longer than the flowers: 
 calyx 2 cleft; divisions retuse, emarginate. Flowers yellow, with scarlet bracts. 
 One variety, pallens, has yellow bracts. 10—1(5 i. S. U. C. M. F. B. N. D. 
 
 Southern, 
 ^andiflora, N. (W. g-w. M. 2i-) leaves and bracts mostly 3-cleft; segments divari- 
 cate: calyx 4-cleft, partly oblique: corol longer than the calyx: divisions of the 
 lower lip acuminate. Bracts nol colored. 
 
 5 — 2. EuLo'pHus. 60. Umbe. stom. or nar. if nau. 
 
 amhiguus, N. (y. If.) glabrous, branching: Jeaves somewhat gash-biternate: lobes 
 narrow-linear; petioles becoming tumid sheaths at the base: little umbels crowded: 
 general and partial involucres wanting: root tuberous. R. 
 
 triternatus, N. ( y. Zf.) finely pubescent: stemless: leaves gash-biternate, with 
 the partitions sub -divided in the middle; divisions narrovv-linear, long, acute: pe- 
 tioles becoming narrow sheaths; little umbels crowded: involucres many-leaved, 
 narrow. R. Seseli triteinatum? Ph. 
 
 Southern, 
 americanus, Nut. (W.) root tuberous, oblong, fasciculate: stem terete, fistulous. 
 Arkansas. 
 
 5 — 1. Euon'ymus. 95. Celas. cat. 
 
 -atropurpu'reus, Ju. (spindle tree. W. p. J. fp.) leaves petioled, lance-oblong, acumi 
 nate, serrate: peduncles divaricate, many-flowered; flowers 4-cleft: fruit smooth, 
 red. 4—5 f. S. P. Y. R. M. D. Mch. 
 
 ■americanus, W. (burning bush. W. r-y. J- ^•) branches 4-angled, smooth: leaves 
 sub-sessile, lance-oval, acute, serrate: peduncles about 3-flowered; flowers all 5- 
 cleft: fruit warty-muricale, red. Var. sarmentosus, N. stem sarmentose, often 
 rooting, acutely 4-angled: leaves sub-sessile, opake, lance-oval, acute, obtusely- 
 serrate; serratures generally undulate. 3 — 4 f. S. Y. P. D. M. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 ■<mgustifoUus, Lyon. ( Ju. ^.) branches 4-angled: leaves long-linear-elliptic, some- 
 what ensiform, nearly entire: peduncles about 1 -flowered; flowers all 5-clefl: fruit 
 roughened, warty. A doubtful species. Elliott. 
 
 17 — 1. Eupato'rium. 55. Eupa. ton. sec-stim. feb. 
 1. Involucres not more than h-flowered. 
 
 hyssopifolium, L. (hyssop thorough-wort, hemp-weed, w. Au. 2X.)stem erect: lowest 
 
 leaves opposite, lance-linear, sub-dentate: corymb sub-fastigiate: style much longer 
 
 than the corol. 2 f. &'. C. S— C. 
 linearifolium, Wr. (w. S.) stem sub-procumbent, villose towards the summit: cauline 
 
 leaves opposite, lance-linear, rarely dentate, sometimes clustered: style as long as 
 
 the corol. 1—2 f. S. 
 sessilifolium, W. (W. w. Au. 21-) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, lance-ovate, 
 
 rounded at the base, serrate, very glabrous: stem somewhat glabrous. 2 f. S. 
 
 P. Y. F. N. T. M. Mch. 
 truncatum, W. (w. Ju. >>.) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, lanceolate, truncate at 
 
 the base, serrate, somewhat glabrous: stem pubescent. S. P. 
 
 Euchroma. Gr. eu, beautiful, chroma, color; alluding to the scarlet bracts. 
 
 Eulophus. Gr. eulophos, crested; from the appearance of the seed. 
 
 Euonymus. Gr. eu, good, nomas, name; probably a favorite remedy, deserving a 
 
 good name. 
 Eupatorium. Dedicated to Eupator or Mithridates, King of Pontus; who first used 
 
 it as a counter poison. 
 
EliPATORIUM. 241 
 
 tilbum, L. (Au. Z[.) 'c^^^3 Bub-se?sile, lance-oblong, roughish, serrate: inner scales 
 of the involucre long, lanceolate, scarious, colored. 18 — 24 i. S. P. S — C. K. 
 
 lanceotaium, W. (Au. 21-) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-oblong, scabrous, deeply ser- 
 rate at the base: scales of the involucre 1-colored. S. P. 
 
 verbenaefoUum, Mx. (1) (w. Au. If.) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-ovate, rugose, 
 scabrous; upper ones with coarse teeth at the base, and with the summit entire. 
 2 f *'. P. Y. W. C. B. M. n. N. 
 
 melissioideSj W. (w. Au. 2X.) leaves petioled, ovate, obtusish, obtusely serrate, veiny, 
 somewhat glabrous. 1—2 f P. 
 
 rotundi/oliuin, W. (w. Au. Zf.) leaves sessile, distinct, deltoid, roundish, somewhat 
 glaucous, obtusely-serrate, veiny: scales of the involucre acuminate. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 P. S-C. 
 
 puhescms, W. (2) (w. Au. If.) leaves sessile, distinct, ovate, sub-scabrous, veiny; 
 lower ones doubly serrate, upper ones sub-serrate: stem panicled, pubescent; 
 branches fastigiate. 18—24 i. S. Y. P. B. N. 
 
 altiss'imum, W. (W. w. Au. 21.) leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, 3-nerved, tapering to 
 both ends, pubescent; lower ones serrate in the middle. 3—7 f. S. P. F. 
 
 amocnurti, Ph. (A. p. S. li.) leaves with short petioles, opposite and in threes, lance- 
 oblong, acute at both ends, serrate, sub-glabrous, sub-rugose, net veined beneath: 
 corymb fastigate, crowded: scales of the involucre oblongy colored, acutish. 2 f. 
 
 irifoluitum, W. (3) (p. Au. 2X0 leaves petioled, in threes or fours, ovate^ and oval, 
 acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, punctate. 3—4 f. & C. Y. N. F. P. 
 
 2. Involucre more, than ^-Jhwered. 
 
 ceanoUnfolium, W. (Au. 21.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, toothed, 3-nerved, 
 somewhat glabrous: involucre 5 — 10 flowered. 2 f .S'. K. 
 
 purpu'reum^ L. (trumpet weed, purple thorough-wort, joe-pye. O. p. Au. 21.) leaves 
 in fours or fives, petioled, lance-ovate, serrate, rugose-veined, roughish: stem hol- 
 low. Var. liievigiitum, involucre about .5-flowered: leaves in fives, petioled, lanceo- 
 late, very glabrous both sides, slender: stem hollow, smooth, sub-glaucous. 4 — 6 f. 
 ,S. Mch. 
 
 macubitum, W. (VV. p. Au. H.) leaves in fours or fives, lance-ovate, unequally serrate, 
 pubescent beneath: stem solid, furrowed. 4 — .5f. »S'. P. Y. W. C. N. 
 
 certicillMlum, W. (4) (joe-pye's weed. VV. p. Au. 21.) leaves petioled, in threes or 
 fouis, lance-ovate, acuminate at eacii end, unequally serrate, somewhat glabrous* 
 stem solid, smooth. 6—7 f. iS. B. C. T. D. F. P. N. Mch. 
 
 punctntum, W. (W. p. Au. 2f.) leaves in fours or fives, petioled, ovate, 'acuminate, 
 serrate, scabrous both sides: stem solid, terete. Is this a variety of the lasf N. 
 3—5 f P. Y. O. D. F. 
 
 perfoliatiumi (5) (boneset, thorough-wort. O. w. Au. 2X-) leaves connate-perfoliate» 
 oblong-serrate, rugose, downy beneath: stem villose. 2f »S. Mch. 
 
 coelesti'num, W. (b. Au. 2X0 leaves pelioled, heart-ovate, obtusish, 3-nerved, obtusely 
 serrate, slightly scabrous: involucre many-leaved, many-flowered (30 — 40:) re- 
 ceptacle conic. 2 — 3 f. S. P. Harper's Ferry. M. Mch. 
 
 ovatum, Bw. (w. Au. 2f.) hairy, scabrous: leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, obtusely 
 dentate: corymb fastigiate: mvolucre about 8-flowered. 3 — 4 f B. 
 
 •aromatkiim, Mx. (6) (w. Au. H-) leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, (ovate. Ph.) acute, 
 3-nerved, obtusely serrate, somewhat scabrous: flowers corymbed: scales of the 
 involucre ?ub-equal. 2 £ S. B. M. S— C. 
 
 ageraloides^ W. (7) (w. Au. 21.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, un- 
 equally and coarsely toothed, serrate, glabrous: corymb many- flowered, spreading; 
 involucre simple. 2—4 f. S. V. C. T. P. O. F. N. White Mts. M. S— C. 
 Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 foenkuhceum, W. (8) (y-w. S. 21.) stem panicled: leaves glabrous; lower ones pin- 
 nate; upper ones clustered; all filiform. 3 — 10 f. Charleston, S — C. 
 
 (1) teucrifolium, W. pilosum, Wr. (2) glandulosum, Mx. (3) temifolium, 
 G. E. (4) purpurerum, Mx. (5) connatum, Mx. (0) cordatum, Wr. (7) ur- 
 ticaefolium, Mx. Ageratum altissimum, L. ' (8) foeniculoides, Wr. Chryso- 
 coma capillacea, Mx. 
 
 31 
 
243 EUPATORIUM, EUPHORBIA. 
 
 coTonojnfoUum, W. (1) (w. S. If.) stem panicled : lower leaves pinnatifid; divisions 
 lance-linear, denticulate; upper leaves undivided, linear, clustered; all punctate, 
 pubescent. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 cuncifolium, W. (w.) leaves petioled, obovate-lanceolale, slightly serrate at the sum- 
 mit. 3-nerved, pubescent on both sides. 1 f. 
 
 falcatuin, Mx. (W.) without hair: leaves in fours, lance-oval, acuminate at each end, 
 sub-falcate, sparingly serrate: outer scales of tlie involucre short, oval. 
 
 pinnatijiduin, E. (w. S. Zf.) leaves pinnatifid: lower ones verticillate; upper ones 
 alternate; divisions linear, pubescent: flowers corymbed. 3 — 4 f. S — C. 
 
 glauccsens, E (w. S.) leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, obtusely serrate, entire at the 
 base, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous, pubescent: flowers corymbed. 2 f. 
 
 parvifloruin, E. (w. S.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, very acutely serrate, pubes- 
 cent on both sides: flowers corymbed, small: akenes angled. 2 f. 
 
 serotinum, Mx. (w. S.) leaves petioled, lance-ovate, tapering towards the summit, 
 acute, coarsely and acutely serrate, 3-nerved, pubescent: scales of the involucre 
 imbricate. 5—6 f. H. S— C. K. 
 
 incarnatum, Wr. (p. Oc.) leaves long, petioled, deltoid, cordate, acute, obtusely tooth- 
 ed, 3-nerved, thin, nearly glabrous: scales of the involucre nearly equal. 2 f 
 
 torreyaimm, (S.) leaves ternate and opposite, sub-sessile, narrow-lanceolate, coarsely 
 serrate, three-nerved, punctate beneath, glabrous above. 2 f Found on dry sand- 
 stone knobs in the barrens of Kentucky near Mammoth Cave. 
 
 19 — 1.* Euphor'bta. 96. Euph. ton. iri. cat — . poi — . 
 
 1. Floicers with iuvolucred umbels. (2) 
 
 coroiZaia, W. (W. Ju. 2|.) umbel 5-cleft, 3-cleft, and dichotomous: involucels and 
 
 leaves oblong, obtuse: petals obovate, and resembling appendages of the calyx. 
 
 Var. anffustifolia, E. leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, paler and hairy beneath: 
 
 umbel 3^cleft; rays elongated: upper branches dichotomous. 1 — 2 f. S. Y. T. 
 
 P. H. N. D. M. S— C. Mch. 
 peplus, W. (wild caper, W. Ju. ^.) umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous: involucels ovate: 
 
 leaves entire, obovate, petioled. S. P. K. 
 obtusata. Ph. (W. Ju. 2i-) umbel 3-rayed, twice dichotomous: involucels ovate, 
 
 obtusish, sub-cordate: leaves alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth: capsule 
 
 muricate. 12—18 i. S. 
 mercuri'ali'na, Mx. (W. Ju. 2i.) stem slender, weak, simply 3-cleft: leaves opposite 
 
 and ternate, sub.-sessile, oval, entire: peduncles terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. 
 
 ». P. 
 pilosa, W. (W. Ju. 2_f.) umbel with 5 primary rays, bifid: involucels ovate: leaves 
 
 lanceolate, somewhat hairy, serrulate at the extremity: petaloid segments of the 
 
 involucre entire. 1 — 2 f. i^. 
 helioscopia, L. (0.) umbel with .5 primary rays, bifid: involucels obovate: leaves 
 
 wedge-form, serrate, glabrous: capsules smooth. 12 — 18 i. T. B. Mcli. 
 kerronii, Riddell. (Au. S. #•) root small, branching and fibrous: stem erect, pilose: 
 
 branches .decussately opposite: petioles ciliate, half as long as the leaves; lower 
 
 leaves rhomb-ovate; those of the involucre lance-linear, dentate-serrulate, pilose 
 
 above, veins and midrib very liairy beneath: umbels small, terminal, involucred and 
 
 few-flowered. Middletown, O. 
 
 Euphorbia. Dedicated to Euphorbus, the physician of Juba, king of Mauritania, 
 
 who first used it in medicine. 
 
 (1) compostifolium, Wr. Chrysocoma coronopifolia, Mx. (2) This section 
 
 comprises the genus Esula, 2d ed. 
 
 *Authors have diflfered much in regard to the location of this plant in the Linnean 
 system. Linneus placed it in the Polyandria monogynia in his first edition — in the 
 Dodecandria trigynia in his sixth. Smith, Persoon, Muhlenburgh, and Bigelow, fol- 
 low Linneus. Darlington places it in the Monoecia polyandria. Nuttall says, the 
 stamens are attached to the involucre, by which he supposes them sufficiently united 
 to be placed in the Monoecia monadelphia. But it appears to me, that the German 
 botanist, Roeper, has demonstrated in his Enumeraiio Eiiphorbiarum, that it belongs to 
 Monoecia monandria. He has shewn that each stamen has a distinct location, with- 
 out any connexion with the pistil or with any other stamen. 
 
EUPHORBIA, EUPHRASIA. 243 
 
 2. Flowers not in involucred umbels. 
 
 hypericifolia, W. (spurge, eye bright. W. Ju. 0.) dicliotomous, glabrous, very branch- 
 ing, sub-erect, spreading: leaves opposite, serrate, oval-oblong, sub-falcate, short 
 petioled: corymb terminal and axillary. Var. Idrsuta, T? stem slender, hairy; 
 leaves oblong, smootli, serrulate. 12—18 i. S. B. C. F. T. M. S— C. 
 
 maculata, L. (1) (W. Ju. O. Q.) stem procumbent, or erect, branching, hairy: leaves 
 opposite, oval or oblong, serrulate, oblique at the base, short petioled, smooth 
 above, hairy, and pale beneath; Howers solitary and axillary, much shorter than 
 the leaves. 6—12 i, S. 
 
 polygonifolia, Jn. (W. Ju. 7i>) very glabrous, diiFused, succulent: leaves opposite, 
 entire, lance-linear, obtuse at the base: flowers solitary, axillary: stipules simple. 
 Y. P. B. C. D. F. S— C. M. Mch. 
 
 ipecaman' hue, (W. Ju. 21- ) procumbent, small, glabrous: leaves opposite, oboval or 
 lanceolate: peduncles axillary, elongated, 1 -flowered. & Y. P. F. M. 
 
 poTtulacoides, Ph. (W. Ju. 21.) erect: leaves entire, oval, retuse: peduncles axillary, 
 1-flowered, as long as the leaves. A variety of the corollata? T. &'. P. 
 
 dentata, Mx. (W. Ju. ^.) hairy: leaves opposite, oval, dentate: flowers crowded at 
 the summit of the stem. S. P. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 latJiyrus, (spurge caper. J. ^.) umbel 4-cleft, dichotoraous: leaves opposite, entire, 
 lanceolate, pointing four ways. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cyathophora, W. (O. Ju. ^.) somewhat shrubby: leaves petioled, ovate, slightly 
 toothed, panduriform; upper ones and involucres colored: flowers sub-umbelled. 
 2 f. 
 
 gramini folia, Mx. ( ) small, erect, branching at the base, finely pubescent: leaves 
 scattered, linear, entire; upper ones discolored at the base: flowers fascicled, 
 terminal. 
 
 thymifulia, L. (W. ) procumbent, slender, pubescent: leaves opposite, oval-oblong, 
 obtuse, slightly serrate near the summit: heads axillary, clustered, nearly sessile. 
 
 puhentissima, Mx. (W. Ju. 21.) erect, very pubescent; stem somewhat diejiotomous: 
 leaves opposite, sessile, oval, sub-cordate, obtuse: peduncles solitary. 
 
 marginata^ Ph. (W. w. Ju. 0.) umbel 3-cleft, twice dichotomous: involucre leaf-like; 
 involucels oblong, cordate, colored, membranaceous at the margin; leaves lance- 
 oblong, sub-cordate-clasping, acute, becoming glaucous, glabrous: petal-like appen- 
 dages of the calyx roundish: capsules pilose. 
 
 cordifolia, E. (w. M. 0.) procumbent, glabrous, branching: leaves small, opposite, 
 broad-oval, entire, cordate at the base: flowers axillary, solitary. 8 — lb i. 
 
 gra'cilis, E. (J. 21- ) stem erect, dichotomous, glabrous; leaves opposite, remote, 
 sessile, lance-linear: peduncles solitary, in the divisions of the stem, longer than 
 the leaves. 12 i. S— C. 
 
 paniculata, E. (Au. ) umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous: flowers terminal, somewhat pani- 
 cled: leaves oval, sessile, slightly hairy beneath: stem sometimes hairy. 1 — 2 f. 
 S-C. 
 
 hez'ago'na, N. (W.) tall, slender, very branching: leaves linear; flowers in axillary 
 clusters. 
 
 variegata, leaves oval, entire, wavy, edged with white: capsules smooth: stem hairj'. 
 Missouri. Louisiana. 
 
 13 — 2. Euphra'sia. 36. Rhin. aro. ton. nar — . ast. — . 
 
 officinalis. W. (eyebright. w. Ju. 0.) leaves ovate, obtusely toothed: lower divisions 
 
 of the lipemarginate. P. Canada. 
 latifolia, W. (Ap. Ju. 0.) leaves ovate, tooth-palmate: flowers spiked: corol tubular; 
 
 divisions of the lower lip obtuse. Labrador. 
 
 Euphrasia. Gr. euphraino, to exhilarate, alluding to its reputed joyful effects ii 
 disorders of the eyes. 
 (1) thjmifolia? Ph. depressa, E. 
 
344 EVOLVULUS, FEKULA. 
 
 5—2. Evol'vulijs. 44. Conv. r. cat. ape. 
 Southern. 
 argenteus, Ph. (W. p. M. Zf.) stem simple, erect: leaves oblong, acute, silky-tomen- 
 
 tose on both sides; peduncles 1-flowered, shoit. 
 nummularis, (W. 0.) leaves roundish: stem creeping: flowers sub sessile. 
 sericeus, Sw. (1) (^.) leaves lanceolate, sessile, silky beneath: peduncles short, 
 1-flowered. 
 
 17 — 2. Eury'bia. 55. Aste. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 macrophylla, Cass. Described under Aster macroplnjllus. 
 corymbosa, Cass. Described under Aster corymbosus. 
 
 14 — 1. Eu'trema. 63. Cruc. asc. edi. s. slim. 
 
 edwardsii, R. Brown, (w.) silicles lanceojate: septum obliterated: leaves ovatsr 
 
 lanceolate, on long petioles. 2 — 4 i. Arctic America. 
 arenicola, Richards, (w.) silfcles broadly linear: septum complete, leaves spatulate- 
 
 oblong. 2—3 i. Arctic America. 
 
 4 — 1. Ex'acum. 4G. Gent, ton-bit. 
 
 pulchellum, Ph. (gentianella. L. r. Au. 0.) corol 4-cleft: calyx 4-parted; divisions 
 subulate: panicle corymbed: peduncles filiform. 
 
 19 — 12. Fa'gus. 99. Ciipu. emo. tim. f. nut. b. ast. 
 
 fer'rugi'nea, A. (red beech. O. y-w. M. Tj.) leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, pubes- 
 cent beneath, coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, sub-cordate-oblique: nuts ovate, 
 acutely 3-sided. 40—60 f. 
 
 sylvatica, (2) Var. umericajia, (white beech, y-w. M. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 sHghtly toothed, ciliate at the margin, acate at the base: nuts ovate, 3-sided, ob- 
 tuse, mucronate. 50—100 f. S. T. F. Florida. 
 
 3 — 1. Fe'dia. (3) 56. Vale. ton. ver. bit. ner. 
 
 radiata, Mr. (4) (wild lamb lettuce, corn-sallad. W. w. J. 0.) stem dichotomous: 
 leaves spatulate-oblong, sub-entire: fruit pubescent, about 4-sided, naked at the 
 apex. 8—18 i. S. P. T. S— C. 
 
 chenopodifolia, Vh. (W. 0.) dichotomous: leaves ovate, acute, dentate below: cyme 
 naked, divaricate, dichotomous: filaments long. 8 i. M. 
 
 Exotic. 
 qlitoria, (lamb lettuce,) stem dichotomous: leaves lance-linear. 
 
 5 — 2. Fer'ula. 60. Umbe. s. stom. h. nar. if nau. 
 
 palmella, H. (W. w.) glabrous, somewhat stemless: leaves bipinnatifid, glaucous, 
 lon<r petioled, segments linear, obtusish, with the lower ones often a second time 
 
 Evolvulus. Lgit. evolvo, to roll outward, in opposition to Convolvulus. 
 
 Eurybia. Gr. eurus, broad, bia, a redundant adjunct: on account of the broad leaves. 
 
 Eutremgi. Gr. ew, elegant, trcino, to tremble; in allusion to the elegant tremulous 
 
 motion of the long-petioled leaves? 
 Exacum. The ancient name of a plant nearly related to Centaurium; derived from 
 
 Gr. ex, out, and ago, to drive; being reputed to expel poison from the stomach. 
 Fagus. Gr. phage, to eat; the fruit having been long known as edible. 
 Fedia. Gr. pheido, clemency; from its harmless, inert qualities. 
 Ferula. Lat. /mo, to strike; it being much used for whipping school-boys when 
 
 the stalk is dry; for it makes a great noise, without giving pain. 
 
 (1) nuttallianus, R. (2) sylvestris, Mx. (3) Valerianella, Dc. (4) Vale- 
 riana, W. Ph. 
 
FERULA, FICUS. 245 
 
 pinnalifid: peduncle eomewhat sliorter than the leaves: involucre 0; involucels 
 
 unilateral, halved, palmate: disk flower-bearing. 9 i. A. 
 foenkula'cm, N. (W. y. M. 2i-) stemless, pubescent: leaves more than decompound, 
 
 somewhat biternate-pinnate; primary divisions dccuissate at the base; seo^meuts 
 
 shortish, narrow-linear, acutish; ultimate divisions 3-cleft: involucel halved, 5 — 7- 
 
 lobed. i f. 
 nultallii, Dc. (1) (W, w. M. 24;.) leaves radical, thrice ternate; leafets unequally- 
 
 sparingly toothed; ray umbels elongated: involucre and involucel nearly wanting: 
 
 scape radical. 
 
 3 — 2. Festd'ca. (2) 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 filatior, (fescue-grass. O. J. 7i-) panicle spreading, very branching, lax; spikelets 
 ovate-lanceolate, 4— 5-flowered; florets slightly armed: leaves flat: root creeping. 
 3—4 f. 
 
 fnyuriis, L.? (.T. ^- .) panicle slender, crowded, equal: spikelets about 4-flowered; 
 florets subulate, awned, hairy, monandjous. 6 — 12. i. S. S — C. M. Mch. 
 
 tmdlaJ W. (3) (W. J. C-.) panicle spiked, very simple, 1-sided: spikelets about 9- 
 flowered: bristles shorter than the subulate florets: culm filiform, angular above: 
 leaves setaceous. 8—15 1. S. P. W. Y. B. N. S— C. 
 
 durius'cula, L. (hard fescue-grass. J. 21.) panicle 1-sided, oblong, contracted: spike- 
 lets 5 — 6-flowered, nearly terete: florets terminated by short bristles: root fibrous. 
 Perhaps introduced. 12—18 i. S. Y. K. 
 
 rubra, L? (J. 21.) panicle I -sided, erect, spreading: spikelets teretish: florets longer 
 than the bristle at their tips: leaves pubescent above: root creeping. _ 18 i. P. 
 
 praien'sis, Hd. (W. J. Z£.) panicle spreading, branched: spikelets linear, many- 
 flowered, acute: leaves linear: root fibrous. P9,nicle sub-secund, nearly simple. 
 1— 2f M. 
 
 poaeoi'dcs, Mx. ('A'.) panicle somewhat crowded; lower branches simple: spikelets 
 alternate, oblong, sub-sessile, unarmed: leaves flat, very glabrous. Canada. 
 
 jiutaiis, W. (W. J. 21.) panicle diffuse, at length nodding: branches long, in pairs, 
 naked below: spikelets ovale, 3 — 5-fiovvered; florets somewhat obtuse, unarmed, 
 nerveless. 3 f S. Y. ?. C. O. M. N. D. Mch. 
 
 fasciculttris, Lk. (4) (Au. 0.) culm procumbent, geniculate: panicle sub-secund: 
 branches straight, spike-like: spikelets oppressed, 8— 10-flowered; florets armed: 
 leaves very long. 1 f .S'. 
 
 clandcstina, M. (VV.) panicle partly concealed in the sheaths: branches solitary, sim- 
 ple: spikelets 10-flowered; florets awned. 8 i. Y. 
 
 ovina, W. ( ) panicle contrasted: spikelets ovate, 4-flowered: paleas roundish: 
 leaves very narrow, rough. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 spicnta. Ph. (W. J.) spikelets alternate, sessile, erect, somewhat .5-flowered; florets 
 subulate, sub-glabrous, with along, scabrous awn: linear leaves and culm glabrous. 
 
 grandijiora, Lk. ( ) panicle simple, erect: spikelets very few, generally 7-flowered: 
 florets acute, distant. 
 
 parvi flora, E. (A p. 21.) panicle equal, slender, appressed: spikelets terete-subulate, 
 5-flowered, awned: glumes unawned. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 Festuca, Glyceria, Diakrhena, Uniola, Ceratochloa. 
 
 20—3. Fi'cus. 93. Urti. f. nut. sug. b. ton. 
 Exotic. 
 
 carica, (fig tree. g. Ju. Tp.) leaves cordate, 3 or 5-lobed, repand-toothed; lobes obtuse, 
 scabrous above, pubescent beneath. 5 — 8 f. 
 
 Festuca. In Celtic the word /es<, signifies pasture, food. 
 
 Ficus. A name as obscure as it is ancient, and nearly tJie same in many languages, 
 
 always ap[iUed to the fig. 
 
 (1) F. nudicaulis, N. Smyrnium nudicaulis, Ph. (2) Schenodorus, R & S. 
 
 (3) bromoides, Mx. octoflora, W; (4) polystachya. Ph. E. Mx. 
 
246 FIMBRISTYLIS, FRANKENIA. 
 
 3 — 1. Fimb'ristjt'lis. (1) 9. C3'pe. far. nut. sug- 
 
 spadi'ceum, (Ju. Zf.) spikes ovate-lanceolate: involucre rigid, with one leaf longer 
 than the umbel: leaves subulate, teretish, striate. 2 — 3 f. jS. Mch. 
 
 ferrugincum, (2) (M. 2X-) stem compressed; angles near the summit scabrous: leaves 
 concave, those of the involucre unequally ciliate: spikes lanceolate, roundish. 
 1—3 f. S. P. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 castaneum, Mx. (Ju. Zf.) spikes ovate-oblong, obtuse: involucre 2-leaved, rigid, as 
 long as the compound umbel. 
 
 cylindricum, {!{..) spike cylindric, very obtuse: involucre about 1-leaved, rigid, equal- 
 ling the simple umbel. 
 
 6 — 1. Floer'kea. 92. Chrys. ton — . nut. 
 
 uliginosa, M. (3) (false mermaid. W. w-y. Ap. H-) leaves alternate; those under 
 water ternate, those above water quinate-pinnate. Grows in great quantities along 
 the south-east part of Lake Erie — often 1 f. Found in ditches between Albany and 
 Troy. S. T. 
 
 Forrestiera, Borya. 
 
 11 — 2. Fothergil'la. 78. Hama. ton. 
 Soudiem. 
 alnifolia,'W. (4) (witch alder, w. Ap. ];•.) leaves wedge-obovate, crenate-toothed 
 above. Var. major, has ovate-oblong leaves, subcordate. Var. acuta, has ovate- 
 acute leaves. 
 
 11—13. Fraga'ria. 92. Rosa. ast. f ref feb. 
 
 eirginiana, (.5) (wild strawberry. O. w. M. 2iO calyx of the fruit spreading, distinct: 
 hairs on the petioles erect, on the peduncles close-pressed: leaves somewhat gla- 
 brous above; pedicels generally few: receptacles of the carpels conic-oblong, or 
 ovate with carpels immersed. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (mountain strawberry. W. w. M. 2I-) large: leafets broad-oval, 
 lateral ones manifestly petioled: pedicels numerous, recurve-pendulous: receptacles 
 of the carpel globose, honeycomb-scrobiculate, villose: calyx of the fruit erect, 
 cohering. Leaves darker green: carpels upon the external surface of the berrv-like 
 receptacle. S. P. D. T. Canada. 
 
 cJiilensis, Ehr. ( ) flov.'ers spreading: leafets broad-ovate, very obtuse, coarsely 
 serrate, coriaceous, rugose, beneath silky villose: peduncles and calyx silky. A. R. 
 
 Exotic, 
 vesca, (english strawberry, w. M. 2i-) calyx of the fruit reflexed: hairs on the petioles 
 
 spreading, on tiie peduncle close-pressed. 
 elatior, (hautboy strawberry, w. 21-) calyx of the fruit reflexed: hairs on the peduncle 
 
 and petiole spreading. 
 grandiflora, (pine-apple strawberry, w. 2X-) calyx of the fruit erect: hairs on the 
 
 peduncle and petiole erect: leaves coriaceous, somewhat glabrous above. 
 
 7 — 3. Frankenia. 82. Gary. emo. 
 Southern, 
 (rrandifolia, Cham, and Schlecht. ( ) leaves obovate-cuneiform, mucronate, with 
 revolute margins, railier coriaceous, very minutely hairy and ciliate, particularly at 
 the base: stem prostrate: branches and calyx minutely hairy. California. 
 
 Fimbristylis. Lat. fimhria, a fringe, and stylis, the style, alluding to the fringed style 
 
 of the flower. 
 Floerkea. In honor of Floerke, a German botanist. 
 
 Fothergilla. In honor of John FotherRill, an English cultivator of exotics. 
 Fragaria. ha.i.fragro, to smell sweetly, on account of the perfume of its fruit. 
 Frankenia. In honor of Prof John Frankenius, of Upsal, Sweden. 
 
 (1) Scirpus, L. Mx. &c. (2) puberulum, Vahl. (3) palustris, N. lacus- ^ 
 trig, P. proserpinacoides, W. (4) gardeni, Mx. (5) glabra, Du Hamel. 
 
FRASERA, FUCHSIA. 247 
 
 4 — 1. Frase'ra. 46. Gent. ton. 
 
 carolintensis, Wr. (1) (pyramid flower, Colombo root. AV. r. & y. .Tu. $.) leaves 
 whorled or opposite: flowers in clusters. Tonic, bitter, mild cathartic, and emetic. 
 Bw. 3—6 f. S. D. Mcli. 
 
 20—2. Frax'inus. 34. Olea. b. bit. ast. 
 
 samhucifolia, Mx. (black ash. O. M. >?.) leafets sessile, lance-ovate, serrate, rugose, 
 shining, round-oblique at the base: axils of the veins villose beneath: flowers naked, 
 not calycled. 5. Mch. 
 
 acttminnta, Lk. (2) (white ash. O. w-g. M. Tp.) leafets petioled, oblong, shining, 
 acuminate, very entire, or slightly tootiied, glaucous beneath: flowers calycled. 
 S. Mch. 
 
 pubescens, Wr. (3) (red ash. M. f-.) leafets petioled, oval-ovate, serrate; petioles and 
 branchlets downy beneath: flowers calycled. Var. longifol'ui, leafets narrow, lance- 
 ovate, sub-serrate. Var. latifolia, leafets ovate, broad, serrate, serratures obsolete 
 towards the middle. Var. sub pubescens, leafets oval-oblong, acuminate, sharply 
 serrate, sub-pubescent below, common petiole very glabrous. P. C. N. T. Mch. 
 
 juglandifolia, W . (4) (walnut-leaf ash, swamp ash. 5l. ^.) leafets petioled, ovate, 
 opake, serrate, glaucous beneath: axils of the veins pubescent: branchlets glabrous: 
 flowers calycled: leafets 6 to 15, long. S. P. W. T. 
 
 epiptera, Vahl. (5) (M. \^.) leafets lance-oval, sub-serrate: samaras wedge-form, 
 obtuse-emarginate at the apex, terete below. /S. P. Y. 
 
 platycarpa, Mx. (Ap. ^ .) leafets petioled, serrate, and, like the fruit, lance-elliptic. S. Y. 
 
 carolinlann, W. (Ap. >>.) leafets petioled, lanceolate, serrulate, shining, glabrous: 
 branchlets glabrous: flowers calycled. S. 
 
 ipiadrangulata, W. (blue ash. W. M. ^ .) leafets sub-sessile, lance-oval, serrate, pubes- 
 cent beneath: samara obtuse at each end. Mch. 
 
 Southern, 
 triplera, N. C^.) leafets obovate, entire, sub-sessile, tomentose beneath, oblique at 
 the base: fruit broad, obovate, generally 3- winged, tapering at the base. 
 
 6 — 1. Fritilla'ria. 14. Lili. diu. emo. 
 Southern. 
 ianceolata, Ph. (5) (W. p. Jn. If.) stem leaf3^ 1 — 2-flowered: leaves lance-linear 
 
 obtusish: lower ones whorled: petals lanceolate. 
 <ilba, N. (W. w. Ap. IS-.) glaucous: leaves remotish, alternate, sessile, oblong-linear, 
 flattish, oblique, obtuse, substriate beneath: flowers 1 — 3, axillary and terminal. 
 1 f. 
 atropurpurea, M. (br. ) leaves scattered, linear, acute: stem sub-3-floweied: petals 
 lanceolate, distinct at the base: stigma revolute, very long. 8 — 12 i. R. 
 
 Exotic, 
 impcrialis, (crown imperial, r. tt y. M. Zf-) flowers under a leafy crown nodding: 
 
 leaves lance-linear, entire. From Persia. 
 melcagris, (frittillary. guinea-hen flower, p. «& y. M. 21.) leaves alternate, linear, 
 
 channelled: stem 1 -flowered: nectary linear. Flower checkered. 
 
 8—1. Fu'cHsiA. 88. Hydr. ton—. 
 Exotic. 
 tnagellanica, Lk. (7) (ear-drop, r.) peduncles axillary, 1-flowered: leaves opposite 
 or in threes, very entire. Flowers pendulous. 
 
 Frasera. In honor of John Fraser, an American cultivator of exotics. 
 
 Fraxinus. Lat. fraxinus, the ash, supposed from Gr. jjhraxis, a hedge, from the use 
 
 sometimes made of it. 
 Fritillaria. Supposed from fritillus, a chess board, alluding to the chequered petals. 
 Fuchsia. In honor of L. Fuchs or Fuchsin, a noted German botanist. 
 
 (1) walteri, Mx. (2) concolor, Mx. americana, W. (3) tomentosa, Mx. 
 
 (4) caroliniana, Wm. (5) discolor, Mx. (6) LiHum kamschatkiense, W. 
 
 (7) coccinea, A. 
 
248 FUIRENA, GALACTIA. 
 
 3 — 1. Fuire'na. 9. Cjpe. far. nut. sug; 
 
 squarrosa, Mx. (umbrella grass. W. Ju. 21- ) spikes clustered (5 — 6,) ovate: culrri 
 smooth: leaves ciliate: slieaths hairy: valves of the corol cordate-ovate. Var. 
 /ijtmiZfl, culm pubescent above: leaves smooth: throat of the sheaths hairy: spikes 
 1 — 3, terminal. Id i. <S'. Xai. pumila,,'6 — 6 1. Y. Charleston, S — C. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 his'pida, E. (Au.) leaves long, with the sheaths very hispid: stem hispid abdvef 
 heads many (5 — 8) clustered: valves of the corol ovate, niucronate. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 Fuirena, Vaginaria. 
 
 16 — 6. FcMA'KiAi 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape. 
 
 officinalis, {fumitory, r. J. C^.) stem branching, spread: leaves more than decom" 
 pound; leafets lance-wedge-form, gashed. Naturalized. — 10 i. I have seen this 
 plant growing wild in extensive plats on fields and road sides, in the south part of 
 Barrington, Mass. G. C. Y. P. B. F. Canada. 
 
 Fumaria, CoRvoAtis. 
 
 16 — 10. Galactia. 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape^ 
 
 glabella, Mk. (1) (milky-way plant, r. & w. .1. 2i.) prostrate, somewhat twining and 
 glabrous: leaves ternate;' leafets oval-oblong, obtuse, emarginate at both ends: 
 raceme axillary, as long as the leaves: legumes villose. S. Y. P. Peekskill. 
 
 mollis, Mx. (2) (r. & w. Ju. 21.) twining, having soft whitish pubescence: leaves 
 ternate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish, glaucous beneath: racemes axillary, 
 simple, elongated, few-flowered: legumes villose. ^'. Y. P. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 villosa, N. (p. Ju. 21.) densely pilose: leaves ternate; leafets oblong-ovate, obtuse, 
 pale beneath: racemes axillary, much longer than the leaves! flowers scattered on 
 short pedicels. 
 
 dliotti, N. (w. Ji 21.) leaves pinnate: leafets oval, emarginate, glabrous above, pubes- 
 cent beneath: racemes long, few- flowered. 
 
 pilosa, N. ( ) stem twining, minutely and retrorsely hirsute: leafets oblong-ovate, 
 finely hirsute on both surfaces, pale beneath: racemes much longer than the leaves: 
 flowers on short pedicels, scattered and remote: legume villous. North Carolina 
 to Florida; west to Louisiana and Arkansas. 
 
 jloridamt, T. (r-p. ) prostrate: whole plant tomentose, with a whitish pubescence: 
 leafets oval, very obtuse: racemes a little longer than the leaves: fascicles of flowers 
 approximated: pedicels half the length of the calyx: legume villous. Florida. 
 
 canescens, Benth. ( ) creeping, somewhat twining, canescent: leafets broadly ovate, 
 retuse, slightly hirsute above, silky pubescent beneath: peduncles fasciculate, 
 elongated, interruptedly few-flowered: calyx silky villous. Texas. 
 
 spiciformis, T. {p-T. ) stem nearly glabrous: leafets ovate-oblong, coriaceous, rather 
 acute, indistinctly veined, glabrous above, minutely hirsute beneath: racemes much 
 longer than the leaves; flowers approximated, and nearly sessile: legume slightly 
 falcate, pubescei:t. Florida. 
 
 hrarhypoda, T. (p. ) nearly glabrous: stem not twining: leafets oblong or linear- 
 oblong, somewhat coriaceous, reticulated, paler beneath, obtuse or emarginate: 
 petioles longer than the leafets; racemes shorterthan the petioles, few-flowered: 
 calyx villous. Middle Florida. 
 
 Fuirena. In honor of Geo. Fuiren, a Dutch botanist. 
 
 Fumaria. Lat. fumus, smoke, from the juice and odor having the same efftjct as 
 
 smoke on the eyes. 
 Galactia. Gr. gala, milk, the plant being milky in all its parts. 
 
 (I) Dolichos regularis, W. Ervum vokibile, Wr. (2) Hedysarum volubile, W. 
 
GALACTIA, GALIUM, 249 
 
 eessiliflora, T. (p.) glabrous: stem erect, flexuous: leafets shorter than the petiole, 
 oblong-linear or linear, somewhat coriaceous, glaucous beneath, the terminal one 
 sub-sessile: racemes very short, sessile. 1 f. Florida, Alabama. 
 
 marginalis, Benth. (r. ) suffruticose: branches prostrate, somewhat silky-pubescent, 
 at length glabrous: leaves l-foliolute; leafet oblong-lanceolate or linear, narrowed 
 at the base, coi'iaceous, glabrous, with a marginal nerve beneath: peduncles very 
 short, axillary,' l~3-flovvered: calyx pubescent; segments as long as the tube. Texas. 
 
 6 — 1. Galan'thus. 17. Amar. r. erne.+ diu. 
 
 Exotic, 
 nivalis, (snowdrop, w. Ap. Zf.) leaves linear, keeled, acute, radical: scape 1-flowered. 
 
 17 — 3. Galar'dia. 55. Heli. ton. sec — . stim. 
 
 pinnatifida, T. & J. (W. y. p.) leaves pinnatifid: divisions lance-linear, somewhat 
 entire. 8 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 licolor, Lk. (1) (W. p. J. Zf.) leaves alteinate, sessile, lance-linear, acute, pubes- 
 cent, sparingly serrate, ciliate; cilia> hooked: flowers solitarjs terminal: scales of 
 the involucre lanceolate, acute, pubescent; outer ones refle.xed; inner ones erect: 
 chaff of the egret very entire, awned. Var. aristata, Ph. very liirsute, scabrous: 
 stem branching: leaves lance-linear, sessile: chaffs of the egret (5 — 7) ovate-lance- 
 olate, very long awned. 2 f Florida. 
 
 Galardia, Actinella, Leptopoda. 
 
 17 — ^2. Galatel'la. 55. Corym. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 ncmoralis, Cass. Described under Aster, by the specific name ledifolius^ 
 graminifoliai Described under Aster, graminifolius. 
 
 5 — 1. Ga'lax. 83. Gala. ton—;. 
 Southern, 
 rotundifolia, Mx. (2) (A. w. J. Zf.) very glabrous: leaves round-reniform, toothed;- 
 spike very long. 
 
 Galega, Tephrosia. 
 
 13 — 1. Galeop'sis. 42. Labi, stom. ton. 
 
 tetra'hit, (flowering nettle, hemp nettle. O. r. w. Jn. 0.) the spaces between the 
 
 joints of the stem thicken upwards: leaves ovate, hispid, serrate, calyx prickly, 
 
 shorter than the corol: stem rough-haired. 1 — 2 f. 
 ladanum, (red hemp nettle. E. r. Ju. 0.) stem hairy: internodes not swollen: leaves 
 
 lanceolate, sub-serrate, hairy: upper lip of the corol sub-crenate. 1 f. B. M«. 
 
 Holyoke. 
 
 4 — 1. Ga'lium, 57. Stel. ast. dye. 
 
 1. Fruit glabrous. 
 
 trifidUm, W. (3) (bed-straw. W. w. Ju. U-) stem procumbent, scabrous backwards; 
 cauline leaves in fives; branch leaves in fours, linear, obtuse: scabrous at the mar- 
 
 Galanthus. Gr. gala, milk, and anthos, flower, alluding to its milky whiteness. 
 Galardia. In honor of M. Gaillard de Charrentonneau, a French amateur of botany. 
 Galateila. Gr. gala, milk, with a diminutive adjunct; on account of the milky juice 
 
 of the plant. 
 Galax. Gt. galax, milky; from the whiteness of its flowers. 
 Galeopsis. Gr. gale, a weasel, and opsis, appearance; from the grotesque figure of 
 
 the flower. 
 Galium. Gr. gala, milk, because one species will coagulate milk. 
 
 (1) lanceolata, Mx. (2) aphylla, W. Erythrorhiza, Mx. (3) Claytoni Mx 
 32 
 
260 GALIUM, GAULTHERIA. 
 
 gin and on the nerves: fascicles terminal, few-flowered: pedicels short: corols 
 
 mostly 3-cleft. S. W. Y. P. T. B. C. N. F. Meh. K. M. 
 verum, (j-ellow bed-straw, y. Ju. 2i.) leaves whorled, about in eifrhts, linear, grooved, 
 
 entire, scabrous: flowers in dense panicles. Var. lulifoUum. leaves wedge-obovate. 
 tinctoriuin, (wild madder, dyer's cleaveia. O. w. Ju. 21-) stem diffuse, saioolhish: 
 
 cauline leaves in fives and sixes; branch leaves in lours, linear-acutish: peduncles 
 
 terminal, elongated, 2 — 3-flowered. 1 f. <S'. Mch. 
 oblusuin, Bvv. (W. \v. Ju. Z{.) stem srnooih, procumbent: leaves in fours, oblanceo- 
 
 lale, obtuse, rougli on the margin and midrib. B. T. C. Mch. 
 asprelluin, Ms. (rough bed-straw. O. vv. Ju. 2i-) stem diffuse, very branching, prickly 
 
 backwards: leaves in fives and sixes, lanceolate, acuminate; margins and nerves 
 
 prickly: pedicels sliort. 18 — 24 i. S. Mch. 
 
 2. Fruit hirsute. 
 
 brachiatum, Ph. (bed-straw, w. Ju. If.) stem limber, long, brachiate-ramose, hispid: 
 branches short: leaves in sixes, lance-oblong, acuminate, glabrous; margin and 
 keel ciliate: branches whorled, the longest dichotomous: pedicels 2- flowered: fruit 
 with hooks. S. V. Y. P. T. C. N. Mch. 
 
 aparine, (catch- weed, goose grass. W. w. J. ^.) stem limber, scabrous backwards: 
 leaves in about eig:hts, linear, and linear-obianceolate, mncronate, hispid above, 
 margin and keel prickly: fruit hook-bristled. 3—4 f. P. Y. W. B. C. O. N. F. 
 M. 
 
 micranfhum, Ph. (W. w. Ju. lU) stem very branching, prickly backwards: leaves 
 short, lanceolate, mucronate, glabrous; margin and keel prickly: pedicels about 
 2-flo\vered. 
 
 triflorum, Mx. (1) (O. vv. Ju. Zf.) stem procumbent, smoothish: leaves in fives or 
 sixes, lance-obovate, mucronate glabrous, scarcely ciliate at the margin: branchlets 
 3-flowered at the end; flowers pedicelled: fruit small. /S. Mch. M. 
 
 pilosum, A. (W. p. J. 21.) stem nearly simple, long, ascending, remotely geniculate, 
 hispid: leaves in fours, oval, short-mucronate, very hirsute both sides, nerveless: 
 branchlets nearl}' simple, about 3-flowered at the end: fiuit pilose. 1 f S. P. 
 Y. T. N. C. O. F. Mch. 
 
 circcE'zans, Mx. (2) (wild liquorice, cross cleavers. O. w-y. J. 2X.) stem erect, 
 smooth: leaves in fours, oval, acutish, smoothish; margins and nerves a little 
 ciliate; peduncles few-flowerd; flowers remote, sub-sessile: fruit with hooked 
 bristles. Leaves taste much like liquorice. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch. M. 
 
 lanceolutum, T. (W. p. Ju- 2i.) stem erect, very smooth: leaves in fours, lanceolate, 
 generally acute, smooth, 3-nerved. sub-ciliate at the margin: peduncles divaricate: 
 fruit sub-sessile, nodding, hook-bristled. 1 f. D. O. B. P. T. H. N. Owego. 
 Mch. K. M. 
 
 boreale, (3) (VV. w. Ju. 2|'.) stem stiffly erect, smoothish, branching: branches short, 
 erect: leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, with involute scabrous 
 margins: flowers panicled, terminal: fruit minutel}' hook-bristled. 12 — 24 i. T. Y. 
 P. E. C. O. F. N. Owego. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 latifolium, Mx. (A. p. Ju. ) stem erect, smooth: leaves in fours, oval, acute, mem- 
 branaceous, somewhat hispid on the margin: peduncles divaricate, loosely many- 
 flowered: fruit smooth. Carolina. 
 
 uniflonan, Mx. (p. J. 2X.) stem assurgent, smooth: leaves generally in fours, linear, 
 acute, revolute: peduncles generally solitary, 1-flowered: fruit smooth. 
 
 hispid' ulum, Mx. (w. M. 24..) stem procumbent, pubescent, much branched: leaves 
 in fours, lanceolate, dotted, scabrous: fruit scabrous. Carolina. 
 
 cuspidatum, Dc. ( 21.) stem prostrate, glabrous: leaves about in sixes, lance-acumi- 
 nate, thinly-ciliated: peduncles trifid: lobes of the corol acuminate: fruit pilose. 
 Hairs on the fruit long and white. 
 
 10 — 1. Gaul'theria. 51. Eric. h. ast. o. sto. stim. 
 proeumbens, (spicy wintergreen. O. w. J. 24- or ^.) stem procumbent: branches 
 
 Gaultheria. In honor of Dr. Gaulthier, a JVench botanist of Quebec. 
 
 (1) cuspidatum, M. (2) brachiatum, M. boreale, Wr. (3) strictum, 4th 
 
 ed. septentrionale, Dc. 
 
GAULTHERIA, GEL6EMINUM. 951 
 
 erect: leaves obovate, acute at the base: flowers few, nodding. Berries red, ooo- 
 sisting in part of the permanent calyx; a little mealy; pleasant tasted. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 hispid' uhi, M. (1) (creeping wintergreen. W. w. M. ^.)stem creeping, hispid: leaves 
 oval, acute: flowers solitary, axillary, sub-sessile, having but 8 stamens, short-bell- 
 form. B. D. N. Mch. 
 
 skallon, Ph. (W. w. J- ^.) erect, fruticose: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, serrulate: ra- 
 ceme 1 -sided, bracted: pediclels 2-bracted in the middle. <S'. 
 
 8 — 1. Gziu'RA. 83. Onag. emo. 
 
 biennis, (virginian loosestrife, r. & y. Au. §.) leaves lanceolate, toothed: spike crowd 
 ed: fruit roundish-4-cornered, pubescent. 4 — 6 f. S. T. P. C. H. O. M. Peeks- 
 kill. Mch. S— C. 
 
 vilLosa, T. & J. (W. r.) herbaceous: stem panicled above, naked, very glabrous: 
 leaves silky-villose, lanceolate, acute, remotely toothed and entire: petals obovate, 
 obtuse: stamens declined: flowers octandrous: capsules linear-oblong. 3 f. 
 
 parvifolia, T. &. J. (W. r.) stem glabrous, panicled above: leaves linear, hirsute, 
 entire: flowers loosely spiked: petals roundish, with short claws: capsules ovate- 
 oblong, narrowing towards each end. 
 
 mara-inuta, Lehm. ( r.) stem ascending, base suffruticose: leaves lanceolate, re- 
 pand-dentate, sub-revolute, becoming whitish, with close pressed pubescence on 
 both sides: flowers in terminal spikes, whorls crowded, bracts linear, deciduous: 
 fruit becoming white. R. 
 
 glabra, Lehm. (r. ) stem ascending, base sufiruticose: leaves narrow-lanceolate, un- 
 dulate, very glabrous: spikes elongated: flowers alternate: bracts linear, persistent: 
 germs linear, 4-angled, glabrous. A. 
 
 parvijloru, Dg. ( ) stem herbaceous, erect, pilose: leaves oblong, acuminate, re- 
 mote-toothed, margin ciliate; in the young state somewhat velvety: spikes elonga- 
 ted: flowers minute, crowded: fruit distant, 4-angled, tapering at both ends, some- 
 what glabrous. 12 — 18 i. R. A. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 angustifolia, Mx. (2) (w. Ju. Zf.) leaves clustered, linear, repand, undulate: fruit 
 oblong, 4-angled, acute at each end. K. 
 
 coccinea, N. (W. r. 0. U.) silky-pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub-denticulate: spike 
 crowded: petals as long as the calyx: stigma sub-entire. Var. integerrima, stems 
 numerous, hoary-sub-villose, simple: leaves lance-oblong, very entire, acutish, 
 narrow at the base: racemes lax, few-flowered: petals ovate, obtuse, with very nar- 
 row claws. 
 
 mollis, N. (VV.) leaves lanceolate, entire, clothed with soft hairs. 
 
 lini/ulia, N. (W. w.) stem erect, spaiingly branched, smooth: leaves smooth, sessile, 
 lance-linear, entire: midrib translucent: spike terminal, crowded, becoming much 
 extended after flowering: fruit triquetrous, shorter than the linear bracts. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 sinuata, N. (W. ) brandies and Ipaves with close-pressed hairs; leaves numer- 
 
 ous, linear sinuate: flowers long soiked: fruit distant, clavate, 4-sided at the apex, 
 tapering at the base and short pedicelled: angles tumid. Arkansas, and Red 
 River. 
 
 5 — 2. Gelsem'ikum. 47. Apo. acr. stim. r. bit. erne. sud. 
 So7Uhern. 
 
 sempervirens, W. (3) (y. March. 2S-) stem twining, smooth, glabrous: leaves oppo- 
 site, ppiennial, lanceolate, entire, dark-green above, paler beneath: petioles short. 
 Var. inodorum, has inodorous flowers. Florida. S — C. 
 
 Gaura. Gr. gauros, pompous or elated, from its rose colored flowers in fine terminal 
 
 spikes. 
 Gelseminurn. One of the ancient names of the jasmine. 
 
 (1) serpyllifolia. Ph. Vaccinium hispidulum, L. Oxycoccus hispidulus, P. Ar- 
 butus thymifolia, A. filiformis, Lk. (2) biennis, Wr. (3) Bignonia, W. 
 
25^ GENISTA, GERANIUM. 
 
 16—10. Genista. 93. Leg. nut. asc. ape. 
 Exotic, 
 tinctoria, (dyers broom, wood waxen, y. Au. Zf.) leaves lanceolate, glabrous: branches 
 terete, striate, erect, unarmed: legumes glabrous. 1 f. B. Peekskill. 
 
 5 — 2. Gentia'na. 46. Gent. r. ton. bit. alli. dysp. ust. 
 
 saponaria, (1) (soap gentian. O. b. &. w. S. 2|.) stem terete, glabrous: leaves lance- 
 ovate, 3-nerved: flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal and axillary: corol 5-cleft, bell- 
 ventricose, almost closed at the top; inner folds tootlied. i.2 — 18 i. iS'. Mch. 
 
 pchrokuca, Frl. (2) (marsh gentian. W. y. 6l b. S. 21- ) stem somewhat angled, gla- 
 brous: leaves lance-ovate; flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal: corol 5 — 10 cleft, bell- 
 ventricose; divisions acute; inner folds simple, acute. If .V. Mch. 
 
 fubricaulis, Bz. & Keating (W.) stem terete, glabrous, red: leaves lance-oblong, 3- 
 nerved, obtuse: flowers terminal, fascicled, sessile: corol 5-cleft, bell-form, not 
 ventricose; divisions acute, connivent; inner fold 1-toothed. If. K. 
 
 pneumvnantha, (calathian violet, b. Au. If.) stem terete: leaves-linear, obtusish: 
 floweis terminal, fasicled: lateral ones solitary, peduncled: corol 5-cleft. bell-form; 
 divisions roundish; inner folds with one acute tooth. If. S. P. B. Canada. 
 
 angiistifolia, Mx. (3) (b. O. If.) stem simple, slender, 1-flowered: leaves linear and 
 wedge-form, spreading: corol funnel-forin, with the alternate divisions lacerate. 
 1 f. 8. Y. 
 
 linearis, Frl. (4) (A. b. Au. 21-) ^tem somewhat scabrous: leaves lance-linear, undu- 
 late, ciliate: flowers sessile, in terminal, crowded fascicles: calyx ciliate: corol bell- 
 form, .5-cleft: divisions obtuse, with the inner folds denticulate. .S'. P. 
 
 miinqutflora, Frl. (5) (O. b. Au. $.) stem 4-cornered, branching: leaves half-clasping, 
 oval, acute, 3-nerved: flowers 5-cleft, bell-tubular, with a glabrous throat, terminal 
 and lateral, in threes or fives, sub-pedicelled; divisions lanceolate, acuminate: 
 calyx short. If -S. M. Mch. 
 
 crinita, W. (6) (fringed geiitian. O. b. S. Zf.) stem terete; branches long, 1-flowered: 
 leaves lanceolate, acute: corol 4-cleft; divisions obovate, gash-ciliate. 18 i. S. 
 M. Mch. 
 
 acuta, Mx. (W. A. g. y.) stem 4-angled: leaves somewhat clasping, oblong, very 
 acute: flowers fascicled, terminal and lateral; throat of the corol ciliate. S. 
 
 lutea, (yellow gentian, y.) leaves broad-ovate, nerved: corols about 5-cleft, wheel- 
 form, whorled. Y. New Jersey. 
 
 Southern, 
 patesbaei, Wt. (Oc.) rough: leaves narrow-lanceolate: divisions of the calyx lance- 
 linear, twice as long as the tube: corol with the border erect; inner segments short, 
 2-cleft, fimbriate. 
 
 15 — 10. Gera'niuhi. 73. Gera. ast, aro. 
 
 maculatum, (crow-foot geranium, cranesbill. O. r. & b. J. Zf.) erect: pubescence 
 reversed: stem dichotomous: leaves opposite, 3 or 5-parted, gashed; upper ones 
 sessile; peduncles 2-flowered: petals obovate. 1—2 f S. West Rocky Mts. 
 Mch. 
 
 carolininnum, (W. w. I. 3u. $.) diff"use, pubescent: leaves opposite, 5-lobed; lobes 
 3-cleft, gashed; peduncles 2-flowered. sub-fasciJIed: petals emarginate, equalling in 
 length the awned calyx: carpels villose. 2—12 i. S. Y. C. P. M. R. D. Mch. 
 S— C. K. 
 
 pusillum, (small crane's bill. b. M. =§.) peduncles 2-flowered: flowers penlandrous, 
 with 5 abortive filaments; petals retuse, of the length of the awnless calyx: leaves 
 
 Genista. Lat. genu, a knee, in allusion to the bending of the twig; or from Celt, gen, 
 
 a small bush. 
 Gentiana. After Gentius, king of Illyria, who according to Pliny, first used it for its 
 
 tonic qualities. 
 Geranium. Gr. geranion, from geranos, a crane, the germ and style resembling the 
 
 head and beak of that bird. 
 
 (1) fimbriata, Vahl. (2) saponaria, Wr. villosa, W. (3) purpurea, Wr. 
 
 (4) puberula, Mx. (5) quinquefolia, L. amarelloides, Mx. (6) fimbriata, 
 
 Bpt. rep. 
 
GERANIUM, OERARDIA. 253 
 
 enb-reniform, 5 to 9-Iobed; lobes 2 to 3-parted, wedge-form, divisions acute, sub- 
 tootlied: carpels pubescent. Probably synonomous wiih G. dissectum. P. O. 
 
 dissectuin, W. (wood geranium, r. J. O.) spread, hairy: leaves opposite, 5-parted; 
 lobes :3-cleft, gashed, linear; peduncles 2-ilo\vcred, long: petals emarginate, the 
 length orthe awiied calyx: carpels with glandular hairs. 1 f. Y. P. B. C. II. M. F. 
 
 rohcrliaiium, (herb robert. O. r. J. ^.) spread hirsute: leaves opposite, ternate and 
 quinate, 3-cleft, pinnatifid; peduncles 2-Hovvered: petals entire, twice as long as 
 the awned calyx: carpels net-veined. 10 — 15 i. S. Mch. 
 
 columbimtm, (long stalked geranium, b. M. 21.) peduncles 2-flowered: longer than 
 the leaves: leaves 5-parted; lobes many'cleft, linear: petals emarginate, of the 
 length of the awned caly.x: carpels glabrous. P. Y. 
 
 caespitosum, J. (W. r.) somewhat erect, sparingly branched above; radical leaves 
 reniform, deeply 5 to 7-cleft. 
 
 alhijloruin. Hook, {w.) stem erect, dichotoriious, somewhat angled, glabrous below; 
 glandular-pilose above: leaves deeply 5-parted; segments ovate, acuminate, incisely 
 sub-pinnatifid, rallier hairy; radical ones on long petioles; tiie uppermost opposite, 
 on short petioles, 3-parted, rather acuminate: sepals glandular-pilose: petals as well 
 as filaments hirsute at the base, llocky Mts. 
 
 criantlium, Dc. (p.) stem erect, angled, sparingly dichotomous, minutely pubescent 
 Of nearLj' glabrous below: leaves deeply 5 to 7-lobed; lobes 3-cleft; segments laci- 
 niate-incised; radical ones on long petioles; the uppermost sub-sessile: peduncles 
 short and crowded: sepals and base of the petals and stamens densely villose. 
 N.W. Coast and Kamschatka. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 sanovivaim, (bloody geranium. 2X.) peduncles 1-flowered: leaves 5-parted, 3-cleft, 
 orbicular: capsule bristly at the top. 
 
 Geraniuvi, Pelargonium, Erodium. 
 
 13 — 2. Gerar'dia. 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc. feb— . abs. 
 
 1. Floicers yeiloxo. 
 
 Jiata. (false foxglove. O. y. .Tu. Ti-) pubescent: stem nearly simple: leaves sub-sessile, 
 lanceolate, entire or toothed; lower ones sub-pinnatifid, gashed: flowers axillary, 
 opposite, sub-peduncled. 2 — 3 f. &'. Mch. 
 
 glauca, Eddy. (1) (oak-leaf foxglove. O. y. Ju. 71.) glabrous: stem glaucous, panicle- 
 like: leaves pelioled, sinuate-pinnatifid, with acute lanceolate divisions; upper 
 leaves lanceolate, entire. 3 — 5 f. S. Mch. 
 
 pediadaria, (louse-wort foxglove. W. y. S. ^.) pubescent, brachiate-panicled: leaves 
 oblong, doubly gash-serrate and pinnatifid: flowers axillary, opposite, pedicelled; 
 divisions of the calj'X leafy, gash-toothed. Var. pcctinata, stem and branches 
 densely pilose: leaves ovate, pectinately sub-bi pinnatifid, soft pubescent: calyx 
 hirsute. 2 f. S. N. C. D. Y. P. B. O. H. N. Peekskill. Mch. 
 
 2. Flowers purple. 
 
 purpurea, (p. Au. -C^.) stem with opposite branches: leaves linear, slender: flowers 
 
 axillary, opposite, sub-sessile: segments of the calyx subulate. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 P. Y. C. B. N. F. Mch. 
 maritima, R. (2) (W. L. p. Ju. 0.)' leaves linear, fleshy, short, oblusish: flowers 
 
 peduncled: upper segments of the corol ciliate: calyx truncate. 6 — 12 i. W. D. 
 
 N. C. Y. F. B. 
 auriculata, Mx. (3) (W. p. Au. #.) nearly simple, rough: leaves lance-ovate, 2-eared 
 
 at the base, entire: flowers axillary, opposite: leaves and flowers closely sessile. 
 
 8 i. S. P. Mch. ^ 
 
 tenuifoUa, W. (4) (W. p. Au. $. -^?) very branching: leaves linear, acute, scabrous: 
 
 peduncles axillary, longer than the flowers: teeth of the calyx acute. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 P. Y. T. B. O. H. Mch. 
 
 GerardiX. In honor of John Gerarde, the old English herbalist, a great cultivator of 
 
 exotic plants. 
 
 (1) quercifolia, Ph. Rhinanthus virginicus, G. heterophylla, M. (2) crinita, 
 Eddy, crassilblia, Var. of purpurea. Ph. (3) Erinus africanus, M. (4) erecta, Vahl. 
 
254 GERARDIA, GEUM. 
 
 aetacea, Wr. (1) ^p. S. 0.) stem very branching: leaves setaoeons, glabrous: flowers 
 scattered, terminal and axillary: peduncles much longer than the leaves. 2 f. S. 
 P. S — C 
 
 Southern, 
 
 aphylla, N. (p. Ju. 0.) stem naked, nearly simple, with small, deciduous, opposite, 
 ovate scales: corol longer than the peduncle. 3 f. 
 
 plukenttii, ( y- S.) stem very branching: leaves setaceous, glabrous: fk)wers axil- 
 lary and terminal: peduncles shorter than the leaves: teeth of the calyx setaceous, 
 very short. 2 f. 
 
 JasdcuUiUi, (L. p. S. ^.) stem rigid, erect, branching near the summit: leaves oppo- 
 site, and in threes, sometimes alternate, linear, clustered, very scabrous: peduncles 
 much shorter than the leaves. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 JilifuUa, N. (p. S.) stem terete, branching: leaves filiform, someWhat clustered, gla- 
 brous, alternate: divisions of the calyx acutely toothed: peduncles longer than the 
 leaves. < ' ' ^ 
 
 linifolia, N. (2) (p. S. 2_(.) stem terete, virgate:' leaves linear, acute, smooth, ap- 
 pressed: calyx truncate, denticulate: corol pubescent without, villous within: pe- 
 duncles a little shorter than the leaves. 2 f 
 
 cuneifolia, Ph. ( ) branching; branches erect: leaves wedge-form, lanceolate, un- 
 equally serrate; upper ones alternate: peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves: 
 calyx 5-parted. Is this a Gerardia? E. 
 frulicosa, Ph. (W. p. J. ^.) very branching: leaves lanceolate, seriate, attenuate at 
 the base, sub-petioled: racemes'terminal: flowers opposite, bracted. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Gerardia, Seymeria. 
 
 11—12. Ge'um. 92. Rosa. ast. ref feb. 
 
 stridum, W. (3) (upright avens, herb bennet. O. y. J. 21.) hirsute: leaves all inter- 
 ruptedly pinnate, the odd one largest; leafets ovate, toothed: stipules gashed: the 
 five alternating divisions of the calyx linear, short; flowers erect; petals roundish, 
 longer than the calyx: awns naked, hooked, sometimes hairy, not hooked. 2 f. 
 Mch. 
 
 cirginianum. (avens. O. w. Ju. Zf.) pubescent: radical and lower cauline leaves ter- 
 nate, upper ones lanceolate: gtipules ovate, sub-enlire: flowers erect; petals shorter 
 than the calyx: awns hooked, naked; at the apex twisted, hairy. Var. trilobum, 
 has tlie radical leaves 3-lobed or ternate. 2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 album, W. (4) (W. w. Ju. 2_f.) pubescent: radical leaves pinnate; cauline ones ter- 
 nate; upper ones simple, 3-cleft: lower stipules gashed: flowers erect; petals of 
 the length of the calyx: awns hooked, naked, hairy at the end. 2 f. <S. P. B. 
 F. T. 
 
 rivale, (purple avens. O. p. M. If.) pubescent: stem simple: radical leaves interrupt- 
 edly pinnate; cauline ones 3-cleft: flowers nodding; petals of the length of the 
 calyx: awns plumose, nakedisk above, a little hooked. Excellent tonic. Damp. 
 Mch. 
 
 agrimonoides, ( w. ZC-) very hirsute: leaves all pinnatifid; lobes sub-equal, un- 
 equally gash serrate: stipules ovate, sub-entire: flowers erect; divisions of the 
 calyx sub-equal: petals oval, of the length of the calyx. Penn. 
 
 peckii, Ph. (A. y. Ju. 2i-) stem few-flowered: radical leaves reniform, rounded, sub- 
 truncate at the base, gash-toothed; petioles very long, sometimes appendaged: pe- 
 tals roundish, longer than the calyx. 4—8 i. VVJiite iiills. 
 
 geniculatum, Mx. (Zf.) many-flowered, sub-panicled: cauline leaves sub-sessile, 3- 
 parled: stipules entire: petals wedge-obcordate: aw^ns all over hairy, geniculate in 
 the middle. Canada. 
 
 radiatum, Mx. (A. y.) very hirsute: radical leaves pinnate; terminal one large, reni- 
 form, with radiating nerves, dentate; stem leaves clasping, gash-lacerate: awns 
 glabrous, simple at the summit. <S'. 
 
 Geum. Gr. guio, to be proud, from its gaudy appearance; or from geuo, to give 
 
 taste; relating to the aromatic smell of G. urbanum. 
 
 (1) erecta, Mx. (2) erecta, Wr.? (3) canadense, Mx. aleppicum, Jn. 
 
 (4) canadense, Jn. carolinianum, Wr. 
 
GEUMj GLYCERA. 255 
 
 ciliatum, Ph. (W. y-p. Ju. 2f.) pubescent: stem simple; leaves a little glabrous, ciliate 
 at the marofin; lower ones pinnate, cauline ones pinnatifid, upper ones palmate; 
 divisions Imear, gashed: flowers corynibed. 
 
 Exotic, 
 urbanum, (y. M. Zf.) flowers erect, awns hooked, naked: stem erect, branching, 
 hairy: radical leaves pinnalilid in fives; cauline ones palm-ternate; upper ones 
 ovate, 1-lobed: stipules large, sub-orbicular. 1'^ — 16 i. 
 
 11 — 5. Gille'nia. 92. Rosa. ast. ref. feb. 
 
 trifollata, Mn. (1) (Indian physic, bowman's root. W. w. J. Zf.) leaves ternate, 
 lanceolate, serrate, nearly equal: stipules linear, entire: flowers terminal, in loose 
 panicles: calyx bell-tubuW. Styles 5. 2 f. S. P. Y. O. H. M. Mch. 
 
 stipulated, (2) (W. w. .T. 'Z{.) leaves ternate, lanceolate, gash-serrate, nearly equal: 
 stipules leafy, ovate, gash-toolhed: flowers in a lax panicle: calyx bell-form. Styles 
 5. Var. incisa, has ternate leaves, with leafets gash- toothed. 2 — 3 f. S. P. 
 
 12 — 1. Glau'cium. 62. Papa. nar. ano — • 
 Soutltern. 
 luteum, S. (3) (horned poppy. L. y. Ju. 0.) stem glabrous: cauline leaves clasping, 
 repand: peduncles 1-flowered: silique tuberculate, and a little scabrous. 
 
 5 — 1. Glaux. 35. Prim. acr. ton — . 
 
 maritima, (sea milk-v;ort. L. r. Ju. Zf.) leaves oblong, smooth: flowers axillary, 
 sessile. 4 — 5 i. In salt marshes. Harper's ferry. Canada. 
 
 13 — 1. Gle'choma. 42. Labi. stom. ton. 
 
 hederacea, (ground ivy, gill over the ground. O. b. & r. M. Zf.) leaves reniform, cre- 
 nate: stem rooting. Var. cordata, leaves cordate. (S. 
 
 20 — 6. Gledits'chia. 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape. 
 
 triacanthos, (honey-locust, w. J. ^.) thorn strong, cross-branched: leaves oval, and 
 oblong: legumes very long, compressed. A large tree. One side of the long flat 
 legume contains a sweet pulp. Cultivated. Var. inennis, branches unarmed. S. 
 T. P. C. D. F. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hrachycarpa, Ph. (O. Ju. ^.) spines thick, short, sub-ternate: leafets oblong, obtuse: 
 legumes short-oblong. 
 
 monosperma, W. (swamp-locust. O. Ju. T?.) branches somewhat spiny: leafets ovate- 
 oblong, acute: legumes oval, mucronate, somewhat 1-seeded. 
 
 Gloitedium, Robinia, Sesbania. 
 
 3 — 2. Glyce'ra. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod — . 
 
 fiuitans, (4) (water fescue. W. Ju. Zf.) panicle one-sided, slightly branched; spikelets 
 linear-terete, appressed, 8 to 12-flowered; florets very obtuse, 7-nerved: leaves 
 long, flat. 2—3 f. S. T. Y. P. C. O. H. N. D. Mch. 
 
 Gillenia. Gr. gelao, to laugh; in allusion to its exhilerating qualities. 
 
 Glaucium. Gr. glaukos, sea green; from its color. 
 
 Glaux. Gr. glaux, so called by Dioscorides, from its glaucous color. 
 
 Glechoma. Gr. glechon, the herb pennyroyal; others say from glukus, sweet; from 
 
 its taste. 
 Gleditschia. In honor of Dr. J. G. Gleditsch, a German botanist and author of 
 
 several botanical works. 
 Glyceiia. Gr. glukus, sweet, the seeds baing very sweet and called manna seeds in 
 
 Germany. 
 
 (1) Spirea, L. (2) Spirea, stipulata, M. (3) Chelidoniura glaucium, W. 
 
 (4) Festuca, L. Poa, S. Devauxia, Ph. 
 
256 CLYCERA, CNAPHALIUM. 
 
 hreoifoVui, M. (1)(J. 2X.) panicle simple, elongated, appressed; spikelets linear-terele^ 
 4 to 12-flovvere(]; florets attenuated, acute, indistinctly nerved: leaves short, erect. 
 18 i. B. O. M. 
 
 10 — 10. Gly'cine. 93. Legn. nut. asc. ape. sug. 
 Soiithern. 
 striata, ( ) stem twining: leafets oblong, very soft downy: raceme of the length 
 of the leaves: legumes very hirsute. Is this species as high north as the Gulf of 
 Mexico? 
 angulata, D. ( ) stem angled, with the angles hairy: leafets oblong-ovate, obtuse, 
 silky beneath: legumes linear, compresaed, hirsute. ^•■' 
 
 Glycine, Phaseolcs, Sub. G. Strophostyles, Amphicakpaea, Rhtnchosia, Wistaria, 
 and Apios. (2). 
 
 16 — 10. Glycyrrhi'za. 93. Liegii.^pfc. asc. ape. sug. 
 
 lepidota, N- (W. w. Ju. 11.) leafets oblong, acute, silky villose: legumes racemed, 
 
 oblong, hispid. 3 — 5 f. R. Hudson's Bay. . 
 glulinosa, N. ( ) leafets oblong and oblong-lanceolate, strigose with scaly glands: 
 
 stems and calyx pubescent with glandular hairs: spikes pedunculate, much shorter 
 
 than the leaves: bracts with a long acuminate point: calyx nearly equal. Banks 
 
 of Lewis's River. 
 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis, (liquorice. 21.) leaves pinnate, the terminal ones petioled. Root tuberous- 
 
 cyUndric, sweet. 
 
 17—2. Gnapha'lium. ^. Inul. ton. sec-stim. feb. sud. f. h. odo, 
 
 polyccpW alum, Mx. (3) (sweet-scented life-everlasting. O. y-w. Ju. 0.) leaves lance- 
 linear, acute, glabrous above, downy beneath: stem panicled, downy: corymbs 
 
 terminal. 1—2 f. -S'. Mch. 
 deciirrens, Ives, (4) (neglected life-everlasting. O. y-w. Ju. #.) leaves lanceolate, 
 
 broad at the base, acute, decurrent, somewhat scabrous above, tomentose beneath: 
 
 stem leafy, branched, spreading. 1 — 3 f. C. V. T. 
 purpureum, W. (5) (W. p. Ju. 2i-) leaves linear-spatulate, downy beneath: stem 
 
 erect, simple: flowers sessile, glomerate, terminal and axillary: involucre purple. 
 
 G— 12 i. S. Y. P. C. N. Florida. 
 luteo-album, L. ( ) leaves sub-amplexicaule, both sides and the stem arachnoid- 
 woolly, lower ones spatulate, upper ones lance-linear, undulate: flowers dense, 
 
 corymbose-capitate. R. A. 
 supinum, L. ( ) stem decumbent at the base and branching; fruit-bearing one 
 
 erect: leaves linear, both sides arachnoid-tomentose: flowers axillary, solitary or 
 
 racemed: scales of the involucre fuscous at the margin. A. 
 ullglnosum, W. (cudweed, mud-life-everlasting. O. w. Ju. 0.) stem branched, spread 
 
 woolly: leaves lance-linear, narrowed at both ends, downy: flowers terminal, 
 
 heaped: involucre brown. Damp. 4 — 6 i. -S'. Mch. 
 germanicum, W. (w. Ju. 0.) stem erect, dichotomous: leaves lance-linear, acute, 
 
 tomentose: flowers in a globular head, terminaj, and lateral. 6 — 8 i. iS. P. 
 
 H. M. 
 amcricanum, W. (6) (W. y-w. J. 0.) herbaceous, erect, branching: leaves obovate- 
 
 spatulate, pubescent beneath: flowers axillary and terminal, in glomeratefcpikes. 
 
 6—8 i. S. P. Y. * 
 
 sylcatlcum, W. (Ju. Zf.) stem erect, simple, downy: flowers in a leafy spike, axillary 
 
 and terminal: leaves lance-lineari downy. 12 i. 
 
 Glycine. Gr. ^ukus, sweet, from the leaves of some species having a sweet taste. 
 Glycyrrhiza. Gr. gluUus, sweet, and rlza, root, from its sweet taste. 
 Gnaphalium. Gr. gnaphalon, cotton or wool, from its soft downy surface. 
 
 (J) acutiflora, T. Festuca, M. (2) The old genus Glycine is thus distributed 
 under the sub-divisions of Phaseolus by Elliott and De Candolle. I follow them 
 reluctantly, but not precisely. (3) obtusifolium, Wr. (4) luteo-album? M. 
 
 (5) hyemale, Wr. (6) spatulatum, Lk. pennsylvariicum, M. 
 
GNAPHALIUM, GOODYERA. 257 
 
 Sub-genvs Antennaria, Br. st7jlc very simple or short, bifid. — didiniatc. 
 
 margaritacea, (pearl-flowered life-everlasting. O. y. & w. Jii. H-) tall, simple: leaves 
 lance-linear, acute, 3-nerved, sessile, under side and stem woolly: corymb many- 
 flowered: scales of the hemispheric involucre elliptic, obtuse, opaque, white, the 
 outer ones only tomentose at the base. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 dioica, (w. M. 2^.) stoloniferous, creeping: leaves tomentose beneath chiefly: radical 
 ones spatulale, obscurely 3-nerved at the base; cauline ones lance-linear: stem 
 simple: flowers corymbose-capitate, dioecious. Canada. A. R. T. C. N. F. Mch. 
 
 raceinosa, H. (A. ) stoloniferous, creeping: leaves on the upper side and the simple 
 stem glabrous, under side wliite-tomentose; radical ones ovate-spatulate; cauline 
 ones lance-linear: (lowers racemed, dioecious: racemes lax, somewhat compound: 
 scales of the invoWcre all obtuse, shining, very glabrous. R. 
 
 carpatica, W-d.h\. {lyi^A. 21.) somewhat low, simple, woolly: leaves lanceolate, 3- 
 nerved, inferior ones petioled: corymb capitate, few-(C — 8)-flowered: involucre 
 turbinate, woolly beneath; scales obtuse, shining, becoming fuscous; upper ones 
 elongated, apexes white, becjtoing opake. .Canada. R. 
 
 alpina, ( ) stolonifero^^ short, sub-erect: leaves white-tomentose beneath 
 
 chiefly; radical ones spatulate; cauline ones linear: corymb capitate: interior scales 
 of the involucre acute, membranfljipeous, becoming fuscous, shining. R. A. 
 
 Gompho carpus. Acerates, Asclepiab. 
 5 — 1. Gomphre'na. 30. Amar. cat. r, ton. 
 Exotic, 
 globosa, (globe amaranth, bachelor's button, r. Au. #.) stem erect: leaves lance- 
 ovate: heads solitary: peduncles 2-leaved. 
 
 Gompkrena, Achyranthes. 
 
 Gonolobium, Gonolobus. 
 
 IS — 5. Gonolobus. 47. Ascl. acr. stim. eme. sud. 
 
 obliquus, (false choak-dog. p. J. 21.) stem twining, hirsute: leaves heart-ovate, acute: 
 corymbs axillary: segments of the corol ovate, acuminate. S. P. 
 
 hirsutus, Mx. (2) (W. p. Ju. li.) sarmenls and petioles very hirsute: leaves gradually 
 acuminate, pubescent on both sides: divisions of the corol oval-oblong, obtuse: 
 follicles oblong, muricate. Charleston, S— C. 
 
 Southern. 
 macrophyUus, Mx. (W. y. Ju.) leaves broad, cordate, with the sinus closed, abruptly 
 
 acuminate: follicles muricate: lobes of tlie crown divided. Charleston, S — C. 
 proslratus, ( p. ) stem prostrate, herbaceous: leaves reniform-cordate, acute, tomentose 
 
 beneath. 
 viridijhrus, N. (W. g.) smooth, twining: leaves sub-reniform-cordate, auricled at the 
 
 base, acuminate, somewhat long-peduncled: divisions of the corol oblong-linear, 
 
 oblique, obtuse: follicles ribbed. 
 
 18—1. Goodye'ra, Br. (3) 21. Orch. aro. vis. 
 
 pubescens, W. (rattle snake leaf, scrofula weed, adders' violet. O. y. w. Ju. 2I-) leaves 
 
 radical, ovate, petioled; veins colored, reticulate: scape sheathed: scape and flowers 
 
 pubescent: lip ovate-acuminate: petals ovate. 10 — 15 i. <S. 
 repens, W. (A. w. Ju. li.) radical leaves ovate, petioled, reticulate: scape sheathed: 
 
 scape and flowers pubescent: flowers one-sided: lip and petals lanceolate. 8 i. C. 
 
 B. 
 
 Gomphrena. From Gromphrena, a name applied by the ancients. 
 
 Gonolobus. Gr. gonia, an angle, and lobos, a pod, alluding to the ribs or angles on 
 
 the legume. 
 <ioodyera. In honor of John Goodyer, a Hampshire botanist, celebrated in Gerarde's 
 
 Herbal. 
 
 (I) G. alpinum, W. (2) carolinensis, E. Cynanchum carolinense. W, 
 <3) Neottia, W. 
 
 33 
 
258 GOKDOMA, CRATIOLA 
 
 15 — 12. Gordo NiA. 70. Tern. stom. ton. ref. 
 SouUiern. 
 lasianthus, W. (holly-bay. Ju. w. T: .) leaves lance-oblong, yeiy glabrous, shining, 
 coriaceous: floweis long-peduncled: capsules conical, acuminate. Charleston, S — 
 C. 
 puhescetis, W. (vv. M. ^ .) leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrulate, pubescent beneath, de- 
 ciduous: capsules spherical. 
 
 15—13. Gossy'fium. 74. Malv. niuc. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 herbaceum, (cotton. Au. ^.) leaves 5-lo^itl, mucronate, one gland beneath: stem 
 herbaceous, smooth. 5 f. 
 
 2 — 1. Grati'ola. o7. Scro. acr. poi. asc. 
 
 carolinensis, Ph. (1) (w. .Tu. Z[-) f'tem smooth, somewhat branched, procumbent at 
 the base, 4-sided above, terete below: leaves sessile, lance-oblong, obtusish, dentate, 
 3-nerved: peduncles pubescent, short: divisions of the calyx lance-linear, equal, 
 entire: bracts broader, expanding: corol pubescent within: sterile filaments none: 
 capsule globose. Le Conte. /S. v..,, 
 
 virginica, Ph. (2) (creeping hedge hyssop. W. w,5& y. 21.) stem more or less pubes- 
 cent, branching at the base, assurgent, terete: leaves smooth, sessile, lanceolate, 
 obtusish, dentate above, attenuate below: peduncles long, setaceous, pubescent: 
 divisions ot" the calyx equal, lanceolate, obtuse: bracts broader: corol pubescent 
 within: capsule ovale, acutish: sterile filaments none. Le Conte. 6 — 8 i. S. 
 C. N. F. T. 
 
 au'rca, M. (hedge hyssop. W. y. Jo. IS-) smooth: stem 4-angled, repent at the base, 
 blanching: leaves sessile, lance-oblong, punctate, dentate or very entire, acute or 
 obtusish: peduncles long, setaceous, pubescent: divisions of the calyx equal, linear: 
 bracts linear, expanding: corol pubescent within: capsule ovate rather acute: sterile 
 filaments 2, jninute. Le Conte. 4—8 i. S. X- 
 
 anugalloulea, Mx. (3) (water hedge hyssop, w-b. Ju. 21.) sub-erect, very smooth: 
 st'em 4-sided: leaves oblong-oval, sparingly denticulate, shorter than the flowers: 
 calyx without bracts, subulate, pubescent: corol smooth within; divisions generally 
 obtuse. S. 3—6 i. S— C. ' *, 
 
 Southern. 
 
 viscosa, Sz. (4) (w-p. Ap. 21.) stem assurgent, viscid-pubescent, sub-terete: leaves 
 smooth, sessile, lance-ovate, acutish, dentate, 3-nerved: peduncles long: divisions 
 of the calyx equal. lance linear: bracts broader, expanding, shorter than the calyx: 
 corol pubescent within: sterile filaments two: capsules ovate, as long as the calyx. 
 Le Conte. 
 
 quadridenlata, Mx. (5) (w. Ju. 0.) smoothish: stem terete, procumbent, sometimes 
 viscous: leaves sessile, lancejolale, acute, sub-punctate, 4-toothed; two anterior 
 teeth longest: divisions of the calyx unequal, linear: bracts small, only on the 
 flowers that fiisi appear: (later flowers without:) corol pubescent within: sterile 
 filaments 2, small: capsule ovate, acute, shorter than the calyx. Le Conte. 
 
 pilosa, Mx. (G) (w. Ju. 0.) erect, branching, very hairy; stem 4-sided: leaves sessile, 
 ovate, dentate: rtovvers sub-peduncled: divisions of the calyx unequal: two inter- 
 mediate ones small, setaceous: corolsmooth within: steiile filaments 2, very minute. 
 Le Conte. 1— 2 f S— C. , ; , 
 
 vmsouriana, Bk. (W. J. y. 21-) erect, terete, nearly simple: leaves narrow, lanceo- 
 late, connate, opposite, toothed at the apex; peduncles longer than the leaves: seg- 
 
 Gordonia. In honor of James Gordon, an eminent cultivator of many new plants 
 
 near London. 
 Gossypiuni. Of Egyptian origin, from gotae, whence gottipium, the name of the 
 
 cotton plant. 
 Gratiola. Lat. gratia, grace or favor, on account of its supposed medical qualities. 
 
 (1) virginianarand acuminata, Wr. sphaerocarpa, and megalocarpa, E. officinalis, 
 M.v. (2) officinalis, Mx. (3) tetragona, E? Lindernia pyxidaria, Ph. &c. 
 
 (4) virginica, E. (5) ramosa, Wr. (6) peruviana, Wr. 
 
GRATIOLA, HABENARIA. 259 
 
 ments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, more than half as long as the tube of the corol 
 bracts longer tlian tlie calyx: whole plant viscid, pubescent. 4 — (i i. 
 fioridana, N. (y. Mar. 0.) glabrous, erect: leaves lanceolate, obsoletely denticulate, 
 acutish: peduncle longer than the leaf: flowers largish, divisions Qmarginate. 9 i. 
 
 GiindtUa, Donia. 
 2 — ]. Gymnandra. 37. Scro cat. asc. 
 [See p. 34, where this reference is made.] 
 
 Calyx 2-parted, spathaceus, or 0: superior lip of the corol entire; inferior one 2 — 3- 
 parted: stamens 2, exsert: capsule 2-celled; cells one-seeded. 
 
 huUii, Ea.* villose: stem naked above: radical leaves petioled, cordate, oblong, 'cienate; 
 coriaceous cauline ones sessile, lanceolate, erose-denticulate: flowers spiked; on 
 short bracted pedicels. 15 i. P| gicieg- of Mch. Is Hk's spec, a var. of this? 
 
 20— IO.wKinocla'dus. 99. 
 
 canadensis, W. (W. w. J. ^.) ^^TO?Jipinnate; leafets oval, acuminate, pubescent. 
 S. O. Banks of Seneca La^r.. ' V 
 
 3 — 2. Gymnopo^gon. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 racemosum, Ph. (1) (Au. 2i.) spikes panicled: flower solitary, remote: the exterior 
 palea awned at its summit; the interior at its base. Sand. 181. 
 
 17 — 4. Gvmxosty'les. 55. Inul. ton. sec-stim. r. exp. 
 Southern, 
 stolonifera, P. (2) (M. H.) herbaceous, procumbent, creeping, glabrous: leaves pin- 
 natifid: flowers sessile at the root. 
 
 6 — ]. GvNANDROPsis. 64. Capp. ton. ath. 
 
 pentaphylla, Dc. (w. Ju. ^.) smooth:' leaves quihate and ternate; leafets entire, sub- 
 serrulate: stamens inserted on the pedicel of the germ. 2 f. S. F. 
 
 Gynandropsis, Cleomi;. 
 
 6—3. Gyro'mia. ivK. 12. Smil. diu. dem. 
 
 mrginica, (3) (Indian cucumber. O. y. g. M. 21.) several leaves in a whorl near the 
 middle of the stem and 3 in a whorl at the top, lance-oval, acuminate: pedicels ag- 
 gregated, terminal. Root white, edible. 12 — 18 i. S. Mch. 
 
 H. 
 18—1. Habena'ria. W. (4) 21. Orch. nut. emo. 
 
 cUiaris, (orchis. O. y. Ju. Zf.) lip lance-oblong, pinnate-ciliate, twice as long as the 
 
 petals: spur longer than the germ. 1 — 2 f 6'. Mch. 
 blepliariirluttis, W. (w. Ju. 2X.) lip lanceolate, ciliate, of the length of the upper petal; 
 
 spur longer than the germ. Resembles the last. 18 i. S. T. Y. B. N. 
 
 Gymnandra. Gr. gumnos, naked, aw<Zros, (of areer) stamen (man.) 
 
 Gymnocladus. Gr. gumnos, naked, and Idadus, slender branch, in allusion to the 
 naked appearance of its strange rigid shoots in winter. 
 
 Gymnopogon. Gr. giimnos, naked, and pogon,heaTd, from the awn of the corol. 
 
 Gymnostyles. Gr. gumnos, naked, and slulos, style, from the long, permanent, 
 naked style. 
 
 Gynandropsis. Gr. gime, pistil, andros, stamen, opsis, appearance; having the ap- 
 pearance of the class Gynandria. 
 
 Gyromia. Gr. giiros, a whorl, alluding to the whorls of leaves on the plant. 
 
 Habenaria. Lat. habena, a thong or lash, on account of the long narrow strips of the 
 lips of the corol. 
 (1) Andropogonambiguum, Mx. Anthopogon lepturoides, N. (2) Hippia P. 
 
 (3) Medeola, L. &c. (4) Orchis, L. ' 
 
 *To Mr. Geo. Bull, Ast. Bot. to Mich. Commission. 
 
260 HABENARIA, HAMAMELIS. 
 
 eristata, Mx. (y. J. If.) lip oblong, pinnate-ciliate; petals round, 2 lateral ones tooth- 
 ed; spur shorter tlian the germ. S. P. Y. 
 
 psycho' des, W. (l") (y. J. li.) lip 3-parted, divisions capillary-many-cleft; petals 
 obtuse; spur filiform-clavate, ascending, of the length of tlie germ. C. Y. P. T. 
 B. Mch. 
 
 Integra, (y. Ju. ![.) lip oblong, entire, longer than the inner petals; spur longer than 
 the germ, acute at the point; stem leafy; bracts shorter than the flowers. 
 
 huronensis, N. (W. g-vv Au. 21.) lip lanceolate, acuminate, entire, incurved; petals 
 subulate, connivent; spur about the length of the hp, incurved; petals flat: stem 
 leafy. 1—2 f. Mch. 
 
 fuscescens, W. (py. Ju. Zf.) hp ovate, toothed at the base; petals spreading; spur 
 subulate, of tlie length of the germ: bracts longer than the flowers. S. C. 
 
 herbioLa, Br. (y. J. 71.) lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at the base; palate 1-toothed: spur 
 filiform, shorter than the germ: bracts longer than the flowers. 1 f. F. P. N. T. 
 Moh. 
 
 bracteata, W. (2) (vegetable satyr, g-w. M. 2X0 lip linear, emarginate, obtusely 3- 
 toothed; spur short, sub-inflated, somewhat 2-lobed: bracts twice as long as the 
 flowers, leaf-like, spreading; roots palmate. 6— lOi. iS. O. F. P. T.N. Mch. 
 
 fimbriata, W. (O. p. Ju. 2f.) lips 3-parted; divisions wedge-form, ciliate, fringed; 
 lateral petals ovate, toothed; spur filiform, clavate, longer than the germ. 2 f. 
 Mch. 
 
 grandiflora, Bw. (3) (p. J.) lip dependent, twice as long as the petals, 3-parted; divi- 
 sions wedge-form, fringed; middle one largest, with connivent fimbria; lateral pe- 
 tals fimbriate; spur ascending, clavate, longer than the germ: leaves oval-oblong. 
 2f. iN. Mch. 
 
 incisa, W. (w-p. Ju. 2_C.) lip 3-parted; divisions wedge-form, gash-toothed, middle one 
 emarginate; lateral petals obtuse, sub-dentate; spur subulate, ascending, of the 
 length of the germ. 2—4 f. S. P. Y. N. 
 
 fissa, W. (W. p. Ju. 2X.) lip 3-parted; divisions wedge-form, toothed, intermediate 
 one 2-lobed; spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. Tall. S. 
 P. K. 
 
 tridentata, W. (4) (W. w. J. H.) lip lanceolate, 3-toothed at the apex; petals obtuse; 
 spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. 6 — 12 i. S. C. Y. P. 
 N. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 quinqueseta, Mx. (5) (w. S.) lip 3-parted; lateral segments setaceous; inner petals 
 2-parted; lower segment setaceous, nearly twice as long as the outer petal; spur 
 twice as long as the germ: leaves lance-oval: bracts acuminate. 2 f 
 
 repens, N. (y-g. Au. 2i.) lip 3-parted; lateral segment setaceous; inner petals 2-parted; 
 lower segment setaceous, scarcely longer than the outer petals; horn as long as the 
 germ: leaves narrow, lanceolate: bracts acute. 
 
 Hahenaria, Orchis. 
 15 — 12. Hale'sia. 71. Styr. stom. aro. ast. 
 Souther7i. 
 tetraptera, W. (snow-drop tree. O. w. Ap. Ip.) leaves lance-oval, acuminate, serru- 
 late: corol 4-cleft: flowers dodecandrous: fruit equally 4-winged. Charleston 
 S— C. Florida. 
 diptera, W. (w. A p. Tp.) leaves lance-oval and ovate, acuminate, serrulate: petals 
 
 4: flowers octandrous: fruit compressed, vv^ith two large wings. Florida. 
 parvijiora, Mx. (^.) fruit unequally and somewhat 4-winged, clavate, small: flowers 
 small. 
 
 4 — 2. Hamame'lis. 78. Hama. ton. 
 
 virginica, W. (witch hazel. O. y. Oc. h.) leaves obovate, acute, toothed, cordate 
 with a small sinus. Var. parvifolia, (A.) leaves oblong-ovate, upper part undulate- 
 
 Halesia. In honor of Dr. S. Hales, the eminent physiologist. 
 
 Hamamelis. Gr. amamells, from ama, accompanying, and mtlea, apple tree; applied, 
 it is thought, because the apple in fruit accompanies this flower. 
 (1) lacera, Mx. (2) Satyrium, P. (3) Orchis, Bw. (4) Orchis claveU 
 
 ata, Mx. (5) michauxii, N. Orchis, Mx, 
 
HAMAMELIS, HEDYSARUM. 261 
 
 coarse-crenate, pubescent and Bomewliat hirsute beneath: divisions of the calyx 
 oblong. Flowers in the fall, and perfects the fruit the next summer. 5 — 15 f. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 macrophylla, Ph. ( ^.) leaves roundish, cordate, coarsely and obtusely toothed, sca- 
 brous and punctate beneath. A doubtful species. 
 
 20 — 5. Hamilto'nia. 25. Santa, nut. sed. 
 
 oleifera, W. (1) (anierican oil-nut. A. g-y. J. '^.) pubescent: leaves oblong, entire, 
 acuminate: flowers in terminal racemes. Flowers small. 4 — 6 f. S. C. 
 
 Hapalostemium, Harpalya, Hieracium. 
 
 Harpahjce, Prenanthes. 
 
 13—1. Hedeo'ma. (2) 42. Labi, stom ton. fra. 
 
 pulegioi'des, (penny-royal. O. b. J. 0.) pubescent: leaves oblong, serrate: peduncle* 
 
 axillary, whorled. 6 — 8 i. S. Mch. 
 glabra, P. (3) (W. r-p. Au. 21.) smooth: stem surculose: radical leaves nearly oval; 
 
 cauline ones oblong-linear, all entire: flowers axillary, mostly solitary, long- 
 
 peduncled. 6— 12 i. S. F. D. Niagara Falls. Mch. 
 
 Southern, 
 hispida, Ph. (4) (W. Ju. 0.) branching, pubescent: leaves linear, acutish at both 
 
 ends, very entire, veined, revolute at the margin: whorls many-flowered: calyx 
 
 strigose. 3^6 i. 
 iracteoluta, N. pubescent: stem simple, slender: leaves linear, sub-lanceolate, acute- 
 
 at each end, entire: pedicels 3 — 5-flo,wered: bracts setaceous. 
 
 5 — 1. He'dera. 58. Capr. ast. fra. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 helix, (english ivy. g-w. S. ^.) leaves 3 or 5-lobed: floral ones ovate: umbel erect, 
 
 Hcd&ra, Ampelopsis. 
 
 HedyiMoa, Kyllingia. 
 
 4 — 1. Hedyo'tis. 57. Cine, feb-j-. ton. ast. 
 
 glomerata, Mx. (5) (creeping green head. w-g. M. 0.) stem assurgent: leaves lance- 
 olate, pubescent, attenuate at the base: flowers fascicled, axillary and terminal, 
 S. W. Y. S— C. 
 
 ianceolata, Dc. (6) glabrous: stem erect, 4-sided, angles somewhat winged: leaves 
 sessile, lanceolate, acute: stipules lanceolate, membranaceous: corymbs trichoto- 
 mous, terminal: corols funnel-form, with exsert anthers. Carolina. 
 
 16 — 10. Hedysa'rcm. 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape. 
 
 ainadense, (bush trefoil. O. r. Ju. 21.) erect, smoothish: leaves ternate, lance-oblong: 
 stipules filiform: flowers racemed: bracts lance-ovate, acuminate, ciliate: joints of 
 the loment obtusely triangled, hispid. 3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 Hamiltonia. Dedicated by Muhlenberg, to Mr. Hamilton, an American patron of 
 
 botany. 
 Hedeoma. Gr. edits, edees, eatable, peihaps so called from its fragrance. 
 Hedera. Said to be from huedus, a kid; being given to increase the milk of goats. 
 Hedyotis. Gr. edus, sweet, and oits ( otos ) the ear; said to cure deafness. 
 Hedysarum. Uncertain: supposed from tdus, sweet, and aroma, fragrance, applied 
 
 to the flowers of some species. 
 
 (1) Pyrularia pubera, Mx. (2) Cunila, L. (3) Cunila glabella, Mx. 
 
 (4) hirta, N. (5) Oldenlandia, Mx. (6) Anotis, Dc. 
 
262 HEDYSARUM. 
 
 canescens, W. (r-b. Au. 2i.) erect, pilose: stem angled, ciliate, hispid: leaves ternate, 
 roundish, with close-pressed hairs beneath: stipules ovate, acuminate: racemes 
 panicled: bracts cordate: joints of the loment triangular, hispid. S. P. Y. Mch. 
 
 marylandicum, W. (W. p. Ju. Zf.) erect, branching, pilose: leaves ternate, oblong, 
 villose beneath: stipules subulate; racemes panicled: loment 3-jointed; the joints 
 rhomboid, reticulate, a little hairy. S. P. Y. O. T. Mch. 
 
 ciliarc, ^V. (O. p. Au. 21.) erect, sub-pubescent: leaves ternate, ovate, short-petioled, 
 pubescent beneatli, margin ciliate: stipules filiform: panicle terminal: joints of the 
 loment (2 or o) half orbicular, hispid, reticulate. Var. oblongifolium, E. leaves 
 longer, nearly glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath, long-petioled. 2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 viridifloruin, L. not Ph. (g. & p. J. 7l- , erect: leaves ternate, ovate, obtuse, scabrous 
 on the upper surface, soft-villose beneath, panicle terminal, long, naked: joints of 
 the loment triangular. E. 3—4 f. S. Y. M. N. D. P. C. F. T. 
 
 aikini, Esi. (1) (W. g. &p. Au. H-) erect: branching, pubescent: leaves ternate, 
 ovate-oblong and subdeltoid, acute-mucronate, scabrous beneath: stipules cuspi- 
 date: racemes panicled, bracted. Flowers become greenish in full maturity. 3 f. 
 Very abundant on the islands about Troy, N. Y. 
 
 ohtusum, W. (W. p. & g. Au. 2£.) erect, slender, sub-pubescent: leaves ternate, 
 ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate at the base: stipules subulate: panicle terminal: joints of 
 the loment sub-orbiculate, reticulate, hispid. 1—2 f. 6'. P. Y. N. M. T. Mch. 
 
 humifusum, M. (p. Au. Zf.) stem prostrate, sub-glabrous: leaves ternate; leafets ovate 
 or oval, acutish, slightly hairy: racemes elongated: joints of the loment sub- 
 rhomboidal, hispid. B. 
 
 rotundifolium, Mx. (W. p. Au. 21.) prostrate, hirsute: leaves ternate, orbicular, 
 pilose both sides: stipules round-cordate, reflexed: racemes axillary, and in the 
 terminal panicles few-flowered: joints of the loment sub-rhombic, reticulate- 
 scabrous. 2—3 f. S. T. N. Mch. 
 
 paniciilatum, W. (W. p. Ju. 2i.) erect: leaves'teinate, lance-linear, smoothish, revo- 
 lute at the margin: stipules subulate: panicle termkim: loment hispid; joints some- 
 what triangular. 2— 3f. S. B. O. II. M. F. C.'P. N. T. Mch. 
 
 strictum, Ph. (W. p. Ju. 2i.) stiffly erect, glabrous,' simple: leaves ternate, sub-linear, 
 net-veined: stipules subulate: "racemes axillaiw antj. terminal: loments about 2- 
 jointed; joints lunate-triangular, hispid. 2 — ^1 S. JVJch. 
 
 laevlgatuin, N. (W. p. Au. 2i.) very smooth: stem simple, erect, sub-glaucous: leaves 
 ternate, long-petioled; leafets ovate, acute: stipules suiiulate, minute, caducous: 
 panicle terminal, sub-simple: ft^vers ' in ^^f^ ou long peduncles: bracts ovate, 
 acute, shorter than the flower-buds: joinfiBp'tlie loment triangular, iiispid. S. 
 Y. Rich. ^^ 
 
 nudiflorum, (W. p. Ju. 2[.) leaves ternate, broad-oval, acuminate, sub-glaucous 
 beneath: scape panicled, glabrous, radical, taller than the stem: joints of the loment 
 round-triangular. 1—2 f. S. Y. B. O. 'N. C. f . Mch. 
 
 acuminatum, Mx. (O. p. Ju. 2X.) erect, sin>ple, pubescent, leafy at the summit: leaves 
 ternate, ovate, long-acuminate, with scattered hairs* on both sides, close-pressed, 
 long-petioled; the odd leafet round-rhomboid: "panicle long-peduncled, terminal. 
 1—2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 Iractco' sum, Mx. (2) (r. Au. 2X.) erect, glabrous: leaves ternate, oblong-oval, acumi- 
 nate: stipules subulate: racemes terminal, with scattered flowers: bracts ovate, 
 acuminate, striate, glabrous: joints of the loment sub-oval. 3 — 5 f. S. N. T. 
 Mch. 
 
 alpinum, Var. amencanum, Mx. (3) (W. A. p. IS.) erect: leaves pinnate; leafets 
 oval-oblong, hairy: stipules partly sheathing: joints of the loment roundish. S. 
 R. Canada. 
 
 glahdlum, Mx. (W. p. Ju. 7S-) erect, glabrous: leaves ternate, ovate-obtuse, sub- 
 glaucous beneath: stipules sniall, subulate: panicle terminal: joints of the loment 
 rhomb-triangular. 2 f. 8. D. C. 
 
 paucijluruw, N. (W. w, Zf.) decumbent: stem filiform: leaves ternate, long-petioled; 
 leafets broad-ovate, acuminate, pubescent-ciliate; terminal one broad-rhomboid: 
 
 (1) viridiflorum. Ph. not Lin. See Elliott. Vol. II. p. 217. As the viridiflorum 
 of Linneus is retained by Elliott and Torrey, and as we certainly have Pursh's plant 
 in abundance, it becomes necessay to give the latter a new name. I have given this 
 name as an expression of my esteem for Dr. William Aikin, a most indefatigable 
 and very accurate young botanist. (2) cuspidatum, W. (3) boreale, N? 
 
HEDYSARUiM, HELI W T HEMUM. 263 
 
 stipules obsolete: raceme terminal, pcduncled, shorter than the leaves, very few- 
 
 (4 — 8) flowered. Canada. 
 mackenzii, R. ( ) caulescent, decumbent: leaves pinnate; leafets oblong, both 
 
 sides becoming whitish pilose: stipules sliealhi:ig: joints of the loment transversely 
 
 rugose, pilose. A. 
 
 Southern, 
 llneatum, Mx. (2i.) stem creeping, striped with green: leaves ternate, roundish, sub- 
 sessile: racemes long, with small scattered iiovvers: joints of the loment lenticular. 
 rigidiim, E. (W. p. Au. TJ..) erect, very branching: leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, 
 
 reticulate, pubescent: panicle branchmg: bracts lance-ovate, acuminate. 3 f. 
 
 S— C. 
 rhomhifolium, E. (p. S. If.) pubescent: leaves ternate,' rhomboid, obtuse, thick, 
 
 reticulate, rugose: panicle compound: bracts small: loment 1 — 3-jointed; joints 
 
 roundisli, veined. 2 — 3 f. • . 
 scabcrrimum, E. (p. Ju. 21.) erect, very scabrous: leaves ternate, ovate, tapering 
 
 towards the apex, acute, pilose- pubescent: stipules ovate, acuminate, persistent: 
 
 panicle terminal: joints of the loiuent somewhat triangular, very hispid. 3—4 f. 
 
 K. 1 
 
 Hedysanan, Lespedeza. 
 
 17 — 2. Hele'nium. 55. Heli. ton. sec-stim. feb. s. ole. 
 
 autu.mnale, (false sunflower. O. y. Au. 21.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub-decurrent: 
 
 stem corymbed above: disk florets 5-cleft; rays flat, reflexed. Var. jmbescens, 
 
 leaves pubescent. 3 — 5 f. S. Mch. 
 canaliculatnm, Lk. leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub-decurrent: stem simple: disk 
 
 florets 5-cleft: ray-florets channelled. 
 quadndentalum, Mx. (O. Ju. 21.) leaves broad-decurrent; lower ones sub-pinnatifid; 
 
 upper ones lanceolate, entire, glabrous: disk florets 4-toothed. 3 — 4 f. La. S — C. 
 tenui/uliiim, N. (W. y. If.) leaves very long and narrow-linear: branches 1 -flowered: 
 
 egret very long, acuminate, bearded: stem low, naked. 9 i. Alabama, Mississippi. 
 
 La. 
 
 12 — 1. ^Helianthemum. (1) SO. Cist. exp. ton. stim. cat. 
 
 canadense, Mx. (rock-rose,Trost plant. O. y. J. 2X-) without stipules, erect 
 
 alternate, erect, linear-lanceolate' flat, lomentose beneath: racemes terminal, few- 
 flowered: divisions of Uie calyx broad-ovate, acuminate: capsules shorter than the 
 calyx. At the foot of tlie Pine-rock, New Haven, the barren plains produce great 
 quantities of this plant. In Nov^iber and December of 1816, I saw hundreds of 
 these plants sending out broad, tl^, curved ice crystals, about an inch in breadth, 
 from near the roots. These were melted away by day and renewed every morning 
 for more than 25 days in succession, (i — 14 i. .8'. Mich. Cistus canadensis W. 
 
 corymbosum, Mx. (J. 21.) without stipules, erect, ramose, minutely pubescent: leaves 
 alternate, lanceolate, whitish downy beneath: corymb fastigiate, with numerous 
 crowded flowers: divisions of the calyx ovate, acute: capsule longer than the calyx. 
 12 i, S. Y. W. N. Cistus corymbosum, Mx. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 carolinianum, Mx. (J. 21.) without stipules, hirsute, erect: leaves alternate, oblong- 
 oval, sub-denticulate; bottom ones obovate, hirsute on both sides: peduncles few, 
 terminal, with the calyx very villose; divisions of the calyx oblong, acute, shorter 
 than the petals. Cistus carolinianum, Mx. 
 
 poUt'oliuiu. T. (Ju. Au.) primary or petaliferous flowers terminating the stem and the 
 numerous short branches, on filiform peduncles, many times longer than the 
 flower, the broadly cuneiform petals a little exceeding the calyx: secondary flowers 
 very small, apetalous, 3 to 6-androus, clustered in lateral cymules on the foliferous 
 branches, at first glomerate and nearly sessile, at length on pedicels as long as the 
 
 Helenium. From Helen, the wife of Menelaus, who is said to have used it as a 
 
 cosmetic. 
 Heliantliemum. 
 
 (I) Cistus. 
 
'264 HELIANTHEMUM, HELIANTHU8. 
 
 calyx: leaves linear or linear-oblong, with revolute margins, beneath tomentose- 
 canescent. Texas. 
 scoparium, N. (y.) slightly pubescent, decumbent and much branched below: flowers 
 paniculate-racemose: sepals ovate, acuminate, tlie outer ones minute and subulate: 
 petals 5, cuneate-oblong, longer than the calyx: capsules about 6-seeded: leayes 
 scattered, linear-subulate, exstipulate. California. 
 
 17—3. Helian'thus. 55. Heli. ton. sec. stim. s. ole^-. 
 
 1. Leaves opposite. 
 
 atroTubens, W. (W. y. & p. Au. Zf.) hispid: stem nakedish above, lax-panicled: 
 leaves spatulate, ovate, crenaie, 3-nerved, scabrous above: scales of the involucre 
 lance-ovate, of the length of the disk. 3 — 4 f. S. P. 
 
 divaricatus, (y. Au. li.) stem glabrous, very branching: leaves nearly opposite, ses- 
 sile lance-ovate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, smooth beneath: panicle trichotomous, 
 slender, few-flowered. 5—6 f. S. T. Y. P. B. C. O. N. F. 
 
 frondosus, W. (W. y. Ju. 2i.) stem smooth below: leaves lance-ovate, remotely and 
 acutely serrate, scabrous above, paler and sub-scabrous beneath, 3-nerved: pedun- 
 cles scabrous: petiole ciliate: involucre squarrose, undulate, leafy, ciliate: rays 8- 
 flowered. 4—5 f T. Y. P. N. Canada. Mch. 
 
 trachdifolius, W. (1) (W. y. Au.'2Lf.) leaves short-petioled, lance-ovate, coarse-serrate, 
 acuminate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, rough-haired beneath: scales of the involucre 
 lanceolate, acute, ciliate, pubescent, spreading at the tips: rays numerous. 2 — 4 f. 
 S. T. Y. P. V. W. C. N. F. Mch. 
 
 hispidulus, E. (W. y. S. TJ..) stems scabrous: leaves sessile, lance-ovate, tapering to- 
 wards the summit, serrulate, scabrous above, paler and slightly hispid beneath: 
 scales of the involucre lance-ovate, ciliate: chaft'3-toothed. 3 — 4 f. 5'. D. 
 
 heteropliyllus, N. (y.lf.) stem 1-flowered, slender: leaves pilose-hirsute, mostly oppo- 
 site; radical ones oblong-elliptic"; upper ones lance-linear, all entire: scales of the 
 involucre lanceolate, acuminate. 1 — 3 f. Alabama. Mch. 
 
 2. Upper leaves alternate. 
 
 angustrf alius, W. (2) (y. &. p. O. 21.) stem slender, slightly scabrous: leaves narrow- 
 lanceolate, revolute at the margin, scabrous, entire, glaucous beneath: scales of 
 the involucre lance-linear, ciliate, expanding: chaff 3-toothed. 3 — 5 f. S. Y. 
 C. 
 
 mollis, W. (y. Ju. 2(.) stem smooth below, scabrous above: leaves lance-ovate, acute, 
 serrate, scabrous above, pubescent and hoary beneath: flowers few, terminal. 3 — 
 6 f S. F. P N. 
 
 strumosus, W. (W y. If.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-neived, scabrous be- 
 neath: scales of the involucre lance-linear, ciliate at the base. T. O. 
 
 nltissimus, W. (W. y. Au. Z{.) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, serrate, scabrous, 3- 
 nerved, slender at the apex, with ciliate petioles: scales of the involucre lanceo- 
 late, ciliate. Chaff" on the receptacle green: stem purple. 4—8 f. S. T. H. 
 M. F. N. Mch. 
 
 gigantens, W. (W. y. S. 2I-) leaves lanceolate, scabrous, alternate, obscurely 3- 
 nerved, sub-sessile, attenuate at each end, ciliate at the base: scales of the invo- 
 lucre lanceolate, ciliate. Var. crinitus, leaves approximate, long lance-linear, acumi- 
 nate, sub-entire, scabrous, sub-sessile, both sides colored alike: involucre squarrose; 
 segments linear. 5 — 6 f S. C. F. P. 
 
 decapetaius, (W. y. Au. H-) leaves ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, 3-nerved, 
 scabrous, pubescent beneath: scales of the involucre lanceolate, sub-equal, sub- 
 ciliate: rays ten or twelve. 3 — 4 f. S. N. D. 
 
 multijlorus, W. (A. S. 21- ) leaves 3-nerved, scabrous; lower ones cordate; upper ones 
 ovate: rays many-flowered: scales of the involucre lanceolate. iSf. 
 
 macrophylivs, W. (y. Au. 2i.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, unequally-serrate, 
 scabrous above, while pubescent beneath: scales of the involucre long-linear, 
 spreading, ciliate at the base: chaff pubescent above? iS. P. 
 
 petiolaris, N. (W. y. &. p. Au.) leaves alternate, ovate, acute, somewhat entire, very 
 long petioled, scabrous: stem erect, branching: flowers long-peduncled: akenes 
 villose. S. 
 
 Helianthus. Gr. elion. the sun, and anthos, flower; because it turns with the sun. 
 (1) gigas, Mx. (2) Rudbeckia, W. in the same work. 
 
HELIANTHUS, 266 
 
 lenticularis, Lind. ( 0.) leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, hispid, three- 
 nerved: peduncles in single heads, equal. A. R. 
 
 hallii* (I) (y. ) loaves lance-oblonjj, obtuse, very longly-attenuated into the 
 
 petiole: scales of the involucre spreading, broad lanceolate, ciliate: egret with 
 awns solitary, or in twos unequal, strong. R. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tuberosus, (Jerusalem artichoke. y. S. 21-) leaves 3-nerved, scabrous; lower ones heart- 
 ovate; upper ones ovate, acuminate: petioles ciliate. Root tuberous. Naturalized. 
 4— 8i. 
 
 annuus, (common sunfloWer. y. & w. Ju. 21.) leaves all cordate, 3-nerved: peduncles 
 thickening upwards: flowers nodding. 6 — 10 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 1. Leaves opposite, 
 
 puhcsccns, W. (2) (W. y. Au. li.) hoary-pubescent: stem villose! leaves sessile, 
 heart-ovate, clasping, 3-nerved, crenulate, Very soft: scales of the involucre lanceo.- 
 late, villose. 2-3 f. 
 
 tongifolius. Ph. (O. y. S. 2^.) very glabrous: stem panicled: brandies few-flowered 
 at the summit: leaves sub-sessile, very long-lanceolate, 3-nerved, very entire; lower 
 ones serrate: scales of the involucre ovate, acute; outer ones linear, divaricate. 
 4— 7f 
 
 sparsifulius, E. (y. & p. Au. 7i-) stem scabrous: branches sub-glabrous: leaves ovate, 
 acute, coarsely toothed, hispid, very scabrous on both sides, abruptly contracted 
 into the petiole: scales of the involucre lance-oval, ciliate. 4 — .5 f 
 
 trunmtus^ Sz. (W. y. S. 2|!.) stem slender glabrous: leaves ovate, serrate, tapering to- 
 wards the apex, hairy, scabrous, closely sessile: scales of the involucre lance-ovate, 
 ciliate: chatf lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent. 2 f. 
 
 tenuifolius, E. (y. S. 2X«) stem smooth: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, coarsely ser- 
 rate, a little scabrous on both sides, long petioled, membranaceous: scales of the 
 involucre lanceolate, ciliate: flowers small. 4 f 
 
 spatnlatus, E' (y- S. IS') stem scabrous above: leaves spatulate-ovate, sub-acuminate, 
 serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath: branches opposite; scales of the in- 
 volucre lanceolate, hispid: chaff acuminate, entire. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 tricuspis, E. (y. S. 2X0 leaves oblong, lance-ovate, scabrous on both sides: scales of 
 the involucre broad-subulate, ciliate: chaff of the receptacle tricuspidate. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 divcTsif alius, E. (y. S. li.) stem scabrous: lower leaves lance-ovate, acuminate; upper 
 ones heart-ovate, mucronate; all scabrous above, and pubescent beneath: scales of 
 the involucre lanceolate, ciliate: chaff slightly 3-toothed. 3 — 5 f 
 
 acaber'rimus, E. (W. y. S. 21 •) leaves lanceolate, very scabrous on both sides, nearly 
 entire: scales of the involucre ovate: chaff of the receptacle entire, ciliate on the 
 back. 4 — 6 f 
 
 tubaeformis, W. (W. 0.) leaves cordate, wedge-form at the base, villose, S-nerved: 
 peduncles thickened, hollow. 
 
 laetiflonis, P. (2f.) leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, 3-nerved, serrate, rough: peduncles 
 elongated: scales of the involucre lanceolate, erect, ciliate: rays many-floweredj 
 very long. 
 
 paucijorus, N. (W. y.) leaves lance-linear, acuminate, serrate, smoothish: stem naked, 
 trichotomous, fewflowered: involucre close-imbricate: divisions ovate. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 2. Upper leaves alternate. 
 
 tomento'suS) Mx.? E. ( y. S. Z[.) stem rough: leaves lance-ovate, tapering to 
 the summit, acute, serrulate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath, generally alter- 
 nate: scales of the involucre leafy, sqij,arrose, lanceolate: chaff 3-cleft. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 aristatus ,E. (y. S.) stem erect .scabrous: lower leaves opposite, closely sessile, lance- 
 oval, acute, toothed, scabrous, hairy beneath: corymbs few-flowered: akenes com- 
 pressed; awns 2, persistent. This species appears to be intermediate between 
 Actinomeris and Helianthus, and may belong to a distinct genus. Elliott. 2 — 3f. 
 
 (1) longifolius. (2) mollis, Lk. canescens, Mx. 
 
 *In honor of John Ball, Esq., a naturalist who travelled beyond the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 34 
 
266 HELIOPSIS, HELOSCIADIUM, 
 
 17—2. Heliop'sis. 55. Heli. ton. sec. stim. feb. sud. 
 
 lavis, P. (1) (ox-eye. O. Ju. 2X-) stem glabrous: leaves opposite, ovate, serrate, 3- 
 
 nerved, smooth benealJi. 3 — 5 f. S. AIcli. 
 scahia, Dunham. (VV. ) leaves shortly petioled, ovate, 3-nerved, deeply serrate, 
 
 apex very entire, both sides scabrous: involucre pubescent. Red River. 
 
 5—1. Heliotro'pium. 43. Helio. ast. ton. tes. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 indicum, (turnsole, b. Ju. #.) leaves heart-ovate, acute, roughish: spikes solitary; 
 
 fruit bifid. 8—12 i. Florida. S— C. 
 curussavicutrtf (O. y. w. J. 0?) leaves narrow-lanceolate, succulent, glabrous, with- 
 out veins: spikes conjugate. 6 — 12. i. 
 europcum, (w. #.) leaves ovate, very entire, tomentose, rugose: spikes conjugate. 
 Inodorous. 11. M. 
 
 12 — 12. Hellebo'rus. 61. Ranu. ace. cau. r. poi. cat. ver. 
 
 foetidiis, (hellebore.) stem many-flowered, leafy: leaves pedate, remotely serrate, cori- 
 aceous: corol somewhat converging. 
 
 HtUehorus, Coptis. 
 6 — 3. Helo'nias. 13. Mela. poi. asc. s. acr. atli. 
 
 latifoliti, Ms. (2)'^.(helonias. p. M. If.) scape almost leafless: spike ovate, crowded: 
 
 bracts lance-linear: leaves lanceolate, mucronate, nerved. S. P. Y. 
 paniculata, N. ( .1- K.) monoecious: scape below leafy, paniculate; above, below 
 
 the apex, fructiferous: bracts^ membranaceous, acuminate: petals lance-oblong: 
 
 stamens exserl; anthers yellowT 
 cTijIhrosptr'ma, Mx. (3) (w. •& g. J. If.) scape leafy: racemes oblong: bracts short: 
 
 leaves lineai, very long: seed ovate, reddish: capsule shortened with divaricate 
 
 horns. 2 f >S. P. S — C. 
 anfrustifolia. Mx. (J. If.) scape leafy: leaves linear, subulate: raceme simple, terminal: 
 
 capsules oblong, covering at the summit: seeds linear. 2 f. S. P. Florida. 
 dio'ica Wr. (4) (blazing star, false unicorn root. W. w. J. If.) scape leafy: racemes 
 
 spiked, nodding; pedicels short, sub-bracted: filaments longer than the corol: petals 
 
 linear: leaves lance-oblong. Generally dioecious. 1 — 2 f. S. P. T. Y. F. C. O. 
 
 Cattskill, Great Barrington. M. S— C. 
 
 Southern, 
 duhiti Mx. (21) leaves grass-like, very long and narrow: scape naked: spike slender: 
 
 flowers small, sessile. 2 — 3 f 
 
 Helonias, Xerophvllum. 
 
 5 — 2. Heloscia'dium. GO. Umbe. stom. or nar. if nau. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nodijbriim, Dc. ( Zf.) stem procumbent, striate: leaves gash-pinnate, segments 
 
 Heliopsis. Gr. elion, the sun, and cpsis, face, from its yellow rays. 
 
 Heliotropium. Gr- elion, the sun, and trope, a turning, because it turns its leaves 
 
 to the sun. 
 Helleborus. Gr. elein, to cause death, and bora, food, on account of its poisonous 
 
 properties. 
 Helonias. Derived from Slos, a marsh, where some species grow. 
 Helosciadium. Gr. elos, button, protuberance, sidados, shade, pavillion. Sed quere. 
 
 (1) Helianthus Itevis, L. Rudbeckia oppo.^ilifolia, L. in another place. Ruph- 
 thalmum helianthoides, W. Silphium solidaginoiues, L. the last time he notices it. 
 (2) bullata, W. (3) Melanlhium luteuni, \V. phalargioides, Lk. muscaeloxi- 
 
 cum Wr. Anthericum subtriginum, Jn. (4) pumila, Jn. Melanthium dioicum, 
 ^Vr. densum, Lk. Veratruni luteum, L. It is still placed where Linneus left it 
 by N., but it differs too widely in habit and sensible qualities to remain with the 
 Veratrum viride. 
 
HRLOSCIADIUM, HERPESTRIS. 267 
 
 oblong, equally serrate: umbels opposite the leaves, sessile or shortly peduncled: 
 involucre none or few-leaved, deciduous. 
 
 leptophyUum, Dc. ( ) described under jEthusa. 
 
 calif or nicv 771, H. ( ) procumbent? leaves pinnate, in 6 to 9-pairs, with an ovate 
 terminal one, acute, gash-serrate: lower ones pinnatifid or pinnate, divisions few: 
 umbels lateral and terminal: involucres and involucels many-leaved: styles elon- 
 gated. Douglas says the stems are from 2 to 3 feet high — probably not procum- 
 bent. R. 
 
 6 — 1. Hemerocal'lis. 14. Lilia. diu. emo. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Jlava, (yellow day-lily. y. Ju. 21-) leaves broad linear, keeled: petals flat, acute: 
 
 nerves of the petals undivided. 
 fulva, (tawny day-lily. y. Ju. Zf-) leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled: three inner petals 
 
 obtuse, undulate; outer nerves of the petals branching. Naturalized. 3 f. 
 japonica, (vv. Au. ) leaves cordate, acuminate: corol funnel-shaped. Japan. 
 
 2 — 1, Hemian'thus. 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc. cat — . 
 
 micrantha, Ph. (1) (w. Au. 0.) glabrous, succulent: leaves closely sessile, ovate and 
 oval, obtuse, entire, nerved: peduncles shorter than the leaves: calyx 5-cleft: 
 style 2-cleft. S. Y. 
 
 12—23. Hepat'ica. 61. Ranun. h. ton. deo. cac, 
 
 acutiloha, Dc. (heart-liverleaf O. vv. & b. Ap. Zf-) leaves cordate, 3 to 5-lobed; lobes 
 entire, acute: sepals acute. Grows in woods, preferring the north side of hills and 
 mountains. This is the Var. acuta of the triloba, of W. 5 i. Mch. 
 america/ia, Dc. (kidney-liverleaf O. w. & b. Ap. Zf.) leaves heart-reniform, 3-lobed; 
 lobes entire, round-obtuse: sepals obtuse. Grows chiefly in woods, preferring the 
 south side of hills and mountains. This has been mistaken for the triloba of W. 
 5 i. Mch. 
 
 The last species has lately come into great repute as a tonic, deobstruent, and 
 diuretic. Prof. Tully believes its powers are exaggerated, and that it cannot be relied 
 on in a dangerous disease, but that it may be considerably useful in moderate com- 
 plaints. It ought not to be called the Liverwort, as this is the well known name of 
 the Marchantia polymorpha. Its true English name is Liverleaf. 
 
 5 — 2. Herac'leum. go. Umbe. h. nar. r. poi-]-. 
 
 lanatum, Mx. (master wort; cow parsnip. O. w. J. 2_C.) petioles and nerves of the 
 leaves very villose beneath: leafets petioled, broad, round-cordate, sub-palmate- 
 lobed: carpels orbicular. A large umbelliferous plant of a white woolly appearance. 
 Meadows and other damp places. Very poisonous. Mch. 
 
 dovirlassii, Dc. ( Z£.) leaves below scabrous, also the petioles, above glabrous, 
 gash 3-cleft; segments petioled, cordate, 3 to 5-tobed, acuminate, dentate: leafets 
 of the involucre many, subulate at the apex: fruit obovate glabrous: dorsal leafet 
 elongated, sub-clavate: commisures 2, short, club-form, and 2 others very small, 
 sub-abortive. R. 
 
 spondylium, (W. $ .) leaves pinnate; leafets 5, oblong, pinnatifid, acute, dentate: 
 corol nearly uniform. 
 
 13 — 2. Herpes'tris. (1) 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc. cat-(-. eme — . 
 
 cuneifoUa, Mx. (b. Au. 21.) very glabrous: leaves wedge-obovate, obscurely crenate 
 above: peduncles as long as the leaves, corol 5-clefl. S. La. 
 
 Hemerocallis. Gr. emera, a day, and kallos, beauty; appUed with singular propriety 
 
 to the beauty and short duration of the flower. 
 Hemiantlms. Gr. e7iiisus, half, and anthos, flower, from their form. 
 Hepatica. Gr. epar, tlie liver, the leaves having a resemblance to the human liver. 
 Heracleum. Dedicated to Hercules, who is said to have added a knowledge of 
 
 Botany to his other exploits. Du. 
 Herpestis. Gr. erpestes, any thing which creeps. 
 
 (1) micranhemoides, N. Herpestvis, Ph. 
 
268 HERPESTIS, HEUCHERA. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 rotimdifolia, Mx. (W. b. Au.) finely pubescent: leaves oval, roundish, rpany-nerved: 
 
 peduncles opposite, as long as the leaves: corol 4-cleft. 
 amplexicaidis, Mx. (2) (Au.) stem woolly: leaves cordate, clasping, entire, obtuse: 
 
 peduncles shorter than the leaves: corol 4-cleft. Charleston, S. C. 
 broionei, Ph. (W.) leaves oblong, entire: peduncles longer than the leaves: stem 
 
 declined. 
 
 14 — 2. Hes'peris. 63. Cruc. asc. nut— . 
 
 pinnatifirla, Mx. (wild rocket. W. J. $.) leaves sharply serrate; upper ones lanceo- 
 late, lower ones pinnatifid: silique sub-pedunclod: pedicel at length much longer 
 than the calyx. 1 f. -S. P. K. 
 
 matronaiis, (garden rocket, dame violet. W. 21.) stem simple, erect: leaves ovate, 
 denticulate: petals emarginate, mucronate. Var. hort.ensis, flowers double, odorifer- 
 ous, white. Said to be a native on Lake Huron. Dr. Todd. 
 
 pygmaia, H. (p. ^.) leaves lance-linear, attenuate at the base, entire or dentate: 
 pubescence 2-parted, appressed: siliques numerous, erect, compressed, pubescent: 
 stem erect, simple. A. 
 
 jnenziesii, H. (2i.) leaves spatulate, fleshy: pubescence 2-parted, appressed: siliquea 
 spreading (when young;) stem very short, erect, smiple. California. R. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tristis, (yellow rocket. ^.)stem hispid; branches spreading: leaves lance-ovate: silique 
 pword-form. 
 
 3 — 1. Heteran'thera.* 17. Pont, ton — . 
 
 reniforinis, Mx. (3) (mud-plantain. W. g-w. Ju. 2i:.) leaves round-reniform: spathe 
 oblong, acuminate, 2— 3-tlowered; flowers obscure, scarcely colored. 4—8 i. S. 
 Hudson, south bay. T. Y. P. C. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ovalis Mx. (4) (W. b. Ju. IX-) leaves ovate-oblong: spathe lanceolate, 1-flowered. 
 
 5 — 2. Heuche'ra. 84. Saxi. ast. 
 
 americana, (5) (alum-root. W. r. Ju. If.) viscid-pubescent: scape and leaves roughish: 
 leaves r'ound-lobed, with dilated, obtuse, mucronate teeth: panicle dichotomous: 
 calyx short obtuse: petals lanceolate, as long as the calyx: starneus exsert. 2— 3 f. 
 S. F. T. Y. P. C. H. D. Catskill, Mch. 
 
 pubescens, Ph. (W. r. «fc y. J. li-) dusty-pubescent: scape glabrous below: leaves 
 sub-acute lobed, toothed, glabrous beneath: peduncles of the panicle short, with 
 crowded flowers: calyx bell-form: petals longer tlian tiie calyx, large: stamens 
 scarcely exserted. 2 f. S. P. M. Allegany Mts. McNab. 
 
 hispida, Ph. (A. p. J. 2i-) hispid scabrous: scape, petioles and leaves, glabrous beneath; 
 leave's hispid-pilose above, acute-lobed, toothed; teeth very short, sub-retuse, mu- 
 cronate: peduncles of the panicle few-flowered: calyx shortish, sub-acute: petals 
 spatulate, as long as the cMyx: stamens exsert. 
 
 Hesperis. Gr. esperos, the evening; because the flower is more fragrant in this pait 
 
 of the day than in any other. 
 Heteranthera. Gr. cleros, other or different, and ancr, anther, because the anthers 
 
 are of diflTerent sizes in the same flower. 
 Heuchera. In honor of J. H. Heucher, Prof, of medicine in Wittenberg, in 171 1, 
 
 (1) Monniera, Mx. (2) Obolaria caroliniana, Wr. (3) acuta, Vahl. Lep- 
 tanthus Mx. virginica, P. (4) limosa, Vahl. Leptanthus, Mx. (5) cortusa, 
 Mx. viscida. Ph. _ ,. , 
 
 * See pao'e 30^ there describe this remarkable genus, as intermediate between 
 triandroux and gynandrous. As I am not a celebrated manufacturer of genera and 
 species, little attention has been given to it. Advocates for truth are very respect-, 
 fully requested to examine this plant, when in its unostentatious bloom. A. E. 
 
IIEUCHERA, HIBISCUS. 269 
 
 eaulesccns, Ph. (W. A. w. J. IC.) suffruticose at the base: scape at the base, and 
 petioles pilose: leaves glabrous above, pilose at the nerves beneath, acutely lobed, 
 ciliate, dentate; teeth acute, mucronate: calyx short, villose: petals linear, twice 
 as long as the calyx: stamens exsert. 
 
 hracteala, (W. If.) pubescent: scape racenied: leaves heart-orbicular, gash-serrate; 
 teeth mucronate: Hovvers bracted: petals very narrow, scarcely as long as the 
 calyx: stamens not exsert. R. 
 
 4Lcerifulia, R. ( VV. Z[.) petioles hirsute; leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, acutely 
 5-lobed, unequally toothed — teeth mucronate. scape smooth: panicle elongated, 
 las-flowered: petals short; stamens exsert. Kentucky, Maryland. 
 
 vucrantliii, Douglass. (W. 2i-) leaves roundish, cordate, acutely crenate, sub-5-lobed: 
 petioles long, having scattered hairs as well as the base of the stem; cauline leaves 
 gashed: panicle compact: petals lance-linear, entire: stamens exsert. 
 
 villosa, Mx. (A. w. J. U.) very villose: leaves acutely lobed, toothed: teeth acute, 
 mucronate: fascicles of the panicle, capillary, lax-flowered: calyx short: stamens 
 exsert. 
 
 16 — 12. HiBis'cus. 74. Malv. f. mue. h. dem. 
 
 moschcutos, W. (!) (marsh-mallow. W. w. & p. Au. Zf.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 serrate, sub-3-lobed, sub-5-nerved, white-downy beneath: peddncles flower-bearingr 
 calyx downy: capsule glabrous. 4 — Of. jS. Y. Canada. M. S — C. R. B. C. 
 F.' Newburg, Salina. 
 
 militaris, (2) (W. w-r. Au. 2X.) very glabrous: leaves 3-lobed, hastate, acuminate, 
 set rate: corol tubular, campanulate: capsule ovate, acuminate, glabrous: seeds 
 silky. 3—4 f. «. P. S— C. 
 
 xirtfiuims, (3) (sweat weed. L. r. Au. 21.) downy, rough: leaves acuminate, unequally 
 toothed; lower ones cordate, undivided; upper ones cordate-oblong, 3-lobed; 
 peduncles axillary, and in terminal racemes; flowers nodding: pistils nodding. 2 — 
 4 f. S. P. Y. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 phaniceus, (phenicean mallows, r. Ju. 21.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, and cre- 
 nate, lower ones 3-cuspidate: peduncles jointed: seeds woolly. — 8 f, 
 
 5?/riacws, ( Syrian mallow, w. &. p. Au. h.) leaves wedge ovate, 3-lobed, toothed: 
 bracts about 8, of the length of the calyx. .^) — 10 f. 
 
 esculends, (okra. y. Ju. |^.) leaves heart-.5-lobed, obtusish, toothed: petiole longer 
 than the flower: bracts about .5, caducous, bursting lengthwise. 3 f. 
 
 trioimm, (bladder ketmia, flower of an hour. 0.) bracts many; calyx inflated: capsule 
 membranaceous: leaves toothed; upper ones 3 parted. 6 — 181. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 grandiflorns, Mx. (W. r. Au. Zf.) leaves large, coriaceous, triangular-cordate, 3-lobed, 
 tomentoseon both sides: hoary beneath: cfipsules tomentose, sub-truncate. 5 — 7 f. 
 
 incanus, W. (y-w. S. 7i.) leaves ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, hoary-tomentose 
 on both sides: peduncles axillary: calyx tomentose, nearly equal. 
 
 coccineus, Wr. (4) (r. Au. 2i-) very glabrous: leaves palmate-5-parted: divisions lance- 
 linear, acuminate, remotely serrate at the apex: capsule ovate, glabrous. 4 — 8 f. 
 S— C. 
 
 munihot, W. (W. y. & p. Au. 2S-) stem and petioles unarmed: leaves palmate-digi- 
 tate, 7-parted; divisions linear: peduncles hispid: outer bract 1: calyx torn: cap- 
 sule very hirsute, pyramidal. 
 
 scaler, (5) (y. & p. Au. Z[.) stem scabrous: lower leaves cordate, angled; upper 
 ones palmate, 3— 5-lobed; lobes irregular-dentate angled: calyx very hispid, twice 
 as long as the bracts. 3 f. 
 
 carolinhinus, M. (p. Au. 21- ) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth on 
 both sides, sometimes sub-3-lobed: seeds hispid. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 coUinsiana, N. (y.) lowest leaves obtusely .o-lobed; upper ones pedately 5-parted, the 
 lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed; petiole as long as the lamina: 
 flowers on short peduncles: leaves of the involucel 10—12: calyx spathaceous, 5-- 
 toolhed, cleft on one side. West Florida. 
 
 Hibiscus, ibiskos: the ancient Greek name of the marsh mallows. 
 
 (1) palustris, Wr. (2) virginicus, Wr. hastatus, Mx. riparius, P. (3) cly 
 peatus, Wr. (4) speciosus, A. (5) aculeatus, Wr. 
 
^70 HIERAGIUM. 
 
 17 — I. Hiera'ciuim. 53. Cich. sec-stim. ano — . ton — . 
 
 gracile, H. ( ) scape naked or one-leaved, glabrous: cyme-racemed above, pubes- 
 cent, and with the involucre black-pilose, snb-glandulous: leaves oblong, oblusish 
 glabrous, attenuated into a longish petiole, nieuibranaceous, entire: flowers small. 
 12— ISi. R. 
 
 albiflorum, H. (w. ) stem leafy, with sotl reflexed hairs below: leaves broad- lanceo- 
 late, entire, obtuse, attenuated into a petiole, with long white hairs; cauline leaves 
 remotish, becoming gradually smaller, sessile: panicle slender, many-flowered, 
 glabrous: petioles divaricate: involucre wiih scattered long white hairs. II. 
 
 scouleri, H. ( ) setose-pilose, hairs long, rigid, spreading, tawny: stem leafy, panicu- 
 late: panicle large, many-flowered, erect: leaves broad-lanceolate sub-coriaceous, 
 rigid, acute, scarcely toothed; radical ones attenuated into a short petiole; cauline 
 ones remotish, sessile: involucre fuscous-pubescent, the pubescence intermixed with 
 long glandular hairs. F. R. Jlch. 
 
 gronovii,'* L. (vein-leaf, hawk-weed. O. y.Ju. 2X-) scape leafy, panicled above, glabrous: 
 leaves lance-ovate, sub-pilose, ciliate; midrib villose beneath: pedicels arid involucre 
 glandular-pubescent. Var. venosum, scape naked; leaves smoothish with colored 
 veins: involucre smooth. 
 
 paniculatum, W. (O. y. Ju. 7S-) somewhat glabrous: stem erect, leafy panicled, white- 
 woolly below: pedicels capillary: leaves lanceolate, naked, toothed, membranace- 
 ous. 2—4 f S. Mch. « 
 
 kalmii, W. {y. Aa. 2X-) stem erect, many-flowered, smooth, downy above: leaves 
 sub-sessile, larrceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed outside: peduncles axillary and 
 terminal, downy. B. F. N. T. Mch. 
 
 marianiim, W. (1) (O. y. Ju. 2i-) stem erect, villose: leaves oval-obov.ate, strigose, 
 villose on the keel; lower ones sub-dentate: peduncles and involucre downy. 1 — 
 2f. S. Mch. 
 
 pusUliim,, W. (y. Ju. H-) small," very villose: stem simple, erect, one-flowered, 
 somewhat 2-leaved: leaves remote, lanceolate, slenderly tapering, acute, entire; 
 cauline ones linear: involucre very villose. Probably a variety of H. uljnnum. Ph. 
 Labrador. 
 
 moUe, W. (soft hawk-weed. y. Au. Zf.) pilose: stem erect, simple, leafy, corymbed, 
 few-flowered: leaves lance-oblong, attenuate, sparingly toothed below; radical ones 
 petioled. Labrador. 
 
 macrophjlhun, Ph. (y. Zf.) very tall: stem erect, leafy, hispid, sulcate: leaves cor- 
 date, half-clasping, ovate-oblong, remotely coarse- toothed, nearly naked; nerves 
 and veins pubescent beneath: panicle divaricately corymbed: peduncles elongated, 
 naked, glabrous: involucre glabrous. 
 
 sylvaticum, S. ( ) stem leafy, branching above, sub-corymbed, sub-villose: pedun- 
 cles more or less pubescent; leaves lance-ovate or lanceolate, sub-hirsute, dentate, 
 with the teeth erect: involucre with short pubescence. A var. has the leaves 
 lance-ovate, green, teeth minute. Canada. 
 
 prenanthoUlcs, Vill. ( ) stem erect, leafy, pubescent-hirsute: panicle corymbose: 
 pedicels and involucre pilose-glandulous: leaves oblong-cordate, half clasping at 
 the base; upper ones gradually smaller, ovate-cordate all with coarse remote teeth. 
 D. R. A. Canada. 
 
 umbdlaium, L. ( ) stem erect, sipiple, very leafy: leaves lance-linear, somewhat 
 glabrous, toothed and very entire; , flowers sub-umbelled: peduncles pubescent: 
 involucres glabrous. D. A. 
 
 scabrius'aduin, Sz. & Say. (W. y.) stem glabrous, erect, terete, sulcate, leafy: leaves 
 lance-ovate, sessile, clasping, sub-dentate, scabrous and somewhat involute at the 
 margin, rugose above, glaucous and pilose beneath: involucre smoothish. 
 
 Hieracium. Gr. ierax, a hawk, from the vulgar opinion that these birds removed 
 
 films from their eyes with it. 
 
 (I) scabrum, Mx. 
 
 * Dr. Aikin has written me, after thoroughly studying this and the venosum, in 
 numerous localities, that they cannot be retained as distinct species. He proposes 
 the above amendment. 
 
 I am not singular in my views. Every old botonist doubts the opinions of all bo- 
 tanists, who decide hastily. Dr. A. is exceedingly cautious; of course I receive his 
 opinions in all cases. 
 
HIERACIUM, nOMALOBUS. 271 
 
 Exotic, 
 auraniiacvm, (orange liawkweed. y. 2Z.) scape leafy, hispid: flowers corymbed; 
 peduncles glomerate: leaves oblong, aculish, pilose-liifpid. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 runciniitum, J. (W.) hirsute: leaves radical, oval-oblong, runcinate; scape few- 
 flowered, angular: involucre glandular-pilose. 1 f. 
 
 barbatum, N. (W. y. 2i.) very pilose, tall, rigid leaves entire: radical ones cuneate- 
 oblong aculish, upper ones sessile, much smaller, sub-linear: flowers scattered, 
 panicFed: branchlets very short, few-flowered: peduncles and involucre pulverulent- 
 tomentose. 3 — 4 f. Arkansas. 
 
 3 — 2. Hierochlo'a. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 borealis, Sch. (1) (sweet summer grass, seneca grass. M. 2_f.) panicle sub-secund, a 
 little spreading: peduncles smooth: florets unarmed: outer palea ciliate on the 
 margin: root creeping. 16 i. O. P. Y. N. B. D. Seneca Lake. JVlch. 
 
 alpina, Wa,h\. (A. J. 2X0 panicle ovate, contracted: spikelets compressed, longer than 
 the branches: glumes lanceolate, nearly nerveless: lateral florets triandrous; one 
 of them with an awn about as long as the valves; sides almost smooth, margins 
 ciliate. G— 8 i. While Mis. 
 
 20—8. HxppoPHAE. 24. Elae. ton. 
 
 canadensis, W. (sea buckthorn. M. \: .) leaves oblong-ovate, glabrous, with scattered 
 stellate pubescence above, stellate, pubescent and scaly beneath: scales ferruginous 
 and deciduous. G— S f. P. Y. O. D. Canada, Sciioliarie. Mch. 
 
 argenteu, Ph. (W. \ .) leaves ovate, obtuse, glabrous on both sides and covered with 
 silvery scales. 12 — 18 f. D. 
 
 1 — 1. Hippu'ris. 88. Onag. emo. nau. 
 
 vulgaris, (mares tail. W. y-g. M. 2X-) leaves linear and lance-linear, verticil late in 
 6s, 8s, 9s. Sf. P. T. D. Cayuga Lake, plenty. Near Schenectady, rare. U. 
 Canada. Mch. 
 
 monlana, (Reichen) ( ) slender: leaves in sixes, linear, acute. A. 
 
 maritima, Hel. ( ) leaves in fours or sixes, lanceolate, obtuse scarcely gangrenous. 
 9—18 i. A. 
 
 3—2. Hol'cus. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 latnanus, (soft grass. J. 21.) panicle equal: florets shorter than the glumes; superior 
 one with a recurved awn: root fibrous. 1 — 2 f. P. Y. D. Mch. 
 
 HolcUS, HlEROCHLOA, KoELERIA. 
 
 16 — 10. HoMAi.oBus. 93. Legu. asc. ape. 
 Caulescent. 
 dispar, N. (J.) decumbent, puberulent: stem somewhat striate, nearly glabrous; 
 leaves almost sessile; leafets 6 to 10 pairs, linear-oblong obtuse: stipules short, 
 ovate, the lower ones united: racemes many-flowered, loose, almost sessile, scarceli"- 
 longer than the leaves, often 2 or 3 together: bracts minute, shorter than the 
 pedicels: legumes elliptical-oblong, obtuse, flat, somewhat slipilate; the stipe 
 shorter than the calyx. Missouri and West. 
 
 Hierochloa. Gr. ieros, sacred, and chloe, green herb or grass, because in Silesia it is 
 
 strewed before the church doors, and esteemed sacred to the Virgin Mary. 
 Hippopha?. Gr. ippns-, a horse, and p/tad, to destroy, from the supposed qualities of 
 
 some of the species. 
 Hippuris. Gr. ippos, a horse, and oura, a tail, this genus having a great affinity to 
 
 the Equisetum. 
 Holcus. Gr. otkus, the Greek name of a plant, with awns like barley. 
 Homalobus. Gr. omolos, similar, lohos, lobe of the ear. 
 
 (1) fragrans, Rs. Holcus odoratus, Mx. lanatus, L. 
 
273 HOMALOEUS, HOPEA. 
 
 mvUiflorns, T. (p.) nearly erect, pubescent with appressed hairs or at length nearly 
 glabrous: stem slightly striate: leafets 6 to 10 pairs, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuseJ 
 stipules small, ovate, the lower ones united: racemes usually solitary, pedunculate, 
 many-flowered, loose at length, longer than the leaves: bracts very minute, shorter 
 than the pedicels: legumes linear-oblong, acute, flat, stipilate; the stipe longer 
 than the calyx. Missouri. 
 
 ■campastris, N. (y. ) nearly erect, stout, with rigid rush-like branches: petioles semi- 
 cylindrical, somewhat dilated towards the extremity; the lower ones bearing 3 to 5 
 pairs of rigid linear-subulate leafets; the upper ones 3-foIiate or simple: stipules 
 triangular-subulate: the racemes short, 5 to 10 flowered, loose: calyx hirsute 
 with black hairs, with short subulate teeth: legumes pubescent, long and straight, 
 compressed. 1 f. Oregon. 
 
 Junceus, N. ( ) erect, slender, much branched: radical petioles bearing 1 to 2 pairs 
 of minute leafets; the cauline ones filiform and leafless: stipules broadly triangular, 
 minute: peduncles very long, the flowers few and remote: bracts scarcely any: 
 teeth of the calyx very short and obtuse: legumes long, linear, straight, puberulent. 
 Rocky Mts. 
 
 wtliorarjms, N. (y.) decumbent, slender, flexuous, much branched from below: lower 
 leaves with 1 to 2 pairs of long narrowly Imear and very acute leafets; upper leaves 
 simple, sessile, similar to the lower leafets: stipules minute, dilated: peduncles 
 longer than the leaves, few-flowered: teeth of the calyx very short, acute: legumes 
 oblong-linear, nearly straight, coriaceous, somewhat puberulent, torulose, 6 to 8- 
 seeried. Rocky Mts. 
 
 decumhens, N. (y. p.) much branched from the base, diff"use, or decumbent, slender: 
 leafets 3 to 5 pairs, mostly very small, narrowly lanceolate-linear, on long often 
 slightly dilated petioles: stipules subulate, the lower ones partly united: peduncles 
 very long: racemes very loose, 5 to 10-flowered: legumes flat, linear, elongated, 
 falcate, somewhat puberulent. Rocky Mts. 
 
 tetiuifoiais, N. (y. p.) low, brancbefl froi!) the base, somewhat cespitose: leafets 3 to 6 
 pairs, very small, subulate, on a narrow-channelled rachis: stipules triangular- 
 acuminate; the lowermost broader and membranaceous: peduncles very long, 5 to 
 8-flowered: teeth of the calyx short and acute: legumes short and flat, linear- 
 elliptical, straight, somewhat puberulent. 3 — 4 i. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Acuuhsc.ent. 
 
 cespitosus, N. (J. p.) leaves simple or pinnately 3 to 5-foliolate, linear-lanceolate «>r 
 oblanceolate, narrow, acute, tapering below: racemes loose: bracts lanceolate-sub- 
 ulate, about the length of the pedicels in fruit: teeth of the calyx subulate, about 
 the length of the lube: legumes oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, very slightly 
 curved, at length glabrous, about 12-ovuled. 3—4 i. Hills of the Platte towards 
 Rocky Mts. 
 
 brackycarpus, N. (p.) leaves simple, rarely 3-foliolate, lanceolate-linear, acute, taper- 
 ing below: racemes loose: bracts subulate, nearly as long as the calyx: teeth of the 
 calyx setaceous-subulate, as long as the tube: legumes oblong-elliptical, with an 
 abrupt short point, flat, straight, at length almost glabrous, about 8-ovuled. Hills 
 of the Platte towards Rocky Mts. 
 
 canescens, N. (p.) leaves simple, lanceolate, pungent, tapering below into slender 
 petioles: racemes sub-capitate, at length rather loose: liowers larger: bracts subu- 
 late, nearly the length of the calyx: teeth of the calyx subulate, about as long as 
 the tube: legumes linear, flat, abruptly pointed, somewhat curved, puberulent, 
 about 12-ovuled, High hills of the Platte towards Rocky Mts. 2—4 i. 
 
 15—12. Ho'pEA. 71. Styr. stom. aro, ast. 
 Southern. 
 tinctoria, (sweet-leaf. y. Ap. 2S-) leaves lance-oblong, glaucous, pubescent beneath: 
 flowers sessile, axillary, in clusters. 15 — 18 f. Charleston, S. C. Florida. 
 
 3—2. Hor'deum. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 juhatum, (squirrel tail grass, wall barley. W. 3. $.) lateral florets abortive, neuter: 
 awns of the glumes and paleas six times as long as the flowers. 2 f. S. B. C. D- 
 
 Hopea. In honor of Dr. John Hope, Prof, of botany at Edinburgh. 
 Hordeum. Lat. kordmm, the derivation of which is uncertain. 
 
HORDEUM, HOSACKIA. 273 
 
 Exotic. 
 Tulgare, W. (barley. Ju. 0.) florets all perfect, awned, in two erect rows. 
 distichon, W. (J. 0.) lateral florets imperfect, awnless: seeds angular, imbricate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ptisillum, N. (W.) lateral florets staminate or neuter, awnless, acute: four inner 
 glumes coriaceous, dilated; all short awned: awns scabrous. 4 — 6 i. Decumbent. 
 
 10—10. Horke'lia. 92. Rosa. ast. ref. feb. 
 
 congesta, Doug. ( ) radical leaves pinnate; leafets cuneate-oblong, gashed at the 
 apex: exterior divisions of the calyx very entire: petals longer than the calyx. R. 
 
 10 — 3. Horten'sia. 58. Capr. ton. feb — . 
 Exotic, 
 speciosa, (changeable hydrangea, r. «&. w. J. ^.) leaves broadly ovate, serrate, acu- 
 minate: flowers corymbed. From the East Indies. This is the common flower- 
 pot shrub, usually called hyderindia. 
 
 16 — 10. Hosack'ia. 93. Leg. nut. asc. ape. 
 
 bicolor, Douglass. (W. y. w. ) glabrous, decumbent: leafets sub-opposite, 7 to 9, 
 oblong or obovate: stipule? heart-ovate, membranaceous, very obtuse: flowers ura- 
 belled: bracts 1-leaved or none. Rocky Mts. and west of them. 
 
 decunibens, Bent. (W. y. 2i-) rough haired, decumbent: leafets alternate, 4 or 5, 
 wedge-oval, acute: stipules very minute, acute, caducous: flowers umbelled: bracts 
 1 to 3-leaved. West of Rocky Mts. 
 
 parviflora, Bent. (W. ) erect, glabrous, chiefly ramose at the base: leafets alter- 
 nate, 4 to 6, obovate-oblong, glaucous beneath: stipules obsolete, caducous: pe- 
 duncles 1 -flowered: bracts under the flowers often 3-leaved. West of Rocky Mts. 
 
 unifoLiida, Hk. (W.) decumbent, hirsute, branches much spread: leaves generally 
 with a single leafet, rarely 2 or 3, sub-sessile, oval, acute at the apex and base: 
 stipules obsolete: peduncles 1-flowered: bracts under the flowers l-leaved, ovate. 
 West of Rocky Mts. 
 
 pUitycarpa, N. ( ) slightly pubescent, robust: leafets 7—9 pairs, most opposite, 
 oblong-oval or obovate: stipules small, cordate-ovate, membranaceous, obtuse: pe- 
 duncles bracteate with a2 — 4-foliolate leaf belnw the umbel: calyx truncate, minutely 
 toothed: legume rather broad and flat. Oregon. 
 
 parviflora, Benth. (0. J. w-r. ) erect, nearly glabrous, branched from the base: leafets 
 4 — 6, oblong and obovate, alternate: peduncles 1-flowered: bracts 3-lbliolate: calyx 
 one-third the length of the corol; teeth linear-subulate. Oregon. S. 
 
 microphylla, N. ($•) nearly prostrate, and much branched, somewhat strigosely pu- 
 bescent: leafets 4—5, obovate or oval-oblong, alternate: peduncles shorter or a 
 little longer than the leaves, bract usually trifoliolate. Oregon. S. 
 
 data, N. (May. w.) sparsely hirsute: stem tall and somewhat branching above: leaves 
 on short petioles; leafets elliptical-oblong, somewhat obtuse: peduncles longer than 
 the leaves: bract of a simple leafet: calyx two-thirds the length of the coiol; the 
 segments twice as long as the tube: legume terete, slender. Oregon. 
 
 fjorihunda, N. (J-Ju.) smoothish or pubescent, much branched and decumbent: leafets 
 elliptical-oblong, the lateral ones narrower: extreme branches with unifoiiolate 
 leaves: flowers on short peduncles, approximated towards the extremity of the 
 branchlets: bract of a single leafet: legume compressed, few-seeded. Rocky Mts. 
 
 pilosa, N. ( ) densely clothed with soft hairs, decumbent and much branched: leafets 
 elliptical-oblong, obtuse or slightly acute: branches unifoiiolate: bract of a single 
 leaf: flowers scattered: peduncles very short: legume flattish, few-seeded. Rocky 
 Mts. 
 
 mollis, N. (J. ) hirsute with spreading hairs, erect, branching from the base: leafets 
 
 Horkelia. The name of a friend to the botanist who gave it, latinized. 
 Hortensia. From hortus, a garden, its former specific name. Hydrnngia hortensia. 
 Hosackia. In honor of Dr. David Hosack, of New York, who was the earliest patron 
 of botany in the Northern States. 
 
 35 
 
274 HOSACKIA. 
 
 oblong and cuneate-oblong, obtuse: peduncles longer than the leaves: bract of a 
 single leafet: calyx as long as the corol: legume almost flat, glabrous. Banks of 
 the Wahlaniet. 
 
 sioloitifera, Lindl. (g. p. U-) glabrous, erect, stoloniferous: leafets 11 — 15, ovate or 
 oblong, mucronate: stipules ovate, heibaceous: umbels many-flowered, capitate: 
 bracts 1—3-foliolate: teeth of the calyx very short. California. 
 
 o-racUis, Benth. (y. Z{.) glabrous, decumbent: lower leafets obovate-cuneate: stipules 
 large, membranaceous: bracts trifoliolate: calyx somewhat bilabiate, the teeth half 
 as long as the tube. California. 
 
 stipidarls, Benth. ( ) stem and petioles hairy: stipules foliaceous, broadly semi- 
 sagittate: bracts trifoliolate: teeth of the calyx shorter than the tube. California. 
 
 crasiifolia, Benth. ( ) leafets broadly obovate, somewhat fleshy, stipules scarious: 
 
 bracts 3-foliolate: teeth of the calyx very short. California. 
 
 ochroleuca, N. (y. March. A. Z[.) pubescent, nearly erect: leaves sessile; leafets 3—4 
 pairs, obovate or oblong, alternate: stipules very minute: umbels bracteate with a 
 single sessile leafet: teeth of the calyx acuminate, as long as the tube: legume 
 sub-terete. St. Barbara. California. 
 
 grandijiora, Benth. (U- ) «teni slightly pubescent above: leafets about 7: peduncles 
 elongated: bract 1-foliolate, sessile: teeth of the calyx scarcely shorter than the 
 tube. California. 
 
 tomtntosa. Hook. &. Arn. (y. r. 2X.) herbaceous, canescently tomentose, decumbent: 
 leafets 4 — 6, obovate, mostly obtuse: peduncles very short: bracts 1-foliolate: teeth 
 of the calyx shorter than the tube. California. 
 
 micrantlia, N. {y. ^. March, Ap.) herbaceous, pubescent, prostrate: leafets 4 — 6, 
 cuneale or obovate, obtuse: umbels almost sessile, few-flowered, without bracts. 
 California. 
 
 ajtisoides, Benth. (y. ) suffruticose, somewhat pubescent, decumbent: branches an- 
 gular: leafets 3 — G, cuneate-obiong; petioles very short: umbels many-flowered, 
 on short peduncles: bracts of 1 — 3 minute leafets: teeth of the calyx subulate, 
 recurved. California. 
 
 prostrata, N. (y. r. A.) suffruticose, nearly glabrous, prostrate: branches terete: 
 leafets 3 — 7, oblong, obtuse: peduncles longer than the leaves, often elongated: 
 umbels many-flowered: bracts I-foliolale: calyx nuich shorter than the corol, the 
 teeth scarcely one third the length of the tube: legume with a very long subulate 
 point. California. 
 
 juncca, Benth. (y. ) suffruticose, glabrous: branches angular and erect: leafets 3 — 5, 
 oblong, obtuse, peduncles very short, 3 — 5-flowered, without bracts: calyx some- 
 what prismatic, with very short, pointless teeth. California. 
 
 crassifolia, N. (y-r. ) suffruticose, decumbent, nearly glabrous: branches angular: 
 leafets 3 — 4, oblong or cuneate-obiong, obtuse, thick: umbels nearly sessile, 5 — 7- 
 riowered: bracts none: teeth of tlie calyx about one-fourth the length of the tube: 
 legume with a very long, subulate point. California.* 
 
 scopTiria, N. (y-r. March, Ap.) suffruticose, erect, much branched, nearly glabrous: 
 branches terete: leafets 3 — 4, linear-oblong, somewiiat acute: umbels sessile, 
 
 5 7.flowered: bracts none: teeth of the calyx subulate, about one-third the length 
 
 of the tube: legume with a very long, subulate point. 3 — 4 f. California, used 
 there for making brooms. 
 scricea, Benth. (r-y. ) densely silky-tomentose: leafets usually 3: peduncles very 
 short, 1 — 3-rtowered, without biacts. California. 
 
 nudifiora, N. (#. Marcli.) somewhat pubescent with appressed hairs, diffusely 
 branched from the base: leafets 5 — 7, alternate, oblong-linear, acute: peduncles 
 with a minute, glandular scale in the place of the bract: legume pubescent, straight, 
 curved at the joint, somewhat terete. California. 
 
 strigosa, N. (2/? March, y.) strigosely pubescent, decumbent, much branched: leafets 
 
 6—'d. alternate, lanceolate-linear, acute: peduncles naked, or with a bract of 1 — 3 
 
 minute leafets: corol nearly twice as long as the calyx: legume pubescent, nearly 
 
 straight. California. 
 
 ruhdla. N. (Zf. r. ) strigosely pubescent, much branched: leafets 6 — 10, alternate, 
 
 * It seems there are two H. crassifolia, one of Bentham, and one of Nuttall. From 
 the descriptions, they are evidently distinct plants. 
 
HOSACKIA, HOYA. iilO 
 
 linear, rather obtuse: peduncles 1 — 3-flowered, naked, or with a bract of a single 
 leafet: legume pubescent, nearh' straight. California. 
 
 maritimn, N. (March, y. 0?) rather succulent, somewhat strigose, prostrate, much 
 branched: leafets 4 — 5, alternate, obovate, obtuse: peduncles I — 3-fiowered, naked, 
 or with a trifoliolate bract: legimie glabrous, sub-terete, straiglit. California.' 
 
 suh-pinnata, T. (0. ) canescently villose, branched from the base: leafets about 5, 
 obovate, obtuse: flowers solitary, nearly sessile: bracts none: teeth of the calyx 
 subulate, as long as the tube: legume pubescent, 3 — 6 i. California. 
 
 loratigeiiana, T. ( ) diffuse, sparsely hirsute: leafets 4, oblong, somewhat glau- 
 
 cous: peduncles axillary, very short, l-flowered: bracts none: legume pubescent. 
 California. 
 
 5 — 1. Hotto'nia. 35. Prim. sed. sop. 
 
 infata, E. (1) (water violet. W. w. J. 21-) flowers whorled, short peduncled: corol 
 shorter than the calyx: scape short, inflated between the joints: leaves alternate, 
 piunatifid, crowded. S. Rhode Island. B. C. F. 
 
 4—1. IIousto'nia. (2) 40. Gent, ton+. 
 
 carvlea, (3) (venus' pride, innocence, dwarf pink. O. b. & w. M. 2i-) stem erect, 
 setaceous, dichotomous: rndical leaves spatulate; cauline ones oblanceolate, oppo- 
 site: peduncles l-flowered, elongated. 4 — 6 i. S. Mcli. 
 
 longifoUa, W. (4) (W. p. J. IS-) leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering to each end: 
 flowers corymbed. 6—1-2 i. S. P. B. H. D. U. Canada. Mcli. 
 
 puipurea, W. (5) (W. p. w. Ju. 21-) stem erect, branching above, pubescent at the 
 joints: leaves sessile, ovate, lanceolate, or lance-linear: fascicles terminal, corymb- 
 ed. 4— S i. S. S— C. 
 
 ciliolata, T, (W. p.) radical leaves ovate, obtuse, narrow at the base, ciliate at the 
 margin; cauline ones ov:ite-spatulate, sessile: corymbs terminal, pedicelled: 
 peduncles trichotomous: divisions of the calyx lance-linear: stem smooth, branched 
 above, Niagara Falls. Mch. 
 
 pubescens, R. (VV.) leaves wedge-form acute, pubescent; lower ones sub-petioled, 
 lanceolate; upper ones sub-oval, sessile: panicle trichotomous, terminal. 
 
 patens, E. (6) (p. March. ^.) small, stem branching, dichotomous, with scabrous 
 angles: flowers solitary, terminal and axillary. 1 — 2 i. S — C. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 serpyllifoliat Mx. (O. b. M. 2/-) procumbent, cespitose: leaves spatulate, obtuse: 
 peduncles terminal, l-flowered, very long. , 
 
 (enellu, Ph. (A. b. J. 2X-) stem creeping, filiform: leaves round acute, nerved: pedun- 
 cles terminal, 1-tlowered, very long. Smaller than the last. 
 
 rotundifolia, Mx. (L. w. Ap. 2X.) creeping: leaves ovate, roundish, abruptly narrow- 
 ed at the base: peduncles axillary, solitary, l-flowered. Leaves evergreen. Florida. 
 
 lenuifoUa, N. (W.) smooth: stem erect, divaricate, very brandling; branches sub- 
 trichotomous: leaves narrow-linear: corymbs terminal, sub-fastigiate, with long 
 setaceous peduncles. (5 i. 
 
 minima, Bk. (W. b. March, 0?) stem erect, simple, 4-cornered, somewhat scabrous: 
 leaves opposite, spatulate-ovate, sub-acuminate, ciliate, scabrous on both sides; 
 flowers peduncled, solitary, terminal. 1 — 2 i, 
 
 18 — 2. HoYA. 47. Ascl. dia. r. nau. exp. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 carnosa, R. Br. (w-r.) leaves ovate: flowers bearded. A vine. 
 
 Hottonia. In honor of John Hotton, the predecessor of Boerhaave at Leyden. 
 Houstonia. In honor of Dr. Wm. Houston, an English botanist of considerable 
 
 merit. 
 Hoya. In honor of the gardener of the Duke of Northumberland. 
 
 (1) palustris? Ph. (2) Hedyotis, H. (3) linnei, Mx. (4) angustifolia, Mx. 
 (5) varians, Mx. Hedyotis umbellata, Wr. Knoxia purpurea, Lk. (6) linnei, 
 
 Var. coerulea. Mx. Var. minor. Ph. 
 
276 HUDSONIA, HYDRASTIS. 
 
 12—1. Hudso'nia. 80. Cist. stom. ton. 
 
 ericoldes, (false heath. W. y. J. h.) leaves acerose-subulate, hirsute: peduncles fili- 
 form, solitary. About 6 i. high, a very delicate shrub. Pine barrens. Y. 
 
 tomentosa, N. (W. L. y. Ju.) hoary lonientose: leaves ovate, imbricate, shorter than 
 the intervale of the stem: flowers sub-sessile: calyx obiuse. B. D. Canada. 
 N. Jersey. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 montana, N. (A.) decumbent, smoothish, cespitose: leaves long filiform-subulate, 
 sub-imbricate: peduncles terminal, solitary: calyx bell-form, woolly: capsule villose. 
 3—5 i. 
 
 20 — 5. Hu'mulcs. 98. Urti. nar. ton. ano. 
 
 lupubis, (hop. O. g-y. Au. Zf.) stem twining with the sun: leaves lobed. One of the 
 best of tonics. 
 
 14 — 1. Hutchin'sia. 63. Cruc. asc. nut. 
 
 calydna, (w. ) white-pubescent: leaves mostly radical, deeply pinnatifid, long 
 petioled: calyx permanent: silicles oblong, tapering to both ends, acuminated by 
 the style. A Var. lower leaves all entire. R. A. 
 
 6 — 1. Hyacin'thus. 16. Asph. exp. nar. stim. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 orientalis, (garden hyacinth, r. Ap. 2i-) corol funnel-form, half 6-clefl, ventricose at 
 
 the base. 
 rmiscari, (musk hyacinth, b. Ap. If.) carols ovate, all equal. 
 botryoides, (grape hyacinth, b. Ap. U-) corols globose, uniform: leaves cylindric, 
 
 channelled, straight. 
 comosus, (purple grape hyacinth, p.) corols angular cylindric: upper flowers sterile, 
 
 long-peduncled, erect. 
 racemosus, (hare-bell hyacinth. 2|.) flowers thick, ovate, those at the top sessile: 
 
 leaves lax, pendant, linear, carinate. 
 
 10 — 2. Hydran'gea. 58. Capr. ast. fra. 
 
 vulgaris, Ph. (1) (hydrangea. W. w. Au. Ip.) leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at the base, 
 acuminate, toothed, glabrous beneath: cymes naked. 5 f. S. P. H. M. Har- 
 per's Ferry. 
 
 nivea, Mx. (2) (w. Ju. ^.) leaves heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate, snow-white down 
 beneath; cymes radiate, 6-^8 f. S. P. S — C. 
 Southern. 
 
 cordata, Ph. (3) (W. A. Ju. 11.) leaves broad-ovate, sub-cordate at the base, acumi- 
 nate, coarsely toothed, glabrous beneath: cymes generally radiate. 
 
 quercifolia, Bart. (w. «& r. Ju. ^.) leaves oblong, sinuate-lobed, toothed, tomentose 
 beneath; cymes radiate, thyrse-panicled. 4—5 f Florida. 
 
 Hydrangea, Hortensia, 
 
 12 — 12. Hydras'tis. 61. Ranu. acr. cau. poi. 
 canadensis, (orange root, turmeric root. W. w-r. Ap. 2^.) stem with two opposite 
 
 Hudsonia. In honor of Wm. Hudson, a correspondent of Linneus, and author of 
 
 Flora Anglica. 
 Humulus. Lat. huinvs, fresh earth, from its choosing rich soil, 
 Hulchinsia. The name of a friend to the botanist who gave it, latinized. 
 Hyacinthus. After Hyacinth, the favorite of Apollo, who was changed into this 
 
 plant. 
 Hydrangea. Gr. udor, water, and aggeion, a vessel, in allusion to the pitcher-like 
 
 shape of the seed-vessel. 
 Hydrastis. From Gr. udor, water, in reference to the humid places wherein it grows. 
 
 (1) arborescens, W. (2) radiata, Wr. (3) vulgaris, Mx. 
 
HYDRASTIS, HYDROPELTIS, 277 
 
 leaves above: leaves petioled, emarginate at the base, palmate^ serrate, gashed: 
 peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Root yellow. S. P. Y. C. D. Mch. 
 
 20—9. Hy'drocha'ris. 22. Hydr. ton. 
 Southern. 
 spongiosa, Bosc. (1) (w. Au. 21-) monoecious: leaves floating, round-cordate, reticu- 
 late beneath, with vesicles at the base. Stagnant water. 
 
 10 — 6. Hydrochlo'a. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 Jfuitans, Mx. (2) (Ju. 2X.) small; stem slender, branching: leaves linear, flat: spikes 
 sohtary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered: glumes unawned. S. 
 
 5 — 2. Hv'drocoty'le. 60. Umb. ton — . dem. 
 
 umbellata, W. (water navel-wort. g-w. M, Zf.) leaves peltate, crenate, at the base 
 
 eniarginate: umbels peduncled, many-flowered. S. P. B. C. F. Mch. S — C» 
 americana, (O. g-w. J. If-) glabrous, tuberous: leaves sub-peltate, orbicular, doubly 
 
 crenate: glomerules few-flowered, sessile. V a.r. flexicaidis, stems firmer and shorter, 
 
 somewhat flexuous-angled. Var. gracilis, slender, filiform, not flexuous: leaves 
 
 smaller. Plant low and prostrate. Flowers very smalK ;S. 
 vulgaris, (3) (penny-wort. g. w. J. If.) leaves orbicular, peltate, slightly crenater 
 
 scape interruptedly spiked, few-flowered. jS*. P. C. Canada. 
 ranunculoides, (4) (J. 2X-) leaves cordate, somewhat 5-lobed, crenate-dentate: umbels 
 
 capitate, 8 to 10-flowered. iS'. 
 lineata, Mx. (5) (r-w. Ju. 7i.) glabrous, creeping: leaves sessile, cuneate-linear, with 
 
 transverse nerves: umbels peduncled. S. C. Peekskill. 
 
 Sub-genus Erigenia. Described at page 60. 
 
 hulhosn, N. (W. w. 2i.) glabrous: leaves one or two, radical, petioled, gash-biternate: 
 leafets of the involucels few, unequal: anthers exsert, dark purple. Root globe- 
 tuberous. S. P. O. F. 
 
 repanda, P. (r-w. Ju. 21.) leaves round-cordate, somewhat repand; petioles and nerves 
 pilose: heads 3-flowered, peduncled. 
 
 Hydroglossum, Lygodium. 
 
 5 — 2. Hydro'lea. 44. Hydr. h. epis. 
 Southern, 
 quadrivalms, Wr. (6) (b. Ju. II.) spinose, pilose: leaves long-lanceolate: flowers 
 
 nearly sessile, axillary: capsules glabrous. Charleston, S — C. 
 corymbosa, Macbride. (b. & y. Ju. Zf.) without spines, sub-glabrous: leaves lanceo- 
 late: calyx hispid: llowers terminal. 2 f. 
 spinosa, (W.) leaves lanceolate, hirsute: flowers terminal. 
 
 12 — 12. Hydkopel'tis. 61. Ranu. acr. cau. 
 
 poi. 
 
 purpurea, Mx. (7) (water.shield, water-target. O. p. Au. 2X-) leaves peltate, oval, 
 entire: peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. The leaves float on the surface of water, 
 having long flexible petioles. Plant mostly covered with mucilage. S. Mch. 
 
 Hydrocharis. Gr. udor, water, and charts, grace, as this little plant may be con- 
 sidered to be an ornament of still waters. 
 
 Hydrochloa. Gr. iidor, water, and cidoe, grass, it growing principally in water. 
 
 Hydrocotyle. Gr. udor, water, and kotuLe, a cavity, from the leaves being a little 
 depressed in the centre, so as to hold a drop of water. 
 
 Hydrolea. From Gr. udur, water, and daia, oil, because the leaves of this water 
 plant are viscous as if they were smeared with old oil. 
 
 Hydropeltis. Gr. udor, water, and pelte, a shield, from the floating peltate leaves. 
 (I) cordifoUa, N. (2) zizanea, Mx. ;(3) interrupta, M. (4) oymbalari- 
 
 folia, M. (5) Crantzia, N. (6) caroliniana, Mx. (7) Brasenia peltata, Ph. 
 
278 HYDROrHYLLUM. HYOSCYAMUS. 
 
 5 — 1. Hvdrophyl'lum. 43. Hydro, emo. ton — . 
 
 cirginicum, (burr-flower. W. b. J. 2i.) smoothish: leaves pinnate and pinnatifid; divi- 
 sions lance-oval, gash-serrate: fascicles of the flowers conglomerate. The flowers 
 have the appearance of a burr several weeks before they expand. 9 — 18 i. S. O. 
 D. P. Windsor, Vt. Mch. M. 
 
 canadense, W. (rough burr-flower, W. p. &w. Ju. 21-) hirsute: leaves lobe-angled: 
 fascicles of the flowers crowded. Resembles the last in some respects, but the 
 leaves are much larger. W. P. C. X. O. D. Mch. M. 
 
 hispidum, Riddell. whole plant hispid: leaves mostly radical. 
 
 ■macrophyUum, N. (W. w. Zf.) leaves pinnatifid, coarsely gash-toothed, divisions 
 sub-rhornboid, oval, upper ones confluent: peduncles very long, and with the calyx 
 hirsute: cyme crowded: divisions of the calyx shorfer. K. 
 
 SouOicm. 
 lineare, Ph. (W. Ap. If.) pilose: leaves linear: racemes elongated. 
 
 15 — 1. Hymexolobis. C3. Cruc. asc. diu. 
 
 divaricatus, N . ( ) procumbent, much branched: leaves short and pinnatifid, with 
 several oblong lobes; upper ones linear and often entire: silicle eiliptical-oblong- 
 obtuse. Oregon. 
 
 erectus, N. ( ) stem erect, much branched: leaves oblong, SQinewhat pinnatifid or 
 entire: silicle linear-oblong. Oregon. 
 
 17 — 1. Hymenopap'pcs. 55. Heli. s. ole. sto. 
 
 Suttihtrii. 
 
 scabiosaeus, Mx. (w. Ap. Zf.) whitish-woolly: leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions 
 linear-oblong, sub-dentate: flowgrs corymbed. 2 — 3 f. Floiida. 
 
 tenuifoLius, Ph. (W. g-w. Q .) whitisli- woolly: stem corymb-branched: leaves sub- 
 bipinnatifid; divisions narrow-linear, entire: flowers compoundly coryiiibed: pedi- 
 cels crowded: involucre about 6-leaved, shorter than the florets; akenes very 
 villose. 
 
 dougiasii, H. ( ) tomentose, with white deciduous wool: branches elongated, 
 
 sub-corymbed: leaves bipinnatitid, segments linear, sinuate: flowers solitary: leafets 
 of the mvolucre about "20, linear, pubescent, shorter tlian the flower: corol filiform, 
 apex pilose, chaff's of tlie pappus linear, scarcely longer. 1 — 3 f R. 
 
 fdifvlius, H. ( ) tomentose with white deciduous wool: branches paniculate, 
 scattered: leaves bipinnatifid, segment filiform, elongated, very entire: flowers 
 solitary: leafets of the involucre about 12, elliptic, pubescent, somewhat shorter 
 than the flower: tube of the corol campanulate above: piippus very short. 18 — 
 24 i. 
 
 21 — 1. Hyjiesophvl'lum. 5. Fili. sec. stim. 
 
 ciliatum, W. {![.) frond pinnate: lower leafets larger; upper ones gradually smaller, 
 pinnatifid; divisions linear, obtuse, 2-cleft, ciliate, hairy on the veins: rachis and 
 stipe with ciliate wings. On trunks of trees. <S'. 
 
 5 — 1. Hyoscy'amus. 38. Sola. f. nar^-- b. poi. 
 
 niger, (henbane, y. & p. Ju. $ .) leaves clasping, sinuate: flowers veiny, sessile. 
 Naturalized. T. B. D. F. N. Black Rock. Grows spontaneously at Detroit, 
 and Upper Canada, near Buffalo. Cooley. 
 
 Hi/oseris, Krigia. 
 
 Hydrophyllum. Gr. udor, water, and phuUon, a leaf, from the leaves in the spring 
 being filled with water. 
 
 Hymenolobus. Gr. umen, membrane, lohns, lobe. Pod membranaceous. 
 
 Hymenopappus. Gr. wj/teyj, a membrane, and pappus, seed-down, from the tops of 
 the akenes being covered with membranaceous egret. 
 
 Hymenophyllum. Gr. umen, a membrane, and pliuLLon, a leaf, the foliage being re- 
 markable for its filiny texture. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. Gr. us, (uos) a hog, and huamos, a lot or measure; because it is good 
 enough for hogs. Probably named by a Jew. 
 
HYPERICUJU. 279 
 
 12—5. Htpe'ricum. 68. Hype. cat. feb. 
 1 . Flowers tcilk 5 styles. 
 
 kalmianum, W. (W. y. Ju. f;.'.) friiticose, very branching; branchlets 4-cornered: 
 leaves lance-linear: corymbs terminal, 3 — 7-llo\vered: divisions of the calyx lance- 
 olate, obtusish: capsule as long as tlie calyx. 3 — 5 f. S. P. Niagara Falls, 
 Lake Huron, N. Jersey. Mch. 
 
 pyruinidutum, W. A. (VV. y. Ju. HO ilovvers pentagj'nous, terminal: styles shorter 
 than the stamens: sepals ovate, acute: stem somewhat 4-sided, branching: leaves 
 sessile (^sub-amplexicaule,) oblong, acute, glabrous. 
 
 2. Flowers with 3 styles, or fewer. 
 
 prolificum, W. (1) (W. y. J. ^.) braches 2-edged: leaves lance-linear, obtusish: 
 corymbs axillary and terminal, few-flowered: petals a little longer than the stamens: 
 sepKls lanceolate. 1—3 f. S. H. D. xMch. 
 
 galluides, Lk. (W. y. Ju. f?.) branches 4-sided: leaves linear, sessile, revolute at the 
 margin, fascicled: panicles terminal', divaricate-dichotomous: petals and stamens 
 equal, scarcely longer tlian the linear sepals: styles united, sub-exsert. 2 f. S. 
 
 perforatum, (2) (O. y. J. 2i-) erect, brandling: stem 2-edged: leaves oblong, obtuse, 
 transparently punctate: panicle terminal, brachiate, leafy: petals longer than the 
 acute, lanceolate sepals. This is the common st. John's wort, so troublesome to 
 farmers. 1 — 3 f. iS'. 
 
 corymbosum, W. (3) (W. y. Ju. 71.) erect, glabrous, darkly punctate: stem terete, 
 branching: leaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse: corymbs terminal, brachiate, 
 dense-flowered: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute. IS — 24 i. S. B. D. F. 
 T. P. N. V. Mch. 
 
 parvijlorum, W. (4) (low centaury. O. y. Ju. If.) erect, small, glabrous, dichoto- 
 mous-ramose, somewhat 4-sided: leaves ovate-oblong, sub-cordate, obtuse, nerved, 
 sessile: panicles terminal, dichotomous-corymbed: petals shorter than the lance- 
 olate sepals. 6 — 12 i. <S. Florida. Mch. 
 
 can/idense, (W. y. Ju. 0.) erect, small, few-flowered: stem 4-sided, dichotomous 
 above: leaves sessile, linear, slender at the base: the branches of the panicle oppo- 
 site, the branchlets dichotomous: capsule long, conic, colored, led. 9 — 18 i. S. 
 P. Y. VV. N. B. C. D. iMch. 
 
 adpressum, B. (y. Ju. Zf-) stem erect, 2-edged immediately below each pair of leaves, 
 and sub-cylmdric near the root: leaves opposite, closely sessile, lanceolate-obtuse, 
 transparently punctate, with very tine dots; those of the branches sub-linear, 
 crowded; those of the cymes small, acute, crowded: flowers terminal and axillary, 
 with obtuse, entire petals: style 1 : capsule sub-conic. P. 
 
 petiohitum, Wr. (5) (y. Ju. 2Z.) leaves petioled, oblong-oval, round-obtuse: flowers 
 opposite, axillary, sub-sessile, sub-ternate: stamens adnate as far as the middle: 
 capsule oblong. S. P. 
 
 tingulosuin, Mx. (6) (y-r. Ju. 2i-) erect: stem 4-sided: leaves oblong-, acute, closely 
 sessile: panicle terminal, dicholomous-branches divaricate, with distant alternate 
 flowers: calyx sub-campanulate; divisions lanceolate, acute, keeled below, almost 
 as long as the corol: petals with a single lateral tooth. 2 f. N. 
 
 mitranthuin, Choisy. (W. ) stem terete, punctate, becoming purple: branchlets 
 
 straight: leaves oblong, obtuse, black-punctate: flowers crowded, terminal: sepals 
 small, obtuse: corol and anthers black-punctate. »S*. Canada. D. 
 
 ellipticum, Hk. (VV. ) stem erect, herbaceous, sub-ramose above, acutely 4- angled: 
 leaves oval, very obtuse, pellucid and fuscous, punctate: corymbs small, terminal: 
 divisions of the calyx oblong, spreading, very unequal, nerved, foliaceous: styles 
 2 or 3, compactly united. Canada. N. VV. Lakes. 
 
 cistifolium, ( 21.) stem angled: leaves ovaie-oblong, black-punctate beneath, 
 
 acutish, somewhat clasping, margin revolute: flowers in dichotomous corymbs: 
 sepals ovate, entire: styles coadnate. N. > 
 
 frondosum, Mx. (7) (W. y. Ju. >?.) branches two-edgedr leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, 
 mucrouate, narrow at the base: flowers terniinal, sub-solitary: divisions of the 
 
 Hypericum. Obscure. Gr. trperikon, in Dloscorides. 
 
 (1) kalmianum, Du Roi. (2) virginicum, VVr. (3) punctatum, Lk. macula- 
 turn, Wr. (4) quinquenervium, VVr. niutilum, VV. (5) axillare, Mx. Elodea 
 * petiolata, Ph. (0) denticulatum, VVr. (7) elatum, A. 
 
280 HYPERICUM. 
 
 calyx oblong, acute, equalling the stamens and petals; styles united, as long as the 
 stamens. Canada. 
 
 scoulcri, Hk. ( ) stem terete below, quadrangular above: leaves oblong-ovale, 
 closely sessile and somewliat clasping, not dotted; under surface witli numerous 
 prominent veins: cyme somewhat conjpoiind: sepals broadly ovate, rather obtuse, 
 one third the Jen^tli of tlie petals, dotted with black: styles 3, distinct, erect. 
 Oregon. Rocky Alts. 
 
 sarotlira, Mx. (J. Au. nitx/ced, false John's wort, orange grass, pifie-weed. p. y. 0.) 
 small, erect, setaceous-ramose: leaves minute, close-pressed: flowers on the branch- 
 lets alternate, solitary: styles 3. 4—8 i. S. T. Y. C. B. P. H. M. F. N. 
 Sarothra gentianoides of 7th edition. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Floiccrs iciik 3 styles. 
 
 aspathaloides, W. (1) (y. ><.) branches sub-terete, dichotomous: leaves fascicled, 
 linear, acute, striate: flowers solitary, axillary, sub-sessile: styles united. 
 
 fasciculatum, Mx. (2) (y. Ju. fp .) branches 4-angled: leaves crowded, somewhat in 
 verticillate clusters, filiform, linear, obtuse, sessile: peduncles axillary, near the 
 summit of the branches, 1 to 3-flowered: sepals filiform: styles united. Does this 
 really differ from the galioides? Elliott. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 rosmarinifolmm, (3) (W. y. Ju. T).) stem terete, somewhat angled: leaves lance- 
 linear, acute, tapering at the base, somewhat clustered: panicle long: peduncles 
 near the summit of the branches, axillary, 3-flowered: styles united. 2 — 4 f. 
 Charleston, S— C. 
 
 amiiigmim, E. (J. If.) branches compressed: leaves lance-linear, acute, mucronate: 
 flowers axillary and terminal: sepals lance-linear, unequal, as long as the corol: 
 petals toothed near the summit: styles 3, united. 2 — 4 f. 
 Jastigiatum, E. (J. Tj.) branches "somewhat compressed: leaves narrow-lanceolate, 
 very acute: corymbs terminal, many-flowered, fastigiate: styles united. 3 f. 
 
 nudiflorum, Mx. (y. An. Ip .) branches winged: leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, sessile: 
 panicle terminal, naked, compound: corol larger than the calyx; styles united. S — 
 C. K. 
 
 glaucum, (4) (y. Ju. ^.) branches terete: leaves oblong, cordate, clasping, obtusish, 
 smooth, glaucous, coriaceous: panicle leafy, divaricate-dichotomous: divisions of 
 the calyx ovate, acute, longer than the petals: stamens and petals about equal: 
 styles united. 
 
 opacum, T. ( ) stems 2-winged: leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, closely sessile, some- 
 what coriaceous, opaque, punctate with minute brown dots, veinless: cyme com- 
 pound, naked; the diciiotomal flowers sessile: sepals very unequal, obovate and 
 oblong: petals somewhat dolabriform, twice as long as the sepals: styles united to 
 the summit: capsules globose-ovate, 3-lobed by the inflexion of ihe dorsal sutures. 
 Georgia, Alabama. 2 f. 
 
 drummondii, T. (Ju. S.) stem and branches rather stout, terete below, quadrangular 
 above: leaves narrowly-linear, longer than the internodes: flowers pedicellate: sta- 
 mens 10 to 20: capsules ovate, shorter than the lanceolate sepals: styles 3. Mis- 
 souri, La. G. 
 
 elatum, A. ( ) trigynous: sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute; stamens longer than the 
 corol: stem shrubby: leaves ovate-oblong. 
 
 pilosum, Wr. (Ju. ) pilose; stem virgate, simple: leaves expanding, ovate, acute, 
 tapering at the base: panicle few-flowered. 
 
 acutifulium, E. (y. ) stem herbaceous? branching, glabrous: leaves narrow-lanceo- 
 late, acute: panicle many-flowered: capsules scarcely longer than the calyx. 
 
 tuhulosum, Wr. (5) ( ) leaves sessile: corol tubular: stamens united above the 
 middle. 
 
 triplinerve, Vent. (W. y. Au. 2X.) erect, somewhat branching: stem somewhat two 
 edged: leaves linear, spreading, 3-nerved: llowers raceme-panicled: corol unequal: 
 acute sepals and petals glandular-serrate. 
 
 dolabrifurme. Vent. (W. y. Ju. Zf. ) erect, branching: stem two-edged: leaves lance- 
 linear, spreading, obtuse: corymb terminal, dichotomous: sepals lanceolate, un- 
 equal: petals ax-form. 
 
 (1) fasciculatum, Lk. (2) tenuifolium, Ph. (3) fasciculatum, Ph. W. 
 
 (4) myrtifolium, Lk. (5) Elodea, Ph. &c. 
 
HYPERICUM, HYSSOPUS. 281 
 
 sphaerocdrpiim, Mx. (W. y. 2i.) efect, very glabrous: leaves oblong: panicle naked, 
 dichotomous; forks all 1-flowered: styles united: capsule globose. 
 
 virs^atiim, ( 2X-) steiri straight, quadrangular: leaves lance-ovate, slightly claspr 
 ing, black-punctate, margin rpvolute: panicle few-flowered, dichotomous: sepals 
 lanceolate, entire: styles 2 or 3: sligma capitate. 
 
 hcdijiififoiium, ( Zf.) stem straight, quadrangular: leaves sessile, decussate, lance- 
 olate, sub-acute, close-pressed, black-punctate beneath, not pellucid; sepals lancer 
 linear, black-pudctate: styles 3 or 4; stigma capitate. 
 
 Floicers with 5 styles. 
 
 rostratum, ( Zf.) stem woodyj 2-edged: leaves sessile, ovate, acute at both ends, 
 at the margin revolute, punctate: corymbs axillary and terminal: calyx 2-bracted: 
 germ beaked^ with 5 styles. Louisiana. 
 
 Hypericum) Sarothra. 
 21 — 1. HYPOPEL'xiSi 6. Fili. seic-stim. 
 
 obtusa, W. (1) (W. Ju. It.) frond doubly-pinnate, the lesser leafets oblong, obtuse, 
 the upper ones having united bases; tooth crenate: rachis pubescent above. 4 — 5 it 
 Rocks. T. O. H. 
 
 6 — 1. Hyfox'is; 17. Hypo. ton^. 
 
 erecia, W; (2) (star-grass. O. y. Ju. 2X.) pilose: scape 2 or 3-flowered: leaves lance* 
 linear: divisions of the corol lance-oblong. Var. graminea, has longer and nar- 
 rower leaves; more flowers, longer lance-linear divisions to the corol — and altor 
 gether a more grassy appearance. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 filifoUa, E. (Ap. ) leaves filiform, somewhat angled, hairy: scape generally 2- 
 
 flowered. 
 juricea, S. (J. 21.) pilose: leaves filiform, channelled, very entire: scapes 1-flowered. 
 
 13 — ]. Hyp'tis. 42- Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. 
 Southern. 
 
 tadiata, ( w. Au. 21.) heads of flowers opposite: peduncles aS long jis the inter- 
 nodes: bracts lanceolate, longer than the fruit-bearing calyx: leaves oblong, ser- 
 rate. 3—4 f. 
 
 capitata, W. (w. Ju. 2i.) heads of flowers opposite: peduncles as long as the inter- 
 nodes: bracts lanceolate, shorter than the fruit-bearing calyx: leaves oblong, at- 
 tenuate at each end, unequally serrate. It is doubtful whether this species has 
 been found in this country. 
 
 spicata, Poit. ( ) spikes terminal: flowers in little heads, pedicelled, crowded: 
 
 leaves cordate-ovate, doubly serrate. Florida. 
 
 13 — 1. Hysso'pOs. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. 
 
 nepetoidbs, W. (3) (giant hyssop. W. g-y; Ju. 7X.) stem acutely 4-angled, sub-alates 
 
 leaves ovate, acutely dentate; petioles smooth. 4 — 8 f. S. T. Y. P. W. D. 
 
 N. C. H. F. O. U. Canada. Mch. 
 scrophularif alius, W. (4) (W. Ju.. 2^.) stem obtusely 4-angled: leaves heart-ovajte, 
 
 obtusely dentate; petioles ciliate-pubescent. 3 — 5 f. Dr. Darlington, arid Dr. M. 
 
 Stevenson, have shewn that these are perfectly distinct species. P. W. C D. 
 
 Mch. 
 foeniculum. Ph. (5) (W. b. Ju. 0.) erect^ pubescent: leaves heart-ovate, toothed, 
 
 glabrous above, whitish-tomentose beneath: whorls about 6- flowered. 
 
 Hypopeltis. Gr. vpo, under, and pelte, a shield. 
 
 Hypoxis. Gr. i/po, under, and oxus, sharp; from the sharp pointed capsules. 
 
 Hyptis. Gr. uplios, resupinate, referring to the corol. 
 
 Hyssopus. Gr. ussopus, a word from the Hewbrew ezoh. 
 
 (1) Aspidium obtusum, 5th ed. (2) caroliniensis, Mx. (3) Lophanthus. 
 
 (4) Lophanthus. (5) aristatus, N. Stachys, Ph. 
 .36 
 
282 HYSSOPUS, ILLICIUM. 
 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis, (Ijyssop. Ju. Zf.) flowers whorled: racemes one-way: intermediate divisions 
 of the corol 2-lobed, entire: leaves lance-linear. 
 
 I. 
 
 14 — 1. Ibe'ris. 63. Cruc. asc. ton. 
 Exotic. 
 
 umheUata, (candytuft, w. J. #.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones serrate, 
 upper ones entire. 
 
 4 — 1. Ic'todes. (1)7. Aroi. dr. ast. cat. as<. 
 
 fottida, Mx. (skunk cabbage, fetid hellebore. O. p. A. H.) stemless: leaves radical, 
 heart-ovate, very large: spadix supporting the flowers in a sub-globose head. Odor 
 resembles that of the skunk. Mch. .S'. 
 
 4 — 4. I'lex. 95. Ilic. ton. ast. 
 
 opaca, A. (evergreen holly. M. g-w. M. 21.) leaves evergreen ovate, acute, spinose 
 glabrous, Hat: flowers scattered at the base of the shoots of the preceding year. A 
 middle sized tree. S. Y. C. P. B. Canada. Charleston, S— C. Florida. M. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 laxifiora, Lk. (J. \ .) leaves ovai.e, sinuate-toothed, spinose, shining, flat: peduncles 
 
 super-axillary, in the young branches aggregate, lax-ramose. 
 cassina, A. (J. ^■) leaves lauce-ovale, sharply serrate, flat, glabrous on the mid-rib 
 
 beneath: lateral peduncles corymb-branched. 8—12 f Charleston, S— C. 
 dako'on, Wr. (w. M. >).) leaves lance-oblong, nearly entire, reflexed at the margin, 
 
 villose on the mid-rib beneath: peduncles lateral and terminal, corymb panicled. 
 
 4—12 f. La. 
 laurifoLia, N. ( ) leaves large, elliptic, acutish, very entire, sempervirent: pedicels 
 
 elongated, sub-3-flowered. Florida. 
 myrtifolia. Wr. (2) (W. J. ^.) leaves lance-linear, mucronate, rigid, very glabrous: 
 
 fertile flowers solitary. 6 — 10 f 
 ligustrina, E. (3) (J. >?.) leaves lance-linear, wedge-form at the base, generally en- 
 tire: fertile florets solitary. 6— 10 f 
 vomito'ria, A. (4) (south-sea tea. O. M. ^.) leaves oval, obtuse at each end, crenate, 
 
 senate, glabrous: umbels lateral, sub-sessile. 6 — 1.5 f 
 prinoideSy A. (M. fp.) leaves deciduous, lance-oval, acute at each end, serrate: 
 
 peduncles 1-flowered; fertile ones solitary. 6 — 8 f S — C. 
 
 Ilex, Myginda, Nemopanthes. 
 Illecebrum, Achyranthes. 
 
 12 — 12. iLLi'cirM. 75. Wint. h. b. aro. spi. 
 
 Southern, 
 parvijlorum, Mx. (y. M. ^.)*leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, obtuse, perennial: 
 
 petals and sepals round, concave. 6 — 10 f. 
 floridanum, W. (W. p. J. >>.) leaves acuminate: petals numerous, oblong and linear. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Iberis. From the country Iberia, now Spain. 
 
 Ictodes. From Gr. ikds, a kind of weasel, a ferret: a skunk: in allusion to its odor. 
 Ilex. Lat. scarlet oak. Boerh. says it is from Hebrew elou, which signifies oak. 
 Illicium. Lat. illicio, to attract, on account of its aromatic fragrance. 
 
 (1) Pothos. L. Symplocarpus, Sy. Dracontium, E. in another part of his work. 
 (2) angustifolia. Ph. rosmarinifolia, Lk. M. (3) angustifolia, M. Var. liguslri- 
 folia, Ph. (4) cassine, Wr. 
 
IMI'ATIENS, lONIDIUM. 283 
 
 5 — 1. Impa'tiens. 73. Bals. cat — . 
 
 pallida, N. (1) (jewel-weed, touch-me-not. O. y. Ju. 0.) peduncles solitary, 2 and 
 4-floweied: spur obtusely conic, dilated, shelter tlian the petals, recurved, very 
 short: tlowers sparingly puncate: leaves rhomb-ovate, mucronate-lootlied. 2 — 4 f. 
 S. Not so common as the next. 
 
 fulva, N. (2) (speckled jewels. O. y. & r. Ju. #.) peduncles solitary, 2— 4-flowered: 
 spur acutely conic, longer than the petals, resupinate, emarginate, nearly as long 
 as the galea: dowers with crowded spots: leaves rhomb-ovate, raucronate, toothed. 
 2—4 f. ;s. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 balsamina, (balsam weed. r. & w. Au. 0.) peduncles aggregate, 1-flowered: leaves 
 lanceolate, upper ones alternate: spur shorter than the flowers. 1 — 3 f. by rich 
 culture 5 f. 
 
 Tmperatoria, Angelica. 
 
 16 — 10. In'digofe'ra. 93. Leg. ape. hea. dye. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tinctoria, (indigo. T>.) leaves pinnate, oblong, glabrous, in four pairs: racemes shorter 
 
 than the leaves: legume terete, somewhat arched. From the East Indies. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 caroliniana, Wr. (b. Au. 2X-)lP^ves pinnate; leafets oval and obovate: spikes longer 
 than the leaves: legumes 2-see(ied, reticulate-veined. 2 — 7 f. 
 
 leptustpala, N. (r. Zf.) rough and cinereous with appressed hairs: stem herbaceous, 
 decumbent: leaves unequally pinnate, on short petioles; leafets 3 — 4-pairs, obovate- 
 oblong or cuneiform, nearly sessile, somewhat glabrous on the upper surface: ra- 
 cemes pedunculate, longer than the leaves, 6 — l."i-flowered, the flowers nearly 
 sessile: calyx deeply parted; the segments attenuate-subulate, equal: legumes 
 linear, reflexed, somewhat quadrangular or nearly terete, straight and even, 6 — 9- 
 seeded. Arkansas, Georgia. 
 
 17 — 2. I'nula. 5.5. Inul. r. ton. sec-stim. feb. sud. r. exp. 
 
 he'lenium, (elecampane. W. y. Au. 2l[.) leaves clasping, ovate, rugose, tomentose 
 beneath: scales of the involucre ovate. Naturahzed. 3 — 5 f. B. T. C. O. V. 
 Mch. 
 
 Inula, Chrysopsis. 
 5 — 1. Ioni'dium. 80. Viol, cat — . ton. 
 
 concolor, Forst. (3) (green violet. W. w-g M. Zf.) straight, erect: leaves broad- 
 lanceolate, sub-entire: stipules subulate entire: peduncles short: petals connivent, 
 emarginate: spur 0. 20 i. S. O. M. K. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 stipulaceum, N. (M. J. 0.) nearly glabrous: leaves alternate; lower ones oblong; 
 upper ones oblong-linear and linear, entire: stipules large, linear-lanceolate: sepals 
 very acute: limb of the inferior petals reniform, twice as long as tlie calyx: ap- 
 pendages of the lower stamens subulate. 8 — 12 i. Arkansas, Texas. 
 
 lineare, T. ( ) somewhat pubescent: stem branched: leaves hnear narrow, entire: 
 stipules linear, minute. Arkansas. 
 
 Impatiens. Lat. in, not, and potior, to suffer, from the elasticity of the capsule, 
 
 which will open as soon as touched. 
 Indigofera. Meaning, bearing indigo; this being the plant from which indigo is 
 
 obtained. 
 Inula. Gr. elenion, fabled to have sprung from the tears of Helen, 
 lonidium. Gr. ion, violet, and eidos, like; from its resemblance to the violet. 
 
 (1) aurea, M. nolitangere, Ph. (2) maculata, M. biflora, Ph. (3) Viola, 
 
 Forst. Ph. &c. 
 
§84 IPOMEA, IRIS. 
 
 5 — I. Ipome'a. 44. Conv. r. cat. 
 
 laeuno'sa, Mx. (w. & p. J. 0.) glabrous: leaves cordate, acuminate, ecrobienkte, 
 angled at the base: peduncles short, about one-flowered; calyx hairy: corol tubular, 
 short: capsules hairy. S. P. 
 
 nil, Mx. (1) (morning glory. W. b. Ju. ^.) hirsute: leaves Cordate, 3-lobed: pedun- 
 cles short, 1 — 3-flowered: calyi very Villose, long-acuminate. S. P. Harper's 
 Ferry. S— C. M. 
 
 quamo'dit, W. (jasmine bindweed, r- w. Au. 0.) leaves pinnitifid, linear: flowers 
 sub-solitary; corol tubular. P. 
 
 Simthern. 
 
 coocinea, Wr. (y-r. Ju. 0.) pubescent: leaves cordate, acuminate, sub-angled: pedun- 
 cles about 5-flowered: caylx awned: corol tubular; limb sub-entire, 
 
 fiissecta, Mx. (Ju. Zf. Tpf) stem, petioles, and peduncles very pilose: leaves glabrous, 
 7-lobed: divisions sinuate: peduncles 1-flpwered: divisions of the calyx oval: corol 
 bell-form. 
 
 trichocarpa, Mx. (2) (p. Ju. 0.) leaves entire, pordate, or 3-lobed, villose; caly:? 
 ciliate: capsules hirsute: peduncles about 2-flowered. S — C. 
 
 lona'nox, W. (w. Ju. #.) very glabrous: leaves cordate, entire or angled: peduncle 
 1 to 3-flowered: calyx awned; corol undivided; lube long. 
 
 tamnifoliq,, W. (b. Ju. 0.) hirsute: le^ve^ cordate, acuminate: flowers in aggregate 
 heads, itiVolucred: bracts linear: corol ghprt, tubular; limb spreading: capsule gla-: 
 brous. 
 
 filiosq,, Mx. (W.) glabrous? leaves cordate, sub-ciliate ^t tl>e rpargin: peduncles 
 long, l-flowered: calyx without bracts; divisions broad-oval, ^obtuse: corol tubular, 
 bell-form. 
 
 prhlcularis, E. (p. Ju.) prostrate: leaves round, ematginate, veined, glabrous: pe- 
 duncles about 3-flowered: tube «f the corol short. 
 
 farolina, Gates. ( b.) leaves digitate; leafets petioled: pedunclss l-flowered. 
 
 Ipomea, Convolvulus, 
 
 20 — 5. Ire 'sine. 30. Amar. caf^. r. ton. 
 
 Soutlieni. 
 
 Pfilosioides, W. (W. S. ^.) leaves punctate, scabrous; lower ones oblong, acuminate; 
 
 upper ones lance-ovate: panicle branching, crowded: stem furrowed. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 3 — 1. I'ris. 18. Irid. stim. poi. cat. 
 
 persic'olor, (3) (snalje lily, blue flag. O. b. J. Zf.) leaves ensiform: stem acute on one 
 side: capsules oblong, 3-sided, with obtuse angles. Var. sulcata, (4) inner petals 
 longer than the stigmas: germ with sulcate angles and concave sides: capsule ob- 
 long, ventricose; angles somewhat furrowed. Var. communis, (.5) stem erect, 
 iflexuous: leaves narrow-ensiform: inper petals a little shorter than the stigmas: 
 fingles of the germ not grooved when young, sides deep-concave: capsule cylindric- 
 oblong. 2— 3f. -S. Mch. 
 
 prismatica, Ph. (6) (boston iris. b. y. J. 'U.) flowers beardless: leaves linear: stem 
 round, many-flowered: germs triangular, twice grooved on the sides. 1 — 2 f. C. 
 Y. B. N. M. 
 
 lacustris, N. (W. b. 21.) beardless: leaves short-ensiform: scape much shorter thart 
 the leaf, l-flowered; petals sub-equal? attenuated on the tube: capsule turbinate, 
 3sided, margined, seed roundish, smooth: root tuberous. Great lakes. Mch. 
 
 jnissourimsis, N. (W. y. b. 21-) beardless; stem terete, higher than the leaves, some- 
 what 3-flovvered: leaves narrow-ensiform: capsules oblong-lineal-: flowers bicolored. 
 12-16 i. 11. 
 
 Ipomea. Gr. ips, vine ol- twining, and omoios, like; from its resemblance in ap- 
 pearance and habit. T(iken by Linneus from Convolvulus. 
 
 Iresine. Gr. eiroS, wobl, because this plant, when in fruit, bears a soH of wooUiness. 
 
 Iris. Gr. iris, the rainbow, from the varied and soipewhat concentric hues of the 
 flower. 
 (I) Convolvulus, W. (2) Carolina, Ph. W. Sl Mx. (3) yirginica, Bw. 1st ed., 
 
 Sind probably of L. (4) versicolor, W. virginica, th, (5) versicolor, Pl^, 
 
 (6) gracilis, Bw. Jst ed. virginica, T, 
 
IRIS, ISNARDIA. 285 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 iamhucina, (elder-scented iris, garden iris. b. p. w. M. Zf.) stem many-flowered,- 
 higher than the leaves: divisions of tlie corol emarginate; outer ones Hal: leaves 
 inriex-falcate at the apex: spathe membranaceous at the apex: lower flowers pe- 
 duncled: stigmas with acute serrate divisions. IS — 24 i. Cultivated in gardens, 
 common. Called pLicala in 5lh ed., now corrected by Prof. Tully. 
 
 pum'da. (dwarf flower-de-luce. b. M. ZI-) bearded: scape 1-flowered: leaves ensiform, 
 glabrous: lube of the corol exsert: petals oblong, obtuse. (3 — 10 i. 
 
 ochroleu ca, (yellow iris. y. M. ) beardless: leaves ensiform, depressed, striate: scape 
 6ubr terete: germ 6-cornered, 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cristala, Mx. (W. b. & y. Ap. 2X.) bearded; beard crested: scape generally 1-flower- 
 ed, as long as the leaves: germs 3-angled: petals about equal. 2 — 4 i. S — C. 
 
 tripe'tala, Wr. (1) (b. M. 2i.) beardless: stem terete, longer than the leaves: leaves 
 ensiform: rudiments of the jnner petals 3-toothed; middle tooth acuminate: cap- 
 sule 3-angled. 2 f. S— C. 
 
 cuprca, Ph. (O. r-y. Ju. 21-) beardless: stem terete, flexuous, equalling the leaves: 
 leaves broad-ensiform: stigmas linear, short: petals all reflexed, emarginate, obo- 
 vate; inner ones siiortest: capsules large, 6-angled. 3 f. La. 
 
 Verna, W. (VV. A. b. M. 2i-) beardless, stemless, 1-flowered: leaves very long, grass- 
 like, glaucous: tube very long; petals nearly equal: capsules roundish, sessile. 
 On the earth. 
 
 eibirica, W (W. b. Ju. H.) beardless: stem hollow, terete, higher than the leaves,, 
 somewhat 3-flowered: leaves linear: capsules short, 3-ahgled, obtuse at each end. 
 
 13 — 1. Isan'tHu^. 42. Labi. stom. ton. 
 
 paruhus, Mx. (2) (blue gentian, false pennyroyal. O. b. Ju. 1[.) viscid-hairy: leaves 
 lance-oyal, acute at both ends, 3-nerved: peduncles 1 or 2-flowered. 
 
 14 — 1. Isa'tis. 63. Cruc. asc. dia. dye. 
 Exotic, 
 tinctoria, (woad. J. $ .) radical leaves crenate; caiiline ones sagittate, oblong. 
 
 [4 — 1. Isnar'dia. (3) 88. Onag. emo. 
 
 palustris, W. (water purslane. O. g. J. If.) prostrate, creeping: leaves opposite, 
 lanceolate, tapering at the base: capsple oblong, sub-angled. Var. americana, 
 leaves acuminate, large: flowers sessile, apetalous. Mch. 
 
 uscendens, Hall, stem obliquely ascending, rigid, (never creeping or prostrate) some- 
 what angular, reddish, Grows with the palustris, but is generally smaller and quite 
 different in appearance, Albany. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 alata, E. (Ju. ) glabrous: leaves wedge lanceolate, decurrent, stem winged: cap- 
 sule cubic, sessile. 2 f. 
 
 tnicrocarpa, Mx. (4) (Au. 0?) stem decumbent, slightly winged: leaves alternate, 
 spatulate-obovate: flowers axillary, sessile. 1 f. 
 
 sphaerocarpa, E. (Au. Z[.) stem erect, branching: leaves lance-linear: capsules small, 
 sessile, globose, pubescent. 2 f. 
 
 cylindrica, E. (Au. 2_C.) stem erect, branching, slightly angled: leaves lanceolate; 
 capsules cylindrical. 3 f. 
 
 lanceolata, E. (Ju. 2i.) stem virgate: leaves narrow, lanceolate, glabrous, sub-decur- 
 rent: capsules cubic, sessile, winged. 
 
 Isanthus. Gr. isos, equal, and antkos, flower; because this plant, unlike the rest of 
 
 the class, has a regular corol. 
 Isatis. Gr. and Lat. istitis; from Gr. isazo, to render equal. The plant was believed 
 
 to destroy, by its simple application, all rougljness and inequalities of the skin. 
 Isnardia. In honor of Danti d'Isnard, a French botanist. 
 
 ( 1 ) tridentata, Ph. (2) Trichostema brachiata, L. (3) Ludwigia, E. Ph. &c. 
 (4) glandulosa, Ph.? 
 
286 ISOETES, JASMINUM. 
 
 21—1. Isoe'tes. 5. Fill, sec-stim. 
 
 lacustris, W. (quill-wort. 1[.) frond dilated and imbricate at the base, narrow and 
 subulate above, flat: root fibrous. From 2 to 12 inches liigh: color green: growing 
 immersed, or at the margin of ponds. Resembles a zoophyte. P. 
 
 6 — 1. Isome'eis. 64. Capp. ver. asc. ape. 
 Southern. 
 arhorea, N. (y. Tj.) leaves crowded, trifoliate; leafets lanceolate, somewhat mucro- 
 nate, glabrous: calyx campanulate; segments triangular-ovate, acuminate. Alow 
 tree. California. With the unpleasant odor of PoLanisia. 
 
 Isalensis, Scirpus. 
 
 Isopyrum, Enemeon. 
 
 5 — 1. I'tea. 84. Saxi. ast. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 virginica, W. (ilea. W. w. J. ^'.) leaves alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 
 
 pubescent on the veins. 3 — 6 f. S. New Orleans, Florida. S — C. 
 
 17 — 4. I'vA. 55. Ambr. ton. sec. stim. feb. sud. 
 
 frutesccns, (high-water shrub. L. g. Au. fp.) leaves lanceolate, punctate-scabrous, 
 deeply serrate: glomerules of florets globose, depressed. Somewhat shrubby. 3 — 
 4 f S. B. C. F. M. 
 
 axillaris, Ph. (VV. y-g. M. 21.) herbaceous, sub-pilose: leaves generally opposite, 
 lance-linear, entire: flowers axillary, solitary, nodding: involucre nearly simple; 
 leafets ovate. 6 — 8 i. R. 
 
 Sojithern. 
 
 imbricata, Wr. (L. Au. T-.) shrubby, glabrous: leaves lance-linear, wedge-form, en- 
 tire, glabrous: involucre imbricate. 
 
 xanthifolia, N. (W. Au. 0.) leaves opposite, petioled, heart-ovate, acuminate, doubly 
 serrate, soft-villous, hoary bpneath: spikes naked, panicled. 5 — 6 f 
 
 ciliata, Ph. (VV. Ju. #.) heibaceous: leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate: spike some- 
 what crowded: bracts lanceolate, acuminate: bracts and petioles long-ciliate. 2 f. 
 
 3 — 1. Ix'iA. 18. Irid. stim. poi — . 
 Exotic, 
 chinensis, (blackberry lily. y. r. J. 2_f.) corol about 6-petalled: stem flexuose: leaves 
 ensiform. 
 
 Southern, 
 coelestina, B. (O. b. M. 21.) leaves linear-subulate, many times shorter than the 1- 
 flowered scape. 
 
 2 — 1. Jasmi'num. 34. Jasm. fra. stom. 
 Exotic. 
 fruticans, (jasmine, y. b.) leaves alternate, ternate, simple; leafets obovate, wedge- 
 form, obtuse: branches angled. 
 officinale, (jasmine, w. ^.) leaves pinnate, opposite; leafets acuminate. Florida. 
 
 Isoetes. Gr. isos, equal, and etos, the year; from its being evergreen. 
 Isomeris. Gr. isos, equal, meris, divisions. 
 
 Itea. Gr. ilea, a willow, from ienai, to go; on account of its rapidity of growth. 
 Iva. A name of barbarous origin, or an abbreviation of Abiga, (see Ajuga,) applied 
 by Linneus to those plants, because their smell resembles that of the ancient Iva. 
 Ixia. Derived from Gr. icho, to fix; alluding to the viscid roots of some species. 
 Jasminum. From the Arabian jasmin (ysman. ) 
 
JATROPHA, JUNCUS. 287 
 
 19 — 15. Ja'tropha. 96. Eiiph. ton. iri. stom. 
 
 f^ouihcrn. 
 stimulosa, Mx. (tread softly, w. Ju. 2i.) hispid with stimulating prickles: leaves 
 palmate-lobed; lobes obtusish, sub-sinuale-tootlied: c\'mes short-peduncled. 6 — 18 i. 
 Florida. S— C. 
 
 8 — 1. Jeffeuso'nia. G2. Podo. cat. 
 
 diphjlla, B. (1) (twin-leaf. W. w. M. 21.) stemless: peduncles naked, 1-flowered: 
 leaves in pairs. Var. luhata, leafets incisely 5 to 7-lobed. J. lobata M. P. O. K. 
 
 19 — 12. Ju'glans. 94. Jugl. cat. ast. erne, f ole. 
 
 njo-m, (black walnut. O. M. Ti.) leafets numerous, lance-ovate, serrate, sub-cordate, 
 narrowed above; petioles and under side of the leaves sub-pubescent: fruit globose, 
 with scabrous punctures, nut wrinkled. Mch. 
 
 cinerea, (butternut. O. M. ^.) leafets numerous, lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the 
 base, soft-pubescent beneath; petioles villose: fruit oblong-ovate, viscid, long- 
 peduncled; nut roughly sculptured. The bark is a cathartic. Mch. 
 
 Exotic, 
 regia, (madeira rmt. M. h.) leafets about 9, oval, glabrous, sub-serrate, sub-equal: 
 fruit globose. Va.i.fraxinifol.ia, has 9 or 10 leafets, oblong, serrate, smooth; lateral 
 lower one adnate on the common petiole. It is said that this variety is indigenous 
 to North America. 
 
 Juglans, Carya. 
 
 6 — 1. Jun'cus. 13. June, ton — . 
 
 1. Scapes naked; flowers lateral. 
 
 effusus, (soft rush, bulrush. W. J. Zf.) scape minutely striate; (soft:) panicle loose, 
 very branching, spreading: sepals lanceolate, acuminate, rather longer than the 
 obovate, obtuse capsule. 2—3 f. S. T. B. C. O. F. P. Y. Mcii. 
 
 sctacciis, Roslk. (W. Zf.) scape filiform, striate: umbel lateral, compound, few- 
 tlowered: peduncles many-flowered: sepals subulate. 2 f. <S. C. P. N. 
 
 acutus, (O. it.) scape naUed, terete: panicle lateral: involucre 2-leaved, spinous: 
 capsule roundish, mucronate, twice as long as the calyx. 2 — 3 f. S. Y. C. 
 Mch. 
 
 2. Leaves all radical; flowers terminal. 
 
 squarrosus, (2f.) leaves setaceous, (rigid) grooved: panicle terminal, elongated, com- 
 pound: capsules elliptical. 
 
 tenuis, W. (W. Ju. 2i.) stem erect, filiform, somewhat dichotomous at the summit, 
 nearly terete: leaves setaceous, channelled: flowers solitary, approximate, sub- 
 sessile: calyx longer than the obtuse capsule. 1 f. S. T. B. C. O. P. F. N. 
 Mch. 
 
 nodosus, (W. Ju. Zf.) stem somewhat leafy: leaves nodose-articulate: heads about 2, 
 globose; one of them lateral and peduncled, the other sessile: sepals mucronate, 
 shorter than the acuminate capsule. 8 — 10 i. .S'. C. N. D. Mch. 
 
 3. Stems leafy. 
 
 (Leaves nearly plane, grooved above.) 
 
 marginatus, Rostk. (2) (W. Au. IS-) leaves flat, smooth: corymb terminal, simple, 
 proliferous: heads 5 to 10-flowered; flowers triandrous: sepals about as long as the 
 
 Jatropha. Gr. intron, a remedyj and pJuigo, to eat, the fruit being used both for food 
 
 and physic. 
 Jeffersonia. In honor of Thomas Jefferson, who was a patron of natural science. 
 Juglans. Contracted from Jovisglans, the acorn of Jupiter, from its goodness. 
 Jimcus. Lat. jungo, to join, from its use in tying or binding things together. 
 
 (1) Podophyllum, L. (2) aristulatus, Mx. E. 
 
288 JUNCUS, JUNIPERUS. 
 
 obtuse capsule; outer ones and bracts somewhat awned. Var. odoratus, stem tall, 
 sub-terete, leafy: panicle very branching, proliferous. 12—18 i. <S. Y. P. H. M. 
 
 irijidus, (A. Ju. 2i-) slieaths ciiiate; those at tlie base of the stem leafless: bracts 
 leafy, very long, grooved: heads about 3-iiowered, terminal: stem 1-leaved. 6 i> 
 White Mis. 
 
 hulbosus, (1) (black grass. Au. H.) stem simple, leafy, compressed: leaves linear- 
 setaceous, channelled: panicle terminal, compound, sub-cymose, shorter than the 
 involucre: sepals incurved, obtuse or acute, generally shorter than the ovate, sub- 
 globose capsule. Y. B. C. P. Mch. 
 
 lufonius, (toad rush. W. Ju. 0.) stem dichotomous above, panicled: leaves filiform- 
 setaceous, channelled: flowers sub-solitary, sessile, 1-sided: sepals very acuminate, 
 much longer than the oval-ovate capsule. 3 — 6 i. S. P. H. B. F. N. Black 
 Rock. 
 
 (Leaves rounded or sub-compressed, nodose-articulate.) 
 
 ucuminatus, Mx. (W. Au. 2_f.) stem leafy, erect: leaves terete, nodose-articulate: 
 panicle terminal, compound: heads 3 to 6-flowered, peduncled and sessile: sepals 
 lance-linear, somewhat awned shorter than the acute capsule, viviparous? 18 i. 
 S. N. Y. P. C. H. Owego. 
 
 polyceplia/us, Mx. (2) (W. Au. Zf.) stem leafy, erect: leaves compressed, nodose- 
 articulate: panicle decompound: heads globose, many-flowered: floweis triandrous: 
 sepals somewhat awned, rather shorter than the triangular, acute capsule. 
 18—24 i. S. N. H. B. T. C. M. D. 
 
 subverticiUa'tus, W? (3) (Zf.) cauline leaves subulate, nodose-articulate: panicle 
 corymbed: heads about 5-flowered, fasciculate-whorled: sepals striate, as long as 
 the obtuse capsule. 18 i. Canada. 
 
 militaris, Bw. ( ) leaf one, jointed, cylindrical, longer than the stem: panicle 
 terminal, proliferous: heads abont 5-flowered: sepals acute. 2 — 3 f. B. 
 
 congiomeratus, S. (Ju. 21- ) stem naked, straight: panicle lateral, conglobate: capsule 
 retuse: flowers triandrous. Y. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 repens, Mx. (J. 2X. ) creeping: stem geniculate, branching: leaves linear, flat: fascicles 
 lateral and terminal: flowers triandrous: leaves of the calyx subulate, carinate, 
 very acute. 6 — 10 i. 
 
 bijiijrus, E. (J. 71.) stem terete: leaves linear, flat: panicle decompound, long; fasci- 
 cles 2- flowered. 3 f. S— C. 
 
 20—15. JuNi'PERus. 100. Conif. f. res-ton. diu^-. sti. sud. car. ast. dro. 
 
 communis, W. (juniper. W. M. ^.) leaves in threes, spreading, mucronate, longer 
 
 than the beiry. Var. erccta, branches erect. Var. depressa, (4) branches prostrate 
 
 or horizontal. P. T. N. Canada, Mch. 
 virginiuna, Wm. (red cedar. O. M. f-.) leaves in threes, adnate at their bases; in 
 
 their young state they are imbricate, older they become spreading. 15 50 f 
 
 Mch. 
 sabina, W. (savin. W. M. ^.) leaves opposite, obtuse, glandular in the middle, 
 
 imbricate 4-vvays; the young tender ones opposite, acute. Grows near Lake 
 
 Superior, Pitcher. Var. procumbeiis, G inches high. Rocky Mountains, Ph, B, 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 excelsa, W. (M. h.) leaves opposite, obtusish, glandular in the middle, imbricate 
 4-ways: the young tender ones acute, in threes, spreading: stem arboreus. A 
 middle size tree. Perhaps a variety of the last. 
 
 barbadensis, W. ( ^ ) leaves all imbricate four ways; younger ones ovate; older ones 
 acute. 
 
 Juniperus. Lat.juvenis, young, and ;;«rio, to bring forth, because ii produces young 
 fruit while the old ones are ripening; or from the Celtic word jenuprus, sisnifvins- 
 rough or rude. > ^ J e, 
 
 (1) dichotomus, E. (2) Var. crassifolius, E. Ph. Bw. echinatus, M. /3) flui- 
 
 tans, Mx. verticillatusjPh. (4) repens, N. prostrata, M. 
 
JUSSIAEA, KENTROPHYTA. 289 
 
 10 — 1. Jussi^'a. 88. Onag. emo. ton — \ 
 Southern. 
 ^andiflora, Mx. (y. Ju. 2i.) creeping: stem erect and ascending: leaves lanceolate, 
 eiitire, with the peduncles and calyx fillose: flowers decandrous. 2—3 f. Charles- 
 ton, S—C. New Orleans, Dr. Riddell. La. 
 erecta, W. (y. An. 2|.) erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate: flowers octandrous, sessile. 
 subdtaulis, Ph. (VV. y. J. 2i.) creeping, glabrous: leaves laince-linear. repand-toothed: 
 flowers solitary, octandrous, peduncled: alternate filaments shortest: petals obo- 
 vate. 
 leptocnrpa, N. (W. y. 0.) erect; stem and calyx somevfhat hirsute: leaves lanceolate, 
 
 attenuate at each end: flowers sessile: capsule slender, cylindric. 
 tenuifulia, N. ( ) leaves sessile, linear, glabrous; flowers sessile, octandrous; 
 Florida. 
 
 2—1. JrsTi'ciA. 36. Rhin. aro. ton—. 
 
 pcdunculosa, Vahl. (1) (water willow. W. Ju. Tp.) spikes axillary: flowers crowded: 
 peduncles elongated, alternate: leaves lanceolate. S. H. Niagara river. S—C. 
 M. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 adkaioda, (malabar nut. p. fp.) leaves lance-ovate: bracts ovate, nerved, permanent: 
 helmet of the corol concave. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 humilis, Vsihl. (Ju. 2I-) spikes axillary and terminal, few-flowered: flowers distant: 
 bracts linear: leaves lance-oblong. La. 
 
 brdchiata, Ph. (W. r. Ju. If.) peduncles axillary in whorled racemes: pedicels in 
 pairs: bracts obovate, 3-flowered: leaves ovate, acute; petioles very long: stem six- 
 angled, very branching. 
 
 K. 
 
 10— J . Kal'mIa. 50. Eric. 1. poi. 1. & f. nar. ast; 
 
 latifolia, W. (broad-leaved laurel. W. w. &. r. Ju. >>.) leaves long-petioled, scattered, 
 and in threes,- oval, smooth both sides: corymbs terminal, with viscid hairs. 
 3—20. f. S. B. P. T. F. M. N. Florida. 
 
 angusiifolia, (sheep laurel, dwarf laurel. O. J. ^.) leaves in threes, petioled, oblong, 
 obtuse, sometimes rusty beneath: corymbs lateral: bracts llneair: peduncles and 
 calyx with glandular hairs. Var. ovata, taller, leaves broader, sub-ovate. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 glauca, A. (2) (swamp laurel. W. r. M. >>.) bjanchlets 2-edged: leaves opposite, sub- 
 sessile, oblong smooth, glaucous beneath, margin revolute: corymb terminal, 
 brae ted: peduncles and calyxes very glabrous. Var. rosmarinifolia, leaves linear^ 
 green beneath. 18—24 i. D. P. N. F. T. Plainfield, Mass. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cantata, Mx. (A. w. r. T;.) leaves scattered, sessile, wedge-form, oblong, pubescent 
 beneath, slightly awned at the apex: corymbs lateral, few-flowered. 
 
 hirsuta, Wr. (r. Ju. >■.) branches, leaves and calyx hirsute: leaves opposite and alter- 
 nate, sub-sessile, lanceokte: peduncles axillary, soUtary, 1-flowered; longer than 
 the leaves. 10—18 i. Charleston, S—C. 
 
 16 — 10. Kentrophyta. 93. Legu-ton — . 
 
 montana, N. (y. 2X-) stipules scarious, cohering about half their length: calyx pubes- 
 cent, with dark and white hairs. Hills of the Platte. 
 
 niridis, N. ( ) stipules herbaceous, distinct nearly to the base: hairs of the calyx 
 all white. Hills of the Platte. 
 
 Jussiaea. In honor of B. Jussieu, the great French botanist. 
 Justicia. In honor of James Justice, a botanist of Edinburgh. 
 Kalmia. In honor of Dr. Kalm, a pupil ofLinneus. 
 Kentrophyta. Gr. hentron, spine, phuton, plant. 
 
 (1) Dianthera americana, L. ensiformis, Wr. (2) polifolia, Wm, 
 87 
 
290 KOCHIA, KRIGIA, 
 
 5—2. Ko'cHiA. 29. Chen. nut. ton. lax—. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 dentata, W. (1) (W. J. 0.) leaves lanceolate, sinuate-toothed: stem erect, very 
 
 branching. 
 dioica, N. (W. M. #.) low: branching axillary: leaves sessile, very entire, lance- 
 ovate, acute, glaucous, somevphat succulent: stamiuate flowers terminal, conglo- 
 merate. Both species resemble chenopodium. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 3—2. Koele'ria. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 permsylvanica, SI. (2) (J. 7i-) leaves flat, and with the sheaths soft-pubescent: panicle 
 oblong, slender, rather loose: glumes 2-flowered, nearly equal; lower one oblong, 
 obtuse, sul)-mucronate: upper palea scabrous. 2 f. O. N. T. Mch. K. M. 
 
 tnincata, M. (3) (J. U-) leaves flat, smooth: panicle oblong, racemed: glumes 2- 
 flowered with a third abortive floret, unerjual; lower one a little scabrous, obtuse: 
 paleas glabrous. 2 f. Var. major, T. panicle large, a little spreading: leaves 
 bioad-linear, very long. 3 f. S. O. N. Mch. K. M. 
 
 nilida, N. (W. 0?) spike elongated, lobed: lobes crowded, appressed, approximate; 
 spikelets oblong-ovate, smooth, awnless; lower ones 2-flowered; upper ones 3, both 
 with an additional setaceous rudiment: stipule hairy. 8 i. D. Mch. 
 Southern. 
 
 paniculata, N. ( ) panicle oblong, smooth: spikelets 2 to 3-flowered, shining: 
 
 glumes awnless, very unequal, largest one obtusely truncate. 
 cristata, S. (4) (W. Ju. 21.) spike somewhat lax: spikelets diverging, 3 to 4-flowered, 
 
 somewhat awned and wrinkled, sub-ciliate on the keel. 
 
 4—1. Krame^ia. 93. Leg. asc. exp. ast. 
 lanccolata,T. & J. (W. y. ^.) hoary-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, acute, villose: 
 pedicels axillary, about twice as long as the leaves. 
 
 17 — 1. Kri'gia. .53. Cich. sec-stim. ano. sal. 
 
 vivfrinica, Mx. (5) (dwarf dandelion, y. M. 0.) small: leaves lyrate, glaucous, 
 
 smoothish, ciliate: scaj)e 1-flovvered, becoming elongated after flowering: involucre 
 
 about 8-leaved. Var. dichotoma, caulescent, dichotoinous. 4 — 8 i. (S. T. B. F. 
 
 N. D. 
 amplexicauUs, Mx. (6) (y. Ju. 21.) glaucous: radical leaves spatulate, lanceolate and 
 
 oval, toothed: scape somewhat leafy and branched. 12 — 14 i. iS. D. N. Mch. 
 griffithli, N. (7) (y. If.) very glabrous: glaucous: radical leaves runcinate-lyrate, 
 
 oblong; cauline ones clasping, stems few-flowered (2—3): flowers long peduncled. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Southern, 
 caroliniana, Wr. (8) (Ap. y. Zf-) leaves runcinale, nearly glabrous: scapes very long, 
 
 with the base of the involucre glandular-hairy. 6— 12 i. K. 
 dandelion, (9) (y. ![.) glabrous; slightly glaucous: leaves lance-linear, entire, smooth: 
 
 scape 1-tlowered. 8 — 18 i. 
 moniana Mx. (10) (A.) very glabrous, procumbent: leaves lanceolate, entire: scape 
 
 1-flowered. 
 occidentalis N. (W. v-) glabrous, small: leaves sub-lyrate, attenuate: scape nakedish, 
 
 one flowered: divisions of the involucre lance-ovate: bristles of the egret very short. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Kochia. In honor of Koch, a German botanist. 
 
 Koeleria. In honor of M. Kohler, a German botanist. 
 
 Krameria. In honor of two German botanists, Kramer, father and son. 
 
 Kricria. In honor of David Krieg, a German botanist, who found many new plants 
 in the U. S. „ ^ 
 
 (1) Salsola platyphylla, Mx. (2) Aira, SI. M. (3) Aira, M. triflora, E. 
 
 (4) Aira, L. (5) Ilyoseris, Mx. (6) Troximon, Ph. Hyoseris, Mx. (7) Hy- 
 
 oseris, Wr. (8) Hyoseris angustifolia, Ph, Tragopogon, L. (9) Hyoseris, 
 
 Mx. (10) Hyoseris, L. 
 
KRIGIA, LAMIUM. 291 
 
 lyrata, N. (I) (y. 2{.) very glabrous, stemless: leaves sub-lyrate, oblong, acute: scape 
 one-flowered, naked: divisions of the involucre linear-acute. Arkansas. 
 
 17 — 1. Kuhn'ia. 55. Eupa. ton. sec-stim. feb. 
 
 eiipaiorioides, yV . (2) (false boneset. w. Au. 2j;.) glabrous: leaves petioled, broad- 
 lanceolate, serrate: corymbs terminal, few-flowered, compact. i2 — 3 f. iS. P. 
 K. M. 
 
 critnnia, W. (3) (y. Au. If.) pubescent: leaves narrow-lanceolate, about 2- toothed 
 below, petioled, punctate beneath; upper ones linear, entire, sessile: panicle ter- 
 minal, spreading. 3 i. jS. P. Mch. 
 
 glutinosa, E. (VV. w. S.) pubescent, glutinous: leaves lanceolate, tapering towards 
 the summit, notched and toothed, crowded: flowers corymb-panicled. 2 f. 
 
 3 — 1. Kylun'ga. 9. Cype. far. ton — . sug. 
 
 wo«occ;>/i'a/«, (false bog-rush. Zf.) culm filiform, 3-sided, with a leafy base: heads 
 globose, sessile: involucres 3-leaved, very long. T. Y. N. 
 Southern, 
 pumila, Mk. (W.J. 2X.) head globose, sessile, solitary: involucre short (longE.) 
 
 culm setaceous: flowers diandrous. 3 — 6 i. S — C. 
 maculata, Mx. (Ju. 2i-) glumes 3, unequal, imbricate: heads about 3, ovate, sub- 
 acute, sessile. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 L. 
 Lachnanlkes, Dilatris. 
 17 — 1. Lacto'ca. 53. Cich. sal. ase. cac. 
 
 elongata, M. (4) (wild lettuce. O. y. J. ^. or 2l[.) leaves smooth beneath; lower ones 
 runcinate, entire, clasping; lowest ones toothed; highest ones lanceolate: flowers 
 corymb-panicled. 3 — 6 f S. Mch. 
 
 kirsiita, M. (W. y. Au. 2_f.) lower part of the stem and leaves hairy: radical leaves 
 lyrate; segments truncate, sub-dentate; upper ones partly runcinate-pinnatifid: 
 flowers racemed. 
 
 inie.o-rifolia, Bw. (W. y. Ju. ^T) leaves sagittate, entire, unarmed, clasping, pale be- 
 neath, midrib smooth; lower ones a little eroded: flowers panicled. 3 — 4 f. S. B.C. 
 
 sanguinea, Bw. (wood lettuce, r. Au. $1) leaves clasping, glaucous beneatli runci- 
 nate, with the midrib filamentous: flowers panicled. 2 — 3 t. B. C. Mch. 
 
 Exotic, 
 sativa, (lettuce, y. Ju. -^.) leaves roundish; cauline ones cordate: stem corymbed. 
 Var. romana, has oblong, straight leaves, narrowed at the base. Var. crispa, has 
 sinuate-crenate leaves, toothed, undulated, crisped; radical ones hairy on the keel. 
 Var. laciniala, has the lower leaves piniiatifid. and the upper ones runcinate. 
 
 Snvthern. 
 graminifolia, Mx. (p. Ju.) stem erect, simple: leaves unarmed, generally undivided, 
 
 simple at the base, long-linear: panicle leafless, loose; branches few-flowered: 
 
 flowers all peduncled. 3 f. 
 sagittifolia, E. (y? Au.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, acute, entire 
 
 glabrous, pale beneath, close sessile, sagittate at the base: flowers panicled. S— 
 
 13 — 1. La'mium. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. all — . 
 
 amplexicaule, (hen-bit, dead nettle. O. p. M. 0.) floral leaves sessile, clasping, ob- 
 tuse; radical leaves petioled, sub-orbicular. 6 — 10 i. S. 
 
 Kuhnia. In honor of Adam Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, a pupil of Linneus. 
 
 Kyllinga. In honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist; often erroneously spelled 
 
 Kyllingia. 
 Lactuca. Lat. lac, milk, from its milky juice. 
 Lamium. Lat. lamium, from Gr. laimos, the throat, alluding to the shape of the 
 
 corol; or from the sea-monster Lamia, from the grotesque figure of the flower. 
 
 (I) Cynthia. (2) Eupatorium alternifolium, L. (3) Critonia kuhnia, Mx. 
 
 (4) longifolia, Mx. 
 
293 LAMIUM, LATHYRUS. 
 
 ji%rpurmm, (p. 0.) leaves cordate, obtuse, toothed, petioled, crowded at the top: 
 stem nakeciish downwards. P. 
 
 Exotic, 
 garga'nicum, (dead nettle. Zf.) leaves cordate, concave: throat of the corol inflated; 
 t;^e short. 
 
 Southern. 
 ;■ 'lulam, Mx. (W. w.) stem hispid: leaves long petioled, broad-cordate, pubes: 
 III axils 1-flowered. 
 
 13—2. Lanta'na. 41. Verb. h. dis. cata-aro. all— • 
 Southern. 
 camara. (y. Au. ^.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, crenate and serrate, scabrous: steni 
 rough, not prickly: flowers in umbellate heads, leafless. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 17 — 1. Lap'sania. 53. Gich. sec-stim. ano^. 
 
 communis, L. ( ) fruit at the margin of the calyx angled: gtepi pauicled: 
 
 ' peduncles slender: leaves ovate, petioled, angular-dentate. Canada. Probably in: 
 troduced. 
 
 Larbrea, Stellaria. 
 
 Larix, Pin us. 
 16 — 10. La'thyrus. 93. Legu. ijut. asc. ape. 
 
 palustTis, (marsh-pea. w-p. Ju. 21.) stem winged: stipules lance-semi-sagittate: leaf- 
 ets six, lance-linear, acute: peduncles about 3-flowered. B. O. D. Canada. 
 PeekskiU. Mch. 
 
 myrtif alius, W. (1) (r. Ju. 21-) stem naked, winged, 4-cornered: stipules gemi^ 
 
 ' sagittate, lance-ovatp, acpminate; leafets 4, lance-oblong, acute, mucronate, net- 
 veined: peduncles longer than the leaves, about 4 or 5-flowered. C. T. P. R. 
 Mch. 
 
 venosus. W. (W. p. Ju. If.) stem naked. 4-cornered: stipules semi-sagittate, ovate, 
 acuminate: leafets numerous, somewhat alternate, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, veiny: 
 peduncles shorter than the leayes, 5 — 40-flovvered. Often called myrtifolius. ?. 
 D. O. Mch. 
 
 maritimus, Bw. (2) (beach pea. p. Ju. 21.) stem compressed, 4-angled: stipules sa- 
 
 ■ gittale: leafets numerous, sub-alternate, obovate; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 
 about 7-flowered. B. C. F. D. Mch. 
 
 ochrokucus: Rich. (y. J.) very glabrous: leafets 3 to 4-paired, broad-oval or ovate: 
 stipules broad, semi-cordate, sub-hastate, angled with the angles obtuse, and some- 
 times obtusely toothed, scarcely smaller tlian the leafets: peduncles many-flower- 
 ed, somewhat equalling the leaf: the two upper divisons of the calyx abbreviated: 
 legumes long-linear, acuminate, pompj-essed, glabrous. A. R. Mch. 
 
 polypliyUus, (p.) glabrous: stem nearly erect, arigled: leaves 5 — 8 pairs, oval-ob- 
 long, oblusisli; the tendrils very short; stipules as large as the leafets, semi-cor- 
 date, angularly crenate at tiie base; sotiietimes acuminate: peduncles 7 — 10- 
 flowered, shorter than the leaves: segments of the calyx hairy on the margin; ihe 
 two upper ones triangular, and much shorter than the lanceolate lateral ones; the 
 inferior one subulate-setaceous, rather longest; corol purple: legume smooth, acu- 
 minated, long and flat. 2 f Oregon. 
 
 Xiestitus, N. (J. p.) erect and rigid, or a little climbing, silky-canescent: leafets 5 — 7 
 pairs, small, elliptical or oval, cuspidate; tendrils mostly pinnated: stipules broadly 
 semi-sagittate, acuminate, slightly toothed below, about the size of the leafets: 
 racemes about the length of the leaves, 4 — 6-flowered; flowers large, purple: lower 
 
 Lantana. Lat. lentus, flexible; this name was first applied to the genus Viburnum, 
 with which this agrees in some things. 
 
 Lapsania. Gr. iapuzo, to relax, on account of its laxative qualities. 
 
 Latiiyrus. Gr. latkuros, a name employed by Theophrastus to designate a legumin- 
 ous plant. 
 (I) stipulaceous, Le Conte. (2) Pisum maritimum, Ph. 
 
J^ATHYRUS, LAURUS. 293 
 
 segments of the calyx narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, rather longer than the tube: 
 legume flat, pubescent, attenuate at each end: style villous along the side for about 
 one-third its length. Oregon. 
 
 linearis, N. (A. p.) nearly glabrous: stem decumbent, slender, angled: leaves nearly 
 sessile; leafets 5 — G pairs, narrowly linear, mostly obtuse, apiculate. rigid; tendrils 
 short, simple or bifid: stipules small, lanceolate, semi-sagittate, laciniate-toothed 
 or incised below: peduncles 3 — 4-tlowered, shorter than tlie leaves: flowers rather 
 large, pale purple: segments of the calyx triangular-subulate, shorter tlian the 
 tube: legume attenuated at each end; style nearly filiform, villous all round at the 
 summit. Plains of the Platte. 
 
 dissitifuUjis, N. (p.) somewhat pubescent, climbing: leafets 4—6 pairs, nariowly 
 linear, rather obtuse, apiculate, scattered; the petiole thick and channelled, ter- 
 minating in a pinnatifid tendril: stipules linear, semi-sagittate, entire: peduncles 
 4 — G-flowered ,niuch shorter than the leaves: segments of the caly.x short, the up- 
 permost obtuse. Plams of the Platte. 
 
 prnatus, N. (M. J. p.) erect, glabrous, often glaucous: stem quadrangular: leafets 
 3 — 4 pairs, lanceolate linear, rather acute, mucronate, rigid and strongly veined; 
 tendrils scarcely any: stipules linear-lanceolate and slender, semi-sagittate, entire: 
 peduncles about 4-"(or 6 — 8)-flowered, much longer than the leaves; flowers very 
 large, purple: segments of the calyx subulate, slightly unequal, rather shorter than 
 the tube: legume smooth and flat, acuminate at eack end, about 10-seeded: style 
 minutely pubescent along the upper side. Oregon. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 pdoratus, (sweet pea. J. ^.) peduncles 2-flowered: tendril with two ovate-oblong 
 leafets: legumes hirsute. 
 
 Jnt'ifolhis , (everlasting pea. Au. 21.) peduncles many-flowered: tendril with two lance- 
 ovate leaves; membranaceous between joints. 
 
 cly'menum, (various pea. 0.) peduncles 2-flowered: tendril with many lanceolate 
 leafets: stipules toothed. 
 
 articulntus, (jointed pea. Ju. C^.) peduncles about 1-flowered: tendril with many al- 
 ternate lanceolate leafets: legume jointed. 
 
 sad'vus, (chick vetch, f^.) peduncles 1-flowerd, tendrils with 2 and 4 leafets: legumes 
 ovate, compressed, with two narrow wings on the back. 
 
 Sovthern. 
 
 pusillus, E. (p. M.) peduncles long, 1-flowered: stipules falcate: tendril 2-leaved, 
 simple: leaves lance-linear: stem winged. 
 
 decaphyllus, Ph. (1) (\V. p. 21.) stem 4-angled: stipules linear, semi-sagittate: leaves 
 in 5 pairs; leafets oval-oblong, mucronate: peduncles 3 — 4-flowered. D. 
 
 striclus, N. (A.) pubescent, rather rigid: stem slender, angled: leafets 2 — 5 pairs, 
 linear, acute: tendrils bifid: stipules semi-cordate, acuminate, serrate: peduncle 
 about 4-flowered, longer than the leaf; flowers large: lower segments of the calyx- 
 acuminate, as long as, or longer than the tube. California. 
 
 9 — 1. Lau'rus. 27. Laur. aro-oil. b. & r. deob. asp. exp. 
 
 paroliniensis, Mx. (y. J. ^.) leaves lance-oy.al, coriaceous, glaucous beneath: pe- 
 duncles simple, terminated with a few-flowered fascicle: outer segments of the 
 calyx half as long as the inner ones. Var. glabra, leaves glabrous beneath. Var. 
 pubescms, leaves pubescent beneath. Var. ubtusa, leaves obovate, obtuse. Leaves 
 perennial. 10—30 f. &'. Charleston, S— C. Florida. M. 
 
 f/enzo'in, (spice bush, fever bush. O. g. y. Ap. ^.) leaves wedge- obovate, whitish 
 sub-pubescent beneath: flowers in clustered umbels: buds and pedicels glabrous. 
 4— 10 f S. iMch. 
 
 sas'safras, (sassafras tree. O. y. M. ^.) leaves entire and lobed on the same plant: 
 flowers mostly dioecious. 10 — 40 f. S. Mch. 
 Exotic. 
 
 cam'phora, {camphor tree. ^ .) leaves about 3-nerved, lance-ovate: panicle spreading. 
 From Japan. 
 
 Laurus. Lat. laurus, the obscurity of its derivation denotes its antiquity. The 
 Celtic hlauT, (pronounced laur) signifies green. 
 (1) polymorphus, N. Vicia, stipulacea, Ph? 
 
294 LAURUS, LECHEA. 
 
 SotUhcm. 
 
 catesbyana, Mx. (w. M. Tp.) lance-ovate leaves and branches glabrous: panicles short 
 peduncled: divisions of the calyx oblong, obtuse, nearly equal, caducous. Leaves 
 perennial. 6 — 9 f. 
 
 aestivalis, ( ) leaves veined, oblong; acuminate, rugose beneath: branches super- 
 axillary. 
 
 melissaefulia, Wr. (1) (y. Ap. ^.) leaves heart-lanceolate, veined, pubescent beneath: 
 flowers in clustered umbels: buds and pedicels villose. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 geniculata, Wr. (y. Ap. ^•.) branches divaricate-flexuose: leaves small, oval, smooth: 
 umbels terminal, few-flowered. lU — 15 f. 
 
 alhida, N. (white sassafras. ^.) buds and younger branches smooth and glaucous: 
 leaves entire or lobed, every where smooth and thin, obsoletely veined beneathi 
 petiole longer. Is this a distinct species? 
 
 13 — 1. Lavan'dula. 42. Labi. stom. ton. car. fra. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 spica, W. (lavender. Au. Zf.) leaves sessile, lance-linear with revolute marginst 
 spikes interruptedly naked. 
 
 15—12. Lavate'ra. 74. Malv. emo. muc. f. nut-muc. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 thurin' giaca, (gay mallows. 2i-) lower leaves angled; upper ones 3-lobed, with the 
 
 middle lobe longest: peduncles solitary. 
 arborea, (tree mallows. S. ^.) leaves 7-angled: peduncles crowded. 
 
 14 — 2. Leavenvtorth'ia. 63. Cruc. asc. diu — . 
 
 Southern. 
 
 aurea, T. (y. ) style distinct: embryo nearly straight. Arkensas, Texas and 
 
 Alabama. 
 michauxii, T. (ZC-) style almost none: radical oblique. Tennessee, K. 
 
 3—3. Leche'a. (2) SO. Cist. stom. ton. 
 
 major, (3) (pin-weed. W. g-p. Ju. 2X-) erect, hirsute: leaves lance-oblong, mucro- 
 nate: panicle leafy: branches bearing flowers at their tops: flowers in fascicled 
 racemes, one-way, sliort-pedicelled. 1 — 2 f. S. B. P. C. F. N. 
 
 minor, (W. g-p. If.) smootliish: leaves lance-linear, acute, panicle leafy; branches 
 elongated, bearing flowers on all parts: stem ascending. 8 i. B. C. F. H. N. D. 
 
 thymifoUa, Ph. not of Mx. (.lu. S. Zf.) frutescent: stems decumbent at the base, densely 
 and paniculately branched above, canescenlly villous with white appressed hairs: 
 leaves very numerous, and often articulate; cauline ones oblanceoiate or linear; 
 those of the short, procumbent and very villose radical branches imbricated, ellip- 
 tical, very small; those of the floriferous branches narrowly linear, with revolute 
 margins, erect and crowded: clusters terminal and axillary near the extremity of 
 the simple floriferous branches, 2 — 6-flowered; pedicels very short: calyx tomen- 
 tose-canescent: capsule globose. Massachusets to Virginia. 
 
 Southern, 
 drummondii, T. (.T. Ju. p.) decumbent and much branched at the base, slightly pu- 
 bescent: leaves linear-subulate, scattered: racemes filiform, terminating the numer- 
 ous branches, loosely flowered; flowers unilateral, on capillary, spreading, and at 
 length reflexed pedicels: capsule globose-3-sided. Texas. 
 
 Lavandula. Lat. lavo, to wash: from its distilled waters being used in sprinkling in 
 
 baths. 
 Lavatera. Named by Tournefort, in honor of two Lavaters, physicians of Zurich. 
 Leavenworthia. In hornor of Dr. Leavenworth, of U. S. Army; an indefatigeable 
 
 botanist. 
 Lechea. In hornor of John Leche, Prof, of Medicine at Abo. 
 
 (1) dyospyrus, Ph. (2) Helianihemum, S. (3) villosa, E. 
 
LECHEA, LEONTICE. 295 
 
 Remark. All the species of this genus have a barren aspect, and give pastures a 
 ver^ unsightly arid appearance. 
 
 Lecontia, Rensselaeria. 
 
 10 — 1. Le'dom. 50. Eric. ton. ast. 
 
 paliisire, (marsh tea. w. M. ^.) leaves linear, margins revolute, iron-rust down be- 
 neath: stamens 10, longer tiian the corol. Canada. 
 
 luti/oliiim, A. (1) (labrador tea. w. r. J. >>.) leaves linear-oblong, folded in at the 
 margin, iron-rust down beneath: stamens mostly 5, equalling or longer than the 
 corol. About swamps. D.'T. P. O. N. Pittsfield, Ms. White Mts. 
 
 Ledum, Leiophyllum. 
 3 — 2. Leer'sia. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 virffinica, W. (wiiite grass, rice grass. W. Ju. 2X-) panicle simple: lower branches 
 diffuse: flowers appressed, monandrous, sparingly ciliate on the keel. Flowers 
 often diandrous and triandrous, larger and more ciliate. 3 — 4 f. /S'. P. C. M. 
 T. N. Mch. 
 
 onjzoi'des, (2) (cut grass. W. Au. 21.) panicle diffuse, sheathed at the base; flowers 
 triandrous, spreading: keel of the glumes conspicuously ciliate. 3 — 5 f. »Si. Y. 
 B. P. C. F. M. O. T. N. Mcii. 
 
 Imtimlaris, Mx. (catch-fly grass. W. Ju. 21.) panicle erect: flowers large, roundish, 
 diandrous imbricate; keeland nerves ciliate. 2 — 4 f. C. 
 
 Leimantldum, Melanthiusi. 
 
 10 — 1. Lei'ophvl'lum. 50. Eric. f. aro. asp — . 
 
 Imxifolium, T, (3) (sand myrtle, sleek leaf. w. ^.) leaves small, lance-oval, entire, 
 glabrous, lucid, revolute at the margin: corymbs terminal. 6 — 8 i. S. Y. S — C. 
 
 19—2. Lem'na. 7. Pist. acr— . 
 
 trisulca, (duck meat. W. -^.) leaves thin, lance-oval, caudate at one end, serrate at 
 the other: roots solitary. Water. N. T. Mch. 
 
 minor, (green duck meat. W. J. ) leaves nearly ovate, compressed: roots solitary. 
 Var. cydoslasa, leaves elliptic, flat on both sides, cohering in a circular arc: roots 
 solitary. Water. /S. Mch. 
 
 gihha, (W. ^.) leaves obovale, nearly flat above, hemispherical beneath: roots soli- 
 tary. Water. C. 
 
 polyrrhiza, (water flaxseed. W. Ju. ^.) leaves round obovate, compressed: roots 
 numerous, fascicled. The leaves of this species become purplish, and grealty re- 
 semble flaxseed scattered on the surface of stagnant waters. The roots rarely 
 reach tlie ground; but merely extend downwards a kvi inches into the water. 6'. 
 W. P. T. V. C. D. F. O. N. Mch. 
 
 6 — 1. Leontice. 78. Berb. ton. rhc. 
 
 thaliclr aides, L. (poppoose-root, false-cohosh. p. y. Ap. 7i- ^.) very glabrous: leaves 
 more than decompound; leafets oval; tiie lower ones lobed and jietioled; the end 
 ones 3-lobed: berries dark blue. If. iS'. P. D. O. Mch. Canada. The roasted 
 seeds have been used as a substitute for coffee. Caulophyllum thalictroides Mx. 
 in 7th edition. 
 
 Leontice, Caulophyllum. 
 
 Ledum. Lat. Ixcdo, to hurt; from its supposed qualities. 
 
 Leersia. In honor of John Daniel Leeis, a German botanist. 
 
 Leiophyllum. Gr. leios, smooth, and phuUon, leaf, in allusion to its foliage. 
 
 Lenma. Gr. levima, a husk or shell, from the shape of the leaves. Theophrastus 
 
 describes under tliis name an aquatic plant. 
 Leontice. Gr. lean, lion, petalon, leaf— abridged from the old name. 
 
 (1) Palustre, Mx. (2) Phalaris, L. (3) Amyrsine busifolia, Ph. Ledum 
 
 thymifolium, Lk. 
 
296 LEONTODON, LEPIDIUM. 
 
 17 — i. Leos'todon. 53. Cich. sal. asc. ase. 
 
 tarax'acum, (dandelion. O. y. Ap. H.) outer involucre reflexed: scape 2-flowered; 
 
 leaves runcinate, witli toothed divisions. Introduced. 
 palustre, S. (marsh dandelion. Zf.) outer involucre scales short, erect, ovate: leaves 
 
 sinuate-toothed, somewhat glabrous. /S*. 
 
 13—1. Leonu'kus. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 cardi'aca, (mother-wort. w-r. Jn. If.), leaves 3-lobed, toothed, bases wedge-form: 
 
 calyx prickly, less than the corol. Naturalized. 2 — 3 f. 
 marrubias'lrum, W. (r. Au.) leaves lance-ovaie, toothed: calyx somewhat prickly,' 
 as long as the corol. Naturalized. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 14 — 1. Lepid'ium. 63. Cruc. asc. dia. 
 
 virginicum, (1) (wild pepper-giass. O. w. J. $.) radical leaves pinnatifid; caulin* 
 
 ones lance-linear, somewhat gash-serrate: flowers 4-petalled, mostly with but two 
 
 stamens: silicles lens-form. 12—18 i. <S. 
 campestris, R. Br. (2) (J. Ju.) silicles ovate, winged, emarglnate, scaly-punctate r 
 
 cauline leaves sagittate, denticulate. N. Y. Delaware. 
 ruderale, L. ( ) flowers diandrous, apetalous; radical and cauline leaves pinnatifid 
 
 or incised; branch leaves linear, very entire: silicles (small) broad-6va:l, emarginate, 
 
 spreading: cotyledons incunjbent. A. 
 menzlesia, Uc. ( ) flowers diandrous, apetalous: radical leaves bi-pinnatifidr cauline 
 
 and branch-leaves many, pinnatifid, upper ones linear, very entire. A Var. radical 
 
 leaves hispid. Another Var. radical leaves pubescent. R. 
 
 Exotic, 
 
 sativum, (peppergrass. W. Ju. 0.) leaves oblong, many-cleft. 
 
 intcgrifolium, N. {J. Jn. 2i-) glabrous and decumbent: silicles elliptical-ovate, wing- 
 less, scarcely emarginate: septum prominent: style short but distinct: leaves lance- 
 olate-oblong, acute, narrowed below: petals about twice the length of the broad 
 membranaceous sepals. Prairies near the Rocky Mts. 
 
 inontanum, N. (2_[.) nearly glabrous, decumbent: silicles elliptical, slightly emarginate, 
 wingless: style conspicuous: leaves pinnatifid and bi-pinnatifid; segments oblong; 
 uppermost leaves trifid or entire. Oregon. 
 
 Sovtherii. 
 
 californicum, N. (0.) stem somewhat hirsutely pubescent, much branched: silicic* 
 nearly orbicular, emarginate, wingless: flowers diandrous (petals 4): leaves nearly 
 glabrous, laciniately pinnatifid. California. 
 
 lasiocarpuin, N. (0.) hispidly pubescent: silicles elliptical-oval, conspicuously emar- 
 ginate, wingless, somewhat pubescent, reticulated, rathei* longer than the pedicels: 
 leaves undivided, linear-lanceolate, incisely toothed: flowers diandrous, apetalous. 
 California. 
 
 nitidum, N. ( ) glabrous: silicles elliptical-obovate, emarginate, slightly winged, 
 
 shining: pedicels flattened, about the length of the silicles: leaves laciniafe; the 
 segments linear and very narrow: flowers apetalous or dipetalous, diandrous. 
 California. 
 
 oxycarpum, T. (0.) silicles broadly ovate, deeply emarginate, wingless, the valves 
 pungently acuminate and raliculated: stems branched, diffuse: leaves linear-filiform, 
 sparingly pinnatifid, toothed: flowers apetalous, diandrous. California. 
 
 latipes, Hk. (0.) cespitose, strigosely pubescent: flowers in dense spiked racemes: 
 silicles elliptical-ovate, 2-winged at the summit, reticulated: pedicels very broad, 
 flat, leaves pinnatifid, with filiformly linear segments. California. 
 
 Leontodon. Gr. leon (leontos) lion, and odous, tooth, from the jagged edges of the 
 
 leaves. 
 Leonurus. Gr. leon, lion, and aura, tail; so named from its spikes resembling the 
 
 tuft on the end of the lion's tail. 
 Lepidium. Gr. lepis, a scale; the form of the silicles being that of little pcales. 
 
 (1) Senebiera pinnatifida. Do. (2) Thlaspi compestre, L. 
 
LEPTANDRA. LEPUROPETALONT. 297 
 
 . 2 — 1, Leptan'dra. 37. Scro. ton. cat. 
 
 virginica, (1) (culver's physic, tall veronica. O. w. Aii. ZfO spikes terminal, long: 
 leaves whorled: stem erect. Yar. purpurea, Ph. flowers purple. 3 — 8 f. S. Mch. 
 
 Lcptanthus, Schollera. 
 10 — 2. Lkptar'rhena. 84. Saxi. ton — . 
 
 pT/rolifolia, Br. ( Z(.) stem woody at the base, covered with rudiments of withered 
 leaves: leaves ovate, coriaceous, petioled, glabrous above, shining, reticulate, 
 margin crenate: flowers coarctate-panicled: pedicels and calyx covered with short, 
 glutinous pubescence: sepals very short, obtuse: petals linear, longer than the 
 calyx. R. A. 
 
 Leptarrhena, Saxifraga. 
 
 5 — 2. Lep'tocad'lis. 60. Umbe. r. res. ton. exp. cac. 
 
 inermis, N. ( 0.) fruit unarmed, somewhat rugose: lobes of the leaves capillarj; 
 
 umbels 4 — 5-rayed: leafets of the involucels 3 — 4. 
 
 diffusus, N. ( 0.) fruit with bristles somewhat close-pressed, muricate: branches 
 and rays divaricate: umbels and umbellets 3-rayed; pedicels of the umbellets some- 
 what equalling the rays of the umbel. Stem erect, slender, branching at the apex: 
 lobes of the leaves capillary: leafets of the involucels 1 — 2: pedicels half an inch 
 long- R. 
 
 divaricalus, Dc. (2) (w. #.) Described under ^thusa. 
 
 patens, N. ( 0.) fruit tubeiculose-muricate: branches divaricate: rays of the 
 
 umbels and umbellets 4 — 5, contracted: lobes of the leaves capillary. R. 
 
 eckinaius, ^. ( ^.) fruit witli spreading bristles, echinate: branches at length 
 divaricate: umbels and umbellets sparingly diverging. R. 
 
 Leptochloa, Oxydenia. 
 
 ■■^3. Lep'topo'da. 55. Cory. r. exp-ton. 
 ^r Southern. 
 
 , jimhriata, W. (3) (y. Ap. If.) stem viscid-pubescent, striate: leaves alternate, lance- 
 linear, half clasping, glabrous, punctate; cauline ones gash-toothed: chaff of the 
 egret torn. 2 f. Florida. 
 decurrens, Macbride. (4) (y. Ap. 7i-) stem very glabrous: leaves lance-linear, toothed, 
 glabrous, decurrent: chaff of the egret torn. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 3 — 2. Leptu'rus. 10. Gram. far. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 paniculatus, N. (W. J. 0.) rachis incurved, compound, acutely triangular; branches 
 and summit fioriferous: spikes subulate, compressed, one-sided: glumes 2, acumin- 
 ate, l-flowered. 10 i. 
 
 5 — 3. Lepu'rope'talon. E. (5) 84. Saxi. ast. 
 Southern. 
 spathulatum, M. (w. Ap. 0.) glabrous: stem erect and procumbent, somewhat suc- 
 culent, sub-angled: leaves alternate, sessile, lance-spathulate, obtuse, entire. 1 2 i. 
 
 Leptandra. Gr. leptos, slender, and aner (andros,) stamen, in reference to its form. 
 Leptarrhena. Gr. kplos, slender, thin, renos, wool, flock, &c. Sed quere. 
 Leptocaulis. Gr. leptos, slender, kaulos, stem. Thin stem; perhaps scaly stem. 
 Leptopoda. Gr. leptos, slender, ^adpous (podos ) foot or stem, from the weakness of 
 
 the stem? 
 Lepturus. Gr. leptos, .slender, and oura, tail, from its long, slender, cylindrical spike. 
 Lepuropetalon. Gr. lepuron, rind or peel, and petalon, a petal, from the appearance 
 
 of the petals. 
 
 (1) Callistachia, R. Veronica, L. (2) Daucus divaricatus, Wr. Sison pusil- 
 lum, Mx. Ammi divaricatum, and Ligusticum pusillum, Mx. Sison divaricatus 
 Spreng. ^ihusa divaricata, N. (3) puberula, Macbride. Galardia, Mx. (4) He- 
 ienium N. (5) Pixidantherea, M. 
 
 38 
 
298 
 
 LESPEDEZA, LEWISIA. 
 
 16—10. Lespede'za. (]) 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape. 
 
 capitata, Mx. (2) (O. w-p. J. Zf.) leaves ternate, lance-oblong, obtuse, silky beneath: 
 stipules subulate: racemes axillary, ovate, shorter than the leaves: legumes 
 hairy, shorter tiian the calyx. 3 — f. S. Mch. 
 
 angiuiifolid, Ph. (W. w-p. S.'Zf.) leaves oblong, oval and lanceolate, hoary-pubescent 
 beneath: racemes capitate, longer than the leaves: corol longer than the calyx. 
 3— of. .S*. P. C. F. H. M. Mch. 
 
 stiivei, N. (p. S.) erect, simple, soft-downy; leafets oval: spikes ppduncled, scarcely 
 longer than tlie leaves: legume naked, pubescent. 2 — 3 t. 6'. Y. P. 
 
 polystacliia, Mx. (3) (W. w-r. Ju. !(•) erect, branching, very villose: leafets round- 
 oval: spikes axillary, long peduncled: corol and legume about equal to the calyx. 
 2—4 f. K B. C. F. O. M. iV. T. Mch. ' 
 
 sessdiflora, Mx. (4) (bush clover. O. p. Ju. 21.) erect: leaves oblong: fascicles of 
 flowers sessile, numerous: legume nearly naked, acute: calyx minute. Var. re<JcM- 
 lata, stem simple, erect or erectish: leaves pubescent beneath. 1 — 3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 violacen, W. (5) (O. p. Ju. ZT.) leafets oval, obtuse: racemes umbelled, as long as 
 the petiole: flowers in pairs: legume rhombic, reticulate, glabrous. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 procumOens, Mx. (6) (W. p. &, y. Ju. 2X0 procumbent, slender, pubescent: leafets 
 oval: peduncles very long: flowers in setaceous spikes: legumes naked: calyx 
 minute. X Y. P. B. C. F. 
 
 divergens. M. (7) (W. p. Ju. Zf.) diffuse, branched: leafets oblong, obtuse, close-, 
 pressed, hairy beneath: racemes longer than the petioles: flowers m pairs: legumes 
 ovate, reticulate, smooth. Probably a variety of the violacea. 1 — 2 f. S. P. 
 
 repens, (p. Au. Z£-) leaves round-oval, emarginate: racemes axillary: legume repand- 
 tooihed: stem creeping. P. K. 
 
 prostrata, (W. Zf.) prostrate, slgnder, glabrous: petioles somewhat shortened; leaf- 
 ets oval, obtuse, mucronate, a little hairy beneath: racemes axillary, slender, with 
 scattered florets longer than the leaves: calyx shorter than the corol: legumes ovate, 
 sub-pubescent. P. New Jersey. Hedysarurn prostratum. L. Mch. 
 
 Suvtlicrn. 
 
 longifoUa, ( Zf-) stem erect, angled, pubescent: petioles very short; leafets 
 
 oblong, glabrous above, silk-silvery and close-pressed beneath: racemes fascicle- 
 corynibed, many-flowered, axillary snd sub-terminal: legume shorter than the 
 acuminate lobes of the calyx. Louisiana. 
 frutesccns, (8) ( Zf.) erect, villose: petioles very short; leafets oval, obtuse, 
 
 eub-mucronate, silk-hairy beneath: racemes axillary, sub-sessile, shorter than the 
 leaves: calyx shorter than the corol: legumes hairy, shorter than the calyx. In 
 Caiolina. S— C. 
 
 villosa,N. ( Zf.) erect, branching, cotton downy: petioles sub-elongated; leaves 
 oval, obtuse: spikes axillary, slender, thrice or four times longer than the leaves: 
 calyx shorter than the corol and longer than the legumes. Hedysarurn hirtum, L. 
 
 13 — 1. Leu'cas. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. 
 Southern. 
 mardniccnsis, Br. ( ) leaves entire: whorls many-flowered, capitate. Probably in- 
 troduced. 
 
 12 — 1. Lewis'ia. 8G. Port, muc-nut. lax. 
 SijiU/icrn. 
 redivica, Ph. (W. w. Ju. Zf.) leaves radical, linear, somewiiat fleshy, obtusish: scape 
 I — 2-flowered; pedicel genticulate at the base: capsule oblong. 
 
 Lespedeza. Named by Mx. in honor of Lespedez, governor of Florida. 
 Leucas. Gr. Icukos, white, so called on account of tlie whiteness of the flower. 
 Lewisia. In honor of Gen. Merrivvelher Lewis, the leader of the first expedition to 
 
 the Rocky Mts. 
 
 (I ) Hedysarum, W. (2) fiutescens, W. (3) hirtum, W. (4) Hedysarurn 
 reticulatum, M. Medicago virgmica, L. (5) divergens, Ph. (6) prostrata, Ph. 
 (7) Hedysarurn, M. (8) Hedysarum fruteecens, L. 
 
LIATRIS, 399 
 
 17 — 1. Lia'tris. 55. Inul. r. res. diu. ant. poi-ton. 
 
 sgiiarrosa, W. (1) (W. r. Au. li.) stem simple: leaves long-linear, nerved; margin 
 a little scabrous: raceme leafy, few-flowered: scales of the involucre leafy above, 
 lanceolate, risid, spreading. 2—3 f S. C. Y. N. Mch. 
 
 scariosa, (2) (W. b. Au. If.) stem simple, snb-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, taper- 
 ing to bolli ends, glabrous, with scabrous margins: involucre squarrose below, ra- 
 ceuied, alternate, di^5lant; scales spatulate, with membranaceous colored margins. 
 S. P. Y. C. D. F. H. "N. Mch. 
 
 spicata, W (3) (gay feather, button snakeroot. W. r. Au. 7X-) stem simple, tall: 
 leaves linear, glabrous, ciliate at the base, nerved, and punctate: spike very long: 
 flowers sessile: scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, close-pressed. 2 — 4 f. 
 ^•. P. N. D. Mch. 
 
 pilosa, W. (p. S. Zf.) stem simple, pubescent: leaves linear, pilose, ciliate: heads 
 racemose, lax: scales ofthe involucre oblong, obtuse: pedicels bracted. Var. dubla, 
 E. stem striate, sub-pilose; leaves long, Unear; lower ones lance-linear, puncta-te, 
 acute, pilose and ciliate near the base, nearly glabrous towards the summit: ra- 
 ceines long, leafy. Perhaps a distinct species. Elliott. 2 — 3 f S. 
 
 cylindrica, Mx. (W. p. Au. 21.) slender, hirsute: leaves grass-like: spike few-flowered: 
 involucre sub-sessile, cylindric, few-flowered; scales round at the summit, abruptly 
 mucronate. 1—2 f. -S. D. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 1. Flowers iri spikes or racemes: roots bulhoits. 
 
 pijcnostachija, Mx. (W. S. 21.) stem simple, hirsute: leaves straight, narrow-linear, 
 pubescent: spike long: flowers clustered, sessile: involucre appcessed, squarrose at 
 the summit. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 graminifulia, Wr. (W. p. S. H-) stem simple, glabrous: leaves very long-linear, gla- 
 brous, nerved, margin sub-scabtous; midrib hairy above: flowers distant sub-sessile: 
 scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, mucronate, ciliate, appressed; inner ones 
 colored. 2 — 4 f 
 
 heterophijUa, W. (S. 21.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, smooth; 
 upper ones lanoe-linear, much smaller: heads spiked, short peduncled, sub-squar- 
 rose: scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, naked. S — C. 
 
 aspera, Mx. (W. S. 2{.) stem somewhat branching, scabrous-pubescent: leaves lance- 
 linear, very rough: heads sliort, spiked, distinctly alternate, solitary, sessile: 
 scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, connivent. 
 
 gracilis, Ph. (W. p. S. 21.) stem slender, hairy, (glabrous. Ph.): leaves linear, gla- 
 brous, ciliate at the base: heads in racemes, about 7-flowered: scales of the invo- 
 lucre obovate, ciliate, appressed. A variety of the /;/7osrt. N. 2 — 3f 
 
 tenuifolia, N. (p. S.) stem slender, glabrous: lower leaves crowded, linear, a little 
 hairy at the base; upper ones setaceous: racemes very long: pedicels leafy: scales 
 of the involucre oblong, mucronate. 2 — 4 f S — C. 
 
 rcsinosa, N. (p.) glabrous: leaves linear, crowded: lieads spiked, oblong, 4 — 5-flower- 
 ed: scales of the involucre obtuse, appressed, resinous, at length hoary. 2 f. S — 
 
 secunda, E. (p. S. 21.) stem reclining, pubescent: leaves linear, glabro.as, sparingly 
 ciliate at the base: racemes one-sided: scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, 
 appressed. 2—3 f S— C. 
 
 sphaeroidea, Mx. (p. S. Zf-) leaves smooth; lower ones broad, lanceolate; upper 
 ones narrow: flowers raceined, large, solitary, alternate: involucre sub-globose: 
 scales oval, erect. 2 — 4 f 
 
 elegans, Wr. (4) (O. p-r. Oc. 2i.) stem simple, villous: leaves lance-linear, sub- 
 scabrous beneath: raceme cylindrical; flowers crowded: inner scales of the invo- 
 lucre liixulate, colored. 3 — 5 f 
 
 paucifloscvlosa, N. (2{.) leaves sub-coniform; lower ones lance-linear; upper ones 
 linear, acute, glabrous: raceme very long, few-flowered: calyx somewhat 3-flower- 
 
 Liatris. A name probably derived from Gr. Uazo, to come forth. 
 
 (1) Serratula, L. (2) Serratula, L. Liatris squarrulosa, Mx, (3) macros- 
 tachya, Mx. Anonymous graminifolus, Wr. Serratula spicata, L. (4) Staehe- 
 
 lina, W. 
 
300 LIATRIS, LILIUM. 
 
 ed, pedicels filiform: scales of the inrolucre oblong, obtuse: stem finely pubescent. 
 Alabama. 
 
 brachystachya, N. (ZT.) very glabrous: leaves near together, linear, acute: spikes 
 abbreviated, oblong: flowers close together: involucre squarrose, sub-5-flowered; 
 divisions oblong, acute, inner ones colored. Spike 3 inches long. Arkansas. 
 
 tirgata, N. (2i-) finely pubescent: leaves linear, scattered: racemes compound, branch- 
 panicled; branchlets somewhat one-flowered, with small leaves: involucre sub- 
 hemispheric, many-flowered; scales obtuse, appressed. Georgia and North Carolina. 
 
 2. Flowers in panicles or corymbs; roots not bulbous. 
 
 pauciflora, Ph. (2X.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves linear: panicle virgate, leafy; 
 branches short, few-flowered: involucre sessile, secund, 3 — 5-flowered; scales 
 erect, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. 
 
 paniculata, Wr. (p. S. 21.) stem simple, hairy-viscid: leaves lanceolate, nerved, sub- 
 glabrous: panicle contracted; involucre about 5-flowered; scales lanceolate. J — 
 If S. 
 
 odoratissima, Wi. (p. S. 2i.) very glabrous: stem simple: leaves ovate and lanceo- 
 late, nerved, toothed, sub-glaucous: panicle corymbed: involucre 7 — 8-flowered; 
 scales obovate, obtuse. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 tomentosa, Mx. (1) (p. S. 1[.) stem simple, and with the wedge-lanceolate leaveg 
 hirsute: corymb few-flowered, 1,depressed-divaricate; branches few-flowered: invo- 
 lucre tomentose; scales ovate, acute. 2 f 
 
 lellidifolia, Mx. (p. 2X. ) low, sub-glabrous: leaves wedge-oblanceolate: corymb un- 
 equal: flowers all somewhat long-pediceiled: scales of the involucre oblong-oval, 
 obtuse. 8^12 i. S^C. 
 
 toal'teri, E. (p. S. 2_C.) stem simple, hairy near the summit: leaves lanceolate, acute, 
 glabrous, punctate, at the base: involucre many-flowered; scales acute, tomentose. 
 2 f 
 
 opposiftfoliu, N. (HI) pubescent: leaves lanceolate, nearly opposite, nerved: stem 
 branching; branches corymb-panicled: involucre cylindric-ovate, smallish, about 
 15 — 20- flowered; scales oblong, obtuse; inner ones colored: egret a little scabrous. 
 Florida. 
 
 frutlcosa, N. (p. 'f>.) glabrous: stem fruticose: branches corymbed: leaves wedge- 
 obovate, punctate: involucre sub-5-flovvered; divisions acuminate. Florida. 
 
 squamosa, N. (2(.) pulverulent-canescent, corymbose; little corymbs 3 — 5-flowered: 
 radical leaves linear, long; cauline ones appressed, very short: involucre sub- 
 hemispheric; scales acute. Alabama. 
 
 5 — 2. Ligus'ticom. 60. Umbe. g-h. odo. exp. r. aro. exp. 
 
 scoticum, Mx. (w. Ju. 7S-) cauline leaves bifernate; upper ones trifoliate; lateral 
 leafets trapezoid, terminal one rhomboid: umbels stiffly erect: involucres linear, 
 many-leaved. 18 i. B. Canada. 
 
 Exotic. 
 lexiisdcum, (lovage, smellage. w. Zf-) leaves long, numerous; leafets above gashed. 
 Strong-scented. 
 
 Ligusticum, Thapsia. 
 
 2 — 1. Ligus'trum. 34. Olea. b. bit. ast. 
 
 vulgare, (prim. W. w. J. T^ ) leaves lanceolate, acutish: panicle compact. Perhaps 
 introduced. Indigenous in Missouri. Y. C. P. B. F. M. N. 
 
 6 — 1. Lil'ium. 14. Lili. diu. emo. 
 
 philadelphicum, (red lily. O. r. y. J. 21.) leaves whorled, lance-linear: corol erect, 
 bell-form, spreading; petals lanceolate, having claws. 1 — 3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 Ligusticum. Gr. ligvstihon; so called from Liguira, in Italy, its native place. 
 
 Ligustrum. Lat. Ugo, to bind, from the use made of its branches. 
 
 Lilium. Gr. leirion, lily, smooth, graceful; or from the Celtic, li, which signifieg 
 
 whiteness. 
 
 (1) corymbosa, N. 
 
LILIUM, LIMOSELLA. 301 
 
 eanadense, (nodding lily. O. y. r. Ju. 7i.) leaves remotely whorled, lanceolate: pe- 
 duncles terminal, elongated, mostly in threes: corol nodding; petals spreading. 
 2—3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 superbum, (superb lily. W. y. p. Ju. Zf-) leaves-lance linear, 3-nerved, glabrous; 
 lower ones whorled; upper ones scattered: flowens in a pyramid-raceme, recurved: 
 petals revolute. 3— (3 f. S. P. Y. C. T. B. Catskill. 
 
 catesbaei, Wr. (1) (southern lily. W. y. r. J. Z£-) leaves scattered, lance-linear: stem 
 1-flowered: corol erect; petals vvitli long claws; margin undulate; apex reflexed. 
 1— 2f. S. P. S— C. 
 
 pennsylvaniaim, Ker. (A. r. y. Ju. If.) leaves scattered, lance-linear; the uppermost 
 ones whorled, about equal to the flowers: stem about 1-flowered, somewhat 5-sided: 
 peduncles woolly: corol erect, woolly outside. P. Sandusky. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 candidum, (white lily. w. J. 21- ) leaves lanceolate, scattered, tapering to the base: 
 
 corol bell-form, glabrous within. 
 iulbiferum, (orange lily. y. J. 21.) leaves scattered, 3 nerved: corol canipanulate, 
 
 erect, scabrous within. 
 
 Southern. 
 pudicum, Ph. (W. y. M. 21.) leaves scattered, lance-linear: stem 1-flowered: corol 
 
 bell-form, nodding; petals erect, sessile, spatulate-obovate, obtuse, flat within. 
 umbel latmn, Ph. (2) (W. r. Ju. 2{) leaves scattered, linear, short, acute: upper ones 
 
 whorled: flowers 1 — 5, terminal, erect; petals unguiculate, lanceolate, spreading, 
 ■carolininnum, Mx. (y. r. Au. ZJ".) leaves whorled and scattered, wedge-lanceolate: 
 
 flowers few, (1 — 3,) terminal! peduncles thick: corol revolute. This may be a 
 
 variety of the superbum, £. 2 f. S— C. 
 
 10 — 1. Limnan'thes^ 73. Trop. asc. f. lax-con. 
 Southern. 
 douglassii, R. Br. (y. w.) leaves bipinnatifid; the divisions often alternate. Plant 
 slightly succulent. California. 
 
 3 — 1. Limnet'is. (3) 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 ^ynosur aides, W. (4) (many-spiked salt-grass. W. An. 21.) spikes numerous (JO — 
 
 40) peduncled, panicled, spreading: leaves broad, flat, at length convolute: a short 
 
 awn on one of the glumes; styles 2-cleft at the summit. 4 — 9 f. &'. B. T. C. 
 
 O. Peekskill. xMch. 
 Juncea, Mx. (5) (rush salt-grass. L. Ju. 2i.) leaves 2-ranked, convolute, spreading: 
 
 spikes few, (1 — 3) peduncled: peduncles smooth: paleas obtusish: styles 2. 18 i. 
 
 T. B. C. Peekskill. M. 
 glabra, M. (L. W. Au. Zf.) leaves coDcave, erect: spikes alternate, sessile, erect, ap- 
 
 pressed: paleas smoothish on the keel: style deep-cleft. 3 — 5 f. S. B. C. 
 
 Peekskill. M. d 
 
 •10 — 1. Limo'nia. 70. Aura. f. sto. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 Mcidissima? L. ( ) leaves pinnate; leafets roundish-oval, crenate: spines germi- 
 nate. Florida. 
 
 13 — 2. Limosel'la. 37. Scro. cat. eme. asc. 
 
 subulata, Ives, (mud wort. b-w. Au. 21.) leaves linear, very narrow, scarcely dilated 
 at the apex: scape 1-flowered, as long as the leaves. 1 i. Peekskill, JBanks of 
 Housatonic and Delaware rivers. 
 
 Limnanthes. Gr. limnas, water nymph, or marsh, anthos, flower. 
 Limnetis. Gr. limnes, a pool or marsh; from its place of growth. 
 Limonia. Arabic, limoun, lemon; to whose fruit this produces a relative. 
 Limosfclla. Lat. liinnus, slime or mud; from its native soil. 
 
 (1) spectabile, Sy. carolinianum, Lk. (2) andinum, N. (3) Spartina, Sr. 
 
 (4) polystachya and cynosuroides, Ph. (5) Trachynotia, Mx. Spartina, W. 
 
 <S 
 
302 LINDERNIA, LIRIODENDRON. 
 
 2 — 1. Linder'nia. 37. Scro. cat. erne. asc. 
 
 attenuata, M. (false hedge hyssop. W. p. Au. 0.) leaves lanceolate and obovate, 
 
 narrowed at the base: peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. S. C. F. H. 
 
 N. T. Mch. 
 dilatata, M. (I) (pimpernel. W. b. Au. e^.) leaves dilated at the base, clasping, 
 
 remotely toothed: peduncles longer than the leaves. S. B. P. C. O. T. V. 
 
 Mch. 
 monticola, M. (21.) stem slender, dicholomons: radical leaves spatulate; cauline ones 
 
 linear, small and remote: peduncles very long, at length deflected. 4 — 6 i. S. N. 
 
 Soulhem. 
 grandifiora, N. (If.) leaves roundish, entire, nerveless, half-clasping: peduncles very 
 
 long, axillary and terminal: stem creeping. 
 refructa, E. (b. J. Zf.) stem slender, erect, branching, glabrous: radical leaves spatu- 
 
 late-oval; upper ones subulate: flowers solitary, axillary and terminal: peduncles 
 
 refracted after flowering. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 4 — 1. Lix'njEa. 58. Capr. ch. dia — . la.x. 
 
 borealis, W. (twin-flower. W. w-r. J. If.) stem prostrate: branches erect, each bear- 
 ing two flowers: leaves roundish, crenate. Woods. H. N. T. B. C. D. V. Mch. 
 
 5 — 5. Li'num. 82. Lipe. s. muc. dem. cata. b. fac. 
 
 cirginituium, (wild flax. O. y. Ju. 0.) sepals acute: panicle terminal: flowers remotely 
 
 alternate: leaves lance-linear, scattered; radical ones ovate. 1 — 2 f. S. Northern 
 
 Lakes. Mch. 
 peren'ne, var. lewisii, Ph. (W. b. .Tu. TJ.) divisions of the calyx ovate, acuminate: 
 
 petals wedge-form, rounded at tire apex: leaves scattered, lance-linear, mucronate: 
 
 stems tall, numerous. R. Canada. 
 rig'idum, ( VV. j.) divisions of the calyx ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, ciliate: petals 
 
 oblong, narrow: ieaves stiffly erect, linear, short. 6 i. B. Missouri. 
 
 Exotic. 
 tisifMtissimum, (flax. b. Ju. 0.) sepals ovate, acute, 3-nerved: petals crenate: leaves 
 lanceolate, alternate: stem sub-solitary. 
 
 Southern, 
 selaginoidcs, Lam. (w-r.) glabrous: stems a span high, suffruticose, corymbosely 
 attaclied at the summit: leaves crowded, alternate, very small, linear and very 
 narrow, mucronate piliferous: flowers terruinal, sub-sessile, petals shorter than the 
 calyx: ovary completely 10-celled. Texas. 
 
 Liparis, Malaxis. 
 19 — 12. Liquidam'bar. 99. Plat. ton. aro. 
 
 sty'raciflu'a, (sweet gum. W. M. ^.) leaves palmate, with, acuminate lobes, serrate, 
 villose at the meeting of the veins beneath. <S*. T. Y. P. N. F. M. S— C. 
 
 12 — 12. Li'rioden'dron. 75. Magn. b. aro. bit. dia. rhe. 
 
 tu'lipife'ra, (white wood, tulip tree. W. y. r. J. y>.) leaves truncate at the end, with 
 2 side lobes. A beautiful flowering tree. 90—150 f. ,S'. F. T. Y. C. P. O. 
 N. D. Mch. 
 
 Lindernia. In honor of Francis Balthazer Von Lindern, a pliysician and botanist of 
 
 Strasljurg. 
 Linnaea. In honor of Linneus, the great Swedish Botanist 
 Linum. Gr. linaii, flax, from Lineo, to hold, liie fibres being well known for their 
 
 tenacity. Llin, in Celtic, signifies thread. 
 Liquidambar. Lat. liquldum, fluid, and umbar, fragrant gum, alluding to the aromatic 
 
 gum which exudes from the tree. 
 Liriodendron. Gr. Icirion, lily, and dendron, tree, from the beauty of the flower. 
 
 (1) Pyxidaria, Ph. Gratiola inequalis, VVr. 
 
LISIANTHUS, LOBELIA. 303 
 
 5 — 1. Lisian'thus. 46. Gent, bit-ton. 
 
 glaucifoUus, Jn? (W. y.) stem herbaceous, terete: leaves oblong-ovate, sessile, glau- 
 cous, acute, 3-nerved: flowers terminal, corynibed: peduncles elongated. T. & J. 
 
 18 — 1. Liste'ra. 21. Orcli. r. amy. vis. arc. salep. 
 
 convallaroiile.s, (I) (lily orchis, g-p. M. if.) stem with two round cordate, acute, 
 opposite leaves: spiiie few-flovvercd: lip oblong, obtusely 2-lobed: germ sub-globose, 
 root fibrous. 4—6 i. .S'. H. T. Catskill Mts. 
 
 cordata, Ms. (2) (g-p. M. Zf.) stem with two opposite, roundish-cordate leaves: 
 raceme loose: column without any appendage behind: lip elongated, 2-toothed at 
 the base, deeply bifid ; segments sub-divaricale and acute. 4 — 8 i. N. 
 
 Southern. 
 pubescens, Ph. (3) (g-w. J. Zf-) leaves radical, ovate, acute; scape leafless, pubescent, 
 lax-flowered: flowers pedicelled: lip 2-lobed, scarcely longer than the connivent 
 petals: capsules clavate: root palmate. 
 
 5 — 1. Li'thosper'mum. 43. Bora. ton. vul. 
 
 arvense, (steen-crout, stone-seed, wheat- thief. O. w. M. 0.) stem erect, branched: 
 leaves lance-linear, rather acute, (lower ones obtuse",) veinless, hairy: calyx nearly 
 as long as the corol; segments spreading: nut rugose. 8 — 15 i. S. 
 
 officinale, (gronnvell. y. M. 2i-) stem erect, branching, scabrous: leaves lance-ovate, 
 acute, nerved, scabrous above, hairy beneath: fruit-bearing calyx elongated, spread- 
 ing: nuts ] to 3, ovate, glabrous, often with hollowed punctures. 20 — 30 i. When 
 this plant grows in rich shady woods the leaves are very broad. B. P. T. O. N. 
 L. latifolium is a synonym. 
 
 maritimum, (4) (L. b. Ju. 2I-) very smooth: stem procumbent, branched: leaves 
 ovalspatulate, fleshy: corol scarcely twice the length of the calyx. 
 
 dentiailiituin, Rs. (5) (p. J. 21.) stem erect: leaves nerved, sub-glabrous, acute; 
 maigin scabrous, with minute teeth; radical ones ovate; cauline ones oblong: 
 divisions of the calyx denticulate on the margin. G — 12 i. 
 
 pilosum, N. (y. Zf.) simple, pilose-hirsute: leaves linear, acuminate, sessile, approxi- 
 mate: flowers fascicled, sessile, smallish: divisions of the corol oblong, entire. R. 
 
 torrcyi, N. (6) (J. 2X.) strigose-hispid: leaves oblong-linear, obtusish, scattered: stem 
 low, branching: fascicles terminal, few-flowered: lobes of the corol oblong, entire. 
 9 i. R. ' ^ 
 
 Southern. 
 
 angusiifoUum, Mx. (W. w. Ju. 0.) nut turgidly ovate, shining, with hollow punc- 
 tures on every part: flowers generally lateral: leaves linear, with close-pressed pu- 
 bescence: stem procumbent. 
 
 epulum, W. (W. y. Ju. 0.) nut muricate: spikes terminal, 1-sided: bracts lanceo- 
 late: leaves lance-linear, acute. 
 
 Lilhospermmn, Batschia. 
 — 51. Lobe'lia. 52. Lobe, acr-nar. eme+. ast. exp. dia-f . 
 
 dortmanna, (7) (water lobelia, b. Ju. 2S-) radical leaves linear, recurved, fistulous, 
 with two cavities, entire: scape simple, racemose, somewhat naked: flowers re- 
 mote, peduncled. S. T. Y. B. N. 
 
 cardinalis, (cardinal flower. O. r. w. Ju. 21.) erect, simple, pubescent: leaves lance- 
 ovate, acuminate, denticulate: racemes somewhat 1-sided, many-flowered: stamens 
 
 Lisianthus. Gr. lis, smooth, and anthos, flower: or from Gr. Itisis, dissolution, from 
 
 its dissolving powers. • 
 Listera. In honor of .Martin Lister, an English physician and physiologist. 
 Lithospermum. Gr. lithos, stone, and sperma, seed; the seeds being very hard, and 
 
 siiining like little pebbles. 
 Lobelia. In honor of M. de Lobel, a distinguished German botanist. 
 
 (1) Epipactis, Sz. (2) Opiirys, Mx. (3) Epipnctis, Ph. (4) Pulmonaria, L. 
 parviflora. Ph. (5) Pulmonaria, Rg. sibirica. Ph. (G) L. decumbene, Y. 
 
 (7) paludosa, N. 
 
304 LOBELIA, LONICERA. 
 
 longer than the corols. Var. alia, flowers white. Goderich. U. C. Darap. 
 
 1—2 f. ;sr. Mch. 
 siphiUtica, (W. b. Ju. 21.) erect, simple, hirsute, with short hairs: leaves lance-ovate, 
 
 sub-serrate: raceme leafy: calyx liirsute, with reflexed sinuses. 18 — 241. S. T. 
 
 Y. W. V. P. C. D. F. O. N. Mch. 
 infa'ta,* (wild tobacco. O. b. Ju. ^.) erect, branching, very hirsute: leaves ovate, 
 
 serrate: racemes leafy: capsules intlated. 12 — 18 1. S. Mch. 
 kalmii, (O. b. Ju. 0.) slender, erect, sub-simple: radical leaves spatulate; cauline 
 
 ones linear, delicately toothed: flowers racemed, alternate, remote, pedicelled. 
 
 Var. gracilis, has a minutely scabrous stem: peduncles shorter than the flowers: 
 
 segments of the calyx longer than the capsule. 6 — 24 i. S. Mch. 
 claytuniana, Mx. (1) (O. b. Ju. ZT-) erect, sinjple sub-pubescent: leaves oblong, ob- 
 
 tusish; radical ones entire; cauline ones denticulate above: raceme wand-like; 
 
 bracts subulate. 18—24 i. S. Mch. 
 jfuberula, Mx. (W. b. Ju. 7S-) erect, very simple, pubescent: leaves oblong-oval, re- 
 
 pand-serrulate: flowers spiked, alternate, sub-sessile: germs hispid: calyx ciliate. 
 
 2 f. &'. P. Charleston, S, C. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 aphylla, N. (If.) very small: stem fihform, sub-simple, scaly: peduncles remote, 
 elongated. 4 — 6 i. Florida. 
 
 amoc'na, Mx. (b. Ju. 2/. ) erect, very glabrous, (pubescent, E.): leaves broad-lanceo- 
 late, serrate: spike many-flowered, one-sided: divisions of the calyx entire: inferior 
 divisions of the corol oval, acute. 2 — 3 f. S — C. 
 
 glandulosa, Wr. (b. S. 2_[.) stem erect: leaves lance-linear, somewhat fleshy, denti- 
 culate: flowers in racemes. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 fulgens, Donn. (VV. r. Ju, 2Lf.) erect, simple, sub-pubescent: leaves very long-lanceo- 
 late, attenuated, sub-entire: raceme many-|lowered: stamens and pistils as long 
 as the coiol. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 viickauxii, N. (2) (p. Ju. 0.) glabrous, branching above: leaves petioled, ovate, cre- 
 nate-dentate; lowest ones roundish: racemes lax: peduncles elongated. 
 
 5 — 3. LoEFLiNGiA. 30. Ille. ast — . 
 Sojdhern. 
 squarrosa, N. (0.) glandular-pubescent, much branched: leaves subulate-setaceous 
 and squarrose: stamens 3 — 5: stigmas sessile: capsule triangular, at length exsert- 
 ed. California. 
 
 3 — 2. Lo'lium. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 perenne, (darnel. M. ![.) florets much longer than the glume, unarmed, Hnear-oblong, 
 compressed. Introduced 18 i. B. P. C. M. N. 
 
 temulentum, (Ju. i?f.) florets shorter than the glumes, as long as the bristle at their ex- 
 tremity: culm scabrous above. 2 f. P. Mch. 
 
 5 — 1. Loni'ce'ra. (3) 58. Capr. r. cat — . h. lax — . 
 
 hirsuta, Ea. (rough woodbine, y. J. ^.) corol ringent, hairy: filaments bearded: 
 leaves hirsute, abruptly acuminate; lower ones obovate; upper ones connate, 
 (ovate, oval and obovate.) Flowers in whorled spikes, large: leaves ciliate, all 
 very hairy. Stem twining around trees to the heigiit of 20 to 30 feet. This 
 species is remarkably different from all other species of the genus; being very 
 rough and hair}'. Found first two miles west of Williams College, Mass. where I 
 saw hundreds in flower, climbing the trees and shrubs of an elevated ridge or hill, 
 
 Loeflingia. In honor of P. Loefling, a Swedish botanist. 
 
 Lolium. Lat. loUum. Loloa is the Celtic name of this grass. 
 
 Lonicera. To commemorate Adam Lonicer, a physician of Frankfort, in the six- 
 teenth century. 
 * This species was formerly considered annual, but the error has been shown by 
 
 Dr. Coffin, of Troy. 
 
 (1) spicata, Lk. goodenioides, W. pallida, M. (2) cliffbrtiana, Mx. not L. 
 
 (3) Caprifolium, J. 
 
LOfflCEllA, LUDWIGIA. 806 
 
 jri (he siimnier of 1817. It has since been found in Middlebury, Vt., Worceslerj 
 
 Mass., Troy and Fairfield, N. Y.* See Boston Flofa, p. 88. 2d ed. D. V. Mch. 
 jSaoa, Sims. (1) (W. y. J. fp.) spikes with whorled iieads: corol sub-ringent-like, 
 
 ti^ith divisions oblong, obtuse: leaves ovate, glaucous beneath, with cartilaginous 
 
 margins; upper ones connate-perfoliate. S. Catskiil Mt. 
 parviflora, Lk. (2) (W. r-j. J. fp.) spikes with whorled heads: corol ringent, gibbous 
 
 at the base: filaments bearded: leaves deciduous, glaucous beneath, connate; floral 
 
 Ones perfoliate. «S. T. N. Mch. 
 grata, A. (r. y. J. h.) spike with whorls very near each other: corol ringent-like, 
 
 tvith a long tube: leaves perennial, obovate, sub-mucronate, net-veined and pale/ 
 
 beneath; uppet ones connate-perfoliate. S. Y. C. 
 sempervirens, A. (r. y. M. >?.) spikes with distant, nakedish whorls: corols sub-equal: 
 
 tube ventricose above: leaves ovate and obovate, glaucous beneath; upper ones 
 
 connate-perfoliate. Leaves perennial. S. Y. P. C. D. Florida. 
 doughisiii (W; >;.) branches twining: leaves oval, acute at both ends, petioled^ gla- 
 brous, ciliate, downy outside, upper ones connate: flowers head-spiked: stigma 
 
 eisert. 
 
 Exotic, 
 caprifolium, {honeysuckle, h.) corols ringent-like, terminal: sessile leaves connate-" 
 
 perfoliate at the top. 
 peridymenum, (woodbine. J. >).) flowers in ovate, imbricate, terminal heads: leaves 
 
 all distinct. Var. quercifoliai leaves sinuate. 
 
 Southerm 
 eiliosum, Ph. (W. y. J. >i.) spikes with whorled, approximate heads, sub-sessile: 
 corol sub-equal; tube hirsute, ventricose in the middle: leaves somewhat clasping, 
 sessile and petioled, ovate, glaucous beneath; margin distinctly ciliate; upper onesr 
 connate-perfoliate. 
 
 Lonicera, Diervilla, Xylosteum. 
 
 Lopanthus, Hyssop Ds. 
 
 Lophiolia, CoNOSTYLis.f 
 
 Lotus, Trigonella. 
 
 4 — 1. Lddwig'ia. 88. Onag. ton. 
 
 allemifolia, (3) (seed box. O. y. Ju. H.) erect, branching, sub-glabrous: leaves alter- 
 nate, lanceolate, hoary beneath: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered: capsules 4-sided; 
 divisions of the calyx large, colored, persistent. 1 — 3 f S. Mch. 
 
 pilosa,yVr. (4) (y. Ju. 21.) erect, branching, hirsute: leaves alternate, oblong, sessile* 
 hirsute both sides: peduncles 1-flowered, axillary: capsules globose, quadrangular^ 
 winged, 2-bracted at the base. 2 f S. Y. M. S— C. 
 
 Uniflora, R. ( ) stem straight, simple: leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, glabrous: 
 flower terminal; petals longer than the calyx. Probably alternifolia. Toriey. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 moUiSf Mx. (Au. 21.) villous: stem erect, much branched: leaves lanceolate: flowers 
 
 generally clustered: capsule globose, 2-leaved. 
 capitataj Mx. (5) (y. Au. 7i.) stem erect, virgate: leaves lance-linear, glabrous! 
 
 flowers generally in terminal heads: bracts longer than the calyx. 
 pedunculosa, Mx. (y. J. 2i-) stem procumbent, radicant: leaves opposite, lanceolateS 
 
 peduncles l-9owered, longer than the leaves. 3 — 6 i. S — C. 
 
 Ludwigia. In honor of Ludwig, Prof of Medicine at Leipsic, 1733. 
 
 (1) fraseri. Ph. (2) dioica & media, L. Caprifolium bracteosum, Mx. 
 
 (3) macrocarpa, Mx. ramosissima, Wr. RJiexia linarifolia, Poir. (4) hirsuta, 
 
 Ph. (5) suff'ruticosa, Wr. 
 
 *I published this species in the Manual in the year 1818, and repeated it in the 
 succeeding editions. Afterwards Goldie came to this state, and also travelled in 
 Canada, where he found it. and examined it with my Manual. In 1822 lie published it 
 as a new discovery, under the name Capriiblium pubesceiis, in the Edinburgh Phil. 
 Journal. 
 
 39 
 
306 LUDWIGIA, LUPINUS. 
 
 linearis, Wt. (1) {y. t. 21-) stem erect, branching, angled near the summit: leaves 
 
 alternate, linear, glabrous, sub-serrulate: flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. 2 f. 
 
 S— C. 
 polycarpa, { Oc.) erect, much branched: leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute at each 
 
 end, alternate, glabrous: flowers apetalous? closely sessile, axillary and congie- 
 
 galed: capsules spherical, two-leaved. 1 to 3 f. Discovered by H. A. Griswold, 
 
 in wet lands around Louisville, Ky. 
 decuneus, Wr. (2) (W. y. Au. 0.) erect, very branching, glabrous: leaves alternate, 
 
 lance-oval, decurrent: flowers octandrous. 2 f. Cliarleston, S — C. K. 
 natans, E. (y. Ju.) swinuning and creeping: leaves opposite, lance-spatuiate: flowers 
 
 axillary, sessile, petals as long as the calyx. Charleston, S — C. 
 
 Ludtclgia, Isnakuia. 
 
 14 — 1. Luna lUA. 03. Cruc. asc. dia. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 annua, (honesty, satin pod. p. S •) leaves obtusely toothed: silicles oval, obtuse at 
 
 both ends. "Naturalized. 
 ■redivioa, (honesty, b-p. ZC-) leaves with niucronate teeth: silicles tapering to both 
 ends. Flowers odorous. 
 
 16 — 10. Lupinas'tku. 93. Legu. s. ano. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 7nacrocephalus, Ph. (3) (W. y. &. p. M. 2i-) leafets nine, oblanceolate; petioles very 
 
 long: stipules wedge-lbrm, gash 3-toothed: teeth of the calyx filiform, plumose. 
 
 16 — 10. Lupi'nus. 93. Legu. f. nut. g-f. asc. 
 
 perennis. (wild lupine. O. b. r-y. M. 7J..) stem and leaves smoothish: leaves digitate, 
 
 with about 8 to 10 leafets, which are oblanceolate, obtusish: flowers alternate; 
 
 calyx not appendaged: banner emarginate; keel entire. 12 — 18 i. -S. Mch. 
 noutkutcnsis, Donn. (W. Ju. 2i.) stem and leaves hirsute: leaves digitate; leafets 
 
 (7 — 8) lanceolate, obtuse: calyxes whorled, not appendaged: banner emarginate; 
 
 keel entire. 
 decumbens, T. & J. (W. p.) suflruticose, sub-decumbent: flowers pedicelled, somewhat 
 
 whorled, bracted: calyx silky-hirsute: banner and keel entire: leafets lance-oblong, 
 
 acute and obtuse, silky beneath. 
 Icpidiis, Lind. ( Zf.) lierbaceous: flowers alternate: pedicels without bracts: vipper' 
 
 lip of the villose calyx, 2-parted, lower one acuminate, long: leafets 5 to 7-lanceo- 
 
 late, both sides silky: flower-stem erect somewhat l-flowcred. ' R. 
 miniimis, Doug. ( 21.) herbaceous: dense-silky-pilose, small: stem 1 — 2-leaved; 
 
 leafets 7 — 9, lanceolate acute, attenuate below: flowers alternate and verticillate; 
 
 pedicels without bracts: upper lip of the calyx bifid at the apex; lowier lip entire: 
 
 root small sub- fusiform. 6 — 8 i. R. 
 polyphyllus, Lind. (w. b. If.) herbaceous, tall: leafets 11 — 15, lanceolate, hirsute 
 
 beneath: flowers alternate in a very long raceme, rarely sub-verticillate, bractless: 
 
 pedicels longer tiian the deciduous, lanceolate bracts: both lips of the calyx entire: 
 
 leo^umes yery densely pilose. 3 — 4 f. R. 
 sericcus, Ph. (W. r. p. Ju. IJ.) stem and leaves silky-tomentose: leaves digitate: 
 
 leafets (7 — 8) lanceolate, acute, silky both sides: calyxes somewhat whorled, not 
 
 appendaged: banner gashed; keel entire. 
 ornalus, Doug. ( 21.) flowers verticillate with a small appendage: upper lip of 
 
 the calyx bifid; lower lip entire, long; leafets 7 — 12, lance-linear, both sides silvery 
 
 tomentose: legunies 4 — 5-seeded. R. 
 arhustus, Doug. ( Z{.) flowers alternate, pedicelled, bracted: upper lip of the 
 
 calyx bifid; lower lip entiie, acute: leafets 7 — 13, obovate-oblong, silky both sides: 
 
 legumes 3— 5-sceded. A. R. 
 
 Lunaria. Lat. luna, moon, in allusion to the broad, round, silvery silicles. 
 
 Lupinaster. That is to say, Lvpinc-liLc. 
 
 Lupinus. Lat. lupns, a wolf: because this plant ravages the soil by overrunning it 
 
 after the manner of this animal. 
 
 (1) angustifolia, Mx. (2) Jussiaea, Dc. (3) Trifolium megacephalum, Hk. 
 
LUPINUS. 307 
 
 laxiflorus, Lind. ( ![.) herbaceous; on all sides pilose: flowers sub-alternate, 
 bractless: upper lip of the calyx entire, saccate at tlie base; lower lip longer, ovate- 
 acuminate: keel beardless; banner ob-cordate: leafets 7 — 9-lance-linear: stipules 
 very small subulate. A variety has the leafets linear, and calyx less saccate at the 
 base. R. 
 
 littoiulis, Doug. ( 2I-) flowers verticillate, pedicelled, bractless: both lips of the 
 calyc entire: leafets 5 — 7, linear-spatulale silky both sides: legumes 10 — 12-seed- 
 ed, transversely sulcate: roots granulated. R. 
 
 albkauUs, Doug. ( ?{•) tall: leaves numerous; leaves and stem minutely silky- 
 pubescent, pubescence becoming somewhat tawney; leafets 7 — 9, lance-spatulate, 
 mucronate: tlewers mostly verticillate, bractless: bracts when present subulate, 
 sub-persistent, equalling the silky pedicels: calyx fulvous -silky, both lips entire. 
 R. 
 
 aridus, Doug. (p. It.) heibaceous, silky-hirsute: flowers verticillate, pedicelled, 
 bracted: upper lip of the calyx bifid, lower one entire: leafets 5-^9-lance-linear, 
 villose: stipules subulate. R. 
 
 leucophijUus, Lind. ( TJ..) herbaceous, very villose: flowers alternate, pedicelled, 
 bracted: upper lip of calyx bifid; lower lip entire: leaves digitate; leafets 7 — 9, 
 lance-oblong: stipules subulate, woolly. R. 
 
 pliimosus, Doug. ( 2i') silky-villose: flowers alternate, shortly pedicelled, bracted: 
 upper lip of the calyx bifid; lower one entire: leafets 5 — 7, lanceolate: legume gla- 
 brous, 3 — 5-seeded: bracts longer than the flowers, villose, deciduous. North 
 Carohna. R. 
 
 sabinii, Doug. (y. 2i. ^?) erect, high: stem a little glabrous, striate: leaves with 
 the hairs short, fulvous, silky: leafets 9 — 11, lanceolate, acuminate, attenuated to 
 the base: flowers whorled, bractless: bracts if present, long, subulate, silky, decidu- 
 ous: calyx very pilose, base gibbous; upper lip short-bifid; lower lip entire, reflexed; 
 pedicels long: legumes silky-villose, fulvous, somewhat 4-seeded, terminated with 
 the persistent style. R. 
 
 sulplnireiis, Doug. ( y. 2X.) erect: stem angular-sulcate, with scattered, silky leaves: 
 leafets 12 — 14, narrow, lanceolate, base and apex acuminate: bracts subulate, decidu- 
 ous: flowers verticillate, bractless: calyx very silky, sub-gibbose at the base; upper 
 lip sub-bifid, lower one longer, entire. A. R; 
 
 bicolor, Lind. (w. p. b. 0.) stem branching, procumbent, leafy: stem and leaves pilose, 
 scarcely silky: leafets 5 — 7, linear-spatulate: whorls few-flowered: calyx silk- 
 woolly, without appendage; upper lip bifid, lower lip long, entire: wings longer 
 than the banner: legumes many-seeded. R. 
 
 micrantlnis, Doug. (p. C--) flowers sub-verticillate, sessile, bracted: upper lip of the 
 calyx bifid, lower one entire: leafets .5 — 7, linear-spatulate, ciliate: legumes 6-seed- 
 ed, transversely sulcate: stem ramose: root granulated. R. 
 
 pusillvs, Ph. (W. b. J. 0. or $ .) small and very hirsute: leaves digitate; leafets 
 (5 — 7) wedge oblong, glabrous above; calyxes alternate, not appendaged: banner 
 2-paited; keel entire: legume about 2-seeded. 4 — 6 i. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 alhis, (white lupine, w. An. C?-) calyxes not appendaged, alternate: banner entire; 
 
 keel 3-tootlied. 
 hirsittus, (garden lupine, b. 0.) calyxes appendaged, alternate: banner 2-parted; 
 
 keel 3-toothed. 
 pilosus, (rose lupine, r. w. 0.) calyxes appendaged, whorled: banner 2-parted; keel 
 
 entire. 
 lutevs, (yellow lupine, y. 0.) calyxes appendaged, whorled: banner 2-parted; keel 
 
 3-toothed. 
 
 ^mttlicrn. 
 
 villosus, (hairy lupine, w. r. p. J. It.) very villose: leaves simple, oblong: calyxes 
 
 not apfiendaged, aUernate in a long spike: banner 2-clefi; keel entire, long. Florida. 
 diffiisus, N. (Ap. li-) villose, silky: stems numerous, diffuse, decumbent: leaves 
 
 simple, oblong, obovate: petioles and stipules short, naked. S — C. 
 argentcus, Ph. (VV. y-w. Ju. 2S-) leaves digitat-^; leafets (.5 — 7) lance-linear, acute, 
 
 glabrous above, silvery silkey beneath: calyxes alternate, not appendaged: banner 
 
 obtuse; keel entire. 
 
308 LUZULA, LyCQPODIUM. 
 
 6 — 1. LczuLA. (1) 13. June, ton— r. 
 
 pUosa, (O. M. 21-) leaves hairy: panicle sub-cymose: peduncles 1-flowered, reflexed: 
 
 glume-like sepals acuminate, rather shorter than the obtuse capsule. 6 i. iVIch. 
 campestns, (O. M. If.) leaves hairy: spikes sessile and peduncled: glume-like sepals 
 
 acuminate, longer than the obtuse capsule. If. <S'. Mch. 
 melanocarpa, Mx. (W. Ju.) culm leafy: leaves sub-lanceolate, smooth; paqicles 
 
 capillary, loose; flowers distinctly pedicelled: capsules black. White Mts. 
 spicata, W. (Au.) leaves narrow, hairy at the throat: spike nodding, compound: 
 
 glume-like sepals acuminate-awned, about as long as the roundish capsule. 8 i, 
 
 White Mts. 
 
 10 — 5. Lych'nis. 82. Lych. dem. cata. 
 
 apetala, (A. It.) calyx inflated: corol shorter than the calyx: stem about 1-flowered. 
 
 R. Canada. 
 nlpina, W. (r. Zf.) glabrous: flowers in dense umbelled heads: petals 2-cleft: styles 
 
 4. Lajjradof. Canada. 
 
 Pxotic. 
 
 ahalcedonica, (scarlet liphnis. r. J. 21-) flowers fascicled, level-top, or convex. 
 viscaria, (clammy lichnie. 21.) stem geniculate, viscous: petals entire: capsule 5- 
 
 celled. 
 fios'cuculi^ (ragged robin. Zf.) petal? torn: capsule 1-celled, roundish. 
 
 4—1. Ly'ciuji. 38. Sola. dis. exp. 
 Exotic. 
 bar'barum. (matrimony vine. r. y» J. \ .) stem angled: branches erect: leaves lancer 
 plate, tapering to both ends: calyx mostly 3-cleft. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 parolinianum, Wr. (L. p. Ju. Tp.) unarmed: leaves clustered, narrow wedge-form, 
 Peshy: tlowers 4-cleft, tetrandrous. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 21 — 1. Lycopo'dium. 5. Fili. sec-stim. 
 1. Spikes peduncled. 
 
 davatum, (club-moss. O. g. Ju.) stem creeping: branches ascending: leaves scatter- 
 ed, incurve-bristle-bearing, serrate: spikes in pairs or single, peduncled, cylindric: 
 scales ovate, acuminate, erose-dentate. Woods. Mch, 
 
 complanatum, (ground-pine. yV. g-y. Ju. 2f.) creeping, erectish: branches alternate, 
 dichotomoas: leaves bifareous. connate, spreading at the lips: spikes in pairs, pe- 
 duncled. Woods. K B. C. O. T. Mph. 
 
 caroliniannm, W. (W. Ju. 210 stem creeping: leaves somewhat 2-ranked, spreading, 
 lanceolate: pedunples erect, solitary, elongated, 1-spiked: bracts sub-lanceolate. 
 
 5. P. Y. B. C. 
 
 fabinaefolium, W. (2) (W. Ju. 2X.) stem erect: branches alternate, dichotomous: 
 leaves lanceolate, acute, pointing 4-ways, appressed, convex: peduncles solitary, 
 1-spiked; spikes terete: scales sub-cordate, acuminate. 
 
 2. Spikes sessile: leaves surrounding the stem. 
 
 dendroideum, Mx. (tree-weed. W. g. Ju. 2S.) erect: branches erect: leaves in six 
 equal rows: spikes solitary, numerous. Woods. S. B. C. K. Mch. 
 
 Luzula. These plants were called by the old botanists Oramen Luzvle. 
 
 Lychnis. Gr. luchnos, a lamp or lanthorn; either so called because its leaves were 
 
 used as wicks, or from the resemblance of the calyx to a lanthorn. 
 Lycium. Gr. Lvkion. So called, it is supposed, from Lycia, its native country. 
 Lycopodium. Gr. lukos, wolf, and poiis, (podos) the foot; from the incurved epda 
 
 of the brq.nches: or because the root was compared to a wolf's foot. 
 
 (1) Juncus, L. &. Mx. (2) alpinum, Mx. 
 
LYCOPODIUM, LYC0PU6, 809 
 
 (Ju. Zf.) erect: branches spreading: leaves in six unequal rows: spikes 
 one or few, solitary. B. C. 
 
 annotinum, W, (running ground-pine. W. Ju. Zf.) stem creeping: branches twice 2- 
 parted, ascending: leaves pointing five ways, lance-linear, mucronate, spreading 
 and serrulate near the lips: spike solitary, terminal. P. Canada. Mch. 
 
 inundatnm, W. (Ju. Zf.) stem creeping, sub-ramose: branches simple, solitary, erect, 
 1 -spiked at the lop: spike leafy: leaves linear, scattered, acute, entire, curved, 
 above. Y. C. 
 
 alopecuroides, W. (Ju. If.) stem creeping, sub-ramose: branches simple, long, as- 
 cending, 1 -spiked at the top: leaves linear-subulate, ciiiate-toothed at the base, 
 spreading: spike leafy. S. Y. P. 
 
 jsalaginoides, VV. (Ju. If.) stem creeping: branches simple, ascending: leaves scat- 
 tered, lanceolate, spreading, ciiiate-toothed: spikes solitary, terminal, leafy. S. 
 
 ,nipestre, (festoon pine. Ju. Zf.) stem creeping, branching: branches sub-divided, as- 
 cending: leaves scattered, lance-linear, ciliate, with hairs at the apex: spikes soli- 
 tary, terminal. Rocks and gravelly banks. T. Y. N. P. B. Mch. 
 
 3. Spikes sessile; leaves 2-ranked. 
 
 albidulum, W. (Au. Z{. ) leaves ovate, acute, denticulate, alternate, close-pressed: 
 spikes terminal, long, 4-sided. S. P. 
 
 apodum, W. (Ju. Zf.) leaves round-ovate, acute, flat, denticulate with superficial al- 
 ternating points: stem branching, rooting near the base: spikes terminal, sub-soli- 
 tary. P. Y. 
 
 4. Capsules axillary. 
 
 .lucid'ulum, Mx. (1) (moon-fruit pine. M. y. 21-) stems assurgent, with a few longish 
 branches: leaves spreading shining, lance-linear, serrate, about in 8 rows. C. B. 
 T. W. N. V. Mch. 
 
 /celago, (A.) leaves scattered, entire, lanceolate, awnless, in 8 equal rows: stems 
 dichotoraous, erect, fastigiate. White Mts. 
 
 Southei-n, 
 fristachymum, Ph. (A. Ju. 2X.) stems erect: branches alternate, dichotomous, sub-com- 
 pressed: leaves lanceolate, acute, appressed, pointing 4 ways: peduncles solitary, 
 elongated, 3-spiked: spikes terete: scales loundish, acuminate. 
 
 5 — 1. Lycop'sis. 43. Bora. ton. honey-pti. 
 
 firvensis, (wild buglos. W. b. Ju. ^.) 'ihispid: leaves lanceolate, repand-toothed: 
 racemes in pairs: flowers sessile. Probably introduced. iS. B. C. N. 
 
 virginica, (w. J. 0.) small, hispid: lower leaves spatulate; upper ones linear-oblong, 
 entire: racemes solitary: flowers peduncled. S. B. 
 
 2 — 1. Lyco'pus. 42. Labi. fra. sto. ton. 
 
 europctus, (2) (water hoar-hound. W. w. Ju. Zt-) lower leaves gashed; upper ones 
 lanceolate, serrate: calyx acqminate-spined. Flowers small, whorled. Damp. 
 1—3 f &'. T. Y. P. C. V. B. N. F. O. Mch. 
 
 virginicvs, (bugle-weed. W. w. J. Zf.) leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, at the base 
 narrowed and entire: calyx very short, spineless. Var. querdfolius, leaves sinu- 
 ate-pinnatifid. Damp. 2 f & C. B. T. D. F. O. N. Mch. 
 
 Tunijlorus, Mx. (3) (w. J. 21.) leaves lanceolate, sub-serrate, glabrous: suckers pro- 
 cumbent. A low plant, with flowers mostly solitary. Canada. 
 
 obtusif alius, Ya.hl. (Zf-) leafets lanceolate, remotely and obtusely serrate. Hudson's 
 Bay. 
 
 Lycopsis. Gr. Ivkopsis, from Ivkos, wolf, and ops, the eye; the small blue flowers 
 having been compared to a wolf's eye. 
 
 Lycopus. Gr. lukos, wolf, and pous, foot; so named on account of a fancied re- 
 semblance between the cut leaves and a wolf's foot. 
 (1) reflexnm, Sh. (2) angustifolius and sinuatus, E. exaltatus, Ph. vulgaris, 
 
 P. americanus, M. (3) pumilus, Vahl. 
 
310 LYGODESMIA, LYSIMACHIA, 
 
 17 — 1. Lygodes'mia. 53. Cich. sal. asc. ase. 
 
 juncea, Don. (1) ( H.) stem very branching, striate: leaves linear-subulate: 
 
 hairs of the pappus very numerous, scabrous. K. 
 minor, H. ( Z(-) stem very branching, obscurely striate: leaves linear-subulate, 
 
 short: hairs of the pappus about IG, plumose. lU — 24 i. R. 
 
 Lygodcsmia, Prenakthes, 
 21 — 1. Lygo'dium. 5. Fili. sec-stim. 
 
 palmatnm, Sz. (2) (climbing fern. g-y. Au. 2i.) stem climbing, leaves palmate, 5- 
 lobed; divisions lanceolate, obtuse: spikelets terminal, compound panicled. 3 — 4f. 
 S. Granby, Amherst. Mass. Near Camden, N. J. McNab. 
 
 Lyonia, Andromeda, Cynanchum. 
 5 — 1. Lysima'chia. 35. Prim. sed. sop. 
 
 stricta, A. (3) (loosestrife. O. y. Ju. 2f.) raceme terminal, very long, lax: leaves 
 opposite, or in threes, lanceolate, sessile: petals lanceolate, spreading. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 thyrsiflora, (4) (O. y. J. If-) stem simple, smooth: leaves sessile, lanceolate, oppo- 
 site, acute, paler beneath: racemes lateral, long-peduncled. Flowers small — ap- 
 pearance unlike tlie rest of the genus. 12 — IS i. Mcli. 
 
 quudnfolla, (5) (O. y. J. 2i-) pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, oval, acuminate, punc- 
 tate, whorled, or in nearly opposite pairs, with axillary, 1-flovvered peduncles: 
 divisions of the corol oval, entire. Leaves vary from opposite, to seven in a whorl. 
 12— 18i. -S'. Mch. 
 
 ciliaia, (moneywort. O. y. J. 2X0 sub-pubescent: leaves opposite, long-petioled, sub- 
 cordate-ovaf; petioles ciliate: pedicels somewhat in pairs: flowers nodding. 2 — 4 f. 
 S. Mch. 
 
 hyhridn, Mx. (6) (W. y. J. H,) glabrous: leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, acute 
 at both ends; petioles ciliate: flowers nodding: corol shorter than the calyx; 
 divisions crenulate. P. Y. B. Niagara Falls. Mch. 
 
 revobUa, N. (VV. y. J. Z[.) smooth: stem 4-sided, simple: leaves linear, sessile, taper- 
 ing to both ends; margin revolute; peduncles solitary: divisions of the calyx 
 lanceolate, veiy acute: segments of the corol round-oval^'ebruptly acuminate. 
 6— 18i. D. K. Mch. 
 
 quadrifinn, Sims. (7) (W. 21-) branching: stem smooth: leaves sessile, opposite, 
 very long linear: peduncles in fours, sub-terminal, 1-flowered. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 herhemon'ti, E. (2i.) flowers in terminal racemes; lower ones whorled; upper ones 
 scattered: leaves in fours, lance-ovate, sessile, 3-nerved. 2 f. S — C. 
 
 lanceolnla, Ph. (2Z-) very glabrous, erect, simple: leaves in fours, sub-petioled, lance- 
 olate, prominently acuminate: peduncles in fours, many-flowered: upper flowers 
 racemed: divisions of the corol ovate, acute. 
 
 hdcrophylic, Mx. (AV. .Tu. 2/.) stem erect, glabrous, branching: lower leaves roundish; 
 upper ones linear, sessile: flowers axillary, nodding: peduncles shorter than the 
 leaves. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 angustifoUn, Mx. (y. 21.) very glabrous branching: leaves opposite and whorled, 
 long-linear, punctate: racemes terminal, short: divisions of the corol oblong. 
 
 Lygodesmia. Gr. lugodes, pliant, mia, one, or meivo, to diminish. Sed quere. 
 
 Lygodiuin. Gr. lugudes, pliant, flexible, slender; from the habit of this elegant ge- 
 nus of climbing ferns. 
 
 Lysimachia. Named either after Lysimachus, a general of Alexander, or a king of 
 Sicily; or from Gr. lusis maclies, answering loose strife. 
 (1) Prenanthes juncea. Ph. (2) Hydroglossum, W. Ophioglossum, L. Ctei- 
 
 sium paniculatum, Mx. (3) bulb^fera, C. racemosa, Lk. (4) capitata, Ph. 
 
 (5) heterophylla, N. angustifolia, W. (6) hirsuta, Mx. punctata, Wr. (7) longi- 
 
 folia, Ph. 
 
LYTHRUM, MADIA. 311 
 
 II — 1. Ly'thrum. 91. Sali. ast-f. dia. 
 
 salicaria, Var. puhesccns, Pli. (milk willow-herb p. Jn. 7i.) pubescent: leaves opposite 
 
 and in threes, sessilo, lanceolate, cordate at the base: flowers terminal, whorled- 
 
 spiked: capsules oblono-; stamens \'i. 2 f. Canada. Mch. 
 verlicdtalum, (1) (swamp willow-herb, grass poley. W. p. Au. 7i-) pubescent: leaves 
 
 opposite, or in threes, lanceolate, petioled; dowers axillary, somewhat in whorls: 
 
 fruit tjlobose; stamens 10. Wet. 2 f. &'. T. i\. Mch. 
 hyssopifoimni, N. (dwarf grass poley. W. w. p. 21.) leaves alternate and opposite, 
 
 lance-linear and sub-oval: flowers solitary, axillary. Hexaudrous. 6 — 10 i. C 
 
 St. Clair, Detroit. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 virgatum, W. (2) (VV. p. Ju. U.) leaves opposite, lanceolate, glabrous: stem 
 paniclcd: flowers axillary, in three.s. pedicelled: stamens 12. S — C. 
 
 alaluvi, Ph. (W. p. Ju. Zf.) very glabrous: stem winged: leaves opposite and alter- 
 nate, closely sessile, sub-cordate, ovate-oblong: flowers liexandrous, axillary, soli- 
 tary, sessile. 2 — 3 f. Marshes. 
 
 lineaie, W. (w. Ju. 2X.) glabrous, virgate-panicled: leaves linear, somewhat opposite: 
 flowers axillary, solitary, hexaudrous. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 M. 
 
 13—1. Macbri'dea. 42. Labi. fra. sto. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pulchra, E. (p. tk w. Au. 2X.) stem erect, simple: leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, 
 
 serrulate, punctate, ciliate, glabrous beneath, somewhat hairy above; upper ones 
 
 sessile; lower ones attenuated at the base as if petioled. 12 — 18 i. S — C. 
 
 20 — 4. Maclu'ra. 9S. Atro. nar. ton. ano. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 auranliacea. N. (W. f^ .) leaves petioled, oval, acumina*, very entire, sub-mucronate, 
 
 smooth and shining above; petiole and nerves minutely hirsute, pubescent beneath: 
 
 fruit axillary, sub-sessile, surface verrucosa. 20 — 30 f. 
 
 Macropodium, Packypodium. 
 
 12 — 1. Macro'trys, R.* 61. Ranu. f. poi. r. asp. exp. ast. asm. sh. 
 
 racemosa, (3) (bugb'sine, black snake-root, cohosh. W. w. Ju. 21.) leaves decom- 
 pound; ieafets oblong-ovate, gash-toothed: racemes in wand-like spikes: capsules 
 ovate. Woods. 3— 9 f S. Y. O. C. P. D. £. Hudson. 
 
 Joetida, W. (W. Ju. 2i.) leaves decompound; Ieafets ovate, gash-toothed; teeth 
 acute: raceme panicled, nodding: styles 5; capsules ovate, uncinate. 
 
 17 — 2. Mad'ia. 55. Cory. r. exp. ton. sec. 
 viscosa, H. ( ) floweis axillary, solitary, with many florets: rays conspicuous. 
 
 Ly thrum. Gr. luthron, clotted blood; from the deep purple flowers. 
 
 Macbridea. In honor of Dr. Wm. Macbride, of Charleston, S — C. 
 
 Madura. In honor of Wm. Maclure, the President of tJie Am. Geo. Soc. 
 
 Macrotrys. Gr. makros, large, and botrus, bunch or raceme, in allusion to its fructi- 
 fication. This genus has genejally been spelled Macrotys, which is incorrect. 
 Tully. 
 
 Madia. 
 
 (1) Anonymus aquatica, Wr. Decondon aquaticum, Grael. verticillatum, E. 
 
 (2) lanceolatum, E. (3) Cimicifuga serpentaria, Ph. Actasa, L. 
 
 *I retain this genus, for the species racemosa. I yield to authorities in most cases. 
 
 But in this case, I cannot submit to the absurdity; as no one can be better acquainted 
 
 with the cohosh, than myself I have seen hundreds in flower at the same time, in 
 
 a bushy field and open woods, three miles south of Hudson, on Hudson River. In 
 
 this field I drew the description, Gen. and Spec. A. E. 
 
312 MADIA, MALOPE. 
 
 A var. has the dowefS fiub-sessile: rays small. Another var. has the flowers 
 mostly pedicelled: rays large. R. 
 glomeruta, H. ( ) flowers (2—4) glomerate, with few florets, disposed in a terminal 
 corymb: rays obsolete. R. 
 
 12—12. Magno'lia. 75i Magn. b. bit. aro. rhe. 
 
 glauca, (beaver tree, swamp laurel. W. w. J. \^ . ) leaves oval, glaucous beneath: petals 
 obovate, tapering to the base. Var. latifoUa, lias oblusish, deciduous leaves. Van 
 longifolia, has perennial leaves acute at both ends. S. P. Y. B. Baltimore, 
 Florida. 
 
 ecMrremato, Mx. (cucumber tree. W. b-y. J. ^.) leaves oval> acuminate, pubescent 
 beneath: petals obovate, obtusish. 70 f. 5f. P. D. O. M. 
 
 iripetala, W. (1) (umbrella tree. W. w. J. h.) leaves large, wedge-obovate, acute; irt 
 the young state all over silky: petals 9, oval, acute; outer ones reflexed. 25—35 f. 
 & P. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 grandiflora, W. (big laurel, magnolia. W. w. M. fp.) leaves evergreen, oval, thick* 
 leathery: petals broad- obovate, abruptly narrowed into a claw. Var. elliptical 
 leaves oblong-oval, ferruginous beneath: flowers somewhat contracted. Var. oho' 
 rata, leaves oblong-obovate, flowers expanded. Var. lanceolata, leaves oblong-lance- 
 olate, curved at the apex, both sides colored alike: flowers somewhat contracted. 
 60—80 f. Florida. S— C. 
 
 macrophylla, Mx. (W. w. J. Ip.) branches fragile: leaves very large, oblong, sub- 
 cuneale-obovate, sinuate and auricled at the base, glaucous beneath: petals 6, 
 ovate, obtuse. 30 — 35 f. Florida. 
 
 cordata, Mx. (W. A. y. M. '^.) leaves broad-oval or lance-ovate, sub-cordate, sub- 
 tomentose beneath: petals lanoe-oblong, acute. 20 — 40 f. S — C. 
 
 pyramidata, Bartram. (Ap. ^.) leaves rbomb-oboval, abruptly acute, both sides color- 
 ed alike, sub-cordate and auricled at the base; lobes divaricate: petals lanceolate, 
 gradually acute. 
 
 Mahoiiia, Berberis. 
 
 Majantheytium, ConvallaRia. 
 
 Malachodendran, Stuartia. 
 
 18 — 1. Malax'is. 21. Orch. r. amy. aro. 
 
 liliifolia, (2) (twayblade. W. w. y. p. J. 11.) leaves 2, lance-ovate or oval; scape 
 3-cornered: inner petals filiform, reflexed, 2-colored; lip concave, obovate, mucro- 
 tjate. This species is often mentioned as somewhat tare; but I have seen hundred* 
 irt flower at one time along the north side of Pine rock. New Haven. 4 — 8 i. S. 
 C. T. F. N. Mch. 
 
 longifolia, B. (3) (W. y-g. J. TX-) bulb roundish: scape 2-leaved: leaves broad-lance 
 olate, longer than the scape: spike oblong: lip cordate, concave, channelled, shorter 
 than the petals. 3—7 i. T. 
 
 loeselii, ( y. ) leaves two, lance-ovate: scape 3-cornered: lip ovate, recurved at the 
 apex. Damp. In New England. Hitchcock. 
 
 Malaxis, Microstylis. 
 15—12. Mal'ope. 74. Malv. muc. 
 Southern, 
 malacoides (4) (y. 0.) leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, crenate, glabrous above; pedun- 
 cles solitary, axillary. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 Malus, Pyrus. 
 
 Magnolia. In honor of Peter Magnol, a botanist of Montpelier. 
 
 Malaxis. Gr. malakia, softness, expressive of the delicacy and softness of these 
 
 plants. 
 Malope. Supposed to be a corruption ofmrdachc, mallows. 
 
 (1) umbrella, Lk. (2) Ophrys, L. (3) correana, B. (4) Malva americana. 
 
313 
 
 15—12. Mal'va. 74. Malv. moi. 
 
 roiuttdifolia, (low mallows. O. r. w. J. 21-) leaves heart-orbicular, obsoletely 5-lobed: 
 peduncles bearing the fruit declined: stem prostrate. Probably introduced. Mch. 
 
 rhndarit!, Doug. ( r. ) stem herbaceous, stellate-hairy: leaves a little scabrous, 
 cordate, deeply 5 to 7-cleft; lobes acute: peduncles terminal and axillary, 6 to 8- 
 flowered. Kocky Mt. and west. 
 
 hederacea, Doug. ( r. 2/.) stem short, procumbent: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered: 
 petals stellate-hairy. West of Rocky Mt. 
 
 houghlonii, T. (Ju. Au. p.) stellately hairy: stem herbaceous, erect? leaves crenate, 
 deltoid-ovate, the radical ones cordate at the base: flowers in a loose terminal 
 panicle; bracteoles 3, linear-spatulate: carpels numerous, not wrinkled. N. W. 
 Territory. Illinois. 
 
 munrouna, Dougl. (J. 2_f. r.) lower leaves cordate-orbicular, toothed; upper ones 
 somewhat trifid and incised, pubescent: flowers fascicled, somewhat spiked; pedun- 
 cles declined in fruit: bracteoles 2 to 3, slender, deciduous: carpels 8 to 10. 
 Oregon. This is the NuttuUia Munroana of the 7th edition. 
 
 plicata, N. (2i.) stellately and somewhat canescently tomento'se, rather thick: stem 
 prostrate, flexuous: leaves reniform-cordate, undivided, crenately serrate, somewhat 
 plicate: flowers nearly sessile, solitary: petals stellately pubescent on the back. 
 Oregon. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 sylvestris, (mallows, r-b. J. $. and 2i.) stem erect: leaves about 7-lobed, acutish: 
 peduncles and petioles hairy. 
 
 crispa, (curled mallows. Au. 0.) stem erect: leaves angular, crisped: flowers axillary, 
 glomerate. 
 
 mosc/iata, (musk mallows. 2i-) stem erect: radical leaves reniform, gashed: cauline 
 ones 5-parted, pinnate, many cleft: leafets of the involucre linear. Naturalized. 
 
 tirmta, (whip-stalk mallows, r. If. and h.) leaves deeply 3-lobed, toothed, wedge- 
 form at the base: peduncles in pairs, longer than the petioles. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 abutiloideSj (p. Ju. If-) leaves with 5 angular lobes, lomentose: peduncles 2-cleft, 
 about 4-flowered, axillary: capsules many-seeded. 
 
 caroUidana,\N. (r. Au. 0.) leaves 5-lobed or palmate, gash-toothed: peduncles longer 
 than the petioles: petals entire: fruit villose: stem prostrate. New Orleans. 
 Florida. 
 
 trianguLata, (1) (p. Ju.) hirsute, sub-decumbent: lower leaves triangular-cordate: 
 upper ones 3 to 5-lobed, irregularly toothed: flowers racemed. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 olitusa, T. ( ) stem prostrate: leaves cordate-orbicular, obtusely 5-lobed; petioles 
 
 elongated, pubescent: peduncles axillary, several together, much shorter than the 
 petioles, declined in fruit? segments of the calyx short, obtusely triangular: invo- 
 lucre 3-leaved, the bracteoles setaceous: carpels numerous, strongly wrinkled. 
 California. 
 
 fasciculata, N. ( ) stellately and canescently pubescent: stem nearly simple: leaves 
 roundish-cordate, somewiiat 3-lobed, on short petioles: rather thick, crenate: 
 flowers in somewhat distant leafless fascicles on the upper part of the stem; pedi- 
 cels very short: segments of the calyx short, acuminate: bracteoles 3, subulate: 
 carpels about 10. California. 
 
 involucrata, T. (r. ) hirsute: stem branching, procumbent.' leaves deeply 3 to 5-parted} 
 segments linear-lanceolate, laciniately 3 to 5-toothed: flowers few, in a loose 
 panicle; peduncles erect, 1-flowered, longer than the leaves: bracteoles 3, lineaf- 
 lanceolate, two thirds the length of the deeply-parted calyx. Texas. 
 
 digitata, T. (24!. p-) glaucous and nearly glabrous: leaves deeply C to 7-parted; seg- 
 ments linear, entire or 2-cleft, the uppermost entire: flowers few, solitary or some- 
 what paniculate, on long peduncles: calyx naked, glabrous. Arkansas. Texas. 
 Nuttalia digitata of 7th ediiion* 
 
 pedata,T. (2^. p.) somewhat scabrous with stellate hairs: leafets pedately 5 to 7- 
 
 Malva. As ifmolva, from Lat. mollis, soft, expressive of the softness of its leaves: 
 or from the Gr. malake, soft, in allusion to the soft niucilagenous qualities of the 
 species. 
 (1 ) M. C. Lavenworth. retusa, W.? 
 
 40 
 
314 MALVA, MARSHALLIA, 
 
 parted; segments laciniately toothed: flowers on elongated peduncles in a loose 
 panicle: calyx naked, slightly hirsute. Arkansas. Texas. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 16 — 12. Mal'tavis'cus. 74. Malv. muc. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Jloridanus, N. (r. li?) pilose, hirsute, herbaceous; leaves cordate-ovate, crenate ob- 
 tusish, small, short-petioled: peduncles axillary, nodding, towards the end of the 
 branches. Florida. 
 
 drummondii, (2X. r.) stem and lower surface of the leaves minutely tomentose: leaves 
 broadly-cordate, somewhat 3-lobed, coarsely and crenately toothed; petiole about 
 half as long as the lamina: flowers solitary on axillary peduncles, or several toge- 
 ther on short flowering branches: involucel S-lcaved, the folioles spatulate, nearly 
 as long as the calyx, erect: column twice as long as the corol: carpels connate. 
 Texas. 
 
 Mammillariii, Cactus. 
 
 3 — 2. Manisu'ris. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 Southern, 
 granularis, {S. 01) glumes of the globose fertile floret verrucose, tesselated; stem 
 erect, branching: sheaths hirsute. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 3 — 1. Mapa'nia. 9. Cype. far. ton. nut. sug. 
 Southern, 
 sylvatica, (W. Ju. Zf-) culm at the base covered with imbricate, lanceolate leaves or 
 scales. 
 
 3 — 1. MARis'cjis. (1) 9. Cype. far. nut. sug. 
 
 retrofracius, (Ju. 21.) um.bel simple; rays long: spikes obovate, imbricate backwards; 
 
 spikelets subulate, at length bent backwards: involucre 3-leaved. 18 i. S. P. Y. 
 echinatus, (2) (hedge-hog club-rush. VV. Ju. Zf.) umbel simple; rays short; spikes 
 
 globose: flowers spreading. Var. tcuellus, T. (L. ) culm acutely triangular, slender; 
 
 involucre 3 to 5-leaved; 3 of the leaves many times longer than the umbel. 6 — 18 i. 
 
 S. Y. 
 
 Southern, 
 cylindricus, F.. {Ju.) stem obtusely 3-angled, glabrous: umbels simple; heads cylin- 
 
 dric; spikes lanceolate, sub-compressed, few-flowered, (2 — 5:) expanding. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 Mariscus, Cyperus. 
 13 — 1. Marrc'bium. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. 
 
 vulgare, (horehound. O. w. Ju. 2X0 leaves round-ovate, toothed, rugose-veined: calyx 
 toothed, setaceous, uncinate. Introduced. S. 
 
 17—1. Marshal'lia. (3) 55. Heli. s. ole. sto. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lanceolata, Mx. (p. M. li.) stem simple, naked near the summit, leafy below; radical 
 
 leaves obovate; cauline ones long-lanceolate: scales of the calyx oval: chaif spatu- 
 
 late. 18—24 i. 
 
 latifolia, Mx. (A. 2X-) stem simple: leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, 3-nerved; lowest 
 
 Malvaviscus. 
 
 Manisuris. From manis, the scaly lizard, and aura, a tail; the appearance of its scaly 
 
 spikes bearing an apt resemblance to the covering of that animal. 
 Mapania. Gr. mapaino, to become emaciated, in allusion to the appearance of this 
 
 grass. 
 Mariscus. From the Celtic word mar, a marsh, relating to the places where it grows. 
 Marrubium. From Marrubium, (Maria urbs) a town in Italy. 
 Marshallia. In honor of Humphry Marshall, author of Arbustum Americanum, 
 
 published in 1778. 
 
 (1) Scirpus, L. (2) ovularis, Vahl. Kyllingea ovularis, Mx. (3) Persoonia, 
 Mx. Trattenickia, P. 
 
MARSHALLIA, MEDICAGO. 315 
 
 ones sheathing: scales of the calyx acute: chafF of the receptacles narrow-linear. 
 angustifolia, Mx. (W. p. Ju. 7i.) stem branching: lower leaves narrow-lanceolate; 
 upper ones linear: scales of the calyx rigid, subulate: chaff linear. Var. cyanon- 
 thcra, E. stetn simple, very pubescent near tlie top: leaves lance-linear, 3-nerved: 
 scales of the calj'x lanceolate, acuminate. 2 f. 
 
 13—2. Marty'nia. 40. Peda. h. cat. f. lax. poi— . 
 
 proboscid' ca, W. (1) (unicorn plant. W. w. p. y. Ju. 0.) stem branching: leavesalter- 
 nate, cordate, entire, villose. Fruit somewhat gourd-like, with one long horn. 
 1—2 f. S. F. H. 
 
 17 — 2. Matrica'ria. 55. Anth. sec-sti. ton- 
 
 Exotic. 
 ckamomiUa, W. (wild chamomile, w. M. 0.) leaves bipinnate: scales of the involu- 
 cre obtusish. 
 
 5 — 1. Meconella. Papa. nar. sed. ano. 
 
 orcgana, N. (y-w. 0.) stem slender, dichotomously branched: radical leaves in a 
 rossulate cluster, spatulate; cauline ones linear or linear-sj)atulate, opposite; the 
 lowermost ternate, entire: peduncles axillary, filiform, 1-flowered; flowers very- 
 small. 3 — 5 i. Oregon. 
 
 12^1. Meconop'sis. 62. Papa. sed. cat. 
 
 diphylla, Mx. (2) (W. M. 2i.) stem with two twin leaves near the summit: leaves 
 sessile, lobe pinnaiifid: peduncle solitary, 1-flowered: capsule oblong-ovate. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 heterophylla, Benth. (r. K"-) leaves few and remote, pinnately divided; segments of 
 
 the lower ones ovate, incised and petioluled; of the upper linear, entire, somewhat 
 
 confluent. 1 f California. 
 crassifoliu, Benth. (y-r. 21.) stem leafy at the base: leaves rather thick, glaucous, 
 
 pinnately divided; tlie segments incisely lobed, with revolute margins; those of the 
 
 lower leaves ovate-cuneiform, of tlie upper linear-cuneiform. California. 
 
 Medea, Dodecatheon. 
 
 16 — 10. Meuica'go. 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc. 
 
 lupulina, (hop medick, nonesuch, Dutch clover. O. y. J. 0.) spikes oval; legumes 
 reniform, 1-seeded: stipules entire: leaves obovate; stem procumbent. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 intertexta, (y. Au.) peduncles somewhat 2-flowered: legumes spiral, oval: prickles 
 
 pubescent, setaceous, 2-ranked, appressed: stipules ciliate toothed; leafets obovate, 
 
 dentate. Naturalized. 
 saliva, (lucerne medick. p. Ju. Zf.) peduncles racemed; legume smooth, cochleate: 
 
 stipules entire: leaves oblong, toothed. Naturalized. 
 tribuloides, (hedge-hog. 0.) peduncles 2-flowered: legume cochleate, cylindric, flat 
 
 both sides, aculeate, conic 2-vvays, reflexed: stipules toothed: leaves toothed, 
 
 obovate. 
 scuteUata, (snail-shell, bee-hive. Ju. 0.) peduncles about 2-flowered: legumes un- 
 armed, cochleate in an orbicular form, with a convex base and a flat top: stipules 
 
 toothed: leaves obloni^, toothed. 
 
 Southern. 
 maculata,Yf . (p.) stem prostrate: leafets obcordate, toothed, spotted: stipules toothed: 
 
 Martynia. In honor of John Martyn, late Professor of Botany at Cambriilge. 
 Matricaria. Lat. matrix, womb, from its efficacy in diseases of females. 
 Meconella. Gr. mecon, a poppy, terminated by a diminutive — little poppy. 
 Meconopsis. Gr. mekdn, a poppy, and opsis, appearance. 
 Medicago. Gr. medike, so named from having been introduced by the Medes into 
 
 Greece. 
 
 (1) annua, L. alternifolia, Lk. (2) Chelidonium, Mx. Hytophorum, N. 
 
816 MEDICAGO, MKLICA. 
 
 peduncles 3 to 5-flowered: legumes compactly spiral, furrowed on the margin, and 
 fringed with a double row of long curved spines: seeds renifortn, yellowish. La. 
 dentiadata, W. (p.) nearly glabrous: stem prostrate: leafets obcordate: stipules laci- 
 niate: peduncles 2 to o-Howered: legumes broad, loosely spiral and flat, with 1 to 3 
 convolutions, reticulated; the margin thin, keeled, with a double compact row of 
 subulate curved prickles. 1 — 2 f. La. California. 
 
 Medeola, Gyromia. 
 13 — 2. Me'lampy'rum. 3G. Rhin. nar. ast. 
 
 ajnericanum, Mx. (1) (cow-wheat. O. y. Ju. ^.) slender: lower leaves linear, entire; 
 
 floral ones lanceolate, toothed behind: flowers axillary, distinct. Var. latifolium, 
 
 has very broad leaves. Woods. S. Mch. 
 brachiaium, Sz. & Say. (W.)stem terete, subscabrous, naked, below, with long, naked, 
 
 ascending, opposite or whorled branches: leaves entire, rugose and scabrous on 
 
 both sides, attenuated into the petiole. C — 8 i. 
 
 6 — 3. Melan'thium. 13. Smil. diu. dem. 
 
 virginicnm, W. (2) (black flower. W. w. becoming black. J. Zf.) panicle pyramid- 
 form: petals oval, sub-hastate, flat, with two spots: flowers mostly perfect. 2 — 3 f. 
 S. P. Y. 
 
 hrjhridum, Wr. (3) (bunch flower. W. w. J. 2i.) panicles racemed above, pistillate: 
 petals roundish, having claws, undulate-plaited, hardly spotted, hirsute outside. 
 2 f. S. P. 
 
 glaucum, N. (W. g-w. Ju.) root bulbous: leaves glaucous, margined: racemeg mostly 
 simple, few-floweied: petals roundisli unguicuiate, with two peculiar spots: seeds 
 subulate, alated. 1 — 3 f. Northern Lakes. Canada. Mch. 
 
 Soxithe.m.. 
 
 monoicum, Wr. (A. Ju. Z[.) panicle with the lower flowers staminate; upper opes 
 pistillate and racemed: petals oblong, flat, with short claws: styles half as long as 
 the germ. 
 
 17 — 1 Me'lanan'thera. 55. Heli. s. ole. +. 
 
 Southern, 
 hastata, Mx. (4) (w. S. K!-) leaves hastate, 3-Iobed: chalf of the receptacle lanceolate, 
 acuminate. Var. W^re/rt, leaves deeply 3-lobed. Var. pandurata, leaves sliglitly 3- 
 lobed, panduriform. 4 — G f. Charleston, S — C. 
 
 10—1. Me'lia. 71. Meli. feb. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 azcdarach, (bead tree. ^.) leaves doubly-pinnate; leafets smooth, ovate, toothed, 
 30—40 f. Florida. 
 
 3--2. Melica. 10. Gram. ton. cat, 
 
 speciosa, M. (5) (melic grass. J. 21.) smootli; panicle loose, erect, few-flowered: 
 branches simple: florets obtuse. 3— 4 f S. P. Charleston, S—C. 
 
 Sorithcrn. 
 diffusa, ?h. (J. 2^.) panicle diffuse, very branching: flowers acute, beardless: stem 
 erect, pubescent. 'K. 
 
 Melampyrum. Gr. mdas, black, and puros, wheat; the fruit being similar to wheat, 
 but giving a singularly black color to wheat in which it is ground. 
 
 Melanthium. Gr. melos, blark. and onihos, flower; from their color. 
 
 Melananthera. Gr. melas, black, and Lat. anthera. anther. 
 
 Melia. Gr. melia, the ash; because this tree resembles the ash in its leaves. 
 
 Melica. Varied from Meline, the name of a sort of grass, resembling Panicum. 
 (1) lineare, Lk. (2) Helonias virginica, Bot. Mag. (3) latifolium, Lk, 
 
 racemosum, Mx. (4) Bidens nivea, W. Athanasia, Wr. (5) glabra, Mx, 
 
MELILOTUS, MENISPERMUM. 317 
 
 16 — 10. Meliis%'tus. (1) 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc. 
 
 vulgaris, (2) (yellow melilot-clover. y. J. ^.) stem erect: leafets oblanceolate, mu- 
 .cronately serrulate: banner and wings equal:* racemes axillary sub-panicled; the 
 longest raceme 3 to 5 times as long as tiie longest leafet at its base: legumes oval. 
 2 to 4 f. Unquestionably indigenous from Glenn's Falls on the Hudson River, to 
 the Highlands. &. T. P. C. B. 
 
 alba, (3) (white melilot-clover. w. J. #.) stem erect: leafets variable (oval, ovate, 
 obovate, and oblanceolate) mucronately serrulate: banner /on wcr* than tlie wings: 
 racemes axillary, panicled; the longest raceme to 10 times as long as the longest 
 leafet at its base: legumes oval. 3 to G f. Flowers and legumes smaller than the 
 preceding species and the stem more robust. Probably intioduced; but now very 
 common and growing wild. Both species sweet scented. S. T. P. C. B. 
 
 Souiherii. 
 
 parriflora, Desf. (0. y.) stem ascending or erect, with spreading branches: leafets 
 of the lower leaves obovate-roundish and often nearly entire; upper ones cuneate- 
 oblong or linear, truncate or emarginate serrate: stipules linear-setaceous; spikes 
 at first dense, at length rather loose: flowers minute: teeth of the calyx broad, 
 rarely equal, half the length of the corol: wings almost as long as the keel and vex- 
 illum: legumes globose-ovate, wrinkled, 2-seeded. La. Probably introduced. 
 
 Occidcntalis, N. (y.) stem erect, tall: leafets linear-oblong or obovate, sharply serrate, 
 truncate at the extremity: flowers minute: teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as 
 the tube; vexillum as long as the tube: legume 1 — 2-seeded, ovate-orbicular, slight 
 ]y wrinkled. California. 
 
 MdllotUS, PSORALEA. 
 
 13 — 1. Melis'sa. 42. Labi, fra. sto. car. ton. 
 Exotic. 
 officinalis, (balm. w. b. Ju. 2X-) flowers whorled halfway around, sub-sessile: bracts 
 oblong, pedicelled: leaves ovate, acute, serrate. Naturalized. 
 
 19 — 15. Melo'thria. 97. Cucu. nut. ref cat. 
 
 pendula, (creeping cucumber, y. .T. 0.) leaves sub-reniform, lobe-angled; terminal 
 lobe equalling the rest: berry cylindric, ovate. S. T. P. S — C. 
 
 20 — 12. Menisper'mum. 77. Menis. r. ton. diu. dysp. 
 
 canadense, (moonseed. O. w-y. Ju. ^.)stem climbing: leaves sub-cordate, round 
 angled, peltate, with the petiole near the base: racemes compound: petals 8. Var. 
 lobatum, Ph. (4) leaves lobed. iS. Mch. 
 
 Sovthern. 
 
 tTnila'dnum, W. (5) (W. y. Ju. fp.) leaves peltate, sub-glabrous, cordate, roundish, 
 obtusely angled, glaucous beneath: racemes generally simple: petals 4. 
 
 lyoni, Ph. (W. Ju. 2i-) leaves cordate, palmate-lobed, very long petioled: racemes 
 simple: petals 6: stamens 12. 
 
 Melilotus. Gr. meli, honey, and lotos, lotus; these plants are similar to the lotus and 
 
 the favorite resort of bees. 
 Melissa. Gr. melissa, a bee, from that insect frequenting the flowers. 
 Melothria. Gr. melon, fruit, and tlirion, food; in allusion to some species. 
 Menispermum. Gr. inene, the moon, and spermrr, seed; from its crescent shape. 
 
 (1) Trifolium, L. (2) officinalis? (3) Var. alba? I adopt the genuine 
 
 names of old authors; because the descriptions of modern authors are either very 
 deficient, or they did not have our plants before them. Whereas the figures and 
 discriptions of the older authors, show that they were acquainted with both of our 
 species, which they called by those names See Parkinson, p. 718, London ed., A. D. 
 1640. (4) M. virginicum, W. (5) Cissampelos, W, 
 
 •Suggested by H. H. E. 
 
318 MENTHA, MERKIA 
 
 13 — 1. Men'tha. 42. Labi. aro. c(y-ole. car. fia col. 
 
 tenuis, Mx. (1) (america spear-mint. O. w. J. 2i-) glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, 
 serrulate, petioled: spike slender, terminal, with small interrupted whorls: stamens 
 not exsert. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 canadensis, W. (W. w-p. Au. 21.) flowers whorled: leaves lanceolate, serrate, peti- 
 oled, pilose: stamens equalling the corol. 12 i. Y. C. Canada. 
 
 borealis, Mx. (northern mint, horse mint. O. w. Ju. If-) ascending, pubescent: 
 leaves petioled, lance-oval, acute at both ends: flowers whorled: stamens exsert. 
 Damp. 9—18 i. -S. Mch. 
 
 viridis, (spear-mint. W. p. Au.) leaves lanceolate, sessile: spikes elongated, inter- 
 rupted: stamens long. 1—2 f. P. B. T. C. N. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 piperita, (peppermint. W. p. Au. 2i-) spikes obtuse, interrupted below: leaves sub- 
 ovate, somewhat glabrous, petioled: stem glabrous at the base. Naturalized. 
 1—2 f. F. B. N. T. Mch. 
 
 arvensis, (field-mint. W. p. Ju.) hairy, branching: leaves ovate: flowers whorled: 
 calyx bell-form. Naturalized. 1 f. 
 
 11 — 1. Mentze'lia. 88. Onog. ton. 
 
 Southern, 
 aurea, N. (W. y.) stem dichotomous: leaves lance-ovate, deeply angular-crenate: 
 
 flowers sessile; petals oval, acuminate, entire: capsule about 3-seeded. Very 
 
 rough and tenaceous. 12 i. 
 oligosperma, N. (W.) decumbent: flowers large. 
 
 5 — 1. Menyan'thes. 4(5. Gent, bit-j-. ton-f . dia. ast. rhe. dro. 
 
 trifoliata, (buck -bean. O. w. M. U-) leaves ternate: corols densely bearded above. 
 In stagnant waters and sphagnus swamps. 6 — 12. i. S. Mch. 
 
 Menyanlhes, Villarsia. 
 
 8 — 1. Menzie'sia. 50. Eric. diu. ast. 
 
 carulea, W. (2) (mountain heath. A. r. Ju. fp.) leaves scattered, crowded, linear, 
 obtuse, cartilaginous toothed: peduncles terminal, aggregate 1-flowered; flowers 
 bell-form: calyx acute. Decandrous. Very small. White hills. 
 
 glohularis, Sy. (A. J. ^.) leaves lanceolate, glaucous beneath except the nerves, pu- 
 bescent: calyx 4-cleft: flowers globose, octandrous. 2 — 4 f iS. 
 
 empelriformis, S. (W. r. Ju. \ .) leaves linear, serrulate, concave beneath: peduncles 
 terminal, aggregate: flowers bell-form: calyx obtuse. Decandrous. 
 
 Southern, 
 ferniginea, W. (W. J. \-.) leaves lance-obovate, glabrous beneath except the nerves: 
 calyx somewhat 4-cleft: flowers urceolate, octandrous. 
 
 5—3. Merk'ia. 82. Gary. dem. cat. 
 
 physodes, Fisch. ( ) leaves ovate, a little ciliate:' peduncles solitary, 1-flowered: 
 
 capsule about half an inch in diameter. Bay of Eschscholtzia. 
 
 Mentha. From Menthe, daughter of Cocytus, fabled to have been changed into this 
 herb. 
 
 Mentzelia. In honor of Dr. Christian Mentzel, physician to the Elector of Branden- 
 burg. 
 
 Menyanthes. Gr. vien or meiie, a month, and anthos, flower; because the plant con- 
 tinues in flower about that time. 
 
 Menziesia. In honor of Archibald Menzies, a distinguished botanist. 
 
 Merkia. 
 
 (1) viridis, Wr. (2) Andromeda taxifolia, Pallas. Erica, W. Phyllodoce 
 
 taxifolia, Sy. 
 
MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, MIKANIA. 319 
 
 11 — 5. Mesembryan'themum. 87. Ficoi. cata. dern. 
 Exotic, 
 crystallimun, (ice plant, w. Au. #.) branching: leaves alternate, ovate, papillose: 
 flowers sessile: cal}'^ broad-ovate, acute, retuse. 
 
 11 — 5. Mes'pilus. 92. Poma. b. feb. f. ref. 
 
 Exotic, 
 germanica, (medlar, h.) leaves lance- ovate, downy beneath: flowers sessile, solitary. 
 
 2 — 1. Micran'themum. 3.^). Prim. sop. ast — . 
 Southern. 
 
 orbiculatum, Mx. (w. Au. Zf.) stem prostrate, terete: leaves orbicular, abruptly nar- 
 rowed at the base: flowers peduncled. ' Wet ditches. S — C. 
 
 emarginatum, E. (w. Au. 2X-) leaves oval and obovate, emarginate: flowers sessile. 
 Wet. 
 
 10 — 4. Micrope'talon. 82. Gary. dem. cata. 
 
 lanceolatum, Mx. (1) (blind starwort. A. Ju. Zf.) glabrous: leaves lanceolate, nar- 
 row at both ends: flowers panicled; petals ovate, very short or wanting. Damp. 
 6—8 i. H. P. 
 
 longifoUa, M. (2) (long-leaf starwort. W. w. J. 21.) stem decumbent or sub-decum- 
 bent: leaves lance-linear, opposite, entire, smooth: panicle terminal: calyx 3-nerved, 
 . about equalling the petals. 12—18 i. S. P. D. F. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lanuginosum, Mx. (A. Ju. Zf.) dense-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, tapering into the 
 petiole: peduncles sub-solitary, elongated, at last reflected: flowers without petals. 
 
 18 — 1. Micros'tylis. 21. Orch. nut. emo. 
 
 ophioglossoides, W. (3) (adder mouth, g-w. J. Zf.) leaf solitary, ovate, clasping: 
 
 scape 5-angled: lip clefl at the tip. 6—9 i. S. T. D. Y. C. V. B. P. N. Rocky 
 
 Mts. Mch. 
 bracltypoda, Gray. (Ju.) stem 1-leaved: racemes sub-spiked, with the flowers shorter 
 
 than the pedicels: lateral petals refracted; lip triangular-hastate, cucullate, acumi 
 
 nate. New-York. 
 
 3—1. Mie'gia. (4) 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 Southerii. 
 
 maerosperma, Mx. (cane. W. Ap. ZX-) stem terete, glabrous, hollow, rigid: leaves 
 distichous, lanceolate, flat, sub-acuminate, pubescent beneath. 3 — 15 f. Var. 
 gigantea, much taller. 30 — 40 f. 
 
 Mesembrianthemum. Gr. inesemhria, mid-day, and anthos, flower; on account of the 
 flowers usually expanding at that time. 
 
 Mespilus. Gr. mcspilt, from mesos pilos, half-bullet, to which tlie fruit bears resem- 
 blance. 
 
 Micranthemum. Gr. milcros, small, and anthos, flower, from the diminutive size of 
 the blossom. 
 
 Micropetalun. Gr. inikros, small, and petaion, petal, from their diminutive size. 
 
 Microstylis. Gr. milcros, small, and stulos, style; in reference to the minute column 
 or style. 
 
 Miegia. In honor of two Swiss botanists, father and son, Jno. Rodolph and Achilles 
 Meig. 
 (1) Stellaria, T. Spergulastrum, Mx. (2) gramineum. Ph. Stellaria, M. 
 
 (3) Malaxis, W. unifolia, Mx. (4) Arundinaria, Mx. (5) Eupatorium, L. 
 
320 MIKANIA, MITCHELLA. 
 
 ]7— 1. Mika'nia. 55. Cory. r. exp. ton. sec-slim. 
 
 scandens, (5) (climbing thorough-wort. w. Au. Z[.) stem smooth, climbing: leaves 
 cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate; lobes divaricate, unequal: flowers corymbed. 
 Damp or wet. S'. P. Y C. B. F. S— C. M. 
 
 puhesccns, M. (w-p. Au. 2X-) pubescent: stem climbing: leaves cordate, repand- 
 toothed, angled at the base; acuminate: involucre 4-flowered. jS. 
 
 3—2. Mir.'iuM. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 effasvm, (millet. !(..) panicle diffuse, compound: branches horizontal: glumes ovate, 
 very obtuse: paleas avvnless, smooth and shining: leaves broad-linear. 5 — 8 f. 
 
 amphicarpon, Ph. (1) (millet grass. Au. 21-) leaves lance-linear, hairy, ciliate: panicle 
 simple, contracted, bearing perfect flowers: fertile flowers in solitary, elongated, 
 radical scapes, at length subterraneous. 18 — 24 i. Y. 
 
 pungens, T. (2) (dwarf millet grass. M. 21-) culm erect: leaves lanceolate, very short, 
 pungent at length involute: panicle contracted: branches generally in pairs, 2- 
 flowered: flowers awnless, ovate: paleas hairy. 12—18 i. B. 
 
 E-cotic. 
 
 nigricans, (african millet.) flowers panicled, crowded: glumes shining, becoming 
 black: leaves ensiform, very long. 
 
 Milium, PlPTATHERUM. 
 
 il/iffiosa, Acacia, Schrankia. 
 13 — 2. MiJi ULUS. 37. Sera. cat. eme. 
 
 ringens, (monkey-flower. O. b. J*. Zf.) erect, glabrous; leaves sessile, lanceolate, 
 acuminate, sub-serrate: peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the flower: teeth 
 of the calyx acuminate. 1— 2 f S. Mch. 
 
 alalits, (W. b. Ju. It.) erect, glabrous; leaves pelioled, ovate, acuminate, serrate: 
 peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the flower: stem winged at ihe 4-corners: 
 Jeeth of the calyx round-mucronate. ]— 3 f .S*. T. Y. P. C. F. H. Mch. 
 
 luteus, W. (W. y. Ju. Zf.) erect glabrous, stoloniferous: leaves roundish-ovate, 
 nerved, toothed: lower ones obtuse, pelioled; upper ones acute, closely sessile: 
 raceme terminal: peduncles axillary, opposite, elongated: calyx unequal: teeth 
 acutish. 12—18 i. Cultivated. Mch. 
 
 rivularis? N. (y. ZT-) leaves oval, obtuse, crenate: cauline ones sessile: flowers axil- 
 lary and terminal: teeth of the calyx very short. R. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lewisii, Ph. (W. p. Au. Zf.) erect, small, pubescent: leaves sessile, lance-oblong, 
 acute, nerved, mucronate-denticulate: flowers few, terminal, very long peduncled: 
 teeth of the calyx acuminate. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 5— J . Mirab'ilis. 32. Nyct. cat. 
 Exotic, 
 dichotoma, (mexican four o'clock. ZX.) flowers sessile, axillary, erect, solitary. 
 jalapa, (four o'clock, r. y. Ju. H-) flowers heaped, paduncled: leaves glabrous. 
 longiflora, (w. Au. Zf.) flowers crowded, very long, a little nodding: leaves sub- 
 vilUose. 
 
 Mikania. In honor of Prof Jos. Mikan, of Prague. 
 
 Milium. Lat. ndliuiii, a sort of grass, so called from jnille, a thousand, from the 
 
 abundance of its seeds, or from Celtic mil, a pebble, alluding to the hard, shining 
 
 grains. 
 INlimulus. Lat. mimiis, a masked actor, from a supposed resemblance of its corol or 
 
 seeds. 
 Mirabilis. Lat. mirabiUs, wonderful, on account of the diversity of these most 
 
 fragant flowers even on the same root. 
 
 (1) ciliatum, M. (2) Synonymous with Stipa canadensis, T. 
 
41ITCHELLA, MONARDA. 321 
 
 4—1. Mitchel'la. 57. Cine. f. amy. 
 
 repms, (partridge berry, cliecker berry. O. vv. J. 2^.) stem creeping: leaves roundish, 
 petioled, opposite. Woods. -S. Mcii. 
 
 10—2; Mitel'la. 84. Saxi. tod. 
 
 diphjUa, W. (currant leaf. W. w. Ap. 7i-) leaves cordate, sub-lobate, dentate: scape 
 2-leaved; leaves opposite. Wood. 1—2 f. P. T. C. D. O. N. V. Mch. 
 
 cordifulia, Lk. (W. w. iVJ. 1[.) leaves round-reniform, doubly-crenate, with scattered 
 hairs above: scape erect or prostrate, naked or 1-Ieaved. Yai. reniformis, (1) 
 leaves reniform, scape naked. Var. prostraia, (2) stems prostrate, leafv. 6—8 i 
 S. P.' C. D. N. Mch. / i- y J 
 
 prostraia, ( W. Ju. ZX.) root creeping: stem prostrate: leaves alternate, round-cordate, 
 sub-acute, obtusely sub-lobed. Canada. 
 
 irifida, Graham. (21.) pentandrous: leaves radical, cordate, obtusely lobed, crenatei 
 scapaleafless: calyx campanulate, limb spreading at the apex: petals tr'ifid: ova- 
 riuin seed-bearing. R. A. 
 
 Mitdla, Tellima. 
 
 Mitrcola, Ophiorhiza. 
 
 3—3. Mollu'go. 82. Gary. dem. cata. 
 
 terddUata, (carpet- weed. O. w. Ju. #.) stem sub-divided, prostrate: leaves in 
 whorls, wedge-form, acutei peduncles 1-flowered. iSf. Mch. 
 
 13—1. Molccel'la. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. 
 
 Exotic. 
 taxis, (molucca balm, shell-flower, w. g. Ju. 0.) calyx campanulate, 5-toothed 
 teeth equal, awnless: leaves petioled, round-ovate, toothed. Calyx much longer 
 and larger than the corol. ° 
 
 19-15. Momor'dica. 97. Cucu. g. poi. lax. 
 
 echinata, (W. vv. Au. 0.) pomaceous: berry 4-seeded, roundish, setose-echinate- 
 leaves cordate, 5-lobe-angled, acuminate, entire. Calyx 6-cleft: corol 6-parted.' 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 balsamina, (bal.sam apple. S. 0.) pomaceous: berry angled, tubercled: leaves ffla 
 brous, spreading, palmate. ^ 
 
 2—1. Monar'da. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. 
 
 didyma, (3) (mountain mint. O. r. J. 71.) leaves ovate, acuminate, sub-cordate 
 somewhat hairy: flowers in simple or proliferous heads: outer bract'! laro-e colored' 
 lanceolate. Var. angustifolia, (4) leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, pubescent- stPm 
 pubescent. 18—24 i. -S. jr. oicm 
 
 Mitchella. In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, an English botanist who travelled in 
 
 Virginia. 
 Mitella. Lat. diminutive ofmitra, a cap, or mitre, the ripe seed vessels with the two 
 
 little pointed lobes resembling a little mitre. 
 Mollugo. Lat. mollugo, a name supposed to be derived from mollis, soft, on account 
 
 of its soft leaves. ' 
 
 Molucella. Latinised by Linneus, from Molucca, because it was first found in those 
 
 islands. 
 Momordica. Lat. mordeo, momordi, to bite; the seeds appearing as if bitten off- 
 
 but the word appears to be of Italian origin. 
 Monarda. In honor of Nicholas Monardes, a Spanish botanist of the 16th rentnrv 
 
 rA'l r'^' "^P. ^^^ P"^'''*^' ^" ^^^ P"'P"^«^' ^^- coclUarMx. 
 
 (4) kaimiana, Ph. ' 
 
 41 
 
OZZ MONARDA, MONOTROPA. 
 
 oblongata, A. (1) (wild burgamot. W. b. r. Ju. KO pubescent: head simple: outer 
 bracts ovate: calyx short, bearded in the throat; teeth spreading: stem obtuse- 
 angled, pubescent above: leaves lance-oblong, rounded at the base. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 P. B. Y. C. T. H. O. M. W. D. Mch. 
 
 clinopodia. (2) (W. y. p. Ju. ZC.) glabrous: heads small, simple, terminal: oi|^er 
 bracts broad-ovate, acute, entire, smoothish: calyx cilia.te, short: corol pubesognt, 
 slender: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, a little hairy: stem obtus^an- 
 gled, glabrous. S. P. "Canada. Salina. 
 
 Jistidiisa, (W. p. Ju. 2i.) hirsute, with scattered hairs: heads simple, proliferous, 
 leafy: outer bracts oblong, acute, glabrous: calyx long, bearded: corol hirsute, of 
 middling length: leaves ovale, acuminate, serrate; petioles long, ciliate: stem 
 glabrous, obtuse-angled. 2 f S. P. Y. Canada. : 
 
 punctala, (3) (W. y. J. 7i-) smoothish: flowers middling size, whorled: br<ft*s lance- 
 olate, colored, longer than the whorls: leaves lance-oblong, remotely serr*te: stem 
 obtuse-angled, with whitish down. 2—3 f. -S. P. Y. D. Mch. 
 
 hirsuta, Ph. (4) (W. b. p. Au. 21.) very iiairy; flowers small, whorled: bracts atten- 
 uated into awns: upper teeth of the calyx very short, the rest bristle-form* leaves 
 ovate, acuminate, long petioled, serrate. 2 — 3 f S. K. N. Mch. 
 
 beckii, Ea. (VV. Zf.) stem rough, with stilFvvhito hairs: leaves petioled, ovate-oblong 
 and lanceolate, serrate, acutish, somewhat hairy: bracts ovate, glabrous, veiny, a 
 little shorter than the 2-lipped calyx: upper teeth of the calyx subulate. Flowers 
 small, in wliorls. First discovered by Professor L. C. Beck near St. Louis. De- 
 scribed by Dr. Torrey in the Annals of the N. Y. Lyceum. 
 
 ciliata, {p. Au. 2^.) hirsute: flowers small, whorled: bracts ovate, glabrous, veiny, 
 ciliate, equalling the calyx: leaves ovate-oblong, tapering, sub-sessile, serrate, 
 pubescent: stem acute-angled, hirsute. -S. P. Y. V. D. Mch. 
 
 lugosa, A. (W. A. w. Ju. Zf-) smoothish: heads simple, middling size: outer bracts 
 ovate, undulate: calyx smoothish: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acute, rugose; nerves 
 beneath and petioles pilose: stem acute-angled, smoothish. 4 f. Canada. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 gracilis, Ph. (A. y-w.) very glabrous: heads lateral and terminal, small: outer bracts 
 linear, ciliate: calyx pubescent ciliate: corol shon: leaves lance-linear, acuminate, 
 seriate: stem obtusely angled, glabrous. 
 
 purpurea, Ph. (A. r. Ju. 2i.) somewhat glabrous: heads large, leafy: outer bracts 
 large, colored, broad-ovate, acuminate, serrate: calyx colored; throat bearded: 
 corol long, nearly glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate; nerves all 
 over pilose: stem acutely angled, glabrous. 
 
 bradhuiiaua, Bk. (W. p. Ju. Zf.) heads large, terminal: outer bracts broad-lanceo- 
 late, ciliate, colored: calyx pilose, densely bearded at the throat, with 5 subulate, 
 very long, divaricate teeth: leaves opposite, sessile, or with very short ciliate peti- 
 oles; hairy on both sides, lance-oblong, dentate, rounded at the base. Stem simple. 
 3f- 
 
 scahra, Bk. (W. p. Au. ZT-) heads large, simple, terminal, somewhat in threes: 
 bracts lance-ovate; teeth of the calyx short, acute, nearly straight: leaves lance- 
 ovate, sub-cordate, serrate, opposite, scabrous, punctate, somewhat hairy; petioles 
 short, hairy. Stem branching. 3 f 
 
 3 — 2. Monoce'ra. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 aromatmi, Wr. (5) (J. 21.) spikes solitary; spikelets about 6-flowered: flowers awned, 
 
 bearded at the margin; exterior paleas roughened by glands, awned on the back. 
 
 10 — 1. MoNOTRo'pA. I'll. Pyro. h. bit-ton. diu. 
 
 unijtora, (bird's nest, Indian pipe. O. w. J. Zf.) stem 1-flowered: flower nodding at 
 first, at length erect: scales of the stem approximate. Whole plant ivory-white at 
 first. 4—8 i. S. Mch. 
 
 Monocera. Gr. monos, one, and keras, horn, there being but one spike. 
 
 Monotropa. Gr. monos, one, and irepo, to turn, the flowers all turning in one 
 
 direction. 
 
 (1) longifolia, Lk. allophylla, Mx. mollis, W. (2) glabra, Lk. (3) lutea, 
 Mx. (4) ciliata, Mx. not L. (5) Aegilops, Wr. Chloris monostachya, Mx. 
 
MOIVOTROPA, MYLOCARYim. 323 
 
 morisoniana, Mx. (J. 2f.) scape elongated, straight, 1-flowered: scales distant: flowers 
 
 erect: stamens 10 to 12. S — C. 
 lanuainosa, L. (false beech-drops. W. y-w. Ju. 7i-) scape spike-flowered: whole 
 
 plant, includinnr the flower, woolly, except the base of the stem. Grows on roots 
 
 of trees, &c., whole plant yellowish white. 3—0 i. ST. B. C. T. F. P. V. 
 
 Niagara Falls. Hypopithys lanuginosa of 7th edition. 
 europea, (yellow beech-drops, y. J. 21-) scape spike-flowered: flowers and scales 
 
 on the stem glabrous outside; lateral flowers octandrous. P. Canada. Hypopithys 
 
 europea of 7th edition. 
 
 •' 10 — 1. MoNOTROp'sis. (1) 51. Pyro. h. aro. o. nar — . ric. 
 t Southern, 
 
 odorata, §z. (r-w. Mar.) flowers bell-form, in aggregate heads. 3 — 4 i. 
 
 3—3. Mon'tia. 86. Port. muc. lax. 
 fontana, (false spring beauty. ) leaves opposite: flowers axillary, small. Wet. 
 
 19—4. Mo'rus. 98. Atro. b. ton. f. ton. lax. 
 
 rubra, W. (red mulberry. W. M. ^.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminated or 3-lobed, 
 equally serrate, scabrous, soft hairs beneath: pistillate spikes cylindric. 15 — 30 f. 
 & Tl Y. P. C. O. N. F. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 alba, (white mulberry. M. \.) leaves heart-form, with oblique bases, ovate or lobed, 
 unequally serrate, smoothish. From China and Persia. Naturalized. 15 — 20 f. 
 
 nigra, (black mulberry. Ju. ^.) leaves cordate, ovate or sub-5-lobed, unequally 
 toothed, scabrous. From Persia. 30 — 40 f. 
 
 mullicaulis, (many-stemmed mulberry. >^.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, crenate- 
 serrate, net-veined, bullate, with veins prominent; sub-scabrous and pimpled be- 
 neath, sub-glabrous above: sprouts piohferous 8 — 16 f. Leaves sometimes 12 
 to 14 inches long. 
 
 3 — 2. Mdhlenberg'ia. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 diffusa, Sr. (2) (drop-seed grass. O. J. 21.) culm diflfljse (decumbent:) leaves lance- 
 linear: panicle branched, appressed: awns as long as the paleas. 18 i. S. Mch. 
 
 Muhlenbergia, Brachyelytri'm. 
 
 Myagrum, Alyssum, Camelina. 
 
 4 — 4. Mygin'da. 95. Ilic. ton. 
 
 myrtifolia, Jn. (3) (W. w. Au. ^.) leaves opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, reflexed 
 at the margin, glabrous, perennial: peduncles axillary, very short, sub-solitary, 
 1-flowered, 2-bracted at the base. S. R. 
 
 10 — 1. Myloca'ryum. 51. Eric. f. sed. nar. s. bit. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ligustrinum, W. (buckwheat tree. W. M. ^ . ) leaves perennial, alternate, sessile, 
 
 Monolropsis. Appearing like a Monotropa. Gr. apsis, appearance. 
 
 Montia. In honor of Joseph de Monti, Professor of Natural History at Bologna, in 
 the beginning of the 18lh century. 
 
 Morus. Morca was the Greek name of the mulberry, amauros, black: the Celtic mor 
 denotes black. 
 
 Muhlenbergia. In honor of Rev. H. Muhlenberg, of Lancaster, Penn. 
 
 Myginda. In honor of Francis Von Mygind, a German patron of botany. 
 
 Mylocaryum. Gr. mule, a mill, and kania, a kernel or stone, in form the nut resem- 
 bles mill-stones. 
 (1) Elliott proposed Schvveisitzia as a substitute for Monotropsis, and Nuttall has 
 
 adopted it. (2) Dilepymum, Mx. (3) Ilexa myrsinita. Ph. 
 
S24 MYLOCARYUM, MYRIOPHYLLUM. 
 
 wedge-lanceolate, very entire, glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath: racemes simple, 
 terminal. 6—15 f. Florida. 
 
 5—1. Myoso'tis. 43. Bora. ton. honey-pti. 
 
 palustris, Roth. (1) (scorpion weed. W. b. M. 11.) nut smooth: calyx leaves sub-qval, 
 about as long as the tube of the coroh stem sub-ramose: leaves lance-oval: racMnes 
 bractless. J 2— 18 i. P. Y. H. B. N. C. Hudson. 
 
 arvensis, (2) (forget-me-not. W. w. b. J. 0.) nut smooth: calyx leaves oval, acumi- 
 nate, very hirsute, longer than the tube of the coroh stem very branching: racemes 
 conjugate: leayes lance-oblong, hirsute. 4 — 8 i. iS'. T. Y. P. N. F. M. D. 
 
 stiffruticosa, T. & .T. (W. b?) stem suffruticose, very branching, hirsute: leaves lance- 
 linear, hispid pilose: spikes terminal, many: flowers pedicelled: c^lyx clo^d: nut 
 emoolh, depressed, ovi^te. 8 1. 
 
 Southern. * 
 
 fuma, W. (W. b. & y. If.) leaves oblong, villose: racemes few-flowered: nut 
 emoothish; margin serrulate. 
 
 MlJOSOtis, ROCHELIA. 
 
 5 — 12. Myosu'rus. 61. Ranu. g-r. acr-poi. h. epis. 
 
 Southern. * 
 
 minimus, (Ap. 0.) leaves linear, entire: scape 1-flowered: stamens 5 to 8. Petals 
 anther-form. 2 — 4 i. 
 
 20—4. Myei'ca. 99. Myri. r, ast. f. aro-wax. 
 
 gale, W. (sweet gale, bog myrtle. W. M. T^.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, ser- 
 rate at the apex: staininate aments imbricate: scales acuminate, ciliate: f^uit in a 
 scaly head. 3-4 f. C. H. B. D. 
 
 ctrifcra, (bayberry. W. g-p. M. T^.) leaves wedge lanceolate, acute, with distant 
 serratures at the apex: staminate aments lax: scales acute: fruit small, globose, 
 covered with a whitish wax, in a mealy state. Var. pumila, Mx. leaves lance- 
 linear. 2-18 f. «. C. Y. P. B. F. O. N. 
 
 caroliniensis, W. (Ap. ^.) leaves wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed: staminate aments 
 lax; scales acute: berry globose, large. 3 — 4 f. S. C. New England. 
 
 pennsylvanica, Lk. (M. \ .) leaves oblong, acutish at each end, very entire or sparingly 
 sub-serrate at the apex, revolute at the margin: staminate aments lax: scales acute: 
 berry globose, large. 3 f. 
 
 19 — 12. My'RioPHYL'nJM. 88. Halo. emo. 
 
 verticillatum, (water milfoil. W. Ju. 2_f.) leaves pinnate, capillary; upper ones peclir 
 nate-pinnatifid: flowers in axillary whorls; lower ones pistillate; upper ones stami- 
 nate or perfect, octandrous. In stagnant waters. S. B. P. Y. C. N. Canada. 
 Mch. 
 
 spicatum, (Ju. 2-C-) leaves all pinnate, capillaceous: spikes interrupted, naked, whorl- 
 ed; flowers staminate, polyandrous. D. Y. Canada. 
 
 heterophyllum, Mx. (Ju. If.) lower leaves capillary, pinnate; upper ones oval, acutely 
 seirate: flowers hex^ndrous. 
 
 capillaceum, (Ju. If.) leaves all capillary, pinnate: flowers axillary, opposite and alter- 
 nate, tetrandrous, mostly perfect: fruit 4-angled, formed of four cyUndrical carpels. 
 
 Myosotis. Gr. mus, ( muosj mouse, and oiis, ( otosj ear, alluding to the shape and 
 
 hairiness of the leaves. 
 Myosurus. Gr. mus, (muosj mouse, and op.ra, tail, referring to the long, slender 
 
 receptacle. 
 Myrica. Gr. murike, a name applied to this genus, from a supposed resemblance to 
 
 the tamarisk; perhaps from Gr. muro, to flow, because wax flows from its fruit, or^ 
 
 warm days. 
 Myriophyllum. Gr. murios, innumerable, and phuHon, leaf; from their great number, 
 
 (1) gcorpioides, W. laxa, Lk. (2) yerna, N, 
 
MYRIOPHYLLUM, NARTHECIUM. 325 
 
 ambigvum. N. (1) ( ) etem'floating, dlcliotomous: leaves petioled, obsoletely 
 
 pinnate; lowest ones capillary; middle ones pectinate; upper ones nearly entire. 
 
 Var. limosum, stem rooting, erect: leaves rigid, mostly 3-cleft: segments setaceous, 
 
 acute. Y. B. 
 tenellum, Bw. (.lu. 7S-) erect, nearly leafless: bracts entire, obtuse: petals linear, con-. 
 
 duplicate and revolute. 4—12 i. B. F. Plainfield, Porter. 
 
 Southern, 
 scabratum, Mx. (J. 2^.) leaves pinnatifid: flowers whorled, axillary; upper ones stami- 
 nate, tetrandrous; lower ones pistillate: fruit 8-_angled. 12 i. La. K. 
 
 Myrrhis, Urasperm0m. 
 11—1. Myr'tus. 89. Myrt. aro. ton. 
 Exotic. 
 fommunis, (myrtle, w. Ju. ^.) flowers solitary: involucre 2-leaved: leaves ovate. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nabalis, Prenanthes. 
 
 19—1. Na'jas. 7. Fluv. ton. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (water nymph.) small, filiform: leaves narrow-linear. W. N. 
 Canada. 
 
 Napaca, Sida. 
 
 6 — 1. Narcis'sus. 17. Narc. r. ton. erne — . 
 Exotic. 
 
 pseudo-narcissvs, (daffodil. M. U.) spathe 1-flowered: nectary bell-form, erect, crisp- 
 ed, equalling the ovate petals. 
 
 iazetta, (polyanthus. M. 2X-) spathe many-flowered: nectary bell-form, plicate, trun- 
 cate, thrice as short as the petals; petals alternately broader: leaves flat.j 
 
 jonquilla, (jonquil. M. If.) spathe many -flowered: nectary bell-form, short: leaves 
 subulate. 
 
 poeticus, (poet's narcissus. If.) spathe 1-flowered: nectary wheel-form, very short, 
 scarious, (red) crenulate: leaves inflexed at the margin. 
 
 17 — 2. Nardos'mia. 55. Eupa. dem— . bit-car. r. ton. sec-sti. 
 A sub-genus of Tussilago, which see. 
 
 3 — 1. Nar'dus. 10. Cype. ton—, fod — . 
 Southern, 
 stricta, (mat grass. W. 2i.) spike setaceous, straight: flowers 1-sided. ' 
 
 6 — 1. Narthe'cium. 13. Junct. fod — . 
 
 americanum, Ker. (2) (false asphodel. E. y. Ju. 21.) racemes sometimes interruptedly 
 spiked, lax: one cauline bract clasping the pedicel, another chafF-bristle-forrn be- 
 low: filaments with short wool. Y. 
 
 Myrtus. Gr. murtos, the myrtle, said to be from myrrha, a nymph, changed into 
 this tree; or from Gr. muron, perfume. 
 
 Najas. Gr. nais, a water nymph, because it is found floating on clear water. 
 
 Narcissus. Gr. narkissos, a youth, who was, according to Mythology, changed into 
 this flower. 
 
 Nardosmia. Gr. nardos, spikenard, osme, odor; it smells like spikenard. 
 
 Nardus. Gr. nardos, spikenard; a term applied to aromatic grasses, though the pre- 
 sent species have no such virtues. 
 
 Narthecium. Gr. narthcx, fennel; from the appearance of the stalk. See Ferula. 
 (1) procumbens, Bw. (2) Phalangium ossifragum, M. 
 
.326 NESTURTIUM, NECTHIS. 
 
 i4 — 2. Nastur'tjum. 63. Cruc. stim. dia. 
 
 natans, Dc. (IS.-) leaves above water, lanceolate, entire, serrate; immersfed leaves 
 bi-tri pinnatifid: segments capillary: silicles obovate-globose: style long. Canada. 
 
 officinale, R. Br. (w. ) leaves pinnately divided; segmenis ovate, sub-cordate, repand: 
 petals white, longer than the calyx. S. Oregon, N. W. Coast, New England. 
 Erysimum Nasturtium, 7th edition. 
 
 lyratum, N. (y. ) leaves pinnatifid or lyrate; segments oblong-lanceolate, incisely 
 serrate or angularly toothed: silique linear, compressed, more than twice the length 
 of the pedicel, somewhat spreading, abrupt at the apex: style very short: common 
 peduncle flexuous. Banks of the Oregon. 
 
 sinualiim, N. (y ) decumbent: leaves pinnatifid; segments lanceolate, sub-serrate or 
 toothed on the lower margin: pedicels spreading or recurved, longer than the 
 oblong, acute silique: style nearly one-third the length of the siliqu?. iS. Oregon. 
 
 curvisiliqua, N. (0. y.) erect, branching: leaves lanceolate, pinnalifid, acute, some- 
 what clasping at the base; lobes linear-lanceolate and spreading, the uppermost 
 nearly entire: raceme in fruit elongated: siliques linear, acute, falcate, twice as 
 long as the pedicels. N. W. Coast, Oregon. 
 
 palustre, D. C. (J. Au. Zf. y.) leaves pinnately lobed, clasping and ciliate at the base; 
 lobes confluent, toothed, glabrous: root fusiform: petals as long as the sepals: 
 silique spreading, obtuse at each end, somewhat turgid. 1 — 2 f. S. Arctic 
 America, Oregon. Erysimum palustre of 7th edition. 
 
 amphibium, R. Br. (y.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or serrate: root fibrous: 
 petals longer than the calyja silique ellipsoid, spreading, mucronate with the style. 
 <Si. Canada. Erysimum anjphibium of 7th edition. 
 
 j)oly7norphum, N. (<&-or^.y.) leaves deeply pinnatifid or almost 'entire; segments 
 entire: petals scarcely longer than the calyx: silique oblong-linear, compressed: 
 stigma minute, nearly sessile. Oregon. 
 
 hispidum, D. C. (Zf?) stem tomentose-villose: leaves somewhat villose, runcinate- 
 pinnatifid; lobes rather obtusely toothed: siliques ovate, tumid, pointed with the 
 distinct style, scarcely more than half as long as the somewhat spreading pedicels: 
 petals scarcely as long as the calyx. Middle and Northern States. 
 
 syheslre, R. Br. (y. ) leaves pinnately divided; segmenis lanceolate, serrate, or incised: 
 petals longer than the calyx: siliques oblong, somewhat torulose: style very short. 
 Philadelphia. Introduced. 
 
 cernuum, N. (w.) racemes panicled: leaves pinnatifid or laciniate; the segments irre- 
 gularly and distantly toothed: silique short, obovate, nodding: stigma sessile. 
 Oregon. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tanaceiifuUum, H. & Arn. (March. M. $. y.) leaves pinnately divided: segments 
 sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed: siliques oblong-linear, nearly erect, acute: style short. 
 S — C. to Arkansas. Erysimum Walteri of 7th edition. 
 
 sessiliforum, N. (y.) leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse, repandly toothed or nearlj 
 entire: siliques sub-sessile, linear-oblong, obtuse, tipped with the nearly sessile 
 stigma. Banks of the Mississippi. 
 
 ohtusum, N. (0. y.) leaves pinnately divided, decurrent; segments irregularly oval, 
 angularly toothed, obtuse: siliques linear, sub-terete, twice the length of the pedi- 
 cels: style short. Banks of the Mississippi. 
 
 limosum, N. {$. y. ) leaves lanceolate, laciniately-pinnalifid toward the base, nearly 
 entire above or merely angularly toothed; lacinise decurrent, sub-serrate or entire: 
 pedicels much shorter than the abbreviated siliques: stigma neaily sessile. New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Nasturtium, Erysimum. 
 
 6 — 2. Nec'tris. 61. Ranu. f. poi. r. exp. asp. ast. cat. asm. rhe. 
 Southern, 
 aquatica, (g-y. M. 7X.) submersed leaves opposite, many-parted, capillary; floating 
 ones alternate, elliptic, peltate, entire: raceme terminal. 
 
 Nasturtium. Lat. nasus, nose, tortus, twisting; from its convulsing the nose on be- 
 ing snuffed. 
 Nectris. From Gr. nekton, swimming or floating. 
 
NEC UNDO, NEMOPHILA, 327 
 
 Ncctris, Floerkea. 
 
 Negundiian, Acer. 
 
 20 — 5.* Negunbo. 66. Aceri. sug. ton. 
 
 [See note at the bottom of p. 112, on this as an old species of Acer.] 
 
 Calyx minute, nnequally 4 to 5-toothed: petals 0: anthers 4 to 5, linear, sessile: 
 
 pedicels of the stainiiiate flowers capillary, fascicled, from lateral aggregated buds; 
 
 fertile flowers in racemes: samaras in pairs, winged, diverging, 1-seeded: leaves 
 
 compound, pinnatel}' 3 to 5 foliolale. 
 uccroides, Moench. (ash-maple, box-eider. M. T:'.) leaves pinnate or ternate, unequally 
 
 serrate. Flowers dioecious. Large tree. 40 f. S. P. K. Acer negundo of 7th 
 
 edition. Mch. 
 
 Soulhcrn. 
 califomicum, ( ) young leaves villose, 3-foliolate; leafets 3-Iobed; lobes incised or 
 
 toothed. California. 
 
 12 — 12. Nelum'biom. 61. Nelu. r. amy-sug. 
 
 Utteum, W. (1) (sacred bean. W. y. Ju. If.) leaves peltate, orbicular, entire: corol 
 polypetalous: anthers linear above. The largest native flower in the Northern 
 States. S. D. P. C. Lake Ontario, Sodus Bay. 
 
 Southern, 
 pentapetalum, W. (w. Ju. Zf.) leaves peltate, orbicular, entire: calyx 5-sepalled: 
 
 petals 5. 
 reniforme, W. (21.) leaves reniform: corol polypetalous. These two southern species 
 
 rest on the authority of Walter and Dc. 
 codophyllum, ( y. 2i.) leaves downy beneath. Lakes of Louisiana. Leaves two 
 
 feet wide? 
 
 4 — 4. Nemopan'thes. (3) 95. Ilici. b. ton. f. ton — . eme. 
 
 canadensis, (wild holly, mountain holly. A. g-y. M. T^.) leaves deciduous, ovate, 
 entire, (or a little serrate at tlie apex,) glabrous: peduncles sub-solitary, long, 1- 
 flowered: fruit somewhat 4-sided. 3 — 5 f. S. Common in high dry woods in 
 New England. B. C. N. F. D. T. Mch. 
 
 5 — 1. Nemoph'ila. 43. Hydr. ton. honey-pti. 
 
 paniculata, Spreng. (water-leaf. b. M. 21-) very hirsute: radical leaves sub-pinnatifid; 
 cauline ones lobe-angled: sinuses of the calyx appendaged: the fascicles of flowers 
 sub-panicled: calyx very hispid. S. P. C. Hydrophyllum appendiculatumof 7th 
 edition. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pharelioides, N. (W. M. b. $.) succulent: stem 3-sided: leaves alternate, pinnatifid: 
 peduncles very long, l-flowered, opposite the leaves and terminal, somewhat 
 dacemed; racemes incurved: fruit deflexed. Resembles Hydrophyllum. 
 
 Nelumbium. In Ceylon called Nelumbo, meaning sacred bean. See Rees. art. 
 
 Cyamus. 
 Nemopanthes. Gr. nemos, grove, and pantos, (of pas) all, in all groves common. 
 Nemophila. Gr. nemos, a grove, and phileo, to love, from its habitation. 
 
 (1) iVymphea nelumbo, L. Cyamus flavicomus, Sy. luteus, E. (2) Acer. 
 
 (3) Ilex. The separation of this species from the genus Ilex was suggested by 
 Professor Dewey, of Williams College, in 1818; and he wrote a generic description. 
 I proposed publishing it in my 3d edition, under the name Deweya canadensis; but 
 M. Rafinesque was before me. 
 
 *The genus Acer, from which Negundo was taken by Moench. was placed among 
 the diclinous plants by Linneus. But it was removed on account of many species 
 varying from the character of the class. As the Negundo is constantly dioecious, it 
 may be returned. 
 
328 NEOTTIA, NIGELLA, 
 
 18—1. Neot'tia. (1) 21. Orch. r. amy. vis. aro— . salep. 
 
 tortilis, W. (2) (suniiner ladies' tresses. O. w. J. 2i-) radical leaves linear: scape 
 sheathed: flowers spirally secund; lip somewhat 3-lobed; middle lobe larger, ere* 
 nulate. 12 i. <S'. 
 
 gracilis, Bw. (O. w. Ju.) leaves radical, ovate: scape sheathed: flowers in a spiral 
 row; lip obovate, curled. Var. secunda, spike unilateral, hardly spiral: flowers 
 more slender. 8 — 12 i. Mch. 
 
 ■ccrnua, (3) (nodding ladies' tresses. O. w. Au. ![.) leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved rstem 
 sheathed: spike oblong, dense-flowered; flowers recurve-nodding; lip oblong, en- 
 tire, acute. Var. major, stem tall, somewhat leafy: flowers very large. Var. lati- 
 folia, stem short: leaves lance-oblong, sub- radical, flat. 8 — J8 i. /S'. Mch. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 odorata, W. (w. ) stem leafy, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, acuminate; radical 
 
 ones very long: spike somewhat lax: flowers recurved; lip ovate, entire; mar- 
 gin undulate, sub-fimbriate. Newbern, N — C. 
 
 Neottia, Goodyera. 
 
 13 — 1. Nep'eta. 42. Labi. beV. sud. cold. 
 
 cataria, (catmint, catnip. O. b-w. Zf.) hoary-pubescent: flowers in whorled spikes: 
 leaves petioled, cordate, tooth-serrate. Introduced? 
 
 Neurosperma, Momordica. 
 Nicandria, Atropa. 
 
 5—1. Nicotia'na. 38. Sola s. poi+. nar+. h. poi. nau.* 
 Exotic, 
 
 tabacum, (virglnian tobacco. W. w-r. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-ovate, sessile, decurrent: 
 
 flowers acute. Naturahzed. 
 rustica, (common tobacco. W. Au. #.) leaves petioled, ovate, entire: flowers obtuse. 
 
 Naturalized. 
 paniculata, (small-flowered tobacco. Au. %.) leaves petioled, cordate, entire: flowers 
 
 panicled, obtuse, clavate. 
 
 Souilicrn, 
 
 qmdrivahis, Ph. (W. b-w. Ju. 0.) leaves oblong-ovate, petioled: flowers scattered, 
 solitary, near the summit of the branches: corol funnel-form; divisions oblong, 
 acutish: capsule sub-globose, 4-valved. 
 
 12 — 4. Nigel'la. 61. Ranu. s. nau. poi. dra-eme. 
 Exotic. 
 
 damascena, (fennel-flower. M. #.) flower surrounded with a leafy involucre. 
 sativa, (nutmeg flower.) pistils 5: capsules muricate, roundish: leaves sub-pilose, 
 pinnatifid. 9 — 15 i. 
 
 Neottia. Gr. neottios, a bird's nest, from a fancied resemblance in its fibrous roots. 
 Nepela. Lat. neptta, supposed to be from nepa, a scorpion, it being used to cure their 
 
 bites: or from Nepete, a town in Italy. 
 Nicotiana. In honor of John Nicot. of Nismes, who introduced it into Europe. 
 Nigella. Lat. niger, black, in allusion to the color of the seeds. 
 
 (1) Spiranthes. (2) Ophrys aestivalis, Mx. Satyrium spirale, Sw. Limo- 
 
 dorum praecox, Wr. (3) Ophrys, L. Liinodonim autumnale, Wr. 
 
 *A deadly poison, sent upon man with other ciirspi-'. It is also death to the creep- 
 ing tempter of Eve. Lindley says (p. 513), one drop of the oil, exhaled from the 
 mouth in smoking, if put on a snake's tongue, produces instant death. 
 
NOLINA, NYSSA. 329 
 
 6 — 3. Nou'na. 13. Melan. poi. if nau. asc. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 georgiana, Mx. (w. M. Zf.) l^^^^s long-linear, coriaceous, dry: scape with small 
 subulate scales near the base: panicle spreading, racemose. 2—3 f. 
 
 12 — 1. jSu'phar. (1) 62. Nymp. r. nar. sed. ast — . slip. 
 
 advena, (2) (yellow water lily. O. y. Ju. Zf.) leaves cordate: lobes divaricate: calyx 
 5 — 6 sepalled, stigma crenate: capsule furrowed. Leaves always floating in deep 
 water and erect in shallow. Petioles semi-cylindricai. Bw. S. Mch. 
 
 kalmiana, A. (3) (Jn. 21.) leaves cordate, lobes near each other: calyx 5-sepalled: 
 stigma gashed, with 8 to 12 radiated lines. Flowers small. Water. O. F. C. T. 
 Y. B. N. Canada. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 sagittaefolia, Wt. (4.) (y. Ju. Zf.) leaves long cordate-sagittate, obtuse: calyx 6- 
 sepalled: petals 0: anthers sub-sessile: stigma entire. Water. 
 
 Nuttallia, Malva. 
 
 12 — 1. Nymphae'a. 62. Nymp. r. nar. sed. ast — . stip. 
 
 odorata, A. (white pond-lily. O. w. Ju. Zf-) leaves round-cordate, entire, sub- 
 emarginate; lobes' spreading asunder, acuminate, obtuse: petals equalling the 4- 
 sepalled calyx. Var. rosea, petioles, peduncles and leaves purplish beneath; lobes 
 divaricate, acute. iS. Mch. 
 
 minor, Dc. ( w. 21-) leaves cordate, entire; nerves and veins prominent beneath; 
 peduncles and petioles somewhat hairy: stigma 16 to 20-rayed. Var. of odorata? 
 S. 
 
 Neuroloma, Parrya, Hesperis. 
 
 20—5. Nys'sa. 24. Elae. sed. ton. 
 
 mulliflora, Wr. (.5) (pepperidge, tupelo, swamp hornbeam. O. j-^. M. ^.) leaves 
 obovate, oblong, entire, acute at both ends; the petioles, midribs and margins vil- 
 lose: pistillate peduncles sub-3-flowered: nut short-obovate, obtuse, striate. S. 
 Mch 
 
 aquutica, (6) (sour gum. W. M. ^.) leaves ovate-oblong, entire, acute at both ends, 
 glabrous: pistillate peduncles 2-flowered: drupe short, obovate: nut obtusely striate. 
 ;Sf. Y. C. S— C. M. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 capitata, Wr. (7) (M. \ .) leaves short petioled, lance-oblong and oval, nearly entire, 
 
 pubescent and somewhat hoary beneath: staminate flowers capitate: pistillate ones 
 
 solitary. 
 tomentosa, Mx. (W . M. >■.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, acuminate, remotely serrate, 
 
 tomentose beneath: pistillate flowers solitary: drupe oblong. 
 uniflora, Wr. (8) (Ap. Zf.) leaves long petioled, oblong, acuminate, remotely serrate, 
 
 glabrous on both sides: pistillate peduncles one-flowered: drupe oblong. S c! 
 
 La. 
 
 Nolina. In honor of P. C Nolin, a cultivator of American plants. 
 
 Nuphar. Gr. nouphnr, the water lily; from the Arabic noufur. 
 
 Nymphaea. Gr. numphaia, belonging to nymphs, who were supposed to inhabit pure 
 
 and running water. 
 Nyssa. A name of a nymph. Linneus says that he so named it because it grows in 
 
 the water. 
 
 (1) Nymphea, L. (2) lutea, W. (3) minima, M. (4) Nymphaea, Wr. 
 
 longifolia, Mx. (5) villosa, and sylvatica, Mx. (6) biflora, Wr. inlegrifolia A. 
 (7) candicane, Mx. (8) denticulata, A. angulisans, Mx. ' 
 
 42 
 
)30 OBOLARIA, tKNOTHERA. 
 
 O. 
 
 13—2. Obola'ria. 46. Gent. r. bit. ton. ath. 
 
 Tirs'mica, (penny-wort. r. Ap. 71.) stem simple: leaves oblong, truncate, fleshy, • 
 purple beneath: flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. 3 — 4 i. S. P» M. S — C. 
 
 13 — 1. O'cYMUM. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. 
 Exotic. 
 basU'icum, (basil. ©.) leaves ovate, glabrous: calyx ciliate. 6— 12i. 
 
 5 — 2. Q^nan'the. 60. Umbe. if oolo. sto. if nau. poi. 
 
 sarmetitosa, Dc. ( ) stem branching, weak, somewhat climbing: leaves gash- 
 
 bipinnate; segments ovate, dentate, terminal one somewhat 3-lobed: umbels oppo- 
 site the leaves, many-rayed: involucre 0: fruit oblong: style very long. A. 
 
 fdiformis, Wr. (1) (w. Au. 0?) leaves simple, terete, jointed, acute: nut winged. 
 Harper's Ferry. 
 
 phdlavdrium. Lk. (2) (W. Ju. H.) ramifications of the leaves divaricate. In water. 
 
 (Enoplia, Rhamnus. 
 
 8 — 1. CEnothe'ra. 88. Onag. emo. 
 
 1. Capsides elongated, sessile. 
 
 iiennis, (scabish, tree-primrose. O. y. J. $.) stem villose, scabrous: leaves lance- 
 ovate flat, toothed: flowers sub-spiked, sessile: stamens shorter than the corol. 
 3—5 f. -S. Mch. 
 muricata (W. y. Ju. ^.) stem purple, muricate: leaves lanceolate, flat: stamens of 
 
 the length of the corol. 1-2 f S. T. P. O. Mch. 
 parviflora, (y. Ju. $ .) stem smooth, sub-viUose: leaves lance-ovate, flat: stamens 
 
 longer than the corol. S. Y. T. H. 
 rrrandifiora, A. (W. y. Ju. $ .) stem glabrous, branching: leaves lance-ovate, gla- 
 brous: stamens declined. Flowers very large. A variety of CE. biennis? T. 
 2—3 f -S. P. F. 
 (dbicaulis N. ( W. w. Ju. 21.) stem simple, erect, white, glabrous, branching above: 
 leaves ' lance-linear, rarely sub-serrulate, sub-villose beneath: flowers axillary; 
 petals entire: capsules pritimatic. 3 f. ^ 
 
 pallida, Lmd. ( y. ) root creeping: stem ascending, branching: leaves lance- 
 
 linear, acuminate, very entire, or toothed, glabrous: petals retuse, crenulate, ex- 
 ceeding the stamens: capsule cylindric, contorted. R. 
 leucocurpa, Couiein. ( y- ) stem branching: leaves rigid, serrulate; lower ones 
 
 lance-spatulale; upper ones lanceolate; younger ones somewhat silky: petals 
 slightly emarginate. apex crenulate, exceeding the tube of the calyx by one half; 
 almost twice as long as the stamens and pistils; capsules cylindric, becoming hoary- 
 silky. R. 
 viminm, Doug. ( ) stem erect, branching: leaves lanceolate, sub-enlire, glaucous, 
 
 glabrous: tube of the calyx equalling the divisions: petals entire, denticulate, 
 twice as long as the stamens and pistils: stigma purple: capsules cylindric, apex 
 attenuated, sulcate, pubescent. 2 — 3 f. North California. H. 
 lindlcyi, Doug. ( ) stem ascending diffusely branched: leaves lance-linear, very 
 entire, glabrous: tube of the calyx one third as long as the divisions: petals entire, 
 
 Obolaria. Gr. ohnlos, a small ancient Athenian coin, that bears a considerable re- 
 semblance to the rounded leaves of this plant. 
 
 Ocymum. Gr. ohus, quick, in allusion toils rapid growth: or from Gr. ozo, to smell, 
 on account of its powerful scent. 
 
 Oenanthe. Gr. oine, the vine, and anthos, flower, because it smells like the vine, 
 and flowers at the same time. 
 
 Oenothera. Gr. uiiios, wine, and thero, to seek, because the roots are said to excite 
 a desire for wine. 
 (1 ) caroliniensis, Ph. teretifolium M. (2) Phellandrium aquaticum. Ph. 
 
CKNOTHERA. 331 
 
 denticulate, twice as long as the stamens and pistils: stigma yellow: capsules 
 cylindric, elongated and attenuated, finely pubescent. 1 — 2 f. North California. 
 R. 
 
 decumbms, Doug, (p.) stem ascending: leaves glaucous, very entire, pubescent; lower 
 ones broad-ovate; upper ones lance-ovate: petals emarginate, crenulate; stigma 
 purple, divisions retlexed: capsules obtuse, 4-angled, tapering from a thick base to 
 the apex, villose. North California. R. 
 
 purpureM, { p. ) becoming glaucous: leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends, ob- 
 tusish: lube of the calyx short: petals broad-ovate, crenulate: stamens and pistil 
 exsert; stigmas thick, short, dark purple; anthers yellow: capsules ovate-3-sided; 
 sessile, hairy. 
 
 rovinnzoioii, ( p. ) somewhat silky-glaucous: stem decumbent below: leaves lance- 
 oblong, slightly mucronate, tapering into the petiole: tube of the calyx very short; 
 limb half as long as the corol; petals broad-obovate, crenulate, violet color: stamens 
 much shorter than the corol: anthers green: stigmas almost sessile, inclosed, dark 
 purple: capsule oblong, hairy, somewhat 4-sided. 
 
 heicrantha, N. (y. J. H) steniless: leaves lance-oblong, entire: petals obovate-sub- 
 rotund, retuse: stamei'.s 4 shorter than the olher 4: capsules smooth. R. 
 
 sinuala, W. (W. y. J. 0.) stem diffused, soft-pubescent: leaves oval-oblong, tooth- 
 sinuate: flowers axillary, villose; capsules prismatic. Vslt. minima, (1) stem low, 
 simple, 1- flowered: loaves entire. &'. P. 
 
 canadensis, Goldie. ( ) stem sub-glabrous: leaves narrow-lanceolate, sessile, spread- 
 toothed, obscurely ciliate at the margin: capsules oblong-clavate, acute-angled, 
 sessile. Canada. 
 
 2. Capsules tentricosc, angular; mostly pedicellate. 
 
 fntticosa,'W. (sundrops. W. y. Ju. 2i.) pubescent: stem branched from the base 
 leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, acute: capsules pedicelled, oblong-clavate, ano-led 
 raceme naked below. Var. ambigua, is somewhat hairy: stem simple: leaves lance 
 olate or lance-ovale, acute, sub-denticulate: petals obcordate; width exceeding the 
 
 length: capsule sub-sessile, smooth, oblong. 4-winged: raceme naked below. 12 
 
 18 i. S. P. Y. C. T. D. Mch. 
 
 incnna, N. (y. ) stem slender, erect: leaves flat, hoary and tomentose, very entire, 
 oval-ovate, acute: raceme few-flowered, naked: capsules sub-sessile, oblong, 4- 
 sided. Probably a variety of the last. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 kijbrida, Mx. (y. Au. ) stem erect, villous: leaves pubescent on both sides, lanceo- 
 late, remotely toothed, undulate: capsules somewhat spiked, short-pedicelled, ovate- 
 4-angled. 1—3 f. S. P. M. Owego. 
 
 pumila, (y. Ju. 2{.) glabrous: stem ascending: leaves lanceolate, very entire, obtuse: 
 capsules sub-sessile, elliptic-obovate, angular. 8 — 12 i. S. T. B. C. N. Mch. 
 
 chrysantlia, Mx. (dwarf scabish. y. J. 2i-) stem slender, pubescent: leaves lanceolate, 
 obtusish, flat, entire: tube of the calyx but half as long as the divisions: capsule 
 clavate, acute-angled, mostly sessile. A variety of the last? 10 i. iS. T. C. F. 
 
 pusilla, Mx. (A.y. Ju. 2X.) sub-pubescent: stem small, sub-simple: leaves lance-ob- 
 long, obtusish, entire: flowers axillary at the top: capsules clavate, turbinate, 
 about equally 8-sided. 4—6 i. & P. C. Canada. 
 
 riparia, N. (y. ^.) smoothish: stem erect, virgate- branched: leaves lance-linear, 
 acute, distinctly sub-denticulate, flat: capsules spiked, pedicelled, obovate, 8- 
 grooved: valves with dorsal ridges. 2 f. 
 
 quadrivulnera, Doug. ( ) stem ascending, sub-ramose, weak: leaves lance-linear, 
 
 sub-denticulate, finely pubescent: petals entire, margin crenulate: capsules 4- 
 angled, apex attenuated, villose. 1 — 2 f. R. 
 
 hootldi, Dong. ( w.) stem ramose: leaves ovate, dentate, glabrous above, rough be- 
 neath; lower ones petioled; upper ones sessile: flowers secund, sub-spiked; petals 
 small, obovate, entire, equalling the stamens: style long-exsert: capsules cylindric, 
 sulcate, twisted. R. 
 
 pygmaea, Doug. ( ) stem ascending, ramose: lower leaves petioled, rhomboid; 
 upper ones sessile, lanceolate, all dentate, pubescent: capsules suh-secund, cviin- 
 dric, tapering to the apex, torulose. R. A. 
 
 (1) CE. minima, Ph. 
 
332 (KNOTHFRA. 
 
 spiralis, H. ( ) stem sub-simple, decumbent, lioary: leaves lanceolate, obtuse, 
 
 very entire, strigose-pilose, hoary, attenuate below: spikes leafy: petals twice as 
 long as the stamens: capsules acutely 4-angled, acuminate, hoary, sub-spirally 
 twisted. A. 
 
 viridescens. H. ( ) dense hoary-tomentose: stem erect, simple: leaves ovate, 
 
 acute, sessile, coarsely tootlied: spikes leafy: petals twice as long as the stamens: 
 capsules acutely 4-angled, sub-hirsute, twisted. Petals, when dry, are dark green. 
 A. 
 
 contorla, Doug. ( ) glabrous: stem weak, branching: leaves linear, very entire: 
 
 flowers very small: capsules cylindric, contorted-curved, elongated, torulose. R. 
 
 tetragona. Roth. (VV. TX-) leaves oval, obtuse, entire: flowers somewhat level-topped: 
 capsules pedicelled, truncate, 4-valved. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 longifoUa, (y. Au. ^.) leaves toothletted, lance-ovate: stem simple, very hairy: 
 petals not in contact at the base, and 2-lobed. 
 
 SoiUhern. 
 
 glauca, Mx. (O. y. 7S-) very glabrous: leaves broad-oval, repand-denticulate, smooth 
 glaucous: capsule ovale-4-angled, pedicelled. 
 
 linearis, Mx. (y. Ju. 21.) wholly pubescent, slender: leaves linear, entire: capsules 
 long-peduncled, loundish, 4-angled, villose. 
 
 caespilosa, Ph. (W. w. &. r. Ju. 21.) steniless: leaves lanceolate, gash-toothed: cap- 
 sules oblong, sessile: tube of the calyx very long: petals 2-lobed, distant. 
 
 pinnatijida, N. (1) (\V. w. J. ^.) minutely pubescent: stem decumbent: radical 
 leaves nearly entire; cauline oneS pinnatifid; segments linear, acute: capsules 
 prismatic, grooved. 6 — 24 i. - 
 frastri, Ph. Ju. 2i-) nearly glabrous: stem simple below, branching above: leaves 
 ovate, petioled, glandular-denticulate: racemes leafy: capsules pedicelled, obovate, 
 4-angled. K. M. 
 
 macrocurpa, Ph. (2) (W. y. Au. $.) nearly glabrous: stem branching: leaves lance- 
 olate, petioled, distantly glandular-denticulate, white-silky on the margin and 
 nerves; petals obcordate, with a point: capsules elliptic, 4-winged, very short 
 pedicelled. 
 
 triloba, N. (W. y. M. 0. «& If.) stemless: leaves interruptedly pinnatifid, toothed, 
 glabrous: petals 3 lobed at the apex: capsules 4-winged, large. 
 
 speciusa, N. (W. w. J. 2Z-) finely pubescent: leaves lance-oblong, toothed, sub-pin- 
 natifid: raceme naked, at first nodding: capsules obovate, angled: stem suffru- 
 ticose. 
 
 linifolia, N. (W. y. J. $ .) leaves entire; radical ones lanceolate; cauline ones linear, 
 crowded: raceme naked, terminal: capsule obovate, angled, pubescent: petals ob- 
 cordate, longer than the stamens: stigma 4-lobed. 
 
 serrulata, N. (VV. y. J.) leaves linear, somewhat spinose-serrate, acute: flowers axil- 
 lary: sepals keeled: stigma 4-lobed: capsules cylindric, erect: stem suffruticose. 
 D. 
 
 humifusn, N. ( w. ) stem prostrate, branching, villous: leaves lance-linear, sub- 
 dentate or entire, silky-villose: flowers axillary: calyx villose; tube a little longer 
 than the germ: capsule prismatic. 
 
 suaveolms, D. ( y. ) stem, calyx and capsule, sub-pilose: leaves lance-ovate, obso- 
 letely toothed: petals large, emarginate: capsules elongated, furrowed, nearly uni- 
 form in thickness. Cultivated. 
 
 lamarckiana, ( y. ) stem ramose; leaves entire, lance-ovate: petals entire, large; 
 capsules glabrous, short, somewhat 4-sided. 
 
 media, { y. 21.) stem erect, haiiy: leaves broad lance-linear, acute, toothed, soft 
 pubescent: tube of the calyx long, hairy: petals margined, yellow. 
 
 viscosa, R. ( ) stem brarjching, decumbent, terete, viscous, downy: leaves ses- 
 
 sile, lanceolate, nerved, tooth-sinuate: flowers axillary, sessile; petals obcordate; 
 stigma 4-lobed: capsule cylindric, channelled. Louisiana. 
 
 Oldenlandia, Hedvotis. 
 (1) albicaulis. Ph. (?) alata, N. 
 
Or.EA, OPHIORHIZA. 333 
 
 2 — 1. O'i.EA. 34. Olea. f. ole. b. bit. ast. emo. lax. 
 Southern, 
 americana, W. (american olive, devil's wood. L. w. M. ^.) lanceolate, elliptic, entire: 
 racemes compressed: bracts all persistent, connate, small. Florida, S — C. 
 
 17 — 2. Omalan'thus. 55. Anth. r. aro. f. res. sto. 
 
 camphoratus, Lep. ( y- ) leaves cut-bipinnate, alternate: heads solitary or in 
 corymbs: involucre campanulate, with the leafets in few series: receptacle convex. 
 Resembles Tanacetum vulgare, but is much more robust. R. A. 
 
 21 — 1. Onocle'a. 5. Fill, sec-stim. 
 
 sensibills, (sensitive fern. W. J. 21.) barren frond pinnate; fertile one doubly-pinnate: 
 stem glabrous. The leafets slowly approach each other, on squeezing the stem in 
 the hand. 6'. B. C. O. V. Y. Mch. 
 
 ohtusiloba, Sh. barren frond pinnate; fertile one doubly-pinnate: stem scaly. P. 
 
 Onoclea, Struthiopteris. 
 
 17 — 1. Onopor'don. 54. Card. r. erne. 1. ton. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 acanthium, (cotton thistle, p. J. $.) scales of the involucre spreading every way, 
 
 acuminate: leaves ovate-oblong, toothed-spinose, woolly. Naturalized. N. B. 
 
 5 — 1. Onosmo'dum. 43. Bora, ton — . 
 
 hispidum, Mx. (1) (false gromwell. y-vv. J. 21-) very hispid: leaves lance-oval, acute, 
 papillose-punctate: divisions of the corol subulate. 1 — 2 f. jS'. C. Y. T. D. O. 
 N. M. S— C. Mch. 
 
 molle, Mx. (2) (w. Ju. ![•) whitish-villose: leaves oblong-oval, somewhat 3-nerved: 
 divisions of the corol sub-oval. iS. 
 
 21 — 1. Ophioglos'sum. 5. Fili. sec-stim. 
 
 Tulgatum, (adder-tongue fern. W. M. 21.) frond ovate, simple, obtuse, closely reticu- 
 late: spikes about an inch long, cauline. 8 i. Y. P. C. F. 
 
 bulhosum, W. (3) (VV. M. Zf.) root bulbous: frond heart-ovate, obtuse: spike cauline. 
 6 i. S. Y. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pusillum, N. ( ) spike cauline: frond cordate, acute. 1 i. 
 
 5—1. Ophiorhi'za. 46. Gent, bit-f. ton-f . 
 Soutliern. 
 
 mitreola, W. (4) (w. Ju. ^.) leaves ovate, sessile, with the margin scarious. 
 
 12—18 i. Charleston, S— C. La. 
 lanceolata, E. (5) (w. «fc p. Au. 0.) leaves long-lanceolate, finely serrulate, tapering 
 
 at the base. 18 i. Charleston, S — C. 
 
 Ophrys, Epipactis. 
 
 Olea. Gr. elaia, the olive, (from leios, smooth;) on account of the qualities of the oil. 
 
 Onialanthus. Gr. omalos, equal, anthos, flower; as the flowers prove. 
 
 Onoclea. Gr. onos, a kind of vessel, and kido, to shut up; alluding to the capsule. 
 
 Onopordon. Gr. onos, an ass, and perdo, same origin us the last syllable of puff- 
 ball, (Lycoperdon.) 
 
 Onosmodium. So named by Michaux, because it had some resemblance to Onosma, 
 (a kind of borage. ) 
 
 Opiiioglossum. Gr. ophis, serpent, and glossa, tongue, from the shape of the spike. 
 
 Ophiorhiza. Gr. ophis, serpent, and riza, loot, because the root is used as a specific 
 against the bite of the viper in India. 
 (1) Lithospermum virginianum, L. Purshia hispida, SI. (2) Lithospermum 
 
 carolinianum, Lk. (3) crotalopharoides, Wr. (4) ovalifolia, M. (5) mitreola, M. 
 
334 OPLOTHECA, OREAS. 
 
 15 — 5. Oplothe'ca. 30. Amar. cata. r. ton. 
 Southern. 
 Jloridana, N. (O. w. Ju. HI) stem erect, sparingly branched above, pubescent, with 
 tumid joints: leaves sessile, lance-linear, scabrous above, lanuginous beneath. 
 3—4 f. 
 
 18—1. Or'chis.* (1) 21. Orch. r. amy-bit. 
 
 1. Roots oval or palmate. 
 
 spectabilis, W. (2) (gay orchis. O. r. M. Zf.) lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse; 
 
 petals straight; lateral ones longest; spur clavale, shorter than the germ: bracts 
 
 longer than the flowers: stem leafless. Leaves radical, oval, glabrous. 3 — 6 i. 
 
 S. Mch. 
 Jlava, (y. Ju. It.) lip 3-cleft, entire; middle division larger, (ovate, entire, crenulate, 
 
 N.) spur filiform, of the length of the germ: spike compact: bracts longer than the 
 
 flower. 1— 2f. S. P. 
 vbsoleta, W. (3) {J. TJ.) lip lance-oblong, undivided: bracts short: germ pedicelled: 
 
 scape naked: spur obtuse, sub-inflated, as long as the germ; petals erect. P. 
 
 2. Roots fascicled. 
 
 virescens, W. (g. Ju. ![.) lip lanceolate, crenate; petals connivent: bracts longer than 
 
 the flowers: spur sub-inflated, obtuse. 12 — 18 i. P. 
 Jiyperborea, W. (g-y. Ju. 21-) lip lanceolate, as large as the spreading petals; spur 
 
 subulate, shorter than the germ: spike ovate: bracts as long as the flowers. 
 ■ohtusata, Ph. (21.) lip linear, very entire, longer than the spur; spur as long as the 
 
 ^erm: leaf solitary, radical, sub- wedge-form, obtuse. 
 rotundifolia, Ph. (Zf.) lip 3-clefl; middle division 2-cleft; spur shorter than the germ: 
 
 leaves roundish-oval. P. N. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nivea, N. (w.) lip linear, oblong, entire; petals spreading; spur filiform, longer than 
 
 the germ: lower leaves linear, very long; upper ones subulate. 
 viridis, (A. g-w. Ju.) lip linear, 3-toothed at the ape.x; petals connivent; spur obtuse, 
 
 5uh-inflated: bracts much longer than the flowers. 3 i. 
 bidmtata, E. ( ) lip oval-oblong, 2-toothed at the base; petals ovate, spreading; 
 
 spur shorter than the thickened germ; leaves narrow-lanceolate: stem nearly naked. 
 
 12—18 i. 
 
 Orchis, Habenaria, Tipularia. 
 
 14 — 1. O'reas. 63. Cruc. asc. dia. 
 
 involucrata, Cham. (w. p. 21.) small: leaves radical, petioled, glabrous: bracts crowd- 
 ed under the pedicels, resembling an involucre: flowers in short racemes, bracted, 
 pedicelled. A. 
 
 Oplotheca. Gr. oplon, armor, and theca, sheath, referring to the armed covering of 
 
 the seeds. 
 Orchis. The Greek name of this plant. 
 Oreas. Gr. oros. oicos, of a mountain; on account of its habitation. 
 
 (1) Some of the species here described may belong to the genus Habenaria. 
 (2) humilis, Mx. (3) Salyrium, P. 
 
 * The havoc made in the Orchis family by forcibly dismembering it, requires this 
 notice. Many common species are taken from Orchis and placed under Habe- 
 naria — one under Tipularia, which was once the Limodorum unifolium. From 
 Neottia, the jmbesceiis is taken and put under Goodykra. From Epipactis, 3 species 
 are put under Listera. From Arethusa, 3 species are placed under Pogonia, and 
 one under Triphora. The hyemale, (putty root, adam and eve) was taken from 
 Cymbidium and placed under Corallorhiza, and lastly is placed under Aplectrum. 
 From Malaxis, I species is removed to Microstvlis. Students may look for Orchises 
 under Platan anthera, Cranichis, Bletia, Calypso, and PJpidendrdm. 
 
ORIGANUM, ORTHOCARPUS. 335 
 
 13 — 1. Orig'anum. 42. Labi. aro. coo. e-ole. 
 
 vulgare, (wild marjoram, r. Ju. ![•) spikes round-panicled, heaped: bracts ovate, 
 longer than the calyx. 1—2 f. S. T. C. F. 
 
 Exotic. 
 marjorana, (sweet marjoram. ^.^ spikes roundish, ternate, compact, peduncled: leaves 
 pelioled, oval, obtuse, smoothish. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 6—1. Or'nithoga'lum. 16. Asph. stim. g-r. exp. 
 
 in-acteatum, T. & J. (W. p. 21- ) scape bracted, one-flowered, terete: petals lance- 
 oblong, obtusish: filaments linear: leaves filiform, channelled. 4 i. 
 
 Exotic. 
 umbellatum, (star of bethlehem. M. 2X.) flowers corymbed, peduncles larger than the 
 bracts: filaments subulate: leaves linear, entire, emarginate. Naturalized. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 Ornithogalum, Phalangium. 
 2—1. Or'nus. 34. Olea. b, bit-ast. 
 mnericana, Ph. (M. f^.) leafets broad-ovate, serrate; terminal one obcordate. 
 13—2. Oroban'che. 36. Orob. bit-ast. det. 
 
 unijlora, (1) (squaw-root, broom rape, cancer-root. O. p-w. J. 2X.) scapes in pairs, 
 
 naked, 1-flowered: corol-recurved. About 3 inches high, of a yellowish white 
 
 color. S. Mch. 
 amcricana, (p-y. Ju. 21-) stem simple, covered with imbricate lance-oval scales: 
 
 spikes terminal, glabrous: corol recurved: stamens exsert. Hardly a span high: 
 
 brownish yellow. «. P. W. Y. H. N. Canada. Mch. 
 
 Southern, 
 ludovidana, N. (W. p.) pulverulent-pubescent: stem low, simple: flowers and ovate 
 acute scales sub-imbricate: calyx 2-bracted: corol recurved: stamens inclosed, 
 smooth. 3 — 4 i. 
 fasciculdln, N. (W. p. Ju.) stem short, simple: peduncles numerous, naked, nearly 
 terminal about the length of the stem: scales i'ew, ovate, concave, pubescent. 
 4-5 i. 
 
 Orobancke, Epiphegus. 
 
 Orohus, Homalobus, Psoralea. 
 6 — 1. Oron'tium. 7. Aroi. g-r. acr-sti. 
 
 aqiMticum, (golden club. y. M. 21.) leaves lance-ovate: spike cylindric, on a scape. 
 12— 20i. ,S. P. Y. C. F. M. 
 
 13 — 2. OR'THOcAR'prs. 36. Rhin. nar — . ast. 
 
 Southeryi. 
 
 luteus, N. (W. y. Ju.) stem simple, terete, hirsute-pilose: leaves alternate, sessile. 
 
 Origanum. Gr. oron, a mountain, and ganos, joy, in allusion to its habitation and 
 
 agreeable fragrance. 
 Ornithogalum. Gr. ornis, (ornithos,) a bird, and ^aZa, milk; this is said to be the 
 
 plant called dove's dung, in 2d Kings, vi. 25. 
 Ornus. Lat. ornus, the mountain ash, perhaps of orns, to adorn; or Gr. oreinos, 
 
 from uros, a mountain. 
 Orobanclie. Gr. urobos, the vetch, and agchein, to strangle, because it was thought 
 
 to destroy whatever it grew on. 
 Orontium. Gr. ornnHon, said to be from the river Orontes in Asia Minor, where- 
 
 from came the original plant. 
 Orthocaipus. Gr. ortlios, straight, and karpos, fruit, by which it is distinguished 
 
 from Melampyrum. 
 
 (1) biflora, N. 
 
336 ORTHOCARPUS, OXALIS. ' 
 
 lance-linear, acute, entire; upper ones gradually larger: calyx, bracts and leaves 
 viscid-pubescent. 12 — 14 i. 
 
 3 — 2. Or'thopo'gon. 10. Gram, far-ton. 
 Southern. 
 hirtdlum, (1) (Au. Zf.) spike compound; spikelets appressed, alternate: glumes all 
 awned, outer awn very long. Procumbent. 
 
 6—2. Ory'za. 10. Gram. far. ton. s. lax — . nut. 
 Erotic, 
 satica, (rice. ^.) culm jointed: leaves clasping: panicle terminal. 
 
 3 — 2. Oryzop'sis. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 asperifolia, Mx. (mountain rice. M. 2X0 culm nakedish: leaves rigid, erect, pungent 
 at the point: flowers in a racemose panicle. 18 i. C. M. T. N. 
 
 5 — 2. OsMORHizA. Umb. g-h. odo. sto. r. aro. sto. exp. 
 
 longistylis, Dc. (sweet cicily. O. J. 21.) leaves compound, hairy; leafets gash-toothed: 
 
 umbels axillary and terminal, about 5-rayed: style as long as the villose germ; 
 
 filiform, erect, deflected. 2 f. S. Uraspermum Claytoni of 7lh edition. 
 brevistylis, Dc. (W. J. If.) hirsute: leaves decompound; leafets gash-pinnatifid: styles 
 
 of the fruit pyramidal, approximate. T. B. C. O. F. Uraspermum hirsutum of 
 
 7th edition. 
 
 Osinprhiza, Uraspermum. 
 
 21 — 1. Osmun'da. .5. Fili. sec-stim. 
 
 cinnamomea, Mx. (flowering fern. O. y. J. 21.) barren frond doubly pinnatifid; seg- 
 ments oval, entire: fertile fronds with opposite racemes, woolly. 3 — 6 f. S. M. 
 Mch. 
 
 interrvpta, Mx. (O. g-y. J. 21.) barren leafets on the frond, with the fertile ones above 
 and below and sometimes among them. Damp. M. Mch. 
 
 regalis, Mx. (2) (O. r-y. J. 21.) frond bipinnate, terminal in several racemes, very 
 branching, without hairs. Wet. M. Mch. 
 
 claytoniana, W. (Zf.) fronds pinnate, bearing fruit at the summit, pinnate-pinnatifid, 
 having small dense masses of fulvous down at their origin. 20 — 30 i. Found in 
 Cambridge, N. Y., by Dr. M. Stevenson. Stillwater, N. Y., Dr. Fitch. 
 
 19—12. Os'trya. 99. Betu. ton. 
 
 virginica, A. (3) (iron-wood, hop hornbeam, lever wood. O. g. M. fp.) leaves ovate- 
 oblong, sub-cordate, acuminate, unequally serrate: strobiles oblong-ovate, pendu- 
 lous; (erect, Ph.) buds acute. 20— 40f. -S. Mch. 
 
 10—5. Ox'alis. 73. Oxal. asc-f . ref. feb. 
 
 acetosella, (wood-sorrel, m'. r. M. 21.) stemless: scape 1-flowered, longer than the 
 leaves: leaves ternate, broad obcordate, with rounded lobes: styles as long as the 
 inner stamens: root dentate. T. Y. C. O. N. Mch. 
 
 Orthopogon. Gr. orthos, straight, ?LnApdgdn, beard, referring to the straight beards 
 
 of the flowers. 
 Oryza. Gr. oruza, rice, from the Arabac eruz. 
 
 Oryzopis. Gr. oruza, rice, and opsis, lesemblance. The plant resembles rice. 
 Osmorhiza. Gr. osme, perfume, riza, root. 
 
 Osmunda. A word of northern origin, relating to medical powers. 
 Ostrya. Gr. ostrus, or osirua, said to be from ostreon, a shell, from the resemblance 
 
 found in its capsules. 
 Oxalis. Gr. oxiis, sour, referring to its acid leaves. 
 
 (I) Panicum, L. (2) spectabilis, W. (3) Carpinus, Lk. 
 
OXALIS, OXYTROPIS. 337 
 
 violacea, (violet wood-sorrel. W. p. 3. It..) stemless: scape uttibelliferous: pedicels 
 sub-pubescent; flowers nodding; leaves ternate, obcordale, glabrous; divisions of 
 the calyx callous at the apex: styles shorter than tlie outer stamens. Damp. S. 
 T. Y. C. P. F. M. N. 
 
 stricia, (1) (yellow wood-sorrel. O. y. J. ^.) hirsute: stem erect, branching: pedun- 
 cles unibelliterous: leaves ternate, obcordate: petals obovate: s-yles of the length of 
 the inner stamens. 6 — 12 i. S. R. 
 
 corniculula, (2) (lady's wood-sorrel. W. y. M. s^.) pubescent: st^m branching, dif- 
 fused, or procumbent: umbels as long as the petioles: leaves ternate, obcordate: 
 petals wedge-iorm. erose at the apex: styles of the length of the inner stamens. 
 S. P. D. Y. F. II. Florida. 
 
 iriUiifolui, Hk. (VV.) stemless: peduncles umbelliferous, eqiiallingthe petiole: leaves 
 ternate; leafets obcorduie, glabrous: styles of the length of the inner stamens. R. 
 
 oregana, N. (w-p. y. H-) rhizoma creepmg, thick and scaly: leafets very broadly 
 obcordate, ciliate: scapes 1-tlovveied, sliorter than the leaves, 2bracteolate above 
 the middle: petals obloiig-obovate, emarginate: stamens and styles shorter than, or 
 scarcely exceeding, the sepals. Oregon. 
 
 Oxybaphus, Allioxia. 
 
 8 — 1. OxYcoc'cus. 51. Vacc. ton. ref. diu. f. gel. feb. 
 
 macrocarpus, P. (3) (craneberry. O. r. J. >:.) creeping: stem ascending: leaves oblong, 
 flattish, obtuse, becoming vvliite beneath: pedicels elongated: divisions of the corol 
 lance-linear. Wet. iS'. M. Mch. 
 
 vuls^aris, Ph. (4) (low craneberry. r. J. Tp .) creeping: leaves oval, entire; margin 
 revolnte, sub-acute, becoming wliite beneath: peduncles elongated, divisions of ihi 
 corol oval. Wet, Probably a variety of the hrst. T. C. D. F. M. 
 
 Soulheni, 
 erythrocarpvs, Mx. (5) (A. J. ^.) erect: leaves oval, acuminate, serrulate: ciliate: 
 pedicels axillary: corol long, at length revolule. 
 
 Oxycoccus, Gaultheria. 
 3 — 2. Oxyde'kia. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 Sontliern. 
 attenuata, N. (6) (W. An. ^.) panicle simple: spikes very long, numerous, atten- 
 uated, somewiiat sub-divided near the base: spikelels about 3- flowered: leaves iiat, 
 subulate at the point, and with the sheaths scattered with glandulous hairs. 
 2—3 f. K. 
 
 6—2. Oxy'ria. 28, Poly. ton. lax. 
 
 reniformis, Br. (7) (A. J. ![■) outer sepals oblong, half the length of the inner ob- 
 ovate valves: radical leaves reniform, long-petioled: stamens 2: styles 2. 2 — 3 i. 
 
 16 — 10. Ox'ytro'pis. 93. Leg. r. emo. sug. 
 
 vralensis, Do. (r-w.) stemless: villose or silky: leafets lance-oblong: scapes longer 
 than the leaves, scape and calyx hirsute-woolly, little heads maiiy-iloweied, ovale; 
 fiuwers spreading: lower brads longer than the calyx. R. A. 
 
 arctica, iir. ( r-w. ) scarcely slemless, silky: stipules petioled: leafets opposite and 
 alternate, oval-oblong: little heads sub-umbelled, few-flowered: legumes erect, 
 ob.oiig, acuminate: calyx and leg mie with black pubescence. R. A. 
 
 campealrm, Hk. ( VV y.) stemless: leafets many paired, lanceolate, silky: scape often 
 decumbent, sub-equal to the leaves: spikes capitate or elongated: bracts a Utile 
 shoiter than the calyx: flowers erect: legumes erect, ovate, inflated, pubescent. R. 
 
 Oxycoccus. Gr. OXMS, sour, and Zio/t/cMs, berry, on account of its acidity. 
 Oxydenia. Gr. oaus, sour, and aden, gland, from an acid which comes from the 
 
 glandulose pubescence. 
 Oxyria. From Gr. oxus, acid, in allusion to the qualities of its leaves. 
 Oxylropis. From Gr. oxus, pointed, and tropis, a keel. 
 
 (1) diUenii reourved. (2) lyoni, furcata. (3) Vacciniufn macrocarpon, A. Var. 
 obiongifolius, Mx. (4) palustris, 2d ed. P. Vaccinium oxycoccus, Mx. (5)erec- 
 tuB, Ph. Vaccinium, Mx-. (6) Eleusine mucronata, Mx? (7) Kumex digynus. L. 
 
 43 
 
338 OXYTROPIS, PACHYPODIUM. 
 
 splendens, Hk. (W.) stemless: leafets 3 or 4, whorled, lanceolate, very acute, eilk- 
 hairy: scape longer than the leaves; scape and petioles with spreading hairs: spikes 
 elongated: flowers longer than the bracts. Red River. R. 
 
 lamberti, Ph. (VV. p. Ju. 2i.) stemless, silky-pilose: leafets numerous, lance-oblong, 
 acute at each end: scape about equal to the leaves: spikes oblong-capitate: bracts 
 lance-linear, about equal lo the calyx. R. Red Rivei. 
 
 lagopus, N. (b. Z{.) low, somewhat stemless, silk- woolly: leafets oblong-elliptic, 
 somewhat 4-paired: little head sub-umbelled: calyx canescent, dense-woolly, longer 
 than the ovate bracts: germs glabrous. R. 
 
 horeatis, Dc. ( ) somewhat stemless: hairs of the scape and stipules setose, 
 
 spreading, those of the petioles few: leafets lance-oval, glabrous below, hairy above: 
 scapes of the length of the leaves: flowers in heads: bracts of the length of the 
 darkly very hispid calyx. A. 
 
 foUolosa, ill-) stemless: hoary villose: leaves numerous; leafets approximate, ovate 
 or oblong-ovate, sub-acute: scapes pilose, longer than the leaves: little heads broad- 
 ovate (small:) flowers crowded, spreading, lower ones reflexed: bracts lance-linear, 
 shorter than the dark hirsute calyx: legumes remotish, deflexed, cylindrical, acute, 
 dark hirsute. R. A. 
 
 nigrescens, Dc. ( ) subacaulis, many-edged: leafets (7 — 11) oval, acutish. villose: 
 stipules and calyx dark-villose: peduncles 2-flowered, of the length of the leaves: 
 legumes oblong, inflated, pubescent, 1-celled. A 
 
 sericea, N. ( ) stemless, somewhat cespitose, shining and whitish, with appressed 
 
 silky hairs: leafets linear-oblong or lanceolate: scapes longer than the leaves: 
 spikes short, elongated in fruit: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the 
 calyx: teeth of the calyx short and subulate: legumes somewhat cylindrical, acu- 
 minate, 2-celled, canescently pubescent. Rocky Mts. 
 
 platteiisis, N. ( ) stemless, and somewhat cespitose, canescently villous: leafets 
 
 oblong-elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, more or less acute: scape longer than the 
 leaves: flowers in interrupted spikes: bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx: teeth 
 of the calyx nearly half the length of the tube; wings dilated and emarginate. 
 Plains of the Platte. 
 
 hookeriana, N. (M. J. p.) stemless, somewhat cespitose, pilose: leafets linear-lance- 
 olate, acute at each end: scapes longer than the leaves: flowers in somewhat inter 
 rupted spikes: bracts foliaceous, lanceolate-linear, nearly the length of the calyx: 
 teeth of the calyx subulate, nearly as long as the tube: wings dilated and emargi- 
 nate. Plains of the Platte. 
 
 nana, N. ( p. ) stemless, cespitose, dwarf, canescently pilose: leafets about three 
 pairs, elliptical-oblong, somewhat acute: scapes longer than the leaves: head few- 
 flowered: bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the very woolly calyx: teeth of the 
 calyx short: wings dilated and emarginate. Plains of the Platte. 
 
 viscida, N. ( ) stemless, cespitose, hairy and viscid: leafets numerous, oblong- 
 
 lanceolate, somewhat acute: peduncles longer than the leaves: stipules pilose, 
 membranaceous, with a long acumination: spikes sub-cylindrical: bracts as long 
 as the calyx; teeth of the calyx subulate, about the length of the tube: legumes 
 short, terete, pubescent, acuminate. Rocky Mts. 
 
 multiceps, N. ( ) nearly stemless, cespitose, canescently silky: caudex divided above 
 into numerous heads: leafets 3 — 4 pairs, elliptical-lanceolate: stipules adnate to the 
 petiole, ovate, acute, membranaceous: scapes longer than the leaves, 2 — 3-flower- 
 ed: bracts ovate: legumes ovate, acuminate, wholly included in the inflated calyx, 
 half-2-celled. Rocky Mts. 
 
 dejkxa, Dc. ( p-w. )stem ascending, somewhat hairy: leafets ovate-lanceolate, pubes- 
 cent: peduncles much longer than the leaves: legumes pendulous, hairy, 1-celled, 
 opening widely at the summit. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Oxyiropis, Astraqalus. 
 
 P. 
 14—2. Pachypo'dium. 63. Cruc. asc. dia. 
 
 laciniatum, N. (w. ^.) leaves all petioled, laciniate-pinnatifid: flowers pedicelled; 
 petals narrow-linear. R. Macropodium laciniatum, 7th edition. 
 
 Pifellypodium. Gr. paeh»3, thit'k, podos, {of po^s,) fbot. 
 
PACHYPODIUM, PANCRATIUM. 839 
 
 integrifolium, N. (^. r.) leaves entire; radical ones petioled, oblong-elliptical; cau- 
 line lanceolate-oblong, sessile; uppermost nearly linear: stem fastigiately branched: 
 flowers almost corymbose, crowded; petals spatulate-obovate: pedicels twice as 
 long as the calyx: stipe short, but distinct: silique abruptly pointed. Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 sagitlatum, N. (r-vv. $.) leaves entire; the cauline ones lanceolate, sagittate, clasp- 
 ing: stipe almost wanting: petals obovate, the limb as long as the claw: silique 
 abruptly pointed, nearly erect: raceme elongated in fruit. Rocky Mts. 
 
 19 — 4. Pachysan'dra. 96. Euph. r. ast. deob. sto. jan. 
 Southern, 
 procumbens, Mx. (W. A. g-w. J. Zf-) stem procumbent: leaves short, oval, crenate- 
 toothed above: calyx minute-ciliate: capsule finely pubescent. 
 
 12 — 3. P.«;o'nia. 61. Ranu. ton. stom. 
 
 brownii, Dougl. (r-p. J. Ju.) carpels 5, oblong, very glabrous, erect: leaves smooth 
 on both sides, somewhat glaucous, biternate; leafets ternately divided or pinnatifid, 
 laciniate; laciniae oblong; those of the lower leaves obtuse. N. W. America. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 officinalis, (peony, r. J. 2X-) leaves decompound; leafets lobed, lobes broad-lanceolate: 
 capsules downy. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 califomica, N. (March. A. r.) carpels 3, glabrous: leaves smooth on both sides, ter- 
 nate; leafets broadly cuneate, nearly twice 3-cleft; lacinia oblong-lanceolate, acute. 
 Upper California. 
 
 5 — 2. Pa'nax. 59. Aral. r. sia. ton. aro. cau. 
 
 trifolia, (dwarf ground-nut. W. w. If.) leaves in threes,, ternate, or quinate; leafets 
 
 serrate, lance-oblong, sub-sessile: root tuberous, roundish. Styles generally three. 
 
 Root round-tuberous, and very deeo in the earth in proportion to the size of the 
 
 plant. 6—9 i. .ST. B. P. C. D. F. O. N. T. V. K. Mch. 
 quinqvrfulia, (ginseng. W. A. w. M. 71) root fusiform: leaves ternate, quinate; 
 
 leafets oval, acuminate, petioled, serrate. Larger than the last. 1 — 2 f. S. T. 
 
 N. F. D. B. C. O. V. Mch. 
 horridum, S. ( ) fruticose, somewhat creeping, all over aculeate: leaves palmate 
 
 lobed, gash-serrate: umbels capitate, racemed: styles and seeds two. 10 — 12 f. 
 
 R. A. 
 
 6 — 1. Pancra'tidm. 17. Amar. r. eme-f-. 
 Southern. 
 
 mexicanum, W. (w. M. 21.) spathe about 2-flowered: leaves lance-oblong: 6 teeth of 
 the nectary slaminiferous; 6 intermediate, simple. 18 — 24 i. S — C. 
 
 maritimum, W. (1) (w. Ju. 21.) spathe many-flowered: leaves lance-linear: nectary 
 with 12 teeth, not slaminiferous. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 rotatum, Ker. (W. w. Ju. If.) spathe many-flowered: leaves lance-linear: nectary 
 salver-form, tubular below, with 6 stamen-bearing teeth; intermediate one gash- 
 toothed: stamens twice as long as the nectary. 
 
 Pachysandra. Gt. pachus, thick, clumsy, and aner, Candros, ) stamen; from their 
 size. 
 
 Paeonia. Said to be named from Pason; who, according to Mythology, cured Pluto 
 with it. 
 
 Panax. Gr. panax, or panakes, from pan, all, and akos, medicine, being supposed an 
 universal panacea by the Chinese. 
 
 Pancratium. Gr. pan, all, and Urates, to overcome; in allusion to its powerful medi- 
 cal effects. 
 (1) carolinianum, L. 
 
340 
 
 3 — 2. Pan'icum. 10. Gram. fiir. ton. 
 
 crus-galU, (1) (barn grass. O. Au. 0.) racemes alternate and in pairs, compound: 
 racliis 5-angled: glumes terminating in hispid bristles: slieath glabrous. 2—4 f. 
 S. Mel). 
 
 Idspidum, M. (") (L. S. #.) panicle compound, nodding: racemes alternate: glumes 
 terminating in hispid bnslles: sheath liipid. 3 — 4 f. .S. Y. O. 
 
 clandcsti'ninn, (3) (VV. Au. 2_C.) culm with .<;hort axillary branches: leaves broad- 
 lancpolate, cordate at the base: sheaths hispid, enclosing the short panicles: abor- 
 tive floret neutral. 2- valved; upper vulve obtuse. 2 — 3 f. O. N. T. 
 
 pedvvctdatuin, '1. (Ju. 21.) culm dichotomous: leaves broad lanceolate, sub-pilose 
 ab'jve, utlcmiate: sheaths hispid and papillose: [)anipi.e long, p^dnncled. compound, 
 smooth: spikelets ovaie, smooth; abortive floret 2-Vitlved: upper valve hall' tiie 
 length of the lower one. 3 — 4. f. 
 
 tatifoliiim, (\^. Ju. 21.) culm generally simple, bt-arded at the joints: leaves lance- 
 oblong, smooth, or with the sheaths somewhat pubescent: panicle terminal, a little 
 exsert, simple, pubescent; spikelets oblong-ovate: abortive floret anthenferous, 2 
 valved: upper valve sub-herbaceous, nearly as long as tlie lower, acute. 1 f. S. 
 B. P. C. C. N. 
 
 scopaiium, Lk. (Zf-) softly villose: leaves lanceolate: panicle erect, compound setace- 
 ous, much branched: si^ikelets turgid, ovate, pubescent. 2 f. S. P. Y. 
 
 nervosum, M. (Ju. 2^.) culm simple: nodes smooth: leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth, 
 sub-ciliate on the margin: panicle much branched, smooth, many-flowered; spike- 
 lets oblong: abortive floret antiieriferoiis, witli the upper valve sub-herbaceous, 
 shorter than the lower one. 3—4 f. .S'. Y. B. P. N. Alch. T. 
 
 macrocarpun, T. (21- ) culm erect, simple: leaves lance-linear, erect, a little hairy 
 beneath: joints naked: sheaths hispid: panicle lather compound, smooth: spikelets 
 ovate-globose: abortive floret neutral. 3 f. Y'. N. 
 
 puhar'rctis, Lk. (J. 2iO erect, muck branched, leafy, soft pubescent: leaves lanceolate, 
 ciliate: panicle small, few-flowered, free; spikelets sub-globose-obovate, pubescent. 
 18 i. K P. Y. O. 
 
 involuluin., T. (21.) culm cespitose, simple, or a little branched at the base: leaves 
 erect, somewhat rigid, very narrow, at length involute: panicle simple, lew-flower- 
 ed; florets acuminate: upper valve of the neutral floret very small. 1 f. i\'. 
 
 depaiipcrattim., M. (J. 7S-) culm cespitose, hairy at tiie joints: leaves lance-linear, 
 smooth or hairy: sheaths pubescent: panicle few-flowered; branches in pairs; one 
 of tiiem 2-llowered, t!ie other ! -flowered. 1 f P. V. N. 
 
 dichutumum, (W. Au. 2i-) culm much branched, dichotomous above: branches fas- 
 cicled: leaves numerous, smootii, lanceolate: panicle simple, capillary, lax: abor- 
 tive floret neutral; upper valve minute, 2-cleft. Var. curcalum, culm very tall, 
 rather rigid: branches few, somewhat curved. Va.r. fast iodalma, culm low, erect, 
 or decuuil^.^nt: branches and leaves dense-fascicled: panicles very small, concea'ed 
 among the leaves. Var. (^rnii/e. culm tall, slender, leaves membranaceous. 8 — 
 16 i. S. P. Y. B. C;. O. H. N. Mch. 
 
 nitidum, L'-<. (panic grass. VV. Ju. If.) culm slender, simple, lerecf, smooth: sheath 
 bearded at the throat: leaves few, remote, broad-linear: panicle cai'illary, rather 
 crowded, compound, smooth: spi 'elets minute, obtu.se, ovale, siib-pubesceiit: lower 
 glume very small. Var. tilintuin, culm hairy, leaves lance-linear, (lower ones 
 broader) s[)aringly hirsute, ciliate on the margin: panicle with the branches and 
 flowers pubescent. Var. ramtdosum, culm more branched: panicle contracted; 
 branches smooth. Var. graci/e, cului very slender, smooth, leaves very narrow, 
 smooth: sheaths smooth: panicle sub-simple, few-flowered, smooth: upper valve 
 of the abortive floret minute, entire? V a.r. pi/.osuin, culm simple, very hairy: lower 
 leaves appro.ximate and broad-lanceolate: up[)er ones linear, rather rigid, sub-pilose 
 above, ciliate at the base: sheaths villose, minutely papillose: panicle sub-contrac- 
 ted; branciies virgate. w'ith the flowers pubescent. \ ai. gluOnim, (A) smooth all 
 over except the base of the leaves, nearly simple: lower leaves short, appro.xi- 
 mate, sub-cartilaginous- panicle branched, almost verticillaite; spikelets large: 
 upper valve of the abortive floret entire. Var. barbatum. (5) culm simple, smooth; 
 
 Panicum. Lat, pnnicum, from paniculus, in allusion to the great number of panicles; 
 
 or from Lat. pnnis, bread. 
 
 (1) Echinochloa crus-galli, Rs. (2) waiter), Ph. crusgalli, V. hispidum, E. 
 (3) latifolium. Var. clande^tinum, Ph. (4) nitidum, Sz. (5) discolor, M. 
 
PANICUM. 341 
 
 nodes hairy: leaves lance-linear: sheaths smooth, except on the margin: panicle 
 sub-simple, smooth.: (lowers minute, pubescent. 1 — 2 f. P. Y. T. B. C. O. H. 
 M. N. Mch. 
 
 agrostoiilcs, i\l. (1) (W. Au. 2i-) culm compressod, smooth, erect: leaves very long: 
 panicles lateral and terminal, pyramidal, spreading; brandies racemiforous: spike- 
 lets appress-d: valves of the abortive floret neutral, valves nearly equal. 2 — 3 f. 
 P. Y. M. N. K. Y. 
 
 viriftitiiiii, (W. Au. 2i-) all over very smooth: panicle diffuse, very large: flowers 
 acuminate: abortive floret nearly equal. 3—4 f. '.S'. B. O. C N Mch. T. 
 
 ancf.jis, .M.x. (2) (Au. 2i-) culm compressed; sheaths ancipitous, pilose: panicle 
 with nearly simph' brunches: spikelets sub-racemose, much acuminate: abortive 
 floret neutral; upper valve 2-cleiL 3 f. <S'. P. 
 
 rectum, R, & S. (3) (Ju ) panicle solitary, shorter than the terminal leaf: branches 
 simple, flexuous: spikelets alternate, peduncled, obovate, turbid: glumes stiiate, 
 acute: leaves linear, straight, tapi^ring to a sharp point, striate and scabrous above, 
 haiiy beneath: sheaths with very long hairs. P. M. 
 
 verruru'siim, M. (4) (Au. 2Z-)culm slender, decumbeniand geniculate, branched be- 
 low, smooth: leaves smootli: panicle veiy spreading, few-flowered; flowers verru- 
 cose; abortive floret 1-valved. 18 i. i*!?. Y. 
 
 protifeium, Lk. (5) (W. S. 0-) culm assnrgent, geniculate at the base, very smooth: 
 panicles terminal, and axillary, smooth: spikelets racemose: abortive floret 1- 
 valved. 2—4 f. & P. Y. C. K. 
 
 cdpiUa're, (W. S. ^.) culm nearly simple: sheaths very hairy: panicle large, capil- 
 lary, expanding, loose: spikelets long-peduncled, acuminate, smooth; abortive 
 tioret 1-valved. Var. sijlvtiticum, culm branched at the base, very slender: leaves 
 linear. 1-2 f. S. T. N. Mch. 
 
 longifoliuvi, T. (S. H-) very smoolh: culm compressed, erect, simple, slender: leaves 
 very long, narrow: panicle simple, elongated, racemose: spikelets acuminate: abor- 
 tive floret neuter, 2-valved. 2 f. 
 
 nodiflnruin, Lk. (Ju. ) panicles very small, lateral and terminal: glumes ovate, pubes- 
 cent: IpavPs narrow, short, bearded at the throat. B. 
 
 ciliutum, E. (J. 21- ) stem decumbent: panicle few-flowered, expanding: leaves short, 
 lanceolate, and with the sliealhs glabrous and finely ciliate. 8 — 15 i. iS. P. 
 
 paucifinrvm, E. (J. Zf.) panicle expanding, few-flowered: flowers very large: leaves 
 narrow-lanceolate, ciliute at the base: sheaths hairy. 12 — 18 i. 8. P. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 fus'co-ru'hcns, Lk. (Au.) racemes linear, virgate: glumes clavate, colored, hairy 
 under the divisions of the panicle. 
 
 striiiliiiii, Lk. ( ) panicle oblong: glumes large, glabrous, green, handsomely 
 striate. 
 
 diffusuifi, Sw. (Ju.) panicle simple, capillary, expanding: florets remote, acute: stem 
 simple: leaves long-linear, vviih the throat and sheaths villose. 
 
 gibhuiii, E. (Ju. ^!^'l) racemes many-flowered" appressed, resembling a columnar 
 spike: glumes strongly nerved, the exterior gibbous at the base: flowers caducous. 
 
 muUc, Mx. (Au. 7S-) spikes panicled, alternate, expanding, one-sided; spikelets ap- 
 proximate, pedicelled, secund, awnless. 4—6 f. 
 
 gijin'norai'/wn, E. (Au. 2I-) spikes panicled; spikelets in 2 rows, few-flowered: 
 glumes sub-equal, expanding, much longer than the paleas. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 hiuus, E. (All. Q'l) stem glabrous, slender, decumbent: panicle racemose: valves of 
 the neutral jloret long, concave, gaping. 10 — 15 i. 
 
 amurum, E. (Oc. -^!) very glabrous: leaves thick, glaucous: panicle appressed: 
 glumes acuminate. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 scuhi'iuscuLum, E. ( ) stem erect, large, and with the under surface of the leaves 
 scabrous: panicle large, pyramidal, expanding: flowers ovate, acute, glabrous. 
 2—3 f 
 
 mullifinum, E. (J. Zf-) stem erect, simple, glabrous: leaves broad-lanceolate, hairy 
 at the base: panicle very branching, spreading: flowers .small pubescent. 24 — 30 i. 
 
 ovale, E. ( ) pubescent: panicle diffused: flowers oblong, oval, hairy: leaves lance- 
 
 ovate, sub-cordate. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 ^(1) elongatum, Ph. (2) rostratum, M. (3) strictum, Ph. t^) debile, E. 
 
 (5) dichotomiflorum, Mx. geniculatum, M. 
 
342 PANICUM, PARNASSIA. 
 
 lanuginosum, E. ( 2^.) pubescent: panicle diffused, somewhat capillary: flowera 
 oval, small: leaves narrow lanceolate: sheaths villous at the throat. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 viscidum, E. (J. 21-) very downy, hoary, glutinous: stem beneath each joint marked 
 with a smooth ringf. 2—4 f. 
 
 villosum, E. (M. Zf.) villose: stem erect, somewhat branched: panicle few-flowered: 
 flowers obovatp: leaves erect, flat, rigid. 1 — 2 f 
 
 sphierocnrpum, E. (Ap. 21.) leaves lance-linear, very acute, base and sheath ciliate: 
 panicle spreading; flowers small, roundish, pubescent. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 ensifuLium, Bald. (M. 21- ) small, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, very acute, spreading: 
 panicle small, few-flowered: flowers sub-ovate, pubescent. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 larbulatum, Mx. (J. 71.) panicle compound, spreading: leaves lance-ovate, sub- 
 acuminate, sub-divaricate: joints of the stem bearded. 
 
 melicarium, Mx. ( ) stem weak: leaves narrow: panicle contracted: glumes mem- 
 
 branaceous, lanceolate, nearly equal: rudiments of a floret on a short footstalk. 
 
 angustifolium, E. (M.?) panicle few-flowered, spreading: leaves scattered, lance- 
 linear, glabrous beneath, sparingly ciliate. 1 — 3 f 
 
 divergens, E. (Au. ZT-) stem assurgent, fragile: panicle diffuse: flowers small, soli- 
 tary, very long peduncled. 1 f. 
 
 laxiflonun, Lk. (W. ^.) panicle spreading, lax, pilose: glumes scattered, obtuse, 
 pubescent. 
 
 microcarpum, M. ( ) panicle capillary, very branching, expanding: flowers oval, 
 minute, glabrous: leaves lance-linear, very glabrous. 
 
 Panimm., Pennisetum. 
 12 — 1. Papa'ver. 62. Papa. e. off. ana-opi. s. ole. 
 
 nudicaule, W. (yellow poppy, y. ^.) capsule hispid: scape 1-flowered, naked, hispid: 
 leaves sub-pinnate; leafets lanceolate; lower ones somewhat gashed. R. Labrador. 
 
 Exotic, 
 rheas, (wild poppy, r. J. #.) capsules glabrous, sub-globose: stem many-flowered, 
 
 pilose, with the hairs spreading: leaves gash-pinnatitid. Naturalized. 
 somniferum, (opium poppy. J. 0.) calyx and capsule glabrous: leaves clasping, 
 
 gashed, glaucous. 
 bracteata, Lmd. ( r. J.) capsules smooth: stem 1-flowered, rough: leaves scabrous, 
 
 pinnate-serrate: flowers subtended by leafy bracts. 3 f. 
 dubium, L. (0. r. ) caulescent: stem hispid with spreading hairs: leaves pinnately 
 
 parted; segments incised: peduncles clothed with appressed bristly hairs: capsules 
 
 hispid, obovate-oblong. Naturalized in Chester County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 ' 19—4. Parieta'ria. 98. Urt. ast. 
 
 pennsylvanica, (pellitory. W. J. 0.) leaves lance-oblong, veiny, with opake punc- 
 tures: involucre 3-leaved, longer than the flower. 12 — 15 i. jS. N. D. Abun- 
 dant at Benaft Mt., near Hudson. 
 
 Southern. 
 Jloridana, N. (J.) leaves ovate, roundish, obtuse, opake, dotted: flowers clustered, as 
 long as the involucre: stem assurgent. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 5 — 4. Parnas'sia. 84. Saxi. ton. 
 
 americana, M. (1) (flowering plantain, parnassus grass, w. y. p. Ju. 21.) leaves 
 radical (often a leaf on the scape) heart orbicular, 5 to 9-nprved: nectaries five, 
 each divided into 3 filaments terminated by little spherical heads. Damp or wet. 
 6—18 i. S. T. W. V. Y. P. C. D. N. F. O. Mch. 
 
 Papaver. Lat. papaver, from Celtic papa, pap, because it was given to infants to 
 
 induce sleep. 
 Parietaria. Lat. paries (tis) a wall, in allusion to the place of its growth, which is 
 
 on old walls and ruins. 
 Parnassia. From the famous Mt. Parnassus, its place of growth. 
 
 (1) caroliniana? Mx. 
 
PARNASSIA, PARTHENIUM. 343 
 
 palustris, (w-y. Ju.) scales numerous, slender bristles: leaves all cordate; cauline 
 ones sessile. Canada, Labrador. 
 
 parvifinra, Dc. (W.) very sh-nder, with slender bristly scales, about 5: radical leaves 
 ovate, tapering into the petiole; cauline ones lineur-ohlong, sessile. R. 
 
 kotzdmii, Hk. (VV.) scales three, slender bristles: radical and cauline leaves heart- 
 ovate: petals sotnevvhat 3- nerved, shorter tiian the calyx. 
 
 fimbriata, Hk. (W.) scales broad, vvedge-forni, fleshy, crenate in the middle, within 
 keeled, naked: radical leaves long-petioled, ear kidney-ibrni; cauline ones cordate, 
 sessile, inserted much above the middle: petals fringed at the base. R. 
 
 Southern. 
 asarifolia, Vent. (A. Au. 2X-) radical leaves reniform: petals clawed; nectaries 
 3-clefu 
 
 5—1. Parony'chia. 23. Ille. ast — . 
 
 jamesil, T. & G. ( ) minutely scabrous-pubescent, cespitose, much branched from the 
 base: leaves linear-subulate, obtuse: cymes dichotoinous, few-flowered, crowded, 
 with a central sub-sessile flower in eacii division: sepals minutely hairy at the base, 
 linear-oblong, obscurely 3-ribbed or even, with a very short cusp, arched at the 
 summit within: setae as long as the filaments. Rocky Mis. Oregon. 
 
 ramosissima, Dc. ( ) diffusely branched, prostrate; stems sub-frutescent at the 
 
 base, woolly: leaves subulate, pungent, crowded, at length reflexed: stipules iin 
 bricated, shorter than tlip leaves: flowers axillary, sessile: sepals hairy, the two in- 
 ner pungent: stigmas sub-sessile. California and Oregon. 
 
 Soulhcrn. 
 
 drummondii, T. & G. ( ) minutely pubescent: stem erect, branching above into nu- 
 merous cymes: leaves linear-oblong, siiort; the uppermost mncronate: calyx turbi- 
 nate at the base, with a ring of hooked hairs: sepals broadly scarious and dilated 
 above, the back produced into a short, somewhat recurved horn: sterile setae very 
 minute. Texas. 
 
 setacca, T. & G. ( ) nearly glabrous: stem erect, branching into the many times dicho- 
 tomous, diffuse cyme: leaves subulate-setaceous, erect: bracts similar, cuspidate: 
 sepals hairy at the base, minutely scarious on the margin, ihe back produced into a 
 slender, diverging awn: sterile setae as long as the filaments. Texa«. 
 
 herniarioides, N. (Ju. 71.) prostrate, clustered, all over pubescent: leaves oblong- 
 oval, ciliate, mncronate: divisions of the calyx subulate, spreading and setaceous 
 at the point. Q/ieria /lerniariiiides, 7th edition. 
 
 argyrocoma, N. (W. J. 21.) cespitose, procumbent: stem pubescent: leaves Linear, 
 very acute, sub-pilose: the little heads fascicled, terminal, silvery: calyx pilose, 
 with the tips bearded and long-acuminate. Qaeria argtjrocoma, 7th edition. 
 
 sessiliflora, N. (W. Ju.) cespitose, diffusely branched, leaves glabrous, very short, 
 linear, reflected, acute: stipules subulate, irregularly lacerate, nearly equal to the 
 leaves: flowers terminal, sessile: outer points of the calyx capillary, attenuated. 
 Queria sessiliflora, 7lh edition. 
 
 Paronychia, Queria. 
 14—2. Pakrya. 63. Leg. r. con. asc. 
 
 macrocarpa, Br. ( ) siliques broad-linear: anthers linear: leaves broad-lanceo- 
 late, gash-toothed. Var. aspera, pilose glandulous. Var. glabra, whole plant gla- 
 brous. A. 
 
 arctica, Br. ( ) siliques linear-oblong: anthers oval: leaves very entire: pedun- 
 cles very-glabrous. A. Melville Island. 
 
 Parrya, Hesperis. 
 17 — 4. Parthe'nium. 55. Ambr. 1. aro-bit. deo. stim. 
 
 integrifolium, (W. A. w. S. 21.) leaves oblong, unequally toothed, rough; upperones 
 clasping. 1—2 f. H. K. M. 
 
 Paronychia. Gr. para, near, nucha, by night. A Grecian salve for sore fingers. 
 Parrya. In honor of a celebrated voyager in the Arctic seas. 
 Pfitheniam. Gr. partkenos, a virgin; frotn its efficacy in some diseases. 
 
344 PASPALUM, PASTINACA. 
 
 3—2. Pas'palum. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 ciliatifolium, Mx. (1) (W. S. Zf.) onlm decuinbent: leaves hairy, ciliate: sheaths 
 hairy: spikes 1 — 2, rallier lax, indistinctly 3 rowed. 18 i. .S'. F. Y. H. M. 
 
 setacmrn, Ms. (2) (paspalon grass. 21.) culm erect: leaves and sheaths villous: 
 spikes sub-solitary : (lowers in 2 rows; 1 — 2 f. S. P. C. N. 
 
 laeve, Mx. (W. S. 2[.) erect, very smooth: leaves short: spikes numerous, (3 — 6) 
 alternate: flowers 2-rowed, smooth. 2 f. .S'. P. K. 
 
 stolonifeium, Bosc. ( Au. ) spikes in elongated racemes, somewhat whorled, spread- 
 ing: flowers serrulate-ciliate, transversely rugose: leaves short, sub-cordate: culm 
 procumbent at the base. 2 f. Y. 
 
 South 
 
 em. 
 
 debile, Mx. ( ) stem weak: leaves and stem hairy: spike generally one, slender: 
 
 flowers alternate. 1-rowed. 
 Jloridamim, Mx. (Au. ) stem erect: lower leaves very villose; upper ones scabrous, 
 
 pilose: sheaths very long: spikes few: flowers in 2-rows, glabrous, large. Var. 
 
 glabnim, up[>er leaves glabrous. 3 — 4 f. S — C. 
 pliciihiliim, Mx. ( ) glabrous: stem erect: leaves long, narrow: spikes numerous, 
 
 alternate, erect: flowers in Brows; the flat, valve transversely plaited near the 
 
 margins. 
 prnexox, Wr. (.Ju. ) stem erect: leaves lance-linear, glabrous: spikes numerous, al- 
 ternate: rachis narrow, hairy at the base: flowers in 3 rows. 
 purpurascens, E. (Au. ) stem erect ish: leaves long, purplish, hairy at the the 
 
 throat: spikes numerous, villose at the base: flowers in 4 rows. 
 disticlium, Wr. (Ju. ZX-) stem creeping, leaves short, sub-glaucous, shining: spikes 
 
 2; one sessile: glumes lanceolate. 
 vagiimhim, E. (Ju. ) very glabrous: stem creeping, branching: leaves linear: spikes 
 
 generally 2, terminal, sheathed»by a terminal leaf. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 15 — 5. E'assiflo'ua. 97. Pass. r. erne. pec. 
 
 bitea, (yellow passion flower. W. y. S. 2[.) leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, glabrous: 
 
 petioles glandless: peduncles axillary, in pairs: petals much narrower than the 
 
 calyx. P. M. Charleston, S— C. 
 incarnata,\W . (W.w. & p. Ju. Zf.) leaves 3-lobed, serrate; lobes oblong, acute; petioles 
 
 with two glands: involucre 3-leaved; leaves lanceolate, glandular-dentate: threads 
 
 of the crown longer than the corol. Florida. S — C. 
 
 Exotic, 
 carulea, (blue passion flower, b. Ju. >>.) leaves palmate, .'S-parted, entire; petioles 
 
 glandular: involucre 3-leaved, entire: threads of the crovvn shorter than the corol. 
 ala'ta, (winged passion flower. Oc. ]: .) leaves oblong-ovate, sub-cordate, entire, 
 
 veiny; petioles with 4 glands: stipules lance-faicale, sub-serrate: involucre 3- 
 
 leaved: stem 4-cornered, membranaceous. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 peltata, W. (^.) leaves peltate, deeply .3-lobed, glabrous; lobes lance-linear; petioles 
 
 with 2 gland^: peduncles solitary, axillary: petals 0. 
 tcarei, N. (Z£.) lower leaves 3-lobed, acute; upper ones undivided, ovate; petioles 
 
 with 2 glands: peduncles somewhat in pairs. 4 — 6 i. 
 
 5 — 2. Pastina'ca. 60. Umbe. h. <fe r. odo. arc. car. stim. 
 
 saliva, (parsnip, y. Au. $.) leaves simply pinnate; leafets glabrous. Var. arvensis, 
 leafets sub-pubescent. This variety is often found in situations which almost prove 
 it to be indigenous. Found native among the Rocky Mts. Mch. 
 
 Pastinaca, CEnanthe. 
 
 Paspalum. Gr. paspalos, millet, which this plant resembles in its seeds. 
 Pas«iflora. Altered by Linneus, from flos passionis, or passion flower. 
 Pastinaca. Lat. pastinum, a forked tool; which the roofs resemble. 
 (I) ciliatum, Ph. dasyphyllum, E. (2) pubescens, M. 
 
I'ATRINIA, PEDICULARIS. 345 
 
 3 — 1. Patrin'ia. 56. Vale. r. ner-|-. sed-f- 
 
 ceratophylla, H. ( w. ) stem very glabrous: leaves all somewhat fleshy, pubescent, 
 petioled; radical ones lance-linear, entire or pinnate, or parted-bipinnate, lobes 
 divaricate; cauline leaves deeply pinnalifid; divisions linear: panicle elongated: 
 peduncles ternate-verticillate. R. 
 
 loiiu-ifolia , iMcNab.* ( w. ) stem very glabrous: leaves ciliate, lanceolate, entire 
 or remotely pinnatifid, somewhat parallel nerved: radical ones very longly atten- 
 uated below; cauline ones very few, narrow: panicle crowded (when immature. ) 
 4 i. On the banks of the Maitland river, near Goderich, Upper Canada. 
 
 Pavia, iAesculhs. 
 
 17 — 2. Pec'tis. 55. Cory. r. exp. ton. sec-stim. 
 
 an^stifulivs,T. (A. y. ^.) stem branching at the base, diffuse: leaves narrow- 
 linear, mucronate, denticulate at the base; teeth terminating in hairs: flowers ter- 
 minal, solitary, short peduncled: involucre 8-leaved: chaff short, 5-toothed. 
 1—2 i. 
 
 13 — 2. Pedicula'ris. 36. Rhin. nar. ast. 
 
 canadensis, (louse-vcort. O. y-p. p-w. M. 21.) stem simple: leaves pinnatifid, gash- 
 toothed: heads leafy at the base, hirsute: corol with a setaceous, 2-toothed upper 
 
 lip; calyx obliquely truncate. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch. 
 pallida, P. (1) (y. Ju. 21.) stem branching, tall: leaves sub-opposite, lanceolate, 
 
 crenate, toothed: spikes leaHess, glabrous, upper lip of the corol obtuse: calyx 2- 
 
 cleft, roundish. 2—3 f S. T. C. Y. P. Niagara. Mch. 
 resupinata, W. (p. Ju. 2i.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, toothed, crenate: 
 
 calyx bifid-truncate: uppei lip of the corol acute. P. Canada. 
 hirsvta, (r. 21-) stem simple; leaves pinnate; leafets lanceolate, obtusely toothed: 
 
 calyx hirsute, 5-cleft: upper lip of the corol very obtuse. 
 euphrus'iindes, W. (y. ZX-) stem branching, pubescent: leaves pinnatifid, toothed: 
 
 calyx tubular, 2-parted, truncate: upper lip of the corol 2-toothed. Labrador. 
 
 6—8 i. 
 recud'ta, W. (W. p. Ju. If-) stem simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions lanceo- 
 late, pinnatifid-toothed: spike compact, leafy: calyx glabrous, 5-loothed: upper 
 
 lip of the corol very obtuse. 
 elata, W. (W. p. Ju. Zf.) stem simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions lance-linear, 
 
 cienate: spike lax, somewhat leafy: calyx glabrous, 5-toothed: upper lip of the 
 
 corol obtuse, truncate. 2 f. 
 lapponica, W. (y. Ju. 2i-) stem simple: leaves pinnatifid; divisions serrate: calyx 2- 
 
 clefl, oblong: upper lip of the corol uncinate, truncate. Labrador. 
 groenlandka, W. (W. p. Ju. Ti-) stem simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions 
 
 laiiceolate, acuminate, serrate: calyx glabrous, 5-toothed: corol closed; upper lip 
 
 uncinate-subulale. 
 verticella'la, Ph. (W. b. 21-) stem simple: cauline leaves deeply pinnatifid in fours; 
 
 divisions linear, acutely toothed: spike capitate, involucred: calyx villose, 5-cleft: 
 
 upper lip of the corol very obtuse. 2 i. 
 jlam'inea, W. (y. &. r. 21.) stem simple: leaves pinnate; leafets imbricate, ovate, 
 
 obtuse, doubly toothed: calyx 5-toothed: upper lip of the corol obtuse. Labrador. 
 
 3f 
 
 Patrinia. In honor of M. Patrin, a French botanist. 
 
 Pedis. From pecten, a comb, to which the teeth of the pappus or the fringed bases 
 
 of the leaves of P. ciiiaris may be compared. 
 Pediculaiis. Lat. pediculus, a louse, because it is said to destroy lice. 
 
 ♦ A very intelligent Scotck botanist, who collected plants in our Lake country, in 
 1834. 
 
 (l)serotina, M. lanceolata, Mx. 
 
 44 
 
346 PELARGONIUM, PENNISETUM. 
 
 15—7. Pelargo'nium. 73. Gera. aro. ton. asL 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 1. Nearly stemless: root tuberous. 
 
 triste, (mourning geranium.) umbel simple: leaves rougli-haired, pinnate; leafets bi- 
 
 pinnalifid; divisions oblong, acute. Flowers dark-green. 
 dauofulium, (carrot geranium. 2i-) scape very simple: leaves thrice pinnate, hirsute; 
 
 leafets lance-linear. 
 
 2. Leaves simple^ not angled. 
 
 odoratissimum, (sweet-scented geranium. >>.) peduncles sub-5-flowered: leaves round- 
 cordate, very soft. 
 
 3. Leaves simple, more or less angled or lohcd. 
 
 zonale, (horse-shoe geranium. T^.) umbels many-flowered: leaves heart-orbicular, ob. 
 
 soletely lobed, toothed, with a colored zone or band around near the margin. 
 in'quinans, (scarlet geranium. \ .) umbels many-flowered: leaves round-reniform, 
 
 hardly divided, crenate, viscid-downy. 
 acerifulium, (lemon or maple-leaf geranium. ^.) umbels about 5-flowered: leaves 5- 
 
 lobe-palmale, serrate; below wedge-form, undivided. 
 capitatum, (rose-scented geranium. ^.) flowers capitate: leaves cordate, lobed, 
 
 waved, soft: stem diffuse. 
 quercifolium, (oak-leaf geranium. \ .) umbels sub-many-flowered: leaves cordate, 
 
 pinnatifid, crenate; sinuses rounded: filaments ascending at the apex. 
 grave'olens, (sweet-rose geraniun>»- ^.) umbels many-flowered, sub-capitate: leaves 
 
 palmate-7-lobed; divisions oblong, obtuse; margins revolute. 
 
 3 — 2. Penn'ise'tum. (1) 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 viride, (Ju. 0.) spike cylindrical: involucre of 4 — 10 fasciculate bristles, scabrous 
 upwards: spikelets in pairs: perfect floret smooth: sheaths pubescent. Introduced? 
 18—24 i. 
 
 glaucum, (fox-tail panic. O. J. 0.) spike cylindrical: involucre of many fascicled 
 bristles, scabrous upwards: perfect floret transversely rugose. Var. pvrjjurascens, 
 sheaths hairy: glumes and bristles of the involucre hairv. Introduced? 2 f, S. 
 Mch. 
 
 verticillatum, (2) (W. Ju. 0.) spike somewhat whorled: bristles of the involucre 2, 
 scabrous backwards: spikelets solitary: paleas of the perfect floret smoothish. 
 Introduced? 18 i. V. Y. P. 
 
 italicvm, (3) (Ju. 0.) spike compound, interrupted at the base, nodding: spikelets 
 conglomerate: involucres much longer than the flowers: rachis tomenlose. Intro- 
 duced? 4 f. S. P. Y. 
 
 germanicum, W. (4) (bengal grass. Ju. 0.) spike compound, compact: spikelets 
 glomerate; rachis hirsute: bristles short. Introduced? 2 — 4 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pungens, N. (5) (21?) spike terete, strict: involucre many-parted, 1-flowered; seg- 
 ments terete, subulate, rigid, scabrous, a little longer than the florets. 
 
 laevigatam, M. (6) (Ju. 21?) very smooth: stem compressed: spike columnar; spike- 
 lets 1-flowered: involucels lO-awned. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 corrugaium, E. (7) ( ) spike terete, compound, bristly; spikelets many-flowered, 
 (7_10): paleas transversely rugose. 2—3 f. 
 
 Pelargonium. Gr. pelargos. a stork, because the fruit resembles the bill of that bird. 
 Penniselum. Lat. penna, a feather, and seta, bristle, from the feathery appearance 
 
 of the biistly involucre. 
 
 (1) Panicum, L. Setaria, Ph. (2) Panicum alopecuroideum, Wr. (31 Scta- 
 ria, Ph. (4) Panicum, W. (5) Panicum cenchroides, E. (6) Panicum, M. 
 (7) Panicum, E. 
 
PEXTHORUM, PENTSTEMON. 347 
 
 10 — 5. Pentho'rum. 83. Cras. muc. ooo. lax. 
 
 sedoides, (virginian orpine. O. g-y. Ju. ZT-) stem branching, angled: leaves lance- 
 olate, sub-sessile, unequally and densely serrate: spikes secund, terminal, panicled, 
 alternate and cymed: seeds pitted. 12 — 18 i. <S. Mch. 
 
 13 — 2. Pentste'mon. 37. Scro. cat. eme. 
 
 pvbescens, W. (1) (beard-tongue. O. w-p. J. Zf.) stem hairy: leaves serrulate, lance- 
 oblong, sessile: flowers panicled: the barren filament bearded from the apex to 
 below the middle. Var. latlfoLia, has broad smooth leaves. Var. angustifolia, has 
 narrow, hairy, obscurely denticulate leaves. 1 — 2 f. )S'. Mch. 
 
 lacitrata, VV. (2) (W, w-p. Ju. 2i-) stem glabrous: leaves smooth, oblong-ovate, 
 clasping at the base, slenderly toothed, lower ones entire: flowers panicled: barren 
 filaments bearded above. 2 f. -S. P. T. M. 
 
 fnitesccns, Lb. (W. p. h.) stem fruticose: branches angled, pubescent above: leaves 
 lanceolate, obsoletely denticulate, sessile, nearly glabrous: raceme terminal, sub- 
 corymbed: sterile filament bearded. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 alpinum, T. (W. b. ) very glabrous: corol somewhat bell-form; limb nearly equal, 
 5-lobed: leaves lance-oblong, crenulate-denticulate on the margin: divisions of the 
 calyx lanceolate, acute: antliers hirsute: sterile filament shorter than the two 
 longest stamens, bearded below the retuse apex. 6 i. 
 
 amhiguum, T. (VV. p.) stem fruticose, very branching: leaves linear, shining, 
 concave, nmcronate, scabrous on the margin: panicle simple: divisions of the calyx 
 ovate, acuminate: sterile filament glabrous. 8 — 10 i. 
 
 cristaium, N. (3) (W. p. 21.) stem low, pubescent: leaves oblong, acute, obsoletely 
 denticulate, sub-hirsute: pedicels axillary and terminal, 1 to 3-flowered, very short: 
 sterile filaments exseit, revolute at the apex, bearded: divisions of the calyx lance- 
 linear, acuminate, hirsute. G—S i. 
 
 grandifiorum, N. (4) (W.) very glabrous: leaves half-clasping, ovate-oblong, entire; 
 upper ones roundish: flowers solitary and axillary': sterile filament partly pubes- 
 cent at the summit: divisions of the calyx oblong, acute. D. 
 
 £rracile, N. (W. p. J ) stem smooth, slender: leaves smooth, linear, acute, half clasp- 
 ing, sharp-serrulate: sterile filament bearded longitudinally: divisions of the calyx 
 linear oblong. 12 — 24 i. 1). 
 
 campanulaliim, W. (p. Ju. If.) stem glabrous, barren filament bearded above; leaves 
 lanceolate, acuminate; all sharply serrate. R. 
 
 micrunthum. N. (p. Ju. 21-) smooth: leaves lance-linear, acute, somewhat clasping, 
 very entire: flowers small, glomerate, interruptedly spike-panicled: corol sub- 
 tubulous, bearded within: sterile filament minute, scarcely bearded: divisions of the 
 calyx lanceolate, acute. 12 — 14 i. R. 
 
 pumiluin, S. ( i- It-) finely pubescent; sub-cespitose: leaves lance-linear, acute, 
 entire: stem very short, few flowered: flowers largish, glabrous: sterile filament 
 bearded above: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate. 3 — 4 i. R. 
 
 Soutlterji. 
 
 coeiu'leum, N. (5) (W. b. 2X-) smooth: radical leaves linear, entire; cauline ones 
 
 lance-linear, entire; all sessile: sterile filament short, bearded above: divisions of 
 
 the calyx lanceolate, acute, glabrous. 
 erianUierii , N. (6) (W. p. J. Z{.) stem and leaves glabrous: leaves sessile, lance-ovate, 
 
 entire, sub-undulate at the margin: peduncles many-flowered, secund: divisions of 
 
 the calyx round-oval, acuminate: sterile filament slightly bearded under the retuse 
 
 point: anthers pubescent. 
 alliidvm, N. (W. w.) low: leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrulate, smooth, sessile: flowers 
 
 sub-fiiscicled, axillary and terminal: sterile filament slenderly and interruptedly 
 
 bearded: divisions of the calyx lance-linear, pubescent. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 Penthorum. Gr. penfe, five, and oros, a mark, in allusion to the 5-marked angles of 
 
 the capsules, more or less perfect. 
 Pentstemon. Gr. pcnte, five, and sterna, stamen, because this genus has a fifth 
 
 imperfect stamen. 
 
 (I) Chelone pentstemon, Mant. (2) Chelone, Miller. (3) erianthera, Ph. 
 
 (4) Bradburii, Ph. (5) angustifolia, Ph. (6) glabra. Ph. 
 
348 PENTSTEMON, PETALOSTEMON. 
 
 disserJum., E. (p.) leaves opposite, sessile, compoundly divided; segments linear and 
 
 genprally obtuse: flowers panicled. 2 f. 
 nvtliillu, Bli. (W.) verj' glabrous: leaves coriaceous, lance-ovate, denticulate, half 
 
 clasping: flowers panicled: sepals ovale, acuminate: sterile filament bearded at the 
 
 aprx: anthers glabrous. 2 — 3 f. 
 hirsuta, W. ( w-p. ) stem and leaves hirsute. 
 
 Pentsfcmon, Chelone. 
 
 Peplys, Crypta. 
 
 5 — 2. Periplo'ca. 47. Ascl. dia. exp. ton. 
 
 grmca, (milk-vine. W, p. M. fp ,) flowers hirsute within; terminal, stigma with 10 
 crenatures. P. 
 
 Peritoma, Cleome. 
 
 16 — 5. Pe'taloste'mon. (1) 93. Leg. f. nut. g-f. asc. 
 
 candidum, W. (2) (W, w. Ju. 2i.) spike cylindric, peduncled: bracts longer than the 
 flower: calyx glabrous: leaves lanceolate, in 3 pairs. S. D. Red Kiver. Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 violaneum. W. (W. r-p. Au. 21.) spike cylindric, peduncled: bracts about equal to the 
 calyx: little bracts spatulate, caducous: calyx silky: leaves linear, in 2 pairs. D. 
 Red River. Chicago. 
 
 villusvm, N. (W. r. Au. 21-) villous: stem decumbent: spike large, cylindric, sub- 
 sessile: bracts shorter than the woolly, 5-tootlied calyx: leafets linear-oblong, 
 about 7-pairs. 
 
 macrosUichywn., T. (W. w. If.) *pike cylindric, compact, very long: bracts lanceo- 
 late, and with the calyx silky-villuse: lealets about in 3 pairs, lance-oblong, 
 glabrous. 2 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 carneum, Mx. (w. .In. 21.) spike cylindric, peduncled: bracts subulate, as long as the 
 glabrous calyx: leafets lanceolate. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 cunjmhosiim, Mx. (3) (w. S. 2J[.) peduncles in panicled corymbs: calyx plumose: 
 leafets linear, unawned. 2 f 
 
 muUiflnrum, N. (W. w. 2i.) stem erect; branchlets fastigiate, sub-coiymbed; little 
 heads short, oblong: calyx pulverulent, longer than the bracts: leafels (9) linear- 
 oblong, abbreviated. 1 f Red River. 
 
 gracUe, N. ( vj. H.) very glabrous, decumbent: spike cylindric, short: bracts acute, 
 of the length of the calyx, deciduous: calyx-teeth short, glabrous: leafets 3 paired, 
 linear-elliptic, Alabama, Florida. 
 
 decumhens, N. (W. p. J. 2i.) scarcely pubescent: stem decumbent, branching from the 
 base: spikes cylindric, thick: bracts acuminate, longer than the pubescent calyx: 
 leafets broadish, (7—9) cuneate-oblong, apiculate. Red River. 
 
 phleiiides, 'V. &, G. (^. w.) stem pubescent: leafets and petioles liairy; leafets 6-8 pairs, 
 linear-oblong, conspicuously dotted beneath: spikes cylindrical, on long peduncles: 
 bracts awiied, longer than the calyx, hairy: calyx glabrous, hairy on the margin, 
 naked with large glamis, cleft or obliquely truncated at the upper side; the teeth 
 very short, approximated to the lower side: petals lanceolate- linear; vexilluni 
 broadly cordate. Arkansas, Texas. 
 
 ohovnlvm, T. & G. ( ) very tomentose: stem erect or ascending: leafets 4 pairs, 
 
 obovate. obtuse, silky-lanuginous beneath: spike sub-sessile, ovate, very thick: 
 bracts ovate, acuminate, larger than the calyx, both densely villous: teeth of the 
 calyx subulate, as long as the tube: vexilluin ovate, sub-cordate. Texas. 
 
 eviargmaium, T. «& G. ( C?-) glabrous: leafets 7—8 pairs, cuneifirm, emarginate, 
 doited beneath: spikes cylindrical, on very long peduncles: bracts broadly obovate, 
 
 Periploca. Gr. peri, about, and ploke, a binding or twining; from the branches 
 
 twining about each other. 
 Petalostemon. Gt. petalon, a petal, and sterna, stamen; from the union of those two 
 
 organs in a tube. 
 
 (1) Dalea, W. (2) Dalea, Ju. (3) Kuhnistera, W. Kuhnistera, carolinen- 
 sis, Lk. 
 
PETALO9TEM0N, PHACA. 349 
 
 acuminate, longer than the flowers: caljx very villous, deeply 5-clefl; segments 
 lanceolate: petals oblong, rather obtuse at the base; vexillum oblong, emarginate. 
 Texas. 
 griseum, T. &G. (w-r. ) grayish pubescent: stem nearly erect: leafets5-6 pairs, lanceo- 
 late-oblong and linear-oblong, acute, mucronate, thickly and conspicuously dotted 
 beneath: spikes cylindrical, on shortish peduncles: culyx densely silky-villous, 
 somewhat glandular, rather shorter than the bracts; the teeth semi-ovate, shorter 
 than the tube: petals ovate; vexillum cordate. Texas. 
 
 Pelalostcmon, Dalea. 
 
 5 — 2. Peuckd'anom. 60. Umb. g-r. odo. exp. r. aro. 
 Southern. 
 tcrnatim,'S. (sulpher wort. 2X.) leaves ternate, long-petioled; leafets entire, long- 
 linear, acute, alternated below: involucre nearly wanting; mvolucel very short, 
 5 — 6-ieaved: fruit oblong-oval. .3 f. 
 verticiUittuiii, Raf. ( ) leaves decompound, segments filiform; lower ones sub- 
 
 verticillate. Louisiana. 
 
 16— 10. Pha'ca. 93. Leg. f. nut. g-h. asc. 
 
 frigida, (W. y-w. ) erect, a little glabrous, somewhat branching: leafets in 4 or 
 5 pairs, oblong-ovate, hairy beneath and at the margin: stipules ovate-oblong, 
 ciliate, foliaceous, large: mouth of the calyx hairy: legumes sliped, oblong, inflated, 
 membranaceous. Rocky Mts. N. W. Lakes. 
 
 aboriuiiwrum, Hk. ( r-w. ) wh'ns pubescent: stem erect, sparingly ramose, 
 
 striate: leafets somewhat 5-paired, lance-oblong, obtusish: stipules ovate, acute, 
 lower ones connate, lirgish: legumes slender stiped, obliquely oval, acute, mem- 
 branaceous, glabrous. Rocky Mts. 
 
 glabnnscidii, Hk. ( ) glabrous, or sprinkled with minute scattered hairs: stem 
 
 erect, sub-simple, striate: leafets in .5 or 6 pairs, lance-linear, sub-acute: stipule 
 ovate, acute, lower ones connate, largish: legumes long stiped, lance-falcate, com- 
 pressed, membranaceous, glabrous. Rocky Alts, and valleys. 
 
 elegans, Hk. ( ) sub-glabrous: stem sub-ramose, erect or ascending, angled: 
 
 leafets 5 — 7-paired, oblong, obtuse, wedge-forni at the base, glabrous above and with 
 minute close-pressed hairs beneath: stipules ovate, acute, sub-connate at the base: 
 racemes long-peduncled. Rocky Mts. 
 
 paunflora, N. ( ) nearly glabrous: stem slender, even: leaves on long petioles; 
 
 leafets 8 — 10 pairs, lanceolate-linear, acute; the rachis grooved; stipules partly 
 united, acute: peduncles few-flowered, shorter than the leaves: legumes very small, 
 roundish-ovate, acuminate. Rocky Mts. 
 
 parcifolia, N. { p. ) small, canescent, somewhat cespitose: stem very short: leaves on 
 'ong petioles; leafets 5 — 8 pairs, lanceolate-linear, mostly acute; the rachis flattened 
 and slightly winged: peduncles slender, longer than the leaves: racemes short, 
 few-flowered: calyx short, pubescent with blackish hairs; the teeth acute, a little 
 shorter than the tube: legumes pubescent, sessile, terete and somewhat boat- 
 shaped, acute. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Usulcaia, Hk. ( p. ) minutely pubescent: stem stout, striate, ascending or erect: 
 leaves nearly sessile; leafets II — 13 pairs, elliptical, somewhat petiolulate, clothed 
 beneath with minute, appressed hairs; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, distinct: 
 racemes pedunculate, spicate, closely flowered, much elongated, the flowers nod- 
 ding: legumes linear, nearly cylindrical, slipitate, at length glabrous, nodding, with 
 a deep furrow on each side of the superior suture. Oregon. 
 
 lulifliira, Hk. ( ) canescently hairy: steins numerous from one root, very short, 
 
 diflfuse: leaves on rather long petioles; leafets 4 — 6 pairs, rather distant, oblong, 
 obtuse, sessile, at length almost glabrous above; stipules ovate, acuminate: raceme 
 capitate, 3 — 9-flo\vered, on peduncles shorter, or sotnetiaies longer than the leaves: 
 teeth of the calyx subulate, longer than the tube, and somewhat shorter than the 
 petals: legumes cancscent, sessile, semi-ovate, pointed. Oregon. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Peucedanum. Gr. peuke, fir, which its leaves resemble, and daiios, dry or burning, 
 
 from the acrid qualities of the root. 
 Pliaca. Gr. j)liakt, lentil, which it only resembles in being leguminous. 
 
350 PHACA. 
 
 pygmaea, N. ( ) silvery canescent. nearly stemless: leaves on rather long petioles; 
 leafets 3—5 pairs, broadly oval or obovate, sessile: peduncles about the length of 
 the leaves, few-flowered: calyx tubular, clothed with appressed white and black 
 hairs intermixed, the teeth very short and acute: legumes puberulent, sessile, ovate- 
 oblong, terete, somewhat acute pointed: seeds rugosely punctate. 2 — 3 i. Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 muUisima, N. (M. y-w. p.) very woolly, cespitose, nearly stemless: caudex thick, 
 branching above: leaves peliolate; leafets 4 — 6 pairs, acute-oblong, obtuse or 
 acutish, sessile: stipules oblong, membranaceous, distinct: peduncles shorter than 
 the leaves, tevv-flowered: calyx tubular, the subulate teeth much shorter than the 
 tube: legumes extremely woolly, sessile, ovate, pointed, incurved. Rocky Mts. 
 
 simplici/uliii, N. (y-w. p.) c:ilyx ver}' densely cespituse, silvery-canescent, stemless, 
 caudex much branched above: leaves crowded in dense tufts, simple, linear or lance- 
 olate, usually involute, acute; scapes 1 — 2-flowered, scarcely exserted: calyx some- 
 what tubular; the teeth acute, sijor'ier than the tube: legumes glabrous, coriaceous, 
 sessile, somewhat triquetrous, pointed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Rocky Mt. 
 
 pedinata, Hk. ( w. ) canescenlly puberulent, or nearly glabrous: stems thick, 
 branching, ascending, striate: leaves sub-sessile, rigid; leafets 6 — 10 pairs, very 
 narrowly linear, rather acute, persistent; stipules triangular-acuminate, partly 
 united opposite the petioles: racemes about 1.3-Howered, longer than the leaves, 
 on thick peduncles: flowers large, at length recurved: legumes sessile, ovoid, 
 pointed, turgid, thick and cartilaginous, transversely rugose; the upper suture 
 much thickened. Rocky Mts. 
 
 coUina, Hk. (w. p. J. Ju.) erect or diffuse hairy: leafets 9 — 11 pairs, narrowly 
 linear, obtuse, attenuate at the base into a short partial petiole; stipules very small, 
 oblong, acuminate: peduncles twice the length of the leaves: racemes oblong, 
 dense, with the flowers retracte^: calyx tubular, densely hirsute: vexillum about 
 the length of the wings: legumes linear, pubescent, stipitate, deflexed. Blue Mts. 
 
 poducarpa, Hk. (J. Au. w.) canescent, nmcli branched, diffuse: stem and branches stri- 
 ate: leafets 6 — 9 pairs, broadly linear, obtuse; stipules ovate, acuminate, very small, 
 peduncles longer than tlie leaves: ricemes loose: legumes oblong, coriaceous, com- 
 pressed, hirsute with appressed hairs, acuminate, attenuate at liie base into a long 
 stipe: the sutures much thickened; the upper one straight; the lower arcuate. 
 Oregon. Rare. 
 
 eloiisriita, Hk. (y-w. p.) stem erect, angled, pubescent, slightly branched: leafets 
 8 — 10 pairs, oblong-cuneiform, retuse, canescent beneath: stipules very small, acu- 
 minate from a broad base; the lowers ones united: peduncles much longer than the 
 leaves: racemes elongated, loose: calyx silky: legumes sessile, coriaceous, cylin- 
 draceous curved, acute. Oregon. 
 
 Jlexuosa, Hk. ( p. ) stem decumbent, flexuous, sparing!}' branched: leafets 6 — 9 
 pairs, linear- oblong, obtuse, glabrous above, clothed willi appressed hairs beneath; 
 stipules very small, acuminate from a broad base; the lower ones united: peduncles 
 longer than the leaves: racemes elongated, loose: calyx somewhat silky: legumes 
 sessile, coriaceous, cylindraceous, straight, acute. Red River, 50° north. 
 
 parvijora, N. ( p. ) canescently pubescent, at length nearly glabrous: stem erect: 
 leafets 5-7 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse, peliolulate; stipules oblong, obtuse, distinct; 
 the upper ones almost linear: peduncles much longer th:in the leaves: the spike 
 oblong: calyx hirsute with black hairs: wings about the length of the keel: legumes 
 on a short stipe, at first hirsute. Rocky Mts. 
 
 argnpliyUa, N. ( y-w. ) stemless. cespitose, densely silVy-villose and silvery: 
 leafets short, cuneate, oblong-lanceolale, rather obtuse; stipules scarious, bifid and 
 acute: flowers densely aggregated and sessile at the base of the leaves: teeth of 
 the calyx subulate, nearly as long as the tube: legumes short and roundish, densely 
 villose. Mountains far west. 
 
 sericca, N. (p.) dwarf depressed, densely and canescently silky villose: caudex 
 diffusely branched; flowering branches very short, thickly clothed with the imbri- 
 cated scarious lacerated and very liairy stipules: leaves small, on rather slender 
 petioles: leafets cuneate-ovul or ol)long-lancpolate: peduncles filiform, a little 
 longer than the leaves, 2 to 6 flowered: segments of the calyx subulate, about the 
 length of the tube: legumes small, acuminate, many-seeded, villose. High hills of 
 the Platte. 
 
 megacarpa, N. (y-w.) almost stemless, at length nearly glabrous: leaves on long 
 petioles; leafets 4 to 6 pairs, roundish, slightly petiolulate, rather distant and ofleii 
 
PHACA. 351 
 
 somewhat alternate: racemes few-flowered, much shorter than the leaves: flowers 
 very large: calyx tubular, the lanoeolate-subulate teeth rather shorter than the 
 tube: legumes very large and much inflated, ovate, acuminate, glabrous, nearly 
 sessile. Rocky iVlts. 
 
 neglecta, T. &, G.*(J. Ju. w.) nearly glabrous: stem erect, branching: leafets 5 — 8 pairs, 
 elliptical, petiolulale, minutely pubcfult-nt willi ajipressed hairs beneath: stipules 
 triangular-ovate, minuie: peduncles about the length of the leaves: racemes oblong, 
 many-flowered, at length rather loose; the flowers reflexed: calyx tubular-campa- 
 nulate, pubescent with black hairs; the subulate teeth much shorter than the tube: 
 legume sessile, glabrous, coriaceo-membranaceous, globose-ovate, pointed, very 
 turgid, flattened on the upper side and deeply grooved by the introflexion of the 
 placental suture. Western part of New York and Wisconsin. 
 
 AStragaLina, Dc. (v. ) minutely hairy or somewhai glabrous; stem short, ascending: 
 leafets 8 to 10 pairs, oval, sligiitly petiolulate, minutely hirsute, with appressed 
 hairs beneath: stipules ovate, foliaceous, nearly free, the lower ones scarious: 
 pedimcles at length longer than the leaves: flowers in a somewhat capitate raceme, 
 spreading: the teeth of the calyx rather acute, almost as long as the tube: legumes 
 pendulous, elliptical, inilated, raised on a short stipe, minutely hirsute with 
 blackish hairs. Arctic America. 
 
 debilis, N. (w-p.) somewhat pubescent: stem slender, nearly simple, decumbent: 
 leaves on rather long petioles; leafets 8 to 11 pairs, cuneate-oblong, somewhat 
 truncate or emarginate at the apex, petiolulate, minutely hirsute with appressed 
 hairs beneath; stipules triangular-oblong, acuminate, slightly adnate to the base of 
 the petiole: peduncles longer than the leaves: flowers somewhat capitate: calyx 
 pubescent with grayish hairs: the subulate teeth about the length of the tube: 
 vexillum deeply emarginate. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Sojitherru 
 
 villosa, Mx. (1) (W. y. Ju. Zf.) nearly stemle-ss, very villose: leafets oval, glabrous: 
 peduncles as long as the leaves: legumes hoary, v-ery villose. assurgent, oblong. 
 
 iripliyUa, Ph. (2) (W. 2X-) stemless, assurgent: leaves ternate; leafets lanceolate, 
 sessile: scape none: legumes sessile, oblong. Leaves of silvery hue. 
 
 nuttalli.i, T. (Ap. y-vv. ) stem decumbent, low, sparingly branched, pubescent or 
 nearly glabrous: leaves on short petioles, canescenlly pubescent when young; 
 leafets approximated, 15 to 19 pairs, Imear-oblong, somewhat narrowed at the base, 
 obtuse, often emarginati^, villose-tomenlose, on the inidrib beneath; stipules mem- 
 branaceous, trianiruliir, acuminate: peduncles longer than the leaves: raceme 
 spicate: calyx nearly glabrous; the teeth subulate, about half the length of the tube: 
 legume large, inflated, at first pubescent, ventricosely carinate, acuminated with a 
 pointed style, sessile: flowers ochroleucous, the keel tipped with a pale purple spot. 
 California. 
 
 canesctns, N. ( ) tomentose-canescent: leafets 10 to 15 pairs, small, oval or 
 oblong, obtuse, scarcely petiolulate: stipules membranaceous, very small, trian- 
 gular, subulate: raceme many-flowered, rather loose, on jieduncles twice the length 
 of the leaves; flowers nodding: teeth of the calyx subulate, rather shorter than the 
 tube: vexiilum elongated: legumes large, inflated, obtuse, slightly puberulent, raised 
 on a slender stipe. California. 
 
 densifolia, Smith, (r.) stern decumbent, branching, glabrous: leafets 14 to 16 pairs, 
 oblong-oval, emarginate, villose-tomentose beneath: peduncles and calyx villose: 
 raceme compact, many-flowered: legume membranaceous, ovate, very large, 
 inflated, nearly glabrous, reticulated. California. 
 
 douglassii, T. & G. ( ) very slightly hairy: stem flexuous, angled and striate: leafets 
 10 to 13 pairs, narrowly elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly petiolulate, 
 beneath minutely hairy: stipules very small, triangular: peduncles about as long as 
 the leaves: racemes few and loosely-flowered: calyx campanulale, the teeth acute 
 and shorter than the tube: legumes sessile, ovate, pointed, membranaceous, inflated, 
 the upper suture a little introflexed. California. 
 
 trichnpoiLn, N. (y-w. Ap. ) slightly pubescent: stem stout and erect, branching: leaves 
 sub-sessile; leafets 16 to 20 pairs approximated, linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly 
 petiolulate: stipules minute, triangular: racetnes oblong, spicate, many-flowered: 
 peduncles much longer than the leaves: calyx pubescent with blackish hairs, with 
 
 ;i) Astragalus, Mx. (2) caespitosa, N. Astragalus, Ph. 
 
352 PHACA, PHASEOLUS. 
 
 very short subulate teeth, at length withering: legumes elliptical-ovoid, obtuse at 
 each end, not flattened, glabrous, raised on a long filiform stipe. California. 
 
 5—1. Phace'lia. 43. Hydr. asp. ton—. 
 
 Upinnaiifida, Mx. (phacelia. W. b. M.) erect: leaves pinnatifid: divisions gash-lobed: 
 racemes mostly bifid, oblong, many-flowered: divisions of the corol entire. 1 f. 
 S. P. K. 
 
 Jimbriala, Mx. (W. b. M. 0.) ascending, hairy: leaves sessile, pinnatifid; divisions 
 lanceolate, acute, entire, hispid-pilose above, glabrous beneath: racemes solitary ; 
 pedicels elongated: divisions of the corol ciliate-fringed. I f. S. P. K. 
 
 parvifiora, P. (1) (b. JVl. gS.) diffused, pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, pinnatifid; divi- 
 sions oblong, entire: racemes solitary; pedicels short: divisions of the corol round, 
 entire. 6-8 i. P. M. 
 
 integrifolia, T. (W.) erect, pubescent: leaves petioled, ovate, crenate-serrate: racemes 
 numerous, dense-flowered. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 keterophjlla, Th. (W.h. J \i. $ .) erect, hispid: leaves petioled, pinnatifid; divisions 
 lanceolate, entire, nerved, terminal one elongated; floral leaves simple, lanceolate, 
 petioled: racemes 2-cleft, dense-flowered: divisions of the corol entire. 
 
 Phaclhusa, Siegesbf.ckia. 
 
 6 — 1. Phalan'gium. 16. Asph. exp. nar — . 
 
 esculen'tum, N. (2) (W. b. M. 2X. ) root bulbous: scape longer than the linear carinate 
 leaves: spike racemed: stigma nTinutely 3-cleft. J 2 — 18 i. <S'. K. 
 
 crocemn, Mx. (3) (y. 2X0 ^^°^ bulbous: scape much shorter than the grass-like leaves: 
 spike pyramidal: bracts short: seed sub-globose, smooth. 
 
 3 — 2. Phal'akis. 10. Gram. far. nut. for birds. 
 
 amrrirana, E. (4) (ribbon grass, wild canary grass. O. Ju. Zf.) panicle oblong, spiked: 
 
 glumes of the calyx boat-shaped, serrulate: paleas unequal; rudiments hairy. V'ar. 
 
 pictii, leaves variously striped. This variety is the ribbon grass of the gardens. 
 
 2—5 t. S. W. P. 'B. F. O. N. C. Mch. 
 canariensis, (canary grass. O. Ju. 0.) panicle sub-spiked, ovate: glumes boat-form, 
 
 entire at the apex; rudiments smooth. Introduced. 18 i. S. edi. for canary birds. 
 
 Phalaris, Aulaxanthus. 
 
 16 — 10. Phase'olcs. 93. Leg. r. nar. h. con. sed. ton. f. nut. 
 1. S. G. Phase'olus, /proper, (Eu'phase'olus.) 
 
 pcrennis,{W. r. p. Zf.) twjuing, hairy: leafets ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved: 
 racemes 1 to 3, axillary: panicles longer than the leaf: bracts small; legumes pen- 
 dulous, broad, falcate, mucronate. Illinois, Georgia. M. 
 
 sinvfiivs, N. (If.) nearly glabrous, prostrate: leafets reticulated, 2 to 3-lobed; the 
 lobes obtuse: peduncles longer than the leaves, mostly solitary, simple: legumes 
 pendulous. 4 — 6 f. Florida. 
 
 Phacelia. Gr. phakclos, bundle, in allusion to the fascicled spilces. 
 Phalangium. Gr. pltalagx, Tarantula, whose bite it was supposed to cure. 
 Phalaris. Gr. phalaris, of Dioscorides, from plialus, shining, from its shining seeds. 
 Phaseolus. Lat. phuselus, a little ship, from the resemblance of the seed vessel to 
 
 the keel of a ship. 
 Euphaseolus. Gr. eu, beautiful. 
 
 (1) Polemonium dubinum, W. (2) quamash, Ph. (3) Ornithogalum? E. 
 
 (4) arundinacen, Mx. Calamagrostis colorata, N. 
 
PHASEOLUS. 353 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ruZo'aris, (common pole-bean. b. W. Ju. Q.) twining, somewhat glabrous: leafets 
 ovate, acuminate: racemes peduncled, shorter tlian the leaves; peduncles in pairs: 
 legumes pendulous, long-mucronate: seed ovate, sub-compound. East Indies. 
 Cultivated; by which it often becomes a bush bean, with variegated seeds. Var. 
 nnsns^ (bush-bean, six-week's bean) stem erect, not twining or partly twining: 
 bracts large: legumes compressed. 
 
 multifloriis, (scarlet runner, r. w. Ju. 0.) twining, sub-glabrous: leafets ovate, acu- 
 minate: racemes peduncled, longer than the leaves: peduncles in pairs: bracts 
 close- pressed, a little shorter than the calyx: legumes sub-scabrous. From South 
 Anierica. 
 
 lunatus, (lima bean. g-w. Ju. 0.) twining: leaves ovate-acuminate: racemes shorter 
 than the leaves: peduncles in pairs: legumes scymitar-fbrm, subulate: seed com- 
 pressed, purplish white. 
 
 2. S. G. Stro'phosty'les. (1) 
 
 hdvolus, (W. p. An. 21.) stem twining: leafets oblong-deltoid, sub-pinnate: peduncles 
 longer than the leaves, 3-flovvered at the apex: banner short; wings expanded, 
 large: legume erect. iSf. Cultivated. Seed of last 4 spec. nut. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 dwersifolius, (W. p. An. 21.) stem prostrate, scabrous: leafets angled, 2 or 3-lobed: 
 peduncles longer than the leaf and many-flowered: flowers in heads: legumes 
 pubescent. Phaseolus trilobus, Mx. 2 — 4 f Mch. 
 
 leiospcrmiis, {If-) stem slender, retrorsely hirsute: leafets linear-oblong, rather obtuse, 
 entire, somewhat coriaceous, as long as the petioles, reticulated and hirsute on 
 both suifaces: stipules subulate: peduncles slender, much longer than tiie leaves: 
 heads few-flowered: teeth of the calyx lanceolate, as lon^ as the tube: legume 
 broadly linear, compressed very hirsute, about 5-seeded: seeds oval, glabrous. La. 
 Arkansas. 
 
 3. S. G. Am'phicarpa. (1) 
 
 monoica, Ell. (O. b. & w. Ju. 0.) racemes pendulous, of a corol-like appearance: 
 stem viilnse backwards: radical flowers without petals: leaves ternate; leafets ovate 
 nearly smooth: stipules ovale, striate. Var. comosa, (2f.) has hirsute leaves! 
 Cultivated. Probably a distinct species. 4 f Mch. 
 
 pUcheri, T. &, G. ( ) raceuies of the petaliferous flowers mostly branching: teeth of 
 the calyx lanceo!ate-?ubulate, nearly as long as the tube: bracts very broad, silky- 
 canescent, rather longer than the pedicels. Arkansas. 
 
 4. S. G. Rhtncho'sca. (1) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 reniformis, ( y. 2i.) stem erect, low, hirsute: stipules lance-oblong: leaves roundish: 
 racemes sessile, many-flowered, conglomerate: divisions of the calyx lanceolate 
 acuminate. Dry. Carolina. 
 
 menispermnirlea, Dc. ( ) stem twining or prostrate, retrorsely pubescent; stipules 
 
 ovate: leafet solitary, reniform, canescent beneath: peduncles very shoit, 1 3- 
 
 flnwered: segments of the calyx lanceolate. Texas. 
 
 lalifiilift, N. ( y. ) softly hirsute: stem angular, twining: stipules subulate-lanceo- 
 late: leaves trifoliolate; leafets somewhat rhomboidal, dilated, usually obtuse: ra- 
 cemes longer than the leaves, many- flowered; flowers rather distant, on very short 
 pedicels: segments of the calyx at length oblong-lanceolate, acuminate: vexillum 
 obovate: legume oval-oblong. 3 — 4 f Arkansas. La. 
 
 caribaea, ( ) stem twining, pubescent: leafets rhomb-ovate, acute, resin- 
 
 Strophostyles. Gr. strophos, twisted, and stiilos, style. 
 
 Amphicarpa. Gr. amplii, around, and kurpos, fruit; in allusion to the germ being 
 
 surrounded at the base by a sheath. 
 Rhynchosia. Gr. rugchos, a beak; the germ being beaked. 
 
 (1) Glycine, L. See Glycine. 
 
 45 
 
354 PHASEOLUS, PHLOX. 
 
 punctate beneath: racemes longer than the leaf: legumes sabre-form, hispid. West 
 Florida. La. 
 
 5. S. G. Wistar'ia. (I) 
 
 Southern, 
 f rutescens, (W.h-p. ip.) wings 2-eared: germ glabrous: stem climbing: racemes 
 terminal. Carolina, Illinois, Florida. 
 
 6. S. G. A'pios. (2) 
 
 tuberosa, (ground-nut. O. b-p. Ju. 21.) stem twining: leaves pinnate, with 7 lance- 
 ovate leafets: racemes shorter than the leaves, axillary: root tuberous. Root very 
 nutritious. Ought to be generally cultivated. 2—6 f. iS'. Mch. 
 
 Phellandrium, CEkanthe. 
 11 — 1. Philadel'phus. 89. Phil. fl. aio. ton — . 
 E.totic. 
 coionarius, (mock orange, false syringa. w. J. ^.) styles distinct: leaves ovate, sub- 
 dentate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 inodo'rus, W. (scentless syringa. w. J. >^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, entire: divisions 
 of the calyx acute: style undivided, longer than the stamens; stigmas 4, oblong. 
 Flowers large. Cultivated. 
 
 grandiflorus, W. (3) (flowery syringa. w. J. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate; 
 axils of the veins with fascicles of hairs beneath: divisions of the calyx acuminate: 
 style undivided, longer than the stamens; stigmas 4, linear. Cultivated. S — C. 
 
 lewisii. Ph. (W. Ju. h .) leaves o\;ate, acute, sub-entire, ciliate on the margin: divi- 
 sions of the calyx acute: style rj-cleft, as long as the stamens; stigmas 3. 
 
 hirsutus, N. (W. w. \ .) leaves oblong-ovate, acute, sharply angular-denticulate, hir- 
 sute above, whitish-villose beneath: style and stigma undivided: peduncles 2-brac- 
 led near the summit. 
 
 15 — 5. Philox'eros. 30. Amar. r. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 vermicularis, (4) (J. Zt.) glabrous: stem creeping: leaves sub-terete, fleshy: flowers 
 in terminal, solilary, oblong heads. 
 
 3 — 2. Phle'um. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 pralense, (timothy grass, herd's grass, cats-tail grass. O. J. TJ.. and $.) spike cylin- 
 dric: glumes mucronate-awned: keel ciliate: awn shorter than the glumes: culm 
 erect. Introduced? 2 — 3 f. &'. 
 
 alpi'nnm, L. ( A. ) spike ovate or cylindric-ovate, hirsute or villose. Spike often 
 blackish or dark purple. 
 
 5 — 1. Phlox. 45. Pole. ton. 
 
 paniculata, (smooth-stem lichnidia. W. r. w. Ju. Zf.) glabrous, erect: leaves lanceo- 
 late, narrowing gradually, flat; margin rough: corymbs panicled: divisions of the 
 corol rounded: calyx awned. Cultivated. 2— 3 f. S. P. M. H. Mch. 
 
 pyramidalis, S. (b) {W. A. p. J. Z[.) erect, glabrous: stem scabrous: leaves heart- 
 Wistaria. In honor of Dr. Caspar Wistar, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Apios. Gr. name for a wild pear, which the roots resemble in form. 
 
 Philadelphus. Gr. pk'dos, love, and addplws, a brother: because it is a pleasant com- 
 panion, for its beauty and fragrance. 
 
 Philoxerus. Gr. phiLos, love, and zeros, dry or burnt; a plant delighting in dry, warm 
 soil. 
 
 Phleum. Gr. phleon, the ancient genus, supposed to be our cat-tail grass. 
 
 Phlox. Gr. phlox, a flame, from the red color of the petals; probably applied first to 
 an Agroslemma. 
 (1) Thyrsanthus, Glycine. (2) Glycine, L. See Glycine. (3) inodorus, Mx. 
 
 (4) illecebrum, L. (5) Carolina, W. Jatifolia, Mx. 
 
PHLOX. 855 
 
 ovate, acute: panicle fastigiate, pyramidal: divisions of the corol wedge-truncate: 
 teeth of the cah'x sub-erect, lanceolate, acute. 2 — 3 f. S. P. 
 
 maculata, (spotted liclinidia. W. r. w. Ju. 21.) erect: stem spotted, scabrous: leaves 
 lance-oblong, glabrous; margins rough: panicle oblong: flowers crowded: divisions 
 of the corol rounded: teeth of the calyx acute, recurved. Var. suaoeolens, (1) 
 stem not spotted: corol while. 2 f. /S'. P. Y. Rlcli. 
 
 aristuta,* Mx. (2) (r. w. J. 2_[.) weak, erect, viscid-pubescent: leaves-lance-linear: 
 panicle lax, fastigiate: pedicels somewJiat in pairs: divisions of the corol somewhat 
 obovate; tube curved, pubescent: leeth of liie calyx long, subulate. Var. virens, 
 corol reddish-purple. Var. caiicscens, corol whitish rose-color. 18 i. S. D. P. 
 Y. O. F. M. K. Mch. 
 
 pilosa, (3) (creeping lichnidia. p. w. J. If-) small, decumbent, pubescent: leaves 
 lance-linear, short, roughish: corymbs sub-fastigiale: divisions of the corol round- 
 obtuse; tube straightish, glabrous: teeth of the calyx subulate-acuminate. 12 — 
 18 i. S. Y. P. Mch. 
 
 divaricnta, (W. p-b. M. If.) pubescent, (low, decumbent, Ph.) leaves lance-oval, 
 upper ones alternate: branches divaricate, lax, few-flowered: divisions of the corol 
 sub-obcordate: teeth of the calyx linear-subulate. 1--2 f. S. P. Y. F. M. O. 
 K. Mch. 
 
 reptans, Mx. (4) (W. b-p. J. Zf.) stoloniferous creeping, pubescent: radical leaves 
 obovate-spatulate, cauline ones lance-oval: corymb spreading, few-flowered: divi- 
 sions of the corol obovate: teeth of the calyx linear, reflexed. 8 — 18 i. ^S?. P. 
 Mch. 
 
 suluUita, (mountain pink. W. r. M. Zf.) cespitose, while pubescent: leaves linear, 
 pungent, ciliate: corymbs few-flowered: pedicels 3-clefl: divisions of the corol 
 wedge-form, emarginate: teeth of the calyx subulate, scarcely shorter than the 
 tube of the corol. Cultivated. 3—6 i. '.S'. Y. P. O. S— C. 
 
 setaceu, (W. r. J. 2i.) cespitose, pubescent: leaves fascicled, subulate, pungent, cili- 
 ate: pedicels few, terminal, sub-umbelled: divisions of the corol wedge-foim, 
 emarginate: teeth of the calyx subulate, much shorter than the tube of the corol. 
 S. Y. D. 
 
 cespiiosa, N. (w. Ap. ![•) diff'use, procumbent: leaves subulate, ciliate, short; mar- 
 gin refle.xed: flowers solitary, short pedicelled: divisions of the calyx spinulose: 
 divisions of the corol, cuneate, entire. R. 
 
 longifolia, N. (vy. Ju. Zf.) subcespitose, many-stemmed: leaves subulate, very long 
 and narrow, glabrous: little stems few-flowered, verv short, finely pubescent, iire- 
 gularly trichotomous: peduncles filiform, elongated: calyx divisions acuminate: 
 divisions of the corol oblong-cuneale, entire. 9 i. R. 
 
 muscoides, N. (w. Ju. Zf.) dense cespitose, very small: leaves closely imbricate, lance- 
 oblong, copiously ciliate, very short: flowers sessile, scarcely exsert: divisions of 
 the corol cuneate, entire. R. 
 
 revoluta, Aikin (w-p. J. 21-) glabrous: stems erect, sub-simple, slightly scabrous at 
 the top: leaves coriaceous, paler beneath, scabrous and revolute on the margin, 
 sub-sessile; lower ones lance-linear, acute at each end; upper ones lanceolate, 
 rounded at the base: corymb sub-fastigiale, few-flowered: pedicels sub-scabrous: 
 divisions of the corol obovate, slightly crenulate: calyx glabrous; divisions lanceo- 
 late, acute, unawned, half as long as the corol. 12 — 18 i. Damp woods. Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 undulata, W. (.5) (A. b. Au. Z|.) erect, glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, sub-undu- 
 late, scabrous on the margin: corymbs panicled: divisions of the corol sub-retuse: 
 calyx awned. 2 f. 
 
 Carolina, W. (6) (p. Au. Zj".) erect: stem pubescent: leaves lance-ovate, smooth: 
 corymb sub-fastigiale; branchlels about 3-llowered: divisions of the corol round: 
 teeth of the calyx glabrous, lanceolate, erect. 
 
 glaberriina, (VV. p. Ju. Z[.) cespitose: stem erec: leaves lance-linear, glabrous: 
 corymbs small, terminal, sub-fasligiate: divisions of the corol roundish: teeih of 
 the calyx lance-Unear, acute. K. S— C. 
 
 (1) suaveolens. Ph. (2) pilosa, C. (3) amoena, C. (4) stolonifera, C. and Ph. 
 (5) paniculala, Mx. (6) trifolia, Mx? 
 
 *Dr. Aikin says, after axamining this very variable plant from Lake Ontario to 
 Virginia, he is confirmed in the opinion, that it is synonymous with P. divaricata. 
 
356 PHLOX, PHYSALIS. 
 
 speciosa, Ph. (W. w. &. p. J. 1^.) erect, glabrous, frutescent, very branching: leaves 
 linear; upper ones alternate, dilated at the base: racemes panicle-corymbed: divi- 
 sions of the corol wedge-oblong, emajginate: teeth of the calyx subulate, equalling 
 the tube. 
 
 ovata, W. (r-p. J. ^.) erect, glabrous: radical leaves ovate, acute, somewhat fleshy; 
 cauline ones lanceolate: corymbs sub-fastigiate, divisions of the corol undulate, 
 retuse: teeth of the calyx linear, acute. 
 
 acumina'/i, Ph. (A. p. Au. 21.) lower leaves spatulate-ovate, acuminate, slightly 
 scabrous; upper ones lanceolate: corymbs terminal. 3 — 5 i. K. 
 
 nili'da, Ph. (1) (W. p. J. 21.) erect, glabrous: stem scabrous: leaves oyate-oblong, 
 sub-coriaceous: corymb fastigiate: divisions of the corol obovate, sub-retase: leeth 
 of the calyx lanceolate, mucrunate. 18 — 24 i. S — C. 
 
 cordata, E. (VV. Au.) leaves oblong-cordate, sub-acuminate; margin scabroup: corymbs 
 panicled: teeth of the calyx long-awned. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 bifida, Bk. (W. p Ap.) stem erect, branching, minute-pubescent: leaves lance-ovate 
 and lance-linear, somewhat clasping, opposite and alternate; margin revolute; mid- 
 rib ciliate: teeth of the calyx linear, acute, pilose: divisions of the corol wedge- 
 form, deeply cleft. 4—6 i. 
 
 14 — 2. Phoenicajjlis. 63. Cruc. r. con. asc. 
 
 cheiranthoides, N. (p. Zf. ) scape slender: leaves entire, densely and stellately tomen- 
 tose: flowers in simple corymbose racemes: siliques diverging horizontally: scape 
 4^6 i. with a few small, sessile and partly clasping leaves. Oregon. 
 
 13 — 1. Phry'ma. 42. Labi. car. ton. 
 
 'chya, (lopseed. O. J. y-w.^2X.) leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled: spikes 
 terminal, slender: flowers opposite. As the fruit approaches maturity, it lops 
 down against the rachis. Dry woods. 2 — 3 f. S. Mch. S — C. 
 
 3 — 1. Phyllac'tis. 56. Vale. r. ner-f . sed+. />ai. 
 Southerri. 
 ohovaia, N. (2) (W. Oc.) stemless: root fusiform: leaves radiating, linear-spatulate, 
 obtuse, hirsute-pilose. 
 
 19 — 15. Phyllan'thus. 96. Euph. r. ast. deob. h. diu. nar. Jan. 
 
 obovatus, (3) (S. ^.) leaves alternate, oval, obtuse, glabrous, somewhat distichous: 
 flowers few, (2 — 4,) axillary, pedicelled, nodding: stem erect; branches distichous. 
 12 i. S. P. S— C. K. 
 
 5—1. Physalis. 38. Sola. f. «fc 1. nar. 
 
 visco'?a,'' (yellow henbane, ground cherry. O. Ju. If.) leaves in pairs, heart-oval, re- 
 pand, obtuse sub-tomentose: stem panicled above: fruit bearing calyx pubescent. 
 1-3 f S. 
 
 Phoenicaulis. Gr. phoinikos, purple, Phoenician purple. Bad etymology. 
 Pliryma. Gr. phrvgama, dried; the fruit appears dry and lops down before ripening. 
 Phyllaclis. Gr. pliuUon, leaf, and ago, to bring, carry, because it is stemless. 
 Phyllanthus. Gr. jjImUon, leaf, a.nd antlios, flower; the flowers of the original species 
 
 grow on the edges of tlie leaves. 
 Physalis. Gr. phusu, a bladder, from the inflatpl calyx. 
 
 (1) Carolina, Wr. (2) Valeriana, Dc. (3) carolinensis, Wr. 
 
 *Dr. Aikin has very particularly compared the P. viscosa, obscura, Mx. and pubes- 
 cens VV. and is confirmed 'in the opinion that they are the same species. And he 
 is also inclined to the opinion that even pcnnsylcunica and philndelpliica, are mere varie- 
 ties oi viscosa, and not even sufficiently characterized varieties. He says, the follow- 
 inff description includes the whole five species, and applies to each of them in all its 
 parts. 
 
 P. viscosui pubescent: stem decumbent, herbaceous, divaricate-branched, sub- 
 panicled above; branches sub-angular: leaves solitary or in pairs, heart-ovate, re- 
 pand-toothed, generally acute, often acuminate or obtuse: flowers solitary, axillary. 
 
PHYSALIS, PINCKNEYA. 357 
 
 obscura, Mx. (1) (ground cherry, y. p. Ju.) leaves sub-cordate, orbicular, acuminate, 
 unequally dentate: stem herbaceous, divaricate, much branched; branches angled: 
 inflated calyx large. Var. glabra, (2) sumiiiil and petioles scarcely pubescent. 
 Var. pvliesccHs, viscid-pubescent. T. Y. T. C. F. N. Mcli. 
 
 pennsijlca' nica, (y. J. 2X-) leaves ovate, sub-repand, obtuse, nakedish: stem branch- 
 ing: peduncles solitary, a little longer than the petioles. 1 f. S. P. Y. N. C. 
 S-C. 
 
 phihulel'fihica, Lk. (y. p. Ju. 0-) leaves ovate, repand-toothed, glabrous: stem very 
 branching: peduncles solitary, much shorter than the petioles. Piobably a variety 
 of the uhiciira. S. M. 
 
 lanccolata, Mx. (y. J. ZI-) leaves in pairs, lance-oval, sub entire, gradually narrowing- 
 into the petiole, pubescent: stem dichotomous: calyx villose. S. P. D. K. 
 
 lobata, T. (W. g.) leaves oblong, somewhat fleshy, lyrate-lobed, narrowed into 
 the petiole at the base, glabrous, revolute at the margin: stem herbaceous, branch- 
 ing: peduncles solitary. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 alkekengi, (common winter cherr)'. \ .) leaves in pairs, entire, acute: stem sub-ra- 
 mose below. Calyx of the fruit red, or redish. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 pubcscens, W. (O. y. Ju. 0.) leaves villose, viscous, sub-cordate: stem very branch- 
 ing: flowers solitary, pendulous: fruit-bearing calyx round-globose, angled. M. 
 
 somnif'eia, W. (y. Ju. Zf.) tomentose: leaves ovate, very entire; flowers crowded, 
 short-pedicelled: corol bell-form. 
 
 iDulleri, N. (3) ( 2i.) pulverulent-sub-tomentose, very branching, dichotomous: 
 leaves twinned, broad-ovate, obtuse, long-petioled, entire: peduncles solitary, nod- 
 ding: calyx fructiferous, somewhat glabrous. South Carolina. 
 
 ftngustifolia, N. ( 21-) very glabrous, prostrate, dwarfish: leaves very long, linear, 
 fleshy, solitary: peduncles nodding, filiform, solitary. West Florida. 
 
 Pliyzostegia, Dracocephalcm. 
 
 10 — 10. Phytolac'ca. 29. Phyt. erne. nar. 
 
 decand) a, (pokeweed, pigeon berry. O. w. Ju. H-) leaves ovate, acute at both ends: 
 flowers racemed: berries tialtened at the ends. 3 — 6 f. 5f. Mch. 
 
 5 — 1. Pickerin'ga.* 51. Eric. f. aro. asp. 
 Southern, 
 paniculata, N. (4) ( ^. ) evergreen: leaves entire, alternate, wedge-oblong, ob- 
 tuse: flowers panicled. 
 
 5 — 1. Pixckne'ya. 57. Cine. ton. feb 
 Southern, 
 pu'bens, Mx. (p. J. ^.) leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, thinly pilose and shining 
 above; tomentose below, sub-acuminate: calyx superior, persistent, colored. 15 — 
 20 f. 
 
 Phytolacca. Gr. phutnn, plant, and lachanon, pot-herb; the young sprouts being one 
 
 of the best substitutes for asparagus. 
 Pickeringa. In honor of Dr. Charles Pickering, a Curator of Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 
 Pinckneya. Tn honor of Gen. C. \V. Pinckney, of South Carolina, a munificent 
 
 patron of Science. 
 
 (1) pruinosa, E. (2) angulata, Wr. (3) lanceolata, E. (4) Cyrilla 
 
 paniculata, N. in Jour. Sci. vol. 5, p. 200. 
 
 * Mr. Nuttall spells this name Pickeringia; changing the sound of the letter G 
 unnecessarily. 
 
 pendulous: fruit bearing calyx large, inflated, angled, pubescent: berry glabrous, 
 piany-seeded. Flowers yellow, spotted at the base: leaves long-petioled, and when 
 in pairs, one is always much larger than the other: fruit yellow when ripe, slightly 
 acid, edible: root fusiform, white, bitter. 
 
S58 PINGUICULA, PINUS. 
 
 2 — 1. PiNGUic'uLA. 35. Lent ton — . 
 
 elatior, Mx. (butterwort. W. M. 21.) nectary subulate, obtuse, shorter than the corol; 
 tube ventricose above: scape villose beneath. 4 — 12 i. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 lutca, Wr. (p. Ap. Zf-) border of the corol .5f-cleft; divisions 2-lobed; lobes 2-toothed; 
 spur subulate, a little shorter than liie tube. 6 — 8 i. Charleston, S — C. Florida. 
 
 pum'da, Mx. (b. Ap. 2i-) border of the corol 5-cIeft; divisions emarginate; lobes en- 
 tire; spur subulate, obtusish, as long as the tube. 3—5 i. 
 
 acutifotia, Mx. ( VV. Ju. 2X-) very glabrous: leaves erect, oval, very acute. 
 
 australis, N. (W. r.) glabrous: nectary very short, incurved: flowers largish. West 
 Florida. 
 
 19—15. Pi'nus. 100. Coni. b. exp. e. hea. bal. w. tim-f . 
 
 1. Leaves solitary, tcith separate bases. Abies. 
 
 balsamea, (1) (fir tree, balsam tree. O. M. ^.) leaves flat, emarginate or entire, 
 glaucous beneath; sub-erect above, recurve-spreading: cones cylindric, erect: bracts 
 abbreviated, obovate, long-mucronate, sub-serrulate. ^'. Mch. 
 fraseri, Ph. (double spruce. A. J. fp.) leaves solitary, flat, emarginate, glaucous be- 
 neath, somewhat 1-sided, thick above, erect: cones ovate-oblong, erect: bracts 
 elongated, reHexed, wedge-oblong, emarginate, short-mucronate, gush-toothed. )S'. 
 
 taxifolia, Lb. (W. \.) leaves solitary, flat, sub-distichous: cones oblong: anthers 
 didymous. S. 
 
 canadensis, (2) (hemlock tree. O. M. T^.) leaves flat, denticulate, 2-ranked: stro- 
 biles ovate, terminal, scarcely l«nger than the leaves. The bark is used in tanning 
 leather, though inferior to oak. 30—100 f. <§. Mch. 
 
 nigra. Lb. (3) (black spruce. W. A. M. \ .) leaves 4-sided, scattered on all sides 
 of the branchlets, erect, straight: strobiles ovate; scales oval, with undulate mar- 
 gins, erose-toothed at the apex. 30—60 f. S. T. D. F. N. Mch. 
 
 rubra. Lb. (4) (red spruce, spruce fir. M. Tj.) leaves solitary, subulate: strobiles 
 oblong, obtuse; scales rounded, sub-21obed; margin entire. Canada. 
 
 alba. Lb. (5) (white spruce. W. M. \.) leaves 4-sided, incurved: strobiles sub-cylin- 
 dric, lax; scales obovate, entire. Mch. 
 
 2. Leaves many, sheathed at the base. Pikus. 
 
 ( Leaves in pairs. ) 
 
 resinosa, Lb- (6) (yellow pine, norway pine, red pine. M. f'.) leaves and sheaths 
 elongated: strobiles ovate-conic, rounded at the base, sub-solitary, about half as 
 long as the leaves; scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. Bark of a reddish color, 
 and much smoother than the rigida and strobus. Often grows very tall and straight 
 S. T. W. N. D. Catskill. Mch. 
 
 inops, Lb. (7) (jersey pine. W. M. \>.) leaves short: strobiles oblong-conic, recurved, 
 of the length of the leaves; prickles of the scales subulate, straight. iS. Y. 
 
 banksiana, Lb. (8) (scrub pine, grey pine. VV. M. ^.) leaves short, rigid, divaricate, 
 oblique: strobiles recurved, twisted; scales without prickles. Maine. D. Mch. 
 
 (Leaves in threes. ) 
 
 variabilis, Lb. (9) (three-leaved yellow pine. M. ^.) part of the leaves in pairs, the 
 others in threes, slender, channelled: strobiles ovate-conic, sub-solitary; prickles 
 of the scales incurved. <S. K. S — C. 
 
 rigida, (pitch pine. O. M. ^.) leaves with abbreviated sheaths: staminate aments 
 
 Pinguicula. A dirainitive of /^irao'uis, fat, from the greasy appearance of the leaves. 
 Pinus. Gr. pinaz, a wooden tablet made of pine — hence the Gr. pitas, pine tree, 
 
 and pilch. 
 
 (1) Abies balsamifera, Mx. (2) americana, Du Roi. Abies canadensis, Mx. 
 (3) mariana, Du Roi. Abies denticulata, Mx. (4) Abies pectinata, Lk. (5) laxa, 
 Eh. canadensis, Du Roi. Abies alba, Mx. (6) rubra, Mx. (7) virginiana, 
 Du Roi. (8) rupestris, Mx. hudsonia, Lk. sylvestris, A. (9) mitis, Mx. 
 
PINUS, PISTIA. 359 
 
 erect-incumbent: strobiles ovate, scattered or aggregated; spines of the scales 
 reflexed. Though very common, it grows the most plentifully on barren, sandy 
 plams. iS>. 
 serotina, Mx, (pond pine. M. fp.) leaves elongated: prickles of the scales straight 
 and very slender. Probably a variety of the last. S. P. New Jersey. 
 
 ( Leaves in fices. ) 
 
 slrobus, (white pine. O. M. ^.) leaves slender: sheaths short: strobiles pendant, 
 cylindric, longer than the leaves; scales somewhat lax. This is called Weymouth 
 pine by the English. Perhaps nine-tenths of the boards used in America are of 
 this species. S. Mch. 
 
 Leaves many, in a fascicle. Larix. 
 
 pendula, A (black larch, tamarack, hack-matack. W; M. ^.) leaves deciduous: stro- 
 biles oblong; margins of the scales intlexed: bracts guitar-form, witji a slender 
 point. O. D. N. Mch. M. 
 
 microcarpa, Lb. (1) (red larch, hack-matack. M. ^.) leaves deciduous: strobiles 
 roundish, few-Howered: scales reflexed: bracts oval, obtuse, acuminate. These 
 two last species were considered as varieties of the same; but Mr. Lambert proved 
 their specific dilTerence by raising them from the seed. P. T. V. C. N. Canada. 
 
 flezxlii, T. (W.) leaves in fives, short, and rather rigid: sheaths short and lace- 
 rate: strobile erect; scales large, unarmed. Branches very flexible. 
 
 Exotic, 
 larix, (common larch. >^.) leaves deciduous: strobiles ovate-oblong; margins of the 
 scales reflexed, torn: bracts guitar-form. 
 
 Southern, 
 pungens, Lb. (table mountain pine. A. ^.) leaves in pairs, short, acute: strobiles 
 
 ovate-conic; prickles of the scales elongated, subulate, incurved; lower ones 
 
 reflexed. 
 taeda, Lb. (loblolly pine, old field pine. M. Tj .) leaves in threes, elongated: sheaths 
 
 elongated: strobiles oblong-conic, deflexed, shorter than the leaves; spines inflexed. 
 
 Var. heterophylla, E. (smooth-bark loblolly pine,) leaves in twos and threes: bark 
 
 smooth. 
 palustris, Lb. (long-leaved, yellow pitch, or broom pine. M. Tp.) leaves in threes, 
 
 very long: stipules pinnatifid, ramentaceous, persistent: strobiles sub-cylindric, 
 
 muricate. S — C. 
 
 2—2. Pi'pER. 98. Pipe. d. f. con. sti-f . sto+. 
 Southern, 
 leposta'chyon, N. (florida pepper. 0.) herbaceous, small: leaves obovate, obtuse, sub-3- 
 nerved, pubescent: spikes axillary, filiform, erect, much longer than the leaves. 
 6—12 i. 
 
 3 — 2. Pip'tathe'rum. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 racemosum, S. (2) (clustered millet-grass, black seed millet-grass. A. Au. 2i.) panicle 
 simple: flowers racemose, lance-ovate: paleas black, hairy; awn twice as long as 
 the glumes. N. Mch. 
 
 5—8. Pisti'a. 93. Pisti. ton. 
 Southern. 
 spathulata, Mx. (w. Ju.) leaves abruptly narrowed into the petiole, dilated, round and 
 towards the summit. La. 
 
 Piper. A name probably of Indian origin, but very an,cient. 
 
 Piptatherum. From Gr. pipto, to fall, and theros, harvest, summer. 
 
 Pistia. Gr. pistes, (ofpino) to drink, in allusion to its loving water or wet places. 
 
 (1) pendula, VV. laicina, Du Roi. Larix americana, i\ix. who considered the 
 pendula and microcarpa as the same species. (2) nigrum, T. Milium, S. Ory- 
 zopsis melanocarpa, M. 
 
3&0 PISUM, PLANTAGO. 
 
 16—10. Pi'suM. 93. Legu. f. nut. g-f. asc. 
 Exotic, 
 sativum, (pea. p. w. J. 0.) petioles terete: stipules round and crenate at thft base: 
 peduncles many- flowered. Var. umlipJlatinn, (bouquet pea) has the stipules 4-cleft, 
 acute. Vai. fjiiadriiiinn, (quadrate pea,) fruit ash-color, 4-sided. Var. humile, 
 (dwarf pea,) stem erect, not climbing: leafels roundish. 
 
 Pisum, Lathyrus. 
 
 10—8 to 12. PiTAviA. Xanth? aro. sto. 
 
 dumosa, N. (^.) leaves opposite or fascicled, on short branches, linear, attenuate at 
 the base, obtuse, about an inch long, rather thick, unnerved, marked with glan- 
 dular, pellucid dots, the margin with a row of glandular dots, entire: seed globose. 
 A low branching shrub. California. 
 
 16 — 10. Pitche'ria. 93. Legu. r. exp. sug. 
 Southern, 
 galacioidcs, N. (W. r. If.) stem erect, rigid branched, smooth: leaves trifoliate, oval, 
 obtuse, glandular-dotted beneath. Alabama, Florida. 
 
 5 — 2. Plane'ra. 99. Ulmu. ton — . 
 Southern, 
 aquatica, Wr. (1) (W. M. T?.) leaves ovate, acute, serrate, equal at the base, slightly 
 scabrous, short petioled. 25 — 30 f. 
 
 4 — J. Planta'go. 31. Plan. 1. emo. s. muc. 
 
 major (plantain. O. w. J. 21.) leaves ovate, sub-dentate, sub-glabrous: scape terete: 
 spike oblong, imbricate. Mch. 
 
 lanceolata, (rib- wort, snake plantain, ripple grass. W. J. 2i.) leaves lanceolate, 
 villose: spikes short, terete-cylindric: bracts ovale, acuminate: scape angled, with 
 close-pressed hairs. 1— 2 f S. T. B. C. F. O. N. V. Mch. 
 
 mrgiiiica, (dwarf plantain. W. r-y. J. 0.) whitish pubescence on all parts: leaves 
 lance-ovate, sub-denticulate: flowers remotish: scape angled, (or a little striate?) 
 The corol adheres to the germ so closely that at first it appears to be superior. 
 3—8 i. .S. C. Y. P. M. 
 
 cordaia, Lk. (2) (w. J. 2S-) leaves heart-ovate, broad, sub-dentate, glabrous: spike 
 very long; flowers sub-imbricate, lower ones scattered: bracts ovate, obtuse. 
 12—18 i. S. P. Y. C. T. D. Mch 
 
 media, (w. J. 21.) leaves lance-ovate, pubescent: spike cylindric: scape terete. In 
 one variety the leaves are hirsute and the spikes branching. T. 
 
 maritima, (3) (sea planlain. L. Au. 21.) leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near 
 the base: scape terete: spike cylindrical: bracts rather acute. 6 — 10 i. S. 
 Y. B. C. F. 
 
 pusilia, N. (4) (Au. 0.) minutely pubescent: leaves linear-subulate, flat, entire, 
 acute: scape terete, longer than the leaves: spike cylindrical, loose; lower flowers 
 distant: bracts ovate, acute, as long as the calyx. New Orleans. 
 
 cucuUa'ta, Lk. (5) (Ju. Z(.) leaves ovate, concave-cowled, 9-nerved, pubescent be- 
 neath: spike cylindric, imbricate; scape tall, terete. Maine. 
 
 eriopoda, T. (W. 21.) stemless: petioles covered with very long wool at the 
 base: leaves broad-lanceolate, attenuate at each end, long-petioled, glabrous, entire, 
 
 Pisum. Gr. pison, a pea. The Celtic word pis, denotes also a pea. 
 
 Pitavia. Unknown. 
 
 Pitcheria. In honor of Dr. Zina Pitcher, of the U. S. Army, an excellent naturalist 
 
 and amiable man. 
 Planera. In honor of James Planer, Professor of Botany at Erfurt. 
 Plantugo. Lat. jilanta, the sole of the loot, from its supposed resemblance. 
 
 (1) ulmifolia, Mx. (2) kentuckiensis, Mx. (3) pauciflora, Ph. (4) hybrida, D. 
 linearifolia, M.? aristata, Mx. elongata, Ph (5) maxima, Jn. 
 
PLAXTAGO, PLATVSPERMUM. 361 
 
 5-nerved: scape terete, very glabrous: spike cylindric, exceeding the leaves: flowers 
 
 remote: stamens and styles very long: bracts broad-ovate, obtusish: capsules 
 
 2-seeded. 9—12 i. 
 
 SouUiem. 
 caroliniana, Wr. (Ju. ^.) all over glabrous: leaves lanceolate, very entire, long: 
 
 flowers remote: stem terete. Elliott unites this species with the next. 
 interrupla. Lk. (Ju. If-) leaves lanceolate, (lance-ovate, Ph.) entire, somewhat pilose: 
 
 spikes slender, long, interrupted: flowers glabrous. Sometimes nearly glabrous, 
 
 Elliott. 
 glafira, N. (W. ) leaves ovate, denticulate, smooth: scape slender, sub-compressed, 
 
 nearly equal to the leaves: flowers scattered:, bracts ovate, acuminate. 
 gnnphaloides N. (I) (W. Ju. 0.) silky-villose: leaves lance-linear, very entire, 
 
 nakedish above: scape terete, scarcely longer than the leaves: spike cylindric, 
 
 imbricate: bracts linear, with long, villose ciliae. 
 
 18 — 1. Platan'thera. 21. Orch. r. amy. nut. emo. 
 
 orbiculaia, Lind. (W.g-w. J. 2X.) lip linear, entire; obtusish; 3 upper petals converging, 
 with the uppermost one deltoid, obtuse, and the 2 lateral ones spreading, oblique at 
 the base; spur longerthan the germ, clavate, flaltish, curved, leaves 2, radical, orbicu- 
 lar, prostrate, glabrous, very shining. 12—18 i. S. C. O. F. B. N. Habenaria 
 orbiculiila, 7th edition. Mch. 
 
 dilatiila. Lind. (giant orchis. O. w. or g. J. 2_C.) spur shorter than the germ; lip en- 
 tire, linear, with the base dilated, of the length of the spur: bracts of the length 
 of the flower: stem leafy. In the mountain woods,, the flowers are green; in the 
 open meadows white. 1 — 4 f. S. Habenaria dilatata, 7th edition. Mch. 
 
 19—12. Plat'anus. 99. Plat. aro. ton. 
 
 ocd(ie7Jte//s, (button wood, american plane-tree, false sycamore. O. J-^.) leaves quin- 
 quanguiar, obsoletely lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath: stem and branches be- 
 coming white. Grows to a greater size than any other tree in America. iVlch. 
 
 12 — 12. Platts'temon. 62. Papa, nar — . ano. sed. 
 
 caUfomicum, Benth. (0. y-w.) plant sparsely covered with shaggy, spreading hairs: 
 leaves half-clasping, oblong, linear, obtuse, entire, alternate, often crowded so as 
 to appear opposite, or whorled at the origin of the branches and peduncles, 3 — 5- 
 neived: peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered, California. 
 
 12 — 2 to 5. Platttig'ma. 62. Papa, nar — . ano. sed. 
 
 lineare, Benth. (y. 0.) cespitose: stem abbreviated, or almost none: leaves mostly 
 radical, crowded, linear, entire, glabrous, or slightly hairy: peduncles radical or 
 nearly so, numerous, slender, 1-flowered, clothed with spreading hairs. California. 
 
 14 — 1. Platyspet'aldm. 63. Cruc. h. & f. con. sal. 
 
 purpurascens, Rr. ( ) stigma 2-lobed, spreading; style manifest: scape naked, 
 
 1 -leaved, and pubescent: silicles sub-glabrous. A. 
 dubium, Br. ( ) stigma undivided, sub-sessile: silicles and scapes pubescent. A. 
 
 14 — 1. Plattper'mum. 63. Cruc. h. & f. con. sal. 
 scapigerum, H. (w. Mar. Ap. 0.) root sub-fusiform, scarcely fibrous: leaves all radi- 
 
 Platanthera. Gr. platus, broad, anfhos, flower, or anther. 
 
 Platanus. Gr. platanos. from Gr. platus, broad; regarding the wide-spread foliage. 
 
 Platystemon. Gr. platus broad, stemoii, strand or filament. 
 
 Platystigma. Gr. platus, broad, stigma, point; top of the style. 
 
 Platypetalum. Gr. platiis, broad, petalon, leaf or plate; on account of the broad 
 
 petals. 
 Platyspermum. Gr. platus, broad, sperma, seed; on account of the broad margins of 
 
 the seeds. 
 
 (1) lagopus, Ph. 
 
 46 
 
>362 PLATYSPERMUM, POA. 
 
 cal, spreading, sub-runcinate-pinnatifid; lobes mostly acute; lower ones gradually 
 smaller, attenuated into a petiole, somewhat fleshy, glabrous: scapes many from 
 the same root, digitate, erect, simple, very glabrous, always l-tlowered: flowers 
 small, erect. R. 
 
 3—1. Plectri'tis. 56. Vale. r. ner^-. sed+. 
 
 congesta, Dc. (r. 0.) glabrous: flowers in a dense whorl, bracts many-cleft, in subu- 
 late divisions. Var. minor, leaves very narrow. R. 
 
 9—2. Plee'a. 13. June. fod. 
 
 Southern. 
 tenvifoUa, Mx. (y.r. 71.) very glabrous: leaves very narrow-ensiform: sheaths of the 
 spike 1-flowered. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 3 — 2. Pleura'phis. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 So2ithern. 
 jamesii, T. (W. Ju. 1[.) culm terete, smooth, slender: spike terminal, erect; spikelets 
 sessile, in an ovate congeries at each joint of the rachis: involucre white-woolly, 
 one-tiiird the length of the flcTwers. Discovered on the river Canadian, by Dr. 
 Edwin James. 1 f. 
 
 3—2. Po'a. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 Remarks. The word poa, is. pure Greek, and signifies pasture or fodder. Linneus 
 applied the name to tliis genus, t)ecause it includes the most common pasture grass 
 and me'iduiD grus!!. The Poa pratensis, aided by the A grostis vulgaris, constitutes 
 most of those beautiful carpets which cover our fields, lawns, and road-sides. 
 
 annua, (W. Ap. Q.) panicle sub secund, divaricate; spikelets ovate-oblong, 5-flower- 
 ed; 'florets free: culm oblique, compressed: root fibrous. 6— 8 i. S. B. N. P. 
 C. f. Mch. 
 fasciculata. T. (L. Au. 2[.) panicle spreading; brandies straight, fascicled, crowded; 
 spikelets oblong, S-dowered; florets free: glumes minute, unequal: culm oblique- 
 terete: root fascicled. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 denluta, T. ( 21.) panicle loose, somewhat spreading; branches capillary, virgate; 
 spikelets lanceolate, .5-flowered; florets free; glumes unequal; lower glume obtuse, 
 3-nerved: lower palea Snerved, 5-toolhed at the apex when old. 3 t: N. 
 
 aquatica, Var. am.triaina, T. (1) (Au. 2i-) panicle erect, halfwhorled, diff"use; 
 branches flexuous, smooth; spikelets linear, 6— H-flowered; florets ovale, obtuse, 
 free: leaves broad-linear, with the sheaths smooth. 4—5 f. P. N. B. Canada. 
 
 muritima Huds. (J. 21.) panicle branched, somewhat crowded; spikelets about 5- 
 
 flowered terete; florets rather obtuse, indistinctly 5-nerved: root creeping. 1 f. 
 
 B. N. ' 
 brecifolia, M. (2) (A. P. 21.) panicle loose; brandies in pairs, horizontal: glumes 
 
 3 4.fl'owered: paleas pubescent: leaves very short: stipule acuminate. 2 f. P. Y. 
 
 W. 
 punirens, T. (.3) (W. Ap. If.) culm compressed: leaves very short, cuspidate: panicle 
 
 sub-simple, spreading; spikelets ovate, 3 — 4-flowered; florets webbed, obtusish, 
 
 obscurely 5-nerved. IS i. S. P. K. 
 pratensis, (english grass, meadow grass, spear grass. O. J. If.) panicle diff"use: upper 
 
 leaves'much shorter than the smooth sheaths: florets acute, 5-nerved, webbed at 
 
 the base: stipule short, truncate: root creeping. 2— 3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 Plectritis. Gr. plcktron, a spur, from the form of the corol. 
 Pleea. Gr. pleion, abundance; from the superabundance of stamens. 
 Pleuraphis. From Gr. pleura, the rib, aphe, the touch, or junction. 
 Poa. Gr. poa, the name for grass. 
 
 (1) aquatica. Ph. (2) alpina, Ph. (3) auturanalis, E. flexucea, M. cus- 
 
 pidata, B. 
 
POA. 363 
 
 trivialis, (1) (pasture grass. W. Ju.) panicle equal, diffuse; epikelets oblong-ovate, 
 about 3-flowered; florets webbed at the base, 5-nerved: culin and sheath roughish: 
 stipule oblong; root creeping. 2—3 f. P. Y. C. M. N. Mch. 
 
 comprcssa, (blue grass. W. Ju. If.) panicle contracted, somewhat 1-sided; spiWelets 
 oblong, 3 — G-llowered; florets webbed: glumes sub-equal: culm oblique, compress- 
 ed: root creeping. Var. sylvesfris, T. panicle loose spreading; spikelets 2 — 3- 
 flowered: culm slender, nearly erect. 12 — 18 i. <S. B. P. C. i\. O. Mch. 
 
 serotinii, Eh. (2) (VV. J. If.) panicle elongated, diffuse, at length somewhat 1 -sided; 
 spikelets lance-ovate, 2 — 3-flovvered; florets a little webbed at the base, 3'ellow at 
 the lip, obscurely 5-nerved: root creeping. 2 — 3 f. W. Y. 
 
 nertioralit, ( 2i-) panicle attenuated, weak; branches flexuous; spikelets ovate, 
 about 3-flowered; llorets loose, slightly webbed, acute, obsoletely nerved: stipule 
 almost wanting. 2 f. P. C. N. Mch. 
 
 nervata, W. (3) (W. J. 2i.) panicle equal, diff'use; branches weak, and at length 
 pendulous; spikelets 5-flowered; florets free, conspicuously 7-nerved, obtuse. 
 3—4 f. B. P. C. O. M. iN. Mch. 
 
 ebnguta, T. (If.) panicle elongated, racemose; branches solitary, appressed; spikelets 
 ovate, obtuse, tuuiid, 3-fluwered; florets free: stipule almost wanting 3 f N. 
 
 obtusa, M. (W. Au. Zf.) panicle ovate, contracted; spikelets ovate, tumid, 5 to 7- 
 flowered; florets free: glumes scarious: paleas ovate, smooth, obtuse; lower valve 
 indistinctly 7-nerved: leaves as long as the culm, and with the sheaths smooth. 
 2— 3f. P. Y. B. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (4) (meadow rattlesnake grass. O. Ju. 21 ■) panicle large-eff'use; 
 branches half-whorled, flexuous, at length pendulous; spikelets ovate, tumid, 6 to 
 8-flowered; florets free: lower valve acutish, 7-nerved; upper valve very obtuse; 
 stamens 2. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 capillaris, (W. Au. 0.) panicle very large, loose, spreading, capillary; spikelets 
 3-flowered, ovate, acute; florets free: culm branched at the base: leaves hairy, 
 12 i. 5f. P. Y. B. C. M. N. Canada. Mch. 
 
 hirsuta, Mx. (Ju. 21-) culm erect, compressed, simple; sheaths hairy: panicle very 
 large, capillary; branches spreading, at length reflected, bearded in the axils; spike- 
 lets oblong, about 5-flowered: paleas ciliate on the margin. Var. spcctabills, (5) 
 spikelets linear, 10 to 1. 5-flowered. 18 i. &'. P. Y. B. C. N. Mch. 
 
 per.tinaceii, Mx. (6) ( VV. Ju. 0.) culm cespitose, oblique: leaves hairy at the base: 
 panicle capillary, expanding, pyramidal, hairy in the axils: spikelets lit^ear, 5 to 9- 
 flowered; florets free, acute: upper palea persistent, ti — 12 i. S. Y. V. P. C. 
 N. K. M. Mch. 
 
 reptans. Mx. (O. Au. 0?) dioecious: culm branched, creeping: panicle fascicled; 
 spikelets lance-linear, 12 to 20- (lowered; florets acuminate. Var. caespitosa, T. 
 culm very short, cespitose: spikelets much crowded, oblong. 8 i. R M. Mch. 
 
 eragrostis, (7) (W. Ju. 0.) panicle equal, spreading; lower branches hairy in the 
 axils; spikelets lance-linear, 9 to 15-flowered; florets obtuse: root fibrous. 12 — 18 i. 
 &. B. C. M. N. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tenuis, E. (Au. 21?) panicle branching, spreading, capillary: spikes 3-flowered, 
 
 glabrous, Icng-peduncled: leaves linear, very long. 12 — 18 i. S — C. 
 pareifloTa, Ph. ( W. J. 21.) panicle diff'use, capillary; spikelets small, about 3-flowered; 
 
 flowers obtusish, striate, caducous: leaves distichous, flat. Probably a variety of 
 
 the nervata, T. 12—18 i. P. Y. K. S— C. 
 covferta, E. ( ) panicles terminal and axillary, erect, compressed, with clustered 
 
 flowers; spikelets 8-flowered, glabrous. 2 — 3 f. S — C. 
 angustifulia, E. (M. 2f-) leaves linear, involute: panicle somewhat crowded; spikes 
 
 lanceolate, acute, 4-flower>d; flowers villose at the base. 1 — 2 f S— C. 
 nitida, E. (Ju. 2i?) stem erect, very glabrous: panicle laige, diff'use, capillary, sub- 
 
 verticillate: peduncles long: spikelets lanceolate, 8-flowered. 1 f. 
 rigida, E. (hard meadow grass. M. ) panicle lanceolate, a little branched, one-sided; 
 
 branches alternate, one-sided. 2 — 4 i. K. 
 airoidea, N. (VV.) panicle attenuated, erect; branches capillary, loose, halfwhorled: 
 
 (1) stolonifera, M. (2) palustris, M. crocata, Mx. (3) Briza canadensis, N. 
 (4) Briza, Mx. (5) refracla, M. spectabilis, Ph. (6) tenella, Ph. pilosa, M. 
 (7) obtusa, N. Briza, M. 
 
364 POA, POLANISfA. 
 
 leaves with very long sheaths, short and acute: epikelets oblong, obtuse, iub- 
 Bessile, 4 to 6-flowered: glumes unequal, shorter than the paiea. 4—5 f. 
 
 Poa, Glyceria, Windsoria. 
 
 Podalyria, Baptisia. 
 
 12 — 1. Podophyl'lum. 62. Podo. r. cat+. h. nar. 
 
 peltatum, (wild mandrake, may-apple. O. w. M. Zf.) stem terminated with 2 peltate 
 palmate leaves: flower single, inserted in the fork, formed by the petioles of the 
 leaves. Sometimes the plant is 3-leaved, and sometimes the flower is inserted on 
 the side of one of the petioles. 1— 2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 19 — 2. Podoste'mom. 7. Fluv. ton — . 
 
 ceratophyllum, (thread-foot. W. Ju. If.) stem filiform, floating: leaves pinnate: flowers 
 axillary. Attached to rocks and large stones in shallow waters, ^f. P. 
 
 Southern, 
 abrotanoides, N. ( ) frond very branching; divisions next to the terminal ones 
 capillary, dichotomous, many-cleft: floral spatite elongated. Destitute of roots as 
 distinct from the stem. 
 
 18 — 5. Pouostig'ma. 47. Apoc. exp. dia, ton. c«^ pncw. 
 
 Southern, 
 puhescens, E. (1) (y-g. M. TJ..) stem erect; leaves linear: umbels terminal and axillary: 
 
 petals erect, longer than the calyx: corpuscle pedicelled. 12 — 18 i. 
 viridis, Wr. (2) (g. & p. M. If.) stem erect: leaves petioled, oblong, obtuse, smooth: 
 
 umbels few, terminal: petals erect, much longer than the calyx; nectaries entire, 
 
 spreading, short. 
 
 18—1. Pogo'nia. (3) 21. Orch, gr. vis-past. 
 
 ophioglossoides, (snake mouth arethusa. O. r. Ju. ![■) root fibrous: scape with two 
 distant leaves, 1 or 2-flowered: leaves lance-oval: lip fringed. 8 — 12 i. S. Mch. 
 
 zerticiUata, (W. y-r. J. 2i-) leaves 5, in whorls, lance-oblong: stem generally 1- 
 flowered: three outer petals long-linear, inner ones lanceolate; lip 3-lobed; middle 
 division undulated. Var. medeol.oides, (4) inner petals short, obtuse: leaves more 
 acuminate. 6—12 i. S. P. N. C. D. Mch. 
 
 Souther7i. 
 divancaia, (p. J. 2_f.) root fibrous: scape 1-flowered, with two distant, lance-oblong 
 leaves: outer petals long-linear, expanding; lip sub-3-lobed, crenulate. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 12 — 1 Polanisia. 64. Capp. erne. poi. sti. ver. 
 
 graveolens, Raf (false-mustard. O. r. w. Ju. ^.) viscid-pubescent: leaves ternate; 
 leafets elliptical-oblong: flowers generally dodecandrous. 1 f S. Cleome dode- 
 candria, 7th edition. 
 
 Podophyllum. Gr. pons, foot, and phullon, leaf, the leave's reseujbling the webbed 
 
 feet of aquatic birds; or in allusion to the long, firm stalk on which the leaves are 
 
 placed. 
 Podoslemum. Gr. pons, foot, and stemon, stamen, from the stamens being situated 
 
 on a base or foot. 
 Podostigma. Gr. pons, foot, and stigma, stigma, from its shape. 
 Pogonia. Gr. pngon, a beard, from the bearded lip of the nectary. 
 Polanisia. Unknown. 
 
 (I) Asclepias pedicellata, Wr. Stylandra "pumila, N. (2) Asclepias, Wr. 
 
 Anantherix, N. (3) Arethusa, L. (4) Arethusa, Ph. 
 
POLANISIA, POLYGALA. 366 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tenuifolia, T. & G. ( ) viscid-glandular: leaves 3-foliate, nearly glabrous; leafets fili- 
 form-linear, longer than tlie petiole: petals very unequal, sub-orbicular, entire, on 
 short claws: stamens 9 — 11: style longer than the ovary: pods linear, terete, 
 minutely reticulated, glabrous. Georgia. 
 
 5 — 1. Polemo'nium. 45. 
 
 reptans, (greek valerian. W. b. M. 2i.) leaves pinnate, (leafets 5— 13:) flowers ter- 
 minal, nodding. P. K. 
 
 6—1. Polvan'thes. 14. Lili. diu — . enio. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tuberosum (tuberose. 11.) flowers alternate, in pairs: rootlets tuberous: scape scaly: 
 leaves linear, long. Sweet scented. 
 
 3 — 3. Polycar'pon. 30. Ille. ast. 
 Sojiihern. 
 
 tetraphjllvm, (w. J. i^l) stem branching, glabrous, striate, knotted: leaves opposite 
 
 and in fours, obovate, obtuse, entire; glabrous, narrowed at the base. 3 — 6 i. 
 
 Charleston, S— C. 
 depressum, N. ( ) very small, depressed, much branched: leaves opposite, spatu- 
 
 iate, the petiole as long as the limb: flowers in clustered cymes, sepals not mu 
 
 cronate: petals al.-nost filiform; stamens 3, — 5. California. 
 
 Pob/carpon, Stipulicida. 
 
 3 — 1. Polycne'mum. 29. Chen. nut. lax. 
 
 Suuihern. 
 
 americanum, N. (W. 21.) ce^pitose: leaves connate, crowded, subulate, 3-angled, 
 rather pungent: flowers terminal, triandrous? 
 
 IG — 6. Polyg'ala. 93. Leg. r. acr. sud. exp. ast. rlieu. 
 
 incarnata, W. (milkwort. W. r. J. 0.) stem somewhat simple, erect: leaves scattered, 
 subulate: spikes oval-oblong: corol with a slender elongated tube: flowers crested. 
 S. Y. R. D. Florida, S-C. 
 
 polyga'ma, Wr. (1 ) (ground-flower, bitter polygala. W. r. J. 21.) stem sub-simple, 
 (often several fiom the same root,) r-reclish: leaves oblanceolate or linear, mucron-. 
 ate: terminal racemes with perfect flowers; radical ones apetalous, prostrate, (run- 
 ning under ground when in loose sandy soil;) bracts small, subulate, caducous: 
 calycine wings roundish, longer than the capsule. 6 — 12 i. P. Y. C. D. Peeks- 
 kill. Mch, S— C. 
 
 paucifulia, (2) W. (flowering wintergreen. W. r. M. 2i.) small, large- flowered: stem 
 simple, erect, naked below; leaves ovate, acute, glabrous, near the top ofthe stem: 
 flowers crested, terminal, about in threes; radical ones apterous, often subterrane- 
 ous. Var. puhescens, leaves pubescent on the margin and midrib. Van alba, flow- 
 ers solitary or few, smaller, white, stem somewhat leafy at the base. 3—4 i. iS. 
 T. B. C. O. N. V. Mch. 
 
 Polemonium. Gr. po/emns, war, because two kings are said to have contended for 
 
 the honor of having discovered its virtues.- 
 Polyanthes. Gr. /?o/m-;, many, and aiithos, flower, because it has many flowers. 
 Polycarpon. Gr. palus. many, and karpos, seed, or fruit. 
 Polycnernutn. Gr. poltis, m^ny, kntiiie, a leg or knee, from the number of jointed 
 
 branches, or joints of the stem. 
 Polygala. Gr. polus, many, and gala, milk, from its milky juice. 
 
 (1) rubella, W. vulgaris, W.? (2) Chamajbuxus Section; probably a natural genus. 
 
S66 POLYGALA. 
 
 ten'ega, W. (seneca enake root, mountain flax. W. r. or w. J. If.) stem erect, sim- 
 ple, leafy: leaves alternate, lanceolate: spike terminal, filiform: flowers alternate, 
 not crested. Var. ulhida, leaves lanceolate or oval: spike somewhat crowded; 
 flowers white, sub-sessile. 8—14 i. .§. O. T. Y. P. D. Peesksill. Rich. 
 
 lutea, W. (yellow milkwort. W. y. Ju. #. or ^.) stem simple or branching; radical 
 and lower caiiline leaves spatulate, the others lanceolate: spike head cylindric, 
 crowded, peduncled. Var. elatior. Ph. stem sub-virgate, taller. 4 — 16 i. S. Y. 
 
 san^in'fiu, (W. r. Ju. 0.) stem erect, corymb-branched at the top: leaves alternate, 
 linear: flowers not crested, in a head-form sjiike: peduncles squarrose: calycine 
 wings obovate about as long as the capsule. Damp. 8 — 16 i. S. B. F. N. C. 
 
 purpurea, N. (J u. r. -0.) stem fasligiate-branched: leaves alternate, oblong linear; 
 flowers beardless: spikes cylindric, obtuse, imbricated on a squarrose rachis: caly- 
 cine wings cordate-ovate, twice as long as the capsule. P. C. H. Mcli. 
 
 rerit«7/a^/, (dwarf snake-root. O. w. J. 0.) stem erect, branching: leaves whorled 
 and scattered: spike filiform, peduncled: flowers distinctly alternate, approximate, 
 crested: calycine wings shorter than the fi-uit. 6 — 8 i. S. Rich. 
 
 amUguu, N. (VV. p. 0.) first leaves whorled, the others alternate: stem with wand- 
 like branches: spikes acute, long peduncled: flowers crested; calycine wings round 
 and veined, equal and close piessed to the fruit: bracts caducous. Y. F. K. 
 
 cruciata, (r. g. Ju. Q.) stem erect, ramose, wing-angled: leaves in fours, lance-linear: 
 flowers in spiked sessile heads. 8— 12 i. S. P. C. N. B. Rich. K. 
 
 corymljo'sa, RIx. (1) (g-y. Ju. 2f-) stem erect, terete, nearly naked: lower leaves 
 long, lance-linear; cauline orjes subulate, minute near the summit: racemes 
 corymbed: rachis squarrose. 2 — 4 f 8. 
 
 nutkana, Moc. ( ) racemes loose, 4 — 5-flowered: wings orbicular: capsule ernar- 
 ginate: stem somewhat shrubby at the base: leaves oval, petioled, acuminate at 
 each end. N. W, America. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 setacea, Mx. (W. Ju. 0.) stem simple, setaceous, nearly leafless, sparingly branched 
 near the summit: leaves small, setaceous, scattered: flowers minute, in a compact 
 spike. 
 
 viridescens, W. (2) (g-j'. Ju.) stem simple: leaves wedge-obovate, obtuse: head 
 cylindric, squarrose: calycine witigs distinctly acuminate. 1 — 4 i. 
 
 balduin'a, N. (y-vv. Ju.) stem erect, branching near the summit: lower leaves spatu- 
 late-obtuse; cauline ones lanceolate: heads squarrose, corymbed: calycine wings 
 setaceous-acuminate. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 alba, N. (W. w. 2i.) stem simple: leaves alternate, linear, revolute at the margin: 
 spike racemed, long-peduncled: corol bearded: bracts caducous: calycine wings 
 roundish. 6 i. 
 
 hoyJdnia, N. (g-w. ) flowers crested: stem simple: leaves 4 — 5, verticillate, oblong- 
 oval, lanceolate or acute; upper ones scattered: spike solitary, long peduncled, lax 
 flowered. Georgia. Florida. 
 
 acutifulia, T. «}c G. (M. O.) cyme compound: spikes ovate, rather loose: wings oblong, 
 rather obtuse, mucronate: exterior sepals ovate-triangular, acute; crest conspicu- 
 ous: seed sub-globose, glabrous, without a caruncle: stem simple, attenuated up- 
 ward: radical leaves lanceolate-linear, very acute; cauline ones linear, subulate. 
 Florida. 
 
 cymosa, Wr. (J. Au. y.) cyme simple: spikelets ovate: wings elliptiral-oblong, 
 rather obtuse, mucronate; superior sepal half as large as the wings, rather obtuse: 
 lateral petals distinct nearly to the base; crest minute: seed sub-globose, glabrous, 
 without a caruncle: stem simple, terete, attenuated upward: radical leaves linear- 
 spatulate; cauline ones linear-subulate, minute. 2 — 5 f. North Carolina to Florida. 
 
 bicolor, Kunih. ( ) spikes cylindrical, densely flowered: exterior sepals with two 
 
 thick parallel nerves: leaves pellucid-punctate; the lower ones leinately or qui- 
 nately verticillate; upper ones linear-lanceolate. La. 
 
 leptocavlis, T. & G. ( 0. ) spike racemose, much elongated, very slender, loose: wings 
 elliptical-obovate, about as long as the corol; exterior sepals somewhat equal, acute; 
 crest conspicuous: capsule oblong; seed oblong: lobes of the caruncle very minute: 
 stem filiform, nearly snnple, or wjth a few long, erect branches; leaves linear, very 
 narrow. 1 — 2 f. Texas. 
 
 (1) attenuata, N. cymosa, Wr. (2) lutea, var. nana, Mk. 
 
POLYGALA. POLYGONUM. 367 
 
 beyrichii, T. & G. (w. 21.) spike dense, acute: flowers on very short pedicels; vvinga 
 orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer tiian the broadly obovate, lateral petals: 
 capsule oblong: seed very villous Willi appressed hairs: lobes of the caruncle dis- 
 tant, about half as long as the seed: stems numerous, somewhat branched: leaves 
 linear or linear-spatulale. 1 f. Texas. 
 
 chopmanii,T. & G. {Q. r.) spike oblong, acute, loose: wings obovate, wi,lh a short claw; 
 exterior sepals unequal; the posterior one broadly ovate, obtuse: lateral petals 
 obovate, distinct from the keel; crest almost none; seed obovate, clothed with 
 spreading hairs: lobes of the caruncle minute, diverging: stems filiform, somewhat 
 branching: leaves linear-subulate, nun)erous. 1 f. Florida. 
 
 grandiflora, VVr. (M. Au. Z{ r. ) pubescent: raceme elongated, the flowers distant: 
 pedicels recurved after flowering: wings roundish, covering the corol and fruit; 
 keel large, cucullate, connected with lateral petals and filaments only at the 
 base: stem ascending: leaves ovate-lanceolate, ciliolate. 1 f. S — C. to Florida 
 and La. 
 
 atlemiata, Hk. (0. g.) racemes loose, attenuated at the apex; pedicels as long as the 
 flowers: wings ovate, acute, concave, scarcely longer than the bearded keel: 
 stem slender, elongated, angular, branched: leaves linear, opposite, rarely quater- 
 nate; upper ones alternate. La. 
 
 Pobjgonatum, Convallaria. 
 
 8 — 3. Pol'ygo'kum. 28. Poly. epis. acr. s. nut. amy. 
 \. FloiDcrs axillary. 
 
 aviculare, (knot-grass. O. w. M. 21.) stamens 8, styles 3: leaves lanceolate, scabrous 
 at the margin; stipules short, lacerate: stem-procuinbent: flowers sub-sessile, axil- 
 lary, minute. 6 — 12 i. iS'. Mch. 
 ereclum, (1) (O. w. J. 2S-) stem erect, branched: leaves oval, acutish: stamens 
 
 mostly five. 1—3 f. .S. Mch. 
 murilimum, W. (2) (L. w-r. Au. h .) stamens 8: leaves lanceolate, thick and glaucous, 
 revolute on the margin: stipules lacerate: stem diffuse, prostrate, suflTruticose. 1 
 —2 f. .S?. Y. C. 
 tenue, Mx. (3) (slender knot-grass. O. w. Ju. 0.) leaves long-linear, straight, acu- 
 minate: stipules tubular, apex villose: stem slender, erect, branched, acute-angled; 
 flowers alternate, sub-solitary. 9 — 18 i. &'. Mch. 
 
 2. Floicers in slender spikes. 
 
 lapathifolium, (4) (W. r-w. Au. 0.) stamens 6: styles 2: stipules awnless: pedun 
 
 cles scabrous: nuts concave on all sides: spikes rather crowded: leaves lance-ovate, 
 
 short-petioled, pubescent above. 2 — 4 f. iS. P. Mch. 
 punclaium, E. (5.) (water pepper, biting knotweed. O. w. Au. 0.) stamens 8: styles 
 
 3: leaves lanceolate, glabrous: stipules lax, glabrous, ciliate at the apex, spotted: 
 
 spike filiform, weak, somewiiat nodding: bracts remotely alternate. 1 — 2 f. <S'. Mch. 
 mite, P. (6) (tasteless knotweed. W. J. Q.) stamens 8: styles 3: leaves narrow, 
 
 lanceolate, sub-hirsute: stipules hirsute, long-ciliate: spikes linear: bracts ciliate, 
 
 sub-imbricate. 12—18 i. ^•. T. Y. P. B. C. N. Mch. 
 virginianum, (W w. Ju. Zf.) stamens5: styles 2, unequal: leaves broad-oval: spikes 
 
 wand like: flowers remote. 2—4 f. S. P. Y. C. V. T. N. Mch. 
 bistortuides, Ph. (w-r. J. 21.) stem simple, 1-spiked: leaves oval, flat, petioled: bracts 
 
 1-flowexed, 2— 3-valved. C. 
 
 3. Floicers in thick crowded spikes. 
 
 viviparitm, (A. r. Au. If.) stem simple: leaves lance-linear, glabrous; margin revo- 
 lute: spike single, linear: biacts ovate, acuminate. 6i. S. Whitehills. 
 
 Polygonum. Gr. polus, many, and gone, corner, in allusion to the 3-cornered seed, 
 
 or from the knee-jointed stein. 
 
 (1) aviculare, var. latifolium. Ph. (2) marinum, Ph. glaucum. N, (3) linifo- 
 lium, M. barbatum, Wr. (4) inearnatum, E. (5) hydropiper, Mx. hydropi- 
 peroides, Ph. (6) hydropiperoides, Mx. 
 
368 POLYGONUM. 
 
 barbatum, W. (W. r-w. Ju.) stamens 6: styles 3: spike wand-like, truncate; bristle 
 ciliate: leaves oblon<r, acute, smooihisli. 18—24 i. 
 
 persicaria, (ladies' thumb, heart-spot knotweed, heart's ease. O. r. Ju. 0.) stamens 
 6: styles 2: spikes ovate-oblong, erect: peduncles smooth: leaves lanceolate: 
 stipules smoothish, ciliate. 1 — 2 f. M. 
 
 pennsijlvanicum, (knee knotweed. O. Ju. p.) stamens 8: styles 2 or 1: spikes oblong: 
 peduncles hispid: leaves lanceolate: stipules glabrous, not ciliate: stem with swel- 
 ling knee-joints. 2 — 4 f. S. Alch. 
 
 amphib'ium, L. (I) (mud knotweed. O. r. Au. 2i.) stamens 5: styles 2, half-united: 
 upper leaves sub-sessile, and tapering to the base; middle ones short petioled and 
 abrupt at the base, lance-oblong and ovate-oblong, gradually tapering to a long- 
 acuminate apex, rough at the edge: spike cylindrical: stem thick, erect, sub-de- 
 cumbent at the base. Flowers large, red, in a thick spike 2 to 3 inches long. In 
 mud and moist ground. Mch. 
 
 coccineum, W. (2) (creeping knotweed, lake knotweed. W. r. Au. H.) stamens 5: 
 styles 2, half-united: leaves long-petioled, oblong, abrupt and sub-cordate at the 
 base, acute at the apex, glabrous and lucid: spike cylindrical: stem thick and 
 strong, decumbent and rooting. Flowers red, in spikes not so long or thick as the 
 last. Stem creeps along the muddy banks of an island in the Hudson, above 
 Troy, from 6 to 12 f B. C. O. D. 
 
 Jluitfins, Ea. (3) (swimming knotweed. r. Au. 2S-) stamens 5: styles 2, half-united: 
 leaves long-petioled, oblong-oval, tapering to the base, obtuse and acute at the 
 apex, glabrous and lucid: stem filiform, wiry, floating, sometimes rooting: spike 
 cylindric. Flowers red, in spikes less than half as long as the last, and not a 
 fourth as large as the preceding. Stem 10 to 15 feet long, often dark-brown and 
 sending off rootlets in clear water. Grows in Whiting's Pond, Columbia county, 
 and in Botany Pond, three miles easl of Albany. I have watched this and the 
 two preceding species several years, and am satisfied that they are distinct. Find- 
 ing this to be a new one, not var. nutans, of iVlx. I give it a new name. 
 
 4. Flowers in spiked-panicled racemes. 
 
 articulntum, (joint-weed. W. r. w. Ju. H^.) stamens 8: styles 3: racemed spikes in a 
 panicle, filiform: peduncles filiform, solitary, proceeding from above the imbricate 
 truncate bracts: leaves linear: stipules sheathing, truncate. Very abundant on the 
 sandy plains west of Albany. 8—15 i. S. D. T. Y. N. P. B. C. Granby, 
 Con. xMch. 
 
 5. Floicers sith-racemcd; haves cordate sagittate or hastate. 
 
 sagitta'tum, (prickly knotweed, scratch grass. O. w. J. Q.) stamens 8: styles 3 orl: 
 flowers in heads: leaves sagittate: stem with prickles reversed, or curved towards 
 its base, climbing. »S. Mch. 
 
 arifoLium, (halbert knotweed. O. r-w. Ju. 0.) stamens 6: styles 2 or 1: flowers dis- 
 tinct; spikes few-fiowered: leaves hastate: stem with prickles reversed, sub-erect. 
 Wet. 2—4 f 6'. Mch. 
 
 convol.'vidus. (bind knotweed. O. w. r. Ju. 0.) stamens 8: styles 3: leaves oblong 
 heart-hastate: stem twining, angled, roughish: divisions of the calyx obtusely 
 keeled. S. Mch. 
 
 scandens, (climbing buckwheat. O. w. r. Au. 21.) stamens 8: styles 3: leaves broad- 
 cordate: stipules truncate, naked: stem twining, glabrous: calyx bearing the fiuit 
 3-vvinged. -S. Mch. 
 
 ciiino'de, Mx. (Ju. 0.) stamens 8: styles 3: leaves cordate: stipules sub-acute, sur- 
 rounded at the base with an outer ciliate series: stem angled, prostrate or climbing, 
 roughish: divisions of the calyx obtusely keeled. P. C. N. D. Canada. 
 
 Exotic, 
 fagop'yrum, (buck-wheat. W. r-w. Ju. ^.) stamens 8: styles 3: racemes panicled: 
 leaves heart-sagittate; stem erectish, unarmed: angles of the nuts equal. 1 — 2 f. 
 Naturalized. 
 orien'tale, (prince's feather, r. Au. -0.) stamens 7: styles 2: leaves ovate: stem erect, 
 tall: stipules rough haired, somewhat salver-form. Naturalized. 3 — 6 f. 
 
 (1) Var. terrestre, T. (2) amphibium, Var. natans, Mx. (3) amphibium, 
 
 Var. natans, 3rd ed. Manual, and Var. aquaticum, T, 
 
POLYGONUM, POLYPREMUM. 369 
 
 Southern, 
 hirsutum., Wr. (W. w. Ju. ^.) stamens 7: styles 3-cleft: spikfis filiform: stem and 
 
 stipules very hirsute: leaves lanceolate, hirsute punctate. 2 f. 
 polyuaimiin. Vent. (1) (w. An. 21'') stamens 8: styles 3: spike pariicled: flowers 
 
 solitary: divisions of the calyx obovate: leaves spatulate: stipules entire, obliquely 
 
 truncate. A variety of the arlicuiatum? Ph. 6 — 8 i. 
 fimbriatum, E. (w. Aii. !['') spike.* panicled; flowers solitary, fimbriate: stipule trun- 
 cate, fringed: leaves linear, acute at each end. 2 f 
 setaceum, Bald. (w. Ju.) stamens 8: styles 3-cleft: peduncles long, 2-spiked: spikes 
 
 interrupted, hirsute: leaves broad-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute: stipules hirsute, 
 
 ciiiate: stem erect, glabrous. ] — 2 f 
 gracUe, N. (g-w. ^.) dioecious, glaucous: racemes slender, filiform: flowers deflected, 
 
 longer tiian the peduncles: peduncle articulated to the calyx: leaves spatulate- 
 
 linear, obtuse: fruit longer than the calyx. 1 — 4 f. 
 
 17 — 4. Polym'nia. 55. Heli. s. sto. 
 
 canadensis, (white leaf-cup. W. vv. or y- J. 21.) viscid-villose: leaves denticulate, 
 
 acuminate; lower ones pinnatifid? upper ones 3-lobed or entire. 2 — 3 f. <S'. 
 
 P. C. D. O. Canada. Harper's Ferry. Mch. 
 uveda'lia, (2) (yellow leaf-cup. W. A. y. Ju. K-) leaves opposite, 3-lobed, acute, 
 
 decurrent into the petiole; lobes sinuate-angled: rays elongated. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 P. H. O. Mch. S— C. 
 
 21 — 1. Folypo'dium. 5. Fill. r. deo. sud. feb. 
 
 tulgare, (polypod. O. Ju. 21-) frond deeply pinnatifid; divisions lance-linear, obtuse, 
 creniilate, approximate, upper ones gradually smaller: fruit dots solitary: root 
 chaffy. Var. virginianuin, has a naked root. 8 — 12 i. S. i\]ch. 
 
 hexagonop'terum, W. (VV. Ju. 21.) frond doubly pinnatifid, smoothish; two lower 
 divisions deflexed; subdivisions lanceolate, obtuse, ciiiate, those of the under leafets 
 gash-crenate, and of the upper ones entire; the lowest ones adnate-decurrent: fruit 
 dots minute, solitary. The whole frond together presents a triangular form. 12 u 
 S. O. T. M. 
 
 connec'tile, Mx. (W. Ju. 2i.) frond doubly-pinnatifid, ciiiate; divisions opposite, con- 
 tiguous, adnate; subdivisions somewhat oval: stipe chaffy: fruit dots mmute. 12 i. 
 W. V. C. Canada. Maine. M. 
 
 dryopteris, (3) (W. Ju. 2i-) frond ternate, doubly pinnate, straight, sub-rigid; divi- 
 sions obtusish, sub-entire: fruit dots marginal, confluent. 8 — 12 i. W. P. K. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 virginianum, W. (Ju. Zf-) fronds deeply pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, obtuse, very 
 entire, approximate; upper ones gradually smaller: fruit dots solitary: root solitary. 
 
 incanum, W. (4) (O. Ju. 21-) fronds deeply pinnatifid; divisions alternate, linear, 
 very entire, obtuse; upper ones gradually smaller, scaly beneath: stipe scaly, fruit- 
 bearing at the apex: fruit-dots solitary. 
 
 3 — 2. Polypo'gon. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 racemosus, Mx. (5) (Au. 21.) panicle dense, conglomerate, interrupted: bristle ofthe 
 glume scabrous: paleas unarmed, hairy at the base: culm branched. B. N. Mch. 
 
 4—1. Polypre'mum. 46. Gent. bit. ton. dia. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 procumbens. (O. w. Ju. ^.) stem furrowed, with the margin of the furrows sharp- 
 
 Polymnia. Said to be named after Polymnia; one of the Muses. 
 
 Polypodium. Gr. polus, many, and pous, foot, because the multitude of roots appear 
 
 to serve the office of feet. 
 Polypogon. Gr. polus, many, andpogon, beard, from the unusual number of awns. 
 Polypremum. Gr. polus, many, and premnon, a stalk or shoot. 
 
 (1) parvifolia, Mx. (2) macnlata, Cavanilles. (3) calcarem, W. Nephro- 
 
 dium, Mx. (4) ceteraccinum, Mx. Acrostichum polypodoides, L. (5) glome- 
 ratus, W. Agrostis, Mx. 
 
 47 
 
370 POLYPREMUM, POPULUS. 
 
 serrulate, dicHotomous above: leaves opposite, linear, sessile, finely serrulate, sub- 
 decurrent. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 17 — 1. Polyp'tekis. 55. Eupa. h. bit-ton. sec-stim. erne. feb. 
 Sojiihcrn. 
 intcgrifolia, N. (21-) stem erect, sub-scabrous, brandling above: leaves alternate, en- 
 tire, lance-linear, scabrous. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 5 — 2. Polyt.'e'nia. go. Umb. sto. arc. ton. 
 
 nuttallii, Dc. {V^ .) leaves three-parted at the top; segments 3-cleft, Tjj[edge-form at 
 the base, leafets lanceolate, toothed at the apex. Arkansas. Mch. 
 
 10—1. Pojia'kia. 93. Lc 
 Southern. 
 
 glandulusa, Cavau. (W. y. \- .) branching, glandular punctate: branches slender, sub- 
 pubescent: leaves abruptly bipinnate; leafets ovate, oblique at the base, entire, 
 sessile, sub-pilose, smooth and i)ale,-greeu above. ' 
 
 0—1. Pontede'kia. 17. Pont. ton. 
 
 cunlutiiy (pickerel weed. O. b. TJu. Z(.) leaves heart-oblong, obtuse; spike many- 
 flowered, compact: divisions of the corol oblong. Var. angustifolm, Ph. (I) leaves 
 elon<rated-triaiigular, truncate and sub-cordate at the base. 1 — 2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 Southern, 
 lancifolia, M. (b. J. Zf-) leaves lance-oblong: flowers spiked. Probably a variety of 
 the last. Elliott. 
 
 20 — 8. Pop'uLus. 09. Sail. emo. ton. 
 
 treiimloidcs, Mx. (2) (white poplar, american aspen. W. Ap. T-.) leaves heart-round- 
 ish, abruptly acuminate, tooth-serrulate, glabrous, a little pubescent at the margin, 
 with two o-lands at the base on the upper side; petioles compressed, in the young 
 state silky. 20-30 f. T. B. P. C. D. F. O. iN. V. Mch. 
 
 <rran' didmta' ta, (3) Mx. (tree poplar. W. Ap. ^ .) leaves round-ovate, acute, unequal- 
 
 " ly and coarsely sinuate-toothed, glabrous; in the young state villose; petioles com- 
 pressed. Var. pendula, branches pendulous. 40—50 f. -S'. T. F. B. C. N. P. 
 Mch. 
 
 betuUfolia, V\\. (3) (birch-leaf poplar. Ap. \.) leaves rhomboidal, long acuminate, 
 dentate, glabrous: young branches pilose. 30— 40 f. T. Y. V. C. N. 
 
 ann-ulata, C4) (balm of gilead; water poplar, cotton wood. O. Ap. h.) leaves ovaie- 
 deltoid, acuminate, obtusely hook-toothed, glabrous; younger ones broad-cordate: 
 branches wing-angled. 80 f. 
 
 balsamiferu, VV. (balsam poplar. Ap. ^.) leaves ovate-acuminate, with close-pressed 
 serratures, white and net-veined beneath: buds resinous. 70 — 80 f. T. N. V. C. 
 W. Canada. 
 
 candkans, A. (6) (W. Ap. ^.') leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and un- 
 equally serrate, whitish beneath, sub-3-nerved, net-veined; petioles hirsute: buds 
 resinous: branches terete. 40 — .50 f. Y. C. D. Mch. 
 
 lotvimiiii, ^y. (7) (cotton tree. W. Ap. ^ .) leaves round-ovate, deltoid, acuminate, 
 sub-cordate, unequally serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base; petioles compres- 
 sed: younger branches angled. 70— 80 f. S. T. P. F. D. Mch. 
 
 Polypteris. Gr. polus, many, and pteris, wing, in allusion to the many-valved (or 
 
 win^d) egret. 
 Poly taenia. Gr. polus, many, and tuirtia, fillet, from the fillets between the seeds. 
 Pomruia. LaL potnum, an apple, or pear, analagous to Pyralea. 
 Pontederia. In honor of Julius Ponle<lera, Prof, of Botany at Padua, in Italy. 
 Popuhis. Lat. popuLus, ihe people; tiie walks at Rome having been shaded with the 
 
 P. dilatata. hence it was called the people's tree. 
 
 (1) Species of Ph. mucronata, Rs. (2) trepida, W. (3) trepida M. (4) hud- 
 sonica, Mx. younger, nigra, Mx. elder. (5) heterophylla, DuRoi. (6) lalifolia, Mn. 
 (7) canadensis, Mx. 
 
POPULUS, POTAMOGETON. 371 
 
 hetcrophylla, Mx. (various leaved poplar. W. M. ^ . ) leaves round-ovate, cordate, 
 with a small sinus, sub-auricled, obtuse, hook-tootlied; younffer ones downy. 70 
 -SOf. .S. P.C.N. 
 
 monoliftra. W. (W. Ap. T?.) leaves sub-coi date-deltoid, glabrous, glandular at the 
 base, with cartilaginous, sub-pilose, hooked serratures; nerves spreading; petioles 
 compressed above: older branches terete. 60 — 70 f. Troy, Albany. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 dilalata, W. (lombardy poplar. Italian poplar. Ap. T-.) leaves glabrous both sides, 
 acuminate, serrate, deltoid, the breadth equal to, or exceeding the length: branches 
 erect, cloM to the stem. It is said no pistillate plant of this species has been 
 brought WAmerica. Consequently no seeds are obtained from it, and it has not 
 been reproduced liere from seed. 40 — 80 f. 
 
 gracca, W. (athenian poplar. Ap. T^.) leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, obsoletely 
 serrate: petioles compressed^ 20 — 40 f. 
 
 12 — 12. Porcel'ia. (1) 76. Anno. f. aro. b. bit. ton. 
 
 triloba, W. (custard apple, paw-paw. p. Ap. ^.) leaves smoothish, oblong-wedge- 
 
 obovate: outer petals orbicular: fruit large, fleshy. 30 — 40 f. S. M. K. S — C. 
 
 Mch. 
 
 Southern, 
 parviflora, Mx (g-p. M. >■ .) leaves wedge-obovate, rnucronate, under surface and 
 
 branches rufous pubescent: outer petals scarcely twice as long as the calyx. 2 f. 
 
 S— C. 
 pygmaea, Mx. (Ap. ^.) leaves long-linear, wedge-form, obtuse, coriaceous, with 
 
 the branches glabrous:* outer petals obovate-oblong, much larger than the calyx. 
 
 6— IS i. Florida. 
 grandijlora, Mx. (y-w. Ap. T^.) leaves wedge-obovate, obtuse, under surface and 
 
 branches rufous pubescent: outer petals obovate, much larger than the calyx. 
 
 18 — 24 i. 
 
 12 — 1. Portula'ca. 86. Port, muc-nut. lax. 
 oleracea, (purslane. O. y. J. 0.) leaves wedge-form: flowers sessile. S Mch. 
 
 Southerii. 
 pilosa, (VV. 0.) leaves subulate, alternate: axils pilose, flowers sessile, terminal. 
 
 4 — 4. Pot'amoge'ton. 7. Fluv. ton — . 
 
 natans, (pond-weed. O. g. J. 1[.) leaves long-petioled, floating, lance-oval; at first 
 some of them are sub-cordate. On water. S. Mch. 
 
 fiuitans, (W. g. .Tu. 21.) lower leaves long, linear; upper ones lanceolate, nerved, 
 coriaceous; all petioled. In water. S. B. C. F. N. 
 
 hetcrophyllum, Sr. (2) (variegated pond-weed. W. g. Ju. If.) upper leaves petioled, 
 oval, tapering to both ends; lower oneiS crowded, sessile, linear. iS'. T. P. Y. 
 C. N. F. Mch. 
 
 diversifoUum, B. (3) (O. g. Ju. TJ.) floating leaves opposite, lanceolate, 5-nerved, 
 short-petioled; sub-mersed ones sessile, alternate, filiform: spikes dense, axillary, 
 alternate, shorter than the leaves. Water. S. 
 
 perfoliatum , (W. g. Ju. 21.) leaves heart-ovate, clasping, all immersed: spilies termi- 
 nal, above water: flowers alternate. In water. P. Y. T. B. C. N. F. V. Mch. 
 
 lucens, Mx. (O. g. J. 21.) leaves very largo, lanceolate, sub-sessile, middle rib thick: 
 spike long, cylindric. The substance of the leaf i.^j composed of translucent 
 cellules; so that to the naked eye it appears to be a thin, pellucid membrane. 
 
 Porcelia. In honor of Porcel, a distinguished Spanish botanist. 
 
 Portulaca. Lat. porta, to carry, and lac, milk, because it increases the milk of 
 
 animals. 
 Potamogeton. Gr. potamos, river, and geiton, neighbor; because it is always found 
 
 in water. 
 
 (1) Orchidocarpum, Mx. Annona, W. Asimina, Ad. (2) hybridum, Mx. 
 
 (3) setaceum. Ph. 
 
872 POTAMOGETON, POTENTILLA. 
 
 Spike from I to 2 inches long, with a peduncle thrice as long. The stipule above 
 each leaf is about an inch in length; its substance resembling the leaf. Water. 
 S. Mch. 
 
 prispum, (r-g. J. 2J..) leaves alternate, or opposite, lance-oval, undulate, serrate: 
 spikes few-riovvered. 6'. T. P. Canada. 
 
 jiectinuium, S. (1) (W. g. J. 21.) leaves long-bristle-form, approximate, two-ranked, 
 sheathed at the base: spikes terminal, interrupted, whorled: fruit ovate, turgid. 
 All immersed in water but the spike. T. V. P. C. Pittsfield, Mass. Mch. 
 
 gramin' euni, Mx. (2) (grass pond-weed. O. g. in. Zf.) leaves linear, grass-like, alter- 
 nate, sessile: stipules broad: stem terete, sub-dichoiomous. In Julj', some of 
 these plants begin to raise their spikes of unopened flower-buds to the surface of 
 the water. As soon as the stigmas are fertilized by the pollen, the spiiTes are agajn> 
 withdrawn, to ripen the fruit under water. Oliier individuals succeed them, and 
 the process goes on for several weeks. /S. ,. 
 
 coinpressum, (W. g. Ju. =$. or 7S-) leaves linear, obtuse: stem compressed: epike 
 short,, 4 to 6-flowered. Water. P. Y. T. K. Mch. 
 
 zosterifulium, Trin. (g-y. Au. 2X-) leaves alternate, linear, closely sessile: stem flexu- 
 ous, compressed, sub-alate, branches axillary: stipules lance-linear, acute: spike 
 many (20 — 40) flowered. 2 — 3 f. Hudson and Susquehanna rivers. Streamy in 
 Virginia. Aikin. Mch. 
 
 ]1— 12. Fotentil'la. 92. Rosa. ton. 
 1. Leaves ternate. 
 
 tridentata, A. (mountain cinquefoil. A. w. Ju. Zf.) ascen4ing, smoothish: stipules 
 subulate: leaves wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, at tiie end a few close-pressed hairs: 
 flowers in a terminal forked corymb; petals qblongovate, longer than the calyx, 
 5— lOi. <Sf. D. White Mountains, Massachusets. Mch. 
 
 pmarginata, Ph. ( If.) assurgent, hirsute: stipules ovate, entire: leaves ternate; 
 leatets sessile, approximate, gash-toothed, hirsute on both sides: pedicels few, ter- 
 minal, elongated, 1-flowered: petals wedge-oblong, emarginate, twice the length 
 of the calyx. Labrador. 
 
 nivea, W. (y. Ju. 21.) assurgent. wooUy-tomentose: stipules ovate, entire: leafets 
 sessile, approximate, gash-toothed, hirsute above, white tomentose below: pe- 
 duncles few, terminal, 1-flovvered: petals broad-obcordate, scarcely longer than the 
 calyx. Labrador. 
 
 fillosa, Ph. (hairy five-finger. W. 2i.) assurgent, silky-villose: stipules broad, mem- 
 branaceous, entire: leafets sessile, appro.\imate, with shining, close-pressed hairs 
 above, hoary-tomentose beneath: peduncles short, aggregate: petals obcordate, 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 hirsuia, Mx. (W. w. Ju. y.) erect, simple, very hirsute: stipules lanceolate, entire: 
 leaves obovate, gash-laciniate: panicle few-flowered; pedicels short: petals smaller 
 than the calyx. Canada. Western part of IVew York. 
 
 nonoegica, (cinquefoil. O. y. J. ^.) erect, branching, hairy: stipules like an ovate leaf, 
 halved longitudinally; toothed: leafets lance-rhombic, gash-toothed: branches 
 
 dichotomous; peduncles axillary, solitary: petals shorter than the calyx. 8 18 i 
 
 S. Mch. 
 
 nana, Lehm. ( ) stem erect, 1 flowered: leaves ternate; leafets round-obovate, 
 obtusely dentate, both sides pilose, becoming white beneath: petals obcordate, 3 
 times as long as the calyx. R. A. 
 fragiformis, W. ( ) stem erect, few-flowered: leaves ternate; leafets round-obo- 
 vate, obtusely dentate, both sides spreading, pilose, villose at the margin: petals 
 obcordate, a little longer than the calyx. 
 
 vahUana. ( ) stem erect, somewhat 1-flowered: leaves ternate; lateral leafeta 
 
 cuneiform, trifid; terminal one rhomboid, very hirsute, beneath shining, whitish, 
 or becoming yellow-tomentose: petals reniform, twice as long as the calyx. R. 
 
 bifiorn, Lehm. ( ) stem erect, somewhat 2-flowered at the apex: leaves ternate, 
 
 very slenderly pilose; lateral leafets deeply 2-parted; terminal one 2-parted; seg^ 
 ments linear, very entire, ciliate at the margin. R. A. " 
 
 JPotentilla. Lat. potentia, power; from its imaginary medical virtues. 
 (1) marinum, Mx. (2) pauciflorum, Ph. 
 
POTENTILLA, 373^ 
 
 2. Leaves digitate, in fives, rarely in sevens. 
 
 Canadensis, (1) (common five-finger. O. y. M. 21.) procumbent, sub-ramose, whitish- 
 silky: stipules ovate, gashed: leaves wedge-obovate, gash-toothed: stern ascending 
 and creeping, hirsute: peduncles solitary, elongated; divisions of the calyx lance- 
 linear: petals orbicular, sub-entire, of the lenglli of the calyx. This plant is so 
 long in flower, and assumes so many forms and sizes, that students in botany 
 often make several species of it. Persoon's diagnosis of reptans can be found in 
 this plant: but we have no such species. 2 — 18 i. 5'. Mch. 
 
 simplex, IMx. (W. y. M. li.) erect, simple, hirsute: stipules gashed: leaves oblong- 
 oval, CQVsely toothed, upper ones sessilec peduncles axillary, solitary, elongated, 
 l-flowe|JM: divisions of tlie calyx lance-linear: petals rouud-obcordate, longer than 
 'the calyx. T. Y. V. P. B. C. D. F. 
 
 sarmu^' sa, M. (y. M. 21-) stem sarmentose: leaves quinate; leafets obovate, obtuse, 
 seftate, glabrous above, hirsute beneath: petals roundish, longer than the calyx. 
 
 opaca, W. (y. Ju. Zf.) decumbent, filiform, hirsute: stipules linear-oblong, entire; 
 radical leave* in 7"s and .5's, wedge-linear, dentate: peduncles axillary, solitary, 
 l.-flowered:'petals retuse, as long as the calyx. Labrador. 
 
 dissecta, Ph. (If.) erect, branching, nearly glabrous: leaves quinate; leafets pinnatifid; 
 divisions entire, acute: flowers terminal, sub-corymbed. Hudson's Bay. 
 
 argentea, (silvery five-finger. O. w-y. Ju. 7i-) stem prostrate and ascending, rarely 
 sub-eiect, branching, white-downy: stipules ovate, acute: leaves wedge-form, gash- 
 toothed, silvery- white down beneath: petals retuse, scarcely longer than the calyx. 
 4—10 i. S. 
 
 recta, P. (y. J. 2X.) stem erect: leaves in fives and sevens; leafets lanceolate, coarsely 
 toothed: petals ob-cordate, larger than the calyx: corol large, pale. P. 
 
 gracilis, Doug. ( ) stem erect, high, corymb- panicled above, softly hirsute: leaves 
 
 long-petioled, growing in fives; upper ones in some manner sessile; leafets lanceo- 
 late, deeply pinnatifid serrate; beneath white-tomentose; stipules large, lanceolate, 
 very entire: petals obcordate, longer than the silky calyx. R. 
 
 jlabelliformis, Lehm. (y. ) stem erect, slender: leaves in sevens or nines; leafets 
 
 deeply pinnatifid, above close-pressed-pilose, beneath white-tomestose; divisions 
 linear, distant, revolute at the margin: flowers corymbed: petals obcordate, exceed- 
 ing the calyx. 
 
 chrysantha, Trevir. ( ) stem ascending: leaves in fives or sevens; leafets elliptic, 
 coarsely serrate, pubescent: uppei stipules somewhat gashed: petals obcordate, 
 twice as long as the calyx. R. 
 
 poncinna, Rich. ( y. ) stem abbreviated, few-flowered: radical leaves in fives or 
 sevens; leafets cuneate, obovate, serrate at the apex, beneath very densely white- 
 tomentose: petals obcordate, exceeding the calyx. A. 
 
 3. Leaves more or less pinnate. 
 
 fruiicosa, (2) (shrubby cinquefoil. W. y. J. h.) fruticose, hirsute: stipules ovate, 
 entire: leaves quinate-pinnate; leafets lirjear-oblong, entire: petals longer than the 
 calyx. 1—5 f. S. V. W. Y. P. B. D. O. N. Canada. Mch. 
 
 anserina, (tansey cinquefoil, silver- weed. O. y. J. l[-) creeping: leaves interruptedly 
 pinnate; leafets numerous, gash-serrate, silky, white-downy beneath: peduncles 
 solitary, 1-flowered. Var. graenlandica, nearly glabrous, very small: leaves much 
 smaller, in few pairs; leafets obovate, reddish-green, whitish beneath. Mch. 
 
 pennsylvanica, (W. y. Ju. 2^-) erect, very soft, and somewhat vvhitish-villose; leaves 
 pinnate; leafets oblong, obtuse, sub-pinnalifid. woolly: panicle straight, many- 
 flowered: divisions of the calyx semi-oval. It is doubtful whether this is an 
 American species. Torrey. P. Y. T. W. V. C. D. 
 
 supina, (VV. y. J. ^.) procumbent, dichotomous: leaves pinnate; leafets oblong, 
 deeply toothed: peduncles lateral, solitary, 1-flowered, spreading. S. P. D. 
 Canada. 
 
 leneoplnjlla, T. (W. ) erect: leaves pinnately divided; lobes oblong, deeply and 
 sharply serrate, whitish silky on both sides: stipules lanceolate, acute, very entire 
 or 1-toothed: flowers lax corymbed: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, very entire, 
 narrower than the bracts: receptacle pilose: pericarp smooth. 15 i, 
 
 H) pumila, Lk. (2) floribunda, Ph. 
 
374 POTENTILLA, PRENANTHES. 
 
 arguta, Ph. (1) (O. w. J. Zf.) stem erect, pubescent, viscous above; leaves unequally 
 pinnate; Icafets somewhat round-ovate, oblique at the base, doubly gash-toothed: 
 stipules sub-entire: calyx acute, somewhat shorter than the corol. 1 — 3 f. C. T. 
 R. A. N. Mch. 
 
 effusa, Doug. (y. ) hoary-tomentose: stem ascending, weak; leaves interruptedly 
 
 pinnate; leafels oblong, gash-serrate: flowers dichotomous-panicled: stipules lance- 
 olate, acuminate, very entire: petals obcordate, equalling the acuminate calyx. R. 
 
 lipinnatifidn, Doug. ( ) stem erect: leaves pinnate; leafets obovate, pectinate- 
 pinnatifid; above silky-silvery; beneath white-tomentose: stipules rhomboid, gashed: 
 flowers corymbose-crowded. R. A, |^k _^^ 
 
 sericea, L. ( ) stem ascending, few-flowered: li!^.'; pinnate; leafets ovate, pinna- 
 tifid; both sides tomentose; beneath hoary: stipules lanceolate, very entire. Var. 
 glahrala, younger and older leafets silky only at tlie apex. R.. 
 
 drummondu, l^e\\m. {y . ) stem herbaceous, sub-erect, lax; latlical leavea||fcegu- 
 larly sub-verticillately pinnate; cauline orw|ifcwo-paired; kalets obovate, tHKate, 
 cuneate at the base, deeply gash-serrate, wpte, a little glabrou.:: stipules ovate, 
 very entire: petals obcordate, veiny, twice as long as the calyx. 11. 
 
 4. Leaves pinnate-digitate. 
 
 diversifoUa, Lehm. ( y- ) stem ascending: radical leaves pinnate, somewhat 3- 
 paired and quinate; cauline ones two-paired, digitate, ternate; leafets cuneiform, 
 above coarsely-gash-serrate, sil^y pilose at the apex: stipules lance-ovate, very 
 entire: petals obcordate, longer than tlie calyx. R. ^ 
 
 pnlchcrrlma, Lehm. (y. ) stem ascending, villose: leys? pinnate M'ith an odd 
 terminal leafet; leafets densely crowded, elliptic, equa^ serrate, close pressed- 
 pilose above, white-tomentose beneath: stipules ovate, alute, very entire, woolly: 
 petals obcordate, longer than the calyx. R. ' 
 
 ruhricaulis, Liohm. { y. ) stem ascending: jttdital leavek- pinnate, two-paired; 
 cauline ones ternate; leafets approximate, «felong, pinnatifid-serrate, glabrous 
 above, tomentose beneath: stipules very entire: petals obcordate, somewhat exceed- 
 ing the calyx: receptacle sub-glabrous. A. 
 
 pulcheUa, Br. ( y. ) stem procumbent, somewhat 1 -flowered: leaves pinnate, 
 somewhat two-paired, silky-tomentose beneath; leafets twice 3-lobed or linear, 
 very entire; margin revolute; unequally pinnatifld: stipules sheathing: style glan- 
 dulous dilated at the base. A. 
 
 Soiilhem. 
 humifasa, N. (W. y. M.) leaves digitate, quinate; leafets wedge-oblong, obtuse, gash- 
 toothed, white-tomentose beneath; peduncles short, filiform, procumbent. 4 — 5 i. 
 
 Potentilla, Comarum. 
 
 19—12. Pote'iuum. 92. Sang. ton. 
 
 annuuvi, N. (W. 00 herbaceous; glabrous: stem erect, dichotomous: leafets 4 to 
 .^-paired, ovate, deeply pectinate-pinnatifid; divisions linear, very narrow: little 
 heads oval. Red river. 
 
 sanguisor'ba, (burnet. .1. Zf.) stem somewhat angled, unarmed: leaves pinnate; leafets 
 serrate: flowers in heads. Lake Huron. 
 
 PotllOS, ICTODES. 
 
 17 — 1. Prenan'thes.* 53. Cich. sal. asc. 
 
 alba, (white lettuce. O. w. p. Au. Zf.) radical leaves angled, hastate, toothed, some- 
 what lobed; cauline ones round-ovate, toothed, petioled; uppermost ones lanceolate: 
 
 Poterium. Gr. poterion, a cup, a beverage, from its being used as a cooling drink. 
 Prenanthes. Gr. prtnes, drooping, and anthos, flower, from the pendulous flowers. 
 
 (1) Bootia sylvestris, Bw. See page 200. (2) scrpentaria, cordata. 
 
 * My friend and pupil Mr. Riddell, has announced four new species of Prenanthes, 
 which he names, inuinuaisis, ovata, parviflora, and proteoplajUa. As several other 
 botanists have proposed to me new species in tiiis deceptive genus, I defer their pub- 
 lication for the present, to avoid interference, and the increase of doubtful species. 
 
PRENANTHES, PRIMULA. 375 
 
 panicle lax; the terminal fascicle nodding: involucre 8-cleft, 9 or lO-flowered. Var. 
 nana, (Bw. ) low. leaves 3-partetl, hastate, ovate and lanceolate, sometimes all 
 simple: racemes panicled or simple. J — 3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 altissima, (W. p-y. Au. 21.) stem branching: leaves petioled, 3-lobed, angled, denti- 
 culate; margin scabrous: racemes axillary: flowois nodding: 'involucre about 5- 
 flowered. probably a variety o? alba. 4—8 f. -5'. P. C. D. 'o. N. 
 
 virgata, Mx.i^) (O. w-p. Au. 21-) glabrous: stem very simple: leaves all lyrate- 
 sinuate: branchlets somewhat 1-sided: flowers-pendant: involucre glabrous, 8-cleft, 
 10-flowered. 3— (i £ .V. P. Y. Pittsfield, Mass. 
 
 crcpidinea, Mx. (W.J|^ leave|^fcad-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, unequally 
 tooth-augled: par^^fascicllBPerminal, few-tlowered, nodding: involucre hirsute, 
 10 to 12-cleft, abofPb-ilowered. 4—6 f. S. D. 
 
 ruhicunda, W. (S. 2i-) leaves ciliate; radical ones hastate-angled, sub-entire; lower 
 
 3a^hie ones obovate, tapering at^lie base, sub-angled; upper ones lanceolate; 
 ;n^ft: racemes jgl^l 
 
 18 i. C. ^ ^P 
 
 v.sTst 
 
 en'^ft: racemesj||fcBle, iflowers JBUing. This was considered a variety of the 
 itbu, by Linne^^Hd is made l|Ponymous with the virgata, by Mr. Nuttall. 
 
 racemosa, Mi^/BV. iS.) stem simple: leaves all undivided, smooth; radical ones lance- 
 oval; caulinyones half clasping: racemes oblong, very hirsute; fascicles nodding; 
 involucre 8 to 9-parted, 9 to l*^-flowered. 14 i. Goderich, U. C. Mch. 
 
 deltoldca, E. (W. p. S.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves deltoid, acuminate, acutely- 
 denticulate, sub-glaucous beneath: racemes axillary, few-flowered: involucre 5- 
 flowered. 2 f S. . P. O. 
 
 paucifiora, T. (W. '^igtenn branching, flexuous, panicled above: br-anchlets 1- 
 flowered: flowers erecw leaves lance-linear, runcinate, glabrous: involucre about 
 5-flowered. ^* •^' ^^ ■ 
 
 tenuifolia, T. (W.) st^ branching, glabrous: leaves linear, very.entire: panicle 
 lax, terminal: flowe^erect: involucre about 5-flowered. This and the preceding 
 species were collected near the Rocky Mountains by Dr. James. They will pro- 
 bably hereafter be referred to a new genus. Torrey. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 simplex, Ph. (jfc Ju.) stem si(BpI^: upper leaves lance-linear, entire; radical ones 
 lanceolate, sinuate: raceme te'irmina!. simple: flowers nodding: involucre 8-flower- 
 ed. Is this distinct from the r/'/v/wirt.^ Elliott. 2 'f. 
 
 illinviensis, P. (W. ) stem simple, and with the leaves, very rough: leaves all un- 
 divided, lance-oval: raceme long; lascicles sub-sessile, erect, hirsute. 
 
 ap/iytla, N. (p. r. M. 2f.) stem sub-simple; branches virgate: radical leaves linear; 
 cauline ones small, subulate, scattered: flowers solitary: involucre 8-cleft, many- 
 flowered. 2 fi Is this distinct from the next? Florida. 
 
 5 — 1. Pri'mula. 35. Prim. sed. sop. 
 
 farinosa, Var: americana, (bird's eye primrose. W.r. 2{.)' leaves obovate-spatulate, 
 repandly crenate-dentate, jnealy beneath: umbel erect, many-flowered: peduncles 
 spreading: limb of the corol flat, as long as the tube; divisic«is obtuse, obcordate. 
 6—10 i. D. Canada. Mch. 
 
 mistasinica, Mx. (W. 2|.) small, glabrous: leaves oval-spatulate, sub-dentate; scape 
 elongated: umbel few-flowered: limb of the corol reilexed; the divisions wedge- 
 oblong, obtusely 2-cieft: capsule oblong, exsert. Canada. D. Mch. 
 
 anguslifulia, T. (W. p. ) leaves lance-oval, very entire, glabrous: scape 1-flowereii 
 divisions of the corol ovate, very entire. 1 — 2 i. 
 
 Exotic, 
 acnulis, (primrose. 21.) leaves rugose, toothed, hirsute beneath: scape l-flowered. 
 veria, (cowslip primrose, r-y. 21- ) leaves rugose, toothed: limb of tlie corol concave; 
 
 neck of the tube obfong: calyx inflated. 
 elalior, (oxlip primrose, w-y. 2[..) leaves rugose, tootlied, hirsute: limb of the corol 
 
 flat: neck of tiie tube hemispheric: flowers naked witiiin. 
 auric'ula, (auricula primrose. 2X.) leaves serrate, fleshy, obovate: scape many-flower- 
 i ed: cal3x mealy. 
 
 Primula. Lat. primus, first, it being almost the first lower in spring. 
 (1) autumnalis, VVr. rubicunda, W.? 
 
S7$ . PRINOS, PRUNELLA. 
 
 6—1. Pri'nos. 95. Ilic. b. ton. f. ton-eme. 
 
 vertieillaius, L. (1) (winter berry, false alder. W. w. J. ^.) leaves deciduous, oval, 
 serrate, acuminate, pubescent beiieath: fascicles of staminate flowers axillary, um- 
 belliferous; the pistillate flowers are aggregated; both 6-parted. Var. tcnuifolivs, 
 leaves obovate, meuibranaceous, smooth beneath: pistillate flowers 4— 5-cIefl, sub- 
 eolitary. Sometimes this shrub is moncecius, and sometimes peliect-flowered. 
 Generally in wet places. Berries red, permanent. 4 — 8 f. S. B. P. C. D. F. 
 O. N. T. Mch. 
 
 glaber, (ink-berry. Ju. T^.) leaves evergreen. weddBfcnceolatejjcoriaceous, glabrous^ 
 shining, equally sub-dentate above: pedicels axilH^, sub-aoHWry, mostl_p 3-flower- 
 ed. 3—4 f. S. P. Y. B. C. T. Canada. S— C. 
 
 hzvigatus, Ph. (W. Ju. ^.) leaves deciduous, lanceolate, close-pressed, serrate, acu- 
 minate, glabrous both sides, shining on the upper side, hardly pubescentj^ the 
 ■nerves beneath: pistillate flowers axillary, golitary, sub-sessile; staminate flowers 
 scattered; all 6-cleft. 6-8 f 5.'. P. Y. 
 
 ambiiruus, Mx. (w. J. ^.) leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, at both ends, mucro- 
 nate, serrulate, sub-pubescent beneath; flowers 4 or.5-cleft; staminate ones crowd- 
 ed togethex on the lower branches; pistillate ones solitary. Flowers perfect, 7- 
 clefl: stamens 7. Brunswick. Wet or damp. 3—5 f. S. T. Y. B. C. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 integrif alius., 'E. {\ .) leaves deciduous, oval, entire, mucronate, petioled, glabrous on 
 both sides: pistillate flowers solitary, long-peduncled. A small tree. 
 
 lanceo/atus, Ph. (W. J. K) leaves deciduous, lanceolate, finely and remotely serrulate, 
 acute at each end, glabrous on both sides: pistillate flowers scattered, generally in 
 pairs, peduncled, 6-cleft; staminate ones aggregate, triandrous. Berries small, 
 ■scarlet. 
 
 coriaceus, Ph. (2) (M. ^.) lea.ves perennial, broad-oval, acute, serrate near the apex, 
 lucid above, minute-punctate beneath: pistillate flowers solitary, about 8-parted; 
 staminate ones aggregate, octandrous. Var. latifoUa, leaves lance-obovate, acumin- 
 ate. Var. angustifuiUi, leaves lanceolate, acute. &--6 f. 
 
 Prismato carpus, Campanula. 
 
 3 — 3. Pros'erpina'ca. 88. Halo. emo. 
 
 palustris, (mermaid weed. g. Ju. #.) leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate above water, 
 pinnatifid below water. S. N. C Y. P. T. B. F. Pittsfield. 
 
 peclinata, Lk. (g. Ju. 0.) leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid. Water. S. P. Y. Day- 
 ton, O. S— C. 
 
 10 — 1. Proso'pis. 93. Leg. nut. lax. 
 
 glandulosa, T. (W. \ .) spines thick, cylindric-conic: leaves conjugate-pinnate, 
 or pinnate in one pair; leafets distant, 6 — 7-pairs, linear, sub-falcate, obtuse, gla- 
 brous, sub-coriaceous; petiole between the leaves and leafets glandular: legumes 
 straight: spikes cylindric. 
 
 13 — I. Prunel'la. 42. Labi. sto. aro. 
 
 vulgaris, Var. pennsylvanica, (heal-all, self heal. O. J. If.) leaves petioled, oblong- 
 ovate, toothed at the base: lips of the calyx unequal: upper one truncate, awned: 
 stem ascending. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch. 
 
 Prinos. Greek name for the scarlet oak (saw-leaved oak) applied on account of its 
 
 scarlet berries in winter. 
 Proserpinaca. Lat. from the goddess Proserpina; being partly concealed below the 
 
 surface of the water, oi mud. 
 Prosopis. Gr. prosnpnn, face, from the appearance of the fructification. 
 Prunella. Altered from Brunella, from the German die ( Breune) a disease in the 
 
 jaws and throat, which it is said to cure. 
 
 (1) gronovii, Mx. (3) atomarius, N. 
 
PRUNUS, PSORALEA. 37? 
 
 13 — 1. Pru'nps. 92. Amyg. b. ton. pru. feb. 
 
 americana, Marshall. (1) (meadow plum. O. w. M. ^.) somewhat thorny? pedicels 
 aggregated, 3 — o: stipules setaceous^ compound: leaves oblong-oval and obovate, 
 abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate: fruit sub-ovate, mostly solitary, 
 reddish-yellow, with a thick coriaceous skin. 12 — 15 f. Dn. M. S. Pluni about 
 the size of tlye damson; very sweet when ripe, sliplic before. tSf. Mch. 
 
 chicasa, Mx. (2) (summer plum, meadow plum? W. w. M. fp .) branches very gla- 
 brous, somewhat thorny: leaves oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, minutely serrate: 
 buds aggregated, each about 2-flovvered: pedicels very short: divisions of the gla- 
 brous calyx obtuse: j^it sub-gl|pose. The plums are yellow and reddish? P. 
 
 maritima, Mx. (L. w. M. ^.) peduncles sub-solitary: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
 doubly serrate. Pursh has copied in the P. acuminata of Mx. as a synonym, which 
 is — branchlets glabrous: leaves obLong-oval, long, acutely acuminate: calyx glabrous: 
 drups'Iong peduncled, ovate, acuminate. Y. 
 
 * Exotic, 
 
 sp jnosrt, W. (english sloe, h.) peduncles solitary: leaves lance-oval, pubescent be- 
 neath: fruit straight: branches thorny. 
 
 doviestica, (plum. w. M. >;.) peduncles sub-solitary: leaves lance-ovate, convolute: 
 branches thornless. Var.j(//jffi7j«, (damson plum) fruit oblong, blue. V?ix. claudi- 
 ana, (sweet plum, horse plum) fruit round, at first green, becoming yellowish. Var. 
 cnucleata, (stoneless plum) the putamen obsolete. 
 
 3—2. Psam'ma. (3) 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 arenaria, (L. Au. 2S-) panicle spiked glumes acute: oaleas thrice as long as the chaff: 
 leaves involute. 2—3 f. S. B. 
 
 21 — 1. Psilo'tum. 5. Feili. sec-stim. 
 Southern. 
 triquctrum, Sz. (4) (J. zr.)stem naked, dichotomous; with the branches 3-angled. 
 
 16—10* Psora. 'lea. 93. Leg. f. nut. g-f. asc. 
 
 esculenta, Ph. (bread root. W. b. J. 21.) wholly villose: leaves quinate-digitate; leafets 
 lanceolate, unequal, flat, very entire: spikes axillary, dense-flowered: divisions of 
 the calyx lanceolate, a little shorter than the corol: legume ensiform, beaked: root 
 fusiform. The root affords a staple article of diet to the v/estern Indians. 12 — 18 i. 
 S. 
 
 incana, N. (5) (W. b. Ju. 2X.) wholly silky-tomentose: leaves quinate and ternate; 
 leafets lance-oblong: spikes terminal, interrupted: bract ovate, acuminate: flowers 
 nearly opposite, sessile. 12 i. <S. Red River, Canada. D. 
 
 physodcs Doug. (W.) glabrous: leafets in 3, rarely 5 pairs, broad rhomb-ovate, acute, 
 mucronate, obscurely glandular, terminal one long-petioled: racemes peduncled, 
 lax, axillary, longer than the leaf. R. 
 
 lanceolata, Ph. (6) (VV. w-b. Au. 2i.) sub-pubescent: stem erect, sparingly branched; 
 leaves ternate; leafets oval, and lance-oval, obtuse, sub-mucronate: peduncles 
 longer than the leaves: spikes capitate, many-flowered: bracts deciduous: teeth 
 of the calyx small, obtuse. 1 f. R. Missouri. 
 
 Prunus. Lat. pjunus, Gr. proune, plum, said to be derived from an Asiatic word for 
 
 the wild plum. 
 Psamma. Gr. psammos, sand in which this grass grows abundantly on the sea coast 
 
 of Europe. 
 Psilotum. Gr. psilos, naked, being nearly destitute of leaves. 
 Psoralea. Gr. psoraleos, scabby, some parts of the plant being besprinkled with dots, 
 
 which give it a scurfy appearance. 
 
 (1) hiemalis? Mx. nigra? M. spinosa? Wr. (2) insititia, Wr. (3) Arundo, L. 
 (4) floridanum, Mx. Hoffmannia, aphylla, W. Bernhardia dichotoma, Ph. Lyco- 
 podium nudum, L. (5) argophylla, Ph, (6) elliptica, Ph. arenaria, N. 
 48 
 
378 PSORALEA. 
 
 florihunda, N. ( J.) canescent, not glandular, much branched: leaves 3 — 5-foliolate; 
 leafets varying I'rom linear to obovate-oblong, slightly mucronate: stipules setace- 
 ous, minute: racemes many-flowered, oblong scarcely interrupted, twice as long as 
 the leaves: pedicels as long as the flowers: bracts small, ovale, acuminate: teeth 
 of the calyx somewhat equal, ovate, acute: vexilluin nearly orbicular. /S. Rocky 
 JVlts. 
 
 laxiflora, N. ( ) sparingly glandular; young shoots pubescent: stenpCdichotomous: 
 
 stipules minute: leaves 3-foliolate; leafets sessile, long and linear, or somewhat ob- 
 long: apiciilate peduncles longer than the leaves: spikes short, with the flowers 
 somewhat distant: calyx small and pubescent; the teeth obtuse. Plains of the 
 Platte. ^ * 
 
 bmcldata, Doug. (w. b.) stem erect, somewhat branched, nearly hispid with long 
 spreading hairs: leaves 5-foliolate, hirsute with appressed hairs; leafets elliptical 
 or obovate-oblong, rather obtuse: peduncles elongated: spikes oblong: flowers 
 erect, sessile: bracts as long as the flower: teeth of the calyx lanceolate, the 2 up- 
 per ones united above the middle. Oregon. 
 
 hypoi^aea, N. (w-b. ) stemless, hirsute with whitish appressed hairs: leaves 5 — 7- 
 folioiate; leafets linear-lanceolate, or linear-oblong, usually acute: spikes capitate, 
 on peduncles much shorter than the petioles: segments of the calyx linear, acumin- 
 ate, the lowest one elongated. Plains of the Platte. 
 
 suliacauUs, T. & G. (Ap. M.) nearly stemless: peduncles and petioles hirsute with 
 spreading hairs: leaves on very long petioles, 7-foliolate; leafets obovate-oblong, 
 nearly glabrous above, the midrib beneath and margins hairy: peduncles longer than 
 the leaves: spikps ovate, rather dense: bracts and stipules ovate, acuniinate: calyx 
 much shorter than the corolla; the teeth obtuse, lowest one produced, the others 
 very short. Tennessee. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 canescens, Mx. (W. y. J. 2i.) hoary: leaves ternate, short-petioled, broad-lanceolate: 
 spikes lax-flowered: flowers pedicelled: calyx pilose. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 tenuijlora, Ph. (W. b. S. 21.) pubescent, very branching: leaves ternate; leafets 
 oval, rugose-punctate on both sides: peduncles axillary, about 3-flowered, longer 
 than the leaves. 2 f. 
 
 lupinelta, Mx. (p. J. 21?) glabrous: leaves digitate, long-petioled; leafets filiform: 
 racemes many flowered, longer than the leaves: legumes rugose. 2 f. 
 
 loitirifoUii, Ph. (W. w? 2I-) wholly silky-villose: leaves ternate; leafets long-linear: 
 spikes axillary, peduncled, lax-flowered, shorter than the leaves: teeth of the calyx 
 and bracts subulate. 
 
 cuspiduta, Ph. (VV. 2i-) villose: leaves digitate quinate; leafets obovate, mucronate, 
 very entire; spikes axillary, dense-flovveied: divisions of the calyx and bracts ovate, 
 cuspidate, distincly punctate. 
 
 onobrychis, N. (1) (VV.) stem smooth: leaves ternate; leafets lance-ovate, sub-pubes- 
 cent: racemes axillary, long-peduncled: flowers one-sided: legume sub-ovate, muri- 
 cate, smooth. 3 — 5 f. K. 
 
 virguta, N. (b. Zf.) stem virgate. sub-pubescent: leaves simple, distant, lance-linear: 
 spikes axillary, shorter than the leaves. 2 f. 
 
 meliioloides, Mx. (p. J. Zi?) sub-pubescent: leaves ternate; leafets lance-oblong: 
 spikes oblong: bracts broad-cordate, long-acuminate: legumes round, nerved, very 
 
 rugose. 
 
 1_2 f S— C. 
 
 egltindulosa, (2) ( W. p. J. 2i.) pubescent, without glands: leaves ternate, lance-ob- 
 long: spikes oblong: bracts broad-lanceolate, long acuminate, and with the calyx 
 villose. S — C. 
 
 muUijuga, E. (p. J.) stem branching: leaves pinnate; leafets numerous, (9 — 10 pairs,) 
 lance-oblong, obtuse, pubescent: spikes oblong: bracts small, membranaceous, 
 glandless. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 oblusiloba, T. &. G. { ) canescent: branches spreading: leaves 3- rarely 5-foliolate; 
 leafets oblong-obovate, obtuse or slightly emarginale, finely dotted: stipules very 
 minute: racemes 3 times as long as the leaves, oblong, loose, 10 — 15-llowered: 
 bracts minute, broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, spreading: calyx very short; 
 the teeth ovate, nearly equal, obluie: vexiilum roundish. Texas. 
 
 campestiis, N. ( J.) densely canescently hirsute, with short white appressed hairs: 
 leaves 5-foliolate, the uppermost sometimes 3-foliolate; leafets linear and oblong- 
 
 (1) hebysaroides, Mt (2) Melilotus psoraloides, N. 
 
PSORALEA, PTELKA. 879 
 
 linear, rather obtuse, nearly glabrous above: peduncles elongated: epikes interrup- 
 ted: bracts 3-flo\vered, broadly ovate, acuminate: lowertooth of the calyx elongated. 
 1 — 2 f. Arkansas, Texas. 
 
 linearifolii/, T. & G. ( ) slightly pubescent with oppressed iiairs: stem tall, slender, 
 divaricately branched: leaves 3-fbiiolate, on short petioles; leafets narrowly linear, 
 elongated, mucronate, the upper surface dotted with black glands: stipules minute, 
 subulate, deciduous: peduncles filiform: racemes loose, few-flowered, much longer 
 than the leaves: calyx glandular, the teeth lanceolate, acute, the lower one elonga- 
 ted. Arkansas. 
 
 scabra, N. ( ) much branched, somewhat hirsute when young: leaves 3-foliolate, 
 glandular; leat^ts all sessile, narrowly linear, apiculate: stipules minute, decidu- 
 ous: racemes few-flowered, on short peduncles: calyx glandular, the teeth obtuse. 
 On the VVallawallah. 
 
 digitata, N. (M. ) canescent, diffusely branched: leaves 5-foliolate; leafets cuneate- 
 oblong, and oblong-linear, with an abrupt rigid point, minutely-dotted, stipules 
 lanceolate, reflexed: spikes elongated, interrupted, the clusters 3-6 flowered: flowers 
 sessile: bracts obcordate or reniform: calyx villous; segments ovate, acuminate, 
 the lowest one produced. Arkansas. 
 
 simplex, N. (p-b. ) grayish-pubescent, obscurely glandular, erect: stem simple: leaves 
 3-foliolate; leafets lanceolate, acute, rugosely veined, mucronate: peduncles very 
 long: spikes oblong, many flowered: bracts Imear-lanceolate, acuminate: teeth of 
 the calyx oblong- triangular, the lowest one longest and acuminate: legumes nearly 
 orbicular, with strong transverse wrinkles. 1 — 3 f Arkansas, Texas. 
 
 rhombifoita, T. »&. G. ( p.) sparingly pubescent: leaves 3-foliolate; leafets rbombic- 
 ovale, shorter than the petioles: "peouncles longer than the leaves, at length re- 
 curved: spikes capitate, few-flowered: bracts ovate, acuminate: teeih of the calyx 
 lanceolate, the lowest one longest. Texas. 
 
 orbicularis, Lindl. (J. Ju. p. r. ) pubescent, the hairs mixed with small, clavate, trun- 
 cate glands: stem prostrate and creeping: leaves 3 (bliolate, on very long petioles; 
 leafets roundish-oval: peduncles as long as the leaves: spikes capitate: bracts and 
 calyx very hirsute; lowest tooth of the calyx nearly as long as the corolla. Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 cryptocarpa, T. & G. ( ) stem somewhat divaricately branched, canescently hairy with 
 an appressed pubescence: leaves 5-foliolate; leafets elliptical-oblong, rather obtuse, 
 mucronate, about as long as the petiole, punctate: stipules subulate: peduncles 
 longer than the leaves: spikes ovate, compact: bracts lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter 
 than the flower: calyx conspicuously glandular, large, entirely covering the ovate 
 nearly glabrous scarcely pointed legume; teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 nearly equal, the 2 upper ones united to the middle. I — 2 f. Arkansas. Texas. 
 
 macrosluchya, Dc. (p.) whole plant pubescent: stem erect: leaves 3-foliolate: leafets 
 ovate, mucronate; petioles glandularly scabrous: peduncles 4 times as long as the 
 leaves: spikes cylindiical-oblong: the rachis, bracts and calyx very hirsute: lowest 
 tooth of the calyx nearly as long as the corolla. 3f. Californa. 
 
 5 — 1. Psycho'tria. 57. Cine. ton. feb. 
 
 lanceolata, N. C^-) branches and leaves reddish-hairy beneath: leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate at both ends: stipules clasping, roundish, caducous: corymb terminal, 3- 
 forked at ihe base. Florida. 
 
 4 — 1. Pte'lea. 94. Xant. aro. sti. sto. 
 
 trifoliata, (W. g-w. J. h .) leaves temate: flowers panicled, dioecious. Vsly. pen- 
 taph/lla, leaves quinate. Var. pubescens, leaves pubescent. 6 — 8 f. S. Mch. 
 S— C. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 baldwinii, T. & G. ( ) leaves very small, glabrous: leafets sessile, oval, obtuse, the 
 terminal ones cuneiform at the base: flowers tetrandrous: styles none. Florida. 
 
 Psychotria. Gr. psuchos, cool, otruno, to excite, in allusion to its properties. 
 Ptelea. Gr. ptelea, elm, the fruit of this genus having a resemblance to that of the 
 elm. 
 
380 PTERIS, PULMONARIA. 
 
 21 — 1. Pte'ris. 5. Fili. sec-stim. 
 
 aqualina, (common brake. O. Ju. Zf.) frond pinnate, 3-parted: barren branches doubly 
 pinnate, with leafets lance-linear, obtuse-pinnatifid, toothed; fertile branches pin- 
 nate, with leafets pinnatifid; divisions acutish, all ciliate. &'. Mch. 
 
 atropuqmrea, (rock break. O. Ju. 21.) frond pinnate: lower leafets lanceolate, obtuse, 
 ternate or pinnate; at the base obtusely truncate or sub-cordate. Var. venosa, 
 leafets veined beneath: stipe angled. Var. punctata, leafets punctate beneath: stipe 
 terete. In ripening, the marginal involucre unrolls, and the capsules on opposite 
 sides meet: so that it exhibits the generic character of the Acrostichum. Stipe 
 dark-purple. 3— 10 i. S. Mch. 
 
 gracilis, Mx. (Ju. 21.) frond pinnate: leafets lanceolate, obtuse, alternate, sessile; 
 lower ones pinnatifid; fertile ones entire; barren ones crenate, round-obtuse. 4 i. 
 Canada. Mch. 
 
 caudata, Jn. ( Au. 21.) frond 3-parted, pinnate: barren branches doubly pinnate: leafets 
 linear, elongated, obtuse, entire; lower ones doubly pinnatifid: fertile branches 
 pinnate; leafets reraotish below, at the base pinnatifid-toolhed. iS'. P. 
 
 Southern, 
 pedata, W. (Ju. 2i.) frond deeply 5-lobed-palmate; lobes pinnatifid; divisions lance- 
 linear, acute. 6 i. 
 
 17 — 2. Pterocau'lon. 55. Inul. exp. ton. 
 Southern, 
 pycnostachya, Mx. (1) (black-root. w. Au. 21.) stem winged: leaves lanceolate, to- 
 mentose beneath, nearly entire: spike cyUndric, dens^e. 
 
 10 — 1. Pterospo'ra. 51. Pyro. h. bit.-ton. diu. sto. 
 
 andromcda, N. (2) (albany beech drops, r-y. Ju. #.) scape purple, very tall, bearing 
 a many-flowered raceme: flowers lateral and terminal, nodding, bracted: peduncles 
 filiform, longer than the flowers: lanceolate scales below, none above. 1 — 3 f. 
 T. Near Kingston, U. C. Mch. 
 
 5 — 1. Pclmona'ria. 43. Bora. ton. exp. 
 
 viro-inica, (W. b. M. 21.) smooth: stem erect: calyx much shorter than the tube of 
 the corol: radical leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse; cauline ones narrower. /S'. P. 
 T. C. 
 
 paniculuta, A. (b-w. J.) sub-hirsute, erect: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate: flowers 
 j)anicled: calyx short, 5-parted. Hudson's Bay. 
 
 alpina, T. (W. b. 2[-) nearly glabrous: stem simple, assurgent: leaves spatu- 
 late-ovate; lower ones acute; upper ones acuminate, sub-pilose above, minutely 
 ciliate on the margin: flowers in terminal fascicles, sub-sessile: divisions of the 
 calyx oblong, obtusish, ciliate, about half the length of the corol. 6 i. 
 
 oblongifoiia, N. (b. Zf.) sub-glabrous: stem simple, erect: leaves lance-oblong, ob- 
 tusish; upper ones acute: flowers tubular-campanulate, panicled, pedicelled: calyx 
 abbreviated; divisions linear, acute, ciliate. R. 
 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis, (lungwort, b. M. 2i.) radical leaves heart-ovate, hirsute: flowers racemed. 
 
 Pteris. Gr. pteron, or pterux, a wing, from the appearance of the frond resembling a 
 
 wing. 
 Pterocaulon. Gr. pteron, a wing, and haulos, a stem. 
 Pterospora. Gr. pteron, a wing, and spora, a seed. 
 Pulmonaria. Lat. pulmones, the lungs, from its supposed medical qualities. 
 
 (1) Conyza, Mx. Gnaphalium, undulatum, Wr. (2) Monotropa procera, 2d ed. 
 This plant was discovered near Albany, in the summer of 1817, by Ur. Edwin James. 
 He considered it a Monotropa, and I published it as described by Dr. Torrey, in the 
 second edition of this work, under the name M. procera. Certainly the Monotropa, 
 Hypopithys and Pterospora, ought to be united in one genus, with some extension of 
 the generic description. 
 
PULMONARIA, PYCNANTHEMUM. 381 
 
 Southerti. 
 lavceolata, Ph. (1) (W. b. w. 2X-) glabrous, erect: radical leaves very long-petioled, 
 
 lanceolate; cauline ones linear-oblong: flowers sub-panicled: calyx sliort. 
 ciliuta, J. (VV. b. ) glabrous, erect:? leaves lancc-ovale, attenuate at each end. ciliate 
 
 on the margin: flowers fascicle-panicled, pedicelled: corol tubular-bellforin: calyx 
 
 short. 5-parted; divisions ovate, obtuse. 1 f. 
 
 Pulmonaria, Lithospermum. 
 
 11— 1. Pd'kica. 92. Rosa. ton. aro. 
 Exotic, 
 grana'lum, (pomegranate. T^.) leaves lanceolate: stem woody. 
 
 11 — 1. Porsh'ia. 92. Rosa. h. ton-f . aro. 
 
 tridentnta, Dc. (2) C ^O branches erect; branchlets numerous, short: leaves in 
 fascicles, simple, 3-toothed, white beneath: flowers terminal, or solitary. R. 
 
 Purshia, Onosmodiom. 
 
 13 — 1. Fycjjan'themtjm. 42. Labi. car. ton. aro. con. 
 1. Stainetis ezsert. 
 
 inca'num, (3) (wild basil, mountain mint. O. w. r. Ju. 2X-) leaves oblong-ovate, 
 
 acute, sub-serrate, white downy: flowers in compound heads, lateral onespeduncled: 
 
 bracts setaceous. 1 — 5 f. iSi. 
 aristatum, Mx. (4) (VV. w. Au. 2iO leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate, short-petioled, 
 
 somewhat hoary: heads sessile, terminal: bracts awned. 1 — 3 f. S. T. B. C. 
 
 N. 
 linifoUum, Ph. (5) (virginian thyme. W. w. Ju. If.) glabrous: leaves linear, 3-nerved, 
 
 entire, punctate, acute: heads terminal, sub-corymbed: bracts short awned. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 S. P. C. N. T. 
 mrginicum, (6) (narrow-leaf virginian thyme. O. w. J. 21-) pubescent: leaves sessile, 
 
 lance-linear, entire, punctate: heads terminal, corymbed: bracts acuminate. 
 
 12—18 i. ;Sf. T. P. Mch. 
 
 2. Stamens inclosed, 
 
 muticum, Mx. (W. w. Ju. If.) leaves lance-ovate, sub-dentate, ribbed, sub-gla- 
 brous: heads terminal: bracts lanceolate, acutish. 18 — 24 i. jS. P. Y. C. K. 
 M. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tnnntanum, Mx. (Ap. p. 21.) leaves lance-oval, serrate, sub-sessile: heads sessile: 
 bracts ciliate, acuminate: calj-x erect with short teeth. 1 f. 
 
 monardellum, Mx. (A. w-r. Ju. H.) pubescent: leaves abruptly petioled, sub-cordate 
 oval, serrate: bracts large, colored, ciliate: calyx bearded at the summit. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 nudum, N. (A.) very glabrous: stem simple: leaves oblong-ovate, entire, sessile: 
 heads pedicelled, few-flowered, naked: stamens exsert. 2 f. 
 
 pUosum, N. (W. J.) leaves sessile, lanceolate, tomentose beneath, obsoletely toothed: 
 heads large, terminal: lance-ovate bracts and calyx, hoary-tomentose. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 loomisii, N. (r-w. Z[-) flowers cymed, many-bracted: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 
 hoary: leaves petioled ovate, sub-serrate, acute, short, glabrous above; teeth of the 
 calyx abbreviated, acuminate, apex pilose; flowers maculate. 
 
 Punica. Lat. punicus, Carthaginian; because it first came from the north of Africa. 
 Purshia. In honor of Frederick Pursh, who wrote the North American Flora. 
 Pycanthemum. Gr. puknos, dense, and anthos, flower; to express the dense inflo- 
 rescence. 
 
 (1) marginata, N. (2) Tigarea tridentata, PIi. (3) Clinopodium, L. 
 
 (4) Nepeta virginica, L. (.5) virginicum, P. Brachystemum virginicum, Mx. 
 
 linifolium, W. Thymus virginicus, L. Origanum flexuosum, W. (6) Brachys- 
 temum, Mx. Origanum clinopodioides, Wr. 
 
382 PYCNANTHEMUM, PYRUS. 
 
 setosum, N. (1) ( Zf.) slightly pubescent: leaves ovate, acute, snb-serrale, scarcely 
 petioled: branches fastigiate: little lieads terminal, many bracled: bracts subulate- 
 setaceous: teeth of the calyx acuminate. 
 
 17 — 2. Pyre'thrum. 55. Heli. s. ole+. 
 
 inodorum, H. ( ) stem diffuse, branching: leaves pinnate, glabrous; leafets linear- 
 filiform, 2 to 3-parted: little crown of the achenium very entire. A. Lake Huron. 
 
 Pyrethrum, Chrysanthemum. 
 
 10 — 1. Py'rola. 51. Pyro. h. bit-ton. diu. sto scro. 
 
 rotundifoUa, (shin-leaf, pear-leaf wintergreen. O. w. J. 21.) style declined: leaves 
 
 rounded or broad-oval, obsoletely serrulate, sub-coriaceous, shining; petiole about 
 
 as long as the lamina: scape many-flowered; flowers bracled. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch. 
 elliptica, N. (white winter-green. W. w. J. ZC.) style declined: leaves membranaceous, 
 
 oblong-oval or ovate, plaited-serrate, abruptly acute; lamina much longer than the 
 
 petiole: scape naked, or having a single scale: bracts subulate: calyx 5-loolhed. 
 
 6—10 i. P. F. N. Mch. 
 asarifoUa, Mx. (2) (g-w. Ju. Z(.) style declined; leaves sub-reniform, generally emar- 
 
 ginate, coriaceous; lamina shorter than the petiole: .scape sometimes convolute. 
 
 6—8 i. T. P. B. N. Canada. 
 dentata, S. ( W.) style declined: leaves obovate or oval, veined, remotely and obtusely 
 
 toothed: scape straight, obscurely angular, nearly naked. 6 i. 
 picta, S. (W.) style declined: leaves ovale, sub-serrate, rather fleshy, with large 
 
 branching veins and whitish spots: flowers secund? 
 aphylla, S. (W.) style declined: scape and stalk leafless, scaly; scales lanceolate, 
 
 membranaceous: scape angular. P. W. Plainfield, Mass. 
 minor, (W. w-r. Ju. 21-) style straight: leaves round-oval, serrulate: scape sub-naked: 
 
 spike with flowers reversed. C. D. N. 
 seainda, (one-sided shin-leaf O. g-w. Ju. 2X.) style straight: leaves round-ovate, 
 
 acute, serrate: raceme with 1 -sided flowers. 6 — 8 i. Mch. 
 tirtijlora, (J. 21.) style straight: leaves sub-orbicular, crenate-serrate: scape 1-flowered. 
 
 T. B. N. D. Canada. Mch. 
 occidentalis, Don. ( ) leaves sub-rotund, membranaceous, obsoletely denticulate, 
 
 twice as long as the simple petiole: raceme few-flowered: divisions of the calyx 
 
 oblong, obtuse: stigma with a 5-lobed disk. A. 
 bracteala, H. ( ) leaves broad-ovate, acute, very entire or very smoothly crenate, 
 
 coriaceous, acute, shining: scape somewhat two-scaled: raceme bracted: bracts 
 
 lanceolate, acuminate longer than the flower: segments of the calyx attenuate 
 
 longer than the lower bud. A. 
 
 17 — 1. Pyrroco'ivta. 51. Eric. f. sed. nar. 
 
 carthnmoides, Doug. ( ) stem simple, erect, striate, pubescent: leaves lanceolate, 
 acute, punctate; lower ones long-petioled; upper ones sessile: flowers terminal; 
 florets numerous, small. 1 f. A. 
 
 Pyrola, Chimaphila, 
 
 11—5. Py'rus. 92. Poma. b. r. h. ton. f. ref. lax. 
 
 eorovaria, (3) (crab apple. O. w-r. M. ^.) leaves broad-oval, at the base rounded, 
 sub-angled or sub-lobed, serrated, smooth: peduncles corymbed. Flowers sweet 
 scented. S. Mch. 
 
 angvstifolia, A. (M. ^.) leaves lance-oblong, at the base acute, slightly crenate- 
 toothed, shining: peduncles corymbed. Fruit very small. S. P. Y. Florida. 
 
 Pyrethrum. Gr. purethron, pur (fine); from its burning quality. 
 
 Pyrola. Lat. pyrus, a pear, from its pear-shaped leaf 
 
 Pyrrocoma. Gr. purros, red, or reddish-yellow, kome, hairs, from the color of the 
 
 egret. 
 Pyrus. Lat. pyrus, pear, from the Celtic neren. 
 
 (1) aristatum, Ph. (2) chlorantha, N. (3) Malus, Mx. 
 
PYRUS, QUERCUS. 38S 
 
 rwularis, Doug. ( ) leaves ovate, entire, somewhat 3-lobed-angled, sub-acuminate, 
 
 acutely serrate, pubescent beneath: corymb terminal, simple: calyx hirsute very 
 
 densely tomentose within; styles (3 — 4) attached at the base. R. A. 
 americ'inii, Dc. (mountain ash. A. w. M. ^.) leaves pinnate; leafets acute, somewhat 
 
 equally serrate, glabrous; general petiole gliibrons. Berrif s purple. 10 — 20 f. 
 
 W. N. D. Wachusett .Mt. Sorbns canadensis of 7lh edition. Mch. 
 microair/ju, Dc. (A. J. h .) leaves pinnate; leafets acuminate, unequally gash-serrate, 
 
 glabrous; serratures setaceous-mucronate; common petiole glabrous. Berries 
 
 scarlet. S. Sorbus microcarpa of 7lh edition. 
 rnelanocarpa, W. (black choak-berry. O. w. M. ^.) leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, 
 
 mucronate, serrate, glabrous beneath; midrib glandular above: flowers corymbed: 
 
 calyx glabrous. Damp. Aronia rnelanocarpa of 7th edition. 
 arbutifulia, L. (red choak-berry. O. w-r. M. h .) leaves lance-obovate, crenate-toothed, 
 
 downy beneath, with the midrib glandular above: flowers corymbed: calyx downy. 
 
 Damp. 2 — 4 f. Leaves sometimes glabrous. Aronia arbutifolia of 7th edition. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 communis, (pear. w-r. M. Tp.) leaves ovate, serrate, (rarely entire:) peduncles 
 corymbed. \ a.r. ptfrnster, (dwarf ) fruit very small and acid. \ ar. falema, {har- 
 gamot) fruit orbicular, apple-form. V ar. pompeiniia, (good chiistian.) Var. /«- 
 vonia, (musk pear.) Y a.r. liqticscms, (butter pear. ) \ar. rcftisans, (russet pear.) 
 YaiT. pjjriuHidalis, (leg pear. ) These five last varieties are distinguished more by 
 their flavor than by any external marks. 
 
 malus, (apple, w-r. M. \<.) flowers in sessile umbels: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
 serrate, glabrous: claws of llie petals shorter than the calyx: styles glabrous. Var. 
 sylcestris, (wild apple) leaves ovate, serrate: fruit small, austere. Var. prasomilu, 
 (pippin.) Var. castanea, (chesnut apple.) Var. apiosa, (ape apple) fruit small, 
 round, red, pleasant tasted. Var. cavillae, (cornered apple) leaves broad-ovate, 
 downy beneath: fruit angled. 
 
 cydonia, (quince, w. J. >^.) flowers solitary' : fruit tomentose: leaves ovate, entire. 
 Var. lusitnnica, leaves very broad. 
 
 prunifolia, (Siberian crab. w. r. M. ^.) umbels sessile: pedicels pubescent: styles 
 woolly at the base: leaves ovate, acuminate. 12 — 15 f. 
 
 Remark. The varieties into which the above species have been extended by cul- 
 ture, are very numerous. I have given those only which are set down by Persoon, 
 as the most distinct. 
 
 Pyrus, Aronia. 
 Pyzidanthera, Diapensia. 
 
 Q. 
 
 19 — 12. Quer'cus. 99. Cupu. f. ole. w. tim. b. tan. 
 
 1. Fruit sub-sessile: leaves mucronate, with a bristle-form awn, entire. 
 
 Fructification biennial. 
 
 phellos, (willow oak. W. M. T^.) leaves lance-linear, tapering to both ends, entire, 
 
 glabrous, mucronate: cupule saucer-form; acorn roundish. V ai. humilis, low and 
 
 stragghng: leaves shorter. 30—60 f. 5r. P. Y. S— C. 
 imbricaria, Mx. (shingle oak, laurel oak. W. M. ^.) leaves oblong, acute at both 
 
 ends, mucronate, entire, shining, pubescent beneath: cupule saucer- form; scales 
 
 broad-ovate; acorn sub-globose. 40 — 50 f. S. P. Mch. 
 
 2. Fruit sub-sessile: leaves mucronate, icitli a bristle-form awn, toothed or lobed. 
 
 Fructification biennial. 
 
 heterophylla, Mx. (barrier's oak. M. ^.) leaves long petioled, lance-ovate or oblong, 
 
 Quercus. Celtic quer, excellent, and cuez, tree; both on account of its beauty and 
 because it bore the holy misletoe. 
 
384 QUERCUS. 
 
 entire or unequally coarse-toothed: cupule hemispheric; acorn sub-globose. Pursh 
 says there is but one individual of this species known in the world, which is now 
 growing on the Bartram plantation, near Philadelphia. 
 
 agrifolia, W. (W. ^ .) leaves roundish-ovate, sub-cordate, glabrous on both sides, 
 remotely spinose- toothed: cupule hemispheric, scales lax; acorn ovate-acute. 
 
 triloba, W. (1) (downy black oak. W. M. fp .) leaves wedge-ob'.ong, acute at the 
 base, sub-3-lobed at tiie apex; lobes equal in breadtii, mucronate; middle lobe 
 longest, downy beneath: cupule saucer-form; acorn compressed, globose. 20 — 40 f. 
 &'. P. Y. S— C. 
 
 aqiaiica, W. (2) (water oak. M. T^.) leaves wedge-ovate, glabrous, very entire; apex 
 obscurely 3-Iobed, with the intermediate lobe longest: cupule hemispheric; acorn 
 sub-globose. Leaves very variable. 30 — 40 f. <S'. P. Y. S — C. 
 
 nigra, (3) (barren oak, black-jack. W. M. ^.) leaves coriaceous, wedge-form, sub- 
 cordate at the base, spread and retuse-3-lobed at the apex; in the young state it is 
 mucronate, glabrous above, mealy-rust beneath: cupule turbinate; scales obtuse, 
 scarious; acorn short-ovate. Small. S. P. New Jersey. Florida. 
 
 tincioria, Bart. (4) (quercitron oak, black oak. O. M. ^.) leaves obovate, oblong, a 
 little sinuate, pubescent beneath; lobes oblong, obtuse, obtusely denticulate, seta- 
 ceous-mucronate: cupule saucer-form; acorn depressed-globose. GO — 70 f. <S. 
 Mch. 
 
 discolor, A. (5) (false red oak. O. M. Tp.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubes- 
 cent beneath and on both sides when young; lobes oblong, toothed, setaceous- 
 mucronate: cupule turbinate; arcorn ovate. CO — 70 f <S. S — C. 
 
 coccin'ea, Wm. (scarlet oak, ink-ball oak. O. M. fp.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, 
 deeply sinuate, glabrous; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setaceous-mucronate: 
 cupule turbinate, marked with scales; acorn short, ovate. This, the last species, and 
 the rubra, are usually called the red oak by farmers; and it requires some attention 
 for the botanist to distinguish them. The leaves of this species become reddish, 
 and even scarlet, in autumn. Produces brownish-purple nut-galls. 70 — 80 f. S. 
 
 ambigua, Mx. (gray oak. M. h.) leaves sinuate, glabrous, acute at the base; lobes 
 sub-acute: cupule nearly saucer-form; acorn turgid, ovate. Intermediate between 
 the preceding and the following one; and probably only a hybrid. Ph. N. 
 
 rubra, (red oak. O. M. ^.) leaves long-pelioled, oblong, glabrous, obtusely sinuate; 
 lobes acutish, toothed, setaceous-mucronate: cupule saucer-form, smoothish; acorn 
 sub-ovate, turgid. 70—80 f. .S'. Mch. 
 
 catesbaei, Mx. (barren scrub oak. M. ^.) leaves short-petioled, wedge-form at the 
 base, oblong, coriaceous, glabrous, deeply sinuate; lobes divaricate-acute, mucro- 
 nate: cupule turbinate, large; scales obtuse; marginal ones inflexed; acorn ovate. 
 15— 30f .S'. S— C. 
 
 falcata, Mx. (6) (spanish oak. W. M. '^.) leaves long-petioled at the base, obtuse, 
 downy beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate; lobes sub-falcate, setaceous-mucronate, termi- 
 nal one elongated: cupule bowl-form; acorn globose. 70 — 80 f. S. P. Y. 
 Florida. S — C. 
 
 palustris, W. (pin oak. O. M. >>.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, deeply sinuate, gla- 
 brous; axils of the veins villose beneath; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, seta- 
 ceous-mucronate: cupule saucer-form, smooth; acorn sub-globose. Generally 
 grows in wet places. The small limbs along the body of the tree die as the tree 
 advances, which gives it the appearance of having pins or trenails driven into it. 
 40—60 f. .S. Mch. 
 
 ilicifolia, W. (7) (shrub-oak. O. M. Tr.) leaves long-petioled, wedge-obovate, 4 or 5- 
 lobed, margin entire, whitish-downy beneath; lobes setaceous-mucronate: cupules 
 sub-turbinate; acorn sub-globose, striate: nucleus yellow. 2 — 8 f. iS. 
 
 3. Fruit peduncled: leaves without awns, lobcd. Fructification annual. 
 
 obtiisiloba, Mx. (8) (iron oak, post oak. W. M. >>.) leaves oblong, sinuate, wedge- 
 form at the base, pubescent beneath; lobes obtuse, upper one dilated, 2-lobed. 
 (often the lobes are so arranged in the young plants as to form a cross-form or 
 stellate leaf;) cupule hemispheric; acorn oval. 30 — 50 f. S. T. C. P. F. D. 
 S— C. 
 
 (I) cuneata, Wm. (2) nigra, L. not W. uliginosa, Wm. (3) ferruginea, Mx. 
 (4) tinctoria-angulosa, Mx. (5) tinctoria-sinuosa, Mx. (6) elongata, W. 
 
 (7) banisteri, Mx. (8) stellata, W. 
 
QUERCUS. 385 
 
 macrocarpa, Mx. (over-cup oak. W. M. T; .) leaves downy beneath, deeply lyrate- 
 sinuate lohed; lobes obtuse repand. upper ones dilated: cupule bowl-form, upper 
 scales setose; acorn lurgid, ovate, large. A large tree. iS'. P^ Mch. 
 
 oUi-ufiir mis ^ Mx. (mossy-cup oak. W. M. h.) leaves oblong, glabrous, glaucous 
 beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid: cupule deeply bowl-form, fringed 
 above; acorn oval-ovate. Large tree. S. P. Y. 
 
 alba, (white oak. O. JM. T^.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent beneath; 
 lobes obtuse, entire, narrowed at their bases, particularly on full-grown trees: fruit 
 peduncled; cupule somewhat bowl-form, tuburcled flattened at the base; acorn 
 ovate. The most useful timber-tree in America. 70 — 80 f. S. Mch. tiin-f . 
 
 4. Fruit peduncled: leaves icithout awns, toothed, not lobed. Fructification annual. 
 
 prmos, W. (!) (swamp oak, swamp chesnut oak. M. ^.) leaves long-petioled, ob- 
 ovate, acute, pubescent beneath, coarsely toothed; teeth about equal, spread, 
 callous at the apex: cupule bowl-form, tapering at the base; acorn ovate, large, 
 sweet tasted. Laige tree. 70— dO f. .S'. P. 
 
 chin'qutipin, Mx. (2) (dwarf chesnut oak, chinquapin. O. M. ^.) leaves short-petioled, 
 obovate, at the base acute, coarsely toothed, glaucous beneatli; teeth nearly equal, 
 spread callous at the apex: cupule hemispherical; acorn ovate. A low shrub. 
 3—4 f. S. P. N. 
 
 montana, W. (3) (rock oak, chesnut oak, mountain oak. W. A. M. h .) leaves mode- 
 rately petioled, broad obovate, oblong, white-downy beneath, shining above; 
 coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, oblique; teeth sub-equal very obtuse, short: 
 fruit in pairs, short-peduncled; cupule hemispheric; scales rugose, tubercled; 
 acorn ovate. 30—40 f. -S'. P. C. T. F. N. 
 
 castanca, W. (4) (yellow oak. W. M. 71-) leaves long petioled. lance-oblong, obtuse 
 at the base, acuminate, downy beneath, coarsely toothed; teeth sub-equal, spread, 
 acute, callous at the apex: cupule hemispheric; acorn globular-ovate. Large tree. 
 The bark is used for dyeing yellow. 60—70 f. S. P. T. Calskill. 
 
 bicotor, (5) (swamp white oak. M. ^.) leaves short-petioled, oblong- obovate, white- 
 downy beneath, coarsely toothed, entire at the base; teeth unequal, spread, acutish, 
 callous at the apex: fruit in pairs, long peduncled: the peduncle terminating in a 
 bristle: cupule hemispheric; acorn oblong-ovate. Var. ?nolUs, N. leaves toothed, 
 sub- ferruginous and soft-pubescent beneath. 60 — 70 f. S. T. B. P. C. F. N. 
 Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 maritimn, W. (L. Ap. >?.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, lanceolate, entire, glabrous, 
 
 tapering at the base, acute at the apex, mucronate: cupule peduncled; acorn oval, 
 
 mucronate. 4 — 10 f. 
 pu'mila, VVr. (6) ( VV. L. Ap. h .) leaves lance-oblong, sub-undulate, obtuse at the 
 
 base, acute, mucronate at the apex, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; acorn 
 
 sub-globose. 2 f. 
 myrtifulia, VV. (>>.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, small, oblong-ovate, unawned, 
 
 acute at each end, glabrous, shining and reticulate above, revolute at the margin. 
 virens, VV. (7) (live oak. O. M. T^.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong-oval, entire, 
 
 revolute at the margin, at the base obtuse, at the apex acute, awnless, stellate- 
 pubescent beneath: fruit pedicelled; cupule turbinate; scales abbreviated; acorn 
 
 oblong. 40—60 f. Florida. S— C. 
 cinerea, Mx. (VV. Ap. ^.) leaves perenial, coriaceous, lance-oblong, entire, sub- 
 
 revolute at the margin, mucronate at the summit, stellate, tomentose beneath: fruit 
 
 sessile; acorn sul)-globose. 20 f. S — C. 
 luurifulia, Mx. (Ap. >}.) leaves nearly perennial, sessile, lance-oblong, sub-acute, 
 
 tapering at the base, entire, glabrous on both sides: acorn sub-ovate. Var. obtusa, 
 
 leaves obtuse at the apex. 40 — 50 f S — C. 
 hemisplierica, VV. (M. h .) leaves perennial, lance-oblong, undivided, 3-lobed and 
 
 sinuate; lobes mucronate; glabrous on both sides. Probably a variety of the aqua- 
 
 tica. Ph. 
 
 (1) prinus-palustris, Mx. (2) prinoides, W. (3) prinus monticola, Mx. 
 
 (4) prinus acuminata, Mi. (5) prinus tomentosa and discolor, Mx. (6) sericea,W. 
 (7) sempervirens, Wr. 
 
 49 
 
386 QUERCUS, RANUNCULUS. 
 
 nana, W. (M. h.) leaves wedge-form, glabrous, S-lobed at the summit, sub-sinuate 
 at the base; lobes divaricate, mucronate; middle one largest; axils of the veins 
 beneath pubescent: acorn ovate, sub-globose. 
 
 lyrata, VVr. (Ap. \ .) leaves oblong, sinuale, glabrous; lobes oblong, sub-acute; upper 
 ones broad, angled: cupule as long as the globose nut; acorn nearly covered. 
 60—70 f. 
 
 michauxii, N. (Ap. >>.) leaves petioled, obovate, obtuse at the base, unequally 
 toothed, sinuate, tornentose beneath: fruit generally in pairs; acorn very large, 
 ovate. 50—60 f. 
 
 uiidulula, T. (W. \.) fruticose, very branching: leaves short-petioled, oblong, 
 obtusish, coriaceous, repand-toothed, undulate, equal at the base, pulverulent- 
 tomentose bequeath, shining above: fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile, depressed 
 hemispheric; cupule scales appressed. A small straggling shrub. 
 
 Queria, Amjchia, Paronychia. 
 
 R. 
 
 12 — 12. Randncc'lcs. 61. Ranu. g-r. acr-poi. h. epis. 
 
 1. Leaves simple. 
 
 limrualis, W. (great spear-wort. i^. Ju. 21- ) hairs close-pressed: leaves lanceolate, sub- 
 denliculate, acuminate, sub-sessiie: stem erect, many-flowered. S. P. T. 
 
 flaininulus, (spear-wort. W. y. Ju. 2X.) glabrous steui declined: leaves narrow lanceo- 
 late, acute, entire and denticulate: lower ones petioled: peduncles terminal, axillary, 
 1-llowered: calyx sub-reflexed. Flowers small. Damp. 1 — 3 f. S. T. Y. C. 
 P. B. H. F. N. 
 
 pusiMus, Ph. (1) (W. y. Ju. 2_[.) glabrous: leaves petioled; lower ones ovate, tooth- 
 ed; upper ones lance-linear, toothed at the apex; the very uppermost ones linear, 
 bract-like: pedunclps alternate, solitary, 1-flowered. 6 — J2 i. S. Y. N. D. 
 PeeKskill. New Orleans. 
 
 reptiins L. (W. w-y. J. 2X.) glabrous, small: s-tem filiform, creeping, geniculate, 
 with the joints l-llowered: flowers axillary, peduncled: leaves linear-subulate, ob- 
 tuse. Var. oval.is, Bw. leaves oval and lanceolate: petals 5 — 8. P. V. T. B. C. 
 N. D. Mch. 
 
 cymbal/iriiis, (w-y. J. 2i.) glabrous, very small, filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints: 
 leaves heart-reniform, crenate-dentate: radical peduncles solitary, mostly 2-flowered: 
 petals spatulate: fruit oblong. N. B. R. Hudson's Bay. Onondaga. 
 
 glaberriinus, Hk. ( W. ) leaves all petioled; radical ones roundish, entire or 
 
 coarsely toothed; cauline ones somewhat wedge-form, 3-cleft: calyx spreading, 
 half as long as the petal; fruit globose. Rocky Mountains in the highest parts. 
 
 2. Leaves divided. 
 
 abortivus, (2) (O. y. M. H.) glabrous: stem striate, naked below: radical leaves 
 heart-renit'orm, obtusely crenate; cauline ones petioled, ternate, angled; upper 
 ones sessile: branches about 3-flowered. Var. sessitis, (3) has sessile, cauline 
 leaves and glabrous shining carpels. 9 — 15 i. &'. Mch. 
 
 sccleratus, (celerv crowfoot. O. y. J. Zf.) glabrous: lower leaves palmate; upper ones 
 sessile, digitate: fruit oblong. Wet. 12-18 i. S. Mch. 
 
 auricomus, W. (y. M. Z{-) pubescent: radical leaves renifortn, 3-parted, gash-cre- 
 nate; cauline ones sessile, digitate, hnear: stem many- flowered: calyx colored, 
 spreading. 
 
 pijgmae'us, Ph. (y. J. 71-) small, glabrous: radical leaves sub-cordate-reniform, gash- 
 toothed; cauline ones sessile, digitate; divisions linear, very entire: stem few- 
 flowered: petals oblong, equal to the calyx. R. Labrador. 
 
 pennsylvanicus, (W. y. Ju. 21.) stem pilose, erect, branching, leaves ternate, 3-cleft, 
 gashed, hairy beneath: peduncles terete: calyx reflexed: petals about equalling the 
 calyx: styles of the fruit straight. 1—2 f &. C. Y. P. N. Canada. Mch. 
 
 Ranunculus. Diminutive of rana, a frog, from some of the species of growing in 
 
 fenny places. 
 
 (1) flamrnula, Wr. (2) nitidus, Pt. (3) nitidus of Ph., but he says it may 
 be a, variety of the abortivua. 
 
RANUNCULUS. 387 
 
 fascicularis, M. (O. y. M. 11.) pubescent: upper leaves sub-linear; radical ones 
 ternate or sub-pinnate; leafets 3-lobed, tlie terminal one deeply 3-cleft: calyx spread- 
 ing, hairy underneath: petals longer liian the calyx: root fascicled. 6 — 10 i. S. 
 Is this distinct from the reiiens? Mch. y 
 
 bulbostis, (W. y. ;V1. 2f.) very hirsute: leaves ternate, 3-cleft, gashed and toothed: 
 stem erect, many-flowered; peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed: root bulbous: car- 
 pels smooth. I— -if. T. P. Y. B. C. N. Canada, PeeksMll. 
 
 hirsulus, C. (1) (pale butter cup. y. Ju. If-) ''•'■'^'J'^e: leaves ternate: stem erect, 
 many-flowered: peduncles sulcate: calyx reflexed, acuminate: fruit globose; car- 
 pels labercled: root fibrous. Damp. W. T. P^ V. Peekskill. 
 
 rep'tns, (W. y. M. 71-) sub-pubescent: leaves ternate; leafets wedge-form, gash- 
 toothed, 3-l()bed: main stem prostrate; flowering ones erect: peduncles furrowed: 
 calyx spreading. Damp. W. C. P. F. B. O. T. Y. N. Mch. 
 
 clinlonii, L. C. Beck. (y. M. 2i.) leaves ternate, 3-cleft, hairy, hairs close-pressed; 
 extreme upper leafets lanceolate: stem entirely prostrate, creeping, zigzag: petals 
 obovate, sub-retuse: calyx caducous: carpels compressed, margined: beak hook- 
 ed. Flowers large, resembling those of the rcpens. In Oneida county, between 
 Rome and Oriskany, near the Erie canal, patches of ground, several yards in ex- 
 tent, are often covered with this species. The flowers are rarely elevated more 
 than 8 or 10 inches above the ground; though the stem creeps more than a yard 
 from the root, sending up leafy flower-bearing shoots. (2) 
 
 acris, (crowfoot, butter-cup. O. y. M. 71.) hairs close-pressed: leaves 3-parted, 
 many-cleft; upper ones linear: peduncles terete: calyx spreading. 1 — 2 f. Mch. 
 
 lanus'uiosus, W. ( VV. y. J. If.) hirsute: leaves 3-cleft, lobed, toothed, all over silky: 
 peduncles elongated, terete, calyx spreading. S. P. C. 
 
 ovaiis, R. (W. ) pubescent: radical leaves cordate, truncate at the base, oval, 
 
 entire, rarely split, crenate; cauline ones sub-sessile, digitate, lobes of all linear: 
 stem erect, many-flowered: calyx pubescent, equalling the corol: fruit globose. 
 
 affinis, Ilk. (W. ) radical leaves mostly pedate-many-cleft, petioled; cauline ones 
 sub-sessile, digitate; lobes of all linear: stem erect, 1 — ^2-flowered (or more) with 
 the calyx and germ mostly hairy: fruit oblong-cylindric, with the beak recurved. 
 Canada. R. Hudson's Bay. 
 
 rhoinhuidcus, Goldie. ( W.) hirsute: radical leaves rhomboid, undivided, serrate; 
 cauline one palmate; floral ones deeply divided: calyx spreading, hairy. N. W. 
 Lakes. Canada. 
 
 •marylandicus, Lk. (w-y. M. Z{.) pubescent: stem simple, sub-naked: radical leaves 
 ternate; leafets 3-lobed; lobes acute, gashed: calyx reflexed. iS. P. 
 
 recurvaliis, Lk. ( W. y-w. J. ^X-) pubescent: leaves 3-lobed, wedge-form at the base, 
 gashed at the apex, acute: stem many-flowered: calyx and corol recurved; petals 
 linear. Flowers small. 1-2 f. S. Y. W. T. R. C. N. O. F. 
 
 hispidns, Mx. (W. w-y. J. 21.) very hirsute, erect, somewhat branching: leaves ter- 
 nate; leafets acutely lobed: stem few-flowered: calyx close-pressed. 1 f. S. P. 
 O. Canada. 
 
 aquat'ills, W. (3) (water crowfoot, w. Ju. ZT-) stem floating: submersed leaves fili- 
 formly dissected; immersed ones 3-parted, with cuneiform, dentate lobes: petals 
 obovate, exceeding the calyx. Var. hdcroplnjllus, emersetl leaves 3-parled. Var. 
 capillticetts, leaves petioled, all emersed, and filiformly dissected, K. fiunhitilis, W. 
 Var. cespitosus, leaves petioled, all inmiersed, with a nearly orbicular circumscrip- 
 tion, filiformly dissected; the segments rigidly divergent; base of the petiole broad, 
 sheathing and auricled. Var. stagnalis, leaves sessile, all immersed, filifqfmly dis- 
 sected, circinate; segments short: sheaths obscurely auricled: carpels rather 
 acute, nearly smooth. Beck's lacustris, is a variety? 
 
 (1) philonitis, W. 
 
 (2) I discovered this plant in the summer of 1824, and published it as Lk's pros- 
 trains. 1 furnished Dr. L. C. Beck, and numerous other botanists, with specimens. 
 Dr. Beck dedicated it to my friend, G. W. Clinton. I acquiesce cheerfully; but 
 adopt my own description. I am now ( !840) convinced that it was undescribed when 
 I discovered it. It is always lohoUij prostrate, and exceedingly uniform. 
 
 N. B. Dr. Wright being very sick when this genus went to press, it is not reformed 
 as it should have been, by Dr. Torry's Flora. A. E. 
 
 (3) heterophyllus, Roth. 
 
BUS RANUNCULUS. 
 
 mitltifid'us, Ph. (1) (W. y. 2^.) leaves 3-parted, many-clefl; divisions gashed, ap- 
 proximate: stem swimming: leafets of the calyx roundish, a little shorter than the 
 petab. Upper Louisiana. S. B. R. O. Mch. 
 
 nivalis, W. (A. ) leaves 5-lobed, very entire; cauline ones sessile, digitate; stem 
 1 -flowered. R. 
 
 lapponicus, (A. ) leaves 3-parted, lobed, obtuse; stem nearly naked, l-flowered, 
 R. 
 
 hyperbo'rms, Roth. (A. ) leaves deeply 3-lobed; lobes oblong, divaricate: stem 
 filiform, creeping. R. 
 
 brevicmdis, Ilk. (W. ) pubescent; radical leaves all heart-oval, entire; cauline 
 ones crenate, many-cleft, palmate; stem erect, many-flowered, with leaves much 
 shorter: fruit globose: petals 6. N. W. Lakes. 
 
 cardiophylius, Hk. (W. ) hirsute: radical leaves round-cordate, deeply emargi- 
 nate at the base; cauline ones many-cleft, palmate; divisions linear, gash-crenale: 
 calyx spreading, half as long as the corol; fruit oblong. Canada. N. W. Lakes. 
 
 eschscholfzii, Hk. (VV. ) leaves ciliate; radical ones petioled; partitions lobed; stem 
 somewhat 2flovvered: calyx hirsute, shorter than the petals: fruit oblique, ovate, 
 terminating in a short style. R. 
 
 pedatifidus, Hk. (W. ) leaves fine-hairy; radical ones petioled, palmate or pedate, 
 divided into entire linear lobes: scape nearly naked, exscrt, l-flowered: calyx 
 spreading, sub-villose. Rocky Mis. and east. 
 
 artliorlnjn'chus, Hk. (W. ) cltjse-pressed, hairy: stem erect, slender, ramose and 
 sub-foliaceous above: radical Teaves petioled, ternate; leafets linear, many-cleft, 
 white callous at the apex: calyx reflexed: style stiffly straight, longer than the 
 fruit. R. 
 
 nutans, Dc. ( ) stem procumbent, floating; leaves heart- reniform; lobes approxi- 
 mating, obsoletely crenate behind, and toothed before; divisions of the calyx ovalj 
 carpels witii straight beaks. Creeping in swamps in Canada. 
 
 gludalis, L. ( w. ) radical leaves petioled, palmately 3-parted or 3-cleft; lobes 
 rather obtuse and thick; stem about l-flowered: calyx very hiisute: carpels com- 
 pressed, margined. Greenland. 
 
 pallassii, Schlecht. ( 3'. ) stem creeping, fistulous: leaves oval or obovate, cunei- 
 form, 3-parted: petals 3: sepals 8: head of carpels spherical; carpels thick, ovate, 
 glabrous, beaked. Arctic America. 
 
 limosus, N. ( y. ) sub-aquatic, procumbent, somewhat hairy: leaves reniform, 
 palmately 5-cleft; the segments 2 — 3-toolhed, or somewhat lobed; the divisions 
 blunt, short and shallow: stem 1 — 2-flowered: sepals shorter than the rounded pe- 
 tals: carpels scarcely keeled, with a short, nearly straight beak. Rocky Mts. 
 
 ^abinii, R. Br. ( y. ) radical leaves on long petioles, 3-parted; lobes elliptical, the 
 lateral ones 2-cleft; cauline ones sessile, 3 parted; the divisions linear: calyx liir- 
 sute, nearly equal to the retiise petals. Arctic America. 
 
 pccidentidis, N. ( y. ) hirsute with shining, spreading hairs: leaves trifid or 3- 
 parted; segments cuneate and trifid, or incisely toothed; lateral ones often sub^ 
 divided; the uppermost leaves trifid, with linear, acute spginents: stem divaricate, 
 many-flowered; sepals reflexed, half as long as the elliptical-oblong petals; carpels 
 smooth, much compressed, with the revolute style nearly their own length. 
 Oregon- 
 
 tenellus, N. ( y. ) leaves somewhat hairy on the upper side; the radical ones on 
 long petioles, cordate, 3 — 5-clefl; the divisions 2— 3-cleft, acute; those of the stem 
 3-parted or entire; stem slender and somewhat spreading, smooth: flowers minute; 
 carpels much compressed, smooth, with a minute curved style. Oregon. 
 
 ^chlexhtendaia, Hk. ( y. ) pilose with spreading hairs; stem somewhat branching, 
 short; leaves on long petioles, renifonn-cordale, 3-parted; lobes obovate, 3-cleft, 
 or laciniately divided: sepals pilose, spreading, at length reflexed, shorter than the 
 petals: style as long as the ovary. Piocky Mountains, latitude 52° — 5.^)0. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hederacevs, (W. Ju. 7S-) stem creeping: leaves sub-reniform, about 3— 5-lobed; lobes 
 broad, entire, very obtuse; petals oblong, scarcely longer than the calyx: stamens 
 5—12; carpels glabrous. Probably introduced. 
 
 nitidus, M. (2) (y. Ap. H-) leaves 3-parted; segments unequally 3-cleft, lanceolate, 
 
 (l)purshii, Hk. (2) not Wr. 
 
RAWUNCULUS, RHAMNUS. 889 
 
 gashed, toothed, glabrous: calyx reflexed: petals oval, twice as long as the calyx: 
 carpels with a hooked bealc. Procumbent and erect. 1 — 2 t". 
 
 caroLiiuanus, Do. (y. ) stem erect, branclied, and with the petioles appressed pubes- 
 cent; leaves glabrous, oclefl or5-lobed; lobes ovale, somewhat gashed, toothed: 
 calyx glabrous, reflected, a little shorter than the petals. 
 
 trachyspcr'inus, E. (y. M.) stem, petiole and leaves villous, with the hair spreading: 
 leaves 3-cleft; lobes acutely gashed: peduncles short, opposite the leaves: carpels 
 tubercled, with the point hooked. 12 — 15 i. S — C. 
 
 muriaitus, Dc. (y. Ap. 0.) leaves glabrous, petioled, roundish, 3-lobed, coarsely 
 toothed: stem erect or diffuse, peduncles opposite the leaves: calyx spreading: 
 carpels rough-tubercled on both sides, with a straight acuminate point. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 tomcnlosus, Lk. (y. 2X.) stem ascending, 1 to 2-tlowered, very villose, hairs spread- 
 ing: leaves petioled, toinentose, 3-cleft; upper ones sessile, ovate, entire: calyx 
 very villose, sub-reflexed. 
 
 septentrionulis, Lk. (y. 21-) nearly glabrous: leaves membranaceous, glabrous, ternate; 
 leafets somewhat 3-lobed, gashed, acute: stem and petioles hirsute at the base: 
 peduncles about 2-flovvered: calyx reflexed. 
 
 echinattis, Vent. (y. ) a little glabrous, simple: leaves simple roundish, 3-lobed: petals 
 twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 colliiius, Br. (1) (VV. Ap.) leaves all radical, pubescent, petiole, 3 to 5-cleft: scape 
 villose, 1-flowered, longer than the leaves; calyx persistent: petals oblong-ovate. 
 1—2 i. 
 
 14 — 2. Raph'anus. 63. Cruc. r. nut. asc. 
 Exotic, 
 raphanistrum, (wild radish, charlock, y. Au.) leaves lyrate: siliques terete, jointed, 
 smooth, 1-celled. Before the silique is mature, it is generally 2-celled and not 
 jointed. Naturalized. B. Pittsfield. 
 ?atwus, (garden radish, w. J. 0.) leaves lyrate: silique terete, torose, 2-celled. 
 There are several varieties of this species — one has a fusiform, another a globose, 
 another a black root. 
 
 19—12. Reksselae'ria. (2) 7. Aroi. g-r. acr. d-r. amy. 
 
 tirginica, Beck, ( O. g. J. 21-) scapes several from the same root: leaves long- 
 petioled. heart-hastate, lobes obtuse: spalhe elongated, incurved. [See note, page 
 89.] Mch. 
 
 12.— 3. Piese'da. 64. Rese. asc. ope. 
 Exotic. 
 
 odorata, (mignonette, w-y. Ju. 0.) leaves entire and 3-lobed: calyx equalling the 
 corol. 
 
 micrantkus, N. (y.) hairy, dwarf: leaves petiolate, somewhat rhombic-ovate, crenate, 
 some of them 3-parted or .3-cleft; cauline ones sub-sessile, with 3 to 5 linear-oblong 
 divisions: sepals with a broad membranaceous border, as long as the corol. Mis- 
 souri, Arkansas. 
 
 luteo'ia, (dyei's weed, y. Au. 0.) leaves lanceolate, undulate, entire; a tooth on 
 each side of the base: calyx 4-cleft: flowers spiked. Naturalized. 
 
 5—1. Rham'nus. (3) 95. Rham. ast. dye. f. cat. 
 
 franmdoideus, Mx. (4) (dwarf alder. O. w-g. M. \.) unarmed: leaves oval, acumi- 
 nate, serrulate, pubescent at the nerves beneath: peduncles aggregate, l-flowered: 
 
 Raphanus. Gr. ra, quickly, and phuinomai, to appear, because it grows so quickly. 
 Rensselaeria. In honor of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer of Albany, N. Y. 
 Reseda. Lat. rescih, to appease, from its supposed qualities of allaying inflammation 
 
 in external bruises. 
 Rhamnus. Gr. rtimiws, white thorn; or from Celtic ram, a head or tuft of branches. 
 
 (1) This is a description given by Prof L. C. Beck, of a plant found by him in 
 wet prairies in Illinois; but he does not decide whether it is the co/Zm?/s or not. 
 (2) Lecontia, Cooper. Arum, L. (3) Berchemia. (4) alnifolius, W. 
 
390 RHAMNUS, RHEXIA. 
 
 calyx acute; fruit turbinate. Berries black. Pursh calls this the franguloides 
 after Mx. and gives alnifolius to a species found up the Missouri. S. 
 
 catharticus, (buckthorn. T^.) thorns terminal: flowers 4-clefl, dioecious: leaves ovate 
 serrate. First found in the Highlands by Dr. Barrnlt. N. 
 
 alnifilins, Pii. (1) (\V. M. ^.) unarmed: leaves oval, denticulate, short-acuminate 
 with a sinus at the base, slightly cordat?, pubescent at the nerves beneatli: pedun^ 
 cles twice 2-cleft: berries depressed-globose. Berries purple, edible. O. Hudson's 
 Bay. 
 
 caroliniunus, W. (w. J. Tp.) unarmed: leaves alternate, oval-oblong, sub-entire, ribbed 
 glabrous: umbels neduncled; (lowers all fertile. Berry black, globose. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 lanceolatus, Ph. (VV. ^.) unarmed, shrubby: leaves lanceolate, serrulate, acute at 
 each end, pubescent beneath. Betries black. 
 
 minutifii)rus, Mx. (L. Oc. Tj.) unarmed: leaves nearly opposite, oval, serrulate: 
 flowers very minute, divisions spiked, alternately sessile on the rachis: style 3-cleft; 
 berries 3-seeded. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 oleifoUus, Hk. ( ) unarmed, erect: leaves coriaceous, evergreen, elliptical-oblong, 
 entire, revolute on the margin, glabrous: flowers pentandrous, in small axillary 
 crowded panicles: petals very minute, stigma obscurely 2-lobed: fruit 2-seeded. 
 N. W. Coast. California. 
 
 laurifoliiis, N. ( ) unarmed, erect: leaves coriaceous, evergreen, elliptical-oblong 
 or oblong, somewhat serrate, the veins approximated; flowers axillary, 2 or 4 
 together, on pedicels shorter than the calyx, tetrandrous: petals very minute. 
 California. 
 
 croceus, N. ( ) low and branching, the branches spinescent at the extremity: 
 leaves coriaceous, evergreen, roundish obovate, nearly glabrous, glandularly denti- 
 culate: flowers in axillary clusters, dioecious, tetrandrous, apetalous: styles ex- 
 serled, distinct above: fruit obovate, 1 to 2-seeded. California. 
 parvifolius, T. & G. ( ) unarmed: leaves ovate, serrulate, pubescent (when young), 
 acute or emarginate: flowers solitary or 2 to 3 together, axillary, on very short 
 pedicels, tetrandrous: petals minute, 2-lobed, partly surrounding the very short 
 stamens: styles 2, united below, very short and conical. Virginia. 
 
 californica, Eschs. (y-g-) branches angular, grayish-tomentose: leaves oval, serrulate, 
 mostly acute, retiouiateiy veined, glabrous on both sides; flowers fasciculute- 
 umbelled; pedicels toinentose, as long as the petioles: calyx 5-cleft: petals 5, scale- 
 like: style .5-cleft: fruit 2-seeded. California. 
 
 iexensis, T. & G. ( ) much branched and straggling; branches pubescent: leaves ovate 
 01 oblong-ovate, somewhat acute, villous pubescent on botli sides, denticulate- 
 serrulate; the veins prominent and very oblique: fruit broadly turbinate, 2 to 3- 
 seeded; seeds tumid without a furrow. Texas. 
 ferrugineus, N. ( ) leaves alteinate, oblong-oval, acute, entire; younger ones and 
 
 calyx ferruglnous-tomentose: little umbels from the base of the petiole, sessile: 
 flowers androgynous: stigmas trifid. Florida. 
 
 9—3. Rhe'uji. 28. Poly. ton. cat. lax. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 palmatum, (rhubarb. J. Zf.) leaves palmate, acuminate. Fi-om China. 
 
 rhuponticum, (2) (pie rhubarb. W. J. 2/.) leaves heart-ovate, obtuse and acute, 
 
 smooth; veins sub-pilose beneath, the sinus at the base dilated; petioles furrowed 
 
 on the upper side, rounded at the edge. Radical leaves very large. 2 — 4 f. edi. 
 
 8—1. Rhex'ia. 90. Mela. ton. 
 
 virginica, (meadow beauty, deer-grass. W. p. Ju. If.) stem wing-angled: leaves ses- 
 sile, lance-ovate, ciliate-serrate: corymbs dichotomous. 1 — 2f. S. B. O. P. T 
 C. Y. H. F. N. M. S— C. 
 
 Rheum. Gr. red, to flow, from its purgative qualities; or from Rha, the Wolga, 
 
 whence it was first brought. 
 Rhexia. Gr. rer.is, a rupture, from its being used in curing wounds. 
 
 (1) purshianus, Hk. (2) taitaricum of former editions, but Darlington has 
 shewn that it is this species. 
 
RHEXIA, RHODODENDRON. 391 
 
 mariana, Mx. (W. w-r. Ju. 2X-) stem and leaves very hirsute; leaves sub-petioled, 
 lance-oval, or lance-linear: calyx smoothish, tubular, long. Var. purpurea, leaves 
 narrow-iaucpolate or oblong: flowers deep purple. Var. ruhella, leaves lance-oval 
 or oldono;: flowers pale, reddish. 1—2 f. &. Y. C. M. S— C. 
 
 ciliosa, Mx. p. Ju. Z[.) stem sub-quadrangular, glabrous: leaves sub-petioled, lance- 
 ovate, serrulate, ciliale, glabrous beneath, somewhat hispid above: flowers invo- 
 lucred. 18 i. S. S— C. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 serrulala, N. (p. If.) stem sub-quadrangular, smooth: leaves small, sub-petioled, 
 roundish-oval, acute, smooth on both sides, margin serrulate, base sub-ciliate: 
 flowers peduncled, about in threes: calyx glandular-hirsute. 6 — 10 i. 
 
 glahelia, (Mx. (1) (p.) glabrous: stem lerele: leaves lanceolate and ovate, 3-nerved, 
 denticulate, slightly glaucous: calyx glutinous. 2 — 3 f. N — C. 
 
 itricta, Ph. (p. J. 2i.)stem straight, erect, winged, glabrous, bearded at the joints: 
 leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, glabrous on both sides: 
 corymbs dichotomous. 
 
 lutea, Wr. (y. Ju. 0.) hirsute: leaves lance-linear, sometimes wedge-form at the 
 base, 3-nerved: panicle pyramidal: anthers erect. 13 i. N — C. 
 
 lineurifolia, Lk. ( y.) stem terete, sub-pubescenl: leaves alternate, linear, oblong, 
 obtuse, sessile, pubescent on both sides: floweis sub-solitary. 
 
 angustifuUa, E. (2) (w. Ju. 2_f.) hirsute: leaves linear and lance-linear, somewhat 
 clustered: root creeping? S — C. 
 
 13 — 2. Rhinan'thcs. 3G. Rhin. nar. ast. 
 
 crista galli, W. (yellow rattle, yellow coxcomb, y. J. 0.) upper lip of the corol vault- 
 ed: calyx smooth: leaves lanceolate, serrate. 1 f. B. Canada. 
 
 12—1. Rhizopho'ra. 91. Rhiz. ast. 
 
 mangle, (mangrove tree. ^.) leaves acute, ovate, opposite-ribbed: peduncles 
 
 axillary: fruit clavate-subulate. This tree roots by pendant appendages, and thus 
 becomes greatly multiplied. Louisiana. 
 
 10 — 1. Rhododen'dro.v. .50. Rliod. f. edi. ton. b. ast-f . feb. w. cab. 
 
 maximum, (wild rosebay. W. r. Ju. >-.) leaves oblong, glabrous, paler beneath: urn- 
 bels terminal, dense: corols somewhat bell-form. Var. roseiim, corol pale rose 
 color, divisions roundish: leaves obtuse at the base. Var. album, coral smaller, 
 •white, divisions oblong: leaves acute at the base. Var. purpurevm, corol purple, 
 divisions oblotig: leaves obtuse at the base, green on both sides. 4 — 20 f. iS. 
 P. Y. B. Banks of Delaware river, Plainfield, Mass. Dr. J. Porter. 
 
 lappovirum, (3) (Ap. Ju. h.) leaves elliptical, roughened with excavated punctures. 
 8-10 i. 
 
 alliiflorum, H. (w. \>.) erect: leaves deciduous, lance-oval, very entire, membra- 
 
 naceous, glabrous, fasciculate in the apex of the branches: peduncles fasciculate, 
 lateral and terminal: calyx subfoliaceous, hispid: corol rotate-campanulate: sta- 
 mens 10, erect, equal. 2 — 3 f R. 
 
 kamschalicum, Pallas. ( ) low, procumbent: leaves persistent, obovate, cihate, 
 
 veiny, shining: calyx large, foliaceous: corol rotate: stamens longer. A. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ponticvm, (rose bay. p. T>.) leaves oblong, glabrous, both sides colored alike: corymbs 
 terminal: corol bell wheel-form: petals lanceolate. 
 
 Soidhern. 
 punclatum, (r. Ju. ^.) leaves lance-oval, glabrous, with resinous dots beneath: um- 
 bels termiual: corol funnel-form: capsules long. 4 — 6f 
 
 Rhinanthus. Gr. rin, nose, and anthos, flower; its ringent corol resembling the snout 
 
 of an animal. 
 Rhizophora. Gr. riza, root, ^inAphero, to carry, from its numerous roots. 
 Rhododendron. Gr. rodon, rose, and dtndron, tree, because its flowers resemble 
 
 roses. 
 
 (1) alifanus, Wr. (2) mariana, var. exalbida, Mx. (1) Azalea, L. 
 
392 RHODODExMDRON, RHUS. 
 
 catawliense, Mx. (r. J. fp.) leaves short-oval, roundish-obtuse at each end: umbels 
 terminal: segments of the calyx narrow-oblong: corol bell-form. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 Rhododendron, Azalea. 
 
 10 — 1. Rho'dora. 50. Rhod. ast. ton. 
 
 canadensis, (false honeysuckle, rhodoia. b. r. M. \.) leaves oval, entire, glaucous- 
 pubescent beneath: flowers in terminal umbels. 2 f. B. Y. C. N. 
 
 5 — 3. Rhus. 94. Anac. f. h. poi. ast. ton. tan. 
 
 typhi'na, (stag's horn sumach. O. y. g. Ju. ><.) branches and petioles very villose: 
 leaves pinnate, many-paired; leafets lance-oblong, serrate, somewhat downy be- 
 neath, Var. glabra, leafets glabrous beneath. Berries red and very sour. 8 — 15 f. 
 S. Mch. 
 
 glabra, (sleek sumach. O. g. r. Ju. Tp.) branches, petioles and leaves glabrous: leaves 
 pinnate, many-paired; leafets lance-oblong, serrate, whitish beneath: fruit silky. 
 Var. elegans, flowers dioecious. The leaves of both tlie species are used for tan- 
 ning morocco leather. Berries red and sour. 6 — 12 f <S. Mch. 
 
 copaUina, (wing-rib sumach, mountain sumach. W. y-g. Ju. ^.) leaves pinnate, with 
 the main petiole joint-winged; Irafets lunce-oval, entire: flowers dioecious. Berries 
 red. 3— I2f «. P. T. F. W. N. Mch. 
 
 venenata, {I) (poison sumach, poison elder. W. y-g. Ju. fp.) very glabrous: leaves 
 pinnate, many-paired; leafets oval, abruptly acuminate, entire; petioles not winged, 
 panicle lax, dioecious: fruit glabrous. Berries green, at length whitish. Panicle 
 few-flowered compared with the preceding species. Very poisonous. 8 — 15 f. ^. 
 F. P. N. C. B. Florida. Mch. 
 
 toxicodendron, (poison vine, poison ash. W. g. Ju. ^.) rooting: leaves ternate; leafets 
 oval, entire or sinuate-crenate; racemes on the brandies and axillary, sessile, 
 dioecious. Var. radicans, (2) (poison ivy, climbing sumach) stem climbing and 
 rooting: leafets broad, entire, or with scattered teeth. Var. quercifui'a, (3) (poison 
 oak) erect, low: leafets variously sinuate-lobed. Var. niicrocar/ia, leafets oblong- 
 oval, long-acuminate, sub-rliombic: fruit very small. The sap of this species is an 
 excellent marking ink for linen. O. W. F. V. N. T. B. Florida. Mch. 
 
 aromatica, A. (W. y. M. h.) leaves trifoliate; leafets sessile, gash-crenate, pubescent 
 beneath, middle one rhombic, lateral ones ihomb-ovate: flowers deposited in com- 
 pact aments. Small shrub. S. P. W. O. H. N. Canada. 
 
 dicersiloba, T. & G. ( ) nearly glabrous: stem scarcely climbmg, with short leafy 
 
 branches: leaves 3 to 5-foliolate; leafets very obtuse, in the pistillate plant slightly, 
 in the staminate rather deeply pinnately lobed; lobes very obtuse, the incisions 
 acute: panicles axillary, racemose: drupes sub-globose. Oregon. 
 
 trilobata, N. ( ) leaves glabrous, small; lateral leafets obovate, obtuse, 3-lobed at 
 the apex or nearly entire; terminal leafet cuneiform, 3-lobed at the summit, the 
 middle lobe sometimes 3-toothed. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 coZi'nws, (false fringe tree, aaron's beard, p-g. Ju. T^.) leaves simple, obovate and 
 ovate: panicle racemes plumose. A small tree with very minute flowers supported 
 on capillary, downy, or hairy peduncles. Indigenous to Siberia, Austria, and 
 Lombardy. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pumila, Mx. (Ju. \>.) low: branches and petioles pubescent: leafets oval, gash- 
 toothed, tomentose beneath: fruit silky and downy. Poisonous. If. 
 laurina, N. ( ) very glabrous: leaves elliptical or elliptic-ovate, obtuse or emargi- 
 
 Rhodora. Gr. rodon, a rose, from the resemblance of the flowers. 
 Rhus. Gr. rous, sumach, from Celtic rhudd or rud, red, from the color of the fruit. 
 (1) venenata, Dc. (2) Made a distinct species by L. also by Dc. ; but this 
 species is too variable to be divided hastily. (3) lobata, Dc. 
 
kHUS, RHYNCHOSPORA. 393 
 
 tiate, often mucronate, on rather long petioles: panicles crowded: stamens 5: 
 filaments very short. California. 
 
 RInjnchosia, Phaseolus. 
 
 3 — 1. Rhynchos'pora.* (1) 9. Cype. fod. ton — . 
 
 alba, {W. Ju. 2i.) spike corymb-fascicled; culm triangular above: leaves setaceous: 
 pericarp somewhat lenticular: bristles about 10. 12 — 18 i. fif. B. C. O. N. 
 Mch. 
 
 fusca, M. (2) ( ) culm 3-angled: leaves linear, carinate: fascicles of spikes alter- 
 nate, peduncled: spikes ovate: glumes ovate, brown: pericarp ovate with an acute 
 black tubercle. 2 f. 
 
 glomerata, (3) (fal?e bog-rush. W. J. 2X.) spikes corymb-fascicled, remote, in pairs? 
 culm obtusely triangular: leaves flat: peiicarp obovate-vvedgp-form very smooth, 
 as long as the tubercle. 12—18 i. .S?. P. C. H. N. K. Mch. S— C. 
 
 capillaceii, T. (Ju. ) spikes 3 — .5, nearly terminal: cul.^l 3-angled, somewhat leafy: 
 leaves setaceous: pericarp stipetl, sub-rugose. 
 
 sparsiij Mx. (Ju. ) culm 3-angled, leafy: corymbs axillary and terminal!, compound,- 
 lax: peduncles capillary: pericarp obovate, rugose, much longer than the tubercle. 
 18 i. S. P. Y. S— C. 
 
 cymosa, W. (4) (Ju. ) culm 3-angled, leafy: cymes terminal and axillary: terminal 
 one largest: pericarp round-ovate, compressed, transversely rugose: tubercle coni- 
 cal. 12-18 i. &'. 
 
 laxa^ Valil. (5) (W. ) culm 3-angled: corymbs leafy, decompound, loose: spike 
 subulate: pericarp obovate, pointed with the long, persistent style.- 3^6 f. S. 
 S — C. 
 
 torrcyana, Gray. ( ) culm slender, sub-terete: leaves setaceous: panicle corym- 
 
 bose, somew-hat few-flowered; spikelets ovate, mostly pedicellate: nut elliptic-oba 
 vate, compressed, transversely rugose: bristles hispid upward, shorter than the nut: 
 tubercle compressed-conic; base as broad as the nut. New Jersey. 
 
 macTnstachya. T. ( ) axillary corymbs sub-simple; Ihe terminal ones compound; 
 
 upper spikelets densely fascicled: nut obovate, sn>ooth: bristles hispid upwards,- 
 twice as long as the nut: style persistent, nearly four times the length of the nut- 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 gracilentii, Gray. ( ) culm and leaves very slender: corymbs small, somewhat 
 
 crowded; terminal ones sub-sesile; lateral ones exsertly peduncled: nut smooth, 
 ovate, or orbicular ovate, lens-form: bristles hispid upward, longer than the nutJ 
 tubercle subulate, dilated at the base, nearly equalling the nut. iVew Jersev New 
 York, N-C. ^' 
 
 cephnlant/ia, Gray. ( ) small heads axillary and terminal, sub-globose, many-flower- 
 ed, often in pairs; spikelets oblong-lanceolate: nut smooth, orbicular-obovate, len- 
 ticular, somewhat margined, attenuate at the base, equalling the subulate tuberclei 
 bristles hispid upward or backwards, twice as long as ihe nut. S. New Jersey. 
 
 Sout/iern. 
 
 veriflora, Mx. (6) (M. Zf.) culm and leaves setaceous: panicle loose, few-flowered: 
 pericarp obovate, rugose: bristles as long as the seed. 1 f. 
 
 inexpnnsa, Mx. (Ju. ) culm obscurely 3-angled: panicles remote, pendulous: peri- 
 carp oblong, rugose: bristles scabrous, twice as long as the seed. 2 f. S C. 
 
 fascicularis, Mx. ( ) flowers fascisled, lateral and terminal: bracts short: spikelets 
 
 oblong: scales mucronate; bristles twice as long as the smooth pericarp, 
 
 distans, Mx. (Ju. ) culm 3-angled: fascicles of flowers distant: pericarp lenticular 
 slightly furrowed: bristles setaceous. 12 — 20 i. S — C. 
 
 ciliata, Vahl. ( 2i.) spike corymb-fascicled, terminal: bracts, and leaves obtusish, 
 ciliate. 
 
 plumoso., E. (Ju. ) culm slender, 3-angled: leaves linear: flowers terminal, crowded: 
 bracts awned: bristles feathered. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 Rhynchospora. Gr. runchos, the beak of a bird, and spora, seed, the permanent style 
 
 forming a beak to the seed. 
 
 (1) Schoenus, L. Mx. W. M. (2) alba, van fusca, Ph. (3) capitellata, E. 
 
 (4) Scirpus polyphyllus, Ph. (5) longirostis, E. (6) raicrantha, Vahl. 
 
 * Dr. Asa Gray has greatly improved this genus. 
 50 
 
394 RHVNCHOSPORA, RIBES. 
 
 punctata, E. ( ) fascicles lateral and terminal, approximate at the summit of the 
 culm: pericarp rugose, dotted. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 caduca, E. (Ju. ) culm S-angled: panicles axillary, erect: spikelets clustered, ses- 
 sile: pericarp lenticular, rugose: bristles twice as long as the seed. 
 
 teres. E. (1) (Ju. ) culm terete; leaves linear: panicles cyme-like: floweres crowd- 
 ed: pericarp glabrous: bristles setaceous. 1 — 3 f. 
 
 patula, Gray. ( ) culm triquetrous, slender above: corymbs axillary and terminal, 
 patulous, lax-flowered; spikelets ovate: nut orbicular or orbicular-obovate, com- 
 pressed, transversely rugose: bristles hispid upwards, as long as the nut. Florida. 
 
 microcarpa. Bald. ( ) culm slender, sub-triangular: corymb loose-flowered, ex- 
 
 sert peduncled, upper ones approximate: bristles fragile, hispid upwards, scarcely as 
 long as the nut: nut ovate, compressed, rugose. Florida, N — C. 
 
 dodecandra, Bald. ( ) panicle corymbose, loose-flowered; spikelets ovate-lanceo- 
 late: stamens 10 — 12: nut-oblong, smooth: tubercle short, sub-hemispheric: bristles 
 hispid upwards, equalling the nut. Florida. 
 
 megalocarpa, Gray. ( ) hexandrous: corymbs loosely flowered: nut ovate, lens- 
 form, smooth, at length black: tubercle obtuse, conic, confluent with the nut: 
 bristles caducous, hispid upwards, equalling the nut. East Florida. 
 
 pycnocarpa, G. ( ) corymbs sparse-flowered: spikelets turgid-ovate: nut smooth, 
 
 ovate, tumid; apex thickened, larger than the short conic tubercle: bristles 10, 
 caducous, hispid upwards, nearly equalling the nut. N — C. West Florida. 
 
 baldioinii, Gray. ( ) leaves acute, glaucous: spikelets ovate: corymb crowded, 
 
 terminal: nut smooth, ovate, (Tr sub-orbicular-ovate, lenticular: bristles 12, hispid 
 upwards, equalling the nut. Georgia. 
 
 paniculata, Gray. ( ) culm triquetrous: panicles numerous, approximate, often 
 
 geminate; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, crowded on the ultimate divisions of the 
 panicles: nut smooth, obovate, lenticular: tubercle subulate, equalling the nut: 
 bristles retrorse-hispid, more than twice the length of the nut. La. Florida. 
 
 oligantka, Gray. ( ) culm nearly lealless, filiform: spikelets very few, ovate-ob- 
 
 long: bristles hispid upwards, plumose below the middle: nut obovate-oblong, very 
 minutely roughened, a little shorter than the bristles: tubercle very short, conic. 
 N— C. 
 
 semi-plumosa, Gray. ( ) culm subiterete: leaves and bracts setaceous: spikes ap- 
 proximate at the summit of the culm: bristles hispid upwards, plumose below the 
 middle: nut ovate, smooth shorter than the bristles: tubercle compressed-conic, 
 nearly equalling the nut. New Orleans. 
 
 5—1. Ri'bes. 85. Gros. f ref. gel. 
 1 . Currant-like. Flowers racemed. 
 
 flo'ridum W. (2) (wild black currant. O. M. \.) unarmed: leaves punctate both 
 sides: racemes pendant: calyx cylindric: bracts longer than the pedicels. 3—4 f. 
 S. Mch. 
 
 albinervium. Mx. (W. A. g-y. M. Tp.) unarmed: leaves abbreviated, acutely lobed, 
 smoothish: nerves white: racemes recurved: berries glabrous, red. D. Mch. 
 
 tri'fidum, Mx. (A. y-g. M. ^.) unarmed: leaves moderately lobed, glabrous above, 
 pubescent beneath: racemes lax, pubescent: flowers flattish: divisions of the calyx 
 about 3-cleft: petals spatulate, obtuse: berries hirsute, red. P. Canada. iVlch. 
 
 rigens, Mx. (mountain currant. A. M.^.) unarmed: branches straight: leaves acute- 
 ly lobed and toothed, reticulate-rugose, pubescent beneath: racemes lax; becoming 
 stiffly erect: berries sub-hispid, red, erect. P. W. Canada, Wachuset, Monad- 
 nok. White Mts. 
 
 elandiilosum A. (3) (r-y. M. '^.) unarmed: branches reclined-prostrate: leaves 
 lobed smoothish; younger ones pubescent: racemes sub-erect; petals deltoid: 
 bracts minute: berry hispid. Most of the plant, particularly the calyx, covered 
 with glandular hairs. 2—3 f. 
 
 Ribes. An ancient Arabian name, of uncertain etymology. 
 
 (1 ) cymosa, E. As Elliott's plant differs essentially from the cymosa of M., it be- 
 comes necessary to give it another name. (2) pennsylvanicum, Lk. recurva- 
 turn, Mx. (3) prostratum, Hr. 
 
RIBES. S95 
 
 sanguineum, Ph. (W. r-p. Mar. ^.) unarmed; leaves cordate. 3 lobed, serrate, witli 
 vein-like lines, glabrous above, sparingly vvinte-tonientose beneath: racemes lax, 
 pubescent, twice as long as the leaves: calyx tubular; petals oblong, of the length 
 of the calyx: bracts obovate-spatulate, as long as the pedicels: germs liirsute. 
 
 au'rcum, Ph. (VV. y. Ap. ^.) unarmed, very glabrous: leaves 3-lobed; lobes divari- 
 cate, with a few gash-teeth, shorter than the petiole; petiole ciliate at the base: 
 raceme's lax, dense-tlowered: calyx tubular, longer than the pedicels; tube slender; 
 divisions oblong, obtuse: petals linear, half as long as tlie divisions of the calyx: 
 bracts linear, as long as the pedicels: berries glabrous. 
 
 laxiflorum, Ph. (1) (W. _y. ^.) unarnied: leaves cordate, 5-lobed, gash-toothed, trla- 
 brous; petioles slender: racemes lax, erect, as long as the leaves: bracts subulate: 
 pedicels elongated: calyx bell-tubular; berries globose, hispid. 
 
 prostriitiim, he Herit. ( ) unarmed: leaves deeply cordate, .5 — 7-lobed, glabrous; 
 lobes acute, doubly cut-serrate, naked and glabrous both sides: racemes slender, 
 erect, lax: bracts small, obtuse, many times shorter than the glandular-setose 
 pedicel: calyx wheel-form: germ and berry glandular-setose. Berries red. Cana- 
 da. R. A. P. 
 
 hracteosum, Doug. ( p-y. ) unarmed, leaves longly petioled, cordate, deeply 5 — 7- 
 lobed; lobes acuminate, doubly gash-serrate, finely hispid above, resinous-punc- 
 tate beneath: racemes often terminal, at length deHexed; pedicels erect-spreading, 
 pubescent, exceeding the spatulate bracts: calyx rotate, glabrous: petals minute, 
 roundish: germs and berries resinous-punctate. 5 — 8 f A. R. 
 
 hudsunianum, Rich. ( ) unarmed; branches erect: leaves three-lobed, very gla- 
 
 brous above, resinous-punctate beneath; leaves and petioles villose: racemes erect, 
 pubescent: bracts shoit; divisions of the campanulate calyx spreading, villose: 
 germs punctate: berries globose, glabrous, black. A var. has the racemes longer: 
 calyx somewhat glabrous. R. A. 
 
 cereum, Doug. ( ) unarmed: leaves small, cordate, lobed, serrate, glandulous- 
 
 pubescent, glabrous, glaucous, white-glandulous above: racemes pendulous, sub- 
 capitate, 3 — .5-flowered: biacls ovate, appressed to tlie glabrous germ: flowers sub- 
 sessile, angular-cylindric: divisions of the calyx small, reflexed. R. 
 
 viscosissimum, Ph. (W. y. J.T>.) unarmed, wholly viscid-pilose: leaves cordate, obtuse- 
 ly 3-lobed, serrate; racemes erect, short: calyx tubular: petals oblong: bracts 
 linear-spatulate, half as long as tlie pedicel: germ hirsute. 
 
 teniiijiomm, Lindl. ( ) unarmed; leaves sub-rotund, three-lobed, mealy; lobes 
 
 obtusely dentate at the apex: racemes pendulous, many-flowered: calyx tubular, 
 glabrous, colored, longer than the pedicel: petals very entire, half as long as the 
 linear, obtuse divisions of the calyx: berry glabrous. R. 
 
 2. Gooseberry-like. Peduncles mostly few-flowered, rarely sub-racemed. 
 
 hirtellum, Mx. (W. A. g. M. ^.) spines small, sub-axillary: branches sub-hispid: 
 leaves small, semi-trifid; lobes sub-dentate; peduncles 1-flovvered: berries glabrous, 
 red. 5f. W. T. P. Canada. 
 
 gracile, Mx. (2) (M. >?.) spines small, sub-axillary: leaves petioled, slender, pubes- 
 cent both sides; lobes acute, gash-toothed; peduncles capillary, (filiform?) about 
 2-flowered; calyx bell-tubular: berries glabrous, bluish, purple. 2 — 3 f <S. P. 
 W. T. N. 
 
 triflorum, W. (wild gooseberry. A. g. M. ^.) spine Sub-axillary: leaves glabrous, 
 3 — .j-lobed, gash-toothed; peduncles sub-3-floweied, with the pedicels elongated: 
 bracts very short; petals spatulate, undulate: style hirsute, half 2 or 3-cleft, ex- 
 sert: berries glabrous, pale-red. 3 — 4 f. &'. B. N. F. V. 
 
 02:?/fflC"n«/toif/es, (smooth gooseberry. W. M. ^.) the large sub-solitary prickles near 
 the buds, the smaller ones scattered: leaves glabrous, with toothed lobes: pedun- 
 cles short, about 2-flowered; berries glabrous. 3f P. C. Canada. 
 
 laciisiris. P. (3) (swamp gooseberry, g-y. M. >!.) sub-axillary spines few; stem every 
 where aculeate hispid; leaves lobed beyond the middle; petioles villose: berriea 
 somewhat racemed, hispid. 3—4 f &. C. W. N. P. V. B. O. Canada. 
 
 cynos'biUi, Mx. (prickly gooseberry. W. g. M. h .) sub-axillary spines about in pairs: 
 leaves short-lobed, gash-toothed, with soft pubescence: racemes nodding, few- 
 
 (1) prostratum' Le Herit. (2) Synonymous with lacustrie, Aikin. (3) oxy- 
 canthoides, Mx. 
 
396 RIBES, RIVINA. 
 
 flpwered: calyx erect, bell-form: berries prickly, dark browrj. T. W. P. C. Cats^ 
 kill Mts. 
 
 spedosum, (Ph. W. p. >?.) under the buds 3-plaited prickly: leaves wedge-roundish, 
 gash-crenate, glabrous, nerved, paler beneath, siiort-petioled: peduncles about 3- 
 flowered, longer than the leaves: pedicels and germs glandular-pilose: calyx tubular, 
 longer t^an the pedicels; stamens very long, exsert. 
 
 rnenziesii, Ph. (W. r. p. ^ .) under the buds 3-plaited-prickly: branches very hispid: 
 leaves truncate at the base, sub-5-lobed, gash-toothed; lateral lobes shortest, to- 
 mentose beneath: peduncles about 2-flowered equal to the leaves: calyx tubular; 
 limb spreading: stamens as long as the calyx: style exsert: berry globose, prickly. 
 
 setosum, Lindl. (g. ) branches densely setose: piickles unequal, subulate: leaves sub- 
 rotund, cordate at the base, pubescent, 3 — 5-lobed, deeply crenate: peduncles two- 
 flowered, somewhat bracted: calyx tubular-campanulate; divisions linear, obtuse, 
 spreading, twice as long as the very entire petals. Berries hispid. R. 
 
 divaricaium, Doug, (g, ) branches divaricate, setose, at length naked: spines! — 3, 
 axillary, deflexed, coarse: leaves sub-rotund, 3-lobed, gash-toothed, nerved, glar 
 brous:'peduncles 3-flowered, nodding: calyx funnel-form; divisions at length spread- 
 ing, twice as long as the Ipbe: style and stamens exsert: berries glabrous. A- R? 
 
 j,rrigunm., Doug. ( g- ) prickles axillary, in tlirees: leaves cordate, somewhat 5- 
 lobed, dentate, ciliiite, both sides pilose, nerved: peduncles 3-flowered, glandulous- 
 pilose: calyx campanulate; divisions linear, equalling the tube: berries glabrous. 
 A. 
 
 saxosum, H. (I) ( g. ) stem unarmed, rarely aculeate: spines none, solitary or in 
 pairs: leave? cordate, 5-lobed, serrate, sub-glabrous: peduncles very short, deflexed, 
 1 — 2-rtowered: tube of the glabrous calyx campanulate; divisions spreading, at 
 length reflexed, twice ^.s long as the cqrol, about equalling the stamens: germ 
 naked. R. A. 
 
 fubrum, (currant, g. M. ^'.) unarmed: racemes glabrous, nodding: corol flat; petals 
 obcordate: leaves obtusely 5-Jobed: stem ej-ect. Berries red. 2 — 4 f. R. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 nigrum, (blackcurrant, g. M. Tj.) unarmed: leaves punctate beneath: racemes lax: 
 flowerg bell-form: bracts shorter than the pedicels. Berries black. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 grossula' ria, (english gooseberry, g. M. p.) branches prickly: petioles hairy: bracts 
 2-leayed: berry glabrous or hirsute. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 uva'crispa, (smooth gooseberry, g. M. fp.) branches prickly: berry glabrous: pedi» 
 eels with 1 -leaved bracts. Perhaps a variety of the grossularia. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 resinosum. Ph. (A. g. Ap. >>.) unarmed, wholly covered with resinous, glandular 
 hairs: leaves 3 — 5-lobed, roundish; racemes erect: calyx flattish: petals obtuse- 
 rhomboid: bracts linear, longer than the pedicels: berries hirsute. 
 
 TOtuiLilifvLaim, Mx. (A. >;.) spines sub-axillary; leaves roundish, sub-pubescent; 
 lobes obtuse: peduncles 1-flowered: limb of the calyx tubular: berries glabrous. 
 
 19 — 15. Ri'ciNDs. 96. Euph. cat. ast. depb. diu. nar — . jau. 
 Exotic. 
 communis, (castor-oil plant, palma christi. ^.) leaves peltate, palmate; lobes lanceo-- 
 late, serrate: stem with hoary mealiness. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 4 — 1. Rivi'na 29. Phyt. eme. nar. 
 
 laevis, ( ) racemes simple: leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, flat: stem terete, 
 
 Resenibles Phytolacca decandra. <S. 
 
 Southern, 
 humilis, P. ( 1^.) racemes simple: flowers tetrandrous: leaves pubescent. 
 
 Ricinus. Lat. ricinvs, a tick; its seed resembling that insect. 
 |livina. In honor of the great German botanist, Rivinus. 
 (1) R. triflorum, Bw. 
 
ROBINIA, ROSA. S97 
 
 16—10. Robin'ia. 93. Legu. b. bit-ton—. 
 
 pseudo-acacia, (locust tree, false acacia. A. w. M. ^.) leaves pinnate, with a termi- 
 nal leafet: stipules thorny, or a thorn, racemes pendant: teelh of the calyx un- 
 awned: legumes smooth. Cultivated. 30—40 f. -S. N. B. F. P. T. C. O. 
 Canada. 
 
 S(Mthern. 
 
 viscnsa, (1) (clammy locust. A. Ju. ^.) racemes witli 1-flowered pedicels: leaves 
 pinnate, with a terminal leafet: branches and legumes will) viscous glands: calyx 
 acuminate. Racemes axillary, dense-ilowered, erect: tiowers approaching from 
 wliite to red. Cultivated. M. S— C. 
 
 hispida, (2) (rose locust, rose acacia. A. Ap. r. 2(.) racemes sub-axillary, sub-erect: 
 calyx acuminate: stem mostly unarmed; most of the plant hispid: leaves pinnate, 
 with a terminal leafel: leafets round-oval, mucronate, sometimes alternate. Var. 
 rosea, branchlets nearly glabrous. Cultivated. 3 — 6 f. M. S — C. 
 
 5 — 1. Rochel'ia. (3) 43. Bora. ton. exp. 
 
 virginiana, (W. w-b. J. <^.) pilose: leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, scabrous above: 
 
 racemes divaricate: fruit densely covered with hooked bristles. 2 f. S. P. C. 
 
 T. O. F. Mch. M. 
 lapjmlu, (b. Ju. ^.) hispid: fruit prickly, bearded: leaves linear-oblong: stem 
 
 branched above: corollonger than the calyx. 12 — 18 i. O. T. M. Mch. 
 glomerata, N. (4) (W. w. J. $ .) hirsute: fruit rugose: leaves linear-spatulate: 
 
 spikes peduncled, axillary, conglomerate, bifid; upper ones sessile: divisions of the 
 
 corol entire. 6 — 12 i. R. 
 patens, N. (r. J. 21-) strigose-pilose: leaves oblong-linear, obtusish: stem simple, 
 
 nakedish: flower-bearing branches spreading: flowers peduncled, lax. R. 
 
 11—12. Ro'sA. 92. Rosa, f aro. h. ton. 
 
 hlanda, W. (W. Ju. ^.) tube of the calyx globose, and with the peduncles hispid: 
 leafets (7) oblong, sub-equally serrate, glabrous; petioles glabrous, somewhat 
 prickly: branches very hispid-aculeate. 
 
 parviflora, W. (5) (wild rose. O. r. w. ^.) tube of the calyx depressed-globose, and 
 with the peduncles hispid: petioles pubescent, sub-aculeate: stem glabrous: prickles 
 stipular, straight: leafets lance-oval, simply serrate, glabrous: flowers somewhat 
 in pairs. Very variable. 1 — 3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 nitida, W. (r. Ju. \ .) tube of the calyx globose: peduncles and branches hispid: 
 petioles sub-pilose, unarmed; leafets (7) lance-oblong, both sides very glabrous and 
 shining. S. 
 
 lucida, Eh. (W. r. Ju. T?.) tube of tjie calyx depressed-globose, and with the pe- 
 duncles sub-hispid: petioles glabrous, sub-aculeate: stem glabrous: prickles stipu- 
 lar, straight: leafets lance-ovate, obtusish, coarsely serrate, glabrous, shining: 
 flowers somewhat in pairs: divisions of the calyx entire. 4 — G f. 
 
 S. P. Y. W. : 
 
 gemella, VV. (r. Ju. T:.) tube of the calyx depressed-globose, and with the pedun- 
 cles glabrous: flowers somewhat in pairs: leaves oblong, acute, opake; petioles 
 and veins pubescent beneath: prickles uncinate, the cauline ones in pairs below 
 the axils. P. Y. D. K. 
 
 Carolina. (6) (swamp rose. O. r-w. Ju. Tj.) germs globose: germs and peduncles a 
 little hispid, or glabrous: petioles hairy and a little prickly; stem glabrous: prickles 
 stipular, sub-uncinale: leafets 5 or 7, oblong-oval or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, 
 sharply serrate, glaucous beneath: flowers solitary or corymbed. 3 — 6 f Mch. 
 
 sahifolia, Br. (climbing rose. W. r. Ju. >>.) tube of the calyx sub-globose: and with 
 
 Robinia. In honor of John Robin, botanist to Louis XIV. 
 
 Rochelia. In honor of Danl. De la Roche. 
 
 Rosa. Lat. rose. From Celtic, rhos, or rliudd, red; slluding to the prevailing color 
 
 of the flower. 
 
 (1) glutinosa, C. (2) montana, Bartram. rosea, Du Hamel. (3) Myosotis, L. 
 (4) Cynoglossum, Ph. Myosotis, N. (5) Carolina, Mx. (6) pennsylvanica, Mx. 
 corymbosa, Eh. In G. Britain there are 16 native species, 43 exotic, 45 peimament 
 varieties, and 325 gardener's varieties of the rose. 
 
398 ROSA. 
 
 the peduncles glandular-hispid: stem smooth; prickles short, solitary, unci- 
 nate: leaves petioled, ternate; leafets ovate, acute, serrate, glabrous above, white- 
 downy beneath: divisions of the calyx viscid-pilose: flowers corymbed. 6 — 8 f. 
 S. K. Mch. 
 
 rubiginosa, (1) (sweet-briar, eglantine. W. r. J. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate: pedun- 
 cles and petioles glandular-hispid: peti#les somewhat prickly: stem glabrous: 
 prickles scattered, hooked, slender: leafets (5 or 7) ovate, serrate, sub-glandular 
 beneath. 3— 10 f. S. T. Y. C. P. N. B. O. F. 
 
 micrantfia, S. (r-w. J. Tp .) tube of the calyx ovate, and v.ith the peduncles somewhat 
 hispid: prickles hooked: leafets ovate, acute, with reddish glands beneath. Re- 
 sembles the last in the odor of its leaves. 4 — 8 f. B. 
 
 sayi, Sz. (VV. h.) tube of the calyx oblong-ovate, smooth; divisions of the calj'x 
 persistent, erect, spreading at the summit, villous, longer than the tube: peduncles 
 rigid, smooth or sub-glandular-hispid; petioles villous and prick'y underneath: 
 leafets (7) ovate, sessile, deeply serrate, smooth above, glaucous-villose beneath: 
 stipules clasping glandular-villose: younger branches aculeate hispid. 
 
 looodsii, Lindl. ( ) stipules and sepals connivent: leafets oblong, obtuse, glabrous. 
 
 A var. has the leaves downy beneath. A. 
 fraxinfiolia, Lindl. (, ) higher, unarmed: branches stiffly erect, becoming glau- 
 cous; leafets opake, undulate, not hairy. R. 
 
 mujalis, Lindl. ( ) lower, grayish: branches stiffly-erect, colored; prickles scat- 
 tered, somewhat equal: stipulee linear: leafets oblongs flat, beneath glaucous, 
 tomentose. A. 
 
 stricta, Lindl. ( ) very branching; branchlets unarmed: fruit elongated, pendulous. 
 A var. has the leaves pubescent beneath. R. A. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 canina, (dog rose. Tp.) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the peduncles glabrous: stem 
 and petioles piickly: leaves ovate, glabrous. 
 
 gallica, (french rose, common rose. r. J. \ .) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the 
 peduncles hispid: stem and petioles hispid-prickly. Sometimes the colors are 
 variegated. 
 
 damascma, (damask rose. w. r. J. T:.) calyx half-pinnate: tube ovate, turgid, (thick- 
 ened near its top,) bristly: stem and petioles prickly: leafets ovate, pointed, downy 
 beneath. 
 
 musco'sa, (moss rose. r. Au. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate: calyx, peduncles, petioles 
 and branches hispid, glandular-viscid, (mossy-like:) spines of the branches scat- 
 tered, straight. 
 
 woschaia, (mask rose, fp .) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the peduncles villose: 
 stem and petioles prickly: leafets oblong, acuminate, glabrous: panicle many- 
 flowered. 
 
 burgundiaca, (burgundy rose. ^.) tube of the calyx sub-globose, and with the pedun- 
 cles hispid: leafets ovate, pubescent beneath: corol small, full, fleshy-white: disk 
 obscure. Var. provinciulis, has scattered reflexed prickles on the branches, and 
 glandular serratures. 
 
 semperflorens, (monthly rose. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate-oblong, tapering to both 
 ends, and with the peduncles hispid: stem prickly: flowers in erect corymbs. 
 Resembles dam/iscciui. 
 
 alba, (white rose. w. J. fp .) tube of the calyx ovate, glabrous or hispid: stem and 
 petioles prickly: leafets ovate, villose beneath. 
 
 pimpinellifulm, (burnet rose. r. ^.) tube of the calyx globose, and with the peduncles 
 glabrous: stem with scattered straight prickles; leaves obtuse, petioles scabrous. 
 Very small. 
 
 centifolia, (hundred-leaved rose. r. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the pedun- 
 cles hispid: stem hispid, prickly: leaves pubescent beneath; petioles unarmed. 
 
 cinnamo'mea, (cinnamon rose. ^.) tube of the calyx globose, and with the peduncles 
 glabrous; stem with stipular prickles: petioles somewhat unarmed; leafets oblong. 
 R. majalis. Stem brown-cinnamon color. 
 
 muUiflora, (japan rose. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the peduncles unarmed, 
 villose: stem and petioles prickly. Branches generally purple: leafets ovate: flowers 
 small, panicled. 
 
 (1) suaveolens, Ph. 
 
ROSA, RUBUS. 399 
 
 spinosissima, (scotch rose. ^.) lube of the calyx globose, glabrous: peduncles hispid: 
 stem and petioles very Jiispid. Var. scolici, is smaller. 
 
 /)ar?'j/b/(V/,, (sniall-ieaf rose. \ .) small: tube of the calyx ovate, sub-glabrous: pedun- 
 cles glandular: stem and petioles with slender prickles; leafets rugose, a little 
 viUose beneath, ovate, glandular-serrate. 
 
 Suvthern. 
 
 setigc'i-d, Mx. (.J. ^.) tube of the calyx globose: petioles and veins prickly: branches 
 glabrous: prickles in pairs and scattered: divisions 3 to 5, acuminate, glabrous: 
 leafets of the calyx fringed with bristles. 5 — S f 
 
 lutcscens. Ph. (y-w. J. f^.) tube of the calyx globose, and with the peduncles glab- 
 rous: branches hispid-spiny: leafets (7) glabrous, oval, acuminate-serrate; petioles 
 unarmed: flowers solitary: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, cuspidate: petals oval, 
 very obtuse. 
 
 lacrigata, Mx. (cherokee rose. w. Ap. \ .) tube of the calyx oblong, hispid: leaves 
 perennial, ternate; leafets lanceolate, serrate, coriaceous, lucid: tiowers solitary, 
 terminal. 5—20 f. 
 
 hjonii. Ph. (W. r. Ju. h.) tube of the calyx sub-globose, nearly glabrous: peduncles 
 hispid: petioles somewhat prickly: stem glabrous: prickles scattered, straight: 
 leafets (3 to 5), ovate-oblong, acute, serrate, sub-glabrous above, tomentose be- 
 neath: upper ones simple: flowers somewhat in threes: stipules linear; divisions of 
 the calyx tomentose, linear, scarcely gashed. 
 
 pendulina, W. (thornless rose. r. .1. Tj .) unarmed: tube of the calyx oblong: peduncles 
 and petioles hispid: stem and bianches glabrous: fruit pendant. Cultivated. 
 
 2 — 1. Rosmari'nus. 42. Labi. aro. e-ole. sto. 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis, (rosemary, fp .) leaves, some green both sides; others whitish beneath, 
 linear; margins revolute. 
 
 3 — 2. Rottbol'lia. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 Souiheni. 
 
 dimidiata, Mx.? (hard grass. L. If.) spike compressed, linear: flowers secund: glumes 
 
 2-flowered: outer floret staminate; inner one perfect. Charleston, S — C. 
 ciliata, N. (L. ) culm erect, tall: spikes terete, long-peduncled: flowers pedicelled, 
 secund: pedicels and margins of the rachis villose: glumes and paleas each 2. 
 3— 4f. 
 rugosa, N. (L. ) culm erect: spikes cylindric, solitary, axillary, approximate: joints 
 of the rachis smooth, nearly semi-cylindric, tumid: outer valve of the perfect 
 flower transversely rugose; accessory flowers mostly barren, with an ernarginate 
 pedicel. 
 
 4—1. Ru'bia. 57. Stel. dye. ton. diu. 
 
 Exotic. ^ ■ 
 
 tincto'ria, (madder.) leaves lanceolate, about in sixes: stem prickly, climbing. Var. 
 sylvestris, lower leaves in sixes; upper ones in fours or in pairs. 
 
 Southern, 
 brorcnii, Mx. {y. 21.) hispid; leaves in fours, oval: peduncles solitary, 1-flowered: 
 stem decumbent. Berries purple, smooth, Ph. Carolina. 
 
 11—12. Ru'bus. 92. Rosa. ton. f ref lax. 
 
 ide'us, (garden raspberry. W. w. M. h.) leaves quinate-pinnate and ternate; leafets 
 rhomb-ovate, acuminate; downy beneath; petioles channelled: stem prickly, hispid: 
 
 Rosmarinus. Lat. ros, dew and mannus ^.-heloaging to the sea shore; from its appear- 
 ance and habitation. - ' 
 RotlboUia. In hotior of Dr. Christian Rottboll, "professor of botany at Copenhagen. , 
 Rubia. Lat. ruber, red, from the dye obtained from its roots. 
 Rubus. Lat. ruber, red, from Celtic rub; the plant presenting a red hue. 
 
400 RUEUS. 
 
 flowers sub-panicled. Var. americanus, bianchlets nearly glabrousi stem afid pef-> 
 tioles tprete; leaves a}l ternate: pedicels somewhat prickly. 4 — 6 f. S. F. 
 villasus, (high blackberry. O. w. J. h.) pubescent, hispid and prickly: leaves digi- 
 tate, in threes or fives; leafets ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy both sides: stem 
 and petioles prickly; calyx short, acuminate: racemes naked: petals lance-ovate. 
 4— (if. S. Mcii. 
 
 frondusus, Bw. (1) (leafy raspberry. J. Zf.) stem prickly, erect: leaves ternate or 
 quinate, pubescent, simple: racemes leafy: petals orbicular. 3 — 6 f. B. C. Mch. 
 
 strigosus, Ms. (2) (red raspberry. O. w. J. h.) unarmed, rigidly hispid: leafets 3, or 
 pinnate-quinate, oval, at the base obtuse, acuminate, marked with lines, and white- 
 downy beneath; terminal one often sub-cordate. Fruit red, sweet. Mch. 
 
 setosus, Bw. (bristly raspberry, w-r J. 2/.) stem erect, reclining, rigidly hispid: leaves 
 ternate or quinate, smooth and green on both sides. B. 
 
 cuncifoliiis, Ph. (w. J. ^.) brandies, petioles and peduncles, downy, with recurved 
 prickles: leaves digitate, in tiirees or fives; leafets wedge-obovate, unequally 
 toothed above, plaited, downy beneath: racemes terminal, panicled: pedicels 1- 
 flowered. S. P. Y. T. 
 
 canadensis, (3) (J. h.) a little glabrous: leaves digitate, in tens, fives and threes; 
 leafets lanceolate, naked both sides, sharply serrate: stem unarmed; bracts lanceo- 
 late. Stem purple. C. N. Canada. 
 
 occidental'is, (black raspberry, thimble berry. 0. w. g- ^O branches and petioles 
 glaucous and prickly; leaves ternate, oval, acuminate, sub-lobate and doubly ser- 
 rate, white-downy beneath; petioles terete: prickles recurved. 4 — 8 f. iS. Mch. 
 
 hispidus, (w. J. h.) sarmentose-procuinbent: stem, petioles and peduncles very his- 
 pid, with rigid bristles: leaves ternate, gash-serrate, naked, middle one peduncled. 
 P. O. D. Canada. Mch. 
 
 trimal'ls, A. (4) (creeping blackberry, dew-beriy. O. w. J. >■.) sar.mentose-procum- 
 bent: petioles and peduncles aculeate-hispid, with the prickles recurved: stipules 
 subulate: leaves ternate or quinate, oblong-oval, acute, unequally serrate, sub- 
 pubescent: pedicels solitary elongated. Y a.r. Jlagdlaris, has orbicular petals, and 
 small smooth leaves. S. Mcii. 
 
 inermis, W. ( ^.)stem, petioles and peduncles unarmed: leaves ternate, ovate, acute, 
 unequally serrate, tomentose beneath; lateral leafets somewhat gashed: stipules 
 setaceous-subulate. 
 
 spectabUis, Ph. ( VV. M. ^.) unarmed, glabrous: leaves ternate, ovate, acute, unequal- 
 ly and doubly serrate, pubescent beneath: peduncles terminal, 1-flowered, solitary: 
 petals ovate. 
 
 odora'tiis, M.t. (flowering raspberry, wild mulberry. Wr. J. Tp.) unarmed, erect, 
 viscid hispid: leaves simple, acutely 3 or 5-lobed: corymbs terminal, spreading. 
 Flowers large; berries rather dry and thin. 3— .5 f. S. T. C. O. i\. V. Mch. 
 
 nutkanus, Lindl. ( w. ) stem fruticose, erect, flexuous, stoloniferous, glandulous 
 
 pilose at the apex, nakedish at the base: leaves .5-lobed, unequally dentate: corymb 
 simple: calyx somewhat unarmed cuspidate: divisions of the corol equal: stipules 
 connate, persistent. Fruit red, insipid. 4 — 10 f. A. R. 
 
 saxat'iL'is, (5) (brier herb, rock blackberry, w. J. 2X-) herbaceous, pubescent: stem 
 creeping: leaves ternate, rhombic, acute, gash-toothed, naked; terminal one pe- 
 tioled: Howers somewhat in threes; peduncles elongated. S. O. D. Mch. 
 
 obovalis, }Ax.. (M. 21- ) stem becoming a little woody, hispid, with stiff" hairs; leaves 
 ternate, round-obovate, serrate, naked: stipules setaceous: racemes sub-corymbed, 
 few-flowered: bracts ovate: pedicels elongated. 2 — 4 f. S. Y. N. P. 
 
 sempervi'reiis, Bw. (w. J. ^.) stem procumbent, covered with minute prickles: leaves 
 ternate, obovate, serrate, shining, evergreen. B. T. 
 
 arcticus, W. (r. J. 2i-) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, about 1-flowered: leaves ter- 
 nate, glabrous, obtusely serrate: petals roundish, emarginate. Labrador. 
 
 acavlis, Mx. (6) (W. Ju. 1{.) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, 1-flowered: leaves 
 ternate, glabrous, sharply serrate: petals oblong, entire: styles approximate. 
 Canada. 
 
 (1) Var. of villosus? Aikin. (2) pennsylvanlcus, Lk. (3) triflorus. Rich. 
 (4) procumbens, M. flagellaris, W. 
 
 (5) Synonymous with canadensis, Aikin. triflorus, Pich. thus described — unarm- 
 ed: stem erect, herbaceous with fiuticose runners, cauliferous: leaves ternate, rarely 
 5-pedate, acutely serrate: stipules obovate: panicle about 5-flowered, glandulous. 
 Canada. Lake Huron. R. A. (6) pistillatus, S. 
 
RUBUS, rudbeckU. 401 
 
 stellatus, W. (W. p; 2i-) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, erect, 1-flowered: leaves 
 simple, cordate, 3-lobed, rugose-veined: petals lanceolate. 
 
 pedatus, S. (W. w? 2S-) lierbaoeous, small, creeping: leaves pedate-quinate, gashed: 
 peduncles filiforin, bracled in the middle: calyx nearly glabrous, reflexed. 
 
 chainxinoriis, (cloud-berry. A. w. J. Zf.) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, 1-flower- 
 ed, erect: leaves simple, sub-reniforrn, round-lobed: petals oblong. Canada. 
 
 parvijiorus, N. (W. w. Tp .) shrubby, unarmed: leave.s simple, palmate-lobed: peduri- 
 cles 2 or 3-flowered: flowers small: segments of the calyx villose, ovate, abruptly 
 acuminate: petals oblong-ovate. D. JVlch. 
 
 ddiciosvs, T. ( VV. p. h .) stem fruticose, very branching, unarmed branches and 
 petioles pubescent: leaves simple, round-cordate, shortly 3— 5-lobed, villose-pu- 
 bescent, rugose: bracts lanceolate, 1-tootlied: flowers sub-corymbed, terminal; 
 divisions of the calyx ovate-oblong, acuminate, leafy at the apex, shorter tlian the 
 petals. 
 
 macropetalus, Doug. ( w. ) hirsute: Stem high, fruticose; branches angled, 
 
 slender, elongated: petioles ribbed, peduncles and calyx aculeate-setaceous beneath: 
 leaves trifoliate; leafets ovate, gash-lobed, serrate, membranaceous; terminal one; 
 larger, longly petioledj lateral ones shorter-petioled: stipules lanceolate: peduncles 
 2- (lowered: segments of the calyx longly acuminate, somewhat equalling the ob- 
 long petals. A. R. 
 
 menzicsii, H. ( r. ) stem procumbent, terete, aculeate, glabrous; branches short, 
 pube.scent-tomentOse, aculeate: leaves trifoliate; leafets broad-ovate, sub-lobed, un- 
 equally serrate, short-petioled, hirsute above, pale and very hiisute beneath: pani- 
 cles terminal, few flowered: pedicels and calyx aculeate: segments of the calyx 
 ovate, acute, mucronate, tomentose, shorter than the corol. A. 
 
 subcrect.iis, And. ( ) somewhat glabrous, stem sub-erect, angled, aculeate: prickles 
 
 scattered, uniform: leaves with 3 — 5-leafets: panicle lax, tew-flowered: segments 
 of the' calyx ovate, very acuminate, margin chiefly pubescent; D. A. JNewfound- 
 land. 
 
 nivalis, Doug. ( r?) small, becoming fruticose: leaves cordate-3-lobed, sharply 
 dentate, glabrous, nerves and petioles recurveaculeate: stipules ovate, acute: 
 peduncles short, 2-flowered; divisions lanceolate, pilose. Fruit red. 6 i. On R; 
 Mts. 
 
 itiucronafus, Ser. ( ) stem herbaceous, pilose, unarmed: leaves ternate-palmate, 
 
 unitbrin colored, pilose; leafets rhomboid, acute, serrate: stipules lance-ovate, 
 acuminate: flowers terminal, in pairs: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute'j 
 slightly pubescent, shorter than the coTol. Newfoundland. 
 
 17 — 3. Rcdbeck'ia. 55. Heli. s. ole. sto. 
 
 purpurea^ W. (W< A. p. Ju. If.) rough: lower leaves broad-ovate, tapering to the 
 base, remotely toothed; cauline leaves lance-ovate acuminate at both ends, sub- 
 entire: rays long, pendant, 2-cleft. 3— 5 f S. P. Mch. S— C. 
 
 discolor, Ph. (W. y. & p. Au. Z[.) branches corymbed, 1-flowered: peduncles naked, 
 elongated: leaves lanceolate, strigose-pilose: scales of the involucre ovate, acute: 
 petals lanceolate, entire, two-colored, as long as the involucre. 2 f .Si. D. 
 fulguLa, (W. A. p. Au. 11.) stent hispid: branches wand-like, elongated, 1-flowered; 
 leaves lance-oblong, denticplate, hispid, narrow at the base, sub-cordate: involucre 
 leafy, about equalling the ray: disk hemispheric, with lanceolate chaff". 2 — 3 fl- 
 S. P. 
 
 hirta, (W. y. & p. Ju. 21.) very hirsute: stem wand-like, sub-ramose, l-flowered: 
 peduncles naked: leaves ovate-spatulate, 3-nerved, serrate, rough-haired: scales 
 of the involucre imbricate in a triple series, shorter than the ray: chaff" ob- 
 long, acute. 2—3 f. -S. P. C. M. D. Charleston, S— C. Florida. Toronto. 
 Mch. 
 
 triloba, (W. A. y. & p. Au. 2X.) pilose-hispid: stem panicled; branches divaricate, 
 many-flowered, leafy: leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, serrate; lower 
 ones 3-lobed: leafets of the involucre linear, deflexed. 4 — 5 f. S. P. 
 
 laciniata, (cone-flower, cone-disk sunflower. O. y. Au. 21.) lower leaves pinnate: 
 leafets 3-lobed; upper ones ovate, erectj crenate: stem glabrous. Damp. 5 — 10 fl 
 S. M. Mch. 
 
 Rudbeckia. In honor of the Rudbecks, father and son, predecessors of Linneus. 
 51 
 
402 RUDBECKIA. 
 
 digitaUi, (W. y. Au. 21.) lower leaves pinnate; leafets pinnatifid; upper ones simply 
 
 pinnate; top ones o-cleft: egret crenate: stem smooth. 4 — 8 f. S. P. D. 
 pinnata, .Mx. (1) (W. y. &p. Ju. 21.) leaves all pinnate; one or more of the lower 
 
 leafets 2-parted, the rest undivided; egret entire; stem furrowed, hispid. P. 
 
 Mch. ' 
 
 glubosa, N. ( }-. 2{.) scabrous; small; ramose; leaves sub-sessile, trifid; cauline 
 
 ones quinate-pinnatifid; divisions very narrow, very entire: flowers sub-sessile, 
 
 roundish; rays very short, reflexed. 9 i. R. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 umplezifolui, W. (W. y. Au. #.) glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, cordate, clasping; 
 lower ones serrate: disk cylindric- conical. 
 
 laemsa.ta, Ph. (y. ZX.) very glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate at each end, 2- 
 nerved, sparingly toqthed: scales of the, involucre lanceolate, as long as the 
 ray. ' '' ■ 
 
 spatulatUfV/. (A. Au. $.) slender, pubescent: stem 1-flowered: leaves obovate spatu- 
 late, entire: involucre spreading, imbjicate: ray tlorets 3-toothed. 
 
 ariituia. Ph. (y. ) stem hispid; branches long', corymbed,, l-flowered: leaves lance- 
 oblong, serrate, hispid: disk sub-iiemispheric: chaiF of the egret subulate, awned. 
 Does this belong to this genus.? Elliott. 
 
 radula, Ph. (2) {$.) stem hispid below, nakedish and glabrous above: peduncles very 
 long, 1-flowered: leaves ovat^ attenuate, tuberculate-hispid; involucre imbricate; 
 scales ovate, acuminate, ciliate. • 
 
 subtonieniosa, Pli. (A. Au. 2|.) short pubescent, sub-tomentose: branches erect, many 
 flowered: leaves lance-oblong, acute, sub-serrate; lower ones 3-lobed: scales of the 
 involucre incumbent, shorter than the rays.- 
 
 columnaris. Ph. (W. r. .Tu. 21.) leaves pinnatifid; leafets lanceolate, outer ones gene- 
 rally largest: receptacles elongated, cylindrical, if. : 
 
 gracilis, N. ( ) slender, pubescent: stem 1 to 3-flowered: peduncles elongated: 
 
 leaves spatulate-ovale, remotely denticulate: involucre spreading: disk conic. 
 
 tomentosa, E. (y. Au. 21.) short-pubescent, sub-tonientose: branches erect, virgate: 
 leaves lanceolate, acute, dee])ly toothed and entire, scabrous; lower ones ternate: 
 scales of the involucre lance-linear, deflected, much shorter than the ray florets. 
 " I am uncertain whether this is the sub-tomentosa of Ph." Elliott. 3 — 4 f 
 
 mollis, E. (p. S. 21.) stem hispid, villous, branching: leaves sessile, lance-ovate, 
 dentate, soft-tomentose: florets of the ray numerous, thrice as long as the invo- 
 lucre. 2—3 f. 
 
 pollida, N. (p-r. 2X.) rough: leaves lance-linear, very longly petioled, sub-entire; 
 upper ones sessile: rays very long, hanging down, two-toothed; stem elongated, 
 1-flowered. Arkansas. 
 
 apetala,Y. ( 21.) scabrous: stem elongated, 1-flowered, very pilose at the base: 
 rays for the most part wanting: leaves radical, sub-sessile,^ very broadly ovate, 
 sub-rotund. Alabama. Georgia. 
 
 nitida, N. ( 21.) very glabrous: stem nakedish, somewhat one-flowered: leaves 
 coriaceous, spatulate, oblong, sub-entire; cauline ones few, oblong, sessile: invo- 
 lucre foiiaceous; scales oblong, retuse, reflexed at the apex. Georgia. Florida. 
 
 odorata, N. (y. 21.) stem leafy, few-flonered: leaves petioled. trifid, hirsute, 
 
 pubescent beneath; divisions lanceolate, serrate, acuminate; lower ones somewhat 
 gashed: involucre squarrose: receptacle hemispheric. Arkansas. 
 
 alrorubciis, N. (r. 21-) glabrous: stem elongated, terete, one-flowered: leaves narrow- 
 lanceolate, sub-linear, entire, attenuated at the base, longly petioled, scabrous at 
 the margm: rays two-toothed: chaffs exsert, lanceolate, acute. Arkansas, 
 Georgia. 
 
 serotina, N. (3*. p. 21-) hirsute, scabrous: stem somewhat one-flowered: leaves spatu- 
 late-oblong, sub-serrate, somewhat half-clasping; lower ones petioled, 3-nerved, 
 ovate: divisions of the involucre lanceolate; scales oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, 
 short; rays largish. Arkansas, Georgia. 
 
 hicolor, N. (y. b-r. ^i.) pilose, sub-scabrous: stem somewhat one-flowered: leaves 
 oblong, sessile, ra/ely sub-serrate, oblusish; lower ones sub-ovate, petioled: divi- 
 sions of the involucre oblong; scales lanceolate, hirsute: rays short, bi-colored. 
 18 i. Arkansas. 
 
 (1) digitata, W. odorata, S. (2) aspera, P? 
 
RUELLIA, RUMEX. 403 
 
 .13—2. Ruel'lia. 39. Acan. sto— . diu. 
 
 strepens, (1) (ruel. W. w. p. Ju. Z[.) erect: leaves ovate, Jance-ovate or wedge-form, 
 sliort-petioled, entire or repand, undulate, sub-crliate at the base, smooth or sub- 
 pilose on both sides: peduncles axillary, very short, about 3- flowered: divisions of 
 tiie calyx linear, rather shorter than the tube of ihe corol, scarcely pilose: corol 
 sub-equal. Very variable. . 6—24 i. S. P. M. Florida. Mch. S— C. 
 
 Soii.thern. 
 
 ciliosa, Ph. (2) (W. w. p. J. 2i.) erect, branching, more or less hirsute; leaves pe- 
 tioled, oval, oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtusish, sometimes cuneatc or 
 attenuated into the petiole, undulate, entire or repand, sub-ciliate: peduncles axil- 
 lary, short or wanting, 1 to 3-flo\vered: divisions of the calyx half as long as the 
 tube of the corpl, linear, hispid, ciliate with whitish hairs: corol sub-equal. 
 3—24 i. ... 
 
 tuhifloru, Le Conte. (w. 21- ) erect, somewhat branching, smoothish or hirsute: leaves 
 sub-sessile, oblong, repand or entire, undulate: peduncles axillary, short, one- 
 flowered: divisions of the calyx lance-linear, (1 inch.J one third the length of the 
 tube of the corol: corol sub-equal, pubescent. 
 
 obloHgifulia, Mx. (VV. b. & p. Ju. 21.) erect, pubescent: leaves sub-entire, oval and 
 obovate, sub-sessile, sub-undulatu: peduncles axillary, very short, 1 to 3-flowered: 
 divisions of the calyx linear-subulate, longer than the tube of the corol, united at 
 the base in a short tube: corol sub-ringeut: stamens didynamous. This species 
 difiers from the preceding sufficiently lo make us wonder how it has escaped our 
 new genera manufacturers. Le Conte. 
 
 G— 3. Ru'mex. 28. Poly. nut—. lax. 
 
 sansruineus, (bloody dock, olcott root. W. J. 2X-) valves entire, oblong, one princi- 
 pally bearing the grain-like appendage: leaves heart-lanceolate. 2 — 3-f. /S'. P. C. 
 
 cri.«/>«s,( dock.'^O. Ju. ZI-) viilves of the calyx ovate, entire, all beaiing grain-like 
 appendages on their backs: leaves lanceolate, undulate, acute. 2—3 f. lis'. Mch. 
 
 verticillutus, W. (W. J. 21-) valves entire, all bearing grain-like appendages: spikes 
 leafless, with the flowers half-whorled: leaves lanceolate, sheathing: stipules cylin- 
 dric. 2f. S. T. V. P. C. F. N. 
 
 britannkus, (W. J. 21.) valves entire, all bearing grain-like appendages: spikes of the 
 panicle leafless: sheathing stipules obsolete, torn: leaves broad-lanceolate, flat, 
 smooth. 2—3 f. S. P. Y. T. C. B. D. O. Peekskili. Mch. 
 
 pallidus, Bw. (white dock. J. 2i.) valves ovale, entire, harflly larger than the grain: 
 spikes slender: leaves lance-linear, acute. B. 
 
 ohtusifuiius, (O. J. 21.) valves toothed, one principally bearing a grain like appendage: 
 radical leaves heart-oblong, obtuse: stem a little scabrous. Perhaps introduceQ. 
 2—4 f. Mch. 
 
 aquatiais, (water dock. Ju. 21.) valves ovate, entire, bearing obsolete grains: leaves 
 heart-lanceolate, acute. 3 — 4 f &. 
 
 aciitiis, (W. M. 1[.) valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all graniferous: leaves heart- 
 oblong, acuminate, whorls leafy. Introduced, 2 — 3 f. N. 
 
 aceetosUtis, (3) (field sorrel, sheep sorrel. O. g. p. M. If.) valves without grains: 
 leaves lance-hastate: flowers dioecious. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch. 
 
 alpi'nus, ( ) polygamous: valves veined, very entire, naked: leaves cordate,, ob- 
 
 tuse, wrinkled, large, rhubarb-like. New Haven, Ct. 
 
 paucifoUus, N. (J. K.) flowers dioecious: stem simple: leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, 
 tapering to the base, petioled: flowers panicled. 14 i. R. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 pulcher, (Ju. 2lC.) valves toothed; one conspicuously graniferous: radical leaves pan- 
 duriform. Naturalized. 
 
 patientia, (garden dock, patience. 2i.) valves entire; one of them bearing u grain- 
 like appendage: leaves lance-ovate. Naturalized. 
 
 Ruellia. In honor of John Ruelle, a French physician and botanist. 
 Rumex. Lat. rumcx, sorrel or dock, the ancient Roman name. 
 
 (1) humislrata, Mx. hirsuta, E. {2) hybrida, Ph. (3) Lapathruni, 2a 
 
 edition; but the acetosus and patientia seem to unite the two genera. 
 
404 RUMEX, SABBATIA. 
 
 pcetosus, (garden sorrel. Zf.) stem elongated: leaves oblong, sagittate, acute, clasp- 
 ing. 
 
 Southern. / 
 
 persicarioides, (W. J. 0.) vaWes toothed, each bearing a grain: leaves lanceolate, 
 
 undulate, entire, petioled. 6 — 12 i. S — C. 
 crispatulus, Mx. ( W. ) valves obtusely cordate, all crestfd, 3-toothed; one naked; two 
 
 unequally graniferous: spikes leafless: lower leaves oval; upper ones lanceolate; all 
 
 undulate. 
 penosus. Ph. (W. Ap. 21-) yalves large, heart-reniform, entire, net-veined: leaves 
 
 small, lance-oval, entire, veined. 12 f. 
 divarkatus? (Ju. 21.) valves toothed, each bearing a grain: leaves cordate-oblong, 
 
 obtuse, pubescent. 1 — 2 f. 
 hastaiuius, Bald. (Ap. Zf.) yalyes round-cordate, entire, graniferous: leaves petioled, 
 
 hastate-oblong; auricles entire, obtuse. Dioecious. 1 — 3 f. 
 
 Rvmex, Oxyria. 
 4—4. Rup'piA. 7. Fluv. ton—. 
 
 ■pmritima, (sea teasel- grass. J. Z[.) floating: leaves pectinate, obtuse: flowers 
 spiked. P. Y. JB. C. 
 
 10—1. Ri/ta. 81. Rula. acr. stim-f . 
 Exotic, 
 graveolens, (rue. ^.) leaves more than decompound; leafets oblong; terminal one» 
 oboyate: petals entire. 
 
 s. 
 
 6—3. S A 'bail. 11. Palm. nut. ole. 
 
 Soiifhern. 
 
 pumila, Wr. (1) {J'l. ^.) leaves fan-form: scape panicled: flowers sub-sessile, small. 
 
 Berry bluish-black. 4 — 6 f. 
 minima, N. ( ) root creeping: stipe somewhat prickly, rough: fronds palmate, 
 
 plicate, sub-7-cleft? Fruit brownish, hirsute. 8 i. 
 
 Sabal, Chamaerops. 
 
 .5 — 1. Sabba'tia. 46. Gent. bit. ton. 
 
 gra'cilis, Sy. (2) (W. r. Ju. $.) slender: branches lax, elongated, 1-flowered: leaves 
 oval-linear: divisions of the calyx linear, about equalling the corol: divisions of the 
 corol obovate: stem angular. 1 f. 8. P. S — C. 
 
 stellaris, Ph. (3) (r. Au. $ .) erect: branches dichotomous, elongated, 1-flowered: 
 leaves lanceolate, acute: divisions of the calyx subulate, half as long as the corol: 
 divisions of the corol obovate: stem terete. 12 — 18 i. -S'. Y. F. 
 
 annularis, (american centaury. W. p. Au. ^ .) erect; leaves heart-ovate, clasping: 
 flowers with long peduncles, corymbed: divisions of the calyx lance-linear: stem 
 with 4-margined angles. 1—2 f. R P. H. M. xMch. S— C. 
 
 pubjcosa, Mx. (r. Au. $.) erect, few-flowered: leaves oblong, obtusish, sessile: 
 flowers solitary, about 7-parted: calyx leafy, exceeding the corol; divisions lanceci 
 late. 1 f. S. P. Y. 
 
 phloroides, Mx. (4) (r. Au. ^.) weak: leaves lanqeolate, erect: branches few, 1- 
 flowered: flowers 7 to 13-parted: divisions of the calyx linear, shorter than the 
 
 Ruppia. In honor of Henry Bernard Ruppius, of Gottingen, an ardent student in 
 the study of botany. 
 
 Ruta. Probably from the Gr. rud, to preserve, or protect; on account of its medi- 
 cal qualities. 
 
 Sabal. A name of barbarous origin; applied by Adanson. 
 
 Sabbatia. In honor of Liberatus Sabbati, an Italian botanist. 
 
 (1) adansoni, P. Corypha, Wr. minor, Jn. Raphis acaulis, W. Chamaerops, 
 
 Mx. (2) campanulata, L. (3) gracilis, E. (4) Chlora dodecandra, L, 
 
SABBATIA, SAGITTARIA. 40& 
 
 divisions of the corol. Var. erccta, E. stem rigid, erect: leaves linear: corol 10- 
 parted; segments lanceolate. Var. coriacea, E. stem erect, sparingly branched: 
 lower leaves sub-oval: corol thick, coriaceous, 8-parted. Var. fleruosa, E. stem 
 flexuous: leaves lance-linear: corol I'i-parted; segments long, lanceolate: stigmas 
 revohite? 2—3 f. -S'. P. Y. B. 
 
 corymbosti, Bald. (1) )w. Au. 2i-) leaves ovate, acute, closely sessile: stem some- 
 what angled: flowers corymbed: divisions of the cai/yx subulate, shorter than the 
 corol. Var. anoiislifolia, leaves linear or lance-linear: calyx nearly as long as the 
 corol. 1 f. S. Charleston, S— C. 
 
 panicHitita, Mx. (2) (w. Au. ZT-) very branching: panicle diffuse: leaves lance- 
 linear: stem sub-terete; brandies alternate. 1. — 2 f. Y. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 brachiata, E. (r. Ju. ) leaves lanceolate: panicle long; brandies brachiate, about 
 
 3-tlowered: corol twice as long as the calyx. 
 gentianoidcs, E. (r. Au.) leaves long, linear: flowers axillary, sessile; upper ones 
 
 crowded: corolabout 10-parted. S^C. 
 
 3—^2. Sac'charum. 10. Gram. lax. nut-sug-(-. 
 
 Ex^otic. 
 
 offi-cinarum, (sugarcane.) flowers panicled, in pairs,, one sessile and one pedicelled: 
 paleas awnless. From the East Indies. 
 
 Saccharum, Erianthus, 
 
 4 — 4. Sagi'na. 82. Gary. dem. 
 
 procumhens, (pearl-wort. w. g. J. 21-) stem procumbent, glabrous; petals very short. 
 At New Haven it grows mostly in running water, or very wet shady places, form- 
 ing a kind of water mat: but it grows along dry road-sides in other places. 3 — 4 i. 
 S. T. Y. C. R. F. PI. N. 
 
 ppetala, (annual pearl-wort. J. ^.) stem erectish, pubescent: flowers sub-apetalous. 
 Both species have linear, glabrous, connate leaves, and axillary flowers. P. 
 
 fontinulis, Short and Peter. (,Ap. 0.) apetalous: stem procumbent, branchmg, dicho- 
 tomous above: leaves opposite, linear-spatulale, entire: pedicels solitary, alternate, 
 longer than the leaves. 8 — 15 i. K. 
 
 erecta, L. ( -0. } glabrous: stem about 1-flowered: leaves linear, acute: peduncles 
 strict: sepals, petals and stamens 4. 2 i. Introduced. 
 
 19 — 12. Sagitta'ria. 13. Alis. r. amy. sago-like. 
 
 sarrittifolia, (3) (narrow-head. O. w. Ju. 21.) leaves lanceolate-acute, sagittate; lobes 
 TanceolatAacute, straight. Var. latifoLia, leaves ovate, sub-acute, sagittate; lobes 
 ovate, slightly acuminate, straight. Var. major, leaves large, abruptly acute: scape 
 sub-ramose. Var. hasliila, T. leaves oblong-lunceolate, acute; lobes spreading, 
 lanceolate, long, acuminate: flowers mostly dioecious. S. Iiustnla, 7th edition. 
 Var. ffr/icilis, T. leaves linear; lobes nmch spreading, linear, very long, acute, S. 
 gracilis, former editions. Var. puhcsceiis, T. leaves and stem pubescent: bracts and 
 calyx very pubescent. S. piibescens, 7lh edition. 1^2 f &'. Mch. 
 
 obttisa, W. ("vV.w. J. 21-) leaves hroadrovate, round-obtuse, mucronate-sagittate; 
 lobes approximate, oblong, obliquely acuminate, straight, scape simple: bracts 
 ovate, acute. Dioecious. S. P. C. K. 
 
 JietcropkijlLa, Ph. (O. w. Au. 2i.) leaves simple, linear and lanceolate, acute at both 
 ends, or oval, acute, at the base obtuse, sagiitate; lobes spreading, linear: scape 
 simple, few-flowered: pistillate flower sub-sessile: bracts broad-ovate, acuminate. 
 8—12 i. Mch. 
 
 Saccharum. Lat. sarcJiarum, from the Arabic soukar, from which in most languages 
 
 the name for sugar has been derived. 
 Sagina. Lat. sagiao, to cram or fatten, birds feeding upon plants of -this order. 
 Sagittaria. Lat. sagitta, an arrow, the leaves presenting an evident analogy. 
 
 (1) paniculata. Var. angustifolia, Ph. (2) Svvertia difformis, L. (3) latifolia, W. 
 
406 / SAGITTARIA, SALIX. 
 
 rigida, Ph. (w. Ju. H.) leaves narrow-lanceolate, keeled below, rigid, verj^ acute at 
 both ends: sc.ipe ramose. Grpws in deep water. C. Oswego, N. Y. 
 
 gramiucH, Mx. (1) (w. Ju. Zf.) leaves linear, lung, 3-nerved: scape simple, few-flow- 
 ered: bracts oblong, obtuse. P. Y. C. Canada. 
 
 simplex, Ph. (w. Ju. if.) leaves lance-lincar, acute, narrow below: scape simple, 
 many-flowered: bracts and sepals round, obtuse. Perhaps a variety of the last. 
 8. Y. 
 
 acutifolia, Ph. (w. Ju. Z[.) leaves subulate, sheathed at the base,, convex on the back: 
 scape simple, few-flowered: bracts dilated, acuminate. P. Y. N. C. B. F. 
 
 pttsiUa, N. (Au. 0.) leaves linear, obtuse, short; summits foliaceous: scape simple, 
 shorter than the leaves: flowers few; pistillate ones solitary,deflected: stamens 
 about 7. Leaves rarely subulate, about the twelfth of an inch wide. In mud. 
 1—3 i. T. Y. P. C. 
 
 natans, Mx. (w. Ju. 2X0 leaves floating, lance-oval, obtuse, 3-nerved, tapering to the 
 base; lower ones sub-cordate: scape simple, few-flowered: lower peduncles elonga- 
 ted. S. P. Charleston, S— C. Florida. 
 
 lancifoUa, (2) (w. J. Zf-) leaves broad-lanceolate, acute at each end,-glabrous, coriace- 
 ous, somewhat perennial: scape simple: seed compressed, sub-falcate. 2 — 3 f. 
 C. N. 
 
 1 — 1. Salicor'nia. 29. Chen. asc. calh — . 
 
 herbacca, (samphire, glasswort. JL^Au. 0.) herbaceous, spreading: joints compressed 
 at the apex, emarginate-bifid. Var. virginica, has the branches undivided, and the 
 jointed spikes very long. The fructification is very obscure, but it may be known 
 by its leafless nearly cylindric jointed branches. It giows in salt marshes along 
 the seaboard. 12 — 18 i. -S. B. C. Onondaga salt springs. Salina. 
 
 tnucronata,Bw. (dwarf samphire. L. Au. C^.) low, herbaceous: joints quadrangular 
 at the bottom, compressed, and truncate at the top: spikes oblong, with mucronate 
 scales. B. ■ ' 
 
 amligua, Mx. (L. Ju. 2X. ^?) perennial, procumbent, branching: joint crescent- 
 shaped, small: spikes alternate and opposite; calyx truncate. Y. 
 
 20—1. Sa'lix. 99. Salic, b. ton. feb. 
 1. Leaves entire, or ohsolctehj serrate. 
 
 viminalis, Hn. (basket willow, y. Ap. T^.) leaves lance-linear, very long, acuminate, 
 entire, sub-undulated, white-silky beneath; glands scattered near tlie margin: 
 stipules small: aments precede the leafing: scales almost round, very hairy: germs 
 sessile, ovate; style filiform; stigmas acute, undivided. Introduced. S. B. 
 
 cari'dida, W. (white willow. Ap. \ .) leaves lance-linear, very long, obsoletely den- 
 ticulate at the apex, pubescent .above, white downy beneath; margins revolute: 
 stipules lanceolate, about equalling the petioles: aments precede the leafing, cylin. 
 dric: scales lance-obovate, down very long. 3 — 4f P.' Catskill Mt. 
 
 muh'lenhergia'nti, W. (3) (speckled v.illow. W. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceo^te, acutish, 
 sub-entire, wh.ite-hairy, rugose-veiny beneath; margin revolute: stipules lanceolate, 
 caducous: aments precede the leafing: scales oblong, with villose margins: germs 
 lance-ovate, silk-villose, long-pedicelled; styles short; stigmas 2-cleft. Scales of 
 the ament tipped with led. 3— .5 f S*. P. N. T. C. D. Mch. 
 
 tristis, A. (mourning willow. W. Ap. T^.) leaves lance-linear, acute at both ends, 
 entire; margin revolute, smoothish above, rugose-veined and downy beneath: sti- 
 pules none: aments precede tlie leafing, oblong. Resembles the last species. 
 3—4 f. S. P. Y. C. T. O. W. 
 
 recuTvatn, Ph. (shrub willow. W. A. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, entire; 
 margin glandular, glabrous, glaucous beneath; in the young state silky: stipules 
 none: aments precede leafing, recurved: scales black at the apex; hairs of the 
 length of the germs: germs ovate, short-pedicelled, silky; styles short; stigma 
 2-cleft. Probably a variety of S. rosviarinifoiia. 2—3 f. P. T. 
 
 Salicornia. Lat. sal (salis) salt, from the taste, and co?-«?i, a horn, alluding to the 
 
 shape of the branches. 
 Salix. Lat. salio, to rise or spring up, from their rapid growth, or from the Celtic sa^, 
 
 near, and lis, water, where many of the species grow. 
 
 (1) graminifolia, M. ' (2) falcata, Ph. (3) incana, Mx. tristis, M. alpina, W. 
 
SALIX. 407 
 
 rcpens, W. (I) (creeping willow. J. ^.) creeping: leaves lance-oval, entire, acute, 
 glabrous, somewhat silky beneath: stipules none: aments proceiie the leafing, 
 ovate; scales obovale. oaluse', hairy, sooty-yellow at the apex: germs ovate-oblong, 
 pedicelleti, pubescent; style short; stigma ^-lobed: capsules glabrous. Very small. 
 Found on tiie Wliite hills, by.Bigelovv and Booit. 
 
 reticulata, W. (J. h.) creeping: leaves round-oval,, obtuse, very entire, glabrous, 
 net-veined, glaucous beneath: stipules none: aments flower after leafing, pe- 
 duncled, diandrous; scales obovate, obtuse, pubescent: germs ovate, sessile, villose; 
 stigma sub-sessile, 2-parted. From Labrador, with the next five species. 
 
 vcstita, Ph. (J. T . 1 creeping: leaves rojandish, entire, glabrous above, net-veined, 
 covered beneath with very long, appressed, silky hairs: stipules none: aments 
 flower after leafing, peduncled, linear, silky: germs ovate, sessile, villose; style 
 deeply 2-parted; stigmas 2-cleft. 
 
 uva-ursi, Ph. (M. h.') depressed: leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, very entire; mar- 
 gin sparingly glandular belqvv, glabrous, shining above; stipules none: oments 
 flower after leafing, lax; scales oblong, ciliate: germs ovate, pedicelled, glabrous; 
 style 2-parted; stigma 2-lobed. Resembles Arbutus 7iL-a-2irsi. 
 
 cordifulia, Ph. ( ^.) depressed: leaves oval, sub-acute, cordate at the base, very 
 entire, net-veined, gkbrous above, pale beneath; nerves and margin pilose beneath: 
 stipules semi-cordate. 
 
 ohoviitd, Ph. (M. ^.) diffuse: leaves obovate, obtuse, very entire, glabrous above, 
 silkj'-villose beneath: stipules none: aments flower at leafing time, sessile, oblong, 
 diandrous; scales obovate; apex black, pilose. T. C. 
 
 planifulia, Ph. ( >-.) erectish, divaricate: branchlets smooth: leaves lance-oblong, 
 acute at each end, serrulate m the middle, very glabrous, spreading^ flat, discolored; 
 stipules none. 
 
 proslrnta, S. ( \ .) leaves without stipules, obtusely dentate, oval-acute, glaucous- 
 silky beneath: stem prostrate. 
 
 pediccUnris, Ph. (stem-berried willow. Ap. Tp.) branchlets smooth: leaves lance-obo- 
 vate, acute, entire, both sides glabrous, and colored alike: stipules none: aments 
 flower at leafing-time, peduncled, glabrous; scales oblong, scarcely pilose, but 
 half as long as tlie ;)edicels: germs ovate-.oblong, glabrous, with very long pedicels; 
 stigma- sessile, 2-cleft. N. T. Catskill iMt. 
 
 lamberiiana, W. (Ap. ^.) leaves nearly opposite, lance-obovate, acute, glabrous, 
 sub-serrate at the apex, discolored: stipules none: aments precede the leafing; scales 
 round, black: filament one; anthers two: germs sessile, oval-ovate, silky; style short; 
 stigmas ovate, emarginate. Introduced? T. 
 
 rosmarinifolia, (rosemary willow. W. Ap. \ .) leaves straight, lance-linear, acute at 
 both ends, entire, sub-glandular at the margin, caducous pubescent above, silky 
 beneath: stipules narrow-lanceolate, erect: aments precede the leafing, ovate, 
 recurved; scales oblong, obtuse ciliate: germs pedicelled, lanceolate, villose; stigma 
 ■sub-sessile, 2-cleft. 3 f. .S'. P. D. T. Mch. 
 
 fuscatu, Ph. (sooty willovv. Ap. '^.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, glabrous, sub-ser- 
 rate, glaucous beneath, in the young state pubescent: stipules very narrow: aments 
 precede the leafing, nodding; scales obtuse, scarcely liairy witiiin: germs short 
 pedicelled, ovate, silky; stigma sessile, 2 lobed. P. 
 
 2^ Leaves remotely and ohtvsely serrate. 
 
 conifera, VV. (2) (rose willow, cone-gall willow. W. Ap. T-.) leaves lance-oblong, 
 remotely serrate, acute, glabrous above, flat and downy beneath, the first year's 
 growth glabrous: stijjules lunulate, sub-dentate: aments precede the leafing; scales 
 lanceolate, obtuse, villose: germs pedicelled, lanceolate, silk}-; style 2-cleft; stigma 
 2-lobed. The scaly cones are mere excrescences or galls. Caused by the stings of 
 insects. 4—8 f. .S'. T. B. F. D. N. Mch. 
 
 vujricoides, W. (gale leaf willow. W. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-oblong, acute, 2 glands 
 at the base, glabrous, glaucous beneaih: stipules ovate, acuminate, glandular-ser- 
 rate: aments flower at leafing time, villose, leafy at the base; scales lanceolate, 
 obtuse, villose. dark-colored: germs long-pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous; style 2- 
 cleft; stigma 2-cleft. -S'. C. D. N. 
 
 prinoides, Ph. (Ap. ^).) leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely wave-serrate, glabrous, 
 
 (1) depressa, Iln. polymorpha. Eh. (2) eriocephala, Mx. longirostris, Mx. 
 
 the elder. 
 
408 SALIX. 
 
 glaucous beneath: stipules half-cordate, gash-toothed: aments precede the leafing, 
 villose: germs pedicelled, ovate, acuminate, silky; style long; stigma 2-cleft. 6 — 8 f. 
 S. P. Y. W. T. F. N. D. . ■ 
 
 discolor, W. (bog-willow, red-root willow, basket willow. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong, 
 obtusish, glabrous, reriiotely serratf, entire at the apex, glaucous beneath: stipules 
 caducous, lanceolate, serrate: aments flower near leafing time, oblong, downy; 
 scales obluiig, acute, dark-colored, hairy: germs sub-sessile, lanceolate, downy; 
 stigma 2-pai ted. >S'. 
 
 ungustata, Ph. (VV. Ap. y.) leaves lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually tapering 
 to the base, serrulate, glabrous, both sides colored nearly alike: stipules half-cor- 
 date: aments precede the leafing, erect, smoothish: germs pedicelled, ovate, gla- 
 brous; style •2-cleft: stigma 3-lobed. Resembles /^rmoirfes. P. T. 
 
 longifolia, (W. long-leaf willow. W. M. ^.) leaves linear, acuminate at both ends, 
 elongated, remotely denticulate, glabrous, both sides colored alike: stipules narrovr 
 lanceolate, denticulate: aments flower after leafing, peduncled, downy; scales flat, 
 retuse: filaments bearded at the base, twice as long as the scales. 2 f. S. P. T. D. 
 
 3. Leaves closehj and acutchj serrate. 
 Remark. The first six of the following species have about 3 stamens to each flower. 
 
 bahylo'nica, (weeping willow. W.' M. ^.) branchlets pendant: leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate, serrate, glabrous, upper and lower sides of different colors: stipules 
 roundish, contracted: atnenls flower at leafing time: germs sessile, ovate, glabrous. 
 Supposed to be the willow on which the Israelites hung their harps, when captive 
 in Babylon. Introduced. <S'. T. P. C. 
 
 purshiana, Ph. (I) (W. ^>.) leaves long, lance-linear, gradually tapering above, sub- 
 falcate, acute at the base, close serrate, glabrous both sides, in the young state 
 silky: stipules lunulate, toothed, deflected. Branches very slender and brownish. 
 S. P. C. N. 
 
 ni<rra, VV. (2) (brittle-joint willow, black willow. W. M. \ .) leaves lanceolate, acute 
 at both ends, serrulate, same color both sides, glabrous; petioles and midribs downy 
 above: stipules contracted, toothed: aments flower at leafing time, erect, cylindric, 
 villose; scales oblong, very villose: filaments 3 to 5, bearded at the base: germs 
 pedicelled, ovate, .glabrous; styles very shoit; stigma 2-cleft. 20 f. <S. T. P. C. 
 D. N. V. Florida. Mch. 
 
 lucida,W. (shining willow. VV. M. fp .) leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 
 rounded at the base, serrate, glandular, glabrous both sides, shining: stipules ob- 
 long, glandular-serrate: aments flower in leafing time; scales lanceolate, obtuse, 
 hairy at the base, serrate at the apex, glabrous: germs lance-subulate, glabrous; 
 style 2-cleft; stigma obtuse. Size between shrub and tree. S. C. F. D. N. 
 Mch. 
 
 rigida, W. (3) (stiff- leaf willow. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, sub-cordate 
 at the base, rigid, glabrous, sharply serrate; lower serralures elongated; petioles 
 villose: stipules broad-cordate, obtuse, glandular-serrate: aments flower ai leafing 
 time; scales lanceolate, dark-colored, woolly: germs long-pedicell^d, lanceolate, 
 glabrous; style very short; stigma 2-paited. Branches red towards the end, in the 
 young state pubescent. Used also in basket-making. S. P. Y. T. VV. N. 
 
 Mrdala, \V. (heart-leaf willow. Ap. \ .) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, cordate at 
 the base, sharply serrate, glabrous, paler beneath: stipules broad, round-ovate, 
 cartilaginous-serrate: aments flower at leafing time; scales lanceolate, dark-colored, 
 woolly: germs pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous; style very short; stigma 2-cleft. 
 6—8 f ^. P. T. W. F. N. V. 
 
 grisea, W. (4) (grey willow. W. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 
 glabrous above, downy on the midrib, silky or naked beneath: stipules linear, de- 
 flected, caducous: ament precedes the leafing; scales oblong, hairy, dark-colored 
 at the apex: germ oblong, pedicelled. silky; stigma sessile, obtuse. Joints brittle 
 at the base. 8 f S. P. W. C. N. 
 
 alba. (M. ^ .) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, silky on both sides; lower serra- 
 tures glandular: stipules obsolete: aments elongated, flowering at leafing-time; 
 
 (1) falcata, Ph. (2).caroliniana, Mx. pentandra, Wr. vulgaris, Clayton. 
 
 (3) cordata, Mx. cordifolia, Banks. (4) sericea, M. 
 
SALIX, SALVIA. 409 
 
 scales lance-oval, one-colored, pubescent: germs sub-sessile, ovate-oblong, at length 
 glabrous; style short; stigma 2-parted, thick. Introduced. /S. C. 
 
 vileLLi'na, (yellow willow. M. \ .) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thickly serrate, 
 glabrous above, whitish-silky beneath: stipules none: aments flower in leafing time, 
 cylindric: scales lance-ovate, botli sides colored alike, pubescent without: germs 
 sessile, lance-ovate, glabious; stigma sub-sessile, 2-lobed. Middle size tree. Var. 
 alba, has the leaves white-silky both sides, and very long aments. This variety is 
 usually the tallest. S. T. P. C. F. N. B. V. 
 
 ambigiia', Ph. (W. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, both sides of the 
 same color, glandular-serrate: aments flower in leafing times the pair of nectaries 
 large, with lanceolate, deformed lobes, toothed at the apex, glabrous: the terminal 
 florets have 3 stamens. Resembles the viteUina. Y. F. 
 
 decip'iens, Hn. (Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate at each end, very gla- 
 brous, both sides colored alike; petioles glandular-toothed: stipules round: aments 
 flower at leafing time; scales obovate, villose: staminate nectaries paired: germs 
 sub-sessile, lanceolate, glabrous; stigmas sessile, 2-partedi Branches very brittle. 
 Introduced. ^. T. 
 
 peliolaris, W. (Ap. h .) leaves lanceolate, wholly serrate, smooth, glaucous-silky be- 
 neath, generally unequal at the base: stipules lunulate, toothed, small: aments 
 precede the leafing, loose; scales obovate, obtuse, having black hairs: germs long- 
 peduncled, ovate silky; stigmas sessile, 2-lobed. Y. 
 
 russcUana, \V.{^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous: aments flower 
 in leafing time: florets generally with 3 stamens: germs pedicelled, subulate, 
 smooth; styles elongated. Tall tree. Introduced. 
 
 myrsini'les, W. (M. ^.) leaves oval-ovate, wholly serrulate, both sides glabrous, 
 shining and colored alike; stipules lanceolate-serrate: branches rough: aments 
 flower a little before leafing time, erect, cylindric; scales lance-oblong, jlong-villous: 
 germs lance-ovate, sessile, silky: stigmas sub-sessile, 2-cleft. Labrador. 1 f. 
 
 hcrbacca, W. (A. Ju. \ .) leaves round, sub-retuse, serrate, glabrous and shining on 
 both sides: stipules none: aments flower after leafing, few-flowered; scales obovate, 
 obtuse, villose: germs oblong-ovate, sub-sessile, glabrous; stigmas very short, sub- 
 sessile. On the north-west coast. Smallest of all the species. 1 i. 
 
 eriocephala, Mx. (rose willow. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong-oval, somewhat retuse at the 
 base, serrulate: twigs downy: aments oval, very villose. Probably a variety of 
 coni/era. Diandrous. C. 
 
 Southern, 
 houstoniana, Ph. ( >:.) leaves lance-linear, acute, finely serrate, glabrous, shining, 
 one-colored: stipules none: aments flower at leafing time, cylindric, villose; scales 
 ovate, acute: filaments 3 — 5, bearded to the middle. 
 
 5 — 2. Salso'la. 29. Chen. ase. lax. 
 
 kali, (salt-wort. L. Ju. 0.) herbaceous, decumbent: leaves channelled, spinose: 
 calyx margined, axillary. Var. caroliniana, leaves dilated, shorter, terete, nerve- 
 less, spinose: stem smooth or hairy: calyx with a broader margin. Seed cochleate. 
 S. B. C. 
 
 tragus, (L. Ju. ^.) herbaceous, spreading, smooth: leaves subulate, fleshy, mucro- 
 nate-spinous: flowers sub-solitary: calyx sub-ovate, margin flattened, discolored^ 
 
 soda, (L. 3^.) herbaceous, smooth: branches ascending: leaves semi-terete, acutish? 
 fruit-bearing calyx transversely carinate in the middle, sub-membranaceous. Y. 
 
 Salsola, Chenopodicm. 
 2 — 1. Sal' VIA. 42. Labi. con. sto. aro. dysp. 
 
 urticifolia, (nettle sage. A. b. J. 21-) villose-viscous: leaves ovate-oblong, toothed, 
 decurrent along the petiole: calyx 3-toothed; upper segment .3-tootheri. 8. Y. S-C- 
 
 lyrata, (wild sage, cancer weed. W. b. JVI. 2i.) radical leaves lyrale, toothed: upper 
 lip of the corol very short: stem nearly leafless, reverse-hairy. Var. obovata, has? 
 the leaves obovate, repand. 1—3 f 5f. P. Y. Canada, Florida. S— -C. 
 
 Salsola. From Lat. salsus, salt. 
 
 Salvia. Lat. salvo, to save, from its medical properties. 
 
 52 
 
410 SALVIA, SAAfGUISORBA. 
 
 claytoni, E. (1) (vervain sage. W. b-p. J. 2i-) leaves heart-ovate, sinuate, tootiiecl, 
 rugose: teetk of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. 1. f. iS'. K. 
 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis, sage. b. J. Zf. or Tp.) leaves lauce-ovate, crenulate: whorls few-flowered: 
 
 calyx mucronate. 
 sclara, (clarry. $.) leaves rugose, cordate below; above oblong, villose, serrate: 
 
 floral bracts longer than the calyx, concave, acuminate. 
 spleadens, (scarlet sage. r. 2i-) leaves ovate and lance-ovate, flat, smooth beneath: 
 
 flower long; calyx and corol scarlet, downy: style exsert. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 azurea, Lk. (2) (b. w. Au. H.) leaves lance-linear; lower ones serrate: stem and 
 leaves smooth: calyx pubescent, short-3-cleft. 4 — 6 f. S — C. 
 
 coccinea, (r. Ju. 21.) leaves cordate, acute, tomentose, serrate: corol twice as long as 
 the calyx and narrower. 1 — 2 f. S — C. 
 
 trichosteinmnidcs, Ph. (W. b. =2.) leaves lanceolate, serrate: racemes terminal: flow- 
 ers opposite: corol equal to the 3-clel't calyx: stem brachiate-branched. 
 
 obovata, E. (Ju.) leaves large, obovate, toothed, pubescent; whorls 6-flowered. 181. 
 
 21—1. Salvi'nia. 5. Fili. sec-stim — . 
 
 nutans, (3) (W. ^.) leaves oval, obtuse, with fascicled bristles above; petioles pilose: 
 fruit sub-sessile, aggregate. 
 
 5 — 3. Sambu'cus. 58. Capr. diu. b. cat. 
 
 canadensis, (black-berried elder. O. w. J. h .) branchlets and petioles glabrous; leafets 
 about in 4 pairs, oblong-oval, glabrous, shining, acuminate: cyme lax, divided in- 
 to about .5 parts. 8— 15 f. S. Mch. 
 
 pul/esccTis. Ph. (4) (red-berried elder. W. A. w. M. Tp.) bark warty: leafets in 2 pairs, 
 lance-oval, pubescent beneath: flowers laceme-panicled, or in a crowded bunch. 6 
 —12 f. S. T. N. C. O. F. V. JNlch. 
 
 5 — 1. Samo'lus. 35. Prim. sop. 
 
 valeran'di, (brookweed, water pimpernell. w. Ju. 21-) leaves obovate: racemes elon- 
 gated; pedicels bracted near the middle. Damp. 8 — 12 i. S. O. P. Y. C. N. T. 
 F. B. M. Mch. S— C. 
 
 Sou til em. 
 
 ebracteatus, Kunth. (W. w. 2i.) stem short, robust, smooth, divided at the base: 
 leaves obovate, obtuse, somewhat fleshy, attenuate at the base; racemes elongated, 
 sub-pubescent; pedicels filiform, without bracts. 
 
 12 — 1. Sanguina'kia. 62. Papa. r. acr-nar. sed. cat. feb. 
 
 canadensis, (blood-root. O. w. Ap. 7i-) leaves sub-reniform, sinuate-lobed: scape 1- 
 flowered. A variety, stenopetala, has linear petals. 6 — 10 i. S. Mch. 
 
 4 — I. Sancuisor'ba. 92. Sang. ton. 
 
 canadensis (burnet saxifrage, vv. Ju. 7S-) flowers in a. long cylindric spike: stamens 
 several times longer than the corol. The leaves resemble the burnet. 3—5 f. S. 
 T. Y. P. N. B. C. O. Mch. 
 
 Salvinia. In honor of Salvini, Professor of Greek at Florence. 
 
 Sambucus. Gr. sambuke, Heb. sahncca, an instrument of music, supposed to have 
 
 been made of the hollow stem of this plant. 
 Samolus. From Samoa, an island in the Archipelago, whence first obtained; or from 
 
 the Celtic words san, salutary, and rnos, pig, having been used as a general remedy 
 
 in diseases of swine. 
 Sanguinaria. Lat. sanguis, inis. blood, from the color of its juice. 
 Sanguisorba. Lat. sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb, from its having been used 
 
 as vulnerary. 
 
 (1) verbenaca, M. (2) acuminata, M. anguslifolia, Mx. mexicana. Wr. 
 
 .(3) Marsilea, L. (4) pubens, Mx. 
 
SANGUISORBA, SARRACENIA. 411 
 
 viedi/i, (great burnet, A. r-\v. Ju. 2j;.) spikes cylindric: stamens a little longer than 
 the corol: spikes shorter, tinged with red. Ph. A doubtful species. T. S. P. 
 Canada. 
 
 5 — 2. Sanic'dla. 60. Umbe. r. stim. deob. 
 
 marylfindka, (sanicle. O. w. J. If.) leaves digitate; leafets oblong, gashed: part of 
 the flowers are fertile, sessile and sub-ternale; the others are barren, pedicelled, and 
 the most numerous. Van canadensis, leaves sub-ternate; leafets ovate, coarsely 
 toothed. 2— 3f. S. Mch. 
 
 canadensis, L. ( ZfO '^'i^es all cut-palmate; segments petioled; divisions gash- 
 
 serrate: lateral ones two-parted: flowers polygamous; slaminale ones shortly pedi- 
 celled: lobes of the calyx entire. Canada. 
 
 menziesii, H. ( ) caulescent: leaves longly petioled, cordate, deeply trifid; seg- 
 
 ments broad-ovate, cuneate, variously lobed, gasli-serrale, serratures very acute, 
 mucronate-ciliate: umbels sub-compound; leafets of the involucels lanceolate, acute, 
 equalling the umbel. 1 — 2 f A. 
 
 arctopioides H. ( ) somewhat stemless: leaves longly petioled, deeply 3-parted; 
 
 divisions elongated-cuneate; lateral ones bifid, intermediate trifid; all sub-ciliate- 
 pinnatifid: peduncles scarcely longer than the leaves: leafets of the involucre 
 foliaceous, lanceolate, very entire, longer than the simple, compact umbel. A. 
 
 bipinnatifida, Doug. ( ) caulescent: lower leaves bipinnatifid, longly petioled; 
 
 segmeuts remote, obovate, or lance-obovate, acute, gash serrate; serratures very 
 acute: rachis very acutely dentate: peduncles elongated: umbels compound, sub- 
 proliferous; umbellets globose. R. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tridinvm, Dc. ( g. 21-) leaves longly petioled, glabrous, cut-3-parted; segments ob- 
 long, unequally dentate, lobed at the apex; radical ones sub-palmate; lateral ones 
 two-parted: flowers all perfect. Louisiana. 
 
 17 — 1. Santoli'na. 5.5. Anth. h. bit. odo. 
 Southern, 
 suaveofens, Ph. (lavender cotton. W. y. J. 0-) glabrous: stem corymb-branrhed: 
 leaves sub-bipinnatifid; divisions acute, linear: peduncles terminal, 1-flowered. 
 Sweet scented. 
 
 8 — 3. Sapin'dus. 65. Sapi. sap. acr. 
 SuiUhern. 
 marginatus, ( f-.) unarmed: rachis narrow; margined above: leafets lanceolate, 
 
 6-paired: fruit sub-conical. Georgia. 
 
 10—2. Sapona'ria. 82. Cary. dem. cata. 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis, (soapwort, bouncing bet. w. J. If.) calyx cylindric: leaves lance-ovate, 
 opposite, sub-connate, entire. Probably introduced, and naturalized. 10 — 18 i. 
 Mch. 
 vaccaria, (field soapwort. r. Au. ^.) calyx 5-cornered, cone-ovate: leaves ovate, acu- 
 minate, sessile. Naturalized. 6—18 i. W. M. 
 
 12—1. Sar'racen'ia. 62. Sarr. cat—. 
 purpurea, (side-saddle. O. p. J. Zf.) leaves radical, short, gibbose-inflated or cup- 
 
 Sanicula. Lat. sano, to heal, having been formerly celebrated for its healing quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Santolina. Supposed from santalum, saunders; it smelling like the saunders wood; 
 or to be the diminutive of sancta, a holy little herb; in allusion to some reputed 
 virtues. i r • l • j 
 
 Sapindus. From Lat. sopo Indus, Indian soap, the rind of the fruit bemg used as 
 soap. 
 
 Saponaria. Lat. sapo, soap, its bruised leaves being said to produce a lather. 
 
 Sarracenia. In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, an ingenious Frenchman, who introduced 
 many rare plants into France. 
 
412 SARRACENIA, SAXIFRAGA. 
 
 form, contracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing; the contracted 
 part of tlie base hardly as long as the inflated part. Scape with a single, large 
 nodding flower. In marshes. 1—2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 heteropliyUu, Ea. (y. J. 21.) leaves radical; outer ones long-funnel-form, not contract- 
 ed at the mouth, having a narrow, straight, lateral wing; the contracted part at 
 the base about twice as long as the inflated part; the inner leaves short, gibbose- 
 inflated, contracted at the mouth, liaving an arched lateral wing, the contracted 
 part at the base hardly as long as the inflated part: style longer than the filaments. 
 The whole plant palish yellow, and very slender. Intermediate between purpurea 
 and flava. In swamps at Northampton, Mass. 12 — 30 i. A remarkably distinct 
 species, but very rare. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 rubra, Wr. (r-p. Zf.) leaves slender; lateral wing linear; appendage ovate, erect, 
 obtuse, mucronate, contracted at the base. C — 10 i. S— C. 
 
 flava, Mx. (y. J. 2i.) leaves large, funnel-form; tiiroat expanding; lateral wing near- 
 ly warning; appendage erect, contracted at the base, reflesed at the sides. 18 — 
 24 i. S-C. 
 
 variotaris, Mx. (1) (y. J. 2X.) leaves slightly ventricose, with the tube near the sum- 
 mit spotted on tlie back; appendage arched, incurved; lateral wing slightly dilated. 
 12 — 18 i. Charleston, S — C. 
 
 drummondii, Croom. (p. A.) leaves very long, erect; tube dilated above, with very 
 narrow wing; the upper portiotT, as well as the orbicular erect lamina, whitish and 
 strongly reticulated with purplish veins: flowers purple. Florida. 
 
 psittacina, JMx. (p. March. A. ) leaves short, reclined, marked with white spots; tube 
 inflated, with a very broad, semi-obovate wing; lamina ventricose, recurved so as 
 nearly to close the tube; flower purple. Georgia, Florida and La. 
 
 13 — 1. Sature'ja. 42. Labi. aro. slo. con. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 hortensis, (summer savory, b-w. Ju. 0.) peduncles axillary, somewhat in a cyme: 
 
 leaves lanceolate, entire: stem brachiate. 
 montana, (winter savory, ^.) peduncles somewhat 1-sided: segments of tlie calyx 
 acuminate, mucronate: leaves nmcronate. 
 
 Satyrium, Neottia, Goodyeka. 
 7 — 4. Sauru'rus. 98. Saur. ton — . 
 
 cemvus, (lizard's tail, breast weed. W. Au. If-) stem angular, sulcate: leaves alter- 
 nate, heart-oblong, acuminate. Rare in New York, east of Cayuga Lake — abun- 
 dant west of it. 1—2 f. O. P. H. F. Y. C. D. Canada. Mch. S— C. 
 
 17 — 1. Sahsso'rea. 51. Eric. diu. ast. 
 
 aJpiJift, Dc. ( ) leaves lanceolate, dentate woolly beneath; radical ones 
 
 lance-ovate, petioled: flowers corymbed, crowded: scales of the involucie oblong, 
 villose above. Var. dtasa, stem sub-decumbent: leaves sub-glabrous, dense, almost 
 all narrow-lanceolate, corymb glomerate. Var. remotifoliu, stem erect, striate: 
 leaves glabrous, rigid, narrow-lanceolate; upper ones minute. R. 
 
 montic.ola, Rich. ( ) sparingly woolly: leaves linear, very entire: leafets 
 
 of the involucre oblong-cylindric, villose, lanceolate, acute. A. 
 
 10—2. Sax'ifra'ga. 84. Saxi. ton—, emo. 
 
 1. Leaves radical, unditidcd: stem nearly naked. 
 
 aizo'on, W. (W. H.) leaves aggiegate, spatulate, acutish glabrous, with cartilaginr 
 ous teeth: stem simple, leafy, pilose: caly^ glabrous. 3i. 
 
 Satureja. From Arabic, ss'alar, the name given to labiate, aromatic plants. 
 iSaururus. Gr. suura, lizard, and oura, tail, from the shape and scaly appearance of 
 
 the long spike of flowers. 
 Saxifraga. Lat. saxum, rock, and frnngo, to break, from their supposed quality of 
 
 breaking stone in the bladder. See Parkinson's herbal. 
 
 (1) minor, Wr. adunca, S. 
 
 1 
 
SAXIFRAGA. 413 
 
 stellaris, W. (w. Ju. 2i-) leaves wedge-form, serrate, pilose at the margin: stem sim- 
 ple, naked: petals acute: capsules superior. Labrador. 
 
 scr/njUiJ'uliu, Pli. (W. 21-) erect: leaves small, oval, glabrous: stem 1-flowered, few- 
 leaved: petals obovale. 
 
 androsa' ceil, Vh. (\V. w. 2|;.) pubescent: leaves petioled, linear-spatulate: stem leafy, 
 1 — 2-riowered. 
 
 hronclduUs, W..(W. Zf.) stoloniferous: leaves imbricate, subulate, flat, mucronate, 
 spinose, ciliate: stem nearly naked, panicied. <S'. 
 
 nivalis, (alpine saxifrage. W. w. J. Z{.) leaves roundish-wedge-form, crenate-before, 
 decurrent into the petiole: stem naked, simple, racemes crowded. 2 i. 
 
 virginicnsis, Mx. (1) (rock saxifrage. O. w. i\J. If.) minutely pubescent: leaves oval, 
 obtuse, crenate, decurrent into tlie petiole: flowers sub-sessile on the dichotomous 
 branches of an almost leafless scape. 1 — 15 i. S'. 
 
 geum, W. (W. 2X.) leaves reniform, toothed, veinless and pilose on both sides: stem 
 naked, panicied. 
 
 pennsyhunica, (water saxifrage. O. g-w. J. 1(.) pubescent: leaves lance-oblong, 
 acute, tapering lo the base, obsoletely denticulate: scape leafless: panicle oblong, 
 witi) fascicled branches at the top. 1 — 4 f. <S'. Mch. 
 
 laurentiana, Dc. (Zf.) radical leaves long petioled reniform, 5 — 7-lobe-crenate, gla- 
 brous: stems and peduncles with strong hairs: flowers few, sub-capitate: bracts 3 
 — 5-lobed: cal^-x shorter than the corol. Canada. 
 
 Imcan' ihcmifo' Liu , Mx, (A. w. r. y. Ju. Zf-) very hirsute: stem somewhat naked: leaves 
 elongated-spatulate, acutely toothed: stems divaricate dichotomous: panicle capil- 
 lary, lax: calyx reflexed: petals unequal. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 erosa, Ph. (A. y-g. Ju. 2i.) nearly glabrous: stem naked: leaves lance-oblong, acute, 
 erose-dentale: panicle oblong; branches divaricate, very branching, lax-llowered; 
 pedicels filiform. 
 
 jamesii, T. ( W. p.) leaves reniform, crenate-toothed, papillose-punctate on both sides, 
 nearly glabrous: stem short, few-flowered: divisions of the calyx triangular-ovate, 
 acute, glandular-pubescent: petals orbicular with long claws. 1 — 2 i. 
 
 Jinibriata, Don. (2) ( 21) canescent: floral heads very crowded, spherical: 
 
 peduncles solitary, one-flowered, naked, an inch long: sepals ovate, obtuse, ciliate 
 at the margin: leaves appressed-imbricate, orbiculate-obovate, with membranace- 
 ous and ciliate margins, long-fimbriate. 1 i. A. 
 
 sciiii'pubcscens, Sweet, (y. 2i.) root furnished with long, thick fibres: leaves 
 
 not petioled, oblong-oval obtuse, very glabrous, denticulate: flowers pedicelled, dis- 
 posed in dense corymbs: ^calyx pilose-glandulous; sepals triangular-ovate, acute: 
 petals ovate, obscurely three-nerved, somewhat equalling the calyx. Maryland. 
 Cultivated. 
 
 arguta, Don. ( li-) scape glabrous: panicle very simple: leaves reniform-rotund, 
 gash-serrate, glabrous; petioles filiform: sepals oblong, acute: petals ovate, many- 
 nerved: pistils very short. 
 
 neboniutia, Don. ( w. Zf.) sub-cespitose: scape very simple, covered on all sides 
 with long soft hairs: thyrse ovate: leaves orbiculate-cordate, sub-peltate, gash-' 
 eerrate, hirsute beneath; petioles very long, filiform: sepals triangular-ovate, acute: 
 petals oval, small. A. 
 nutans, Dc. ( ) cespitose: stem one-leaved: raceme nodding, few-flowered: 
 
 leaves radical, reniform, longly petioled, coarsely gash-toothed, bearing short, rigid 
 close-piessed hairs: short pedicels and calyx pilose-glandulous: (Pbes of the calyx 
 lanceolate acute, o-nerved: petals obovate, 3-nerved, nerves llexuose, very branch- 
 ing. A. 
 rcflexa, H. ( ) hoary-pubescent: leaves ovate, sub-coriaceous, opake, gash- 
 
 serrate, attenuated into the petiole: scape naked: panicle very glabrous, compact, 
 corymbose: petals obovate, bimaculale, scarcely twice as long as the reflexed, ob- 
 tuse calyx: filaments many, abortive, dilated, petaloid: ovarium free. A. 
 integrifoLia, H. ( ) whole plant very viscid-pubescent: leaves radical, ovate, 
 
 sub-membranaceous, very obtuse, very entire or very smoothly sinuate-crenate, 
 copiously reticulate-veined: scape elongated, naked, panicied at the apex: panicle 
 lax, broad or contracted, bracled: petals obovale, twice as long as the spreading, 
 very glabrous, at length sub-reflexed calyx: ttamens short: ovarium entirely free: 
 styles diverging. 8 — 10 i. R. 
 
 (I) nivalis, M. vernalis, Bw. virginica, N. (2) eschscholtzia, Sternb. 
 
414 SAXIFRAGA. 
 
 hieracifulia, Dc. ( r. ) scape stiffly erect, sub-pilose: leaves petioled, obo- 
 
 vate-spatulate, repand-toothecl, ciliate, coriaceous: flowers spiked, subsessile: 
 lobes of tlie calyx ovate, broad, of llie length of the tube: petals ovale, reddish, 
 withering, scarcely equalling the calyx: filaments purple: capsule prominent, pur- 
 ple: carpels divaricate at the apex; siyles very sliort; stigmas sub-hemispheric. 
 A. 
 
 daliwica, Pall. ( ) very glabrous: leaves wedge-fanform, decgrrent into the 
 
 petiole, deeply gash-toothed above: scape leafless, lax-paniclad, bracted: bracts 
 linear, very entire: petals bi-punctate, obovate, somewhat twice as long as the re- 
 flexed calyx: filaments often pelaloid. 1\. A. 
 
 folivLosa, Br. ( ) leaves radical, cuneate sub-dentate: scape divided, branches 
 
 one-tlowered at the apex, beneath covered with dwarf fasciculate leafets: calyx be- 
 low obovate: divisions of the petals cordate-lanceolate. A. 
 
 punctata, L. ( ) leaves radical, longly petioled, reniform-cordate, rotund, 
 
 membranaceous, pilose, reticulate, deeply, coarsely and equally dentate, not mar- 
 gined; teetli entire, parted, often acute: scape naked: flowers small, panicled: pa- 
 nicle glandulous, bracted: bracts minute, linear: filaments very often abortive, pe- 
 laloid: calyx reflexed. A. R. 
 
 hetaranl/ia, H. ( Zf.) sub-pubescent: leaves radical, longly petioled, reni- 
 
 form-cordate, membranaceous, veiny, many lobed; lobes shortish, somewhat 3- 
 toothed: teeth acute, beardless: scape naked: flowers panicled, often abortive: 
 some filaments clavate, others jretal-form: ovarium free: calyx reflexed: branches 
 often bulbiferous below. 9 i. R. 
 
 2. Leaves undivided: stem lenfy. 
 
 oppositifolia, W. (p. M. 21-) cespitose: leaves cauline, opposite, imbricate, ovate, ob- 
 tuse; upper ones ciliate: flowers terminal, solitary, sessile. Labrador. 
 
 aizoides, W. (y. U.) decumbent, cespitose: leaves canline, linear, alternate, tooth-ci- 
 liate: panicle few-flowered: petals as long as the calyx. 
 
 setig'era, Ph. (1) (VV. w. U-) pubescent: leaves radical, aggregate, spatulate, acute, 
 spinose-ciliate: stem leafy, about 2-flowered: calyx hispid: very long setaceous 
 twigs in the axils of the leaves. 
 
 hirculus, ( ) leaves canline, alternate, lanceolate, naked, unarmed: stem erect. 
 
 North Somerset. 
 
 exarala, V. (2) ( ) cespitose: leaves 3— .5-cleft; upper ones linear, entire, 
 
 glandulous-pubescent; segments linear, acutish: flower-bearing stem slender, 
 scarcely leafy, 3— 5 (lowered: flowers corymb-racemed: ovarium adhering to the 
 tube of the pubescent calyx: petals obovate, 3-nerved, scarcely twice as long as the 
 calyx. R. 
 
 sHeniflora, Cham. ( ) stem cespitose, stoloniferous, short: leaves rigid, in 
 
 dense bunches of 3's, 5's and 7's, very shining, as if varnished, many-nerved, hir- 
 sute-pubescent; segments linpar, acutish: stem floriferous, elongated, pubescent- 
 glandulous, panicled above: flowers largish: ovarium adhering to the lube of the 
 glandular-pubescent calyx; segments obtuse: petals obovate, 3-nerved, twice as 
 long as the calyx. A. • 
 
 petraa, Lin. ( -^.) glandulous-pilose: leaves fleshy 3-lobed; radical ones 
 
 cordate; lobes gashed, somewhat longly-petioled; cauline ones sub-cuneate; upper 
 ones undivided: peduncles and ovaria glandulous-hispid below: divisions of the ca- 
 lyx oblong, erect: petals obovate, retuse. R. 
 
 ranunadifolia H. ( w. ) sub glandulous-pubescent, slender: lower leaves very 
 longly petioled, reniform, three-parted; segments broad-cuneate, gash-lobed; cau- 
 lineones few: flowers corymbed, pentandrous: petals obovate, twice as long as 
 the acute- glandulous calyx. R- 
 
 richardsoidi, H. ( ) stem glandulous, leafy, pubescent above: leaves longly 
 
 petioled, orbicular-cordate, crenate-lobed, veiny; margin and veins glandulous be- 
 neath: glands pedicelled: raceme compound, somewhat spike-form: lanceolate 
 bracts and pedicels glandulous: petals obovate-elliptic, short-unguiculate, very 
 acute nerved; about twice as long as the acuminate segments of the calyx: sta- 
 mens 5. A. 
 
 (1) flagellaris, Sternb. (9) nervosa, Lapeyr. 
 
SAXIFRAGR, SCHIZANDRA. 415 
 
 3. Leaves lohcd. 
 
 ritiilaris, S. (w. J. ZIO frpct: leaves petio'ed, palmate, upper ones spatulate: stem 
 fevv-Howered: looi fiL'roiis; germ iialf inleiior. La!)ra(lor. A. R. 
 
 sibcriai, \V. (w. 21-) ascendin<(: leaves renirorin, palmate, pilose; cauline ones ses- 
 sile; petioles hirsute: pedicels very long, fjlitbrm, 2-ciet't, naked. Labrador. 
 
 pectiiuilii, Ph. (W. 2_f,) cespitose: stems numerous, leat'v: leaves 3-lobed; lobes 3- 
 cleft, linear, acute, glabrous; midrib furrowed: flowers racomed. 
 
 caspitoio., VV. (\V. y. J. ZI-) leaves radical, aggregate, fleshy, linear, obtuse, eritire 
 or 3-cleft, nerved beneath: stem erect, nearly naked, ("ew-flowered: petals twice as 
 long as the calyx. Var. grcenlandica, leaves cauline, palmate, many cleft; divi- 
 sions acute. 
 
 tricufpiiliita, W. (w. J. 2i.) leaves radical, aggregate, wedge-form, ciliate, acutely 
 3-toolhed: stem ascending, racemed; petals lanceolate, thrice as long as the calyx. 
 Hudson's Bay. 
 
 cernua, (A.) leaves cauline, palmate, petioled: stem very simple, l-flowered, bulbif- 
 erous. 
 
 mixta, P. (A.) leaves digitate, (3 cleft.) minutely nerved, sub-hirsute: anthers sagit- 
 tate: stigma hooded, reflexed; stem sub-viscous, 2 — 3-floweied. Is this a variety 
 of ccEspitosa? 
 
 nudiaiuLis. Don ( w. If.) scape erect, naked, terete: leaves reniform, palmate, 
 glabrous; lobes ovate, mucronale: flowers panicled: lobes of the calyx triangular- 
 ovate, acute: petals obovate, a little longer than the calyx. A. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 sarrncntosa, (beef-steak, creeping saxifrage, w. Au.ZT.) leaves roundish, toothed, hairy, 
 sending off creeping shoots: 2 petals in each flower elongated. 
 
 4 — 1. ScABio'sA. 56. Scab. ton. 
 Exotic. 
 
 stdiala, (star scabious, cats eye. y-w. <0.) corol 5-cleft, radiate: leaves cut and jag- 
 ged: outer crown of the nut orbicular, large, spreading, membranaceous, many- 
 nerved. 
 
 atropurpurea, (sweet scabious, r. TJ..) corol 5-c.left, radiating: leaves pinnatifid and 
 cut: receptacle cylindric: outer ciown of the nut short, lobed and crenate. 
 
 Scundix, Uraspermum. 
 
 C — 3. Scheuchze'ria. 7. June. ton. fod. 
 
 palustris, (less flowering rush. g-y. M. 2i. ) stem glabrous: leaves semi-cylindric, 
 sheathing at the base; each having a lateral pore on the inner side, immediately 
 below the cartilaginous tip. In ponds and marshes. 1 f. P. T. V. Mch. 
 
 21 — 1. Schiz>5:'a. 5. Fill, sec-stim. 
 
 pusiUa, Ph. (one sided fern. Ju. ZT.) frond simple, linear-compressed: spikes con- 
 glomerate, indexed one way. Tiie only known locality of this interesting little 
 fern is near Quaker-bridge, New-Jersey, in a swamp. 3 — 6 i. Y. 
 
 19 — 5. Schizan'dra. 77. Meni. r. ton. diu. dijsu. 
 
 Suuthern. 
 
 coccinea, Mx. (r. & y. M. T^.) glabrous: leaves alternate, lanceolate, sub-denticulate, 
 petioled, sometimes sub-cordate. Climbing. 10 — 15 f. 
 
 Scabiosa. Lat. scabies, itch, from its sudorific qualities and supposed efBcacy in 
 cutaneous diseases. 
 
 Scheuchzeria. In honor of two brothers, Scheuchzer, distinguished botanists. 
 
 Schizsea. Gr. scltezo, to cleave asunder, in allusion to the cloven appearance of the 
 spikes. 
 
 Schizandra. Gr. schizo, to split, and aner, a stamen, because the stamens are near- 
 ly separated by fissures in the receptacle. 
 
416 SCHOENUS, SCIRPUS. 
 
 3—1. Schoe'nus. 9. Cype. fod— . 
 
 mariscoides, IM. (water bog rush. Ju. 21.) culm terete or sub-sulcate, leafy; leaves 
 channeled, semi-terete: umbel terminal: fascicles of spikes three on each peduncle: 
 pericarp rounded at the base. 2f. P. Y. Mch. 
 
 Southern, 
 hispid'ulus, Vahl. ( ) peduncles axillary and terminal, 3-spiked: spikes globose, 
 
 pedicelled: leaves filiform, hispid. 
 effusus, Sw. (saw grass. Au.) culm leafy, obtusely 3-angled: leaves prickly forwards: 
 panicle terminal, very long, diffuse: pericarp ovale, longitudinally wrinkled. 6 — 
 10 f. 
 
 Schoerms, Rhynchospora. 
 
 3 — 1. Schol'lera. 17. Pont, ton — . 
 
 graminifolia, W. (1) (yellow-eyed water grass. O. y. Ju. 21.) leaves all linear, grass- 
 hke: stem slender, fioaiing. 6 — 18 i. Mch. 
 
 15 — 10. Schrank'ia. 93. Legu. asc. 
 Exotic. 
 sensUiva, (2) (sensitive plant.) ptickly: leaves pinnate; leafets in pairs, inmost ones 
 minute. 
 
 Southern, 
 uncinata, (3) (sensitive briar, p. Ju. 2iO stem prostrate angled, prickly: leaves alter- 
 nate, abruptly bipinnate; leafets small, sub-oval, gibbous at the base, thinly pilose, 
 irritable. 2—3 f. S— C. 
 
 Schubertia, Cupressus. 
 13—2. Schwal'bea. 40. 37. Sciop. cath. eme. scro. 
 
 ■americana, W. (chaff seed. p-y. J. 2^.) simple, pubescent: leaves lanceolate: racemes 
 terminal: flowers alternate. 2 f. S. Y. 
 
 Schiceiniizia, Monotropsis. 
 
 6 — 1. Soil LA. 16. Asph. exp. nar. stim. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 maritima, (squill, w.) scape long, naked, many-flowered: bracts bent back. Root 
 
 bulbous. 
 
 Scilla^ Phalangium. 
 
 3—1. Scir'pus. 9. Cype. fod—. 
 
 1 . Pericarp surrounded icith bristles at the base. 
 
 ( Style articulated to the seed, base dilated and persistent. Seed of ten lenticular. 
 
 Eleocha'eis. Br.) 
 
 tenuis, W. (4) (club rush. O. Ju. 21.) culm very slender, quadrangular: spike ovaL 
 
 Schoenus. Gr. schoinos, a cord, given as a name to a rush, of which cords were 
 made. 
 
 Schollera. In honor of Frederick Adam Scholler, a teacher at the Moravian College 
 in Germany. 
 
 Schrankia. In honor of Francis Schrank, Prof, of Botany, at Ingolstadt, and Land- 
 sheet. 
 
 Schwalbea. In honor Christian Schwalbe, a German botanist. 
 
 Scilla. Gr. skullo, to injure, its root being as well a poison as a medicine; or from 
 asgil, the Arabic name of the root. 
 
 Scirpus. Lat. scirpus, a rush. De Theis derives it from Celt, cirs, a reed or rush. 
 (1) Leptanthus gramineus, Mx. Heteranthera, Ph. (2) Mimosa, 4th edition. 
 
 •(3) Mimosa horridula, Mx. intsia, Wr. (4) marginatus, M. E. 
 
sciRPus. 417 
 
 acute at each end: glumes ovate, obtuse: stamens 3: sljles 3-cleft: pericarp rugose. 
 
 8— 12i. S. Mch. 
 glauctis, T. {L. 3u. U.) cu\m maiiy-angled, glaucous: spike ovate, acute: glumes 
 
 ovate, obtuse or emarginale: stamens 3: styles 2-cleft. 1 f. 
 ;7a/MS<Ws, (marsh club rush. W. J. 2+'.) culm round, inflated; spike lance-oblotig: 
 
 glumes somewhat obtuse: poricarp roundish, punctate, rugose: bristles scabrous. 
 
 18-24 i. S. P. Y. B. C. N. D. Mch. 
 aipitdtus, (W. Ju. 1[.) culm leriete or sub-compressed: spike ovate, obtuse: pericarp 
 
 oval, compressed, smooth. 6'. B. P. O. F. N. Mch. 
 acicvlaris, (1) (W. Ju.) culm setaceous, quadrangular: spike ovate, acute, 3—6 flow- 
 ered: glumes somewhat obtuse: stamens 3: styles bifid: pericarp obovate. 3 — 6 i. 
 
 S. B. P. C. O. F. N. Mch. 
 fnisillus, Vahl. (L. Au.) culm compressed and sub-angular: spike ovate, compressed: 
 
 pericarp obovate: stamens 3: style 2 — 3 cleft. 1 i. &'. C. N. 
 intcrmcdius, M. (W. S. ) culms cespitose, quadrangular sulcate: spikes ovate, oblong; 
 
 glumes acutish: stamens 3: style 2 cleft: pericarp broad-obovate, compressed: tu- 
 bercle distinct. 3—4 i. W. Y. P. N. 
 pUinifulius, M. (J.) culm triangular: radical leaves linear, flatj nearly equalling the 
 
 culm: spike terminal, oblong, compressed, shorter than the cuspidate bracts at the 
 
 base. 8 i. P. W. N. V. B. Mch. 
 subtcrminalis, T. {Au.) cu\m floating, sulcate, inflated, leafy below: spike solitary, 
 
 somewhat terminal, lanceolate: style 2-cleft: pericarp 3-angled. 3 f. N. Mch. 
 ctEk-pitosus, (scaly rush, Ju.) culms cespitose, terete: spikes ovate, few-flowered: lower 
 
 glumes bract-like as long as the spike: sheaths with rudiments of leaves. Var. 
 
 cnlLosvs, glumes thickened and cartilaginous at the tips. 8 i. N. 
 
 ( Slyle filiform^ not bearded, caducovs. Scirpus. L.Br.) 
 
 americamts, P. (2) (W. Au.) culm nearly naked, 3-angled, sides concave, spikes lat- 
 eral, 1 — 5j ovate, conglomerate, sei^sile: glumes round-ovate, mucronate: pericarp 
 3-angIed, acuminate. One variety has 3—5 spikes nearly terminal: another has 
 generally a solitary spike remote from the extremity of the culm. 3 — 5 f. <S. B* 
 C. F. N. K. Mch. 
 
 delilis, M. (Au.) culm cespitose, deeply striate: spikes about 3, lateral, ovate, sessile: 
 glumes ovate, obtuse, mucronate. 8 — 12 i. S. P. Y. B. C. N. Mch. 
 
 lacustris, {3) {W. J.) cu\m terete, attenuated above, naked: panicle sub-terminal: 
 spikes peduncled, ovate. 4—8 f. 6\ P. C. O. F. N. T. K. Mch. 
 
 aattuf, iVI. (Ju.) culm terete, (not attenuated.) spotted: peduncles numerous, sub-lat- 
 eral: spikes oblong; glumes pubescent, mucronate. 4 f. P. Y. T. B. C. Mch. 
 
 atrovircns, M. (W. Ju.) culm triangular, leafy: cyme terminal, compound, prolifer- 
 ous; involucre 3-leaved: spikes conglomerate, ovate, acute: glumes ovate, raucro- 
 nate, pubescent. 2 f. P.M. 
 
 bninneus, M. (4) (Au.) culm leafy, obtusely triangular: cyme decompound: involucre 
 3 — 4-leaved: spikes round-ovate, clustered in heads of about sixes: glumes ovate, 
 obtuse. 2—3 f. S'. P. Y. C. N. Mch. 
 
 macro stachijus, M. (5) (VV. L. Au.) culm triangular, leafy: corymb clustered; invo- 
 lucre about 3-leaved, very lon^: spikes oblong: glumes ovate, 3-cleft: middle seg- 
 ment subulate and reflexed: style 3-cleft. 3—4 f. S. B. C. T. Peekskill. 
 Mch. 
 
 pendulus, M. (6) (J.) culm triangular, leafy: leaves striate, margin scabrous: spikes 
 oblong-cylindrical, solitary: glumes 1-valved, imbricate, acuminate, ovate, white! 
 pericarp 3-sided; pistil 3-cleft. 3 f. 
 
 { Style filiform, caducous. Bristles much longer than the seed. Trichophorum. P.) 
 
 eriophorum, Mx. (7) (red cotton grass, O. Au. If.) culm obtusely triangular, leafy: 
 panicle decompound, proliferous, nodding: spikes all peduncled: bristles surround- 
 ing the pericarp, exsert. 4 — 5 f. S. J\lch. 
 
 linmtus, Mx. (W. Au.) culm 3-angled, leafy; panicles terminal and lateral, decom- 
 pound, at length nodding: involucre 1 — 2 leaved: spikes ovate: glumes lanceolate, 
 somewhat carinate: bristles longer than the pericarp. 2 — 3 f. S. M. N. Mch. 
 
 (I) trichodes, M. E. capillaceus, Mx. pusillus. Ph. (2) triqueter, Mx. 
 
 (3) validus, Vahl. Ph. (4) exaltatus, Ph. (5) robustus. Ph. maritimus, Bw. E. 
 (6) brizoides, W. (7) Eiiophorum cyperinum, L. Trichophorum cyperinum P 
 
 53 
 
418 SCLERIA, SCLERIA. 
 
 2. Seed nuked at the base. 
 ( Style simple at the base, Jiot articulated to Uie seed, caducous. Isolepsis. Br. ) 
 
 SMJsywarrosMs, M. (1) (Au. ZC?) culm triangular, nearly naked, incurved; spikes 3, 
 nearly terminal, ovate: glumes somewhat squarrose at the top: involucre 2-leaved, 
 very lonor, unequal. 2 i. .S. P. C. N. Mch. 
 
 capiUaris. (2) (W. Au. Q.) culm nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary: spikes ovate. 2 — 3 
 of them peduncled, with an intermediate sessile one. S i. S. P. C. N. Mch. 
 
 autumnaUs, (W. Au. 71.) culm couipressed, ancipitous: umbel compound: involucre 
 2 leaved: spikes lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided. 8 — 12 i. S. N. Peeks- 
 kill. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 simplex, E. (W. J. If.) culm terete: spike somewhat ovate: glumes obtuse: pericarp 
 obovate, 3-angled. 8—13 i. 
 
 filiformis, Vahl, (Au.) spike cylindric, oblong, obtuse: scales roundish: pericarp nak- 
 ed at the summit: culm filiform. 
 
 geniculntus, Vahl. (Ju.) spike ovate-oblong: scales round-ovate: cuhn terete, growing 
 in distinct clusters. 
 
 iuberculatus, Mx. {Au.) culm terete, striate: glumes very obtuse, loose, appressed: 
 pericarp somewhat 3-angled: tubercles sagittate, larger than the seed. 12 i. N. 
 
 quadrungulatus, Mx. (M. 2£. ) culm acutely 4-angled; 3 sides concave; one wider, 
 flat: spike cylindric: glumes very obtuse. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 equisetoides, E. (J.) spike cylindric, terminal; scales very obtuse: culms terete, doubly 
 jointed. Resembles Equisetum hyemale. 18 — 24 i. Mch. 
 
 mucronatus, Vahl. (Au. ) leafless: spikes oblong: scales entire, acuminate: culm 3- 
 angled. Mch. 
 
 stenophyilus, E. (Au. %.) culm filiform, obtusely 3-angled: leaves setaceous: involu- 
 cre 4-leaved, very long: spike clustered: glumes mucronate. 3 — 5 i. La. 
 
 coarclatus, E. (3) (Oct.) umbel compound, crowded: spikes small, lance-linear: in- 
 volucre, setaceous, with one of its leaves longer than the umbel: leaves filiform, 
 concave on one side. 1 f. La. 
 
 castaneus, Mx. (4) (Ju.) spikes ovate-oblong, obtuse: involucre 2-leaved, rigid, as 
 long as the compound umbel. 
 
 sulcatus, E. (Au.) spikes lance-ovate, sometimes acuminate: umbel compound, as 
 long as the involucre: pericarp longitudinally furrowed. 1 f 
 
 nitens, Vahl. (Ju.) spikes ovate, pedicelled: corymbs generally compound, axillary 
 and terminal: culm terete. 
 
 divaricatus, E. (J.) culm obtuse-3-angled: umbels decompound, divaricate: spikes 
 oval, pendulous. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 schoenoides, E. ( ) culm 3-angled: panicles decompound, axillary and terminal, 
 
 pendulous: spikelets clustered, pericarp obovate, rugose, surrounded by bristles. 
 2—3 f. 
 
 sylr.aticus, Mx. (wood rush. 2/.) spikes oblong, crowded: corymb leafy, more than 
 decompound: scales oblong, obtusish, green: culm leafy, 3-angled. 
 
 ovatus. Vahl. (Ju. 2X.) spike ovate: scales oblong: flowers somewhat diandrous: 
 culm' sub-compressed: sheaths unarmed. 
 
 Scirpus, FiMBBisTVLis, Rhynchospoka. 
 10—2. Scleran'thi-s. 30. Scle. ton. 
 
 annuus, (knawel, gravel chickweed. O. w-g. J. 0.) calyx of the fruit spreading, 
 acute: stem spreading, sub-prostrate. 
 
 19—3. Scle'ria. 9. Cype. fod. 
 triglomerata, Mx? E. (5) whip grass. J. U.) culm acutely triangular^ scabrous: 
 
 Scleranthus. Gr. sideros, hard, and anthos, flower, on account of its dry calyx. 
 Scleria. Gr. skleros, hard, on account of the hard and polished fruit. 
 
 (1) minimus. Ph. (2)ciliatifolius, E. (3) castaneus, M. (4) Fimbristylis, Vahl. 
 
 (.5) Elliott says, this is not the triglomerata of Pursh, but may be of Mx. Pursh's 
 description is as follows: trislomerata, (J. 21.) culm erect, simple, 3-sided, scabrous: 
 leaves scabrous at the marg'in: fascicles few-flowered, terminal: glumes ovate, mu- 
 cronate, scabrous: nuts globose, acute, rugose. 
 
SCLERIA, SCUTELLARIA. 419 
 
 leaves lance-linear, channelled, a little scabrous, sparingly pilose: spikes fascicled, 
 lateral and terminal: glumes ciliate: nut smooth. 2 f. S. P.Y.N. Rich. 
 
 paucijiora, M. (1) (Au. 21.) culm 3-angled, glabrous: leaves linear, glabrous: spikes 
 lateral and terminal, few-flowered; lateral ones pendulous: terminal ones clustered: 
 glumes glabrous: nut rugose. 1~ — 18 i. S. P. Y. 
 
 verticillata, M. (Au. U.) culm simple, 3-sided; culm and leaves glabrous: spike naked, 
 with alternate distant glomerules: glumes glabrous; nut globose, mucronate, trans- 
 versely rugose-warty. 1 f S. P. 
 
 reticvlata, Mx. (Ju. ) culm and leaves glabrous: sheatlis winged: spikes scattered, 
 axillary and terminal: glumes and bracts glabrous: imt reticulate, dotted. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cligantlia, E. (M. ) culm slender, 3-angled, glabrous: leaves narrow, nerved, slight- 
 ly scabrous: spikes 2 — 3, sub-terminal, sessile; one lateral, one remote, iong- 
 peduncled: not very smooth, shining. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 gracilis, E. ( ) culm filiform, 3-angled: culm and leaves glabrous: spikes few- 
 
 flowered, fascicled, sub-terminal: glumes glabrous: nut smooth, shining. If. 
 
 ciliata, Mx. (J.) culm erect, glabrous, nearly naked: leaves linear, channelled, pubes- 
 cent above: spikes terminal, clustered: bracts and glumes ciliate: nut rugose. 1 
 — 2f. 
 
 Jiirtelln, Mx. (Ju.) culm erect, slender: culm, leaves and bracts a little hirsute: 
 spikes terminal and axillary: glumes pubescent: imt transversely-rugose. Var. 
 strigosa, angles of the stem, margins and inid-ribs of llje leaves more hirsute: 
 glumes ciliate; nut tuberculate-rugose. Perhaps a distinct species. Elliott. 
 
 inltrriipta, Ms. ( ) culm simple, 3-angled: culm and leaves pubescent: spike glo- 
 
 meiate, naked; clusters alternate, distant: glumes bristly: nut globose, mucronate, 
 transversely warty-rugose. 
 
 21 — 1. ScoLOPEN'DKiiJM. 5. Fill, sec-sti. 
 
 qfficinaruin, W. (2) (caterpillar fern. W. Ju. 2X-) frond broad-lanceolate, cordate at 
 the base: stipe chafiy. 8 — 10 i. Onondaga, N. Y. 
 
 Scorzonera, Borkausia. 
 13 — 2. Scrophula'ria. 37. Scro. cat. erne. 
 
 marylandicfi , (3) (fig-wort. O. g-p. J. 21.) leaves cordate, serrate, acute, roundish at 
 the base; petioles ciliate below: fascicles of the panicle lax, few-flowered. 3 — 7 f. 
 .ST. Mch. 
 
 nceolala. Ph. fg-y. Au. 2i.) leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, acuminate, acute 
 at the base: petioles naked: fascicles of the panicle corymbed. 3 — 5 f. &'. P. 
 
 T. Peekskill. Mch. 
 
 13 — 1. Scctella'ria. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. hyd. 
 
 iaferiflora, (mad-dog scull cap, hood-wort. O. ,b. Ju. 2X. ) branching, glabrous: leaves 
 long-petioled, ovate, toothed; cauline ones sub-cordate: racemes lateral, leafy. 
 Damp. 1— 2f. .S. Mch. 
 
 galerimla'ta, (scull-cap. O. b. J. 21.) branching: leaves sub-sessile, lance-ovate, sub- 
 cordate at the base, crenate, a little white-downy beneath: flowers axillary, soli- 
 tary or in pairs. Flowers large. Damp. 12 — 18 i. Mch. 
 
 Scolopendrium. Gr. skolopendra, the centipede, so called from the number of its roots 
 and blanches, or from little marks on the front resembling this insect. 
 
 Scrophularia. Lat. scrop/iu/a, the king's evil, because it )s used in this complaint. 
 
 Scutellaria. Lat. scutellum, a little shield, from the shape of the lid of the calyx; or 
 from sciitiUa, a small vessel, on account of the figure of the calyx. 
 
 (1) Torrey, in a letter to Dr. Darlington, says, this is not the pauciflora of Pursh. 
 Pursh's description is as follows: paucijloiu, {Au. 2i.) culm erect, simple, 3-angled, 
 scabrous: leaves narrow-linear, channelled, scabrous at the margin: tascicles few- 
 flowered, in pairs, terminal; one very remote, axillary; nut globose, acutish, trans- 
 versely rugose. 
 
 (2) Asplenium scolopendrium, L. (3) nodosa. Var. americana, Mx. 
 
420 SCUTELLARIA, SEDUM. 
 
 gracilis, N. (W. b. J. Zf.) stem sub-simple: leaves remote, broad-ovate, toothed, 
 smooth, sessile, scabrous on the margin; upper ones smaller, entire: tlowers axil- 
 lary. Resembles th6 last. 12— 18 i. P. C. 
 
 parvu/M, Ms. ( VV. b. J. 21-) minutely pubescent, simple, or branching from the base: 
 leaves entire, obtuse, sessile, revolute at tlie margin, veined beneath; lower ones 
 short-petioled, sub orbicular, sub-cordate at the base; upper ones oblong-ovate, 
 gradually smaller: flowers axillary, solitarj', opposite: root (or subterraneous stem) 
 with tuberous internodea and rootlets from each joint. Probably synonymous with 
 S. ambigua, Ni 3 — 6 j. 8. M. P. This improved description is given by Dr. 
 Aikin. Mch. 
 
 lavigata, Aikin, (W. b. M. 21.) simple, smooth: leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, coarse- 
 serrate, entire at the base and extreme apex, acute, or sub-acuminate, sub-ciliate, 
 tapering to the base, veined, glabrous, paler berjeath: raceme simple, terminal, 
 flowers opposite, bracted, sub-pubescent, erect; upper bracts smaller, entire: 
 flowers large. Iv!— 18 i. M. 
 
 integrifolia, ( W. b. Ju. 2i-) somewhat simple, densely pubescent: lower leaves ovate, 
 crenate, tapering to the base; upper ones lance-linear, obtuse, entire, sessile: ra- 
 cemes lax-flowered, leafv. Var. %sso/)//u/(a, has the leaves all linear. 1 — 2f. S. 
 P. C. H. N. S— C. k. 
 
 pilosa, Mx (1) (b. J. If.) nearly simple, pubescent: leaves remote, rhomb-ovate, ob- 
 tuse, round-crenate, rugose, petioled; lower ones sub-cordate: racemes panicled: 
 flowers crowded: bracts lanceoiaie, entire. 18 — 24 i. iS. H. S — C. K. 
 
 canescfins, N. (W. b. Zf.) branching: leaves ovate, acute, acutely toothed, petioled, 
 hoary-villose beneath: lower ones siib-cordate: racemes axillary and terminal, pedi- 
 celled, sub-panicled: bracts lance-ovate, longer than the calyx: bracts and flowers 
 hoary villose. 2 — 3 f S. Harper's Ferry. 
 
 cortbfoLia, M. (2) (W. b. w. Au. 2i.) leaves broad-cordate,-acute, obtusely toothed; 
 petioles long: racemes opposite and terminal: bracts ovate, acuminate: stem 
 branching. 2—3 f. -S. P. K. Mch. 
 
 resinosa, T. (W. b.) minutely glandular-pubescent, very branching: leaves ovate, 
 very obtuse, abruptly narrowed at the base, very entire, sprinkled on each side with 
 resinous dots: flowers axillary, villose. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nervosa, Ph. (b. Au. Zf.) nearly simple, glabrous: leaves sessile, ovate, toothed, 
 nerved: raceme terminal, lax, leafy. 
 
 angustifolia, Ph. (W.J. 21-) simple, finely pubescent: leaves linear: flowers axil- 
 lary, opposite: stamens sub-exsert. 
 
 serratu, Ph. (b. Ju. Zf.) branching, pubescent: leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, short- 
 petioled: racemes terminal, lax, often panicled: bracts lanceolate, short. S — C. 
 K. 
 
 viUosa, E. (J.) stem erect, branching, villose: leaves large, lanceolate, acute at each 
 end, coarse-toothed, villose beneath, hispid above: racemes panicled: flowers 
 crowded. 2^3 f. 
 
 fiirsuta, ( ) stem erect, simple, sparingly branched hirsute: leaves petioled broadr 
 ovate, crenate, obtuse, hirsute: bracts ovate, ciliale: caXyx hairy. 1 — 2 f. Dis- 
 covered by H. A. Griswold, on the borders of marshes around Louisville, Ky. 
 
 3—2. Seca'le. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 cereale, (rye. J. ,3'.) glumes and bristles scabrous-ciliate: paleas smooth. Introduced. 
 
 10—5. Se'dum. 86. Port. ton. 
 
 ternatum, Mx. (false ice-plant. W. w. J. 21.) small, creeping: leaves flat, round- 
 spatulate, ternate: flowers somevvhat 3-spiked. Varies into the eighth class. Cul- 
 tivated. S. P. H. M. K. S-C. 
 
 Secale. Lat. secale, rye: from Celtic scgal, of sega, a sickle, by which name were 
 known all plants cut with a sickle. 
 
 Sedum. Lat. .ser/o, to sit, because it grows on the face of rocks, ant} looks as jf sit- 
 ting upon them. 
 (1) caroliniana, Wr. (2) versicolor, N.? 
 
SEDUM, SENECIO. 421 
 
 ■elephioides, Mx. (p. Ju,) leaves broad-lanceolate, acute at each end, dentate: corymbs 
 
 niany-tlowered. 1 f. S. F. Harper's Ferry. M. 
 nntlaUii, T. (W. ) leaves roundish, flat, entire, scattered: cymes terminal, tricho- 
 
 toinoiis. 
 lanceoldtum, T. (VV. w.?) leaves flat, sub-aUernate; lower ones crowded, lance-oblong, 
 
 aciitish, glabrous, with the margin glandular-serrulate: stem branching, assurgent: 
 
 flowers cyme-corymbed; petals lanceolate, spreading. 
 
 Ei:otic. 
 
 tclcpliiiim, (orpine, live-forever, r. w. Ju. 2+.) leaves flattish, tooth-serrate, thickly 
 scattered: corymb leafy: stem erect. 
 
 anucavipscros, (stone-crop. 21-) leaves wedge-form, entire, sub-sessile; stem decum- 
 bent: flowers corymbed. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 pulchdlum, Mx. (W. p. ) glabrous: stems assurgent: leaves scattered, linear, ob- 
 tuse: cyme many-spiked: flowers sessile, octaiidrous. 
 
 pvsiUian, Mx. (1) (w. Ju. ZZ.) erect, glabrous: leaves alternate, nearly terete, ob- 
 long: flowers sub-terminal, few, alternate, sub-pedicelled. 2 — 4 i. S — C 
 
 stenopetaluni, Ph. (W. y. Ju. 21.) glabrous, stems ascending: leaves scattered and 
 crowded, adnate-sessile, compressed-subulate, acute: cyme terminal, thrice-dicho- 
 tomous: spikes recurved: flowers sessile, decandrous: petals linear, much longer 
 than the calyx. 
 
 rhoduila, Dc. ('2) (VV. g. y. 2i.) erect, simple: leaves imbricate, sessile, obovate, 
 acute, fleshy, glaucous, toothed above: cymes terminal, branching. 8 i. 
 
 14 — 1. Sele'nia. G3. Cruc. asc. dia. 
 Southern, 
 avren, N. (W. y. 0.) stem glabrous, sub-divided at the base, acute-triangular: leaves 
 smooth, somewhat succulent; radical ones sub-bipinnalifid, sessile: peduncles ax- 
 illary, angular. 4 — 6 i. 
 
 Selinum, Cnidium. 
 
 12 — 12. Sempervi'vusi. 83. Cras. h. coo. muc. lax. 
 Exotic. 
 
 tedorum, (houseleek. Au. Zf.) leaves ciliate: bulbs spreading: nectaries wedge-form, 
 crenulate. 
 
 arhorevm, (tree houseleek.) stem woody, smooth, branching: leaves wedge-form, gla- 
 brous, with soft spreading hairs. 
 
 Senebiera, Lepidium. 
 
 17 — 2. Sene'cio. 55, Eupa. sec-stim. 
 
 1. Florets tubular: rays none. 
 
 Remark. The three first species vary from the character of the section under 
 which the genus is placed; being destitute of rays. 
 
 vulgaris, (groundsel. W. y. J. 21-) leaves mostly clasping, sinuate-pinnatifid, tooth- 
 ed: flowers panicled: stem erect, branched. Perhaps introduced. 12 — 20 i. T. 
 P. B. Mch. 
 
 kierac if alius, (fire-weed, O. w. J. Q.) stem wand-panicled: leaves clasping, oblong, 
 acute, deeply, acutely and unequally toothed: involucre smooth, bristly at the 
 base. This plant springs up wherever land has been recently cleared of timber, 
 and more particularly if it has been burned over. 4 — 8 f. <S. Mch. • 
 
 Selenia. From Gr. selcne, the moon. 
 
 Sempervivurn. Lat. semper, always, and vicens, living, being on account of its suc- 
 culent habit remarkably tenacious of life. 
 
 Senecio. Lat. sencx, an old man, from the grey-downy seed heads, or because it be- 
 comes old in the beginning of the season, the name meaning the same as Erigeron. 
 (1) Diamorpha, N. and Tillaea cymosa of the same. (2) Rhodiola rosea, L. 
 
422 SEN'ECIO. 
 
 elongatus, Ph. (long stem groundsel. W. Ju. 21- ) glabrous: radical leaves spatulate, 
 serrate, tapering into the petiole: cauline leaves pinnatifid, toothed, very remote: 
 peduncles elongated, coryrnb-umbelleH. P. 
 
 paucijiurus, Ph. (21.) glabrous: radical leaves long-petioled, roundish-ovate, sub-cor- 
 dale, toothed; cauline ones 2, remote, pinnatifid, toothed: peduncles short, some- 
 what in 3's, umbelled. Labrador. 8 i. 
 
 2. Flowers icitk ray florets. 
 
 pavpermlus, Ms. (21.) stem very simple, rigidly erect, nearly naked: leaves lanceo- 
 late; radical ones sub-entire and gash-toothed: corymb few-flowered: involucre 
 smooth: ra3's small. 
 
 gracilis, Ph. ( W. M. 21.) radical leaves very long petioled. orbicular, sub-cordate, 
 crenate; cauline ones few, very remote, linear-oblong, dilated at the base, gash- 
 toothed: peduncles very short, hirsute, sub-umbelled: involucre smooth: rays ievf, 
 very short. 1 f P. N. 
 
 ohovalvs, (W. y. M. IS-) radical leaves obovate, crenate-serrate, petioled; cauline 
 ones pinnatifid, toothed: flowers sub-umbelled, long-peduncled, bracted, with a 
 cavity under the receptacle like. some other pf the genus: stem somewhat glabrous. 
 S. B. P. N. 
 
 halsamita, (balsam groundsel. W. y. J. 21-) radical leaves oblong, serrate, petioled; 
 cauline ones lyrate or pinnatifid: flowers sub-umbelled: stem and peduncles villose 
 at the base, i— 2 f. 6'. V. Y. P. B. C. M. N. D. Mch. 
 
 aureus, VV. (rag- wort, false- valerian. AV. y. J. Zf.) radical leaves ovate, cordate, ser- 
 rate, petioled: cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed, terminal division lanceolate: pe- 
 duncles sub-umbelled. incrassate. JS--24 i. 6'. B. C. O. P. N. T. V. Mch. 
 
 ajmhalaria, Ph. (W.) radical leaves roundish, petioled, truncate at the base, toothed: 
 petioles appendaged, sub-lyrate; cauline ones sessile, linear gash-toothed: stem 
 about 1-flowered. Perhaps a variety of the last. 
 
 canadensis, (W.) { ) leaves doubly pinnate, linear, glabrous; uppermost ones 
 
 simply pinnate: flowers in compound, fasligiate corymbs. Canada. 
 
 lugcns. Rich. ( ) deciduous-tomentose or naked, simple: leaves entire, glandu- 
 
 lous-dentate; radical ones oblong spatulate; cauline ones lanceolate, acute, some- 
 what clasping: corymb dense: leafets of the involucre remarkably sphacelate. P.. 
 A. 
 
 triangularis, K. ( ) high, simple, leafy, very glabrous: leaves almost all petiol- 
 
 ed, deltoid-acuminate, coarsely and unequally dentate-serrate: flowers largish, co- 
 rymbed: divisions of the involucre somewhat lax, sphacelate at the apex. K. 
 
 se7T(/, H. ( • ) high, ramose, verj' glabrous: leaves numerous, lance-linear, deeply 
 and unequally dentate-serrate: panicle very branching, densely sub-corymbed: 
 leafets of the involucre somewhat lax, scarcely sphacelale. R. 
 
 canus, H. ( ) hoary-tomentose: radical leaves spatulate, very entire; cauline 
 
 ones lance-linear, pinnatifid: leafets of the involucre scarcely sphacelate. A var. 
 with the leaves somewhat glabrous above. D. 
 
 resedifulius, Lessing. ( ) dwarfish; very glabrous: stem scarcely leafy; radical 
 
 leaves longly petioled; outer ones rotund, crenate-sinuate; middle ones lyrate-pin- 
 natifid; segments entire or 2 — 3-lobed; cauline ones oblong-pinnatifid at the base: 
 axils woolly: stem 1 — 3 flowered. A. 
 
 eremophilus. Rich. ( ) rays spreading: stem liigli, branching: leaves all very 
 
 glabrous, pinnatifid; divisions sub-linear, distant, semi-pinnatifid : flowers corymb- 
 
 ed: bracts lax, long, conforming to the cylindric involucre. A. 
 
 frigidus, Lessing. ( ) deciduous-ton>entose: stem simple, somewhat low: leaves 
 
 oblong, very entire; lower ones obovate, petioled: stem ascending, J-floweied. A. 
 
 pseudo-arnica, Lessing. ( ; deciduous-tomentose: stem thick, erect, leafy; leaves 
 
 oblong, dentate, attenuate below; upper ones sub-cordate at the -base, somewhat 
 clasping; 'lower ones attenuated into a petiole: flower solitary, large. A. New- 
 foundland. 
 
 paluslris, Hk. (1) ( ) simple or ramose; woolly: stem fistulous: leaves broad- 
 
 lanceolate; cauline ones lance-linear, sinuate-dentate, almost pinnatifid: flowers 
 corymbed. Var. congesta, (2) stem very simple, flowers capitate. A. 
 
 (I) Cineraria palustris, Lin. (2) Cineraria congesta, Br. 
 
SENECIO, SESELI. 423 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ■c'diatus, Wr. (w.) stem pilose: leaves lance-linear, ciliate. 
 
 tomcnlosus, Mx. (M. If-) lioary and woolly: stem simple: leaves petioled, lance- 
 oval, serrulate: corymb sub-umbelled. 2 f. 
 Jastlsriatas, Sz. (y.) radical leaves oblong, heart-ovate, crenate-toothed, glabrous; 
 cauline ones pinnalifid, divisions gash-tootlied: flowers sub-uinbelled: peduncles 
 and involucre glabrous. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 lobutus, P. (y. JVl. ^i.) glabrous: leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; lobes"round, sub-repand: 
 corymb-compound: upper peduncles sub-umbelled. 1 — 3 f. Florida. 
 
 integerrimus, N. (VV. y. J.) smooth: stem simple, slender; leaves very entire; radi- 
 cal ones long-petioled, lanceolate, acute; cauline ones sessile, acummate; highest 
 •ones minute: corymb simple: peduncles l-liowered: rays shorter than the hemis- 
 pheric, bracted involucre. Damp. ]2 — 18 i. 
 
 ScHccio, Cacalia, Cineraria. 
 
 20—9. Seupic'ula. 22. Hydr. ton. 
 
 •canadensis, Mx. (1) (ditch moss, little snake weed. O. w. Ju. 21.) perfect flowers 
 triandrous: stigmas strap-like, rellexed, 2-cleft: leaves linear, acute, somewhat 
 whorled, glabrous, denticulate. The pistillate corols are tubular. S. 
 
 Serrulala, Liatris. 
 
 13—2. Sesa'mum. 40. Peda. h. s. muc. lax. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 indicum, (bene-benni, oily grain, r-w. Au. Q.) leaves lance- ovate; lower ones 3-lobed; 
 upper ones undivided, serrate. 2 — 4 f*. 
 
 16 — 10. Sesba'ma. 93. Legu. f. nut. asc. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 resicaria, Jn. (2) (y. Au.) leaves equally pinnate: leafets (10-20 pairs,) oblong, ob- 
 tuse, glabrous: racemes few-flowered, shorter than the leaves: loment lanceolate, 
 long stiped. about 2-seeded. 3 — 7 f. 
 
 marrocarpa, M. (O. y. & p. S. Q.) leaves equally pinnate; leafets (10— 25 pairs) 
 oval, glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath: racemes axillary, fevv-fiowered; legumes 
 elongated, nearly terete. 4 — 12 f 
 
 5—2. Ses'eli. go. Umbel, sto. war — . 
 
 triternatum. Ph. )W. M. y. U.) leaves triternate; leafets long-linear: umbels hemis- 
 pheric; involucres many leaved, with linear leafets of the length of the umbels. 
 
 divaricatum, Ph. (y. M. If.) stem very branching, divaricate: leaves bipinnatifid, 
 with gashed lanceolate divisions: general involucre none: involucel Jinear. 6—9 i. 
 Louisiana. L. ■ ■ ^ r- . 
 
 leiocarpum, H. ( ) leaves longly sheathed; triternate or tnternate-pmnate: leafets 
 petioled, oblong, very entire, entire or trifid, glaucous: stem nakedish: umbellets 
 compound; rays universal, very unequal: umbels capitate; flowers dicecious or 
 polygamous? fruit (when immature) very smooth, oblong-cylmdnc: involucres 
 and involucels none. 9 i. A. R. 
 
 Serpicula. Lat. ser-po, to creep, in allusion to its creeping habit and small size. 
 Sesamum. Gr. sesarnon, of Arabic, semsen, which was the ancient name for this 
 
 plant. , T • 
 
 Sesbania. (The Arabic name of the plant) Sesbnn, with a Lalin termination. 
 Seseli. Lat. seselis, Gr. sculis, words probably of Arabic origin. 
 
 (1) occidentalis, Ph. verticillala. M. Elodea, Mx. Udora, N. (2) platy- 
 
 carpa, P. disperma. Ph. Robinia, Jn. Aeschynomene platycaipa. Mx. Glotti- 
 dium floridanum. 
 
424 SESLERIA, SIDA. ., 
 
 3—2. Sesle'ria. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 Southern, 
 daetyloides, N. (moor grass. W. g.) culm setaceous, leafy: leaves short, flat, subu- 
 late, sub-pilose; stipules bearded: spikes 2 — 3, few-flowered: corol and 2-flowered: 
 calyx acuminate, entire. 4 — 5 i. 
 
 11 — 5. Sesu'viom. 87. Ficoi. f. nut. 
 sessile, Dc. (L. r. Ju.) flowers sessile: leaves linear-oblong, flat. 
 
 Southern. 
 .pentandrum, E. (L. An.) leaves lance-linear, obtuse, succulent: flowers solitary, close- 
 ly sessile, pentandrous. The descriptions of Ihe sessile are too short to enable me 
 to determine whether this is the same. tlHott. 
 pedunculatiim, Dc. (L. w. Au.) leaves lance-linear, obtuse, succulent: flowers solitary, 
 axillary peduncled, polyandrous. 
 
 Setaria, Pennisetum. 
 13 — 2. Setme'ria. 37. Scro. cat. erne. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tenuifolia, Ph. (1) (y. & p. Au.'^?) glabrous, very branching: leaves compound ■ 
 pinnatifid; segments filiform, opposite and alternate: corol sub-rotate; capsule gla- 
 brous. 3—4 f Charleston, S— C 
 
 pectinata, Ph. (y. S. 07) viscid-pubescent, very branching: leaves pectinate-pin- 
 natifid: divisions undivided acute, linear: corol sub-rotate: capsule pubescent. 
 2-4 f. 
 
 macrophylla, N. (W. y. Ju.) branching: leaves smoolhish: lower ones sub-pinnatifid 
 or deeply toothed; upper ones lanceolate, entire: orifice and tube of the corol 
 densely lanuginous: stamens scarcely exserted. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 Shepherdia, Hippophae. 
 5 — 5. Siebal'dia. 92. Rosa. r. b. ton. 
 
 procumbens, (A. y. A p. If-) leaves ternate; leafets M'edge-form, 3-toothed, smooth 
 above, hairy beneath. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 erecta, Var. parviflora, (W. r-yr. Ju. $.) erect, branching: radical leaves about twice 
 3-cleft; segments sub-divided; cauline leaves alternate,* sessile, sub-bipinnatifid. 
 4—6 i. 
 
 19 — 15. Si'cYos. 97. Cucu. sop. 
 
 angulata, (single-seed cucumber. O. w^ Ju. Q.) leaves cordate, with obtuse hind 
 lobes, 5-angled, scabrous, denticulate: fruit capitate, hispid. Cultivated. River 
 alluvion. <§■. 
 
 15 — 12. Si'da. 74. Malv. emo. muc. 
 
 spinosa, (W. y. Ju. =^.) stem spreading: axils sub-spinose: leaves long-pftioled, 
 lance-ovate, obsoletely cordate, toothed: peduncles solitaiy, axillary: stipules setace- 
 ous, longer than the peduncle: carpels 2-beaked. 1 — 2 f. S. P. Y. H. M. N 
 
 C. 
 
 Sesleria. In honor of Dr. Leonard Sesler, a Venetian cultivator of plants. 
 
 Sesuvium. Gr. se/cos, a bird's nest, which each half of the capsule resembles. 
 
 Seymeria. In honor of the patron of b(jtany of the name of Sevmer. 
 
 Sibbaldia. In honor of Sir Robert Sibbald, author of Scotia illustralica. 
 
 Sicyos. Gr. sikuos, cucumber, which belongs to the same family as this. 
 
 Sida. Gr. side, a name given by Theophraslus, either to a malvaceous plant, or to 
 
 our Nymphsea. 
 
 (1) Gerardia cassioides, Ph. afzelia, Mx. 
 
siDA. 425 
 
 iiapaai, (1) (fiilse inullows. w. Ju. Jf.) leaves lieart-a-lobecl, glabrous; lobes ohlon^, 
 acUrniiiale, toothed: peduncles many-flowered: carpels awnless, acuminate. 2 — 4f. 
 R P. 
 
 divim, (2) (W. vv..Dc. 2X0 leaves 7-lobe-palmate, scabrous; lobes lanceolate, gash- 
 loolhed: corymbs bracted: flowers dioecious. P. 
 
 crispii, (L. w. Au. 0.) leaves oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate; npper ones ses- 
 sile: peduncles- solitary, longer tlian the petioles, deflected when in fruit: carpels 
 inflated, awnless-, crisp-undiilale. P. 
 
 inalriirfloni, Do. .( p. ) radical leaves roundish, 9-lobed, truncate at the base; those 
 of tiie stem' 5-parled; segments linear, somewhat toothed; petioles of the lower 
 leaves hispid; Tiyceme terminal: segments of the calyx lanceolate, with a long 
 acumination! carpels 7, pointless. J— 2 f. N. W. Coast. 
 
 oretriina, N. ( r-p. •'.) stem nearly glabrous: radical leaves 7-lobed; the lobes incisely 
 ."i-toothed; those of the stem palmately 7-parted; the segments 3-lobed and incised, 
 linear-lanceolate: segments of the calyx broadly ovate: raceme terminal: styles 8i 
 18 i. West of Rocky Mts. 
 
 , Smitlirrn. 
 
 hisphln, Ph. (y. Au. 21.) hispid-pilose: leaves lanceolate, serrate: peduncles solitary, 
 axillary, as long as the petioles: outer calyx filiform. 1 — 2 F. 
 
 rhombij'iiliu, (y. Au. ![.) leaves lance-oblong, toothed, wedge-form and entire at the 
 base: peduncles much longer than the petioles: carpels 2-horned. 1 — 2 f N C. 
 
 alcacoides, Mx. (VV. Ju. TJ.-) lower leaves triangular-cordate, gashed; upper ones pal- 
 mate-man3'-cleft: corymb terminal: calyx hispid. 
 
 grncilig, E. (y. Au. Z[. ) steni slender, glabrous: leaves linear-serrate: peduncles soli- 
 tary, axillary, as long as the petioles: carpels (10) 2-hoined, glabrous. 2 — '.i f. 
 
 glahr(i, N. (y. ^?) small, ramose, very glabrous: leaves linear oblong, sub-lanceo- 
 late, gashed, unequally serrate; short-petioled, smallish: flowers axillary, aggre- 
 gated: carpellae sub ](), bi-dentate. 9 i. Florida. 
 
 dissccta, N. (21. r.) steilately pubescent and hoary: leaves 5-parted to the base; 
 lateral segments 3-cleft, the middle one multifid; ultimate divisions narrowly 
 linear: racemes terminal, leafy: styles 11. Near the Rocky Mts. 
 
 dijdoscijpha, T. & G. (w. p.) hispid with spreading hairs: stem prostrate: leaves digi- 
 tately .')-parted; segments narrowly 2 — 3-lobpd; petiole twice as long as the lamina: 
 flowers aggregated at the summit of the branches: bracts 3, long, filiform at the 
 base of the pedicels: calyx deeply 5.parted: stamineal column cyathiform, double; 
 
 the exterior deeply 5-lobed; the lobes antheriferous at the summit: styles 7 dt 
 
 California. 
 
 ddphinifolia, N. (2{. p.) hispidly hirsute: leaves all pedately 7-parted: segments 
 divided into linear, rather obtuse lobes: flowers in a long, leafy raceme: lobes of* 
 the calyx lanceolate: styles 7. 8 — 12 i. California. 
 
 coccinea, Dc. (Zf. r.) steilately pubescent and hoary: leaves on longjpetioles, deeply 
 3-parted; lateral segments 2-parted, the intermediate one 3-cleft: racemes termi- 
 nal: styles 12. Plains of the Upper Missouri. 
 fascicidntii, T. & G- "• HI) stems somewhat hairy: leaves linear, denticulate-serrate 
 above, cordate at the base; those at the summit of the stem crowded; flowers ses- 
 sile, terminal: carpels 5 — 7, scarcely rostrate, strongly reticulated and muricate. 
 Texas. 
 jilicuulis, T. & G. (C?)stemsvery slender, hispid: leaves ovate-oblong, cordateatthe 
 base, serrate; petioles as long as the lamina: flowers axillary, solitary: carpels 5. 
 2-beaked. 2 f. Te.xas. ^ * 
 
 hulsc'iiui, T. & G. (p. ) stem hispidly pilose: leaves orbicular-ovate, abruptly acumi^ 
 nate, tomentose beneath with a whitish velvety pubescence, roughishly tomentose 
 above, crenate-dentate: peduncles axillary in the upper leaves, several-flowered: 
 styles about 12. Florida. 
 
 califnrnka. N. (21 p.) velvety-tomentose: leaves orbicular-cordate, laciniately toothed; 
 the radical and lower cauline ones on very long petioles: flowers in a terminal ra- 
 ceme: stamineal column short, double; the exterior .5-lobed, antheriferous at the 
 summit: styles about 7; stigmas long, simple. California. 
 
 obliqua, N. ( 1{.) leaves reniform, very oblique at the base, rounded at the summit, 
 scabrous-tomentose, strongly reticulately veined beneath, crenulate-dentate: pe- 
 
 (1) iVapaea leavis, 4th ed. (2) Napaea scabra, 4th ed. 
 54 
 
426 SIDA, SILENE. 
 
 duncles axillar}?, solitary, 1-flowered, recurved after flowering: bracteoles 2, seta- 
 ceous: petals oblong, stellately hairy externally: carpels 7, pointless. On the 
 Wallawallali river. 
 
 17 — 2. Siegesbec'kia. 55 Heli. s. sto. 
 
 flosculosa, W. (W. y. Au. 0.) leaves sessile, ovate, tootlied: florets of the disk 
 3-tootlied, triandrous. ' 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ladniata, Lk. ( ) leaves gash-pinnaiifid; upper ones lanceola:tt, entire, tubercu- 
 
 late: outer involucre short: florets of the ray very large. '^^a^\''^- 
 
 11—12. Siever'sia. 92. Rosa. f. aro. to|^^^ 
 
 anemonoides, Dc. (1) ( w. ) stem 1-flowered, stoloniferous,ci;eMiing: leaves pin- 
 nate, glabrous; pinnae ensiform, dentate at the apex: stipCffes filiform: petals 
 longer than the calyx: style bearded. -'A. 
 
 rossii, Br. (2) ( ) awns naked: leaves radical, interruptedly pinnate, glabrous; 
 
 pinnae 3-lobed; lowest and accessory ones small and undivided: stem 1-tlowered, 
 somewhat 2-leaved: veins of the petals all distinct. A. 
 
 glacialis, Br. (3) ( ) covered all over with dense, yellow hair: leaves pinnate; 
 
 divisions ovate-oblong; upper and lower ones smallest; middle ones larger, some- 
 what 1-toothed: flower large, single, terminal: awns of the carpellae very villose. 
 A. 
 
 triflora, Br. (4) ( r. ) hirsute; stem nakedish, erect, simple, 3-flowered: leaves 
 ladical, interruptedly pinnate; pinnae cuneale, gash-dentate, sometimes pinnatifid; 
 lower ones gradually smaller: petals equalling the calyx; avVns very long, silky- 
 villose. R. A. Newfoundland. 
 
 radiata, Mx. (5) ( y- ) hirsute, simple: radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; lateral 
 leafets few, very minute; terminal one largest, rotund-cordate, sinus narrow, very 
 deep, radiate-nerved, sub-lobed, crenate-serrate; caulineones3 — 5, sessile, cordate, 
 gash-lobed: flowers few, (2 — 3) erect: corol lower than the calyx; awns sub-pilose. 
 A. 
 
 10 — 3. SiLEKE. 82. Gary. dem. cata. 
 
 pcnnslyvanica, Mx. (6) (pink catch-fly. W. r. J. 2^.) viscid pubescent: lower leaves 
 wedge-form; upper leaves lanceolate: stems few-flowered at the summit: about 3 
 petals obtuse, slightly emarginate, sub-crenate. 6 — 10 i. & T. C. P. B. K. 
 Y. N. D. S— C. 
 
 vivgmica-, Mx. (7) (W. r. J. IS.-) decumbent, wholly viscid-pubescent: leaves ob- 
 long, a little rough at the margin: panicle dichotomoua: petals 2-cleft: stamens 
 and pistils exsert. Var. ereda, has the stem erect: flowers sub-fascicled. 12 — 
 18 i. 6'. P. T. D. M. K. Sandusky bay. Mch. 
 
 aiiUrrhitia, (sleepy catch-fly. O. w-p. J. O.) leaves lanceolate, sub-ciliate: pedun- 
 cles 3-parted: petals emarginate: calyx ovate. Flbwers small. 1 — 3 f. iS. T. 
 Mch. M. K. 
 
 noclurna, (w.J. C?-) flowers alternate sessile, on a one-sided spike: petals 2-cleft. 
 S. P. 
 
 acmdis, (W. r. Ju. 2_f.) stemless, depressed: leaves linear, keeled: peduncles termin- 
 al, sohtary, erect, 1-flowered: petals emarginate. S. R. Labrador. 
 
 sleliata, A. (J. Au. Zf. w.) stem erect, branching, minutely pubescent: leaves whorl- 
 ed in fours, ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate: cymes panicled: petals lacer- 
 ate-fimbriate, not crowded: stamens about the length of the petals. 2 f. Cana- 
 da to Carolina, and west. Cucubalus, steUalus, 7th edition. 
 
 Siegesbeckia. In honor of Dr. J. G. Siegesbe'ck, an opposer of Linneus. 
 
 Sieversia. Named by Willdenow, in honor of M. Seivers, a well known Russian bo- 
 tanical collector. 
 
 Silene. Gr. sialon, saliva, in allusion to the visci matter covering the plant; or 
 after the god, Silenus, who is represented as always drunk, and covered with 
 slaver. 
 (1) Geum, W. Ph. Dryas pentapetala, Lin. (2) Geum, Dc. (3) Geum, 
 
 Adams, Dc. (4) Geum, Ph. Potentilia nivalis, T. (5) Geum calthifolium, S. 
 
 (6) virginica, Wr. caroliniana, Wr. (7) catesbaei, W. 
 
SlfcEN'E. 427 
 
 nivca, Dc. (J. Ju. 21. w.) minutely pubescent: stem simple or dicliotomous above: 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, the floral ones lanceolate-ovate and 
 much smaller: flowers sub-solitary: calyx tubular-campanulate, the teeth very 
 sborl and obtuset limb of the petals cuneiform, 2-cleft, with a minute 2-parled 
 crown; stii>aiongpr than the ovary. 1 — 3 f. Pennsylvania, Illinois. Cucubalus, 
 iiiiLU^. 7th eijition. 
 
 ,) glabrous and glaucous: stem branching: leaves oblong, acute: 
 iFJite: petals bifid, naked, with cuneiform-claws: styles very long, 
 i^^"|ntro(luced. Ciiriibidiis, LeJicn, 7tli edition. 
 
 w-r.) minutely pubescent: stem erect, veiy slender: leaves 
 i,^iled and narrow, attenuated at each end: flowers few, on 
 ulyx obovate, at lengtii inflated and membranaceous, abrupt at 
 limb of the petals bifid. 2—3 i. Rocky Mts. Cucubalus, 
 
 ,) fomewhat viscid-pubescent: stem simple, erect, remotely 
 krt-'Bodes: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, plane: spike 
 long: flowers erect: calyx oblong-clavatfe, 10-striate: petals bifid. 1 — 2 f. Ore- 
 gon, N. W. Coast. 
 
 drinnmondii, H. (Zf. w.) glandular-pub^s'cent and viscid: stems erect, strict, simple: 
 leaves remote, linear-lanceolate: raceme loose, few-flowered, with the pedicels 
 elongated and usually alternate: cal3-x oblong-cylindrical, erect. 1 — 2 f. .S\ Ore- 
 gon. 
 
 multicmik. N. (r.Zf.) minutely pubescent: stems numerous, erect, rigid: leaves linear- 
 oblanceolate, rather acute: flowers few, on shortish peduncles: calyx ovate-cylin- 
 drical, slightly inflated, 10-striate, with obtuse teeth: petals bifid. 1 f. West of 
 Rocky Mts. 
 
 /iooken,''S. (ZT-w.) sub decumbent, softly pubescent: leaves lanceolate, acute, attenu- 
 ate below: stems dichotomal; branches about two, with 3 large flowers on long- 
 peduncles: calyx cylindric-sub-campanulate, with acute teeth: petals divaricately 
 4-cleft. Oregon. 
 
 menzicsii, H. ( ) minutely glandular-pubescent: stem erect, dichotomously 
 
 branched: leaves crowded, ovate-lanceolate, the lowermost oblong-ovate, acuminate 
 at both ends: flowers numerous: peduncles about the length of the leaves: limb 
 of the 2-parted petals with the segments linear, much longer than the obovate 
 deeply 5- toothed calyx: styles thickened above, conspicuously bearded within. 6 
 — 12 i. N. W. America. 
 
 stcUarioides, N. ( w-.) minutely pubescent: stem erect, scarcely branched: flowers 
 few: leaves lanceolate-oblong, acuminate: peduncles longer tlian the leaves: petals 
 bifid, longer than the obovate deeply 5-toothed calyx: styles slender and smooth. 
 3 — 6 i. Oregon. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 armcria, (garden catch-fl}\ w. r. Au. ^..) flowers fascicled fastigiate: upper leaves 
 cordate, glabrous: petals entire. 
 
 conica, (cone-fruit catch-tly. r. Cf-') calyx of the frui* conic, striate (about 30 stri- 
 ate:) leaves soft, lanceolate: petals bifid. Flowers small. 
 
 dicJiotoma, (forked catch-fly. w. Au. ,5.) calyx ovate, viscid hairy, erect: petals 2- 
 cleft: racemes in'' pairs, terminal, one-sided: flowers intermediate, peduncled: 
 leaves petioied, lance-ovate, ciliale at the base. 
 
 jioctijiorn, (night-flowered catch-fly. w-r. Ju. 0.) calyx lO-angled, veiny: teeth of 
 the tube equal: stem dicliotomous: petals bifid. 
 
 ^ojilliem. 
 ^uinqueridn'era, (r. Ju. 0.) hirsute: leaves wedge-oblong; upper ones linear: petals 
 
 roundish, entire: fruit erect, alternate. 8 — 12 i. 
 ovala, Ph. (r-w. J. 21.) leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, smoothish: raceme terminal, 
 
 compound: calyx ovate: stamens and styles exserl: stem simple. 
 regia, (VV. r. J. 2i.) pulverulent-viscid-pubescent: leaves broad-ovate, opposite, 
 
 somewhat scabrous: calyx long-cylindric: petals oblanceolatCj generally entire: 
 
 style and stamens exsert. 2 — 3 f 
 rotundifolia, N. (W. r. Ju.) decumbent: stem, calyx and margin of the leaves very 
 
 pilose: leaves broad-oval, acuminate at each end: flowers few, trichotomal: petals 
 
 gashed, sub-4-cleft, lateral segments shorter. K. 
 
428 SILENF., SILPHIUM. 
 
 baldwinii, (J)N. (M. r.) eub-piloso, not viscid: fitem Rub-ercct, witli brown distant 
 joints: leaves small, oblong below, obovale acute above. Flowers very large. 
 —18 i. On barren soil. Common near Charleston, S— C. Name by Nuttall,— 
 description and locality by S. Drayton. '■.. 
 
 axillaris, (2) (p, Au.) viscid-pubescent: stem branching: leaves ov^te and oval, peti- 
 oled, sub-dentate: flowers sessile, axillary, solitary, 8 i. .' ' ■. 
 
 17 — 4. Sil'phium. 55. Heli. s. ole. sto. • ■ 
 
 pcrfoliaium, (ragged cup. W. A. y. Au. 21-) stem 4-sided, smootlj: leaves opposite, 
 connate, ovate, serrate. Var. conjunctum, four outer scales ojC;Mg^Mi,yolucre longer 
 than the inner scales. 4—6 f. S. P. Mcii. ^ 'FC;',j;(' 
 
 inte'gri folium, Mx. (A. y. Au. 2_C.) stem 4-sid'ed, rough: leaves]«mttj^tG, sessile, ob- 
 long, entire, scabrous: flowers ^e\\, siiort-peduncled. 4 f. •.•i^^4^C;.' 
 
 trifoliutum, (3) (y. S. 21.) stem 6 angled, smooth: leaves whpyiii^m threes, lance- 
 ovate, unequally tooth-serrate, scabrous above; upper ones sessile: panicle tricho- 
 lomons. 4 — G f. »S'. 
 
 ternatum, (W. y. Ju. 21) stem terete, shiDoth: leaves whorled, in threes, petioled, 
 lanceolate, sub-denticulate, a little scabrous, ciliate at the base; the upper ones 
 scattered, sessile: panicle dichotomous: involiicre ciliatev 4 — Gf. .V. V. Niag- 
 ara. 
 
 terebinihinaceum, (W. y. ,Tu, 2i.)^'!tcm smooth: radical leaves large, round or reni- 
 form-cordate, slightly lobed and toothed; cauline leaves alternate, ovate, serrate, 
 scabrous: panicle compound, many-flowered. 4 — 5 f . D, Rich. 
 
 guminiferuiii, E. (W. y. Ju. 2|'.') stem erect, hispid, gumniferous: leaves sinuate-pin- 
 natifid, sub-hispid benealht flowers large, axillary, sub-sessile: scales of the invo- 
 lucre ovate, acuminate, hispid on the margin. 2—" i'. D. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 laciniaimn, (O. y. Au. 7i-) stem hispid above: radical and cauline leaves pinnatifid; 
 divisions tooth-sinuate: flowers panicled: scales of the involucre eub-cordate, acu- 
 minate. 8— 12f. K. 
 
 pinixitijiihuu, E. (W. y. Au.) stem nearly glabrous: leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, sub- 
 scabrous, a little hairv beneath: scales of the involucre ova!; outer ones roundish. 
 4-6 f. 
 
 compositum, (y. Ju. 21.) stem smooth: cauline leaves pinnatifid-sinuate; radical ones 
 leinate, sinuate nuiny-cleft: flowers small, panicled. 2 — 4 f S — C. 
 
 counatum, (A. y. Au. 21.) stem terete, hispid: leaves opposite, connate, remotely 
 serrate, scabrous. 6 f. 
 
 lacvigatum. Ph. (y. Au. 2X-) stem simple, 4-angled, furrowed, glabrous: leaves op- 
 posite, sessile, ovate-acuminate, slightly serrate, sub-cordate at the base, glabrous 
 on both sides. 2 f. 
 
 scahcrrimmn, E. (y. Au. ) stem sub-angled; angles rough above: leaves ovate, sub- 
 acuminate, serrate, rigid, scabrous on both sides, short petioled: flowers corymbed: 
 scales of the involucie ovale, ciliate. 3—4 f Cliarleston, S — C, 
 
 atropiirpiireuin, Retz. (W. y. Au. 21.) stem terete, smooth: leaves whorled, in fours, 
 lanceolate, scabrous, sub-entire, sub-sessile, ciliate at the base; upper ones scatter- 
 ed: panicle dichotomous. 4 f 
 
 dcntaluiii, E. (y. Au. ) stem erect, somewhat glabrous: lower leaves opposite; up- 
 per ones alternate; all lanceolate, sinuate toothed, pilose, scabrous: flowers 
 corymbed. scales of the involucre broad-ovate, ciliate. 2 — 3f 
 
 asttiriscum, (y. Ju. 2i.) stem simple, terete, hispid: lpa%'es opposite or alternate, ob- 
 long, acute, serrate, scabrous: flowers few, generally solitary. Var. scabnim, 
 leaves lance-oblong, sub-crenate, sessile, scabrous: involucre sub-ciliate. 2 — 3 f. 
 S— C. 
 
 pvviiium, Mx. (4) (y. Au. 2_[.) stem and petioles tomenlose; branches 1-flowered: 
 
 Silphium. Gr. silphion, the name of a plant of the umbelliferous kind, which Lin- 
 
 neus transferred to this genus. 
 
 (1) Dr. Drayton's description. Marcescent petals torn; 2 liguiate nectaries adher- 
 ing to tiie inside of each petal, and free at the rounded entire apex: anthers cordate- 
 lobed: capsule 4-toothed at the apex? (2) of M. C. Leavenworth. (3) terni- 
 
 folium, M-T. (4) tomentosus, Ph, 
 
SILPHIUM. SISYMBRIUM. 429 
 
 leavos nlternal.p, heart-ovate, serrate, petioled, white-tomentose benealli: akenes 
 iinawned. 2 — 3 f. Florida. 
 
 datum, IMi. (y. H-) leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, sinuate: scales of the invo- 
 lucre obtuse. 
 
 retii.iiliiliiiii, Vh. (y. 2f.) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, cordate, serrate, obtusish, a 
 little villose. 
 
 svbacaulb, N. ( }'. ) somewhat senbrons: stem very short: peduncles very long: 
 leaves oblong, sub-sinuate-pinnatifid, toothed: divisions of the involucre dilated, 
 rhomboid. 
 
 14^2. Sina'pis. 63. Cruc. s. con. war. sti. epis. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 nigra, (common mustard, y. J. ^.) silique glabrous, 4-angled, close-pressed to the 
 
 .stem; leaves at tiie top lance-linear, entire, smooth. Natuialized. 
 alba, (yellow-seed mustard, y. 0.) silique bristly, rugged, shorter than the 2-edged 
 
 beak: leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sub-lyrate, all irregularly toothed. Seeds 
 
 large, pale-yellow, and sometimes become blackish. 
 arvcnsis, L. {f^. y. J. Au.) siliques glabrous, many-angled, torose, about three times 
 
 the length of the slender, somewhat ancipital style: stem and leaves more or less 
 
 hairy. 2 — 3 f. New York and Lower Canada. Introduced. 
 
 5 — 1. Siphony'chia. 00. Illcc. ast — . 
 
 amcricana, T. »fc G. ( 0?) leaves oblanceolate, much shorter than the internodes, 
 slightly hairy below, ciliate, rather obtuse: stem much branched, minutely and 
 relrosely pubescent: flowers in small glomerate cymes at the ends of the branches. 
 Florida, Georgia, S — C. 
 
 .5 — 2. Si'soN.* 60, umbel, r. det. sti. rheu. 
 
 majus, Dc. ( ) stem glabrous: leaves cut-pinnate; lobes of all with cartilagin- 
 
 ous n)argins, sharply serrulate; those of the lower ones lanceolate; those of the 
 upper ones many-cleft and linear. 
 
 rvfiricaule, Dc. ( ) leaves half-whorled, cut-tri-pinnate; segments capillaceous: 
 
 partial involucres compound, longer than the umbellets. Near Baltimore. 
 
 Sison, QiIhanthe, Zizia, Uraspermum, Discopleura. 
 
 J 4 — 2. Sisym'brium. (1) 63. Cruc. ast. s. stim. 
 
 ojjicinnle, (hedge mustard. O. y- J- C--) siliques close-pressed to the rachis of the 
 spike: leaves runcinate. 1 — 3 f. <S. 
 
 caiiescens, N. (2) (\V. y. Ap. 0.) leaves bi-pinnatifid, hoary; divisions toothed, ob- 
 tuse, sometimes oboyate: petals as long as the calyx: siliques sub-angled, ascend- 
 ing, shorter than the peduncles. 1 — 2 f. S. R. K. 
 
 cheiruntkoides, (3) (O. y. J. Q.) siliques erect: fruit-bearing pedicels spreading; 
 leaves lanceolate, sub-entire. »S'. D. Canada. 
 
 juuceuiii, Dc. ( ) leaves glabrous, glaucous; lower ones petioled, runcinate-pin- 
 
 nalifid; upper ones lance-linear, entire. R. 
 
 sophioules, Fischer, (y. 0.) leaves bipinnatifid; lobes ovate or lanceolate, gashed: 
 pedicels and petals somewhat shorter than the calyx: flowers and siliques linear- 
 flliform. falcate, umbel-corymbed. 1-^2 f. A. 
 
 huinilc, Ledebour. (w. p. r. Zf.) hoary-pubescent: stem diff"use: leaves entire or 
 sinuate-dentate; radical ones spatulate; cauline ones lanceolate, attenuated at the 
 
 Sinapis. Lat. shiapis, which De Tlieis conjectures came from Celtic nap; plants 
 allied lo the radish. 
 
 Siphonychia. Gr. siphon, tube, funnel, nuchios, night, dark. 
 
 Sison. Gr. sison, a ])lant of the umbelliferous kind; from Arabic si, zan, which sig- 
 nifies a running stream. 
 
 Sisymbrium. Gr. sisuinbrion, the water rocket, from sisubos, fringe; from its fringed 
 roots. 
 
 (1) Erysimum of Authors. (2) sophia, Ph. not L. (3) parviflora, P. 
 
 * Tiiese species should have been described under Annni. See Discopleura. 
 
430 SISYMBRIUM, SIUM. 
 
 base: eiliques linear, fire times longer than the pedicel, lerete-torulose, pubescent, 
 Var. 1. leaves sub-entire. Var. 2. leaves sinuate-dentate, sub-pinnatifid. A. R. 
 
 hjrala, (1) (w. Ap. $ .) radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, sub-hirsute; cauline ones- 
 linear, very entire: stem and upper leaves glabrous, glaucous: branches erect: 
 siliqae erect, straight, linear, twice as long as the pedicels. F. Y. T. R. C. 
 
 linifolium, N. (M. 21.) glabrous: stem slender, sinjple: leaves linear, undivided; the 
 lower ones somewhat laciniately cleft: petals nearly twice as long as the calyx: 
 siliques linear and narrov/. Rocljy Mts. . 
 
 pygmaemn, N. ( Zf.) dwarf, nearljr smooth: stem somewhat simple: lower leaves 
 somewhat lyrately pinnalilid, oblong; upper ones entire, hnear: petals longer than 
 tlie cal3'x: silique long and narrow. Oregon. 
 
 Sophia, L. (O- Ju.) leaves bipinnatifidly divided; lobes oblong-linear, incised: pedi- 
 cels four times the lengh of the calyx: petals smaller than the sepals. Lower 
 Canada, Virginia.. 
 
 thaliana, Gay. (0. M.) stems often many from one root, rather naked, branching 
 above, erect: leaves hairy, sparingly toothed; radical ones ovate-oblong or spatu- 
 late-oblong, somewhat petioled: siliques erect, spreadinor, .twice as long as the 
 pedicels. S. Massachusetts. Arahis thaliana, 7tli edition. 
 
 glaucum, N. (0. p.) glaucous, much branched: leaves entire; radical ones small, 
 spatulate; cauline ovate, sagittate and clasping, rather acute: siliques nearly 
 straight, erecr., compressed, with convex valves, four times the length of the pedi- 
 
 • eels. Oregon. 
 
 virgatum, N. (o'-PO canescently hirsute with simple and stellate hairs: stem vir- 
 gately branched from the base: leaves lanQeolate-linear, clasping, lower ones denti- 
 culate or entire: siliques somewhat terete, erect, 4 — 5 times the length of the pedi- 
 cels: seeds in a double series. Oregon. 
 
 paiiciflnrum, N. (^. w. ) hirsute with forked hairs: leaves entire; radical ones nar- 
 rowly oblong-spatulate; cauline lanceolate-linear, sessile: stem rather slender, 
 branching from the base: siliques long, pendulous; seeds in a double series. 
 Oregon. 
 
 Sisymbrium, Erysimum. 
 
 15 — 3. Sisyrin'chiom. 18. Irid. fod. odo. 
 
 anceps, Gay. (2) (blue-eyed grass. O. b. J. 21.) scape (or culm) simple, 2-edged or 
 2-winged: glume-like spathe of two nearly equal valves, nearly as long as the 
 flower: petals mucronale. Sisyrinchium bermudianum, is a synonjme. 6 — 12 i. 
 S. Mch. 
 
 mucronatum, Mx. (W. b. J. Zf.) leaves and scape simple, sub-setaceous: spathe color- 
 ed, with one valve terminating in a long mucronate point. 9 — 12 i. S. P. M. Mch. 
 
 5 — 2. Si'uM. 60. Umbe. r. poi — . 
 
 latifuliuvi, (3) (water parsnip. W. w. Ju. 21-) leaves pinnate; leafets oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acutely serrate: stem erect, angular, hollow, smooth. Whenever any of the 
 leaves grow under water they are sub-divided. I — 3 f. S. B. N. O. P. F. C. 
 T. Mch. 
 
 lineare, Mx. (w. Ju. 2i.) leaves pinnate; leafets linear, sub-lanceolate, acutely and 
 finely serrate: involucres many-leaved, linear: umbels terminal. Probably a variety 
 of the last. Torrey. P. Y. "C. F. N. 
 
 douglasii, Dc. (w. 2i-) stem terete: leaves gash-pinnate; lower segments gash-3- 
 cfeft, these and theiest petioled ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate: umbels opposite the 
 leaves and terminal, peduncled without involucres, many-rayed. 2 f. R. 
 
 Sium, CEnanthe, Helosciadium. 
 
 Smilacina, Convallakia. 
 
 Sisyrinchium. Gr. sus, a hog, rughos, snout, hogs being supposed fond of rooting it 
 
 Sium. Gr. sinn, which De Theis takes from Celt, sin, water, from its habitation. 
 
 (1) arabidoides, Hk. see p. 164, where Hooker misled me. A. hjmta must be 
 struck out under the species petrea, as this is the true A. lynila. (2) bermu- 
 
 dianum, Mx. gramineum, Lk. (3) denticulatum, E.? 
 
^SMILAX. 431 
 
 20— C. S-mi'las. 12. Smila. dia. rat—. 
 1. Stems icoody. 
 
 •q'.ui(b-nu<rulai-is, M. (Ju. ^.) stem prickly, 4-angled; leaves unarmed, ovate, acute, 
 
 sab-cordate, 5-nerved. .S. 
 sursapariUa, (1) (J. \ .) prickly, leaves unarmed, lance-ovate, cuspidate, sub-5-ner- 
 
 ved, becoming glaucous beneath: the general peduncles longer than the petioles. 
 
 6' P. Y. S— C. 
 rotundifolia, (2) (horse briar, green briar. W. w-g. J. fp.) prickles scattered: leaves 
 
 (when in maturity) ronnd-ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved: berry spheri- 
 cal. S. B. T. D. N. Mch. 
 cuduca, (W. J. ^.) prickly: leaves ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved, membranaceous; 
 
 general peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles. S. P. Y. S — C. 
 pstudo-diuia, (W. j\I. ^.) unarmed in all parts: cauline leaves cordate: ramose ones 
 
 oblong-ovate, 5-nerved: peduncles very lon£^. 8. Y. S — C. 
 iaurifolia, (Ju. ^ ,) prickly: branches unarmed: leaves oval or lance-oval, leathery, 
 
 recurve-prickly, 3-nerved, perennial: umbels short-peduncled. iS'. Y. S — C. 
 
 La. 
 panduratus, Ph. (Ju. ^.) prickly: leaves ova'te-panduriform, acuminate, 3-nerved: 
 
 peduncle twice as long as the common petiole. N. Jersey. 
 
 2. Stems herlaccoits, 
 
 iamnoi'des, (Ju. ^.) stem prickly, terete: leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sub-panduri- 
 form, obsoletely cordate, 5-nerved: common peduncle longer than the petiole. 
 
 pedimndaris, (Jacob's ladder, W. w-g. M. 21-) stem terete, climbing or arching over: 
 leaves round-ovate, cordate, acuminate, about 9-nerved; (sometimes but 7) umbels 
 long-peduncled. Damp. 2—3 f. .S'. T. B. C. O. F. N. V. Mch. 
 
 hcrbacca, (bohea tea. W. g. J. 2i.) stem angled, erect, simple: leaves long-petioled, 
 oval, about 7-nerved: umbels with long compressed peduncles: berries depressed, 
 globose. Damp. 2—3 f. S. P. C. O. JM. F. ftlch. 
 
 SoUtllCTTl. 
 
 ha'stata,yV. (W. Ju. ^.) stem angled, prickly: branches unarmed: leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate, hastate-auricled at the base, .3-herved, prickly-ciliate on the margin. 
 Var. lanceolata, leaves long, narrow, lanceolate. S — C 
 
 bona-nox, (W. Ju. h.) stem unarmed, angled: leaves heart-ovate, acute, 7-nerved 
 prickly-ciliate. 
 
 walteri, Ph. (W. Ju. n.) prickly: leaves heart-ovate, smooth, 3-nerved: berries acu- 
 minate. 
 
 ovata, Ph. (Ju. 'ip .) generally unarmed: leaves unarmed, ovate, acute, cuspidate, 3- 
 nerved, both sides colored alike: common peduncle shorter than the petiole. 
 
 lanceolata, (J. n.) unarmed: leaves lanceolate and ovate, acute or acuminate, 3 — 5- 
 nerved, very glabrous, perennial: umbels many-flowered; peduncles short. S— C. 
 
 alkt, Ph. (J. n.) generally! unarmed: stem obsoletely angled: leaves lance-elongated, 
 coriaceous, glabrous, very entire, 3-nerved: umbels few-flowered, very short-pedun- 
 cled. , 
 
 pumila, Wr. (3)(S. p.) unarmed: leaves heart-ovate, entire, somewhat 5-nerved, 
 soft-pubescent beneath: umbels short-peduncled; pedicels very short: berries ob- 
 long, acute: stem procumbent. Charleston, S — C. 
 
 cincidifolia, Ph. (VV. n.) prickly: leaves unarmed, round-cordate, acuminate, 5- 
 nerved, glabrous on both sides, net-veined, short-petioled. 
 
 Siiujrtiiuin, Sison, Cxidiom, Zizia.* 
 
 Smilax. Gr.smilax, of smile, a scraper, in allusion to its prickly, stem. . 
 
 * De Candolle lias made this genus for our three common species of Smyrnium; to 
 wit, aureuiii, integerriiuum, and cordulum. 
 
 (1) glauca, Mx. (2) quadrangularis, W. (3) pubera, Mx. 
 
432 SOLANUM, SOLIDAGO. 
 
 5—1. Sola'«um. 38. Sola. f. & b. poi. r. amy. nut. 
 
 dulcama'ra, (bittersweet, woody nightshade. W. b-p. Ju. ^.). stem unarmed, woody, 
 cliiiihing: lower loaves rnoslly cordate, glabrous; upper ones mostly guitar-hastate, 
 few-tlowered: corymbs opposite to leaves. This is the true bittersweet: but the 
 Celastrus scandens is wrongly called so by some. Damp. T. B. C. F. N. 
 
 nigrum, (deadly nightshade. 6. w. p. b. J. 0.) stem unarmed, erectish or erect; 
 branches angled, dentate: leaves ovate, repand, glabrous: racemes 2-ranked, nod- 
 ding. 1—2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 mrolinensc, (horse nettle. VV. b. J. 0.) stem prickly: leaves oblong, tomentose, 
 sinuate-angled, sub-hastate, prickly: racemes lax. 1— 2 f. /S. P. H. F. M. 
 
 fiavidum, T. & G. (W. ) sufFruticose, densely tomentose: branchlets and calyx prickly: 
 leaves solitary, oblong, obtusish.; lower ones repand-sinuate; upper ones obsoletely 
 sinuate: racemes opposite the leaves, about 3-flowered. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tuberosum, (potato, b. w. Ju. 0.) stem wing-angled, unarmed: leaves interruptedly 
 
 pinnate; leafets entire: flowers sub-corymbed: roots knobbed-tuberous. Cultivated. 
 hjcoper'sicuiH, (love apple, tomatoes, y. S. -0.) stem unarmed: leaves pinnatitid, 
 
 gashed: racemes 2.parted, leafless: fruit glabrous, torulose. 
 vieLongc'na, (egg-plant. J. 0.) stem unarmed: leaves ovate, tomentose: peduncles 
 
 pendant, incrassate: calyx unarmed. 
 pseudo-capsicum, (Jerusalem cherry. \ .) stem woody: leaves lanceolate, repand: 
 
 umbels sessile. 
 
 Southern, 
 viamviosum, (y. Ju. 0.) stem prickly, herbaceous: leaves cordate, lobe-angled, vil- 
 
 lose on both sides, prickly. 
 virginianum, (b. Ju. 0.) stem erect, prickly: leaves pinnatifid, prickly on both sides; 
 
 divisions sinuate, obtuse; margin ciliate: calyx prickly. 
 iriJlorum.i N. ( W. w. Ju. ) stem unarmed, herbaceous, procumbent: leaves tooth- 
 
 pinnatifid, smooth; divisions acute, sub-undulate; margin sub-revolute: peduncles 
 
 opposite the leaves, 2— 3-flowered. 1 f. 
 jamcs'ii T. & G. (W. w? 0.) herbaceous, somewhat pilose: stem unarmed, erect: leaves 
 
 unequally pinnate; leatets lance-ovate, abruptly narrowed at the base, obsoletely 
 
 sinuate: racemes tevv-flowered, a little out of the axils. 
 verbascifolium, W. ( ^.) stem unarmed, fruticose: leaves ovate, tomentose, very 
 
 entire: corymbs 2-clefl, terminal. 
 hirsuium, N. (p. 2_f.) small, pilose, hirsute: leaves broad-obovate, very obtuse, sub- 
 entire, attenuated at the base; ribs aculeolate, raceme somewhat 3-flowered: pe- 
 duncles filiform. Georgia. 
 
 Solm, loNIDlUM. 
 
 17 — 2. Solida'go. (I) 5.3. Aster, ast. sec-sti — . 
 1. Flov:ers one-sided. Leaves icith three combined nerves. 
 
 canadensis, (Canadian golden-rod. O. y. Ju. 71.) stem downy: leaves lanceolate, ser- 
 rate, rough: racemes copious, panicled, recurved: ri^s hardly longer than the 
 disk: stem angular: leaves sessile, three inches long, sometimes nearly entire. 
 2—5 f. &'. Mch. 
 
 pro'cera, A. (great golden-rod. O. y. Ju. 21-) stem villose, erect: leaves lanceolate, 
 serrate, rough, villose beneath: racemes spike-form, erect, drooping before flower- 
 ing: rays short. 4 — 7 f. <S'. 
 
 seroti'na, W. (smooth golden-rod. O. y. S. 2i.) stem erect, terete, smooth: leaves 
 lance-linear, glabrous, serrate, rough-edged: racemes panicled: peduncles downy. 
 The young leaves are edged with many little slifl* white hairs. Mch. 
 
 Solanum. Uncertain. Some derive it from Lat. sol, sun, and Greek aneu, without, 
 
 having reference to the nightshade species. 
 Solidago. ho.t. solido, to make firm; from its consolidating or astringent qualities 
 
 (I) In this trouble.-ome genus, most of the extensive and accurate descriptions of 
 President J. E. Smilii are given. He took a review of Pursh, and of all preceding 
 writers, and then wrote, with specimeny of almost every species before him. 
 
>^ 
 
 SOLIDACO. 433 
 
 gigantm, (giant golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2|.) ''tern erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, 
 smooth, serrate, rough-edged, obscurely 3-nerved- racemes panicled: peduncles 
 rough-haired: rays short. 4 — 7 f. <S. 
 
 ciliaris, W. (fringed golden-rod. O. y; 21-) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lance- 
 olate, somewhat 3-nerved, glabrous, rough-edged, slightly serrate; racemes pani- 
 cled; peduncle glabrous: bracts ciiiate: rays short. Tlie stem is angular: radical 
 leaves petioled, oval, pointed, veiny, serrate, rough, near a foot long: branches of 
 the panicle spreading: bracts minute. 
 
 reflexa, W. (hang-leaf golden rod. y. Au. Zf.) stem erect, villose: leaves lanceolate, 
 sub- serrate, scabrous, reflexed: racemes panicled, very little ] -sided, reflexed. S. 
 
 P. y. 
 
 lateriflora, (side-flowered golden-rod. y. Au. If.) stem erect, a little hairy: leaves 
 lanceolate, slightly 3-nerved, glabrous, rough-edged; lower ones sub-serrate: ra- 
 cemes panicled, a little recurved, sub-secund: flowers large, the rays being much 
 longer than the involucre: stem striated, often purplish, pmnatifid, with numerous 
 lateral flowering branches. 12 — 3 f. jS. P. Canada. JNI. 
 
 2. Racemes or floicers one-sided. Leaves veiny. 
 
 as'pera, A. (rough golden-rod. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, terete, hairy: leaves ovate, 
 somewhat oval, very rough, rugose, serrate: racemes panicled: leaves one to two 
 inches long, acute: racemes dense, somewhat conic: ray florets twice as long as 
 the involucre. 3-4 f. -S. P. Y. C. F. 
 
 aliissima, W. (variable golden rod. O. y. Au. TS.) stem erect, rough-haired: leaves 
 lanceolate; lower ones deeply serrate, scabrous, rugose. The panicled racemes are 
 very numerous and spread every way, so as to bring the one-sided flowers upwards: 
 rays half as long again as the involucre. But this species is so variable, that stu- 
 dents generally endeavor to make several species of it. The serratures of the leaves 
 are equal and unequal; it is hairy or villose, and sometimes racemes diverge but 
 little. 3—6 f. S. 
 
 rugosa, W. (wrinkled golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2j;.) stem erect, rough-haired: leaves 
 lanceolate, scabrous, rugose; lower ones with close-pressed serratures: racemes 
 panicled, very spreading. Leaves shorter and broader than the last, and the flowers 
 a little smaller; like it very variable, and perhaps only one of its numerous varieties. 
 3-6 f. S. 
 
 scahra, W. (harsh golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2j:.) stem erect, rough-haired, furrowed: 
 leaves oblong,*' tapering to both ends, acuminate, glabrous above, rugose and sca- 
 brous beneath, along the middle close-pressed-serrate. 2 — 5 f. S. 
 
 nemoralis, A. (woolly golden-rod. W. y. Au. If.) stem erect, downy: cauline leaves 
 lanceolate, hispid, entire; radical ones somewhat wedge-form, serrate: racemes 
 panicled. Of a gr^ aspect. 1—3 f. -S. T. B. P. F. V. Canada. Mch. 
 
 j)at'ula, M. (spread golden-rod. O. y. S. If.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves oval, serrate, 
 glabrous; radical ones obloiig-spatulate: racemes panicled, spreading: peduncles 
 pubescent. Stem wand-like, angular and striate: stem-leaves sessile, about an 
 inch long, pointed; the radical ones resemble those ol the os-eyed daisy: racemes 
 about an inch long: flowers rather large. 2 f. .S'. 
 
 ulmifolia, M. (elm golden-rod. O. y. Au. ZfO stem, i leet, glabrous, striate: leaves 
 oval, deeply serrate, acuminate, villose beneath: radical ones obovate: racemes 
 panicled: peduncles villose: rays short. Radical eaves resemble those of the last 
 species, and are hairy both sides, some of the r. rt are oblong-ovate, and only vil* 
 lose near the vtfins beneath: the petioles are britted. 3 — 4 f. /S'. 
 
 argiila, A. (sharp-notched golden-rod. O. y. S. 7i-) stem erect, glabrous: leaves 
 glabrous, sliarply and unequally serrate; cauline ones oval; radical ones oblong- 
 ovate: racemes panicled: rays elongijted. 2 — 3 f. 5>'. K. 
 
 juncea, (rush-stalk golden-rod. y. Au. If.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, 
 glabrous, rough-edged; lower ones serrate: racemes i)anicled. Stem brownish, 
 somewhat angular and striate, leafy: racemes a finger's length, dense, recurved- 
 spreading: compound pedicels roughish, bracted: rays twice as long as the invo- 
 lucre. 2-3 f S. P. C. 
 
 elliptica, W. (1) (oval-leaf golden-iod. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves oval, 
 smooth, serrate: racemes panicled: rays of middling length. 2 — 4 f. S. P. Y. 
 F. K. 
 
 (1) latisshnifolia, Miller. 
 
 55 
 
434 SOLIDAGO. 
 
 asperata, Ph. ( 21) atern corymb-panic'.ed: racemes eroctisli: llowers ascending: 
 
 leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous. Described by Pursh t'roni dried specimens. 
 
 recurva'ta, W. (curved golden-rod. W. y. S. 2f.) stem erect, pubescent: leaves lance- 
 olate, serrate, ro'jgli-edged: racemes elongateil, recuived-])anicled. iS'. P. C Mch. 
 
 senipervircns, (narrow-leaf golden-rod. y. S. ZX-) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lance- 
 olate, somewhat fleshv, smooth, entire, rough-edged: racemes panicled: peduncles 
 hairy: stem tall, purplish, a little glaucous: leaves many, narrow, long: ray florets 
 long, narrow, rather numerous. 3 — 5 f. iS*. P. Y. C. Canada. 
 
 odara, W. (sweet-scented golden-rod. O. y. An. 21.) stem erect, pubescent: leaves 
 lance-linear, entire, glabrous, rough-edged: racemes panicled. The upper part of 
 the stem is furrovved: racemes 2 or 3 inches long, spreading horizontally, each 
 generally accompanied by a leaf: bracts oblong, smooth: stalk angular and rough. 
 This is the true golden-root tea-plant. 3 f. iS. Sto. sti. 
 
 mllosu, Ph. (y. S. 2|.) stem erect, villous: leaves lanceolate, rather soft, serrate, 
 nerveless: racemes panicled, one-sided. Stem robust: branches recurved, expand- 
 ing. 2— 3f. 
 
 uUginosa, N. ( ) very glabrous: racemes erectish, short-panicled, sub-fastigiate: 
 
 stem simple, attenuate: leaves unequal; cauline ones entire, lance-linear, sessile; 
 inferior and radical ones appressed-serrulate, lance-oblong, irregularly attenuated, 
 petioled. Sphagnous swamps, Mass. 
 
 ^ Racemes erect. 
 
 spccio'sa, N. (y. S. 2J!-) stem tall, smooth; branches virgatc: leaves lanceolate, sub- 
 coriaceous, scabrous on the margin; lower ones sparingly serratej racemes erect, 
 compound: peduncles pubescent: florets of the ray five, long: akenes glabrous. 
 3-6 f. S. 
 
 virgata, Mx. (y. Au. If.) stem simple, smooth: leaves lanceolate, somewhat wedge- 
 shape, obtuse, entire, glabrous, close-pressed; upper ones gradually smaller: 
 branches of the panicle elongated, with terminal clusters: peduncles smooth, one- 
 sided. Slender. 2 f. S. C. 
 
 li'culor, (while golden-rod. O. w. Au. 2[.) stem hairy: leaves oval, hairy; lower 
 ones serrate; tliose on the flower branches entire, numerous and small: scales of 
 the involucre obtuse. Racemes are sliort and compact: rays white, somewhat nu- 
 merous and shortish; disk-florets rather numerous. 2 — 4 f -S'. M. 
 
 pctiolaris, W. (late golden-rod. y. Oc. H-) stem erect, villose: leaves oval, roughish, 
 petioled: rays twice as long as the involucre. Stem branching, terete, hoary: 
 leaves hoary about the ribs, over an inch in length; those covering the flower- 
 branches sub-entire: racemes numerous, short, with i'ew and rather large flowers. 
 2— 3f. S. P. Y. 
 
 slricta, (willow-leaf golden-rod. W. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, glJibrous: cauline leaves 
 lanceolate, entire, glabrous, rough-edged; ra<lical leaves serrate: racemes panicled, 
 erect: peduncles glabrous. The branches of the panicle are erect, simple, close. 
 2 f -S. P. Y. C. N. 
 
 conferdflora, N. (y. 2i.) robust: stem erect, branching, pubescent: leaves smoothish; 
 lower ones very broad, spatulateoval, serrate, acute; margin scabrous; the upper 
 ones sessile, lance-oval, entire: racemes compound, erect: involucre squarrose, 
 many flowered: ray-florets long, (10 or 12.) 2 — 5 f. <?. P. Y. N. 
 
 graminifolia, (1) (grass-leaf golden-rod. O. y. S. 'U.) stem (rough-haired, Willd.) 
 very furrovved, smoothish: leaves almost linear, (lance-linear, Willd.) entire, 
 roughish, nearly erect, with 3 or 5 rough nerves: corymbs terminal, level-topped: 
 flowers in heads; rays not longer than the disk. Stem leafy; leaves sessile, grass- 
 green, about two inches long, and a quarter of an inch wide: flowers smallish: 
 involucre ovate, smooth, shining, with tumid green-tipped scales. 4 — 5 f. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 tcnuifoUa, Ph. (2) (pigmy golden-rod. W. y. S. Zf.) stem rough, angular, branched, 
 corymbed: leaves s]»reading, linear, very narrow, slightly 3nerved, scabrous, with 
 axillary tufis of smaller ones: corymbs terminal, level topped; llowers in heads: 
 rays scarcely exceeding the disk. Leaves very small and narrow. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 Y. P. 
 
 (1) lanceolata, A. Chrysocoma, L. Euthamia, N. (2) lanceolata, Var. mi- 
 
 nor, Mx. 
 
SOLIDAGO. 435 
 
 cac'siu, W. (blue-stem golden-rod. W. y. Au. Z(.) stem nearly erect, very smooth 
 and even: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate, with the margin and nerves 
 rough iisli: rays rather longer than the disk. Stem upright, somewhat zigzag, 
 branclied, leafy: leaves about two inches long, sub-entire, sub-glaucous, paler 
 beneath: racemes numerous, short, rough-pedicelled: bracts small, smooth, subu- 
 late. 2—3 f. ^^ 
 
 lie'uhi, W. (purple stem golden rod. y. S. If.) stem glabrous, panicled: leaves lance- 
 olate, serrate, glabrous, rougli-edged: branches racemed at the extremity: rays 
 elongated. Stem branched, dark purple: leaves tapering to both ends. »S'. P. N. 
 
 hi^/uda, \V. (O. y. Oc. 21-) stem erect, hispid, scabrous: leaves lanceolate, rough, 
 entire; radical ones serrate: rays of middling length. Resembles the casta. S. 
 
 LltliospermifoLia, W. (y. S. Zf.) stem branching, pubescent: leaves lanceolate, Bca- 
 brous on both sides, tapering, 3-nerved, entire: ray-florets elongated. S. 
 
 ■puhirulii, N. (y. Zf.) stem simple, terete, sub-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, entire, 
 slightly pubescent both sides, tapering to both ends; radical ones sub-terete: ra- 
 cemes spiked, axillary, erect and condensed: peduncles pubescent: scales of the 
 involucre lance-linear, acute:iray florets about 10, elongated. Stem brownish, sim- 
 ple pubescent. 1 — 2 f. iS. Y. Mch. 
 
 Ucvigula, A. (flesh-leaf golden rod. y. S. 2|.) stem erect, smooth: leaves lanceolate, 
 fleshj', entire, smooth in every part: racemes panicled: peduncles scaly, villose. 
 rays twice as long as the involucre. Tall, strong. Probably a variety oi' mczicaiia. 
 Grows in salt marshes. 4— (i i. S. P. Y. B. C. M. 
 
 Umonifulia, P. (1) (y. S. 1[.) stem oblique, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, somewhat 
 fleshy, entire, smooth on both sides: racemes panicled, erect: peduncles scaly, gla- 
 brous or sub-pubescent: ray-florets elongated. Stem generally purple: leaves 
 somewhat clasping; lower ones a foot long. Wet. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 vimin'ca, W. (2) (twig golden-rod. y. Au. Zf.) stem erect, sub-pubescent: leaves 
 lance-linear, membranaceous, tapering to the base, glabrous, rough-edged; the 
 lower ones sub-serrate: rays elongated. Peduncles and branches angular, and very 
 rough: bracts lanceolate, recurved, smooth: flowers nuiiierous. >S'. P. Canada. 
 
 macroplu/tla, Ph. (y. Au. 21.) lower leaves ovate, acuminate tapering, unequally and 
 sharply serrate, glabrous; cauline leaves tapering to both ends, lanceolate, sub- 
 sessile, serrate: racemes axillary, peduncled, leafy, of the length of the leaves: 
 involucre oblong, turgid, many-flowered: rays somewhat elongated. Intermedi- 
 ate between this genus and the aster. 2 — 3 f. T. B. Canada. 
 
 jhxlcovlis. Ph. (zigzag golden rod. \V. y. Au. Z[.) stem zigzag, glabrous, angled: 
 leaves lanceolate-acuminate, serrate, glabrous: racemes axillary: rays half as long 
 again as the involucre. Stem slender, purplish, partly terete and partly angular: 
 leaves numerous on short broad petioles, hardly 2 inches long, and half an inch wide, 
 paler beneath; the upper less serrate: racemes much shorter than the leaves, the 
 upper ones sub-capitate. 2 — 3 f ,!>)'. Mch. M. 
 
 lati/olia, M. (3) (broad-leaf golden-rod. AV. y. Au. Zf.) stem somewhat zigzag, an- 
 gular, smootji: leaves ovate-acuminate, strongly serrate, smooth, contracted into 
 winged petioles: racemes axillary. Leaves often 2 inches broad, and sometimes 
 hairy on the under side of the midrib. W. T. Y. P. C. O. N. 
 
 miilarli. Ph. (4) (axil golden-rod. W. Au. ?[.) stem glabrous, terete, straight: leaves 
 lanceolate, si.'rrate, glabrous: racemes axillary, sub-globose, erect: ligulate florets 
 elongated. T. Mch. 
 
 virgdii'rui, (european golden-rod. y. 71-) stem flexuous, angular, pubescent: leaves 
 serrate, roughish, attenuated at the base: racemes erect, panicled, close: rays elon- 
 gated. Flowers large; rays .5 — 10: upper leaves nearly entire. 1 — 3 f. V'ar. ul- 
 pina, leaves obovate or lanceolate, mostly entire: flowers kw. 3 — 6 i. This 
 species is the only one common to the two continents. Bw. White Mts. D. 
 
 muUiradiata, W. (y. S Zf.) stem somewhat villose: leaves sessile, lanceolate, gla- 
 brous, ciliate: lower ones serrate at the apex: raceme terminal, erect: rays elonga- 
 ted, numerous. Labrador. 
 
 rigida, (hand-leaf golderi-rod. W. y. Au. 2[.) stem corymbed, hairy, scabrous: leaves 
 ovale-oblung, rough, with minute, rigid hairs; lower ones serrate, upper ones en- 
 tire: racemes compact: rays twice the length of the obtuse involucre. Stem terete, 
 striate, leafy: leaves a little hoary; radical ones petioled, 12 inches long, broad, 
 
 (1 ) mexicana, L. (2) integerrima, Miller. (3) flexicaulis, Mx. 1st variety. 
 Var. latifoha, P. (4) flexicaulis, Mx. 3d variety. 
 
436 SOLIDAGO. 
 
 acuminate, nerved; the rest 1 to 4 inches long: scales of the iuvoluore ronnd-ob- 
 tuse, nerved, membranaceous at the edges. 3 — 5 f. >S. P. Y. C. Mcli. K. 
 noveboraccnsis, (star golden-rod. y. Oc. 2f-) radical leaves oval-oblong, long-petioled, 
 rough: stem almost leafless, branched, furrowed, level top corymbed: rays twice as 
 long as the tapering calyx. Stem strong, rough, furrowed, liaving leaves only at 
 the origin of the flowering branches: radical leaves with shallow serratures: flowers 
 large, resembling in form some asters: involucre scales narrow, purplish. 2 — 3 f. 
 Y. N. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 1. Racemes onesided. 
 
 cineras'cens, Sz. (y. S. U.) stem erect, slender pubescent: leaves elongated, lance- 
 linear, attenuate at the base, serrate, sub-scabrous on both sides: racemes recurved: 
 peduncles and ray-florets elongated. Upper leaves small, distant. 3 f 
 
 retrorsa, Mx. (y. S. 2i.) stem erect, terete, glabrous, (rough, S.) leaves closely ses- 
 sile, linear, tapering above, glabrous, pellucid-punctate, reflexed, rough on the 
 margin: branches of the panicle recurved. Stem pubescent above: leaves some- 
 what clasping, slightly mucronate. 3 — 4 f S — C. 
 
 iortifolia, E. (1) (y. S. ![•) stem erect, pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub-serrate, 
 spreading, twisted; midrib and upper surface scabrous, nearly glabrous beneeth: 
 panicle pyramidal: racemes reourved. Stem very pubescent above: leaves some- 
 times pubescent beneath, obscurely 3-nerved: panicle very compact. Aif. 
 
 pyramidata, Ph. (y. S. Zf.) stem erect, terete, hispid: leaves oblong, acute, some- 
 what clasping, sessile, glabrous, scabrous on the margin, rarely and obsoletely 
 toothed: panicle naked, secund, pyramidal: branches reflexed: peduncles glabrous. 
 4— Gf. ' ' ' , 
 
 conjmhosa, E. (y. S. 2i.) stem erect, glabrous, branches hispid: lower leaves 
 lance-oblong; upper ones ovate; all fleshy, glabrous, rigid, scabrous and ciliate on 
 the margin: racemes corymbed; lower ones recurved: ray-florets elongated. Stem 
 robust: leaves close-sessile; lower ones sub-dentate; upper ones generally entire. 
 4— 6f. 
 
 pitclieri, N. ( ) racemes secund, glabrous: leaves conformable, smooth, thickly 
 
 set, lance-oblong, acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate: panicle pyrmidal, short- 
 ish, few-flowered: pedicels pubescent: liguli abbreviated. Arkansas. 
 
 radula, N. ( ) racemes ereclish, finely pubescent, scabrous: leaves oblong, 
 
 sessile, entire, sub-reticulate, thick below: panicle contracted, sub-racemed: scales 
 of the involucre oblong: liguli very short. Arkansas. 
 
 lanata, H. ( ) wholly arachnoid-woolly: leaves lance-spatulate, appressed- 
 
 serrate; lower ones petioled; upper ones small, very entire: racemes erect, ter- 
 minal, sub-simple: leafets of the involucre obtuse, sub-glabrous. R. 
 
 2. Racemes erect. 
 
 pubescens, E. (y. Oct. 2X.)stem erect, branching, pubescent: leaves long, lanceolate, 
 tapering at the base, pubescent; lower ones serrate: racemes erect, panicled: ray- 
 florets middle size. Stem slightly scabrous, generally colored: branches rigidly 
 erect: up])er leaves generally entire; lower ones almost s[)atulate. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 pavciflosculosa, Mx. (y. S. 2i-) glabrous, sutfruticose: leaves lanceolate, obtuse, 
 nerveless: panicle compound, many- flowered; fascicles erect: involucre oblong, 5- 
 flowered: ray-floret one. 
 
 pulverulenln, N. (y. Zf.) stem simple: stem and leaves pulverulent-pubescent: leaves 
 sessile; lower ones oval, serrate; upper ones obovate, entire, scabrous on the mar- 
 gin: racemes erect, spike-form: ray-florets (10.) elongated. The lower leaves 
 somewhat resemble those of the tlie Spiraea salicifolia, E. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 erecta, Ph. (y. S. If.) stem simple: stern and peduncles pubescent: leaves lanceolate, 
 acute at each end. glabrous, veiny, scabrous on the margin: racemes short, erect, 
 axillary and terminal. Three is great uncertainty about this species. E. 2f 
 
 hirla, W. (y. Zf.) stem panicled, rough: leaves lanceolate, scabrous on both sides; 
 cauline ones serrate; branch ones very entire: racemes erect: rays elongated. 
 
 (l)odora, Mx. 
 
SOLIDAOO, SONCHUS. 437 
 
 glomerata, Mx. (A. y. If.) stem low, simple: leaves glabrous, lance-oblong, senate: 
 racemes simple, composed of axillary glomerules; upper ones clustered: involucre 
 turgid, many-flowered. Lower leaves broad-oval, acuminate, serrate. Nearly al- 
 lied to Aster. N. K. 
 
 m'lidlis, Vh. (y. 2{.) stem simple, erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, 
 attenuate at tlie base, elongated: racemes erect. 
 
 elata. Ph. (y. S. ![.•) stem terete, pilose, tomentose above: leaves lance-oval, acute,, 
 sub-entire, veiny, tomentose beneath: racemes erect, panicled rays elongated. 
 Leaves sessile, rather small, with elevated veins. 2 — 3 f, 
 
 salicina, E. (y. S. 2i.) stem tall, slender, pubescent above, a little scabious: branches 
 virgate, elongated, erect: leaves lanceolate, very scabrous above, glabrous beneath; 
 lower ones serrate: racemes sub-secund: branches short, sometimes recurved. 
 Stem when old nearly glabrous, generally colored: leaves sessile, diminishing up- 
 wards; lower ones paler beneath. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 angustifolia, E. (y. S. 2|.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves subulate-linear, veiy entire, 
 glabrous: racemes erect panicled: ray-florets middle size. Stem slender: branches 
 numerous: leaves sessile, sometimes lance-linear, slightly scabrous on the margin. 
 2— 3f. 
 
 7)iissovricnsis, N. ( ) small, glabrous, racemes erect: leaves lance-linear, acute, 
 
 gash-sub-serrulate; upper ones entire: panicle short, lax: flowers largish. 1 f. 
 Arkansas. 
 
 cordata, Short & Peter, (y. Au. Zf.) stem striated, pubescent: lower leaves petioled, 
 cordate, sharply and irregularly serrate, acute; upper ones ovate, gradually becom- 
 ing sessile and entire; radical leaves broad-cordate and serrate: spikes axillary and 
 terminal, densely flowered: leafets of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse, appressed. 
 2—4 f. K. 
 
 ohlocnsis, Riddell. ( y. Oc. l_l-) stem simple: radical leaves (when they precede 
 the stem) on long equitant petioles, oblong, retuse, acute and entire at the base, 
 serrate towards tlie summit; margins scabrous; cauline leaves entire, half clasping, 
 lanceolate, acute: corymb fastigiale. Wet grassy prairies, Oiiio. 
 
 riddcllii, Frank. ( y. Sept. 21.) leaves very entire, glabrous, scabrous at the margin; 
 lower and radical leaves very long-petioled, sub-falcate-lanceolate, sub-acute, dis- 
 tinctly .5-nerved; upper ones sheatiiing, lance oblong, acutish, obsoletely nerved; 
 petioles carinate, equitant: stem glabrous, striate, corymb-panicled: racemes or 
 fascicles 3-flowered: scalesof the involucre obtusely ovate, half as long as the ligulir 
 pedicels bracted, sub-villose. 2 f O. 
 
 squarrosa, N. (y. ) pulverulent, finely pubescent: racemes lax, few-flowered, 
 
 axillary, panicled, flowers largish: liguli elongated: leafets of the involucre reflex- 
 ed: leaves oblong ovate, entire, sub-sessile; lovver ones obovate, sub-serrate. 
 
 hirsuta, N. ( ) sub-pilose: racemes erect: stem simple: flowers sub-racemose- 
 
 glomerate: leaves scattered, elliptic-ovate; radical ones spatulate, crenulate. K. 
 
 17 — 1. Son'chus. 53. Cich. sal. sec-sti. /t«em. 
 
 arnensis, (corn sow-thistle. W. y. Au. 2i-) involucre and peduncles hispid, sub-um- 
 
 belled: leaves runcinate, denticulate, cordate at the base: root creeping. P. Y. 
 
 C. F. 
 oleraccus, (common sow-thistle. O. y. Ju. 0.) peduncles sub-tomentose, umbelled: 
 
 involucre glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, clasping, denticulate, sub-sinuate. Var. 
 
 aspera, prickly. Perhaps introduced. 2 — 5 f <S'. Mch. 
 viacrophyUus, W. (W. b. Au. Zf.) peduncles hirsute, naked: flowers panicled: leaves 
 
 large, lyrate, cordate at the base, hirsute beneath. 4 — 7 f. 
 sjnnvlosus, Bw. (W. L. y. Au. 0.) peduncles smooth, somewhat umbelled: leaves 
 
 cordate at the base, oblong clasping, waved, spinose. 2 f. T. B. 
 alpinus, W. (1) (mountain sow-thistle, b-w. Au. 21-) peduncles hirsute, naked: 
 
 flowers raceraed, bracted: leaves runcinate, sagittate at the base, glabrous, glau- 
 cous beneath. Canada. 
 leucnphoi'us, W. (2) (sow-thistle. W. b-w. Ju. $.) peduncles scaly: flowers racemed: 
 
 leaves runcinate, acuminate: stem wand-panicled. 3 — 5 f >S'. P. N. F. K. 
 floridanns, W. (W. b. Ju. $.) peduncles somewhat scaly: flowers panicled: leaves 
 
 runcinate-lyrate, petioled, denticulate. Pursh says this is called the gall of the 
 
 Sonchus. Gr. sogchos, the ancient name of this plant. 
 (1) montanus, Lk. cocruleus, S. canadensis, L. (2) spicatus, Lk. 
 
438 SONGHUS, SPARGANIUM. 
 
 earth, and is used for curing the bite of the rattlesnake; but Mr. Elliot applies that 
 
 name to the Prenanthes alba; the root of which he says is very bitter. 3—6 f. jS. 
 
 P. Y. 
 acuminatus, VV. (W. b. Au. $ .) peduncles soniewliat scaly: flowers panicled: radical 
 
 leaves sub-runcinale; cauline ones ovate, acuminate, petioled, denticulate in the 
 
 middle. 3—4 f. 8. P. Y. B. 
 pallidus, W. (1) W. y. Ju. 2i.) flowers in a compound terminal raceme or panicle: 
 
 leaves lance-ensiform, clasping, toothed. F. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ludovirianus, N.'CVV. y. J.) leaves all runcinate, retrorsely and sharply toothed: pe- 
 duncles and involucre naked: panicle divaricate. Chaft' conspicuously stiped. N. 
 3—5 f. 
 
 caroimianus, Wr. (y. Au. #.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, acute, undu- 
 late, sub-spinose-toothed, auricled at the base, [half-clasping: flowers somewhat 
 umbelled. 1 — 3 f. 
 
 sihericvs, Lin. ( b. 0.) leaves lanceolate, sessile, glabrous, very entire, dentate, or 
 runcinate-pinnatitid: peduncles squamulose, panicled, and with the involucre glan- 
 dulous-hispid. D. A. R. 
 
 Sonchus, Lactuca. 
 
 10—1. Sopito'ra. 93. Legu. f. nut. asc. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 sericea, N. (W. w. 21- ) leaves pinnate; leafets wedge-oval, smooth above, silky-vil- 
 
 lose beneath: spikes many-flowered, tub-sessile. 1 f. 
 
 Sophora, Baptisia. 
 Sorhus, Pykus, 
 
 3 — 2. Sorg'huji. 10. Gram. far. ton. sug. — 
 Exotic, 
 saccharatum, (broom corn. y-g. Au. 0.) panicle somewhat whorled, spreading: fruit 
 oval: glumes covered with penuanent softish hairs: leaves linear. From the East 
 Indies. 6—8 f. 
 vulgarc, (Indian millet, coflee corn. 2i.) panicle compact, oval, nodding when ma- 
 ture: fruit naked, sub-compressed. Var. hicolor, glumes glabrous, black: seed 
 globose. 5 — 7 f. 
 
 J 9— 3. Sparga'kium. 8. Tyi)h. ton—. 
 
 ramosum, Sw. (2) (bur-reed. O. w. Ju. 0.) the 3-sided bases of the leaves concave 
 on the two outsides: the general fruit stem branclied: stiijmas linear. In water 
 o-enerally. Flowers in round heads; the staminate heads above the pistillate ones, 
 and considerably the smallest. l—2f.'S.^ Mch. 
 
 aincrlainum, N. (3) (lake bur-reed. W. w.) lower leaves about equally the length of 
 the stem; floral leaves concave at the base, erect: stigma simple, ovate-oblong, 
 oblique, about half as long as the style. Tlie stem is erect, nearly simple. Grows 
 plentifully in a small swamp in Troy, about a mile east of Rensselaer School. 1 f. 
 S. T. C. P. F. Mch. S— C. 
 
 angiistifolium, Mx. (4) (floating bur-reed. W. ^. Au. 2L-) leaves flat, long linear. 
 
 Sophora. An alteration of the Arabic name aojihcra; the name of a beautiful tree. 
 
 Sorgliuiii. Surghi is the Indian name, according to Baubin. 
 
 Sparganium. Gr. spariranon, a band or fillet; alluding to the long, linear form, and 
 
 pliant texture of the leaves. 
 
 (1) Lactuca canadensis, L. (2) ereclum, L. (3) simplex. Ph.? (4) na- 
 tans, Var. a. Ph. 
 
 * Mr. Elliott describes a plant under ameriranum? which does not agree with that 
 plant in the vicinity of Troy. I have bctore me all the three sjiecies here described, 
 and have often seen them growing. The plant of E. cannot possibly be eitlier of 
 them, unless it is the ramosum. I do not believe that the simplex is an American 
 plant. 
 
SPARC ANIUAI, SPERMACOCE. 439 
 
 very narrow, fiinch longer than the stem, weak; the part above water rioating on 
 its surface. Grows in great abundance in the little lake on Gatskill mountain', 12 
 miles west of the village, near the Mountain House. P. 15. N. 
 
 17 — J. Sparganoph'orus. fi"). Antli. ton. rat. 
 
 ticr/killalns, M.v. (water crown-cnp. p. Au. 2l. ) leaves linear, wliorled: heads few, 
 torniinal: egret campanulate, 5-tootlied. Floating in water. 1 f. <S'. Y. 
 
 Sjjartina, Luinetis. 
 
 16—10. Si'ar'tium. 93. Legu. b. bit-ton. 
 Exotic. 
 
 junceum, (spanish broom. J. T-.) branches opposite, wand-like, bearing flowers at the 
 
 end: leaves lanceolate, glabrous. 
 sciipnrluin, (scotch broom. J. ^.) leaves ternate and solitary, oblong: tlowers axil 
 
 iary: legumes pilose at the margin: branches angular. 
 
 5 — 1. Specula'ria. 52. Camp. ton. 
 Eiotic, 
 amplexicuidls, sjicadum, described under Campanula. 
 
 10 — 5. Sper'gula. S3. Gary, demo — . 
 
 arvensis, (corn spurry. W. w. J. 2S.) leaves filiform, whorled: panicle dichotomous: 
 peduncles become reflexed as the fruit advances to maturity: seed reniform. 8 
 —1-2 i. S. R. T. -vv. C. F. N. Mch. 
 
 saginoidcs, (1) (pearl spurry. w. J. ZC- or 0.) glabrous: leaves opposite, subulate, 
 naked: peduncles solitary, very long. Persoon asks whether this is not a variety 
 of the Sagina procumbens. 2 — 3 i. S. C. F. New Jersey. 
 
 nodosa, Hk. (W.) leaves subualate, opposite, glabrous, connate; lower ones sheath- 
 ing, upper ones proliferous in the axils: petals twice as long as the calyx. Canada. 
 N. W. Lake<=. 
 
 snbulnta, Hk. (W.) glabrous or sub-pubescent: leaves narrowly linear-subulate, mu- 
 cronate: peduncles long, solitary: petals equalling the calyx and capsule. R. 
 
 rnbra, T. vt G. (red sand-wort. i'. J. 0.) glabrous, humifusje: leaves filiform, fleshy, 
 longer than the joints: stipules cuneute-membranaceous, sheathing: stamens 5: 
 capsule angular or globose, 8 i. P. Y. C. T. II. Arcnaria, rubra, 7th edition. 
 
 4 — I. Spermaco'ce. 57. Cine. ton. ast. feb. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tcnu'ior, (w. Ju. 0.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate", scabrous above, nearlv 
 
 glabrous beneath: flowers whorled: seeds rough. Stem sometimes pubescent and 
 
 flowers nearly solitary. Swartz. 
 glabra Mx (VV. w. J. Q..) stem procuuibent, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, glabrous 
 
 on both sides: flowers whorled: seeds glabrous. 
 involucrota, Ph. ( w. ) stem very hispid: branches alternate: leaves lance-ovate, 
 
 acuminate, hiisute on both sides: stipules inany-brislled: heads terminal, involu- 
 
 cred: stamens exsert. 1 f. 
 lasiantha, Raf. ( ) stem weak; branches diffuse: leaves sessile, oblong, acute; 
 
 nerves scabrous: flowers verticillate: corol woolly within. Louisiana. 
 
 Sparganojjhorus. Gr. spargaaon, a fillet, a.n6i jjlicro, io bear: because the seed is 
 
 crowned with a membranous band. 
 Spartium. Gr. spartlnu, a rope: because of the use made of its branches incordage. 
 Specularia. Lat. speculum, a mirror; the old name of the leading species in the genus. 
 Spergula. Lat. spergo, to scatter, from the dispersion of its seeds. 
 Spermacoce. Gr. sperma, seed, and akokc, a sharp point; the seeds pointed. 
 
 (1) decunibens, E. 
 
440 SPHAERALCEA, SPIR.^IA. 
 
 15—12. Sphaeralcea. Mali. emo. muc. 
 
 ^ellata, T. ( p) densely clothed with a grayish stellate pubescence: leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute, petioled, erosely serrate, rugose: peduncles axillary, 3— 5-flower- 
 ed: flowers aggregated: carpels 12— 14, bimucronate, 2-seeded. Oregon. 
 
 lacerifolia, N. ( p.) minutely roughish-tomentose with a stellate pubescence: leaves 
 5-lobed, somewhat cordate; the lobes acute, toothed, unequally serrate: peduncles 
 aggregated, terminal: carpels 12—14, pointless. Oregon. Globe mallows. 
 
 5—1. Spige'lia. 46. Spi. g-h. ath^-. oath—, nar— . 
 
 manjlandica, (pink-root. W. p. J. 2{) stem 4-sided: leaves all opposite, sessile, lance- 
 ovate, entire. A celebrated vermifuge. 9 — Id i. >S'. P. Florida. S — C. 
 
 20—5. Spina 'ciA. 29. Chen. nut. lax. 
 
 Ezoilc. 
 </lera'cea, (spinach- J. 0.) fruit sessile, prickly or unarmed: leaves hastate-sagittate: 
 stem branched. In habit resembles the Chenopodium album. 1—2 f. 
 
 11—5. Spir^'a. 92. Res. h. ton-f. aro— . 
 1. Stem more or less woody. 
 
 salicifoiia, A. (1) (meadow-sweet, willow hard-hack. O. r. w. J. ■^.) leaves lance- 
 ovate or obovate, serrate, glabrous: flowers in panicled spreading racemes. Var. 
 alba, has white petals, and generally the twigs are reddish. The small branches 
 are generally killed by frost in the winter, as also of the next species. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 iomentosa, (steeple bush, purple hard-hack, meadow-sweet. O. r. Ju. 'h.) leaves 
 lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy beneath: racemes in a crowded, sub-panicled 
 spike. 2— 3f. .S'. Mch. 
 
 hypericifoUa, ( John' s-wort hardback, w. M. ^ .) leaves obovate, entire or toothed at 
 the apex: umbels sessile. Cultivated. 3 f. P. Canada. 
 
 ckamaedrifolia, Lui. { ) leaves ovate or oval, unequally serrate, rarely sub-lobed, 
 sub-glabrous: corymbs hemispheric, peduncled: pedicels and reflexed lobes of the 
 calyx pubescent. Var. leaves elliptic, obtuse, glabrous or sub-pubescent. A. 
 Canada. 
 
 douglassii, H. ( r. ) branches and peduncles pubescent: leaves elliptic, coarsely 
 and unequally serrate above, hoary-tomentose beneath: panicle crowded, oblong, 
 obtuse: flowers small: stamens twice as long as tiie corol: lobes of the calyx tri- 
 angulai, reflexed: carpellae 5, very glabrous, sliining. A. 
 
 menziesii, H. { r. ) branched above: peduncles and calyx triangular, reflexed, 
 smoothly pubescent: leaves elliptic, coarsely and unequally serrate above, similar- 
 colored and glabrous beneath: panicle crowded, oblong, obtuse; flowers small: sta- 
 mens twice as long as the corol. A. 
 
 coryinbosa, R. (A. r-w. \ .) leaves oblong-obovate, gash-toothed, pubescent beneath: 
 corymb terminal, peduncled, compound, fastigiate, somewhat leafy. This may be 
 the cluimaedrifolia of Pursh, but probably not of L. Torrey. 
 
 creiiata, ( fp .) leaves obovate, acute, looth-crenate at tlie apex: corymbs peduncled, 
 crowded. Y. H. 
 
 opulifuUa, (nine-bark, snowball hard-hack. W. w. J. ]^.) leaves sub-oval \ lobed, 
 doubly-toothed or crenate, glabrous: corymbs teiminal, crowded: carp 'Is inflated: 
 flowers trigynous. Wet. 3—5 f. S. T. C. P. D. Mch. 
 
 capitata, Ph. (W. J. ^.) leaves ovate, somewhat lobed, doubly toothed, reticulate 
 
 Sphaeralcea. Gr. sphaira, globe, athuihos, mallows. Fruit in globular heads, and 
 
 of the mallows family. 
 Spigelia. ]n honor of Adam Spigelius, an old botanist of considerable note. 
 Spinacia. Lat. spina, a thorn, from the processes of the seed. 
 Spiraea. Gr. speiron, spiral coil; in allusion to the spire-like inflorescence of some 
 
 species. 
 
 (1) alba, M. 
 
 •'^ 
 
SPIR^A, STACHYS. 441 
 
 beneath, tonientose: corymbs terminal, crowded, sub-capitate, very long-peduncled: 
 calyx toiDcntose. 
 
 sorbiJoUa, Ph. (W. w. Au. ^.) leaves pinnate; leafets uniform, serrate: flowers 
 panicled. 
 
 ino'iiogij'na, T. (W. fp.) leaves broad-ovate, sub-3-lobed, gash-serrate, glabrous: 
 corymbs umbelled: style one; pedicels glabrous: divisionsof the calyx erect, spread- 
 ing: germs villose. S, 
 
 2. Stem herhaceous. 
 
 aruncus, W. (steeple-weed. W. A. w. J. If.) leaves 2— 3-pinnate: flowers in a 
 
 panicled spike; styles 3 to 5. Var. americana, has very long slender spikes. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 S. P. M. Catskill. 
 lobata, (W. r. Ju. 21.) leaves pinnate, glabrous: the odd leafet large, 7-lobed: lateral 
 
 ones 3-ldbed: corymbs iiroliferous. P. 
 dis'color, Ph. (W. Ju. >^.) leaves ovate, snb-lobed, toothed, obtuse, white-tomentose 
 
 beneath, smooth above, short-petioled: panicle terminal, very branching; branches 
 
 white-pubescent: calyx and germs villose. 
 betulifulia, Pall. (W. A. r. J, >>.) leaves broad-ovate, gash-toothed, glabrous; corymbs 
 
 terminal, compound, fastigiute, leafy. 1 f 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ulmaria, (queen of the meadow, w. r. Au. 21.) leaves pinnate, downy beneath; the 
 terminal leafet larger, 3-lobed; the lateral ones undivided: flowers in a proliferous 
 corymb. Stem herbaceous. 
 
 Spiraea, Gillenia. 
 
 Spiranthes, Neottiaj 
 
 13—1. Sta'chys. 42. Labi, ton, 
 
 hyssopifolia, Mx. (Ju. ) slender, erect, somewhat glabrous: leaves sessile, linear and 
 lance-linear, rarely toothed: whorls about 4-flowered. 12 — 15 i. S. Mch. 
 
 as'pera, Mx. (hedge nettle, clown-heal. O. w-p. Ju. 2X-) stem erect, with branches 
 opposite, hispid backwards: leaves sub-petioled, lance-ovate, truncate-serrate, gla- 
 brous, with ciliate margins and under veins: whorls 4 — r2-flovvered, but mostly 6: 
 calyx with spreading spines. Var. lenvifolia, leaves very thin, slender, lanceolate. 
 1 — 2 f. This is an exact description of all my specimens, collected iu various situ- 
 ations. Perhaps it should constitue a new species. Mch. 
 
 sylvalica, W. (W. p. Au. TJ.) leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate; whorls 6-flowef- 
 ed: stem prickly backwards. 1— 2 f. S. N. K. Mch. 
 
 velutina, Sz. (W. b.) stem simple, 4-angled, villose, or sub-hispid; leaves lance-ovate, 
 crenate-serrate, close-sessile, clasping, opposite and pointing 4 ways; nerves silky- 
 tomentose on both sides: whorls about 6-flowered: corol sub-pilose. 1 f. 
 
 pilosa,]^. (r. 21.) hirsutely pilose: leaves sub-sessile, oblong-ovate, acute, serrate: 
 calyx very pilose; teeth long: whoils somewhat 6-flowered. R. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 latifolia, W. (p. Ju. 2i-) whorls many-flowered, spiked: upper lip bifid with acute 
 divisions: leaves broad, cordate, rugose, hairy. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hispida, Ph. (y-p. Ju. If.) stem and leaves hispid: leaves petioled, ovate, oblong, 
 acute, obtusely serrate: whorls about 4-flowered: calyx glabrous. 2 f. S — C. 
 
 tcnu'folia, ( ) stem erect, angled, smoothish: leaves petioled, lance-oval, serrate, 
 acuminate: whorls 6-liowered: calyx very pubescent. S — C. 
 
 intermedia, A. (W. 2i.) whorls many-flowered; calyx sub-pungent: leaves oblong, 
 sub-cordate, crenate; stem somewhat woolly. 
 
 Stachys, Hyssopus. 
 
 Stachys. Gr. stachus, spike; the flowers of all the species grovV in spikes. 
 
 56 
 
442 SXANLEVA, STELLAifilA. 
 
 IS — 2. Stan'leya. 63. Cru. asc. 
 
 heteropkylla, N. ( ) stem erectr lower leaves lyrately pinnate, soinewliat pubes- 
 
 cent beneath; terminal segment much larger, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat serrate; 
 upper loaves lanceolate, entire: lanj'ina of the petals longer than the claws. 
 Rocky Mts. 
 
 virldiflura, N. (Ju. Au. ) erect, glabrous:, leaves cuneate-obovate, entire; the radical 
 ones with a few luncinate teeth towards the base: petals linear, and, as well as the 
 calyx, herbaceous. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 jiinnatifida, N. (W. y. 21.) glaucous, smooth: leaves somewhat succulent, undulated, 
 interruptedly pinnatifid; divisions sub-lanceolate, remotely "toothed; racemes ter- 
 minal, many-tlowered: peduncles long. ' Mr. JNuttall thinks the Cleome pinnata of 
 Ph. and tills plant are the same. 3 f. 
 
 integrifulia, J. (VV. y. ) stem simple, angular: leav'es entire, ovate, oblong, taper- 
 ing to both ends: raceme terminal: silique of the length of the pedicel. 
 
 5 — 3. Staphyle'a. 95. Staph^ ast — . 
 
 trifolia, (bladder nut. W. y-w. M. ^.) leaves in threes: racemes pendant: petals 
 ciliate below. When in flower, if the genn be cut transversely and examined, it 
 will appear 2 or 3-celled, and wsill contain the rudiments of 15 or 20 seeds. But 
 when the fiuit is ripe, it consists of 2 or three inflated, adnate, sub-inembranous 
 caipels each containing 1 to 3 hatd small seeds. 6^-18 fi iS'. 13. P. C. T. M. 
 F. N. Moil. 
 
 17 — 2. Stark'ea. 55. Heli. ast. sec-sti. 
 
 Southern, 
 spinulosns, Ph. (1) (W. y. Au. Tl-) caulescent: leaves bipinnatifid, gash-toothed; 
 divisions linear, rigidly mucronate: flowers lateral and terniinal, crowded: rays 2- 
 toothed: chaff setaceous. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 5 — 5. Stat'ice. 33. Plum. r. ast. ajn. diar. 
 
 limo'niuni, L. (2) marsh rosemary, sea lavender. L. b. Au. 21.) scape terete: panicle 
 much branched: leaves lance-obovate, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous. The root is a 
 valuable astringent. 12—18 1. S. B. C. T. 
 
 armeria. (thrift. L. r. ![■) scape simple, terete, capitate: leaves linear, flat. 1 f. S'. 
 
 10—3. Stella'ria. 62. ' Gary. dem. lax— . 
 
 media, S. (3) (chick weed. O. w. M. Zf.) leaves ovate, and heart-ovate, glabrous: 
 stem mostly procumbent, having alternate lines of hairs on opposite sides. Num- 
 ber of stamens variable. 9—15 i. 
 
 pu'bera, Mx. (W. w. M. 21.) pubescent: stem decumbent: leaves ovate-oblong, ses- 
 sile, acute, sub-ciliate, somewhat undulate: pedicels dichotomous, recurved: petals 
 longer than the calyx. C— 10 i. P. C, M. K. 
 
 horealis, Bw. (w. Ju.) leaves lance-oval: peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered: 
 petals and calyx about equal. , R. White Mts. 
 
 vliginosa, Sr. (4) (bog starwort. W. w. J.) stem diffuse, procumbent, much-branched: 
 leaves lanceolate, ciliate, and narrow at the base: peduncles somewhat in pairs, 
 single or many-flowered: petals shorter tlian the calyx. P. R. W. 
 
 humi/ti^a, Sw. (#.) leaves ovate, sub-secund, sessile: s|em procumbent, 4-cornered: 
 peduncles solitary, short. 
 
 Stanleya. In honor of Lord Stanley, a distinguished patron of science. 
 Staphylea. Gr. staphula, a bunch; in which form its fructification is disposed. 
 Starkea. In honor of the Rev. M. Starke, a Cryptogamist of some note. 
 Statice. CJr. statin, to arrest; because it stops diarrhoea, according to Pliny. 
 Stellaria. Lat. sldla, star, from the figure of its flower. 
 
 (1) Amellus, Ph. (2) carolinian:i. Ph. (3) Alsine media, L. Uolnsteuvt 
 
 succulenturn. (4) alsine, Hn. 
 
STELLAUIA', STEVIA. 44S 
 
 lotiifipcs, Goldic. (W.) sub-flaccid, very glabfous, glaucous: learv'cs linear-subulate, 
 spreading: peduncles terminal, fork-branched: bracts membranaceous; pedicels 
 niucli elongated: petals broad-obovate, deeply bifid, a little longer than the obtuse 
 obscurely 3-nerved calyx. Woods. Lake Ontario, N. W. Lakes. 
 
 lacta, Hk. (W.) stifliy erect. Very glaucous: leaves erect, lanceolate, broader at the 
 base, acute, crcnate, smooth: peduncles sometimes in pairs, 1-Hovvered, sometimes 
 in i'ew-tlowered terminal panicles: petals two-parted, a little longer than the ob- 
 scurely 3-nerved cal^'x. N. W. Lak^s. R. 
 
 cernstoidcs, L. ( ) stems cespitose and decumbent, somewhat dichotomous: leaves 
 oblong, pubescent: peduncles in pairs, 1 -flowered, deflexed in fruit: petals exceed- 
 ing the obtuse sepals: capsule oblong, almost twice the length of the calyx. Green- 
 land. 
 
 gracilis, Richardson. ( )'glabrous': stgm weak: sterile branches gemmiferous: 
 
 leaves lanceolate -somewhat succulent:, peduncle solitary, axillary or terminal, 
 elongated, l-flowered: petals 2-parted, longer than the glabrous acute nerveless 
 sepals. Hudson's Bay. 
 
 nitens, N. (0.) sub-cespifose,, smooth and shining: stems erect, sparsely hairy below, 
 filiform, naked above: leaves- lanceolate-subulate, short acute: petals 2-lobed and 
 much shorter than the lanceolate very acute 3-nerved sepals. Oregon. 
 
 crispa, Cham. & Schlecht. (2X-) glabrous: stems diifase, decumbent: leaves veiny, 
 ovale, abruptly acute or acuminate at each end. the margin undulate: flowers axil- 
 lary, solitary on short peduncles hardly longer than tlie leaves: petals mostly 
 wanting, or 2-parted and very much shorter than the lanceolate 3-nerved sepals. 
 Oregon. 
 
 calijcaiUha, Bongard. ( ) cespitose: stems decumbent, flaccid: leaves ovate-lance- 
 olate, connate, the margin minutely ciliate with white hairs, much siiorter than the 
 internodes: cyme dicholomous: peduncles filiform: petals none: sepals ovate-lance- 
 olate, 3-nerved, a little siiorter than the obtuse- sub-globose capsule. Sitclia. 
 
 hrachypctala, Bongard. ( ) .stem simple, erect: leaves linear-lanceolate, rather thick: 
 petals and capsule half the length of the sepals. Sitclia. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 proslrata. Bald. (1) (Ap. 0.) leaves ovate, acute, smooth: petioles very long: stem 
 prostrate, terete, hollow, dichotomous, sub-pubescent: peduncles solitary, long: 
 flowers heptandrous: calyx erect. Flowers small. 1^4 f 
 
 jarnes'ia'na, T. & G. (VV.) viscid-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, sub-falcate, closely 
 sessile, acute: stem somewhat branclied, flaccid: panicles lax, divaricate: petals 
 2-lobed, about twice the length of the oblong, acute divisions of the calyx. 
 
 nntlallii, T. & G. (0. March. Ap.) minutely glandular, branched from the base, erect 
 orascending: leaves linear, obtuse, rather flesliy: cyme few-flowered: petals ob-cor- 
 date, twice the length of the ovate, obtuse, nearly nerveless sepals. 4 — G i. Ar- 
 kansas. La. Texas. 
 
 macropetiila, T. ^ G. (0) glabrous, branching from the base: stems erect, slender: 
 leaves linear and very narrow, somewhat fleshy, acute: cyme few-flowered: petals 
 obovate spatulate, 2-lobed, more than twice the length of the ovate lanceolate 
 3-rlbbed sepals. Akansas. 
 
 uniflora, Wr. ( M.) glabrous, branching from' the base: stems erect, very slender: 
 leaves subulate-linear, acute: peduncles axillary, filiform, l-flowered: petals ob- 
 cordate, with a shallow sinus, twice the length of the oblong-acutish nearly nerve 
 less sepals. N — C. to Georgia. 
 
 Slellaria, Micropetalon. 
 17 — 1. Stk'via. 55. Eupa. bit. ton. 
 
 Southern, 
 callosa, N. (VV. r. S. Q.) leaves linear, crowded, somewhat succulent, callous at the 
 apex; upper ones alternate: flowers divaricate, sub-corymbed: egret about 8-leaved, 
 erose, short. 
 
 Slewartia, Stuartia. 
 
 Stevia. In honor of James Steve, or Esteve, an eminent Spanish botanist. 
 (1) elongata, N."? 
 
444 STILLINGIA, STREPTANTHUS. 
 
 19 — 15. Stillin'gia. 96. Euph. 1. esc. dis. eme, 
 Sovthern. 
 salvatica, (y. J. 21.) herbaceous: leaves sessile, lance-oblonjr, tapering at the base, 
 serrulate: staminate florets scaicely longer than the bracteal scale. 2 — 3 f. S — C. 
 sebifera, (I) Ju. T?.) leaves petioled, rhomboid, acuminate, entire, with a gland below 
 
 the base on the petiole: staminate florets pedicelled. Introduced. 20 — 40 f. 
 ligus'trina, Mx. (J.) fruticose: leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, very entire 
 petioled: staminate florets short-pedicelled. G — 12 f. 
 
 3—2. Stip'a. 10. Gram. far. fod. 
 
 avmacea, (2) (feathergrass. J. 2l{-) leaves striate, glabrous: panicle spreading, sub- 
 unilateral: branches whorled with branchlets: glumes acute, membranaceous, equal- 
 ling the glabrous fruit; awn naked, twisting. Var. bkolor, (3) fruit obovate, 
 bearded at the base. P. Y. B. O. Florida. Mch. 
 
 juncea, Ph. (W. An. 2i-) leaves convolute-filiform: panicle lax: glumes somewhat 
 awned, longer than the fruit, awn long, scarcely pubescent. D. Mch. 
 
 canadensis, Lk. (4) ( ) leaves setaceous: panicle small: glumes glabrous, obtuse- 
 
 pvate, equalling the pubescent fruit: awn thick, short. N. 
 
 SoiUhern. 
 
 expansa, Lk. ( ) leaves striate, glabrous, somewhat glaucous: spikes alternate, 
 
 panicled, spreading: flowers sessile, remote: glumes longer than the paleas: awn 
 short, naked. 
 
 striata, Lk. ( ) panicle long, narrow: peduncles jointed, very straight: awns naked, 
 somewhat flexuous. Has the aspect of an Andropogon. Lk. 
 
 farviftora, Dc. (W. Zf.) leaves radical, sub-rigid, filiform: panicle appressed and dif- 
 fuse, many-flowered: awns becoming capillary towards the extrerpity. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 Stipa, Trichochloa, Eriocoma. 
 
 3—1. Sti'pulici'da. 30. Ule. ast. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 setacea, Mx. (5) (w. M. 0?) stem erect, smooth, 2 — 3-chotomous: lower leaves 
 small, opposite, spatulate; branch-leaves none: stipules (2 at each fork,) fimbriate. 
 6-10 i. C. 
 
 17 — I. Stoke'sia. 55. Inul. f. h. ton. dia. feb. 
 Southern, 
 cyanea, Hr. (b. H.) stem leafy: leaves lanceolq,te: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 
 
 14—2. Streptan'thus. 63. Cruc. asc. edi. 
 
 gagittatiis, N. (r. ^.) leaves stigittate, acute, clasping, very entire; petals oblong- 
 oval, immaculate. R. 
 
 p»ff?j/btos, Hk. (Arkansas cabbage.) I have received no description of this species 
 other than what is implied by the name — leaves oval. Grows in Arkansas. 
 
 ansvstifolius,'^^. (S't.) radical leaves lanceolate-linear, sparingly hirsute: cauline 
 oblong-lanceolate, sagittate and clasping, smooth, erect: petals oblong-oval, the 
 limb exserted. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Stillingia. In honor of Mr. Benjamin Stillingfleet, a man of some distinction, and a 
 collector of plants. 
 
 Stipa. Gr. stupe, a feathery substance; a beautifully feathered beard is peculiar to 
 S. pendata. 
 
 Stipulicida. Lat. stipulcc, the stipule, and caedo, to cut, the stipule being divided in- 
 to many segments. 
 
 Stokesia. In honor of John Stokes, eminent in botany and organic relics. 
 
 Streptanthus. Gr. str^tos, twisted, and anthos, flower. 
 
 (l)Croton, L. (2) virginica, P. (3) barbata, Mx. (4) juncea, Mx. 
 
 (5) Polycarpon stipplifidum, Ph. 
 
STREPTANTHUS, STUARTIA. 445 
 
 cordatiis, N. (g-y.) glabrous: lower leaves spatulate-oblong, repandly denticulate; 
 oauline ones cordate, clasping, all obtuse: flowers on short pedicels: siliques de- 
 fiexed. Rocky Mts. . . ■ . 
 
 virgalus, N. ( ) radical leaves more or less villous with stellate hairs, lanceolate- 
 linear; Cauline ones oblong-linear, sagittate, clasping: petals exserted, linear-oblong: 
 calyx pubescent. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Southern. • 
 
 maculatus, N. (W. p. M. 0.) glaucous: stem erect, terete; leaves clasping, heart- 
 ovate, acute, entire: raceme terminal, corymbed. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 obtusijulms, H. (r. p. 0.) leaves elliptical, obtuse, deeply 2-lobed and clasping at the 
 base: petals broadly obovate: siliques broadly linear. Arkansas. 
 
 hyncinthoidcs, H. (J. 0. b-p.) glabrous: leaves oblong-linear, acuminate: petals spa- 
 thulate-linear, longer than the filaments. Texas, Arkansas. 
 
 arcuatus, N. (r-p.) hirsutely villous with branching hairs: leaves lanceolate-linear, 
 remotely serrulate; cauline ones sagittate and clasping, very acute: siliques flat and 
 curved downward: petals obovate, exserted. California. 
 
 glandidosus, H. ((J. p.) hirsute below: leaves linear-oblong, repandly toothed, the 
 teeth glandular: radical ones petiolate, cauline deeply sagittate and clasping: 
 flowers erect, spreading, secund: siliques very narrow, somewhat spreading, curved; 
 valves reticulated: petals linear-lanceolate, undulate. California. 
 
 flavescms, H. {Q. y.) hirsute with simple hairs: leaves linear-oblong, the lowest ones 
 sinuate-pinnatifid, or obtusely dentate with glandular teeth; upper ones entire: 
 flowers erect; petals linear, acute: siliques erect, hirsute. California. 
 
 repandus, N. (w. ) hirsute, particularly the lower part: leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
 elongated, clasping: angularly toothed or repand above: petals about as long as the 
 calyx. California. 
 
 heteropltyUus, N. (p-w.) hirsute below with simple hairs: leaves laciniate-pinnatifid; 
 cauline ones sagittate at the base and clasping: flowers pendulous; sepals long- 
 connivent: petals linear: siliques very long and narrow, pendulous. California. 
 
 6—1. Strepto'pus. (1) 12. Smil. dia. nar. 
 
 rosctts, Mx. (rose bell wort. r-w. M. 2X.) glabrous, shining: leaves clasping, serrate- 
 
 ciliate: anthers short, 2-horned. Woods. 12—18 i. <S. C. B. H. D. Mch. 
 distortus, Mx. (2) (y.M.li-) glabrous: leaves clasping: pedicels solitary, twisted- 
 
 geniculateia the middle. Woods. 2 f. P.N. 
 lanuginosus, Mx. (W. A. g-y. J. H ) whitish-woolly: leaves sessile, sub-cordate at 
 
 the base, acuminate: pedicels in pairs on a short stipe. Flowers large. Berries 
 
 red. S. Near Rochester. Stevenson. P. 
 
 StrophosUjles, Phaseolus. 
 21 — 1. Struthiop'teris. 5. Fili. sec-stim. 
 
 pennsylvanicn,V7. (3) (ostrich fern. U-) barren frond bipinnatifid; divisions entire, 
 obtuse; lower ones elongated, acute. O. D. 
 
 1.5-12. Stuart'ia. 70. Tern, storn. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 rirginica, Mx. (4) (w. M. fp .) leaves ovate, acuminate: flowers axillary, generally 
 
 in pairs: calyx ovate, obtuse: petals entire: styles united. 6 — 12 f. Florida. 
 pentiisp/na, L. Her. (M. Ju. y-w.) leaves oval or ovate, acuminate, entire or mucro- 
 nat^ely serrulate, somewhat pubescent beneath: sepals lanceolate: styles distinct; 
 capsule 5-angled. N — C. to Georgia. 
 
 Sluarlia, Malachodesdron. 
 
 Streptopus. Gr. strepios, twisted, and pous, foot, because of a peculiar twist of each 
 
 flower stalk. 
 Struthiopteris. Gr. stroulhos, an ostrich, znApterux, a feather; from the resemblance 
 
 of its frond to the ostrich featiier. 
 Stuartia. In honor of John Stuart, Earl of Bute, a distinguished naturalist. 
 
 (1) Uvularia, L. (2) Uvularia amplexifolia, VV. (3) Onoclea nodulosa, Sh. 
 <4) Malachodendron, L. 
 
446 STVLO?ANTHES, SWERTIA. 
 
 Shjlandra, Convallaria. 
 
 ^/yluphorum, Meconopsis. 
 
 10 — 10. Stylosan'thes. 93. Legu. f. nut. asc. 
 
 datior, (1) (pencil flower, W. y. Au. 11.) stem pubescent on one side: leaves lanceo- 
 late, glabrous: bracts lanceolate^ ciliate:. heads 2 or o-flowered. Var. procumbens, 
 stem procumbent. 9—15 i. /S'. P. M. S— C. 
 
 11—12. Sty'lypus. 92. Rosa. ton. '' 
 
 vema, (y. J. Z[.) sparingfly pubescent; stem procumbent at the base, branching above: 
 radical leaves interruptedly pinnate; cauline ones pinnate and pinnatifid; leafets 
 gash-toothed: stipules large, roundish, gash-toothed. Petals longer than the calyx: 
 awns naked: flowers small. M. K. , 
 
 5 — 1. Styphonia. 94. Anac. f. «& h. poi. sti. 
 
 integrifolia, N. (r.) leaves oval, very obtuse at both ends, entire, on short petioles. 
 
 California. 
 serrata, N. ( ) leaves oval or ovate, on very short petioles, sharply repand-serrate. 
 
 California. 
 
 15 — 12. Sty'r'^x. 71. Styr. aro. acrid — . car. 
 Southern. 
 
 grandifolium, (2) (w. Ap. fp.) leaves broad-obovate, acuminate, tomentose beneath: 
 racemes simple, axillary, leafy near the base. 4 — 12 i. 
 
 pulverulentum, Mx. (w. Ap. >?.) leaves oval, acute, tomentose beneath: racemes 
 lateral, few-flowered, leafy. 18 i. 
 
 lae'vc, Wr. (3) (w. Ap. ^. ) leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, serrate, gla- 
 brous: racemes lateral, leafy: corol tomentose. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 glabrum, (4) (w. Ap. ^.) leaves lance oval, acute at each end, finely serrulate, 
 membranaceous, glabrous: racemes lateral, leafy. 6 — 8 f. Florida. S — C. 
 
 14 — 1. ScBULA'iiiA. 63. Crue. r. nut. asc. 
 aquatica, W. (awl wort. w. Ju. 0.) stemless: leaves subulate. Wet. 1 — 2 i. 
 
 Southern. , 
 
 alpi'na, W. (A. 7S-) stem branching: leaves obovate. 
 
 4 — 1. Swer'tia. 46. Gent. r. bit. ton. asth. 
 
 ■defleza, S. (5) (W. g-y. Ju. i^.) corol bell-form, with a deflected horn: leaves ovate: 
 
 branches short. In swamps. 18 — 24 i. D. Canada. 
 pusilla, Ph. (false gentian. A. b. J. Cf-) corol wheel-form, twice as long as the calyx: 
 
 stem simple, 1 -flowered: leaves oblong. 1 i. White hills. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 /astiffiata, Ph. {\W. Ju. Zf.) corol bell-wheel-form, as long as the calyx: flowers fasti- 
 giate-clustered, axillary and terminal: pedicels in pairs: leaves spatulate-obovate, 
 nerved: stem branching. 
 
 Stylosanthes. Gr. stulos, a column, and anthos, flower, the corol being supported 
 
 on a pillar in the calyx. 
 Stylypus. Gr. stulos, column, upo, under, on account of its receptacle being 
 
 columnar. 
 Styphonia. Stuphos, stuffed; from the dense herbage. 
 Styrax. Gr. sturax, the ancient name for the gum benzoin, wliicli this genus 
 
 furnishes. 
 Subularia. Lat. subula, an awl, from' its awl-shaped leaves. 
 Swertia. In honor of Emanuel Sweert, gardener to the Emperor Rudolphus II. 
 
 (1) hispida, Mx. Trifolium biflorum, L. (2) grandiflorum, Mx. (3) glab- 
 
 rum, Mx. (4) Botan. Mag. No. 921. (5) corniculata, Ph. not L. 
 
SWIETENIA, SYRINGA. 447 
 
 • 10—1. Swiete'nia. 71. Cedr. feb. ton. 
 Southern, 
 maliagonii, (maliogony. T.) leaves somewhat 4-paired; leafets lance-ovate, unequal 
 at the base, acuminate: racemes axillary, jjanicled. 
 
 ^ 3—1. Sye'na. 17. Pont. ton. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Jluviatills, (J. ir?) leaves crowded, subulate: flowers axillary, solitary, long-peduncled: 
 peduncle recurved after tiowering. 2 — 3 i. S — C. 
 
 5 — 1. Sympho'ria. (1) 58 Capr. f. ref. exp. 
 
 racemosa, Mx. (2) (peter's wort. W. r. Au. h.) raceme terminal: corol bearded 
 
 within. 2— 3f. «. O. D. Rochester. 
 glomerata, Ph. (3) ( W. g-r. Au. ^.) racemes axillary, capitate, cono;lomerate. 
 
 3—4 f. S-C. 
 
 5 — 1. Svmfhokicar'pus. 53. Capi. r. cats, cath-h. lax. 
 
 racemosa, Mx. (4) ( ) flowers in sub-terminal, lax, interrupted, often leafy, 
 
 racemes: corol densely bearded within: style and stamens included. Canada. 
 R. A. 
 
 occidentalis, Rich. ( ) spikes dense, terminal and axillary, nodding: corol and 
 
 divisions densely bearded within: style and stamens sub-exsert. R. A. 
 
 5 — 1. Sym'pkvtum. 43. Bora. r. dem. muc. 
 r\Exotic. 
 ojfiicinale, (corafrey. y-<v. J. TJ..) leaves ovate-sub-lanceolate, decurrent. ruo-ose. 
 Naturalized. 2—4 f. 
 
 Sijmpho carpus, Ictoues. 
 Sijmplocos, HopEA. 
 
 13 — 1. Synan'dra. 42. Labi. car. ton. aro. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 giandiflora, N. (W. y-w. J. Zf?) stem irregularly sulcate: leaves sub-hirsute above, 
 lieart-ovate, acuminate, obtusely dentate; lower ones sub-petioled; upper ones 
 sessile, clasping: flowers solitary, sessile. 1 f. K. 
 
 2—1. Syrin'ga. 34. Olea. bit. ast. 
 Exotic, 
 fculgaris, (lilac, b-p. w. M. \,) leaves cordate: flowers in a thyrse. 
 persica, (persian lilac, b. M. fp .) leaves lanceolate, entire or pinnatitid. 
 chlnensis, (Chinese lilac, b. M. \.) leaves lanceolate: branches stiff, mottled. 
 
 Swietenia. In honor of the celebrated Austrian, Van Swieten. 
 Syena. In honor of Arnold Syen, superintendent of the garden at Leyden. 
 Symphoria. Gr. sumplioreo, to cluster together; alluding to the inflorescence. 
 Symphoricarpus. Gr. sumphoro, to cluster or unite, karpos, fruit; on account of the 
 
 gerins being adnate. 
 Symijhytum. Gr. sumphotum, of sun, and phuo, to grow together, having been 
 
 fiinious for its healing wounds. 
 Synandra. Gr. S2m, together, and aner, stamens; in allusion to the adherance of the 
 
 two long stamen.s. 
 Syringa. Gr. suriax, a pipe, because pipes were made of its branches. 
 
 (1) Loniccra. _ (2) Symphoricarpus, Mx. (3) vulgaris, Mx. (4) Xylos- 
 tcuHi cilialum, Var. ulbuiu, Ph. 
 
448 TAGETES, TEPHROSIA, 
 
 T. 
 
 17 — 2. Tage'tes. 55. Inul. aro. sto. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 erecta., (african marygold. y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnate; leafets lanceolate, ciliate-ser- 
 
 rate: peduncles 1 -flowered, incrassate, sub-inflated: involucre angled. 
 palulu^ (trench marygold. y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnate; leafets lanceolate, ciliate-ser- 
 rate: peduncles 1-flovvered, sub-incrassate: involucre smooth: stem spreading. 
 
 11 — 1. Taij'num. 86. Fort. muc. nut. lax. res. 
 
 ieretifolium,* Ph. (taliny. W. p. Ju. H.) leaves cylindric, fleshy, subulate: peduncles 
 elongated, naked, cymose, 4 — 10 i. Darlington says the seed is not arilled, ac- 
 cording to the generic descriptions of W. &. N. S. P. D. 
 
 Southern. ' 
 
 parvijiorum, N. ( ) small: leaves slender: stamens 5 — 10. Arkansas. 
 
 17 — 2. Tanace'tum. 55. Anth. h. bit-odo. ton — cor. ast 
 
 huronensis, N. (W. )'. Zf.) leaves pseudo-'bipinnate, gash-serrate, sub-tomentose be- 
 neath: pedicels thickened: ray-fldiets irregular, 4— 5-cleft. Flowers large, corymbed. 
 D. Mch. 
 
 paucifionnn, Rich. ( ) stem simple, longer than the leaves, somewhat 1-flowered: 
 leaves bi-pinnate, villose, sessile: florets all perfect. A. 
 
 Exotic, 
 vulgare, (tansey. W. y. Ju. 2X-) leaves doubly pinnate, gash-serrate. Naturalized. 
 Var. crispum, (double tansey,) leaves crisped and dense. 
 
 20—15. Taxus. 100. ConSl^b. h. & f. abs. sed. ren. 
 
 canadensis, W. (1) (dwarf yew, shin-wood. O. Ap. '^.) leaves linear, 2-ranked, mar- 
 gin revolute: receptacles of the staniinate flowers globose. Appears like a small 
 spreading hemlock bush. 2 — 6 f. IVlch. 
 
 baccata, W. (W. h .) leaves linear, 2-ranked, flat: receptacles of the staminate 
 flowers globose. 
 
 10—2. Tellima. 84. Saxi. ton—. 
 
 grandiflora, Doug. (W. w. 2i.) leaves cordate, lobed, dentate-serrate: racemes elonga- 
 ted: petals oblong-linear, laciniate-pinnatifid: styles 2. A. R. 
 
 parviflora, H. ( ) hirsute-scabrous: leaves ternate; leafets gash-pinnatifid: raceme 
 short, petals unguiculate, tiifid: styles 3. 1 f. R. North California. 
 
 TcUitna, Mitella. 
 16 — 10. Tephro'sia. 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc. 
 
 virginiana, (goat's rue. O. r. Ju. Zf-) crect.'with whitish down: leafets (17 — 21) lance- 
 oblong, acuminate: raceme terminal, short, sub-sessile: legumes falcate, villose: 
 calyx woolly. 1 f. iS'. Mch. 
 
 Tagetes. Said to be named from Tages, a Tuscan divinity, grandson of Jupiter. 
 Talinum. Gr. thallo, to be green, from the verdant habit of the genus. 
 Tanacetum. Corrupted from Atlianasia, the ancient name for tansey, of a, without, 
 
 and thanatos, death, from the durability of its flowers. 
 Taxus. Lat. taxus, the ancient name for the yew tree. 
 Tephrosia. Gr. tcpliros, ash colored, from the color of the foliage. 
 
 (1) bactata minor, Mx. 
 
 * This most elegant little annual is remarkably tenaceous of life. I received the 
 dry root in a letter from Mr. D. Townsend, collected in Dr. Darlington's locality in 
 Pennsylvania, which I set in a box of earth in the spring of 1827, and it produced 
 numerous flowers that season. The next summer a sufiicient number of plants were 
 produced by self-sown seeds, to supply numerous specimens for students. 
 
 -<*.• 
 
TEPHROSIA, TIIALICTRUM. 449 
 
 Southern. 
 
 chn/sopIr/Uii. Vh. (I) (M. ) prostratp, pubescent: leaves pinnate, in fives, sub- 
 
 sessile; leafeis c-une;ite, obovatp. very obtuse, glabrous above, silky beneatb: pedun- 
 cIhs opposite the leaves, loriij, about IMlowered: legumes nearly straight. 
 
 hispidiilii. Mx. (2) (r. JNI. 21-) stem erect, slender, pubescent, dichotoinous: leaves 
 pinnate; leafets (11 — 15) oval, sub-retuse, mucronate, hairy beneath: racemes as 
 long as the leaves, few-tlowered: legumes mucronate. slightly hispicJ. 2 f. 
 
 paucifolia, N. (3) (r. M. 21-) stem decumbent, very villose: leaves distant, pinnate; 
 leafets oval, wedge-form at th.e base, villose beneath: peduncles much longer than 
 the leaves, few-tlowered. S — C. 
 
 onohnjihoules, N. ( r. ) erect, ferruginous-pilose: leaves sub-sessile; leafets 
 numerous, (16 — 24) cnneate-oblong, obtuse, mucronulate: racemes very long, ter- 
 minal, many-flowered: leeth of the calyx unequal, short. Arkansas. 
 
 clcirtnis. N. (r-p. 2S.) decumbent, sparingly pubescent: loaves sub-sessile; leafets 
 (15 — 17) oblong-elliptic, icutish: peduncles filiform, few-flowered, longer than the 
 leaves: divisions of the calyx acuminate. Alabama. 
 
 17 — 2. Tkt'kaconothe'ca. 55; Heli. s. sto. 
 
 Soulheriii 
 
 hdianthoides, W. (y. J. 21- ) scabrous: leaves opposite, sessile^ lance-spatulate, toothed, 
 pilosCj glandular-punctate: involucre 4-angied. 2 — 3 f. Florida. 
 
 13 — 1. Tku'crium. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car., ton. 
 
 canadense, (wood-sage, germander. O. r. Ju. 2X.) pubescent: leaves lanceolate, ser- 
 rate, petioled: stem erect: spikes whorled, crowded: bracts longer than the calyx. 
 V4r. virgiakum. upper leaves sub-sessile: bracts about the length of the calyx. 
 1—3 f. -S. Mch. ^ 
 
 tiiciniutum, T. (VV. ) somevvhatipiticose: leaves pinnately 5-parted; upper ones 
 
 3-parted; divisions linear: flowers axillary, solitary, pedicelled: pedicels much 
 shorter than the leaves. 
 
 1—1. Tha'lia. 21. Orch. aro. 
 Sout/ierrii 
 dealbarta, Roscoe. (p. Au. 2S-) panicle while-pulveiulent: spatheS-flowered: leaves 
 ovate, revolute at the sunmiit. 
 
 12 — 12. Thalic'trum. G1. Ranu. acr. poi — . 
 
 dioicum, (4) (meadow rue. O. w-r. M. If.) very glabrous, dioecious or polygamous: 
 filaments filiform; anthers linear, elongated, mucronate: leaves on short {)etioles, 
 ternately deconi[)ound; leafets rounded, crenately and obtusely lobed, glaucous 
 beneath: peduncles as long as the leaves: carpels oblong, sessile, strongly ribbed, 
 twice the length of the slender curved style. T. purpurascens, of 7th edition is a 
 synonym. IVlch. 
 
 corniiti, (VV. g y. Ju. 21.) dioecious or polygamous: filaments sub-clavate; anthers 
 oblong, obtuse: leaves sessile, ternately decompound; leafets roundish-obovate or 
 elliptical, 3-lobed, with the lobes ratlier acute, glaucous or pubescent beneath: 
 peduncles longer than the leaves: carpels sub-sessile, ribbed, twice as long as the 
 style: stigma linear. Mch. T. revolutum, carolinianum, rugosum, corynellum, 
 of 7lh edition, are synonyms for tliis species. 
 
 ancmonoides, Mx. (rue anemone. O. w. M. 2_f.) umbels involucred; radical leaves 
 twice ternate; leafets sub-cordate, 3-toothed; involucre 6-leaved; leafets petioled, 
 
 Telragonotheca. Gr. tetragon, quadrangular, and thcka, case, in allusion to the four 
 
 angles of the grains. 
 Teucriun). Said to be named after Teucer, the founder Troy. 
 Thalia. \n honor of John Thalius, a German botanist. 
 Thalictrum. Gr. thalLo, to be green, alluding to its verdant habit. 
 
 (1) prostrata, N. (2) gra(»le, N. (3) villosa, Mx. spicata, Wr. (4) laevi- 
 gatum, Mx. 
 
 57 
 
450 THALICTRUM, THLASPI. 
 
 uniform: umbel few-flowered: carpels striate: root tuberous. 6 — 10 i. (S. Mch. 
 
 Anemone thalictroides, 7th edition. 
 filipes, T. & G. ( ) polygamous? carpels .semi-obovale, compressed, striate, each on 
 
 a slender stipe, nearly its osvn length, acute: style none; leaves biternale, petiolate: 
 
 leafets roundisli, obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, glaucous beneath. N — C. 
 aipiniiiii, L. ( ) flowers perfect, in a simple raceme, nodding: filaments filiform; 
 
 anthers oblong-linear: stem simple, nearly naked: leaves biternate; leafets glabrous: 
 
 stigma linear: carpels ovate, sessile. Canada to Greenland. 
 
 Southern. ■ 
 clavatum, ( Zf.) monoecious: filaments club-form: pericarp compressed, scarcely 
 beaked, with a very short style: leaves glabrous, without stipes. 
 
 5 — 2. Thas'pium. CO. Umbe. poi— . sto — . 
 
 aclacifolium, Dc. (Ju. 2_I.) leaves gash-bilernate; segments oval, equally dentate: 
 umbels sub-verticillate; lateral ones sterile. 3 f. Canada. Banks of St. Lawrence 
 river. Virginia. K. 
 
 barbinode, Dc. (W. y. 21-) lower leaves somewhat gash-3-ternate; vipper ones gash- 
 biternate, segments cuneate-ovate, acute, unequally gash-serrate, entire at the base. 
 3f P. Banks of Schuylkill. Mch. 
 
 atroptirjmrmm, Dc. (p. J. Zf.) radical leaves petioled, cordate undivided: cauline ones 
 gash-pinnate: segments 3 to 7, short-petioled, ovate oblong, all cartilaginous- 
 dentate. 2— 3f. S. C. H. M. P. 
 
 Thaspium, Cnidium, Sison, Thapsia. 
 
 12—1. The'a. 70. Tern. ton—, nar. bev. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 hohea, (bohea lea. M. T^.) flowers 6-petalled: leaves oblong-oval, rugose. From China 
 
 and Japan. Flowered the last of Sepiember*J*1838, in Albert P. Heartt's garden. 
 
 virid'is, (green tea. \ .) flowers 9-petalied: leaves very long-oval. J. C. Leltson says 
 
 this is only a variety of the bohea. 
 
 10 — 1. Ther'mia. 93. Legu. f nut. g. asc. 
 Southern. 
 rhomhifolia, N. (1) (W. y. Zf.) leafets rhomb-ovate, somewhat wedge-form, silky- 
 pubescent beneath, obtusish: stipule leaf like, round-ovate, oblique, shorter than the 
 petiole: raceme interrupted. 
 
 Thermopsis, Thermia. 
 5 — 1. The'sium. 25. Sant. sed. ton. 
 
 umbellatum, (2) (false toad flax. O. w-g. J. ZX-) erect: leaves oblong: umbels axillary, 
 (sometimes at a distance above the axil:) 3 to 5-flowered, flowers bracled: pedun- 
 cles longer than the^eaves. 9—15 i. ;S. Mch. 
 
 14 — 1. Thlas'pi. 63. Cruc. asc. dia. 
 
 arvensc, (penny-cress. W. J. 0.) silicles sub-orbicular, compressed, smooth: leaves 
 
 oblong, toothed, glabrous. P. Y. D. 
 alliaceum, (W. ©.) silicle sub-ovate, ventricose: leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed, 
 
 glabrous. Introduced. 
 
 Thaspium. From the isle of Thaspia, which gave name to the Thapsia of the 
 
 ancients, in allusion to its affinity with that genus. 
 Thea. Gr. thea, originating in the Chinese Tcha or Tsja, their name for tea. 
 Thermia. Gr. thermos, a lupine, to whicli its flowers bear resemblance. 
 Thesium. Gr. theseion, because it formed part of the garland presented by Theseus 
 
 to Ariadne. 
 Thlaspi. Gr. thlao, to break or press, because its seeds appear as if bruised or 
 
 pressed. 
 
 (1) CytissuB, Ph. (2) Comandra, N. Hamiltonia, S. 
 
THLASPI, THYSANOCARPUS. 451 
 
 tuberosjim, (r. M.) silicle eub- orbicular, Bhort, compiessed: leaves rhomb-ovate, obso- 
 letely toothed, smooth, sessile: radical ones long-petioled: stem pubescent, very 
 short and simple: root tuberous and fibrous. 4 — 5 i. P. 
 
 alpesire, Dc. ( ) loaves entire or obscurely toothed; radical ones ovate, petioled; 
 
 cauline ones oblon<r, clasping: petals about equalling the calyx: silicle obcordate, 
 8 to 12 seeds: style fililonn. Canada. 
 
 montnnuin, Dc. ( ) leaves somewh^it fleshy, entire; radical ones obovate, petioled: 
 cauline ones oblong, sagittate-clasping: petals larger than the calyx: silicles obcor- 
 date, 4-seeded: style filiform. A. Canada. 
 
 corhlr/iriforme, Dc. ( ) leaves somewhat fleshy; radical ones petioled, ovate, sub- 
 
 dentate: cauline ones cordate-clasping: petals larger than the calyx: silicles oblong, 
 sub-emarginate, 8-seeded: style short, filiform. R. 
 
 Tldaspi, Lepidium. 
 
 19 — 15. Thu'ja. 100. Coni. b. h. ton. exp. con. 
 
 occidentnlis, (arbor vitre, false white cedar. M. fp .) branchlets 2-edged: leaves imbri- 
 cated 4-\vays, rhomb-ovate, close pressed, naked, tubercled: strobiles obovate; 
 inner scalestruncate, gibbous below the apes. Vast quantities along the Erie canal 
 from Rome to Montezuma. V. T. Peekskill. Mch. S— C 
 giganlea, N. ( ) strobiles lax; scales oboval. retuse: leaves imbricate 4-ways, 
 
 ovate, obtusish, closely incumbent, sub-equal. 200 feet high and 12 feet diameier. 
 R. 
 
 13 — 1. Thy'mus. 42. Labi. arc. sto. con. 
 Exotic. 
 
 serpyllus, (mother of thyme, b-p. J. ^.') flowers in heads: stem creeping: leaves 
 
 flat, obtuse, ciliate at the base. Naturalized. 
 vulgaris, (thyme, b-p. J. 21. ^.) e^te,, procumbent at the base: leaves ovate and 
 
 linear, revolute, flowers in a whoi^ spike. 
 lanus'inosus. (lemon thyme. H. \.) flrowers in heads: stem creeping, hirsute: leaves 
 
 obtuse, villose. 
 
 Thyrsunthvs, Wistaria. • 
 
 Tiedmannia, Oenanthe. 
 14 — 1. Thv'sanocar'pus. 63. Cruc. asc. 
 
 curvipes, Hk. (W. ) flowers racemed, small: silicle pendulous: stem solitary, erect: 
 leaves mostly radical, pinnatifid. West of Rocky Mts. 
 
 oblov gif alius, N. ( ) petals about twice as long as the calyx: silicles nearly orbic- 
 ular, wingless, hispid with uncinate hairs: leaves oblong, toothed, and densely 
 and stellately hirsute. Oregon. 
 
 Soulhern. 
 
 pusiilus, H. (Ap. ) flowers apetalous: silicles nearly orbicular, wingless, hispid with 
 
 uncinate hairs: leaves oblong, toothed, and stellately hirsute. California. 
 eleguns, Fiscli. and Meyer. ( ) petals nearly twice as long as the calyx: silicles 
 
 orbicular-ovate, membranaceously winged; the wing perforated with holes, emar- 
 
 ginate at the apex. 12 — 18 i. California. 
 pulilidlus, Fisch. and Meyer. ( w. ) petals longer than the calyx: silicles glabrous; 
 
 the wing not perforated, truncated at the apex: style much exserted. California. 
 crenatus, iV. (March. Ap. ) j)etals about as long as the calyx: silicles orbicular-obo- 
 
 vate, crenate, glabrous, slightly emarginate, membranaceously winged; the wing 
 
 perforated: style not exserted: leaves linear-lanceolate, runcinately and remotely 
 
 denticulate. California. 
 
 Thuja. Gr. thuion, a kind of cedar used for making images in Greece,- or thija, from 
 thyo, to sacrifice, because its wood was used as a perfume in sacrifices. 
 
 Thymus. Gr. thumos, courage, in allusion to its cordial qualities. 
 
 Thysanocarpus. Gr. thusanos, fringe, and karpos, fruit; the pods being edged with 
 fringes. 
 
452 THYSANOCARPUS, TILIA. 
 
 lacinatus, N. ( ) petals as long as the calyx: silicles elliptical, glabrous, winged; 
 
 the wing entire or crenate, not perforated, entire at tlie apex, and acuminate with 
 the conspicuous style: leaves linear, remotely and incisely toothed. California. 
 
 10—2. TiARtL'LA. 84. Saxi. ast-j-. 
 
 cordifolia, (initre-woit, gem-fruit, w. ]M. 7i-) leaves cordate, acute-lobctl, toothed: 
 teeth mucrnnate: scape racemed. llesembles the Mildlu diplnjUa. 10 i. C. T. 
 O. N. V. Mch. 
 
 vienziesii, Fh. ( VV. 2X-) leaves ovate, cordate, acute, short-Iobed, toothed; cauline 
 ones alternate, distant: raceme filitbrm, somewhat spiked: calyx tubular. 1 f. 
 
 trifoLiata, VV. (W. Zf.) leaves ternate; leafets sub-rhomboid, serrate, pilose: racemes 
 terminal: little corymbs of flowers alternate: calyx bell-form. 
 
 hractciita, T. & G. (W. 21-) leaves round-cordate, gash-serrate; serratures niucronate: 
 scape racemed: flowers pentandrous, bracted; pelals very narrow: stamens not 
 exsert. This species differs from TiarelLn in its pentandrous, bracted flowers; and 
 from Heiiihcra in its distinct styles and habit. It should perhaps form a distinct 
 genu.s. Torrey. 
 
 finifoliiifa, Hk. ( ) sub-glabrous: stem one leaved: leaves all petioled, triangular- 
 
 cordate, obtusely toothed; teeth short-mucronate: panicle lax: flowers nodding: 
 calyx canipanulate: petals abortive (?) 1 f. R. 
 
 laciniutu, Hk. ( ) rough, hitsnte: stem sub-trifoliate: leaves trifoliate; middle 
 
 leafet trifid: lateral ones bifid: all broadrlanceolale, lacinate-pinnatifid: panicle lax; 
 flowers nodding: calyx short-campaimlate: petals 0? 9 — I'Z i. N. W. Coast. 
 
 Smttlicrii. 
 
 biternata, Vent. (A. y-w. J. ZC-) leaves biternate; leaft^s heart-ovate, oblique, gash- 
 lobed, toothed: stem leafy: panicle terminal, divaricate, witli the flowers some- 
 what spiked. There is some obscurity about tlijs plant; it cannot belong to this 
 genus. Elliott. Resembles Spiraea arunct^fj^h. 
 
 15 — 3. Tigri'dia. is. Lid. acr — . cath — . 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 pavonia, (tiger flower, r-y. M. to S. 21.) root bulbous: stem simple, wavy: leaves 
 ensiform, nerved: petals flat, spotted; inner ones small, guitar-lorni. Var. leoiia, 
 one-colored. 
 
 12—1. Til'ia. 79. Fili. b. ast. muc. cata. diu. con. 
 
 gl/ihra, V. (1) bass-wood, lime-tree. O. y-w. Jn. ^>.) leaves round-cordate, abruptly 
 acuminate, sharply serrate, .sub-coriaceous, glabrous: petals truncate at the apex, 
 crenate: style about equalling the petals: nut ovate. Large tree: wood soft and 
 white. Leaves often truncate at the base. .S'. Mch. 
 
 pnhcscens, V. (2) crop-ear bass-wood. y-w. Ju. t •) leaves truncate at the base, (one 
 lobe cropped,) oblique, acuminate, tooth-serrate, pube.-^cent beneath: panicle dense- 
 flowered, petals eniarginate, about equal to the style: nut globose, smooth. Var. 
 Uptojihylla, leaves lax, serrate, verv thin, somewhat papyraceous. <S'. p, D. C. 
 O. N. 
 
 alha, Mx. ( ) leaves glabrous above, whitish-pubescent beneath; the veins pale; 
 
 serratures mucronately acuminate: petals emarginate: starninodia-spatulate, entire: 
 style nearly glabrous at the base. I'ennsylvania to Maryland and Western States. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 heteropJuillo, Vent. (W. J. >^.) leaves ovate , oblique at the base or equally truncate and 
 cordate, sharply serrate, white tomentose beneath: nut globose, somewhat ribbed. 
 
 Tiarella. A diminutive of tiaras, an ancient ornament for the head, in allusi^ to 
 
 the shape of the seed vessels. 
 Tilia. Lat. tilia, the linden, perhaps of Gr. j^tdea,.the elm tree. 
 Tigridia. From the tiger-like spots on some of the flower.s. 
 
 (l) americana, W. canadensis, IVlx. (2) americana, Wr. 
 
TILL.EA, TIPULARIA. 453 
 
 4—4. TiLL.c'A. 8G. Port. muc. 
 
 ascmdcns, Ea. (pigmy-weed, w.) stem ascendinij, rooting at the lower joints: leaves 
 connate, subulate, tlesliy: flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Very minute. A new 
 species; discovered on the llousatonic by Prof. Ives, in the summer of 1816. C 
 Peekskill. 
 
 6 — 1. Tilland'sia. 15. Broni. sug. aro. edi. ref. 
 Soulhera. 
 
 ulriculata, (wild pine, w.) leaves somewhat glaucous and pruinose, concave, broad, sub^ 
 ulate. setaceous at tli« apex, acumiAate, recurved and very dilated at the base: panicle 
 branching; flowers sessile: bracts somewhat 2-ranked, shorter tha'n tlie calyx: 
 petals twice as long as tlie calyx, erect, equal below, distinct at the apex, often 
 gaping on the side; stamens longer than tlie corol. Leaves pale green, retaining 
 water in tlieir dilated bases. 3 /. * 
 
 JH7iC(;rt, Le Conte. ( b.)sleni leafy: leaves longer than the stem, gradually shorter 
 towards the top, somewhat pruinose, cliannelied, subulate-setaceous, rigid, recurved 
 at the apex, dilated at the base: spilies compound, many-flowered, distichous; bracts 
 imbricate, longer than the calyx: petals equitant, thereby forming a tube, dilated 
 in the middle, thrice as long as the bracts, margin and apex recurved: stamens 
 longer tiian the corol: stigma roundcapilate, hispid. Leaves pale-green: stem 
 reddish: bracts red: stamens blue; anthers j^ellow. 1 f. 
 
 prinifolia, Le Conte. ( b.) stein leafy: leaves equalling the stem, gradually shorter 
 towards the top, at lengtli scale-like, sub-gubescent, not pruinose, subulate-setace- 
 ous, semi-terete, erect, concave at the base: spikes simple, few-flowered: bracts 
 short, imbricate: petals equitant, th.er^j foruiing a tube, longer than the bracts: 
 dilated in tiie middle, recurved nt the apex and margin: stamens longer than the 
 corol. Leaves pale green: stem, and Hiacls red: stamens blue: anthers yellow. 
 5 i. ^ 
 
 lartia'mi, E. ( b.) stem leafy: leaves longer than the stem, gradually shorter to- 
 wards tlie top, hoary-pnbescent, subulate setaceous, seini-terete, erect, concave 
 and dilated at the base: spike nearly simple, 6 — S-flowered, 2-ranked, bracts imbri- 
 cate: petals equitant, thereby forming a tube, dilated in the middle, longer than the 
 bracts, recurved at the apex and margin. Leaves greenish: stem and bracts red: 
 stamens blue; anthers yellow. JO i. 
 
 paespilosa, Le Conte. ( b.) stem scaly by the diminution of the leaves: leaves longer 
 tlun the stem, hoary-pubescent, subulate-setaceous, semi-terete, erect, somewliat 
 concave at the base: spikes 3 — 4-flowcred: bracts imbricate: petals equitant, there- 
 by forming a t^be, dilated in the middle, longer tlian the bracts, recurved at the 
 apex and margin. Leaves reddish grey: stem and bracts red: stamens blue; anthers 
 yellow. 4 i. 
 
 recvrrdla, ( ) leaves shorter than the stem, terete, curved, subulate-setaceous, 
 pruinose, whitish pubescent, with narrow grooves, 2-ranked: stem naked above, 
 1 — 2-flowered: flowers sessi'e: corol longer than the calyx. 6 i. 
 
 nsneoides, { g.) grayish, pruinose, whitish pubescent: stein diffuse, filiform, pendu- 
 lous, branching, dichotomous, flexuous, or even spirally twisted: leaves subulate- 
 filiform, semi-terete, twisted: flowers terminal, solitary, sessile: calyx glabrous, 
 rusty, 3-parted; divisionssubulate, very acute, erect; petals 3, broad-linear, rounded 
 fit the apex, equitant below, thereby forming a tube equal to the calyx; lamina 
 spreading, flat: stamens sJiorter than the tube. La. S— C. 
 
 IS — I. TiPULARtA. 2L Orch. r. amy. vis. aro — . 
 
 fUsrolor, N. (1) (w. Au ) leaf solitary, plaited and longitudinally nerved: flowers 
 raceiued, nodding, bractless. Resembles the Corallorhiza. Y. 
 
 . . •■ "♦ 
 
 Tilhsa. In Iionor cf Tilli, and Italian botanist. 
 Tillandsia. In Iionor of Tillands. a Swedish botanist of Abo. 
 Tipularia. So called from a fancied resemblance in the flower to insects of the genus 
 
 iipula, or crane fly. 
 
 (1) Limodorum unifolium, M. Orchis discolor, Ph. 
 
454 TOiriELDIA, TRADESCANTIA. 
 
 6 — 3. Tofielb'ia. 13. Mela, poi — . asc — . 
 
 puhens, Mx. (1) (g-w. Au. If.) scape scabrous: spike oblong, interrupted: capsules 
 
 sub-globose, scarcely longer than the calyx. Vi — 18 i. <S'. D. S — C. 
 glntinosa, Mx. (VV. 21-) scape and pedicels glutinous-scabrous: spike with a few 
 
 alternate fascicles: capsule egg-form, twice as long as the calyx. Canada. Mch. 
 pusilla, Mx. (scotch asphodel, g-w. J. 2i.) glabrous: leaves short: scape filiform: 
 
 spike few-flowered, globular: little calyxes adnate to the racliis: capsule globose. 
 
 Mountain swamps. Canada. 
 
 ^'outhern. 
 
 glabra, N. ( g-w. ) scape terete, smooth: leaves linear, ensiform: spike short, 
 dense, oblong: bracts acute, very small: peduncles solitary, angular, as long as the 
 flowers: styles 0: capsules distinct, membranaceous, equalling the corol. 8 — 10 i. 
 
 glaherrima, Macbride. (w. Oc. 7i-) very glabrous: flowers racemed: buds approxi- 
 mate, nearly whorled, I -flowered. 2—3 f S— C. 
 
 Toltnia, Pyrola. 
 
 20 — 15. ToRREYA. 100. Coni. h &h. abs. ner. w & b. pun-odo. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 taxifolia, Arnot. (Florida yew-tree. \ .) branches spreading; branchlets 2-ranked, 
 
 forked: leaves 2-ranked, linear, keeled, rigid, mucronate. 20 — 40 f. 
 
 My specimen consists of a transverse segment, C^ inches diameter. The wood 
 resembles spruce spars. It must be of slow growth; as the most thrifty growth pre- 
 sents from fifteen to twenty concentric rings to the inch. Leaves one inch long, one 
 tenth of an inch wide. Fruit an inch and 3 tenths long, and 9 tenths in diameter. 
 Outside coat (primine) very rugose, brittle; shell (secundine) thin; leaving the seed 
 large. Aspalaga River, Florida. 
 
 11— 1. Toute'rea. (2) 88. Turn. emo. 
 
 ornata, N. (W. y-w. A. 2i?) leaves lanceolate, interruptedly pinnatifid; segments 
 sub-acute: base of the capsule foliose, 5 to 7-valved; seeds almost without margins. 
 2 to 4 feet high. Flowers very large, solitary and terminal, sessile, odorous. 
 Found on the banks of the Missouri. 
 
 nuda, N. (W. y-w. 21-) leaves sub-lanceolate, interruptedly pinnatifid; segments ob- 
 tuse: capsule naked, 3-valved; seeds margined: outer stamens petaloid, often 
 sterile. Flowers smaller than the preceding species. Near the Great Bend on the 
 Missouri. 
 
 17 — 2. Towksend'ia. 55. Aste. ast. ton. 
 
 sericea, Hk. ( ) florets of the ray involute, narrow, scarcely expanded: leaves 
 
 radical, numerous, erect-spreading, sub-spatulate, entire, ciliate: flowers solitary: 
 involucre ovate, with silky leafets. A. R. 
 
 G — 1. Tradescak'tia. 13. Comm. ton — . 
 
 mrffinica, (spider-wort. b. p. M. If-) erect, branching: leaves lanceolate, elongated, 
 glabrous: flowers sessile; at length the peduncles become elongated; umbel com- 
 pact, pubescent. Cultivated. 1 — 2 f jS'. P. M. Florida. Mch. 
 
 rosea, Mx. (r. M. 2L.) erect, simple: leaves lance-linear: peduncles elongated: calyx 
 smooth. 8—12 i. S. 
 
 Tofieldia. In honor of Mr. Tofield, an English botanist. 
 
 Torreya. In honor of Prof John Torrey of New York — the American Linneus. 
 
 Touterea. Gr. touteron, another. A temporary name, given from its having been 
 published as Bartonia and Torreya: and been driven from both l)y other appplica- 
 tions of both names. The word " Another," may stand as a name for this edition. 
 
 Townsendia. In honor of David Tovvnsend, Esq. of West Chester, Pa. 
 
 Trarlescantia. In honor of two Tradescants, father and son, Frencli botanists. 
 (1) pubescens, Ph. Narthecium, Mx. (2) See note to p. 63, and write this 
 
 name in the blank at the * This is the Torreya of 7th ed. 
 
TRAGIA, TRICHODIUM. 455 
 
 19—3. Tra'gia. 9G. Euph. ton. stim. 
 ramosa, T. & J. (W.) stem herbaceous, pilose, very branching: leaves petioled, 
 lance-ovate, sharply serrate, hirsute beneath, sub-cordate at the base: racemes 
 axilary, lilifbrm, t'ew-tlowered. 8 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 urens, (Ju. 21-) erect: leaves lanceolate, sessile, obtuse, sub-dentate at the apex: stem 
 and branches pubescent. Var. sul/ovalis, leaves oblong-oval, sometimes wedge- 
 form. Var. Id.nccolala, leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate and entire. Var. linearis, 
 (1) leaves linear, nearly all entire. 12 — IS i. S — C. 
 'urticifulia, Mx. (Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, o\'ate, serrate: stem erect, very hirsute. 
 
 12—18 i. S— C. 
 macrocarpa, W. (W. Ju. ^$.) climbing, hispid: leaves deeply cordate, ovate, acutely 
 toothed. K. 
 
 17 — 1. Tragopo'gon. 53. Cich. asc. sal. 
 Exotic, 
 jjorrifolius, (vegetable oyster, goat beard, salsafy. p. Ju. q.) involucre longer than 
 therays of thecorol; the corroUets very narrow, truncate; peduncles incrassate. C. 
 
 12 — 12. Tkautvetteria.* 61. Ranu. acr. r. poi — . 
 
 pabnata, Fisch. «& Meyer. (Ju. Au.) leaves slightly coriaceous, with conspicuous 
 reticulated veins: cyme mostly compound. 2 — 3 f. N — C. K. Tennessee. Cimi- 
 cifuga palmata, and tludictnim ranunculinum, 7th edition. 
 
 ■grandis, N. ( ) leaves membranaceous, the veins scarcely prominent: cyme nearly 
 simple. Oregon. 
 
 5 — 2. Tre'pocar'pus. 60. Umbe. aro — . stim. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 aethiisae, N. (w.) umbels 5-rayed: fruit four times as long as broad: leaves many-cleft, 
 
 with linear lobes. Arkansas. 
 Irachijcfirptis, (W.) umbels 2 and 3-rayed: fruit three times as long as broad. Perhaps 
 a variety of the last. Louisiana. 
 
 10—1. Trib'clus. 81. Zygo. ton. ver. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 maximus, (y. Ju.) leaves pinnate; leafets about 4-pairs, outer ones largest: pericarps 
 
 10-seeded. not spiny. 1 — 2 f. 
 irijugatus, N. (y. 0.) leafets in 3 pairs; terminal ones largest, pubescent beneath: 
 capsules 5, 1-seeded, muricate, spineless. 
 
 3 — 2. Tri'chochlo'a. 10. Gram. far. fod. 
 
 capiUaris, Lk. (2) (W. S. 2X-) leaves convolute-filiform, smooth: panicle diffuse, 
 capillary, very slender: pedicels longer than the awns: awns 3 to 4 times as long 
 as the tiower. 2 f. S. N. 
 
 3 — 2. Tricho'dicm. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 laxiflorum, Mx. (W. M. 2X-) culm erect: leaves setaceous and with the sheaths some- 
 what scabrous: panicle diffuse, capillary, with trichotomous branches: glumes 
 unequal. 18 i. S. JB. C. T. N. Mch. 
 
 Tragia. In honor of Hieronymus Tragus, a famous old German herbalist. 
 Tragopogon. Gr. tragus, a goat, and pogon, beard, so called from its downy seeds 
 
 wiiile m the capsule. 
 Trautvefteria. Gr. trauta, tender branch? uetos. rain, tereo, to preserve. 
 Trepocarpus. Gr. Irepo, to turn, and karpos, fruit; from that appearance. 
 Tribuius. Gr. triboLvs, name of the thistle, from Gr. treis bolai, tree. 
 Triciiochloa. Gr. thrix (trirhos) hair, and chloa, green herbage. 
 Trichodium. Gr. thrix (trichosj hair, on account of its capillary inflorescence. 
 
 (1) linearifolia, £.? (2) Stipa, Lk. sericea, Mx. Agrostis sericea, M. 
 
 * See generic description in Addenda. 
 
leaves 
 filiform, 
 
 45G TRICHODIUM, TRIFOLIUJl. 
 
 scahrum, M. (1) (Ju. 21-) culm p^enicnlate at the base, assurgent, branched: leaves 
 lance-linear, flat, striate, scabrous; sheaths pfeneraliy smooth: panicle whorled and 
 divarical'": glumes unequal: paleas ovate, acute, 3-uerved. 12 — 18 i. S. T. Y. 
 P. VV N. Mch. 
 
 elalMtn, Ph. (Au. 2{.) culm erect, firm: leaves narrow linear, flat, scabrous; sheaths 
 smooth: pnnicle whorled, a little spreading: glumes nearly equal. 3 f. <5<'. 
 
 montuiivm, T. (A. Ju. If.) culm cespitose, erect: leaves involute-filiform, and with 
 the .«heaths scabrous: panicle ca[)il!ary, lax, a little spreading. 9 — 12 i. 
 
 perenncuin. VVr. (2) (S. Zl-) culm decuffljbent: panicle somewhat diffuse; branches 
 whorled and trichotomous: flowers racemed. 1 — 2 f S. 
 
 Trichophorum, Scirpl's. 
 
 17 — 2. Tri'ciiophyl'lum. N. {?>) 5.5. Hell. ton. sto. 
 
 lanaturii, Ph. (W. y. Jn. 2i.) woolly on all parts: leaves linear, pinnatifid abovei 
 peduncles elongated, 1 -flowered: rays 2 toothed: akenes glabrous, .')-angled. 
 
 Inlc^r'tfoiium, Hk. ( ) lower leaves obovate-spatulate, upper ones linear-spatulate, 
 entire and very entire or very rarely sub-trifid at the apex, both sides white-woolly. 
 R. 
 
 vmliijinriun, N. (y. Ju. 0?) many-stemmed, canescent tomentose: leaves opposite; 
 lower ones entire; uppei ones trifid or sub-bifid at the apex; branching ones entire, 
 linear: involucre 8-leaved; divisions ovate-oblong, obtuse. 9 i. R. 
 
 Scvihcrn. 
 oppositifoUum, N. (W. Ju. 2{^) decumbent, branching, short hoary-pubescent: 1 
 opposite, palmate 3-cleft, segments ligulate, simple or divided: peduncle ^'• 
 mostly dichotomous, scarcely longer than the leaves. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 13 — 1. Trichoste'iha. 42. Labi. car. ton. 
 
 dlcholoma, (blue curls. W. b. Au. 0.) leaves lance-ovate: branches flower-bearing, 
 2-forked: stamens very long, blue, curved. Var. linenris, somewhat pubescent: 
 leaves linear. 6-1 2 i. S. T. Y. V. C. N. P. B. H. M. F. 
 
 Tricuspis, Windsoria. 
 
 7 — 1. Trienta'lis. 35. Prim. sed. sop. 
 
 amcricana. Ph. (4) (chick winter green. O. w. M. 2X.) leaves lanceolate, serrulate, 
 acuminate: petals acuminate. 3 — ti i. Mch. 
 
 16 — 10. Tkifo'lium. 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc. 
 
 reficrum, (W. r. J. Zf.) procumbent, pubescent: leaves obovate: stipules oblique, 
 cordate: heads many-tloweied; flowers pedicelled, at length all reflexed: legumes 
 about 3-seeded. Near the great Lakes. 12—18 1. S. P. C. Genesee F. Dew. 
 
 repcus, (white clover. O. w. ,M. Z[.) creeping: leafets cvate-oi.long, emarginate, ser- 
 rulate: flowers in umbelled heads: teeth of the calyx sub-equal: legumes 4-seeded. 
 S. 
 
 pralense, (red clover. O. r. M. Zf.) ascending, smoothish: leafets ovate, sub-entire: 
 stipules awned: spikes dense-ovate: lower tooth of the calyx shorter than the tube 
 of the corol, and longer than the other teeth. 2—3 f. S. 
 
 arvense, (rabbit foot, field clover. O. w. Ju. ©.) erect, branching, villose, leaves 
 hnear-oblanceolate: spikes villose, oval-cylindric: teeth of the calyx setaceous, 
 longer than the corol. Grows in dry pastures or barren fields. 6 — 10 i. /S. 
 
 agrarium, (5) (y. J. -^.) erect, sub-pubescent: leafets lance-wedge-form, obtuse, 
 
 Trichophyllum. Gr. thrix (Irichos) hair, and phvllon, a leaf, an apt name. 
 
 Trichostema. Gr. tlirix (trichos ) hair, and siema, stamen, alluding to the long capil- 
 lary filaments. 
 
 Trienlalis. Lat. trieiis, the third of any thing, it being about a third of a foot high. 
 
 Trifolium. Lat. tres, three, a.nd folium, leaf, that being its usual number. 
 
 (I) Agroslis scabra, W. (2) decumbens, Mx. Cornucopia, Wr. (3) Acti 
 
 nella, Ph. (4) europaea. Mx. not L. (5) aureum, Pollich. 
 
TRIFOLIUM. 457 
 
 middle one sessile: stipules lanceolate, acute: spikes oval, imbricate: banner de- 
 flexed, permanent: teeth of the calyx subulate, glabrous, unequal. S. P. O. T. 
 On the islands. G— 14 i. M. 
 
 procumljcns, VV. (hop clover, yellow clover. W. y. J. 0.) procumbent: stem hairy: 
 leaiets obovate, sub-niarginate, glabrous: stipules short, lanceolate, acute: spikes 
 oval, imbricate: banner deHexed, furrowed, permanent. 'A — 6 i. ;S. B. P. M. C. 
 
 aimpcstrc, Sr. (]) (y. 0.) spike ovate, imbricate: banner deflected, permanent: leafets 
 lance-ovate, middle one petioled: stem sub-dift'use: branches decumbent. P. 
 
 stoloni/'erum. M. (buffalo clover. W. w. J. 2i-) stoioniferous, smooth: lower leaves 
 on long petioles! leafets obovate or wedge-form, serrulate, retuse or emarginate at 
 the apex: stipules membranaceous, broad-lanceolate: flowers in globose heads, 
 pedicelled. erect, at length retlexed: segments of the calyx nearly equal, narrow, 
 smooth, longer than the tube. N. Y. Penn. West to Mississippi. 
 
 altissimurn, Doug. (W.) very glabrous: stem erect, tall: leafets lance-linear, tooth- 
 leted; petioles very long; upper leafets sub-sessile: stipules lance-acuminate, adnate 
 to both sides of the petiole: little heads oblong: calyx glabrous: teeth 4 above, 
 twisted. R. 
 
 spinulo'sum, Hk. ( W. ) prostrate, glabrous: leafets oblong, acute at both ends, spine- 
 toothed: stipules ovate acuminate, spine serrate: involucre 1-leaved: little lieads 
 sub-globose, short: calyx a little shorter than the corol. N. W. Lakes. R. 
 
 ajal/iiferum, Hk. (W.) piostrate, ramose, glabrous: leafets oblong or obovate- wedge- 
 form, mucronate, spine-tootlied: involucre large, 1-leaved, cap-form: little heads 
 hemispheric many-flowered. West of Rocky Mts. 
 
 involucrutum, W. (0.) little heads roundish, peduncled; surrounded by an orbicular, 
 toothed receptacle: stipules oblong, awned, toothed: stem erect, branched. R. 
 
 nanum, T. (W. p. 2X-) little heads few-flowered, umbelled: legumes 4 to 5-seeded: 
 calj'x glabrous: teeth nearly equal: leafets obovate-oblong, acuminate: setm ces- 
 pitose, erect. 1 — 2 i. 
 
 plumosum, Doug. (![. w. J. Ju.) silky pubescent: stem erect, tall: leafets linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, on very long petioles, the uppermost sub-sessile: 
 stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, adnate above the middle to the petiole: heads 
 of flowers conical-oblong, pedunculate, ebracteate: calyx very hairy: the teeth 
 (linear, straight, silky-plumose, longer than the tube of the corol: ovary 4-ovuled. 
 Oregon. 
 
 fimbridtum, Lindl. (p.) prostrate, glabrous: leafets oblong or slightly cuneate, spinu- 
 lose-denticulate: stipules ovate, acuminate, laciniate-spinulose: involucre lacini- 
 ately many-cleft, shorter than the sub-globose heads: teeth of the calyx broadly 
 subulate, straight, half the length of the corol. N. W. Coast. 
 
 gymnocarpon, N. (M. J. 21- y-w.) cespitose, minutely pubescent: caudex short and 
 thick: leaves mostly radical; leafets oval-oblong or elliptical, obtuse, serrate, nearly 
 glabrous above: stipules scarious, oval: flowering stems very short, a little 1 afy at 
 the summit: peduncles about the length of the petioles: heads 5 to G- flowered: 
 segments of tlie calyx subulate, as long as the tube: legume hairy, reticulate- 
 rugose, 1 to 2-seeded; th^stipe about the length of tiie calyx tube. 2 — 3 i. Rocky 
 Mts. 
 
 varicgatiim, N. {$. p. w.) glabrous, decumbent, branchiirg: leafets obovate-oblong or 
 somewhat obcordate, minutely spinulose-serrate: upper stipules roundish, lacini- 
 ately dentate with subulate-setaceous teeth: peduncles axillary, longer than the 
 leaves; involucre laciniately many-cleft, shorter than the sub-globose head: teeth 
 of the glabrous calyx equal, lanceolate-subulate, with setaceous points, much 
 longer than the tube, shorter than the corol: legume dehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded. S. 
 Oregon. 
 
 pauciflorum, N. (Ap. M. O. p. w.) glabrous, nearly erect, slender, much branched 
 from the base: lower leafets cuneate-oblong: upper ones lanceolate linear, acumi- 
 nate, distantly and minutely spinulose serrulate: stipules laciniate, acuminate: 
 involucre many-cleft, much shorter than the small few-flowered head: teeth of the 
 calyx simple, broadly subulate, pungent, scarcely longer than the tube, and shorter 
 than the corol: legume 2-8eeded. Oregon. 
 
 erio cap h Ilium, N. (2i. M. y-w.) softly pilose or villous: stem erect: leaves all on long 
 petioles; leafets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutely and minutely serrate: 
 stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate: heads sub-globose, pedunculate, the flowers 
 
 (1) procumbens, S. agrarium, C. 
 
 58 
 
458 TRiroLiuM. 
 
 at length reflexed: caljx very hairy, divided nearly to the base; the teeth filiform, 
 two-thirds the length of the corol, plumose. Oregon. 
 medium, L. (ZI- p-) almost glabrous: stem nearly erect, flexuous, branching; leafets 
 oblong or elliptical, nearly entire: stipules lanceolate, acuminate: heads of flowers 
 sub-globose, rather loose, soiitaiy, more or less ped inculate, sometimes bracteate: 
 teeth of the calyx setaceous, somewhat hairy; the lower one longest, shoiler tliaii 
 the tube of the corol. Mass. Introduced. 
 lonsipci, N. (M. Ju. Z[. y-w.) somewhat pubescent: stem erect or ascending, simple: 
 leaves on slender petioles; leafets linear-lanceolate, serrulate, silky-pubescent be- 
 neath: stipules semi-lanceolate, acuminate, foliaceous: heads roundish-ovate, ebrac- 
 teate, on very long pedunc.les: segments of the calyx setaceous, nnich longer than 
 the tube, somewhat equal: petals lanceolate: ovary 5-ovuled. Rocky Mountains. 
 2—3 i. 
 andinum, N. (M. J. H- y-w.) cespitose, silky-canescent: caudex short and thick, 
 branched above: leaves mostly radical: leafets cuneate-oblong, apiculate: stijjules 
 broadly ovate, membranaceous: heads of flowers hemisplierical, solitary, on short 
 scapes, bracteate at the base, with two sessile sheathing leaves: calyx densely 
 villous; teeth subulate, shorter than the tube: ovary 3 to 4-ovuled: legume 1 -seeded. 
 Rocky Mts. 
 dasyphylium., T. &, G. (21. p.) densely cespitose: caudex rfhort and thick, branchmg 
 above: leaves, peduncles and calyx canescently silky, with brownish hairs: leafets 3, 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolatej'acute or acuminate, entire: stipules membrana- 
 ceous, lanceolate, subulate-acuminate: head globose, many-flowered, on a long 
 radical peduncle: teeth of the calyx subulate-setaceous, nearly equal, longer than 
 the tube, and half as long as the corol: legume 3 to 4 seeded. 3 — 4 i. Summit of 
 Rocky Mts. 
 
 Southern, 
 carolinianum, Mx. (p-w. Ap. U-) small, procumbent: leafets obcordate, (upper one 
 only emarginate) hairy toothed: stipules 2-cleft: umbels capitate, peduncled, re- 
 flected, few-flowered: corol scarcely exserted: legumes 3 to 4-seeded. 3 — 10 i. 
 microcephaltim, Pii. (VV. w-p. Ju. If.) ascending, pubescent: leafets obovate, emar- 
 ginate, denticulate: stipules ovate, acuminate: heads very small, peduncled, few- 
 flowered: flowers sessile: involucre ovate, awned: calyx awned, as long as the corol. 
 California. 
 albopurjiureum, T. & G. (0. w. p.) decumbent or assurgent, viHous-pubescent: leaves 
 all on long i)etioles; leafets narrowly cuneiform, ti uncate or emarginate, denticulate: 
 stipules ovate-lanceolate, subulate-acuminate: spikes ovale, very villous, at length 
 on slender peduncles: teeth of the calyx setaceous, somewhat spreading, ratlier 
 longer than the corol: petals scarcely connected. California. 
 fucatum, Lindl.'(0. w. r ) glabrous, ascending: leaiets roundish-cuneiform, sharply 
 denticulate, rather thick: stipules scarious, ovate, entire, mucronate with a long 
 point: peduncles mostly longer than the leaves: involucre scarcely half the length 
 of the somewhat hemispherical, few-flowered heads, 9-cleft; the segments ovate, 
 acuminate, entire: calyx many times shorter than the'corol; the teetli tiiangular, 
 acute, unequal, about the length of the tube: wings as long as the vexillum: legume 
 stipitate, 5 to 8-seeded. California. 
 amjjlectens, T. »Jt G. ( ) glabrous, erect, brandling: leafets obovate-cuneiform, mucro- 
 nately dentidlate: stipules ovate, scarious, entiie, arisiale-mucronate: peduncles 
 shorter than the leaves; involucre about half the length of the .^ lo 6-flowered head, 
 4 to 5-parted; the segments somewhat lobed, obtuse: calyx much shorter than the 
 corol, cleft almost to the base; the teeth subulate, very unequal: vexillum free, 
 covering the wings: legume sessile, 6-seeded. 4 — 6 i. California. 
 grncilentum, T. & G. (0. p.) nearly glabrous, slender, erect or ascending: middle leaves 
 on very long filiform petioles; leafets cuneate-obcordate, spinulose-serruhite: sti- 
 pules rather tblinc^ous; the lower ones linear-lanceolate and setaceously acuminate: 
 the uppermost ovate-lanceolate and shorter: heads loose, 15 to 2ri-fiowere(i: calyx 
 glabrous; the teeUi lanceolate-subulate, setaceously acuminate, thrice the length 
 of the lube and about one-third shorter than the corol; legume Iseeded. Cali- 
 fornia. 8 — 10 i. 
 amvhuinthum. T. &,G. (21.) small: steins creeping, a little puberulent: leafets broadly 
 obcordate, creimlute: stipules scarious, ovate, obtuse, or with a short abrupt point: 
 heads rather few-flowered, on long filiform peduncles: teeth of the calyx lanceolate 
 subulate, as long as the tube: legume 3 to 4-seeded: the stoloniferous branches also 
 
TRIFOLIUM, TRILLIUM. 459 
 
 bearincr solitary fertile flowers in tiie axils of the leaves, on short recurved pedun- 
 cles. Texasfc 
 
 aciculurc, N. (March. Ap. 0. r.) erect, branching from the base: leafets narrowly 
 lanceolate-linear, acule, spinulosely and closely serrulate: lower stipules entire, 
 acuminate: upper ones laciniate: involucre niany-clett, somewhat siiorter than the 
 globose head: llowers redexed: teetli of tiie calyx simple, subulate, as long as 
 tiie tube, rather siiorter than the corol: legumes linear-oblong, 2-seeded. Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 poli/phyllum, N. (Ap. Q.) somewhat erect, glabrous: leafets 3 to 5, lanceolate-linear, 
 spinulosely serrulate: stipules acuminate, laciniate and spinnlose: involucre many- 
 cleft, somewhat shorter than the sub-globose head: teeth of the calyx rather broadly 
 subulate, pungent, about the length of the tube, and rather shorter than the abbre- 
 viated corol: legume 2-seeded. California. 
 
 Trifolimn, Melilotus. 
 6 — 3. Triglo'chin. 7. June, ton — . 
 
 mn.rUimum, (I) (arrow-grass. W. g. Ju. Zf.) fruit ovate-oblong, of six united carpels. 
 
 The carpels vary in number from 3 to 6. Sphagnous swamps. 9—15 i. C. O. 
 
 D. Mch. 
 paluslre, (marsh arrow grass. W. g. Ju. Zf.) flowers triandrous: fruit of three united 
 
 carpels nearly linear, attenuated at the base. 6 — 12 i. O. Onondaga. Mch. 
 triandrum, Alx. (Ju.) triandrous: flowers 3-cleft, short-pedicelled: carpels roundish 
 
 triangular: leaves sub-setaceous, almost as tall as the spike or scape. G — 9 i. P. 
 
 Canada. Mch. 
 
 16 — 10. Tuigonel'la. 93. Legu. s. emo. lax. 
 E.cotic. 
 fccnum-grcBcum, (fenugreek. 0.) legumes sessile, solitary, straight, erectish, sub-fal- 
 cate, acuminate: stem erect: leaves wedge-oblong. 
 
 Southern, 
 sericea^ Ph. (2) (y. Ju. 0.) leaves ternate, sessile, oblong, acute, silky-villose: pedun- 
 cles axillary, 1-flowered, longer than the leaf: flower 1-bracted: divisions of the 
 calyx linear: legume glabrous, very long. 
 
 fj— 3. Tril'lium. 12. Smil. r. erne. 
 
 ses'sile, (3) (W. p. M. 2i.) flower sessile, erect: petals lanceolate, erect, twice as 
 long as the calyx: leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute. 8 — 10 i. S. P. Charles- 
 ton, S — C. Floiida. 
 
 peti'diitinn, Ph. (W. p. J. Zf • ) flower sessile, erect: petals lance-linear, erect, a little 
 longer than the calyx: leaves very long-petioled, lance-oval, acute. 
 
 erytkroau-puin, Mx. (4) (smiling wake-robin= A. w. »Ss r. M. Zf.) peduncle erectish: 
 petals lance-ovate, acuminate, recurved, almost twice as long as the nairow sepals: 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, abruptly petioled. 8 i. S. T. F. 
 N. V. White Mts. Mch. 
 
 piislL'/.um, Mx. (5) (dwarf wake-robin, r. M. Zf.) peduncle erect: petals scarcely longer 
 than the calyx: leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile. S. P. 
 
 pen'diihnn, \V. (6) (nodding wake robin. W. w. M. Zf.) peduncle inclined; flower 
 pendulous: petals flat, ovate, shortly acuminate, nearly equal witli the calyx: sepals 
 ovate-acuminate: leaves roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, sub-sessile. F. T. B. 
 Mch. 
 
 purpu'reuin, Kin. (A. p.) leaves spatulate-ovate, acuminate, net-veined: flowers 
 pedunoled, nodding: petals larger than the calyx. Nearly allied to, but distinct 
 from the preceding. E. 
 
 Triglochin. Gr. treis, three, and glocldn, an angle, corner or point, alluding to the 
 
 three- pointed capsule. 
 Trigonella. A diminutive of Lat. trigona, alluding to its little triangular flower. 
 Trillium, hut. trilix, triple, from the prevalence of the number three. 
 
 (1) elatum, N. (2) americana, N. Lotus, Ph. (3) recurvatum, Bk? (4) pictum. 
 Ph. undulatum, W. (5) pumilum. Ph. (6) cernum, Ph. Bw. E. 4th ed. not L. 
 
460 TRILLIUM, TRIPOLIUM. 
 
 eredum, (1) (false wake-robin. W. p. w-}'. M. 21.) peduncle eiect or erectish, with 
 the flower a little nodding: petals ovate, acuminate, spreading, equalling the sepals: 
 leaves rhomboid, acuminate, sessile. Yvlt. atropiirpurcum, petals large, dark purple. 
 Var. album, petals smaller, white; germ red. Xar-fiirum, petals 3'ellow: both petals 
 and calyx leaves longer and narrower. H. H. E. 12 to 13 inches high. Leaves 
 often 3 to 4 inches broad. Peduncle about 3 inches long. 9 — 16 i. jS'. T. C. F. 
 N. V. Mch. 
 
 ohovatum. Ph. (r-w. IS.) peduncles erect: petals obovate, obtusish, flat, spreading, 
 scarcely longer or broader than the sepals: leaves rhomb-ovate, acuminate, close- 
 sessile. 
 
 grandiflorum, (2) (W. w. M. 71-) peduncle a little curved, and the flower a little nod- 
 ding: petals lance-spatulate, connivent at the base, much larger than the calyx: 
 leaves broad-rhomb-ovate. Berries dark purple. 1 f. iS*. P. V. O. Johnstown, 
 Cambridge, and Utica, N. Y. Lake Erie. Mch. Genesee Falls. Dew. 
 
 nicalc, Riddell. (W. w. Mar. 21.) stem glabrous: leaves short petioled, oval, obtuse, 
 glabrous. 5-nerved: peduncle erect: sepals lance-ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved: petals 
 spatulate-obovate, obtuse, nerved, one third longer than the calyx. 2 — 3 i. Banks 
 of the Scioto River. 
 
 Sojitliern. 
 
 cer'nmim, {o) (W. r-w. M. 21.) peduncles recurved: petals lanceolate, acuminate, 
 larger than the calyx; leaves obovate and oval, tapering to the base, acuminate. 
 12—18 i. 
 
 stijlosmn, {4) (A. w-r. ) slender: peduncle much shorter than the flower, recurved: 
 petals undulate, spreading, oblong, obtuse, larger than the calyx: germ styliferous: 
 style 1, as long as the stigma: leaves sub-petioled, lance-oval, acute at both ends. 
 8—10 i. 
 
 nertusum, E. (r-w. Ap.) peduncle recurved: petals lance-oblong, larger than the calyx: 
 leaves lanceolate and ovate, acute at each end, membranaceous, nerved C — 8 1. 
 
 ovatum, Ph. (W. p. Ap. 2i.) peduncle erect: petals oblpng, acute, spreading, a little 
 longer than the linear sepals: leaves ovate, gradually aciite, closely sessile. 
 
 5 — 1. Trios'tedm. 58. Capr. r. erne. cath. 
 
 peifoliatum, (5) (fever root, horse-ginseng, wild coffee. O. p. J. 2i.) leaves oval, 
 acuminate, connate, sub-pubescent beneath: flowers sessile, whorled. Berries 
 purple or yellow. 2 — 4 f. jS'. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 angustifolium, W. (6) (W. A. y. Ju. 21.) leaves lance-oval, sub-connate: peduncles 
 opposite, 1-flovvered: stem hispid. 2 — 3 f. K. 
 
 18_1. Tripho'ra,* N. (7) 21. Orch. g-r. vis-pasty. 
 
 pendula, M. (8) (three-bird orchis. "\V. w-p. Au. 21-) root tuberous: stem leafy, 
 about 3- flowered at the top: leaves clasping, ovate, alternate: lip entire. 4— 6 i. 
 .S'. P. Y. V. O. N. AVestfield, Mass. Mch. 
 
 17 — 2. Tripolium. 5.5. Aster, ast. kaem. 
 
 paucijbrum, Nees. Described under Aster. 
 
 an^stum, Lindl. ( ) leaves linear, serrulate-scabious, glabrous: stem narrow, 
 
 very stiffly erect; branches straight, racemose: leafets of the imbricate, hemis- 
 pheric involucre linear, acute: rays inconspicuous. A variety has one-flowered 
 branches. Another variety has many-flowered branches. 
 
 Triosteum. Gr. ireis, three, and osteon, bone, from the three hard seeds. 
 
 Triphora. Contracted from Plukenet's name, triiiiithopltorvs, bearing three flowers. 
 
 Tripolium. Gr. treis, three, polco, to plough o. to furrow; on account of the leaves 
 
 being three-furrowed. 
 
 (1) rhomboideum, Mx. (2) rhomboideum, Var. grandiflorum, Mx. (3) cates- 
 bsei, E. (4) cernuum, Mx. (5) majns, Mx. (6) minus, Mx. (7) Arethuaa, L. 
 (8) trianthophorus, Sw. parviflcra, Mx. nutans, Le Conte. 
 
 '^ See note to Orchis. 
 
TRIPSACUM, TRITICUM. 461 
 
 19—3. Teip'sacum. 10. Gram. far. fod— . 
 
 dacfyloiiles, (sesame grass. J. Zf.) spikes numerous, (3 — 4) aggregate: florets stami- 
 nate, near tli'e summit; pistillate below. Var. mortoitoc/tyo/t, spike solitary. 3 — 5 f. 
 )S. Y. C 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ajlindricum, Mx. ( ) spike solitary, cylindrical, separating into short joints: 
 
 flowers all perfect. Perhaps a RottboUia. ' E. S— C. M. 
 
 3 — I. Tripterel'la. 13. Xyri. fod — . ton — . 
 Soutltern. 
 
 capitata, Wr. (1) (w. J. 0.) flowers in a terminal head: angles of the germ scarcely 
 
 winged. 6 — 8 i. S — C. 
 coerulea, M. (2) (b. S. 0?) flowers few, in a terminal raceme: angles of the germ 
 
 distinctly winged. 2 — 4 i. 
 
 3—2. Trise'tum. 10. Gram. far—, fod. 
 
 palustre. Mx. (3) (J. ZT-) panicle contracted, nodding, somewhat wlioiled: glumes 
 2 — 3-flowered; florets smooth, acuminate: lower one awnless: lower valve of the 
 upper floret bicuspidate, awned below the tip. 1 — 2 f. S. O. jV. 
 
 puipurascens, T. & G. ( 21.) panicle very simple, somewhat racemed, few-flowered: 
 glumes few-flowered, very unequal, entire: culm and leaves smooth: stipules very 
 short, truncate. 2 f. S. Mch. 
 
 subspicatum, (4) ( If.) panicle somewhat spiked: awn at length reflexed, exceed 
 ing the glumes. 
 
 3 — 2. Trit'icum. 10. Gram. s. nut. far. gel. 
 
 pauciflorum, Sz. (W. ) spike simple, erect; spikelets about 2-flowered: culm simple, 
 leafy, terete, deeply striate, smooth: leaves somewhat glaucous, scabrous on the 
 ribs and margin. 2 f. 
 
 repens, L. (couch-grass, quack-grass. O. J. 2i.) spikelets oblong, 4 — 5-flowered: 
 glumes subulate, many-nerved; florets acuminate: leaves flat: root and base of the 
 stem creeping. 2 f Troublesome to farmers in rich soils; veiy useful for binding 
 the banks of canals, and sandy soils. 5?. Mch. Airropyron, repens, 7th edition. 
 
 caninum, L. (E. Zf.) spikelets 3 — 5-flowered, compressed: glumes 3 — 5-nerved, 
 bristled at the tip: florets bristled at the tip: roots fibrous. 2f S. Seneca Lake. 
 Mch. Agropyron caninum, 7th edition. Gen. Agiop. expunged. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 hyhernum, (winter wheat. J. § .) glume 4-flowered, tumid, even, imbricate, abrupt, 
 with a short, compressed point: stipule jagged: paleas of the upper florets some- 
 what bearded. There are several varieties of this species, which are induced by 
 culture. 
 
 (Estivum, (summer wheat. J. 0.) glumes 4-flowered, tumid, smootii, imbricated, 
 awned. Smith says this may be a variety of the last. 
 
 composi'tum, (egyptian wheat.) spike compound; spikelets crowded, awned. 
 
 Varieties of wheat numerous — species few. 
 
 Tripsacum. Gr. tripsis, a rubbing or grinding; alluding either to the use of the grain, 
 
 or to the polislied aspect of the glumes. 
 Tripterella. A diminutive of Gr. treis, three, and /J^erwr, wing; alluding to the three 
 
 littl*^ wjngs proceeding from the corol. 
 Trisetum. Lat. tres, three, and seta, bristle; on account of the three beards or awns 
 
 of the flower. 
 Triticum. Lat. tritum, ground or rubbed; from the manner in which its grains were 
 
 prepared. 
 
 (1) Anonymous, Wr. (2) Burmannia biflora, L. (3) Avena, Mx. Aira 
 
 palleus, M. (4) airoides, Pb. Aira, L. 
 
462 TROLLIUS, TURNERA. 
 
 J 2 — 12. Trol'lius. 61. Ranu. r. poi — . cath. 
 
 laxus, Sy. (J) (globe flower, y. M. 2I.)^eta]s 5, oblong, spreading; nectaries shorter 
 than the stamens. Petals always, or mostly five, obovate: capsule short, abrupt, 
 crowded with the elongated style. P. R. Genesee Falls. Dewey. 
 
 8 — 1. Trop^o'lcm. 73. Tropae. asc. f. lax. con. 
 Exotic. 
 viajus, (nasturtion, Indian cress, y. & r. Ju. 0. & Zf.) leaves peltate, sub-repand: 
 petals obtuse, some of them fringed. 
 
 14 — 2. Tropidocar'pum- 63. Cruel, asc. dia. 
 Southern, 
 gracile, II. ( ) nearly glabrous: leaves pinnatifid: silique linear. California. 
 scabriusculum, H. ( ) somewhat roughly hirsute: leaves bipinnatifid: silique 
 
 lanceolate. California. 
 
 17 — 1. Trox'imon. 53. Cich. sal. asc. 
 ' Southern, 
 glaucum, Ph. (W. y. Ju. $ .) scape 1-flowered, glabrous: leaves lance-linear, flat, 
 very entire, glaucous on both sides: divisions of the involucre imbricate, acute, 
 pubescent. 
 cuspidiituiii, Ph. (2) (W. y. M.) scape 1-flowered, sub-pubescent: leaves linear, un- 
 dulate and tomentose on the margin: divisions of the involucre imbricate, cuspi- 
 date, glabrous. 
 
 Troximon, Krigia. 
 
 6 — ]. Tu'lipa. 14. Lili. diu — . emo. 
 Exotic. 
 
 suave'olens, (sweet tulip. M. H-) small: stem 1-flowered, pubescent: flower erect: 
 
 petals obtuse, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate. 
 gesneriana, (common tulip. M. 21- ) stem 1-flowered, glabrous: flower various-colored, 
 
 erect: petals obtuse, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate. 
 
 13—1. Tul'lia. 42. Labi. car. ton—. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pycnan'thcmoides, (3) (false mountain-mint. W. r-p. Au. 21-) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 tapering to the base, remotely toothed, hoary-above, and glaucous beneath: bracts 
 subulate, of the length of the striate calyx. 2 — 3 f. Tennessee. 
 
 5 — 3. Tur'nera. 80. Cisti. ano. ton — . 
 
 dstoides, (y. Ju. #.) peduncles axillary, leafless: leaves serrate near the summit. 
 Flowers resemble those of Cistus carolinianus. 
 
 Trollius. A barbarous word from the obsolete German trol, expressing any thing 
 
 round. 
 Tropffiolum. Gr. tropaion, a trophy, from a fancied resemblance in the leaves and 
 
 flower to a spear and helmet. 
 Troximon. Gr. troximon, eatable; a just name for the original species. 
 Tulipa. From a Persian word, synonymous with turban, which is not unlike the 
 
 swelling flosver. 
 Tullia. [n honor of Prof Tully, of New Haven, Conn. 
 Turnera. In honor of Dr. Win. Turner, one of the fathers of English botany. 
 
 (1) americanus, Donn. (2) marginatum, N. 
 
 (3) Discovered and named by M. C. Leavenworth. Dr. Tulley, Dr. Leavenworth, 
 and Dr. Solon Smith, were the earhest of Prof Ives' pupils in New Haven, Conn. 
 
TURRITIS, TYPHA. 463 
 
 14 — 2. Turri'tis. G3. Cruc. asc. diu. 
 
 glabra, {W.) erect: radical leaves pelioled, tooUied. having branching hairs; upper 
 ones broad-laiicpolate, s;igitlate, glabrous, half clasping, glaucous: pod narrow 
 linear, sliffly erect: petals scarcely longer than the calyx. R. Naturalized about 
 N. Haven. Hudson's 15ay. 
 
 strictu, Hk. (W.) erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate; radical ones petioled, toothed; 
 cauline ones sagittate, halt'clasping, suH-dentate: flowers and siliques linear, 
 elongated, stiflly erect. Rocky Mt. and West. 
 
 rctriifrac'ta, Hk. (VV.) erect, white-pubescent or glabrous: leaves lanceolate; radical 
 ones pelioled, toothed; cauline ones sagittate, half-clasping, glabrous, sub-dentate: 
 llowers nodding: pods linear, elongated, pedicelled, and bent back. R. Hudson's 
 Bay. 
 
 mollis, Hk. ( w. 0.) erect: lower leaves spatulate, sinuate-dentate; upper ones 
 lance-sagittate, very entire; all, with the erect branching stems and pedicels with 
 numerous spreading hairs; softly hirsute: siliques linear-elongated, erect, straight. 
 A. 
 
 patula, Graham, (r-b. ) erect: leaves lanceolate; radical ones petioled, dentate; 
 cauline ones sagittate, half-clasping, glabrous, sub-dentate: flowers and siliques 
 linear, elongated, very spreading. A var. has the radical leaves scarcely pubes- 
 cent. Another var. has the radical leaves hoary- pubescent, sub-entire. A. R. 
 Canada. 
 
 »n«croco7)fi, N. (y-w.) radical leaves runcinate-dentate, or simply toothed, hairy; 
 cauline ones lanceolate, sagittate, crowded, glabrous: siliques stricly erect, very 
 long, narrow. 3 — 4 f. Oregon 
 
 spatliidalii, N. ( ) radical leaves broadly spatulate-oval, repandly toothed, hirsute; 
 
 cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping: siliques very long, erect. 12 — 18 i. Oregon. 
 
 brachycfirpa, T. & G. (p. ^.) glabrous and glaucous: radical leaves spatulate, toothed; 
 cauline ones linear-lanceolate, acute, sagittate and somewhat clasping: siliques 
 short, rather broadly linear: pedicels of the flowers pendulous, of the fruit spreading 
 or ascending. Mch. 
 
 17—2. Tussila'go. .55. Eupa. dem. bit. r. ton. 
 
 far'fara, (colt's foot. y. Ap. 2i-) scape single-flowered, scaly: leaves cordate, angular 
 toothed, downy beneath. The flower appears long before the leaves. 4 — 6 i. W. 
 T. P. N. C. O. F. V. 
 
 Sub-Gknus Nakdosmia. 
 
 frisrifia, W. (mountain colt's foot. y. M. Zf.) thyise fastigiate: flowers with rays: 
 Feaves roundish-cordate, unequally toothed, tomentose beneath. V. 
 
 sa<riUat(i, Ph. (VV. 2i-) thyrse ovate, fastigiate: flowers with rays: leaves radical, 
 oblong, acute, sagittate, very entire; lobes obtuse. 
 
 palmala, W. (VV. Ap. 2i.) thyrse ftstigiate: flowers with obsolete rays: leaves round- 
 ish-cordate, half 7-lobed, gash-toothed, tomentose beneath. N. D. 
 
 corymbosa, Hk. ( ) leaves cordate deeply sinuate-lobed, angular-dentate, tomen- 
 
 tose beneath. A. 
 
 19—3. Ty'pha. 8. Typh. ton—. 
 
 Itilifolia, (cat-tail, reed-mace. O. Ju. 2J.) leaves linear, flat, slightly convex beneath: 
 staminate and pistillate ainents close together. Wet. 4 — (if. S. Mch. 
 
 aniruslifolia, (W. Ju. 21- ) leaves linear, channelled, semi cylindric below, and flattisli 
 above: staminate and pistillate aments a little separated. Not so large as the last 
 species. Wet. 3 — 5 f. S. P. F. 
 
 Turritis. Lat turris, a tower or turret, the leaves and flowers giving the stem a 
 pyramidal form. 
 
 Tussilago. Lat. lussis, a cough, and ago, lo drive or act upon, from its reputed effi- 
 cacy. 
 
 Typha. Gr. tiphos, a bog or inarsh; from its residence. 
 
464 ULEX, URALEPSI5, 
 
 Udora, Serpicula. 
 
 16—10. U'lf.s. 93. Legu. r. lax. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 curopa'us, (furze. M. ^.) leaves lance-linear, villose: bracts ovate, lax: branchlets 
 erect. 
 
 5 — 2. Ul'mus. 99. Ulmas. ton. muc. dem. 
 
 ■americana, Mx. (elm, white elm. O. g-p. Ap. fp.) branches smooth: leaves oblique 
 at the base, having acuminate serratures a little hooking: flowers pedicelled; fruit 
 fringed with dense down. Var. pendula, has hanging branches and smoothish 
 leaves. Rafinesque says this is a distinct species. 40 — 70 f .S?. Mch. 
 Jidza. Mx. (1) (slippery-elm, red-elm. O. Ap. ';.) branches scabrous, whitish: leaves 
 ovate-oblong, acuminate, nearly equal at the base, unequally serrate, pubescent both 
 sides, very scabrous: buds tomentose, with very dense yellowish wool: flowers ses- 
 sile. The bark is very mucilaginous. 20 — 40 f. iS'. Mch. 
 
 neinornUs. (river elm. Ap. >?.) leaves oblong, smoothish, equally serrate, nearly 
 equal at the base: flowers sessile.^ 5'. 
 
 racemnsa, Thomas. ( fp .) flowers in racemes; pedicels in distinct fascicles, united 
 at their bases: leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, glabrous above, pubescent 
 beneath: stigmas recurved. A large tree. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 alaia, Mx. (2) (whahoo. March. >-.) branches on each side winged with a cork-like 
 bark: leaves oblong-oval, acute, nearly equal at the base: fruit pubescent, ciliate. 
 30 f. 
 
 3—2. Uki'ola. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod— . 
 
 laiifoUa. Mx. (W. A. Ap. 1[-) leaves broad, flat: panicle loose, nodding: spikelets 
 long-peduncled: florets sub-falcate, monandrous; lowest ones abortive. 4 f. <S. P. 
 
 gra'cilis, Mx. (W. Au. If.) panicle elongated, racemose, appressed: spikelets 3- 
 flowered: florets spreading, straight, monandrous: lowest ones abortive. 3 — 4 f. 
 -S. Y. K. 
 
 spica'ta, (3) (W. L. Au. 71-) panicle spiked, straight: leaves involute, distichous, 
 spreading: spikelets 5 to 9-flowered: florets triandrous. 18 i. S. Y. E. C. 
 
 ■strkta, T. (W. 21-) very smooth: leaves narrow, erect: panicle erect, contracted: 
 spikelets linear-oblonff, many-flowered: flowers straight, awnless. Intermediate 
 between Festuca and Uniola; 'perhaps a Ceratochloa. Torrey. 1 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 paniculata, (4) (sea-side oats. L. Ju. 21.) panicle large, compressed: spikes sub- 
 sessile: glume 4 to 5-valved: flowers triandrous. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 ni'tida, Bald. (Ju.) leaves flat, narrow: panicle scattered, spreading: spikes few, sub- 
 sessile: glume 3-valved: flowers monandrous. 2 — 5 f. 
 
 3 — 2. Uralep SIS. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod—. 
 
 aristulata, N. (5) (Au. §-.) lateral panicles concealed in the sheaths of the leaves: 
 terminal ones partly exsert: glumes 3-flowered: bristle of the paleas as long as the 
 lateral cusps. Whole plant covered with a viscid acid secretion. T. 1 f. 
 
 Ulex. Celt, ec or ac, a point; which is applicable enough to its appearance. 
 Ulmus. Lat. ulmus, which is from Celt, elm, having remained unchanged in English. 
 Uniola. Lat. unns, one, so named from the aggregation of many glumes in one calyx. 
 Uralepsis. Gr. onra, a tail, and Irpis, a scale or glume, intended to indicate the 
 
 singularly caudate appearance of the outer corol valve. 
 
 (I) aspera, M. rubra, Mx. younger. (2) puraila, Wr. (3) distichophylla, Rs. 
 Festuca distichophylla, Mx. (4) maritima, Mx. (5) Aira purpurea, M. 
 
 not Wr. 
 
URALEPSIS, UTRICULARIA. ■• 465 
 
 Southern. 
 
 piiipurea, Wr. (1) (S. ^?) leaves subulate: panicle small, racerned: paleas villose; 
 
 outei valve tnoie than twice the lenj^th of the glume, when mature deeply 3-parted, 
 
 3-nerved and reflected; middle division with an awn as long as the valve. Whole 
 
 plant has a strong saline tasle. E. 2 f! 
 Cbrnuta, E. ( ) culm and leaves very narrow, pilose: panicle slenderi middle awn 
 
 bf the paleas longer than the valve, finely recurved. 2 f. 
 
 19_4. Urti'ca. 98. Urti. a^t. diu. h. irr. 
 
 pumila, (2) (stingless nettle, rich-weed, clear-weed. O. Ju. O.) leaves opposite, 
 ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate,; lower petioles as long as the leaves: flowers 
 monoecious, triandrous, in corymbed heads, shorter than the petioles. Stem 
 smooth and sliining; when in deep shades, the stem is pellucid. 8 — 12 i. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 urcns, (dwarf stinger. J. ^.) leaves opposite, oval, about 5-nerved, sharply serrate: 
 spikes glomerate, in pairs. 9—14 i. S. N. P. T. Y. B. C. 
 
 dioica, (common nettle. O. J. 2X.) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-bvate, coarsely ser- 
 rate: flowers difficious: spikes panicled, glomerate, in pairs, longer than the 
 petioles. 2—3 f. S. Mch. 
 
 prucera, W. (great nettle. O. Ju. 21-) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, serrate: 
 petioles ciliale: flowers dioscious- spikes somewhat branched, glomerate, in pairs, 
 equalling the petiole. Var. gracilis, slender: leaves lance-ovate; leaves and petioles 
 hispid. Not so common as the last, which, if examined before full maturity, may 
 be mistaken for this. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 capituta, (J. If-) leaves alternate, heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate; 3-nerved, twice as 
 long as the petiole: glomeriiles spiked: the. spikes are solilaiy, shorter than the 
 lenves, leafy above: stem naked. 3—5 f. S. P. Canada. Mch. 
 
 canadf.nsis, (3) (canada nettle, albany hemp. Ju. Zi!.) leaves alternate, heart-ovate, 
 acuminate, serrate, hispid both sides: panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, spread- 
 branched; the lower staminate ones longer than the petioles; upper pistillate one 
 elongated: stem covered with stings, .5—6 feet high. Var. divaricata, has smoolhish 
 leaves, and sometimes very- spreading, solitary panicles. 4 — 6 f. S^. T. P. B. 
 C. O. F. N. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 chamoedroides, (Ph. March 0.) leaves opposite, sub-sessile, ovate, serrate, strigose 
 beneath: clusters of flowers axillary, sessile, sub-globose, reflexed. Prickles white, 
 conspituous, stimulant. 4 — G i. 
 
 2 — 1. Utricula'kia. 35. Lent. ton—. 
 
 ceratophylla, Mx. (4) (hooded millfoil. W. y. Ju. $ .) leaves inflated, 6-whorled, with 
 branching, capillary filaments on the sides: flowers sub-corymbed: upper lip of the 
 corol somewhat 3-lobed; lower lip deeply 3-lobed; spur short, flattened-conoid, ob- 
 tuse, deeply emarginate, appressed to the lower lip of the corol: fruit nodding: 
 root very long, branching. 8 i. S. P. Y. B. 
 
 macrorhiza, (5) (bladderwort. W. y. J. 7X-) leafless, floating: scape many-flow- 
 ered, furnished with large scales; flowers racemed: upper lip of the corol sub- 
 3-Iobed; lower lip entire, with the sides deflected; palate large, with brown stripes; 
 spur elongated, approacliing the lower lip of the corol, obtuse, emarginate, conic at 
 the base; linear at the tip: fruit nodding: root very long, very branching. 6 — 8 i. 
 S. T. B. P. C. O. F. N. Mch. 
 
 striata, Le Conte. (6) (y. J. Q.) leafless, floating: scape with 1—2 scales, 5—6- 
 flowered: upper lip of the corol broad, expanded, 3-lobed; intermediate lobe striate; 
 lower lip sub-3-lobed, sides reflected; palate with brown spots; spur nearly linear, 
 
 Urtica. Lat. uro, to burn; from its stinging properties. 
 
 Utricularia. Lat. utriculus. a little bladder, tVom the little bladders which serve to 
 
 float the plant, in some species. 
 
 (1) Aha, Wr. (2) Adesia trinerva, R. (3) whitlowi, M. (4) inflata, 
 
 Wr. (5) vulgaris, Ph. not L. (6) cornuta. Ph. not Mx. fibrosa, E. not Wr. 
 
 biflora, Vahl.? 
 
 59 
 
466 UTRICULARIA, UVULARIA. 
 
 elongated, obtuse, emarginate, appressed to the lip of the corol, &nd nearly as 
 long. S. Y. P. N. • 
 
 gibba, (y. Ju. 71.) leafless, floating: scape naked: upper Iip/)f the corol emarginate; 
 lower lip sub-3-lobed; middle lobe sub-revolute, tienat^ spur gibbous, incurved, 
 obtuse, entire. 1—3 1. 8. T. Y. Pilisfield. Mch. 
 
 fornictUa, Le Conle. (1) (y. Au. 0.) leafless, floating: scape naked, 1— 2-flowered: 
 upper lip of the corol :;5-lobed; middle lobe arclied over the palate; lateral ones ap- 
 pressed; lower lip entire; spur incurved, conoid, obtuse, entire, appressed to the 
 lower lip of the corol. S. 
 
 purpurea, VVr. (2) (W. p. Au. Zf.) leafless, floating: scape 2 — 3-flowered: upper lip 
 of the corol truncate, emarginate; lower lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes saccate; palate 
 small; spur flattened-conoid, entire, appressnd to the lower lip of the corol: root 
 branching: branches 4— 5-whorIed. .S. P. Y. 13. D. Mch. S— C. 
 
 persunatii, Le Conte. (y. CJ-) leafless, rooting: scape with scales, many-flowered: 
 flowers racemed: upper lip of the corol emarginate, reclined; loiver lip small, en- 
 tire, obtuse or abruptly acute; palate large, prominent; spur linear-subulate, acutish, 
 somewhat pendulous: root small, naked. 4 — 8 i. S. S — C. 
 
 sdncca, (3) (y. .1. 0.) leafless, rooting: scape with scales, setaceous, distantly 
 many-flowered: upper lip of the corol short, entire; the sides revolute at the tip; 
 lower lip deeply 3-lobed; spur subulate, entire, as long as the lower lip: root small, 
 naked. .S'. C. F. S— C. 
 
 cormita, Mx. (leafless bladder-wort. ^V. y. Ju. Zf.) spur-nectary subulate, lengthened 
 out longer than the corol. nearly vertical, acute; lower lip of the corol broad, 3- 
 lobed: scape with two nearly sessile flowers at the top; no leaves at the base, but 
 having dense alternate tufts of radical leaves. T. B. N. D. Mch. 
 
 minor, VV. (Ju. y. ) nectary carinate; upper lip emarginate, equal to the palate: 
 
 leaves dichotomously 3-parted: corol with throat open. Mob. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 loiigirustris, (y. Q.) leafless, floating: scape with scales, 1 — 2 flowered: upperlip of 
 the corol sub-3-lobed; lateral lobes appressed; lower lip rather entire; si)ur linear- 
 subulate, ascending, sub-incurved, emarginate longer than the lower lip of the 
 corol. 
 
 inlegra, (4) (y. 0.) leafless, floating: scape with scales 1— 2-flowered: upper lip of 
 the corol sub-3-lobed; lateral lobes sub-involute; lower lip entire; spur flattened- 
 conoid, obtuse, entire, nearly eqiialling the lower lip. 
 
 fibrosa, Wr. (y. ) scape 2-flowered: flowers large: sjjur obtu.se: leaves root-shaped, 
 fibrous. This and the next species are not satisfactorily defined. Le Conte. 
 
 b'iflora, Lk. (y. Ju. ) nectary subulate, straight, nearly equalling the upperlip: scape 
 about 2-flowered: leaves setaceous. 
 
 G — 1. Uvula'kia. 12. Smil. dem.-ton — . 
 
 peifoliata, (bellwort. O. y. M. If.) leaves perfoliate, oval, ol)tuse, (lance-linear or 
 
 oval-oblong in the youirg state:) corol bell liliaceous, scabrous or granular vvitiiin: 
 
 anthers cuspidate. 8 — 12 i. S. Mch. 
 graiidiflora, S. (.5) (W. y. M. 2i.) leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute: petals smooth 
 
 within: anthers obtusish; nectaries roundish. Flowers laro-e. 9 1.5 i S T 
 
 V. O. Mch. " 
 
 sessilifolia. (O. y. M. Zf.) leaves sessile, lance-oval, becoming glaucous beneath; 
 
 petals flat, smooth within: capsule stiped, (laised above the receptacle on a little 
 
 stem:) stem glabrous. 8 — 12 i. iS. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 puberu'la, Mx. (A. ) leaves oval, rounded at the base, somewhat clasping, both 
 
 sides colored alike: capsule sessile, ovate. 
 
 Uvularia. So named from the throat of the flowers being similar to the uvula of the 
 
 throat. 
 
 (1) gibba, E. not L. minor, Ph. not L. pumila, Wr.7 (2) saccata, 4th ed. 
 
 (3) subulata, Gron.? (4) bipartita, E, (5) lanceolata. W. perfoliata 
 
 major, Mx. 
 
VACOINIUM. 467 
 
 10—1. Vaccin'ium. 51. Vacc. f. res. ton. lax. 
 1 . Leaves deciduous. 
 
 stamin.*'eum, (squaw whortleberry, deer berry. O. w. M. ^.) leaves oval, acute, entire, 
 glaucous beneath: pedicel.s solitary, axillar}', filiform: corol spreading, bell-form; 
 divisions oblong, acute: anthers essert, awned on tlie back: berry pear-fonu. Var. 
 aUiiim, has tiie nerves and veins of the leaves hairy, and the berry globose. Pursh 
 makes this variety a distinct species; but Smith says it can iiaidly be called a 
 variety. Berries of this species are large, green, and mealy glaucous when ripe. 
 2-3 f. &. 
 
 dumo'sum, C. (1) (bush whortleberry. O. w. J. h.) brancjilets, leaves and racemes a 
 little hispid, bedewed with resinous specks: llie leaves oblong-obovate, acute at the 
 base, mucronate, entire, both sides colored alike: racemes bracted: pedicis short, 
 axillary, sub-soiitary, 2-bracted near the middle: corol bell-form; divisions round- 
 ish, including tlie anthers. Var. IditcUum, (2) racemes and calyx pilose: berries 
 hispid. 12—18 1. ^'. 
 Jrondosum. (3) (blue whortleberry. O. w. M. ^.) leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish, 
 entire, glabrous, glaucous beneath, bedewed '.vith many resinous dots: racemes lax, 
 bracted: pedicels long, tiliform, bracted: bracts linear: corol ovate-bell-form, with 
 acute divisions and enclosing the anthers. Var. laiiceoiaUun, having lanceolate 
 leaves acute at both ends. Kerries large and blue. 3 f. »S. 
 
 rcsiiiosum, (4) (black whortleberry. O. p. M. h .) leaves slender, petioled, oblong- 
 oval, Tnoslly obtuse, entire, bedewed with resinous specks beneath: racemes lateral, 
 1-sided: pedicels short, somewhat bracted: corol ovate-conic, 5-cornered. Berries 
 black. One variety has a yellowish-green, and another has a reddish-yellow corol. 
 1—4 f. S. Mch. 
 
 con/m/josvm, (5) (giant whortleberry, blue bilberry. O. w. M. fp .) flower-bearing 
 branchlets almost leafless; leaves oblong oval, acute at both ends, mucronate, sub- 
 entire, subtomentose beneath, and hairy both sides when young, but glabrous above, 
 and a little hairy at the veins beneath when mature: racemes short, sessile, with 
 scaly bracts: corols cylindric-ovate: calyx erect: style somewhat exsert. Var. 
 amaauia, has the style not exsert, and the racemes are crowded: corol cylindric, 
 and the calyx retlexed. The twigs are reddish, flowers large, with a reddi.sh tinge. 
 Yar.fiiscdiiim., has the leaves a little serrulate, glabrous: corymbed racemes terminal: 
 pedicels long and nodding: corol cylindric. with short direct divisions: style hardly 
 exsert. Flowers striped with red; calyx brown. Berries black. In wet ground this 
 species grows very large. 4 — 12 f. /S. Mch. 
 
 penusylcdiucum, Mx. (6) (black-blue whortleberry. O. r. g. M. h.) branches angled 
 above: dark green: leaves sub-sessile, lance-oval, mucronate, serrulate, both sides 
 shining: fascicles of flowers crowded, sub-te-rminal: corol ovate, 5-toollied. Very 
 branching, leaves flat, m^mbiauaceou.-: calyx green. 12 — 18 i. iS. Mch. 
 
 ligusl.ri'num, Mx. (p. r. J. ^f^.) branches angular: leaves sub-sessile, erect, lanceolate, 
 mucronate, serrulate: fa.scicles gemmaceous, sesi^ile; flowers nearly sessile: corol 
 oblong-ovate. 
 
 tencUuin, A. (dwarf whortleberry. A. r-w. M. >?.) racemes bracted, sessile: coiol cylin- 
 dric-ovate: leaves oblong-oval, somewhat wedge-form, serrulate, nearly smooth. 
 W. ?. B. White hills. 
 
 uliginosniH, (r-w. Ap. h.) leaves obovate, obtuse, very entire, glabrous above, pubes- 
 cent and glaucous beneath: flowers sub-solitary, octandrous: corol short-ovate, 4- 
 cleft. Var.« a//jiiium, Bw. (7) (winter-green whortleberry. A.) leaves obovate, 
 entire: flowers sub-solitary: berries oblong, crowned with the style. 1 — 2 f . White 
 hills. Mt. Marcy, (McComb's.) Dewey. 
 
 myrlilul'des, Mx. (Ap. ^.) leaves narrow, lanceolate, membranaceous, very entire, 
 pubescent on the margin beneath, and near the nerves: flowers scattered, sub- 
 solitary, very short-pedicelled. Labrador. 
 
 Vaccinium. Lat. vaccinium, the bilberry, which some say is altered from baccinium 
 
 a berry. 
 
 (1) frondosum, Mx. ('^"i Jiirtellum, A. (3) glaucum, Mx. (4) Andromeda 
 baccata, Wm. (5 dismorphum, Mx. album, Lk. amocnnm, W. (6) virgatum 
 W. tenellum. Ph. not Alton, Bw. (7) gaultheroides, Bw. 
 
468 VAGCfNIUM, VALERIANA. 
 
 caspitosum, Mjc- ( ^0 small, cespitose, very glabrous: leaves wedge-obovate, round- 
 obtuse, distinctly serrate, membranaceous: flowers on the branches solitary, sub- 
 sessile: corol short-pedicelled. 3 i. Labrador. 
 
 2. Leaves evergreen. 
 
 m'tis-i'dcm, (bilberry, cowberry, w-r. M. Tj.) low: stem creeping, branchlets erect: 
 leaves obovate, emarginate, reyolute, sub-serrulate: shining above, punctate beneaths 
 racemes terminal, nodding: corol bell-cylindric. Sometimes tetrandrous. B. 
 Monadnok. Canada. 
 
 ovatum. Ph. (W. M. ^.) leaves petioled, ovate, acute, revolute, serrate, glabrous, 
 coriaceous; racemes axilary and terminal, bracted, short: corol cylindric: calyx 
 acute. 
 
 ohtusum, Ph. (W. \-.) creeping: leaves small, oval, roundish-obtuse at each end, 
 piucronate, very entire, glabrous, coriaceous: peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 arho'reum, Marshall, (farkleberry. w. M. fp.) leaves petioled, obovate, acute at each 
 end, mucronate, glandular-serrate, shiningabove, net-veined, sub-pubescent beneath: 
 racemes bracted, nodding: pedicels axiliarj', solitary, filiform: corol cylindric-bell- 
 form: divisions acute: anthers inclosed, awned on the back. 8 — 20 f. Charleston, 
 S— C. Florida. 
 
 pal'lidum, A. (M. ^.) leaves ovat-e, acute, serrulate, glabrous: racemes bracted: 
 corol cylindric-bell-form. A doubtful species. Ph. 
 
 galezans, Mx. (y-w. M. \ .) leaves sessile, wedge-lanceolate, sub-serrulate, veined, 
 pubescent: fascicles sessile: pedicels very short: calyx acuminate: corol ovate; 
 throat very compressed: style exsert. 
 
 myrtifolinm, Mjc. ( h .) creeping, very glabrous: leaves petioled, oval, lucid, revolute, 
 sparingly denticulate: fasciples axillary, sub-sessile, few-flowered: corol sub-glo- 
 bose-bell-form, with 5 small short teeth: anthers awned on the back. Leaves pe- 
 rennial: berries black. 
 
 crassifolmm, Ph. (r. J. Tp .) diftuse: branches ascending, lax: leaves lance-oblong, 
 acute at each end, serrate, rigid, glabrous: racemes terminal, corymbed, bracted, 
 few-flowered; flowers nodding: calyx appressed: corol bell-form, spreading, deeply 
 and acutely 5-toothed. Leaves perennial. 
 
 nitidum, Ph. (r. M. ^.) r>rect, very branching; branches 2-ranked: leaves shining, 
 oval-obovate, acute at each end, glabrous, serrate: racemes terminal, corymbed, 
 bracted, nodding: corol cylindric. Leaves evergreen. 
 
 myrsini'tis, Mx. (p. M. ^.j erect, very branching, small-leavedi leaves sessije, oval, 
 mucronate, sub-serrulate, smooth and lucid above, sub hirsute and scabrous punc- 
 tate beneath: fascicles gemmaceous. terminal and lateral: corol oblong-ovate. Var. 
 lanceoLaluin, leaves lanceolate, acute at each end. Var. oitoswm, leaves roundish- 
 obovate. Leaves evergreen. 
 
 I'UX'folium, Ph. (I) (W. w. J. f>.} low: leaves obovate, crenate-toothed, glabrous: 
 fascicles crowded, sub-sessile, axillary and terminal: corol shoit-ovate: filaments 
 glandular: stigma capitate. Leaves evergreen. 
 
 Vaccinium, OxYcoccus. 
 
 3 — L Yagina'ria. 9. Cype. fod — . 
 
 Sovtliern. 
 
 Scirpoides, Mx. (2) (21-) culm leafless, sheathed: spike ovate, sub-solitary; scales 
 
 lance-spatulate. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 3 — 1. Valeria'na. 56. Vale. r. ner-|-. sed-j-. paZ. 
 
 dioica, W. (r. J. 210 glabrous: radical leaves sub-spatulate-ovate, entire, very long 
 petioled; cauline ones few, pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, very entire and sub- 
 dentate, obtusish. Hudson's Bay. 
 
 Vatrinaria. Lat. vagina, a sheath, from the stem being clothed with leafless sheaths. 
 Valeriana. Lat. valeo, to be powerful, in allusion to the many powerful virtues of 
 
 the plant. 
 
 1^1) brachycerum, Mx. (2) richardi, P. Fuirena, Mx. 
 
VALERIANA, VERBASCUM. 469 
 
 pauciftora, Mx. (W. w. J. Zf.), lower leaves pinnate; upper ones ternate; leafets oval, 
 
 acute, serrate: panicle lax, few-flowered, o t". &'. K. 
 sijlcatica, Banks^. ( ) glabrous, erect: stem striate: radical leaves petioled, ovate, 
 
 or sub-spatulalc, undivided: cauiine ones parted-pinnale; divisions lance-ovate, 
 
 somelimes eiiiire: flowers perfect: lobes of tjie stig.na minute, 2 to 3: fruit ovate, 
 
 compressed, glabrous. R. Newfoundland. Mcli. 
 capituta, W. ( ) stem erect, glabrous, pubescent at the joints: radical leaves 
 
 petioled; sub-rotund, simple; cauiine ones sub-sessile, simple or gasli-ternale; 
 
 leafets sinuate-serrate, ovate; upper one large: panicle densely capitate: bracts very 
 
 long: tube of the corol elongated: fruit ovate, compressed, glabrous. A. 
 
 Exotic, 
 phu, (valerian. 21.) cauiine leaves pinnate, radical ones undivided: stem smooth. 
 
 Southern, 
 obovata, Dc. Described under Phyllactis. 
 
 Valeriana, Fedia. 
 
 3 — 1. Vale'rianel'la. 56. Vale. r. ner-f-- sed. pal. 
 
 coerulca, (1) (b-w. J. Q.) stem dichotomous above, ciliate-angled: radical leaves 
 obovate: cauiine ones spatulate-oblong, ciliate; upper ones toothed at the base: 
 involucre ciliate, scarious at the tip: fruit compressed, rhomboidal. A very small 
 species. The size of the plant and habit is the most striking difference between 
 this and the Fedia radiata. 4 i. Maryland. 
 
 20—2. Val'lisne'kia. 22. Hydr. ton—. 
 
 spiralis, var. americana, (tape grass. W. w. Au. If.) leaves floating, linear, obtuse, 
 serrulate at the summit, tapering at the base: peduncle of the pistillate flower 
 long; of the staminate short and erect. In the river Hudson from Stillwater to the 
 Highlands. S. T. C. P. B. N. H. Peekskill. 
 
 G — 1. Vancouveria. 78. Berb. b. r. ton^-. dye. f. ref-f. 
 
 hexandra, Morr. & Decaisne. (y. w.) leaves radical, 2 to 3-ternate: scape slender, 
 simple: flowers in a lax, slightly panicled raceme, on filiform nodding pedicels. 
 Oregon. 
 
 6 — 3. Vera'trum. 13. Mela. asc. esc. poi. 
 
 viride, (2) (itchweed, Indian poke, white hellebore. O. g. J. 2S-) racemes panicled: 
 bracts of the branches lance-oblong, the bract of tlie flowers longer than the sub- 
 pubescent peduncles: leaves broad-ovate, plaited, many-nerved. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 angustifoliuin, Ph. (W. A. g-y. J. 21.) flowers monoscious and dioecious: panicle 
 snnple: petals linear: leaves very long-linear, keeled. Tall. & K. 
 
 Southern. 
 parviflorum, Mx. (A. g. Ju.) leaves lance-oval, flat, glabrous: panicle slender: spread- 
 ing: petals acute at each end, starniniferous. 
 
 Veratrum, Helo.nias. 
 
 5—1. Verbas'cum. 38. Sola. 1. cata+. 
 
 thap'sus, (mullein. O. y. J. Q.) leaves decurrent, downy both sides: stem generally 
 simple, though sometimes branched above: flowers in a cylindric-spike. When 
 
 Valerianella. 
 
 Vallisneria. In honor of Anthony Vallisneri, a noted French botanist. 
 
 Veratrum. Some derive it from Lat. vere atrurn, truly black, from its black root. 
 
 Veibascum. Lat. As if burbuscum, from barba, a beard, from its hairy, shaggy 
 
 leaves. 
 
 (1) Fedia coerula, MSS. of Aikin. Some authors have removed all our species of 
 Fedia to this genus. Both genera need reviewing and comparing. (2) album, Mx. 
 
470 VERBASCUM, VERRESINA. 
 
 botanists are bo infatuated with wild speculation, as to tell as the mullein was- 
 introduced, they give our youngest pupils occasion to sneer at their teachers. Var. 
 thapsoides, stem brandies. ;j — 6 f. jS. 
 
 llaUa'ria, (moth mullein, sleek mullein. W. p- w. w-y. J. $ .) leaves glabrous, tooth- 
 serrate; lower ones oblong-obovate; upper ones heart-ovate clasping: pedicels 1- 
 flovvered, in a teiniinal panicle-raceme. Var. alba, leaves toothed: tlowers white. 
 Var. Lutm, (1; leaves doubly serrate: flowers yellow. 2— 3 f. S. T. N. Y. P. 
 B. C. O. H. xM. F. Mch. 
 
 bjclmltis, (VV. y. J. $ .) leaves oblong-wedge-form, white-downy beneath: spikes lax, 
 lateral and terminal. jS. P. ' 
 
 13 — 1. Vkrbe'na. 41, Verb. h. dis. cata. aro, 
 
 spuria, (W. b. Ju. 21- $■) stem decumbent, with spreading branches: leaves ia 
 many-eleft divisions: spikes filiform: bracts exceeding the calyx. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 P. Y. C. 
 
 hastatii, (vervain, simpler's joy. O. p-w. Ju. 71-) erect, tall: leaves lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, gash-serratf»; lower ones sometimes gash-hastate: spikes linear, panicled, 
 sub-imbricate. Var. pinnatijlda, has the leaves gash-pinnatitid, coarsely toothed. 
 Var. oljlon<rifolifi. leaves lance-oblong, deeply-serrate, acute: spikes filiform, pani- 
 cled. 2— 5f. & Mch. 
 
 uriici/oUa, (nettle-leaf vervain. O. w. Ju. Zf.) erect, sub-puhescent: leaves ovate, 
 acute, serrate, petioled: spikes filiform, axillary and terminal: flowers remotish. 
 2— 4f. S. Mch. 
 
 arnrustifiilin., Mx. (2) (pigmy Vervaiu- V\'. b. J. 21-) low, erect: leaves lance-linear, 
 tapering to the base, lliinly serrate, with channelled veins: spikes filiform, solitary, 
 terminal or axillary. 1 f. ;5f. N. P. Y. M. C. H. PeekskiU. Mch. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 auhle'tia, (3) (W. p. M. 2(.) assurgent: spikes solitary, imbricate, long-p^dnncled: 
 divisions of the corol emarginate: leaves oval, deeply serrate and divided, petioled. 
 
 bracteosa, Mx. (4) (W. p. Ju. 2i-) small, decumbent, very hirsute: leaves laciniate: 
 flowers spiked, sub-iuibricate: spikes squarrose with very long-linear bracts, spread- 
 ing every way. D. 
 
 paniculata, Lk. (W. Ap. Ju. If.) erect, somewhat scabrous: leaves lanceolate, coarsely 
 serrate, undivided: spikes filiform, imbricate, corymb-panicled. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 diffusa, Lk. (p. 21- ) erect, very branching: leaves lance-ovate, serrate, sub-pubescent: 
 spikes very long, lax, panicled, very diffuse. 
 
 caroUniana, (.5) ( VV. p. J, 2/.) eiect, scabrous: leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, un- 
 equally serrate, tapering to the base, sub-sessile: spikes very long, filiform: flowers 
 distinct. 2 f. Charleston, S— C. 
 
 Stricta,\ ewi. (W. b. Ju. 21.) hirsute, hoary: stem stiftly erect: leaves sessile, obovate, 
 serrate, suh-tomentose, very hirsute: spikes straight, imbricate, somewhat fas- 
 cicled. Var. wollis,T. {\N. p.) stem erect, simple, terete, villose: leaves ovate, 
 aculish, unequally gash-toothed, teeth acute, hirsute above, soft-villose beneath: 
 spikes dense-lJovveied, straight, terminal, somewhat in tiirees. Probably a distinct 
 species. T. D. 
 
 bipiiumtifida. N. (W. b. J. Zf.) somewhat erect, hirsute: leaves 3-cleft, bipinnatifid; 
 divisions linear: nuts deeply punctate. 
 
 17 — 2. Verbesi'na. 55. Anth. 1. aro. bit. deo. stim. 
 
 siegcshecliia, Mx. (0~l (crownbeard. y. Ju. 21.) stem winged: leaves opposite, lance- 
 ovate, acuinina'e at both ends, sharply serrate: panicle brachiate: flowers in fasci- 
 cles on the ends of the branches. 3— 6 f. 8. P.M. Charleston^ S—C. 
 
 virginica, (w. Ju. ![■) stem narrow-winged: leaves alternate, broad-lanceolate, sub- 
 serrate: corymb compound: involucre oblong, pubescent: ray-florets 3 or 4. 3 — 6 f. 
 S. P. S-C. 
 
 Verbena. Lat. verbena, from Cell, fetfacn, meaning to remove the stone, whence the 
 
 English vervain. 
 Verbesina. Altered from vcrlima, to which talata bears resemblance. 
 
 (J) claytoni, Mx. (2) rugosa, VV. (3) longiflora, Lk. 13uchnera canadensis, L. 
 (4) Zapania, Lk. (5) Phryma caroliniensis, \Vr. (6) Siegesbeckia occidentalis, L. 
 
VERBtSINA, VKROMCA. 471 
 
 ^nuata, E. (1) (w. Oct. 2i.) leaves altornato, sessile, sinuate, attenuate at tliebase; 
 flowers cor^'uibed: involucre imbricate. 1 — (3 t'. 
 
 17 — 1. Vernon'ia. 53. Innl. ton. stim. 
 
 novehnracensis, (2) (tlat-lop. p. An. 21-) tall: leaves thick-set, lanceolate, serrate, 
 rough: corymb tlistigiale: scales of the involucre filiform at the apex. 4 — 6 f. &. 
 B. P. C. J J. M. F. N, Mch. 
 
 jnani'ln, (3) (W. r. Au. .'S ) stem tall, angled, thickly pubescent: leaves thick set 
 lanceolate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath: corymb fastigiale: scales of the 
 involucre ovate, acute, avvnless. Resembles the preceding, and probably only a 
 variety. 4—7 f. .S". P. 
 
 ■corymhusa, Sz. & Koaling. (W. r. ) stem sulcate, sub-scabrous: leaves thick-set, 
 sessile, sub-clasping, lanceolate, acuminate, sliarp-serrate below, entire towards 
 the apex, scabrous above, siuoolh and hollovved-punctale beneath: corymb terminal 
 fastigiate: scales of the involucre oval, obluse, ciliale. I f. 
 
 bal<l'wmi,T. {\W.) alem soft pubet^cent: leaves lance-ovate, sharp-serrate, scabrous 
 above, pubescent beneath: corymb diffuse, sub-fasligiate; involucre scales lanceo- 
 late, squarrose, reflexed, scabrous pubescent. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 •oligophylla, yix. (p. Ju. 2|.) stem simple, branching abpve: radical leaves oval; 
 cauline ones lanceolate; all toothed: corymb panicled: scales of the involucre 
 lanceolate, acuminate. Varies vvitii the flowers sub-sessile and peduncled. 2 f. 
 S— C. . 
 
 scaher'rimn; N. (p. Ju. 2i-) leaves lanc^-jinear, acute, close-sessile, very scabrous, 
 nearly entire: corymb sub-umbelled, few-rlowered: scales of the involucre lanceo- 
 late, naked, tilifurmly acuminate. Stem simple. 2 f. 
 
 an(rustifi>li(L, (p. Ju. If.) stem simple: leaves numerous, long-linear, nearly entire: 
 corymb sub-unibeiled: scales of the involucre rigidly mucronate. 3f S — C. 
 
 tomentu'sa, E. (4) (p. Au. ZI-) stem^ slender, tomentose above: leaves long, narrow, 
 lanceolate, very acutely serrate, slightly scabrous above, hoary-tomentose beneath: 
 corymb fastigiate: scales of the involucre, tiliform at the apex. 3 — .5 f. 
 
 /asciadulu, Mx. (VV, Au. 21) leaves loiiglmear, sparingly serrate: flowers corymbed, 
 erect, ap|)roxiinate: involucre ovoid, smooth: scales unarmed. 
 
 uitis'sima, JN. (r))(\V. p. Au. 21.) stem glabrous: leaves lanceolate, serrate, some- 
 what scabi;ous: involucre small hemispheric; scales ovate, acute, Ciliale, unarmed, 
 closely appressed. Var. murginata, T. t& J. (VV. p.) stem glabrous; leaves narow- 
 landeolate, glabrous, very entire: corj'mb fastigiate: involucre hemispheiic-turbin- 
 ate: scales ovate acute, arachnoid-ciliate, a little mucronate, close-appressed. 
 This may be a distinct species. T. 
 
 2 — 1. Vero.ni'ca. 37. Scrop. ton — . cat. 
 
 ojjicinulis, (speedwell. \V. b. M. 2i.) sjiikes lateral, peduncled: leaves opposite, ob- 
 ovate, hairy: stem procumbent, rough-haired. 9 — 12. i. 8. T. Y. C. P. M. N. 
 
 ser/itjl/ifolia, (paul's betony, smooth speedvv?ell. O. b. M. 21.) racemes terminal, sub- 
 spiked: leaves ovate, glabrous, crenate: caipsule about as long as the styles. 2 — 6 i. 
 >'. Mch. 
 
 al//i'na, L. (A.) corymb terminal: leaves opposite, lance-oblong, acute, toothed: calyx 
 hispid. 
 
 anagallis, (brook .pimpernel, long l^eaved brooklime. W. b. J. 2f.) racemes opposite, 
 long, loose: leaves lanceolate, serrate; stem erect. 12 — 13 i. S. O. T. Y. N. 
 P. C F. Canada. Mch. 
 
 Vernonia. In honor of Wm. Vernon, an industrious collector of American plants. 
 Veronica. Etymology obscure; the common one is Lat. rcnis., true, and Gr. eikon, 
 
 a figure; probably lliis plant was dedicated to St. V'eroiiica. 
 
 (1) laciniata, N.' (2) Chrysocoma gigantea, \Vr. J (3) Serratula, L. Chry- 
 socoma tomentosa, Wr.? (4) Chrxsocoma tonientosa, Wr.? (5) Chrysocorna 
 gigantea, Wr. ? 
 
472 VERONICA, VESICARIA. 
 
 beccahun' ga, (brook-lime. b. J. 2^.) racemes opposite: leaves oval, obtuse, sub-ser- 
 rate, glabrous: stem procumbent, rooting at the base. Probably a variety of the- 
 last. 9—18 i. 5?. B. P. 0. F. N. 
 
 scutella'ta, (scull-cap speedwell. O. b. J. 2l.) racemes lateral, alternate; pedicels divari- 
 cate: leaves laiiceliiiear, somewhat tootiied. '9 — 12 i. Mch. 
 
 arven'sis, (wall speedwell. O. w-b. M. Q.) flowers solitary, nearly sessile: lower 
 leaves heart-ovate, seirate, petioled; floral leaves lanceolate, sessile, longer than' 
 the peduncles: divisions of the calyx unequal. Var rcniformis, leaves sessile, 
 reniform, entire. This variety is made a distinct species by Rafinesque. 3 — 8 i. 
 ;S'. Mch. , 
 
 agres'tJ.Si (field speedwell, neckweed. W. b. M. 0.) flowers solitary, leaves heart- 
 ovate, serrate, petioled: stem procumbent, pubescent: segments of the calyx ovate, 
 equal, pilose. 5— 10 i. S. P. Y. B. 
 
 peregri'na, (I) (purslane speedwell. O. w. M. 0.) flowers sessile, solitary: leaves' 
 glabrous, lance-linear, toothed and entire/ obtuse; lower ones opposite: stem erect. 
 4— 8i. S'. Mch. 
 
 hederifodii, (ivy speedwell, w-b. M. 0.) flowers solitary: leaves equalling the petioles, 
 round-cordate, .5-lobed; upper ones 3-lobed; segments of the calyx cordate, acute',^ 
 ciliate: stem procumbent. Y. 
 
 Soiithern. 
 reniformis, Ph. (W. b. J. 21-) spikes peduncled; peduncles lateral, axillary, 1-bracted; 
 leaves opposite, long-petioled, heart-reniform, gash-crenate: stem creeping. 
 
 Verqp.ica, Leptndra. 
 
 14 — 1. Vesicaria. (2) 63. Cruc. asc. stim — . 
 
 didymocarpa, Hk. (W. ) white downy, down stellated: radical leaves broad-ovate- 
 
 spatulate; the rest lanceolate, sub-entire: calyx equal: silicles large, inflated, in 
 
 pairs. Rocky Mts. and west. 
 arctica, Hk. ( ) stellately tomentose; hoary: radical leaves spatulate: the rest 
 
 sub-linear, very entire: calyx equal; silicles globose, longer than the somewhat 
 
 thickened style. A. Canada. 
 luduviciuna, Dc. (Ap. J. y. H.) canescent with a stellate pTabescence: radical leaves 
 
 spatulate, entire, obtuse; cauline linear: style slender, longer than the ovary, and 
 
 nearly as long as the obovale-globose silicle. Oregon, N. W. Coast. 
 alpiria, N. ( 2i-) dwarf and cespilose, canescent with a dense stellate pubescence: 
 
 leaves Imear-spatulate, entire: calyx equal at the base, deciduous; silicle inflated 
 
 below, compressed at the summit, shorter than the slender style. Rocky Mts. 
 didymocarpa, H. ( ZI.) canescent with a stellate pubescence; radical leaves broadly 
 
 obovate-spatulate; cauline ones spatulate-lanceolate, mostly entire: silicles large, 
 
 inflated, didymous: seeds not margined. Rocky Mts. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 shortii, T. &. G. (y. #.) decumbent, somewhat pubescent with stellate hairs: leaves 
 elliptical, sessile, entire, or slightly repand: silicle globose with scarcely any stipe: 
 style more than twice as long as the silicle: seeds 2 in each cell, not margined: 
 petals obovate: filaments dilated at the base. Kentucky. 
 
 grandiflora, H. ( 0.) canescent with a stellate pubescence: leaves sessile, cuneate- 
 oblong, sinuately toothed; silicle globose, glabrous: style about two thirds the 
 length of the silicle: petals obcordate, twice as long as the ciilyx: stamens thickened 
 at the base. Texas. 
 
 repanda, N. ( ) stem minutely and sparingly pubescent, decumbent: leaves linear- 
 oblong or nearly linear, almost glabrous, narrowed at the base, repand, obtuse: sili- 
 cle obovate-globose, on a short stipe; style about two-thirds as long as the silicle: 
 stigma capitate: petals obovate, twice the length of the calyx; filaments subulate. 
 Arkansas. 
 
 angustifolia, N. (Ap. 0.) canescenlly and stellately pubescent: radical leaves lyrately 
 pinnatifid or repandly toothed, oblong, attenuated at the base; cauline-linear, entiie 
 or jepand: silicle globose, glabrous, nearly sessile: style fililorm, rather shorter than 
 
 Vesicaria. Lat. vesica, a bladder, from the inflated silicle. 
 (1) caroliniana. Wr. carnulosa, Lk. (2) Alyssura, L. 
 
VESICARIA, VIBURNUM. 
 
 473 
 
 the silicle: petals obovate-oblong, twice the length of the ovate sepals: filaments 
 subulate, dilated at the base. Arkansas. 
 
 mdldlii, T. & G. (y. O.) somewhat pubescent, branched from the base and procum- 
 bent: leaves lanceolate oblon;^, obtusely repand-deiit-ile or almost entire: .silicle pyri- 
 form-sub-globose, somewhat stipitate, glabrous: style two-thirds as long as the 
 silicle: petals obovate: filaments dilated at the base. 12 — 18 i. Arkansas. 
 
 hretislijla, T. & G. (O.) densely and stellately pubescent: radical leaves lyrately pin- 
 naiifid or toothed; cauline ones oblong, sessile, denlate-serrate: silicle globose, ses- 
 sile, glabrous: style rather thick, one third the length of the silicle: seeds margin- 
 ed, about C in each cell: petals broadly obovate: filaments dilated at the base. 
 Texas. 
 
 gracilis, H? ( %.) somewhat scabrous with sparse stellate hairs: leaves oblong and 
 linear-oblong, entire or remotely denticulate: silicle globose, stipitate, shorter than 
 the style, glabrous: seeds 2 — 3 in each cell, not margined: petals obovate: filaments 
 subulate. Texas. 
 
 16—10. Vexilla'ria. Ea. (1) 98. Legu. f. nut. g-h. asc. 
 
 tirginiana, W. (butterfly weed. W. b. Ju. H.) leaves ternate, ovate: calyx 5-parted, 
 scarcely longer than the bracts: divisions subulate, diverging: legumes sub-ensi- 
 form. Climbing. iS'. P. 
 
 mariana, Lim. (July. Aug. b. 21.) glabrous stem somewhat twining or trailing: leaves 
 3-fi)liolate, ovate-oblongor ovate-lanceolate: peduncles short, 1 — 3- flowered: bracte- 
 oles lanceolate-subulate, much shorter than the calyx, similar to and scarcely larger 
 that the bracts: legumes linear-oblong, about 4-seeded, torulose glabrous. iS'. Stem 
 2 f. or more. JXew Jersey to Florida. 
 
 Sovtiicrn. 
 plumiera. P. ( ) leaves ternate, ovate-oblong, acuminate: calyx bell-form, shorter 
 than the ovate bracts: corol large, silky. Climbing. 
 
 5 — 3. Vibur'num. .58. Capr. ast. fra. 
 
 jminifoUum, W. (black haw, sloe. w. J. \ .) leaves round-obovato and oval, acutely 
 serrate, glabrous; petioles margined. 8 — 15 i. S. N. Y. 1'. Peekskill, Florida. 
 
 pyrijoliiim, Lk. (w. M. h .) glabrous: leaves ovate, acutish, sub-serrate; petioles 
 naked: fruit oblong-ovate: cymes sub-peduncled. Berries dark-colored. 5 — 10 f. 
 W. T. N. M. 
 
 laiUi'co, (sheep berry. O. w. J. \ .) glabrous: leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, hook- 
 serrate; petioles margined, undulate: cymes sessile: branches when full grown often 
 form a fastigiate top. Berries black, oval, and pleasant- tasted: somewhat mucila- 
 ginous. 8 — 15 f S. Mch. 
 
 nudum, (w. M. ^.) very glabrous: leaves oval, sub-entire, margin revolute; petioles 
 smooth: cymes peduncled, and without bracts. Berries black. 8 — 10 f .S'. P. 
 Y. W. B. C. Canada. 
 
 cassinoides, W. (J. f- .) glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, acute at each end, crenate, sub- 
 revolute at the margin; petioles keeled, without glands. S. 
 
 dmtatum, (arrow-wood. W. w. M. ^.) smoothish: leaves roundish and ovate, acute, 
 tooth-serrate, furrow-plaited, glabrous both sides: cyme peduncled: fruit sub-glo- 
 bular. Berries blue. 4— 12 f. S. T. V. N. Y. B. P. C. M. 
 
 puhescens,I'h. {2) (W. w. J. ^ .) pubescent: leaves round-ovate, acuminate, tooth- 
 serrate, furrow-plaited, villose beneath: stipules two, subulate: cymes peduncled: 
 fruit oblong. G f S. T. Y. O. M. Mch. 
 
 laiUiinoi'des, Mx. (bobble-bush, tangle-legs. W. w. M. >-.) leaves broad, round-cor- 
 date, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate: petioles and nerves furnished with 
 powdery, rusty down: cymes sessile: fruit ovate. Stem very flexible and crooked. 
 4—8 f. S. F. N. Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Vexillaria. Lat. vexillum, a banner, alluding to the size of that part of the flower. 
 Viburnum. Lat. viburnum, a name used by Virgil fur a pliant, tough plant: Seb. 
 
 Vaillant derives this word from Lat. vierc, to bind. 
 
 (1) A substitute for a lidiculous name. See Persoon, p. 302, genus No. 1712. 
 (2) dentalum pubescens, A. dentatum tomentosum, Mx. tomentosum and villo- 
 sum, R. rafinesquianum, Rs. 
 
 60 
 
474 VIBURNUM, VICIA. 
 
 aeerifolium, (maple guelder-rose, dockmackie. O. w. J. T}.) leaves heait-ovate or 3- 
 lobed, acuminate, sharp-serrate, pubescent beneatli: cymes long-peduncled. Stem 
 very flexililc: leaves broad and sub-membranaceous 4 — 6 f. (S. The oldest 
 Dutch settlers in Columbia county, N. Y., inlbnn us that the Indians in that vicinity 
 considered the external application of the leaves of the dockmackie, as a sovereign 
 remidy in every kind of inflammatory tumour; and that they have ever since adopted 
 this practice with success. Mch. 
 
 oxycoccus, Fh. (J ) (higli cranberry. W. r-w. J. ^.) leaves 3-lobed, 3-nerved.; lobes long- 
 acuminate, with a few scattering teeth; petioles glandular, grooved above: cymes 
 rayed. Fruit resembles the low cranberry, red, and very acid. 5 — 8 f. S. W. 
 C. T. V. P. O. F. N. D. Mch. 
 
 ed'ule, Ph. (3) (w. Ju. ^.) leaves 3-lobed, obtusish at the base, 3-nerved; lobes very 
 short, tooth-serrate, with acuminate serratures; petioles glandular: cymes radiate. 
 Small and upright. Resembles the oxycocus. P. C. Canada. 
 
 ellipiicum, Ilk. ( ) leaves elliptic, obtuse, shortly petioled, parallel veined above, 
 
 chiefly coarsely, serrate; under side (nerves cliiefly) very hirsute: corymbs dense, 
 peduncled: ovaria very hirsute: berries oval-globose, black. A variety has the 
 ovaria glabrous. 2 — 4 f Pi. 
 
 Exultc. 
 opu'lus, (guelder rose, snowball, w. J. ^.) leaves 3-lobed, sharp-toothed; petioles 
 
 glandular, smooth: flowers in compact cymes, surrounded with radiating florets. 
 
 Var. roseum, has the whole cyme made up of radiating florets. 
 linus, (laurestine. r-w. \- .) leaves ovate, entire, with tufts of hair in the axils of the 
 
 veins beneath: flowers in smooti^, cymes. 
 
 Soutlicr7i. 
 ohovalum, Wr. (3) (M. ^..) glabrous: leaves obovate, crenate-dentate or very entire, 
 
 obtuse: cymes sessile: fruit roundish-ovate. Var. punicifoliiLvi, leaves obovate, 
 
 entire or slightly crenate at the apex, obtuse. 4 — 8 f. 
 laevigatum, (w. J. >>.) leaves lanceolate, smooth, remotely serrate, very entire at the 
 
 base: branchlets 2-edged. 
 nitidum, ( T;. .) very glabrous; leaves 'lance-linear, shining on the upper surface, 
 
 obsoletely serrate or entire: branches 4-angled. 
 molie, Mx. (W. J. 2_i:.) leaves roundish-cordate, furrow-plaited, toothed, pubescent 
 
 beneath; petioles sub-glandular: cymes with rays: fruit oblong-ovate. Berries red. 
 
 IG— 10. Vi'ciA. 93. Legu. f, nut. g-h. asc. 
 
 sati'va, (tare. O. b-p. Ju. 0.) flowers in pairs, sub-sessile: stipules toothed, marked 
 with dots: leafeis oblong-ovate, retuse, mucronate: legumes erect, linear-terete, 
 glabrous. Perhaps it may have been introduced. S. 
 
 amencana, (p. M. It-) sub-pubescent: peduncles many-flowered, shorter than the 
 leaves: 'stipules semi-sagittate, toolhed: leafets numerous, lance-oval, obtuse, mu- 
 cronate, veined, sub-alternate: stem angled. U. P. Y. R. Niagara. Genesee 
 Falls. Mch. ^ . 
 
 cracca, (tufted vetch, b. S. Zf.) spikes many-flowered, imbricate backwards, larger 
 than the leaves: stipules semi-sagittate, Imear-subulate, entire: leafets numerous, 
 lance-oblong, pubescent. .S'. M. P. B. O. N. C. Canada. Mch. 
 
 caroUniana, VVr. (4) (w. M. 2S-) peduncles many-flowered: flowers distant: stipules 
 lance-ovate entire: leafets 8 to 10, lance-oval, snioothish. The banner of the 
 flower is tipped with black. S. P. Y. D. Mch. 
 
 tridcntata Sz. & Keating. (VV. b. ) stem sulcate, sub-pubescent: leafets numerous, 
 narrow'-oblong, entire, obtuse, short-rnucronate, sparingly pilose above, densely 
 pilose beneath: lower stipules wedge-form, broadly 3-cleft, with 3 prominent nerves, 
 pubescent; upper ones lanceolate, long, acuminate, villose: calyx and peduncles 
 
 p'Zatitea, Hk. ( p. ) sub-pubescent: stem sulcate: leaffets 20—26, oblong, petioled, 
 obtuse, mucronate: stipules large, semi-sagittate, deeply dentate at the base: pe- 
 
 Vicia. Lat. vincio, to bind, because it twines round other plants, or from Celtic 
 
 (l)'opuloides, M. opulus pimina, Ms. amcricanum, A. (2) opulu sedule, Mx. 
 (3) cassinoides, Mx. (4) parviflora, Mx. 
 
VICIA, VILFA. 475 
 
 Quncles much shorter than the leaves, 5— 10-flowered: flowers crowded: style 
 scarcely bearded: legumes broad-oblong, glabrous, obscurely reticulate. Becomes 
 black on drying. P,. 
 
 ezigiia, y. ( ' ) pubescent: leafets G — 8, linear-oblong, rather" obtuse: stipules nar- 
 row, si'iiii sagittate, entire or incisely serrate: peduncles filiform, 1-flowered, 
 sliorter than tiie leaves: teeth of the calyx lanceolate, broad at the base, shorter 
 than the tube; sinuses obtuse: legume oblong, glabrous, 4 — o-seeded. )S. Oregon. 
 
 tctrasperma, Loisel. (b. J. 0.) peduncles mostly 2'flowered: legume smooth, 4 — 
 5-seeded: leaves oblong, truncate. C. T. Canada. Ervum tetraspervium, 7th 
 edition. 
 
 orcgana, N. ( 21.) pubescent: stem weak: leafets 4— 8 pairs, elliptical-oblong 
 
 somewhat serrated at the summit, cuspidate, rarely emarginate: stipules lunate, 
 semi-sagittate, incisely serrate: peduncles 3 — 5-flowered, rather shorter than the 
 leaves: teeth of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the 2 upper nearly as long 
 as the lateral ones: style slightly pubescent: legume broadly sabre-shaped, gla- 
 brous, about 5-seeded. I — 2 f. Oregon. 
 
 truiicata, N. (J. 2X-) somewhat pubescent: leafets 5 — 6 pairs, oblong-linear, usually 
 truncate, serrate or trideutate at tiie apex: stipules lunate, incisely serrate: peduncles 
 4 — 7-liowered, rather shorter than the leaves: lower teeth of the calyx lanceolate, 
 acuminate; the upper ones very short: style very villous at the apex. Oregon. 
 
 sparsifolia, N. ( ) slightly pubescent: leafets o — 6 pairs, narrowly linear, nearly 
 
 acute, mucionulate: stipules bifid, entire, or sparingly toothed: peduncles 4 — 7- 
 flovvered, about as long as the leaves: lower teeth of the calyx acuminate; upper 
 ones much shorter: style very villous at the summit. Oregon. 
 
 Eiolic. 
 
 Jaba, Cgarden bean, Windsor bean. \v. sfc blk. J. 0-) st<-'ni many-flowered, erect, 
 strong: legumes ascending, tumid, coriaceous: leafets oval, acute, entire: stipules 
 sagittate, toothed at the base. From Persia. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 acutifolia, (w. Ap. 21'?) peduncles few-flowered, longer than the leaves: stipules 
 lanceolate, entire: leafets (6) linear, acute at each end: stem glabrous. 
 
 ludociciana, N. (Zf. b. iVI.) glabrous: leafet$ 10 — 12, elliptical or obovate, obtuse or 
 emarginate: stipules subulate, simple or sagittate: peduncles 2 — 6-flowered, at 
 length longer than the leaves: flowers closely approximated: teeth of the calyx 
 broad, acuminate, shorter than the tube: legume broadly sabre-shaped, glabrous, 
 5 — 6-seeded: seeds compressed, dark brown. Texas. La. 2 — 3 f 
 
 leaveraoortlui, T. & G. { ) pubescent: leafets 10 — 14, oblong-linear, obtuse or emargi- 
 nate: stipules minute, semi-sagittate, entire: peduncles shorter than the leaves, 
 2 — 4-flowered: teeth of the calyx subulate, somewhat equal, all longer than the 
 tube: style slightly pubescent at the summit: legume oblong, 6-seeded. 1 — 2 f. 
 Arkansas. 
 
 micrantha, N. (Ap. M.) glabrous: leafets 4 — 7, linear-obtuse or acute: stipules lance- 
 olate, semi-sagittate: peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 — 2-flowered: teeth of 
 the calyx lanceolate, shorter than tube: legume sabre-shaped, 7 — 10 seeded. Texas 
 Arkansas. La. 
 
 Vicia, Eevum, Lathyrus. > 
 
 3—2. Vilfa. 10. Gram. far. fod. ton. 
 
 Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, keeled, membranaceous: paleas nearly equal, 
 about as long as the glumes, lance-ovate, acute, pubescent: stamens mostly want- 
 ing in lateral panicles. 
 [This genus is not described in the genera; it is considered as an Agrostis by most 
 
 botanists.] 
 
 heterolepis, Gray. (21- ) leaves setaceous: panicle pyramidal, few-flowered: inferior 
 glume subulate; superior one ovate, cuspidate, about as long again as the inferior- 
 paleas sub-equal, unawned. Mch. Western New York. 
 
 Vilfa. 
 
476 VILLARSIA, VIOLA. 
 
 5—1. Villar'sia. 4G. Gent. bit. ton. 
 lacunosa, V. (1) spur-stem, floating-heart, w. Ju. 21-) leaves^eart-reniform, (or short- 
 ish heart-form,) sub-peltate, lacunose beneath, floating; petioles bearing the flowers: 
 corol glabrous. <S'. T. B. C. I'lainfield, Mass. K. 
 
 Soutliern. 
 cordata, E. (Ju. It.) leaves cordate, very entire; petioles, bearing the flowers. S— C. 
 
 5—1. Vin'ca. 47. Ascl. dia. exp. 
 
 Ezutic. 
 
 7raino»-, (periwinkle, b. Ap. ^.) stems procumbent; leaves lance-oval, smooth at the 
 
 edges: flowers peduncled; teeth of the calyx lanceolate. 
 major, VV. (b. M.— S. ^.) stem nearly erect: leaves ovate, ciliate, flowers stalked: 
 teeth of the calyx setaceous, elongated. G f. 
 
 5-1. Vi'oLA. .%. Viol. f. ton—, cat — 
 
 [•^ According to Le Conte.] 
 1. Acaulesccnt, or icdii, a siiblcrranmu stem. 
 
 cucuUa'la, VV. (connnon blue violet. O. p. b. M. Zf.) glabrous: leaves cordate, some- 
 what acuminate, crenate-dentate; antunnial ones largest, very exactly reniform: 
 peduncle somewhat 4-sided. long(?I- ihan the leaves: divisions of the calyx subulate 
 acuminate, emarginate behind or very entire: petals (as m many American species) 
 oblique, veiny, very entire, white at the base, upper one generally naked, glabrous, 
 lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one, marked with a few blue lines. Var. 
 vavilionacea, Ph. (-) petioles and peduncles longer: leaves sub-lance-ovate: beards 
 of the lateral petals often yellow. Var. ietraguna, (L.) peduncles strong, exactly 
 4-sided: petals azure color, veinless. Var. viliosa, (3) leaves, petals and peduncles 
 villose. 4—8 i. -S. Mch. 
 
 pahiiata, L. (hand leaved violet. W. p-b. Jj;.) mostly villose: leaves heart-reniform, 
 palmate-5 — 7-lobed; lobes polymorphous, often narrow and gashed, middle one al- 
 ways larger; sometimes villose both sisie. sometimes only beneath, often glabrous, 
 all of them very often purple beneath; the first spring ones are ovate, entire; peti- 
 oles sub-emarginate: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, larger than the leaves: divisions 
 of the calyx lance-ovate, ciliate, very entire behind: petal.^ all very entire, veiny, 
 and white at the base; upper ones narrower, smaller, sometimes villose at the base, 
 yet often naked, glabrous; lateral ones densely bearded, and with the upper one, 
 marked with a few blue lines. One variety has white flowers. 3—6 i. 8. Le 
 Conte. P. C. W. T. V. B. F. O. N. 
 
 sororia, W. (4) (VV. b-p. M. 71.) leaves thickish, flat, appressed to ihe earth, orbicu- 
 lar and round-ovate, cordate, crenate; sinus at the base often closed, villose above, 
 with the hairs erect, beneath glabrous, and generally becoming purpl(3; petioles 
 short, strong, with small stipules at the base: peduncle somewhat 4-sidcd, of the 
 length of the leaves: divisions of the calyx short, subulate, obtuse, glabrous, very 
 entire behind: petals obovate, short, all very entire, veins white at the base, upper 
 and lateral on^ bearded, and marked with a few blue lines. Dry woods. 6'. Le 
 Conte. W. # P. 
 snnUiita A. (W. b-p. Ap. Zf.) glabrous or a little pubescent: leaves oblong, acute, 
 cordute-satrittate and incised at the base: stigma depressed, margined: inferior 
 petals glabrous, the rest bearded. Var. uvata, villous: leaves ovate, somewhat cor- 
 date c?cnate, often lacerately toothed at the base; petiole margined. V. allegha- 
 
 Villarsia. In honor of M. Villars, Prof of Botany at Strasburgh. 
 
 Vinca. Originally pemnca, in Anglo-Saxon, pcrtince, said to be derived from vincio, 
 
 to bind, from the branches being used to make bands. 
 Viola. Lat. viola, of Gr. ion, the name of this beautiful plant. 
 
 (I) tiachysperma, E. JVIenyanthes tracbysperm.i, Mx. (2) obliqua, Sz. & T. 
 
 (3) species ofPh. 4) asarifolia, Sz. Selkirkii? Goldie. (5) viilosa, N. var. 
 
 cordata, T. corditblia, Sz. and Dc. 
 
 * See diagnoses vialue in Addenda. 
 
VIOLA. 477 
 
 niensis and V. ovata of 7th edition. Var. cmarginatn, glabrous; leaves almost 
 triangular, lacerately toothed near the base: petals emarginate or bidentate. V. 
 emarginala, 7th edition. P. Y. B. C. F. N. Hudson. JMch. 
 
 Uanda, VV. (smooth' violet. W. vv. Ap. 2i-) glabrous: leaves round, sometimes sub- 
 ovate, cordate, crenate, appressed to the earth, sometimes with a few scattering 
 hairs above; petioles pubescent: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, longer than the 
 leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, obtuse: petals all very entire, green at the 
 base: upper and lateral ones rarely sub-viilose, maiked with a few blue lines. 
 Flowers odorous. Wet. 2—4 i. S. Le Conte. C. B. V. O. F. N. Hudson's 
 Bay. Mch. 
 
 primidifolia, L. (2) (VV. w. J. 71-) stoloniferous, glabrous: leaves oblong or oblong- 
 ovate, sub-cordate, acutish, crenate, decurrent into the petiole, nerve sometimes 
 sub-villose beneath: peduncle somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves: divisions 
 of the calyx lanceolale, obtuse: petals all very entire, green at the base: upper and 
 lateral ones sometimes a little villose, marked with a few blue lines, in the upper 
 one often obsolete. Var. villosa, leaves very green; and with the petioles densely 
 villose, becoming hoary. Flowers odorous. Wet. iS. Le Conte. B. C. N. 
 Georgia. 
 
 lanrcolata, L. (W. w. Ap. 7^..) glabrous: leaves (sometimes with a few scattering 
 hairs) lanceolate, narrow, elongated, gradually attenuated into the petioles at the 
 base, obtusish, crenate: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, reddish, of the length of the 
 leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute: petals all very entire, green at the 
 base; lateral ones sometimes a little villose at the base, and with the upper one 
 marked with a few blue lines. Flowers odorous, small. Wet. 3 — 8 i. jS'. W. 
 Y.'C. P. B. D. F. N. Florida. 
 
 rotundifoUa, Mx. (O. w. M. 1[.) glabrous: leaves thickish, appressed to the earth, 
 broad ovate or orbicular, cordate, crenate; nerves pubescent beneath; sinus closed: 
 peduncle somewhat 4-sided, as long as the leaves: divisions of the calyx oblong, 
 obtuse: petals sometimes emarginate; upper one small; lateral ones somewhat 
 tearded, and vvith the upper one marked with a few yellowish-brown lines; spur 
 very short. Woods. 1 — 3 i. 
 
 pedala, L. (W. M. p-b. If.) glabrous: leaves sometimes ciliate, variously divided, 
 very often pedately 9- parted; divisions linear and obtusely lanceolate, generally 
 3 lobed at the apex, often simply lanceolate, with the apes, 5 to 7-lobed: peduncles 
 somewhat 4-sided: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute-ciliate, emarginate be- 
 hind: petals all white at the base, veinless, very entire, very glabrous, naked; 
 upper ^ne truncate and marked with a few very blue lines, sometimes obsolete. 
 Var. veluliiia, has the two lower petals of a very deep violet color, and appears like 
 velvet. Var. alba; has white flowers. Dry. 3—4 i. &'. T. Y. C. P. B. H N. 
 Florida. Mch. 
 
 palustris, L. (p.) leaves reniform-cordate: stipules broadly-ovate, acuminate: stigma 
 margined: sepals ovate, obtuse: capsule oblong, triangular: seeds ovate, dark green. 
 New Hampsliire. Oregon. Rocky Mts. 
 
 lungsdorjfii, Fischer. ( ) leaves roundish-cordate, nearly glabrous: stipules ovate, 
 
 setaceously acuminate, the lowest ones with bristly teeth: stem at length elongated, 
 oblique at the base: inferior petals somewhat rhomboidal: spur broadly saccate, 
 very obtuse. Unalaschka. 
 
 longipes, N. (b.) glabrous or slightly pubescent: stem short, somewhat decumbent: 
 
 ■ leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, more or less decurrent at the base, repandly crenate: 
 stipules linear-lanceolate, remotely spinulose-deiiticulate or lacerately ciliate: pe- 
 duncles elongated: stigma slightly rostrate, slender, papillose: spur produced, 
 obtuse. Oregon. Rocky Mts. 
 
 adunca, Smith, (p-b.) stem ascending, somewhat simple: leaves ovate and cordate- 
 ovate, coriaceous, crenate, covered with distinct brown dots: stipules lanceolate, 
 acuminate, dentate-ciliate: stigma somewhat reflexed, glabrous: sepals linear- 
 lanceolate: petals scarcely longer than the spur, two of them bearded: peduncles 
 much longer than the leaves. N. W. Coast. 
 
 linguaefolin, N. (y.) pubescent: stem scarcely any: leaves oblong-lanceolate, some- 
 what serrate, on very long petioles: bracts of the peduncles minute: stigma thick 
 and clavate, with scarcely any beak: sepals long and narrow, linear: petals linear- 
 oblong, somewhat emarginate. Oregon. 
 
 i 
 
 (1) variety of ihe lanceolata, Ph. acuta, Bw. 
 
473 VIOLA. 
 
 praemorsa, Dougl. (y.) hirsute or very pubescent.* stems erect, si:ort: leaves ovate^ 
 lanceolate, repandly denticulate or nearly entire; stipules lanceolate, entire: stigma 
 clavate-capitate, conspicuously pubescent above, minutely beaked: petals obovate,' 
 spur very short: peduncles longer than the leaves. On^gon. 
 
 sarmmtosa, Dougl. (j.) stems creeping, filitbnn: stolons lioriferous: leaves cordate, 
 with the sinus open, crenate, soriieuhat pubescent above, glabrous and punctate 
 beneath: style rather slender: appendages of the anthers somewhat produced: 
 peduncles about as long as the leaves: spur very short. Oregon. N.W. America. 
 
 glabella, N. (Ap. y.) nearly glabrous: stem erect, naked below: leaves renifonn- 
 cordate, with a short acumination, crenately serrulate: stipules very small, mem- 
 branaceous, nearly entire: sepals linear-lanceolate: spurvery short, slightly saccate. 
 Oregon. 
 
 2. Caulescent. 
 
 canadensis, A. (W. A. r. w. y. M. 21.) glabrous: stem sub-simple, terete: stipules 
 entire, membranaceous, oblong sub-ovate or lance-ovate: leaves alternate, ovate, 
 cordate, sub-acuminate, dentate: peduncle somewhat 4-sided: bracts small, subu- 
 late: Howers regular: divisions of the calyx subulate, acute, very entire behind: 
 petals white, all very entire, veiny, becoming yellow at the base; lower ones pale- 
 violet; upper one broad, expanding, glabrous, naked; lateral ones bearded, and with 
 the upper one marked with a few blue lines: stigma sliort, pubescent, scarcely 
 beaked: spur very short. Flowers odorous: stem often 2 feet long, flowering 
 through the summer. Moist woods. 6 i. — 2 f. S'. T. B. C. O. V. Mch. 
 
 rostrata^M. (beaked violet. O. bp. RI. 21.) glabrous: stems many, ascending, teiete: 
 leaves orbicular and ovate, cordate, crenale-deutale, sometimes with a few scatter- 
 ing hairs; younger ones cucullate; petioles much longer than the leaves: stipules 
 linear, acuminate, furnished with elongated linear teeth: peduncles filiform, some- 
 what 4-sided, slender, axillary, very long: bracts minute, subulate: divisions of the 
 calyx lanceolate, acute, entire behind: petals all very entire, veiniess, naked, 
 beardless; upper and lateral ones marked with a few blue lines; spur straight, 
 elongated, linear, compressed, obtuse, double the length of the petals. Root 
 woody, perpendicular and fibrous. Var. barbaia, lateral petals bearded. Moist 
 woods. G— 10 i. &'. Mch. 
 
 ■muli'lenbcmia'tia, Gengin. (1) (slender violet. W. b-p. M. 2X.) glabrous: stem terete, 
 weak, sub-prostrate; leaves reniform, roundish, cordate; upper ones ovate, crenate, 
 often purplish beneath; younger ones cucullale; petioles longer than the leaves: 
 stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, sub-pinnate: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, 
 axillary, longer than the leaves: bracts minute, subulate: divisions of the calyx 
 linear, acute, sub-ciliate: petals all very entire, veinlesss; upper one naked, gla- 
 brous; lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one, marked with a few blue lines; 
 spur porrected, compressed, very obtuse: stigma ciliate behind; beak ascending. 
 3— 6i. S. T. P. C. O. Mch. 
 
 striata, A. (2) (striped violet. W. y-w. J. TS-) glabrous: stem oblique, branching, an- 
 gular; leaves roundish and ovate, sub-acuminate, crenate-dentate, sometimes 
 sub-pubescent; petioles long: stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate: 
 peduncles 4-sided, longer that the leaves: bracts largish, linear: divisions of the 
 calyx lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, emarginale behind: petals all very entire; up- 
 per one marked with a fev/ blue lines, naked, glabrous, rarely a little villose; lateral 
 ones bearded; lower one sometimes a very little villose; spur sub-porrected; stigma 
 pubescent behind. 6 i. rarely 2 f. Le Conte. W. P. C. K. N. Catskill. Mch. 
 
 pubesceiis, A. (3) (yellow violet. O. y. H) villose-pubescent: stem simple, erect, terete, 
 leafless below: leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate; petioles short: stipules large, 
 ovate, dentate: peduncles 4-sided, shorter than the leaves: bracts subulate, minute: 
 divisions of the calyx lanceolate: petals all very entire, veiniess; upper one naked, 
 wlabrous: lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one, marked with a few blue 
 lines; lower ones often becoming reddish outside; spur short, gibbose, acutish: 
 stigma pubescent, scarcely beaked. Varies in pubescence: leaves are even found 
 glalirous: the capsules are also glabrous or woolly. 4 — 12 i. rarely 4 f. S. 
 Mch. 
 
 hastata, Mx. (halbert violet, y. M. Z{.) glabrous: stem simple, erect, terete: leaves 
 
 (1) uliginosa, variety asarifolia, M. debilis, Sz. Ph. N. &c. canina, Wr. muh- 
 lenbergii, T. (2) ochroleuca, Sz. T. &c. repens, Sz. (3) pennsylvanicum, 
 
 Mx. eriocarpa, Sz. 
 
VIOLA. 479 
 
 ovate, dilated, acuminate, cordate, dentate; upper ones lance-ovate, hastate and 
 deltoid; petioles short: stipules ovate, dentate: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, shorter 
 than the leaves: bracts very small, subulate: divisions of the calyx lance-linear, 
 sub-dentate: petals all very entire, veinless; upper ones naked, glabrous; lateral 
 ones bearded, and willi the upper ones, marked with a few blue lines; lower one 
 often becoming reddish outside; spur short, gibbose, acutish: stigma pubescent, 
 scarcely beaked: capsule glabrous or pubescent on all sides. 'Wa.T. glhha, (1) has 
 no deltoid or liastate leaves. 
 
 selkirhii, Ph. (A. ) leaves cordate, crenate-serrate, a little pilose: petals beardless; 
 spur long, thick, very obtuse. Montreal. 
 
 iri' color, (2) (garden violet, heartseape, pansy. W. p. y. b-p M. 2S.-) stem angular, 
 diffuse, divided; leaves oblong, deeply crenale; stipules lyrate-pinnatifid. N. 
 
 tlxotic. 
 
 odorata, (sweet violet, b. M. If-) stemless: scions creeping; leaves cordate, crenale, 
 smoothish: calyx obtuse: two lateral petals with a bearded or hairy line. 
 
 ScutJicrn. 
 
 sept'emlo'ha, Le Conte. (3) (p. March. If.) stemless, very glabrous, sliining: leaves 
 sub-succulent, ovate, cordate, dentate; lower ones entire, the rest pedate, 7-lobed; 
 intermediate lobe larger: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, longer tlian the leaves: divi- 
 sions of the calyx lanceolate, very entire behind: corol large; petals all very entire, 
 veiny, white at the base; upper ones large, villose at the base; lateral ones densely 
 bearded, and with the upper ones, marked with a few blue lines. Flowers often 
 two inches in diameter. A variety has white flowers. Often 8 i. 
 
 villosa, Wr. (p-b. March. 21.) stemless, pubescent (not villose:) leaves flat, appressed 
 to the eartli, round-ovate and ovate, obtuse, cordate, denlate-crenate, livid-green; 
 veins darker, sometimes purplish, often purplish beneath; sinus of the roundish 
 ones nearly closed; petioles short: peduncle 4-sided, longer than the leaves: petals 
 all very entire, generally villose; (lower one sometimes glabrous:) lateral ones 
 bearded, and wilii the upper ones, marked with a few blue lines. After flowering 
 the leaves become glabrous. Florida. 
 
 nuttallii, Ph. (W. y. i\1. 71.) glabrous: stem simple, erect, terete, leafy: leaves lance- 
 ovate, obscurely dentate or very entire, attenuated at the base: stipules long, lance- 
 linear, entire: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, shorter than the leaves: bracts minute: 
 divisions of the calyx lance-linear, acuminate, very entire behind: petals all very 
 entire, veinless; lateral ones bearded and with the upper ones, marked with a few 
 blue lines; spur short: stigma pubescent, scarcely beaked. 4 — 6 i. 
 
 radicans, Dc. ( 2_f.) rootlets horizontal, fibrous; stigma short-beaked, margined: 
 leaves lance-ovate, abruptly attenuate at the base, or sub-cordate, serrate: stipules 
 linear, setaceous-subulate, setose-serrate: divisions of the calyx linear, acute: 
 scarcely spurred. Flowers minute; middle petals obovate. 
 
 dcf/ihinifotia, N. (b. March.) minutely pubescent: leaves pedately 7 — 9-parted; seg- 
 ments linear, 2 — 3-cleft: stigma thick, distinctly rostrate: the 2 superior petals 
 pubescent; the 3 inferior emarginate; spur saccate short. Missouri. 
 
 chri/sanliia, H. (p. y.) somewhat pubescent: stems cespitose, short: leaves bi-pin- 
 natifid; segments linear: sepals ciliate: inferior petals without a spur. California. 
 
 ocMdtii, T. & G. (p. y.) pubescent: leaves on very long petioles, cordate-triangular, 
 crenately toothed: stipules lanceolate, somewhat ciliate: peduncles shorter than the 
 leaves: sepals linear: petals oblong-obovate; spur very siiort: appendages dorsal, 
 winged, not produced at the base. California. 
 
 pedunculala, T. & G. (y.) somewhat pubescent: stem short: leaves rhombic-ovate, cre- 
 nately toothed, abruptly narrrowed at the base into a petiole: stipules linear-lanceo 
 late, entire: stigma somewhat triangular, emarginate: spur very short: appendages 
 of the inferior stamens wing-form, a little produced at the base. California. 
 
 tripartita, E. ( y.) hirsute: stem simple, leafy only at the sunnnit: leaves deeply 3- 
 parted; the lobes lanceolate, toothed. 1 f. Georgia. T. liuslata, Var. tripartita, 
 7th edition. 
 
 Viol-a, loKiDiuM. 
 
 (1) striata, Sz. gibba, R. (2) Melanium, Dc. (3) pahnata, variety vul- 
 
 garis E.? 
 
480 VIRGILIA, VITIS. 
 
 10—1. Virgil'ia. 93. Legu. asc. emo. 
 Sout/iern. 
 
 lutea, Mx. (A. y. J. T;.) leaves pinnate; leafets alternate, ovate, short acuminate, 
 glabrous: racemes elongated, pendulous: glumes pelioled, flat. The bark affords a 
 yellow dye. 
 
 20 — 4. Vis'cuM. 58. Lora. ast. 
 
 »ertici^^aZMm, (1) (misletoe. W. g-w. J. ^.) branches opposite and whorled: leaves 
 wedge-obovate, 3-nerved: spikes axillary, a little shorter than the leaves. Berries 
 yellowish-white. On the branches of old trees. This, Smith says, is the golden 
 bough of Virgil, and the sacred plant of the Druids. 1 — 2 f. S. P. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 riibrum,\Y. ( ^. ) leaves lance-obovate, obtuse: spikes axillary whorled. 
 purpurcum, W. { ^.) leaves obovate, obtuse, obsoletely 3-nerved: spikes axillary: 
 flowers opposite. 
 
 5 — 1. Vi'tis. 72. Vite. f. ref. vin. sug. 
 
 Remark. All the North American species of grape are polj-gamous or dioscious. 
 
 Itihrusca, (2) (plum grape, w-g. J. ^r) leaves broad-cordate, lobe angled, white downy 
 
 beneath: fertile racemes small: berries (blue, flesh-color, and green) large. Var. 
 
 lahmscoides, (fox grape.) has smaller fruit, approaching a tart taste. S. T. Y 
 
 C. P. B. F. N. Catskill. Canada. 
 vulpina, {?>) (frost grape. O. w-g. J. ^.) leaves cordate, acuminate, gash-toothed, 
 
 glabi'ous both sides; nerves and veins pubescent: racemes lax, many-flovveied: 
 
 berries small. Leaves very variable; but the uppermost mature leaves will agree 
 
 with the description. S. Canada. 
 (BstivuUs, Mx. (4) (summer grape, w-g. J. \ .) leaves broad-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed; 
 
 in the young state rust-downy beneath: fertile racemes oblong: berry small. Var. 
 
 sinuata, leaves sinuate- palmate, coarsely toothed. Sf. N. P. F. Y. C. B. Mch. 
 rip'aria, Mx. (.')) (odorilerous grape, w-g. M. ^ .) leaves unequally gash-toothed, 
 
 shortly 3-cleft, pubescent on the petioles, nerves and margins. S. P. M. O. Y. D. 
 
 cordifoUa, Mx. (J.) leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally toothed, glabrous 
 on both sides: racemes loose, many-flowered: berries small. 10 — 20 f Canada. Sf. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 bipinnata, T. & G. (g-w. J. Ju.) leaves bipinnate, glabrous; leafets incisely serrate! 
 
 flowers pentandrous: berry 2-ceIled: cells I to 2-s8eded. Virginia to Georgia, 
 
 west to Arkansas. Ampelopsis bipinnata of 7th edition. 
 incisa, N. (Ju. g. V-) leaves trifoliolate, tiiick and somewhat fleshy; leafets incisely 
 
 toothed or lobed' cuneate at the base: flowers tetrandrous and tetrapetalous: berry 
 
 globose-obovate, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Texas and Arkansas. 
 imlivisa, H. (W. It. J-) leaves simple, cordate or truncate at the base, somewhat 3- 
 
 nerved, pubescent on the nerves beneath: flowers pentandrous and pentapetalous: 
 
 berry l-celled, 1 — 2-seeded. Swamps, Southern States west to Louisiana and 
 
 Arkansas. Ampelopsis cordata, 7th edition. 
 
 Vitis, Ampelopsis. 
 
 Viro-ilia. In honor of the great Latin poet Virgil, who discoursed on plants in the 
 
 eclogues. 
 Viscum. Lat. viscuin, from the Gr. ixus, Ael. llscos, birdli me, the name for this 
 
 plant. 
 Vitis. The Lat. name; from the Celtic gwyd, (pronounced wyd.) 
 
 (1) flavescens, W. album, Wr. (2) taurina, VVr. (3) cordifolia, Mx. 
 
 (4) intermedia, M. labrusca, Wr.. (5) odoratissima, Donn. 
 
VITTARIA, WOODwAftDlA. 481 
 
 21—1. ViTTARiA. 5. Fill, sec-stim. 
 
 Suuthcrn. 
 
 lineata, (1) (If-) frond linear, very long, pendulous: fruit dots solitary within the mar- 
 gin. The leaves are grass-like. Ph 
 
 W. 
 
 14 — 2. Ware'a. 63. Cruc. asc. dia. 
 Soutliern, 
 
 tuneifolia, N. ( vi^,) leaves nearly sessile, rather, thick, oblong, obtuse, attenuate at 
 the base: siliques with the valves somewhat convex. 1 — 2 f Georgia, Florida. 
 
 amplexifolia, N. ( p. 0.) leaves oblong-ovate, half-clasping: silique two-edged, 
 pendulous; 1 f. 
 
 G—G. VVenulan'dja. 77. Meni. ton. diu. 
 
 Southerns 
 
 populifolia, (w. 3. fp.) stem climbing: younger branches pubescent, striate: leaves 
 alternate, petioled, cordate, ovate, mucronate, entire, veined, glabrous above, pil 
 be^cent beneath. ^ This plant has hitherto escaped the researches of all our bota 
 nists. E. ' 
 
 v» 3 — % VVindso'ria. 10. Gram. tar. ton. 
 
 eeskrioides, RJxV (2) (red-top. W. Au. 2i.) panicle spreading and flexuous: epikelefS 
 .ill peduncled, about 6-flowered, lanceolate: lower palea Ovate, 5-toothed. 3— 5 f 
 S. P. C. O. M. 
 
 Soulheni. 
 
 «mbig'2ia,E. (3) (S. 2|.) panicle spiked, spreading: spikes ovate, thick, sessile 5—6- 
 flowered: odter palea mucronate. (2 f. ' 
 
 Jl'indsor.ia, Poa. 
 
 Wistaria, Phaseolus. 
 
 21—1. Wood'sia. Br. 5. Fill, sec-stim. 
 
 hjperbo'rea, (4) (flower cup fern. Ju. 7S.) frond pinnate; leafets 3- parted, or gash- 
 pinnatifid, wedge-form, obtu^e, toothed, rongh-haired beneath: fruit-dots solitary 
 at length confluent. Small, in tufts. P. Canada. T. ' 
 
 . rloensis, (.5) (.Tu. 2i-) frond bipinnalifid; divisions oblong, obtuse; lower ones repand; 
 upper ones entire, rough-haired benealh: fruit-dots sub-marginal, at lenfrth con- 
 fluent: stipe viUose above. Small. B. T. Canada. Fairhaven, Vt. 
 
 21—1. Woodward'ia. 5. Fill, sec-stim. 
 angustifolia, S, (6) (kidney fern. Au. Zj!.) barren frond pinnatifid; divisions lanceo- 
 
 Vittaria. Lat. vilta, a fillet, alluding to the shape of the frond. 
 
 Warea. In honor of N. A. Ware, Esq. 
 
 Wendlandia. In honor of M. Wendland, royal gardener at Ileirenhausen. 
 
 Windsoria. In honor of John Windsor, an English botanist. 
 
 Woodsia. In honor of Joseph Woods, an excellent Engish botanist. 
 
 Woodwardia. In honor of Thos. J. Woodward, an excellent English botanist. 
 
 (1) angustifrons, Mx. Pteris, L. (2) poaeformis, N. Triscuspis, Ph. ' Poa 
 
 Mx. quiriquefida, Ph. flava. L. subverticillata, P. (3) Poa, E. ' (4) Polv- 
 
 podium, W. arvanicum, S. Acrostichum, Bolton. (.5) Polypodium, W. Acros- 
 tichum, L. (6) onocleoides, W. Onoclean oduloso, Mx. Acrostichum areola 
 
 turn, L. 
 
 61 
 
482 WOODWARDIA, XKKOl'H YLLUM. 
 
 late, repand, slenderly serrulate; fruit-bearing frond pinnate; lealets entire, acute, 
 linear. About a toot high. -S. E. T. 
 virginica, (1) (Ju. If.) frond very glabrous, pinnate; leafets sessile, lanceolate, pin- 
 natifid; divisions oblong, obtuse, crenulate; fertile ones elongated: stipe glabrous, 
 terete. About a foot high. «. Y. B. C. O. V. Mch. 
 
 Soutbcni. 
 iheuplcroides, Ph. (Ju. !(.) frond pinnate; wing leafets sessile, villose at the base, 
 lance-linear, piniiatiSd; sterile ones oblong, dbtusish; fertile ones short-triangu- 
 lar, acute; all very entire: stipe pubescent, angled. 6 i. 
 
 17 — *3. Wye'thia. 55. Ileii. ole. sto. 
 
 hdianthnides, N. (y. If.) root large and somewhat tap-shaped: stem and involucre 
 shortly pilose: stem terminated by one large, helianthoid flower: leaves alternate, 
 ratlier narrow-lanceolate, entire, petioled, acute, somewhat pubescent: involucre 
 divisions numerous, lance-linear, acute and conspicuously ciliate: rays large. R. 
 
 X. 
 
 19 — 5. Xanthium. 55. Ambr. erne. 
 
 strumarium, (2) (clott-bur, sea burdock. W. Au. 0.) stem unarmed, branching: 
 leaves cordate, lobed, serrate, scabrous, 3-nerved at the base: fruit oval, pubescent, 
 with stiff hooked bristles. Has alittle the habit of a burdock. '2— 3f. S. T. 
 Y. C. N. V. B. P. O. F. Mch. 
 
 oricnta'la, (3) ( 0.) stem unarmed: leaves wedge-ovate, sub-3-lobed: fruit in stro- 
 biles. Y. • 
 
 syinosum, (prickly clott-bur. Ju. 0.) having spines in threes: leaves 3-lobed. Lower 
 leaves sinuate-lobed. 1—3 f. S. Newbmgh. M. S— C. 
 
 20 — 5. Xanthos'ylum. 94. Xant. aro — . stim-|-. stom. rlicu. 
 
 fraxineum, W. (4) (prickly ash, tooth-ache bush. O. g-w. M'. ^.) prickly; leaves 
 
 pinnate; leafets lance-oval, sub-entire, sessile, equal at the base: umbels axillary. 
 
 8—12 f S. Mcii. '. - ^ 
 
 irkarpum, Mx. (L. J. >?.) leaves pinnate, very" glabrous; leafets petioled, lance-jfal- 
 
 cate, crenate-serrate; petioles unJirmed: flowers with coiois: capsules about in 
 
 threes. Both species are aromatic and purgent. 12 — 20 f. S. Canada. Carolina. 
 
 5 — 12. Xanthorhi'za. Ranu. b. Sc w. bit-ton. stom. dysp. 
 
 apiifolia, L. Her. (parsley yellow-root. Ap. h.) stem simple: leaves 3-ternate; pe- 
 tioles dilated and clasping at the base: racemes below tlie leaves, compound. 
 1— 3f. S. P. S— C. 
 
 6 — 3. Xerophyl'lum. 13. Mela. asc. r. acr. 
 
 aspliochloi'des, (5) (w. J. If-) filaments dilated towards the base and equalling the 
 corol: racemes oblong, crowded: bracts setaceous: scape leafy: leaves setaceous- 
 subulate. 3—5 f. ;S'. Y. 
 
 Soul/w/u. 
 tenar, Ph. (6) (W. w. J. 2_(.) scape leafy: racenie sliovvy, lax: bracts membranace- 
 
 Wyethia. In honor of Mr. Wyeth, a traveller across the Rocky Mis. and along 
 
 Columbia River, &c. 
 Xanthium. Gr. xanthos, yellow, because it was used to die the hair yellow. 
 Xanthoxylum. Gr. xantkus, yellow, and zaiun, wood; so named from its color. 
 Xanthorhiza. ' Gr. xanthos, yellow, rha, root; in allusion to the color. 
 Xerophyllum. Gr. xcros, dry, and phuUon, leaf, its leaves appear as if withered. 
 
 (1) bannisteriana, Mx. Blechnum, L. (2) americanum, Wr. (3) macula- 
 turn, R. (4) ramiflorum, IVlx. Clavaberculis, L. (5) selifolium, Mx. Helo- 
 nias, L. (C) Helonias, Ph. 
 
XF.fTOPHYLLUM, XYRIS. 383 
 
 Oils: petals oval: filaments filiform, exceeding the corol: leaves pnbulatc-setaceous, 
 very long. 
 graminaim, (1) (A. An. 2S-) scape leafy, panicled, racemes divaricate: branchlets 
 ovate, longer than the pedicels: petals oblong, acnminate, thrice as long as the 
 stamens: leaves linear, channelled, glaucous beneath. 2 i'. 
 
 5 — 1. Xylos'teum. 58. Capr. r. cat — . 
 
 ciliutam, Ph. (2) (fly-honey-suckle, twin-berry, w-y. M. \ .) berries distinct: leaves 
 ovate, and sub-cordate, margin ciliate, in the young state villose beneath: corol a 
 little gibbous or calcarate at the base; tube ventricose above; divisions short, acute: 
 style exsert. 3— 4 f. T. C. O. N. V. JVlch. 
 
 solo'nis, Ea. (3) swamp twin-berry, y. M. fp.) berries united in one, biumbilicate 
 (never distinct:) two flowers situated on one germ: leaves oblong-ovate, villose. 
 Berries dark-purple. 2 f.* W. O. New Hampshire. Pttsfield, Mass. 
 
 viliosum, Mx. ( ^.) (branches villose: leaves oblong-oval, obtuse, sub-tomentose, 
 very villose: peduncles short: (berries distinct, Ph. sed quere.) Berries blue. 
 Perhaps a variety of the foreign vulgare Ph. W.N. White Mts. 
 
 oblongifulium, Goldie. (4) ( y- ) stem erect: leaves oblong or oval, beneath 
 chiefly velvety-pubescent: peduncles elongated, erect, also fructiferous: bracts ob- 
 solete: tube of the hirsute corol gibbous at the base and upwards; limb unequal, 
 deeply bilabiate; upper lip 4-toothed; lower lip sub-entire: berries united in one, 
 globose, biumbilicate. Montreal, N. York. 
 
 invoUicrata, Banks. ( ) branches acutely 4-angled: leaves ovate or oval, petioled, 
 
 sub-membranaceous, appressed pilose beneath: peduncles axillary 2 — 3-flowered: 
 bracts 4, 2 exterior ones ovate, interior ones broadly obcordate, at length enlarged, 
 pubescent-glandulous: corol pubescent without, gibbous at the base: style exsert. 
 A. R. 
 
 3—1. Xy'Kis. 13. Xyri. fod— . far— . 
 
 caroliniana, W. (5) (yellow-eyed grass, yellow-flowering-rush. W. y. Au. H.) leaves 
 linear, grass-like: stem or scape 2-edged: head-ovate-acute: scales obtuse. 9 — 18 i. 
 ■ S. T. Y. B. N. G. P. Mch. 
 
 brerifoUa. Mx. (y. Au. Zf.) leaves sword-subulate, short: calyx longer than tlie bracts 
 Bomewiiat gash-toothed. J2 i. S. T. Y. P. S— C. 
 
 So7illier7i. 
 
 fimbriala, E. (J. If.) heads lax-imbricate: calyx much longer than the bracts, fimbri- 
 ate: leaves long ensiform. 2 f. 
 
 junr.ea, Bald. (M. 21.) leaves terete, hollow, acute: scape terete, sheathed at the 
 base: bracts roundish: head oval. 6 — 12 j. 
 
 indica, W.? (y. J. 21.) leaves very long, grass-like, tortuous: scape tortuous: head 
 globose: scales roundish, obtuse. 
 
 Xylosteum. Gr. xulon, wood, ancj osteon, bone, alluding to the hardness of the wood. 
 Xyris. Gr. xuros, pointed or sharp, from the termination of its leaves. 
 
 (1) Helonias, Ph. (2) tartaricum, Mx. Lonicera ciliata, M. (3) Hooker calls 
 this the coerulea of Europe. Sed quere? Hk. p. 283. (4) Hooker says this is 
 the plant from the wetern part of N. Y.; not my X solonis. (5) jupicai, Mx. 
 
 flexuosa, M. 
 
 * This plant was dicovered in New Hampshire, by Dr. Solon Smith, of New Haven, 
 Ct. in the year 1815. I published it in 1817. Professor Dewey found it near Wil- 
 liams College the same year. I found it in Pittsfield, Mass. three years afterwards. 
 It has smce been published under the name viliosum, by several botanists; but I know 
 not on what authority. No one pretends to have seen Michaux's plant; and his 
 description of the viliosum, if intended for this plant, is defective without a parallel 
 in his work. As well might a botanist claim all future discoveries in the genus Acer, 
 if he had once said that tlie maple tree had a woody stem. It may have been seen 
 by Michaux; but surely it will be in season to deny Dr. Smith's discovery, and my 
 name, after we receive some evidence of it. 
 
484 yuccA, zigadenP^. 
 
 6 — 1. Yuc'cA. 14. Lili. deni — . emo. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Jilammtosa, (silk-grass, bear-grass, w. Au. 2i.) stemless: leaves broad-lanceolafe, 
 
 entire, fiiamentfise on the margin: stigmas lecurved-spreading. 2 — 5 f. M. S — C. 
 an g^isti folia, Pli. (W. w. J.u. 2i..) stemless: leaves long linear, glaujous, mucronate, 
 
 somewhat filamento.se on the maigin: capsules large, oblong-obovate. 
 recitrvifolia , Sy. (I'-w. Ju. h.) caulescent: leaves lance-linear, recurve-deflected, 
 
 rarely filamentose on the margin: inner petals broadest. 3 f. 
 gloriosa, (pelre. L. w. Au. \.) caulescent, branching: leaves broad-lanceolate, 
 
 plaited, very entire: petals lanceolate. 2—4 f. 
 alnifolia, (1) (L. w. Au. fp.) caulescent, branching: leaves lance-linear: with callous 
 
 crenatures, rigid. 10 — 12 f. 
 
 Z. 
 
 20—12. Za'mia. 100. Cyca. amy. dem. 
 Smithcrti. 
 integrJfoUa, W. (2) (T-.) frond pinnate: leafets lanceolate, roundish-obtuse, attenuate 
 at the base, serrulate on the outside towards the apex: stipe glabrous, somewhat 
 4-cornered. 
 
 19 — 1. Zanichel LiA. 7. Fluv. ton — . 
 
 intermedia, T. (fal.se pond-weed.) anther 2-celled: stigmas dentate-crenate: carpels 
 
 smooth, entire on the back. In salt marshes. 
 palustris, (Ju. ^.) anthers 1-celled: stigmas entire: carpels toothed on the back. C. 
 
 Zantliorliiza, Xanthorhiza. 
 
 13—2. Zapa'nia. 40. Verb. aro. cata. 
 
 nodiflora, Mx. (3) (fog fruit. W. w. Ju.' Zf.) leaves wedge-obovate, serrate abovo: 
 spikes head-conic, solitary, long-peduncled: stem creeping. S. P. H. K. D. 
 Harper's Ferry. New Orleans. 
 
 lanceolatii, (4) (W. w. Ju. Zf.) leaves lance-linear, sharply serrate: spikes head-conic, 
 solitary, long peduncled: stem creeping. ;S. P. 
 
 cuneifolia, T. ( VV.) stem herbaceous, procumbent? somewhat scabrous: leaves narrow 
 wedge-form, thick, nearly glabrous, sharply and coarsely toothed towards the apex: 
 bracts wedge-obovate, dilated at the apex, mucronate: little heads solitary, globe- 
 ovate, long-peduncled. 
 
 19—3. Zf.'a. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 Souflicrn^ 
 mays, (Indian corn. y-g. Ju. 0.) leav£s lance-linear, entire, keeled. Var. precox', 
 (dwarf corn) stem low: kernel mostly 8-rowed. 
 
 5 — 3. Zigade'nus. 13. Mela. asc. ase. 
 
 glaherrimus, Mx. (zigadene. W. w. J. 11.) scape leafv: bracts ovate, acuminate: 
 petals acuminate: leaves long, recurved, channelled. P. Near Rochester, N. Y. 
 2—4 f. S. 
 
 Yucca. Yuca or yucca, the original Indian name. 
 
 Zainia. Gr. zemia, damage, or loss, referring to the staminate anients not producing 
 
 any seed. 
 Zanichellia. In honor of J. J. Zanichelli, an eminent botanist at Venice. 
 Zapania. In honor of Paul Anthony Zappa, an Italian botanist. 
 Zea. Gr. zea, a kind of grain, said to be from zao, to live. 
 Zigadenus. Gr. zugos, a yoke, and aden, a gland, alluding to the two glandular 
 
 depressions in each petal. 
 
 (1) draconis, E. (2) pumila, L. (3) Lippia, Mx. Verbena, L. (4) Lippia. M. 
 
ZIGADENUS, ZOSTERA. • 485 
 
 Southern, 
 elegaits, Pli. (W. w. J. 21-) scape nearly naked: bracts linear: petals ovate, acute. 
 Zigadenus, Melasthium, IIelonias. 
 
 17 — 2. Zin'kia. 5o. Heli. ole. sto. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 violacea, (blood marygold. r. Ju.) leaves ovate, acute, sessile sub-crenate: apex of the 
 
 cliuti'or scales fimbriate-serrate. 
 elegans, W. (p. J. 0.) heads stalked: leaves opposite, cordate, ovate, sessile, clasp- 
 ing: stem hairy: scaleg serrate. 2 f. Mexico. 
 
 Southern. 
 imiUiflora, (W. r. S. 0.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, sub-petioled: flowers pedun- 
 cled. Perhaps not a native of North America. 
 
 19 — 6. Ziza'nia. 10. Gram. far. ton. 
 
 aquatka, Ph. (1) (water oats, wild rice. W. Au. Q.) panicle pyramid-form; staminate 
 flowers below, spreading; pistillate flowers above, spiked: pedicels clavate: flowers 
 long-awned: kernel long, cylindric, becoming black. Very abundant in the great 
 western lakes. Schoolcraft. 4—8 f. S. P. Y. T. B. N. C. Lake Erie, and 
 Ontario. Oswego River. Mch. 
 
 miliacea, Mx. (W. Au.) panicle eff"use, pyramidal: glumes 'short-awned: staminate 
 and pistillate flowers intermixed: kernel ovate, smooth: leaves glaucous: style one. 
 6f. «. P. C. • 
 
 Zizania, HroROCHLOA. 
 
 5-2. Zi'ziA. De. (2) 60. Umbe. poi. 
 
 aurea, (2) (meadow parsnip, alexanders. O. y. J. 2^.) leaves biternate; leafets lance- 
 oval: umbels with short peduncles. Some of the leaves are often quinate. 1 — 2 f. 
 .S. Mch. 
 
 intcgerrima, (2) (O. y. J. 21.) very glabrous: leaves sub-glaucous: lower ones thrice- 
 ternate; upper ones twice; leafets oblique oval, entire: umbels with elongated 
 peduncles. 12 — IS i. S. Mcli. 
 
 cordata, (2) (alexanders. O. y. J. 21.) radical leaves round-cordate, crenate; cauline 
 ones petioled, ternate; upper ones 3-parted: umbels with short peduncles. Mch. 
 
 16—10. Zor'nia. 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc. 
 Southern, 
 tetraphtjlla, Mx. (y. Ju. 2X.') leaves digitate; leafets 4, lanceolate, glabrous: spikes 
 axillary, peduncled: flowers alternate, 2-braoted: bracts roundish. 2 f. California. 
 
 19 — 1. Zoste'ra. 7. Fluv. ton — . 
 
 marina, (grass-wrack, sea-eel grass. L. Au. 2X.) leaves entire, somewhat 8-nerved: 
 stem teretish. Leaves long: flowers minute. In bays and salt-marshes. Y. C. B. 
 
 Zinnia. In honor of M. Zinn, professor of botany at Gottingen. 
 
 Zizania. Gr. ziznnion, darnel, which has been badly applied to the present genus. 
 
 Zizia. Gr. zizanion, (a troublesome weed.) 
 
 Zornia. In honor of Joim Zorn, a German apothecary and botanist. 
 
 Zostera. Gr. zoster, a girdle, alluding to tl>e ribbon-hke appearance of its long, linear 
 
 foliage. 
 
 (1) clavulosa, Mx. (2) Smyrnium, Sison. 
 
487 
 
 SPECIES OF THE FIVE LOWER ORDERS 
 
 CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 
 See Generic description, pages 97 — 110. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS, NAMES, AND GENERAL PROPERTIES, TO BE REFERRED TO FROM THE 
 FOLLOWING DESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 ISee a description of eadi Order in an ascending series, at the end of the Natural Orders.^ 
 
 2. Mus. Musci. (mosses proper.) Tonic, astringent, rarely cathartic. Mostly feeble. 
 
 3. Hep. Hepaticae. (liverworts, succulent mosses.) Tonic, often cooling in 
 external applications, some are amylaceous. 
 
 4. A!g. Algae, (sea- weed, frog-spittle, green-hair.) Tonics, cutliartics, antiseptics. 
 
 5. Lie. LicHENEs. (lichens, rhaptosious, [in patches,] fibrous or dendritic.) Tomc$ 
 used in dying, rope-manUfactory. 
 
 6. Fun. Fungi, (toadstools, puff-balls, mould, smut.) Feeble tonics, if moderately 
 dry; acrid a.nd poison if juicy; some are edible. 
 
 Aci'nula. Lat. flcijiMS, (little berry.) Ergot. 6. Fun. 
 clavus, horn-form, cylindrical, powdery; purple-black outside, white inside. In glumes 
 
 of rye, and of some other grasses. 
 
 AcKEsio'Niusi. Gr. ahrenion^ (branch) capsules on branches. 6. Fun. 
 fuscum, filaments spreading, branched, olive-brown.. On dead sticks. 
 
 Acrosperm'um. Gr. aAros, (summit) sper?/ia, (seed.) 6. Fun. 
 cornutum, horn-form, smooth, when dry furiovved, rufous, becoming paler at the end. 
 
 On putrid agarics. 1 — 4 i. 
 
 Actynothy'rium. Gr. uktin, (a ray) thuroo, (to enclose.) G. Fun. 
 graminis, scattered or gregarious, half a line broad, dark, a little ribbed and elevated 
 
 in the ce.ntre. 
 
 Aecid'ium. The old name. Red gum, &c. 6. Fun. 
 
 1 . Cespitose: receptacles aggregated in a tvft making a crust-like spot on leaves. 
 
 cornutum, becoming yellow: receptacles very long, curved, olive-grey. Appears like 
 
 saffron colored spots, on the upper sides of leaves of mountain ash, &c. 1 — 6 i. 
 cunccllalum, tuberculate, chesnut-brovvn: receptacles at length splitting into divisions 
 
 cohering at the apex. Grows on the under side of withering or dying pear leaves. 
 rluimni, cespitose, ros^e-colored: receptacles elongated, somewhat diverging, at length 
 
 becoming pale. On the leaves of the ihamniis. 
 tussilaginis, spots purplish yellow, tufts flat; receptacles immersed. Occurs on the 
 
 leaves of the coil's foot, (Tussilago farfara) is hardly prominent above the surface 
 
 of the leaf. 
 
488 AECIDIU.M, AGARICUS. 
 
 9, Simple: receptacles scattered : crust, ichich is distinct, is never covjolned. 
 
 euphorhiae, simple, crowded: receptacles cylindric, pale; mouth reflexed, yellow witb 
 
 dust. On the leaves of Eupliorbia maculata. 
 anemones, simple, scattered: receptacles cylindric, a little prominent, pale, mostly 
 
 toothed: wholly filled with white dust. On the leaves of Anemone neraorosa in 
 
 the spring. 
 punctatum, simple, scattered: receptacle sub-immersed: mouth somewhat converging; 
 
 dust compact, becoming sooty-yellow. Found sometimes on leaves of Anemone. 
 
 Agaricus. From Agaria, a city in Sarmatia. Mushroom. 6. Fun. 
 
 1. Lamellne jiiiceless or hccoming dry ; not imohc-dustij, nor sooty: stipe annulatcd. 
 
 procerus, large: pileus fleshy, bossed, scaly, redish ash-colored; lamellae very remote, 
 white: bulbous, stipe very long; ring moveable. Var. S(jiiatnosus, pileus convex, and 
 scaly above; lamellae pressed together outwardly from the stipe, and becoming yel- 
 low. Var. e.xcoriatus, smaller, whitish: scales obsolete. Woods and fields. 13 i. 
 
 squarrosus, cespitose: pileus fleshy; pileus and stipe scaly and scurfy, rusty yellow: 
 lamellae crowded, pale-olive. Often on roots and trunks of trees in autumn.- 2 i. 
 
 polymycus, cespitose, heaped together: pileus boshed, hairy-scaled, sooty-yellow; 
 lamellae sub-decurrent, white becoming pale: stipe annulated, conic, olive-ash- 
 colored, solid, elastic. Woods, on trunks or the earth, in autumn. 
 
 candidus, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy-glabrous, cinnamon-color; lemellae sub- 
 decurrent, pale rust-colored: stipe scaly, cylindric, rather slender. On trunks in 
 autumn. ' 
 
 2. Pileus mostly fleshy ; lamellae emarginate, ifiostly one-colored, and at length cinna 
 m.on: stipes mostly bulbous, having a ved-lUce volva dissolved into spider-web.-Uka 
 filaments. 
 
 decolorans, pileus viscid, yellow; lamellae at first bluish-purple, at l&nglh cinnamon: 
 
 stipe glabrous, sub-tuberous, white: veil-like v.olva nist-color." 
 flavidiis, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy, yellow; the central part more obscure;' 
 
 lamellae distinct, ".one-colored, becoming yellow: stipe soft, thickening downward 
 
 and becoming sooty-yellow. On trunks. . 
 
 decipiens, growing in groups: pileus fleshy, acutely bossed and membranaceous near 
 
 the centre, depressed; lamellae brdadish, obscurely cinnamon-colored: stipe long;, 
 
 from white becoming reddish. 
 
 3. Pileus fleshy, entire, convex: lamellae one-colored, becoming dry : stipe central, 
 destilMte of a ring or curtain-like volvi(. 
 
 (Color of the pileus, brownish or browHieh-yellow.) 
 
 pratensis, tawny-red, hardish: pileus campanulate, either obtusely bossed or flattish,. 
 glabrous; lamellae thick, distant, decurrent: stipe short, so^mewhat slender, taper- 
 ing downwards. Among grass. / 
 
 reflexus, growing in groupsi, rusty yellow: pileus somewhat fleshy,. acutely bossed, 
 scaly, reddish-yellow; lamellae distinct, light-cinnamon: stipe long, slender, fibrous- 
 scaly, scales reflexed. Woods. 
 
 radicatus, pileus fleshy, bossed, viscous, rugose, sooty-purple or tawny; lamellae sub- 
 decurrent, white: stipe very long, having a long fusi-form root. Woods. 1 — 2 i. 
 
 velutipes, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy, repand, glabrous, broWn; lamellae ven- 
 tricose, becoming yellow: stipe tomentose becoming dark liver-bro'wn. Autumn. 
 
 (Color of the pileus shining, red or light yellowish-green.) 
 
 coccineus, growing in groups, scarlet all over: pileus sub-mernbranaceous, convex, 
 sub-viscous; lamellae distinct, connected by teeth; stipe hollow, sub-compressed. 
 Autumn in grass. 2 i. 
 
 conicus, pileus conic, acute, sub-viscous, light greenish-yellow; lamellae crowded, 
 ascending, becoming yellow; stipe long, yellow. Var. tristis, solitary: pileus 
 acutely campanulate, from yellowish-green becoming dark; lamellae free. 4. i. 
 
 ntssula, large: pileus fleshy, sub-convex, with rose-red scales: stipe rose-red, solid, 
 short: lamellae unequal, while. 2 i. 
 
ACiARICUS. 489 
 
 (Color of the pileus white.) 
 
 discoideus, gub-cespitose: pileus fleshy, viscid, flattish, white; middle part yellow or 
 somewhat rust-color; lamellae sub decurrent: lamellae and stipe middlins; white. 
 
 pulrinatus, pileus fleshy or rather corky, cushion-like, sub-repand, glabrous, white; 
 middle part pale flesh-colored; lamellae crowded, decurrent, white: stipe very short, 
 solid, bard. Woods. 
 
 4. Small, tender ; ■pileiis mostly membranaceous, striate, pellucid, convex, permanent ; 
 
 lamellae becoming dry, one-colored : stipe mostly hollow, elongated, naked. 
 
 galericulatus, cespitose, inodorus: pileus membranaceous, bossed, tawney lead-color; 
 lamellae distinct, vvhite: stipe smooth, rooting, strigose-haired at the base. On 
 trunks in autumn. 
 
 hyp)iorum, small, very tender, rusty-yellow all over: pileus beil-form, furrowed; 
 , lamellae distant, broadish: stipe middling. 
 
 clavus, growing in groups, extremely minute: pileus somewhat fleshy, papillose, 
 orange or red; lamellae broadish: stipe and lamellae white. 
 
 lacleus, white all over: pileus campanulate, obtuse, striate; lamellae distinct, ascend- 
 ing: stipe ratlier long, hirsute at the base. 
 
 corticola, minute, scattered, tawny: pileus hemispherical, sub-plicate; lamellae unci- 
 nate, linked together, white: stipe shortish, incurved. In crevices of bark, of 
 wood, &c. 
 
 5. Pileus membranaceous, fagarcons or soincu-hat fleshy, at length torn ; lamellae at 
 
 Icnglli becoming a black juice or dusty smut: stipe white, naked or annulatcd. 
 
 (Membranaceous, almost wholly becoming a black juice; lamellae very thin.) 
 
 comatus, growing in groups: pileus conic, scaly, vvhite; scales yellow; lamellae 
 
 crowded or heaped together, at first white-purple: stipes very long; ring moveable. 
 cinereus, pileus conic, furrowed, sub-tomentose, cinerous, smooth and bluish-purple 
 
 at the apex, the margin at Ifngth torn and inflexed; lamellae linear, punctate, 
 
 somewhat zigzag: stipe long, scaly. Gardens and woods. 
 disseminatns, crovvded or heaped together, small, fugaceous: pileus somewhat oval, 
 
 striate plicate, at first somewhat reddish-yellow, then grey; lamellae distinct, in 
 
 some measure linked together, light sooty-yellow: stipe mostly incurved. 
 domcsticus, pileus campanulate, obtuse, ungulate, sulcate, sooty; scales brand-like; 
 
 lamellae crowded, linear; at first bluish-red, then brown, becoming black. On 
 
 damp walls, &.c. about houses. 
 narcoiicus, pileus convex, cinereous, plicate, with distinct, bifid, dense folds; vertex 
 
 entire: stipe subulate: lamellae more rare and distant, entire or halved, alternate. 
 
 It diffuses a very narcotic odor. 
 
 (Somewhat fleshy! lamellae at legth becoming black-smut or soot-like, in nebulous ot 
 sooty spots.) 
 
 semiglobatus, pileus fleshy, hemispherical, sub-viscous, becoming yellow; lamellae 
 very broad, horizontal, becoming dark-cloudy: stipe long, annulated. 
 
 papilionaceus, pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, sooty, becoming almost black; 
 lamellae all attached, dark-cinerous and various, white at the margin: stipe fur- 
 rowed at the apex, dark-pulverulent. 
 
 6. Pileus fleshy or sub-membranaceous, smooth, permanent; lamellae somcichat nebulous, 
 at length dark-stained or one-colored, sub-ramose ; finally becoming more obscure and 
 dark icith seminal dust : stipe annulatcd or naked. 
 
 (Pileus fleshy: stipe annulated.) 
 
 edulis, in groups, large: pileus white, smooth, or obsoletely scaly; lamellae red: 
 stipe long, bulbous: the ring-volva manifest. This is an eatable mushroom, but 
 not the most common. 
 
 campestris, pileus fleshy, flattish, having dark-yellow scales; lamellae becoming yel- 
 lowish-red: stipe short: the ring-volva rather incomplete. This is the common 
 eatable mushroom. 
 
 62 
 
490 AGARICUS. 
 
 precox, somewhat in groups: pileus fleshy, hemispheric, tan-yelloWj at first white; 
 lamellae flat, thin, watery soot-yellow.: stipe solid, somewhat tenaceous: ring-vo.lva 
 fugaeeous. 
 
 laiericiiis, cespitose, large: pileus fleshy, sub-viscous, brick-color; margin yellow; 
 lamellae distinct, soinewiiat nebulose, becoming greenish-cinereous: stipe long, 
 sub-solid: ring fugaeeous becoming black. 
 
 fasdcularts, small, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy, bossed, reddish-yellow; lamel- 
 lae nebulose, becoming green: stipe hollow, slender: tlie curtain-like volva becum- 
 ing black. 
 
 (Pileus mostly fragile, membranaceous, sub-aquose: stipe naked.) 
 
 denticidatus , slender: pileus hemispheric, livid purple; lamellae toothed at the mar- 
 gin: stipe hollow, sooty-yellow. 
 
 gracilis, wholly fragile: [)ileus membranceous, campanulate, acute, very soft; lamellae 
 linear, becoming dark-cinerious: stipe very long, glabrous, Pileus varies to flesh- 
 cqlor, dark reddish-yellow, white, &c. 
 
 7. Pileus fleshy, mostly depressed ; lamellae becoming milky. 
 
 piperaius, pileus funnel-form, expanded at the margin, glabrous, white; lamellae 
 
 crowded, forked, white, becoming pale. 
 snbdulcis, pileus funnel-form, becoming reddish-yellow; lamellae pale flesh-color; 
 
 juice sweetish. 
 
 8. Pileus fleshy, mostly depressed ; tamellae of equal length, ichite, becoming dry : stipe 
 
 naked, ichite. 
 
 rosaceus, pileus conve.v, flat, smoothish, rose-colored or pale red; lamellae and stipe 
 white. 
 
 9. Pileus entire, membranaceous, mostly striate, funnel-form or umbilicnte; lamellae of 
 equal length, not becoming milky, mostly decurrent: stipe naked, central: Small. 
 
 rotula, cespitose, white: pileus deeply furrowed; lamellae united in a tube surround- 
 ing the stipe: stipe becoming black.. 
 
 androsaccus, in groups permanent: pileus flattish, s"b-plicate, white, obsoletely boss- 
 ed; lamellae simple, all attached: stipe becoming dark-liver-brown. 
 
 epiphyilus, in groups, minute, white: pileys membranaceous, conve.x, at length-sub- 
 umbilicate; lamellae few, ramose: stipe becoming black. 
 
 campanella, in groups: pileus hemispheric, umbilicate, striate, rust-colored; lamellae 
 decurrent: stipe hollow, chesnut-brown. 
 
 10. Pileus fleshy, depressed, oblique, entire or halved: stipe naked, 7ioi attached to the 
 
 centre of the pileus, lateral, or none. 
 
 (Pileus entire; stipe not in the centre.) 
 
 inconstans, largish: pileus sub-tenaceous, depressed, entire or halved, lobed zigzag, 
 somewhat reddish-yellow; lamellae sub-ramose, crisped at the base, white and 
 somewhat shining. 
 
 (Pileus halved: stipe marginal: lamellae decurrent, diverging from the side of the 
 pileus.) 
 
 flalelllformis, sub-stiped: pileus flattish, torn in various forms, margin crenate; lamel- 
 lae three-cleft: stipe short or none. 
 
 spathulalus, erect, spathe-form: pileus pale tan color; the middle part spongy and 
 scaly: stipe perpendicular, channelled. 
 
 mollis, in groups, soft: pileus glabrous, gibbose, pale; lamellae watery-cinnamon 
 color. 
 
 sti/ptncus, cespitose, pileus sub-coriaceous, emarginate, tan-color, sub-farinaceous; 
 lamellae very thin, veiny, connected, cinnamon color: stipe compressed, ascending, 
 dilated at the apex. 
 
 viitis, in groups, all over white: pileus somewhat fleshy, glabrous, smooth; lamellae 
 simple: stipe horizontal, dilated at the apex. 
 
AUARICUS, R.^OMYCES. 491 
 
 (Pileus halved, somewhat corky.) 
 
 alncus, coriaceous, tomentose, whitish-grey: lamallae split revolute at the margin. 
 Becoming purple-ciiierious. 
 
 abletinus, sub-cespitose, dark sooty-yellow: pileus glabrous, smooth; lamellae glaucous: 
 branching intlie young state. 
 
 coriace.us, coriaceous, marked with zones, tomentose, pale: lamellae sub-ramose, pale- 
 woody. 
 
 scpiarius, coriaceous, hard, flat bolli sides: pileus slrigose-tonientose, chesnut-brown; 
 lamallae crowded, ramose, becoming yellow. 
 Agy'rium. Gr. airMns, (a crowd.) 6. Fun. 
 
 caesium, in heaps, nearly separate, convex, whitish-grey. On dead pines. 
 Alcyonidium. Gr. idkaondon, (foam of the sea.) 4. Alg. 
 
 diaphanum, branches elongated. 6 i. 
 
 Alectoria. Gr. utector, {wiihoui a. bed.) 5. Lie. 
 
 jubuta, thallus rounded, somewhat shining, livid-brown, very much branclied; branches 
 filiform, compressed at the axils. Apothecia of the same color, at length, con- 
 vex, entire at the margin. 
 
 sarmeiitosa, thallus roundish, angular, somewhat pitted, dichotomous, pale yellowish; 
 the extiemilies much branched, lax and slender. Apothecia rather concave, livid, 
 pruinose, at length flattened. 
 
 usneuiiles, frond flat, compressed, striate longitudinally, very branching, pale-white; 
 branches fibrous: receptacles flat, of the same color, entire. On trees. 
 Anoectan'gium. Gr. anciktus, (open,) «o-«c?(;7i, (a rose. ) 2. A'lus. 
 
 Jiliformc, Mx. stem slender-filiform: leaves closely imbricate, oval, denticulate in a 
 similar-colored point: capsule ciliate at the apex: lid sub-conic: calyptre sub-villose. 
 On rocks. 
 Anthoce'uos. Anthos, (flower,) keras, (horn.) 3. Hep. 
 
 IcEiis, (wax liverwort) frond flat, undivided, scarcely undulated at the margin. On 
 the earth in damp shaded situati<ms. 
 
 punctatus, frond sinuate, undivided, crisped at the margin. On the earth where moist 
 and shaded. 1^ i. 
 
 caroliniunus, Mx. fronds with sharp roundish lobes, margin sub-entire, scarcely 
 punctured above: the horn-form capsule about half an inch in length. 
 Arrhenop'teruai. Gr. am;H, (strong. )7iteris, (wing. ) '2. Mus. 
 
 helerostrychum, erectish: leaves lax, imbricate, oval, obtuse, serrulate. 
 
 Arscy'ria. Gr. orAws, (a net,) the seeds fastened together by net-work. 6. Fun. 
 
 mdiins, pale-yellow, sub-stiped, cylindrical, long, weak, drooping. On rotten wood. J i. 
 
 jninica, heaped or cespitose, stiped, dull red: seed abundant, crimson red. On rot- 
 ten wood. 3 i. 
 Arthonia. Gr. arlhon, ofarico, (to kill, destroy.) 5. Lie. 
 
 swariziana, crust cartilagin. membr. white. Apoth. sess. broad, um. round, rep. irreg. 
 anff". with dark elev. dots. 
 
 ohscara, crust membr. somew. olive-col. Apoth. min. flat, concave, somew. membr. 
 oval-ellipt. and renif. wrink. dark. 
 
 lynceii, crust thin, sub-tartareous, equal, somewhat cracked, white. Apoth. cluster- 
 ed, flat, somewhat immersed, round, oblong and curved, black, caesious, (grey.) 
 
 punctiformis, crust somewhat determinate, membranaceous smooth, dark orange-yel- 
 low: receptacles minute, roundish, scattered, sub-immersed, flaltish one side and 
 sub-convex the other, dark colored. On the tender bark of branches of trees. 
 
 pruinosa, crust thin, of a tartar-like appearance, unequal, smooth, ramose, white: re- 
 ceptacles flat, immersed, roundish polygons confluent obscurely dark yellow, mealy 
 glaucous. On oak bark, &c. 
 Aspergil'lus. Lat. sprinkling brush. Mould. 6. Fun. 
 
 pencUlatus, filaments scattered, heaped, a line high, bearing long tufts of beaded seeds. 
 On specimens m herbaria. 
 
 glaucous, in minute tufts of white erect filaments. Blue patches. 
 Atracto'bolus. G(. atractos, (spindle,) IjuUo, {io ca.sU) li. Fun. 
 
 ubiquilarius, resembling scattered flower to the naked e^^e. On wood and stones. 
 
 B. 
 B^oMYCES. Gr. i«ios, (small,) tom/ics, (fungus.) 5. Lie. 
 roseus, crust unif. granulat. greenish white. Fodelia very short, cylind. Apoth. 
 sub-glob, wrinkl. pale flesh-color. 
 
492 B^.OMYCES, BOLETUS. 
 
 microphyllus, leaves minute, somewhat imbricated, rounded, nearly entire, Podetia 
 
 simple, tubular, smooth. 
 caespititius, thallus clustered, ascendinjr, leafy, pinnatif. cut and crisped: bright green 
 
 above, white benuatli. Tubercles from tlie disk of leaves convex, reddish brown. 
 Tufas, Ach. crust uniform, rugose granulated and pulverulent greenish-vvhile: podetia 
 
 very short, somewhat compressed, apothecia flattish at the top, sometimes conglp- 
 
 merate, reddish-brown. ^ i. 
 
 Ban'gia. In honor of C. F. Bang, a writer on scripture Botany. 4. Alg. 
 laminariae, filaments tuRed, fastigiate, equal. Bands approximating in pairs, many- 
 
 dolted. 1— 12i. 
 
 Barbu'la. Lat. iari^/Zfl, (little beard.) 2. Mus. 
 caesptiosa, stem very short, sub-simple; leaves densely crowded together, oblong- 
 linear, mucronate, convolute at the apex on becoming dry: capsules cylindric, with 
 
 a straight-subulate lid of nearly its own lengtli. 
 acuminata, leaves ovate-acuminate, concave, twisted on becoming dry: stems erect, 
 
 simple and divided, becoming renewed: elongation^ of the renewed parts stand out 
 
 behind the capsules. 
 fallax, stem ramose: leaves recurve-spreading: pericheth nerveless: capsules oblong; 
 
 lid obliquely beaked. On walls and bye-lanes, .fee. 
 lanceolata, leaves lanceolate, sub-apiculaie, crisped when dry: fascicle of ducts strong: 
 
 capsule bottle-form, straight; lid oblique. 
 tortuosa, caulescent, rather high, ramose: leaves lance-linear, acute, sub-denticulate, 
 
 may become crisped: capsule straight, slender cylindric; lid subulate. 
 
 Bartram'ia. In honor of J. Bartram, an American botanist. 2. Mus. 
 crispa, pedicels erect: leaves subulafe, crisped, serrate at the maigin, much contorted 
 
 when dry. In tlie mountains about Williams College. 
 cederi, stem elongated, slender: pedicels erect: leaves lanceolate, serrulate, scarcely 
 
 twisted when dry. Among damp mountain rocks, ifec. 
 longiscta, stem short, lesser sterns somewhat simple: leaves not dense, subulate, 
 
 kneeled and scarcely perceptibly denticulate, erect when dry: peduncle very long. 
 
 Batrachosper'mum. Gr. hatrachos. {^vog,) sperma,(seei\.) 3. Hep. 
 trioniliforme, frond moniliform, much branched; branches rather acute: cauline 
 
 whorls nearly distinct, globose. 
 
 Bla'zia. Gr. blazo, (useless.) 4. Alg. 
 pusiUa, Sz. capsule marked, immersed in the frond, ovate-oblique, terminating in aq 
 
 open tube, permanent: frond orbicular or heaped together in abundance, beautifully 
 
 green, net veined, dichotomous or trichotomous, bearing capsules on the apex. 
 
 Bole'tus. Gr. AoZos, (a field,) touchwood. 6. Fun. 
 
 1. Pileus fleshy, cushion-like, easily separated from the elongated tubes. 
 
 annulatvs, pileus cushioned, campanulato, viscid, becoming yellow-livid; v/ith spots, 
 
 from brick-colored .streaks, becoming red; pores yellow: stipe annulated. Among 
 
 pines, &c. in autumn. 
 corticatus, sliped: pileus yellow, sub-viscid, orange in the centre; the fleshy part 
 
 white, firm and lidgy or crispedj tubes yellow: curtain-like volva white: stipe 
 
 thick, especially towards the base. 
 rvfus, pileus dilated, plano-convex, brick-red; pores white: stipe long, torn- wrinkled; 
 
 scales becoming black. In grassy woods, &c. autumn. This is a variety of the 
 
 aiirantius. 
 scaber, pileus sub-rugose, grey-sooty-yellow; pores becoming pale white, depressed 
 
 around the attenuated stipe; scales becoming black. In beech woods, <fec. the 
 
 beginning of autumn: at length it becomes dry, hard and dark colored. 3 by 4 i. 
 drcinans, in groups: pileus viscid, sub-repand, thick straw-color or livid-yellow; pores 
 
 acute, yellow: stipe somewhat slender, shortish, yellowish, rough with dark specks. 
 
 Among pines, &c. early in autumn. 
 sub-tomentosus, middfe-size: pileus cushioned, plano-convex, sub-tomentose, yellowish 
 
 ash-color; the fleshy part not very changeable; pores large: stipe somewhat slender 
 
 reddish in the middle or yellowish and one-colored. Grows in woods in autumn. 
 radicans, pileus cushioned, yellow-cinereous; margin involute, sub-tomentose; pores 
 
 citron yellow: stipe smooth, rooting, tomentose, one-colored. In oak woods, Slc. 
 
 autumri. 
 reticulalus, pileus cushioned, dilated, dirty yellow, mostly tessellated and chinked; 
 
 fleshy part becoming bluish; pores middle size: becoming yellow: stipe shortish, 
 
rtOLEtus. 493 
 
 glabrous, of the same color of the pileus, red within. Pileus often 5 or 6 inches 
 
 broad. 
 edulis, pileus cushioned, very broad, dark yellowish purple, the fleshy part not 
 
 cliangeable; pores at first filled and wliitisli, afterwards pule yellow: stipe tuberous 
 
 sub-venlricose, reticulate, reddish-grey. In woods, &c. autumn. 
 luridus, large: pileus cushioned, dark olive; pores equal, at first red, at length orange: 
 
 stipe elongated red, reticulate, sub-bulbous. In July, large. 6 by 2 i. 
 
 2. Pileus Jleshij, coriaceous, Jiiostly someichat corlnj: tubes shorlii-h, connected icith the 
 substance vf the pikus. 
 
 (Pileus entire: stipe central, or a Utile out of the centre and perpendicular.) 
 
 hrumalis, pileus convex, sub-umbilicate, of a darkish shade becoming yellow, margin 
 ciliate: pores oblong, white. Late in autumn on decaying trunks, «fcc. 
 
 permnis, coriaceous, tenaceousi cinnamon color: pileus thin, with zones, mostly 
 connate. On the earth about decaying trunks, &.c. 
 
 (Pileus halved; stipe lateral.) 
 
 Jrondosus, very branching: pilei many, halved, sooty-grey. About roots of oaks, &c. 
 in autumn. The whole group or mass sometimes a foot broad. 
 
 lucidus, pileus very tough, coriaceous, chesnut-color, shining, with concentric fur- 
 rows; pores minute, white. Stipe variable. On trunks of trees, very large, be- 
 coming tawny. 
 
 ladius, sub-cespitose: pileus glabrous, tough, liver-brown, paler at the margin; pores 
 minute, pale: stipe lateral,- short, thick, dark cinerous. On hollow logs, &c. in 
 autumn. 
 
 varius, sub-solitary: pileus tough, reddish yellow, halved or entire: stipe sub-lateral, 
 elongated, black from the middle downward- On liunks, 1 to 2 inches broad. 
 
 (Pileus halved; without a stipe.) 
 
 citrinus, imbricate, halved, fleshy, glabrous, citron-yellow. Roots of oaks, &c. in 
 
 summer and autumn. 
 odoratus, halved, odoriferous, sub-deformed: pileus rugose, witli zones or parallel 
 
 bands: dark shade at the base, margin arched and cinnamon color beneath, opake. 
 
 On trunks. 
 marginatus, simple or sub-imbricate: pileus thick, hard tuberculate, becoming red or 
 
 reddish-yellow, margin issuing a white juice; pores pale or light citron-yellow. 
 
 Very hard and hairy; about 4 inches. When recent, acid drops of a liquid issue 
 
 from the margin. 
 igniarhis, dilated, smooth, cuticle in ridges: pileus hard, becoming dark at the base, 
 
 at the margin cinnamon-color, beneath yellowish- white. Grows on trunks. Ge 
 
 neral form like a horse's hoof. It is called touchwood. 6 to 18 i. 
 betuUnus, sub-stiped, largish: pileus flesh-corky, reniform, dirty reddish yellow, white 
 
 beneath. On roots, &;c. 
 fomentarius, halved, hard: pileus sub-triquetrous, with obsolete belts, dirty ash-color; 
 
 pores at first white glaucous, at length sub-ferruginous. Used for tinder. 
 vclidiiious, corky, simple, pileus convex, thin, hirsute, white; pores minute, dirty 
 
 white. About Ih inches broad, somewhat zoned. On dry trunks, Ac. 
 lutesccns. sub-cespitose, corky: pileus depressed, thin, tomentose, pale; with hirsute 
 
 zones becoming yellow. On trunks, &.c. witii the last, which it resembles, but is 
 
 rather broader. 
 versicolor, cespitose, coriaceous: pileus thin, with bluish many-colored zones; pores 
 
 white. On dry trunks. Autumn and winter. 
 cinnabarinus, in groups, uniformly of a cinnabar or vermiJlion color: pileus tiiickish, 
 
 ridgy, obsoletely zoned, sub-tomentose. One or two inches diameter. 
 
 3. Open or effuse, upside doion (that is, the pores or tubes on the upper side) 
 pileus mostly obsolete. 
 
 destructor, white: pileus unequal, undulated, rugose; pores roundish-obtuse. Grows 
 in buildings, &c. which it tends to destroy. Its substance is fibrous and becomea 
 dry. 
 
 radula, pale white, sub-tomentose: pores acute, unequally prominent, rough. 
 
494 ROLETUS, BRYUM. 
 
 4. Tnles free among each other. 
 
 hepaticus, fleshy, blood-red, halved; tubes free, becoming yellow. Roots of oak, &c. 
 
 in autumn. 
 
 BoRRERA. In honor of Borrer, a British botanist. 5. Lie. 
 leucomda, thallus palish; segments erect, linear, niultifid, attenuated, ciliated^ be- 
 
 neatli very white, powdery and channelled. Apothecia with a flat black caesious 
 
 disk. li i. 
 furfurucea, thallus greenish-gray, farinaceous; segments linear, attenuated, branched, 
 
 grooved, naked, rugose and blackish beneath. Apothecia somewhat marginal, cup- 
 shaped with their margin ihin inflexed. Ij i. 
 chrysojihlhaiinu, thallus yellow, naked, and of the same color on both sides: segments 
 
 linear, flattish, pinnatifid, branched, fibrous at end. Apothecia somewhat terminal 
 
 with an orange-colored disk. 1 i. 
 cUiaris, thallus greenisli; segments linear, branched, attenuated, ciliated ^t end, 
 
 whitish and channelled beneath. Apotliecia somewhat terminal; disk concave, 
 
 becoming flat, with a fringed border. 1;| i. 
 exilis. frond pale white; divisions very branching, entangled a little, compressed, 
 
 capillary, attenuated: receptacles scattered; disk flattish, saffron color, with a thin 
 
 entire fiond-like margin. 
 Columbiana, jNutt. thallus cartilaginous, cespitose, sulphur-yellow, somewhat com- 
 pressed, sub-lacunose, divaricate, spread-branched; divisions erectish, attenuate, 
 
 slender: sculeliae sparingly aggregated, mostly terminal, fuscous; hairy rays of the 
 
 margin reflexed. Grows on pine trees, Rocky Mts. 
 
 Bo'TRYTis. Gr. io//i/s, (a bunch (Tr grapes. ) 6. Fun. 
 diffusa, veiy lax tufts; branches fe^v, white, lonsr, spread, having short branchlets 
 
 bearing round clusters of seeds. On decayed herbs. ^ i. 
 parasitica, somewhat tufted, lax, white, slightly branched: seeds roundish. On 
 
 Shepherd's purse. 
 
 Bovis'ta. Lat. ioijis (of ios, an ox) ox-buff" ball. C. Fun. 
 nin-resccns, white, becoming blackish-brown: plicate beneath. Largish; in pastures. 
 
 giganlna, almost sessile, very large, globular, yellowish-white; having scattered sub- 
 obsolete scales: in pastures, often from 6 to 12 inches in diameter. 
 Bry'um. Gr. bruon, (moss.) 2. Mus. 
 
 1. Staminate fioicers pedunchd , leaf ess. 
 
 androgynum, leaves lanceolate, acute, imbricate-spreading: capsule erect, oblong; 
 lid conic. In damp woods. 
 
 2. Staminate flowers sessile, terminal, bud-form: capsules peduncled. 
 
 carneum, stem simple: leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, reticulate, remotish: capsule 
 pendulous, ovate. In damp shades. 
 
 argenteum, stem ramose at the base, cespitose: leaves ovate, concave, mucronate, 
 imbricate, glaucous-silvery: capsule ovate-oblong, pendulous. On walls, houses, 
 and sandy soils. 
 
 ccespitilium, stem ramose at the base: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, imbricate; cap- 
 sule oblong, pendulous; lid convex. On walls, houses, &i,c. 
 
 3. Staminate floicers sessile, terminal, with a disk-like tuft of leaves. 
 
 roseum, stem erect: leaves crowded together, stellate, oblong, entire, acute: capsule 
 oblong; lid conic. In woods and bushes. 
 
 cuspidatum, leaves lance-ovate, serrate: capsule ovate, pendulous; lid conic, obtuse. 
 In moist shades. 
 
 punctatum, stem erect, sub-simple: leaves obovate, entire, punctate-reticulate: cap- 
 sules ovate; lid subulate, incurved. In damp shady lawns, &c. 
 
 4. Floicers perfect; germs nodding. 
 
 nutans, stem sub-simple: leaves lanceolate, acute, keeled: capsule obovate, nodding; 
 lid convex, short-mucronate. In dry barren situations. 
 
BULGARIA, CENOMYCE. 495 
 
 Bulga'ri.v. Lat. hulgn, (a leather bag) false peziza. G. Fun. 
 
 inquinans, turbinate, firm, scale wrinkly outside, uniber-color: disk flattish and dark- 
 coloted. On dead oak.- 
 
 sarcoides, irregular, cespitose, subgelatinous, somewhat firm, reddish-purple and some- 
 what veiny outside: seed-bed concave. On decaying trees. J i. 
 Buxbau'mia. In honor of Buxbaum, a German botanist. 2. Mus. 
 
 aphijlla, destitute of apparent leaves, fungus-like. 1 i. 
 
 Cali'cium. Gr. kalukion, {a.Y\\.\.\e vwy.) 4. Alg. 
 stegoueUum, crust somewhat contiguous, unequal, whitish or none. Apothecia ses- 
 sile, sub-globose, dark smooth; disk dot-like, becoming flattish with a thin shining 
 
 margin. 3 i. 
 cunlliereUmn, crust thin, whitish, powdery, apothecia lentiform: disk flesh-colored, 
 
 becoming brown powdered; stalks filiform, naked, pile, becoming brownish or black. 
 
 I i. 
 turbinatum, puifs turbinate, nearly sessile, black rather polished: disk dark, opake, 
 
 puncticulate, within a thick contracted inargin. On trunks of trees, &c. 
 
 Calo'cera. Gr. kalos (beautiful) kcras (horn) horn-club. 6. Fun. 
 tuberosa, yellowish, tough, sub-simple: stem tuberous long-rooted. Under bark of 
 
 trees. 2 i. 
 cornea, tufled, small simple and branched, viscid, yellow, connate at the base. On 
 
 trees, i i. 
 
 Calym'peres. Gr. /cafe/Kwa, (veil,) peros, (mutilated.) 2. Mus. 
 kobsoni, stem elongated: leaves linear, serrate, with athick line below the margin: 
 
 calyptre smooth. 1 i. 
 
 Campylo'pus. Gr. kampulos, (curved.) 2. Mus. 
 pulrinatiis, stem ramose fastigiate: leaves lanceolate, hairy: capsule oval, nodding; 
 
 lid subulate. On walls. 
 
 Cantharel'lcs. Fr. cA(/?i<«7-c/ie, (string of a violin,) eatable fungi. 6. Fun. 
 ci6a'rJ!/s, yellow, cap fleshy irregular smooth: veins tumid: stipes solid, tapering at 
 
 the base. In fields. Hi. 
 cornucnpioiiles, cap tube-furm pervious scaly black-umber; wrinkles, obsolete. Pur- 
 plish, elastic. 2 i. 
 lutcscens, cap sub-men'branaceous funnel-form, waved, yellowish or brownish; veins 
 
 anastomose: stipes hollow, yellow. 2 i. 
 
 Carpobolos. Lat. carpns, (fruit, ) ioios, (sphere. ) 3. Hep. 
 orbicularis, fronds about half an inch in diameter, often confluent, never superincum- 
 bent: capsule yeJlow, semi transparent. 
 
 Cathari'naea. Gt. kaihiirizo, (to purify.) Or perhaps Catharine. 2. Mus. 
 unduluta, leaves lanceolate, seriate, undulated, crisped when dry: capsule cylindric; 
 
 lid subulate. Shady woods. 
 
 Cenangium. Gr. kcaos, {hoWow, ) airginti, (bag.) 6. Fun. 
 gucrcinum, simple, in heaps, long, zigzag, at first closed, afterwards open with a 
 
 broad pale disk. On dead plum-trees, i i. I. 
 
 Cexomyce. Gr. /icnos, (empty. ) 7/??//;es, (a small fungus.) 5. Lie. 
 alcicornis. thallus foliaceous. very pale, glaucous green; the segments sub-palmated, 
 
 ascending, obtuse and incurved. Podetia elongated, tuibinate all cup-bearing, 
 
 smooth, the cups regular crenate, with the margin at length leafy and prohferous. 
 
 Apothecia brown. 
 pyzidula, thallus foliaceous; segments crenulated ascending: podetia all turbinate, 
 
 elongate cup-shaped, glabrous, at length glanulat. warty rough, greyish-green: 
 
 cups regular; the maigin at length prolif. Apothecia brown. 
 fimhrintii, thallus foliaceous; the segments small, crenate: podetia elongated, cylin- 
 drical, cup-bearing, sometimes subulate, slightly pulverul. white: cups regular, 
 their margins cut and crenate, at length prolif. apoth. brown. 
 gonoregii, thallus floccous. Segments broadish, crenulatc, cut. Podetia longish, 
 smooth, somewhat warted, glaucous or whitish green. Apothecia irregular, torn 
 into rays, proliferous at the edge. 
 ecmocyna, thallus foliaceous; segments small crenate: podetia long subulate, sterile 
 and fertile, smooth, livid-brown, apothecia cup-shaped, toothed at the edge, occa- 
 sionally proliferous. 
 
496 CENOMVCE, CLAVARIA. 
 
 lac'dlaris, tliallus foliaceoiis small; segm. inciso-lobate, crenate: podetia cylindr. sim- 
 ple and soniew. brancli. at the extremity, greenisli-wliite, granulated, rarely cup- 
 bearing: cups narr. at the radia. apolhecia minute, scarlet. 
 
 dt'formis, thallus foliaceous. minute; segments broadish, cut-crenate, naked beneath: 
 podetia long, thick, sub-ventricose, sulphur-colored, slightly pulverulent, cup-bear- 
 ing: cups narrow crenate-dentate, at length dilated and jagged, apothecia sessile 
 and pedunculate, scarlet. 
 
 cocci/era, thallus foliaceous minute; segm. rounded crenate naked beneath: podetia 
 elongated, turbinate, naked, nearly pale-yellow or greyish green, all cup-bearing, 
 cups with their margins spreading fertile apothecia large, at length stalked, scarlet. 
 
 spflrasa, jthallus foliac. with minute lobes and crenated: podetia elongated, branch, sub- 
 ventr. granulat. rough with leafy scales, cup bearing: cups irregular, pervious, den- 
 tato-radiate, proliferous, apothecia stalked, pale brown. 
 
 delicatn, thallus foliaceous with minute granular lobes: podetia smooth, granular, 
 pallid, divided at end; divisions very short: apothecia clustered, brownish 
 black. 
 /areata, podetia elongated, smooth, livid-brown, dichotomous, axils not perforated; 
 branches narr. subulate, curved, the extremities forked, divergent: fertile ones with 
 brown apothecia. 
 
 uncialis, podetia elongated, glabr. pale tiichotomous; the axils perforated open; the 
 extremities of the branches patent, short, acute and rigid; apothecia small, terminal, 
 brown. 
 
 rangiferina, podetia elongated: cylinder erect, roughish, hoary, branched; axils often 
 perforated; branches scattered, ^ery much divided, spreading, the ultimate ones 
 sub-radiate or drooping: apolhecia sub-globose, clustered, brown. Var. pungens, 
 podetia cinereous, dichotomously branched, rigid, forming a cushion-like tuft; axils 
 not bored through; end of branches mucronate, diverging, brownish. 
 
 vermimlaris, podetia subulate, nearly simple, smooth, very white, sub-fistulose, flex- 
 uose, prostrate. 
 Ckra'miom. Gt. heramasj (a small measure.) 4. Alg. 
 
 diaphanum, filam. dichotom. much branched, somewhat membranous, variegated with 
 purple and hyal. Joints elevated. ,5 i. 
 
 rubrum, filam. dichotom. much branched, somewhat cartilaginous, branchlets forked. 
 Artie, ovate, opaque. 10 i. 
 
 roseum., filam. branciied; branchlets alternate, rigid, spreading, subulate. Artie. 3 
 times as long as broad. Hi. 
 
 tetricum, primary filaments downy. Branches straight, decompound, pinnate. Artie. 
 3 times as long as broad. 6 i. 
 Ceea'tium. Gr. heras, (horn.) 6. Fun. 
 
 hudnoides, growing in small tufts: filaments sub-confluent, simple or branched and 
 fascicled. On dead wood. 1 — 12 i. 
 Cetra'ria. Lat. cetra, (a square buckler.) 5. Lie. 
 
 junipcrina, thallus pale-yellow, very yellow beneath; the segments plane, ascending, 
 erose, crenate and crisped. Apothecia elevated; their disk brown, the margin cre- 
 nulated. 1^ i. 
 
 glauca, thallus glaucous, somewhat shining, sinuated and lobed, brown beneath; the 
 segments cut and jagged, curled, ascending. Apothecia elevated, chesnut-brown; 
 their margin wrinkled. 2 i. 
 
 islandica, thallus olive-brown, paler beneath; the segments erect, sub-linear, multifid, 
 channelled, smooth, dentate-ciliated; fert. branches spreading. Apothecia ap- 
 pressed, plane, of the same color; margins elevated, entire. 2 i. 
 Chon'dria. Gr. chondros, (cartilage.) 4. Alg. 
 
 pusilla, frond compress, filif somew. contract, here and there, fructif. either min. 
 tuberc. or scatter, spor. in ramuli. 5 i. 
 
 articulata, frond filiform, chain-like,, in joints, tubular. Branches fastigiate, dicho- 
 tomous and whorled. 6 i. 
 Chorda'ria, Gr. cAorrfc, (a cord.) 4. Alg. 
 
 fiagelliforniis.^ frond much branched. Branchlets virgate, somewhat distichous, 
 spreading at the base. 24 i. 
 CLADOspo'niuai. Gr. hiados, (branch, bearing the fruit.) 6. Fun. 
 
 Jierbanun, tufted, minute, olive-green, becommg blackish and rigid. On dead 
 stems. 
 Clava'kia. Lat. clava, (club.) 6. Fun. 
 
CLAVARIA, COLLEMA. 497 
 
 1. Coral-like; davate pile.us hranched. 
 (Stems or stipes very thick.) 
 
 coralloides, white, erect; branches elongated, irregular, mostly acute, unequal. Coral 
 club. On the ground. \i i. 
 
 fonnosa, very branching: stem sub-decumbent, thick, white; branches elongated, 
 rose orange; branclilets obtuse, becoming yellow. In groves. 
 
 fiavd, stem thick, white; branches and branchlets straight, shortish, yellow. In au- 
 tumn it grows in shady woods, about 3 inches long. 
 
 botnjtis, sub^defo,rmed; stem very thick, decumbent, becoming palish-white; branches 
 shortish, sub-iugose; branchlets obtuse, red. On fallen trees, &c. .'^ i. 
 
 (Stem slender, or not so thick as to equal all the branches taken together.) 
 
 palinutu, somewhat winged or wing-like, becoming pale: stem slender; branches 
 sub-compressed, palmate. About three inches long, and the breadth about the 
 same. 
 
 cornicvlidn, sub-ramose, yellow: stem slendei, elongated, twice ternately divided in 
 forks; branchlets acute. Branches mostly compressed; branchlets a httle woolly. 
 In woods, IJ inch long. ST.. 
 
 byssisedti, various, sub ramose, small, pale reddish-yellowy rootlets bysus-like or flax- 
 like, wliite, sessile or sitting down. Springs up among fallen leaves, «S:c. 
 
 imidda, in groups, minute, simple and ramose, wliite; apex ochre-color, sitting down 
 with a tomentose base. On decaying trunks, «Sic. about the fourth of an inch long, 
 substance tough. 
 
 cornea, in groups, minute, viscid, becoming yellow, simple and ramose, connate at 
 at the bases. On trunks in autumn, scarcely the fourth of an inch long; rarely half 
 an inch. 
 
 2. Simple ; the davate pileus not hranched. 
 
 ligula, sub-cespitose, pale reddish-yellow, opake, various, villose and slender at the 
 base; terete or sub-compressed at the apex. Adhering to branches, &c. About 
 2 inches long. 
 
 pistiUaris, solitary, large, thick, from yellow becoming a little reddish; round at the 
 apex. Nearly cylindric at first, and becoming thick and .sub-iugose. Has a bitter 
 taste. 12 i. 
 
 fusifunnis, cespitose, heaped together, orange: clavate pileus attenuated, sub-tena- 
 cious, cohering at the base. In woods. 3 i. 
 
 flaripes, cespitose, fragile: clavate pileus sub-falcate, acuminate, pale; approximate 
 at the base; shining yellow. 
 
 ehurnca, cespitose crowded, fragile, snow white. In shady woods on the earth. 
 Very variable; but distinguished by being white and fragile. 
 
 herbarum, in groups, minute, lanceolate, sub-lenaceous, becoming dark-olive. Hardly 
 belongs to this genus. About one-sixth of an inch long, on leaves and other 
 herbage. 
 
 musdcula, very minute, white, sub-incrassate, curved, all glabrous; sitting down with 
 globose tubercles. 
 
 gyruns, on leaves, wholly white, filiform: stipe with long pubescence. In autumn. 
 Stipe white, weak. 
 
 TUffosa, (pond 3 miles east of Troy.) See Loudon. 
 Clima'cium. Gr. klimax, (stairs.) 2. Mus. 
 
 dendroides, (tree moss,) stem branching, tree-form: leaves crowded, erect, lanceolate, 
 sub-3-nerved, serrulate above: capsule erect. 
 Co'niUM. Gr. /tO//('on, (skin. ) 4. Alg. 
 
 tomentosum, frond dichotomous, fastigiate, cylindrical. 6 i. 
 CoLLEMA. Gr. koUe. (glue.) 5. Lie. 
 
 nienum, thallus crustaceous, roundish, brown-black; lobes of the circumference cut- 
 crenate; centre granular, a little branched: apothecia becoming convex, black- 
 edged. 
 
 crispuin, sub-orbicular; the central lobes somewhat erect, granulated; those of cir- 
 cumference depressed, larger, obt. crenulate: fructification scattered, rather con- 
 cave, reddish, with a granulated margin. 
 
 tenax, sub-orbicular, imbricated; lobes thickish, flat, incumbent, roundish, cut-lobed 
 
 63 
 
498 COLLEMA, CORNICULARIA. 
 
 and crenulate: apothecja scattered, immersed in the lobes and concave, rufous with 
 an entire edge. 
 
 palmatum, thallus sub-foliaceous, green-brown-glaucous; lobes thick, close palmate, 
 cut; segments somewhat linear, round; apotliecia ruibus-brown. 
 
 burgessii, thallus foliaceous, somewhat imbricated, glaucous, greenish-brown, pubes- 
 cent and somewhat spongy benealii; lobes rounded, sinuated, crenulate and 
 crisped: apolhecia depressed, planish brown; their margin foliaceous crisped. 
 
 jiigrcsccns, tiiallus foliaceous, membranous, sub-monopliyllus, orbicular, depressed, 
 plaited, rounded and lobed, black-green: apothecia central, crowded, at length con- 
 vex, reddish brown; their margin entire. 
 furvum, thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, somewhat wrinkled, complicated, black- 
 ish-green, granulated on both sides; lobes round, unequal, waved and crisped, 
 entire: apothecia scattered, plane, dark-brown; their margin entire. 
 
 tremelloidcs, thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, thin, sub-diaphanous, lead-color, ob- 
 soletely rugose and dotted; lobes rounded, somewhat cut: apothecia scattered, sub- 
 pedicellate, plane, reddish-brown; their margin pale. 
 
 lacerum, thallus nearly erect, foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-diaphanous, sub-ru- 
 rugose, with obscure reticulations, glaucous; lobes small, sub-imbricate, lacinate and 
 somewhat fringed; apothecia scattered, rather concave, red; iheir margins pale. 
 
 pulposum, frond sub-orbicular, formed of thick, sub-imbricate, repand-crenate, plicate, 
 naked lobes: receptacles central, crowded, flaltish, reddish-yellow, with elevated 
 entire margins. 
 
 papulosum, frond orbicular; central lobes thick, entangled, irregular; those of the 
 periphery expanded, dilated outwardly, gash-crenate, warty blistered above. 
 
 paUescens, frond yellowish-green, "pale beneath; lobes deformed, densely entangled, 
 irregularly crenate, ascending: receptacles sub-marginal. A variety of the ttiiax. 
 
 viyriocccum, frond sub-orbicular, imbricate, black; lobes crowded, entangled, qrisped, 
 granulate: receptacles minute, globose-iurbinate, heaped together, marginal and 
 scattered, one-colored, marked with punctures. Among and on mosses, on rocks, 
 «fec. 
 
 pulchellum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, orbicular, flat, sub-laciniate, round 
 lobed at the peripiiery, plicate-papulose above, dark-green, paler beneath and deeply 
 lacunose: receptacles scattered, crowded, elevated; disk urceolate, pale wax-color; 
 margin thin, contracted, entire, at length sub-rugose. 
 Confer'va. Lat. covfcrveo, (to knit together.) 4. Alg. 
 
 fricetorum, filaments simple, creeping, entangled in a brownish-purple layer. Joints 
 half as long again as broad. ^ i. 
 
 vesicata, filaments simple, fine. Articulations half as long again as broad, with glo- 
 bular inflations at intervals. 6 i. 
 
 rivularis, filaments simple, capillary, very long, straight, equal. Articulations grain- 
 bearing, 2 or 4 times as long as broad, shining when dry. 
 
 linum, filaments simple, filiform, rigid, crisped, loosely entangled, when dry variegat- 
 ed. Articulations turgid, dotted. | i. 
 
 riparia, filaments branched, remotely capillary, very long. Branches short, divari- 
 cating. Articulations twice as long as broad. 3 i. 
 
 glomerata, filaments branched, capillary. Branches alternate; those at the end clus- 
 tered, one-sided, erect. Articulations cylindric. 1 i. 
 
 rupestris, filaments much branched, setaceous when dry, dotted with black. Branches 
 erect. Joints pellucid. Articulations cylindric, .3 times as long as broad. 4 i. 
 
 catenata, filaments more than bristly, trichotomous, shining, when dry dotted with 
 black at joints. Articulations 3 times as long as broad. 1 i. 
 CoRNicuLARiA. Lat. corniciUuriii, (little horns.) 5. Lie. 
 
 trisetis, thallus deep, pitcher-brown, rounded or sub-compressed, smoothish, distich- 
 ously dichotomous; branches fastigiate, black above: apothecia plano-convex, 
 blackish-brown, somewhat inarginated, entire and toothed. 
 
 ochroleuca. thallus glabrous, pale yellowish-white, roundish, sub-erect, branched; 
 branches short, attenuated, blackish at the points: apothecia brownish pale in the 
 circumference. 
 
 puhescens, thallus decumbent, rounded, roughish: branches intricate, capillaceous; 
 the ultimate ones simple: apothecia of the same color; entire in the circumference. 
 
 fihrillosa, frond obscurely soot-yellow, terete, smoothish, slender, entangled, ramose, 
 somewhat rough-haiied; from the branchlets and fibres which are flexuose, ramoso 
 very thick, irregular, sub-clavate. On rocks. Variety of the pubesccns. 
 
CRATERIUM, DICRANUM. 499 
 
 Crate RiuM. Gr. kmtej-, (a cup.) 6. Fun. 
 ieucocc/ihalum, cup-fonn, reddish-brown, with a very tliin, vanishing white convex 
 
 lid: filainenls white: seeds dark: wilii mosses. 1 — (J i. 
 
 CiiiimA'RiA. Lat. crihnini, (sieve) pin-head. 6. Fun. 
 mlona/jus, gregarious, roundish: stipes short, blackish. On pine trunks. 1 — 12 i. 
 
 Crvphae'a. Gr. A;/'///>/tttios, (concealed.) 2. Mus. 
 heteromuUa, stem branching, diffuse; leaves lance-ovate, acute, 1-nerved: capsules 
 
 lateral, sub-sessile. On trunks. 
 
 Cystose'ira. Gr. /ittiVts, (a bladder.) seira^ (a chain.) 4. Alg. 
 erlcoides, leaves densely spiny all over. Vesicles elliptic, somewhat terminal, crown- 
 ed solitary. Receptacle warty from inflated base of spines. 6 i. 
 
 Cytispo'ba. Gr. /cm^/s, (little chest,) s/>om, (seed.) 6. Fun. 
 chrijsosperiiia, cells impressed on the receptacle: disk emerging, blackish, having a 
 
 yellow tendril. On poplar bark. 
 
 Dacrymy'ces. Gr. dakru, (tear,) mukc, (fungus.) 6. Fun. 
 
 moriformis, conglobate, sinuate, dark, opaque; tleshy and purple inside. Mulberry- 
 like. On dead wood. 
 
 stellutus, gregarious, entire, round-depressed, pulpy, orange. J i. 
 Daeda'lea. Lat. duedaliis, (skillful work.) 6. Fun. 
 
 qucrclna, sessile, pale, woody: cup-suberose, rugose, glabrous: seed-bed contorted; 
 sinuose aiiostomosing. On rotten wood. 
 Delesser'ia. In honor of Delessert, of Paris. 4. Alg. 
 
 alata, frond ribbed, obsoletely nerved, linear, dichotomous, alternately pinnatifid to- 
 wards the end; pinnas rather lingular. 6 i. 
 
 punctata, frond very thin, veinless, roundish, irregularly split at the end. Sori on the! 
 disk of the frond. 4 i. 
 Diat'oma. Gr. diatoma^ (an incision.) 4. Alg. 
 
 floccidosum, filaments striated. Articulations nearly equal in diameter with parallel 
 striae. In ditches. J — 12 i. 
 
 marimim, articulations half as long again as wide, granulated transversely. Ocean* 
 
 Dichospo'rium. Gr. dicha, (double,) spora, (seed.) 4. Alg. 
 aggregatum, clustered dots on the bark of trees. 
 DicRANDM, Gr. dicranos, (forked.) 2. Mus. 
 
 I. Capsule with apophyses. 
 
 cerviculatum, monoecious: stem simple: leaves capillary, without nerves, spreading, 
 lax: capsule ventricose, erectish; apophysis gibbose. 
 
 virens, stems divided; branchlets erect, sub-divided: leaves clasping at the base, linear, 
 flat, spreading, coiled: capsules nodding, at length curved; apophysis wen-like. 
 
 fragile, stem erect, ramose, yery fragile: leaves erect, densely crowded together, some- 
 what whorled, lance-ovate, acuminate, sub-entire, with the margin undulated: cap- 
 sule nodding, elongated; apophysis wen-like, at length striate. 
 
 2. Capsules without apophyses or truncated processes on the foreside of the basd 
 (Leaves turned to one side.) 
 
 scoparium, stem ramose: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, keeled^ falcate: pedidels 
 sheathed, solitary: lid long-beaked. 
 
 condensatum, stem short simple: leaves lance-oblong, mucronate with extended fasci- 
 cular points: capsules nodding; lids subulate. On the earth. 
 
 heteromallum, stem sub-simple: leaves capillary, 1-nerved, dilated at the base: capsule 
 ovate; lid long-beaked. 
 
 othocarpon, small; stem short, simple: leaves setaceous, dilated at the base: pedun- 
 cle lateral, longish: capsule sub-erect, oblong-ovate; lid beaked. 
 
 varium, stem sub-simple: leaves somewhat one-sided, lower ones lanceolate, upper 
 ones subulate; capsules urceolate, somewhat noddmg; lid conic. 
 
500 DICRANUM, ERINEUM. 
 
 (Leave not one-sided.) 
 zanthodon, minute: leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate: capsules ovate; teeth of the 
 
 peristome yellow. 
 
 poiycarpon, s.em ramose: leaves linear-subulate, twisted when dry, investing the stem 
 on all sides: capsule obovate, erectish, furrowed. On rocks in mountains. 
 
 glaucum, small: stem ramose, thick with a dense foliation: leaves glaucous, convex- 
 channelled: capsule sub-inclined, oblong-ovate; lid slenderly subulate, sub-inflexed. 
 
 3. Capsules with truncated jiroininences, on the fureside of the base. 
 
 purpureum, stem dichotomous: leaves lanceolate, twisted when dry, furnished with a 
 
 purple nerve: capsule oval; lid conic. 
 
 Dicty'deum. Gr. (^tc^w^//., (net,) eirfos, (similar.) 6. Fun. 
 cernuum, gregarious brown-purple, nodding, umbilicate: membrane of the pericarp 
 
 deciduous: flocculence robust. On rotten wood. 1 — 12 i. 
 
 Didy'modon. Gr. didumos, (double-,) odous, (tooth.) 2. Mus. 
 rigididum, lea.\Gs lanceolate, cuspidate, from the middle nerve somewhat rigid: lid 
 
 subulate. 
 
 DiPHYs'cfUM. Gr. dis, (two,) phtiskion, (little vessel, or capsule.) 2. Mus. 
 /o^ioswm, stemless: capsules sub-sessile: leaves lance-linear. 
 
 Diploco'mium. Gr. ^Z^/y/oos, (double,) /iome, (lock or hair. ) 2. Mus. 
 longisetum, caulescent: leaves gradually narrow-acute; upper ones subulate, acute, 
 
 base broad, 
 
 DiTi'oLA. Gr. r/is. (double,) ioios, (down.) 6. Fun. 
 radicata, disk flattish, yellow: stfpe thick villous, white, long- rooted. On pines 
 
 without bark. 1 i. 
 
 Dothide'a. Gr. dothion, (tubercle,) eidos, (similar.) 6. Fun. 
 typhina, long, surrounding the culms', whitish becoming dark, yellow, at length len- 
 
 dered granular by the orifices. On grass stems. 
 
 Draparnal'dia. In hoTior of Draparnaud, a French botanist. 4. Alg. 
 phirnosa, pencils of branches lanceolate, acute, erect. 6 i. 
 
 Ectocar'pus. Gr. cktos, {outs'\de, ) karpns, (Cnut.) 4. Alg. 
 siliculosus, filaments nearly separate. Brandies erect, subulate. Articulations rather 
 
 longer than broad. Pods linear subulate. 6 i. 
 granaUisus, filaments much branched. Branches scattering, spreading, tapering, 
 
 acute at tips hyaloid. Articulations as long as broad, finally tumid. 3 i. 
 
 Endocarpon. Gr. endou, {wiihin,) kartjos, {Cru'il.) 5. Lie. 
 sinopicum, thailus crustaceous, cracked into areola, figured, somewhat lobed, greenish, 
 
 rubiginous, depressed at the circumference; orifices depressed, black. 1 i. 
 tephruPdes, thallus cruslaceous, suh-membranaceous spreading and sub-foliaceous 
 
 contio-uous. wavy, cracked, glaucous, ash-colored, irregularly lobed and crenate at 
 
 the margin, beneath black somewhat spongy; orifices elevated-convex, black, per- 
 forated. 1 i. 
 hedwi'gii, plant sub-cartilaginous, roundish or somewhat angular-lobed, of an olive- 
 
 gree'n; beneath pale at margin; the rest blackish and fibriUqse, orifice of the fructifi- 
 cation sub-promioent, darl<-brown. | i. 
 miniatum, tliallus thick, crustaceo-cartilaginous, foliaceous orbicular, peltate, greyish, 
 
 spread at margin, somewhat lobed and waved; beneath smooth, at length rugose 
 
 and tawny, orifices minute, slightly prominent, brownish. 1 i. 
 weberi, thallus cartilagino-coriaceous lobed, greenish-brown, olivaceous; beneath 
 
 rather tawney or blacKisli, on both sides smooth; the lobes laciniated, waved, plaited 
 
 and crisped, crowned; orifices rather convex, black. 
 miMenhergd, frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliaceous orbicular, peltate, -obscurely 
 
 tawny-green, thin, rugose-plicate and somewhat in chinks; dark tawney and 
 
 tubercied beneath: little mouths convex. 
 
 Eri'neum. Lat. ennaceus, (prickly, hedge-hog.) 6. Fun. 
 fiigineuin, depressed, broadish, lawny red: at first thick clothed and pale. 
 acerlnum, depressed, pale, becoming reddish-brown: fruit-covering club-form, upper 
 
 half often inclined. On under side of leaves. 
 pyrincim, reddish-brown: fruit-covering, compressed, lid somewhat lax, apex chib- 
 
 form, often truncate. 
 
ERYSIBE, rUSIUIUM. 501 
 
 Ery'sibe. Gr. enisihe, (mildew.) 6. Fun. 
 
 arlemisuc, minute: filaments forming a dense whitish web. On both sides of the 
 artaiiiisia leaf. 
 
 trifulii., globular, black; filaments giving both sides of the leaf a farinose aspect. 
 
 arctii, filamei>ts simple granuliferous: bodies pear-form, small, thickly covering the 
 whole under surface of the burdock leaf 
 Euro'tium. Gr. eurog, (mouldiness. ) 6. Fun. 
 
 kerl/uTwrum, gregarious, puncliform, yellow: filaments whitish branched. On dried 
 plants. 
 EvERNiA. Gr. crer«c5, (tall, branched.) 5. Lie. 
 
 prunastri, thallus greenish-white; segments dicholomous. multifid, ascending, linear- 
 attenuate plane, pitted, grooved and white beneath, apothecia blight brown, con- 
 cave. 
 Exid'ia.- Gr. exeimi, (to go forth,) Jew's ears. 6. Fun. 
 
 auricula, sessile, concave, flexuose, blackish, plaited on each side, with veins; olive- 
 grey and downy beneath.. On elder trunks. 3 i. 
 
 rccisa, soft flat-truncate, sub-repand, fuscous beneath, dotted, scabrous: stipes very 
 short, oblique, out of centre. On dead willows. | i. 
 Exosfo'rium. Gr. cr, (out,) spora, (seed.) 6. Fun. 
 
 tiliae, gregarious, black, minute, convex: seeds elongated, obtuse, divided trans- 
 versely by 5. On basswood limbs. 
 
 Fiss'iDENs. Lat.^ss?/s, (split,) (Ze«s, (tooth.) 2. Mus. 
 
 bryoidcs, stem short: leaves facing 2-ways, lanceolate: pedicels terminal: capsules 
 erect. In damp shades. 
 
 laxifolius, stem short: leaves facing 2 ways, lanceolate, slenderly denticulate: cap- 
 sules erect. In damp shades. 
 
 adianthoidcs, stem elongated, ramose: leaves lanceolate, sheathed at the base: pedicels 
 lateral: capsules sub-erect. In wet woods and meadows. 
 Fistui-i'na. La.t. fistula, (pipe or tube,) false boletus. 6. Fun. 
 
 hepatica, liver-lii<e patches on oak trees. It is eatable, and intermediate between 
 Boletus and Hydnum. 6 i. 
 Fontin'a'lis. La.1. fans, (fountain.) 2. Mus. 
 
 caplllacia. (water moss.) leaves acute, linear-awl- form, spread, longer than the cap- 
 sule: sheaths and peduncles long filiform. 
 
 enlepyretica, stem branched, three-sided; leaves facing three ways lance-ovate, cari- 
 nate, acute; perlcheth obtuse. In water, both stagnant and flowing. 
 Fucus. Gr. /j/n/Ays, (a seaweed, red color. ) 4. Alg. 
 
 nodosus, stem compressed, here and there inHated with internal vescicles. Recepta- 
 cles lateral, distichous; stalk pynform. 36 i. 
 
 tiesiculusns, frond flat-ribbed, hnear, dichotomous, entire. Vesicles spherical innate 
 upon frond in pairs. Receptacle terminal, elliptical. 24 i. 
 
 loreus, cup radical, circular, plano-convex, emitting from its centre a frond terminat- 
 ing in a very long dichotomous receptacle. 36 i. 
 Fu'ligo. Lat. /«%o, (soot.) 6. Fun.> 
 
 nifa, reddish-yellow, cushioned: bark sub-rugose, fragile. On trunks of trees. 
 
 fiava, yellow, opening roundish, with a cellular fibrous bark. On fallen leaves and 
 trunks in autUmn. 
 
 vaporaria, cinnamon-yellow, broad-cespitose, thick, cellular-fibrous when mature. 
 On pulverized bark, first appearing like vapor. 
 Funa'ria. hdiX. funis, (a rope. ) 2. Mus. 
 
 kijgrom'Arica, (hygrometer moss.) leaves -Ovate, acute, concave, entire, inflected: 
 capsules swelling, drooping, pear-form: pedicels very long, twisting spirally when 
 dry, untwisting when damp. On dry bogs. 3 i. 
 
 Jliivkans, leaves setaceous, long-acuminate: peduncle capillary, pale. 
 
 muhlenbergii, leaves ojbovate, awned, concave, serrulate, spread: capsule obovate, 
 oblique. 
 FuRCEr.LA'RiA. Lat./rtmWffi, (a little fork. ) 4. Alg. 
 
 fasliuiala, the only species. 9 i. 
 
 Fusi'dium. La.t. fusus, (spindle.) 6. Fun. 
 
 griseum, mass thin, irregular, of a whitish or grey color. On dead beech leaves. 
 
 fiavo-virens, mass bright yellow or greenish. 
 
502 GEASTRUM, GYROPHORA. 
 
 Geas'trum. Gr. ge, (earth,) aster, (star.) Ground star. 6. Fun. 
 colifornie, volva mullifid: peduncles and mouths of the fruit-covering numerous. lit 
 
 pastures. 2 j. 
 quudrijldum, fruit-covering globose stalked: orifice hoary: the radiating divisions 
 
 mostly in fours, arched. In pine woods. 2 i. 
 sieUuium, volva niultiiid spreading, divisions equal: head depressed spherical ses- 
 sile; orifice acuminate. Damp ground. 
 rufescens, volva many-cleft, reddish: fruit. covering sessile, glabrous pale. In pine 
 
 woods. 
 hygrometricum, volva many-cleft, inflexed, liver-brown; fruit-covering reticulate, 
 
 sessile, nearly imiform-colored." On gravelly soil. 
 
 Geoglos'sum. Gr. j^e, (the earth,) o-'/oss^, (tongue.) False club. 6. Fun. 
 hirsutum, stipe hirsute, black: seed-bed sub-plicate. In bogs. 2 i. 
 viride, green, sub-fascicled; seed-bed distinct; stipe with minute scabo. In meadows. 
 
 2-i. 
 
 Gr APHIS. Gr. grapJio, (to write.) 5. Lie. 
 scripla, crust membranaceous, smooth, somewhat shining, white or greyish-brown, 
 
 bordered with black: apothecia half inmiersed, naked Hexuose, simple or branched: 
 
 disk very nanow, margin formed of the thallus, raised, membranaceous. 
 serpentina, crust cartilaginous, membranous, unequal, rugulose of a regular figure, 
 
 white and cinerious: apothecia immersed, long, clustered, flexuose, nearly simple 
 
 and branched. 
 hjelli, crust membranous, polished, pale olive: apothecia. clustered, nearly simple, 
 
 curved, turgid, obtuse; disk broad, convex cinerious, pruinose, with a thick, 
 
 powdery-white margin. 
 
 Grim'mia. In honor of Grirr.m, a German botanist. 2. Mus. 
 
 1. Capsules sub-sessile, immersed. 
 
 alpicola, stem ramose: leaves lanceolate, obtusish: capsule ovate-qrceolate, smooth, 
 
 sub-sessile; calyptre torn at the base; lid obliquely beaked. 
 apocarpa, stem ramose: leaves ovate-acuminate, carinate, naked at the apex: capsule 
 
 oblong, striate, sub-sessile. On moist trunks. 
 michauzii, Torrey. slenderly caulescent: leaves lanceolate, terminating in a capillary^ 
 
 white pellucid and roughish point: pedicel terminal: capsule short-ovate, smooth. 
 
 Michaux describes this species under tlie name gracilis; but this name having been 
 
 applied to another species. Dr. Torrey substituted the name of its discoverer. 
 
 Herb. Tor. 
 pilifera, stem erect, branching: leaves densely imbricate, lanceolate, erect spreading 
 
 and incurved; hairy pericheth large: capsules ovate, sub-sessile; lid conic, cuspi^ 
 
 date. 
 
 2. Capsules peduncled, exsert, short. 
 
 ovata, stem very branching, fastigiate: leaves lanceolate, obtusish, erect, spreading^ 
 somewhat inflexed, hairy: capsules oblong-ovate; lid convex-conic. 
 
 Remark. Many species of the genus Grimmia are referred to the genus VVeissia. 
 Gymnostomum. Gr. guinnos, (naked,) stoma, (mouth.) 2. Mus. 
 
 1. Stem, simple, erect. 
 
 pyri/orme, stem very short: leaves ovate, acute, flat; dioecious; capsules erect, pear- 
 form; lid obtusely conic; calyptre split laterally. 
 
 turbinatum, stem short, simple, leaves lanceolate, apiculate, serrulate: capsules some- 
 what obJong'turbinate; lid convex, obtuse, acuminate. 
 
 splachnoideum, capsule contracted in the middle: leaves deeply serrate at the margin. 
 
 2. Stem divided, prociimbcnt or flouting. 
 
 prorepens, stipe creeping; stem erect, short, obtuse; leaves closely imbricate, lance- 
 oval, acimilnate: capsules globose; lids subulate 
 Gyrophora. Gr. gurus, {a. circle,) pitero, (sjiherical.) 5. Lie. 
 
 glabra, thallus smooth, blackish-green; beneath s:nooth, black and naked: apothecia 
 at length conve.\ rough and plait. 2 i. 
 
GYROPHORA, HYPNUM. 503 
 
 eyRndrica, thallus somewhat naked, dark, greenish-grey, folded and lobed, strongly 
 ciliated beneath, smooth, pale, with brandling fibres: apothecia elevated, nearly 
 
 P^ plane, with concentric and plaited lines. 2 i. 
 
 pustuliita, irond papulose, becoming cinereous-green; deeply pitted or lacunose be- 
 neath, smooth, naked, pale tawny: leccptacles distant, flat, marginated: disk sub- 
 equal, papillose and plicate. On locks, cVic. 2 i. 
 
 papulosa, frond rugose, papulose, obscurely cinereous; under side lacunose, pale 
 tawny: receptacles very thick together, minute, urceolate: disk uniform and plicate, 
 in some places Jieaped and conglomerate. On rocks. 
 
 pennsijlvanica, frond papulose, tawny olive; under side pitted or lacunose, rough- 
 granulate, dark-colored: receptacles marginated; disk tiattish, uniform and plicate. 
 On rocks and mountains. 
 
 vuihlcnhcrgii, frond somewhat glabrous, lacunose reticulate, tawny olive; under side 
 papulose, with ridges lacerated and joining ends: scales of one color: receptacles in 
 pits, depressed, tiattisli, round-plicale. On mountains. 
 
 viamviulata, frond smooth, pale olive, at lengtii dark tawny; under side very dark, 
 scabrous and fibrous: receptacles conve.x, rugose chinked, nearly destitute of any 
 margin: disk sometimes concave and papillose. On rocks. 
 
 vellea, frond smoothish, becoming cinereous; under side fibrous, hirsute, nearly of an 
 uniform color, dark tawny: receptacles sessile, flat, marginated; folds or wrinkles 
 concentric. On rocks in mountains. 
 Remark. I have localities of some of these species. But as I cannot give many 
 
 under most genera, I have preferred the general hubkatio of Lin. to a limited number 
 
 of localities. 
 
 H. 
 
 Halyme'.sia. Gr. als (sea) umeii (a membrane.) 4. Alg. 
 palmata, frond coriaceous, flat, palmate, entire. Segments cuneate oblong, nearly 
 
 simple. 8 i. 
 
 Helicospo'rium. Gr. cfe (a coil) 5;;om (seed.) 6. Fun. 
 vegetum, cloud-like. At the foot of trees. 
 
 Hel^kl'la. Lat. //c/rfiW« (a fungus, Cicero.) 6. Fun. 
 crispa, cap irregularly detlexed, free, often variously lobed, yellowish-white: stipe 
 
 furrowed and lacunose-white. Field borders. 
 esculentii, cap inflated, deformed, wavy-wrinkled, in circles, brown: margin villous 
 
 adhering to the smooth stipe. Pine woods — eatable. 
 
 Hyd'num. Gr. udiion (mushroom, puff-ball.) (5. Fun. 
 
 1. Stem perpendicular, cap distinct, round, sub-entire. 
 
 imhricatum, cap fleshy, flat, tessellated, scaly, not banded, umber: processes yellow- 
 ash-color: stipe short. Pine woods. 1 i. 
 
 refiandum, cap fleshy, smooth, sub-repand, yellowish; subulate processes, the seed- 
 
 . bed unequal, pale; stipes unequal thick. Woods, li i. 
 
 rufescens, cap fleshy, orbicular, sub-toinentose, flesh-brown: processes sub-equal: 
 stipes thin, equal. Beech wood. 3 i. 
 
 2. Cap halved, sessile, or not distinct. 
 
 gelatinosum, cap gelatinous, papillose: process 's mostly pyramidal, glaucous: stipe 
 short lateral. Pine woods. ^ i. \ 
 
 coraUoidcs, much branched, white, becoming yellow, and branches entangled; pro- 
 cesses one-sided, subulate. Trunks of trees. 1 i. 
 
 ochraccum. efFuse-reflexed; cap leathery, tliin, banded, ochre; processes minute, nume- 
 rous, flesh-yellow. Pine woods. Has a shaggy appearance. 2 i. 
 Hymenel'la. Gr. mueii (a membrane.) Seeds are a membrane. 6. Fun. 
 
 vulgaris, long, various, smooth, whitish, when dry becoming brown, periphery 
 adhering. On nettle stems. | i. 
 Hyp 'num. Gr. vpnoii (moss.) 2. Mus. 
 
 1. Leaves two-ranked 
 
 rijlvaiicum, branches divided: leaves imbricate, compressed, spread at the apex, lance- 
 ovate, entire, nerveless; lid subulate. Woods. 
 
504 nypNUM. 
 
 denticulatum, stem simple: leaves imbricate, compressed, spreading at the apes, lance- 
 ovate, entire, nerveless: lid conic. On trunks and ground in woods. 
 
 sei-nilatum, shoots creeping; branches simple, bearing fruit at the base and middle ; 
 lid beaked. 
 
 praloni/um, stem pinnate, creeping: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 1-nerved, 
 spreading: lid subi'late, incurved. (1) 
 
 ripariiim, stem ramose, spreading: leaves lax, lance-ovate, entire, one-nerved: lid 
 convex, slightly mucronate. On stones, &c. in tiowing. streams. 
 
 2, Leaves imbricate, close-pressed — sometimes a little spreading, part of their length, 
 
 euspidatum, stem pinnate, sub-erect: branches cuspidate: leaves lance-oblong, nerve- 
 less, smooth: lid conic. In ditclies and brooks. 
 
 illecebrum, stem witli scattered obtuse branches: leaves ovate, ventricose, obtuse, 
 n)ucronate; obsoletely one-nerved. Woods and meadows. 
 
 ahietinum, stem pinnate, villose: leaves lance-ovate, entire, one-nerved, 2-furrowed: 
 lid conic. In dry places and among pines, &c. 
 
 splendens, slpm bipintiate: leaves lance ovale, almost nerveless, shining, close-pres- 
 sed: lid subulate, recurved, in woods. 
 
 delicatulum, stem decumbent, bipinnate: leaves cordate, with ruptured nerves and 2 
 grooves, scabrous: lid beaked. ' 
 
 minutidum, very slender, decumbent, pinnately branched: leaves very minute, oval, 
 acute: margins and keel somewhat scabrous, separately incurved when dry: cap- 
 sule recurved; lid long beaked. 
 
 adnatum, small; branchlets simple', leaves cordate-acuminate, destitute of fascicles: 
 
 5^capsules nodding; lids conic. 
 
 3, Leaves imbricate, spreading. 
 
 graminicolor, stem creeping; branches sub-simple, erectish: leaves lax, sub-alternate, 
 heart-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, with a nerve somewhat continued: 
 capsules ascending, oblong, unequal; lid round conic. 
 
 hians, stem decumbent: branches short, simple: leaves somewhat lax, heart-ovate, 
 
 ^ acute, serrulate: peduncles a little scabrous: capsules oblong, slightly inclined; lid 
 conic. 
 
 asprellum, stem decumbent, sub-pinnate, leaves remotish, somewhat bifariously im- 
 
 ^ bricate, acuminate, setrulate with sub-continued nerves: capsules oblong, a little 
 curved; lid conic, sub-mucronate. 
 
 lutescens, stem procumbent, ramose: leaves imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-striate: 
 peduncles a little scabrous: lid conic, acute. On dry earth, walls and rocks. 
 
 rutabulum, stem procumbent: branches erect, sub-simple: leaves lance-ovate, acumi- 
 nate, one-nerved: peduncles scabrous: lid conic. On the earth and trunks. 
 
 cooleyanum, Si. stem prostrate, bipinnate, with the divisions alternate and opposite: 
 peduncles long, slender, twisted when dry: capsules shortish striate, recurve arch- 
 ed becoming fulvous: leaves recurved, nerveless, teretely, sub-semi-cylindricai, 
 broad at the base, long subulate towards the apex. On decaying logs in swamps. 
 
 chrysnslomum, procumbent; inordinately branciied: leaves laxisii, spreading, lance- 
 oval, acuminate, entire, sub-linear: peduncles smoothisli: capsules oblong, recurved; 
 lid perfectly conic with a very acute spinose tip; peristome yellow. 
 
 triquetrum, stem sub-erect, ramose: leaves deltoid, acuminate, striate, somewhat 
 nerveless, spreading every way: capsule ovate; lid conic, obtuse. 
 
 4. Leaves imbricate, sul-rejlcxcd or recurved. 
 
 jragih, outer peristome has the teeth lanceolate, remotely tubercled, yellow: inner 
 one is a membrane, extended into an equal number of solid, lance-acuminate, very 
 acute teeth, with ciliae a little less tiian the teeth, capiilaiy, ver}' acute. 
 
 steUatum, stem weak, procumbent: leaves ovale, long-acuminate, nerveless, entire, 
 spreading: capsule oblong; lid with an obtuse apex. 
 
 squarrosum, stem ascending: leaves keeled, nerveless, ovate at the base, close-pressed, 
 acuminate at the apex, recurved-spreading: capsule ovate; lid short-conic. 
 
 (I) This description, taken from Lk. and Dc. is similar to that given in Turton's 
 Linneiis of the seirulatum. 
 
HYPNUM, JUNGERMANNIA. 505 
 
 5. Leaves turned to one side, and circinal-falcate. 
 
 crista-castrensis, stem elongated, somewhat simple, recurvedly and elegantly wing- 
 branciied: leaves recurv-curled one-way, subulate with slender lineale nerves: cap- 
 sules very lori^peduiicled, oblong, arched; lid conic. 
 
 «tf>»//i«<rt/M/;j., stem procumbent, lainose; branches sub-ramose: capsule large, becom- 
 ing wJiite, striate; peduncles pretty large. In water or mud. 
 
 atprcssiforme, steni prostrate, sub-ramose: leaves lance-ovate, falcate, nerveless: lid 
 conic. 
 
 imponens, very short, somewhat feather-branched, recurved, leaves uncinate, one 
 way nerveless: capsule erect, cylindric, oblong; lid conic, obtusely beaked. 
 
 6. Leaves turiied to one side, and not circinal-falcate. 
 
 fiuviatile, branches rather long, simple: leaves lance-ovate, laxish, somewhat spread- 
 ing: capsules oblong, erect-nodding. On rocks under water in rivers, &c. 
 orthocladon. decumbent, bulbiferous: branches simple: leaves ovate; nerves solid, 
 very entire; lid conic. Flowers monoecious. Calyptre subulate,^ white. Bulbs in 
 the'axils of the leaves, or at the apexes of the branches. 
 
 7. Leaves remote, lax-spreading. 
 
 ierpens, stem crepping: leaves laxish, small, lanceolate, acuminate, one-nerved at the 
 
 base: capsule elongated, obconic; lid convex, mucroiiate. Shades. 
 
 Hvste'kium. Gr. usteresis, (poverty, want, niakmgpoor. ) 1. 
 pulcicore, gregarious, oblong or oval, striate. On oaks. 
 ^tiercinum, bursting, llexuosc, sub-ventricose, soft, dark-ash-colored. On young 
 
 branches of oaks. 
 fraxinum, convex, tumid, oblong-oval, black, sub-concentric: seeds large, oblong, 
 
 yellow. On dead ash. 
 lineare, sub-immersed, crowded, parallel, linear, black: lips of the oiificte tumid* 
 
 smooth; disk linear. Dead w6od. 
 
 I. 
 
 Isa'ria. Gr. isos, (equal, filaments equal.) 6. Fun. 
 microscopica, extremely minute, scattered, simple, club-form, white: filaments and 
 
 seeds not distinct. 
 miicida, cespitose, effuse; branchlets sub-depressed, forked, nearly soft. On decay- 
 ing wood. On stalks of grass, t&c. 
 
 Iridium. Gr. isos, (equal in its parts, foot and frond. ) 5. Lie. 
 coraUumm, Ach. crust tarlarous, greyish-white: podetia at length elongated, rouud, 
 
 simple or branched: apolhecia brown-grey, corol-like. In crowded patches on 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Jukgerman'nia. In honor of Jungermann, a German botanist. 3. Hep. Succu- 
 lent mosses. 
 
 I. Caulescent. 
 
 A. Having stipules. 
 
 1 . Stipules in three rows. 
 
 platvphylla, L. stem procumbent, bipinnate: leaves two-ranked, imbricate, roundish, 
 obtuse: stipules entire, in threes. On bark of living trees. 2 i. 
 
 platyphylloidea, Sz. stem procumbent, bi or tri-pinnate: leaves imbricate, vaulted, 
 roundish 4-sided: stipules in threes, sub-equal, entire. Yellowish-green, tinged 
 with brown. On rocks. 
 
 distans, Sz. stem diffused, branching, simply pinnate; wings lax: leaves not imbri- 
 cate, sub-distant, alternate: stipules minute, round, entire, distant. 3 i. In dense 
 tufts on roots of trees, and on wet rocks. Dark green. 
 
 vorella, Dicks, stem floating, irregularly branched and pinnate: leaves sub-imbricate, 
 lareish. oval, obtuse: stipules entire : broad leaves blackish blue. In brooks, 
 64 
 
506 JUNOERMANNIA. 
 
 2. Stipules in a simple scries. 
 a. Leaves eared below. 
 
 tamanscifoha, Schm. (1) stem creeping, pinnate: leaves two-ranged, obtuse, very 
 entire; ears vaulted: stipules minute, very entire, two-cleft: calyx 3-cornered, 3-cleft, 
 papillose. On trees and rocks.: often dark brown-purple. 
 
 dilatata, Weber. (2) stems entwined, creeping, sub-])innate: leaves 2-ranked, obtuse, 
 entire; lobes of the ears alternately clavate, and alternately very small or none: 
 stipules large, 2-cleft, serrate, especially that of the calyx: calyx S-cornered, 3- 
 cleft, smooth. On trees. A green variety occurs in , large tufts on rocks. Color 
 varies, often blackish. J i. 
 
 serpyllifulia, Dicks, stems creeping, filiform, irregularly" pinnate, shortish: leaves im- 
 bricate, eared; lobes unequal; upper ones largest, ventricose beneath at the base; 
 lower one minute: stipules round, acutely and deeply bifid: green. Among mosses 
 on wet rocks. J i. 
 
 b. Leaves not cared. 
 
 ■* Leaves entire. 
 
 t Stipules two-cleft or tioo-lobed. 
 
 pallescens, Eh. stem ascending, somewhat branched: leaves roundish, very entire, 
 obtuse: stipules obtuse, 2-cleft; segments acute, evanescent. Wet or water. 
 
 tricho manes, Dicks, leaves imbricate, roundish, very entire: stipules roundish, with 
 2 obtuse lobes. In woods, on moist earth. 1^ i. 
 
 ■ tt Stipules entire. 
 
 transversalis, Sw. stem creeping, sub-ramose: leaves imbricate, obliquely ovate, ob- 
 • tuse, complicate beneath at the base: stipules sub-orbicular-reniform, inflexed at 
 the margin, very entile. Yellow. On rocks; rarely on trees. 
 
 clypeata, Sz. stem creeping, sub-pinnat'e, many interwoven: leaves imbricate, vaulted, 
 (so that the semi-cylindric sprouts pass out) 2-ranked, obliquely ovate, round, in- 
 terwoven beneath at the base: stipules orbicular, atfixed in the middle like a shield. 
 Whitish yellow. Growing downwards on trees and rocks. 
 
 ** Leaves divided. 
 
 t Leaves emarginate or two-toothed. 
 
 hidentata, L. stem decumbent, ascending and sub-ramose at the apex: leaves with 
 two acuminate teeth: stipules ovate, 4-cleft. Earth. Ij i. 
 
 tt Leaves with three or four small teeth. 
 
 trilobala, Web. leaves obliquely ovate, retuse, unequally 3-toothed at the apex, and 
 entire' in the other parts: stipules-2 — 4-cleft; shoots from the axils of the stipules. 
 
 trideriticulata, Mx. stem procumbent-creeping, many aggregated: leaves flat, two- 
 ranked, largish, 3-toothed at the apex, sub-oval: stipule broad, roundish, denticu- 
 late on' all sides? shoots from the axils. Yellow. A vslriety growing on trees, is 
 dichotomous, dark brown, and smaller. In bogs. 
 
 reptans, L. leaves remotish, sub-4-sided, nearly equally 3— -4-cleft at the apex: sti- 
 pules similar to the leaves, 4-cleft. Stem pinnate. 1 i. 
 
 sertultirioidcs, Mx. creeping, capi.llary: leaves bristle-form, 2-parted; bristles jointed: 
 teeth of the calyx bristle-bearing. 
 
 laciniosa, Mx. creeping, very branching: leaves 2-cleft, with fringed divisions: 
 calyxes lateral, oblong, a httle .glabrous: bristles short: stipules like the leaves. 
 
 pulcherrima, L. ('Labrador. ) stem erect, bi-pinnate; blanches vaulted at the apex, 
 incrassate: leaves 3-cleft: stipules 2-cleft, very long ciliate. Earth. 
 
 ciliaris L. stem sub-pinnate, decumbent; branches slender: stipules and leaves split, 
 having ciliae rather long. Smaller and lighter colored than the preceding. Rotten 
 logs. 2 i. 
 
 (1) dilatata, of many-authors. (2) tamariscifolia, of many authors. 
 
JUNGERMANNIA. 507 
 
 tomcntcita, Eh. stem nscending[, bipinnate, tomentose above: leaves and stipules 4- 
 
 parted, liaving ciliae very long, becoming white. 3 i. 
 pauciflora, Dicks. (Labrador.) stem branclied, creeping: leaves and stipules similar, 
 
 erectly spreading, 3-parted, even to the base: divisions hooked. 
 
 B. Wilhout stijndcs. 
 1. Leaves eared. 
 
 C07nplanafa, L. stem branched, creeping: leaves roundish, very entire: ears sub-ovate, 
 flatlish. On smooth bark: very rarely on rocks. 
 
 2. Leaves not cared. 
 
 a. Leaves not divided. 
 
 * Leaves very entire. 
 
 tiliculosa, L. stem naked (excepting the radicled) ascending: leaves distant, sub- 
 
 verticillate, a little convex, roundish, beautifully green. Rotton logs. 1^ i. 
 polyantkos, L. stem creeping, rooting on the back: leaves sub-imbricate, sub-verticillate, 
 
 little convex, roundish, pale: calyx shorter tlian the bristle, divided. Moist ground. 
 lanceolata, L. stem cref^ping, rooting on the back: leaves imbricate, semi-verticillate, 
 
 sub-convex, roundish-ovate. Reddish. On rocks and earth in woods, or other 
 
 ,damp, cooling shades. 
 scoliiris, Schni. stem creeping, rooting: leaves sub-imbricate, semi-verticillate, con 
 
 vex, roundish, somewhat converging forward. Old logs: handsomely twisted: 
 
 light-green and purplish. 
 spluitrni, Dicks, stem creeping, with radicles on the back: leaves imbricate, sub-verti- 
 cal, concave, roundish, converging forward. 3 i. 
 orbicularis, Mx. small, with a. creeping stem: leaves orbicular, entire, rising vertically 
 
 in a double series. , Reddish. On dry side-hills: and perhaps in woods among 
 
 mosses. 
 junipcritm, leaves quadrifarious falcato-secund, linear-lanceolate biparted; segments 
 
 straight ajuminate. Frond terminal, calyx ovate leafy. 3 i. 
 cordifolia, leaves erect, concave cordate circumvol. Frond terminal and axillary. 
 
 Calyx oblong ovate, sub-plicate: mouth minute toothed. 2 i. 
 
 ** Leaves toothed. 
 
 asplenioides, L. leaves sub-imbricate, semi-verticillate, oblique, ovate, roundish, hav- 
 ing small teeth. Among rocks, on the ground. 3 i. 
 
 b. Leaves divided. 
 
 * Leaves emarginatc, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. 
 
 t Margin, of the leaves very entire. 
 
 emarginala, Eh. stem erect, sub-ramose: leaves approximate, spread-diverging, obcor- 
 
 date, obtusely emarginate, angles obtuse. Moist rocks. | i. 
 funclcii, Web. stem ascending, sub-simple: leaves sub-imbricate, spreading, sub-hori ■ 
 zonlal, emarginate, angles obtusish. Deep red. Among lichens, in dry woods. 
 
 inflala. Huds. stem procumbent, sub-simple: leaves remotish, spread diverging, sub- 
 horizontal, concave, acutely emarginate, angles acute. With the last. 
 
 curvifoLia, Dicks, stem procuuibent, branching: leaves sub-imbricate, erectish, 2-cleft, 
 divisions alternated, incurved. Rotten logs. 
 
 michauzii, Web? shoots erectish: leaves 2-cleft, approximate, sub-imbricate, spread- 
 diverging, very entire, acutely emarginate, angles acute: fructification terminal: 
 calyx tubular, plaited at tiie apex. 
 
 hicoriiis, Mueller, stem creeping, sub-ramose: leaves remote, spreading, semi-verticil- 
 late, concave, emarginate 2-toothed; teeth acuminate, very acute, converging. 
 
 bicuspidata, L. stem tlexuous, sub-ramose, creeping: leaves remote, spread-diverging, 
 semi-vertical, flattish, acutely emarginate 2-toothed; teeth diverging. 
 
508 JUNGERMANNIA. 
 
 connwens, Dk. shoots creeping; branches simply pinnate: leaves ovate, emarginate, 
 
 2-cieft; teeth acute converging. 
 ehrharticma, Web. stem short, decumbent, rooting on the back: leaves imbricate, 
 
 somewhat spreading, concave, obtusely emarginate, angles acutish. 
 
 ft Margin of the leaves toothed, serrate or crenate, 
 
 undiilatn, L. stem erect, simple: leaves roundish obtuse, sub-denticulate, nndulate; 
 
 lobes obtuse, a little concave in front, convex beliind. Bogs. Smaller than the 
 
 next: leaves less ciliate. 
 nemorosii, L. stem erect, sub-ramose: leaves with roundish lobes, tooth-ciliale. 
 
 Whitish green. Large. A variety almost white, more ciliate: fructification nearly 
 
 segsile. Possibly a distinct species. 
 resupinata, L. stem erectish, sub-bianched: leaves resupinate; lobes sub-ovate, scarcely 
 
 acute, denticulate. Reddish. Dry earth; leaves obtuse. 
 umhrosa, Schrader. lobes of the leaves sub-ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate. Red- 
 dish. Dry earth; leaves acute. 
 albicans, L. stem erect, sub-divided: lobes of the leaf oblong, acutish, furnished with 
 
 a nerve, serrate at the apex. Whitish yellow: in tufts on the earth. 
 
 ** Leaves unequally ^-toothed, or ZA-o-deft at the apex. '• 
 
 pusilla, L. small, creeping: leaves sub-4-sided, plaited, margin in front fobtuse, cre- 
 nate, very entire on the other parj,^. Light green. On loamy ground. | i. 
 
 quinquedentata, L. stem erectish, rooting on the back: leaves plaited, 4-sided, querci- 
 form below; apex with 3 or 5 acute, very entire teeth. 
 
 exsecta, Schm. stem creeping: leaves concnve, unequally 3-toothed; teeth acutish, 
 very entire. On earth, in moist woods. ^ i. 
 
 incisa, Sz. stem rooting, sub-siijiple: leaves unequally 3-cleft; divisions channelled on 
 the back, tootiied. Moist rocks. ■ | i. 
 
 decipiens, Hk. stem erect, flexuous, sub simple; lower leaves smaller, very entire; 
 upper ones sub-4-sided, with one or more spinose, scattered teeth. 1 i. 
 
 IL Stem LESS. 
 
 sinuala, Sw. nearly stemless, frond sub-dicliotomous, flat, nerved, margin undivided 
 
 or sinuate-pinnatifid, very entire, glabrous. A large species. Bogs. 
 epiphylia, L. frond obovate, lobed, nearly nerveless; lobes sinuate, margin undulate, 
 
 fruit-bearing above. Banks of broolcs. 3 i. 
 pinsruis, L. frond obovate, lobed, nerveless, glabrous, fleshy: lobes sinuate, fruit- 
 
 b'earing below. Wet and water. 
 mulufida, L. frond creeping, bi-pinnatifid, nerveless; divisions narrow, broader at the 
 
 apex. Wet. 
 palmata, H. frond short, somewhat ascendmg, digilate-palmate, nerveless. Dark 
 
 green. Rotten wood,' in wet places. 
 lipinnata, Sw. frond procumbent, bipinnate, nerveless; segments, towards the apex, 
 
 attenuated. Sliady rocks, among mosses. Small. 
 /areata, frond linear, decumbent, ramose, forked at the extremity, nerved, the margin 
 
 at the bottom and on the back of the nerve pubescent, yellowish-green. On rocks 
 
 and stones. J i- 
 puhescens, Schr." frond linear, branching, forked at the extremity, nerved, all over 
 
 pubescent. Yellow. On mountains. 1 i. 
 cilifera, Sz. frond linear, very narrow, branching, not forked at the extremity, but 
 
 sub-bifid; divisions attenuated, nearly nerveless; leafy at the margin; lobes spatu- 
 
 late clavale and irregular, sometimes shooting, with intermixed ciliae. Elegant. 
 
 Green or yellov/. In dense tufts on rocks and earth. 
 oblonira, Sz. frond simple, broad, not lobed, oblong, "sub-acuminate; margin undulate, 
 ' or thick towards the nerves, plaited; on other parts very entire: the apex is some- 
 times produced into a long linear point. Frond one eighth of an inch in diameter. 
 
 In water. 
 
 Remark. Most of the Jungermannie are in fruit late in the spring: some, however^ 
 in the winter; a number are rarely found in fructification. 
 
LAMINARIA, LECANORA. 509 
 
 Lamika'ria. Lat. Zrt7?rma, (thin plates.) 4. Al^. 
 
 tsmletita, stalked, winged with pinnae, and running through the ensiform lamina. 
 60 i. 
 
 sacfiAarirta,, stalk compressed, expanded into entire linear-oblong lamlpae. 48 i. 
 La'sia. Gr. /asios (hairy. ) 2. Mus. 
 
 trichomilrion, branch compressed: leaves oval, acuminate, striate longitudinally: 
 ■peduncles of the length of the calyx: capsule ovate: calyptre profusely hairy. In 
 mountains. 
 
 martrinata, in very branching fascicles: branchl'ets erect, tapering, filiform: leaves 
 oval, acuminate, revohite both sides so as to appear as if margined: nerves promi- 
 nent: capsule oblong; lid subulate. » 
 Lean'jil'm. Gr. Zt/'o.«, (smooth.) ff.o-o-io5, (a. capsule orbag.) G. Fun. 
 
 Jiorifurme, yellow, globose, stiped: fruit-covering splitting into beautifully expanded 
 parts. Decaying trunks. 1 — 1^ i. 
 Lecanora. Gr. kranc, (a dish or bowl.) 5. Lie. 
 
 atra, crust with a somewhat decided edge, granulated and cracked, greyish-white: 
 disk of the apothecia plane, at length swelimg and black; the margin free, raised at 
 length waved and crenulate.- 1| i.. ^ 
 
 peridm, crust thin, somewhat leprous and dispersed, whitish: disk of apothe. plano- 
 convex, dark, dotted rougli; border obscure, powdery. J i. Var. cxigua, crust 
 unequal, obscurely cinerous, idack. Apothecia minute, aggregate, flat, with a 
 w'liite crenular border, and brownish edge. | i. 
 
 sophodcs, verrucose-granular, form cinereous, brownish-green. Apothecia heaped 
 with a flat, coarse, dark, disk; brown when moistened, border tumid, inflexed, 
 entire. 1| i. 
 
 svbfiisca, cru"st cartilaginous, smooth, at length granulated, unequal, white or greyish: 
 disk of the apothecia plano-convex, brown or almost black; niargin tumid, entire, 
 at length waved and crenate. 2 i. ' . ' 
 
 re?i<osff, crust tessellated, with tumid warts, yellow, green or'Igrey: apothecia ap- 
 pressed, at length irregular, with the disk plane or swelling, red-brown, at length 
 rising above the entire margin. 2 i. 
 
 varia, crust unequal, grandular, somewhat warted, pale green: apothecia clustered; 
 disk flat, pale brown and variegated, border raised, inflexed, finely cienulate. | i. 
 
 tuberculosa, crust greenish, ashcolor, with roundish warts, circumference fibrous: 
 apothecia mixed; disk concave, becoming flat, blackish-glaucous, border elevated, 
 thick. 3 i. 
 
 glaucoma, crust tartareous, tessellated, even, greyish-white: apothecia immersed in 
 the crust; the disk plane, at length convex, sub-globose glaucous and powdery; 
 margin entire, afterwards obliterated. 2 i. 
 
 alheUa, crust thin, leprous continues, cream-colored, somewhat .polished: apothecia 
 sessile, whitish-buft' uneven with a thin white wavy border. IJ i. 
 
 pardla, crust granulated or somewhat warted, white: apothecia thick, crowded by 
 l>ressure, angular: the disk concave, and as well as the tumid, entire margin of the 
 saine color as the crust. 2 i. 
 
 tartarea, crust tartareous, witji clustered granules, greyish-white: apothecia scat- 
 tered; disk planoconvex, a little wrinkled, flesh-color; the margin indexed, at 
 length waved. 2 i. , 
 
 salicina, crust granular, unequal, dirty yellow: disk of npolhecia flat, becoming con- 
 vex, somewhat orange-colored; border thin, erenulated, becoming entire and 
 flexuose. 1| i. 
 
 lentigera, crust somewhat imbricated, white; lobes somewhat concave, flexuose cut- 
 crenate: disk of apothecia flat, yellowish brown; border elevated, tumid. IJ i. 
 
 elegans, crust somewhat imbricated, plaited and rugose-tawny, oiange, naked: lobes 
 linear-lanceoldte, waved, convex, somewhat distant radiating: disk of the apothecia 
 concave, of the same color with the crust; margin somewhat inflexed, entire. 
 1 i. ^ ■ 
 
 galiictina, crust sub-imbricated, rngulose, whitish, lobed and crenulate at the circum- 
 ference: fructification crowded angular; the disk plane, brownish, flesh-color, prui- 
 nose with a raised and at length crenate, flexuose border. IJ i. 
 
 candeluria, crust scaly yellow, lobes very much crowded, cut and laciniated, imbri- 
 cated, their margins minutely granular: apothecia nearly of the same color as the 
 crust; margin elevated, entire. 1 i. 
 
610 LECANORA, LPCIDEA. 
 
 brunnea, crust imbricated, greyish, lobed and granulated, ash-colored brown: apothecia 
 imbedded in the crust, crovcded irregular; disk rather convex, red brown, the 
 margin elevated, crenulated, persistent. ] i. 
 Lecide'a. Gr. Iccco, (lo crack. ) 5. Lie. 
 
 atro-cdba, crust spreading, very Uiin, cracked, black, witli swelling whitish scattered' 
 areolae: apothecia plane or slightly convex, often in the interstices black; of the 
 same color within. 3 i. 
 
 lapicida, crust tartareous, cracked, whitish ash-color: apothecia within the spaces of the 
 crust depressed, flat, finally convex, somewhat confluent, dark, with a thin edge. 3 i. 
 
 pretrae'a, crust thin, roundish, very finely cracked, somewhat powdery, white: apo- 
 thecia grown into the crust, thick> protuberant, somewhat concentrical, dark color- 
 ed, with a tumid, elevated contracted margin. 1^ i. 
 
 parasema, crust thin, sub-membranaceous, greyish white, horded with black, at 
 length spreading, somewhat granulated: apothecia nearly plane, sessile, margined, 
 black; blackish within. 3 i. 
 
 sabuletorum, crust scattered, granular, irregularly lobed, cinereous whitish: apothecia 
 clustered, convex, sessile, plano-convex, hemispherical, somewhat confluent; dark 
 powdery inside ]| i. 
 
 silaccae, crust tartareous, tessellated, yello'wish red: apothecia sessile, plane, at length 
 convex, irregular, conlluent, black; internally cinereous and black, 2 i. 
 
 immersa, crust thin, whitish; apothecia plano-convex, immersed in the stone, mar- 
 gined, dark; disk pruinose: when moistened crimson; white inside. 4 i. 
 
 nlbo-caenilescens, crust tartareous, contiguous, even at length, somewhat tassellated 
 and wiiitish: apothecia sessile and elevated, plane, black, with a grey bloom and a 
 a black smooth border. Van iunfida, crust of a regular figure, contiguous, whit- 
 ish caesious: apothecia immersed; disk depressed, hollowish. 3 i. 
 
 atrata, crust thin, in liitle cracks, punctate, very black: receptacles in the crust, 
 wart-form, one-colored; disk urceolate. Dry rocks. 
 
 ^merolcuca, crust sub-cartilagjnous, becoming cinerous: receptacles close-pressed, 
 flattish, somewhat margined, dark; white- within. On bark of trees and decaying 
 woods. 
 
 alba, crust sub-determinate, membranaceous, somewhat cracked, .white, with con- 
 glomerated, cinereous, or greenish milky dustatlength scattered ovfer it: receptacles 
 minute, close-pressed, flat, dark. On trunks of trees. 
 
 asserculoriim, crust effuse, thin, unequal, dark sooty: receptacles sessile, a little pla- 
 no-concave, dark; one-colored witliin. On timber and dead wood., 
 
 urceofata, crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, determinate, rugose, cracked, glabrous, 
 very white: receptacles sessile, urceolate, white hoary; corneous and livid within, 
 under the disk; margin inflexed, sub-coarcate. -On bark of trees- 
 
 .coriicola, crust sub-tarlareous, grandular-areolate, unequal, very white: receptacles 
 minute, sub-immersed, grey hoary; at length sub-globose, emarginate, naked, dark; 
 becoming cinereous within. On the bark and trunks of trees. 
 
 Receptacles dark fuscous, or becoming fuscous, blended with some other color. 
 
 spadicea, crust cartilaginous, unequal, sub-granulated, becoming white cinereous: re- 
 ceptacles thick, flat, fuscous-liver-brovvn, at length becoming dark; margin very 
 thin, and a little wrinkled; at length a little convex, with the margin evanescent; 
 color uniform within. On bark of trees. 
 
 varians, crust sub-membranaceous, cracked, afterwards granulated, becoming green 
 cinereous, with dark limits: receptacles small, crowded, yellowish, fuscous and 
 dark, impressed in the middle, sub-emarginate. On the bark of ash trees, »V:c. 
 
 russela, crust sub-eartilaginous, rugose, areolate-rimose, becoming pale green, with 
 dark limits: receptacles sessile, glabrous, a little tumid, red-fuscous; the disk 
 higher than the pale, thin, entire margin. On bark of trees. 
 
 plneli, crust very thin, dirty pale oineieous: receptacles sessile, minute, aggregated, 
 urceolate, yellowish flesh-color, entire. In pine woods, on roots, &c. 
 
 sanguinenatra, crust thin, membranaceous, eft'use, light green cinereous; at length 
 sprinkled over with granulated dust: receptacles hemispheric, sub-emarginate, 
 somewhat glabrous, dark purple, and at length black. 
 
 Receptacles red, or light flesh colored, 
 icmadophylla, crust leprous-like, unequal, sub-granulated, whitish green: receptacles 
 
LECIDEA, LESKIA. 511 
 
 sub-sessile, flat, flesh-colored, at length flexuoiis; the disk a little wrinkled; the 
 margin thin, or none. On the earth, on trunks and decaying wood. 
 cupularis, crust sub-tar/tarous, whitish green: receptacles superficial, urceolate, white; 
 disk liglit brick-color, scattered pulverulent spots on the outside. This is a variety 
 of inannorea, of Acharius. On lime and slate rocks. 
 
 Receptacles pah, becoming yellow, wax-colored and orange. 
 
 lutea-alba, crust thin, smooth, white: receptacles crowded, at length convex, hemis- 
 pheric, margined, yellowisii red; white within. Var. Iiolocarpa, has a dirty cine- 
 reous yellow crust, and minute, flattish, yellowish orange, sub-obliterated recep- 
 tacles. On the bark of trees; rarely on rocks. 
 
 Crust deform<:d or foUaceous, 
 
 glohifera, crust imbricate, fuscous; lobes round, entire, or sub-lobed, flexuose, sub- 
 rugose; white beneath: receptacles at length sub-emarginate, sub-globose, obscurely 
 reddish-yellow. On rocks. 
 
 decipicns, crust sub-imbricate; lobes somewhat separated, sub-peltate, roundish, 
 flesh-colored, and becoming fuscous; white bene.ath: receptacles marginal, convex 
 and sub-globose, sub-emarginate, black.' On the earth, particularly lime-stone 
 mountains. 
 
 sorcdi.iilin, crust orbicular, rugose-plicate, imbricate, cinereous; margins of the lobes 
 elevated, and bearing the fruit-dots; dark beneath, with spongy fibres: receptacles 
 scattered, close pressed, flat, dark.' 
 
 dewissa, Ach. crust warty, sub-imbricated; lobed at the margin: receptacle reddish, 
 depressed. On e>arth and rocks. 
 
 suhulatnniw., crust etiuse, granulated; in some parts lobe-branched, white-cinereous: 
 receptacles crowded, sessile, plano-covex, hemispheric, sub-conlluent, somewhat 
 margined, dark; somewhat dusty within, one-colored. Var. geochroa, is fuscous- 
 cinereous: receptacles sub-globose, often crowded into conglomerate masses, and 
 shining. On earth and decayed moss. 
 
 Lema'nea. In honor of Leman, a French botanist. 4. Alg. 
 JluciidiUs, filaments simple, papillose. Papillae usually ternate. Articulations five 
 times as long as broad. 6 i. 
 Leo'tia.. Gr. Uiotes, {smooth.) 6. Fun. 
 
 infundibiUformis, cap depressed, cinereous, livid, smooth on each side: stipe solid, 
 smooth. On the ground. 3 i. 
 
 ««««, small, cap rugose, white beneath,' smooth brown: stipe solid cylindrical, white. 
 
 On trees. ^ i. 
 , Lbpuakia. Gr. fc^^ra, (leprosy, scaly.) 5. Lie. 
 
 cUorina. crust thick, pulvinaceoUs, bright sulphur-color, composed of a dyst-like sub- 
 stance, collected into somewhat hairy glob. 
 
 fiuta, crust spreading, equal, thin, somewhat cracked, bright-yellow, composed of 
 sub-globose granules. 
 
 viresccns, crustaceous, granulated, continuous, somewhat gelatinous; greyish, dull- 
 green when dry; bright-green wiien wet. 
 farinosa, crust very thin, membranaceous, becoming white; suffused with white con- 
 globated dust. On bark of old trees. 
 Lehtostro'hia. Gr. Iqdos, (thin,) stroma, (layer.) 6. Fijn. 
 
 scirpinuni, orbicular, opake, bossed in the centre, at length entirely separating: disk 
 whitish. On the scirpu^, &c. 
 LpsK'iA. In honor of'l,eske, a German botanist. 2. Mus. 
 
 coiii/jressa, decumbent: branches 2ranked, facing two ways, compressed: leaves lance- 
 olate, tlattish, somewhat extended: capsule oblong, straight; lid conic. On trunks 
 of trees. 
 
 acuminujia, creeping: branches short, sub-simple: leaves lance-acuminate, e.^tended, 
 facicled: capsule erect; lid oblique, conic. On trunks of trees. 
 
 imbrkata, creeping: branches shortish, simple, erect bearing flowers: leaves extended, 
 ovate, acutisii, imbricate: capsule oblong, erect: lid conic. 
 
 gracilescens, creeping: brandies somewhat simple: loaves acute, lanceolate, extended, 
 imbricate-spreading: capsule straight; lid conic. On the earili. 
 
 rvpincola, creeping: branches somewhat simple, rising: leaves cordate-acuminate 
 imbricate, spreading: capsule cylindric, erect. On rocks. 
 
itT.. 
 
 612 LESKIA, AlARCHANTIA. 
 
 fasciculosa, Creeping: branches often crowded together in fasciclesj short, simple; 
 leaves cordate, extended, imbricate: calyx extended, long-acuminate: capsule nod- 
 ding. In damp places. 
 
 »flri«, creeping: branchlels simple, ereclish, varying in length: leaves concave,, spread- 
 ing, lance-acummate: calyx a-nd leaves oblong, extended, fascicled: capsule nod- 
 ding. .... 
 
 squarrusa, creeping: the foliation somewhat 2-ranked, depressed, lax-imbricatej with 
 squarrose hooks beTiind; leaver; lanceolate, slenderly acuminate: calyx rather long) 
 linear subulate: capsule nodding in an arch. Damp places. 
 Leucodo.v. Gr. leukos, (, white,) o'lous, (tooth.) 2. Alg. 
 
 marlinicmsis, leaves entire; whorjs muny-flowered, capitate. 
 Li'cEA. Gr. Liknnn, (corn- fan.) C. Fun. 
 
 circumscissu, gregarious, sessile, yeiic^wish or brownish, sub-globose: the upper half 
 of the fruit-covering lid-like: seeds rarely mixed with a filament or two. Under 
 bark. 
 Lichi'na. From its resemblance to lichens. 4. Alg. 
 
 pygriieii, frond flat with spherical tubercles, l i. 
 Lo'PHiUM. Gr. lophos, (eminence.) 6. Fun. 
 
 myteiinii III, somewhat stalked, dilated upwards, striated across, shining. Pine bark. 
 Lycoga'la. Gr. lukos, {wolf,) trala, {tnilk.) 6. Fun. 
 
 punctata., cespitose, round punctate, sub-cinereous. 
 
 miniatu, globular, gregarious, red changing to brown: seed orange-red, at length pur- 
 ple-gray. Rotten wood. 
 Lycoi'Eii'DON. Gr. /«/t«s, (wolf,) perrfo, (explosion.) Wolf puff-ball. 6. Fun. 
 
 bovisla, large, obconic, soft, whiijfsh, plicate beneath: scales broad, often indistinct: 
 at length blackish and spherical. 3 i. 
 
 pratense, while, soft, hemispheric, sub-sessile, smoothish, with scattered warts. Pas- 
 tures. 2 i. 
 
 ujnbrinum, turbinate, a little bossed, cinereous, at length brown; rough with slender 
 warts; gregarious. Pine woods. " ' , 
 
 pyriforme, dirty-grey, base tapering; top pointed; scales Ihin; roots long fibrous. 
 Moist ground, iji. 
 
 excipulifurme, large, white, variable, fruit-converging sub-globose, covered with spine- 
 like warts; stipes smoothish, long plicate. Pastuies. 
 Lyng'bya. \n honor of Lyngbye, a Danish botanist. 4. Alg. 
 
 muralis, filaments stiffish, curved, wavy, thickish, with lax rings. 1 — 12 i. 
 
 M. 
 
 Marchan'tia. In honor of Marchant, a French botanist. 3. Hep. 
 
 poly mor pita- L. (brook liverwort. O. g-y. Ju. If. ) pistillate receptacles radiated; 
 staininate ones peduncled, peltate: fronds crowded together, lobed, neived and 
 covered with small decussate veins. 2 i. Pistillate peduncles very long: nerves of 
 the frond generally brown. On earth and stones, in wet or damp places. 
 
 hirsuta, Sw. (Nov.) pistillate receptacles heLuispherical, sub-entire, margin hirsute; 
 staminate ones sessile, roundish, plano-convex: fronds very broad, brittle, simple, 
 or dichotomous at the apex; margin undulate. Dark green: fronds generally dicho- 
 tomous, and lobed; lobes rounded, undulate, and often crenate: 2 — 3 inches long, 
 and one wide; pistillate, peduncles short. 
 
 /temispAcriffl, L. pistillate r 'ceptacles sub-hemispherical, nearly entire, sub-4-sided: 
 divisions of the proper calyx obtuse: fronds smaller, crenate; beneath dark red; 
 above beautifully green. On rocKy ground. IJ i. 
 
 conica, L. pistillate receptacles conic-ovate, somewhat angular; staminate ones ses- 
 sile: frond long, creeping, verrucose, sinuate. On moist banks, wall, stones, &c. 
 2i. 
 
 crinita. Mx. (Summer,) small margin of the frond colored, ernse-crenate: lobes round- 
 ish: pistillate receptacles sub-globose, 5-lobed; with long filaments proceeding from 
 between them: margin and lower surface of the frond purple. On flat rocks. 
 
 androgyna, recept. of tiie thecae hemispherical, half 4-cleft, of 4 cells. 
 
 tenella, L. small: frond fork-dichotomous, narrow: pistillate receptacle sub-conic, with 
 a many-cleft membrane below; divisions ligulate-linear: peduncles longish, delicate. 
 Receptacles 3-cleft; divisions rounded. Frond green; beneath purple. 
 
MEESIA, NECKERA. ' 513 
 
 Mef.s'ia. In honor of David Meese. 2. Mus. 
 t/^'-mosw, stem simple, shorl: leaves linear, obtuse: capsule pear-form; lid obtuse. 
 
 in marshes. 
 
 Mkru'i,ius. Lat. merulius (morel, fungus.) 0. Fun. 
 ttichrijiuans, effused, large, yellow rusty or orange: margin white and cottony: veins 
 
 large, forming irregular sinuosities. Decaying wood. Dry rot. 
 
 MksogloI'a. Gr. '//lesos (middle) i;/o/os (viscid.) 4. AJg. 
 vermicutaris, frond yellowish-brown. Branches divaricating. 5 i. 
 
 AliTRATA. Lat. mitro, (turban.) 6. Fun. 
 paludosa, yellow, sub-gregarious: cap orange-yellow, obtuse, hollow: margin connatej 
 
 with stipe. In wet places. 1 i. 
 abktis, gregarious, solid: seed-bed ovate, yellow: stipe slender, dark brown, flexuose 
 
 at the base. Spruce and fir woods. ^ i. 
 
 Mnium. Gr. mnion (moss.) 2. Mus. 
 honium, leaves lance-ovate, serrate: peduncles curved: capsule ovate, pendulous; lid 
 
 obtuse. 
 paiustrc, stqm erect, elongated, branching: leaves lanceolate, keeled, acUte; upper 
 
 ones bent over to one side: capsule oblong, sub-erect; lid conic, acute. In damp 
 
 woods and fens. 
 
 Moni'lia. l^at. monile, (ornament, necklace.) G. Fun. 
 aurea, in beautiful tufted heads, golden yellow, stiped. On rotten wood. 
 fntdgcna. stemless, cespltose, roundish, white-cinereous: thread, mould-like, with 
 
 ovate articulations. 
 
 Morchel'la. German, morchel, (latticed mushroom.) 6. Fun. 
 esculenta, cap round or oval; margin contracted round the stipe: areoles much hol- 
 lowed: stipe white, dilated towards the base. 3 i. 
 ■patida, cap obtuse separate as far as the middle: areoles rhomboid: stipes smooth. 
 
 Earth, damp and middling. 3 i. 
 scniilibern, cap short, conic, spread at the base: areole^ slialiow, partly formed of 
 
 parallel ribs; stipes long-equal: thick white. Woods. 4 i. 
 
 Mougeo'tia. In honor of Mougeot, a botanist. 4. Alg. 
 gemiflexa, filaments kneejointed. Articulations six times as long as broad. 1 — 12 i. 
 
 Mu'coR. Gr. rnukes, (a sinall mushroom.) Mouldiness. 6. Fun. 
 siercorea, byssus-like, or hair-like, white becoming yellowish: stipes erect or lax, 
 
 simple, bearing a small globule at the end. On manure. 2 i. 
 
 MvRiococ'cuM. Gr. 7/n//-?'os, (a thousand,) /:oA:A;ti«, (seed.) 6. Fun. 
 precox, tubercles superficial, deformed, conflueni, resembling spherias. On dead 
 
 leaves. ^ i. 
 
 N. 
 
 Naemate'lta. Gr. naima, (gelatine,} ci?eo, (to enwrap or roll up. ) C. Fun. 
 incepliala, sub^sessile, powdery, plait-wrinkled, pale flesh-coJor, becoming dry. OH 
 dead pine and ficsh. 4 i. 
 Neckeka. In honor of Necker, a German botanist. 2. Mus. 
 
 1 . Leaves 2-rankcd. 
 
 peimata, fofiage 2-ranked, compressed; leaves lance-oval, acuminate, nerveless; disk 
 undulated: capsule immersed in tire calyx (pericheth,) lid sub-conic and somewhat 
 cuspidate. On trunks of trees. 
 
 macTopodia, decumbent, sub-ramose: leaves flattish, lanceolate, facing two ways: 
 capsule cylindric, strait, terminating in a long bristle. 
 
 2. Leaves imbricate ecery way. 
 
 cladorhizans, creeping: branchlets spreading and somewhat 2- tanked: summit rooting 
 in some: leaves somewhat depressed-imbricale, oval, acute, nerveless: capsule 
 cylindric: lid somewhat conic, oblong, obtuse; columella exsert. On trees. 
 
 seductrix, creeping: somewhat ascending: branchlets erect, in some places fascicled: 
 leaves closely imbricate in a cylinder, oval, acuminate nerveless: capsule cylindric; 
 lid from the base conic, shortish, cuspidate. 
 
 viticulosa, stem ascending, simple or with iew branches: leaves lax, from the side of 
 the base ligulate-obtuse: capsule oblong; lid conic, long-cuspidate, small. On 
 trunks of trees. 
 
 6.5 
 
514 NEPHROMA, PARMELIA. 
 
 Nephro'ma. Gr. nephros (a kidney. ) 5 Lie. 
 resupinata, thallus. grejish-brown, pale, pubescent, and granulated beneath: fertile 
 
 lobules very short: apothecia, large, niiinerous reddish. 
 
 Nidltla'ria. L;U. nidus, ()iesl.) (i. Fun. . 
 
 striata, obconic, liirsute, brown, striate inside. On rotten leaves, &c. i i. 
 crucibulu/n, bell-cylindric, truncate at e*ch end, somewhat downy, ochre brown, 
 
 smooth and pale, yellow inside. Pine bark. J i. 
 campaimlata, cainpanulate, villose, ash-brown, lead-color and shining within, i i. 
 
 Nosroc. Gr. ?tos<os, (turning, god of mills. ) 4. Alg. 
 commune, frond expanded, deformed, plaited, wavy. 2 i. , 
 
 pruniformc, frond globose, watery inside. Integument coriaceous, very smooth. I i. 
 
 O. 
 
 OsYGE'ffA. Gr. nnvx, (a hoof,') geinomai, (to bear or produce.) 6. Fun. 
 equina, stipes short, sub-fibrous: fruit-covering scabrous, closed; sejeds ovate. On 
 
 decaying hoofs, i i- 
 
 Opegrapha. Gr. ope, {cra.ck,) grapko, (to write.) 5. Lie. 
 macutaris, crust very thin, brownish-black: apothecia minute, much crowded, roundish, 
 
 elliptical, at length rugose, irregular; disk very narrow. 
 kerpetica, crust somewhat membranous, very finel}- cracked, rugose roughish, cine- 
 
 rious-brown: apothecia minute, innate, clustered, convex, elliptical, oblong, 
 
 straight, with a crack-like disk. 
 qnpast(i,.CTastveTy thin, of a regular figure, ipolished cinereous: apothecia, innate, 
 
 minute convex, rugulose, opake^ various; smaller dot-like; longer, very sender, 
 
 flexuose, somewhat branched. 
 abnormis, crust thin, softish, white: receptacles immersed, very thin, short and long, 
 
 flexuous, confluent, rugose-crisped: scarcely any distinct, margin and disk. On 
 
 the hard bark of trees. 
 rimalis, crust effuse, becoming cinereous^ receptacles sessile, oblorig, straightish, 
 
 simple, tumid: disk channelled, concave; margins elevated, subrintiexed, parallel. 
 
 On bark of trees. 
 vulvcUa, Ach. receptacles elliptic, gaping in the middle. 
 vultrata, crust between cartilaginous and membranaceous, somewhat scaly, smoothish, 
 
 greyish-white: apothecia Sessile, long or roundish, waved, somewhat shining, with 
 
 the disk very narrow. 
 notha, crust cartilaginous, lep white,: apothecia scattered, sessile, round and oval, de- 
 formed; disk flat, becoming convex. 
 
 Or'thotri'chum. Gr. or</«o5, (straight,) <ric/to.f, (hair.) 2. Mus. 
 cupuiatum, peristome simple; teeth witii pits, capsule immersed, sub-sulcate; calyptre 
 
 globe-bell-form. glabrous,: stem ramose: leaves Iqnce-ovate. 
 strangulatum, peristome simple; teeth 16, entire; capsule immersed, sulcate, con- 
 tracted in the middle: leaves lanceolate, sub-entire, obtusish: stem cespitose, erect, 
 
 .sub-ramose: calyptre campanulate, with S furrows. 
 coarctalum. inner peristome 8-toolhed: germ ejsert at the extremities: plaited. 
 striatum, teeth of the inner peristome 16, lanceolate, erose: germ immersed, smooth: 
 
 leaves lanceolate. 
 
 Ozo'nium. Gr. oxos, (a branch.) 6. Fun. 
 auricomum, irregular, rigid, diverging from a common centre when young; afterwards 
 
 straggling: filaments tawny-yellow, compressed; sizes various'. On decaying 
 
 wood. 3i. 
 
 P. 
 
 Palmelia. Lat. /w/ma, (palm.) 4. Alg. 
 protuherans, frond thick, angular-lobed. Granules elliptical, i i. 
 botrioidcs, fronds aggregate, minute, globose. Granules globose. 
 cnicnta, frond crust-like, crimson. > 
 
 Parmelia. Gr. ;)rtr//i6, (shield.) ei/eo, (to enroll.) 5. Lie. 
 scortea, thallus roundish, sub-coriaceous, whitish, smooth, finely dotted with black, 
 
 hispid beneath: lobes longish sinuate-crenate cut; apothecia rulous-biovvn. li i. 
 perforata, thallus orbicular, glaucous, green, naked, with black fibres on the under 
 
 side; lobes rounded, cut, flat, somewhat plaited at the edge: apothecia rufous. ?> i. 
 
PARMELIA. 515 
 
 herbacea, llvallus orbicular, membranaceous, brlglit green above, beneath pale brown, 
 almost white and downy; lobes waved and cut, the segments rounded, sub-crenate, 
 apothecia red, the margin intlexed, rugose and crcnate. IJ i. 
 
 olivacea, thallus orbicular, olive-brown, rugged, with elevated points, paler beneath 
 and fibrous; lobes radiating, appressed, plane, dilated, rounded and crenate; apothe- 
 cia dark-brown: the margin crenulated. 2 i. 
 
 parielina, thallus orbicular, bright-yellow; beneath paler and fibrillose; the lobes radi- 
 ating, appressed, plane, dilated, round, crenate and crisped at the extremity: 
 apothecia of the same color as the crust, th^ir margin entire, rounded, crenate and 
 crisped at the estrenutics. 2 i. 
 
 tiliacea, tiiallus orbicular, membranous, glaucous, ash-colored, blackish brown be- 
 neath; lobes sinuate cut, the end ones roundish crenated. Apothecia brownish 
 with an entire edge. 6 i. _ 
 
 saxatiUs, thallus orbicular, greyish, rough and pitted, beneath black and fibrillose; the 
 segments imbricated, sinuated, plane, subretuse. Apothecia bright chesnut brown, 
 iheir margin sub-crenulated. 2i i. 
 
 aqidla, thallus orbicular, tawny brown, palerbeneath with blackish fibres; the segment 
 multipartite, nearly linear, convex, those of the circumference dilated, nearly plane 
 and crenate: apotliecia dark brown, tiieir margin crenated. 4 i. 
 
 conspcrsa, thallus orbicular, greenish yellow, smooth with blackish dots, brown and 
 fibrillose beneath; segments sinuate-lobate rounded crenate, nearly plane: apothecia 
 central, chesnul-brown, with tiie margin nearly entire. ]| i. 
 
 speciosa, thallus stellated, glabrous, greenish-white, beneath snowy-white, with grey- 
 ish fibres: the segments imbricated linear plane, cut and branched crenate, their 
 extremities ascending and powdery: apothecia central brown with a tumid singular- 
 ly rough and crenated border. 2 i. 
 
 pulvenikiila, thallus stellated, deep, glaucous-green, caesious and pruinose when dry, 
 beneath black, downy and hispid; the segments linear, multifid in the circumference, 
 plane appressed, waved retuse at the extremities: apothecia glaucous black, the 
 margin entire and -waved, at length leafy. 
 
 stclldris, thallus stellate at lengtli rugged and granulated, greyish-green, beneath with 
 grey fibres; the segments sublinear, rather convex cut-multifid; apothecia glaucous 
 black, their margin entire, at length waved and crenate. "l 
 
 caesia, stellate, greyish-while and glaucous sorediferous, ash-colored beneath with 
 black fibres: segments linear, cut-nuillifid convex but plane at extremities: fructifi- 
 cation sub-corjcave black with a sub-inflexed border. 
 
 phijsodes, thallus sub-slell.ited glaucous white, beneath brownish black; the segments 
 sinuate, multifid, convex, glabrous, inflated and ascending at the extremity: 
 apothecia red-biown, tlieir margins entire. 
 
 capcrata, (shield lichen. O.) frond orbicular, pale yellow, becoming green, rugose at 
 length granulated, dark and hispid beneath; lobes plicate, sinuate-lacinate, round- 
 ish, somewhat entire: receptacles scattered, sub-frescuous: margin incurved, entire, 
 at length pulverulent. Var. cylisphora, smoothisii, naked; lobes gash-crenate: re- 
 ceptacles of the central lobes margined, elevated, small. On old timber, &c. 
 
 gallnna, frond orbicular, smooth, becoming cinereous, the outer margin leaden-blue, 
 with dark punctures, dark beneath, hispid with spongy fibres;' lobes imbricate, flat, 
 sinuate-lacinate, crenate: central receptacles concave, dark-purple, shining; mar- 
 gin entire. On old wood. 
 
 placarodia, frond orbicular, smooth, pale-livid, sprinkled witli black elevated specks, 
 glabrous rugose, milky beneath, with dark cinereous impressions; divisions plicate, 
 concrete, round crisped crenate at the apex: receptacles scattered, elevated, light 
 fuscous, somewhat concealed by the inflexed, rugose, crenate margin. On decay- 
 ing wood. 
 
 crinita, frond orbicular, from white becoming pale glaucous, scabrous, with scattered 
 grains and corol-like branchlets; dark glabrous, a little rugose beneath; rarely 
 fibrous; divisions ratlier long, sinuate-lobed at the margin, and erose-crenate, 
 ciliate, obtuse at the apex. 
 
 rudintii, frond orbicular, pale cinereous, becoming green; t|iickly bent with corol-like 
 opophyses of an unitbrin color; dirty white, wrinkled, fibrous beneath; divisions 
 concrete, undulate-plicate, roundish at the margins, torn-crenate: receptacles 
 scattered, small, obscurely fuscous; margin thin, at length rugose-crenate. On 
 old wood. " ■ 
 
 sub-mar giiialis, frond membranaceous, smoothish, becoming cinereous; very dark 
 
616 I'ARMELIA, PELTIDEA. 
 
 beneatli, becoming fuscous at the periphery: receptacles somewhat margined, con- 
 cave, fuscous, wrinkled outside; margin simple. On trunks of trees. 
 setosa, frond stellate, beconiing while glaucous; becoming ragged beneath, with tlio 
 dark hispid, ranjose, interwoven fibres; divisions-many-cleft, linear, separated, flat; 
 magins here and there bearing fruit-dots; ciliae very dense and long. 
 mickauxii, frond somewhat olive-color, a little shining: divisions convex, sinuate- 
 
 lobed, dilated at the apex: receptacles chesnut-fuscous. On rocks. 
 congruens, frond stellate, becoming pale white' and fuscous-cinereous beneath; tlie 
 fibres and impressions uniform colored; divisions manj'-cleft, lax, flexuose: mar- 
 gins recurved, flattish and crenate at the ajjcx: receptacles elevated, concave, liver- 
 like; margin entire. On trunks of trees. 
 centrifii<ra, frond orbicular, with greenish white zones receding from the centre; white 
 beneath, witli fuscous-cinereous fibres; divisions concrete, convex, rugose, parted 
 dichotomously, oblusish: receptacles with reddish-fuscous peripheries; margins 
 f5ub-entire. On mountains and rocks. 
 fliverskolor . frond sub orbicular, golden yellow, concrete with the rugose, narrow, 
 torn-ramose divisions, white with age; becoming wliite cinereous beneath^ and the 
 impressions uniform colored: receptacles crowded, concave, dark red; margin thick, 
 at length white. ' 
 
 hypoleuca, frond stellate, white, glabrous, naked, very white, soft, sub-tomentose 
 beneath, with hispid dark marginal fibres:, divisions linear, niahy-cleft, flat: recep- 
 tacles scattered, sub fuscous, at length black; margin inflexed, at length crenulate. 
 On trunks of trees, on and among mosses. 
 lopliyrea, frond stellate, white, dark, smooth, naked, excava'ted-punctate beneath: 
 divisions linear, flat, flexuose, sinuate, -many-cleft: receptacles reddish; margins 
 sub-crenale. . , ■ 
 
 granuli/ura, frond orbicular, white, hoa^y, and granular, sprinkled over with snow- 
 white heaps of globules," glabrous, ode colored beneath, fibres and impressions 
 dark; divisions flat, inany-c.eft,' toothcrenate; margins naked: receptacles dark 
 fuscous; margin inflexed, granulated. Ainpng mosses on trunks of trees. 
 conoptm, frond orl)icular, becoming glauscotis green, h6re and there covered with granu- 
 lated dust, becoming blue; dark, with spongy fibres beneath; divisions with flattish, 
 round-lobed, crenate, naked outer edges; maVgins elevate, pulverulent: receptacles 
 reddish yellow.- On mosses and trunks of trees. 
 ohscssa, frond orbicular, white, beset with a corol-like excrescence; apex fuscous; 
 dark, fibrous beneath; divisions with a separate, solitary periphery, erose, many- 
 cleft, flat: receptacles central, flat, dark fuscous; margin granulate-toothed. On 
 the bark of tiees. ' - 
 
 aipolin, frond stellate, becoming white cinereous, grey and naked; white beneath, 
 with dark fuscous fibres; divisions all sub-connate, flattish, many-cleft and^obed: 
 receptacles dark grej -hoary. On the bark of trees. 
 vlothrix, frond stellate, cinereous-glaucous, sub-livid: dark fibrous beneath; divisions 
 separated, linear, dicholomous, -many-cleft, flat^ sub-ciliate: receptacles dark fus- 
 cous; margin entire, ciliate-fibrous beneath. On bark, and trunks of trees. 
 msluLaia, frond orbicular, becoming green glaucous; divisions very smooth, flat, 
 periphery round, incumbent, gash-crenate; all spongy, and dark beneath; sub-in- 
 flated at the apex: receptacles red; margin entire. On the roots of trees. 
 colpodes, frond sub-stellate, becoming pale green; divisions many-cleft, smooth, naked, 
 flattish; sub-inflated at the apex; dark, ragged beneath; receptacles sub-fuscous; 
 margin sub-rugose. On bark of trees. 
 enteronwrplia, frond sub-stellate, becoming whitish green; divisions elongated, sub- 
 divided, eff'use, lax, sub-rugose, inflated; dark, rugose-plicate' beneath: receptacles 
 liver-brown; margin entire. "On trunks of pines, &C. 
 Pkltide'a. Gr. /;t'^/c, (target or shield.) b. Lie. 
 venosa, thallus greenish, ash-color; white beneath, having dark brown prominent 
 branched veins; lobes rounded, cut, somewhat entire: apothecia marginal, plane, 
 rounded, swelling, brown, scarcely crenulate at the margin. 
 Qcutala, thallus ash-colored; whitish and veiny beneatli; tlie lobes rounded, sinuated 
 and cut, crenate and crisped; fertile lobules very short: apothecia orbicular, ascend- 
 ing, nearly plane brown, somewhat entire. 
 horizoutalis, thallus glaucous and brownish green, lobed, crenulate and shining; pale 
 beneath, with numerous brown, branching, reticulated veins; fertile lobules abbre- 
 viated: apothecia terminal, plane, horizontal, transversely oblong, reddish brown^ 
 ^ith a nearly entire margin. 
 
PELTIDEA, PF.ZIZA. 517 
 
 fiphthosa, thallus green, smooth, roundjy lobed, sprinkled with brown warts; whitish 
 bonralii, with brown branching veins; fertile lobules very, long, contracted in the 
 middle; their sides reflexed: apothecia terminal, large, ascending, red-brown, with 
 a lacerated margin. 
 
 caninii, thallus greyish green, with broad, rounded lobes; white beneath, with brown- 
 ish branching veins: lerlile lobules rather long, with their sides rellexed: apothecia 
 terminal, nearly erect, revolute,- reddish brown, with a sub-crenulated border. 
 
 jwlydacliila, thallus glaucous, green, naked, glabrous, with brown reticulated veins 
 beneath; fertile lobules very numerous, elongated, and as well as the brown, ter- 
 minal: apothecia cucullato-revolule. 
 Pori'na. Gr. poriniis, (crumbling.') 5. Lie. 
 
 perttign, crust equal, polished, whitish ash-colored. Warts of apothecia sub-globose. 
 Orifices several, depressed, black. 
 
 /«■«///««(, ciust smooth, equal, becoming white-cinereous: \yarts of the receptacles 
 snb-globose; mouths many, depressed, black. On the bark of trunks of trees. 
 Very common, ' 
 
 falltir, crust sub-effuse, glabrous, plicate-rugose, olive-cinereous: warts of the recep- 
 tacle crowded, irregular, depresssd above, sub-margined with a sub-gibbose, ile.\- 
 irose, tumid peripliery, mouths solitary and numerous,' sub-confluent, deformed, 
 black. On bark of trees. 
 
 paj)iU(ifii, crust smooth, broken-rimose, becoming white: warts of the receptacle 
 convex: mouth elevated, solitary, papjlla-like; pore, reddish-yellow, pertuse. On 
 bark of trees. 
 
 glohiihtris, crust thin, granulated, becoming white cinereous, granulations crowded, 
 white, sub-globose and branching: warts of the receptacles thinly scattered, globose, 
 glabrous; mouth solitary, impressed, punctate, black. 
 Penicil'lum. Lat. ;^e«ic(7/i/m, (sponge ) G. Fun. 
 
 glaucian, -densely tufted, spreading; h'eads of seeas at length glaucous. On rotten 
 vpgetables. 1 — 12 i. 
 Peri'ola. Gr. peri, (about,) iolos, (hairiness.) 6. Fun. 
 
 tonievtdsa, round, deformed,' downy-white. On potatoes. 
 Pezi'za., hciV pezica, (mushroom.) 0. Fun. 
 
 1. Treinelloideae. Substance more or less tremulous. 
 
 inquinnns, in groups, large, dark-slained,^ at length convex, obrconic: rugose and 
 
 brownish outside. Often grows in long series in' autumn, along hewn or cut 
 
 timber. 
 farcoides, cespitose. fleshy-tremulous, soqiewhat firm in texture, fiesh-red, somewhat 
 
 veiny outside. In auiuinn, on cut decaying trunks, &c. 
 cinerea, in groups, small, cinereous or pale, sub-treniuloUs; margin whiter, sub-erect. 
 
 On decaying trunks and branches, in spring and autumn. 
 
 2. Helvelloideae. Larger, fcslnj mcmhranaceous, fragile, £xternally sal-farinaceous. 
 
 nurantiti, stemless, cespitose, halved-flexuose, golden yellow, white externally. P. 
 
 coccmea. Bull. In autumn, on roots and decaying trunks, &c. | i. 
 nmhrina, large, cespitose, contorted, brown. On sandy grass-ground, &c. 
 badia, almost stemless, entire, margin sub-involute, obscurely fuscous, externally 
 
 somewhat olive-colored. An inch and sl half broad. In autumn on the earth, on 
 
 trunks, &c. in woods. 1 i. 
 depressa, sub-orbicular, sessile, depressed, reddish-yellow. Var. appla.natn, cinnamon 
 
 color, expanded; flat and rugose above, paler beneath. In fields on the margin of 
 
 rivers. &c. 
 ace.lalniliim, wineglass-form, stiped: pileus angled oiitside: veins branching: color 
 
 earth-brown-f^scous. Stipe thick, lacunose as in some species/of Helvella. In 
 
 shades. ^ i. 
 
 3. Mostly small. Whole pileus slrigosehirsute, pilose, toinentose, or pubescent. 
 
 fiemispherica, in groups, pretty large, hemispheric; white glaucous within, brown 
 outside. Half an inch broad. In autuVnn on the earth, rarely on trunks. 
 
 scutellata, largish, spread flattened, reddish yellow outside; hispid with dark diverging 
 bristles. On wood in damp places. 
 
518 PEZIZA, PHYSARUM. 
 
 cocctnca, stiped, largish, turbinate or funnel-form: scarlet within, white without and 
 somewhat downy: margin mostly crenate. In the spring on the earth and dead 
 limbs, g i. 
 
 anomalu, sli])ed, crusty-crowded, turbinate: dry crisped, ferruginous or fawn-color: 
 inouth converging, paler. In spring and autumn on dr}' fallen branches. J i. 
 
 4. Mostly small. Jfliolbj glabrous .(or at Icagt not vianifestbj tomcntose) fcshy. or 
 wax-like. 
 
 (Pileus stiped.) 
 
 bolaris, largish, sub-solitary: pileus orbicular funnel-form: outside often rngose-veiny 
 
 and a little fibrous: stipe thick, becoming dark at the base, shortish. In autumn 
 
 on dry stipes, &c. 
 eyoihoidca, in groups, small, white or pale: pileus wineglass-form, unarmed, rather 
 
 thin: stipe long, a little thicker, downwtirds. On the dry stetns of large herbs: 
 
 stipes about the fourth of an inch long. 1-G i. 
 lutescens, small, somewhat in groups, becoming 3'ellow: pileus orbicular: stipe thin. 
 
 cylindric. On the decaying wood of firs, »X:c. 
 pallescens, crowded, glabrous, white; at length becoming pale: pileus somewhat 
 
 funnel-form: stipe rather thick. On trunks of beech, &c. ^ i. 
 
 (Pileus sessile.) 
 
 leucoloma, narrow, depressed, spread, minute; margin white, finely torn. On walls 
 and moss in the spring. 
 
 5. 31ore or less coriaccovs, dry, glabrous or pidvcruhnt, viostly sessile. 
 
 leucomela., bursting, sessile: pileus concave; dark outside and while within. Some- 
 times on hazel brahclies. 1 
 patellaria, in groups, daik, spread flattened, sub-coriaceous, distinctly margined. On 
 
 dry branches of bass wood and sometimes on trunks of oak. 
 pinastri, scattered, sub-stiped, dark-shining; margin acute. On the bark of pines and 
 
 firs, &c. 
 
 Phacid'ium. Gt. p}wI;os, (lentil.) eidns, (appearance.) 6. Fun. 
 coronatum, orbicular, sub-hemispheric, depressed, black, dehiscent, in numerous acute 
 
 segments; disk pale green or yellowish. On dead oak leaves. 
 
 Phallus. Gr. /^//rt/fo^, (a badge worn at the festivals of Bacchus.) 6. Fun. 
 impudicus, volva large: stipe cellular wliite: cells of the pileus contain a greenish, 
 
 fetid seed, bearing slime. Fences. 8 i. 
 preputiosus, stipe sieve-like, sub-incurved: involucrum' indusium-like, fetid. Near 
 
 fences, and on rotten trunks. , 
 
 caninus, head closed on the stipe, ovate, impervious, pink-color. On rotten trunks. 
 
 4 i. 
 
 Phas'ccm. Gr. /;^«s/ion, (moss.) 2. Mus. 
 j}atens, caulescent, erect; capsule about sessile: leaves lance-ovate, serrate at the top, 
 
 spreading. 
 muticum, stemless: capsule sessile: leaves ovate, without points, concave, converg- 
 ing. 
 cervicollum, sub-caulescent: the leaves of the pericheth strait: peduncle incurved: 
 
 •capsule ovate. On dry, gravelly earlii. 
 subuiatum, caulescent, erect: leaves lance-linear, spreading; the summits, fiom the 
 
 broadish base, subulate, rigid: capsule «ub sessile. 
 coherens, sub-caulescent, simple: leaves ovate, acute, nerves solid, serrulate, erect: 
 
 capsules with short bristles. 
 
 Phle'bia. Gt. pidcps, (a vein.) 6. Fun. 
 vaga, efi'used, soft, sulphur-color, circumference expanded and byssus-like; plaits 
 
 distant, irregular. On trees. 
 
 Pho'ma. Gt. phuma, (pustule.) G. Fun. 
 populi, mostly many-celled, roundish, flat, brown-opalline; orifices obsolete. On dead 
 
 poplar leaves. 
 
 Phy'sarum. Gr. pfiusa, (bladder.) 6. Fun. 
 cinerium, sessile, globe-ovate, cinereous; reticulate within with white threads. On 
 
 trunks in autumn. / 
 
PHV.SAHUM, PTERICO-PIiyLLUM. 519 
 
 fariiuuevm, stiped: hark of the fruit very tliin, mealy-villose, cinereous. On pine 
 
 branches, on moss, &!C. ^ 
 
 rmlang, liead <rhjb()se, Hutlish beneath, biuisli grey, nodding: stipes thin, \veak,-white, 
 
 not furrowed: seeds and filaments dark brown. On rotten wood. i. 
 auicuin, seed-covering sub-globose, yellow; stipes slender, longish, brown-grey: seeds 
 
 globose. On decaying trunks. 1 — 12 i. 
 
 Pilo'bolus. Gt. ji'dun, (a cap,) ia/Zo, (to throw.) (5. Fun. 
 cnjslaliiniis, stem-like receptacle inflated upward (rarely filiform) a pointed capitular 
 
 vesicle, round depressed, l)lack. Var. ruridiis, has a globose receptacle with oblong 
 
 filiform stipes; capitular vesicle dot-like black. In horse niaiuire. J i. 
 
 Pilo'tuichum. Gt. pdoo, {to press together) «/tc/tos, (hair. ) 2. Mus. 
 pilotiichiim, elem 2-pinnate; branches 2-ranked, pinnate: peduncles arched: calyplre 
 
 sub-pilose. 
 
 Pistilla'ria. Lat. pistilhnn, (pestile.) 6. Fun. 
 qiusquiliaris, thickened towards the extremity, white, confluent with the stipes. On 
 
 dead fern leaves. ^ i. ^ , . 
 
 PoLYAN'oiuivi. Gr. polus, {many,) aggion, (capsule.) G. Fun. 
 vitcUinum, size of a grain of sand: concreted granulated seeds. On damp trunks. 
 
 Polvpo'rcs. Gr. polus, (many,) poros, (hole or pore.) False boletus. 6. Fun. 
 hctcroditus, sessile, orange; cap imbricate, lobed, villose; pores large deformed. On 
 
 the earth. 
 pcrennis, cap leathery, velvety zoned; pores minute and at length lacerated; plant 
 
 cinnamon color; stipe central. On trunks of trees. 3 i. 
 versicolor, cap mostly reflexed, leathery villose, variegated by zones of different colors; 
 
 ))ores round, white, short. On trees. 1 i. 
 reticularis, fine, resembling byssus. fugaceous white; pores distant, cup-form, pow- 
 dery. On pine wood. 2 i. 
 
 Polysipho'nia. Gr. /jo/tts, (many) s/p/tort, (siphon.) A. Alg. 
 coccinea, filaments very much branched. Primary, not jointed. Branches decom- 
 pound, pinnatifid. Pinnules heterogenous, multifid fascicled. 4 i. 
 nigTcscens, filaments much branched, at the end diffuse. Lower articulations very 
 
 short, when dry nodulose; upper about as long as broad, with 3 veins. 6 i. 
 
 PolVthrin'cium. Gi. polus, (many) thrigkos, (little partitions.) G. Fun. 
 trifoin, appears to the eye as numerous black dots, of unequal size; but each is a 
 
 tuft of filaments; the filaments are moniliform, clavate. On clover leaves. 
 
 PoLYTRi'cHUM. Gr. /^o^MS, (many ) Zrjc/tos, (hair. ) 2. Mus. 
 
 1. Capsules 2ci.(h apophyses. 
 
 juniperinum, (hair-cap moss. O. M. Zf.) stem generally simple: leaves lance-linear, 
 
 entire, flattish, somewhat spreading: the apophyses depressed. In dry woods, Sic. 
 piliferum, stem simple: leaves lanceolate, entire, bearing hairs at the apex: apophysis 
 
 depressed. In dry, sunny places. 
 perigonale, simple, largish: leaves seirate; those of the pericheth differing, elongated, 
 
 membranaceous, ending in a capillary form: capsule 4-sided; lid orbicular, with a 
 
 short apex in the centre; apophysis under the capsule. 
 
 2. Capsules without apophyses. 
 
 capiUare, stem short, simple: leaves few, laxish, linear, aculeate-serrate: peduncles 
 longish, capillary: capsule erect, sub-ovate; lid convex, abruptly mucronate, slen- 
 der, longish. 
 
 braclujphyilum, stemless: leaves conglobate at the root, very shortj oblong o^al, apex 
 obtuse and thickish: capsules sub-dorneojis, ol)ovate, sub-oblqng;, lid with a short 
 • upex. ri» 
 
 brevicanlc, stemless: leaves very few, lowey ones close-pressed, dilated into an oblong 
 form, upper ones mucronate-subulale, obs.curely denticulate: capsule erect, oblong- 
 cylindric: lid convex, long-mucronate, inclined. 
 PoRiMiYRA. Gt. purphuros, {\mr^\e.) 4. Alg. 
 
 laciuiatii, frond flat witii numerous dilated segments. 
 
 Pte'rioophyi-'lum. Gr. 7>/ens, (wing,) /y/d/Z/o/t (leaf ) 2. Mus. 
 
 rigidum, stem erect, pinnate above; leaves sub-2-ranked, obovate, mucronate, serrate, 
 2-nerved. 
 
520 PTERIGYNANDRUM. RAMALINA. 
 
 Pte'rigynan'duum. Gr. /i^em, (wing) «7/ne, (pistil.) 2. Mus. 
 
 intricalum, creejjing and rooting entangled: brandies simple, sliort: leaves concave^' 
 acuminate, lanceolate, leng;thened out: cspsule oblong-ovate; lid sub-oblique. Oil 
 trunks of trees. 
 
 julaccum, stem erect, terete: leaves tliick-inibricate, oval, acuminate, smooth: pe- 
 duncles scarcely ])r(ijtcling out of thn long pericheth: capsules short-ovate; lid 
 conic: calyplre ghibrous. On trunks of trees. 
 
 brachycluduii, stem creeping; branches very short, crowded, erect, simple, terete^ 
 acutish: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, nerveless: capsules erect, sub-cylindric, 
 with a long, conic, 'sub-oblique lid. 
 
 hhtdlum, branchlets slender-tiliform, simple, short: leaves imbricated in a cylinder, 
 sub-cordate, a little hirsute, fringed: capsule oblong; lid long-conic. On trees. 
 
 suh-capillatum, creeping, rarely rising, simple, Hower-bearing: leaves ovate-acuminate 
 with a halved prolongation, imbricate: capsule oblong; lid beaked: calyptre sub- 
 pilose. 
 Ptilo'ta. Gr. /j^i^M^os, (pinnate or pinnatifid.) 4. Alg. 
 
 pliimosa, jugament filiform compressed. Pinnules opposite pectinate-cut. 4 i. 
 Puccin'ia. Gf. piika, (close-packed.) Bligiit. 6. Fun. i 
 
 Tubi, deep-black tufled: seeds 4-celled obtuse-niucronate: 'stipes slender condensed at 
 the base. Under bramble leaves. .. ' 
 
 avkultir, punctiform, minutely tufted, roundish, black-brown; seeds crowded, ob- 
 tusely ovale with a long flexuose, filiform pedicel. On kn.ot-gfass. 
 
 polygonl, minule, round, crowded, brovvnish-ied: upper cell of the seed thick globose, 
 the lower one long <ind narrow: stipes short. On the P. amphibium, under the 
 leaves. 
 
 variabilis, in minute tufts, black, nearly circular, bordered by the remains of the old 
 cuticle; seeds variable; stipes sliort. 
 
 graminis, tufts dense, oblong, often confluent, forming long parallel lines in the 
 direction of grassy fibres; color yellowi.sh brown, becoming black: seeds elongated 
 with the upper cell shortest, containing dust: stipes filiform. On wheat and other 
 grasses. Called rust or blight. 
 
 globosa, minute, scfitteied, blackish: seeds globose with filiform slender stipes. On 
 bean leaves. 
 Pyke'nula. G-r. pwrrm, (kernel. ) 5. Lie. 
 
 nitida, crust cartilaginous, membranous polished, pale, brownish cinereous. Warts 
 of apothecia closed, closely surrounding the upper projecting part of the thalamium. 
 H i- 
 
 umbonota, crust tartareous, regular, finely cracked, cinereous, rufous. Warts of apo- 
 thecia smooth, reddish, depressed above, forming a margin to the papilla-like 
 prominent orifice. 1^ i. 
 
 Raco'dium. Gr. rrt/cos, (a rag. ) 6. Fun. 
 
 celtare, soft, lax, interwoven, of a greenish black, filaments intermixed with irregular 
 granules. In sooty cellars. 
 
 rupeslre, compact, black, adnate to rocks. 
 
 xylostroma, veiy broad, soft, ochre-yellow, spreading among the cleavages of decay- 
 ing wood. Oak-leather, spunk, tinder. 
 
 papyraccHin, v/hile thin paper-like. Paper-spunk. Spreading among the cleavages 
 of decaying wood. 
 RiMALi'NA. Lat. ramoZiwa, (a little branch.) Many branches. 5. Lie. 
 
 fraxinea, thallus plane, linear-laciniated, greyish white, glabrous, but rugose and 
 pitted, sub-reticulated: the ultimate branches attenuated: apothecia mostly mar- 
 ginal, plane, pale, Hesh-colored. 
 
 fustigiaiu, thallus comproesed, glabrous, pitted, branched, glaucous, white, branches 
 thickened and fasligiated upwards: apothecia numerous, terminal peltate, sub- 
 s.essile, white. 
 
 farinacea, thallus compressed, glabrous, somewhat pitted, bearing powdery warts, 
 rigid branched, greyish or greenish white. Branches linear attenuated: apothecia 
 scattered on short stalks, plane, somewhat margined, whitish. 
 
 poUinaria, thallus flat, somewhat membranous, smooth, a little pitted, while, torn, 
 occasionally powdery, with dilated, fiat soredia: apothecia nearly terminal, very 
 large. 
 
RAMALFNA, SCLEROTIUM. 521 
 
 homolea, frond compressed, 2-edged, smooth, naked, ramose, becomin<T pale-white, 
 sub-ramose crosswise; brandies dicholomous attenuated: receptacles scattered, 
 affixed at the centre, a little concave, somewhat margined, uniform colored. 
 
 polijiiioiplid, frond riat-coniprcssed or teietish, torn-branched, pale, longitudinally 
 lucunose: fruit-dots scattered, sub-elhplic and terminal, head-form: receptacles 
 sub-marginal, a little concave; disk fleshy, sonievvhat hoary. On rocks and 
 stones. 
 Riiizjpo'GnN. Gr. r/zrt, (root, ) /WiT"", (beard.) 6. Fun. 
 
 albii^. round, sub-rugose, whilisli-bruwn, hl)ruus at the base. Roadsides. J i. 
 Rhodi.mk'la. (jr. rodos, (red.) 7ndo.<, (a limb.) 4. Alg. 
 
 dcntalii, frond Hat, obsoletely ribbed, alternately bipinnatifid. Pinnae linear cuneate. 
 Pinnules cut. Thecae urceolate. 4 i. 
 
 hjco/jodiuidcs, .stem filiform, covered with setaceous, densely imbricated scale-like 
 processes. 6 i. 
 Rhytis'ma. Gr. rutis, (wrinkle.) G. Fun. 
 
 corrusrutum, minute, innate on the surface, rugose plaited, open with many zigzag 
 cracks. On lichens. 
 RicciA. In honor of Ricci, a botanist of Florence. 4. Alg. 
 
 nutans, (floating hverwnrt. O. Ju. ) fronds obcordate, with apexes meeting so as to 
 form the sectors of circles, flat: radicles beneath flat. It floats on the water, with 
 its short flat rools extending a little distance into it. Color sea-green. Each 
 congeries of floating fronds hardly an inch in diameter. Channels run on their 
 backs, like midribs in leaves. 4 i. by j. 
 
 fidtaas, (forkstems. O. .T. ) fronds repeatedly forked, linear, convex or sub-cylindric, 
 smooth, reticulate, obtuse and cloven at the tips. Very plenty from Lake Superior 
 to Boston, in water, among lemna. It is pellucid and cellular, 2 or 3 inches long. 
 It has nothing resembling a root; but the whole plant appears rather like the stems 
 of some plants. 
 
 glauca, frond radiating from a centre, dichotomous, flat, reticulate. J to 1 i. 
 
 lutescens, Sz. frond dichotomous or tiichotomous, tliick at tiie apex, inflexed and bifid 
 at the margin; lobes at the margin free; the middle nerve with radicles impressed 
 above, convex beneath, substance porous, standing out from tubercles filled within 
 with ininute granulations. In dried swamps, forming yellow patches two inches 
 in diametei. On the earth, largish, orbicular and confluent. Is this an American 
 species? 
 Rivula'ria.. Lat. ricw/Ms, (a brook. ) 4. Alg. 
 
 atra, frond hemispherical hard. Filaments very dense, branched by apposition. 
 
 angvlusa, frond globose, hollow. Filaments simple. \ i. 
 
 Roccel'la. Portuguese roccha, (a little rock, its place of growth.) 5. Lie. 
 tinctoriu, tiiallus rounded, glaucous, green, somewhat branched, nearly erect: apo- 
 
 thecia scattered, elevated; disk flat, caesious, pruinose, as broad as the border. 
 
 Rubi'go. h?Lt.^ubigo, (rust, blight, mildew.) 6. Fun. 
 alnca, irregulaily tufted, confluent, whitish, at length reddish brown. Under alder 
 
 leaves, &c. 
 
 ScHisTin'iuM. Gr. schisios, (split.) 2. Mus. 
 cilktum, stem ramose: leaves lance-ovate, concave, denticulate: calyptre very long. 
 
 Schizophyl'lum. Gr. sc//i:o, (to cut,) /^/(m//ow, (a leaf ) 6. Fun. 
 commune, cut or torn in appearance, gregareous. On trunks of living trees. 2 i. 
 
 Sclf.roder'ma. Gr. skleron, (hard.) derma, (skin.) Bark |)uff-ball. 0. Fun. 
 citrinum, middle-sized, roundish, long-rooted, pale lemon, obsoletely scaly; scales 
 
 thickish. On oak roots. 2 i. 
 cepa, globose, sub-depres.«ed, firm, smooth or warty, sessile; stipe short, thick; 
 
 scarcely any root, In cultivated fields. 2 i. 
 spadke.iim, gregarious, somewhat spotted, smooth, brown: root hard fibrous. On 
 
 beech trunks, &.c. ) i. 
 
 Sci.KROTiUM. Gr. skleins, (hard.) Dwarf puff-ball. G. Fun, 
 semen, separate, spherical, whitish yellow„becoming black and wrinkled, white inside; 
 
 sometimes clustered. On dead leaves. J i. 
 senteiiainm, orbicular, flattened, at length somewhat concave in the middle, fixed 
 
 beneath by a central filamentous point. On leaves of trees, underside. 
 66 
 
522 SCLERGTIUM, SPHAERlA. 
 
 durum, deep black, oval or elongated, at length sub-striate or rugose, white within. 
 
 On dead herbaceous stems. 
 
 Scytone'ma. Gr. 5/iM^<s, (leather,) ncTna, (thread.) 4. Alg. 
 byssoidcum, filaments simple, erect, very short, flexuose-crisped, entangled in a black 
 
 layer. 1 i. 
 
 ScYTosi'pHON. Gr. .sfcHtos, (leather.) s//;/(on, (siphon.) 4. Alg. 
 filum. frond quite simple. 240 i. 
 
 Sepedo'nium. Gr. sepedon, (putrescence.) 6. Fun. 
 mycophilum, spreading widely within putrefying agaries and boletuses: filaments 
 
 white: seeds profiise, orange-yellow. On dying fungi. 
 
 Septa'ria. Lat. septum, (partition.) 6. Fun. 
 vlmi, spherules aggregated: seeds 3 or 4 times divided: tendril often becoming effused. 
 
 On elm leaves. 
 
 Sistotrf.'ma. Gr. svnestemi, (to compound,) Ircma, (pore.) G. Fun. 
 covflums, pores in regular series, gregarious becoming concrete, fragile, scentless, 
 
 white becoming yellow. On road sides. 1 i. 
 anereiim, imbricate, suberose; pileus halved, hirsute, cinereous beneath. On trunks 
 
 of trees. 
 violaceum, halved, imbricate, tomentose, white becoming violet beneath. On trees. 
 querdnum, giabrouS; pale, reddish yellow: teeth thick, deformed, gashed, sub-close 
 
 pressed. On oak branches. 
 cerasi, small, orbicular, gibbose, pale, downy at the margin; teeth variops, thick, 
 
 close pressed. On branches and roots. 
 
 Sole'nia. Gr. 5o/c7i (a tube.) 4. Alg. 
 inUMinnlis , frond tubular inflated sTmple. 24 i. 
 
 Solori'na. Gr. so/os, (solid,) /7'«os, (rind, skin.) 5. Lie. 
 crocca, thallus green, (brown and dry,) lobed, beneath vein}', and of a fine saffron- 
 color: apothecia somewhat tomentose brown, li i. 
 
 Spatula'ria. Lat. spatula, (plaster-knife.) C. Fun. 
 fiavida, pileus pale becoming yellowish: stipe pale. On dead leaves. 1| i- 
 
 Sphacella'ria. Gr. spliukdos, (mortification.) 4. Alg. 
 racemosa, filaments twice or thrice dichotom. Articulations as long as broad. Tuber- 
 cles ovate, racemose, on branched peduncles. 1 i. 
 radicans, filaments branched, rooting, straight. Branches scattered, simple erect 
 
 obtuse, tapering at the base. Articulations twice as broad as long. | i. 
 clrrhosa, filaments much branched, five striated. Branches alternate, somewhat pin- 
 nated. Articulations as long as broad. 1 i. 
 
 Sphae'ria. Gr. 5/;/i«(V«, (globe. ) 6. Fun. 
 
 ) , Caulescent, or the receptacle elongated, clavate, corky, furnished with a trunk. 
 
 hulhosa, (globule fungus. S.) on the earth, sub-ramose, glabrous, dark-cinereous: root 
 
 tuberocfs. On the earth in autumn in pine woods. 
 hypoxylon, gregarious, ramose, compressed, hirsute at the base. On decaying trupks 
 
 of trees. 
 di^itata, cespitose, black: stipes glabrous, connate at the base, clavate, terete; ape.x 
 
 'acuminate, sterile. In woods. 
 polymorpha, gregarious, forms various: clavules (little clubs) ventricose, surrounded 
 
 every where with spherules. In beech woods. On trunks of trees. 
 
 2. Receptacle without a stem, roundish and opening: tubercle icith bordering spherules., 
 
 concentrica, obovate and somewhat roundish, large; interrupted with concentric layers 
 
 within. On trunks of the ash and willow. 
 ruliiformis, large, wholly black: spherules globose, a little prominent. On dry trunks. 
 fragiformis, gregarious, sub-confluent, rust-colored, dark-shining within: spherules 
 
 papillose. On beech trunks. 
 arorillacea, scattered, sub-globose, clay-colored, or yellow-cinereous: spherules a 
 
 little prominent, papillose; substance softish, becoming sooty-yellow. On trunks 
 
 of ash trees. 
 rubiorinasaf opening widely, rugose, yellow, becoming rust-colored: spherules some- 
 
 w1iat concealed. On branches in shady places. 
 (ohncrcns, gregarious, confluent, flatlish; at fiist Jirly yellow, smooth; at length 
 
dark colored and somewhat blistered. Adhering to the trunks of trees, particularly 
 
 the beech. 
 melo (Tram inn, somewhat in rows, bursting, ob-conic, dark-sooty: spherules somewhat 
 
 prominent. Bursting from under the cuticle of branches or trees, particularly the 
 
 beech. 
 ribesia, bursting, softj oval, sub-depressed; spherules dissected, growing white. 
 
 Bursting from under the cutijle of the branches of the Ribes rubrum in the winter. 
 
 3. Form various, opening, orbicular or round: spherules scnitered, horizontal, immersed 
 in fleshy coverings; little mouths scattered, mostlij somewhat prominent, papillose or 
 aculeate. Compound. 
 
 deusta, opening widely, thick, undulate-rugose, blistered; at first fleshy, white-cine- 
 reous, pulverulent, at length black, rigid. On trunks in woods; frequent. 
 
 lenta, aggregated, sub-orbicular, black: disk gibbose; margin repand. On the trunks 
 and roots of fallen beech trees; found in autumn. 
 
 insitiva, compound, cortical, ilat, linear-acuminate, white, single-headed; a veil con- 
 nate, with the substance of tiie fungus; spherules papillose, black. In the fissures 
 of the cuticle on decaying grape vines. 
 
 macula, compound, of various torms, very flat, black, single-headed: spherules globose 
 acuminate, covered with a fugaceous veil. On dry oaken branches, after long 
 storms. 
 
 serpens, open, unequal, naked, becoming dark-colored: spherules somewhat promi- 
 nent. On oak and beech wood; sometimes on willow. 
 
 stigma, opening around, su)oolli, ramose; little mouths immersed, flattish. In the 
 fissures of thorn trees. 
 
 podoideSj crowded together, hard, unequal: little mouths spinose, mostly bursting at 
 the sides. On trurjks of oak. 
 
 ceratosperma, roundish, convex, scattered: little mouths spinose, bursting from the 
 middle. In the bark of the Rosa canina, in July. 
 
 disciformis, scattered, orbicular, Hattish, smooth: little mouths immersed, resembling 
 punctures. In the dry cracks of beech, resembling pimples of a dark shining color, 
 white-cinereous within. 
 
 4. Opening, sphendes horizontal, at first solitary at the margin, afterwards confluent, not 
 joined with a fleshy substance or manifest layers ; some are distant, but in some way 
 connected by the crust. 
 
 nebidosa, grey: spherules very minute, scattered, forming unequally linear, interrupt- 
 ed dark grey spots; little mcfuths prominent, sub-acute. On the stems of large 
 herbaceous plants. 
 
 relata, covering very broad: spherules scattered, immersed, covered with a sub-mem 
 branous crust; little mouths sub-prominent. Under the cuticle of the Tilia. 
 
 spiculosa, somewhat opening, dark-stained: little mouths long, terete, very slender. 
 Immersed in dark colored brandies. 
 
 5. Spherules heaped together on the receptacle, lohirh is crust-like, conic, in Utile cespitose 
 bunches ; little mouths converging towards the middle. 
 
 ciliata, roundish: spherules nested in the prominent substance of the bark; little 
 
 mouths very long, divaricate, sub-flaccid. On the branches of elms. 
 Jimhriata, upon leaves, sub-circinal; little mouths spinose, clavate, surrounded at 
 
 the base by a white fringe. Frequent on the leaves of the Carpinus. 
 niven, conic, with a white, farinaceous disk: little mouths prominent, papillose. On 
 
 the dry branches of poplars. 
 leucastoma, disk truncate, white, perforated with blackening pores. On the stems 
 
 and dry branches of pluui trees and cherry trees of our orchards. 
 pustuLata, sub-lenticular, with short, contracted necks: disk sooty, perforated with 
 
 one pore. On willow branches. 
 
 6. Spherules arranged in a circle, decnmhent, naked, nesting under the epidermis; little 
 
 mouths approximate, vioslly bursting. 
 
 pulchella, compassed about, naked: little mouths very long, flexuose. Under the 
 cuticle of the branches of the common garden cherry tree. 
 
524 SPHAERIA, SPHAEROBOLUS. 
 
 coronata, compassed about; little mouths thick, obtuse, smooth. On the branches 
 
 of the thorn tree; rare. 
 faginea, compassed about: little mouths hooked and luorged. On the branches of the 
 
 beech. 
 converitens^ compassed about, concealed, naked: splienilcs ovate, erectish; little 
 
 mouths strait, somewhat bursting. Nesting in the sub.stance of the bark of some 
 
 branches. 
 iesseUfi, compassed about, bound with a black line: little mouths distant, or with 4 
 
 or 5 black punctures. On willow branches. 
 
 7. Bursting in a roundish, cespitose bunch : spherules free among themselves, papilla- 
 like, selling on the receptacle. 
 
 decolorans, cespitose, reddish cinnabar color, becoming pale: spherules globose, ru- 
 gose tubercled. On the branches of maple and elder. 
 
 coccinea, cespitose, pale red: spherules ovate, smooth. In the dry bark of beech and 
 elder. 
 
 8. Spherules solitary. Jree, destitute of receptacles. 
 
 (Little mouths very large, mostly compressed, nearly equalling the breadth of the 
 
 spherules.) 
 cpisphaeria, simple, gregarious parasitic, red: spherules very minute, sub-compressed, 
 crested, flaccid. On the sphaeria stigma. 
 
 (Little mouths terete, spinose, equai-to the length of the spherules or exceeding them.) 
 
 rostrata, simple, naked: spherules granulated; little mouths very long, spinose. On 
 
 decaying branches in July. 
 acuta, gregarious, naked: spherules black, shining, sub-globose; little mouths spinose, 
 
 thickish, cylindric. On the stem of the common nettle jn the spring. 
 
 (Little mouths shorter than the spherules, conic or cylindric, mostly papillose.) 
 
 porphyrogona, simple, aggregated, black, phial-form, imbedded in a thin, violet-color- 
 ed crust. Persoon considers this species of Tode, as a variety of rubella. On the 
 
 Atropa belladonna. 
 araneosu, simple, opake, black: spherules papillose, smooth, covered with a thin 
 
 while veil. On dry branches. 
 hyssiseda, largish: spiiernles globe-papillose, surrounded with thick sooty yellow 
 
 down. On dry branches and bark. 
 spermoides, heaped together, opake, rigid: spherules globose, sub-terete downwards; 
 
 little mouths papillose, obsolete. On dry trunks of trees. 
 lombarda, simple, fasci< led, becoming sooty-yellow: spherules elongated, sub-ventri- 
 
 cosp; little mouths are acute papillae. Grow in heaps on decaying trunks of trees. 
 lingum, simple scattered, sub-oval, depressed-concave, rugose with folds: little mouths 
 
 irregular, decumbent, or almost wanting. Grow densely on the dry stems of red 
 
 cabbage. 
 herbarum, simple: spherules scattered, smooth, mostly sub-depressed; little mouths 
 
 papillose. On dry stems of herbaceous plants. 
 pertusa, scattered: spherules immersed, ovale, hardish, sub-rugose; perforated at 
 
 length with little caducous obsolete moutlis. In hard dry wood. 
 inquinans, simple, scattered, daik-slained: spherules somewhat prominent, with wood, 
 
 perforated. On the Acer, Lonicera and Xylosleuni. 
 
 (Spherules not furnished with visible mouths.) 
 
 pulvis-pyrivs, simple, headed together: spherules ovate and roundish, tubercled, 
 rugose, furrowed in the middle. On trunks and dry wood. 
 
 moriformis, gregarious, simple: spherules tuberculate, obovate. On dry trunks, par- 
 ticularly of pines. 
 
 maculiformis, on leaves, simple: spherules sub-immersed, minute, roundish, conglo- 
 merate in unequal black spots. On the dry loaves of beech, hazel, maple and elm. 
 Sphaero'bolus. Gr. spharia {globe) ballo, {lo throw.) ?>. Hep. 
 
 stellalus, globose, pale-yellow: orifice regular stellate, toothed. On wood. &c. 
 
SniAEROCARPUS, STEREOCADLOX. 525 
 
 Sphaerocar'pus. Gr. spharia, (a sphere) liur/ws, (frmt.) s. 3. Hep. 
 terrestrcs, frond simple ovate. ' Thecae pyriforin, clustered at the base of the frond. 
 
 Ji. 
 
 tSpHAERococ'cus. Gr. s^/irttVo (a sphere) kohkos {s^ced.) 4. Alg. 
 ruber, stem scarcely any. Laminae cliained, obsolctely ribbed, cuneate 2-forked or 
 
 lanceolate. Tliecae rugose ses.-ile in the disk of the frntid. 4 i. 
 inembrawfulius, stem filiform dicholoni. Branches expanded in cuneifbrm multifid 
 
 laminae, 'i he:cae stalked ovale couline. (5 i. 
 lucinmlus, frond catilagitious, nieinbrunaceous, dicliotomous or palmate. Segments 
 
 obtuse, somewhat proliferous. Thecae immersed in minute unequal processes. 3 i. 
 
 Sphaeron'ak MA. Gr. s/j/iairu, (globe) iiaima [gun].) G. Fun. 
 subultila, fruit-covering conic subulate acute yellowish sub-pellucid: globule pale. 
 
 On toadstools. &.c. 1 — 2 i. 
 
 Sphaerophokon. Gr. s/>/(ar«a (sphere) />/(eJO (to bear. ) .5. Lie. 
 coraUuidcs, Ihallus palish-brown; brunches lateral, elongate, la.\, divaricate and forked, 
 
 acuminate. Apolhecia sub-globose, smooth. 
 compressuin, thallus white, branched; branches compressed ramulose, sub-fibrillose, 
 
 naked. Apothecia sub-globose, depressed and smooth above. 
 
 Sphag'nijim. Pliny's name for moss. 4. Mus. 
 lulij'iiiaim, (peel moss. O.) leaves ovate, sub-obtuse, concave, imbricate, converging at 
 
 the apex: capsules spi'Crical. 
 uciitifuluun, stem sub ramose; branches filiform: leaves lance-ovate, revolute, erose at 
 
 the truncate apex; imbricated .")-ways. 
 cnspidiUum, stem flaccid: branchlels lax, bristle-form: leaves lanceolate involute, 
 
 truncaieerose, lax. 
 
 Spilo ma. Gr. sp'do'ma (spot, stain.) 5. Lie. 
 versicolor, crust somewhat cartilaginous, powdery, cracked, variegated with cinereous 
 
 andyellovv. Apolhecia innnersed. superficial, roundish, finally contluenl. 3 i. 
 meluleuai, (etflorescenl lichen) crust thin, sub-membranaceous, unequal, sub-pulverul- 
 ent, while: receptacles deformed, a little convex, scabrous, dark. On bark of trees. 
 
 Splach'num. Gr. splMnr.knon (moss. ) 2. Mus. 
 ampuUuceu III, (umbrella moss;) leaves lance-ovate, acute: apophysis purplish-green, 
 
 broad, inversely bladder-form. 
 setaceum, stem cohering: leaves lanceolate, gradually becoming setaceous-acuminate: 
 
 apophysis clavate-turbinate. Marshes, &c. 
 
 Sporider MiuM. Gr. sporos, (seed) derma, sk'm.) 6. Fun. 
 atrum, black, crowded: filaments linear-oblong, 4 or 5 times divided. On herbs. 
 
 Spokoch'nus. Gr. 5/y(^m (seed) rZ/z/oo*- (down, lock of hair.) 4. Alg. 
 peduncubilus, receptacle elliptical, lateral, as long as peduncle. 6 i. 
 
 Sporo'tkichum. Gr. s/jom (seed) <AWx (hair. ) 6. Fun. 
 macrosponiiii, a dusty hoariness interspersed with minute tufts: filaments (ew and 
 
 branched. On apple leaves. 
 svlpliureum, yellow irregular tufts: filaments entangled: seed nflinierous sub-globose. 
 
 On casks in cellers. 
 
 Spuma'ria. Lat. s/;tfma (froth.) 6. Fun. 
 alba, effused, frothy: fruit covering furnished internally with grey-horn-like proces- 
 ses inclosing brown seeds. On rotten grass and wood. 1 i. 
 
 SrACHYLiD'iuM. Gr. s^tft/ios ( a Spike) e?^/os (a ppearance. ) 6. Fun. 
 candidun, filaments branched, erect, remotely jointed, scattered, white: seed globular. 
 
 On dead wood. 
 
 Stemoni'tis. Gr. ste^non (stamen.) 6. Fun. 
 typhiiKi, scattered, small, fibrous, cylindric, obtuse, sub-incUrved, sub-evanescent. On 
 
 truriks. 
 Lencoslijld, gregarious, creeping: fruit ovate, violet: stipe white. All white at first: 
 
 in autumn on leaves and branches. 
 fasciculaU. crowded, cylindric: stipes black arising from a shining underlaying mem- 
 brane: fruit-covering tugaceous dark-brown: stipes continued to the summit of the 
 
 fruit covering. On rotten wood, if i. 
 jjapiiLrUa, dark-brown globose, with stipes peiforating the pileus to the summit. On 
 
 rotten wood. i. 
 
 Stereocau'lon'. Gr. s/crws (hard) A7/)//ort (stern ) 5. Lie. 
 pasckale, thallus greyish branches and rough, with granulated excrescences; branches 
 
 crowded and very much divided: apothecia scattered and terminal at length, con- 
 vex, conglomerate, blackish-brown. 
 
526 STEREOCAULON, THELOTREMA. 
 
 ramulosum, becoming pale-white ramose, scabrous, fibrous branches scattered, eloTf • 
 gated, sub-simple: receptacles terzninal, at length sub-globose, dark-fuscous. On 
 mountains. 
 
 Stic'ta. Gr. sticltos {doiied.) 5. Lie. 
 crocata, thallus dark, glaucous, brown, pitted, with broad, rounded, spreading entire 
 lobes, having bright lonion colored powdery spots upon the margin and on the ele- 
 vated parls between tiie \n\.s; downy and tawny. 
 aurala, is. frond pinnate, round-lobed, nearly even, light brown rust-color, scarcely 
 glaucous; margin wavy, with gold-colored powder; brown beneath, with a few 
 small yellow pits. Found in Western, Massachusetts, by Dr. Porter. Circular, 
 4 i. diameter. 
 
 pulmonacea, thallus pitted and reticulated; olivaceous downy beneath, smooth, with 
 prominences; the segments sinualelobate, truncated: apothecia sub-marginal, 
 plane, reddish; their margin rugose. 
 
 syhalica, thallus wide, rusty brown, naked and pitted; brown and downy beneath, with 
 small, pale, excavations; segments lobed and obtusely cut, unequal: apothecia 
 marginal, dark brown. 
 
 anihnipsis, frond pale-cinereous fuscous, lacunose-reticulate, very broad, sub-crenate 
 in the round-lobed peripheiy; rugose, sub-villose beneath: fruit dots white: recep- 
 tacles scattered; disk black, at length convex, and excluding the entire frond-like 
 margin. 
 Stilbospo'ra. Gt. Et'dlho, {io sh'mc) sporos, {sGed.) 6. Fun. 
 
 asterosperma, capsule stellate. 
 
 macrosperma, capsules elongated, cylindric. On the limbs of beech and birch. 
 
 profusa, in heaps: seeds very minute, equally 2-celled. On branches of maple, but- 
 ton wood, &c. 
 Stil'bum. Gr. stilbos, (shining.) 6. Fun. 
 
 vulgure, head roundish, whitish, watery or gelatinous, becoming firm and yellowish' 
 stipes thickish-cylindric. On decayed stems. 
 Stic'tis. Gr. sticlos, (a dot.) G. Fun. 
 
 radiata, immersed, orbicular, radiated: limb snow white, ragged, pulverulent. On 
 bark of trees, in circular spots. 
 Stachyli'dium. Gr. s///t7/os, (a spike) cirfos, (appearance.) 6. Fun. 
 
 candmm, filaments branched erect, remotely jointed, scattered, white seed globules. 
 On dead wood. 
 Syntri'chia. Gr. sun, (together) /ricAos, (hair.) 2. Mus. 
 
 rurarlist stem ramose: leaves obtuse, recurved, with hairs at the apex. On walls. 
 
 Targio'nia. In honor of Targioni, a botanist of Florence. 3. Hep. 
 hypophylla, frond flat, imbricated, lobed; lobes rounded, retuse. | i. 
 
 Tet'raphis. Gr. UUa, (four.) 2 Mus. 
 pellvcida, stem elongated: leaves ovate-acuminate; those of the pericheth lanceolate; 
 
 capsules cylindric. 
 
 Tham.md'ium. Gr. thnmnos, (rod or twig.) G. Fun. 
 elegfins, filaments branched, whorled: seed-covering elevated. On manure. 1 — 12 i. 
 
 Thele'rolus. Gr. titde, (nipple) ballo, (to throw.) G. Fun. 
 stercorevs, sub-globose, saflron-color, gregarious, sessile. On manure. 1 — 12 i. 
 
 Thele'phora. Gr. i/te/c, (a nipple) ;;/tero, (to bear.) G. Fun. 
 
 1. Plleus entire, funnel-form. 
 
 aryophyllea, various: pileus funnel-form, thin, becoming fuscous-purple, strigose- 
 hirsute; margin mostly gashed, or somewhat crisped. Among pines, &c. on the 
 earth, li i. 
 
 2. Pileus Indeed, at length horizontal. 
 
 ruhiginosa, imbricate, rigid, reddish chesnut-brown, glabrous both sides: papillae 
 
 large, scatleied. On trunks of oaks, mossy beeches, &c. 2 i. 
 
 Thelotre'ma. Gr. Me/e, (nipple, ) ^ortff, (an orifice. ) 5. Lie. 
 hymeniuw, crust cartilaginous, uneven, somewliat polished, greenish-grey, at length 
 
 extremely tumid and uneven: apothecia elevated, crowded, hollow very irregular. 
 
 4 i. 
 
TIMMIA, TRICHOSTOMUM. 52T 
 
 Tim'mia. In honor of Timm of Malchin. 2. Mue. 
 cucullnta, leaves linear, narrow-acute, serrulate : capsule nodding. 
 
 'J'oKULA. Lat. torus {hei\.) 6. Fun. 
 hcrhanna, filaments densely crowded so as to form a thick black bed or crust. On 
 
 dead stems. 
 
 Tremat'odon. Gr. /rcmo, (to tremble,) o<Zon<ff, (tooth.) 2. Mns. 
 lonrricolUs, Stem short, simple: peduncles very long, twisted. 
 
 Tremel'la. Lat. <re»«j<tos (trembling:. ) 6. Fun. 
 mcgentcricn, roundish: sub-compact, undulate, plicate, orange-color. On fallen limbs, 
 
 A:c. 2 i. 
 fra^iformis, roundish: sub-compact, round, red, plicate, thick-set, sub-lobate. On 
 
 pine bark, A:c. 
 spindosa, ilattened, effuse, thickish, black, having conic papillae. 2 or 3 inches, on 
 
 trunks. 
 folincea, large, cespitose, glabrous both sides, thin undulate-pilicate, concave, ciisped 
 
 at the base, flesh-cinnamon color. On decaying trunks in autunni. 
 undulata, ascending, membranaceous, lobed, sinuate-undulate, purple. On putrid 
 
 wood. 
 abulinci, in groups, roundish, orange color, sub-plicate. On wood. 
 duliia, cespilose, viscous, fastigiate, soft, fleshy. On decaying trunks late in autumn. 
 tiUuinesccns, sessile, clustered, tumid, plaited, a shining brown: lobes twisted, On 
 
 trunks of trees. 2 i. 
 sarcpides, sessile, gelatinous, red-purple, at first club-form, then round-lobed, plaited 
 
 or curled, finally blackish. On rotten wood. | i. 
 
 Trentehoh'lia. Named after an obscure German botanist. 4. Alg. 
 piirjnirrAi, filaments dicJiotomous, cespitose, entangled^ very minute: articulations 
 
 about twice as long as broad. 1 — 12 i. 
 mirca, filaments flexuose, collected in a dense, soft, cushion-like tuft. 1 — 12 i. 
 
 J?ranc]i long, spreading, rig: articulations about twice as long ,as broad. 
 
 Tri'chia. Gr. trkhos, oithrix, (hair.) Pin-heads. (J. Fun, 
 
 1. Fruit turbinate, or pear-form. 
 
 bolnjtis, stiped, fascicled, opake, becoming dark red: stipes elongated, connate, sub» 
 racemed. On decaying trunks in auiumn. 
 
 mbiformis, stiped, fascicled, steel-color, shining: stipes connate, sub-pedate, short. 
 On trunks in woods at the close of summer. 
 
 fullnx, simple, stiped, at first red, then slate-color: fruit plicate beneath, with a stipe. 
 On trunks and soft decaying wood in autunm. 
 
 vulgaris, scattered, fruit from terete, becoming subUurbinate: hardly any stipe, be- 
 coming black. On beech trunks after a summer storm. A variety of nigripes. 
 See Persoon's Fungi, p. 179, and Muhlenberg's Catalogue. 
 
 otuta, crowded, obovate, ochre yellow, bursting at the summit. On rotten wood. 
 
 2. Flint round, or reniform. 
 
 nitcns, crowded together, sessile, round, shining yellow, or cinnamon-color. Among 
 
 decaying beech and pine trunks in autumn. 
 varia, scattered, becoming yellow: fruit decumbent and reniform, sometimes round. 
 
 On trunks. 
 
 3 Fruit fdiform and net-veined. 
 
 reticulata, diffused, reticulate, ramose, yellow. On trunks and mossy bark in 
 
 autumn. 
 
 Trichouer'jia. Gr. </-ic/tos, (hair) rfcrjflTi, (skin.) 6. Fun. 
 viride, in roundish tufts of white, interwoven filaments: seed profuse, green, at 
 
 length giving tlie whole a green culor. On rotten wood. 
 niirrcscens, somewhat opening, flattish: seed-dust becoming black and sooty. On 
 
 maple trunks, cut down in winter or spring. 
 
 Trichos'tomum. Gr. trichos, oithrix, (hair) s^n?w, (mouth.) 2. Mus. 
 pallidum, (hair-mouth moss.) stem simple, very short: leaves capillary, sheathing: 
 
 capsule ovate, with a slight apophysis, cylindric; lid conic; calyptre halved. 
 
528 TRICHOTHECIUM, UREDO. 
 
 Trichothe'cium. Gr. frif/(os, (hair) ///ecffl, (shealli.') 6. Fun. 
 
 rosetim, with tufts at first distinct, and at length confluent in some cases: filaments 
 white: seeds pink, oval, numerous. On rotten wood. 
 Tu'bf.r. Lat. if«^e/-, (puff ball, truffle.) G. Kun. 
 
 cibariuni, very rough, with blackish warts. Under ground. Eatable. Ij i. 
 
 albidutn, very rough, with whitish warts. Under ground, f i. 
 Tulos'toma. Gr. 0//m.<, (a wart) stowrt, (moutii.) 6. Fun. 
 
 brumuLe, stipe smoothisli: fiuit-covering globose; orifice flat. In pastures, meadows, 
 and on walls. I i. 
 Ty'pHULA. Lat. tijplin, (cat-tail plant.) G. Fun. 
 
 placorhiza, filiform, elongated, white, siib-villose at the base, with a dark fu.scous len- 
 ticular tuberous knob. In woods. 2 i. 
 
 erythropus, gregarious: fruit-bed smooth, white, shorter than other species, terminat- 
 ing in an elongated, filiform, dark-red stipe. On slicks and leaves. J i. 
 
 Ulo'ta. Gr. vbtomos, (wood-like.) 2. J\Ius. 
 
 crispa, stem ramose: leaves lance-linear, recurved-coiled when dry: pedicels elon- 
 gated. On trunks of trees. 
 Ulva. Gr. idiai (parings of hides.) 4. Alg. 
 
 bullosa, frond obovate, slippery, sinuous, blistered, finally expanded. 6 i. 
 
 spiidicea, imbricate, sub-rigid, zoned, sub-tomentose, fuscous glabrous beneath, pale- 
 fuscous. 
 ferrvtrinen, effuse-reflexed, ferruginous: pileus thin, sub-tomentose, smoothish, pilose 
 beneath. On fallen limbs of trees, Ac. 
 
 hirsutii, cespitose, coriaceous, yellowish, strigose-hirsute; glabrous beneath. On 
 trunks, rails, &c. 3 i. 
 
 lilacina. sub-imbricate, soft not zoned, tomentose pale; at the margin and on the un- 
 der side pale-purple. On trunks of evergreens. 1 J i. 
 
 3, Resiipinate, effuse, papillose, substcmcc various. 
 (Pale or flesh-colored.) 
 
 pannosa, corky, pale: cap depressed, scaly beneath, smooth, sub-pilose. On the 
 ground. 2 i. 
 
 quercina, resupinate, longitudinal; coriaceous, rugose, somewhat fleshy; almost des- 
 titute of a margin, and brown undernealii. On oak branches, &c. 6 i. 
 
 polygonia, fleshy papillae largish, many-sided. On dry branches of poplar. 
 
 laevis, white-fleshy, broadly effuse, very smooth; margin byssus-like. On branches of 
 poplar, &c. 
 
 rosea, somewhat wrinkled, rose-red; margin tomentose. On poplars, one or two 
 inches long. 
 
 (Corol yellow or tan-color.) 
 
 palmata, erect, brown-purple: branches compressed, palmate folded, paler at the sum- 
 mit. 2i. 
 
 fnistulata, very hard, smooth, rimose-parted, pale. 
 
 Urceola'ria. Lat. ?//cco/'/., (a little pitcher.) 5. Lie. 
 
 gagii, crust continued, calcareou.s, smnolh. brownish-white, irregularly cracked when 
 dry: apolhecia very minute, blackish, sunk in the crust, l^i. 
 
 calcurea, ciust determined, finely cracked, somewhat powdery, very white, becoming 
 cinereous: disk minute, concave, black, powdered with white border prominent 
 discoid, thin. IJ i. 
 
 pamirga, (pitcher-shield lichen. P.) effuse, granular-warty, pure white. 
 Ure'do, Lat. urcdo, (blasting.) Rust fungus. G. Fun. 
 
 1. Seminal dust rusty-yelloio. 
 
 rosae-centifuliac, (rose-rust,) crowded, yellow, flat opening; little heaps orbicular. On 
 
 rose leaves. 
 linearis, (yellow grain-rust. J. 0.) linear, very long; stained yellow, at length but 
 
 obscurely colored. On the culms and leaves of barley, oats, rye, wheat, &c. 
 
UREDO, VERRUCARIA. 539 
 
 2. Seminal dust while. 
 
 Candida, (white rust,) white, opening. 0n shepherds purse, &c. 
 
 3. Seminal dust hlachisU-ycllow. On the fructification. 
 
 segetum, (smut J.) dust black, copious; on spikes and glumes of grain. 
 raricis, dust black, naked, surrounding the capsules. On carexes. Grass smut. 
 
 Us'nea. Lat. ustionis, of uro, (burning or combustible.) 5. Lie. 
 florida, thallus nearly erect, roughish, greenish-grey, with very numerous fine hori- 
 zontal fibres. Branches patent, sub-simple; apothecia plane, very broad, whitish, 
 
 ciliated: the cilae radiating long. 
 harhata, thallus pendulous, smoothish, rounded, thickish, pale greenish grey. 
 
 Eranclves divergent, here and there fibrjllose, capillary at their extremity, articu- 
 lated below. 
 jiliciUa, thallus pendulous, smooth, pale. Branches lax, much divided, sub-fibrillose; 
 
 the ultimate ories capillaceous: apothecia plane, broad, ciliated, ciliae slender, 
 
 very long. 
 striifosa, frond effuse, .ramose, dirty-cinereous, scabrous: branches longish, flexuose, 
 
 dichotomous. laK, evei-y where bearing strigose fibres: receptacles Ifeshy, broad, 
 
 sub-lobate, tooth-radiate. Perhaps a variety of the florida. 
 unguUita, frond pendulous, flexmose, sub-simple, angled, pale-cinereons; angles 
 
 acute, scabrous: fibres horizontal, approximate, simple, short, slenderly terete. 
 
 On trees. , 
 
 trichodea, frond prostrate, smooth, pale white, filiform, tender, sub-ramose: fibres 
 
 horizontal, somewhat 1-sided, scattered: receptacles uniform-colored, the periphery 
 
 elevated, thin, naked, entire. 
 
 Variola'ria. Lat. rrarioirt, (small-pox spots. ) 5. Lie. 
 
 velata, crust determined, somewhat cartilaginous, smooth, very white, plaited in rays. 
 Warts of apothecia polished, compressed, tumid: kernel covered with a thin- 
 powdery skin. 14 i. 
 
 gloliiilifera, crust sub-cartilaginous, greyish, uneven, with granules and soredia scat- 
 tered in an irregular manner. Warts of fructification sub-globose, smooth at 
 length depressed above, soredifer. and contain a concave nucleus. 1* i. 
 
 commMHW, crust cartilaginous, polished, whitish, becoming unequal and ash-colored 
 scattered with white soredia, leaving no margin. Warts of apothecia spheroidal' 
 powdery. IJ i. 
 
 amara, crust rugose, cracked, uneven, sub-pulverulent, white or greyish. Warts of 
 apothecia appressed, plano-concave, rnarginfed, bearing soredia of the same color as 
 the crust. 2 i. 
 
 delahafa, crust lartareous, thickish, greyish-white, cracked tumid, papillary and rug- 
 ged, obscurely zoned at the circumference: apothecia orbicular, prominent white 
 3 i. . ■■ ' ' 
 
 Vauche'ria. In honor of Vaucher, a botanist of Geneva. 4. Alg. 
 
 dichotoma, filaments setaceous, dichotomous, fastigiate: ihecae globose sessile soli- 
 tary. 12 i. , 
 
 dilwynii, filaments flexuous: Ihecae sessile, lateral globose. 1 i. 
 
 ' geminata, filaments dichotomous: thecae obovate stalked, opposite, on a commori 
 cornute pedicel. 6 i. 
 Verpa. La.i. verpa, {same as phallus circnmsisns. J 6. Fun. 
 
 conica, cap bpll-form, snioo.h, fuscous sub-sinuate: stipe and under side yellow. 3i. 
 Verruca'kia. ■ Lat. tcmca (a wart.) 5. Lie. 
 
 maura, crust very thin, smooth, much cracked, very black: apothecia very rnihute 
 snbglobose, immersed; the extremity jtroniinent, unibilicated: nucleus blackish. 
 
 punctifnrmis, crust Very thin, delerniined, polished brown: apothecia minute, hemis- 
 pheric globules, without orifices; kernel white. 
 
 stigmntella, crust thin, cartilaginous membranous, polished, becoming cracked 
 whitish. Apothecia minute, hemispherical, clustered, sub-Confluent, with scarcely 
 any orifice. 
 
 ceuthocarpa, crust somewhat gelatinous, roundish, broken, dark, crenate cut, radiated 
 in the cisCumference: apothecia sub-globose, immersed, papillose at the eiid. 
 67 
 
530 VERRUCARIA, ZYGNEMA. 
 
 schraderi, crust tartareous, contiguous, wliitish: apothecia minute, clustered, immers- 
 ed, sub-globose, dirty, transparent inside. 
 
 pulla, crust thin, contiguous, membranaceous, smooth, dark-fuscous: receptacles 
 minute, hemispheric, glabrous, sub-papillate, black within. On the bark of leather- 
 wood, &c. 
 
 W. 
 
 Weis'sia. In honor of AVeiss, a German botanist. 2. Mus. 
 mkrodonta, small: leaves lanceolate, long acuminate, crisped and twisted when dry, 
 
 having a fascicle of ducts or tubes: peduncle pale: capsule oblong-ovate; lid beaked; 
 
 teeth of the peristome narrow. 
 curmrosUa, leaves lanceolate twisted, imbricate, spreading: capsules slender, ovate- 
 
 cylindric; lid beaked, recurved. 
 capillacea, leaves lance-subulate, serrulate, somewhat rigid, nerves thick: stem simple, 
 
 slender: germs oblong-ovate, erect, smooth; lid subulate-beaked, obtusish at the 
 
 apex. 
 
 . Z. 
 
 Zona'ria. Lat. zona, (a belt.) 4. Alg. 
 pavonia, fronds reniform, flabelliform,' smooth, membranous. Zones concentric. 
 
 3 i. 
 
 Zygne'ma. Gr. zjio'os, (a yoke,) nema, (a thread.) 4. Alg. 
 cruciatum, articulations twice as long as broad; stellae roundish. Fruit spherical. 
 
 i i. 
 nilidum, articulations about as long as broad. Spire cruciate, thin contracted. Fruit 
 
 elliptical. 2 i. 
 
 ■^^ 
 ¥ 
 
531 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY, THE SCIENCE OF ORGANIZATION OF YEGETABLES AND ANIMALS, 
 
 1. Elkmentary Constituents. Ultimate ATdMs of vegetables are essentially 
 
 carbon, (the basis of charcoal) hydrogen, (the basis of water) and oxijircn, (a consti- 
 tuent of atmosplieric air and water.) Nitro iren (^one of tlie constituents of atmos-. 
 plieric air, and saltpetre.) is also a constituent of cruciform plants. Ultimate atoms 
 of animals are essentially carbon, In/drogeii oxygen',.a.XiA nitrogen. Pkosjjitorus, and 
 sulphur are often present; ar»t] rarely some other principles. 
 
 Ultimate organic elements are cclkdar tissue, vascular tissue, and Jibi-e. These 
 elements seem to be the prinmrij product of the living principle, whenever it exerts 
 any influence upon matter. Its secondary act arranges these ultimate elements, so as 
 to constitute species of organized beings. 
 
 2. Specific dijfef-enccs exist, primarily, in the living principle only. About ninety 
 thousand ascertained species of vegetables, consist essentially of carbon, hydrogen, 
 oxygen; rarely with the addition of nitrogen. When a species decays, (for example 
 the oak tree,) and the seed ot a totally ditferent species falls among its ruins, (for ex- 
 ample the lily,) some of the same individual atoms which constituted the oak, will 
 now constitute the lily. A successive series of individuals of the same species of 
 living principle which gave form to the hyacinth, cultivated by Eve, in Eden, may have 
 bt'en employed in changing into its own form the decaying constituents of the helebore, 
 the poison hemlock, the palm tree, the cedar of Lebanon, and the pulse of Daniel, 
 until the present year. VVe are therefore constrained to believe, that we have about 
 eighty or ninety thousand species of living principles passing from plant to plant, in 
 a multiplied ratio, through tiie organic vehicle, the seed or sporule. 
 
 3. The living principle — the essence of specific differences — is endowed with irri^a- 
 hitity and appetency. But it is never endowed with provident care, nor a disposition to 
 contend for rights. Plants, Radiated animals, (as the inhabitants of corols, sponges, 
 &.C.) and Molluscous animals, (as oysters, snails, &c.) are thus furnished with irrita- 
 bility and appetency. Their remains are found in the oldest rocks above the prima- 
 tive; while none of the higher orders of organized beings are found below upper 
 secondary rocks.* 
 
 4. Instinct, supervenes upon the living principle in Articulated animals, (as bees, 
 lobsters, spiders, &c.,) and Vertebrated animals, (as lizards, snakes, fish, birds, and 
 land quadrupeds.) Many of their remains are found in the most recent rocks, and stra- 
 tified banks of clay and sand. Such animals are endowed with provident care, and a 
 disposition to contend for rights. But no such species can desire, or conceive of a 
 future state of being after death. 
 
 * I do not intend to give any opinion on the controversy respecting trilobites be- 
 tween Brunguiart and Latreille. The former ranks the trilobites among articulated 
 animals, and the latter among multivalve mollusci. But Cuvier gives Molluscous 
 animals a higher place in the animal creation, than the Articulated. 
 
532 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 5. Intellect supervenes upon instinct and the living principle, in the single species, 
 Man. His remains liave never been found in any stratifirJ deposit; therefore he was 
 created after .such depositions were fiiiii'lied. As he is the only species of organized 
 being on this earth, which is endowed willi intfllect to desire or conceive of a future 
 life; so it appears from the sacred Scriptures lliut his intellect aluke, will survive 
 death. 
 
 VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 If soap suds be put into a clearly transparent glass vessel, (a plain decanter is very 
 suitable,) and tlie breath be forced into it through a pipe or quill, bubbles will be 
 formed, which lesenible the elementary cellular structure of plants. If the vessel be 
 porked closely about the pipe, and the liquid be clear and in a small quantity, the 
 bubbles may be compressed by sufficient force of tlie breath, into polyhedral figures 
 of various sizes. Though the adjoitiing flattened sides are double, they appear to be 
 single. Such is also the figure, appearance, and structure of the cellular tissue of 
 plants. The chief volume of the thick, fieshy parts of plants, is thus constituted; 
 particularly the ])arenchymous parts of leaves, &c. 
 
 If bubbles are elementarily, elongated spheroides, they will become hollow parallel- 
 epipeds by compression. Thus hubbies may be compressed and so collated as to 
 resemble the ariangement of bricks in a Wall. If extensively elongated and greatly 
 compressed, they will form compact elongated parallelepipeds. These may be so 
 arranged as to give the firm texture of the oak iree, or even of the liguvm rilae. 
 
 These bubbles or cellules may be separated in some vegetables, and will become 
 spheres, or spheroides, by the recovery of their elasticity. This result may be well 
 illustrated by heaping intialed soap bubbles (l)lown from the bowl of a tobacco pipe) 
 upon baize with a very long nap. Their compressed adjoining sides (which appear to 
 be single walls) will recover their spherical lorms, on blowing the bubbles asunder. 
 
 Cellular tissue is a connected or interwoven series of cellules, adhering by com- 
 pressed faces. No visible perforations have been observed in the cellules, though we 
 have pretty good evidence of the transmission of liquids through them in all direc- 
 tions. This is the only tissue which is an unuersid conslitiientm all plants. It con- 
 stitutes the whole of Cryptogamous plants, at least of the lower orders, the parenchy- 
 mous parts of leaves, pulpy li-uits, »V:c. 
 
 Spiral Vessels consist of a tissue produced by the adhesion of* cellules in more or 
 less of a fibrous form, and coiled or twisted spirally so as to form cylinders. They 
 are found in medullary sheaths; (that is, the thin, hollow cylinder surrounding the 
 pith;) also around the centre in all branches, and in veins of leaves. But they are 
 never found in parts which are produced by the descent of deposited matter; conse- 
 quently are npt fbuiid in bark, or outer layers of wowd or roots. 
 
 Spiral vessels are never found in the lower orders ofCryptogamia. Therefore cryy- 
 (ogamous plants are called Ce/Z«Zores, and phenognmovs phnis are called Vusculurcs. 
 Spiral vessels jnay be seen by breaking the stem of stellaria media, and pulling the 
 parts asunder; also strawberry petioles, young sprouts of numerous shrubs, &c. 
 
 Fibre, or Woouy fikbe, consists of a tissue of elongated tubes, or of dense fibre, 
 perhaps always tapering to each end. Always imperforate to the eye. It is found 
 among parenchyma; and gives strength to vegetable fabric. 
 
 Ducts or air vessels, are transparent tubes, marked with dots, bars, or transverse 
 streaks. Sometimes they ajjpear like spiral vesssels: but they have rings instead of 
 spires. 
 
 Intercellular passages, are small spaces between cellules. Siomata are little oval 
 mouths between the sides of cells, opening into intercellular passages. , 
 
 SEED. 
 
 The specific characteristics of the living principle seem first to exert their energies 
 in the seed. And as it is the organ upon whose structure are Ibunded the most im- 
 portant distinctions in Natural Clasification, it demands the student's first attention, 
 when entering upon the study of Vegetable Physiology or Natural Orders. 
 
 The seed consists of integument, albumen and embryo. Sometimes the albumen is 
 wanting; as in the bean. In such cases the thick cotyledons are parts of the embryo, 
 and expand into what are called cotyledonous leaves. Integument is always present; 
 pjLcepting that the seeds of Conifeiae (as pines, junipers or cedars, cypresses, &c.) 
 
I'HYSIOLOGY. 533 
 
 iiidof Cycadeae. (as the eago plants, are totally destitute of any covering, but the 
 
 "uticle. Tiiese are the Achitospermae.* 
 The KMBRY ois divided into radicle, tiie part becoming the root, cotyledons, the parts 
 ecoiniiig peculiar succulent leaves, jjumula the ascending part (often shooting up 
 i-oni between the cotyledons) which become developed into stem, leaves fructiticalion, 
 cc. Albumen often embraces the embryo, or holds it in a depression on one side; as 
 
 the Indian corn. In most graminious plants, albumen forms a large proportion of the 
 
 seed. 
 The student cannot be made to understand seeds without producing germination, 
 
 and then watching its progress through all the early stages of growth. See figures and 
 
 descriptions, back of p. 33. 
 
 ROOT. 
 
 The radical of the seed extends downwards and becomes a root. It divides into 
 branches and firbes; at the extremities of which are bundles of ducts, adapted to the 
 absorption of nutiiment. These ducts seem to be endowed with the power of decom- 
 pq|ition; as carbon is certaiidy obtained from carbonic acid gas. Students should 
 watc|i tli^progress of germination and growth of seeds planted in pure pounded 
 ~ * ^ass, so placed in a suitable vessel, that nothing but puie water and atmos- 
 Jiave access to them. They will then see that the chief volume of 
 Ts^carbon, which must have been obtained from a decomposition of tjie car- 
 raoidgas, which floats in the atmosphere. Spiral vessels, pith, slomata, and 
 ,'not in roots. The bulbs of lilies, onions. &c., are not roots; but their fibrils 
 are the roo%. 
 
 STEM. 
 
 Leaf-buds elongate upwards into stems, after tiie plant is so far advanced as to pro- 
 duce buds. In truth, buds of a tree may be considered as distinct individuals, in- 
 habiting, and drawing support from the samegenernl substratum or reservoir of food. 
 
 The depositions of matter, causing the increase of volume in vegetables, are made 
 ■on two general principles; depending on the distinctions peculiar to Monocotyledon- 
 ous and Dicotyledonous plants. In ftlonocotyledonous sleii|s, (for example the stalk 
 of Indian corn) the matter of increase is added at the centre. Hence such plants are 
 called Endogynous. In Dicotyledpnous stenis, (for example the bole of the poplar 
 tree,) the matter of increase is added to the outside of the wood or other solid part, 
 inside of the bark. Hence siicll^ants are cijled Exogenous. In the latter case the 
 addition or deposited matter appears just under the bark in the form of mucilage, 
 called camb, (catnlnm) which at the decline of the year becomes indurated and divides 
 into two concentric hollow cylinders; inner one thick, forming a new outer circle of 
 wood; the outer one thin, forming a new inner circle of the bark.. 
 
 Exogenous plants, as elder, oak, &c., have their stems made up of Pith, Medullary 
 sheath. Medullary rays. Wood, Cambium, Bark, Cellular integument, and Cuticle. 
 
 Pith, the well known central spongy column. 
 
 Medullary sheath, is the immediate cylindrical sheath Surrounding the pith; it con- 
 sists of spiral vessels and ducts for carrying up the sap or other fluids. From this 
 sheath, rays issue, which are called: 
 
 Medullary rays, or silver grain. They are vertical sheets, plates, or radiating lamel- 
 lar organs, whose innei- edges are connected with the Medullary sheath, and whose 
 outer edges extend annually through the last woody deposit (indurated cambium.) 
 The stump of an oak tree, after the tree has been cut off about a year, exhibits the 
 silver grain in a beautifully radiated manner. They, being less subject to the action 
 of air and rain than the common wood, exhibit themselves distinctly marked by their 
 silvery lustre. 
 
 Wooo consists of concentric hollow cylinders, outside of the medullary sheath, and 
 inside of the bark. The annual deposits of cambium, become woody fibres, which 
 constitute the continuous descending axis of buds; therefore the number of concen- 
 tric layers indicates the age of a tree, Alc. The outer and most irrilible layers are 
 called S(y/^-?t'oo^/, or alburnum: the inner and more matured layers are called /(ea/■^^ooorf. 
 
 Camb, cambium, is deposited by the return of sap downwards. This may be de- 
 monstrated bj inspection. Therefore we say, the sap goes up near the pith, and goes 
 
 * a, without, chiton, tunic, sperma, seed. 
 
534 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 down between the cuticle and heart-wood. It is supposed that the sap must be ex- 
 posed to the atmosphere in leaves or other delicate herbage fas the stems of dodder) 
 before it is in a situation for vegatable deposits. In this respect it is analagous to 
 animal blood becoming modified in the lungs, by alternate inhalations of aii. 
 
 Bark consists of a strong inner lajer, or hark proper; an outer thin almost lifeless 
 membrane, called cuticle; and a loose green (generally) envelope between the cuticle 
 and bark, called cellular integument. 
 
 Woody layers being annually deposited under the bark, the early wood becomes 
 widely separated from the bark after several years. 
 
 It is on ti)is account that those trees which long retain their expanding cuticles, 
 present to our land surveyors those paradoxical magic-like marks. A beech tree,' for 
 example, if lettered or figured vjii\\ a board-marker, will present these marks twenty 
 or thirty years afterwards, both on the cuticle, and on the wood, of the year when 
 marked; while the intervening layers are sound and without a scar. These inter- 
 posed woody layers, originating in mucilage annually deposited between the bark and 
 wood, gradually separate the marked bark and cuticle from the marked wood, while 
 they grow between these marks and become continuous. 
 
 BUDS. 
 
 The same buds may become leaves, stems, and branches: or 
 fitamens and pistils. Experienced gardeners can readily distinguish leaf-biil 
 flower buds; and these buds will not interchange under ordinary circumstances, 
 from most careful and profound investigations, ujade by learned and paUent 
 ralists, it seems to be demonstrated, tliat the elements of flowers and frint, may be 
 traced to a leaf-bud. A bud (truly a leaf-bud. and so pronounced by the eye of 
 experience,) may become developed into a branch bearing leaves in whorls, alterna- 
 tions, or scattered. Or the lower whorls of leaves may have become sejjals (distinct 
 or united;) the next petals; the next slainens; and the end of the branch may have 
 become the germ, style and stigma of tJie pistd. In most calyxes, corols, and 
 stamens, we can discover alternations in their divisions. The great difference in the 
 course of developement seems to be, in the elongation of the axis. When the axis 
 is a branch, it may be elongated to the measure of several feet. When the axis is 
 merely the receptacle of<Si ilower, and the pistil, its elongation may be limited to the 
 fourth, or even sixteenth of an inch. 
 
 Some buds are formed under ground, as of tulips; but regular ones are produced in 
 tiie axils of leaves. ^ 
 
 Stinted buds •often become thorns. %Some plamB are remarkably subject to the 
 process of stinting buds, as most species of Crataegus, some species of Prunus, and a 
 few of the Pyrus. 
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 Regular leaves never grow out, side by side. The alternate position along oppo- 
 site sides, seems to be the real nornial, ])rinciple of arrangement, towards which all 
 other positions tend. Thongli we find them o])posite and in v.diorls, our best physio- 
 logists ascribe this to the unequal developement (to which some plants are habitually 
 subject) of the inlernodes of tlie axis. 
 
 The leaves of exogenous (dicotyledonous) plants derive their spiral vessels from the 
 medullary sheath, which the structure of the ribs and veins greatly resemble. The 
 cellular integument and cuticle of the leaf is derived from that of the stem; and 
 becomes more or less expanded and attenuated. The veins of exogenous leaves 
 branch off in various directions among the substance of the disk (made up of cellular- 
 integument and cuticle) called parenchyma. ' : 
 
 The leaves of endogynous plants (monocotyledonous) /.derive their spiral vessels 
 from bundles, diverging off as a subdivision of the general quantity of bundles con- 
 stituting the whole culm, which the structure of the veins greatly resembles. Their 
 veins mostly extend from the base of the petiole to the apex, or to a kind of cord or 
 edging which carries them on, in an united state, to the apex. 
 
 The petioles of some leaves become spiral climbers, as of the Clematis. In many 
 cases the leaf does not expand into a disk: but becomes two or more (rarely one) 
 branches of a climber, called a tendril, as grapes and peas. Sometimes the petiole 
 spreads into an enornious cup, as that of the Sarracenia, (side-saddle.) This cup is 
 called an ascidium, (bottle-leaf.) (Greek, ashus, the leathern bottle ol" the ancients, 
 idios, peculiar or particular kind.) 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 535 
 
 APPENDAGES TO DEFINITE ORGANS. 
 
 Stipules are rudimentary leaves and sometimes are transformed into real leaves, 
 with buds in tlieir axils. They are gen'erally appendages attached to the bases of 
 leaves; as of rose-leaves. 
 
 Bracts (often called floral leaves) are generally near the origin of a flower and at 
 lirst surrounding or adjoining it. Bracts are at a small distance below the calyx, 
 when present- The cliaffs or husks of grass and corn, are strictly bracts; but in 
 tlescri[)tions they are treated as equivalent to calyxes and corols. 
 
 Thorn, an'abortive indurated bud fixed on tiie wood. 
 
 Prickle, arises from tlie bark by expansions in minute spots. 
 
 Hairs, arise in the same manner; sometimes they yield an acrid liquid by compres- 
 sion; as of the nettle. ^ 
 
 Gland, a roundish (generally minute) appendage on various organs of some plants. 
 
 Tendril, a filiform appendage by which some climbing plants support their position. 
 
 INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 The form of any one kind of inflorescence depends on the developement of the 
 flower-bud from which it is produced. The form of developement commences in the 
 very axil from whence tiie flower-buds originate. Numerous latent budlets are sub- 
 jected to the developing energies of tiie plant at the same time. If the general axis 
 is duly elongated with lateral pedicels, a ruccJiie is produced; as of the currant. If no 
 pedicels are developed it becomes a spike.' If lateral peduncles are considerably elon- 
 gated and sub-divided, il becomes a panicle. If branches are slightly developed in a 
 radiated form, a head is produced. But if these radiated branches are more exten- 
 sively developed, an vnihel appears. If the branches of the un)bel are unequally sub- 
 divided, a ajmc is made; or a corymb, if the branches are at different distances along 
 tlie axis. 
 
 CALYXES AND COROLS. 
 
 These organs, called floral envelopes, are modifications of whorls of leaves, as 
 mentioned under buds. There is generally a calyx and corol to a flower; and by 
 careful examination we find them to be made up of segments (united or separated) so 
 arranged that those of the calyx and corol alternate with each other. 
 
 In descriptions the cabjx is said to be monopbyllus (one-leaved) or polyphyllous 
 (many-leaved) — more recent authors say monnsepulovs a.nd pultjscpalous. 
 
 The corol in descriptions is said to be monopetalous (one-petalled) polypetalous 
 (many i)etalled.) Particular names are used also. All of which are defined in the an- 
 nexed dictionary. 
 
 STAMENS. 
 
 We will proceed on the hypothesis (perhaps it may be called an established phy- 
 siological principle) that the receptacle, terminated by the pistil, is but a different 
 developement of a branch as an axis issuing from a leaf-bud; and the calyx and corol 
 are but different developements of leaves along said axis. We shall thus be led to 
 consider the stamens as an analagous, but different, developement of a whorl of leaves 
 next above those forming the petals. The language of Lindley is most appropriate. 
 '•There are many instances, (as the pond-lily, Nyjnphaea,) in which no limits can be 
 traced between the petals and stamens. In such cases it is found that the limb of 
 the petal contracts and becomes an anther, while the claw (unguis) assumes the state 
 of a filament. Now as there are no fixed limits between the petals and sepals, 
 (calyx leaves,) nor between sepals and bracts, nor between bracts and leaves, it fol- 
 lows that the stamens are also modifications of leaves. And as the limb of a petal is 
 analagous to the lamina (or broad disk) of a leaf, and the claw is analagous to the 
 petiole, it also follows that the anther is a modification of the lamina of a leaf, and 
 the filament is a modification of the petiole. 
 
 '' Stamens follow the same laws of successive development as leaves, and conse- 
 quently, if their arrangement bo normal, (in exact accordance with the governing 
 elementary law of arrangement in that particular species,) they will be either equal 
 in number to the petals, and alternate with them; or, if not the same, some regular 
 multiple or divisoi of the petals. If they are twice the number of petals, two whorls 
 are supposed to be developed into stamens," with a very small elongation of the axis. 
 If they are but half the number, two whorls are supposed to be developed into petals. 
 
536 PHYSIOLOGV. 
 
 " All deviations from these laws are ascribed to the abortion of some part of the 
 organs. When the stamens do not contract any union with the sides of the calyx, 
 they are hypogynoiis ; when they do contract such adhpsion, tiiey are perigynous. If 
 they are united both witii the surface of the calyx and the germ, they are epigynous." 
 
 Parts of Stamens. 
 
 Stamen is divided inio filament, (often wanting,) which supports the anther. The 
 anther is a kind of capsular knob, mostly at the end of the filament-*''''»/ays present 
 in a species. It contains a mealy or glutinous substance, called polU.f., 
 
 PISTIL. 
 
 The pistil is a metamorphosis or modificatign of a single leaf, or one or more' 
 whorls of leaves. The germ or ovarim is the base of the enfoled lamina of a leaf or 
 leaves; Ihe style is an elongated midrib of a leaf; the stigma is the naked, secreting, 
 humid apex of the midrib. The germ (ovarium) includes the c«rpc//« with inclosed 
 ovula, when all are present. An ovula is a rudiment of the smallest subdivision of 
 the fruit, embracing an unperfecled seed, oi more than one. Carpella are, formed of 
 folded edges of leaves, wiiose margins develope by the melamorphosis of cellular 
 tissue into granulations, becoming a substance called jilucenta, more or less fleshy; 
 from which the carpella, including the ovul^, (seedling germs,) always grow, fastened 
 by a funicule. 
 
 Note. A few principles relating K) fruit are made here, as required by order of suc- 
 cession; but this subject must be studied, with figures, in the first part of this book. 
 
 Fruit is the ripened germ (ovarium.. ) It consists of a pericarp, perisperm or tegu- 
 ment, and seed, in most cases, as the apple. Many are destitute of what is generally 
 called pericarp, as Indian corn and mint. Some few are destitute of the perisperm 
 also; having no covering but the cuticle, as the pines, junipers, and yews. 
 
 Illustrations of the germ, (ovarium) in its progress to the state of ripened fruit. 
 
 1. Take two ripened apples, which have not approached decay, or a tender, mealy 
 state. Consider them as enlarged germs. Split one of them vertical!}-. Observe, 
 that from the stem up to the place of the seeds, there is a kind of so. id axis, which is 
 an elongation of the receptacle, now enveloped by the thickened parenchyma of the 
 germ. 
 
 2. Observe, that from the permanent calyx at the top of the split apple, to the place 
 of the seeds, there is also a kind of solid axis. This is the base of the style, also en- 
 veloped by the thickened parenchyma. 
 
 3. Now cut the other apple transversely (crosswise) about one third of the distance 
 from the top towards the base. Here will be seen 5 cells containing seeds, each cell 
 lined with valves. The cells will exhibit seeds of a wedge-ovate compressed form, 
 ■with thick ends pointing obliquely upwards: and taper ends below attached by a 
 long raphe to placenta, (one to each cell.) These cells are five carpellae: the 2- 
 valvelike sides of each, being the condu plicate sides of a leaf; with dehiscent neutral 
 edges where the seeds are attached to thin placenta. 
 
 4. Now cut a seed tra-nsverselj'. It will be seen that the real seed is while, and 
 now covered with its brown leathery covering. This i^ truly ihe perisperm. While 
 the petals still remained, and while the apple was called a germ, the rudiment of 
 both this brown perisperm and white seed was called ovula, and this white seed, con>- 
 sidered separately, was the milky nucleus with its tunic. 
 
 After thoroughly examining several apples in this manner, all kinds of fruit may be 
 investigated with facility. For example: the common pea has its pericarp (pod) 
 which was a germ with all its rudimentary contents. The seed with its present testa, 
 were its ovula. Considerable aid may be received from accurately figuied examples, 
 while we are axamising specimens. But figures alone will never convey very ac- 
 curate instruction, without frequent comparisons. 
 
 This brings us to the seed, with which we commenced; and thus completes the circle. 
 Though the descriptions are short, and embrace nothing in datail; sufficient is given 
 for starting the student in the right course. Those who wish to pursue the subject of 
 vegetable physiology extensively, are referred to the writings of Lindley — particularly 
 
PHVSIOLOGV. 537 
 
 his introduction to the Natural Method, and his introduction to Botany. His Ladies' 
 Botany would be well enough for an ordinary writer; but it is quite beneath /timsc^'. 
 
 REPRODUCTIOx>r OF CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
 
 The student should give some attention to the reproduction of plants, wherein the 
 stamens and pistils have no agency: or where their agency has not hitherto been de- 
 tected. These are tlie natural Families denominated F'dices (ferns^ as brakes, poly- 
 pods, maidf-uliair.) They grow cliieHy^, on the earth, in places highly elevated or 
 cool and damp.'-^'lVIt'sci (mosses, an^ejialic mosses called liverworts.) These grow 
 cliiedy on tre^snh ancient forests, or, hi damp shady places on the earth. Lichenes 
 (lichens.) They are wholly confined to dry situations in free air; but in such situa- 
 tions they are tisund from the equator to the polar regions. They are in the form of 
 crusty, leathery, woody patches, (sometimes fibrous and branching) on stones and 
 trees, old fences, «S;c., in almost all places. Ai.gae, (seaweeds, frogspittle, green- 
 Wiair. ) They are found in wet situations, also in clear water. Fungi, (mushrooms, 
 puff-balls, mould, mildew, smut.) These abound in all parts of the habitable world. 
 They are found on the earth, rotten wood, decaying vegetables of every kind; on 
 hread and other domestic food; on leather, cloth, and almost every thing capable of 
 becoming moderately moistened, after it has been thus exposed for a short period. 
 
 The following extract from Lindley's articJe on their reproduction and increase^ 
 will be sufficient for our present purpose. The description of the Natural Orders, 
 which succeeds this article, will give a mome enlarged view of the systematic position 
 of these much neglected productions of nature. 
 
 [Extracts from Llndley's outline of the First Principles of Botany.] 
 
 Ferns are increased by little bodies called sporules, inclosed within cases, named 
 tliecae, whkh often grow in clusters or sori, from the veins of the under sides of the 
 leaves, or'from beneath the fcuticle. Tiie latter, when it incloses the tlirxae, is termed 
 iwiusiuin. The iiidusium separates from the leaf in various ways, in consequence of 
 the growth of the ihecac beneath it. The thsciic have frequently a stalk which passes 
 up one side, and finally, curving with their curvature, disappears on the opposite 
 side. Tlie part, where the stalk of the thecnc is united With its side, is called the 
 annu/us. These lliecae may be considered minute leaves, having the same gyrate 
 mode of developement as the ordinary leaves of the tribe. Their stalk, the petiolej 
 tiie aiinulus, the midrib, and the t/iecac itself, the lamina, have their edges united. 
 They would therefore, be analogous to carpella, if it appeared that they were 
 infiuenced by the action of any vivifying matter, equivalent to the pollen. 
 
 Mosses, are increased by sporules, contained within an tirn or iJiecae, placed at the 
 apex of a stalk or seta, bearing on its summit a kind of loose hood, called a calypire, 
 and closed by a lid or operailiun. The inside of the thcca has a central axis or colu- 
 iifella, and the orifice beneath the operculum is closed by teeth-like process, or a 
 membrane, called the peristomium. The number of the teeth of the peristomium, is 
 always some multiple of four. The aili/ptra originally grew from the bases of the 
 ^taik; but when the stalk elongated, the calqplra was torn away from its base, and 
 carried up, surrounding the tliecae. The calyptra. may be understood to be a convo- 
 lute leaf; the npcrrulum another; peristomium, the one or more whorls of minute, Hat 
 leaves; and the tliecae itself to be the excavated distended apex of the stalk, tlfe eel; 
 lular substance of wbich separates in the form o? sporules. There are also in mosses' 
 organs, called anthers \)y, some, which do not apear analagous to the stamina of* 
 llovvering plants; and the nature of which has not bepn demonstrated. 
 
 Lichens are propigated by sporules, included within little membranous cases, which 
 lie within a denuded portion ©f Iheir own central substance, called the scutetlum^ 
 apothecinm, or shield. 
 
 Algae increase by sporules, which are usually formed by a separation of cellular 
 tissue, within the substance of the plants themselves. 
 
 FcNGi have a similar mode of propagation. In some of the most highly developed 
 of the tribe, the part in which the sporules lie, is distinct in appearance from the rest, 
 and called the hjmenium.. 
 
 68 
 
539 
 
 NATURAL METHOD OF ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 Preceding the 33d pa^e, where the descriptions of Genera and Species of plants 
 commence, the genera will be found arranged under the Natural Orders, which are 
 classified in the following system. But these orders are there inserted, as sub-divi- 
 sions of the Old Centigrade of Jussieu. They are referred to by Jussieu's numbers, 
 and Lindley's names. From that arrangement they will be referred to the fallowing 
 arrangement; which is according to Lindley's improvements of 1835 — received since 
 the seventh edition of the Alanual of Botany was published. Jussieu's mnnhers are 
 prefixed to Lindley's orders, throughout the following arrangement. I adopt Lind- 
 ley's plan almost servilely; partly because it is approved by a most competent bota- 
 nist, who has faithfully studied American plants by it. 
 
 By this method, plants are distributed into — 1. Cr.ASSF.s, (or Grand Divisions;) 
 2. Sub-classes; 3. Groups; 4. Alliances; 5. Orders; 6. Genera; 7. Species. In 
 this condensed view, the arrangement is continued no lower than the Orders.* 
 
 At the very outset of his system, Lindley says: " There is no such thing as an 
 arrangement which shall express the natural relations of plants in a. consecutive series." 
 But it appears to me, that he has done much towards effecting that very desirable 
 object. 
 
 CLASSES ARE THREE. 
 
 CLASS L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS. Seeds with two lobes 
 (cotyledons) to each, as the pea, apple-seed, peach-meat, walnut. The stalks, 
 trunks, vines, branches, &c., encrease their growth outside; but inside of the bark. 
 This is effected by the induration of the mucilage or cambium, which is secreted and 
 deposited b 'tween the wood and bark. Their tissue (or ultimate organic spherules) 
 is vascular and spiial. The leaves are net-veined. The floral oigans manifest a 
 tendency to the number five, or some multiple of five; as the five petals of cherry 
 flowers, the five cells of apples, the ten divisions of the calyx of a strawberry 
 flower, the twenty stamens of a peach (lower. 
 
 This class embraces much the largest proportion of flowering species; and their 
 organization is the most complicated. It may be well to carrj'our views, in this par- 
 ticular, to these vertebralcd animals which are the most complicated, as quadrupeds 
 and man; whose hands and feet terminate in five phalanges. We may observe the 
 same tendency in polij/ji, which inhabit coral rocks, star-fish, &c. 
 
 Plants of this class are reproduced from dicotyledonous seeds. Their seeds have 
 a kind of tegument, or double tunic, outside of their cuticles; with but few excep- 
 tions. The exceptions are pines, yew trees, cedars, and sago plants, (Cijcas.) 
 These may be called Achiluspcrmous. 
 
 Remark. It is very absurd to call them Chjmnospermae, according to some; for this 
 term has been applied for a century to the absence of a pericarp; whether the seed 
 had Wildenow's tunic or not. Ackitospcnnac is more appropriate, and does not in- 
 volve the absurdity of changing the meaning of a long established and necessary 
 term. The letter a, (in composition) without, achilon, tunic or shirt, sperma, seed. 
 Gr. 
 
 * See the enumeration of the genera, under each order, which precedes p. 33. 
 
540 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS, or ENDOGENOUS. Seeds with one 
 lobe to each; as wheat, Indian corn, oats, barley, meadow grass, Hly seed, asparagus 
 seed, plantain seed, orchis seed, »&c. The stalk or culm increases its growth by 
 additions at its centre, which stretch its bark, or outside envelope. Tlie tissue is 
 vascular and spiral. Leaves parallel veined, or rather lateral veined, not netted; as 
 the plantain leaf, corn leaf, onion leaf, wild turnip leaf, tulip leaf, cat-tail leaf, «&c. 
 The floral organs exhibit a tendency to the number three, or some multiple of three; 
 as the three stamens of all proper grasses, the .six stamens of the onion, the three 
 stamens and three stigmas of the iris, the six petals and stamens of lilies, tulips, and 
 hyacinths. 
 
 Seeds are necessary to the reproduction of the species. But there are a few strange 
 plants of torrid or southern districts, which are semi-cryptogamous. They are 
 propagated by a grumous fungioidal seed or sporule. They are arranged under the 
 name Rhizantheae (Gr. riza, root, uiithos, flower.) 
 
 CLASS in. ACOTYLEDONOUS, or ACROGENOUS. They have no coty- 
 ledons; but are reproduced from sporules. They increase their growth, mostly, from 
 their tops or ends. Their tissue is cellular. Leaves with forked veins, or none. 
 Floral organs none, or scarcely analagous to those of flowering plants. Such as 
 mushrooms, sea-weeds, mould, lichens, mosses, and puff-balls. 
 
 CLASS FIRST. 
 
 DICOTYLEDONOUS, OR EXOGENOUS, 
 
 IS DIVIDED INTO THREE SCB-CLASSES. * 
 
 S. C. 1st. PoLYPET^vLAE. Having distinct petals, as the rose, pink, strawberry, 
 locust tree, violet. Some have the edges of their petals cohering; but, in such cases, 
 they are scarcely joined at their bases. 
 
 S. C. 2d. Incomfletae. Without petals, or whose floral envelopes are herbaceous, 
 and imperfectly developed. The calyx is generally but little developed, or is wanting. 
 As nettles, walnut trees, oak, elm, willow, sassafras, pigrweed, wild ginger, buck- 
 wheat. 
 
 S. C. 3d. MoNOPF.TAi.AE. Having but one petal, or rather having their incipient 
 petals united into a tube or ring at tiie base: as mullein, currant, morning glrfry, 
 florets of sunflowers, catnip, potatoe. The style of a monopetalous flower is scarcely 
 ever divided. 
 
 I. POLYPETALOUS SUB-CLASS. 
 
 First. Albuminous Group ok Alliances. Embryo of the seed shorter and smaller 
 than the albumen. 
 
 1st Alliance. Ranales. Herbaceous: carpels single, or if several they are separable. 
 If united, they have partitions (parietal) arising from the placenta, or the substance 
 on which they are based. 
 
 Q\. Ranunculaccae. Floral envelopes in threes or fives. Sap transparent. Anthers 
 bursting wilii longitudinal slits: carpella simple distinct: ]eaves sheathing: seeds 
 without arils, embryo minute, albumen solid, hard, (crow-foot, virgin bower, colum- 
 
 62. Podtiphyllca. Polypetalous: anthers bursting by longitudinal slits; carpella 
 simple solitary: leaves without stipules: seed without arils, indefinite, attached to a 
 lateral placenta: embryo small, at the base of fleshy albumen, (mandrake.) 
 
 62. Fapaveraceob. Floial envelopes in threes or fours. Sap usually milky. Car- 
 pella" concrete; germ 1-celled: placenta narrow parietal; calyx in 2 parts; corol 
 reo-ular. Seed's numerous; albumen fleshy or oily; embryo minute, straight at the 
 base of'the albumen, plano-convex cotyledons, (poppy, blood-root.) 
 
 93. Fitmariactic. Stamens diadelphous, definite: carpella concrete: germ oner 
 celled, narrow parietal placentae: con.l irregular, (fumitory.) 
 
 62. Nipnplnmrea. Embryo enclosed in a vitellus. Floaters. Carpella concrete: 
 germ many-celled. Seeds very numerous, attached to spongy dissepiments, and 
 
 *The second and third classes are not divided into sub-classes. 
 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 541 
 
 enveloped in a gelatinous arillus. Albumen farinaceous; embryo small, on the outside 
 of the base of the albumen, enclosed in a membranaceous bag: cotyledons foliaceous. 
 (pond l.ly.) 
 
 62. Ndmahonea. Ovaries concealed in a flesiiy receptacle. Floaters. Polypeta- 
 lous; carpella simple, distinct, immersed in a tlesliy seed-bed: seeds solitary or rarely 
 2: albumen none; embryo large with two flesliy cotyledons and a iiighly developed 
 plumula, enclosed in its proper jnembrane; leaves lloating. (sacred bean.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Anonnlcs. Apocarpous, woody plants. 
 
 75. MagnoUaccoi. Leaves with stipules, without dots. Polypetalous: stamens with 
 anthers bursting by longitudinal slils: carpellae numerous, distinct, simple: leaves 
 stipuled, not doited, (wiiile wood, swamp laurel/) 
 
 75. W'iiilcrca. Leaves with stipules arid transparent dots. Polypetalous: stamens 
 with anthers bursting by longitudinal slits: carpella distinct, simple: leaves stipuled 
 with transparent dots. 
 
 76. AnunacetE. Flowers perfect, three-parted; stamens usually distinct. Polype- 
 talous: anthers bursting by longitudinal slits: carpellae numerous, simple, distinct, 
 (custard apple.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Umbellales. Flowers epigynous, in umbels: stamens usually hollow. 
 
 60. UmbelUferea. Carpellae two, concrete; germ didymous, inferior: ovula pendu- 
 lous: leaves siieatliing at the base: fruit consists of two carpella (little fruit) separable 
 at their joining sides (called commissure;) each is traversed by elevated ridges, (often 
 appear ratlier to be wings;) ihe ridges are separated by cliannels; below these are 
 tillets consisting of colored oily matter, a linear form, in tlie very substance of the 
 fruit. Seeds pendulous, usually adhering firmly to their covering tegument; embryo 
 minute, at the base of abundant horny albumen; radicle pointing to the hilum. 
 (fennel, carrot, parsnip, aiigehca, poison hemlock.) 
 
 59. Aridiucem. Polypetalous; carpellae more than two, concrete: germ inferior, 
 with several cells; ovula solitary, pendulous; leaves sheathing at the base: dowers 
 umbellate; embryo in the base of a fleshy albumen, (spikenard, ginseng.) ■ 
 
 4th Alliance. Grossales. Flowers epigynous, in racemes. Stems solid. 
 
 85. Grossularia. Placentae parietal. Polypetalous: stamens 5: carpellae concrete: 
 ge»m inferior, 1-celled, parietal placentae: fruit berry; petals distinct, (gooseberry, 
 currant.) 
 
 oth Alliance. Bcrhcralcs. Apocarpons: valves of the anthers curved backwards. 
 78. BcrberidccB. Polypetalous: stamens opposite to petals with anthers opening 
 with lecurved valves: carpella simple, single: dye yellow, (barberry, poppoose-root.) 
 
 6lh Alliance. Pittosporales. Syncocarpous, with hypogenous stamens, and the 
 placenta in the centre of the fruit. . 
 
 72. l^itcs. Fruit •2-celled, seeds few. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella 
 concrete: germ 1-celled, entire; flowers regular: ovules definite erect; stem with ten- 
 drils opposite the leaves: sugary, (grflpe, creeper.) 
 
 62. Sarractnicce. Stigma leafy, peltate. Polypetalous: stamens indefinite, distinct; 
 carpella concrete; germ of several cells withi{)lacenta in the axis; calyx regular with 
 imbricate aestivation, and a peltate petaloid permanent stigma, (side-saddle lily.) 
 
 Second. Epigynose Group of Alliances. Ovary infeiior, usually having an 
 epigynous disk. 
 
 1st Alliance. Onngrales. Estivation not valvate: placenta central; every part of 
 the flower some multiple of two. 
 
 88. OnusTtiriiB. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete; germ inferior, 
 many-celled: ovula indefinite: calyx of 4 divisions, anthers roundish, erect, (willow- 
 herb, gaura.) 
 
 88. Circace(B. Polypetalous: stamens definite: concrete carpella: germ inferior, 
 2-celled: ovules definite erect, (enchanter's night-shade.) 
 
 88. Hnlnriinece. Polypetalous: stain ms definite: carpella concrete: germ inferior 
 with definite pendulous ovula: embrj'o in tlie midst of fleshy albumen, (mermaid- 
 weed, water-milfoil, hippuris.) 
 
542 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT, 
 
 2d Alliance. Mijrtahs. Estivation not ^valvate. Placenta central. Number o 
 parts of the flower uncertain. 
 
 91. Rhizophorca. Stipules between the leaves. Stamens double the number of 
 petals, carpella concrete: germ inferior, 2-celled; ovules pendulous, (mangrove tree.) 
 
 90. Mduslomac.cae.. Stamens bent downwards: leaves three, or more, ribbed. 
 Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete; g-erm inferior, many-celled: anther 
 ■ long, indexed: seeds indefinite: leaves ribbed, oppositei (deer-grass, rhexia.) 
 
 b9. Mijrtnce.cz. Leaves dotted, with an inlra-marginal vein. Polypetalous: sta- 
 mens indefinite; carpella conciete: germ inferior, concrete, many-celled: leaves oppo- 
 site, pellucid dots, (myrtle.) 
 
 89. Phlladelphc(B. Leaves not dotted, stamens straight. Polypetalous; stamens 
 indefinite; carpella concrete: germ inferior, many-celled: anthers lound: ovula inde- 
 finite, (mock-orange.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Cornalcs. Estivations of flowers valvate. 
 
 78. HumamelidecE. Leaves with stipules., Polypetalous: stamens twice the number 
 of tlie petals: carpella concrete: germ inferior, '2-celled, with solitary pendulous 
 ovules: leaves alternate; calyx valve-like: petals litiear-involute. (witch-hazel.) 
 
 58. Lortmlheot. Paiasitical plants, bearing the stamens on the petals. Germ in- 
 ferior 1-celled: ovulum single, pendulous; stigma naked: stamens opposite to lobes of 
 corol: seeds solitary, pendulous; testa membranaceous; embryo cylindrical, longer 
 than the fleshy albumen; radical naked, clavale, superior, (misletoe. ) 
 
 4th Alliance. Cucurbitahs. Placentae p.arictel. 
 
 97. Cuairhilacect. Flowers diclinous. Monopetalous: germ inferior, parietal 
 placentse: fruit succulent: seeds flat ovate, enveloped in a close arilJus, which may be 
 juicy or dry; testa coriaceons, with a thickened margin (see pumpion seed) embryo 
 flat; albumen none; cotyledons foliaceous, veined; radicle next the hilum. (cucum- ' 
 ber, gourd, muekmelon, watermelon, punipkin, squash.) 
 
 Luaseae. Flowers with a ring ot abortive stamens. 
 
 85. Vdctca. Petals extremely numerous. Polyptalous, succulent: fertile stamens 
 indefinite: carpella concrete: germ inferior, 1-celled, parietal placentse, fruit-berried: 
 calyx and corol imbricate, (prickly pear.) 
 
 5th Alliance. Ficoidalcs. Petals extremely narrow and numerous. 
 
 87. FicoidccR. Succulent: polypetalous: stamens definite; carpella concrete: germ 
 inferior, many-celled: seeds indefinite, with embryo lying on the outside of albumen, 
 {fig, ice-plant.) * 
 
 Third. Parietose Group of Alliances. Placenta parietal. 
 
 1st Alliance. Crudalcs. Embryo curved. Albumen absent. 
 
 63. CrunifercB. Polypetalous: stamens tetradynamous: leaves alternate; root mostly 
 pungent: loot and herbage uvtisrorbniic niidnidritiuus. Seed attached in a single row 
 by alunicule, to each of the placentae (seed-bases,) arranged along within the silique 
 or silicle; albumen none; embryo with the ladicle Iblded upon the cotyledons. Her- 
 bage antiscorbutic, seed stomachic, pungent, (radish, caubage, mus.ard, shepherd- 
 purse, water-cress.) 
 
 64. Cuppuridece. Stamens indefinite. Polypetalous: carpella concrete: germ 1- 
 eelled, pedicelled: with simple parietal placenta, and continuous enlarged disk; seeds 
 reniform. (cleome, fetid mustard.) 
 
 64. Resedar.ece. Fruit composed of three carpels. Ovules indefinite: germ 1-cel- 
 led, with a parietal placenta, dehiscent fruit: flowers irregular, partly sterile; embryo 
 reniform. Tonic, used in dyeing, (mignonette, dyers weed.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Violalcs. Stamens few, with no crown to the flower. 
 
 80. Vlolaceai. Leaves with stipules. Polypetalous:-stamens definite (5): carpella 
 concrete: germ one-celled, with nairow parietal placentfe: embryo erect, (violet.) 
 
 68. Dronerdccx. Leaves circinate when young. Polypetalous: stamens definite: 
 carpella concrete; germ 1-celled, with narrow parietal ])lacent8B: divisions of calyx 
 5: embryo erect: vernation circinate. (veniis' fly-trap, sun-dew. ) 
 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 543 
 
 3d Alliance. Passionales. Flowers with a ring or crown of sterile stamens. Peti- 
 oles generally glanilular. 
 
 97. Fussijiorae. Leaves with stipules. Polypetalous: stamens de'finite: filamentous 
 or membranaceous processes on the tube of the calyx: carpr Ha concrete: germ superior, 
 1-celled, with parietal^^placenlte: leaves glandular: seeds arilled: seeds attached in 
 rows to placentae, with a bristle-sculptured tcs^ta .«;urrounded by an arillus: embryo 
 straight in flesiiy albumen; ladicle turned towards tiie hilum; cotyledons liat, leafy, 
 (the jassion-flower.) 
 
 97. Pajinyaccie. Flowers not having both islamens and pistils. Monopetalous; 
 fiowers regular, diclinous: germ superior, 1-celled, wilii 5 parietal placentae: seed 
 enveloped in a loose mucous coat with a brittle pitted testas embryo in the axis of 
 fleshy albumen: cotyledons flat; radicle terete, turned towaids the hilum. (pawpaw 
 tree.) 
 
 88. Tunieraccce. Stipules absent: ovary sessile; crown 0. Polypetalous: stamens 
 o or 10: carpella concrete: germ superior, 1-celIed, with 3 parietal placenlae: corol 
 with a twisted aestivation, (false rock-rose.) ^ 
 
 Fourth. Calycose Group of Aeliances. Calyx incompletely whorled; two of the 
 sepals being exterior. 
 
 1st Alliance. Guttales. Polyandrous. Albumen absent. Petals equal in num- 
 her to the sepals. 
 
 68. Hijpericinea. Styles several. Seeds numerous. Polypetalous: stamens in- 
 definite, regular, polyadelphous: carpella concrete: germ many-celled with placentCB 
 in the axis: calyx irregular with imbricate cestivation: seeds imbricate; yellow resin- 
 ous juice. (John's-wort, Peter' s"-wort.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Theales. Polyandrous. Albumen absent. Petals unequal to the 
 sepals in number. 
 
 70. Ternstromiacece. Stamens adelphous, indefinite, carpella concrete: germ many- 
 celled with the placentfB in the axis: calyx imbricated, many leaved, (tea, holly- 
 bay.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Acerales. Stamens definite. Flowers unsymmetrical. 
 
 C6. AcerinecE. Petals without appendages. Fruit indehiscent, winged, consisting 
 of two carpels. Polypetalous: stamens definite; calyx imbricatft* carpella concrete: 
 germ of several cells with placentce in the axis: an imbricated axis: flowers irregular: 
 ovules erect, definite: petals without appendages: fruit winged, (maple tree, box- 
 elder.) 
 
 65. SapindiacfiCE. Petals having scales in front. Fruit indehiscent, consisting of 
 3 carpels. A disk. Polypetalous: stamens irregularly arranged on a disk: carpella 
 concrete: germ many-celled with placenta? in the axis: calyx imbricate: flowers irregu- 
 lar: with some interior appendages, (heart-seed, Indian soap.) 
 
 66. HippocastaneccE, or Aescidacccc. Petals without appendages: fruit dehiscent: 
 Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete: germ many-c lied with the pla- 
 centae in the axis: calyx imbricate: flowers irregular: leaves palmate, (horse-chesnut.) 
 
 93. PohjgalecB. Flowers papilionaceous. Stamens definite, in one parcel: carpella 
 concrete: germ 2-ceIled, with placentae in the axis: flowers irregular: ovules definite, 
 pendulous: fruit dehiscent, (seneca snake-root, mountain flax. ) 
 
 4th Alliance. Cistales. Flowers regular, albumen present. 
 
 86. EtatinecE. Stamens equal to the number of petals. Polypetalous: stamens 
 distinct, definite: carpella concrete: germ many-celled, with placentas in axis: calyx 
 imbricated: flowers regular: seed with straight embryo: stigmas capitate, (mud 
 purslane.) 
 
 S"2. Lineal. Decandrous, without stipules. Polypetalous; stamens definite: car- 
 pella concrete: germ entire, many-celled, with placentce in the axis: calyx regular, 
 imbricate: flowers regular: ovules definite, pendulous: stigmas capitate: seeds in 
 each cell single, compressed, inverted: albumen usually absent; inner lining of the 
 testa tumid: embryo straight, fleshy, with the radicle pointing towards the hilum; 
 cotyledons flat, (flax.) 
 
 80. CislinecE. Polyandrous: style simple: radical, remote from the hilum. Polype- 
 talous: stamens indefinite: carpella concrete: germ 1-celled, with narrow parietal 
 placentse: embryo inverted, (rock rose, plnweed, false heath. 
 
544 NATURAL ARRANGEMEiVT. 
 
 Fiftli. Syncarpous Group of Alliances. Carpels compactly united, and disagree- 
 ing with the four preceding groups, in their essential characters. 
 
 1st Alliance. Malvalcs. Estivation of calyx valvate: carpels 4 or more. 
 
 74. Malvaceic. Polypetalous: stamens monodelpliou.'!, with 1 -celled anthers: car- 
 pella concrete: germ many-celled: the placentiE in the axis: caiy.x wilh valvate aesti- 
 vation: anthers 1-celled, 'bursting longitudinally; no disk: 6eeds sometimes hairy; 
 albumen none, oi in exceedingly small quantity; embryo curved, with twisted and 
 doubled cotyledons, (mallows, "holly hoc'-, tlower-of-an-hour.) 
 
 79. Tdiamc. Polypetalous: staniens distinct: carpella concrete: germ many-cell- 
 ed, with placentas in the axis: caly.T vvilh valvate restivalion: anthers bursting longi- 
 tudinally: glands between the petals and germ, (bassvvood, lime-tree.) 
 
 91. Salicarur, or Lythrace.(Z. Polypetalous: carpeUa concrete: germ superior, 
 many-celled: calyx tubular, with short teeth, covering the capsule, (swamp willow- 
 herb, wax bush.) Stamens on a tubular calyx. 
 
 2d Alliance. McUnks. Estivation of calyx imbricated: carpels four or more. 
 
 71. McliacecB. Polypetalous: stamens definite, combined in a long tube: carpella 
 concrete: germ many-celled, with placentae in thfe axis: calyx imbricate: flowers 
 symmetrical: embryo of the seed straight, wingless: anthers sub-sessile, (bead- 
 tree.) 
 
 71. Cedrelea. Somewhat monadelphous. Polypetalous: stamens definite, com- 
 bined in a tube: carpella concrete: germ many-celled, with placentae in the axis: 
 calyx imbricated: flowers symmetrical: seeds winged: embryo strait: anthers sub- 
 sessile, (mahogany.) 
 
 70. Auranddcca:. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete: germ many- 
 celled, entire: flowers symmetrical: ovules definite, pendulous: style single: fruit 
 pulpy without: woody axis (core:) seed without albumen: leaves doited, (orange, 
 lemon.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Rhamnales. Estivation of calyx valvate: carpels fewer than four. 
 
 95. RhamnecE. Stamens opposite to the petals. Petals cucullate: germ superior, 
 (buckthorn, new jersey tea.) 
 
 4th Alliance. Eiiphorbiales. Estivation of the [calyx imbricated; carpels fewer 
 than four. 
 
 9G. Eupkorhiacecc. Apetalons: ovules definite, suspended: fruit 3-cel!ed, 3-seeded: 
 flowers diclinous: embryo in the midst of oily albumen: cotyledons Hat; radicle' 
 superior, (spurge, caper, castor-oil plant, box.) 
 
 9.0. Celtisiritiece. Flowers perfect: petals distinct. Carpella concrete: germ supe- 
 rior, disk fleshy: leaves without stipules, (false bitter-sweet, burning-bush.) 
 
 95. St.uphyUacecc. Leaves compound, with common and 'jarlial stipules. Germ 
 .superior, many-celled, surrounded by a fleshy disk, (bladder-nut.) 
 
 5th Alliance. Silmahs. Embryo rolled round mealy albumen; or herbs wilh 
 leaves having turned joints. 
 
 86. Portulaccccc. Sepals two. Polypetalous; stamens not symmetrical: carpella 
 concrete: germ 1-celled: stamens double the petals in number: seeds without peri- 
 carp; embryo curved around the albumen, (purslane, spring beauty.) 
 
 62. Curynjiliyllece. Scltnacccc, or Alsinacae. Sepals united or distinct, 4 or 5 in 
 number. Stamens definite: carpellae concrete: germ with placentae in the axis: calyx 
 imbricated: flowers regular: embryo of the seed coiled round mealy albumen: leaves 
 with herbaceous stems, (pink, soap-wort, sand- wort, catch H}', carpet- weed. ) 
 
 30. Illeccbrccc. Leaves with stipules. Polypetalous: stamens opposite the' divi- 
 sions of the calyx; petals minute, or wanting: carpella concrete; germ 1-celled: 
 leaves with scarious stipules, (forked duckweed.) 
 
 Sixth. Gynobaseose Group of Alliances. Carpels not excefeding five, diverge 
 ing at the base, arranged in a single row around an elevated axis or gynobase. Sta- 
 mens usually separate from the calyx (or hypogynous.) 
 
 1st Alliance. Ruiales. Style single: leaves dotted. 
 
 81. Riitacerc. Stipules none. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete: 
 germ entire, rnany-celled: calyx imbricated: flowers monoclinous, regular: fruit cap- 
 sular, (rue.) 
 
NATURAL ARRANGKMENt. 545 
 
 81. ZygophjLLiue. Leaves opposite. Stipules. Polypetaloiis: stamens definite: 
 carpella. concrete: germ entire, many celleil: calyx imbricate: flowers re<rular: ovules 
 pendulous: stamens arisinjj from scales. 
 
 94. Zant/ioj-ijlnc. Diclinous. Stamens definite: carpella concrete: caly.>c imbricate: 
 ovules pendulous: fruit a drupe, or capsule, (prickly ash, toothache bush.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Geruiual.es. Styles distinct— at least near the top: carpels com- 
 bined. 
 
 73. Gcraniacca. Folypetalous: stamens monadelphous: carpella concrete: germ 
 entire, man3'-celled: caly.x imbricate: flowers symmetrical: ovules pendulou.*, soli- 
 tary: carpella adhering to a woody axis. Fruit beaked, formed of 5 pieces cohering 
 around a lengthened, indurated axis, each piece consisting of one cell, containing one 
 seed, having an arillate covering. Seed solitary, pendulous, without albumen; em- 
 bryo curved; radicle pointing to the base of the cell; cotyledons, foliaceous, convo- 
 lute and plaited, (geranium, herb robert, crane-bill.) 
 
 73. Baba/necB. Fruit not beaked. Folypetalous: stamens definite: carpella con- 
 crete: germ 5-celled, with placentse in the axis: calyx imbricated: flowers irregular, 
 spurred: ovules indefinite; seetw numerous, suspended; albumen none; embryo 
 straight; radicle superior; cotyledons plano-convex. (balsam-weed, jewel-weed, 
 touch-me-not.) 
 
 73. TropaolecE. Folypetalous: stamens definite, distinct: carpella concrete: germ 
 3-celled, with placenttB in the axis; calyx imbricate, with one of the divisions spur- 
 red: flowers irregular: "ovules pendulous: ' seeds large, without albumen; embryo 
 large; cotyledonsslraiglit, thick, germ single, styles J : capsule covered by the calyx: 
 seeds numerous, (nasturtion. ) 
 
 73. Oxalidm. Fruit not beaked. Folypetalous: starnen.s definite, spread or at- 
 .taclied at the base: carpella concrete: germ many-celled, placentjB in the axis: calyx 
 imbricate: seeds few, fixed to the axis, enclosed within a fleshy integument, which 
 curls back when ripe, and scatters the seed; albumen fleshy-cartilaginous; embryo of 
 the length of the albumen; radicle long, pointing to the hilum and foliaceous coty- 
 ledons, (wood sorrel.) 
 
 Seventh. Apocarpose Group of Alliances. Carpels distinct, separable by their 
 faces, 01 solitary. 
 
 1st Alliance. Rosalcs. Albumen wholly absent. 
 
 92. Rosacea. Flowers quite regular. Styles lateral: germs numerous, simple: 
 stamens regular: seeds definite, with albumen; embryo straight, with a terete, short 
 radicle, pointing to the hilum; cotyledons flat; albumen becoming obliterated in 
 ripening, or remaining fleshy: leaves alternate, stipuled. (rose, strawberry, rasp- 
 berry, avchs root, steeple bush.) 
 
 92. Paiitaceic. Stamens indefinite: germs adhering to the calyx: leaves stipuled, 
 alternate: seeds ascending, solitary, (becoming double arid triple by culture;) albu- 
 men none; embryo erect; 'cotyledons flattish; radicle short, conical, (apple, thorn, 
 quitice, shad-hush, thorn-bush, mountain ash.) 
 
 92. Ainyi^dulcB. Germ superior, simple, solitary, with a terminal style: stamens 
 
 regular, indefinite: fruit drupaceous: seed suspended, without albumen; embryd 
 
 straight; radicle pointing to the hilum; cotyledons thick: leaves stipuled, alternate, 
 
 ' simple. Ahctiys contain pmssic acid. Astringent, febrifuge; seed and leaves ofleti 
 
 narcotic, (peach, plumb, cherry, almond.) 
 
 92. Sungiiisorbne. Fetals may be called calyx leaves: germs definite, suspended: 
 calyx tubular, indurated: fruit dehiscent: leaves stipuled, alternate: nut solitary, in- 
 closed in the tube of the calyx: seed solitary; embryo without albumen; radicle 
 superior; cotyledons large, plano-convex, (burnet, burnt saxifrage, lady's mantle. ) 
 
 93. Lesuniinosecp.. I^egume-bearing, with the radicle next the Jiilum. Germs su- 
 perior, solitary, simple, with a terminal style: stamens definite: fruit leguminous: 
 seeds attached to the upper suture; embryo either straight, or with the radicle bent 
 on the cotyledons; albumen none; cotyledons expanding below, or above ground: 
 leaves stiped, alternate, (pea, indigo, locust tree, peanut, clover.) 
 
 92. Cknjsohuhineic, or Mimoseae. Germ superior, solitary; style from its base: 
 petals and stamens irregular: fruit' drupaceous: leaves stipuled, simple, okernate: 
 seed mostly solitary, erect; embryo with fleshy cotyledons, and no albumen, (sensa- 
 tive plant.) 
 
 69 
 
546 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 92. Cahjcanfhem. Petals very numerous. Stamens definite: divisions of the calyx 
 numerous, imbricated: germs inclosed in a fleshy tube: seeds suspended, rarely as- 
 cending; embryo straight: radicle short, terete, pointing to the hilum: cotyledons 
 flat; albumen becomes almost obliterated in ripening: anthers turned outwards; 
 leaves opposite, without stipules. (Carolina iiispice.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Suxal.cs. Carpels two, diverging: seeds very numerous, with albu- 
 men. 
 
 84. Saxifragem. Leaves alternate. Polypetalous: stamens definite: ovaria adher- 
 ing more or less to the calyx, and to each other: seeds indefinite: stipules, (saxi- 
 frage, mitrewort, alum root, grass of parnassus. ) 
 
 3d. Alliance. Crasziiles. Carpels several: seeds very numerous, with albumen. 
 83. Crassulaceie.. Polypetalous, succulent: stamens definite: germs superior, dis- 
 tinct, surrounded, at the base by scales. (Virginia orpine, house leek, liveforever.) 
 
 4th Alliance. BaLsamns. Abounding in balsamic juice. 
 
 94. Anajridca. Stamens definite; anthers bursting by longitudinal slits: carpella, 
 distinct, simple: leaves dotted, without stipules: seeds without albumen; cotyledons 
 fleshy; radicle superior, very short. 
 
 94. Anacardiacea:. Germ superior, simple: leaves without dots or stipules, (su- 
 mach, poison ivy, poison ash.) 
 
 II. INCOMPLETE SUB-CLASS. 
 
 First. Rectembrose Group of Alliances. Calyx very imperfect: embryo straight. 
 1st Alliance. Amentales. Flowers in catkins. Carpels several. 
 
 99. Ciqndiferecv. Pifitillate flowers surrounded by a cupnlea. Apetalous: ovules 
 definite, pendulous, 2 or more in each ceil: flowers in aments: ovaria inferior, single, 
 inclosed in a cup: leaves alternate, stiped, with veins straiglit from the mid-rib'to the 
 margin: fruit a bony, coriaceous i-celled, nut more or less inclosed in the cup-like in- 
 volucre or perianth: seed solitary; 'embryo large, with plano-convex, fleshy cotyle- 
 dons; radicle minute, superior. Trees, (oak, iiazle nut, chesnut, beech.) 
 
 99. BehiUnca. Pistilla^flowers in scaly catkins. Aclilamideous: germ 2-celled: 
 seeds definite, penduloasWlowers in aments: seed pendulous, naked; albumen none; 
 embryo straight; radicle superior, (alder, hop-hound beam, birch, blue beech.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Urticales. Carpels solitary, or several: stems continuous without 
 sheaths. 
 
 98. UriicecB. Leaves rough: anthers bursting longitudinally. Apetalous: ovula 
 definite: calyx inferior: stipules distinct: fruit a simple indehiscent nut, surrounded 
 either by a membranous or fleshy calyx: embryo straight curved, or spiral, with or 
 without albumen; radicle superior, remote from the hilum; cotyledons face to face. 
 Bark tough, (nettle, hop, hemp.) 
 
 98. Artocarpecp. or Moreae. Apetalous, lactescent: flowers in fleshy heads: ovula 
 definite, suspended: leaves alternate, stiped: seed suspended, solitary; embryo in- 
 verted; radicle pointing to the hilum, straight; inside or outside of the albumen. The 
 poison Upas and Caoutohoue tree, are here, (mulberry tree.) 
 
 88. CeratophyllecB. Ovula definite, pendulous: flowers solitary: germ 1-celled: 
 calyx many-parted, (horn-wort. ") 
 
 96. Ew/ietrecc. Flowers hypogynous. Apetalous: ovules definite, ascending: calyx 
 leaves inferior, distinct, -imbricated: stamens distinct: seeds solitary, ascending; 
 embryo terete, in the axis of a fleshy, watery, albumen; radicle inferior, (black 
 crow-berry.) 
 
 99. MijricecB. Aromatic, with hypogynous flowers. Achlamydeous: germ 1-celled: 
 ovules erect: embryo naked: flowers amentaceous: seeds solitary, erect; embryo with- 
 out albumen; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short, superior, (sweet-fern, bay- 
 berry.) 
 
 94. Jwrlandecc. Semi-balsamic, with epigynous flowers. Trees. Ovules ascend- 
 ing: flowers in aments: calyx superior: fruit dry-drupaceous, 1-celled: seeds 4-lobed; 
 embryo of the form of the .seed; no albumen; cotyledons fleshy, 2-!obed, wrinkled; 
 r? :icle superior, (butter-nut, walnut.) 
 
NATURAL ARRANOEME^fT. 547 
 
 3d Alliance. Ulmalcs. Leaves rough, carpels two. 
 
 99. Ulmacea. Apetalous: ovula definite, suspended: dowers solitary or loosely 
 clustered: fruit 2-celled, dehiscent: leaves scabrous, alternate, stipuled: seeds solitary 
 pendulous; albumen none, or scarcely any; embryo with foliaceous cotyledons; radicle 
 superior, (elm, nettle tree.) 
 
 4th Alliance. Dallscnies. Seeds numerous. Leaves alternate. 
 
 9S. Datiscccc. Flowers epigynous. Apetalous: ovules indefinite: germ 1 -celled, 
 with ])arielal placentae: fruit dehiscent: flowers dioecious: seeds in membranous 
 reticulated integument; embryo straight; albumen none; radicle turned towards the 
 hilum. (false hemp, paper mulberry.) 
 
 Second. Achlamydose Group of Alliances. Calyx and corol altogether absent. 
 
 ]st Alliance. Pijieralcs. Flowers in spikes. Apocarpous. 
 
 98. SaururecB. Leaves alternate: carpels several. Achlamydeous: (no calyx nor 
 corol:) carpellse 4: ovules ascending: seeds with a membranaceous integument; 
 embryo minute, in a fleshy lentiform seed, outside of a hard albumen, remote from 
 the hilum. (lizard tail. ) 
 
 98. Piperaceie. Leaves alternate: carpelssolitary. Achlamydeous: germ 1-celled: 
 ovules erect: embryo enclosed in a sack at the end of the seed opposite the hilum, 
 outside of the albumen, (pepper.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Salicalcs. Flowers in catkins. Apocarpous. 
 
 99. Salicivea. Many-seeded. Acldamydeous: 1 or 2-celied ovarium: seeds inde- 
 finite comose: flowers amentaceous: seeds adhering below, comose; albumen none; 
 embryo erect; radicle inferior, (willow, poplar.) 
 
 99. Plutanea. One-seeded. Achlamydeous: germ 1-celled: ovules pendulous: 
 leaves alternate: flowers amentaceous: seeds solitary, (rarely in pairs,) pendulous, 
 elongated; testa thick; embryo long, terete, lying m the axis of the fleshy albumen; 
 radicle turned to the extremity, (or opposite,) the hilum. (button-wood tree, sweet 
 gum.) 
 
 100. Coniferea or Balsamacr.ai. Many-seeded: seeds purely naked: resinous trees, 
 with branched trunks; leaves simple with parallel veins: seeds witli hard crustaceous 
 integuments; embryo in flesh}', oily, albumen, with opposite cotyledons; radicle next 
 the apex of the seed, (pine tree, juniper, yew tree, cypress, tree of life.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Podnstemnles. Carpels two, united: seeds indefinite. 
 7. Fluvialcs, or Podostciriiue.ic. Caulescent, floating, no albumen: embryo with a 
 slit: stamens definite: dry superior fruit, with pendulous seeds. Water. 
 
 5th Alliance. Callitric/ialcs. Carpels several. 
 
 88. CaUiliichinea. Sub-achlamydeous, herbaceous: germ 4-celled: seed peltate, 
 solitarj'. (water chickweed.) 
 
 Third. Tubiferous Group of Alliances. Calyx tubular, often resembling a corol; 
 and not agreejng in character with other groups. 
 
 1st Alliance. Daphnales. Calyx with imbricated estivation. Carpels solitary. 
 
 24. Elaeagneae. Stamen^ distinct: leaves scurfy. Apetalous, with definite erect 
 ovules: a tubular inferior calyx, with alternating stamens: leaves leprous: mostly 
 dioecious: calyx rather inferior. Trees or shrubs covered with leprous scales; leaves 
 alternate or opposite, entire, stipuled. 
 
 25. Thymeleiie. Stamens distinct: leaves smooth. Apetalous, with definite pen- 
 dulous ovules; germ superior, 1-celled: leaves without stipules. Shrubby. Flowers 
 in heads or spikes, (leather-wood, moose- wood.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Laureates. Valves of the anthers curved backwards. 
 
 27. Lnuriaeae. Leafy, arborescent, aromatic plants, with fleshy cotyledons. Aro- 
 matic, with definite suspended ovules, and bursting by recurved valves. Trees and 
 shrubs: flowers panicled or umbelled. (sassafras, spice-bush, camphor.) 
 
548 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 Fourth. Coli;mnose Group of Alliances. Stamens delphous: ovary about six- 
 celled — especially if the flower is epigynous. 
 
 1st Alliance. Arislolocludcs. Flowers epioyndus. 
 
 23. Aristolochiac. Ovules indefinite: germ many-celled: calyx valve-like: sub- 
 monoecious: calyx superior, tubular: style axillaiy, dull, solitary. J[\^'lld ginger- 
 root, birth- wort.) 
 
 Fifth. CuRVEMBROSE Group of Alliances. Embryo curved around the albumen, 
 or having the form of a horseshoe or spiral: calyx rarely tubular. 
 
 1st Alliance. Chenopodaks. Albumen presents radicle next the hilum. 
 
 30. Amarantaccfie. Apetalous: flowers dry with numerous bracts: seeds erectj 
 embryo curved round a mealy albumen: radicle next the hilum: stamens hypogynous: 
 calyx scarious bracteolate. (batchelor button, amaranth, coxcomb.) 
 
 29. Chcnnpndeiie. Apetalous: flowers herbaceous: carpels solitary: seeds erect, 
 with a curved embryo; radicle next the hilum: herbaceous: calyx not bracted. (beet 
 pig-weed, oak-of-jerusalem, spinage, salt-wort.) 
 
 29. Phytulacceac. Apetalous: flowers colored: carpelsseveral: ovula erect, definite: 
 calyx inferior, many-leaved: stamens perigynous, distinct: germ many-celled, embryo 
 rolled in a mealy albumen; radicle next the hilum: stigmas terminal, (poke-weed.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Polygonales. AlbuiilBn present: radicle ovary, from the hilum. 
 
 28. Pohjgoncae. Calyx and corol in One: ovula erect, definite: stipules ochreous: 
 radicle distant from the hilum: leaves alternate, stipuled. (buckwheat, dock rhu- 
 barb.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Sclsrales. Tube of the calyx hardended. 
 
 30. Sclernntkeae. Apetalous: border of the calyx herbaceous: a single seed attach- 
 ed to a cord arising from the base of the cell: calyx inferior tubular indurated: stamens 
 perigynous: an embryo curved round me%]y albumen; radicle next the hilum. (gravel 
 chick-weed.) 4 
 
 32. Ntjctaginean. Apetalous: ovula ascending: calyx with a petaloid border, inferi- 
 or, tubular, hardening at the base: stamens hypogynous: embryo surrounding floury 
 albumen, (four-o'clock.) 
 
 4lh Alliance. Cocadares. Albumen present. Flowers of ternary structure, dich- 
 lamydeous. 
 
 77. 3Jmisperme(B. Polypetalous: carpella simple, distinct: flowers diclinous, 
 minute: stem shrubby, twining, (moonseed.) 
 
 III. MONOPETALOUS SUB-CLASS. 
 
 First. PoLYCARPOus Group OF Alliances. Flowers hypogynous (rarely epigynous,) 
 ovary composed of many carpels. 
 
 1st Alliance. Ericales. Anthers opening by pores: carpels 4, .5, or more. 
 
 51. Pi/rolacccc or Monotropacea. Flowers regular: germ superior, many-seeded: style 
 single declined: author 2 celled: dry, appendaged: seeds winged minute; embryo 
 minute, inverted, at the extremity of a fleshy albumen, (pririce's pine, pear-leaf, bird- 
 nest, albany beechdrops.) 
 
 51. Ericea. Shrubby without stipules: flowers regular: ovary superior, many- 
 seeded: style single: anthers 2-celled, dry, appendaged: seeds without wings, minute 
 with the embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen; testa firmly adhering to the nucleus; 
 radicle opposite the hilum. Leaves of some evergreen, (honeysuckle, wintergreen, 
 laurel.) 
 
 51. Vaccinrm. Ovary inferior: corol regular: fruit succulent: ovules indefinite; 
 anthers spurred: leaves alternate: seeds minute: embryo slraiglit, in the axis of a 
 fleshy albumen: cotyledons very short; radicle long, inferior, (whortleberry, cran- 
 berry.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Primulales. Anthers bursting longitudinally: carpels 4 or 5. 
 
 35. Prirmdacea. Herbaceous: flowers regular, stamens opposite to divisions of 
 petals: germ entire, superior, 1-celled with a free central placenta: fruit capsular, 
 Herbaceous, (primrose, chick wintergreen, loosestrife. ) 
 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 549 
 
 48. Sapoteae. Milky plants. Calyx and corol double. Germ with several cells: 
 flowers regular, ovules erect definite: corol imbricate: seeds with a bony coat. 
 
 49. Ebeiiaccit. Watery plants, with twice as many stamens as i)etals. Germ 
 superior, many-celled: tlowers regular, diclinous: ovules collateral definite, pendu- 
 ous: corol 3— 6-lobed, with stems a multiple of the lubes: seeds albuminous, (ebony 
 ,vood.) 
 
 71. Slijraceae. Monopetalous: germ inferior, many-celled; ovula definite: leaves 
 alternate, (benzoin.) 
 
 9'). liicintiE or AciiifoliacetB. Watery plants. Stamens and sepals same number. 
 Germ superior, 2 or 6-celled: flowers regular: corol 4 toG lobed. (holly winter berry.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Volvales. Carpels from 2 to 4. 
 
 44. Convolvulaccac. Twining plants; some are leafless with spiral embryo. Germ 
 2 to 4-celled: flowers regular; ovules definite erect: corol plaited: cotyledons shrivel- 
 led, (morning glory, sweet potatoe, dodder.) 
 
 45. Poknioniuccfic. Erect plants, with imbricated corol, and 3 carpels. Flowers 
 regular: germ superior, 3-ceIled, peltate or ascending ovules, and a pentandrous 5- 
 parted corol: estivation imbricated, (greek valerian, lichnidia, phlox.) 
 
 44. HijdioLeaceac. Qerrn superior, 2 or 3-celled: styles numerous: seeds indefinite; 
 corol plaited or imbricated, (bind-vveed, morning glory, dodder.) 
 
 Second. Epigynose Group of Alliances. ' Flowers epigynose. Ovary composed 
 of two or many carpe's. 
 
 1st Alliance. Campunales. Stipules absent. Seeds indefinite. 
 
 52. Lohelinctot. Milky: germ inferior: corol irregular: stamens syngenesious 
 (united anthers) ovula indefinite^ leaves alternate: pollen oval. Acrid when they 
 contain milk, mosiXy poi so turns . (wild tobacco, cardinal Hovver.) 
 
 52. CainpanulucecB. Milky: germ inferior: corol regular: fruit capsular; ovules 
 indefinite: leaves alternfite: pollen romi'd. (venus' looking-glass, bell-flower, hair-bell.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Cinchonales. Stipules between the leaves. 
 
 57. CinrJioncx. Albumen present. Germ inferior: leaves entire opposite, with, 
 intermediate stipules, (peruvian bark, button bush, partridge berry.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Caprealcs. Stipules none. Seeds definite in number. 
 
 58. Caprifoliacca. Germ inferior, many-celled; ovula pendulous: leaves opposite 
 without stipules: seeds either solitary, pendulous, or numerous and attached to the 
 axis; testa often bony; embryo straight, in fleshy albumen; radicle superior, (horse- 
 ginseng, dy honey-S\ickle, elder, dog-wood, linnea. ) 
 
 4th Alliance. St.ellales. Fruit double: leaves whorled, with no stipules. 
 57. SleUalae. Leaves scabrous, stellate, or whorled: fruit didymous; ovules solitary, 
 erect: stems angular: stipules none, (bed-straw, goose-grass, madder.) 
 
 Third. Aggregose Group of Alliances. Ovary consisting of but one perfect 
 carpel. 
 
 1st Alliance. Astrules. Anthers syngenesious. 
 
 53. Cichoraceae. Sap generally milky, bitter: florets all ligulate and perfect: corols 
 mostly yellow, rarely blue. They are hawkweed-like ( Hieraceae) (succory, endive, 
 hawkweed) or dandelion-like ( Taroxaccac ) (dandelion, vegetable oyster, lettuce.) 
 
 54. Cincroce/jliiilae. Corols tubular: receptacles fleshy and chafty: stigma above 
 the style articulated; egret somewliat rigid: leaves alternate, sometimes spinose; 
 flowers capitate. They are mostly \.bisi\e-li\ie ( Carduaceae J (thistle, burdock, mary- 
 gold.) 
 
 55. Corymhifcrne. Florets tubular-ligulate, mostly radiate: receptacle scarcely 
 fleshy: stigma above the style not articulated: inflorescence often corymbed. They 
 are elicampane-like ( //(«/«e^ (life-everlasting, elecampane, marygold;) slar-flower-like 
 ( Astiretic ) (fiea-batie, golden rod, daisy;) boneset-like ( F.tiputorinc/ic ) (coltfoot, 
 boneset, ragwort;) sunflovver-Iike ( Hidiitutheuc) (sunflower, beirgar-tick, ox-pyed 
 daisy; ) mayweed-hke ( Aathciaidenc ) (tansoy, yarrow; ) hogweed-like ( Amhrosinceae. ) 
 Note. The Ambrosia is scarcely entitled to a place in this alliance, (hogweed^ 
 clott-bur, highwater shrub. ) 
 
550 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 2d Alliance. Dipsalcs. Anthers distinct. Flowers epigynous. 
 
 5G. Dipsacea. Carpel solitary: germ inferior, 1-celled: flowers capitate: anthers 
 distinct: seeds pendulous, albuminous, (teasel, scabious.) 
 
 56. Valeridiicae. Carpels triple, two of them abortive: germ 1-celled: stamens 
 distinct: seeds exalbuminous, pendulous, (nervine valerian, lamb-lettuce.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Pluiitales. Style single; stigma naked. 
 
 31. Pluntagincne. Fruit spuriously double celled. Tetrandrous; inner calyx (corol 
 of some) monophyllous: germ superior, 2 to 4-celled: stigma simple filiform: flowers 
 spiked: pericarp membranous, dehiscent transversely, (plantain, ribwort.) 
 
 4th Alliance. Plumhn.les. Styles five: flowers formed upon the quinary plan. 
 33. Pluinbagineae. Germ superior, 1-celled, containing one ovulum suspended 
 from the apex of a corol; stigma naked, (sea-lavender, marsh-rosemary.) 
 
 Fourth. Labiose Group of Alliances. Flowers hypogynous, unsymmetrical: 
 ovary composed of two carpels. 
 
 1st Alliance. Lahiahs. Ovules from two to four, in each carpel. 
 
 42. Labiateae. Germ superior: fruit divided into four lobes: flowers irregular, 
 whorled, spiked, or capitate: seeds, erect, with little or no albumen; embryo 
 erect; cotyledons flat, (sage, rosemary, mint, savory, pennyroyal, catnip, scull-cap.) 
 
 41. Verbenaceae. Germ superior undivided, a terminal style: flowers irregular: 
 fruit indehisceiit, 2 to 4-celled, opposite to the leaves; seeds solitary with an inferior 
 radicle, (vervain, fog-fruit.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Bignonialcs. Neither albumen nor liooks to the seeds. 
 
 28. Beironinccac. Seeds winged: gerui 3-celled, winged: ovules on indefinite irre- 
 gular imbricate calyx: stipules membranaceous. 
 
 40. Pefl/i linen e. Germ superior, becoming woody nut-like fruit: flowers irregular: 
 seed without albumen, (unicorn plant, oily grain.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Secrophulales. Seeds numerous, with albumen. 
 
 37. Scrnphdnrineae. Leafy plants, with superior ovary: capsule superior, 2-celled: 
 flowers irregular: seeds indefinite; embryo included within tleshy albumen; radicle 
 turned towards the hilum. (fo.\-glove, culver's physic, snake head.) 
 
 36. Orobaiichcac. Leafless plants with a minute embryo. Plants destitute of 
 green herbage, parasitical: germ superior, 1-celled: tlowers irregular: seeds indefinite, 
 very minute; embryo minute, inverted in the apex of fleshy albumen: herbaceous, 
 leafless, of a dull yellowish white, (squaw-root, beech-drop.) 
 
 4th Alliance. Acontliahs. Seed without albumen, with hooks. Calyx remarkably 
 imbricated. 
 
 39. Acanthaceae. Capsule superior, 2-celled: irregular flowers: flowers imbricated, 
 (malabar-nut, water-willow.) 
 
 5th Alliance. Lentibules. A free central placenta. 
 
 35. Lenlibulurine. Flowers irregular: germ superior, 1-celled, with a free central 
 placenta, (bladder-wort, butler- wort.) 
 
 Fifth. DiCARPOHS Group of Alliances. Flowers hypogynous and symmetrical. 
 Ovary composed of two carpels. 
 
 1st Alliance. Gentiannles. Flowers symmetrical. Carpels standing at the right 
 and left of the axis of inflorescence. 
 
 46. Gcntinneae. Corol withers on the fruit. In estivation imbricated. Flowers 
 reo-ular: germ superior, 1 or 2-celled: corol withering, imbricated: seeds indefinite: 
 fruit capslilar: leaves sessile, entire, (gentian, venus' pride, floating heart, buck- 
 bean.) 
 
 46. Spigeliaceact. Estivation of corol valvate. Flowers regular: gerra superior, 
 2-celled, with several ovules: corol valve-like: fruit dry: leaves opposite. (Carolina 
 pink-root.) 
 
 47. Apocijneae. Sap milky: estivation contorted: stamens partly distinct. Germ 
 superior, double; apex connected by a simple stigma: flowers regular: pollen powdery: 
 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. - 551 
 
 corol contorted: seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen; testa simple; embryo 
 foliaceous; pluinula inconspicuous; radicle turned towards the hiluni. (dogbane, 
 wandering milkweed, choak dog. 
 
 47. Agclipiddcae. Anthers grow to the stigma: sap milky. Germ double, superior, 
 apex of wliicli is connected by a dilated stigma: llowers regular, pollen glutinous, 
 corol contorted: seeds numerous, imbricated, pendulous; albumen thin; embryo 
 straight; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle superior; plumula inconspicuous, (milk-weed, 
 butlerily weed, periwinkle.) 
 
 2d. Alliance. Oleules. Diandrous. 
 
 34. Oleaccnc. Estivation of corol valvate. Flowers regular: germ superior, 2- 
 celled, with pendulous seeds: stamens 2: corol valvate. Fraxihus is often apetalous. 
 (olive lilac, fringe-tree, prim, ash.) 
 
 34. Jasmmuc. Estivation of corol imbricate. Flowers regular: germ superior, 
 2-celled: seeds erect: stamens 2: corol imbricate, (jasmine.) 
 
 3d Alliance, Echialcs, Inflorescence gyrate. 
 
 Borairinetr. Fruit deeply lobed. Flowers regular: germ superior, deeply lobed: 
 stems round: nuts 4, distinct; seed separable from its integument, (affectedly called 
 pericarp,) without albumen; embryo with a superior radicle; cotyledons parallel 
 with the axis, plano-convex, (sometimes the cotyledons are doublfi.) (borage, cum- 
 fry. houn-tongue, bugloss.) .r. jh, ' 
 
 43. HeUotropicccc. Flowers regular: ge^'"superior, 4-celled with solitary pendu- 
 lous ovules: seeds with plano-convex coiyledons, exalbuminous, pendulous, solitary; 
 embryo with minute radicle curved downwards, and turned towards the hilum. 
 (turnsole.) 
 
 43. Hijdrophyllea. Flowers regular: germ superior, 1-celled, with ovules attached 
 to parietal, or fungous, stalked placenta: stigma naked: embryo terete, lying towards 
 the end of the abundant, sub-cartilaginous albumen; radicle superior, next to the 
 hilum. (bur- flower, water-leaf) 
 
 4th Alliance. Solunnles. Flowers symmetrical. Carpels standing forward and 
 backward of the axis of inflorescence. 
 
 38. Sniunene. Embryo curved; cotyledons cylindrical. Flowers regular: germ 
 superior 'i-celled:. ovules indefinite: corol plaited: fruit succulent; leaves alternate: 
 s°eds numerous sessile; embryo more or less curved; often out of the center, lying in 
 fleshy albumen; radicle next the hilum. Poisonvus fruit and herbage, with nutriliuos 
 tcliolesome roots, (potatoe, red pepper, tobacco, mullein, henbane.) 
 
 AcHiTOSPEKMous* Plants. These are the only phenogamous plants whose seeds 
 are destitute of tunics, or other covering, outside of the cuticle. They are not Gym- 
 nospermae; for those have a tunic-like covering; but no proper pericarp in its original 
 sense. It is the absence of the latter envelope only, to which this term is applied. 
 
 too. Ci/nadcfC. Seeds with no covering outside of the cuticle, mucilaginous: trunk 
 round cylindrical, undivided; leaves pmnate, with gyrate vernation, and parallel 
 veins: ovula solitary; truely naked, with no covering but a contracted leaf, or scale 
 on which they grow; embryo in the fleshy, or horny, albumen; radical next the apex 
 of the seed, where it hangs b}' a long funicle. (sago plant.) 
 
 100. Coni/ereae. Seeds with no covering outside of the cuticle: resinous trees, 
 with trunks; leaves simple with parallel veins: seeds with hard crustaceous integu- 
 ments; embryo in fleshy, oily, albumen, with opposite cotyledons; radicle nest the 
 apex of the seed. Balsamic, stomachic, healing, (red cedar, juniper, tree of life, 
 pine, yew.) 
 
 *See definition and etymology, in a remark at the end of the description of the 
 dicotyledonous class. 
 
552 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 SECOND CLASS, OR GRAND DIVISION. 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONAE, OR ENDOGENAE. 
 
 First. Epigynose Group of Alliakces. Anthers distinct. Flowers complete. 
 Ovary inferiur. 
 
 Jsl Alliance. Amom'ahs. Leaves with veins diverging from the midrib to the 
 margin. .'s 
 
 20. Marantacece. '"H^onandrous. Three petaloid: a single 1 -celled anther, and a 
 petaloid filament, ("cauna.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Narcissales. Hexandrous and six-petalled plants. 
 
 17. Hijpoxidcuc. Flowers small; texture harsh. Six-petaloid: germ inferior; co- 
 rol'G-parted, (called perianth by some) with equitant divisions: seeds with a black 
 brittle integument, and a lateral beak-like hilam; embryo in the axis of a fleshy albu- 
 men, its radicle having no certain direction. (star-grassJJJl 
 
 17. AmiiryUidtiie. Flowers large: texture smoutMta^PPtaloid, bulbous, 6- 
 stamened: germs inferior: corql 6-p^rted with equitan^^^^ians: seeds with fleshy 
 albumen; embryo nearly straightifalfij^-adicle turned towards the hilum. Leaves 
 ensiform. (snowdrop, jicobed.) jicq^lp . 
 
 3d Alliance. E.iales. Triandrousi/. . 
 
 18. Jiideae. Six-petaloid, triandrous: germ inferior: anthers turned outwards: 
 leaves equitant, except the crocus, (flower de-luce, saiFron, blue-eyed grass.) 
 
 4th Alliiince. Biomdiales. Tripetaloid scurfy plants, with albumen. 
 15. Bromdinceae. Three-petalled: ti stamens: germ interior, and an albuminous 
 embryo, (pine apple, pine herb.) 
 
 5th Alliance. Ilijiirales. Tripetaloid smooth plants. Stamens more than six; no 
 albumen. 
 
 88. Hijdrochariderc. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete: germ infe- 
 rior: ovules pendulous, definite: cotyledons unequal, (eardrop.) 
 
 Second. Spadicose Group of Alliances. Flowers herbaceous, or irpperfect, or 
 absent, or even colored; in that case with its parts in twos, and the ovaYy superior. 
 
 J st Alliance. Aralcs. Flowers on a spadix: fruit either berried, or capsular. 
 
 7. Aroidcae. Spadiceous, with simple succuler.t, or capsular fruit; a developed 
 spathe, and sub-sessile anthers. Flowers diclinous and perfect. Herbaceous or 
 shrubby. Leaves sheathing, (wild turnip, sweet-flag, gold-club, ethiopian arum, 
 skunk cabbage.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Typhalcs. Flowers on a spadix: sepals three: anthers clavate. 
 
 8. lyphaceac. Spadijeous, with 3 half-glumaceous valves: anthers clavate; fila- 
 ments long, lax: germ solitary, pendulous. Stems without joints: leaves, ensiform. 
 No spathe calyx, (uat-tail, bur-reed.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Sm'daks. Flowers in lax racemes: leaves deciduous. 
 
 12. Dloscoreae. Six-petalled: ovary inferior, diclinous: perianth regular, small: 
 seeds flat, compressed, in leaf like fruit; embryo small, near the hilum, lying in a 
 large cavity of cartilaginous albumen, (yam root. ) 
 
 12. Smilaceae. Six-peialled: ovary superior: tloweis perfect: anthers turned in- 
 wards: perianth colored: fruit succulent, 3-celled'; seed-covering membranaceous: al- 
 bumen fleshy, and a|)proaching the cartilaginous structure; embryo usually distant 
 from the hilum: style triple, (asparagus, Jacob's ladder, Solomon's seal, wake-robin.) 
 
 4lh Alliance. Fluviklcs. Flowers in spikes, or solitary. 
 
 7. Flmniiks. Floaters. (Ovules pendulous. Caulescent exalbuminous, with a slit 
 embryo, definite stamens, and dry superior fruit with pendulous seeds: water plants, 
 (pond-weed, river-weed, thread-foot.) 
 
IVATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 553 
 
 7. Juncaginene. Ovules erect. Caulescent exalbuminous, with a slit embryo, 6 
 iStamens, and dry superior fruit with erect seeds. Bog plants, with ensiform leaves. 
 Spiked or racemed, (floweririfr rusli, arrow grass.) 
 
 7. Pifiiarcdc. Floaters, very cellular, with no axis of growth or scarcely any; but 
 the stems and leaves confounded: tlowers spathaceous, solitary, naked, (duck-meat, 
 water flaxseed. 
 
 Third. Glumose Guoup of Alliances. Scale-like bradtfi*. or chaff's, in the pla 
 of perianths. 3 
 
 1st Alliance. Cidmales. Having straws or stalks in the pl|Dm.of the caulis. 
 
 10. Gramincae. Plants glumaceous, with pistular, cylinf^y^l stems, and slit-leaf 
 sheaths. Seed covering not a pericarp, but a membrane,'?.^¥ tiie brand of ground 
 wheat: albumen farinaceous, (jiroducing flour or meal when ground;) embryo lying 
 on one side of the base (being the chit) of the albumen— it is lenticular, witii a broad 
 cotyledon and developed pluuiula. (redtop grass, whitetop grass, canary, wheat, oats, 
 orchard grass, reed, chess, cane, rice, Indian corn.) 
 
 9. Ci/peraceae. Stems solid, more or less angular: leaf-sheaths entire; ovary 1- 
 seeded: ovulum erect: nut crustaceous or bony: albumen of the form of the seed; 
 embryo undivided, included in the albumen; plu^na inconspicuous. Diclinous. Root 
 fibrous. (coUen grass, sedge boy rush, galuMMaM) 
 
 13. Xi/rideiie. Flowers with a corol. '■BRfcalled, with superior concrete car- 
 ])ella, with a 1-celled capsule, and a pariel|^MPBentae, and capitate flowers: seed 
 numerous, with the embryo outside of the >l|Bmen, most remote from the hilum: 
 ieaves radical, ensiformr (yellow-eyed gra^,;day-flower. ) 
 
 Fourth. Hypogenose Group of Alliances. Flower colored, with its parts in 
 threes: ovary superior. 
 
 ]st Alliance. Palmales. Six-petaloid plants, with a \'ague embryo. 
 
 11. Palmae. Sixpetalled, arborescent: leaves divided, rigid: germ superior 3- 
 celled, and an embryo lies in a cartilaginous or fleshy albumen, at a distance from the 
 liilum. Furilishes/oor/, oil, icine, and ionic remedies, (cocoa, palm.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Lilialcs. Six-petalled plants, with an embryo in the axis of the 
 albumen. 
 
 17i Pontcdcrene. Six-petaloid: corol irregular: germ superior. Corol involute after 
 flowering: Igieeds indefinite, attached to a central axis; hilum small; embryo turning- 
 straight, being in the axis of somewhat mealy albumen. Aquatics, (pickerel-weed 
 mud-plantain, yellow-eyed water-grass.) 
 
 13. Mdanthacxae. Hexandrous: styles distinct. Six-petaloid: carpella nearly sepa- 
 rate: anlfiers turned outwards. Germs superior; seed with a membranous testa; 
 albumen-dense fleshy, (itcii-weed, blazing-star.) 
 
 14. Liliacme. Hexandrous: styles consolidated. Six-petalled germ superior, highly 
 developed corol, (colored calyx of some,) anthers turned inwards, a 3-celled, many- 
 seeded capsule: seeds with a soft spongy coat, packed one upon another; embryo 
 with the direction of the seed, in the axis of the fleshy albumen, (lily, tulip, crown- 
 imperial, adder tongue.) 
 
 Ifi. Asphodeleae. Sis-petaloid orfi-parted: germ superior: anthers turned inwards: 
 fruit 3-celled: seed with a hard black brittle testa; albumen fleshy including th6 
 embryo. Peduncles articulated in the' middle, (hyacinth, false aloe, squill, onion. ) 
 
 3d Alliance. Commclales. Tripetaloid plants, with- three carpels, consolidated. 
 
 13. Commclinenc. Three-petalled; have superior 3-celled capsules. Seeds often 
 twins, with a linear hilum; embryo pulley-form, in a cavity of the fleshy albumen 
 remote from the hilum. (day-flower, spider-wott.) 
 
 4th Alliance. Alisrnalcs. Tripetaloid plants, with the carpels more or less distinct. 
 
 13. Alismaccae. Placenta occupying thfe margin only of the dissepiments, or their 
 equivalents. Three-petalled, with numerous distinct, superior germs. Aquatics: 
 leaves with sub-parallel veins: fruit dry, not opening: seeds without albumen: embryo 
 horse-shoe form, undivided, the same direction as the seed, (water plantain, arrow 
 head.) 
 
 70 
 
554 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 5th Alliance. Jimcules. Flowers somewhat gluniaceous. 
 
 13. Junceae. Flowers regular. Six-petaloid, herbaceous, with a superior germ, a 
 half-o-lumaceous regular perianth, a ])ale soft testa, a single style, capsular fruit, and 
 an embryo next to tlie hilum, within the first flesiiy albumen, (bulrush,- dwarf rush.) 
 
 Fifth. Gynandrous Group of Alliances. Stamens united with the styles: flowers 
 complete: ovary inferior. 
 
 21. Orclddme. Stamens tiirefe, united in a central column; the two lateral abortive, 
 and the central perfectj.or tiie reverse. Gynandrous with three parietal placentae: 
 leaves entire, siniide: seeds numerous; albumen none; embryo a solid fleshy mass, 
 (orchis, putty root, ladies' tresses, ladies' slipper, rattlesnake leaf.) 
 
 THIRD CLASS OR GRAND DIVISION. 
 
 ACOTYLEDONAE, OR ACROGENAE. 
 
 1st Alliance. FUicales. Stems fistular, vascular: reproductive oigans borne upon 
 the leaves. 
 
 Pobjpodlaceae. Ring of the thecae vertical, (polypod, brake, maidenhair.) 
 
 Osmundaceae. Ring wanting: thejcae one-celled, ribbed, (flowering fern, one-sided 
 dwarf, fringed climber.) '>/?•. 
 
 Ophioglossaceae. Ring wanting: thfiQaC'cne-celled, veinless. (snake tongue, grape 
 fern.) 
 
 2d Alliance. Lycopodales. Steifis solid, vascular: reproductive oigans growing 
 on the stem. 
 
 Lycopndeiiceae. Thecae naked, (ground-pine, rush.) 
 
 Sulciniaceae. Thecae enclosed in involucres of two different forms, (salvinia.) 
 
 3d Alliance. Musculcs. Without a vascular system: germinating processes uniting 
 into a heterogenious body: sporules in distinct Uiecae. 
 
 Muscaccae. Thecae valveless, with an operculum, (common moss.) 
 
 Andraeacenc. Thecae opening into valves with an operculum. 
 
 Jungermunniaceae. Thecae opening into valves without an operculum, (succulent 
 moss.) 
 
 Hepataceae. Thecae valveless, without an operculum, (liverwort, floating sectors.) 
 
 4th Alliance. Charales. Without a vascular system. Germinating processes 
 uniting into a heterogeneous body. Reproductive organs, axillary globules. 
 
 Characca. Strong scented, harsh, aquatic (featherbed.) 
 
 .Sth Alliance. Fun<ralcs. Without a vascular system. Germinating processes 
 either wholly distinct or confluent in a homogeneous body. 
 
 Fvngaceae. Originating from a cavity, which veils them when young, (mush- 
 room, "wheat-rust.) 
 
 Lichenes. Originating and living in air. Cellular, rarely filamentous, With a re- 
 productive nucleus bursting through their surface, (stone-patches, tree hair.) 
 
 Aloaceae. Originating and living in water. Filamentous; the filaments either 
 solitary or several glued together, having sporidia, and viparous. (sea-paper, frog- 
 spittle, water greenhair.) 
 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 555 
 
 REMARKS ON THE CRYPTOGAMIA, 
 
 "WITH MORE EXTENDED MISCELLANEOUS DESCRIPTIONS. 
 FUNGI. 
 
 Leafless, flowerless plants, with no tlialliis or extfrnal sporuliferous disks, and 
 growing in air. They are only distinguislied from Lichens by their more fugitive 
 nature, their more succulent texture, their want of lliallus or expansion independent 
 of the part timt bears the reproductive matter, and by tiie latter being contained with- 
 in their substance and not in hard dislinci nuclei originating iii tiie centre and break- 
 ing tliro'igh a cortical layer. From Algae tiiere is no absolute character of division, 
 except their never growing in water. In fact it is rather the medium in which Fungi 
 antl Algae are developed, that distinguishes them, than any peculiarity in their own 
 organization. Fungi are almost universally found growing upon decayed animal or 
 vegetable substances, and scarcely ever upon living bodies of either kingdom: in which 
 respect they dilFer from Lichens, which very commonly grow upon the living bark of 
 trees, &c. In their simplest form they are little articulated filaments, composed of 
 simple cellules, placed end to end. In a higher state of composition. Fungi are masses 
 of cellular tissue of a determinate figure, the whole centre of which consists of spo- 
 rules either lying naked among filaments, as in Puft'-bails, or contained in membranous 
 tubes or sporidia, like the thecae of Lichens, as in Sphisrias. In their most complete 
 state they consist of two surfaces, one of which is even and imperforate, like the cor- 
 tical layer in Lichens: the other separated into plates or cells, and are called the 
 hymeninm, in which the sporules are deposited. Some writers have entertained 
 doubts of their being more than mere fortuitous developements of vegetable matter, 
 called into action by special conditions of light, heat, earth and air. They certainly 
 grow with a degiee of rapidity unknown in other plants, acquiring the volume of 
 many inches in the space of a night, and are frequently meteoric: that is they spring 
 up afler storms, or only in particular stales of the atmosphere. The Fungi by whicli 
 most extra-tropical countries are inhabited are so numerous, that no one can safely 
 form even a conjuncture as to the number that actually exists. Of tropical species 
 we know but littre,-on account of their fugitive nature and the difFi&ulty of ])reserv- 
 ing them. Tumc and nutrieiitic, if dry or dnjisit; poisoiwusif deliqucsceut. See genera, 
 p. 101. 
 
 ALGAE. 
 
 This order is constituted of sea-weeds, and a scum-like substance, vulgarly called 
 frog-spittle, or green hair. They are mostly cylindrical, capillary, or membranaceous. 
 Their substance is mostly gelatinous. Color, mostly green, sometimes purple or 
 olive. Little is known of their productive organs. They seem to be intermediate 
 between Fungi and Lichenes. Often they seem to approach animals of the class 
 Polypi. In truth, some sea-weeds resemble some species of Gorgonia and Spongia 
 so nearly, that it is difficult to distinguish them without testing by the odor atler 
 burning. We might say, that Algae are senii-organjc substances, waiting for the 
 application of a specific living principle, of suiBcient energy to bring them into or- 
 ganic forms. DtlergerU, vermifuge and solvent. See genera, p. 100. 
 
 LICHENES. 
 
 Aerial, leafless, flowerless, perennial plants, with a distinct thallns, and external 
 disk containing sporules. Often spreading over the surface of the earth, on rocks or 
 trees in dry places, in the form of a lobed and foliaceous, or hard and cruslaceous, or 
 leprous substance, called a thallus. According to Fries, Lichens are types of Algae, 
 born in the 'air, interrupted in their development by the deficiency of water, and 
 stimulated into forming a nucleous (or receptacle of sporules) 'by light. No Lichen 
 is ever submerged; there are none of which the vegetation is not interrupted by the 
 variable hygromelrical state of the atmosphere: and finally, none that ever develops 
 in mines, caverns, or places deprived of light. On this account, their shields are 
 more rare in the fissures of mountains, or in shady groves, than in places fully ex- 
 posed to light. In wet places, also, their shields are not produced; for, so lorig as 
 they are under the influence of water, they are scarcely distinguishable from Algae. 
 Lichens consist of a medullary and vertical layer of tissue, of which the former is 
 
556 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 imperfectly cellular or filamentous, and bursts through the latter in the form of shields^ 
 which contain a nucleus, consisting of a flocculose-gelatinous substance, among 
 which lie the cases. In the beginning Lichens are stated to be in all cases developed 
 in humidity; and to bu, in fact, at that time, mere Confervae; but as soon as the 
 humidity diminishes, the under part dies, and an inert, leprous crust is formed, which 
 ultimately becomes the basis of the plant. Some used m dying ; alt tonic, more or 
 less. See genera, p. 102. 
 
 HEPATICAE. 
 
 Reproductive organs of two kinds. 1. Capsule (theca) mthout a lid; in which 
 they differ from proper mosses. 2. Minute roundish, or oblong bodies, variously 
 situated. Plants frondose; not submersed. 
 
 This order is distinguished from Algae by the capsule and leafy frond, which is never 
 submersed. The genera of this order are considerably difterent. The herbage con- 
 sists of variously expanded fronds, lying flat on what its grows upon. The substance 
 is generally loosely cellular; rarely compact. 
 
 The most remarkable point of structure in this order, is the spiral filament, as it is 
 called lying among the sporules witliin the theca. This consists of a single fibre, or 
 two, twisted spirally in different directions, so as to cross each other, and contained 
 within a very delicate transparent, perishable tube. They have a strong elastic form 
 and have been supposed to be destined to aid in the dispersion of sporules. Slighlly 
 stimulant. See genera, p. 99. 
 
 MUSCI. 
 
 Mosses are distinguished from sAl other relative plants, hy the peculiar nature of 
 the reproductive organs, which are of two kinds. The piincipal and the most obvious 
 is a tlitca, which is furnished with an operculum or lid, by means of which the spo- 
 rules are retained in the theca, and a columella, or central axis, to which they are at- 
 tached. The other consists of minule sperical, pedicellated organs, concealed in the 
 axils of some of the leaves, and called anthers by Hed wig. The theca is either entire, 
 or split into four parts; when in a very young slate, it is inclosed in an indusium, 
 which is torn asunder as the theca is elongated, and being carried up wilii it, remains 
 upon the summit of the theca in tlie form.of a little extinguisher, called calyptre; if 
 the calyptre is slit up one side, it is called dimidiate: if divided at the base into many 
 short clefts, it is termed mitre-form. The orifice of the theca, when the operculum 
 is removed, is either covered by a simple membrane, or by various processes called 
 the peristome, either annular or in the form of teeth, and arranged in a single or 
 double row. These processes vary in number, and in the manner of their division; 
 from such differences excellent characters for the genera have been obtained. Their 
 number is always four, or some multiple of four; as 4, 8, 16, 32, 64. Axillary hodies ; 
 cylindrical or fusiform stalked scars, containing a multitude of splierical or oval parti- 
 cles, which are emitted upon the application of warter. These have been called 
 anthers by some. Astringent. See genera, p. 97. 
 
 FILICES. 
 
 Ferns and fern-like plants. They are flowerless plants, with a stem having a vas- 
 cular system and distinct leaves. Their seeds are contained in capsules, (theca.) 
 These are dorsal or axillary to the frond. This Natural Order of Jussieu, may be 
 properly divided into the following sub-orders. 
 
 A. Equisetacecr. Plants with seeds (sporules) surrounded by elastic, clavate fila- 
 ments, and inclosed in capsules (theca) aiising from the scales of terminal cones. 
 Vernation straight. Astringents, diuretics, diaphoretics. 
 
 B. Filices. Plants with seeds inclosed in capsules, arising from the back or margin 
 of the leaves, or naked upon the back of leaves, transformed into sub-spikes or 
 panicles. Pectorals ;, also dcohstruents, febrifuges, and s2idoriJics, 
 
 C. Lycopodiacea. Plants with seeds (sporules) inclosed in axillary capsules, (the- 
 cae. ) Used in dying wool. Stimulants. 
 
 The Lycopodeae approach the Coniferae (pines and cedars) by way of the 
 Cycadeae. 
 
 D. Marsileaceae, Plants with their seeds inclosed in capsules which are embraced 
 within close involucres. Creeping or floating. Stumdants causing nausea. See 
 genera, p. 9 J. 
 
557 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Patre. 
 
 Paw. 
 
 Aaron's beard, 
 
 392 
 
 Batchelor's button. 
 
 
 48, 257 
 
 Abbreviations, 
 
 15,16,31,32 
 
 Balm, 
 
 
 69, 317 
 
 Acacia, 
 
 111,397 
 
 Balm ofGileadherb, 
 
 
 93, 370 
 
 Adam and Eve, 
 
 85, 129 
 
 Balsam apple. 
 
 
 90, 321 
 
 Adam's needle, 
 
 55 
 
 Balsam poplar, 
 
 
 370 
 
 Addermoutli, * , 
 
 319 
 
 Balsam tree, 
 
 
 358 
 
 Adder's tongue, 
 
 55, 239 
 
 Balsam weed, 
 
 
 283 
 
 Adder-tongue fern, 
 
 95, 333 
 
 Baneberry, 
 
 
 65, 114 
 
 Agave, 
 
 55, 116 
 
 Banner bean, ( lielvolus. ) 
 
 
 353 
 
 Agrimony, 
 
 63, 116, 117 
 
 Barberry, 
 
 
 54, 156 
 
 Alder, 58, 88, 
 
 120, 20J, 376, 389 
 
 Barley, 
 
 41, 
 
 272, 273 
 
 Alexanders, 
 
 485 
 
 Barn-grass, 
 
 
 340 
 
 Alum root, 
 
 50 
 
 Basil, 
 
 
 69, 330 
 
 Alspice, 
 
 64, 166 
 
 Basket of gold, 
 
 
 121 
 
 Almond, 
 
 123 
 
 Bass wood. 
 
 
 64,452 
 
 Aloe, 
 
 55, 119 
 
 Bay berry, 
 
 
 92. 324 
 
 Amaranth, 
 
 88, 121 
 
 Beech, 
 
 
 89, 244 
 
 American olive, 
 
 34, 333 
 
 Bead tree. 
 
 
 316 
 
 American oil-nut, 
 
 92, 261 
 
 Bean, 
 
 93, 
 
 353, 475 
 
 Anal)'sis, 
 
 8 
 
 Bear berry, 
 
 
 60, 131 
 
 Anemone, 
 
 126, 127, 449 
 
 Bear grass, 
 
 
 484 
 
 Angelica, 
 
 52, 127 
 
 Beard grass, 
 
 41, 
 
 125. 134 
 
 Angelica tree. 
 
 52 
 
 Beard tongue, 
 
 
 71, 347 
 
 Animated oats. 
 
 152 
 
 Beaver tree, 
 
 
 67, 312 
 
 Anise tree, 
 
 67 
 
 Beech-drops, 61,70, 
 
 234, 
 
 323. 380 
 
 Apple, 
 
 63, 383 
 
 Bed- straw, 
 
 42, 249; 250 
 
 Apricot, 
 
 63, 135 
 
 Beef-steak, 
 
 
 415 
 
 Arbor vitae. 
 
 91, 451 
 
 Beehive, 
 
 
 315 
 
 Arbutus, 
 
 131 
 
 Beet, 
 
 
 50, 156 
 
 Arethusa, 
 
 85, 134, 364 
 
 Beggar-ticks, 
 
 
 83, 157 
 
 Archangel, 
 
 127, 203 
 
 Bell-Hower, 
 
 
 47, 167 
 
 Arranging plants. 
 
 
 Bell-wort, 
 
 55, 
 
 445, 466 
 
 Arranging terms, 
 
 
 Bene benni, 
 
 
 423 
 
 Arrow-grass, 
 
 56, 459 
 
 Bent grass. 
 
 117, 
 
 118, 125 
 
 Arrow-head, 
 
 b9 
 
 Bilberry, 
 
 
 467, 468 
 
 Arrow-wood, 
 
 473 
 
 Bindweed, 
 
 46, 
 
 206, 284 
 
 Artemisia, 
 
 ]37 
 
 Birch, 
 
 
 90, 156 
 
 Artichoke, 
 
 80, 83, 216, 205 
 
 Bird's nest, 
 
 
 61, 322 
 
 Arum, 
 
 56, 89, 165 
 
 Birthwort, 
 
 
 86, 184 
 
 Ash, 
 
 63, 91, 247, 392 
 
 Bishopweed. 
 
 
 51, 227 
 
 Asiiwort, 
 
 197 
 
 Biting knolweed, 
 
 
 367 
 
 Asparagus, 
 
 55. 140 
 
 Bitter apple, ' 
 
 
 214 
 
 Aspen, 
 
 ' 370 
 
 Bitternut, 
 
 
 183 
 
 Asphodel, 
 
 55, 140, 325, 454 
 
 Bittersweet, 47, 48, 
 
 121, 
 
 186, 432 
 
 Aster, 
 
 142, 159 
 
 Bitterweed, 
 
 
 121 
 
 Atamasco lily, 
 
 121 
 
 Blackberry, 
 
 
 64, 400 
 
 Avens, 
 
 64, 230, 254 
 
 Black haw, 
 
 
 473 
 
 Awhvort, 
 
 440 
 
 Black flower, 
 
 
 56, 310 
 
558 
 
 Blackjack, 
 
 Blackroot, 
 
 Bladder campion. 
 
 Bladder kelmia, 
 
 Bladder senna, 
 
 Bladder nut, 
 
 Bladderwort, 
 
 Blazing star, 
 
 Blessed thistle, 
 
 Bieclinum, 
 
 Blight, 
 
 Blite, 
 
 Blood marygold, 
 
 Bioodrool, 
 
 Bloom -grass, 
 
 Blue beech, 
 
 Blue bottle, 
 
 Blue curls, 
 
 Blue flag, 
 
 Blue-eyed grass, 
 
 Blue hearts. 
 
 Blue thistle, 
 
 Bog rusii, 
 
 Bohea tea, 
 
 Boneset, 
 
 Bonnet-grass, 
 
 Borage, 
 
 Barya, 
 
 Bouncing bet. 
 
 Bowman's root, 
 
 Box, 
 
 Brake, 
 
 Bread-root, 
 
 Bread-grass, 
 
 Breast weed, 
 
 Brier, 
 
 Brier-herb, 
 
 Bristol wall-cress, 
 
 Bronipton queens, 
 
 Bromplon stock, 
 
 Brooklime, 
 
 Brook weed, 
 
 Broom, 
 
 Broom-corn, 
 
 Brown dragon. 
 
 Broom-grass, 
 
 Broom rape, 
 
 Brown bent-grass, 
 
 Buck-eye, 
 
 Buckbean, 
 
 Buckthorn, 
 
 Buckwheat, 
 
 Buckwheat tree, 
 
 BufFaloe clover, 
 
 Bugbane, 
 
 Bugle, 
 
 Bugle-weed, 
 
 Bugloss, 
 
 Bulrush, 
 
 Bunch-flower, 
 
 Burdock, 
 
 Burgamot, 
 
 3S4 
 
 380 
 rS. injlata. ) 427 
 
 2G9 
 77, 204 
 53, 442 
 34, 465 
 
 266 
 83, 1S7 
 
 lo8 
 
 158 
 33 
 
 4S5 
 
 65. 410 
 
 ' 161 
 
 182 
 83, 187 
 
 69. 456 
 284 
 
 73, 430 
 
 70, 162 
 231 
 
 36,291, 393 
 
 431,, 459 
 
 80, 241, 291 
 
 117 
 
 45, 159 
 
 159 
 
 411 
 
 255 
 
 88. 163 
 
 94, 380 
 
 377 
 
 38, 134 
 412 
 431 
 400 
 130 
 192 
 192 
 471 
 
 45, 410 
 122, 439 
 
 39, 438 
 138 
 
 40, 125. 161 
 
 70, 335 
 
 118 
 
 115 
 
 45, 318 
 
 48, 93 
 
 58, 368 
 
 60, 323 
 
 4.57 
 
 65, 311 
 
 119 
 
 309 
 
 45, 124, 155, 309 
 
 56, 287 
 
 316 
 
 88, 132, 482 
 
 322 
 
 Burnet, 
 
 Burning bush, 
 Bnrr-llower, 
 Burr-grass, 
 Burr-reed, 
 Bush clover, 
 Buttercup, 
 Butlerwort, 
 Butterfly weed, 
 Butternut, 
 Button busli, 
 Button weed, f D. 
 Button wood. 
 
 Cabbage, 
 
 Calabash, 
 
 Calamus, 
 
 Calathian violet. 
 
 Caltrops, 
 
 Camplior tree. 
 
 Campion, 
 
 Canada thistle, 
 
 Canary grass, 
 
 Cancer root. 
 
 Candy tuft, 
 
 Cane, 
 
 Canterbury bells, 
 
 Caper, 
 
 Caraway, 
 
 Cardmal flower, 
 
 Cardoon, 
 
 Carnation, 
 
 Carolina potatoe, 
 
 Carpel weed. 
 
 Carrot, 
 
 Cassia, 
 
 Castor-oil-plant, 
 
 Catch- fly, 
 
 Catch-fly grass, 
 
 Catch weed, 
 
 Caterpillar fern, 
 
 Catmint, 
 
 Catnip, 
 
 Cat's eye, 
 
 Cat-tail, 
 
 Cat-tail-grass, 
 
 Catalpa tree, 
 
 Cayenne pepper. 
 
 Cedar, 
 
 Celandine, 
 
 Celery, 
 
 Centaury, 
 
 Chuff seed, 
 
 Chamomile, 
 
 Cliara, 
 
 Checker-berry. 
 
 Charlock, 
 
 Cherry, 
 
 Chestnut, 
 
 Chess, 
 
 Chick-pea, 
 
 Page. 
 
 89, 411 
 240 
 
 278, 45 
 
 187 
 
 87. 438 
 
 77, 78, 298 
 
 387 
 
 31, 358 
 
 76, 473 
 
 90, 287 
 42, 188 
 
 teres. J 225 
 
 90, 361 
 
 C. 
 
 73, 160, 444 
 214 
 114 
 252 
 « 293 
 
 • 293 
 
 62 
 202 
 39, 352 
 70, 234, 335, 409 
 72, 282 
 37, 319 
 167 
 87, 242, 243 
 50, 80, 163, 183 
 47, 303 
 216 
 223 
 206 
 41, 321 
 51.221 
 59, 184 
 91 
 426, 427 
 295 
 250 
 94, 419 
 68. 328 
 '328 
 415 
 87. 463 
 354 
 ' 34 
 168 
 288 
 65, 192 
 51, 129 
 45, 187, 279, 404 
 70, 416 
 82, 128, 315 
 86 
 42; 321 
 389 
 47. 62, 189, 356, 357 
 90, 184 
 40, 161 
 78, 196 
 
559 
 
 Chick vetcli, 
 
 Cl.ick weed, 62, 123, 133, 
 
 Chick winlergreen, 
 
 China aster, 
 
 China pink. 
 
 Chinquapin, 
 
 Chloris, 
 
 Choak-betry, 
 
 Choak-dofif, 
 
 Chrjsantliemum, 
 
 Cinquefbil, 
 
 Cives, 
 
 Clarry, 
 
 Classes, 
 
 Clear weed. 
 
 Climbing fern, 
 
 Clotr-burr, 
 
 Cloud-berry, 
 
 Clover, 
 
 Clown-heal, 
 
 Club-moss, 
 
 Club-rush, 
 
 Cockle. 
 
 Cocks-comb, 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 Coffee corn, 
 
 Cohosh, 
 
 Cole, 
 
 Colic-weed, 
 
 CoUinsia, 
 
 Colt's foot, 
 
 Colt's tail, 
 
 Columbine, 
 
 Columbo root> 
 
 Comt'rey, 
 
 Cone-riower, 
 
 Coriander, 
 
 Corn, 
 
 Cornel, 
 
 Cornelian cherry-, 
 
 Coronella, 
 
 Corol root, 
 
 Cotton, 
 
 Cotton grass, 
 
 Cotlon thistle. 
 
 Cotton tree. 
 
 Couch grass, 
 
 Cowage, 
 
 Cowberry, 
 
 Cowitch, 
 
 Cowparsley, 
 
 Cowslip, 
 
 Cow-wheat, 
 
 Coxcomb, 70, 
 
 Crab-apple, 
 
 Crab-grass, 
 
 Cranberry, 
 
 Creeper, 
 
 Creeping cucumber, 
 
 Creeping green head, 
 
 Cress, 
 
 Cross cleavers, 
 
 Page. 
 
 293 
 
 165, 188, 442 
 
 57, 4ri6 
 146 
 223 
 184 
 194 
 
 63, 135 
 
 86, 257 
 
 194 
 
 64, 372, 373 
 
 54, 120 
 
 410 
 
 8, 11 
 
 465 
 
 95, 310 
 482 
 401 
 77, 78, 456 
 411 
 308 
 36,314,416 
 
 62, 117 
 121 
 460 
 438 
 65,295,311 
 160 
 224 
 203 
 
 82, 463 
 235 
 
 66, 130 
 
 247 
 
 45, 216, 447 
 
 S3, 401 
 
 51, 209 
 439 
 209 
 210 
 
 78, 210 
 85, 207 
 
 75,258, 411 
 37, 237, 417 
 
 79, 333 
 370 
 461 
 
 77, 227 
 
 468 
 
 227 
 
 ~52 
 
 67, 165 
 
 70 
 
 121, 186, 391 
 
 382, 383 
 
 224 
 
 57, 337, 474 
 
 123 
 
 90, 317 
 
 261 
 
 130 
 
 250 
 
 
 Pase. 
 
 Crow'uerry, 
 
 91, 232 
 
 Crowfoot, 
 
 67, 74, 386 
 
 Crowncup, 
 
 t<0, 439 
 
 Crown iin|)erial, 
 
 55. 247 
 
 Crown beard, 
 
 82, 470 
 
 Ciyptoganious genera, 
 
 97 
 
 Crypiogmnous species, 
 
 487 
 
 Cuckold, 
 
 157 
 
 Cucumber, 
 
 214. 2r,9 
 
 Cucumber tree. 
 
 91, 312 
 
 Cudweed, 
 
 256 
 
 Culver physic, 
 
 34, 297 
 
 Currant, 
 
 49, 394, 396 
 
 Currant leaf, 
 
 61, 321 
 
 Custard apple, 
 
 67 
 
 Cut-grass, 
 
 37, 295 
 
 Cypres^, 
 
 193 
 
 Cypress vine. 
 
 46 
 
 D. 
 
 
 Daffodil, 
 
 54, 325 
 
 Daisy, 
 
 82, 155 
 
 Damask lily. 
 
 54 
 
 Dandelion, 
 
 79, 290, 2!)6 
 
 Dangle berry, 
 
 467 
 
 Darnal grass. 
 
 40 
 
 Day-Hower, 
 
 36. 204 
 
 Day-hly, 
 
 55, 267 
 
 Deadly" nightshade, 
 
 47, 151,4 2 
 
 Dead nettle, 
 
 68, 291, 292 
 
 Decumary, 
 
 221 
 
 Deer berry, , 
 
 467 
 
 Deer grass. 
 
 57 
 
 Devil's wood, 
 
 333 
 
 Dew berry 
 
 400 
 
 Dill, 
 
 52,127 
 
 Directions, 
 
 8 
 
 Ditch moss, 
 
 93, 423 
 
 Dittany, 
 
 68, 215 
 
 Dock, 
 
 56, 403 
 
 Dockmackie, 
 
 474 
 
 Dodder, 
 
 49, 215 
 
 Dog-bane, 
 
 8G, 129 
 
 Dog weed. 
 
 188 
 
 Dogwood, 
 
 42, 209, 210 
 
 Doglail grass, 
 
 40, 231 
 
 Dogtooth violet, 
 
 55, 239 
 
 Dragon's claw, 
 
 207 
 
 Dragoness, 
 
 205 
 
 Dragon head, 
 
 69, 229 
 
 Dropseed, 
 
 160 
 
 Dropseed grass, 
 
 38, 323 
 
 Dropwort, 
 
 132 
 
 Duck-meat, 
 
 87, 295 
 
 Dwarf stinger. 
 
 465 
 
 Dyer's broom. 
 
 78, 252 
 
 Dyer's cleavers, 
 
 250 
 
 Dyer's weed. 
 
 389 
 
 E. 
 
 
 Eardrop, 
 
 57, 247 
 
 Eel-grass, 
 
 86 
 
660 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 
 Prto-c. 
 
 
 
 Paac, 
 
 Egg-plant, 
 
 432 
 
 Flowering wintergreen, 
 
 
 363 
 
 Egg squashj 
 
 214 
 
 Flower-of-an-hour, 
 
 
 269 
 
 Eglantine, 
 
 398 
 
 Fog-fruit, 
 
 
 70, 484 
 
 Egyptian lily, 
 
 165 
 
 Forget-me-not, 
 
 
 324 
 
 Elder, 
 
 52, 327, 410 
 
 Forked spike. 
 
 
 125 
 
 Elecampane, 
 
 81, 283 
 
 Fork fern. 
 
 
 94, 114 
 
 Elementary organs, 
 
 1 
 
 Fork stems. 
 
 
 521 
 
 Elephant foot, 
 
 84, 231 
 
 Forty knot, 
 
 
 113 
 
 Elm, 
 
 50, 464 
 
 Four o'clockj 
 
 
 48, 320 
 
 Endive, 
 
 78, 196 
 
 Foxglove, 
 
 7i, 
 
 224/ 253 
 
 Enchanter's nightshade^ 
 
 35, 198 
 
 Foxtail-grass. 
 
 
 38, 120 
 
 Ergot, 
 
 487 
 
 Foxtail panic, 
 
 
 346 
 
 Essential terms, 
 
 1 
 
 Fringe tree. 
 
 34, 
 
 193, 392 
 
 European ivy, 
 
 49 
 
 Fritillary, 
 
 
 247 
 
 Eyebright, 
 
 70, 243 
 
 Frost plant. 
 Fumitory, 
 
 
 64, 263 
 75, 248 
 
 F. 
 
 
 Funegreekj 
 
 
 77 
 
 False boletus, 
 
 
 Furze, 
 
 
 78, 464 
 
 False bngloss, 
 
 45, 155 
 
 G. 
 
 
 
 False cowslip. 
 
 45, 227 
 
 Galingale, 
 
 
 37, 230 
 
 False box, 
 
 42, 209 
 
 Garlic, 
 
 54, 
 
 119, 120 
 
 False riax, 
 
 450 
 
 Gay-feather, 
 
 
 79, 299 
 
 False grape, 
 
 49, 129 
 
 Gem-frnit, 
 
 
 452 
 
 False star-grass, 
 
 '119 
 
 Genera described. 
 
 
 33 
 
 False rush-grass, 
 
 56 
 
 Gentian, 43, 49j 68, 
 
 252, 
 
 285, 446 
 
 False gromvvell. 
 
 44 
 
 Gentianella, 
 
 
 244 
 
 Farkle berry, 
 
 468 
 
 Geranium, 74, 237, 238, 
 
 252, 
 
 253, 346 
 
 Feather beds, 
 
 191 
 
 Germander, 
 
 
 68, 449 
 
 Feather grass, 
 
 SB, 444 
 
 Gill-overground, 
 
 
 68, 255 
 
 Feather leaf, 
 
 45 
 
 Ginger, 
 
 
 86, 138 
 
 Fennel, 
 
 52, 127 
 
 Ginseng, 
 
 
 50, 339 
 
 Fennel- flower, 
 
 66, 328 
 
 Glasswort, 
 
 
 406 
 
 Fenugreek, 
 
 77, 459 
 
 Globe amaranth, 
 
 
 257 
 
 Fescu grass, 
 
 39, 245 
 
 Globe flower, 
 
 
 67, 462 
 
 Festoon pine, 
 
 309 
 
 Globe thistle. 
 
 
 84, 230 
 
 Fern, m, 
 
 159, 415, 445 
 
 Goal's beard, 
 
 
 79, 455 
 
 Fever bush, 
 
 293 
 
 Goat's rue, 
 
 
 77, 448 
 
 Feverfew, 
 
 82, 194 
 
 Golden club. 
 
 
 335 
 
 Feverwort, 
 
 48, 460 
 
 Golden rod, 
 
 
 81, 432 
 
 Fig-tiee, 
 
 92, 245 
 
 Gold thread. 
 
 
 67, 207 
 
 Fig-hollyhock, 
 
 120 
 
 Golden locks, 
 
 
 80, 195 
 
 Figwort^ 
 
 70, 419 
 
 Gooseberry, 
 
 49, 
 
 395, 396 
 
 Filbert, 
 
 211 
 
 Goose-grass, 
 
 
 250 
 
 Fine-haired fern, 
 
 224 
 
 Gourd, 
 
 
 91,214 
 
 Finger-grass, 
 
 41, 224 
 
 Grape, 
 
 
 48, 480 
 
 Fir, 
 
 358 
 
 Grass, 
 
 
 37 
 
 Fir-tree, 
 
 358 
 
 Grass pink, 
 
 
 85, 215 
 
 Fire-weed, 
 
 82, 421 
 
 Grass poley. 
 
 
 311 
 
 Five-finger, 
 
 64, 372, 373 
 
 Grass-wrack, 
 
 
 86, 485 
 
 Flag, 
 
 114 
 
 Gravel chickweed. 
 
 
 418 
 
 Flat-top, 
 
 79, 471 
 
 Greek valerian, 
 
 
 46, 365 
 
 Flax, 
 
 53, 167, 302 
 
 Green dragon. 
 
 
 137 
 
 Flax seed, 
 
 87, 295 
 
 Greenhead, 
 
 
 261 
 
 Flax vine, 
 
 215 
 
 Gromwell, 
 
 44, 
 
 303, 333 
 
 Flea bane. 
 
 81, 207, 235 
 
 Ground-flower, 
 
 
 365 
 
 Floating heart, 
 
 476 
 
 Ground-ivy, 
 
 
 68, 255 
 
 Floating liverwort, 
 
 521 
 
 Ground-nut, 
 
 
 339 
 
 Flower-cup fern. 
 
 481 
 
 Ground pine, 
 
 95, 
 
 308, 309 
 
 Flower-de-luce, 
 
 35, 285 
 
 Groundsel, 
 
 80, 
 
 421, 422 
 
 Flowering fern, 
 
 95, 336 
 
 Groundsel tree. 
 
 
 80, 153 
 
 Flowering nettle, 
 
 68, 249 
 
 Ground star, 
 
 
 502 
 
 Flowering ash. 
 
 34 
 
 Guelder rose, 
 
 
 474 
 
INbEX. 
 
 561 
 
 Cluiiiea-lien flower, 
 
 
 Panre. 
 
 247 
 
 Hydrangea; 
 
 Pagei 
 61, 62, 273, 276 
 
 Guinea pepper, 
 
 
 168 
 
 Hyssop, 
 
 68, 258, 
 
 281, 282 
 
 Hackmatack, 
 
 
 859 
 
 1 
 
 loe plant, 
 
 ' 
 
 64, 319 
 
 Hagberry, 
 
 
 186 
 
 Indian corn, 
 
 
 87, 484 
 
 Hair-beard, 
 
 
 40, 150 
 
 Indian cress. 
 
 
 462 
 
 Hair-bell, 
 
 
 167 
 
 Indian giass. 
 
 
 125 
 
 Hair-cup mosSj 
 
 
 519 
 
 Indian hemp. 
 
 
 86, 129 
 
 Hair-grass, 
 
 
 40, 118 
 
 Indian millet. 
 
 
 438 
 
 Hard grassj 
 
 
 399 
 
 Indian physic, 
 
 
 63, 255 
 
 Hardback, 
 
 
 63, 440 
 
 Indian pipe, 
 
 
 322 
 
 liautboy, 
 
 
 246 
 
 Indian poke. 
 
 
 469 
 
 Havvkweed, 
 
 79, 128, 
 
 270, 271 
 
 Indian reed. 
 
 
 197 
 
 Hawthorn, 
 
 
 212 
 
 Indian strawberry^ 
 
 
 33, 158 
 
 Hazle-nut, 
 
 
 89, 211 
 
 Indian cucumber; 
 
 
 56 
 
 Heal-all, 
 
 
 69, 376 
 
 Indian turnip, 
 
 
 89, 138 
 
 Hearts-ease, 
 
 
 68, 368 
 
 Indigo, 
 
 77 
 
 ■, 78, 283 
 
 Heart water shield, 
 
 
 45 
 
 Ink-berry, 
 
 
 376 
 
 Heath, 58, 
 
 64, 235, 
 
 276, 318 
 
 Innocence, 
 
 
 275 
 
 Hedghog, 
 
 
 315 
 
 Iris, 
 
 35, 
 
 284, 285 
 
 Hedgehog-grass, 
 
 37, 
 
 187, 232 
 
 Iron wood, 
 
 
 336 
 
 Hedge hyssop. 
 
 
 34, 258 
 
 Itchweed^ 
 
 
 56, 469 
 
 Hedge nettle. 
 
 
 68 
 
 Itea, 
 
 
 286 
 
 Hellebore, 
 
 56, 67, 
 
 266, 282 
 
 Ivy, 
 
 
 52, 261 
 
 Helonias, 
 
 
 56, 266 
 
 
 
 
 Hemlock, 
 
 
 205 
 
 J 
 
 f. 
 
 
 Hemlock treej 
 
 
 358 
 
 jacobea, 
 
 
 121 
 
 Hemp, 
 
 93, 
 
 168, 220 
 
 Jacob's ladder. 
 
 
 92, 431 
 
 Hempweed, 
 
 
 240 
 
 Jasmine, 
 
 
 34, 286 
 
 Henbane, 
 
 
 46, 356 
 
 Jeruisalem cherry, 
 
 
 433 
 
 Henbit; 
 
 
 291 
 
 Jewelweed, 
 
 
 48, 283 
 
 Herb-robert, 
 
 
 74, 253 
 
 Jews ears, 
 
 ' 
 
 501 
 
 Herb-bennet, 
 
 
 64, 254 
 
 Job's tears, 
 
 
 87, 203 
 
 Herds-grass, 
 
 
 354 
 
 John's wort, 
 
 66, 
 
 279, 280 
 
 Hibiscus, 
 
 
 269 
 
 Joe pye. 
 
 
 80, 241 
 
 Hickory, 
 
 
 90, 183 
 
 Jointweedj 
 
 
 368 
 
 High heal-all, 
 
 
 71 
 
 Jonquil, 
 
 
 54, 325 
 
 High water-shrub. 
 
 
 84,286 
 
 Judas tree, 
 
 
 59, 190 
 
 Horehound, 
 
 34, 68, 
 
 309. 314 
 
 July-flower, 
 
 
 72, 192 
 
 Hogweed, 
 
 
 88, 121 
 
 June-beiry, 
 
 
 135 
 
 Holly, 44. 
 
 , 51, 238, 
 
 282, 327 
 
 Juniper, 
 
 
 288 
 
 Holly bay, 
 
 
 258 
 
 Jussieu's orders, 
 
 
 21 
 
 Hollyhock, 
 
 
 75, 120 
 
 
 
 
 Honesty, 
 
 
 71, 306 
 
 K. 
 
 
 Honey locust. 
 
 
 92, 255 
 
 Kinnikinnick, 
 
 
 131 
 
 Honeysuckle, 46, 47, 
 
 152, 153, 
 
 305, 392 
 
 Kidney fern, 
 
 
 481 
 
 483-' 
 
 
 
 Kirig's spear, 
 
 
 55, 140 
 
 Hoodwort, 
 
 
 419 
 
 Knapweed, 
 
 
 187 
 
 Hoop-ash, 
 
 
 186 
 
 Knawel, 
 
 
 61, 418 
 
 Hop, 
 
 
 92, 276 
 
 Knot-grass, 
 
 58, 
 
 , 185, 367 
 
 Hop medick. 
 
 
 315 
 
 Knotweed, 
 
 
 368 
 
 Hornbeam, 
 
 90 
 
 . 182, 336 
 
 
 
 
 Hornwort, 
 
 
 89, 190 
 
 L. 
 
 
 Horse balm. 
 
 
 35, 203 
 
 Labrador tea. 
 
 
 60, 295 
 
 Horse chesnut, 
 
 
 115 
 
 Ladies' mantle. 
 
 43, 
 
 , 119, 218 
 
 Horse ginseng, 
 
 
 48, 460 
 
 Ladies' slipper. 
 
 
 85 
 
 Horse radish. 
 
 
 71,203 
 
 Ladies' thumb. 
 
 
 368 
 
 Horsptail, 
 
 
 96. 234 
 
 Ladies' tresses, 
 
 
 84, 328 
 
 Hound-longu*i» 
 
 
 45, 216 
 
 Lamb lettuce. 
 
 
 35, 244 
 
 House-leek, 
 
 
 67, 421 
 
 Larch, 
 
 
 359 
 
 Hyacintli, 
 
 
 55, 276 
 
 Larkspur, 
 
 
 66,221 
 
 71 
 
562 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Laurel, 
 
 61, 289, 312 
 
 Masterwort, 
 
 267 
 
 Laiuestine, 
 
 474 
 
 Mat grass. 
 
 37, 325 
 
 Lavender, 
 
 68, 294, 442 
 
 Matrimony, 
 
 43, 308 
 
 Lead plant, 
 
 122, 162 
 
 May-apple, 
 
 364 
 
 Leaf-cup, 
 
 .84,369 
 
 May-weed, 
 
 82, 128 
 
 Leather-flower, 
 
 199 
 
 Meadow beauty, 
 
 390 
 
 Leather-leaf, 
 
 61,124 
 
 Meadow grass, 
 
 120,302 
 
 Leather-wood, 
 
 58, 226 
 
 Meadow rue, 
 
 66, 449 
 
 Leek, 
 
 54, 120 
 
 Meadow, sweet, 
 
 440 
 
 Lemon tree, 
 
 65, 198 
 
 IVIeciioacan, 
 
 206 
 
 Lettuce, 
 
 79, 291, 374 
 
 Medlar, 
 
 61, 135, 319 
 
 Lichnidia, 
 
 46, 354 
 
 Medick, 
 
 77, 315 
 
 Lichnis, 
 
 308 
 
 Melic grass, 
 
 40, 316 
 
 Life-everlasting, 
 
 81, 256, 257 
 
 Meliot clover 
 
 77, 317 
 
 Lilac, 
 
 34, 447 
 
 Mercury, 
 
 90, 195 
 
 Lily, 
 
 55, 286, 300 
 
 Mermaid, 
 
 54, 246 
 
 Lily of the valley, 
 
 205, 206 
 
 Mezereon, 
 
 58, 220, 226 
 
 Lime-grass, 
 
 40, 232 
 
 Mignonette, 
 
 389 
 
 Lime-tiee, 
 
 452 
 
 Milfoil, 
 
 89,113,324,465 
 
 Limodore, 
 
 85 
 
 Milk vetch. 
 
 77,147, 150 
 
 Linnean Taxonomy, 
 
 Itoll 
 
 Milkweed, 
 
 58, 112,138, 139 
 
 Lip fern, 
 
 192 
 
 Milkwort, 
 
 49, 75, 255, 365, 306 
 
 Liquorice, 
 
 77, 250, 256 
 
 Milky-way plant, 
 
 77, 248 
 
 Live-forever, 
 
 62. 421 
 
 Milk-vine, 
 
 86, 348 
 
 Liver-leaf, 
 
 67, 267 
 
 Millet, 
 
 37, 320 
 
 Lizard's tail, 
 
 57, 412 
 
 Millet grass. 
 
 359 
 
 Locust, 
 
 77, 255, 397 
 
 Mint, 
 
 321 
 
 Lobelia, 
 
 303 
 
 Misletose, 
 
 92, 132, 480 
 
 Long-stems, 
 
 33 
 
 Mitrewort, 
 
 61, 452 
 
 Lopseed, 
 
 69, 356 
 
 Mithriciate mustard, 
 
 , (L. cam.) 296 
 
 Loosestrife, 
 
 45,57,251, 310 
 
 Mock orange. 
 
 63 
 
 Lovage, 
 
 52, 300 
 
 Molucca balm, 
 
 68, 321 
 
 Love appl^ 
 
 432 
 
 Monkey flower, 
 
 71, 320 
 
 Love-lies-bleeding, 
 
 121 
 
 Monk's hood, 
 
 66, 113 
 
 Love vine. 
 
 215 
 
 Moon-fruit pine. 
 
 . 309 
 
 Lousevvort, 
 
 71, 345 
 
 Moonseed, 
 
 57, 93, 317 
 
 Lucerne, 
 
 315 
 
 Moon wort, 
 
 159 
 
 Lungwort, 
 
 44, 380 
 
 Moor grass, 
 
 40, 424 
 
 Lupine, 
 
 78, 306, 307 
 
 Moose-wood, 
 
 226 
 
 
 
 Morning-glory, 
 
 46, 206, 284 
 
 M. 
 
 
 Moschalel, 
 
 115 
 
 Madder, 
 
 42, 399 
 
 Moss crop, 
 
 237 
 
 Mad-dogweed, 
 
 119 
 
 Moss-bush, 
 
 124 
 
 Madeira nut, 
 
 287 
 
 Mother of thyme, 
 
 451 
 
 Madwort, 
 
 167 
 
 Motherwort, 
 
 68, 153, 296 
 
 Magnolia, 
 
 67, 312 
 
 Mould, 
 
 519 
 
 Mahogany, 
 
 60, 447 
 
 Mouldiness, 
 
 513 
 
 Maidenhair, 
 
 95,115 
 
 Mountain box, 
 
 46 
 
 Malabar-nut, 
 
 34, 289 
 
 Mountain flax, 
 
 75, 366 
 
 Mallows, 74, 75, 
 
 269, 294, 313, 425 
 
 Mountain flea-wort 
 
 197 
 
 Mandrake, 
 
 65, 304 
 
 Mountain leek. 
 
 119 
 
 Mangle, 
 
 152 
 
 Mountain mint. 
 
 35, 68, 321, 381, 462 
 
 Mangrove tree, 
 
 391 
 
 Mountain pink. 
 
 355 
 
 Man-of-the-earth. 
 
 206 
 
 Mountain rice. 
 
 37, 336 
 
 Maple, 
 
 58, 112 
 
 Mouse-ear, 
 
 188 
 
 Mare's tail, 
 
 33, 271 
 
 Mouse-ear cress. 
 
 
 Majoram, 
 
 69, 335 
 
 Mud plantain. 
 
 968 
 
 Marsh five finger, 
 
 64, 204 
 
 Mudwort^ 
 
 70, :^oi 
 
 Marsh-mallows, 
 
 75, 120, 269 
 
 Mugwort, 
 
 136 
 
 Marsh rosemary, 
 
 53, 442 
 
 Mulberry, 
 
 88, 92, 161, 323 
 
 Marsh tea. 
 
 295 
 
 Mullein, 
 
 46, 469 
 
 Marygold, 82,84,157, 
 
 164, 165, 448, 485 
 
 Mushroom, 
 
 -. , . 486 
 
563 
 
 
 
 Pase. 
 
 
 
 
 Pase. 
 
 Muskmelon, 
 
 
 91,214 
 
 Pecan-nut, 
 
 
 
 183 
 
 Mustard, 
 
 73, 
 
 364, 429 
 
 Pellitory, 
 
 
 
 88,342 
 
 Myrtle, 
 
 63, 
 
 324, 325 
 
 Pencil flower, 
 Pennycress, 
 
 
 
 78, 446 
 450 
 
 
 N. 
 
 
 Pennyroyal, 
 
 
 68, 
 
 261, 285 
 
 Narcissus, 
 
 
 120, 325 
 
 Pennywort, 
 
 
 69, 
 
 277, 330 
 
 JNasturliou, 
 
 
 58, 462 
 
 Peony, 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 Natural Orders, 
 
 16 
 
 , 21, 539 
 
 Pepper, 
 
 58, 
 
 168, 
 
 359, 367 
 
 Navel- wort, 
 
 
 277 
 
 Pepper-bush, 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 Neckweed, 
 
 
 472 
 
 Pepper-grass, 
 
 
 
 296 
 
 Necklace-weed, 
 
 
 65,114 
 
 Pepperidge, 
 
 
 
 91, 329 
 
 NeluNiBo, 
 
 
 67 
 
 Peppermint, 
 
 
 
 68, 318 
 
 Nettle, 
 
 88, 158, 
 
 249, 432 
 
 Pepper-root, 
 
 
 
 222 
 
 Nettle tree, 
 
 50, 
 
 \m, 465 
 
 Periwinkle, 
 
 
 
 476 
 
 New Jersey tea, 
 
 
 185, 48 
 
 Persimon, 
 
 
 
 225 
 
 Nigiitshade, 
 
 
 47, 432 
 
 Peter's wort, 
 
 
 66, 
 
 139, 447 
 
 Nine-bark, 
 
 
 440 
 
 Phacelia, 
 
 
 
 352 
 
 Nit-weed, 
 
 
 280 
 
 Pheasant's eye, 
 
 
 
 67, 115 
 
 Nonesuch, 
 
 
 315 
 
 Phenecian mallows, 
 
 
 
 269 
 
 Nutmeg flower, 
 
 O. 
 
 328 
 
 Phenogamous species, 
 Pickeral weed, 
 Pigeon-berry, 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 54, 370 
 
 357 
 
 Oak, 
 
 
 89, 383 
 
 Pigmy-weed, 
 
 
 
 44, 453 
 
 Oak of Jerusalem, 
 
 
 50, 193 
 
 Pig-nut, 
 
 
 
 183 
 
 Oats, 
 
 40, 89, 151, 
 
 152, 464 
 
 Pig-weed, 
 
 
 
 50, 193 
 
 Oil-nut, 
 
 
 92 
 
 Pimpernel, 123, 
 
 188, 
 
 302, 
 
 410, 471 
 
 Oily grain, 
 
 
 71, 423 
 
 Pine, 
 
 91, 
 
 358, 
 
 , 359, 453 
 
 Okra, 
 
 
 269 
 
 Pink, 61, 
 
 153, 
 
 203, 
 
 223, 275 
 
 Olcott root, 
 
 
 403 
 
 Pink-root, 
 
 
 
 440 
 
 Olea, 
 
 
 333 
 
 Pine-weed, 
 
 
 
 280 
 
 Olive, 
 
 
 333 
 
 Pinxter blomachee, 
 
 
 
 152 
 
 Onion, 
 
 
 54,119 
 
 Pin-weed 
 
 
 
 41, 294 
 
 Orache, 
 
 
 50, 151 
 
 Pipewort, 
 
 
 
 88, 236 
 
 Orange root, 
 
 
 66, 276 
 
 Plane tree. 
 
 
 
 361 
 
 Orange tree. 
 
 
 65, 198 
 
 Plantain, « 
 
 43, 
 
 235, 
 
 , 342, 360 
 
 Orchis, 84, 
 
 , 85, 303, 334, 
 
 361, 460 
 
 Pleurisy-root, 
 
 
 
 139 
 
 Orchard grass, 
 
 
 40 
 
 Plowman's wort. 
 
 
 
 81,207 
 
 Orpine, 
 
 62, 
 
 347, 421 
 
 Plugi, 
 
 Poison hemlock. 
 
 62, 93, 
 
 225, 377 
 
 Osier, 
 
 
 209 
 
 
 
 51, 205 
 
 Ox-eye, 
 
 83, 
 
 162, 266 
 
 Poison vine, 
 
 
 
 392 
 
 Ox-eyed daisy, 
 
 P. 
 
 82, 194 
 
 Pokeweed, 
 Pole bean, 
 Polyanlhos, 
 
 
 
 62, 357 
 353 
 325 
 
 Painted-cup, 
 
 ^70, 
 
 155, 240 
 
 Polygaly, 
 
 
 
 365 
 
 Palm, 
 
 
 56, 57 
 
 Polypod, 
 
 
 
 94, 369 
 
 Palina christi, 
 
 
 91, 396 
 
 Pomegranite, 
 
 
 
 63, 381 
 
 Panic, 
 
 
 41 
 
 Pompion berry, 
 
 
 
 186 
 
 Panic grass. 
 
 
 41, 340 
 
 Pond lily, 
 
 
 
 65, 329 
 
 Paper sponk, 
 
 
 520 
 
 Pond weed, 
 
 44, 
 
 371. 
 
 , 372, 484 
 
 Parnassus grass, 
 
 
 53. 342 
 
 Poplar, 
 
 
 93, 
 
 370. 371 
 
 Parsley, 
 
 51, 
 
 116, 129 
 
 Poppoose-root, 
 
 
 
 54, 295 
 
 Parsnip, 
 
 52, 267, 
 
 , 344, 485 
 
 Poppy, 
 
 65, 
 
 134, 
 
 255, 342 
 
 Partridge berry, 
 
 
 42, 321 
 
 Potdtoe, 
 
 
 
 47, 43 i 
 
 Partridge pea. 
 
 
 184 
 
 Poverty grass, 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 Passion-flower, 
 
 
 74, 344 
 
 Prickly ash, 
 
 
 
 91,482 
 
 Patience, 
 
 
 403 
 
 Prickly pear. 
 
 
 
 62, 163 
 
 Paul's betouy. 
 
 
 471 
 
 Pride-weed, 
 
 
 
 81, 235 
 
 Pea, 
 
 76, 292, 
 
 , 293, 360 
 
 Pride of china, 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 Peach, 
 
 
 63, 123 
 
 Prim, 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 Pea-nut, 
 
 
 78, 131 
 
 Primrose, 
 
 
 
 57, 375 
 
 P^ar, 
 
 
 63, 383 
 
 Primrose cowslip. 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 Pearl-wort, 
 
 
 44, 405 
 
 Prince's feather, 
 
 
 
 368 
 
564 
 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Prince's pine, 
 
 
 60, 193 
 
 Saff-flower, 
 
 183 
 
 Fuecoon, 
 
 
 155 
 
 Sage, 35, 137, 409, 410 
 
 Puff-ball, 
 
 
 512 
 
 Sago-plant, 
 
 215 
 
 Pumpkin, 
 
 
 91,214 
 
 Sallad, 
 
 244 
 
 Purslane, 
 
 35, 64, 
 
 214, 371 
 
 Salsify, 
 
 455 
 
 Purple-hair grass, 
 
 
 39 
 
 St. John's dog-bane, 
 
 129 
 
 Putty-root, 
 
 
 85, 129 
 
 Salt grass, 
 
 37, 301 
 
 Pyramid flower, 
 
 
 43, 247 
 
 Saltwort, 
 Samphire, 
 
 50, 409 
 33. 406 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 
 Sanicle, 
 
 50, 61, 411 
 
 Quack-grass, 
 
 
 39, 461 
 
 Sand myrtle. 
 
 295 
 
 Quaking grass, 
 
 
 161 
 
 Sandwort, 
 
 62, 132, 133 
 
 Queen of the meadow, 
 
 
 441 
 
 Sarsaparilla, 
 
 53 
 
 Quickset, 
 
 
 212 
 
 Sassafras, 
 
 59, 293 
 
 Quill-wort, 
 
 
 96, 286 
 
 Satin flower, 
 
 71, 306 
 
 Quince, 
 
 
 63, 383 
 
 Satyr, 
 Savin, 
 
 260 
 93, 288 
 
 R. 
 
 
 
 Savory, 
 
 412 
 
 Rabbit-foot, 
 
 
 456 
 
 Sow grass. 
 
 416 
 
 Radish, 
 
 
 73, 389 
 
 Saxiirage, 43, 61, 196, 410, 413. 415 
 
 Ragged cup, 
 
 
 84, 428 
 
 Scabish, 
 
 330, 57 
 
 Ragged robin, 
 
 
 308 
 
 Scabious, 
 
 42, 415 
 
 Ragwprt, 
 
 
 82, 422 
 
 Scailet runner. 
 
 353 
 
 Raspberry, 
 
 64, 
 
 399^ 400 
 
 Scarlet pimpernel. 
 
 45 
 
 Rattlesnake fern, 
 
 
 160 
 
 Scorpion weed. 
 
 44, 324 
 
 Rattlesnake grass, 
 
 
 161, 363 
 
 Scouring rush. 
 
 96, 234 
 
 Rattlesnake leaf, 
 
 
 84, 257 
 
 Screwstem, 
 
 187 
 
 Rattle-box, 
 
 
 78, 213 
 
 Scropliula-weed, 
 
 84, 257 
 
 Red-bud, 
 
 
 190 
 
 Scull-cap, 
 
 69,419 
 
 Red-rod, 
 
 
 209 
 
 Scurvy-grass, 
 
 203 
 
 Red-root, 
 
 
 186, 225 
 
 Sea-rocket, 
 
 164 
 
 Red-pepper, 
 
 
 47, 168 
 
 Seed-box, 
 
 43, 305 
 
 Red-ipp, 
 
 88, 
 
 117, 481 
 
 Seeded plum, 
 
 225 
 
 Reed, 
 
 
 38 
 
 Sedge, 
 Self-heal, 
 
 87, 170 172, 174' 
 
 Reed-grass, 
 
 
 138. 164 
 
 69, 376 
 
 Reed-mace, 
 
 
 87, 463 
 
 Seneca-grass, 
 
 271 
 
 Rhodora, 
 
 
 59, 392 
 
 Senna, 
 
 183, 204 
 
 Rhubarb, 
 
 
 59, 390 
 
 Senna herb. 
 
 204 
 
 Ribbon grass, 
 
 
 39, 352 
 
 Sensitive brier. 
 
 416 
 
 Rib- wort. 
 
 
 43, 360 
 
 Sensitive fern. 
 
 333 
 
 Rice, 
 
 
 56 
 
 Sensitive plant. 
 
 184, 416, 78 
 
 Rice grass, 
 
 
 295 
 
 Sesame grass, 
 
 461 
 
 Richweed, 
 
 
 203, 465 
 
 Shad-bu.sh, 
 
 63, 135 
 
 River nymph, 
 
 
 86 
 
 Shag-walnut, 
 
 183 
 
 Rocket, 
 
 
 73, 268 
 
 Shallot, 
 
 120 
 
 Rock rose, 
 
 
 64, 263 
 
 Shell-flower, 
 
 68, 321 
 
 Roman artemisia, 
 
 
 187 
 
 Sheep-berry, 
 
 473, 52 
 
 Roman fern. 
 
 
 94, 157 
 
 Shepherd's purse, 
 
 72, 168 
 
 Roman wprmwood, 
 
 
 137 
 
 Shield-lichen, 
 
 515 
 
 Rose, 
 
 64, 
 
 397. 398 
 
 Shin-leaf, 
 
 59, 382 
 
 Rose bay, 
 
 
 61 ; 391 
 
 Shin-wood, 
 
 448 
 
 Rose campion, 
 
 
 117 
 
 Shot-bush, 
 
 131 
 
 Rosemary, 
 
 35, 
 
 124, 399 
 
 Sickle-pod, 
 
 130 
 
 Rough-bells, 
 
 
 167 
 
 Side-saddle, 
 
 65, 411 
 
 Rue, 
 
 
 60, 404 
 
 Silk grass, 
 
 484 
 
 Ruel, 
 
 
 70, 403 
 
 Simpler's joy, 
 
 470 
 
 Rush, 39, 
 
 56, 287, 
 
 415, 416 
 
 Single-seed cucumber, 
 
 90, 424 
 
 Rye, 
 
 
 40, 420 
 
 Skunk cabbage. 
 Sleek-leaf, 
 
 43. 282 
 60 295 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 Sloe, 
 
 377, 473 
 
 Sacred bean, 
 
 
 327 
 
 Small crane's bill, 
 
 252 
 
 Saffron, 
 
 36, 79. 
 
 , 183, 213 
 
 Smellage, 
 
 3Q0 
 
 1 
 
565 
 
 Page. 
 
 Snail-shell, 315 
 
 Snake-lily, 2ri4 
 
 Snake-head, 71, 192 
 
 Snake-mouth, 85 
 Snake-root, 75, 86, 138, 238, 299, 311, 366 
 
 Snake-weed, 4<!3 
 
 Snapdragon, 70, 128 
 
 Sneeze wort, , 113 
 
 Snow-ball, 52, 474 
 
 Snow-drop, 54, 120, 249 
 
 Snow-drop tree, 75, 193, 2(i0 
 
 Snuffbox-fern, 141 
 
 Soap-berry, 58 
 
 Soapwort, 61, 411 
 
 Sott-grass, 271 
 
 Solanum, 47 
 
 Solomon's seal. 55. 205 
 
 Sorrel. 403, 56 
 
 Sorrel tree, 124 
 
 Sour gum, 329 
 
 South sea tea, 282 
 
 Southern wood, 137, 80 
 
 Spearmint, 68, 318 
 
 Spearwort, 386 
 
 Spear grass, 362, 39 
 
 Speckled jewels, 283 
 
 Speedwell, 34. 471, 472 
 
 Spice-bush, ' 59, 293 
 
 Spice root, 219 
 
 Spiderwort, 53, 454 
 
 Spikenard, 53 
 
 Spinacii, 92. 440 
 
 Spindle tree, 240, 48 
 
 Spleen amaranth, 121 
 
 Spleenwort, 94, 141, 142 
 
 Spring beauty, 48, 198 
 
 Spring cress, (C. rotund*.) 169 
 
 Spruce, 358 
 
 Spur -stem, 45, 476 
 
 Spurge. 87, 88, 243 
 
 Spurrv, 62,439 
 
 Squash, 91, 214 
 
 Squaw-root, 335 
 
 Squill, 55, 416 
 
 Squirrel-tail grass, 272 
 
 Staff tree, 48, 186 
 
 Stag's horn^ 392 
 
 Star-flower, 81. 142 
 
 Star-giass, 54, 281 
 
 Star of Bethlehem, 55, 335 
 Starwort, 61,62,165,319 
 
 Steen-crout, 303 
 
 Steeple-bush, 63, 440 
 
 Stichwort, (palustris, 7th ed.) 442 
 
 Stone-crop, 62, 421 
 
 Storax tree, 75 
 
 Strawberry, 64,220,246 
 
 Strawberry blite, 158 
 
 Strawberry tree, 132 
 
 Succory, 78, 196 
 
 3. repand- toothed; stem erect. 
 
 
 
 Patre. 
 
 Sugar-cane, 
 
 
 38, 405 
 
 Sulphurwort, 
 
 
 52, 342 
 
 Sultana, 
 
 
 187 
 
 Sumach, 
 
 
 E2, 392 
 
 Summer-grass, 
 
 
 271 
 
 Sunray, 
 
 
 82 
 
 Sundew, 
 
 
 53, 229 
 
 Sundrops, > 
 
 
 331 
 
 Sunflower, 83, 
 
 208, 263, 
 
 265, 401 
 
 Supple-jack, 
 
 
 
 Swallow-wort, 
 
 
 138 
 
 Sweet- weed, 
 
 
 269 
 
 Sweeibriar, 
 
 
 398 
 
 Sweet cicely, 
 
 
 51, 336 
 
 Sweet fern, 
 
 
 87, 204 
 
 Sweet-flag, 
 
 
 56, 1 14 
 
 Sweet gale. 
 
 
 92, 324 
 
 Sweet gum. 
 
 
 302 
 
 Sweet-leaf, 
 
 
 272 
 
 Sweet pea, 
 
 
 76, 293 
 
 Sweet potatoe, 
 
 
 206 
 
 Sweet tree, 
 
 
 112 
 
 Sweet vernal-grass, 
 
 
 35, 128 
 
 Sweet William, 
 
 
 61,223 
 
 Sweet pepper bush, 
 
 
 60, 201 
 
 Swine's cress, 
 
 
 210 
 
 Sycamore, 
 
 
 90, 361 
 
 Syringa, 
 
 
 63, 354 
 
 T. 
 
 
 
 Talinum, 
 
 
 64, 448 
 
 Tamerack, 
 
 
 359 
 
 Tangle-legs, 
 
 
 473 
 
 Tansy, 
 
 80, 
 
 136, 448 
 
 Tape-grass, 
 
 
 91, 469 
 
 Tare, 
 
 
 474 
 
 Taxonomy, 
 
 
 1 
 
 Tea, 
 
 
 65, 450 
 
 Teasel, 
 
 42, 
 
 226, 404 
 
 Thimble berry. 
 
 
 400 
 
 Thimble weed, 
 
 
 126 
 
 Thin grass. 
 
 
 38 
 
 Thistle, 79, 
 
 169, 187, 
 
 201, 437 
 
 Thorn, 
 
 63', 
 
 211, 212 
 
 Thorn-apple, 
 
 
 46, 220 
 
 Thoroughwax, 
 
 
 162 
 
 Thread-foot,) 
 
 
 87,364 
 
 Three-birds, 
 
 
 128 
 
 Three-colored coxcomb, 
 
 121 
 
 Three-colored daisy. 
 
 
 194 
 
 Three-seed leek, 
 
 
 119 
 
 Thrift, 
 
 
 442 
 
 Thyme, 
 
 69, 201, 
 
 381, 451 
 
 Tickweed, 
 
 
 207 
 
 Tiger flower, 
 
 
 452 
 
 Timothy grass. 
 
 
 38,354 
 
 Toad-flax, 
 
 49,70 128, 4.50 
 
 Tobacco, 
 
 46, 47, 
 
 304, 328 
 
 Tooth-ache bush, 
 
 
 92, 482 
 
 Tooth-cup, 
 
 
 43 
 
 Tooth root, 
 
 
 73, 222 
 
 Tory-weed, 
 
 
 216 
 
566 
 
 Touch-me-not, 
 
 Touchwood, 
 
 Trailing arbutus, 
 
 Traveller's joy, 
 
 Tread softly, 
 
 Tree primrose,^ 
 
 Tree-weed, 
 
 Trefoil, 
 
 Trickle root. 
 
 Trumpet-flower, 
 
 Trumpet-weed, 
 
 Tuberose, 
 
 Tulip, 
 
 Tulip tree, 
 
 Tupelo, 
 
 Turmeric root, 
 
 Turnip, 
 
 Turnsol, 
 
 Twayblade, 
 
 Twin-berry, 
 
 Twin-flower, 
 
 Twin-leaf, 
 
 Umbrella grass, 
 Umbrella moss, 
 Umbrella tree. 
 Unicorn plant. 
 Unicorn root. 
 
 Valerian, 
 
 Vegetable oyster, 
 
 Venus' fly-trap, 
 
 Venus' looking-glass, 
 
 Venus' pride. 
 
 Vervain, 
 
 Vetch, 
 
 Violet, 48, 219, 257, 268, 
 
 Viper's bugloss, 
 
 Virgin's bower, C6, 
 
 Veronica, 
 
 Page. 
 48, 2S3 
 
 493 
 60, 233 
 
 199 
 
 287 
 57,330 
 
 :i08 
 
 261 
 
 73 
 
 70, 157 
 
 241 
 55, 365 
 55, 462 
 67, 302 
 92, 329 
 
 270 
 73, 138, 160 
 45. 266 
 85; 312 
 47, 483 
 42, 302 
 58, 287 
 
 37,248 
 
 W. 
 
 56. 89. 
 
 Wake robin. 
 Walking leaf, 
 Wall cress, 
 Wall-flower, 
 Walnut, 
 Water carpet. 
 Water cress. 
 Water fescue, 
 Water grass, 
 Water hemlock, 
 Water hemp, 
 Water leaf, 
 Water leaf burr-flower 
 Water lily, 
 Water melon. 
 Water nymph. 
 Water oats, 
 Water plantain, 
 
 312 
 
 71, 315 
 
 119 
 
 35, 422, 469 
 
 79, 455 
 
 60, 225 
 
 167 
 
 42, 275 
 
 68, 470 
 
 76, 238, 474 
 
 275, 283, 476 
 
 44, 231 
 
 150, 199, 200 
 
 297 
 
 13S, 459^ 400 
 94, 141 
 72, 130 
 72, 192 
 
 90, 287 
 58, 196 
 
 73, 154, 169 
 255 
 118 
 51, 197 
 113 
 327 
 273 
 65, 329 
 
 91, 214 
 325 
 484 
 
 57, 119 
 
 Water poplar. 
 Water purslane, 
 Water parsnip. 
 Water star-wort, 
 Water drop-wort, 
 Water radish. 
 Water rocket, 
 Water shield, 
 Water target, 
 Wax bush. 
 Weed grass, 
 Whdhoo, 
 Wheat, 
 Wheat thief, 
 Whip-grass, 
 While-bush, 
 White cedar, 
 White grass, 
 White root. 
 White weed. 
 White wood. 
 White top. 
 Whitlow-grass, 
 Whortleberry, 
 Wild basil, 
 Wild indigo. 
 Wild rice. 
 Wild rye. 
 Wild oats. 
 Willow, 
 Willow-herb, 
 Wind-flower, 
 Winter cress. 
 Winter-berry, 
 Wintergreen, 
 Wire-grass, 
 Witch-alder, 
 Witch-hazle, 
 Woad, 
 Woodbine, 
 Wood-sage, 
 Wood waxen, 
 Wood sorrel. 
 Wolf's bane, 
 Wormseed, 
 Wormwood, 
 
 Paore. 
 370 
 
 43, 285 
 51,430 
 
 50 
 
 71, 154 
 154 
 
 67, 277 
 
 277 
 
 215 
 
 205 
 
 464 
 
 40, 316, 461 
 
 303 
 
 87 
 
 124,201, 61 
 
 91, 215, 451 
 
 295 
 
 139 
 
 194 
 
 67, 302 
 117 
 
 71 
 
 467, 60 
 
 381 
 
 59, 154 
 
 485 
 
 232, 40 
 
 40, 220, 485 
 
 91, 406 
 
 63,233, 311 
 
 126 
 
 154 
 
 54, 376 
 
 60, 251. 382 
 
 231 
 
 63, 246 
 
 44, 260 
 
 72. 285 
 304, 305 
 
 68, 449 
 252 
 
 62, 336, 337 
 
 114 
 
 193 
 
 121, 136, 137, 80 
 
 Yam-root, 
 
 Yarrow, 
 
 Yellow-grass, 
 
 Yellow-eyed grass, 
 
 Yellow-rattle, 
 
 Yellow-root, 
 
 Yellow-seed, (L. cam.) 
 
 Yellow-star-root, 
 
 Yellow leaf. 
 
 Yew, 
 
 Yew-tree, 
 
 Zigadene, 
 
 92, 225 
 82, 113 
 
 217 
 36, 483 
 
 391 
 53, 482 
 
 296 
 
 119 
 
 94, 448 
 94, 454 
 
 56, 484 
 
567 
 
 EATON'S 
 BOTANICAL DICTIONARY, 
 
 FIFTH EDITION, 
 
 MODERNIZED FOR 1840, TO ACCOMPANY GaTEs' EIGHTH EDITION OF 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOTANY. 
 
 Latin words are printed in italics. When a word is the same in Latin and English, 
 excepting a terminal letter or two, it is generally omitted in one of the languages. 
 
 Abbre'viated pe'rianth. Shorter than most perianths, in proportion to its breadth. 
 Abbkevia'tion. Altliongh any botanist may employ such abbreviations as best suits 
 
 his purpose, by explaining their import, yet, the following are in such general use, 
 
 that it is convenient to know them. 
 Rad. root. Fr. fruit. 
 
 Fol. leaf. Ph. ieufet of calyx, or leaf. 
 
 Slip, stipule. Per. Pericarp. 
 
 Flo. flower. Mas. staminate flower. 
 
 Cal. calyx. Fem. pistillate flower. 
 
 Cor. corol. Neu. neutral flower. 
 
 Pet. petal. Her. perfect flower. 
 
 Stam. stamen. 0. annual. 
 
 Fil. filament. ^. biennial. 
 
 Anth. anther. 21. perennial. 
 
 Pist. pistil. >>. woody. 
 
 Siig. stigma. 
 
 Abhrevia'lus. See abbreviated. 
 
 Abdom'inal. Belonging to, or situated on, the abdomen; as fins, rings, v&c. 
 Abnor'mai,, (abnormis.) Some departure from the ordinary structure of the family 
 
 or genus. Not according with first principles. 
 Abur'tiens See abortive. 
 Abor'tive flower. Not arriving to perfection; the proof of which is the want of 
 
 perfect seed. One or more organs suppressed and absorbed by others. See seed. 
 Abrupt' leaf. A pinnate leaf which has not an odd, or terminal leafet. 
 
 • root. Appearing as if bitten ofi'; as bird-foot violet. 
 
 Aliriip'te. Abruptly. 
 
 Aculyr.'inus. ^Vilhout a calyx. 
 
 Acati'lis. Stemless. 
 
 Accessory. Additional; annexed and of a different kind; often applied to the border 
 
 of the receptacle of a lichen. 
 Accre'tas, (actete. ) Fastened to another body, and growing with it. 
 
668 AGE 
 
 AcERo'sE leaf. Needle-form. Generall}^ inserted on the sides of branches, as in ihd 
 pines. 
 
 Acero'sus. Acerose. 
 
 Acetabul'eus, (acctahvliforfnis.) Concave, depressed, round, with the border a little 
 turned inwards; resembling the cavity of the hip-joint. 
 
 AcHENE.* Akine. One-celled, superior carpel^ having a dry, indehiscent pericarp,- 
 without a suture. It is the pericarp, of the scabrous plants; also of the rose, sun- 
 flower, «&c. 
 
 Achlamydeons. Plants have frequently no floral envelopes; in that case flowers are 
 said to be naked or achlamydeous. 
 
 Avicuia'ris. Form of a small needle. 
 
 AciNAc'iFORM leaf. Sabre-form. One edge sharp and convex, the other thicker and 
 straight, or concave. Cutlass-form. 
 
 Acinacifor' mis. Acinaciform. 
 
 Ac'iNE. One of the little globules constituting a compound berry as of the raspberry< 
 
 Ac'inus. Acirie. 
 
 Acotyled'onous plants. Having no cotyledons, or seed-lobes: and consequently pro- 
 ducing no seminal leaves. See Cotyledon and See-leaves. 
 
 Acu'leus, CacuUiUus.) Prickle. 
 
 Acu'minate. When the leaf, calyx, «&;c. terminate suddenly in a point, generally 
 more or less curved towards one edge of the leaf 
 
 Acumina'tus. Awl-pointed, acuminate. 
 
 Acuta ngula'ris. Sharp-cornered. 
 
 Acute. Any part of a plant ending without a curved or founded termination. Ail 
 obtuse angle or any other angle j*i mathematics, is acute in botanical language. 
 
 Acu'te. Acutely. An ucute-de/ttdtUs, sharply toothed. 
 
 Acutiuscu'lus. Acutish That is, the apex, corner, &c. is hardly rounded so as to be 
 called obtuse, and is rather too nearly round to be denominated acute. 
 
 AnfeLPHous. Applied to plants whose stamens are united by their filaments, whether 
 in one, two, or more sets. 
 
 Adna'te. Adhering. Any two or more parts of a plant being attached to each other^ 
 in cases where analagous parts are separate in other plants. 
 
 Adna'tus. Growing together. Adnate. 
 
 Acid vtjATEb, ( ackuUUus. ) Marked with very fine irregular streaks, as if produced 
 by the point of a needle. 
 
 Adpres'sils. Appressed. 
 
 Adscen'dens. Ascending. 
 
 Adverse leaf. Presenting its under surface to the sun. One edge presented towards 
 the stem. 
 
 JE,quwaL'ms, Valves equal among themselves. 
 
 JErugino' sus. Light bluish green; verdigris-color. 
 
 jEstiva'tion. The manner in which petals lie in the flower-bud, and leaves in the 
 leaf-bud, before they open. 1. Convolute, petals or leaves rolled all one way, like 
 a roll of paper or cloth. 2. Imhricult, petals or leaves lying over each other so as 
 to break joints, like shingles on a roof. 3. Canduplicale, each petal or leaf having 
 its edges rolled in, till the two opposite rolls meet on the midrib. 4. Vulvate, 
 when, just before they open, they stand like the husksof an ear of Indian corn. 
 5. Unequal-valvcd, when the petals difier in size. 
 
 While in the state of estivation, the leaves undergo important changes. Some- 
 times the axis of the bud is elongated into a branch, separating the leaves along 
 the branch to great distances. Son'Ctimes the axis extends but the tenth or twen- 
 tieth of an inch, and the leaves adhere, contract and expand variously: producing 
 calyxes, corols, stamens and pistils. The central leaf, or a central whorl of leaves, 
 have their folded edges grow together, forming carpels enclosing ovules; while the 
 midrib becomes a style, and its tip the stigma. 
 
 AJfi'nis. Having relation, or afiinity, to sometliing supposed to be previously known. 
 
 Aga'mia. fa, without, ^o/ztia, matrimony,) Necker's name for the class cr7/yu<o^«mia. 
 
 A'ges of plants. Some plants spring up. flower, ripen, seed, and die, in a few hours, 
 or a day, which are called tpheiiieruL. Others live a few months or a summer, which 
 are called annual. Others spring up in one summer and ripen and die the next, 
 which aie called biennial. Others live an indefinite period, either with the whole 
 stem and branches, or only by the root, which are called perennial. 
 
 * Achin, Gr. poor, lean. 
 
AMP 669 
 
 The ages of trees may be known by counting the concentric rings or grains. 
 Ag'gregate. Many springing from tiie same point, or from the same receptacle. 
 
 Sometimes this term is rather loosely applied to heaps or bundles. 
 
 A^areirtite Jiuicers are those where several stand on the same receptacle without 
 
 united anthers. Applied to minerals, it signifies that several simple minerals are 
 
 united in a mass by adhesion, or by a cement. 
 Ai'gkktte, K'gret. The Hying, feathery or hairy crown of seeds: as the down of 
 
 thistles and dandelions. 
 
 s/i/ii'd (stipulatus) when it is supported on a foot-stem. 
 
 siin/ilc (simplex) when it consists of a bundle of simple hairs, without branches. 
 
 //^MW.y.se (plumosus) when each hair has other little hairs arranged along its 
 
 sides, lilve the beards on a feather. 
 
 tncmbranoiis, thin transparent leaves. 
 
 Marty n recommends this term under the word pappus. 
 AiGRETTEi). Bearing egret. 
 AiK-CELLs, besides the common intercellular passages, and the receptacles, there are 
 
 very remarkable cavities among the tissue of plants containing air only, and not 
 
 the proper ju!ce of the plant. Air-cells are very variable in size, figure and 
 
 arrangement. The structure of the air-cells and their coats form one of the most 
 
 beautiful of microscopical objects. 
 Akemum, is an indehisceni, bony, one-seeded pericarp, which does not contract any 
 
 degree of adhesion with the integument of the seed, as strawberry, sunflower. 
 Al'i, wing; alnlus, winged. 
 Al'liiravs. Whitish, growing white. 
 Albumen. The farinaceoiis, tleshy. or horny substance (which constitutes the chief 
 
 bulk of some monocotyledonous seeds; t between the integuments and the embryo. 
 It is well exhibited in the cocoa nut; also in culmiferous plants, as Indian corn, 
 
 wheat, rye, oats. Buckwheat flour is more perfect albumen "than the Indian meal. 
 
 It is not found in peas and beans; their chief mass is of the cotyledons. Cruciform 
 
 plants, as mustard seed, turnip seed, &c., contain none. 
 Albui' uuiii. The living and incompletely formed external layers are called the albur- 
 num; See Aubier. Sap-wood. 
 Al'gae. Linneus comprised the plants of the orders Hepaticae and Lichenes under 
 
 this order. 
 Ai.iENATtD. When the first organs, as the stamens, leaves, &c. give place to others 
 
 diflerent from the natural habit of the plant. 
 Alliaceous. Emitting the odour of garlick. 
 Alluvion. Detritus, which is formed by the process of washing from the place of 
 
 disintegration. 
 Ai.'piNE. Growing most naturally on high mountains. 
 Alteknate. Branches, leaves, flowers, »tc. are alternate, when arranged upon 
 
 opposite sides of the stem, or whatever supports them: beginning at different dis- 
 tances from its base, and continuing in nearly equal series. Sometimes they are 
 
 in three series. 
 Alter'natlng. When one organ is arranged alternately respecting another; as the 
 
 stamens in the first tert classes: mostly alternate with the petals, or divisions of 
 
 petals. . _ 
 
 Alter'ae pinnata. Alternat^y pinnate. 
 Alve'olate receptacle (atteolatv:;. ) Having cells so as to resemble a honeycomb; 
 
 with more or less of each. seed imbedded in it. 
 AlutaceoOs. Tan color. The color of sole leather. 
 Ambitus. Periphery. The outer rim of a frond, receptacle, &c. 
 A ME.NT. An assemblage of small flower-bearing scales, which serve as lateral 
 
 calyces. These are arranged along a kind of rachis, and each encloses either the! 
 
 stamens or pistils of flowers. The pine, willow, oak, chesnut, walnut and nettles 
 
 are good examples. See strobile. 
 Amenla'ceus. Growing in aments, amentaceous. 
 Amphibiology. The department of Zoology, embracing animals which are capable 
 
 of suspending respiration for a long time without injuring the action of the arterial 
 
 system; and of living in air also in a healthy state. As frog, snake, tortoise, lizard. 
 Ainpkzkau Us. See clasping. Embracing the stem. 
 AiiipLius. Enlarged, abundant. 
 Ampul lus. See utriculus. Bladder. 
 
 72 
 
570 APP 
 
 Anal. Situated near the vent, or between it and the tail. 
 
 Analluvion. Applied to detritus which has not received its present character from 
 being washed. 
 
 Anal'ogy. In natural science, it is frequently necessary to reason from analogy. 
 
 Anal'ysis. To analyse a plant boluniailhj, is to .search out the name by the number, 
 form, position, &.c. of its organs, as they exist in a natural stale. 
 
 Anastomosis. A meeting of mouths. When veins, tubes, &c. join in one, at, or 
 towards, their exlreinilies. 
 
 Ancip'itai.. Anceps. Two edged. Having two opposite edges or angles. 
 
 Asdrog'ynous plants. Bearing staminate and pistillate flowers on the same root 
 williout any perfect ones; as the Indian corn. 
 
 spil.c, has both staminate and pistillate flowers distinct on different parts of it. 
 
 Jtmcer, has stamens or pistils only, and is on the same plant with other flowers 
 
 having different organs from itself. 
 
 Ankrac'tuous. Winding by angular turnings. 
 
 Angiocarpus. Fungi bearing seeds internally. 
 
 An'gular. By means of intervening grooves, the stems, calyces, capsules, «S:c. 
 often have ridges running lengthwise, which give them this appellation; also hav- 
 ing several salient angles on the margin; as the leaf of the Datura Stramonium. 
 
 Av^da'tus. See angular. 
 
 Ancrustiful'ius. iSarrow-leaved. 
 
 Annotine. Of one year. 
 
 Annual, Which si)rings up, perfects fruit, and dies in the same year. The herbage 
 is often annual, with a perennial root. But the root is always intended, unless the 
 other parts are particular!}' menkoned. 
 
 Annulatus. Having a ring around the capsules in ferns; or a fungus with a ringed 
 stipe. 
 
 An'nulus. See ring. 
 
 Annuns. See annual. 
 
 Anom'alous. {a without, nomous law.) Whatever forms an exception to the 
 assumed rules or systems. In the attempts of old botanists at natural arrangement 
 many plants were necessarily thrown into anomalous groups. 
 
 Antenna;. The horns or jointed processes on the heads of insects. 
 
 Anther. As the limb of a petal is analogous to the lamina of a leaf, and the unguis 
 is analagous to the petiole of the cleft; it follows that the anther is a modification 
 of the lamina, and the filament of the petiole. Smiilar metamorphoses and inter- 
 changes among organs, are easily demonstrated by attentive observation. Especi- 
 allly leaves, branches, and flowers. 
 
 Antherid'iun. Used by Nuttall for a mass of pollen. 
 
 Antherif'erous. Antlierif' era. Flowers bearing sessile anthers; that is anthers with- 
 out filaments. 
 
 Antheroid. Having the appearance of an anther. 
 
 Anthocarpous. Authors, flower, carpos, fruit. When the ament of flowery scales, or 
 its open carpels become condensed into fruit; as the indurated and compacted stro- 
 bile of pine, cypress, or yew. The pine-apple, mulberry and tig also; but they are 
 the variety, sorosis, 
 
 Antho' d'lum. See perianth caly.-?. 
 
 Aper'lio. See blooming. 
 
 Ap'erture. In conchology it is used for the mouth of a shell, or entrance to the 
 animal's residence. It is of various forms, as angular, rounded, moon-form, linear, 
 «&c. 
 
 Apet'alous. a flower without a corol. See stamineus. 
 
 Ap'ex. The tip or end. Summit of the spire of a shell. 
 
 Aphyl'lous. Leafless. 
 
 Apicula'tum. Covered with fleshy, erect, short points. 
 
 Apoph'ysis. A process from the base of the theca of mosses. 
 
 Apotke'cium. The receptacle of lichens, being the part wherein the seeds are formed 
 and ripened. The saucer-foim cups on those greenish leathery scabs on fences and 
 stones, are examples. They are projiagted by s|)orules, included within little mem- 
 branous cases, which lie within a denuded portion of their own central substance, 
 called the scuiellum, apolhecium, or shield. See Border of Lichens. 
 
 Appen'dage. As thorns, tendril. 
 
 Appendic'olate. Appendicule. Appendaged. Having something attached to a 
 
AWN 571 
 
 leaf, corol, &c. as a wing on a petiole, a nectary at the end of a petal, as in some 
 
 species of Polygala, »&c. 
 Appkksskd. Closely pressed; as leaves against the stem, &c. 
 Approx'imatk. Growing near each other, or near to a different part. 
 Ap'tekous. Without wings. 
 
 Aquat'ic. Growing most naturally in or near water. 
 
 Arachnoi' dcus. Covered witli interwoven hairs, so as to resemble a spider's web. 
 Aruneo'siis. See arachnoideus. 
 Ar'bor. See tree. 
 
 Arbo'reous. Tree-like. Applied to mineral impressions. 
 Arbokes'cent. Becoming woody when approaching maturity. 
 Arbus'cula. See sutFrulex — somewhat woody. 
 Arbusti'vus. Bush-like. 
 Arched. Curving above. See vaulted. 
 Ar'cuate, Arcua'lus. Bent like a bow. See bowed. 
 Arena' tim. Arcinvise, curved. 
 Arena'rius. Growing in sand. 
 
 Areola'tiis. ■ Raised a little so as to resemble a garden-bed. Cushion-like. 
 Argen'teus. Silver-colored. 
 Argu'tus. Sharp-tapering. 
 Argyroc'omus. Silky and silvery white. 
 Ar'id, A'ridus. Dry and rough. 
 A'ril, Anl'lus. The outer coat of a seed, which, not contracting with it in ripening, 
 
 falls off; sometimes the funiculus, or the placenta, expands about the seeds into a 
 
 fleshy body, named arillus. 
 Aris'tate, aris'ta and arista tus. See awn and awned. Bearded. 
 Arms. Spines and prickles. 
 Aromat'icus. Aromatic, sweet scented. 
 Ar'row-form. Shaped like an arrow-head. It differs from hear-form in having the 
 
 hind lubes acute. 
 Artic'idus. See joint. 
 Artic'ulated. Jointed. Articulated division of animals includes those which have 
 
 jointed abdomens; as angle-worms, lobsters, spiders and wasps. 
 Artkula'te. Jointedly. 
 Arundina'ceus. Resembling reeds. 
 Arven'sis. Growing in cultivated fields. 
 
 Ascen'ding. Rising gradually between a horizontal and vertical position. 
 Ascidium, when the petiole becomes dilated and hollowed out at its upper end, the 
 
 lamina being articulated with and closing up its orifice; it is also called a pitcher or 
 
 ascidium; as the leaf of the sarracenia (side-saddle.) 
 As'perate, As'per. Rough. 
 Asperifol'ius. Rough-leaved. 
 
 Assur'gent, Asmrgens. Rising in a curve from a declined base. 
 AsTi'PED. Pappus, or a fungus, without a stem or stipe. 
 Air opurpu' reus. Dark purple. 
 Atte.nuated, atienua'tus. Tapering gradually till it becomes slender. Long and 
 
 slender. 
 AuBiER. Sap-wood, the last. year's deposite. 
 Auc'tus calyx. Having an outer row of leafets, as the Dandelion. 
 Ave'iiiurn. Veinless. 
 
 AvERTEBRAL. Auimals without back bones; as insects, oysters angle-worms. 
 AcLui.ET. Spurious wings. A tuft of 3 or 5 feathers on the outer fore-joint of a 
 
 bird's wing. 
 Auranlia'cus. Orange-colored. 
 Aure'ns. Gold-colored. 
 
 Auricles. Apendages to the heart; being small cavities above the ventricles. 
 Auricula' tus; or aurilus. See eared. Ear-like processes. 
 Autumna' Lis. Coming to maturity in aututnn. 
 Auluinna'tio. The effect of autumn on plants. 
 Awr.'-FORM. Linear at, and adjoining, the base; and becoming sharp and more or 
 
 less curved to one side at the point. 
 Awl'-pointed. Acuminate. 
 Awn. a short slender process, or stiff" beard, from the top or back of glumes or chaff- 
 
§72 BIP 
 
 Processes resembling awns are called by this name, whicli proceed from anthers or 
 any other parts of vegetables. 
 
 AwNED. Having awns, (aristatus); abruptly terminated in a hard, straight, subu- 
 late point; it is always a continuation of the lib, and sometimes separates from 
 the lamina below tlie apex. 
 
 AwNi.ESs. Without awns; sometimes it means a blunt, pointless awn. 
 
 Ax'e-form. Nearly cylindric towards the base, with one side projecting towards the 
 end, wliich piojeclion is sharp-edged. 
 
 Ax'iL. The arm-pit. Applied to vegetables, it means the angle formed by the meet- 
 ing of a leaf or petiole with the stem, or of a branch with the main stem. 
 
 Ax'iLLARy. Any thing growing from the axils. 
 
 Axis of fruit is often called columella; the space where two carpella unite, is named 
 the commissure; the axis may be compared to the vertebral column of animals in 
 many cases. 
 
 Azu'rms. See CcEruleus. Blue. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bac'ca. Pulpy, valveless berry. 
 
 Baccif'erous. Berry-bearing. 
 
 BaccU'lum. Pedicel of lichens. 
 
 Back. The side of a univalve shell, which is opposite to the side in which the aper- 
 ture is placed. 
 
 Ba'dius. Liver-brown. 
 
 Banner. The upper petal in a papilionaceous flower. 
 
 Barb, barba. A straight process armed with teetii, pointing backwards; if forked at 
 the apex, both divisions of the fork being hooked, it is gtuchis, or hook-beaked. 
 
 Barba'tus. See bearded. 
 
 Bark. Properly the inner strong fibrous part of the covering of vegetables. But in 
 a more extended sense it includes also the cuticle, and cdhdur intcaument. 
 
 Barren. Producing no ripe seed. See staminute, nculnil, and uburticu. 
 
 Bas'is. Base. The part of a stem, leaf, flower, <SlC., nearest to the place through 
 which it derives its nutriment. The extreme end of a univalve shell, opposite to 
 the apex of the spire; and the side or end opposite to the hinge of bivalve shells. 
 The hilum represents the base of the seed; the apex is determined by the point 
 where the vessels or tissue of the integument concentrate, called the micropile, 
 (little process.) Before maturing, called forauien. 
 
 Beak. One side of the aperture of a univalve siiell, extended in the form of a beak; 
 as murex. In a bivalve, it is the tip of the spiral part near the hinge. 
 
 Beak'ed. Terminated by a process, formed like a bird's bill; or terminating gradu- 
 ally in a hard, long, straight point. 
 
 Bearu. Having tufts of long, weak hairs, growing from different parts of the sur- 
 face. Parallel hairs. It is applied to the filamentous nectaries on the petals of 
 Iris. The lower lips of ringent corols are sometimes called beard. Tendril-like 
 appendages near the mouth of the sturgeon and some other fish. 
 
 BE'^nnLEss. Destitute of beard. 
 
 Bell'-form. Swelling out at the base, and without a tube. Properly applied to 
 monopeialous corols only; but it is frequently extend§d to liliaceous floweis, and 
 some others. 
 
 Belly. It is the swollen part of the body of a univalve shell. See body. 
 
 Bel'lying. See Ventricose. Inflated. 
 
 Berried, (haccatns. ) Having a juicy, succulent texture. 
 
 Berrv. a pulpy pericarp, enclosing seeds without capsules. 
 
 Bib'ulus. Sucking water. 
 
 Bicus'pidate. Having two lengthened points, each terminated with a small bristle, 
 
 Bi'dens. Having two teeth. 
 
 Bien'nial. Springing up one summer, flowering and dying the next; as wheat. 
 
 Bifa'rius. Facing two ways, presenting two oi)posite series. 
 
 Bi'ferous. Bearing twice in a year. Common in hot climates. 
 
 Bi'fid. Two cleft, split into two divisions. 
 
 BVfuhis. Bifid. 
 
 Bi'florus. See tw^o-flowered. 
 
 Bifariui, Having two openings or holes; or facing two ways. 
 
BRA 573 
 
 BifurcaJtns or Bifur'cus. Forked. 
 
 Bigem'inate. Twin-forked. Having a forked stem, wiih two leaves on each part. 
 
 Biolan'uulous. Having two jrlands. 
 
 Biju'r.nus. A pinnate leaf with two pairs of leaves on each part. 
 
 Bila'liiiitc. Corol with two lips; as in most of the class diilijnnmia. 
 
 Bii-am'klla.te. Composed of two lamellae; it applies to a flattened stigma split 
 ien^rtlnvise 
 
 BiLo'BATE. Divided into two lobes. 
 
 BiLoc'uLAR. Two-celled. 
 
 Bi'nate. Two standing up together on the top of one stalk. If they spread out 
 horizontally, they are called cuiijugate. 
 
 Bincr'vis. Two nerved. 
 
 Bipak'tirle, or Bipar'tile. Naturally divisible into tvvo parts. 
 
 Bipar'tkus. Divided into two parts to the base, but still remaining in one piece, as the 
 petals of stel.laria. 
 
 Bipin'nate. Doubly pinnate. 
 
 Bipinnat'ifid. Doubly pinnatifid. 
 
 Biros'trate. Having tvvo beaks. 
 
 Biscria'lis. In two series; S-rowed. 
 
 Bistri'ate. Two slender lines running lengthwise. 
 
 Bisul'cate. Having iwo funows or grooves. 
 
 BrrER'iNATE. Doubly ternate. 
 
 Bi' VALVE. 'vV hen a capsule is composed of two pieces or valves; or when the glume- 
 calyx of grass, iVc, consists of two chaff or husks. When used in Zoology, it 
 refers to the two parts of the shell of such nioluscous animals as oysters, clams, 
 
 i&C. 
 
 Birusnda'ris. With two horn-form, or cup-form cells. 
 
 Bi.is'teked. See buliate. 
 
 Bloom'lng. Tbe precise time when all parts of the flovver are completely developed. 
 
 Bi.os'soM. Colored leaves of a flower, whether calyx, corol, or both. 
 
 Blunt. Round-obtuse. 
 
 Boat-form. Hollowed one side, with a compressed longitudinal ridge on the oppo- 
 site side. 
 
 Bouy. It is the first whorl at the base of a univalve shell; the most swollen part of 
 which is callpd the belly. 
 
 Bole. The naked trunk of a tree. 
 
 BoNV, (osseus. ) Hard and very close in texture, not cut without difficulty, the parts 
 cut off being brittle: as llie stone of a peach. 
 
 Border in Lichenes. Tbe edging of their receptacles (apothecium.) li is proper, 
 when of the same substance and color of the receptacle. It is accessory, when of a 
 different substance or color from the disk of the receptacle. 
 
 Border of corols, leaves, funguses, &c. The spreading brim. 
 
 tenuis. Thin border of a fungus. 
 
 ' cnleruta. Colored border. 
 
 ' eqiial.is. Wlien the stem of a fungus is in the centre. 
 
 • crassa. \ Thick border, &c. 
 
 Bossed. Bunched up in the centre, as in some agarics. 
 
 Botan'icai. names of plants. Generic names are chiefly given in honor of botanists, 
 and patrons of laborious botanists at the present day. Hence they are a correct 
 record of the names of the friends of our chief genera miiniifaclurers, and adven- 
 turous collectors. Specific names are sometimes given upon the same principle. 
 But they are mostly latin adjectives expressive of some striking form or cpiality of 
 tire plant. See Lindley's Introduction, p. 454, and on; wherein he gives the 
 Linnean rules f.^r naming, with his own comments. 
 
 Bot'rus. A cluster, like grapes. 
 
 Bough. See branch. 
 
 Boui DER. A large fragment of a rock. This term is applied to all niassps of rock, 
 which are severed from a main rock, if the size is above that which is usually 
 denominated a pebble. 
 
 Bow'ed. Curved over downwards. 
 
 BowL-FORM. About half of a hollow sphere. 
 
 Brach'iate. Branches nearly horizontal and decussate. 
 
 Btach'ium. See Measures. Arms lenjtth. 
 
574 CAL 
 
 Bract. Brae' ted. Floral leaf. A leaf near or among flowers, which difFer.=! in shape, 
 or color, or both, from the other leaves of the plant. The leaf from the axilla of 
 which a flower-bud arises is called a bract, or floral leaf; and all rudimentary leaves 
 of what size or color soever, which appear on the peduncle between the floral-leaf 
 and the calyx, are called bracleoles; but in common language, botanists confound 
 these two kinds, which are essentially distinct. As on the bass-wood, (tilia.J 
 
 Brnclea'lus. Braclea, having bracts. 
 
 Bracteifor'mis. Resembling bracts. 
 
 Branch. A division of the main stem, or main root. 
 
 Branched. Divided into branches. Applied to roots, trees, &c. 
 
 Branch-leaves. Leaves growing on branches. 
 
 Brakch'let. .Subdivision of a branch; a twig. 
 
 Branch-pe'duncle. a peduncle proceeding from a branch. 
 
 Brev'is. Short. Unusually short. 
 
 Brevis' simns. Very short. 
 
 Brist'les. Very stiff hairs. They are simple or hooked. 
 
 Bristi,e-form. Nearly proportioned to a bristle in breadth and length. 
 
 Bristle-pointed, (setosus, setiger.J Terminating gradually in a very fine sharp 
 point. 
 
 Bristi.y. Set with bristles. 
 
 Bronchial. Applied to fish it means, pertaining to the gills. 
 
 Bruma'lis. See Hyemalis. Wintery. 
 
 Brcn'neus. Brown, dusky, dun. 
 
 Buckler-shaped, (scutatus, scutiformis. ) Lens-shaped, with an elevated brim. 
 
 Bud. The winter residence of leaves and flowers. Generally wanting in hot coun- 
 tries. They are defended by imbricate scales and mostly by a clammy glutinous 
 substance also. They are — L Lenf-beariiisr. Which are more slender and sharp. 
 2. FLuive.r-btaring. Which are thicker, not so hard nor so sharp. But late invest- 
 igations prove, that both kinds are interchangable, under the influence of contin- 
 gencies. 
 
 Bulb. Bulbus. Bulbous roots. Though we call the turnip, the onion, &c. roots, 
 they are strictly buds; or the winter residence of the future plants. Some bulbs 
 are borne above ground, as on several species of onion, (allium.) Leaf-buds have 
 been sometimes confounded with roots by old botanists; a bulb is a leaf-bud; a 
 bulbous root is a ccntradiclion in terms. 
 
 Bulhif'erous. Producing bulbs above ground. 
 
 BuUw'sus. Bulbous. Growing fiorn bulbs. 
 
 Bulbous root. Fleshy and spherical. 
 
 Bul'l/utus. Small lateral buds shooting from larger ones. 
 
 BuLLATE. Raised in bunches or blisters; as when the parenchymous substance of a 
 leaf rises up between the veins. 
 
 Bun'dle. See fascicle. 
 
 BuTTERKLY-FORM. Scc papilionaccous. 
 
 But'tons, TrictB. That kind of receptacle of lichens which when magnified resem- 
 bles a coiled horse-hair. They are roundish, sessile, unexpanding, compact, black 
 and solid; continued along their whole surface. Upper aide they are in concentric, 
 or coiled, plaited and twisted folds; covered every where with the same membrane; 
 containing seeds without cells, or cases. Smith. 
 
 Byssus. Flax-like, silky or hair-like fibres at the hinge of some bivalve shells. It is 
 applied to some fungi, &c. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cadu'cocs. Any part of a plant is caducous, which falls off earlier, compared with 
 other parts of the same plant, than is usual for similar parts in most plants. As 
 the calyx of the poppy and bloodroot, fall off before the corol is hardly expanded. 
 
 CcEsivs. Sky-blue, pale-blue, grey. 
 
 Caes'pitose. Turfy. Several plants growing together, or from the same root, 
 forming a turf 
 
 CaVartms. Reed-like. 
 
 Cal'car. A conic spur. See spur. 
 
 Cal'carate. See spurred. 
 
 Calciferous. Bearing calx. An old term for carbonate of lime. Applied to sand 
 rocks, «fec. which contain carbonate of lime. 
 
CAR 575 
 
 Cauc'ifokm. See Calyciforin. Cup-liUe. 
 
 Calic'ulate, Caliculo'lus. Having a small outer calyx. See auctus. 
 Ca'lix. See calyx. Leaf-cup. 
 Cai.vc'ifur.m. Resembling a perianth calyx. 
 Ca'i.ycine, (Calycinus.) Appertaining lo a calyx. 
 
 Ca'lycle. Cijlyculiis. The outer calyx-like part of the crown of some seeds. 
 Ca'lvcled. See auctus. Having an outer calyx. 
 Ciilijc'idus. See calycle. 
 
 Cuhjfi'tni. Calyptre, or veil. Tiie cap or hood of pistillate mosses; resembling in 
 form and position an c«tinguislier set on a candle. It is the calyx closed; which 
 after being detached at the base its form till keeps it on the capsule a while. See 
 Pericluptiuni, wiiich is the true calyx of mosses. 
 Cahiptnt'Uis. Having a calyptre. 
 
 Calyx. ( Kalux, Gr. ) The most exterior integument of the flower consisting of 
 several verticillate leaves, either united by their margins or distinct, usually of a 
 green color, and of a redder and less delicate texture tlian tlie corol. ]f the sta- 
 mens alternate with the leafels or divisions, Linneus calls it a corol; and ifthe 
 stamens stand opposite to the leafels or divisions he calls it a calyx, witliout re- 
 garding tlie color or texture. This rule is to apply where but one of the organs is 
 present. 
 
 double. When one calyx is outside of another; as in the hnlhjhorh, (althea.) 
 
 common. When one calyx includes many florets, as tiie thistle. 
 
 proper. When a floret is included in a general calyx of its own. 
 
 There are seven kinds of calyx: 1. Perianth. 2. Involucre. 3. Spathe. 4. 
 Glume. 5. Ament. 6. Calyptre. 7. Volva. See each. 
 Camb, Cambium. Beneath the bark and above the wood is interposed in the spring a 
 
 mucous viscid layer, and appears to be exuded both by the bark and wood. 
 Campan'ulate, Campajuila'tus, See bell-form. 
 Campes'tris. Growing in uncultivated fields. 
 
 Canal. The channel or gutter along the back of a univalve shell. 
 Canalinda'tus. See channelled. 
 Can'cellate, Cancella'tus. See latticed. When the parenchyma is wholly absent 
 
 and the veins alone remain auastomising and forming a kind of net work. 
 Canescent. Becoming white or hoary. 
 
 Cap'ii.larv, CiijiilJu'ris, Cupilla'ceus. " Hair- form; longer than bristle-form in propor- 
 tion to its thickness. 
 Ctipilli.'tium, is a kind of purse or net, in which the sporules of some fungi are re- 
 tained. 
 Cvp'dlus. Hair. See pilus. 
 
 Cap'itate, Capita'tus. Head-form; growing in heads. When a bud produces flower- 
 buds, with little elongation of its own axis, either a head (capitulum) or an umbel 
 is produced. 
 Capre'olus. See tendril. 
 Caprifica'tio.v. The fertilizing of pistillate flowers by artificially sprinkling pollen 
 
 upon them. This is important in raising figs. 
 Cap'sule, (aipsula, ) a little chest. That kmd of pericarp, which opens by valves and 
 becomes dry when ripe: not including siliques nor legumes. When it is one-valved, 
 it is called a follicle. /o/Z(CM/i/5, which see. It consists of rcdccs, pnrlilions, colu- 
 mcUa, and cells, which See. Some kinds of capsules never open, and are called 
 samara, achenes, carpella, &c. 
 Cari'nate. Curi'nu. See keeled. 
 
 Car'neous, Car'jieus. Flesh-colored, Nuttall uses it for fleshy. 
 Carno'se. Camosus. Fleshy. 
 Car'pogena'tion. (Karpos, fruit; gennao, to bring forth.) A substitute for the word 
 
 fructification. 
 Carpellum, is formed by a folded leaf, the upper surface of which is turned inwards, 
 the lower outwards, and the margin of which developes one, or a greater number, 
 of buds, which are the ovula (becoming seeds.) 
 Cartilagk. Flexible, fibious, compact substance: often called gristle. Applied to 
 
 animals mostly. 
 Cartilag'inous. Hard and somewhat ilexible. It applies to a leaf, when it is bound 
 
 around with a strong margin, different from the disk of the leaf. 
 Carun'cle. Fleshy protuberance on the heads of some birds, as turkies. 
 
576 CIC 
 
 Caryophyl'leous. Pink-like, as to tlie corol; having five petals with long claws, all 
 regular and set in a tubular calyx. 
 
 Carynpsis. An achene. with a thin membranous pericarp, which adheres to the tunic 
 of the seed too closely to be separable; as Indian corn, wheat, &c, 
 
 Cataphract'ep. Callous skin, or cartilaginous scabs. 
 
 Castra'ta. Filaments being without anthers. 
 
 Cain' nil la. A thread in some mosses, serving to unite or chain together the seeds* 
 
 Cat'kin, Caluliis. See anient. 
 
 Cau'dai.. Perlaining to the tail or posterior extremity. 
 
 Cau'date, Ciiu'da. See tail. 
 
 Cuiidex. The main body of a tree or root. 
 
 Caui.es'cent, andcsccns. Having a cuulis, or stem, exclusive of the peduncle or 
 scape. 
 
 Cau'line, cau'Unus. Growing on the main stem. 
 
 Cauik'vlus. The space that intervenes between the neck and the base of the cotyle^ 
 dons is called the cauliculus. 
 
 Cau'Lis. The main herbage-bearing stem of plants, except of the grassy kind; as 
 trees, weeds, &c. We have no English name for this stem, unless we adopt the 
 French, tige. 
 
 Caui.ocar'i'ous, or tliose whose stem endures many years as trees and shrubs. 
 
 Cell. The hollow part, or cavity of a ppricarp or anther. It is more generally ap- 
 plied to the cavities of pericarps, where seeds are lodged. According to ihe num- 
 brs of these the pericarps are called nne-cdkd, Iwo-cdI.ed, &c. 
 
 Cei.'lular Integ'uwent. The parenchymatous substance between the cuticle and 
 bark. This substance is generally green 
 
 Cei.'lules, cis'liilic. Lillle ceils, of small bladders and cavities of various forms. 
 Sometimes applied to that kind of receptacle of Lichens, which is globose, terminal, 
 and formed of the substance of the frond; and at length bursts irregularly and 
 exposes uncoated seeds mixed with fibre. 
 
 Cell tiiu'. ins. Cellular. Having cavities within, which are small and irregular; and 
 in wliici) sometimes granules are nested. 
 
 Cciilra'lis. In the centre; sometimes used for near the centre. 
 
 Cc/jfialu'dla. See knobs. 
 
 Cere. Membrane covering the base of a bird's bill. 
 
 Ccrca'lis. ( Cf.'res, goddess of corn.) Any grain of which bread is made. 
 
 Cer'inius. When the apex or top only droops or bends down. See nutans, and tlief 
 dift'erence in the two terms. 
 
 Cervinus. Fawn-colored. The color of the fine light hair of a deer. Very pale 
 reddish yellow. 
 
 Chaff. 1'liin membranaceous covering of the seeds of grass, grain, &c., or left on 
 the receptacles of some compound flowers, after the seeds are removed. 
 
 Cuaf'fy. Bearing chaft', covered with small, weak, erect, membranous scales, re- 
 sembling the paleae or clialF of grasses. 
 
 Chalaza. The point of union, by organic connexion, of the nucleus of a seed, with 
 its tunics or immediate envelopes. This is truly the base of the ovule or seed, 
 where it unites with the placenta by its fiuiicle. Tlie ovule is attached to the cavity 
 of the carpel (or ovary, as it is called, if single,) at various points. When at the 
 bottom, the ovule is said to be erect; when to the placenta, a little above the base, 
 as in the apple, h is ascending ; when to the top, as the cherry, it is pendulous; 
 when to the side as the pea it is hnrizontal. Though the rlmlnza is not a definite or- 
 gan, its being the point of union and base of the ovule at the placenta, it is important. 
 
 Chambers. The cells, or separate spaces in shells. They are connected by a siphun- 
 
 cuhis. 
 Chan'nelled. Hollowed out longitudinally with a rounded groove of considerable 
 
 depth. 
 Chelate claws. At the end of fore legs of some insects. They resemble forceps^ 
 
 like lobsters' claws. 
 Cho'rion. a clear, limpid liquor, contained in a seed in the time of flowering. This 
 liquor, after the pollen is received, becomes a perfect embryo of a new plant, and 
 takes the consistence usual in perfect seeds. But without the reception of the 
 pollen, neither any thing like the embryo, or perfect seed, is ever formed. Malpighi. 
 Chryso'cointis. Golden locks; or a yellow bundle of thread. 
 Cic'atrice, Cica'triz. The mark or natural scar from whence the leaf has fallen. 
 
COL 677 
 
 CiiL'iATE, cilia'lug. Edged with parallel hairs 6r bristles, resembling eye-lashes. 
 
 Cine'reous. Of the color of wood-ashes. 
 
 Ciiigens. Surrounding, girdeling around. 
 
 Cir'cinal. Rolled in spirally, beginning with the tip, which continually occupies? 
 the centre; as ferns. 
 
 Circina'tiis. Circirial. Also compassed about. 
 
 Circumd'sas. Cut round. Opening transversely, not lengthwise; as the capsule of 
 purslane. 
 
 Cirrif crous. Bearing tendrils. 
 
 CiRRo'sE, cirro'sus. Terminating in a tendril. 
 
 Cir'rvs. (Curled bushy hair.) ,A tendril or climber. 
 
 Ciitu'Lcc. See Cellules. Little hollows. 
 
 Clam'siv. See viscid. 
 
 Clas'per. See tendril. 
 
 Clas'ping. The base of the leaf being more or less heart-form aind sessile, so that 
 the two hind lobes partly surround the stem. 
 
 Class, das'sis. The highest division of bodies in a system. Each class is defined 
 to be the agreement of several genera in the parts of fructification, according to the 
 principles of natute, distinguished by art. Grand divisions sometimes precede 
 classes. 
 
 Cla'vatk, clava'tus. Club-form. Growing larger towards the end. 
 
 Cltiu'sUs. Closed, shut up; 
 
 CUi'cus. See sjjurred rye. Ergot. 
 
 Claw, The lower narrow part of a petal, by which it is fixed Oft the calyx or recep- 
 tacle. It can exist only in polypelalous corols. 
 
 Cleft. Split down, not exceeding half way to the base; with nearly straight edges 
 on both sides of tlie fissure. The parts into which it is split are numbered in de- 
 scriptions; as once split making two divisions, is called 2-cleft; two splits 3-cleft; 
 . &c. 
 
 Clefts, llreVlm. That kind of receptacle oflidiens which is open, elongated, sessile,' 
 black, very narrow or linear, with a somewhat spongy disk; the bofdef is parallel 
 on side, and proper. Sometimes it has an accessory border fiom the crust besides. 
 The difls are either simple and solitary, or aggregate, Confluent and branched. 
 
 Climb'ing. Ascending by means of tendrils, as grapes: by leafstalks, as virgins' 
 bower; by canline radicles, or rootlets, as the creeping American ivy, (i-hus radi- 
 cans. ) It differs from twining, which see. 
 
 Cloaca. A general vent for eggs, urine and foeces, as of birds, &C. 
 
 Clouds. They inay be divided mto the regular and irregular. 
 
 Club. The clavate part of a fungus, which supports the fruit or bears the seed. 
 
 Club'form. See clavate. 
 
 Clus'tered. See racemed. 
 
 Cly'peate, Chjpea'tus. Form of buckler. See peltate. 
 
 Coad'unate. Wilh united bases. 
 
 Coaeta'neous, coaeta'nus. Existing at the same time. Applied tcf willows and to 
 some other plants; it implies that the flowers and leaves appear at the same time. 
 
 Co'alit, coali'tus. Thickened, increased, or pressed together, as the anthers of po- 
 tatoe flowers. 
 
 Coarc'tate. Cortipact. Pressed or squeezed close together. 
 
 Coat'ed. Consisting of concentric coats, layers or skins, as the bulbous roots of 
 onions. 
 
 Cob'vvebbed. See arachnoideus. Covered with loose, white, entangled, thin hairs^ 
 resembling the web of a spider. 
 
 Cocdn'eus. Scarlet-colored. 
 
 Coc'cum. A grain or seed. Tricoccous. 3-seeded; pentacoccous, 5-seeded, &c. 
 
 Coch'leate, coddea'tus. Coiled spirally, like a snail-shell. 
 
 Coeruleopur/iu'reus Bluish purple, violet-color. 
 
 Cueru'leus. Blue. 
 
 Cuhe'rens. Cohering, attached; the fastening together of homogenous parts. 
 
 Coil'ed. Twisted like a ro|)e, or rather resembhng the form of one thread of a rope, 
 after the other threads are removed. 
 
 ColU'nus. Growing on hills. 
 
 Color. There are eight principal Coloi's, under which all the others may be arranged, 
 
 73 
 
578 COL 
 
 viz: white, grey, hlaek, hroion, yellow, green, blue, and red. (In optics, red, orange 
 yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.) 
 
 1. WHITE. 
 
 Snow-white, (niveus.) As the purest wliite. 
 
 Pure-while, (candidus.) Yery pure, but not so clear as the last. 
 
 leory-irhit.e, (cream-color, eburneus. ) VVliile verging to yellow, with a little lustre. 
 
 Milk-white, Hacleus.) Dull while, verging to blue. 
 
 Chulkwiute, (cretaceous, calcareous, gypseous.) Very dull white, grey. 
 
 Sdcery, (argenleus.) A little changing to bluish grey. 
 
 Whitish, (albidus.) Any kind of white a little soiled. 
 
 Turning icliilc, (albescens.) 
 
 Whitened, (dealbatus.) 
 
 2. GREY. 
 
 Ash-grey, (cinereus.) Color of clean, cold ashes. 
 
 Pearl grey, (griseus. ) Pure grey, a little verging to blue. 
 
 Slate-grey, (schistaceus.) Grey bordering on blue. 
 
 Lead-colored, (plutnbens.) The same, with a little inetalic lustre. 
 
 Smoky, (funieus, funiosus. ) Grey changing to brown. 
 
 Mouse-colored, (niurinus. ) Giey with a touch of red. 
 
 Hoary, (canus, or incanus.) A greyish whiteness, caused by hairs overlying a green 
 
 surface. 
 Rather hoary, (canescens.) A variety of the last. 
 
 3. BLACK. 
 
 Pure-black, (aler, mela or melano.) Is black without the mixture of any other color. 
 
 Atratus and nigritus. When a portion only is black. 
 
 Black, (niger. ) A little tinged with grey. A variety is nigrescens. 
 
 Coal-black, (anthracinus.) A little verging upon blue. 
 
 Ra^n-black, (coracinus, pulhis.) Black with a strong lustre. 
 
 Pitch-black, (piceus.) Black changing to brown. 
 
 4. BROWN. 
 
 Chesnut-hroicn, (badius.) A little tinged with red. 
 
 Broicn, (fuscous.) Brown tinged with grey. 
 
 Deep-brown, (brunneus.) A pure dull-brown. Umber-brown (unibrinus) is nearly 
 
 the same. 
 Bright-broicn, (spadiceus. ) Clear brown. 
 
 Rusty, (ferrugineus.) Light brown with a little mixture of red. 
 Cinnamon, (cinnamomeus. ) Bright brown nlixed with yellow and red. 
 Red-brown, (porphyreus. ) Brown mixed with red. 
 Rufous, (rufus, rufescens.) Reddish brown. 
 Liver -colored, (hepaticus.) Hemalitic, or dark blood-color. 
 Fuligineus, (or fuliginosus. ) Dirty brown. 
 Lurid, (luridus.) Black-and-blue, like a bruised eye; grey shaded with pale blue. 
 
 Deathly. 
 
 5. YELLOW. 
 
 Lemon-colored, (citreus, or citrinus.) The purest yellow. 
 
 Golden-yellow, (aureus, auratus. ) Pure yellow and bright. 
 
 Yellow, (luteus.) As gamboge. 
 
 Pale-yellow, (flavus, luieolus, lutescens, flavidus, flavescens.) 
 
 Sulphur -colored, (sulpureus.) A pale, lively yellow. 
 
 Straw colored, (straniineus.) Dull yellow mixed with white. 
 
 Leather-yellow, (alutaceus.) Whitish yellow. 
 
 Oc//re-j/cto?o, (ochraceus.) Yellow changing to brown. 
 
 Ochrolevcus,. Yellowish white. 
 
 Waxy-yellon-, (cerinus.) Yellow with waxy brown. 
 
 Egg-yolk, (vitellinus.) Dull yellow, just turning to red. 
 
 Apricot-color, (arraeniacus. ) Yellow and rediish. 
 
COM 579 
 
 Orange-color, (anrantiacus, aurantius.) 
 
 Saffron-colored, (croceus. ) Orange with a touch of brown. 
 
 HdcoJus, Greyish )'ellow with a little brown. 
 
 Isahella-yeUow, "(giivus.) Dull yellow with a mixture of grey and red. 
 
 Testuceirus, (testaceus. ) Biownish yellow, like unglazed earthen ware. 
 
 TaiDiiy, (fiilvus. ) Dull yellow with a mixture of grey and brown. 
 
 Cervinus, Tawny, a little darkened. 
 
 Livid, (lividus.) Bluish yellow. • 
 
 6. GREEN. 
 
 Grass-oTcm,^smaragdinus, prasirius. ) Clear lively green, without an}' mixture. 
 Green, (virjdis. ) Green, not bright, (viiidescens, ) shades of green. 
 Verdigris-vreen, (aeruginosus.) Deep green with a mixture of blue. 
 Sea-green, (glaucus, thalassicus, glaucescens.) Dull green passing into greyish 
 
 blue. 
 Deep-green, .(atrovirens. ) Green a little verging upon black, 
 YelLowisli-green, (tlavovirens. ) Much stained with 3'ellow. 
 Olitegrem, (olivaceus. ) A mixture of green and brown. 
 
 7. BLUE. 
 
 Prussi«7i-Wue, (cyaneus.) A clear bright blue. 
 
 Indigo, (indigoticus. ) The deepest blue. 
 
 Blue, (coeruleus.) Lightish blue. 
 
 Sky-blue, (azureus.) A light, pure, lively blue. 
 
 Lacendcr-color, (caesius. ) Paie blue tinged grey. 
 
 Violet, (violeseeus, ianthinus.) Pure blue stained with red. 
 
 Li^c, (lilacinus.) Pale dull violet. 
 
 8. RED. 
 
 Carmine, (kermesinus, puniceus.) The purest red without any admixture. 
 
 Red. (ruber.) In Greek composition (erythro) the common term for any pure red. 
 
 Rosy, (roseus. ) Pale pure red. 
 
 Flesh-colored, (carneus, incarnatus. ) Pale, with a slight mixture of red. 
 
 Purple, (purpureus.) Dull red with a slight dash of blue. 
 
 Sanguine, (sanguineus.) Dull red passing into brownish blue. 
 
 PImeniceous, (phseniceus, puniceus,) Pure lively red with a mixture of carmine and 
 
 scarlet. 
 Scarlet, (coccineus.) Pure carmine slightly tinged with yellow. 
 Fiume-colored, (flanimeus, igneus.) Very lively scarlet: fiery red. 
 Bright-Tcd, (rutilans, rutilus ) Reddish with a metalic lustre. 
 Cinnabar, (cinnabarinus. ) Scarlet with a slight mixture of orange. 
 Vermillion, (miniatiis, vermiculalus.) Scarlet with a decided mixture of yellow. 
 Brick-color, (lateritious. ) Dull red mixed with grey. 
 
 Broicn-red, (rubiginosus, haeinatiticus. ) Dull red with a slight mixture of brown, 
 Xerampclinus, Dull red with a strong mixture of brown. 
 Coppery, (cupreus. ) Brownish red with a metalic lustre. 
 Gilkagineus. Greenish red, 
 
 Col'orf.d, Of any hue except green; but in the language of botanists green parts 
 are not colored, 
 
 Cotoratus- Colored, Any color but green, 
 
 Coi.umkl'la, A colum of placenta, made by the meeting of several carpels in a 
 syncocarp germ, to which seeds (ovules) are attached within the fruit. See Fig, 
 8, p. 12 and !3. Applied to shells, it means the pillar formed by the spire, com- 
 mencing with the left lip. 
 
 CotAiMN, Applied to a thick strong style. 
 
 Columnar. In the fjrm of a column, as the position of the united stamens in the 
 hollyhock. The stamens of flax-flowers and of wood-sorrel tlowers take a colum- 
 nar form, though they do not adhere. 
 
 Columnif era. Stamens and pistils disposed in the form of a column. 
 
 Com' a. ( Kom'e, a head of hair.) A tuft of bracts on the top of a spike of flowers. 
 
580 CON 
 
 CoRin-TooTHED, (pectlnatus. ) Same as pinnatifid, but the segments very nunieroua, 
 
 close and narrow, like liie teeth of a comb. 
 CoMMis'suRE. The place where one thing or part is joined to another. It is applie4 
 to sides or edges of two cremocarpachenes growing on umbelliferous plants, where 
 they are joined together, as those of the carrot and fenel See p. 13, fig. 3, 4. 
 Com'mon, commuius. Any part is common, which serves to include or sustain several 
 parts, similar among theihselves. 
 
 perianth. Including several florets; as in the thistle. 
 
 ; involucre. Surrounding the base of the peduncles, in an umbel, which are sub- 
 divided above. 
 
 This term is often used for frequent also. 
 CoMo'sE. Having a coma, or lock of hair. 
 Compac't. See coarctus. Solid. 
 Comple'te, completus. Having both calyx and corol. When the calyx is wanting, 
 
 the flower is naked, if it has a corol. 
 Com 'plicate, coniplicatus. Folded together. 
 Com'pound, compositus. One whole, formed of many similar parts. 
 
 flowers. Those comprised in the class syngencsia, with several florets on one 
 
 receptacle, each with united anthers. 
 
 leaf. When several leafets grow on one petiole. 
 
 raceme. When several racemes grow along the sides of a peduncle. 
 
 __ — spike. When several spikelets grow along the side of a fruit-stalk or general 
 spike. 
 
 umbel. Having the peduncles subdivided into peduncles of lesser umbels, &.c. 
 
 petiole. A divided leaf-stalk. » 
 
 peduncle. A divided flower-stalk. 
 
 Com'pount terms. Wlieri any part of a plant is to be described, which does not agree 
 with the definition of any term in use, two or more terms must be compounded, so 
 as to convey to the mind correct description. For example, the chesnul leaf has 
 notches on the margin pointing towards the apex, which answers to the description 
 of serrate leaves; excepting that the notches are hollowed out. But these hollow- 
 ed notches are not deep enough for sinuses: therefore the two terms are compound^ 
 making sinuate- serrate. Compound terms aie always united by a hyphen. 
 CoMPREs'sED, compres'svs. Flattened as if squeezed or pressed. 
 Con'cave, con'cavus. Hollowed a little on one side. It is sometimes applied to 
 
 deeper hollows: though rarely. 
 Concepta'culum. See follicle, smgle-valved capsule. 
 
 CoNCHOLOGY. The science of shells. It is divided into the Univalve, Bivalve, and 
 
 Multivalve: which see; also see the terms, apex, base, front, back, sides, body, 
 
 whorl, spire, aperture, lip, back, operculum, chambers, siphunculus, slope, lunule, 
 
 liinge, ligament, cicatrix, A:c. 
 
 Con' color. The same color in all parts. 
 
 CoNDu'pLicATE. That kind of foliation where the leaf, while in the bud, has its two 
 
 sides shut together, like two leaves in a book. 
 Cone, co'nus. See strobile. Scaly fruit of pine, cedar, &c. 
 Confer't, confer'tiis. Thick-set; leaves, flowers, &c. standing so closely together, 
 
 as to seem to crowd each other. 
 Con'fluent. Running together. It is applied more particularly to the receptacles 
 
 of some lichens, which run together in disorder, and become indistinct. 
 Conge'nkrks. Plants of very similar habits, &c. 
 Conges'tus. Heaped but not compressed densely. 
 Conglom'erate. See glomerate. When used in geology, it is applied to aggregates 
 
 of rounded pebbles. 
 Con'ic. With a broad base and approaching a point towards the apex; as the root of 
 
 carrot. 
 Con f era. Bearing cones, as piries. 
 Con'jugate. Se binate. In pairs, as if yoked together. 
 Conna'te. Leaves being opposite with their bases growing together, so as to forrp 
 
 the appearance of a single leaf. Anthers are sometimes connate also. 
 CoNNi'vRNT, conni'vens. See converging. Bending inward. 
 Consim'itis. Resembling in the particular case referred to. 
 Contin'uous. Uninterrupted. Continuing through the whole extent. 
 Pontor'ted, contor'tiis. Twisted. It is also appHed to corols, which have the edge 
 pf one petal lying obliquely over the next. 
 
CRE 581 
 
 Cantrac'tus. Close, narrow, contracted unusually. 
 <Conver'ging. Approaching, or bending towards each other. 
 
 Con'vkx. Swelling out in a roundish Ibrin, generally one side. 
 
 Con'volute, conviilii'liis. Rolled into a cyinKiric-lbrrn, like a roll of paper, length- 
 wise with the midrib. Applied to the situation of leaves in the bud. 
 
 Coniaajsla, (tubercle-like) closed apoliiecia, containing a mass of sporules. 
 
 Cor'clk, cor'culum. ( (or, the heart.) Tiie embryo oi'lhe new plant in a seed, situ- 
 ated between the cotyledons in dicotyledonous seeds. It consists of the ;>/ume and 
 radicle or rostel, which show themselves soon after vegetation commences. See 
 plume and rostel. 
 
 Co^iatk. Heart-form; so called from its supposed resemblance to the heart. It is 
 hollowed behind with the side-lobe rounded at the base. See arrow-form. 
 
 Cor'date-oblong, cor'date-lanceolate, ifcc. partake of the formation of both com- 
 pounds. 
 
 Coniius. If it distend under ground, without creeping or rooting, (e.xcepting fibres,) 
 but always retaining a round or oval figure, it is called a cormus. 
 
 Coria'ceous. Leathery or parchment- like. 
 
 CoRKV (suberosus.) Having the texture of the substance called cork. 
 
 Cor'nereu. Having angles or corners. Three-cornered, four-cornered, &c., is often 
 expressed trigonus, Aic. 
 
 Cor'nu. A horn or spur. Long hard process. 
 
 Corno'te, Cornu'tus. Horn-form; or having horns or spurs. 
 
 CoROL, corul'la. (A diminutive of corona, a crown.) Tiie inner delicate covering of 
 the liower, which constitutes its principal ornament in most cases. In a few cases, 
 as the Euchroina coccinea, the corol is dull and unsightly, while the calyx is gaily 
 colored. See petal and nec'ary. 
 
 CoroUiferous. Bearing the corol. 
 
 Corol'Unus. Resembling, or appertaining to a corol. 
 
 Corona'rius, coro'na, crown. Forming a crown. 
 
 Corona' tus. Crowned; as the thistle seed is crowned with down. 
 
 Coro'nula. A little crown. 
 
 Cor'rugated, corriigii'lus, Wrinkled. Applied also to ridges, in some measure 
 resembling wrinkles. 
 
 Cor'tf.x. The bark, which see. It consists of a number of layers equal to the 
 n\miber of years the tree has been growing; though they are often too thin to be 
 numbered. The inmost layer is called the Itlier. 
 
 Cor'ticai., Cor'ticate. Having its origin from the bark, or having bark. ( Corti- 
 catus,) harder exteinall)' than internally. 
 
 Cortina. Spiderweb-like vessel, being very thin and filamentous. Also a name 
 given to a portion of the veil, which adheres to the margin of a pileus in fragments. 
 A cauldron. 
 
 Coryda' lis ( Kor'os, a helmet.) Plants with helmet-form corols. 
 
 Co'rymb, corym'lms. Flowers umbel-like in their general extQjnal appearance, but 
 their peduncles or supporting stems stand at different distances down the main 
 stem; as yarrow. 
 
 Corymbif era. Bearing corymbs. 
 
 Cos'tate, costn'tum. Ribbed. 
 
 Cot'tonij. See tomentose. 
 
 Cotyi.e'dons are geneially thick and fleshy lobes of seeds; as the two lobes of a pea. 
 But they are often only a small part of a seed: as the small single cotyledon of a 
 kernel of Indian corn, attached to one side of a large mass of Albumen near the 
 hilum (or eye.) The cotyledons belong to the embryo of the new plant; but the 
 albumen is a dense mass, such as becomes flour or meal by grinding wheat, corn, 
 &c. Peas, beans. &c. cannot be ground into flour, as they contain no albumen. 
 
 Cotyl'iform (culyliforiiiis; ) resembling rotate; but with an erect limb. 
 
 Cow'led. When the edges meet below and expand above, and generally separate; 
 
 as the spathe of the arum, Indian turnip. 
 Cras'sus. Thick. Inordinately thick. 
 
 Cree'ping. Running along the ground, or along old logs, &c. nearly in a horizontal 
 direction, and sending oft' rootlets. 
 
 Cremocarp. Double achenes or two side by side; as in umbelliferous plants. Some- 
 times the achenes are triple or quadruple; as cynnglosum and borage. 
 
 (Cke'nate. Scolloped on the rim or edge. Notches on the margin of a leaf, which 
 
582 CYM 
 
 do not point or incline towards either the apex or base. When large crenatures 
 
 have smaller ones on them, they are doubly-crenate. 
 CRE'Kur.ATE. Very finely crenatcd. 
 
 Cres'cent-form. Resembling tlie form of the moon from its change to half- fulled. 
 Crest'ed. Having an appendage somewhat resembling a cock's comb in form, being 
 
 an elevated, irregular, or notclied ridge, resembling the crest of a helm. 
 Cra'la. Growing on chalky land. 
 Cribrose. Sieve-like. Numerous perforations. 
 Cri.iitus. Long-haired. Bearing hairs in looks. 
 Cris'pus. See curled. 
 Cris'tate, crista' tus. See crested. 
 Cross'armeo. See brachiale. 
 
 Crown. The calycle, hair, or feathers, on the top of some seeds; as the dandelion. 
 Crowning (cororians;) situated on the top, like a crown. 
 Cku'ciate. Cruciform, or resembling the cfuciform. 
 Cruciii' tiiii. Crosswise. Opposite pairs of branches or leaves successively crossing 
 
 each other. Sne decussate. 
 Cru'ciform. ( Cnix, a cross.) Corols with four petals, whose lamina form a cross. 
 
 Plants with such corols belong to the class tetrad ijnamia. 
 Crusta'ceous. Leafy appearance, but consisting of small crusty substances lying 
 
 one upon another. Applies to a brittle crustaceous thullus. 
 CRYPTOGAMIA. (Kruplos, concealed; gumus, marriage.) The process of ferti- 
 lizing flowers by the application of pollen to stigmas, invisible or not performed. 
 Cryptog'amous. ( Kruj/tos, concealed, gamos, marriage.) Belonging to the class 
 
 cryp'toga'mia. Appplied to plaifts whose stamens are never manifest under the 
 
 highest magnifying power. 
 Cu'bit. 17 inches. A measure from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. 
 Ci'cul'late. See cowled. Hood-form, as the spathe of the Indian turnip. 
 Cucurbita'ceous. Resembling gourds or melons. 
 Culinary. Suitable for kitchen cookery. 
 Cur.M, cut'rnus. The stem of grain and grass, when dry it is usually called straw. 
 
 It is applied to all grassy plants; as Indian corn, sedge, sugar-cane, &c. 
 Culmif'erous. Having culms, as wheat, Indian corn. 
 Culmin'eous. Like the roof of a house. Top. 
 
 Cultrate. Coulter-form. The beak of a bird resembling a plough-coulter. 
 Cum'ulus. Heaped. Accunmlate. 
 CuNEi'roRM. cunc'iforme. See wedge-form, wedge. The form of the vertical segment 
 
 of a wedge, cut at right angles with its planes, when standing on its head. 
 Cup'form. Hollow within, resembling a little cup. 
 Ciipu'la. Cup. The pileus of a fungus, which is open at the top; as those of the 
 
 genus Peziza. 
 Cupula' ris. Cup-form; slightly concave with a nearly entire margin, as the cup of 
 
 an acorn. 
 Cure'ed. When the periphery of a leaf is too large for the disk, it becomes waved 
 
 or curled. 
 Curv'ed. Bent inwards. See incurved. 
 CusHtoNED, pulcwatus. Convex and somewhat flattened. 
 Cusp. The bristle of a cuspidate leaf, calyx, »&c. Nuttall. 
 Cus'piDATE. Eye-tooth. Having a sharpened point and that tipped with a bristle, 
 
 a prickle, or a lengthened apex, not curved. See nmcronate and observe the dis- 
 tinction; also acuminate. 
 Cut. Divided by acute incisions; often used in composition, as cut-pinnatifid. 
 Cu'Tict.E. The tliin outside coat of the bark, which has no life and is very durable, 
 
 often transparent. It greatly resembles the scarf skin of animals. Very distinct 
 
 on elder, currant and birch; on one species of birch it resembles paper. 
 Cyn'neus. Blue. Hence, cyanic acid. 
 Cyalhifiir' mis. Wine-glass form. Cylindric widening gradually upwards, margin 
 
 not revolute. 
 CvLrN'oRic. A cylindrical shaft, of nearly equal diameter throughout its whole extent; 
 
 as stems of grasses. See terete, and note the difference. 
 Cymbifur' mis. See boat-form. 
 Cyme, cy'ma. Flowers umbel-like in their general external appearance. It agrees 
 
 with an umbel in having its common stalks spring from one centre; but differs in 
 
DEN 583 
 
 having those stalks variously and alternately subdivided; as the elder, ( samhucus, ) 
 
 Smith. 
 Cymo'sus, cymo'se. Beinff in cymes. 
 Cijphel'la:. See pits. Pale tubeicle-like spots on the surface of the thallus, as in 
 
 sticla. 
 
 1). -*■ 
 
 DffdaVeiis. The end broad, waving and torn. Neatly termed. 
 Daggfr pointed. See cuspidate. 
 Deal'Imtus. Covered with an opake, white powder. 
 Debi'lis. Weak, feeble, lax. 
 
 Debris. Ruined rocks. The broken fragments of coarsely disintegrated rocks. 
 DECAGYN/A. ( Dtka, ten, gune, female.) Tenth order of a class. 
 Decan'drous. Plants having ten stamens in each flower. 
 DcchaphyVlus. Ten-leaved; as of a caly.x or pinnate leaf. 
 Decem'Jidus. Cut in ten parts, or 10-cleft. 
 Decidkns. Terminating; as in a point, in a summit, &c. 
 
 Decid'uous. Falling oH' in the usual season for similar parts to fall, as leaves falling 
 at the dechne of the year; corols falling otY at the time the stamens fall, &c. See 
 caducous and permanent. 
 Deci.i'nate, decli'ned, dedma'tus. Curved downwards arch-wise. 
 Decomposi'tion. Separating the chemical elements of bodies. It differs from disin- 
 tegration, which subdivides witiiout decomposition. 
 Decompounu, decoinpusilus. Doubly j^conipound. When a compound, or divided, 
 petiole has a compound leaf on each part, the whole is a decompound leaf. The 
 same with umbels, &c. See supra-decompositus. 
 Dccorlica' b'dis. Easily peeled. 
 
 DecreasiiNGIv pinkate, (decrescente pinnatus.) When the leafets diminish insen- 
 sibly in size from the base of the leaf to its apex. 
 Decu.m'bext, dec.uin'bens. When the base is erectish, and the remainder is procumbent 
 
 and rising. It applies to stems, stamens, &c. 
 Decup.'rknt. When the two edges of a leaf extend downwards below the points of 
 insertion, and become projecting wings to tiie stem. The gills of agarics are 
 decurrent, when they run down the stipe in a single ridge. 
 Decur'sively pinnate. When the leafets of a pinnate leaf run along the petiole with 
 
 their extended bases. 
 Decussate, deciissa'tus. When leaves or branches are opposite in pairs, and each 
 
 pair stands at right angles with the next pair above or below on the same stem. 
 Deflec'ted, di'fiux'us. Bending down archwise, bent back. 
 Deflora'tus. Having discharged the pollen. 
 
 Defoi.ia'tion, defolin'tio. The shedding of leaves in the proper season. 
 Defolia'tio no'tha. The shedding of leaves before the proper time on account of inju 
 
 ries received. 
 Dehis'cent, deliiscen'tia. The natural opening of capsules in the proper season. 
 Ddiq'uium. See debilis. Weak, very watervj dissolving. 
 
 Del'toid, deUoi'dens. A leaf with four corners; that is, one at the stem, one at the 
 apex, and one on each side; but the side ones are nearer to the base than to the 
 apex. When the side angles are about as near to the apex as to the base, it is 
 called a .ihomboid leaf. Also the transverse section of a prismatic triangular leaf, 
 stem, «S:c. 
 Demer'sTis. See submersed. Under water. 
 
 Dmd.roi'des. Tree-form. Plants, recent and petrified, which exhibit forms resem- 
 bling branches and leaves. See tree-form. 
 Dense, dcn'siis. Close, compact. A panicle with abundance of flowers very close is 
 
 dense. See thyrse. 
 Den'tate, drnta'lus. Toothed. 
 
 leaf, (This term is of such almost unlimited extent, it is best defined nega- 
 tively.) Projections from the margin of a leaf, which are of its own substance; 
 and not serralures, nor crenatures. 
 
 root. That kind of granulated root, which resembles teeth strung together. 
 
 Denticulate. Having very small teeth. 
 
 Den'toid. Remotely resembling teeth, or having processes somewhat of that form. 
 
 Den'ture. a tooth. An indentincr also. 
 
bsi blM 
 
 Denu'date. Plants whose flowers appear before the leaves, consequeutly have d 
 
 naked appearance. To make naked. 
 Deor'sum. Downwards. 
 
 Depaupera'tus. Few- lowered. Deprived of flowers, &c. 
 Depe.n'dens. Hanging down. 
 Depkessed. When the upper surface of a succulent leaf is a little concave. It 
 
 applies to seeds also with fiat tops. Also to plants which grow on a lo»V-spread 
 
 form. 
 Descen'dens. The entering of a root into the ground. The direction is vertical, as 
 
 the beet; horizontal, as the mint; oblique, as the branching roots of most trees. 
 Dkt'ritus. That part of the surface of the earth,, which is neither rock nor recently 
 
 decomposed animal or vegetable matter. Ground or worn down rocks in the state 
 
 of earth, not tertiary strata. 
 Dextror' sum. Twining froni left to right; that is with the apparent motion of the 
 
 sun; as the hop-vine. 
 DIADEIj'PHIA. ( Dis, twice; adelphos, brother.) The Linnean class of plants 
 
 which have stamens united by filaments in two parcels. In some cases, as lupines,' 
 
 the stamens are in one parcel, but in such cases they must be papilionaceous. 
 Diadel'phous. Belonging to, or varying' into, the class diadelphia. 
 Diagtio' sis. A short description containing only what is essential. Linneus made 
 
 it his rule, never to let a specific description exceed twelve Latin words. Willde- 
 
 now says more must be added if necessary. It should extend no farther than to 
 
 express the ditference between that and the other species, if it is to be limited to ar 
 
 pure diagnosis. 
 DIAN'DRIA. (Dis, twice; awer, nnale.) The Linnean class with two stamenff 
 
 only to each flower. 
 Diaph'anous. Admitting the transmission of light obscurely. Transtucqpt. 
 Dichot'omoCs. Forked. Stem, &c. parted in pairs, each branch parted in pairs 
 
 again, and so on. When it is parted but once it is more properly called forked, 
 
 furcatus. 
 Diclin'ia. (Dis, twice; Jdine, bed,) stamens in one flower and pistils in another, 
 
 whether on the same or on different plants. This is the name of a class in Pursh's 
 
 Flora, comprising most of the plants of the classes Moncecia and Dioecia. 
 This class Pursh divides into three orders. 1. Segreaiua, which includes plants,' 
 
 whose flowers are monoecious or dioecious: but are not in aments or strobiles. 2. 
 
 Ainentacce, which ii.cludes plants, whose flowers are in aments and not in strobiles. 
 
 g. Conifercc, which includes plants, whose flowers are in strobiles, as pines. 
 Dici-i'nious. (Dis, two; feline.) Plants, whose stamens and pistils are in different 
 
 flowers, whether on the same plant, or on diff"erent plants. 
 Dicoc'cous. Two-grained. Consisting of cohering grains, or cells with one seed in 
 
 each. 
 DicotVled'onous. Plants with two cotyledons. See Cotyledon. 
 DiD'y.Mous, di'dyina. Twinned, as some anthers. 
 DIDYNAM'IA. (Dis, twice; dimands, power.) The class which has 4 stamens to' 
 
 the flower, two of which are longest, as catnip. 
 DinvNA'sious. Belonging to, or varying into, the class Didynamia. 
 Diffur'mis. Applied to a monupetalous corol, whose lube widens above gradually, 
 
 and is divided into irregular or unequal parts. It is also applied to any distorted 
 
 parts of a plant. 
 Diffracted. Twice bent. Antennae are diffracted, when bent outwardly, then for- 
 ward, at short turns. 
 Diffu'sed, diffu'sus. Spreading. Expanded in an open loose manner. 
 Dig'itate. Fingered. When the base of several leafetsrest on the end of one petiole? 
 
 as the strawberry and fivefinger. 
 Digitatato-pinnate, ( digiVtlo-pinnatus; ) when the secondary petioles on the sides of 
 
 which the leafets are attached, part from the summit of a common petiole. 
 DIGYN'IA.. (Dis, twice, gune, female.) The order of any of the classes as far as 
 
 the Polyandria, which has two styles (if no styles 2 sessile stigmas) to each 
 
 flower. 
 Dilata'tus. Expanded, widened. 
 Dilut'te. Prefixed to a color, implies that it is reduced; as dilute-purpureus, pale 
 
 purple. 
 Dimidia'tus. See halved. 
 
DRU 585 
 
 DICE'CIA. ( Dis, twice; o/A-os, house.) The class whose stamens arc in a flower 
 on a plant which never bears pistillate flowers, as the hemp and willow. 
 
 Dice cious, dloi'ca. Belonging to, or varying into, the class dixcia. 
 
 DiPrT'ALous. Having two petals. 
 
 Diphyl'lous. Having two leaves. 
 
 Diptkrvg'ia. See wings. Winged seeds. 
 
 Disappkar'ing, (diliquescens. ) Branched, but so divided that the principal axis is 
 lost trace of in the ramifications; as the head of an oak tree. 
 
 Discoid. Resembling a disk. A tuft of leaves spread out so as to resemble a disk. 
 Having a disk without rays. Such compound flowers as are wholly made up of 
 tubular florets, that is, though they may have marginal florets differing from those 
 in the disk in the essential organs; yet the corols will be all tubular, and not 
 ligulate. 
 
 Disintkgra'tion. The process of destroying the integral character of a body. Ap- 
 plied to geology it signifies, the process of crumbling down a rock, or reducing it to 
 grains, pebbles or soil, by the two disintegrating agents, the variations of tempera- 
 ture and moisUire. 
 
 Disk, dis'cus. The whole surface of a leaf, or of the top of a compound flower, as 
 opposed to its edge or periphery. This term is also applied to the aggregate florets 
 of an umbel, and to the broad or thickened top of a receptacle. It is applied to the 
 outer surface of each valve of a shell. 
 
 Dlsper'mus. Containing but two seeds. 
 
 Dissec'tus. Gashed in deeply. 
 
 DissEp'iMENT. Dissepimenturn. See partition. 
 
 DissiUiens. A pericarp is dissilient, when it bursts open with a spring; as the touch- 
 me-not, (impatiens.) 
 
 Dis'iuns. Standing off remotely. 
 
 Dis'tichai.ly. See distichus. This is a very odd adverb introduced by Nuttall. 
 Somewhat 2- ranked. 
 
 Distichus. ( Dis, twice! stichos, row.) Two-ranked. When branches, leaves, or 
 flowers are arranged along opposite sides of the stem or spike, so as to point two 
 opposite ways; as the leaves of the hemlock tree, (pinus canadensis.) 
 
 Distinc't, distinc'tus. Separate, opposite to connate or confluent. 
 
 Diy a.r' icM'E., divarica'tns. Branches spreading out from the stem so far, as to form 
 more than a right angle with it above. 
 
 Diver'ging, Diver' gens. Branches spreading out from the stem so far, as to form al- 
 most a right angle with it. 
 
 Diur'nus. Enduring but a day. 
 
 Divi'uED, divi'sus. Severed into parts. 
 
 DODECAN'DRIA. (Doddiu, twelve: aner, male.) The Linnean class having 
 more than ten and less than twenty, stamens to the flowers. Most botanists have 
 rejected this class, and distributed its genera among other classes and orders. 
 
 Pudecan'drous. Belonging to, or varying into the class do decandria. 
 
 DodecaphyV Lus. Having twelve leafets. 
 
 Do'drans. Longspan. Distance between the ends of the thumb and little finger, be- 
 ing both extended. About 9 inches. 
 
 Dohibrifor'me. See axe-foim. 
 
 DoRSAi,, dorsa'lis. Fixed to the back. Back fins. Awns are dorsal, when proceed- 
 ing from the outside of a glume and not from the tip. 
 
 Dorsif'erous. Bearing the fruit on the back; as ferns. 
 
 Dot'tkd. Besprinkled with dots. See punctate and perforated. 
 
 Doub'le. Two in the place where most plants have but one; as the double calyx of 
 the holly-hock, (althea.) 
 
 Doub'le-flowered. See full-flowered. 
 
 Doub'ly. See duplicate. In english it has its common appropriate meaning; as 
 doubly-crenate, when the crenatures are crenated, &c. 
 
 Down or down'y. (pubescence) when hairs form a short, soft stratum, which par- 
 tially covers the cuticle. 
 
 Drupe, drvp'a. That kind of pericarp which consists of a thick, fleshy, succulent, 
 cartilaginous coat, enclosing a nut or stone, proceeding from an ovarium, perfectly 
 simple. 
 
 Drupa'ceous. Bearing drupes, or fruit resembling them. 
 
 Drums. Any cavities in minerals, which are lined with crystals. 
 
 74 
 
686 EPI 
 
 Ducts are membranous lubes, with conical or rounded extremities; their sides being 
 mariied with transverse lines, or rings, or bars, or dots, arranged spirally, and being 
 incapable of unrolling. 
 
 Dumo'sus. Busby, or resembling bushfs. 
 
 Duodeccm'Jidns. Cleft in 12 divisions, IS-cleft. 
 
 Dvplicn'/a. Doubly. This term is oflen preHxed to others, in all which cases it sim- 
 ply means doubly; as duplico-ternatum, doubly-tertiale or biternate. 
 
 Duplo, (Iriplo, or double, triple) signify that the organs to the name of which they 
 are prefi.xed are twice or thrice as numerous or large as those of some other. 
 
 Dwarf, (nanus, pumUiis, pyginaevs; ) small, shoit, dense as compared with other 
 species of the same genus or family. 
 
 DvNAMous. Applied to plants whose flowers contain two or four stamens longer than 
 two others in the same flower. 
 
 E. 
 
 Ear'ed. This term applies: 1st, to the round, extended, or appendaged lobes of a 
 heart-form leaf; 2d, to the side lobes near the base of some leaves; and 3d, to 
 twisted parts, in some ferns and some liverworts, which are supposed to resemble 
 the conchus, or passage into the ear. Applied to shells, it means the flat piocesses 
 near the hinge in bivalves; as tbe pecten, (scollop.) 
 
 Ebractea'lus. Without bracts. Floral leaves. 
 
 Ebur'neus. Ivory white; as the whole plant monolropa, called beech-drop, or birds- 
 nest. 
 
 Ecalcaratus. Without a spur or horn. 
 
 Echi'nate, eclnna'tus. Hedgebog-lilTe. Beset with erect prickles. 
 
 Ecos'tate. Nerveless or ribless. 
 
 Efflores'cence. The powdery substance on some lichens, composed of minute 
 deciduous globules. 
 
 Efflorescen'tia. Flowering season of diflferent sorts of plants. More simple flowers 
 come out in June than in any other month, in North America. Very few com- 
 pound flowers appear before August. 
 
 Effoua'tion. Unnatural falling of leaves by means of improper culture, worms, «&c. 
 
 Effuse. Open, or having an opening, so that seeds, liquids, &c. may be poured out. 
 
 EgUinduhi' siis. Glandless. Used in cases where glands are common. "^ 
 
 Egret. See aigrette, pappus. 
 
 Elliptic. Longer than wide, rounded at or near both ends, and nearly equal in 
 breadth towards both base and apex. 
 
 Ell, (vliia, bracldum, ulnaris, brachialis;) twenty-four inches, as used in natural 
 history. 
 
 Elon'gated. Lengthened out, as if extended beyond what is usual in similar plants. 
 
 Elytra. The outer, or upper, shelly wings of some orders of insects. 
 
 Emar'ginate. Notched in the end at the termination of the mid-rib. See retuse. 
 
 Em'bryon. See hilum. Eye of a bean, &c. 
 
 Endocarp. The inner coat of tbe fruit; covering the seed and its proper coats. The 
 outer coat is the Epicarp. The fleshy substance (as of the apple, &c. ) between 
 them is called the Sakcocarp; but il is not a distinct coat. 
 
 ENNEAN'DRIA. ( Ennea, nine; aner, male.) having nine stamens to the flower. 
 
 Ennean'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class ctmcandria. 
 
 Eno' dis, Etio'oE. Knotless. Having no joints; as the bulrush. 
 
 En'satr, ensa'ius. HaviI^g sword form leaves. 
 
 En'siform. Sword-foim. Two-edged, tapering from base to apex mostly, and a little 
 arching towards one edge; as flag and cat-tail, (Iris and Typha.) 
 
 Entangled {inlricntus,) ititermixed in an irregular manner. 
 
 Enti're. Continued without interruption. A margin of a leaf, calyx, corol, &c., is 
 entire, when it is neither serrate, toothed, notched, nor in any manner indented. 
 Used to indicate not pinnatifid, and also nearly destitute of marginal divisions. 
 
 Entomology. Tbe scjence of insects; as lobsters, insects, spiders. It embraces the 
 whole articulated division, excepting Annelida. 
 
 Eplit'merus. Of very short duration. Insect or plant of an hour. 
 
 Epicar'pus. On the germ. See superior. But this term is differently applied of late. 
 See Endocarp. 
 
 Epider'mis. See cuticle. 
 
FAS 587 
 
 Epigeus. (Gr. cpi, upon, ga, earth) growing close upon the earth. 
 
 Epitrijnous. Growing upon the summit of the ovarium, or germ. 
 
 Epiplirug'ma. A thin membrane stretched over tiie mouth of the moss, pobjtrichum. 
 
 Epiplnjllus. (foli:iris); inserted upon the leaf 
 
 EquAL. Similar parls equal among ihemseJves. The calyx, corol, «&c. , are rqual, 
 when the leafels, petals, or subdivisions, are similar in form, size and direction. 
 Prefixed to pinnate, implies the absence of a terminal leafet. 
 
 EQ'ulTA^T. Opposite leaves eu)braciiig each other, so that they alternately enclose 
 each other's edges; as the leaves near tije roots of the Iris and yellow garden hlies 
 (hemerocallis; ) also the position of the leaves in some unopened buds. 
 
 Erkc't, crec'tus. U|)right. Not so perfectly strait and unbending as strictus. When 
 applied to any thing laterally attached to the stem, as leaves, &c., it implies that 
 it makes a very acute angle with it. 
 
 ErerMus' adiis. Ereclish, sub-erect. 
 
 Er'got. See spurred rye. 
 
 Erina'ceous. Hedge-hog-like. See eckinatus. 
 
 Ero'se, ero'sus. Gnawed. Unequally sinuated, as if the sinuses had been eaten by 
 insects. 
 
 Escutcheon. A plate between the bases of wings of insects. 
 
 Essen'tial character. See diagnosis. 
 
 Essen'tials. Tlie stamens and pistils. 
 
 Evergreens. Such plants as retain their leaves throughout the year; as white pine, 
 laurel, &c. 
 
 EvERGREt:N. Verdant throughout the year. 
 
 Exan'nulate. Ferns whose capsules are without rings. This comprises one section 
 of ferns. Those which have an apparent vestage of, but not in reality, a ring, 
 form another section. Those with a ring, another. See annulatus. 
 
 ExaruJtus. See sulcale. 
 
 Exaspera'tus. See roughened. Harshly hirsute. 
 
 Excava' lus. Hollowed. With deep pits. 
 
 Exdpulus. Is that part of the Ihallus which forms a rim and base to the shields. 
 
 Exogenovs. Plants which receive their increase of volume upon the outside of the 
 wood, and inside of the bark. They are tlie dicotyledonous division. 
 
 Exot'ic, exuli'cus. Plants not growing spontaneously in a wild state in that parti- 
 cular country, or section of a country. 
 
 Expansile. Capable of being spread. 
 
 Explana'lus. Unfolded, spread out flat. 
 
 ExsERT, exser'tus. Standing out. Stamens are exsert when protruded out of the 
 corols. Peduncles of spikes in culmiferous plants are exsert, when protruded out 
 of the sheaths: as carex foliiculata and pubescens. Teeth may be exsert. 
 
 ExsTip'ui.ATE. Without stipules. 
 
 Extrafolfa'ceous. Outside of the leaf. A stipule is extrafoliaceoua when it comes 
 out a little lower than the leaf. 
 
 Extrors'um. Outwardly, turned outwards, or from its axis. 
 
 Faci'es. The general external appearance of a plant. 
 
 Facti'tious. Produced by art; not natural. 
 
 Facti'tious character. A character, where tlie number of parts or some other cir- 
 cumstance; not of essential importance, are taken into it. It admits of fewer or 
 more characteristic marks, than are absolutely necessary. 
 
 Fal'cate. See acinaciform. Flat and arched edgewise, in various degrees of curva- 
 ture; like a scythe or sickl*. 
 
 Fan'form. Spread out and plaited in a radiated manner, like ladies' fans. Same as 
 flahelifonnis. 
 
 Farctus. Stuffed, full. It is opposed to fistulous, hollow. 
 
 Fari'na. Furiiiariiis, pollen, meal, flour, mealy, powdery. 
 
 Fusci'atis. Having parallel bands, or colored stripes Also used to express the 
 unnatural growing together of contiguous parts, as two or three apples growing 
 together. 
 
 FAs'cicL-E,fascic'ulus. A bundle. Flowers umbel-like in the general external appear- 
 ance, with footstalks irregular in their origin and subdivision. 
 
588 FLO 
 
 A bundle of tuberous roots is called a fascicle: as the asparagus root. Also a 
 
 bundle of leaves; as of the white pine. 
 Fascic'ulate. An unnatural bundle of branchlets. 
 Fastig'iate, fastigita'tus. Level-topped. Applied to aggregate flowers, which are 
 
 elevated to an equal heiglit, or nearly so; forming a level, convex or concave top, 
 
 diftering but little from a plane. It is also applied to leaves; as the hog-weed 
 
 (ambrosia artemisifolia. ) 
 Favo'sus. See alveolate. Resembling honey-comb. 
 Faux. Jaws. The throat or opening into a corol. Tliat piecise spot, where the 
 
 tubular part of a ringent corol begins to separate or expand into lips or mouth, is 
 
 the faux. 
 Feat'her. See Aigrette. The plumose crown of seeds. 
 Fe'male, femin'eus. See pistillate. 
 Fen'ced. Walled around, as the stanaens are by the scales in brookweed (samolus. ) 
 
 See Parietal. 
 Ferns. Filices. Cryptogamous plants, which have green leaves or fronds, with 
 
 dorsal fruit; as breaks and polypods. 
 Ferrif'erous. Containing iron ore. 
 FERRu'GiNous,/cr?-Mi,nn'eMS. The color of iron-rust. Applied to masses of minute 
 
 quartz crystals. 
 Fer'tile. Applied to pistillate flowers. 
 Fertiliza'tion. The application of the pollen, which is formed in the cells of 
 
 anthers, to the stigma; wJiich is essential to the production of perfect seed. 
 Fet'tered. Having entangling feathers on the legs. 
 Fi'brv:, ft' hra. Any thread-form part. The small flexible thread-form roots of grasses 
 
 and many other plants, are called fibres. 
 Fi'brocs. Composed of fibres. Made up, in part, of loose fibres, as the rind of a 
 
 cocoanut. 
 Fibrous cellular, (jibro-ceUulnr tissue) is that in which the sides are composed 
 
 either of both membrane and fibre together, or of fibre only. 
 Fid'dle-form. See panduriformis. Oblong and contracted latterly. 
 Figura' turn. This term is applied to the mouth of the capsule of a moss, when it is 
 
 set round with membranaceous teeth. 
 F II.' AMEST, Jilainentu in. That part of the stamen which is between and connects 
 
 together the anther and the receptacle, calyx, or pistil. When the filament is 
 
 wanting, the anther is se-sile. In monopetalous corols, the filaments are generally 
 
 inserted into, or are attached to, their bases. 
 Filices, the first order in the class cryptoganiia. See ferns. 
 Fil'iform. Thread-like. Of nearly equal thickness thioughout, round and cylin- 
 
 dric. It is applied to spikes which are very long in proportion to their diameters. 
 Fimbria' tus. Fringed. Differs from ciliate in being less regular and of coarser parts. 
 Fimeta'rius. Growing naturally on manure heaps. 
 Fin'gered. See digitate. Sometimes applied to single leaves, deeply cleft into 
 
 narrow segments. 
 Fissile. Easily split in the direction of the laminae. 
 Fissure. Fissvs. A cleft or slitted apperture. Applied to rocks, »S:c. 
 Fis'tulous. Hollow like a pipe, flute or reed; sometimes tapering towards one, or 
 
 both, ends; as the leaves and stalks of onions. 
 Flab'emform. See fan-form. Resembling ladies' fans. 
 Flac'cw, flac'cidus. Too lax or limber to support its own weight. 
 Flagel'lum. FlageUlfor'rnis. Resembling a whip-lash. A runner. 
 Flam'meus. Flame colored. 
 Fla'vus. Yellow, yellowish. 
 
 Flesh'y. Thick and filled with pulp within, as liverwort. 
 Flex'ible, fiex'ilis. Easily bent. 
 Fles'uose. Bending and frequently changing directions; as from joint to joint, 
 
 branch to branch, leaf to leaf, etc. 
 Fltx'us. Bent. This relates to but one bending. See geniculate. 
 Flo'ating. See natant. Lying or moving on the surface of water, as the Lemna, 
 
 (water-flaxseed.) 
 Flocco'se, /occt. Woolly, or resembling the flocks sheared from cloth. Woolly 
 
 filaments found mixed with sporules. 
 Flo'ral. Relating to a flower-iwrf, containing an unopened flower-leaf, a bract. 
 
FRU 589 
 
 Fi.o'ret. Little flowers. Whether the flower is large or small it is a floret, if it is 
 
 one of a number all of which constitute an agi^regate or compound. As the little 
 
 flowers wliich make up the head of a thistle, a head of wheat, the umbel of a 
 
 carrot, etc. 
 Floribnn'dus. Aboundinj; in flowers, beyond oilier species. 
 FLORiF'EKous. Bearmg flowers. A leat is floriferous when a flower grows out of its 
 
 disk or margin. 
 Flo'kist. One whose employment is that of crealing monsters; that is, double and 
 
 various colored; as carnations, double roses, &c. 
 Flos'culak, fluscuh'sus. See tubulous. 
 Fbs'culuus. Tubulor floret. iS'uttali applies it to the florets of grasses; but ought 
 
 not to be followed. 
 Flow'er. The stamens and pistils with their covering. These two organs, or rather 
 
 tlieir anthers and stigmas, are essential to all plants. But the calyx, corol, and 
 
 even nectaries when present, are parts of the flower. 
 Flowkr-buds consist of rudimentary leaves, surrounding a point which does not 
 
 elongate after it is once developed, and assumes, when fully developed, the form of 
 
 reproductive apparatus. 
 Fluviu'idis. Growing naturally in rivers and brooks. 
 F(c'tidus. Smelling disagreeably. 
 
 Fold. Annexed to numerals, denoting so often combined; as five-fold leaves, grow- 
 ing in fives, &c. 
 Fol\a' cRovs, foliatus, leafy; leaves intermixed with flowers on a spike, or in other 
 
 aggregates; abounding in leaves. 
 Foli:i'ris. a tendril on a leaf A bud containing leaves only. 
 Folia'tion, fului'lio. The manner in which unopened leaves are situated within the 
 
 bud. The modes of foliation are: 1. Involute. 2. Revolute. 3. Obvolute. 
 
 4. Convolute. 5. Imbricate. 6. Equitant. 7. Conduplicate. 8. Plaited. 9. Re- 
 
 clinate. 10. Circinal. See each in its proper place. 
 FoUferous. Particularly adapted to bearing leaves; leaf-bearing. 
 Fol'idle, foll'obim. See leafet. One of a compound leaf, 
 Ful'ium, fulio'sus. Leafy, leaf. 
 Fol'licle, Fulicu'lus. A pericarp with one valve, which opens lengthwise on one 
 
 side only; as milkweed, (asclepias. ) 
 Fonlina'lis. Growing naturally about springs or fountains. 
 Foot, (pes, pedalis;) twelve inches, oi the length of a tall man's foot. Also applied 
 
 to the stems of leaves and flowers. 
 Foraininidu'sus. Pierced with many small holes, or foramens. Divided into two 
 
 pretty long parts, as petals, branches, &.c. 
 Forma 'tion. A term used by geologists to express more or less than a definite 
 
 stratum; as detritus is called alluvial formation, iron formation may apply to the 
 
 ferriferous rocks and their iron contents. 
 Fornica'tus. Arched, vaulted, bent over archwise. 
 
 Fov'ea. A nectariferous cavity for the reception of honey. Honey-comb-like. 
 FomVla. The fine substance contained in the particles of pollen. When the ripe 
 
 pollen comes in contact with the moist stigma, it explodes and discharges the 
 
 fovilla. 
 Frag'ilis. Breaking easily and not bending. 
 Free. A germ is free, when not attached to the surrounding calyx or corol. Used 
 
 for disconnected, disunited, not adiiate. 
 Frigi'dus. Growing naturally in cold countries; arctic. 
 
 Frond, /tons. An herbaceous, a leathery, a crustaceous, or gelatinous leaf, or some- 
 what of a leaf like stem or bed, from vvhich, or within which, the fruit is produced. 
 
 It is applied exclusively to the class cryptogamia, and palms. 
 Frondo'se, Frnndosus. Leafy, frond-like or leaf like. 
 
 Frontlet. The part back of the base of a bird's bill. Generally bristly. 
 Frosted, (pruinosus;) nearly the same as roiidus, but applied to surfaces in which 
 
 the dewy appearances are more opaque, as if the drops were congealed, 
 Fi-vtescen'liu. Applied to palms and such others as have a simple stem, and leaves 
 
 only at top. 
 Fructik'erous. Bearing, or becoming fruit. 
 
 Fructifica'tiox, Fmctifica' llo. "The temporary part of vegetables which is des- 
 tined for the reproductions of the species, terminating the old individual, and be- 
 ginning the new." — Linneus. 
 
590 GEM 
 
 Fruit, /n/c'tes. The seed, with its enclosing pericarp. Procure several unbaked pea- 
 nuts. (Arachis hjpogaea, for sale in all fruit-shops.) being one of the best example* 
 for illustrating fruit and seed; soak them in warm water a daj' or two. On care- 
 fully dissecting several of them, it will be found that ih.e outsidecovering is a single 
 carpel, easily divided into two coats, e/ncarp and enflociirp. [See endocarp.] But 
 no sarcocArp will be found between them. Now examine the seeds. Two coats, 
 primine and secwulhic, will be found very distinct; though thin and membranous. 
 According lo the opinions of many botanists, there may be two or three coats, so 
 closely attached to each other and to the seed, as to be hardly separable. These 
 (real or ideal) coats are called tcrtuin, qiinrtlue, and perhaps even qiiintine. Before 
 the pea-nut was ripe, the pod was called ijerm, or orniiiiin. The seed and the two 
 (or perhaps five) coats, together with the nucleus, constituted the ovules. 
 
 Fruit'dots. Assemblages of capsules on the backs of ferns. Also small assemblages 
 of powdery bodies on tlie fronds of lichens, called soredia. 
 
 FRUSTRA'NEA, ( Fnislra, in vain,) pohjisamia. The third order of the class Syn- 
 genesia, which bear compound flowers with perfect florets in the disk, and neutral 
 ones in the ray; as the sunflower. 
 
 Frutex, fruticosvs, frutescent. Vvoody, or becoming woody; as lilac, steeple-bush. 
 Mostly applied to bushy, or bush-like shrubs, which arise from the root in numbers;, 
 not in a single bole, like trees of oak or po|)lar. 
 
 Fug'ax. Fugaceous. Soon disappearing. Flying off. See ring. 
 
 Fidcra'tus. Having appendages, as tendrils. 
 
 FuVcrum. There are seven: "l. Stipule. 2. Bract. 3. Thorn. 4. Prickle. 5. Sting, 
 6. Gland. 7. Tendril. See each in its proper place. 
 
 FuLiGiNEUs. Sooty, dark, dull color: 
 
 Full-flowered. When the petals of the corol are so multiplied as to exclude the 
 siamens: which is efft^cted by the stamens becoming petals, as the peony, rose^ 
 &.C. This rarely takes place in monopetalous corols. 
 
 Ful'vous. Fui'vus. Yellowish rust-color. 
 
 FUNGI, funguses. However, unsightly a common toad-stool, the mould on old 
 scraps of leather in damp places, or the blight in grain, may af)pear to the .careless 
 observer, they are all beautifully organized, and highly interesting. 
 
 FuNGo'sE. Fungus. Fleshy and spongy. This term is sometimes put for pileus. 
 
 Fu'nicule, Funk'ulus umbilica'lis. Tlie thread by which a seed is fastened at the 
 hilum. 
 
 Fu.nnel'form. a corol with a tubular base, and a border opening gradually into the 
 form of a reversed cone. 
 
 Fur'caius. See dichotoinous. Forked. 
 
 Furfura'ceus. Bran-like. 
 
 Fur'rowed. See sulcate. Marked lengthwise with a channel. 
 
 Fus'cus. Sooty-yellow, dark-yellow. 
 
 Fu'siFORM, fusifur' mis. Spindle-form. A root thick at the top and tapering down- 
 ward to the point, is fusiform; as the beet and cairot. 
 
 Galea. See labiate. A helmet. Upper lip. 
 
 Ga'leate, Galea'tus, Resembling a helmet, or broad upper lip. 
 
 Gallis, GaL'lcE. Excresences produced by the stings of ins cts. The balls found on 
 oaks which are used in dyeing, the common large green oak-balls, the singular 
 green lumps found on the wild honey-suckle, (Sec, are examples. The irritation 
 upon the delicate sap-vessels, produced by the sting and egg of the insect, causes 
 a greater flow of sap in that direction. This pressure of sap distends and distorts 
 the capillary tubes and membranes, until those excresences are formed around the 
 egg. Jn due time the egi^ becomes a larva, a maggot, which after feeding a while 
 upon the gall, changes into the pupa, or chrysalis, and at last escapes a perfect in- 
 sect, or fly. Each fly produces a gall of a peculiar form. — VVilldenow. 
 
 Gangue. The part of a rock which lines a vein and embraces a mineral, and is unlike 
 the rest of the rock. 
 
 Gape. The opening between two lips of a. labiate, or irregular corol. Applied to 
 mouths of birds. 
 
 Gelatinous, ( geliitiiiosus. ) Having the texture and appearance of jelly. 
 
 Gem'inus. See double. It is also used for paired, in pairs or twins. 
 
GLU 591 
 
 frcmma'tion, gcm'ma. Bndding. The gemmation of plants comprehends the develope- 
 ment of a new plant from the bud, as well as llie foliation. 
 
 Gf.mmih'arous. Producing buds in the axils of leaves. 
 
 Gen'kral. See partial. General is apjdied to a whole, which is made up of a num- 
 ber of entire individuals. Tiie viiilicl of a garden carrot is a general vmbd; and each 
 unilidid terminating a secondaiy brancli is a j.nrliul vmhd. 
 
 Ge.nkr'ic char'actkr. The dehniiion of a genus. Ii is confined entirely to the 
 flower and fruit. It is essential, fucli^iuus, or luilural; which see. 
 
 Gkner'ic name. The name of a genus. Milne enumerated 21 rules respecting the 
 naming of genera; which with his examples occupy 40 pages. See Lindley, p. 433. 
 
 Genic'ulate. Kneed. Forming a very obtuse angle, like a ufioderate bending of the 
 knee. 
 
 Gen'tcs. Nations. Linneus divided plants into nine great natural tribes or casts. 1. 
 Palms. 2. Grasses. 3. Lilies. 4. Herbs. 5. Trees. 6. Ferns. 7. Mosses. 8. 
 AlgfB. 9. Fungi. 
 
 Ge'nus, (plural gen' era.) A number of plants whieh agree with one another in the 
 structure of the flower and fruit. Willdenow. 
 
 Gkode. a cavity in a mineral whose sides within are more or less spherical. It may 
 be empty or it may contain minerals different from the mineral containing the 
 geode. 
 
 Germ, gcrmen. That part of the pistil, which, after the pollen is received, soon con- 
 tains the rudiment of one young plant or more. lis whole substance becomes the 
 pericarp and seed as it enlarges itself. See ovary. 
 
 When the calyx comes out below the germ, the germ is superior, and the calyx 
 inferior; when the calyx comes out of the upper part of the germ, the germ is in- 
 ferior, and the calyx supirior. 
 
 Germina'tion. The swelling of a seed, and the unfolding of its embryo. It should 
 be carefully watched. 
 
 Gibbous. Bunched out. When one or both sides are swelling out. 
 
 GiLLCovEus. The bony or cartilaginous covering placed over, or outside of, the gill- 
 membranes. 
 
 GiLL-MEMBRANEs. The membranes immediately covering the gills. 
 
 GiLi.s. Sec lamella. Lungs of fish. Lamina of toadstools. 
 
 Gil'vus. Iron-grey, and brick-color. 
 
 Glubel'liis. Bald. Without hairs, or other covering. 
 
 Gla'brous, gla'ber. Sleek. Having no pubescence. Ghiber is often translated 
 smooth; but a leaf with soft cottony pubescence is smooth, though it is not gla- 
 brous; as gnaphalium. 
 
 Gladiu'tus. A sword-form legume is sometimes called gladiate. See ensiform. It is 
 applied to leaves also. 
 
 Gland, irlnn'dula. A round, or roundish appendage which serves for transpiration 
 and secretion. They are situated on leaves, stems, calyxes, and particularly at the 
 base of stamens in some cruciform flowers; as mustard. Glandular hairs, or hairs 
 with glandular heads, are very abundant on the common hazlenut involucre, of 
 North America, (corylus americana ) Also on the Prunus. 
 
 Glan'uular, Glan'dulous, glandulnsus. Having glands. 
 
 Glau'cous. Clothed with a sea-green mealiness lilie some cabbage leaves. It is 
 sometimes put for a greenish-gray color. This co\ot, ferruginous and koarij, are so 
 constant, that they are used in specific descriptions. Most other colours are ex- 
 cluded on account of their being too variable to be relied on. 
 
 Globo'se, Globosiis. Spherical, round on all sides like a ball. Some authors apply 
 it to circular leaves. 
 
 Glob'ules. Minute spheres. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is globose, 
 solid and crustaceous, formed of the substance of the frond, and terminating its 
 points or branches; from whence they fall off entire, leaving a pit or cavity. They 
 are supposed to be covered all over with a colored seed-bearing membrane. Smith. 
 
 Glo'chis. See barb. Hooked beards. 
 
 Glom'erate, glomera^tus. When many branchlets are terminated by little heads. 
 Richard. A spike is glomerate when it consists of a collection of spherical heads. 
 Willdenow. 
 
 Glom'erule, glomer'ulvs. The small heads constituting a small glume, or head. 
 
 Gluma'ce'us. Glume-like, on bearing glumes, chaft's, liusks. 
 
 Glume, glu'ma. Consists of the scales or chairs which surround or enclose the sta- 
 
592 HAL 
 
 mens and pistils in the flowers of grasses. The lower ones are called the calyx, or 
 glumes proper, all others tlie corol or paleas, Bractae when placed immediately be- 
 low the stamina and pistils, as in apetalous flowers, are only distinguished fi-om 
 the calyx bj' being alternate wilh each other, and not venicilate. Husks, gluuies, 
 or chaffs of corn or grasses are bracteae and not calyxes, in sliict physiology. 
 
 Each scale, chaff, or husk, is called a valve; which gives the names bivalve, with 
 2 husks or chaffs; univuive, with one, &c. 
 
 When several flowers are arranged along a rachis in a spikelet with a valve or 
 two, or more, below the lowest tlower, these are called the common or general 
 calyx (gluma communis;) and the glume to each floret on the spikelet above ia 
 called partial (gluma partialis.) 
 
 Glumo'se. Having glumes. 
 
 Glu'tinous, Having on some part more or less of adhesive moisture. 
 
 GoBLET-sHAPED, ( cratejifoTrais, ) concave hemispherical, a little contracted at the 
 base. 
 
 GoNGYLous, Gon'gulus. A knot. It is applied to a round, hard body,, which falls off 
 upon the death of the mother plant or animal, and becomes a new one; as in the 
 fticus and some radiated animals. Large granulated sporules are contained in the 
 centre of some. 
 
 Gonop'terides. Angle fruit fern, one of the new orders of ferns. The receptacles of 
 the fruit are polygons; as of the genus P^quisetum. 
 
 Gram'ina. The family of grasses. See gentes. But in a limited sense, the sedges, 
 rush grasses, &c. are not included. See Natural Orders. Culmiferous is the most 
 extensive term; and most of this vast family have three stamens in each flower, 
 though many of them are mondlcious. The rice, star-grass and rush-grass have 
 six stamens to the flower. 
 
 GraminifoL'ius. Having leaves resembling those of grasses. 
 
 Grandiflo'rus. Having large flowers. 
 
 Graniferous. Bearing grains or kernels; as those on the valves of dock-flowers. 
 
 Gran'ulate, gramda'lus. In the form of grains. A granulate root consists of several 
 little knobs strung together on the side of a filiform radicle. It differs from the 
 knobbed tuberous roots, in this; that the latter are strung together by rootlets, 
 which proceed from near the middle of one knob to another. 
 
 Granula'tions. Grain-like substances. 
 
 Graveolens. Having a strong odour or scent. 
 
 Greasy, (unctius;) having a surface, which, though not actually greasy, feels so. 
 
 Gregarious. In flocks, applied to fungi and other plants growing together in 
 groups; but not so as to be ccespitose, or to form a turfy mass. 
 
 Gressoral. Bird's feet, which are formed for running; having three toes forward 
 and one back, and the two outer toes mostly joined towards the base. 
 
 Grumoits (grumosus;) in form of little clustered grains. 
 
 Guitar-form. See panduriformis. Fiddle- form. 
 
 Gijmnocarpi fun' gi. Such as bear seeds in a naked hymenium, which see. 
 
 Gymnosper' mus ( Gumnos, naked; sperma, seed.) VVith seeds naked, or growing 
 without pericarps. 
 
 Gynandrous. ( Gune, woman; aner, man.) Applied when stamens grow on pistils, 
 but not in immediate connexion with the calyx or corol. 
 
 Gynabase. a supporting disk or elevating axis under the ovarium or germ; being 
 a kind of receptacle to the ovary, elevating it more or less, as in Labiate plants, 
 and the borage-like. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hahia'tio. The native residence of plants; or the situation wherein they grow most 
 
 naturally. 
 Hab'it, hnbi'liis. The external appearance of a plant by a general view of which we 
 
 know it without attending to any of its essential characters. 
 
 A knowledge of the habits of plants is to be acquired by first seeing them in a 
 
 growing state, and then by repeatedly reviewing them in an herbarium. 
 Hal'bert-form. See hastate. 
 Halters. Globules on slender stems, under the wings of some two-winged insects, 
 
 called poisers. 
 Halved. One-sided, as if one half had been taken off; as the halved spathe of some 
 
 Indian turnips, one-sided involucres, &c. 
 
HOM 593 
 
 Ha'mus, Hamosiis. A hook, as the liooked spines on burdock. 
 
 Has'tate. IIalbert-forni,"or shaped like an espontoon. A leaf with processes near 
 the base from eacli edge, which are aculish; as common sorr.el leaves. When 
 tliese processes pomt considerably bac'i wards, the leaf is sagittate. 
 
 Head. Flowers heaped togpther in a roundish form, with no peduncles, or very short 
 ones; as clover-heads. This term is applied to a globular stigma also. 
 
 Heap'ed. Compact, but hardly as close as dense. 
 
 Heakt'-form. See cordate. 
 
 Heakt-vvood. The dead and fully-formed central layers are called the heart-wood. 
 
 Hedge'uogged. See echinate. 
 
 Hel'met. See labiate. Upper lip of a labiate corol. 
 
 Helminthology. The science of worms, including molluscous and radiated animals. 
 
 Helvoi.us. Pale red. Peacii-bloom. 
 
 HEf ATlCiE. The third order of the class Cryptogamia. It includes the hepatic 
 mosses, as denominated by Schweinitz; that is, those which have the fructification 
 spread cruciformly, and have succulent leaves; the brook-liverwort is an example, 
 (marchantia. ) 
 
 HEPTAGYiNTA. Seven-styled. 
 
 ilEPTANDRIA. ( Heptn, seven; aver, male) Having seven stamens to the flower. 
 A small class; the chick-wintergreen, (trientalis,) is our best example. 
 
 Heptan'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class heptandria. 
 
 Herb, herba. Any plant which has not a woody stem. 
 
 Herba'ceocjs. Not woody. Also applied to plants perishing to the root. 
 
 Herb'age. All that part of vegetables which is bounded by the root below, and by 
 the fructification above. 
 
 Herba'bium. a collection of dried plants. No person can ever become a good prac- 
 tical botanist without an herbarium^ The uses of an herbarium are principally 
 two. 
 
 1. To revive in the memory of names and habits of plants. 
 
 2. WIten planls are not in flower, they often want some of their most striking habits. 
 Jn such cases comparison is essKidiul. No directions can be sufficient. The teacher 
 must learn, mechanically, how to direct his pupils in collecting and preserving 
 planls. 
 
 JJerbu'riiis. An herbist. One who collects and sells plants. 
 
 Hermaph'rodite, See perfect flowers. 
 
 HEXAGYNIA. ( Hex, s\x; gumc, female.). The sixth order qf any of the first 
 classes as far as Polyandria. Six styles or stigmas to each (lower. 
 
 IIEXAN'DRIA. (Hex, six; aner, male.) The sixth class; six stamens to each 
 flower. 
 
 Hexan'droos. Belonging to. or varying into, the class hexandria. 
 
 Hexapetaloi'des. A one-petalled corol so deeply divided as to appear 6-petalled. 
 
 Hi'i-UM, The external scar or mark on a seed, where the funicle, or thread, is attach- 
 ed to it and conveys its nutriment till ripe. It indicates the union of tiie seed with 
 the placenta, often called the umbilicus. The hilum represents the base of the 
 seed; the apex is determined by the point where the vessels, or tissue, of the integ- 
 uments concentrate. 
 
 Hinge. The part of a bivalve shell, where the two valves are united by a flexible 
 cartilage. 
 
 HiNoiDEUs. Whence all veins proceed, and are parallel and undivided. 
 
 Hir'sute, hirsiitus. Rough-haired. Covered with stiffish hairs, but hardly stiff 
 enough to be called bristies. 
 
 Hir'lus. Covered with short stiff hairs. Nearly the same as hirsute. 
 
 His'piu, hispidus. Bristly. Beset with stiff hairs, or rather with bristles, which are 
 short. 
 
 Hiulcus. Cracked open: a gaping chink. 
 
 Hoar'y. Whitish colored, arising from a scaly mealiness, or short, dense hairs. 
 
 Holera'ceus. Suitable for a pot herb, as dock, and beets. 
 
 Hol'lows, (thai mia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens which is spherical, nearly 
 closed, lodged in the substance of the frond, lined with its proper coat, under which 
 are cells 2 or 4-seeded. Each hollow finally opens by an orifice in the frond above. 
 Smith. 
 
 Homotropal, (homotropus.) Having the same direction as tlie body to which it 
 belongs, but not being straight. 
 
 75 
 
094 , INC 
 
 PoNEY-coMBED, (fdvosus otteolatiis. ) Excavated in the manner of a section of honey» 
 comb. 
 
 Hooked, (uncinatus.) Curved suddenly back at the point. 
 
 Horizon 'tal. Parailef to the horizon. Leaves are horizontal, when they form right 
 angles with erect stems. 
 
 Horn'-form. Shaped liked a horn, or rather like a cock's spur. See spur. 
 
 Uu'midus. Moist, humid. 
 
 Hu'mifuse, liumifusus. Spread over the ground. Richard defines it spread on the 
 ground, and not rooting. 
 
 Hum'ilis. Low, humble. 
 
 Husk. The larger kind of glume; as the husk of Indian corn. 
 
 Hy'aline, hyal'inus. Colorless. Transparent, hke glass or water; as quartz in 
 granite. 
 
 Hyber'nacle, hylcrnac'ulum. See bud. Winter residence. 
 
 Hybcrnalis. Growing in the winter season. 
 
 Hy'brid, hy'hrida. A mule. A vegetable produced by the mixture of two different 
 species. The seeds of hybrids will not propagate. They are produced by sprinkl- 
 ing the stigma with the pollen of a different species. Care must be taken in such 
 cases to prevent any pollen of its own species from falling on it first. 
 
 Hydrop'terihes. Water fern. A new order of ferns. It is adopted by Pursh, Tor- 
 rey, &c. Isoetes, azolla and salvina, are placed here. 
 
 Hyema'lis. Growing in the winter season. 
 
 Hymc'nium. An exposed or naked, dilated, appropriate, membrane of gymnocarp 
 fungi, in which the seeds are imbedded: the part in wliicli the sporules immediately 
 lie. In Agaricus, it consists of'parallel plats, lamellae, or gills; these are adnate 
 with the stipes, when the end next it cohere with it. 
 
 Hyperdecandrous. Flowers containg more than ten stamens. 
 
 Hypha. The filamentous, fleshy, warty tballus, or bissus. 
 
 Hypocraterijor' mis. See salver-tbrm; flat-bordered tube. 
 
 Hypodecanurocjs. Flowers containing fewer than ten stamens. 
 
 Hypog'ynus. Under tiie style, or growing from below the base of the germ, or ova- 
 rium; or when the stamens do not contract any union with the sides of the calyx, 
 they are hypogynous. 
 
 Hysterandms, when the leaves appear after the flower, as some willows, peaches, &c. 
 
 I. J. 
 
 IcTHYOLOGT. The department of Zoology, which treats of fish. It includes those 
 
 aquatic animals which have gills and fins. 
 J'cones planta'rum. Figures or drawings of plants. 
 ICOSAN'DRIA. (£(A-osf, twenty; ««e7-, male. ) More than 10 stamens. 
 
 The calyx is always monophyllou.s, and the claws of the petals fixed into the 
 
 side of it along within the stamens. Calycandrous is a name embracing plants of 
 
 this class. Darlington. 
 Icosan'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class icosanrfriff. 
 Icterus. Jaundice. The change of color of leaves in autumn to yellow, reddish, 
 
 &c., as maple. 
 Imago. A perfect, full-fomed insect. It is applied to express the state of an insect, 
 
 after it has passed from the crysalis to the insect stale. 
 Imber'bis. Beardless. See beard. 
 Im'bricate, imbricatus. Leaves, scales, &c., lying over each other, or one covering 
 
 the place where two others meet, like the shingles or tiles on a roof. 
 Immarginate. Having no border or peculiar margin. 
 Im'pari-pinna'ius. Unequally pinnate. When a pinnate leaf is terminated by a sin^ 
 
 gle or odd leafet. 
 Imper'fect, imperfcctvs. Wanting the stamen or pistil. No flower is perfect without 
 
 both organs; but with an anther and stigma the flower is perfect, though destitute 
 
 of calyx and corol. 
 Inmquivalva'tus. Valves of capsule or glume unequal. 
 Ina'nis. Having a spongy pith. 
 Jnaper'tus. Hollow, but without any opening. 
 Jnca'nvs. See hoary. Whitish. 
 Incarna'tus. Flesh-colored. 
 
INT 595 
 
 Jsci'SED. Incisus. Cut in lllce a gash wilh a knife, but not deep enough to be called a 
 
 cleft. If the crenatures orserratures of a leaf are cut, to appearance, with a slit 
 
 or gash, this term ap))iios. 
 iNcrsor. Fore tooth. 'J'lie flattish front cutting teeth. 
 Incli'ned, iiidinatus. Bent towards each other. Also bent towards something 
 
 d iff.' rent. 
 Ikclu'ding, inchulens. One thing containing another within it; as the calyx shutting 
 
 up tiie seed capsule or corol. 
 Jndu'sus. Enclosing. Opposed to exSert. Stamens not projecting. 
 Inconspicuous, incons/nc'uus. Not apparent without the aid of a magnifier. 
 Incras'sate. Thickening. "When a tlovver-stem grows thicker upwards towards the 
 
 flower. 
 In'crement. The quantity of increase for a given time. 
 Incum'bent, inaimbcus. Leaning upon or against. When an anther lies, as it were; 
 
 somewhat horizontally upon the top of the filament. 
 In'curveo, incurcaius. Bent inwards. As a leaf bent in at the point towards the 
 
 stem, a fila.-nent towards the pistil, a prickle towards the stem; 
 Indig'enous. Plants growing naturally and originally in a country. 
 Indistinct. Applied to insects, whose heads and trunks are in one piece. 
 Indifi'sus. Undivided. Not cleft into parts. It may however be serrate, crenate or 
 
 toothed; it is therefore not the same as entire. 
 Induplicate. See conduplicate. A leaf in the bud having its two sides shut like 
 
 the leaves of a book; the midrib being in place of the liack. 
 In'durated, indure.s'cens. Becoming hard, tough, or leathery. 
 Indu'sium. A shirt. It is used by some authors for the thin membranous covering 
 
 on the fiuit of ferns. But Smith prefers retaining the old name, involucre, which 
 
 see. 
 Iner'mis. See unarmed. Having no thorns, prickles, &c. 
 Infer'ne. Downwards. Towards or near the base or root. 
 Infe'rior, infents. Below. A calyx or corol is inferior when it comes out below the 
 
 germ. See germ. 
 In'fimns. At the very bottom or base, lowest. 
 Infla'ted, injta'lus. Appearing as if blown up with wind. A very small degree of 
 
 inflation is sometimes noticed in descriptions; as the calyx in silene. 
 Inflex'ed, inflcz'tts. The same as incurved. Suddenly bent inwards. 
 INFLOR^s'cENCE, iiiforescttiHia. The mode by which flowers are connected to the 
 
 plant by the peduncle. It is of 10 kinds. 1. Whorl. 2. Raceme. 3. Panicle. 
 
 4. Thyrse. 5. Spike. 6. Umbel. 7. Cyme. 8. Corymb. 9. Fascicle. 10. Head. 
 
 See each in its place. 
 Jnfrac'lus. Bent in with such an acute angle as to appear as if broken. 
 InfundibUifor' mis. See funnel-form. 
 Iiiguiniins. Stained. Applied to fungi, Sec. when the color appears as if painted ori 
 
 artificially. 
 Iiw'dorus. Having no smell. 
 InsigniJtus. Marked with. 
 Iiistruc'tus. Furnished with. 
 
 Integer' rimus. Very entire, having no dentation whatever. 
 Intercellula^assages. If the adhesion of the contiguous cells be imperfect, (and 
 
 it frequently is, ) spaces will exist between them; such spaces are called intercel- 
 lular passages. 
 Interfolia'ceous. Situated along the stem between the origin of the leaves, not 
 
 opposite to them. , 
 
 Inter ined' ills. Between two extremes, or nearly so. 
 Interno'de, intenio'dtus. The space between joints or knots. 
 Interkup'ted, inlerruplus, interrvp'te. When organs of a different kind or different 
 
 size, are intermixed or interposed among a series. A spike is interrupted, when 
 
 leaves or smaller flowers a-e interposed at intervals. 
 Interruptedly pin'nate. When smaller leafels are interposed among the larger; as 
 
 the polatoe and agrimon leaves. 
 Interscap'ulars. The back feathers of a bird, between the bases of the wings. 
 Intor'sion, intor'sio. Twisting, twining, or bending inwards, from a straight upright 
 
 position. See twining, contorted, and twisted inwards. 
 Intrafoliaceus. Within the leaf. A stipule is intrafoliaceous, when it originates a 
 
596 LAC 
 
 Uttle above the origin of the petiole, which brings it, as it were, within the bosom 
 of the leaf. 
 
 Intropu'ced. Not originally native. Brought from some other country. 
 
 Intror'sum. Inwardly. Turned inwards. 
 
 Invertkd. Having a part of an organ in an opposite direction to that of other 
 analagous parts. 
 
 Involu'cre, invohi'crvni. That kind of calyx which comes out at a distance below 
 the flower, and never encloses it like the spathe, of a leafy te.xture and color, gene- 
 rally at the oiigin of peduncles of umbels. When it is all on one side, it is called 
 dimidiate, halved. Some botanists substitute involucre for the common calyx of 
 compound flowers; others use peridiniim, peripboninildum, iScc. 
 
 Involucres of ferns generally lie on the tops of the capsules, like a piece of linen 
 spread out to dry; hence they are called indusium, a shirt. 
 
 InVolu'cred, inculucra'tus. Having involucres. 
 
 In'volute, invoiu'lus. Rolled inwards. A term in foliation: applied to leaves whose 
 opposite margins are rolled in and continued rolling, till the two rolls meet on the 
 midrib and parallel to it. Applied to shells it signifies, that the spire is in whorls 
 which are concealed within the shell, as cypraea. 
 
 Joints. Swelling knots, rings, or narrowed interstices, at regular intervals, along 
 culms, pods, spikes, leaves, &c. 
 
 Irid'eous, Iridescent. Reflecling light somewhat like a rainbow. 
 
 Irreg'ular, irrcgula'ris. Diiiering in figure, size or proportion of parts, among 
 themselves. 
 
 Irritabil'ity. The power of being excited so as to produce contractile motion. 
 
 IsH. A terminal diminutive, as roHndish, somewhat round. 
 
 Jsos, (equal) placed before the name of an organ, indicates that it is equal in number 
 to that of some other understood; thus isoslamcnous is said of plants the stamens of 
 wliich are equal in number to the extent of the purpose in view. 
 
 Isthmus. Long narrow joints in legunies or loments. 
 
 Jug'um. Yoke. In pairs. 
 
 Ju'lus. See ament. A cylindrical (or semi-cylindric) centipede. A cylindrical ament. 
 
 K. 
 
 Keel. The lower petal of a papilionaceous corol. The stamens and pistils lie 
 enclosed in it. 
 
 Keel'ed. Having a ridge resembling the keel of a boat or ship. A leaf, capsule, 
 calyx, &c. is keeled when it has the midrib, angle, or peculiar process, running 
 along the back, of a compressed form, and attached by one edge. 
 
 Kid'ney-form. Hollowed in at the base with rounded lobes and rounded end. Its 
 breadth is generally as great as its length. 
 
 Knob'boD. 1>i thick lumps; as potatoes. 
 
 Knobs. (Cephalo'dia. ) That kind of receptacle of Hchens, which is convex, more 
 or less globular, covered externally with a colored seed-bearing crust, and placed 
 generally at the extremities of stalks, originating from the frond, permanent: rarely 
 sessile- Sometimes they are at first spangles on filamentouB lichens, and after- 
 wards become convex irregular knobs. They are simple, compound, or conglome- 
 rate. Smith. 
 
 Knot." A swelling joint. See joints. 
 
 Knot'ted. Having swelling joints. See Torulose and Torose. 
 
 La'biate. Having lips; or a calyx or corol divided at the top into two general parts; 
 somewhat resembling the lips of a horse or other animal, by the aid of imagina- 
 tion. , 
 
 Labiate carols are divided into nngent and personate. 
 Ringent, such as have the lips open or gaping, as sage. . 
 Personate, such as have the lips closed or muffled, as toad-flax. 
 Lalryrinthifor' mis. Winding and turning by various involutions and contortions like a 
 
 labyrinth. 
 LACEKATEn, lacc'rus. Torn. Cut, or apparently torn, mto irregular segments. 
 Lacm'ia. The divisions of a calyx, corol, leaf, ^c. into which they are cleft, torn, 
 or divided. 
 
LEN 597 
 
 Lacin'iate, lacinia'tiis. Jagjrcd. Irregularly divided and subdivided, cut or torn. 
 
 Hardly different Irom lacerated. 
 Lactes'cenck, lactesr.m'l'uu JMilUiness. The milky juice of some plants; as the milk- 
 weed (asclepias.) it is als» called by liiis name, when the juice is red; as in the 
 bloodrool (siiiiguinaria. ) 
 IjirJleus. Aiilk-white. 
 
 Laainae. Small hollows or pits on the upper surface of the tliallus. 
 Lacu'.nose, Liiciiikis'us. Fitted. Hollow between tlie veins of a leaf, when the blis- 
 ters are under side of liie leaf instead of the upper. Also applied to pits. 
 Litcus'tris. Growing most naturally in or about lukes. 
 Lce'c'is. Smooth, even, polished; not striate, or wrinkled. 
 Luind'Ui. A tiiin plate. Applied to the gills or vertical plates under the hat or pileus 
 
 of the agaric fungus, or toadstool. 
 
 cqua'Us. When all the gills reach from the stem to the margin of the hat. 
 
 incqtia'lis, or vitcrrup'tus. When some reach but part of the way. 
 
 biseria'lis. When a long and siiort gill allernale. 
 
 triscriu' Lis. When one long and two short gills alternate in pairs. 
 
 rnmo'sa. When several gdls unite in one, so as to appear branched. 
 
 ■ d'cui'rcns. When liiey run down the stem more or less. 
 
 vuno'scc. When so narrow as to have (he appearance of veins. 
 
 Lamei.'lae. Applied to the two terminal plates of the antennae of some insects; also 
 
 to somewhat similar jjlales constituting the stigma at the end of some styles, as the 
 
 convolvulus, bindweed. 
 Lamellate. In the form of thin plates, or having thin plates. 
 Lam'ina. The broad upper part of the petal of a polypetalolis coiol. See petal. 
 Laminated. Consisting of several thin Hat portions. 
 La'nate, Uina'lus. Woolly. Covered with curly, crooked, close, thick pubescence. 
 
 Not so fine, nor so closely matted together as lorncntosc. 
 LiA^ck' OL kTE, lajireola'tiis. In the form of the lance of the ancients. When the 
 
 length greatly exceeds the breadth and it tapers gradually from near the base to the 
 
 apex. 
 Lance-o'vate, &c. lanceolatova'tus, &'c. Partaking of the lanceolate form and of 
 
 that with which it is compounded. 
 Lanu'go. Down, or wool. 
 
 Liippala' cells. Burr-like, roundish and prickly, as burdock. 
 Larva. The caterpillar slate of an insect. It is called maggot, skipper and grub, 
 
 while in this state. 
 Laterif III' ills. Side-leaved, inclining to one side. 
 Liitiful ins. Broad leaved. 
 LaierVtius. Brick-coloured, reddish. 
 Latticed. Resembling net-work. 
 
 Lax, Lax'us. Limber, loose, open, weakly flexile. See flaccid. 
 Lkaf. That part of most vegetables, which prpsents moresurface to the atmosphere, 
 
 than all other parts;, and consists principally of the cellular integument covered 
 
 with the cuticle. 
 
 They are erer green, remaining through the winter; or decid'uous, falling ofFat 
 
 the close of the year. 
 
 They are further distinguished by \he\r forms, surfaces and positions. All of which 
 
 are described under their peculiar names. 
 Leafbuds, (gemma;) bfing the rudiments of young biatiches, they consist of scales 
 
 imbricated or otherwise disposed over each over, surrounding a minute axis. Bulb 
 
 is a leaf bud of the root. 
 Leafing SEASON. That time in the year when most leaves come out. In North 
 
 America, the proper leafing season is in April. 
 Leaf'et, or Leaf'let. One of the lesspr leaves which, with others, constitute a com- 
 pound leaf A simple leaf is never a leafet, however small. 
 Lelf'i.ess. Destitute of leaves, naturally. Tliis term does not apply in cases of de- 
 
 foiintion, in due season. 
 Leaf-like, (foliaceousj having the texture and form of a leaf 
 Legume, lesuinen. A pod. without a longitudinal partition, with it enclosed seeds 
 
 attached lo one statue only; as the pea. Those with tranverse partitions are usu- 
 ally called laments. 
 Length and Bkeadth. When applied to bivalve shells, length is measured from the 
 
598 LOR 
 
 beak or cartilage to the margin below, and breadth is taken in a transverse directioT* 
 at the length. i - . . 
 
 Le.vtic'ullk, Icnticulii'ris. Lentilform. It is applied to a kind of glandular rough- 
 ness on the surface of .some plants. They are brown oval spots found upon the 
 bark of matiy pianls e5;|)ecially willows; tliey indicate the points from which roots 
 will appear if the briuich be placed in circusnstances favorable to their production.^ 
 Fojm of a convex lens. 
 
 Lepim't/dum* Used as a substitute foi some kinds of nectary by Nuttall, De Lamark, 
 
 i&C. 
 
 Lep'rous. Covered with peltate or sub-peltate scales, mostly white or wliitish* 
 Patches of Lichens often give woody plants a leprous appearance. 
 
 Li'bkr. The innermost layer of the bark, or the last year's deposite. Smith. 
 
 Lih'era. Free, not adnate, or attached. 
 
 LICHENES. The fifth order of the class Cryptogaraia. It includes the greenish, 
 brown, yellow, red, grey, &c. patches on old fences, stones, trees, &c; also some 
 grey fibrous moss -like bodies. 
 
 LiGAMENr-PERFORATio.v. A perforation through the shell of the anomia genus, by 
 which it is attached to rocks, Sec. 
 
 Light. Various motions and inclinations of plants prove the effect of light upon 
 them. Trees present their leaves outward in quest of light, because it is darkest in 
 the centre. Plants in a green-house all present the upper surfaces of tlieir leaves 
 towards the enlightened side of it. Most compound flowers follow the sun through 
 the day. Plants deprived of the light, lose their green hue; as potatoe tops grow- 
 in a dark cellar. • 
 
 Lig'ul\. a strap or strap-form organ. Jt is generally applied to the membrane or 
 stipule at the top of the sheath of a grass-leaf. 
 
 Lig'ulate, liguia'tus. Tiiat kind of floret, in some compound flowers, which con- 
 sists of a single strap-like petal, which becomes tubular at the base only; as all the 
 florets in a dandelion, and tiie ray florets in a sunflower. 
 
 Lilia'ceous. a corol with six petals spreading gradually from .the base, so as alto- 
 gether to exhibit a bell-form appearance. 
 
 Limb, lim'bus. The broad spreading part of the petal of a monopetalous coroL- 
 When applied to shells, it means the whole circumference or outlines of them. 
 
 Line, U.'nea. The breadth of the crescent at the root of the finger nail. Twelflb 
 part of an inch. 
 
 Lis'ea«, linea'iis. Continuing nearly of the same breadth throughout most of the 
 extent. Linear leaves always, or with very few exceptions, become narrowed or 
 pointed at one oi bolh ends. 
 
 Lin'eate, Untutus. Marked with lines. Striated. 
 
 Lin' guifurm. Tongue-like. Thick, fleshy, linear, blunt at the end. 
 
 Lip, or lipped. See labiate. When applied to univalve shells, it means the outer 
 expanded part of the opening. 
 
 LireVLae. See clefts. Linear shields, such as are found in Opegrapha, with a chan- 
 nel along its middle. 
 
 Little, ( exlguus. } Applied to whatever is less than similar or analagous parts or 
 things are. generally. 
 
 LiUora'Lls. Growing on the sea-coast: also on the shores of rivers. 
 
 Lie'idiis. Livid. Dark grey, inclining to violet; like bruised eyes. 
 
 Lobe, lo'bus. Divisions which are rounded, or parted by rounded or curved incisions. 
 Sometimes it seems to be applied to cases where it has nothing to distinguish it 
 from a segment cut off by a deft incision, except by its being larger. 
 
 Lo'beu, loha'lvs. Divided into lobes. De,eply parted, with the segments distant or 
 spreading, and large. 
 
 Loculainen'luiii. See cell. Cavities containing seeds. 
 
 Loc'ulus. The little cell of an aniher, which contains pollen, is used by Acharius to- 
 express a filamentous branched thallus. 
 
 Lo'ment, lamen'tum. A le:ume pod with transverse partitions. This term is gene- 
 rally applied to the legumes in the natural older Lomentacas. 
 
 Longifol'ius. Long-leaved. See relative propoitions. 
 
 Lon'gus. Rather long. Longis'simus. Very long. 
 
 Loose. Open, not compact. Of a soft, cellular texture, as piths. 
 
 Lo'kes. The naked lines or spots on a bird's head, between the eyes and the base of 
 the bill. 
 
MED 699 
 
 Lo'rula. The long threads of Usnea. This lichen, so common on trees, is erro- 
 neously called moss by most people. 
 
 Low, (liumils.) riaiits particularly small, but much smaller than kindred species. 
 
 Lu'cidus. Bright sliiiiinij. Nearly the same as nilidus. 
 
 Lu'nulate, Lu'nuliitiis. Shaped like a crescent, new moon. 
 
 Lu'nui.e. Half-r;ioon-like depression just below the beak of a bivalve shell. It is 
 anterior or pdsterior, according to llie slope il is on. See slope. 
 
 Lu'rid, lu'ridus. Of a palisii, dull, deatiily color. Most plants with lurid petals, 
 are more or less poisonous; as tobacco, henbane, thorn-apple. 
 
 Lus'trk. The peculiar appearance of reflected light, as presented by a mineral. 
 
 LuTEs'cENT, lutes'cens. Approaching to a yellow color. 
 
 Lii'tcus. Yellow. Being sometimes yellowish. 
 
 Luxu'riant, luxur'ians. See full-Howered. Over growth. 
 
 Lv'ratk. lyra'tus. Pinnatifid, witii the divisions at the apex largest. 
 
 Ly'kate-pin'isate. Pinnate, with the odd termmal leafet largest. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macida'tus. Spotted, dotted, punctured. 
 
 Mail'ed. Covered with a hard substance resembling armour. 
 
 ■Male. S laminate, as used by some. 
 
 Man 'dibi.es. The upper jaw of a bird's bill. It is also applied to the horizontal 
 
 pincers attached to the mouth of some insects. 
 Mtin'kate, when hairs are interwoven into a mass that can be easily separated from 
 
 the surface. Muff-like. 
 Ma'nf. Whenever there are more than are usually numbered of that kind; as we say, 
 
 1 -seeded, 2-seeded, 3-seeded, 4-seeded, many-seeded. 
 Marces'cent, marces'cms, or mar'ci'liis. See withering. 
 Mar'ginated, margina'lus. Having a margin differing in some measure from the 
 
 disk. 
 Mar'gin, mar' go. The circumference or edge. See border. The circumference of 
 
 a shell. 
 Mariti' mus. Growing naturally near the seaboard. It maybe extended several miles 
 
 from the water. 
 Mas'cvlus. S laminate, as used by some. 
 Mat'rix. Gangue. The mineral immediately embracing an ore, within a vein in a 
 
 rock. 
 Matu're, matu'rus. Full-grown, but not entered upon a state of decay. 
 Meal't, (fiiriiiosus. ) Covered with a sort of white scurfy substance, having the 
 
 texiwre of flower in mass; as the albumen of wheat. 
 Meas'ures. Proportion between parts is better than any measure. But when mea- 
 sures are adopted, they should be taken from parts of the hand and arm; because 
 
 the parts of plants vary about as much as the liand; and in adopting these mea- 
 sures, the same allowance should be made. 
 
 1. Line, the crescent at the root of the nail. About one twelfth of an inch. 
 
 2. Ntiii (unguis.) Lenglli of the nail. About half an inch. 3. Inch ^pollex.) 
 
 Length of the first joint of the thumb. 4. Palm. Breadth of the four fingers. 
 
 About three inches. 5. iSV(orts/«/(i (spithama.) Distance between ends of thumb 
 
 and fore-finger. About seven inches. 
 Long' -span (dodrans). Distance between ends of thumb and little finger. About 
 
 nine inches. 
 
 Foot (pes.) Distance between the point of the elbow and the second joint of the 
 
 thumb. About twelve inches. 
 
 Cu'bit (cub'itus.) Distance between the point of the elbow and of the middle 
 
 finger. About 18 inches. 
 
 Arm (brachium.) Distance between armpit and the end of middle finger. About 
 
 24 inches. 
 
 Fathom (orgya.) Distance between the ends of the middle fingers, when the 
 
 arms are extended. 
 Medic'inal, medicinn'lis. Plants possessing principles sufRciently active to entitle 
 
 them to a place in the materia medira. 
 Me'diiis. In or near the middle. Middling. 
 MeduL'la, pith, medullary, (meduUosus.) Filled with spongy pith. See pith. 
 
600 MON 
 
 Medullary rats, (silver grain.) Radiating plates, extending from the centre of 
 
 trees to the peripliery; very beautiful in oak trees, &c. 
 
 MEiJt'LLARY SHEATH, surrouiids the pith. 
 
 IVIellif'ekous, mellifcra. Producing or containing honey. 
 
 Mdli'go. Honey-dew on leaves; particularly waliiui leaves. 
 
 Membrana'ceuus. Made up apparently of the t>.vo plates of the cuticle, without any 
 cellular integument between them. Nearly transparent, ver3' thin and colouiless. 
 
 Membrane and fibre combined. Fibres twisted spirally, adhering to a splieroidal or 
 angular uienibrane, and often anasiouiosing irregularly, without the spires touch- 
 ing each other. Membranous cellular tissue is that in which the sides con.sist of 
 membrane only, without any trace of fibre: it is tiie most common, and was, till 
 lately, supposed to be the only kind that exists. This sort of tissue, membranula, 
 is to be considered the basis of vegetable structure, and the only form indispensable 
 to a plant. 
 
 Me'thod, mr.tho'dus. A mode of arranarlng plants in classes, orders, &c. Tourne- 
 fort's method divides plants into lurl/s and trees. The herbaceoius plants are 
 divided into 17 classes. Fourteen of these are distinguished by the form of the 
 corals; as 1. Jnfandihiliformis. 2. Pcrsunnle, &c. The other 3 classes are rt/;e/a- 
 lous, and distinguished by hnvincr stamens, but no apparent jluicers nor npparelit seed. 
 The tree kinds are divided into 5 classes. 
 
 Metres of the French; are 
 
 Millemetre —.03666+ of an inch. 
 Centimetre — .36(i6-{- of an inch. 
 Decimetre 3.666-{- 'inches. 
 
 Metre 36.66+ indies. 
 
 Mid'rib. The main or middle rib of a leaf running from the stem to the apex. 
 
 Milia'ris. In the form of millet seed. Minute spherules. 
 
 Minia'tus. Scarlet, vermillion color. Sometimes red. 
 
 Mi.nutis'simus. Extremely small or minute; unusually small. 
 
 Missile-to.ngoe. When the animal can tiirust the tongue far out of the mouth. 
 
 Mi'tre-form. Terminating in two divisions, in some measure resembling a bishop's 
 mitre. 
 
 Mola'res. Giinders. Teeth farthest back; double teeth. 
 
 Mollus'cous ammai,s. Those that have the medullary masses, in which the sentient 
 principle resides, enveloped in a soft body; as the oyster. 
 
 MONADEL'PHIA. ( Monos. one, adelphos, brother.) The class having stamens 
 united by their filaments m one set;sas hollyhock. 
 
 Monadel'phi>us. Belonging to, or varying into, the class inonadclplda. 
 
 MONAN'DRIA. (Monos, one, aner, mafe.) The class which has but one stamen 
 to a flower. 
 
 Monil'iform. See granulate. Globular joints of antennae. 
 
 Mo.vocar'pous. Beaiing fruit but once, and dying after fructification: as wheat. 
 
 Monocotyle'dons. Plants whose seeds have but one cotyledon, or if two, then the 
 cotyledons alternate with each other. See cotyledon. 
 
 MONCE'CIA. (Monos, one, oikos, house.) The class which produces stamens and 
 pistils in different tlowers on the same plant: as Indian corn. 
 
 Monce'cious, monoi'cus. Belonging to or vaiying into the class monoecie. 
 
 3IOiYOGYN'IA. (Munps, one; <fune, fruale.) One style or stigma. 
 
 Monopet'alous. The whole enrol in one piece. Sometimes it is so deeply parted, 
 that it appears to be polypetalous until it is pulled off and closely examined at the 
 base. In most monopetalous corols. the stamens are attached to the tubes. They 
 are divided into bell-fx)rm, funnel-form, salver-form, wheel-form, and labiate. When 
 the petals are distinct, a corol is said to be polypetalous; when they are united by 
 their margins it is called monopetalbus. But each segment of the latter is truly a 
 colored leaf, united in a whorl: the same rule applies to calyxes, 
 
 Monophyl'lous. (Monos, one, phuLlon, a leaf.) ,One-leafed. A calyx all in one 
 piece. All the calyxes in the class icosandria are of this kind. They are often so 
 deeply divided that a student may mistake them for polyphyllous, without parti- 
 cular attention. 
 
 Monoptenjcr'ia. See wings. One-winged. Applies to ferns. 
 
 Monopyre'niis. Enclosing but one nut ur stone: as the peach. 
 
 Monosper'mus. One seed to a flower; as wheat. 
 
 Monostac'hyos. (Monos, one, stackits, spike.) Single spiked. 
 
NAT 601 
 
 Mo.s'sTRous. Plants producing any part different from the same part, when growing 
 
 wild. As the rose has but five petals in a wild state; but, by rich cultivation in 
 
 gardens, the stamens are mostly changed to petals. Carnations and peony are 
 
 examples also. 
 Minitit' nus. Growing most naturallj' on mountains. Alpine. 
 Mu'cidus. Resembling mouldiness, or mucor. 
 J^lvcovs, mucosas; Covered with a slimy secretion: or with a: coat that is readily 
 
 soluble in water^ atici becomes slimy. 
 Mu'cRoxATE, mucroim'lus. Having a rounded end tipped with a prickle; which often 
 
 appears rather an extension of the midrib. 
 Mu/Janifula' ris. Many-angled. Having several corners or ridges. 
 MidlicapsuLiL'ris. Many-capsuled. Several capsules to each iiower. 
 Multkau'Lis. Producing many stems; as the lilac. 
 Mul'tifid, mulufidus. Many-cleft. In many sections. 
 Multus. Many, in composition; as inidtldantalus, (many-toothed;) rnidtlflurils, (many- 
 
 tlowered;) muU'dobus, (many-lobed;) muUUocidaris, (many-celled;) multipartitus^ 
 
 (many-parted.) 
 MulJtiplcz. Many-fold. Having petals lying over each other in two rows. 
 Mul'tiphed, muUiplAca'tus. See full-Howered. Double flowered. 
 Mtddsiliquo' sus. Many pods procf-eding from the saiDe point. 
 MoLTiVALVE, muhivalcls. A glume with many chaffs or valves. Applied to shells it 
 
 embraces the ofcler, which lias more than two shells to each animal. 
 Mu'niens. Leaves drooping down and hanging over the stem, «tc. at night. 
 Mani'tus. See fenced. Walled about. 
 
 Mu RiCATE, murlca'tus. Armed with sharp spines. Covered with subulate prickles. 
 Musrarifor'mis, (musca, fly.) Formed like a brush or fly-flap, with hairs at one end; 
 MUSCI, MOSSES. The second order of the class cry/dogaiiiia. All mosses have lids 
 
 on the capsule. 
 MusriKooM-HEADED, (fungiformis,fungiUformis. ) Cylindrical stem, having a rounded^ 
 
 convex, overhanging extremity. 
 Miit'icus. See awnless. 
 
 Mu'riLATED, mutUa'Cus. Not producing parts with their full, complete forms. 
 Mtjcelia. The rudiments of fungi, or the matter from which fungi are produced. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nail, ungids. Half an inch or the length of the nail of the little finger. 
 
 Na'keu. Wanting a covering analagous to that of most plants. As stem without 
 leaves, leaves without pubescence, corol without a calyx, seed without a pericajp, 
 receptacle without chatF, pubescence, &c. 
 
 Naked-seed. Lindley says, "As all seeds are matured ovula, and, as all omla are 
 originally enclosed within an ocarium; it is obvious that naked seeds catinot exist." 
 But by naked seeds Linneus meant, without fruit; as sage-seed. It is to be re- 
 gretted that writers of high authority should, so unnccessurU.y, make a new applica- 
 tion of ^^ naked seeded.^' For though the new application is correct, a new term 
 should have been used to express it. Tunic might be substituted for the pericarpsy 
 not formerly so called. For we have only to say without or with a tunic, to convey 
 the idea intended. Tiiougli science is injured by too many new terms, it is a greater 
 injury to change the application of long established terms. Gijmnospeniwus, has 
 long been applied to the want of fruit in its common acceptation. Now to limit it 
 to the few genera of pines and cycadiae, is uripardonably absurd. 'Wilidenow calls 
 the covering ot a seed, not usually called fruit, the tunic. On this authority, I would 
 propose Aclictospcrmous. Gr. A, witiiout, chiton, tunic, sjjcrma, seed. 
 
 Na'nus. Dwarfish, vey small. 
 
 Nap. See tomentose, Downy, or like fur on a hat. 
 
 Nitpifiir' mis Resembling a turnip. Very oblate spheroid. 
 
 Na'tant, nat'ans. Floating. When the plant is fixed by the root at the bottom and 
 its leaves float on the top of the water, as the pond lily, ( ny mphaea.) Animals 
 with the faculty of swimming. 
 
 Nat'ural his'tory. That department of science, which treats of the productions of 
 nature as they come from the hand of the Creator; without any decomj)osition or 
 chemical changes. 
 
 Nat'ural OR 'ders, Arrangement of plants according to their natural affinities or 
 
 76 
 
602 NUT 
 
 alliances, for the purpose of studying their properties, and vegetable physiology, 
 Linneus made, what he called, the Fragment of a Natural Method. Several of his 
 orders w^re perfect; and are still retained — as Criiciferae, Umbelliferae, Grarnineee, 
 &c. Jussieu greatly improved upon Linneus. He found all plants to submit to his 
 centigrade. Tlial is. lie distributed them into one hundred orders. Great inprove- 
 menls ii.ive been made upon his method. The best now, is probably that of Lind- 
 ley, of 1835. That is adopted in the annexed system of North American plants. 
 See p. 539. 
 
 Navic'ular, navicula' ns. See boat-form. 
 
 Nay'ant. Floating. When animals float, without the effort of swimming, they are 
 nayant. 
 
 NECESSA'RIA, polygamia. The fourth order of class syngenesia, which has the 
 disk florets all staminate and the ray florets pistillate. 
 
 Neck. The upper part of the tube of a corol. Also the point, or small space, from 
 which tlie root of a plant proceeds downward and the stem upwards, it is generally 
 just at the surface of the earth. 
 
 Necklace-form, (moniliformis, nodosus;) cylindrical or terete, and contracted at 
 regular intervals, resembling beads. 
 
 Nectarif'erous. Bearing nectaries. Producing honey. 
 
 Nec'tary, necta'rium. The part of a flower which secretes honey. It is either a dis- 
 tinct horn, gland, spur, scale, cup, »fec., or the claw or some other part of the corol 
 secreting honey. This name is app'ied to any appendage to the flower, which has 
 no other name. 
 
 Needle-form, (acerosus.) Linear 'rigid tapering into a fine point from a narrow 
 base. 
 
 Nemnro'sus. Growing naturally in groves, where the under brush is cleared away. 
 
 Nervo'se, nerved, nervo'sus. Leaves are nerved, when they have rib-like fibres run- 
 ning from the base towards the apex. In numbering nerves for a specific character, 
 the midrib is counted with tlie hiteral nerves. 
 
 Netted, (rdicvla/.iis,) covered with reticulated lines which project a little. 
 
 Neutral. Having neither stamens nor pistils, consequently barren: as the ray- 
 florets of the sun-flower. 
 
 Nic'titant membrane. * semi-transparent membrane, which covers the eyes of some 
 animals at pleasure, as frog. 
 
 Ni.'duluns. Nesting, when seeds are placed in cotton, as in a nest. 
 
 Nigricans. Blacki.sh, sooty. 
 
 Ni'gru-ccE'-ul'eus. Darli-blue. 
 
 Ni'ms-formati'vus. That principle of vital energy, which tends to restore lost or in- 
 jured parts. 
 
 Nil'idus. Glossy, glittering. 
 
 Niv'eus. Snow-wliite. 
 
 Node, No'dus. See knot. Used by Barton for internode. 
 
 Nod'ule. a spheroidal mass of any mineral substance. 
 
 No'wen, name. See generic name and specific name. 
 
 Nor'mal, (nnrmalis) ordinary structure in nowise departed from; elementary form. 
 
 Nu'bilus. Grey and white, cloudy. Resembling cumulous clouds, or heaped. 
 
 Nucamen'tum. See ament. Elongated strobile. 
 
 Nu'ciFORM. Resembling a nut. 
 
 Nuc'leus. Nut or kernel. The inner seed or kernel is truly the nucleus; and its hard 
 shell is the putamen. But the whole including both putamen and its outside cover- 
 ing are the fruit. It is also a distinct cartilaginous body, coming out entire from a 
 proligerus apothecia, and containing the sporules; or it is the central part of a peri- 
 thecium. From some recent observations it appears that the nucleus has three 
 coats, the outer called the terdne, the next the (juurline, and the most interior the 
 quintine. The outer sacks are two, priinine, and secundine. 
 Nucula, one of the apothecia of Chara, sessile, oval solitary, spirally striated, with a 
 membranous covering, and the summit indistinctly cleft into five segments, con- 
 taining sporules. 
 Nudius'culus, Nudus. Nakedish. naked. 
 Nu'tant, Nu'tans. Nodding. When above half of whatever it is applied to, droops 
 
 or hangs down. See penduhis. 
 NuU/Jtio. The various inclinations of the parts arising from the effects of the sun's 
 rays. 
 
ORB COS 
 
 o. 
 
 Ob, ob'vcrse. Reversed or inversed. Often combined with ovate, cordate, &c. as 
 
 obcordate, inversely heart-form. 
 Obcon'ic. Conic with llie point, or apex, d&wnwards. 
 
 Obcor'date. Fleart-form, with the apex next to the stem, or place of insertion. 
 Obl\nce'olate. Lanceolate with the base the narrowest. 
 
 Obli'que, olili'qmis. A position between horizontal and vertical; or between perpen- 
 dicular and the plane of the base. It is also applied to leaves, petals, calyxes, &c. 
 
 which are, as it were, cut obliquely; or whose bases are shorter on one side than 
 
 on the other. 
 Oblong, oblon'gus. Having the length twice or more than that of tlie breadth, with 
 
 the opposite sides somewhat parallel. 
 Oblonghis' cuius. Somewhat oblong. 
 Obo'val, obova'lis. If it differs at all from obovate, it must be more nearly oval — 
 
 having the ends nearer equal in width. 
 Obo'vate. Ovate, with the narrowest end towards the stem or place of insertion. 
 Ob'solete, ob'solelehj, obsolet'us, abso'leie. When teeth, notches, serratures, &;c. are 
 
 obscure and appear as if worn out. 
 Obtu'se. See obtusus, rounded. 
 Obtu' se-acuniina'tus. Blunt with a small point. 
 Obtu'sus, OBTUSE, obtusius' cuius. Obtusish, Ending bluntly, or in an apex more or 
 
 less rounded. . 
 Or'-volvte, ob'volu'tus. A term in foliation; applied to leaves where two opposite 
 
 ones are conduplicate, with one edge of each leaf between the edges of the other. 
 Occip'iTAL. Pertaining to the back part of the head. 
 Occei,l'ate. Eye like spots, as on the wings of some butterflies. 
 O'clirea. A cylindric sheath or stipule. It is applied to the membranaceous stipules 
 
 of most of the species of Polygonum; also of some species of Cyperus. 
 OCTAN'DRIA, (Octo, eight; a«er, male.) Eighth of the Linnean classes, with 8 
 
 stamens to a flower. 
 Octan'drods. Belonging to, or varying into, the chss octandria. 
 OCTOGYN lA (Octo, eight; oiine, female.) The eighth order of a class, it having 
 
 8 styles to a flower, or sessile siigmas. 
 Octn, eight in composition: as octotidus, 8-cleft; octolocularis, 8-celled; octopetalous, 
 
 8-pelalled: octophyllus, 8-leaved. 
 Odora'f.is. Scented, odorous. 
 Officina'lis. Such plants as are sold in the shops for some use, either in medicine or 
 
 the arts. 
 Off'sett is a short lateral branch in some herbaceous plants, terminated by a cluster 
 
 of leaveS; and capable of taking root when separated. 
 OiD, OiJdos. When this terminates a word it imports resemblance to the part or 
 
 plant to who5e name it is annexed. Petaloid, resembling a petal; thalictroides, 
 
 resembling a Thalictrum, &c. 
 Oligosper'mus. Few-seeded. 
 
 Oleag'inous (oleagino'sus; ) fleshy in substance, but filled with oil. 
 Ol'igos (few) means that the number is small, not definite. 
 One-si'ded. Flowars. &c. on one side of a stem, &c. 
 Opa'que, opa'cus. Neither transparent nor shining. 
 Oper'culate, opercid'i'liis. Having a lid, as mosses. 
 Oper'cuium. The lid or covering on the capsule of mosses. This is generally 
 
 covered by the calyptre when young. Afier the calyptre is gone and the seeds are 
 
 ripe, the lid falls also. This term is also applied to the covering of other capsules 
 
 resembling the lids of mosses. When applied to Conchology, it means a cartilagi- 
 nous, crusty, or shelly appendage to the animal by which it closes its shell after its 
 
 body is drawn into a univalve shell. 
 Op'posite, oppos'itus. Standing at the same height with base against base, on difle 
 
 rent sides of a stem. 
 OppositifoVius. Set opposite to the base of a leaf; as some peduncles and stipules are 
 
 placed. 
 Oppos'ite-pinna'tus. Leafets of a pinnate leaf set opposite to each other. 
 Orbicula'ris. Nearly circular. 
 Orbs. OrbiL'lae. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is flat, orbicular and 
 
604 PAP 
 
 dilated, of the substance of the frond, terminal, peltate, without a border, but often 
 fiurroiinded with radiating shoots. The membraue, or disk, under which the seeds 
 are lodged, 'is smooth, nearly of the color of the frond. Spurious orbs, bordered 
 like shields or spangles when young, are sometimes found in the genus cornicularia. 
 Smith. 
 
 Orchid'eous co'rol. Like the orchis; having 4-arclied petals, and the fifth longer. 
 
 Or'oya. Fathom. See measures. 
 
 Ori'fice. Any hole or opening into a capsule, corol, &c. 
 
 Ornithol'ogy. That departmnnt of zoology which treats of birds. 
 
 Ostio'lum (os, oris, mouth.) The orifice of the perithecium of sphaeria. A little 
 mouth. 
 
 Ov'al, ova'lis. The length exceeding the breadth in any proportion, with the two 
 ends of an equal breadth, curvature and form, or nearly so; the sides curving from 
 end to end. 
 
 PvARY. Oim'rium. The germ or base of the pistil. A hollow case, enclosing ovula; 
 it contains one or more cavities, called cells. It is now believed to be a folded leaf. 
 or whorl of leaves, whose edges grew together vviiile in the state of estivation or 
 bud. These edges become tiiickened placenta, which become granulated, and in 
 due time are ovula, forming seeds with their tunics. See Chitlaza. 
 
 O'vATE. Egg-form. The length exceeding the breadth in any pi oportion, the end 
 next to the stem, exceeding the other in breadth; the sides curving from end 
 to end. 
 
 Ovi'PARous. Animals produced from eggs, as birds, fish, &c. 
 
 Ovoi'dal, (ovum, egg, oidos, appearance) resembling an egg, in general form, or the 
 longitudinal section of it. 
 
 Ovule. Ov'vliim, is a body borne by the placenta and destined to become a seed. 
 It is never furnished with a stigma; but receives the fertilizing pollen by way of 
 the stigma of the carpel through the placenta to which it is attached by the hilum. 
 See Chalaza. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pa'gina. The surface of a leaf. The upper surface is pagina superior; the flower 
 surface, pagina inferior. 
 
 Pal'ate. a prominence, process or elevation in the lower lip of a labiate corol, 
 which tends more or less to close the throat. 
 
 Palea'ceous, paLea, chaffs. See chaft'y. 
 
 Pal.ma'ris. Hands breadths, 3 inches. 
 
 Pal'mate, palma'tus. Divided deeply and spreading, so as to resemble the hand with 
 spread fingers. When the divisions are very narrow, and almost down to the stem 
 of a leaf, it is called ptdate, from its supposed resemblance to a bird's foot. Some 
 pedate Jeaves are hardly connected at ail at the base, and almost run into the com- 
 pound digitate leaf 
 
 Pal'pi. Feelprs. Processes or fibres attached to the mouths of insects. 
 
 PaLus'iris. Growing naturally in swamps and marshes. 
 
 Pandurifor' mis. Guitar -form. Oblong, broadish near the base, and contracted on 
 the sides. 
 
 Pan'icle, panic'ula. When the peduncles along the sides of the main peduncle of a 
 raceme are divided, it takes the name of panicle, as oats, But if it is still in in a 
 close, compact form, it is called a t/tyrse, as the lilac, grapes. 
 
 Pan'icled, pankvlu'tus. Disposed in tiie form of a panicle; or bearing panicle.'!. 
 
 Papiliona'ceous, ( Papilio, a.\>a\.ier^y.) Butterfly-form; as the pea flower. When 
 complete, it consists of the banner, the upper petal, which generally spreads over 
 above the others; the wings, the two side petals, next below the banner; the keel, 
 the lower boat-form petal, generally enclosing the stamens and pistil. It is some- 
 times called ihe pea-bluom dower. 
 
 Papil'la. Fleshy process or points on vegetables and animals. 
 
 Papillo'se, papiilo'sus. ( Papiila, a nipple.) Covered with fleshy points or protu- 
 berances. See verrucose. 
 
 Pappose, pappo'sus. Bearing pappus or aigrette, as thistles. 
 
 Pap'pus. See aigrette. Seed down of thistles, &c. 
 
 Papulo'se, papuiu'sus. (Papula, a pimple. ) Pimply, Ll.iddery or blistered. 
 
 Papyraceus, ( clmrtaceus. ) Haying the consistence of wiiting paper, and quite 
 opaque. 
 
PEN G05 
 
 PARABor.'ic. Conic, with the top rounded off, considerably below where it would ter- 
 minate in tlie apex, if completed in the conic form. 
 
 Par'ali.ei,, paralld'liis. Two lines or opposite sides, running nearly equal distances 
 from eacli otlier. The opposite edges of a leaf are parallel when the leaf is linear, 
 as of grasses. 
 
 Parasitic. Drawing support from another plant. Growing out of another, "as the 
 doddpr. 
 
 Pdrcit'tliijma. \.A succulent vegetable substance; as the thick part of leaves between 
 the opn^[Jj|fculicles; the substance of the piih of herbs, the pulpy part of apples, 
 
 VAm'-ET ^fh^Jff idnJUs. Walled around. .Having an enclosing or encircling ring 
 
 Any tln»o^said to be parietal, which arises from the inner lining or wall of an 
 
 organ. ^JThe placenta is parietal, when it originates in the inner lining of the fruit, 
 
 and fotips a kind of side-wall about the ovules, as in the germ of the violet. See 
 
 Fig. 5.>k.]4. 
 Par'ted, partitus. Deeply divided, almost to the base. 
 Par' tcs prima' r in e. The three primary parts of a vegetable are: 1. The rnoi, or 
 
 descending part. 2. The Acriw^e, or ascending part except. 3. The fructificatiun, 
 
 comprising tlie flower and fruit. 
 Par'tial, portia' lis. Particular, not general. Applying to an entire part of a general 
 
 whole. See general. 
 Par'tible, piirti' bills. Easily separating into parts. Bipartibile, into two parts; tri- 
 
 parlibiie, into three parts, &c. 
 Partit'ion. The membrane, &c., which divides pericarps into cells. It \st parallel 
 
 when it unites with the valves, where tliey unite with each other. It is contrary oi 
 
 transverse, when it meets a valve in the middle, or in any part not at its suture, or 
 
 juncture with another. 
 Patelliformis. Knee-pan-like. Thick concavo-convex, round, with the convex surface 
 
 below. 
 PatelJ lula. See spangles; orbicular sessile shields, surrounded by a rim, which is part 
 
 of itself, not a production of the thallus; as in Lecidea. 
 Pa'tens, Spreading so as to form a moderately acute angle; considerably less than a 
 
 right one, or a square. 
 Palentls'simus. Spreading almost to a right angle; very spreading. 
 Pat'ulus. Somewhat spreading, open, loose. 
 Pau'ci. Few in number. Used in composition a.s paucljlorus, few-flowered; />aMci- 
 
 folius, few-leaved. 
 Pe'a-bloom. See papilionaceous. 
 
 Pearform, (pyriformis. ) Differing from turbinate in being more elongated. 
 Pec'tinate, pec'tinated, pectina'tus. So finely pinnate or pinnatifid as to resemble 
 
 the teeth of a comb. 
 Pec'toral fins, a pair growing on each side of the thorax, or breast. 
 Peda'lis. About a foot high. 
 
 Pe'date, pcdadjid, pedatiis. Finely palmate. Bird-foot-like. 
 Ped'icel, pedicdius. A partial pedundcle of an aggregate. 
 Ped'icelled, pedicellate, pedicdla'tus. flaving a pedicel. 
 Pe'dun'cle. Pedunculus. Flower stem, not radical. 
 Pn'ouNCLED, pcdunculatus. Having a peduncle, not radical. 
 Peduncula'ris. Appertaining to, or fixed on, a peduncle. 
 Pell'iclk, pellicula. A thin, membrane-like substance. The close covering of some 
 
 seeds; sometimes it is a little mucilaginous or downy. 
 Pellu'cid. Transparent, translucent, or limpid. 
 
 Pel'ta. See targets. Ajdat shield without any elevated rim, as in the genus Peltidea. 
 Pel'tate, pelta'tus. Having the petiole attached to the under side of the leaf In all 
 
 cases of leaves and fiat stigmas, when the petiole or style is attached to the disk 
 
 instead of the margin, they are peltate; as the leaf of the nasturtion, and the 
 
 etigma of the yellow water lily. 
 Pen'uant. Hanging down. 
 
 Pkn'jjulous. When the whole of the part droops, or hangs down. 
 Pen'cil-form, pencil' lifur' mis. Shaped hke a painter's pencil, or little round paint- 
 brush. 
 Pennifor'mis. When the liba are disposed as in a pirmated leaf, but confluent or 
 uniting at the point. 
 
60G PET 
 
 PENTAGYN'IA. ( Pente, five, ^ne. female.) Five styles. 
 
 PENTAN'DRIA. (Pente, five aner male.) Five stamens. 
 
 Penian'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class pent andria. 
 
 Penta, (five,) is used in composition; as pentucoceus, 5-seeded; pentagonal, 5-cornered; 
 pentapetalous, 5-petcilled; pentaptcrijtria, 5-\vinged; peiitaphijlluus, 5-leaved, &c. 
 
 Peregri'nus. Foreign, strange, wandering. 
 
 Perkn 'nial, jserejmii. Continuing more than two years. >Afc- 
 
 Per'fect Fi.owF.R. Having both Stamens and pistiis. ^f^L: 
 
 Perfo'liate, perfoliatus. Perforating a leaf Havmg the stem run( 
 leaf But the leaf is not formed by the union of opposite bases, 
 (eupatorium;) for in this case the leaves are connate; but they are^ 
 foliate. It is applied to antennae of insects when the main ihreag 
 the joints. 
 
 Per'forate, Per'forated, perfora'tus. Having holes, or transparent s^ 
 through. Punctate may differ in presenting spots like points, whio 
 Pertuse per'iaps is synonymous with perforated. 
 
 Perianth, perz««7/tMm. (Peri, about, aiithos, flower.) That kind of cal; 
 immediately adjoining the corol, stamens and pistil, or to such oftftfi 
 are piesent. It is inferior, when it grows out from below the germ. It , 
 when it grows on the germ. 
 
 Yek'icx'rv, pericarpium,. {Peri, about, karpos, fruit.) Seed-case. Any tag, shell, 
 pod, pulp, berry or other substance, enclosing the seed. It is (in some cases, as in 
 the peach,) divided into: epicarp the external tegument; sarcocarp, the fleshy eat- 
 able part; endocarp, (putamen,) the true shell; and tlie real seed, usually called the 
 meat; as peach meat, almond meat, vvulnut meat Many seeds have a deceptive 
 appearance, '"respecting a covering. Gray mentions the poppoose-root ))lant, 
 (Leontice thalictroides) as a case. The seed is above on the end of a thickened 
 peduncle; but it had a caducous tunic, which might have been seen by close watching. 
 
 Vek' iCHiiTU, perichcc'tiuin. {Peri, about, chaite, rest.) An involucre surrounding the 
 base of the peduncle of mosses, among the leafets, but differing from them in form. 
 See calyptre. 
 
 Peridi'a. The membrane by which the sporules are immediately covered. 
 
 Peri'dbim. A round membranous dry case, enclosing the seeds in some angiocarp 
 funguses; it is also a kind of sporidia; sporidiolum is its diminutive. 
 
 Perigo' Ilium, perigone. Sometimes substituted for perianth if the floral envelopes 
 are of such a nature that it is not obvious whether they consist of both calyx and 
 corol, or of calyx only, they receive the name of perianthuin or periogonum. 
 
 Perigy'nots, pcrigoiious. Growing upon some body that surrounds the ovarium; as 
 the calyx is perigynous, as well as the corols and stamens it supports, when it ad- 
 heres to the ovarium, (the germ.) 
 
 Per'isperm. a substitute for pericarp. Nuttall. 
 
 Perispor lUM. Capsule. Nuttall uses it to express a chaflTy covering to seed. 
 
 Peristom'ium. The fringe teeth or membrane, around the mouth of the capsule of 
 mosses, under the lid. 
 
 Perithe' cium. A perianth-like organ sMu^unding the seed-cases of lichens, or cap- 
 sule of mosses and fungi. Used to eflVess the part which contains the reproduc- 
 tive organs of Sphaeria, and its co-adnates. 
 
 Feritro'pal, peritropus. Directed from the axis to the horizon. 
 
 Per'manent. Any part of a plant is permanent, which remains longer compared with 
 other parts of the same plant, thaik is usual for similar parts in most plants. As 
 the calyx of the quince remains on the end of the fruit, till it ripens. Persistent. 
 Remaining. ^ 
 
 Pero'nate, (defence against cold.) Laid over with a woolly substance, ending in a 
 sort of meal; as on the stipes of some fungi. 
 
 Persis'tens. Persistent. Not falling off; but remaining green or growing until that 
 which bears it is wholly natured. See permanent and ring. 
 
 Per'sonate, persona'tus. See labiate. Mufiled lipped flower. 
 
 Pertu'se, pertu'sus. Punched. See perforated. 
 
 Pe'tal, pct'alum. The colored leaf or leaves of the corol. The petal of a monope- 
 talous corol is divided into the tube and limb. Each petal of a polypetalous corol is 
 divided into the claw and lamina. 
 
 Pe'tal-form, petalifor'mis. Resembling a petal in shape, or texture. 
 
 Petali'nus. Attached to, or being part of, a petal. 
 
PLI 607 
 
 T*e'taloid, petaloi'des. Having organs or parts resembling petals. 
 
 Pe tiole, petio'lus. Tlie footstalk of a leaf, on the part wiiich connects the lamina 
 witli the stem. Leaves wliiiph have no footsterns are sessile, 
 
 Petiola'te, pe'tioled, petiola'lus. Having a petiole. 
 
 Pctiolu'lus. A partial petiole which connects the leafet to the main petiole; as the 
 butternut. 
 
 Phenog'amous, {ofpfiaino, to shew.) Having the stamens and pistils sufficiently ap- 
 parent for classification. Applied to all plants not included in the class crypto- 
 gamia. 
 
 Pliani'ceus. Purple, dark-red. Ancient purple. 
 
 Pliycom'atcr. The gelatine in which the sporules of byssus first vegetate. 
 
 Phytol'ogy. {Pliute, a plant, logos, a treatise or discourse.) The science which 
 treats of the principles of vegetables. It is nearly synonymous with the physiology 
 of vegetnbles.. 
 
 Pi'ceiis. Blueish-black, resembling dark pitch. 
 
 PL'leus. The hat of a fungus. The top and most spreading part. It may be with- 
 out stype, and thus constitute the whole ascending part. It always contains the 
 sporules. 
 
 Palid'ia. See puffs. Orbicular, hemispherical shields, the outsides of which change 
 to powder in Calycium. 
 
 Pilif'erous. Bearing hairs. 
 
 Pil'lar. Columella. The column of a univalve shell. 
 
 Pil'ose, pilo'siis. Hairy. Having distinct straightish hairs. Pappus is pilose, when 
 each hair has lateral branches. See aigrette. 
 
 Pil'us. A hair. An excretory duct of a bristly form, leading off a fluid. See sting. 
 
 Pim'pled. See papulose. Covered with minute tubercles or excresences, of uneven 
 size, and rather soft. 
 
 Pin'nate, pinnaius, pinna. A wing. Winged, or feathered. Leaves are pinnate, 
 when distinct leafets are arranged along opposite sides of a simple petiole, See 
 bipiniiateand tripinnate. 
 
 Pinnat'ifid, pinnatifidus. Cut-winged. Leaves are pinnatifid, when, instead of 
 leafets as in pinnate leaves, segments or divisions of a leaf are along oppcsite sides 
 of the midrib. Pinnate are compound, but pinnatifid are simple; because the divi- 
 sions never reach the midrib. When pinnatifid leafets are on a pinnate leaf, is is 
 called pinndte-pinnatifid. 
 
 Pis'tillate flow'er. Having pistils only without stamens; as the flower of the fer- 
 tile cucumber. 
 
 Pis'til, pistil' lum. The central organ of most flowers. It generally consists of the 
 germen, style and stigma. But the style is frequently wanting; then the stigma 
 is seated on the germ, or sessile. The stigma receives pollen from the anther, and 
 in some manner not yet discovered, fertilizes the gernfu 
 
 Pisti'liferous. See pistillate. Bearing pistils. 
 
 Pith. The spongy substance in the centre of the stems and roots of most plants. 
 A cylindrical or angular column of cellular tissue arising at the neck of the stem 
 and terminating at the leaf-buds. See Medulla. This is encased in a medullary 
 sheath. 
 
 Pits, (syphellEB.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, which consists of open, cup- 
 like, naked, white or yellow little spots, on the under side of the frond, which is 
 generally downy. They are at first immersed, globose, minute dots, which at 
 length burst with irregular margins, and discharge a powder. 
 
 Placcn'ta. Fleshy receptacle or mass, produced by the infolded edges "of the leaves, 
 which grow together while in the state of estivation or bud. It is the organ or 
 body to which the seed is attached by its hilum by means of a funicle. It is 
 always within a pericarp when the seed has a pericarpal covering. When several 
 carpels are contained in the same germ, m a united, or syncocarp, state, all the 
 placenta of a.l the carpels unite in a central mass, forming a columella. 
 
 Pf.acenta'tion. The disposition of the cotyledons in the srermiiiation of the seeds. 
 
 Pl.ut'ed, Folded somewhat like a fan, when nearly full spread. In foliation it is 
 more closely folded. 
 
 Pla'no-con'vex. Convex or roundish on one side and flat the other. 
 
 Plant. Any substance growing from seed. As tree, grass, pufi'-ball, mould, moss, 
 frog-spittle. 
 
 PUca'lus. See plaited. Folded like a fan. 
 
608 POI 
 
 Plumo'se, pap'pvs, Feather-like down. When a hair has other hairs airranged od 
 opposite sides of it. Applied to a mineral having fibres diverging from a line of 
 kind of midrib, as plumose mica. 
 
 Plu'mvla, or gemmul.i, is the nascent ascending axis. .That part which developes 
 downwards is called the (Jcaccndin-r a.xis or root. That upwards is called the 
 ascending axis or stem. And the part from which these two axis start, is called 
 the coilet or neck. 
 
 Poc'uLiFOKM (poculiformis;) cup-shaped, with a hemispherical base and an upright 
 limb. 
 
 Pod. That kind of pericarp which is composed of two valves with the seeds attached 
 to one or boih sutures, or a longitudinal partition at the edges immediately adjoin- 
 ing the sutures. The pod is either a legume or siliqnc. 
 
 Pode'tia. The peduncles of lichens or the stalk-hke elongations of the tliallus, which 
 support the fructification in Cenoin^'ce. 
 
 Point'lettkd (apiculatiis;) terminating abruptly in a little point. 
 
 Poin'tal. See pistil. Cential organs of a Hower. 
 
 Pors'ERs. Globules on slender steins under the wings of some dipterous insects. 
 
 Poisonous veg'etablks. Persons of all descriptions have frequent occasion to make 
 some use of plants, when they are not in a situation rniiiutely to investigate their 
 nature and qualities. 
 
 The following rules for extemporaneous examinations may be of some use: 
 
 General Rsles tor avoiding Poisons. 
 Plants not poisonous. 
 
 1. Plants with a glume calyx, never poisonous. As wheat, Indian corn, foxtail- 
 grass, sedge-grass, oats. 
 
 2. Plants whose stamens stand on the calyx, never poisonous. As currant, apple, 
 peach, strawberry, thorn. Some of them contain prusic acid in considerable quanti- 
 ties, sufficient (o render some parts of them, at least, poisonous. 
 
 3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely if ever poisonous. As mustard, cabbage^ 
 water-cress, turnip. 
 
 4. Plants with papilionaceous flowers, rarely if ever poisonous. As pea, bean> 
 locust tree, wild indigo, clover. 
 
 5. Plants with labiate corols, bearing seeds without pericarps, never poisonous. 
 As catmint, hyssop, mint, inother-wort, marjoram. 
 
 6. Plants with compound flowers, rarely poisonous. As sunflower, dandelion, 
 lettuce, burdock. 
 
 7. Plants bearing strobiles are never poisonous. As pines, cedars, &c. 
 
 8. Monodelphous, or culumniferous plants, are never poisonous. As hollyhock, 
 mallows, geraniums, &c. 
 
 Poisonous Plants. 
 
 1. Plants with .5 stamens and one pistil, with a dull colored lurid corol, and of a 
 nauseous sickly smell, always poisonous. As tobacco, thorn-apple, henbane, night- 
 shade. The degree of poison is diminished where the flower is brighter coloured and 
 the smell is less nauseous. As potatoe is less poisonous, though of the same genus 
 with nightshade. 
 
 2. Umbelliferous plants of the aquatic kind, and of a nauseous scent, are always 
 poisonous. As water-hemlock, cow- parsley. But if the smell be pleasant, and they 
 grow in dry land, they are not poisonous. As fennel, dill, coriander, sweet-sicily. 
 
 3. Plants with labiate corols and seed in capsules, frequently poisonous. As snap- 
 dragon, fox-glove. 
 
 4. Plants from which issues a milky juice on being broken, are poisonous, unless 
 they bear compound flowers. As milk-weed, dogbane, euphorbium. 
 
 n. Plants having any appendage to the calyx or corol, and twelve or more stamens, 
 generally poisonous. As columbine, crowfoot, nasturtion, monkshood, hellebore. 
 
 Most general rule. 
 
 Plants with few stamens, not frequently poisonous, unless they are in umbels; but 
 if the number be twelve or more, and the siaiell nauseous, heavy and sickly, the plasts 
 are generally poisonous. 
 
PRE 609 
 
 Note. Many plants possess some degree of the narcotic principle, which are still 
 
 hy no means hurtful. The roots of some are wholesome, while the herbage is 
 
 poisonous; as parsnips, potatoes, &:.c. 
 
 Pollen. Masses of minute molecules of a fertilizing farina-like substance, pro- 
 duced in the anthers of stamens. When the masses come in contact with moist 
 stigmas, they explode and shed a fine fertilizing aroma-like smoke or vapor, upon 
 the stigmas. On being viewed through a magnifier, they are found of various 
 forms. In the sunflower, it is a prickly ball; in geranium, perforated; in comfrey, 
 double; in mallows, a toothed wheel; in violet, angular; in daffodil, kidney-form, 
 &c. From recent experiment and observation by Elliott, Brongniart, Brown, and 
 others, it may be asserted as follows: After grains, of pollen have lain for some 
 hours on a moist stigma, tliey open at a point on the surface, and protrude an 
 exceedingly slender tube, which extends down into the stigma, and, passing along 
 between the cellules, enters tJie placenta. They have been traced to the foramen 
 of tlie ovule; when it is curved so as to be near the chalaza. The Oenothera biennis 
 is said to be a suitable plant for this experiment. See Gray, p. 210. 
 
 Pollin'ia. Piolls or masses of pollen, not included in cells of anthers of the common 
 form and texture; as of the orchis, asclepias, &c- 
 
 Pollinif'erous. Bearing pollen. 
 
 POLYADEL'PHIA. ( Polus, many; adelphos, brother.) See omitted classes, 
 page 10. 
 
 Polyadel'phous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class polyadelphia. 
 
 POLYAN'DRIA. (Polos, many, aner, male.) The Linnean class, with over ten 
 stamens to each flower, growing on the receptacle. 
 
 Polyan'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class polyandria. 
 
 PoLYCARPous, (sychnocarpous.) Having the power of bearing fruit many times with- 
 out perishing; ae perennial and woody. 
 
 Polycotyled'onous. Plants with more than two cotyledons. See cotyledon. 
 
 POLYGA'MIA. (Polus, many; gamos, marriage.) Many unions. The name of 
 the twenty-third class, as established by Linneus. It comprises all plants which 
 have some perfect flowers, and others whicJx are staminate and pistillate, or both 
 kinds. This class is divided into three orders. 1. Monacia, having perfect flowers, 
 and either staminate or pistillate ones or both on the same plants. 2. Diotcia, having 
 perfect flowers on some plants, and either staminate or pistillate flowers on others, 
 of the same species. 3. Triacza, having perfect flowers on some plants, staminate 
 on others and pistillate on others of the same species. This class, like the eigh- 
 teenth, is abolished by Persoon and others, and the plants under it distributed 
 among the other classes. The fig comes most perfectly under this order. 
 
 Polyg'amous. Varying into, or inclining to, the class polygaviia. 
 
 Poly {of polus, many) is used in composition as in pobjgonus, many-cornered; poly- 
 prcnus, many nuts; polyspcrma, many seeds; polystachis, many spikes. 
 
 POLYGYN'IA. {Polus, many; gune, female.) The order of Linnean classes which 
 has ten or more styles (or stigmas, if styles are wanting) to each flower. 
 
 Polymor'phous. Presenting various forms and appearances. 
 
 Folypet'alous. Many-petalled. If the corol consists of more than one petal, it is 
 polypetalous. 
 
 Polyphyl'i.ous. Many-leaved. A calyx of more than one distinct piece, is poly- 
 phyllous. Polysepalous is now substituted. 
 
 Pome, po'miim. A pulpy pericarp without valves, which contains within it a cap- 
 sule. See berry, and note the difference. Apples, quinces, &c., are pomes. 
 
 Pomif'erous, Bearing pomes, or apple-like fruit; as pears and plums. 
 
 Po'rous, poro'sus. Full of holes, cellules, or tubular openings. 
 
 Porrcc'tus. Lengthened out, stretched, straitened. 
 
 Posterior sloped. See slopes. 
 
 Powdery, (pvlverulmtus.) Covered with fine bloom or powdery matter. 
 
 Praz'cox. Rareripe. Coming to maturity early in the season. Flowering before 
 leafing. A forwaid child, not sound. 
 
 PRaaioK'sE, Prcvmor' 3us. Bitten off. Terminating bluntly, as if bitten off; as the 
 root of .the pedate or birdfoot violet. 
 
 Pras'inus. Green, like a leak. 
 
 Pratcn'sis. Growing naturally in meadow land. 
 
 Prehen'silk. The tail of an animal, or other limb, formed for coiling around other 
 bodies for the purpose of holding on by them. 
 77 
 
610 PUN 
 
 Prick'le, aculeus. A sharp process fixed to the bark only, not to the wood; as on 
 the raspberry, rose, barberr)'; they are rigid, opaque, conical processes, formed of 
 masses of cellular tissue, and terminating in an acute point. They may be, not 
 improperly, considered as very compound, indurated hairs. They have no connect 
 tion with the woody fibre. 
 Prismat'ic, prismat'icus. Linear, with several flattish sides. A cylinder with flat 
 
 sides. 
 Probos'cides. Proboscis-like. Resembling a projecting horn. 
 
 Proboscis. An elongated nose or snout. It is a tubular process, whether tubular 
 
 continuation of the snout, as of the elephant: or a tubular sucker, as of the mus- 
 
 quetoe; it is always adapted to the structure of the animal, in furnishing itself 
 
 with food. 
 
 Procum'bent, procum'bens. Lying on the ground. 
 
 Prouf'erous, pro' lifer. Putting forth branches or flowers from the centre of the top 
 
 of a preceding one. Two story growth. 
 Proligera lamina. A distinct body containing the sporules, separating from the apo- 
 thecia: often very convex and variable in form, and mostly dissolving into a gela- 
 tinous mass. 
 Prom'inf.nt, pro'mincns. Standing out more or less beyond what is usual in other 
 
 plants. 
 Pro'nus-dis'cus. The under side, or back of a leaf, upwards. 
 Prop. See fulcrum. Tendrils and other climbers. 
 Propaga'tion. See flower. Extending plants by seeds, roots, «S:c. 
 Propa'go. See gemmatio, budding* 
 Propa'gula. See efliorescence. 
 Propen'dens. Apparently on the pomt of falling. 
 Prop'er, prop'erus. See partial. Part of a whole. 
 
 Prosenchtjmu is confined to the bark and wood, jn which it is mixed with woody fibre, 
 Cellular tissue, the vesicles of which are elongated and overlie each other at the 
 extremities, js called prosmc/q/ma. 
 Pros'tratk, prostra'tus. See procumhent and htmifiise. Lying on the ground. 
 Proternn'thous. Where the leaves appear before the flowers. 
 Protru'ded. See exsert. Projecting out, as stamens, &c. 
 Protrd'sile. Capable of being protruded. It is applied to the heads of animals, 
 
 which may be thrust out or forward, as that of the tortoise. 
 Prox'imus. Very near. Element next in quality. 
 Prui'na. The mealiness or hoariness on plums, peaches, &c. 
 Pruinose. Covered with a frost-like meal. 
 Prv'rines. Hairs which excite itcliing. 
 
 Pseu'do. When prefixed to a word, it implies obsolete or false. 
 
 PsEUDO-MORPHous. Falsc-faced. It is applied to crystals which are formed in, or 
 upon other crystals, and take their form. 
 
 As the crystals of liasoid in Manlius, N. Y., exhibit the form of the crystals of 
 muriate of soda, (table salt) such as are daily seen at the evaporating salt works. 
 Same in red sand of Salina. 
 PuBEs'cENT, pubes'cens. Hairy; having hairs, wool, down, glandular hairs, &c. Any 
 
 kind of hairiness. 
 Puffs, (pilidia.) That kind of receptacle of liciiens, which consists of little round 
 bordered knobs, whose disk finally turns to powder. It is at first covered with a 
 membrane, and often clothed with a fine grey hoariness. These receptacles are 
 elongated below into a stalk fixed to the crust, but totally different from it. 
 Pul'i.us. Dull brownish colour. 
 
 PuLp'y, pulpo'sus. Filled with a tenacious kind of parenchyma. Thick and succul- 
 ent or spongy. 
 PuLViNATus. Cushion-lil<e. Applied to the pileus of a fungus, which is thick and 
 
 corky or spongy. 
 Pulvi'nuli, (garden beds.) Cushions. Excresences found on the "surface of the 
 fronds of some lichens, sometimes clustered or branched; sometimes rising from 
 Ihe thallus, and often resembhng minute trees; as in Parmelia glomulifera. 
 Pu'milus. Small, low, inferior stature. 
 Pdnc'tate. Dotted or sprinkled with_ coloured, generally diaphanous, specks. See 
 
 perforated St. John's wort. 
 PuNCTic'uLATE. Having minute punctures, diaphanous dots, or specks. 
 
RAP 611 
 
 punic'eus. Scarlet-coloured, bright-red. 
 
 Pu'PA. Chrysalis, nymph, anielia. The quiescent state of an insect after passing 
 
 from the larva state and before it becomes a perfect insect. 
 Purpuras' cens, (purpureas.) Inclining to a purple colour, becoming purple. 
 Pusil'lus. Low, small, diminutive, compared with others. 
 Put'amen. Nutt-shell. See nucleus. 
 . Pyramida' lis. Conic, pyramid-form, converging above. 
 Pyrifor' mis. Pear-shaped. Ovate with a neck. 
 Pyr'itiferous. Bearing iron pyrites. Containing sulphuret of iron. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadratus, (four.) Used in composition a.s quadrangularis, A-cornPred; quadricapsu- 
 /flris, 4-capsuled; quadridentutus, 4-toothed; quadrifarius, facing 4-ways; quadrifi- 
 dus, 4-cleft; quadrijlurus, 4-flowered; qundrijugus, 4-paired; quadrilobus, 4-lobed; 
 quadrilOndaTis, 4-celled; qutidrinervis, 4-nerved; quadripartitus, 4-parted; quadrivalvis .^ 
 4-valved; qu/idncusadaris, with 4-cup-form cells; quaternus, 4 in a whorl. 
 
 Qual'ities of plants. Richard says that plants of the same taste and odour, are 
 generally possessed of similar qualities. Also that the smell and taste are always 
 the same. He divides the odours of plants into, 1. Fragrdnt. 2. Aromntic. 3. 
 Ain/irosiac (resembling amber.) 4. AlUaccnits (resembling garlic.) 5. Fdld (as 
 asafoetida, &c. ) 6. iVaMieo?« (causing the stomach to heave. ) As the fragrant, 
 the aromatic and ambrosiac, are always free from all hurtful qualities, and as the 
 fetid and nauseous are generally poisonous, it seems that mankind have in some 
 measure an instinctive principle by which their food is to be selected. 
 
 Quinus, live. Used in composition, as quinus, 5 in a whorl; quinaius, 5-leaved petiole; 
 quinquanguiaris, 5-cornered; qidnqiiecapsularis, 5-capsuled; quinqvecostatus, 5-nerv- 
 ed, or 5-ribbed; quinquefidus, 5-cleft; qui nqufflorus , 5- flowered; quinquejusus, 5- 
 paired; quinquelubus, 5-lobed; quinqueloculnris. 5celled; qidnquenervis, 5-nerved; 
 quiiiqueparlitus, 5-parted; quinquevalvis, 5-valved; quiaquetuscuLaris, 5-cupform 
 cells. 
 
 Quincunx, qnincundalis. When the pieces are five in number of which two are ex- 
 terior, and the fifth covers the interior with one margin and has its other margin 
 covered by the exterior; as in rosa. 
 
 Quinliii. From some recent observations it appears that the nucleus consists of three' 
 coats; the outer called the terciae, the next the quartine, and the most interior, the 
 quiiUine. 
 
 R. 
 
 Raceme, race'mus. (i?«z, a bunch of grapes.) That kind of inflorescence, wherein' 
 the florets have undivided pedicels arranged along the sides of a general peduncle. 
 As currants. 
 
 Rac'his, {Rachis, the back-bone.) The filiform receptacle connecting the florets in a 
 spike. As in wheat-heads. It is sometimes put for the midrib in ferns. 
 
 Ra'diate, radia'tus. The spreading florets around the margin of a compound flower. 
 
 Radiated animals. Those whose sentient principle resides in a medulary globule, 
 spheroid, or ring, with radiating branches; as the polypus which inhabits coral 
 rocks, the tape-worm, &c. 
 
 Rad'ical, ra<Z/'c(f7Js. Proceeding from the root without the intervention of a stalk,- 
 As the leaves of plantain. 
 
 Ra'dicans: See rooting. Roots or rootlets proceeding from steins, leaves, &c. 
 
 Rad'icle, rndic'ida. The little fibrous branches proceeding from the main foot, which 
 imbibe the moisture and other nourishment for the plant. 
 
 Ramen'tum. Applied to the loose scales frequently in the angles of petioles, &c. 
 called in English, rameiils. They are thin brown foliaceous scales, appearing some- 
 limes in great abundance upon young shoots of the leaves of ferns. 
 
 Ra'meous, rameus, ramealis;) of or belonging to the branches. 
 
 Ramenta'ceous, {rameiuaccuus;) covered with weak shrivelled brown, scale-like pro- 
 cesses. 
 
 Ramo'siis, ramo'se. Branching. Ramofssis'simns. Very branching. 
 
 Rapk'ides, are among the tissue and particularly in the intercellular passages; in 
 such cases, a vascular connection is maintained between the base of the ovulum 
 and the base of the nucleus, by means of .i. bundle of vessels called a raphe; the 
 
612 KES 
 
 hilura represents the base of the seed; the apex is Jeteriiiined by the point where 
 the vessels or tissue of the integument concentrate. 
 Rarifol'ius. Leaves few and distant. Rurijlo'rys. Flowers few and distant. 
 Ray. The outer margin or circumference of a compound flower. It is also applied 
 to the peduncles and outer florets of an umbel: particularly when they difl'er in any 
 respect from the inner, or disk, florets. Also to the bony spines of the fins and 
 gill-membranes of fish. 
 Recep'tacle, recepta' culum. The base by which the outer parts of the fructification 
 are connected and supported; being at the end of the peduncle. Perhaps this part 
 may hereafter be noticed on account of the change it in some way produces on the 
 vegetable secretions. Dr. Smith mentions tlie wholesomeness of some fruits, 
 while the other parts of the plant are poisonous. See page 120. Every one has 
 noticed the dehcate flavor of the pond-lily, (Nymphea odorata,) while all back of 
 the receptacle is extremely different. Numerous similar instances may be cited to 
 prove the very great change in some way effected by the receptacle. See Torus. 
 Re'clined, reclini'tus. Bent down so that the apex of a leaf, &c. is lower than the 
 
 base. Applied to the stem it implies that it is bowed towards the earth. 
 Recur'ved, recurva'lus. Curved downwards. 
 Reflex 'ed, rcjkxus, rccurvus, rctroflczus, rctrocuvrous, rcfractus. Bent back, nearly 
 
 or quite to touch the stem or peduncle. 
 Refrac'ted, rrfrac'tus. Bent back in an angular form, so as lo appear as if broken. 
 Rcg'num vcgetab'ile. The vegetable kingdom as taken into view with the animal and 
 
 mineral. 
 Rejected Classes. Linneus distributed all plants into 24 artificial classes; but his 
 eleventh, eighteenth, and twenty-third classes, are considered by many botanists 
 as very inconsistent in their character. 
 
 The rejected classes being retained by Muhlenberg, Bigelovv, and some other dis- 
 tinguished botanists, they are defined here. 
 Dodccnndria, the ]lth class of Linneus. 
 
 It includes those plants whose flowers are perfect, and contain from twelve to 
 nineteen stamens lo each. 
 
 Polyadelphia, the 18th class of Linneus. 
 
 It includes those plants whose flowers are perfect, and contain stamens united 
 by their filaments in more than two parcels. 
 Polygamia, the 23d class of Linneus. 
 
 It includes those plants whose flowers are perfect and staminate or pistillate on 
 the same plant, or on diflerent individuals of the same species. 
 Rejected Orders. Monogamia, the 6th order of Linneus in the class Syngenesia. 
 It includes those plants whose flowers are perfect and not compound, and con- 
 tain stamens with united anthers; as the lobelia and touch-me-not. 
 
 Monoccin, Dioccia, and Trioccia, are the three orders of the rejected class Poly- 
 gamia. The order monoecia includes those plants, which comprise all that is 
 necessary for the character of the class in one plant — dioccia, in two plants — 
 trioccia, in three plants. 
 
 The orders between decagynia and pohjgania, also beyond monadelphia, are unne- 
 cessary. Their definitions are implied under their associate orders. 
 Rel'ative puoHoii'TioNS. When dimensions are expressed indefinitely, as long, very 
 long, short, large, &c., such expressions are to be understood as long, &c., com- 
 i)ared with the proportion which similar parts usually bear to other parts, in plants 
 generally. But when such terms are used for specific names, the proportion 
 between the parts of species of the same genus, which were known when the 
 names were given, are compared. Thus Kalinia latij'oiut, has u broader leaf than 
 Kalmia ungustifulia: but it has a narrow leaf compared with any species of Irillium. 
 Remo'te. remo'tus. See relative proportion. 
 Re'ki-foum. See kidney-form. 
 
 Repand', repan'dus. Having small sinuses, separated by teeth in the form of seg- 
 ments of small circles. Spread. 
 Re'pens. See creeping. 
 Replace'ment. "Applied to a crystal when its angles or edges are wanting, and are 
 
 supplied by a plane face or other angles. 
 Rep'mcate (replicativc) when the upper part is curved back and applied to the lower. 
 Rep'tans. See creeping and runlier. 
 Resupina'tus. Upside down, by a twisting cf the stem. 
 
RUG 613 
 
 Uetic'ulate. Netted. Having veins crossing each other like nel-worii. 
 
 IIe'ti-korm. Net form, net-like. 
 
 Rctincr'vis, when the veins are reticulated, or reticulate-like. 
 
 Retbact'ile. When the head, or otlier organ, may be drawn back, as the drawing 
 in of the head of a tortoise. 
 
 Re'troflex, rdroflez'us. Bending in various directions. 
 
 Rdrofrac'tus. See refracted. Bent suddenly back. 
 
 Retror'so-dent'atm. See runcinate. Teeth bent back. 
 
 Rclror'sum. Turned backwards. 
 
 Retu'se, retusus. Ending in a sinus generally hollowed but very little. Sec emar- 
 ginate. 
 
 Rever'sed. Bent back towards the base. 
 
 Rev'olute, rcvolu'tus. Rolled outwards. A term in foliation; applied to leaves 
 whose opposite margins are rolled outwards and continued rolling till the two rolls 
 meet on the back of the midrib and parallel to it. It is the reverse o{ involute. 
 
 Rhizocar'poiis. Those plants whose roots endure many years, but whose stems 
 perish annually. 
 
 Rhizo'ma. Rootstalk. A kind of rooting stem, which is partly or wholly under 
 ground, nearly horizontal, and sends up new plants yearly; as Malaxis. 
 
 Rhizospcr'ma. Fruit on the root of some ferns. 
 
 Rhom'eic, rhom'beus. See deltoid. Diamond-form. 
 
 Rhovihoi'dais. Diamond-spot like; oval and a little angular, against the middle, at 
 the edges. 
 
 Rib'beu. When the midrib sends off lateral ribs nearly straight to the margin. It 
 is sometimes put for nerved, which see. 
 
 Rig'id, rig'idus. Stiff, inflexible, or not pliable: or, if attempted to be bent, will 
 rather break. 
 
 RiMo'sE, rimo'sus. Chinked, abounding in cracks, as the outer surface of the pitch- 
 pine tree. 
 
 Ring. The band around the capsules of ferns, which is elastic. See exanulatus and 
 annulatus. 
 
 It is also the thin membrane attached to the stem of a fungus. When young it 
 is attached to the pileus. It is erect when the upper edge is not fastened; inverse, 
 when the lower edge is not fastened; sessile, when it is attached to one side only; 
 viobile, when it may be pushed up and down; persistent, when it is as durable as the 
 pileus; fugacious, when it disappears at the opening of the fungus. 
 
 Rin'gent, rin'gcns. See labiate. Grinning. Didynamous. 
 
 Root, radix. The descending part of a vegetable, which enters the earth. Roots 
 are annual, hicnnial, or perennial. They are branching, fibrous, creeping, spindle- 
 form, tuberous, bulbous, or granulated. See each term in its place. 
 
 Root'ing. Bending or extending to the earth and striking root. 
 
 Root'let. a fibre of a root. 
 
 RoPE-FORM. Funicular, resembhng cords in general structure. 
 
 Ro'ridus. Humid. Appearing as if covered with dew; or with transparent eleva- 
 tions of the parenchyma. 
 
 Rosa'ceous. a corol formed of roundish spreading petals, without claws, or with 
 extremely sliort ones. 
 
 Ros'tel, jostel'lum. That pointed part which tends downwards at the first germi- 
 nation of the seed. See corcle. 
 
 Root'stock, (rhizoma.) A prostrate, thickened, rooting stem, which yearly pro- 
 duces young branches or plants; as Malaxis. 
 
 Rostru'tus. See beaked. Having a bill or beak. 
 
 Ro'tate, rota'tus. See wheel-form. Border and scarcely a tube. 
 
 Rutun'dus. Round. Without angles. Nearly round. 
 
 Rough. Covered with dots, whicli are harsh to the touch, but not apparent to the 
 naked eye. Clotlied with hairs, the lower joints of which resemble little bulbs; 
 and the upper ones short, rigid bristles. 
 
 Rubigino' SUB. Rust-colored. 
 
 Rudcra'lis. Growing among rubbish about buildings, &c. 
 
 Ro'fous. Reddisli yellow. '7 
 
 Rug'ged. Covered wiih invisible dots, which are harsii to the touch. See rough. 
 
 RcGo'sE. Wrinkled. Veins more contracted tiian the disk, so that the intermediate 
 parenchyma rises up between them. 
 
614 SCH 
 
 Ru'aiiNATED, nmnnatus. Wlieii a hard body is pierced in various directions by naf-s 
 
 row cavities filled willi dry cellular matter. 
 Rus'ciNATE. Pinnatifid, with the divisions pointing: backwards; as the dandelion. 
 Ron'ner. a shoot producing root- and leaves at the end only, and from that plac^ 
 
 giving rise to another plant; as strawberry. 
 Rupes'tris. Growing naturally among rocks. Rocky. 
 Ru'tilus. Shining, bright, glossy, not opaque and dull-colored. 
 
 Sac'cate. Furnished with a little bag. Bag-like. 
 
 Sag'ittate, sagitta'tus. See arrow-form. 
 
 Saliferous. Salt-bearing. Applied to a secondary rock in which salt springs are 
 
 found. 
 Sal'vek-form. a mcnopetalous corol, with a flat spreading limb proceeding from 
 the top of a tube. 
 
 Sam'ara. a winged pericarp, not opening by "valves; as the maple. 
 
 Sam'aroid. Resembling a samara, or winged capsule. 
 
 Sap. The watery fluid contained fn the tubes and cellules of vegetables, which fur- 
 nishes the means of, oi is itself the support of their Hrowth and life, and their pre- 
 servation from decay- That part of the sap wiiich supplies materials for the' 
 growth, foliage and fructification, evidently descends by way of the camb. But 
 that which fills the interstices among the woody fibres, and serves to preserve theni 
 from decay, is probably raised b/ capillary attraction. Freezing and thawing iit 
 some way or other suspends for a day or two. the effect of capillary attraction. It 
 then descends by its natural gravity; at which season only can the sap be obtained 
 from the sugar maple. That it descends is evident, from the fact that no sap is 
 obtained from below the incisiun, e.-scept a few drops at the first moment after it is 
 made. That the sap descends from the woody fibres, appears from inspection. 
 That this sap serves to preserve the wood, appears from the rapid decay of the' 
 wood in the sugar maple directly above ti>e incision, to the whole extent of the' 
 bole; while the incision produces but little effect below it. And theiierbage of the 
 tree, with the outer layers of wood, continue as flourishing after the tree has beeii 
 drained of its sap annually for half a century, as its neighbors, which have never 
 lost any sap. 
 
 Sapiii'dus. Having some kind of taste. Not insipid. 
 
 Sa'fjor. Having a relish, pleasant, any taste. Color sometimes indicates the taste. 
 White berries are generally sweet; red, sour; blue, sweet and sour; black, insipid 
 and poisonous. — Willdenow. But certainly our spicy wintergreen, (gaultheria,)' 
 partridge-berry, (mitchella.) are exceptions to Willdenow's rules. 
 
 Sarcocarp. This term has recently come into use. It is rather a good term, as a' 
 popular word, than as a technical one. It is applied to the succulent mass of the 
 apple, plum, peach, &c. It comes between the definite coats of a pericarp call- 
 ed epicarp, and endocarp, when one of them extends its substance so as to pro- 
 duce the succulent mass between the two regular coats. 
 
 Sar'mentose, sarmtnto'si/s. A running shoot which strikes root at the knots or' 
 joints only. Generally applied to shrubs. See runner. 
 
 Sauc'er-form. Shaped like a common tea-saucer or patella. 
 
 Sca'ber, Sra' brides. Scabrous. See rough. Roughness. 
 
 Scales. Thin, flat membranous processes, formed of cellular tissue springing from' 
 the cuticle. They may be considered as flattened hairs. 
 
 Scal'loped. See repand. 
 
 ScAi.Y. Covered more or less with scaly appendages, as fern roots; or consisting of 
 substance, in some measure resembling coarse fish-scales; as the scales of lily roots. 
 
 Scan' dens. See climbing. 
 
 Scan'soral. Having feet formed for climbing — two toes forward and two backward. 
 
 Scape, scu'pus. Radicle peduncle. Flower stem from the root. 
 
 ScAP'cLARs. The feathers which descend down each side of the back. 
 
 Sca'rious, scariosus. Dry and membranous, generally transparent. 
 
 Scattered. Standing without any regular order; that is, neither opposite, alter- 
 nate, nor in any definable order. 
 
 Schismatop'terii:)es. Dehiscent ferns. One of the new orders of ferns. It is adopt- 
 ed by Pursh, Torrey, &c. Osmunda, lygodium and schizoea are placed here. 
 
SEX 615 
 
 BcmtTAR-FORM, Bee acinaciform. Flat-sided, curved edgewise; inner edge concave, 
 
 lliick; outei edge convex, lliin. 
 Sc'ioN. Shoots proceefling laterally from the roots or bulb of ^ root. 
 Scrag. Back of a bird's neck. 
 
 ScROBic'uLATK, scrtihiculdtits. Deep round pits on the receptacle gives it this name. 
 Sculeilae. See shield. A shield with an elevated rim, formed by the thallus. Or- 
 
 billa is the scutelhim of Usnea. 
 Scutel'liform. Form of the knee-pan, or a saucer. 
 Scym'itakfokm. See aninaciforni. Cutlass-form. One-edged sword. 
 Saj/)li'ifer, Siij/jli'iis. Cup-bearing. See cyathiform. A cup-like dilation of the 
 
 Podetium, bearing shields on its margin. 
 Sec'tion. The geneia of some orders, and the species of some genera, are divided 
 
 into section?. Sometimes disregarded, and the whole order read over. 
 Semn'diis. Turned to one side. One-sided, one-ranked. 
 
 Seed. Tiie matured part of fructification, destined for the reproduction of the spe- 
 cies. It contains the rudiment of a new plant and is analogous to the egg of ani- 
 mals. It consists of the corcle, cotyledons, tegument and hilum. TJie seed is the 
 ovuliim arrived at maturity. Sometimes a carpel contains more ovules that ever 
 become perfect seeds. Tlie bladder-nut (staphylea trifolia) when in flower, has a 
 germ with about 15 to 20 ovules. When the seeds ripen, they do not exceed 4 to 6 
 hard nuts. It is said, that the germ of the chesnut contains 14 ovules; whicli ripen 
 into but one seed. The matter of the other ovules is supposed to be absorbed by 
 the living ones. 
 Seg'ment. The parts into which a calyx, corol, leaf, &c. is divided or cut. 
 SEGREGA'TA, polygamia. The fifth order of class Syngenesia; in which the 
 
 florets are separated by distinct perianths. 
 Semiamplezicau' lis. Half clasping the stem, with sessile leaves. 
 Semicolum'nar. See seniiterete. Tapering half cylinder. 
 Semicylindra'ceus. Half-cyUndric. In form of a" round ruler split lengthwise, as 
 
 onion leaves. 
 Semi-in'fenis. Half inferior. When the calyx grows on the side of the germ, so that 
 
 it is neither superior nor inferior. 
 Semiorbic'ular, semiorbicula'tus. In form of a half circle. 
 
 ^emisagitla'tus. Half arrow-form. That is, one side wanting; as in the vicia pusilla, 
 Bemitere'te, semiter'es. Half terete. See terete. 
 Sempervi'rens. Living through the winter and retaining the leaves. 
 Se'nus. Six-fold. Growing in sixes. 6 leaves in each. 
 Sen'silis, sen'sitive. Moving on being touched. See irritability. 
 Sca'sim. Gradually by little and little. Applied'to a form, &c. which arises gradu 
 
 ally from some other form. 
 Sen'tient PRrN'ciPLE. Tlie knowing principle. That faculty by which animals are 
 
 enabled to take notice of external objects. 
 Sepals. The divisions of the calyx, the leaves of a perianth calyx. When sepal is 
 
 used, it implies the leaf, or subdivision, of a perianth calyx. 
 Seria'lis, in rows arranged in series; biserialis in two rows: triserialis in three rows; 
 
 bifariam means in two rows or faces; trifariam in tliree rows. 
 Seric'eus. Silky. Covered with soft close-pressed hairs. 
 Seroli'ntis. Coming to maturity late in the season. Applied to willows, and to some 
 
 other plants, it implies, that the time of flowering is after the leafing. 
 Sfr'pentine mar'gin. Seerepand. Waving edges. 
 Ser'rate, serra'tus. {Serrn, a saw.) Having sharp notches, appearing as if cut, about 
 
 the edge or margin, pointing towards the apex. 
 Ser'rulate, serrula'tus. When a serrate leaf has the teeth serrate again. It is also 
 
 applied tq any serratures, which are very fine. 
 Ses'qui. This term prefixed to the Latlnnaine of a measure, shows that such mea- 
 sure exceeds its due length by one half: tlms sesqui-pedalis means a foot and a half. 
 Sesquial.'ter. When a large fertile floret is accon)panied by a small abortive one. 
 Ses'sile. Sitting down. When a leaf flower, seed-down, pileus of a fungus, recep- 
 tacle of a lichen, &c. are destitute of a petiole, peduncle, stipe, &c. 
 Seta'ceous, Seta, a bristle, bristle-form. Applied to antennae. 
 Seto'svs, Seto'se, Setig'eruns. Bearing bristles. Bristly. Having the surface set 
 
 with bristles, or stiff straight hairs. 
 Sex, Six. Used in composiiion; as sexangularis, 6-angled, scxjidus, 6-cleft, sexflorus, 
 6-flowered, sexjugus, 6-paired, sexloadaris, 6-celled, sexvalotis, 6-valved. 
 
61G SOR 
 
 Scx'us. Sex. When Linnens first adopted the etamans and pistils as the organs of 
 classification, he addressed his arguments to physicians, who were conversant with 
 animal anatomy. He therefore took advantage of tlie analogy between animals and 
 vegetables in the reproduction of their kind, in order to illustrate his theory. He 
 called the stamens males, and the pistils females, »fcc. But nothing can be more 
 ridiculous and disgusting than to keep up these references at this day. 
 
 Sharp. Tapering to a point. Acute differs from sharp, as it may apply to the tip 
 of a leaf, which becomes broad immediately back of the point. 
 
 Sheath. The prolongation of a leaf down the stem, which it encloses; as in most 
 culmiferous plants. 
 
 Sheath'ing (vaginans;) surrounding a stem or other body by the convolute base; this 
 chiefly occurs in the petioles of grasses. 
 
 Shield, scutd'lae. This kind of receptacle of lichens, which is open, orbicular, 
 saucer-like. The under side and border are of the substance and color of the frond. 
 The disk is of a different color and substance from the border and frond, containing 
 the seeds in extremely minute vertical cells. The shields are thick and tumid, when 
 they are sessile: and membranous, when stalked or elevated. Very rarely they are 
 perforated in the centre. Smith. 
 
 Shield-form. Shape resembling the ancient buckler, a broad-round, broad-oval, flat 
 armor. See clypeate and peltate. 
 
 Shoot. Each tree and shrub sends forth annually a large shoot in the spring, called 
 the spring shoot; and from the end of that a smaller one about the 24th of June, 
 called St. John's shoot. There is always the appearance of a joint where the lat- 
 ter springs out, very perceptible after the whole shoot is matured. 
 
 Shrub. A small vegetable with a woody stem. See tree and frutex. 
 
 Shrub'by. Having woody stems or branches; bushy. 
 
 Sic'cus. Dry, neither humid nor succulent. 
 
 Sick'le-form. a very much curved, keel-like edge within. 
 
 Sides. Applied to shells means the right and left, when viewed from the front, 
 (opening side) or back. 
 
 Sil'icle, silic'ula. A little silique, whose length and breadth are nearly equal. , 
 
 SILICULO'SA. The first order of the class tetradynamia. It is distinguished |by 
 the length and breadth of the pod being nearly equal; as the pepper- grass. See 
 siliquosa. 
 
 Silique, Silique-form. Shaped like a silique without its essential character. 
 
 SILIQUO'SA. The second order of the class tetradynamia. It is distinguished by 
 the length of the pod greatly exceeding the breadth; as the mustard. 
 
 Silky, scrlceiis. Covered with very fine close-pressed hairs, silky to the touch. 
 
 Sim'ple, sim'plcx. Undivided. Single, opposed to compound, aggregate, or branch- 
 ed; or scarcely divided or branched at all. 
 
 Simplicis' simus. Very simple. 
 
 Single. Only one. Also opposed to full-flowered. 
 
 Sinistror' S2im' Twining from right to left, that is, contrary to the apparent motion 
 of the sun; as the pole-bean. 
 
 Si'nuate, smwa'«2/s. ( Sinus, VihvLy.) Having rounded incisions. The margin hol- 
 
 ■ lowed out, resembling a bay; as the white oak leaf. 
 
 Sin'uate-ser'bate. Having serratures hollowed out; as the chesnut. 
 
 Si'nus. a roundish incision into tlie edge of a leaf or other organ. 
 
 Siphun'culus. a canal or succession of perforations, connecting the chambers of 
 some univalve spiral shells. 
 
 Sit'ting. See sessile. Without a stem. 
 
 Si'tus. Situation; as opposite, alternate, &c. 
 
 Slashed, laciniatus. Divided by deep, taper-pointed cuts. 
 
 Sleek. See glabrous. Smooth may not be glabrous. 
 
 Sleep of plants. The effect of night upon the external appearance of some plants; 
 as the leaves of peas, closing over the very young flowers. 
 
 Slopes. The edges of an oblique, bivalve shell. Anterior slope, is the edge in which 
 the ligament is situated; posterior slope, is the edge in which the beaks of the shell 
 turn forward, being the edge opposite to that in which the ligament is situated. 
 
 Sniarag' dinus. Grass-green. Greenish. 
 
 Smooth. Sometimes put for glabrous, but not synonymous with it. For glabrous 
 means sleek or slippery; whereas smooth may be applied to fine chamois leather. 
 
 Gobolif'ekous. Bearing shoots. 
 
SPI 617 
 
 Sol'jB, sol'idus. Of an uniform substance, not naturally partible; as the turnip. 
 See coated and scaly. 
 
 Solitary, soUtarius. Standing alone, or very distant from others of the same kind. 
 
 Solu'liis. Disengaged. Not adnate, or growing together. 
 
 Somewhat. Used as a diminutive; implying in some degree, not fully. Smith 
 translates sub by somewhat j when combined with an adjective; as subirifidus, some- 
 what three-cleft. 
 
 Somnus plantanan. See sleep of plants. 
 
 Sordi'dc al'bicans. Dirty white. 
 
 Sorus and Sorn'dia. See fruit-dots. Cluster^ of the fruit of ferns; heaps of pow- 
 dery bodies lying upon any part of the surface of the thallus; the bodies of which 
 the soredia are are composed. 
 
 S/mdi'ceus. Ciiesnut brown. 
 
 Spa'dix. An elongated receptacle proceeding from a spathe, or resembling such in 
 texture and appearance. 
 
 Span, spithama, spithamoeus. Seven inches, or the space between the thumb and 
 fore finger, separated as widely as possible. 
 
 Span'gles. palellultr. Open and orbicular, like shields, but sessile and not formed of 
 any part of liie crust, from which they difler in color, being most usually black. 
 The seeds are lodged beneath the membrane that covers their disk, as in the former, 
 and the disk is surrounded by a proper border. Their seeds are observed to be naked 
 in the cellular substance of the disk, not enclosed in cases. Disk sometimes con- 
 cave or flat, oftener convex, and even globose, without any apparent border, when 
 in an advanced state. 
 
 Spatka'mcus. A span high, or a span long. 
 
 Spa'the. That kind of calyx which first encloses the flower, and after it expands is 
 left at a distance below it. A daffodil, onion, Indian turnip. 
 
 SPA'xHE-FORiM. Resembling a spathe. A one-sided calyx. 
 
 Spat'ulate, spatida'tus, or sjnithula'tiis. Oblong, diminishing into a long, narrow, 
 linear base. 
 
 Spe'cies. The lowest divisions of vegetables. There have been about 90,000 species 
 described. De Lamarck and De Candolle, make 4,860 species of plants in France, 
 including the crygtogamia. About one thousand phenogamous species and ferns 
 have been examined by Prof. Ives, in a wild state, within five miles of Yale Col- 
 lege. About the same number have been examined about Troy, New York, by 
 Dr. Wright and Prof Hall. Hooker gives, in his British Flora of 1S3I, of flower- 
 ing plants and ferns, 1,570 species for England and Scotland. In Eaton's System 
 of Botany of North American plants for 1840, there are 5,086 species of flowering 
 plants ami ferns described. But common cultivated exotics are included. The 
 number of indiginous species of flowering plants and ferns, described in Eaton's 
 Botany of 1840, as growing north of the Gulf of Mexico, between the Atlantic and 
 Pacific, is 4,736; exotics 350. 
 
 Specif'ic character. See diagnosis and descriptions. 
 
 Specif'ic name. In common use we apply this to what Linneus called the trivial 
 name. The specific name he calls all those several descriptive words which express 
 the essential difference or diagnosis. 
 
 Spha'celate. Withering, beeoming blackened. 
 
 Sph^'rula. a globose peridium with a central opening, through which sporidia are 
 emitted, mixed with a gelatinous pulp. 
 
 Sphagno'se. Wet, marshy, swampy. 
 
 Spheroi'dal. a spherical solid, either depressed at each end and called an oblate 
 spheroid, or elongated at each end and called an elongated spheroid. 
 
 Spar'sus, Scattered; used in opposition to whorled, or opposite or ternate, or other 
 regular order. 
 
 Spher'ule. Small globules of nearly a spherical form. 
 
 Spi'culate, spicnlaliis. Cevered with fine, fleshy, erect points. 
 
 Spike, spi'ca. Having florets arranged along the sides of a general elongated pe- 
 duncle or receptacle, without partial peduncles, or with extremely short ones; as 
 a wheat head or mullein. 
 
 Spi'kelet, spic'ula. One of the subdivisions of a spike. 
 
 Spines'cent. spijies'ccns. Becoming thorny. 
 
 Spino'se, spiny, spinosus. Thorny. 
 
 Spiral vessels are membranous tubes, with conical extremities; their inside being 
 
 78 
 
618 STE 
 
 occupied by a fibre twisted spirally, and capable of unrolling with elasticity to the 
 eye; they are, when at rest, like wire twisted round a cylinder that is afterwards 
 removed, for the purpose of finding ihem for examination. The stalk of a straw- 
 berry-leaf, or a young shoot of the cornus alba, (common dogwood) may be con- 
 veniently used; they may be readily detected by gently pulling the specimen asun- 
 der; when they unroll, and appear to the naked eye like a fine cob-web. 
 
 Sptke. Is applied to all the whorls of a univalve shell, which extend upwards above 
 the first whorl, called the body or belly of the shell. 
 
 Spire-poin'tkd. Barton substitutes this for cuspidate. 
 
 Spitk'ama. Short span. See measures. 
 
 Split, fissus. See parted and cleft. Divided nearly to the base into segments- 
 bifid in 2, trifid in 3, &c. 
 
 Sporan' ginurn. A name given to the pericarp by Hedwick. 
 
 ^poratigid' iu?n. Willdenow's name for the columella of mosses. See columella. 
 
 Sporid'ia, granules which resemble sporuks, but which are of a doubtful nature. 
 
 Spo'rules, the organs in Cryptogamous plants, which are equivalent to seeds in 
 Phenogamous plants. Tliey are produced in the thcca of ferns, mosses and hepa- 
 TicAE, the shield (scabellum and apothecium) of Lichens, within the substance of 
 Algae, and in the hjmenlum (or substance) of fungi. 
 
 Spot'ted. Having spots differing in color from the principal part. 
 
 Spread'ing. See patens. 
 
 Spur. An elongated process from the base, or from near the base of the calyx or 
 corol or nectary, somewhat resembling a horn or cock's spur. As the larkspur, 
 orchis and nasturlion. ' 
 
 Spur'red. Having a spur or process from the base. 
 
 Spur'eed-r¥'e, or spur'red-gra'un. Ergot. An enlarged, elongated seed, project- 
 ing out of a glume, of a black or violet color, brittle texture, somewhat spur-form. 
 It is Acinula clavus, of botanists: formerly considered as a morbid swelling. See 
 p. 487. The black or dark coloured kind is called the malignant er gal. "Large 
 doses of which cause head-ache and febrile symptoms. Under proper regulations it 
 may be considered a valuable addition to the present stock of medicinal agents. 
 The dose usually administered is from ten grains to half a drachm, in decoction." 
 Bigelow. The pale violet kind, called simple ergot, is harmless and inactive. 
 Willdenow. 
 
 Grain growing in low moist ground or new land, is most subject to it. Also 
 spring grain more than winter grain; and rye more than wheat, barley, or oats. 
 
 When crops are so much infected with it as greatly to injure them, the loss may 
 be in a great measure made up by collecting the ergot, and selling it to druggists. 
 It should be thoroughly winnowed out of the grain, as it is said to be very injurious 
 in bread. The ergot may then be collected from the chaff. 
 
 Squam'i-form. Of the form of scabs or scales. 
 
 SquAMULo'sE, squamo'sus, or squama' liis. See scaly. 
 
 Squarro'se, sqiiarro'sns. Ragged. When the points of scales, leaves, &c. bend 
 outwards, so as to make a ragged appearance. It is also used for scurfy, or when 
 covered with a bran-like scurf 
 
 Stachyopte'rides. Spiked feiiis. One of the new orders of ferns. It is adopted 
 by Pursh and others. Lycopodium, Botrychium, Bernhardia and Ophioglossum 
 are placed here. 
 
 Stalk, fc'ee stem. 
 
 Sta'men. Tlie whorl of organs immediately within the petals is composed of bodies 
 called stamens, which are considered the fecundating apparatus of plants. 
 
 Stam'inate. Having stamens only, without a pistil. 
 
 Slamin'eus. Having no corol, the stamens serving in its stead. Ray. 
 
 Staminif'erovs. See staminate. Bearing stamens only. 
 
 Stan'dard. See banner. Upper petal of pea-flowers. 
 
 Star'ved, depu'upcrulus. When one part is less perfectly developed than is usual 
 with plants of the same family. 
 
 Stel'late, stella'tus. Spreading out in a radiate manner. Leaves are stellate, when 
 three or more surround the stem in a whorl. Flowers and the volva of a fungus 
 are stellate, when the petals or segments spread out, so as to resemble the vulgar 
 representation of a star. 
 
 Stem. The main base or supporter of the fructification and herbage. It is either 
 (lige,) caulis, culm, scape, peduncle, petiole, frond^ or stipe; which see. 
 
 ^EM'LEsf. Having no stem. Acaulis. 
 
SUP 619 
 
 Stemma'ta. Small globules, often lucid, resembling eyes. Tliey are generally three 
 
 in number on the top of the head. 
 Stig'mv. The top of the pistil. It is generally moist when in full perfection, for 
 
 the better reception of the pollen. 
 Stings, stiin'uli. Hair-like processes, which excite itching: as on the nettle. They 
 
 are generally iiollow with a sack at the base, containing an acrid liquor. By push- 
 ing against Iheir points, the sacks are compressed, and thrust out the liquid. 
 Stipk, sti'pes. The lower part of tlie midrib of the fern; the stem of a fungus; or the 
 
 stem of the down on the seeds of dandelion; the stem of a germ elevating it above 
 
 the receptacle; or any otpor stem-like oigan, not otherwise ])articularly named. 
 Stip'ule, stip'ula. A leafet or scale at or near the base of a petiole, which in some 
 
 respect differs from the leaves. 
 Stipular, stipula'ris. Formed of, or connected with, stipules. 
 Stolonif erous. Putting forth suckers or shoots. 
 
 Stoma'la, pores of the epidermis, or passages through the cuticle, having the appear- 
 ance of areolae, in the centre of which is a slit that opens or closes according to 
 
 circumstauces, and lies over a cavity in the sub-jacent tissue. 
 Stramin'eus. Straw-colored, straw-like. 
 Stra'tum. a layer. It is applied in a general or partial sense. A general stratum 
 
 of rock, or of detritus, may include several partial strata. These partial strata, or 
 
 sub-strata, should be called layers, to avoid circumlocution and confusion. 
 Stra'tum prolig'crum. The seed-bearing diskof;he receptacle of lichens. 
 Striae. Marks or lines on minerals, on elytra of insects, &:c. 
 
 Stki'ate, streaked, slria'tus. INIarked or grooved with slender lines, longitudinally. 
 Stric'lus. Both stiff and strait, or perfectly strait. See erect. 
 Slrictissi'mus. Very stiff and straight. 
 Strioo'se, strigo'sus. Armed with small, close, rigid bristles, which are thickest 
 
 below. See hispid. 
 Strobila'ceous. In form resembling a strobile. 
 Stro'bile, siroh'ilus. An anient with woody scales; as the fruit of pine. Each scale 
 
 is an open carpel, with ovules or seeds, destitute of tunics. See Anthocarpous. 
 Stro'ma. The layer or covering of some fungi. A fleshy body to which a flocculent 
 
 substance is attached. 
 Strom'bos-forh. Resembling the twisted spire of the shell of a strombus [called a 
 
 dinner-horn in N. England.] 
 Style, sty'lus. (Stubs, a column.) That part of a pistil, which is between the 
 
 germ and stigma. It is often wanting; as in the Tulip. 
 Sub. Used in combination as a diminutive. See somewhat. 
 SuBERo'sE, subero'sus. Corky. 
 Scmer'sed, submer'sus. Growing under water. 
 Subterra' neus. Growing and flowering under ground. This may be applied to the 
 
 shoots of the Polygala rubella. 
 Sub'tus. Beneath. Underside. 
 
 Subulate, subuia.'tus. See awl-form. Slender-acute. 
 Subunijto'rus. Generally one-flowered, but sometimes more. 
 Succulen'tus, suc'culent. Juicy, cellular, abounding in juice. It is also applied to a 
 
 pulpy leaf, whether juicy or not. 
 Suck'ek, succu'lus. A shost by which the plant may be propagated. It proceeds 
 
 from the neck of a plant, at the joining place of the stem and root. 
 SuFFRUTicosE, siiffrutex, siiffniticosus. An under shrub. A plant whose branches 
 
 annually die, but the lower part of the stem is woody, and remains, as the Spirea 
 
 alba, white steeple bush; also sage. 
 Sul'catb, sulca'tus. Flowered. Marked with deep lines. 
 Sulpliur'eus. Sulphur-colored. 
 Sup'crans. Exceeding in height. 
 SuPERAx'iLLARY. Abovc the axil. 
 SUPER' FLUA, polyga'mia. Second order ofthe class Syngenesia, having the florets 
 
 of the disk perfect, of the ray pistillate; as asters. 
 Super'ne. Upwards, towards the top. 
 Supe'rior, sup'erus. A calyx or corol is superior when it proceeds from the upper 
 
 part ofthe germ. See germ. 
 Supervolu'te, supervolutiva. When one edge is rolled inwards and is enveloped by 
 
 the opposite edge rolled in an opposite direction. 
 
620 TEN 
 
 Supin'us. Face upwards. See resupiiiatus. Upside down. 
 
 Supradecompos'itus. More than decompound; which see. When the petiole is divid- 
 ed and the divisions divided at least once more, and the last divisions have leafets. 
 
 Suprafolia' ceus. Inserted above the axil, or based of the leaf. 
 
 Sur' cuius. A little branch or twig. Applied to the stem or shoot which bears the 
 leaves of mosses. 
 
 Su'ture, sutu'ra. A seam-like aapearance at the meeting of two parts; as the valves 
 of the pea-pod, the parts of a skull, &c. 
 
 Swim'ming, (natant.) Floating beneath the surface of the water. 
 
 SwoRD-FORM, (ensiform.) Generally straight and 2-edged, sometimes a little arching 
 on one side. 
 
 Sylvat'icus. Growing in woods. 
 
 Sylves'tris. Altogether wild; growing in wild woods. 
 
 Symmetrical, Proponional. When the parts of a flower, or other organ, are uni- 
 form in their proportions, one to another: as the flowers of apples, currants, &c. 
 
 Synan'thous. When flowers and leaves appear at the same time. 
 
 Syiicarpous. When several carpels unite in one germen; so that the germen appears, 
 to be a many-celled ovary or germ. 
 
 Syngene'sious. (Snn, together, genesis, springing up.) Anthers growing up to- 
 gether, in an united tubular set. It is applied to all those plants whose flowers are 
 compound, having the antliers in each floret with more or less of their edges adnate; 
 so that the whole (whicli are always five) form a tube. 
 
 Syn'onyms, sinon'yma. Different names for the same plant. 
 
 Synop'sis. a condensed systematic view of a subject, or science. 
 
 Svs'tem, syste'ma. An arrangement of natural bodies according to assumed charac- 
 ters; for the purpose of aiding the mind and memory in acquiring and retaining a 
 knowledge of them. 
 
 Tani'anus. Robbin-form. Tape-form. 
 
 Tail. A filiform process terminating a seed, &c. As the Virgin's bower. 
 
 Tail-coverts. A clump of feathers above the tails of birds, adjoining the bases. 
 
 Tail-feathers. The large feathers of the tails of birds; generally either 10, 18, 20, 
 or 24; but 12 is the most common number. 
 
 Tail pointed, caudatus. Excessively acuminated, so that the point is long and weak. 
 
 Tar'gets, pel'lcc. That receptacle of lichens which is flat close-pressed, and attached 
 to the frond by its whole underside, as if glued; sometimes attached to the bark of 
 the frond. It is broad, kidney-form, or oblong, rarely irregular; covered with a 
 thin colored disk, with no border, except occasionally a very minute accessory one, 
 which seems to circumscribe it. In an early stage it is concave, and concealed by 
 a thin gelatinous fugacioas membrane, or veil. — Smith. 
 
 Tarsus. The ancle and foot of an insect, excepting the hook or claw at the extremity. 
 
 Trrtar'eous, tarlarcus. Having a rough, crumbling surface. 
 
 Tear-form, lachrymaeformis. Nearly the same as pear-sliaped. 
 
 Tec'trics. Wing coverts. The longest feather's of a bird's wing next above the 
 quills. Minor tectrics are sometimes found above the larger. 
 
 Teeth of mosses. The outer fringe of the peristomium is generally in 4, 8, 16, 32, 
 or 64 divisions which are called teetli. See peristomium. 
 
 Tegu'ment. The skin or bark of seeds; as appears very distinct on a boiled pea or 
 bean. 
 
 Temp'erature. The degree of heat and cold to which any place is subject. This is 
 not limited to degrees of latitude; as high mountains in Pennsylvania produce many 
 plants most natural Hudson's Bay. In cold regions white and blue petals princi- 
 pally prevail; in warm regions red and other brigiit strong colours. 
 
 In the spring season white petals predominate; towards autumn the yellow are 
 most prevalent. — Willdenow. 
 
 Ten'dril. That kind of appendage which is filiform and reaches out to grasp bodies 
 to climb by. As the climbers of grapes and peas. 
 
 Tenel'lus. Tender, delicate and fragile. 
 
 Tentac'ula. The arms of feelers of insects, and of other animals. 
 
 Ten'uis. Thin and slender. 
 
 Tenui/ol'ius. Slender-leaved. 
 
TOR 621 
 
 Ter'ete, tei-cs. Round columnar, and tapering from tlie base to the other end. Never 
 cylindrical; but the term cylindrical is often applied to forms approacljing the 
 teiete. 
 
 Tergcm'imts, Tergeminate. Thrice-paired. Tiie petiole is forked, these brandies 
 forked, and the last branches with paired leafets. 
 
 Term, Teciinical terms should be defined in a dictionary of each science and art. But 
 words used in their common acceptation, whether Greek. Latin, English, French, 
 &c., should not be defined in such a dictionary, however frequently applied in such 
 science or art. 
 
 Ter'mixal, tcrminalis. Proceeding from, or occupying the end of a stem, branch, 
 style, «&c. 
 
 Teks'ate. Three-fold. In threes. This term is also applied to compound leaves, 
 where three leafets proceed from the end of one petiole; as in the strawberry. See 
 biternate and triternate. 
 
 Tes'sellate, tessei'attis. Chequered, tesselated. 
 
 Testa'ceous. Shelly, crusty. Applied to insects it generally means light brick- 
 color, approaching the color of tanned sheepskin. 
 
 Tetra, four — used in composition; as tetragonus, 4-cornered; tetrapetalus, 4-petalled; 
 tetruphijUus, 4-leaved; tetrupterygia, 4-winged; idraspermus , 4-seeded; tdraedra, 
 4-sided pod or capsule. 
 
 TETRADYNMIA. (Tessares, four; dunamis, power.) The Linnean class, whose 
 flowers have six stamens, four of which are longer than the other two; the flowers 
 are always cruciform, and the plants contain nitrogen. 
 
 Tetradyna'mous. Belonging to the clasg tetradynamia, or varying into it. 
 
 TETRaGYN'IA. (Tessares, four; gune, female.) The fourth order of tlie classes 
 before Dydanamia. It has four styles (or sessile stigmas) to each flower. 
 
 TETRAN'DRIA. (Tessares, four; ancr, male.) The fourth class of Lhineus, hav- 
 ing four stamens to each flower. 
 
 Tetrak'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class tetrandria. 
 
 Thalam'ia. See hollows. 
 
 Thallus. The frond of a lichen, &c. being the bed or general receptacle whereon 
 the proper receptacles are reposed, or in which they are imbedded. It often consti- 
 tutes the whole plant. 
 
 The'ca. Tlie capsules of mosses: or the frond, or whole herbage of lichens. The 
 cases or cells containing the seeds in the disk of scutellae and some other recepta- 
 cles of lichens. 
 
 Thorn, or spike. A sharp process from the woody part of a plant. It is an indu- 
 rated imperfect bud, which, when the plant grows in a rich soil, changes to a 
 branch. Pears bear thorns in a poor soil, which disappear in a richer. Willdenow. 
 
 Three-edged, (triangularis triquetrous) having the acute angle, with concave faces. 
 
 Three-cornered, (trigonus) having three longitudinal angles and three plain faces. 
 
 Thyrsioi'des. Flowers disposed in the form of a nosegay. 
 
 Thyrse, thyrsus. See panicle. A condensed panicle; as grapes, lilac flowers. 
 
 TiGE. See caulis. Tlie most common stem. Stem used unqualified means caulis. 
 
 Tincto'rius. Plants suitable for dyeing or pigments. 
 
 ToiZE, orgya. The ordinary height of full size man; about six feet. 
 
 ToMKNTosE, tomento' ius. Covered with fine downy or cottony substance matted 
 together. See lanate. 
 
 Torn, iace.ru:<. Irregularly divided by deep incisions. 
 
 T o-Ro' sv., toro'nis. Protuberant. Raised in bunches, or vein-like protuberances, or 
 ridges. Knobs on a toad. 
 
 Tor'sio. See intorsion. Turning inwards. 
 
 Tor'tuous, tort'dis, iortuorw^. An irregular bending, inclining to twisting direction. 
 
 ToRULo'sE, toruLb'sus. With swelling ridges; like the niuskmelon. 
 
 Torus, receptacle. Though these terms are defined as synonymes, they are difl*e- 
 rently used by many. Receptacle is merely the termination of a flower-stem or 
 peduncle. Toru?, Lat. fleshy protuberance. It is an enlarged or thickened mass 
 at the end of a flower-stem, generally diflering considerably from tiie substance of 
 the stem. Sometimes it is a disk or ring, as of the orange. I have seen the 
 inverted conical torus with imbedded carpels of hundreds of the Nelunibium luteum 
 at a time, in Sodus Bay, on Lake Ontario, two inches high, with a two inch base. 
 The straw-berry has a very characteristic torus, whereon its carpels grow. The 
 sunflower furnishes a capacious torus for its achenes. 
 
622 TUR 
 
 Trach'eac. The air-vessels of Grew. They are spiral channels, supposed by Grew 
 
 to be designed for receiving and distributing air in vegetables. 
 Trai'ling. See procumbent. Lying or liaiiging down. 
 Translu'cent. Transmitting liglit faintly; perforate. 
 Trans'verse, trans'versus. Crosswise. It is applied to a partition when it meets 
 
 the valves of a pericarp in any otjier part than at the sutures. 
 Trapezifor' mis. Having four unequal edges. But none of those opposite edges 
 
 generally parallel. 
 Tree, f arbor.) A large woody plant, with a bole. 
 Tree-for,m, (dendroides.) Divided at the top into a number of fine ramifications, so 
 
 as to resemble the form of a tree. 
 TRIAN'DRIA. (Tris, thrice; ojier, male.) The third Liunean class, having three 
 
 stamens to each flower; as all grasses. 
 Trian'ijrous. Bolonging to, or varying into, the class Triandria. 
 Trian'gular, triangida'ris. Having three angles or corners. It is applied to a leaf 
 
 witli 3 points or corners. 
 Tribes, tri'bus. See gentes and cotyledons. 
 Tribrac'teate. Having three bracts. 
 Trica. See buttons. Button-form. A shield of lichens, the surface of which is 
 
 covered with sinuous concentric furrows. 
 Tnchiolium, or pecten, is a tender simple, or sometimes branched hair, which sup- 
 ports the sporules of some fungi; as Geastrum. 
 Tres,-tria (three) — used in composition; as trichotomovs, 3-forked; tricorxous, 3-grained; 
 tricuspid atus, 3-pointed; tridcnlatus, 3-toothed; triduiis, 3-days duration; trifarius,. 
 facing 3-ways; trifidus, 3-cleft; triflorus, 3-flowered; irifoliatus, 3-leaved; triglochis, 
 3-barbed; trigonus, 3-cornered: trijugis, 3-paired; triiohus, 3-lobed; trilocularis, 3- 
 ceWeditrineriiis, 3-nerved; trinus, with leaves in threes; tripartius, 3-parted' deeply; 
 tripet.alous, 3-petalled; triphylLus, 3-leaved; tripinnatus, 3-pinnate (petiole pinnate, 
 and these again pinnate); tripinnatijidus, tripinnatifid, (pinnatid leaves again and 
 again pinnatifid;) triplincrvis, thrice nerved or 3-nerved; Irlplijcomposilus, thrice 
 compound; tripteris, 3-winged; triquctrus, 3-sided; trispcrma, 3-seeded; triternatus,. 
 thrice in threes (petioles divided into threes three times.) 
 TRIGYN'IA, (treis, three, gime, female.) The third order of any class back of 
 
 Didynamia — having three styles^ or sessile stigmas, to the flower. 
 Triv'ial namb, trivia'lia, no'mina. The name of a species, not including the de- 
 scriptive terms. Trivial name is now superfluous; as specific name is no longer 
 used for the descriptive terms. 
 Trumpet-shaped, (tubaeformis, tubalus;) hollow, and dilated at one extremity. 
 Truncate, trunca'tus. The end appearing as if cut off". 
 T-RVf^K, trun'cus. The bole of a tree. It is also applied to the stem of plants not 
 
 woody: and sometimes to the caudex of a root. 
 Tube. The hollow cylinder of a nionopetalous corol. 
 
 Tu'bercles, iuher'ciila. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is spherical or 
 sliglitly conic, nearly closed, crustaceous, black; more or less immersed in the 
 surface of the crustaceous frond, which it elevates; or sometimes it is exposed, 
 being merely sessile. Each contains a ball, or mass, of connected seeds, destitute 
 of cells, enveloped in a common membrane. The whole mass of seeds is at length 
 discharged togetiier by an orifice at the top of the tubercle. We often find these 
 tubercles after tlie seeds are discharged. 
 Tuber'culate tubcr'culn. Warty. 
 
 Tuburculum, (cephalodium) is a convex shield without an elevated rim. 
 Tu'berous, tubcro'sus. Roots which are thick and fleshy, but not of any regularly 
 globular form. They are knobbed, as potatoe; oval, as orchis, and some anemones; 
 ubrvpt, as the bird-foot violet; fascicled, as the asparagus. 
 Tu'bular, tnbula'tus. Having a tube, or being in the form of a tube. 
 Tu'bulous, tueui.o'se, tubulo'sus. That corol of a compound flower, whicli forms a 
 whole tube, not a ligulate floret. It is also applied to a perianth, if the whole or 
 the lower part is a liollow cylinder. 
 Tuft'ed. See fascicled. In a bunch or bundle, as pine leaves. 
 Tu'nicate. Coated. Covered as with a garment. 
 
 Tur'binate, tuabina'lus. Top-form. A cone with the point downwards. 
 Tcr'gid, turgi'dus. Thickened, swollen, but not inflated. 
 Tu'rion, tu'rio. Immature scaly shoots, as of the asparagus. 
 
VER 623 
 
 TuRNir-FOKM, (napifornuti,) a llattenetl sphere. 
 
 Twin. Two coimecleci, or grrovving togeilier. 
 
 Twi'nikg. Ascending spirally. See dextrorsurn and einistrorsum. 
 
 Tvvist'ed. (torsiva, spiralilei, conlorta,) contorted witiiout obliquity of insertion. 
 
 See coiled. 
 Two-edged, (anceps-) Compressed, with sharp edges. 
 Two-ranked, or two-rowed. See distichus. Rows on opposite sides. 
 
 Vagi'na. Sheatii. That prolongation of a leaf which forms a cylinder around the 
 stem. See sheath of grasses. 
 
 Vatri'natus. Sheathed. Vn.gi'nans. Sheathing. 
 
 Valva'lus. Resembling the valves of a glume. 
 
 Valve, ral'vu. The several pieces of a pericarp which separate naturally on ripening, 
 are called valves. Also the leaves, or chaffs of a glume. Each piece is called a 
 valve. This name is sometimes applied to the scales, which close the tube in some 
 corols. 
 
 Vari'ety, varie'ta!;. The changes produced among plants of the same species by ac- 
 cidental causes; as by soil, situation, culture, climate, &c. These changes respect 
 matrn'dude,fuLncfs of flowers, crlijnng of leaves, color, ta.te and smeU. If the same 
 kind of plant can possibly be produced from the seed of other kinds, these are but 
 varieties of the same species. All apples are but varieties of the same species; 
 becanse if the seeds of a sour apple be planted, they will produce trees bearing 
 sour, sweet, tart, red, green, large and small apples, promiscuously. But the 
 quince is a different species; because it cannot possibly be produced from apple 
 seeds. 
 
 J^ascu'lares, or plants furnished with spiral vessels, and propagated by the agency of 
 the stamens and pistils. CeUu'lares, or plants destitute of spiral vessels, and not 
 progagated by Hie agency of stamens and pistils: as fungi, lichens, mosses. 
 
 Vaui.t'ed. Arched over like the roof of the mouth; as the upper lip of some labiate 
 corols. 
 
 Veg'etablk. An organized substance, whose procreative organs decay before the 
 individual dies. 
 
 Veg'etable kixg'doji. This is the name Linneus gives to all the subjects of the 
 science of Botany. 
 
 VEG'ETABr.E sub'stance. The eltzmcalary principles of vegetables are carbon, hydro- 
 gen and oxygen; some contain nitrogen. 
 
 The proximate principles are very complicated, and belong to the deparment of 
 chemistry; as wax, essence, &c. 
 
 Veii- See calyptra, and volva. Calyx of mushrooms. 
 
 Velutinus. Velvety. Covered with soft short hairs; densely set, so as to resemble 
 velvet to the feel. 
 
 Vel'vet (velumen, velutinus.) When hairs are short, ver dense and soft, but rather 
 rigid, and forming a surface like velvet. 
 
 Velum, or veil, is a horizontal mfmliraue, connecting the margin of the pileus with 
 the stipes; when it is adnale with the surface of the pileus, it is universal; when 
 
 . it extends only from tlie margin of the pileus to the stipe, it is partial. 
 
 Vent. Aperture for the discharge of both feces and urine. 
 
 Ven'tricles. The large cavities of the heart. All animals of the classes mammalia 
 and aves, have two ventricles to the heart — amphibia and pisces but one- 
 
 Ventrico se, vealrico'sus. Swelling out as if blown up with wind. Or rather bellied 
 out. See inflated. 
 
 Ver'mes. Ail avertebral animals excepting insects. Linneus. 
 Vema'lis. Coming forth early in the spring. 
 
 Verna'tion, verna'lio. See foliation. 
 
 Verru'cae. Variously formed protuberances, solid and usually smooth on the crust of 
 some lichens. Sometimes the receptacles grow on them. Tliey often appear to be 
 warts or roundish excrescences, formed of cellular tissue filled with opaque matter. 
 
 Verruco'se, verucosus. Warty. Having little warty knob-like substances on the 
 surface. 
 
 Ver'satile. versa' lilis. Lying horizontally and moving freely on a point. Particu- 
 larly applied to anthers lying on the point of the filaments. 
 
624 UNO 
 
 Vert'ebrate. Contracted at intervals, so as to resemble (in general appeaiance) the 
 
 joints, or vertebrae of breatliing animals. 
 Ver'tical, vertica' lis. Standing or hanging up and down at right angles with the 
 
 horizon, or parallel to tlie stem. 
 Ver'tebral animals. One of the four grand divisions of animals, characterized by 
 
 having bacli bones. Avertebral animals have no back bones, as oysters, lobsters, 
 
 &c. 
 Verticilla'tus. See whorled. Leaves or flowers surrounding a stem. Petals, sepals, 
 
 and the undivided sections of calyx and corol, are metamorphosed leaves in whorls; 
 
 also stamens. 
 Vesic'ula. Inflations of the thallus filled with air, by means of which the plants 
 
 are enabled to float on the surface. 
 Vesic'ular, veskula'ris, Containing, or consisting of, a cellular substance. 
 Vexil'lary, (vexillaris.) When tlie banner of a papilionaceous corol greatly exceeds 
 
 the wings in size; as jn tlie genus Vexillaria. 
 Vexil'lum. See banner of pea-flowers, and other papilionacea. 
 ViBRis'sAE. Smellers. Hairs of a peculiaf kind, generally very stiff", growing on or 
 
 near the nostrils of cats, tVc. 
 Vigi'licc jAanta' mm. The determined hours of the day, when curtain plants expand 
 
 and slmt their flowers. See sleep. 
 ViLLo'sE, villo'sus. Plaving a superficicl coveting of long soft whitish hairs. The 
 
 calyptra of some mosses consist wholly of a mat of hairs. 
 Vi'men. A withe. A twig which is slender and flexible. 
 Viola'ceous. Violet coloured. 
 Viries'cens. Inclining to green. 
 Vir'gate, virga'ius. Wand-like. Slender rod. 
 Vir'ides. Green. Greenish. 
 
 Viro'sus. Nauseous disgusting smell. Poisonous. 
 Vis'ciD, vis'cidus. Covered superficially with a tenaceous juice. 
 Viscid'ity, viso'siias. Clamminess. Possessing an adhesive quality. 
 Vitel'linus. Yellow with a tinge of red. 
 Vitellus. A thin substance in the seeds of some plants, closely connected with the 
 
 embiyo, but never rising out of the ground with it in uermination. It is never in 
 
 plants with genuine ascending cotyledons; and perhaps it may serve to perform the 
 
 functions of cotyledons. Jt is between the albumen and embryo, when albumen is 
 
 present. It composes the bulk of the seeds of mosses and ferns. — Smith. 
 VWreus. Glassy, colourless. See hyaline. 
 Vivip'arous. Producing its offspring alive, either by bulbs instead ofseeds, orby 
 
 seeds germinating on the plant. It is applied to animals produced alive, not from 
 
 the egg. 
 
 U. 
 
 ULigino'sus. Growing in damp places, or fens. 
 
 Um'bel, um.hel'ia. That kind of inflorescence, where several flower-stems diverge 
 from one place, like the braces of an umbrella; bearing florets on their extremities. 
 If these flower-stems are subdivded, a. partial umbel is formed. 
 
 Umbkluf'erous. Bearing umbels; as carrot, dill, fennel. 
 
 Um'billet, umbeVlida. A partial or lesser umbel. 
 
 Umbi'licus. A naval. Applied to shells, it means the perforation in the direction of 
 the spire, as in the nerita, &c. 
 
 Umbil'icatk, muhiiica'tus. Navelled. Having a kind of central roundish hollow or 
 protuberance; as on the end of an apple, or of a pompion. 
 
 Umbona'tus. See bossed. Having strong protuberances. 
 
 Umbrellt-form. ( umbraculiformis ) lesembling an expanded modern umbrella, [a vio- 
 lation of the Linnean rule, rejectiag modern utensils.] A convex radiated hemis- 
 phere. 
 
 Um'brimis. Umber colour. Snuff"-brown. A brown shade. 
 
 Un'arm'eu. Having no thorns nor prickles. 
 
 Unica'lis. As long as the thumbnail. 
 
 Un'cinate, Mncma7w5. Hooked at the end, Seehamus. 
 
 Vti'DVLXTE, unduta'ius or unda'tus. Wavy. Rising and falling, or extending and re- 
 ceding in waAes. 
 
zoo 625 
 
 Une'qual. The parts not corresponding in size, form, duration, or symmetry. 
 
 Ungcic'ulate, Jinguiada'tus. A petal witii a claw. Claw. like. 
 
 Un cuLATE, unguta'tus. In the form of a liorse's hoof; as tiie common touch-wood, 
 (boleteus igniarius.) 
 
 Unicapsulu'ris. Having one capsule to each flower. 
 
 Uni/or'mis. All parts alike, or corresponding, symetrically. 
 
 Unilat'eral, unilutern'lis. See one-sided. 
 
 Unilocida'ris. One-celled. 
 
 Univasailu'ris. Having one cup-form cell. 
 
 Univer'sal, nnwersa'li.s. See partial, opposed to which it it applied. 
 
 Vol'va. The wrapper, called the involucrum by Linneus. It is orginally the enve- 
 lope of tlie agaric, (common toadstool) but is left at its base (bottom of the stipe) 
 as the fungus grows up and bursts this envelope. 
 
 Volu'biUs. See twining. 
 
 Urceo'late, ttrceolatus. Bellying out like a pitcher, and not contracting much at top. 
 
 U'rens. Stinging, armed with stings. Burning. 
 
 Urn'form. Swelling in the middle and contracting at the top; as the calyx of the 
 rose. 
 
 Uropv'gial. Several long feathers above on each side of the tail, .differing in form 
 from the others. 
 
 Ustilii'go. Smut in grain. 
 
 U'tricles. The little bag-like reservoirs for sap, air, «&c. 
 
 Ulric'ulus. A little bladder, with a very thin membranous pericarp, which does not 
 adhere to the seed; as of the pig-weed. 
 
 Utrin'qnc acu'tus. Sharpening at both ends. 
 
 glab'er'viUo'sus, &c., sleek, downy, &c., both sides. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wat'tles. Pendant fleshy appendages under the chin of some swine and other ani- 
 mals. 
 
 Wa'ved, or WAVY. See undulate. Curve-zigzag. 
 
 Waxy, (ceraceus, cereus) having the colour and texture of new made wax. 
 
 Wkdg'e-fokm. Obovate with straitish sides. See cuneiform. 
 
 Wheel'-form. a monopetalous corol with a spreading border, and an extremely 
 short tube, or none. 
 
 Whip-form (flagelliformis) long, tapering gradually, supple — resembling a whip-lash. 
 
 Whitened, (dealbatus.) Covered with an opaque white power. 
 
 Whorl'ed. Surrounding the stem m numbers at intervals; as the leaves of bed- 
 straw, and the flowers of motherwort. It is applied to the spiral convolutions of 
 univalve shells. 
 
 Wings. The two side petals in a papilionaceous corol. 
 
 It is also applied to the membranes afiixed to seeds or pericar[)s. Monopterygia, 
 1-winged; Dipterygia, 2-winged; Tripterygla, 3-winged; tctruplerygia, 4-winged; 
 pentapUrygia, 5- winged; j)oly pterygia, many-winged. 
 
 Withe. See vimen. A flexible wand. Twisted twig. 
 
 With'erixg. Having a shrivelled and decaying appearance, though not actually in a 
 state of decay; as the flowers of elm, (ulmus.) See Marcessant. 
 
 Wood. The most solid part of trunks and roots of trees and shrubs. It is also 
 applied to the part of herbaceous plants between the bark and pith. The concen- 
 tric layers of the wood and bark are the reverse of each other; the former increasing 
 externally, the latter internally. The former having a zone of cellular tissue 
 inside, and of woody fibre and ducts outside; the latter having a zone of woody 
 fibre with a few ducts inside, and of cellular tissue outside. Wood probably con- 
 sists of fibres produced by the compressed of greatly elongated spheroids into 
 hollow paralellolpipeds. These primarily taper to each end and lie in bundles. 
 
 Zig-zag. Flexuous, bending alternately in opposite directions. See flexuose. 
 Zool'ogy. The science of anima's. 
 
 Zoo'phytes. Animal plants: such as the polypi which inhabit sponges, coral rocks, 
 sea fans, &c. 
 
 70 
 
 D. H. HILL LIBRARY 
 Norrii Carolina Slate Colley^ 
 
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